197. 1907; 14: 15. 1908; Mycol. 1: 234. 1909; and 2); 225.
IQIO.
31 For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 35: 18. 1903.
82 For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 12: 24. 1906; and Mycol. 1: 236.
1909.
20 MyYcoLociIa
densis, Armca sp., Boltoma asteroides, Lacimaria scariosa, Sym-
phoricarpos racemosus, and Hydrophyllum virgimcum.
Still another collection of what appears to be the same species
of rust was collected on Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers., by Miss
Louise M. Falk, at Boulder Colo., and sown April 27, on Senecio
lugens, Grindelia squarrosa, Symphoricarpos racemosus, Hydro-
phyllum virginicum, and Arabis Holboelliu, with infection only on
the first, which showed pycnia May 14, and aecia May 109.
The aecia on the several hosts, thus produced, correspond in
structure, and are peculiar in having evanescent peridia, the spores
being retained by the surrounding tissues of the hypertrophied
leaf. The striking appearance of the aecial groups suggested one
of the early synonyms: Aecidium sclerothecioides Ellis & Ev.
These cultures, although still lacking in completeness, have
enabled us to bring together a number of uncertain forms with
a considerable degree of assurance, and to extend both aecial and
telial hosts.
19. PUCCINIA ARGENTATA (Schultz) Wint. At my request
Professor Guy West Wilson, of Fayette, lowa, made a somewhat
trying excursion to Decorah, Iowa, and with the aid of directions
supplied by Professor E. W. D. Holway, who resided there for
many years, obtained living plants of Adoxa Moschatellina L.,
bearing aecia, which were potted and thrived. Two sowings
were made April 18, by suspending the plants of Adoxa bearing
aecia over plants of Impatiens aurea. In both instances a great
abundance of urediniospores began to appear May 2. Again on
April 21, two more similar sowings were made on other plants of
Impatiens, and an equal abundance of urediniospores appeared
May 3. These were followed on all four plants by an unusual
abundance of teliospores, the record being made June 6, although
they first appeared somewhat earlier.
The aecia on Adoxa, which are of limited distribution in Amer-
ica, early attracted the writer’s attention, and as early as 1883*°
a first attempt was made toward solving their life history. Since
the cultures of Bubak** proved that the European form on Ado.xa
was the aecial stage of telia on Impatiens, I have attempted to
3 Bot. Gaz. 10: 360: 1885,
4 Centr. Bakt.2107:) 574.1903;
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 21
secure American material for cultures, and the ample success
when finally obtained is most gratifying. The American and
European collections of this interesting heteroecious rust appear
alike, and the present cultures show them to be identical.
20. Puccinia AnsintHi DC., on a densely canescent species -
of Artemisia, collected by Mr. E. Bethel, at Boulder, Colo., was
sown April 20, on A. dracunculoides, giving pycnia May 2, and
uredinia May 20, thus confirming the previous cultures of two
years ago.*®
21. UROMYCES PERIGYNIUS Halst., on Carex intumescens Rudge,
collected by Professor W. P. Fraser, at Pictou, Nova Scotia, was
sown April 21, on Solidago nemoralis, again April 26, on S. cana-
densis, on May 13, on both S. nemoralis and S. canadensis, and
also on Aster paniculatus, and finally May 14, on Tissa canadensis
and Artemisia ludoviciana. Quite unexpectedly the only sowing
producing infection was on Aster, giving pycnia May 19, and
aecia May 31, both abundantly developed.
Another collection apparently of the same rust, sent by Pro-
fessor Fraser, on Carex deflera Hornem., was sown May 28, on
Solidago rugosa, S. canadensis and Aster Drummondu, with in-
fection only on the first, giving abundance of pycnia June 4, and
aecia June 16.
A collection on Carex deflexa, collected by the writer at Isle au
Haut, Me., was sown May 13, on Solidago rugosa, S. nemoralis,
and Aster ericoides. On S. rugosa numerous pycnia appeared
May 20, and aecia May 31, but S. memoralis remained free. The
Aster, moreover, showed pycnia May 24, and aecia June 6, but
they were not numerous and grew slowly. Solidago rugosa has
been taken with aecia in the telial vicinity, but Aster ericoides does
not grow there neither does any closely related species of Aster.
Considerable study has been given to the species of Uromyces
on Care. since the initial and only culture®® in 1903. Some of the
conclusions may be briefly stated, without giving the steps by
which they were reached. We are doubtless dealing with races,
more or less well defined, parallel with the races of the Puccinia-
group, which latter goes under several names, two being given
*® See Mycol. 1: 243. 1000.
epee vous. Myc. 102.15. 1904,
22 MyYCOLOGIA
above under nos. 3 and 4, and which have aecia on Aster, Solidago,
Euthamia, Erigeron, and close relatives. As the aecia and ure-
dinia of the two groups, one under the genus Puccima and the
other under Uromyces, are indistinguishable, and as the telio-
spores of the Uromyces agree with the one-celled spores of the
Puccinia, and also with the two-celled spores in all characters
except number of cells and consequent length, the former doubt-
less are morphological races of the latter. Relationship could be
shown better by putting all of these forms under one specific name,
and designating the several races by varietal names. But in the
present state of taxonomy of the rusts it is more convenient to
dispose of them under the two genera: Puccimia and Uromyces.
The collection on Carex intumescens used in the culture is in
all respects identical with the type collection of Uromyces perigy-
nius, which was also on C. intumescens, but in the latter the large
green perigynia also bore sori as well as the leaves, which unusual
but incidental fact suggested the name. ‘The similarity of this
species with the form having aecia on Solidago was pointed out in
1903,°7 but for precautionary reasons it was thought best at that
time to give the latter a separate name, U. Solidagimi-Caricis Arth.
This name now becomes a synonym of the former, or may be used
to indicate the biological race with aecia on Solidago. ‘The type
host of this form has been determined as C. deflexa, and not C.
varia as originally stated.
It is further probable that the form on Carex scoparia bearing
the name U. caricina Peck, which often shows larger spores,
should be referred to U. perigymus, the last being the oldest name
of the three. A collection of this on C. scoparia was sent by Pro-
fessor Fraser, from Pictou, Nova Scotia, and sown on Lysimachia
terrestris, without infection. Its possible relation to the Aster-
Solidago group did not come to mind soon enough to put the mat-
ter tovantest: |
22. Uromyces Juncr (Desm.) Tul., on Juncus balticus Willd.
collected at Kulm, N. Dak., by Dr. J. F. Brenckle was sown April
14 on Carduus Flodmanu, Arnica sp., Grindelia squarrosa, Am-
brosia trifida, and Sidalcea oregana, with infection only upon the
first, showing pycnia April 29, and aecia May 4. Another sowing
oe
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQI0 23
May 10 on Carduus Flodmanii produced pycnia May 19 and aecia
June 5. Another collection from the same place but taken at a
different date was sown May 19 on Carduus Flodmanu, showing
pycnia May 28 and aecia June 5. Three other collections of what
appears to be the same rust on the same host, also sent from Kulm,
N. Dak., by Dr. Brenckle but collected at different times were
sown on Carduus Flodmantiu (various dates), and one of these
was also sown upon eighteen other species of hosts, all with no
infection. Still another collection on J. balticus from Granby,
Colo., sent by Mr. E. Bethel was sown on Carduus Flodmanu
without infection.
The results here given appear to support the suggestion made
in the last report®® that this species is composed of races. The
failure to infect Pulicaria with American material, as there
stated, seems to indicate that American and European forms rep-
resent different races. The failure to infect Carduus with some
of the sowings was also doubtless due to the existence of races.
Mr. Bethel has since suggested that his collection from Granby is
probably connected with aecia on Arnica, and both Mr. Bethel
and Dr. Brenckle are of the opinion that there is a form of this
species with aecia on Ambrosia psilostachya. |
23. Uromyces ASTRAGALI Sacc., on Aragallus Lamberti
(Pursh) Greene (Oxytropis Lamberti Pursh), collected by Mr.
FE. Bethel at Leyden, Colo., was sown on Euphorbia Cyparissias,
without result.
A collection bearing uredinia (Uredo Oxytropi Peck) on Ara-
gallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene, sent by Mr. Bethel from Boul-
der, Colo., was sown September 30, on Astragalus carolinianus,
giving rise to uredinia that were first noticed October 22.
A collection bearing uredinia on Astragalus sulphurescens
Rydb., sent by Mr. E. Bethel, from Boulder, Colo., was sown
Sept. 30, on A. carolinianus, and on October 22, uredinia were
observed, although they may have appeared somewhat earlier.
We have yet made no appreciable headway toward ascertaining
the aecial condition of this rust, but the present cultures do show
that the Oxytropis rust, which has usually been kept distinct, is
#® Mycologia 2: 220. toro.
24 MycoLocia
identical with the widespread Astragalus rust. The species is one
that does not readily produce teliospores.
24. Uromyces Meptcacinis Pass., on Medicago sativa L., was
sent by Mr. H. S. Coe, from Ames, Iowa. Urediniospores were
sown September 26, on Medicago sativa in the greenhouse, and
uredinia began to appear October 8. On November 14, uredinia
from this culture were sown on Medicago sativa, Trifolium pra-
tense, T. medium, and T. repens, giving uredinia on the first
December 3, but with no infection of the Trifolum plants.
The aecia of Medicago rusts are not definitely known. In
Europe a form usually assumed to be the same occurs on Trifo-
lium pratense, and this was made by Schroter to infect Euphorbia
Cyparissias. This form has not been detected in America. The
present culture seems to show that the. Medicago rust will not
pass over to Trifolium, at least by means of urediniospores.
25. GYMNOSPORANGIUM JUNIPERI-VIRGINIANAE Schw., on Ju-
niperus virginiana L., collected by Dr. F. D. Kern in the vicinity
of Lafayette, Ind., was sown April 7, on Malus Malus, giving
numerous pycnia April 19, but the leaves matured before aecia
were formed.*®
26. GYMNOSPORANGIUM CLAVIPES C. & P., on Juniperus sibirica
Burgsd., was sent by Dr. J. J. Davis, from Wind Lake, Wis., and
sown May 3, on Amelanchier erecta and Crataegus tomentosa,
giving numerous pycnia on both hosts May 16, and equally
numerous aecia June 6, for the first host and June 11, for the
second.
Aecia from this culture on Amelancluer erecta were used to
sow June 7, on a small plant of Juniperus sibirica, and many
finely developed telia appeared in May 1911, the exact date not
reconded:*?
These cultures are interesting in showing that the telia mature
in the spring following infection, and do not require an additional
year as some other species of Gymnosporangium do.
27. GYMNOSPORANGIUM CLAVARIAEFORME ( Jacq.) DC., on Juni-
*° For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 12: 13. 1906; 13: 200. 19073 142 17,
1908; and Mycol. 1: 238. 1909.
“For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 14: 18. 1908; Mycol. 1: 239. 1909:
and 2: 229. IgI0.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 25
perus sibirica Burgsd., was sent by Mr. E. Bethel, from Boulder,
Colo., and sown April 7, on the young fruit of Pyrus communis,
which fell off before time for infection to show, and also on the
leaves of Amelanchier erecta and Crataegus punctata. On the
Crataegus a few pycnia showed April 15, but no aecia developed.
On the Amelanchier numerous pycnia appeared April 13, and
many aecia April 25.**
28. GYMNOSPORANGIUM NIDUS-AviIs Thaxt., on Juniperus vir-
giniana L.., was sent from Washington, D. C., by Dr. Haven
Metcalf, and sown April 16, on leaves of Cydomia vulgaris, giving
a few pycnia May 2, and also on the young fruit of dmelanchier
vulgaris, giving a few pycnia first noticed May 24. In both
instances no further development occurred.*”
29. GYMNOSPORANGIUM CORNUTUM (Pers.) Arth., on Jumnt-
perus sibirica Burgsd., sent from Palmer Lake, Colo., by Mr. E.
Bethel, was sown May 18 on Sorbus americana, Aroma arbutt-
folia, and Amelanchier erecta. Infection was secured only on the
Sorbus, the pycnia being produced in abundance but tardily, and
the date was not taken. The plant did not thrive, and no aecia
matured, although on August 16 they were showing.**
30. GYMNOSPORANGIUM Davisit Kern, on Juniperus sibirica
Burgsd., sent by Dr. J. J. Davis from Wind Lake, Wis., was sown
May 3, on Aroma arbutifolia, A. nigra, Sorbus americana, Ame-
lanchier erecta and Crataegus tomentosa, without results. Another
sowing was made May 12, on the two species of Aronia, which
resulted in a few pycnia on 4. migra, showing May 27. Still
another sowing on A. arbutifolia was made May 18, and gave a
few pycnia May 25. In neither instance did aecia develop.** It
is probable that the conditions under which the cultures are made
in the greenhouse are not favorable for this rust.
31. GYMNOSPORANGIUM BETHELI Kern, on Juniperus scopu-
_lorum Sarg., sent by Mr. E. Bethel from Boulder, Colo., was sown
“For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 14: 18. 1908; and Mycol. 1: 239.
1909.
“For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 14: 19. 1908; and Mycol. 2: 230.
IQIO.
* For previous cultures see Mycol. 1: 240. 1909; and 2: 230. 1910.
* For previous cultures see Mycol. 1: 241. 1909, where an error was made
in assuming that this species occurs in Europe; see also Mycol. 2: 216. 1910.
26 MyYcoLoGiIA
April 16, on Crataegus cerronis A. Nels., giving rise to numerous
pycnia April 25, and equally numerous aecia May 23.*
32. GYMNOSPORANGIUM NEtsonr Arth., on Juniperus virgim-
ana L., sent by Professor R. A. Harper from Merrimack, Wis.,
was sown May 2, on Amelanchier erecta, Cydoma vulgaris and
Malus coronaria. Infection was only on Amelanchier, showing an
abundance of pycnia May 11, and equally numerous aecia June 8.*°
This rust is not often seen east of the Rocky Mountains. The
witches’ brooms which are produced have a general resemblance
to those of G. midus-avis, and it may sometimes be confused with
that species. |
33. CRONARTIUM Quercus (Brond.) Schrot. Aecia (Peri-
dermium Cerebrum Peck) on Pinus virginiana Muill., were sent by
Mr. W. H. Long, from the vicinity of Washington, D. C., and
sown April 28, on Quercus rubra. The first appearance of ure-
dinia was not recorded, but on May 20, a few uredinia and many
telia were observed.*”
34. MELAMPSOROPSIS ABIETINA (A. & S.) a on Ledum
groenlandicum Oeder, sent by Professor W. P. Fraser from
Pictou, Nova Scotia, was sown June 15 on Picea Mariana ( Mill.)
B.S. P., giving numerous pycnia June 23, and aecia about August
12. This connection was first suggested by the field observations
of Anton de Bary in the Alps, and by him proven by means of
cultures in 1879.48 A number of field observations by other
mycologists were recorded, tending to fortify the result, but no
other cultures were made until 1901, when Klebahn*® verified the
work of de Bary.
The probable connection of Ledum and Picea rusts in America
was discussed by Professor W. G. Farlow in 1885,°° based largely
* For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 14: 23. 1908; Mycol. 1: 240. 1909;
and 2: 230, 1910;
46 For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 13: 203. 1907; 14: 18. 1908; and
Mycol. 1: 239. 1909. Studies published by Dr. F. D. Kern (Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 7: 448. Oct. 1911) since this article went to press show that the form
used in this culture, and also in the previous ones here referred to, has been
erroneously referred to G. Nelsoni, it should be called G. juvenescens Kern.
“For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 13: 194 1907.
48 Bot: Zeit, 37248025) 1870.
‘© Zeitscbhr. Pllanzenkr.. 12%, 17. - 2902:
© Proc, Amer. Acad. Sci. 20: 320. 1885.
———_
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 27
upon his observations in the White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire, but at that time too little study had been given to the
morphological characters of the species inhabiting these two host
genera to permit of accurate determination of the various collec-
tions, and the conclusions were consequently misleading.
The studies of Dr. F. D. Kern and the writer®* a few years
since showed that the American aecia previously referred to this
species really belonged elsewhere, and that no genuine aecia of the
species had ‘been collected in America in all probability. After
completing the cultures here recorded some of the resulting
material was sent to Professor Fraser, and with a knowledge of
the appearance and habit of the aecia thus acquired he was able
to go into the field and gather excellent specimens.®** The reason
they have not been taken before by American collectors is doubt-
less due to their somewhat inconspicuous and evanescant char-
acter, 3
SUCCESSFUL CULTURES REPORTED NOW FOR THE FIRST TIME :—
The following species have never before been cultivated, in Amer-
ica or elsewhere, so far as the writer knows.
1. PucctniA CRANDALLIT Pam. & Hume on Festuca confinis
Vasey collected by Mr. E. Bethel, at Boulder, Colo., on March 19,
IQ10, was sown April 21, on Symphoricarpos racemosus, Grindelia
squarrosa, Hydrophyllum capitatum and Arnica sp., with infec-
tion only on the first. The pycnia began to appear May 9, and
aecia May 206, neither in abundance. This was an unsuspected
result, and immediately upon detecting evidence of infection, a
second sowing was made upon another plant of Symphoricarpos
racemosus (May 10), which yielded more pronounced results.
Pycnia began to appear in ten days (May 20), and aecia in eleven
days more (May 31), both well formed and numerous.
A second lot of this rust, on Festuca confinis Vasey, was re-
ceived from Professor A. O. Garrett, collected in City Creek
Canyon, Salt Lake City, Utah, April 10, 1910, and sown on the
same date as the previous sowing, May 10. Pycnia began to show
May 20, and aecia June 6.
* Bull. Torrey Club 33: 429, 430. 1906.
“Ci. Mycologia’ 3: 69. ro1r.
28 MycoLociIA
The results of these cultures agree perfectly with Aecidium
abundans Peck which was first collected in Colorado, on Sym-
phoricarpos oreophilus, the exact locality not being stated.
2. PUCCINIA QUADRIPORULA Arth., on Carex Goodenovu J. Gay,
collected by the writer in the type locality at Isle au Haut, Me.,
was sown April 18 on Iris versicolor, Boehmeria cylindrica, and
Rudbeckia lacimata, with no infection. Again April 26 it was
sown on Myrica cerifera, Lysimachia terrestris, Macrocalyx
Nyctelea, Polemomum reptans, Apocynum cannabinum, Senecio
lugens, and Aster paniculatus, with infection only on the last,
pycnia being first noticed May 13, and aecia appearing May 17,
neither very abundant.
Field observations seemed to connect this rust with aecia on
Iris, but previous attempts at cultures had given no certain evi-
dence.** The results this year appear beyond question. No other
Carex rust grew in the vicinity of the spot where the collection
was made. The material used shows only the characteristic rust.
The aecia obtained, however, are both in gross and minute char-
acters indistinguishable from those of P. Caricis-Asteris Arth.
These facts make the status of the species enigmatical. ~ ime
marked diagnostic characters of P. quadriporula and P. Caricis-
Asteris lie in the urediniospore. The former has a somewhat
larger urediniospore, more usually globose, and with four, often
three, equatorial pores, while the latter has a smaller uredinio-
spore, more ellipsoid or elongated, and with two superequatorial
pores. The pore characters are markedly dissimilar, and without
intergradations.
Another collection with the spore characters of P. quadri-
porula, made by Professor W. P. Fraser, at Pictou, Nova Scotia,
on Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir., was sown April 11, and
again May 6, on Iris versicolor, Urtica gracilis, and Ribes flori-
dum, with no infection.
3. Puccinia LitrHosPerMI E. & K., on Evolvulus pilosus Nutt.,
collected at Amarillo, Texas, by W. H. Long, was sown April 15,
on the same species of host, and produced a scanty infection.
Pycnia were not observed until May 2; aecia began to appear
3 See Mycol. 1: 230. 1909.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 29
May 6. The result shows that the species is eugyrinious and
autoecious.
4. UROMYCES ACUMINATUS Arth., on Spartina Michauxiana
A. S. Hitch. (usually listed as S. cynosuroides), collected by Dr.
J. F. Brenckle at Kulm, N. D., was sown April 28 on Stetronema
ciliatum and Polemonium reptans, with abundant infection on the
latter only, showing pycnia May 9, and aecia May 14.
A similar collection made by Mr. E. Bethel in the foothills of
Colorado was sown May 12, on Steironema ciliatum, Hydrophyl-
lum capitatum, Phlox divaricata, and Polemomum reptans, with
very abundant infection only on the last, showing pycnia May 20,
and aecia May 26. Another collection made at Fair Oaks, Ind.,
by Messrs. F. D. Kern and T. Billings, was sown one week later
on the same hosts, but gave no infection, doubtless due to the
lateness of the season.
These results bear out the field observations of Professor Guy
West Wilson, as stated in the report for 1909.°* The aecial stage
is known in literature as Aecidium Polemoniu Peck, and occurs
on species of Phlox as well as on Polemonium.
5. 'COLEOSPORIUM VERNONIAE B. & C. Freshly gathered leaves
of Pinus taeda L., bearing Peridermium carneum Bosc, gathered
by Mr. O.:F. Burger at Gainesville, Fla.. May 18, 1910, were
suspended on May 21, over potted plants of Veronia crinita,
Elephantopus carolhimanus and Lacinaria scariosa. Contrary to
expectation uredinia began to show in abundance June 6 on the
V eromia only. Numerous telia began to mature by August 16.
6. MELAMPSORA ALBERTENSIS Arth., on Populus tremuloides
Michx., was sent by Mr. E. Bethel on three different dates, col-
lected at different places in the foothills of Colorado, and all
showing telia in resting condition. The first collection was sown
April 20, on Larix laricina and Pseudotsuga mucronata, giving
infection on the latter only, showing an abundance of pycnia May
2, and an equal abundance of aecia May 9. The second collection
(from Plainview, Colo.), was also sown April 20, on the same
two hosts, but without results. Later on, May 18, duplicate sow-
ings were made. This time the Larix remained free, and the
Pseudotsuga after a long interval was found to have been infected,
See) Mycol, 2:°222.. r19fo.
30 MyYCOLOGIA
the pycnia and aecia being first noticed June 6. The third collec-
tion was sown May 19, on the same hosts, with infection only on
Pseudotsuga, numerous pycnia showing May 31, and equally
numerous aecia June 9.
The aecia on Pseudotsuga were first brought to my attention
by Professor E. W. D. Holway, who sent a collection from
Beaver River valley, B. C., in 1907. This collection was described
by the writer, and named Caeoma occidentale.” The following
year Mr. E. Bethel sent collections from Eldorado Springs, Colo.,
and in 1909 he sent other collections from Eldorado Springs, and
also from Tolland and Golden. From observations made at these
places Mr. Bethel suggested that the connection between the
Caeoma on Pseudotsuga and the Melampsora on Populus was
unquestionable. The aecial stage is doubtless rather common
throughout the range, but it is so inconspicuous and evanescent
that it has been very little collected.
SUMMARY
The following is a complete list of the successful cultures made
during the year 1910. It is divided into two series, species that
have previously been grown in cultures and reported by the writer
or other investigators, and species whose culture is now reported
for the first time. -
A. Species Previously Reported
1. Puccima Grossulariae (Schum.) Lagerh.—Teliospores from
Carex tenuis Rudge and from C. pallescens L., sown on Ribes
Cynosbati L.
2. Puccima Pecku (DeT.) Kellerm.—tTeliospores from Carex
lanuginosa Michx., sown on Onagra bienntis (L.) Scop., and from
C. trichocarpa Muhl., sown on O. biennis (L.) Scop. and Meriolix
serrulata (Nutt.) Walp.
3. Puccinia Caricis-Solidagimis Arth.—Teliospores from Carex
scoparia Schk., sown on Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.
4. Puccima Caricis-Asteris Arth—Teliospores from Carex
festiva Dewey, sown on Aster adscendens Lindl.
5 Bull. Torrey Club 34: 591. 1907.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 31
s. Puccinia Opizii Bubak.—Teliospores from Carex siccata
Dewey, sown on Lactuca canadensis L. and L. sativa L.
6. Puccinia universalis Arth—Teliospores from Carex steno-
phylla Wahl., sown on Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh.
7, Puccinia Caricis (Schum.) Schrot——Tehospores from Carex
aristata R. Br. and C. stricta Lam., sown on Urtica gracilis Ait.
8. Puccinia angustata Peck.—Teliospores from Scirpus atrovt-
rens Muhl., sown on Lycopus americanus Muhl.
9. Puccinia Andropogonis Schw.—Teliospores from Andro-
pogon virginicus L., sown on Pentstemon lirsutus (L.) Willd. and
from A. scoparius Michx., sown on Pentstemon alpinus Torr.
10. Puccinia pustulata (Curt.) Arth—Teliospores from An-
dropogon furcatus Muhl., sown on Comandra umbellata (L.)
Nutt.
11. Puccinia amphigena Diet.—Teliospores from Calamovilfa
longifolia (Hook.) Hack., sown on Smilax hispida Muhl.
12. Puccinia Muhlenbergiae Arth. & Holw.—Teliospores from
Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P., sown on Callirrhoe
involucrata (T. & G.) A. Gray.
13. Puccima Rhammi (Pers.) Wettst—Teliospores from Cala-
magrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv., sown on Rhamnus aln-
folia L’Her.
14. Puccima poculifornus (Jacq.) Wettst—Teliospores from
Agropyron tenerum Vasey, Sitanion longifolium J. G. Sm., and
Agrostis alba L., sown on Berberis vulgaris L.
15. Puccima submitens Diet—Teliospores from Distichlis
spicata (L.) Greene, sown on Chenopodium album L.
16. Puccima Jamesiana (Peck) Arth—Teliospores from
Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn., sown on Asclepias
syriaca L.
17. Puccima Seymouriana Arth—Teliospores from Spartina
Michauxiana A. S. Hitche., sown on Cephalanthus occidentalis L.
18. Puccima Stipae Arth—Teliospores from Stipa spartea
Trin., sown on Aster ericoides L., A. Novae-Angliae L., A. multi-
florus Ait., and Solidago canadensis L., from Stipa sp., sown on
Aster Novae-Angliae L., and Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal,
and from Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers., sown on Senecio lugens
A. Gray. |
a2 MycoLoGIA
19. Puccinia argentata (Schultz) Wint.—Aeciospores from
Adoxa Moschatellina L., sown on Impatiens aurea Muhl.
20. Puccinia Absinthii DC.—Teliospores from Artemisia sp.,
sown on A. dracunculoides Pursh.
21. Uromyces perigynius Halst—Teliospores from Carex
intumescens Rudge, sown on Aster paniculatus Lam., and from
C. deflexa Hornem., sown on Solidago rugosa Mill., and Aster
ericoides L.
22. Uromyces Junci (Desm.) Tul——Teliospores from Juncus
Balttcus Willd., sown on Carduus Flodmanu Rydb.
23. Uromyces Astragali Sacc——Urediniospores from Aragal-
lus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene, and from Astragalus sulphurescens
Rydb., sown on Astragalus carolinianus L.
24. Uromyces Medicaginis Pass.—Urediniospores from Medi-
cago sativa L.., sown on same host.
25. Gymnosporangium Jumiperi-virgumianae Schw.—Teliospores
from Juniperus virgimana L., sown on Malus Malus (L.) Britt.
26. Gymnosporangium clavipes C. & P.—Teliospores from
Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., sown on Amelanchier erecta Blanch.,
and Crataegus tomentosa L., and aeciospores from Amelanchier
erecta Blanch., sown on Juniperus sibirica Burgsd.
27. Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme (Jacq.) DC—Telio-
spores from Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., sown on Amelancher
erecta Blanch., and Crataegus punctata Jacq.
28. Gymnosporangium nidus-avis Thaxt.—Teliospores from
Juniperus virgimana L., sown on Cydonia vulgaris Pers., and
Amelanchier vulgaris Moench.
29. Gymnosporangium cornutum (Pers.) Arth.—Teliospores
from Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., sown on Sorbus americana
Marsh.
30. Gymnosporangium Davisu Kern.—Teliospores from Junt-
perus sibirica Burgsd., sown on Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Medic.,
and A. migra (Willd.) Britt.
31. Gymnosporangium Bethelt Kern.—Teliospores from Juni-
perus scopulorum Sarg., sown on Crataegus cerronis A. Nels.
32. Gymnosporangium Nelsoni Arth—Teliospores from Junt-
perus virgmana L., sown on Amelanchier erecta Blanch.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQIO 33
33. Cronartium Quercus (Brond.) Schrot.—Aeciospores from
Pinus virginiana Mill., sown on Quercus rubra L.
34. Melampsoropsis abietina (A. & S.) Arth—Teliospores
from Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, sown on Picea Mariana
(Hime a. S. P.
B. Species Reported Now for the First Time
1. Puccima Crandallu Pam. & Hume.—tTeliospores from Fes-
tuca confinis Vasey, sown on Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx.
2. Puccima quadriporula Arth——Teliospores from Carex
Goodenovu J. Gay, sown on Aster paniculatus Lam.
3. Puccima Lithospermi E. & K.—Teliospores from Evolvulus
pilosus Nutt., sown on same species of host.
4. Uromyces acuminatus Arth.—Teliospores from Spartina
Michauxiana A. S. Hitch., sown on Polemonium reptans L.
5. Coleosporium Vernoniae B. & C.—Aeciospores from Pinus
taeda L., sown on Vernonia crinita Raf.
6. Melampsora albertensis Arth—Teliospores from Populus
tremuloides Michx., sown on Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.)
Sudw.
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
LAFAYETTE, INDIANA,
BOTRYOSPHAERIA ON COTTON BOLLS
C. W. EpGERTON
Among the fungi of minor importance on cotton bolls in the
southern states is a pyrenomycete which has been provisionally
referred to Botryosphaeria fuliginosa (Mongeot & Nestler) Ellis
& Ev. This fungus is not common on cotton but is occasionally
picked up. The first collection on this host seems to have been
made by Atkinson in Alabama some years ago. Atkinson’s
material was sent to Massee and was determined by him as
Botryosphaeria Berengeriana De Not.t. But as Ellis and Ever-
hart list this name as a synonym of Botryosphaeria fuliginosa, the
latter name will be used in this article. It is probable that this
name is not the correct one, but the question of nomenclature
will not now be considered. Atkinson’s material has also been
examined by the writer and found to be identical with material
collected by him.
Having found this pyrenomycete on cotton bolls in Louisiana,
a study of its life history was commenced in order to see if it had
any connection with any of the imperfect fungi which are instru-
mental in causing boll rots. On account of the somewhat similar
appearance of the boll affected by the Botryosphaeria, to one
affected by Diplodia gossypina, it was thought that there might
be some connection between the two. This seemed all the more
possible because Shear had reported Sphaeropsis and Diplodia
forms as connected with Botryosphaeria.2, However, this was
not found to be the case. While the Botryosphaeria on cotton
bolls has an imperfect form in its life history, it is quite distinct
from Diplodia gossypina.
Two stages of the fungus have been found, a pycnidial stage
belonging to the form genus Macrophoma, and the perfect or
* Atkinson, G. F., Some fungi from Alabama, Bull. Cornell University,
540k. 1807
? Shear, C. L., Life History of Melanops Quercuum (Schw.) Rehm forma
Vitis-Sacc. (abstract), Science, n. s, 31: 748. 1910.
34
EDGERTON: BOTRYOSPHAERIA ON CoTToN BOLLS Bs)
ascogenous stage. The pycnidial stage occurs during the summer
and is followed by the ascogenous stage in the fall. A_ boll
affected by this fungus turns black, dries up, and becomes cov-
ered with the fruiting stages.
The pycnidia develop profusely on the surface of the diseased
boll, usually almost superficial, though sometimes they may have
the base slightly surrounded by fungous or host tissue. They are
black in color and about I10-300 X 140-210 in size. The
spores are developed abundantly on short conidiophores and are
pushed out of the pore at the apex of the pycnidium. If weather
conditions are favorable, these spores remain in white strings
protruding from the pycnidia. The spores are hyaline, one-celled,
from cylindric to slightly ellipsoid or ovoid, coarsely granular,
and 14-33 X 7-IOp in size, averaging about 21-25 X 8p. The
spores are never septate nor dark-colored and are much more
variable in shape and size than those of Diplodia gossypina.
The perithecia are borne in a way similar to the pycnidia and
are quite similar in appearance. They are black in color and are
about 190-360 &K 250-320 in size. A short beak may be present
or lacking; if present, it may have a length up to 10o0p. The asci
are fairly abundant in the perithecia, though not crowded. They
are large, about 100-130 X 20-25 », and have very thick walls,
especially near the apex. The ascospores are hyaline, ellipsoid,
slightly granular, and about 20-27 & 10-16 in size. The small
threadlike paraphyses are very abundant. |
The fungus has been cultured a number of times both from the
conidia and the ascospores. A good growth develops on most of
the ordinary culture media but as yet no spores of any kind have
been produced in culture media.
To prove the identity of the two forms, inoculation experi-
ments were tried. In the winter of 1909-10, a pure culture was
obtained from conidia, and this was used during the summer of
1910 to inoculate a number of bolls in the field. The fungus is
not a very active parasite under field conditions, so only a part of
the bolls became affected. These, however, on which the inocu-
lation was successful, developed the pycnidia abundantly and
later in the season some of them developed perithecia and asco-
spores. Single asci were then transferred to acidified culture
36 MycoLocia
media in plates and pure cultures were again obtained. In the
winter of 1910-11, these cultures from ascospores were used to
inoculate cotton bolls on plants in the greenhouse. These bolls
became affected and developed the pycnidia and conidia. Other
inoculations made direct from bolls covered with the pycnidial
stage have developed the perithecial stage later in the season. As
a result of these inoculations, the identity of the two stages is
proven.
From this study, it seems questionable whether the Botryo-
sphaeria that we have on cotton bolls in the south is really the
same as the one that is so common on a large number of woody
plants in all parts of the country. In a paper read before the
American Association for the Advancement of Science in Decem-
ber, 1909, Shear produced evidence to show that the common
form of Botryosphaeria fuliginosa is connected with a pycnidial
stage with spores usually colored and sometimes septate, a stage
that could belong to either Sphaeropsis or Diplodia. As the
Botryosphaeria which we have on cotton bolls in the south is not
connected with a Diplodia, it would look as if the cotton Botryo-
sphaeria is specifically distinct from the common form.
LovISIANA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
Baton Rovuce, La.
NEWS AND NOTES
Dr. W. A. Murrill, who left New York, October 13, for a
collecting trip in Washington, Oregon, and California, reports
very favorable conditions for the collection of fleshy fungi on the
Pacific coast.
Dr. Mel. T. Cook has recently resigned his position as patholo-
gist in Delaware Agricultural College to accept a similar position
in Rutgers College, New Jersey.
Mr. A. B. Stout, of the University of Wisconsin, has been ap-
pointed director of the laboratories in the New York Botanical
Garden to succeed Mr. Fred J. Seaver, who has been transferred
to a curatorship.
Dep ne
Professor R. A. Harper is conducting a series of seminars for
the benefit of the graduate students of Columbia University, the
subject considered being the reproduction of the higher fungi.
The first of the series, which was held in the main laboratory of
the New York Botanical Garden, Saturday, November 4, consisted
of an introduction covering some of the earliest literature of the
subject. |
Professor J. C. Arthur and Dr. Frank D. Kern spent a month
during the past summer on a field trip in Colorado. They were
chiefly interested in observing and collecting the rusts, especially
those heteroecious forms of which the life-histories are still
unknown. They report that the trip was very successful and
satisfactory. They were accompanied on several expeditions by
Professor E. Bethel, of the East Denver High School, who ren-
dered much valuable assistance.
A New Paint-destroying Fungus——Mr. George Massee in the:
37
38 MycoLociIA
Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, England, No. 8 of this year, describes a new
fungus (Phoma pigmentivora Mass.) which grows on fresh paint.
The fungus grows best in hothouses, high temperatures and con-
stant humidity being especially conducive to its development.
The fungus appears as numerous, small, rose-colored specks in
the white paint about a month after it has been applied. These
spots increase in size and change to a purple or dark-red color
suggesting the idea of blood having been sprinkled on the paint.
The discolored areas spread and finally form effused patches
several inches in diameter. The fruit of the fungus appears as
minute blackish-red warts. One firm of painters during the
present year lost over £200 in consequence of the appearance of
the fungus in a large number of cucumber-houses painted with
expensive protective paint.
The spores germinate in pure linseed oil but the mycelium re-
mains colorless and produces no fruit. No germination takes
place when the spores are sown in pure white lead. The red
color suggests that the white carbonate of lead undergoes some
chemical change induced by the presence of the fungus resulting
in the formation of oxide of lead. The presence of two per cent.
of carbolic acid in paint completely arrests the development of the
fungus.
This is another illustration of the growth of certain fungi under
conditions which would naturally be thought to be toxic to any
living plant —F. J. Seaver.
The Development of the Ascocarp of Lachnea scutellata.—tIn
the Botanical Gazette for October, Dr. W. H. Brown gives the
results of his studies of the development of the above named
species, a common and widely distributed discomycete occurring
on rotten wood.
The multinucleate ascogonium was found in the youngest plants
which could be obtained to constitute the penultimate cell of the
archicarp which when mature consists of about nine cells. No
antheridium was found and it is probable that none was present.
No fusion of nuclei was observed in the ascogonium or in the
News AND NOTES | 39
ascogenous hyphae except in the tip where the nuclei fuse to form
the primary nucleus of the ascus. The ascogenous hyphae grow
out from the ascogonium and are multinucleate from the first.
The tips of the smaller branches of the ascogenous hyphae are
cut off and contain two nuclei. No uninucleate cells were ob-
served. The two nuclei pass into the bent portion and divide.
Walls are formed between the daughter nuclei thus forming a
binucleate penultimate and uninucleate ultimate and antipenultt-
mate cell which represents a typical hook. The penultimate cell
gives rise to an ascus direct or divides to form other hooks.
The first division in the ascus is heterotypic and the second and
third are similar to those in the ascogonium.—F. J. Seaver.
A Preliminary Report on the Yearly Origin and Dissemination
of Puccima gramims.—A paper by Mr. Fred J. Pritchard under
the above title in the Botanical Gazette for September contains
the record of the observations of the author of the paper for
several years past, together with the results of recent experi-
mental work on the germination of rusted wheat grains.
The absence of the barberry in several regions where Puccima
gramimis is prevalent seems to indicate that the heteroecism of
the fungus is merely facultative. While the existence of a peren-
nial mycelium has been established for several of the rusts this
has not been proven for Puccimia gramints.
Eriksson after extensive experiments in Sweden divides Puc-
cima graminis into several biological forms. His conclusions
however have not been supported by Carleton’s work in America.
The experiments of Pritchard show that Puccinia graminis
passes readily from wheat, Agropyron tenerum, A. repens, Hor-
deum jubatum and Elymus triticoides to the barberry. His ob-
servations also seem to indicate that the aeciospores and uredo-
spores are not carried to great distances by the wind.
The pericarp of rusted wheat grains is frequently filled with
rust mycelium and pustules of teleutospores. Pieces of myce-
lium resembling rust were found in cells of the scutellum close to
the growing plant. It is suggested as a possibility that the
mycelium of the rust might in this way infect the young plant
and later take on a virulent form.—F. J. Seaver.
AO one MyYcoLoGIA
Studies on the Tremellineae of Wisconsin—In his studies of
the Tremellineae of Wisconsin in the transactions of the Wis-
consin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, volume 16, part
2, E. M. Gilbert has brought together the species of the order
from that state in such a way as to be of valuable service to the
student of mycology and to the monographer of the group. He
has included the descriptions of fifteen species, quoting the com-
monly accepted synonyms. He finds in addition species in
Tachaphantium, Tremella and Dacryomyces which he thinks may
be new and possibly new varieties of duricularia auricula,
Dacryomyces deliquescens and Calocera cornea. His conservatism
in that he has refrained from giving them new names without
further investigation is commendable.
Naematelia encephala which he states has not been reported
before for this country was frequently collected by Mr. Ellis and
was distributed by him in North American Fungi 1779. Also
Naematelia nucleata which according to Gilbert has apparently
not before been reported from this country was issued by Mr.
Ellis in North American Fungi 520.
_A more extended study of exsiccati would have enabled him to
suggest additions to the synonymy of several species, as his ac-
count probably covers most of the species ordinarily found in the
country—B. O. Dodge.
A Biologic and Taxonomic Study of the Genus Gymnospo-
rangium.—yvVolume 7, No. 26, of the Bulletin of the New York
Botanical Garden, issued October 12, was entirely devoted to a
paper under the above title by Dr. F. D. Kern, associate botanist
in Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette,
Indiana. This subject is treated in two parts, the first being de-
voted to the biology of the genus and the second to its taxonomy.
Under the subject of the biology of the genus the life history of
Gymnosporangium as compared with other rust genera, the gen-
eral characters of the genus, nuclear history so far as it is known,
and facts governing the distribution of the species are considered
briefly. Under experimental investigation the author gives a
brief account of the history of experimental work and the dis-.
News AND NOTES 4]
covery of heteroecism; he also discusses culture methods and
the necessity for such work and then takes up an account of his
own experimental work. This work was preceded by five seasons
of culture work with the various species of the genus. Out of .
33 species now recognized in their telial phases 26 have been
available for culture work. Successful cultures were secured
in 18 out of the 26 species tested. Of these 9 were verifications
of life cycles previously known and 9 gave aecial and telial con-
nections for the first time. During the course of the work 253
individual plant cultures were attempted and 25 species of trial
hosts employed, belonging chiefly to the apple family. The
pathologic and economic importance of the genus is considered at
the close of the first part of the work.
In the taxonomic study of the genus the author prefers to
retain the well-known name Gymmnosporangium rather than to
adopt the older name Aecidium which has come to be used strictly
as a form-genus. The paper contains descriptions of 29 species
which have full life cycles known, 4 known only in the telial phase
and 7 known only in the aecial phase; a total of 4o species in all.
Of these 4 represent new species and 9 are new combinations.
The descriptions are preceded by two analytic keys, the one based
on the aecia and the other on the telia. There are also two host
keys, the first being a key to the hosts harboring the aecial phase
and the second a key to the hosts harboring the telial phase.
The entire paper consists of 89 pages of text, 11 half-tone plates
and 36 figures —F. J. Seaver.
The Control of the Chestnut Bark Disease -—Haven Metcalf
and J. F. Collins treat the subject in farmers bulletin No. 467,
issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, October
2S, 1911. |
The total financial loss from this disease is now estimated at
$25,000,000. The only known practical means of controlling
the disease in a forest is to locate and destroy the advance in-
fections as soon as they appear. Advance infections should be
located by trained observers and destroyed by cutting and burn-
ing. Chestnut nursery stock should be rigidly inspected and
42 MycoLocIA
only perfectly healthy plants passed. The life of valuable orna-
mental trees may be greatly prolonged by promptly cutting out
all diseased parts and covering cuts with tar. Spraying is of
no use in stopping the fungus after it is once started. Diseased
chestnut trees should be cut down and utilized as soon as possible.
For the present the planting of chestnuts anywhere east of Ohio
is not advised, but there is no apparent reason why chestnut
orchards west of Ohio cannot be kept free from the disease.—
Fs. Seaver.
The Blister Rust of White Pine.—Bulletin 206 of the Bureau
of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture contains the results of the investigation of this disease by
Mr. Perley Spaulding. The growth of the reforestation move-
ment in America has caused a steady increase in the importation
of young white pine stock, with the consequent danger of intro-
ducing destructive insect or fungus pests.
Cronartium ribicola, which was discovered in 1855, was later
found to be only a stage of Peridermium Strobi, the blister rust
of various species of Pinus. This fungus has been introduced
from Europe into numerous localities in America.
The methods of preventing and combating this disease are as
follows: stop importing five-leaved pines (for which the fungus
has a preference) and Ribes (which constitutes the alternate host
for this fungus) and raise these plants at home; keep five-leaved
pines separated from Ribes if either is imported ; where the disease
is already present all diseased pines should be removed and
burned; diseased Rabes bushes should also be removed and
burned.
Rigid inspection of all imported stock, or the entire prohibition
of the importation of five-leaved pines and Ribes, should be com-
pelled by legislation —F. J. Seaver.
The Relation of Parasitic Fungi to the Contents of the Cells
of the Host Plants (I. The Toxicity of Tannin) —The above is
the title of an extensive paper by Dr. M. T. Cook and Mr. J. J.
Taubenhaus published as Bulletin No. 91 of the Delaware Col-
News AND NOTES 43
lege Agriculture Experiment Station. The resistance of certain
plants to the attack of disease-producing fungi has been often
observed and discussed. It has been accounted for first by cer-
tain structural characters or impervious leaf surfaces and then by
the assumption of a peculiar resistant type of cell due to physio-
logical and consequently chemical differences within the cell.
Now, the first of these explanations was early disproved by the
researches of Ward and others while the idea of physiological
resistance has not been investigated as much as its importance
would seem to make desirable. Dr. Cook attacked this problem
with the idea of discovering, if possible, to what extent the sub-
stance tannin, of almost universal occurrence among plants, may
function in their immunity against fungous diseases. Later it is
intended to extend the investigation to include the other cell con-
stituents having a possible bearing upon such immunity.
The methods of study were well planned and carefully carried
out. It consisted, briefly, in inoculating different types of culture
media, containing varying amounts of tannin, with a large number
of parasitic and saprophytic fungi known to produce plant dis-
ease. In general it was found that tannin inhibited the growth
of the fungi and that this effect was more pronounced in the case
of the parasites than with the saprophytes. Small amounts of
tannin seemed to have a stimulative action upon growth and fruit-
ing but usually from 0.1 per cent. to 0.4 per cent. tannin had a
strong inhibitory effect. It was thought that the acidity of the
tannin might account for its observed action upon the fungi but
upon experimentation it appeared that even after neutralization
with sodium hydroxide the tannic acid radicle still showed its
characteristic inhibitions to a large extent. Different amounts of
sugars and protein in the media had very little effect in reducing
the toxicity of tannin.
The action of tannin upon the germination of the spores was
found to be unfavorable if it were present in anything more than
slight amounts. In toxic percentages the time necessary for
germination was considerably increased. On the other hand, in
smaller amounts tannin acted as a stimulant of germination.
Some interesting tests were performed by placing cultures of
certain fungi upon very thin cork sheets which had been treated
44 ; MycoLocia
to remove all the tannin. After a certain time all of the fungi
made their way through the cork films and infected the agar
below. However, if such cork sheets were allowed to absorb
tannin solutions and were then inoculated as before, the fungi
were not able to penetrate the cork at all. It might be added that
it was early observed that commercial tannin is slightly more toxic
than the fresh extract of oak bark. All of these facts taken with
the observations of others led the authors to believe that the
presence of tannin in the host cells may often help to produce an
immunity from the attacks of fungi—F. D. Clark.
ae oa ae
ew Genera Ae oe each oe
Ay
as
ie
150
5
1 sees
_ Phytophiioneae and
>> Now i in its fourth volume.
taining Ante news Be non-technical ace ak gen
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Arthur Hollick, Siig
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PLATE LVII
MyYcOoLoGIA
LAMPROSPORA TUBERCULATA SEAVER
LAMPROSPORA AREOLATA SEAVER
I-5.
6-8.
MYCOLOGIA
Vou, TV Marcu, 1912 No. 2
THE GENUS LAMPROSPORA, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW
SPECIES
Frep J. SEAVER
(WiTH PLATE 57, CONTAINING 8 FIGURES)
The genus Lamprospora was founded by De-Notaris in 1864,
with Ascobolus mimiatus Crouan, one of the globose-spored oper-
culate cup-fungi as its monotype.
In 1869 Fuckel published the genus Crouamia with Crouania
‘miniata (Crouan) Fuckel as the type of the genus. This name
is untenable, having been previously used for a genus of algae,’
and in addition is antedated by the above name.
In 1889 the name Barlaea was proposed by Saccardo with Crou-
ania Fuckel as a synonym. This name is also untenable, having
been previously used for a genus of flowering plants. Saccardo
discovering this fact, later published the genus Barlaeina with
Barlaea Sacc. as a synonym.
Lamprospora therefore appears to be the proper name to be
used for the smaller plants of the globose-spored type of oper-
culate discomycetes, except those which are commonly placed
with the Ascobolaceae, through its priority of date and with the
additional fact that two of the more recent generic names pro-
posed are untenable for reasons mentioned above.
For several years past the writer has been interested in the col-
* Agardh, J. G., Alg. Mar. Med. 83. 1842.
* Reichenbach, H. G., Linnaea 41: 54. 1877.
[Mycologia for January, 1912 (4: 1-44), was issued January 6, 1912].
45
46 MycoLocia
lection and study of these minute but interesting plants and the
recent collection of two apparently undescribed species has
prompted the writing of the present paper. For the following
reasons both the collection and study of the plants of this genus
is difficult and unsatisfactory.
1. The plants are often so small that they are easily overlooked
and for this reason seldom collected.
2. The descriptions of the known species are so fragmentary
that in many cases they do not render the plants recognizable.
3. The type specimens preserved in the ordinary way are of
little value since the plants, at best small, become much smaller
on drying and are often lost with the crumbling earth on which
they usually grow.
These difficulties are partly compensated by the fact that while
the plants are very small the spores, as a rule, are unusually large.
In addition to their large size they are often sculptured, the
nature of the sculpturing furnishing valuable diagnostic char-
acters. The type species of the genus has the spores covered
with delicate, shallow reticulations. Other species have the
spores marked with deep reticulations, sharp spines, minutely ver-.
rucose or coarsely tuberculate. Ina number of species the spores
are smooth and we must in such cases rely upon other diagnostic
characters. In addition to the preservation of plants on the sub-
stratum for the study of gross characters in the ordinary way
microscopic slides should be preserved, especially in those forms
in which the spores furnish diagnostic characters. With careful
drawings and descriptions from fresh material and specimens
preserved in the above manner the species of the genus should be
made recognizable.
The plants of this genus show rather close relationship with
some of the Ascobolaceae both in the character of the spores and
asci as well as in the protrusion of the asci above the surface of
the hymenium, the latter character being the one on which the
Ascobolaceae are distinguished from the Pezizaceae. To the
writer it seems very doubtful if there is any morphological charac-
ter by which these two families can be separated. The most
natural classification of the true cup-fungi (Pezizales) to my
SEAVER: THE GENUS LAMPROSPORA 47
mind, is that proposed by Boudier,® 7. ¢., to separate them into
the operculate and non-operculate forms. The former group
would include those in which the asci open by an operculum or
lid and the latter those in which the asci open by a pore. As
pointed out by Boudier these characters are accompanied by nu-
merous others which strongly suggest a natural division. This
classification would throw together the Ascobolaceae and Peziza-
ceae unless some morphological character can be discovered on
which they can be distinguished other than that which is com-
monly used. The occurrence of many of the Ascobolaceae on
the dung of animals is a convenient character but there are so
many exceptions that this can hardly be relied upon as a charac-
teristic of the family. If the Ascobolaceae are kept distinct on
the character usually employed, the protrusion of the asci, at
least some of the species of the genus Lamprospora should be
placed among the Ascobolaceae. Whether the entire genus
should be transferred I am uncertain. To my: mind the most
natural thing would be to ignore the family distinctions of the
Ascobolaceae and Pezizaceae and key out the genera regardless
of this family distinction.
LamMprosporA De-Not. Comm. Critt. Ital. 1: 388. 1864
Crouania Fuckel, Symb. Myc. 320. 18609.
ianidaed Sacc. Syll. Fung. 8: 111. 1880.
Barlaeina Sacc. Syll. Fung. 14: 30. 1899.
Plants small, scarcely exceeding 5 mm. in diameter, concave,
plane or slightly convex, usually bright-colored or more rarely
pallid, fleshy, hymenium often roughened by the protruding asci;
asci 8-spored, operculate; spores comparatively large, globose, at
first smooth, at maturity often sculptured, verrucose, echinulate,
reticulate or tuberculate or permanently smooth, hyaline ; paraph-
yses numerous and usually clavate.
Type species, Ascobolus miniatus Crouan.
Lamprospora tuberculata sp. nov.
Plants small, o.5-1 mm. in diameter, hymenium gradually
expanding, at maturity plane or slightly convex, bordered by a
* Boudier, E., On the importance that should be attached to the dehiscence of
asci in the classification of the discomycetes. Grevillea 8: 45-48. 1870.
48 MycoLoGIa
delicate fringe, pale orange; hymenium roughened by the pro-
truding asci; asci cylindric, operculate, 15-184 in diameter;
spores globose, at first smooth with a large oil-drop, gradually be-
coming roughened, at maturity coarsely tuberculate, about 16m in
diameter, hyaline; paraphyses clavate (pl. 57, f. 1-5).
On damp soil among moss in open places; type collected near
Yonkers, New York. The same species has been collected by the
writer in New Jersey and by Mr. B. O. Dodge in Virginia.
Lamprospora areolata sp. nov.
Plants small, 0.5-1 mm. in diameter, at first globose opening
rather irregularly, at maturity with the hymenium plane or
slightly convex, more or less roughened by the ends of the asci,
bright red; asci cylindric, 15-18 in diameter, 8-spored; spores
globose, at first smooth, with a large oil-drop, becoming rough
at maturity deeply areolate, about 16» in diameter; paraphyses
clavate (pl. 57, f. 6-8).
On soil among moss in a beaten path in woods near Yonkers,
New York.
Both the plants and the spores are similar to Humaria calo-
spora Quél. as figured by Boudier in Ic. Myc. pl. 400, except that
the spores are perfectly globose instead of ellipsoid.
————
it i _
CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN 1911'
jo Ge ARTHUR
The present article is the twelfth of a series of reports’ by the
writer upon the culture of plant rusts, extending through thirteen
consecutive years. The preceding report for the year 1910, pub-
lished in Mycotocia for January, 1912, contained an unfortunate
slip of the pen in the heading of a paragraph at the middle of
page 13, where “Grossulariae (Schum.) Lagerh.” should read
albiperidia Arth. With this change, the discussion which follows
reads correctly. The same error occurs on page 30, twelfth line
from the bottom.
The very large majority of the sowings for each year are made
during the months of April and May. Hot weather is inimical
to the work, except for a few species. ‘Throughout the year 1911
unusual high temperature prevailed; after the first week in May
the thermometer ranged above 80° F. during the middle of the
day for the remainder of the cultural season. Owing to an un-
fortunate delay in securing an assistant to prosecute the work,
the first sowings were not made until April 19, and the work was
scarcely well under way before the hot days began, making it
nearly impossible to obtain germination of the spores, or in case
of germination to obtain infection of the hosts.
The work of the season was conducted by Mr. Earl A. Trager,
a junior high school student of South Bend, Ind., who was recom-
mended by Miss Clara Cunningham, teacher of the natural sci-
ences in the South Bend High School. Mr. Trager conducted
the work admirably. He furthermore showed capacity for mas-
tering the technique and for handling the problems involved
which compared favorably with that of his more mature and
1 Presented before the Botanical Society of America at the Washington meet-
ing, December 27, 1911.
"See Bot. Gaz. 29: 268-276; 35: 10-23; Jour. Myc. 8: 51-56; 10: 8—21;
Il: 50-67; 12: 11-27; 13: 189-205; 14: 7-26; Mycol. 1: 225-256; 2: 213-240;
and 4: 7-33. 1912.
49
50 MycoLocIAa
experienced predecessors. The paucity of results is wholly
ascribable to the lateness in beginning the work and to the unsea-
sonable weather.
Only one direct excursion was made to supply material for this
year’s cultures. Early in March the writer, accompanied by Mr.
Ray Stretch, a graduate of the Lafayette High Schoolsiavin
rendered efficient service and proved a keen observer, visited the
region bodering the Mississippi Sound from Ocean Springs to
Pass Christian, Miss., well known from the thorough field work
and numerous publications of Professor S. M. Tracy, whose
home is at Biloxi, between the two places mentioned. The spe-
cial object in view was to secure material of Gymnosporangium
bermudianum, the only autoecious species known belonging to
this genus, both for culture and for morphological work. Hope
was also entertained that fresh material of species of Perider-
mium, with field observations to assist in culture work, might be
secured. The region was found to possess the fewest rusts, both
in number of species and in their abundance, of any section yet
visited for observational purposes.
Upon request a visit to Newfield, N. J., was made by Dr. Frank
D. Kern, studying during the collegiate year at Columbia Uni-
versity, New York, accompanied by Mr. B. O. Dodge, a graduate
student of the same institution. The object was to secure ma-
terial of several species of Gymnosporangium for cultures. New-
field was chosen, as it was for many years the home of Mr. J. B.
Ellis, and his collections show a number of hitherto poorly un-
derstood species, whose aecia are still unknown. Probably the
most interesting of these is a small foliicolous form on the white
cedar, recently described as G. fraternum Kern. A note found
in the Ellis collection at the New York Botanical Garden gave
evidence that it was common in a certain swamp twenty-five years
ago. The particular spot was found, and the fungus secured.
One day was spent in this vicinity, and seven species of Gym-
nosporangium were collected. Among these were G. Ellisu,
whose aecial stage is suspected to be the rare Roestelia hyalina,
and the recently named G. effusum. ‘The last is a large form on
branches, very destructive to the red cedar, and yet never issued
in exsiccati. It is the only one collected on this trip from which
infection was obtained.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 51
An extended excursion, but too late for the season’s cultures,
was made by the writer and Dr. Frank D. Kern during August
and September to the foothills of Colorado, between Boulder and
Pueblo, and to some extent in the adjacent mountains. This is
the richest rust flora, both in species and frequency of occurrence,
yet encountered. The dryness of the atmosphere, which pro-
motes the growth of the rust on the individual hosts, while °
checking the spread from plant to plant, makes the region an
exceptionally fine one for field study of relationships between the
alternate stages of heteroecious species. Our work was enor-
mously promoted by assistance from Mr. E. Bethel, of Denver,
whose exact, enthusiastic, and prolonged observations over the
whole region visited cannot be too highly commended. The
freedom with which he turned over for our use his most impor-
tant discoveries and conclusions must unfortunately be inade-
quately repaid. It was due to his assistance that this excursion
proved the richest in results by far of any yet undertaken, results
that are only slightly reflected in this report, but have paved the
way for important cultures in 1912.
On the eleventh of November, after a day of summer heat, a
hurricane did great injury to the conservatory and greenhouse
of the Experiment Station, in which many plants. for the next
season’s experiments were growing. At about nine o’clock in
the evening a large part of the glass in these houses, and in the
offices and laboratories of the department of botany, was broken
in by the violence of the wind. The heavy rain which was fall-
ing soon turned to snow, and the temperature dropped to many
degrees below freezing. When the damage was detected at about
eight o’clock the next morning, the plants were largely beyond
recovery.
Hearty thanks are due to the following persons who con-
tributed material for study: Mr. E. Bethel, Denver, Colo., head-
ing the list with 87 collections; Messrs. E. W. Olive, Brookings,
oy J). M: Bates, Red Cloud, Neb., J. Dearness, London, Ont.,
and W. P. Fraser, Pictou, Nova Scotia, each sent between 10
and 30 collections, while much smaller numbers were sent by
Messrs. E. Bartholomew, Stockton, Kans., C. F. Baker, Clare-
mont, Galt, )\) HBrenckle, Kulm, N. D., J. C. Blumer, Tucson,
a2 -MyYCOLOGIA
Ariz., H. S. Coe, Ames, Iowa, H. M. Jennison, Crawfordsville,
Ind., S: Kusano, Tokio, Japan, E. F.-Smith, Hannatord eae
E. M. Wilcox, Lincoln, Neb., J. J. Wolt, Durham) Nx (Came
F. Vasku, Oberlin, Ohio. Seeds and living plants were also sent
by a number of botanists to provide host plants of native species
required in the work. To all these and to others who aided in
the work of the year grateful acknowledgment is due and is
hereby extended. The investigations were carried out under the
auspices of the Indiana Experiment Station, and financed from
the Adams fund.
During the present season 193 collections of material with
resting spores and 37 collections with active spores were em-
ployed, from which 691 drop cultures were made to test the
germinating condition of the spores. Out of the 193 collections
with resting spores 156 failed to germinate, leaving 37 collections
available for experimental tests. Altogether about 235 sowings
were made and 32 infections obtained. All but three sowings
were made on plants growing in pots in the greenhouse. The
most important conclusions derived from a study of the results
are given in the following paragraphs.
NEGATIVE ResuLts.—It has been customary in these reports
to record sowings with germinating spores when no infections
were obtained, to serve as a guide in selecting hosts for future
attempts. This year only a few instances will be given, as all
sowings made after the heated term began, May 8, are deemed too
uncertain to be of value.
1. Pucctnia Tosta Arth., on Sporobolus asperifolius (Nees &
Meyen) Thurb., collected at Denver Colo., by Mr. E. Bethel,
was sown April 19, on Atriplex confertifolia and Malvastrum
coccimeum, with no infection. The day following a collection
with same data from Delta, Colo., was sown on Aesculus glabra
and Xanthoxylum americanum, and again, May Io, on ten other
hosts, with no infection.
The resemblance of this rust and of its host to that of Puc-
cima submtens Diet., on Distichlis spicata, is very marked, as seen
in the field. The two species grow under the same conditions,
often intermixed, and might be expected to have the same aecial
—— _— a
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 53
hosts, a possibility barely touched by the present attempt at
culture.
2. PuccINIA SCHEDONNARDI K. & S., on Schedonnardus panic-
ulaius ( Nutt.) Trel., collected at Stockton, Kans., by Mr. E. Bar-
tholomew, was sown April 19, on Aesculus glabra, Xanthoxvylum
americanum, Hydrophyllum capitatum, Sidalcea oregana, Callir-
rhoe involucrata, and Onagra pallida, with no infection. Similar
material in former years was sown on twenty-eight other species
of hosts."
3. GYMNOCONIA INTERSTITIALIS (Schl.) Lagerh. No attempts
have been made, so far as the writer knows, to propagate any
species of rust by means of its pycniospores, except one made by
Dr frank D. Kern in 1910, and not heretofore reported. He
sowed pycniospores from Amelanchier erecta, belonging to Gym-
nosporangium clavariaeforme, upon young leaves of A. erecta by
pricking and otherwise mutilating the epidermis, but without re-
sults. It is well known that the growth of such spores soon
ceases in a liquid culture the same as with any other rust spores,
only sooner, as they are much smaller and contain less nutriment.
But it has not been shown that they will not form a mycelium
when suitably placed upon or within the tissues of a host plant.
The prominent and abundant pycnia of the blackberry rust,
which mature in advance of the aecia, seem especially favorable
for such a trial. Pycniospores from Rubus allegheniensis taken
when perfectly fresh were sown May 9 on young leaves of two
different plants of the same species, which were well established
in pots. The spores were not only placed on the surface of the
partly grown leaves, but were also pricked into the tissues in
_ places with a needle. This was done to imitate the probable dis-
persion of such spores by insects, for which the nectar secreted
by the sori may have an attraction. No infection was obtained.
Neither in this attempted culture nor in that by Dr. Kern was
any examination made to ascertain what growth the pycniospores
may have made.
SUCCESSFUL CULTURES SUPPLEMENTING PREVIOUS WORK.—The
facts derived by growing the following species of rusts supple-
e See Bot. Gaz. 35: 11. 1903; Jour. Myc. 13: 193. 1907; 14: 11. 1908; Mycol.
E231. 1900 and 4 °.10. 1912:
54 MycoLoGIAa
ment those obtained from previous cultures in this series or from
cultures recorded by other American or European investigators. |
1. Puccrnta Pecxir (DeT.) Kellerm., on Carex lanuginosa
Michx., collected at Red Cloud, Neb., by Rev. J. M. Bates, was
sown May 20 on Onagra biennis and Meriolix serrulata, with no
infection on the latter, but with abundant pycnia on the former
May 29, and aecia June 1.4 Similar cultures on Onagra biennis
were made from undetermined species of Carex collected by Mr.
FE. Bethel, at Denver, Colo., and by_Dr. J. F. Brenckle, at Kila
IN IB,
2. PUCCINIA ANGUSTATA Peck, on Scirpus cyperimus (L.)
Kunth, collected at London, Ont., by Mr. J. Dearness, was sown
May 25 on Lycopus americanus, giving rise to pycnia first seen
Jtines, and-aecia) june 5:2
3. PuccintA PHRAGMITIS (Schum.) Korn., on Phragmites
communis Trin., collected at Cowles, Neb., by Rev. J. M. Bates,
was sown May 9 on Rumex crispus, giving rise to abundant
pycnia and aecia first observed May 23.°
4. PUCCINIA CINEREA Arth., on Puccinellia atroides ( Nutt.)
Wats. & Coult., collected at Lewis Station, Colo., by Mr. E.
Bethel, was sown May 10 on Oxygraphis Cymbalaria, giving rise
to pycnia May 16, and an abundance of aecia May 20."
5. PUCCINIA SUBNITENS Diet., on Distichlis spicata (L.)
Greene, collected at Lewis Station, Colo., by Mr. E. Bethel, was
sown May 2, on Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Monolepis Nuttalhiana,
Cleome spinosa, Atriplex hastata, and Chenopodium album, with
no infection on the first two, but with numerous pycnia on the
others, appearing May 11, 12 and 16, respectively, followed by
aecia on the Cleome and Atriplex, on both appearing May 15.8
‘For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 35: 13. 1903; Jour. Myc. 8: 52. ieee
II: 58. 1905; 12: 15. 1906; 13: 195. 1907; Mycol. 1:233. 1900; 2: 222) apma),
and 40 15, 1912, ,
5 For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 29: 273. 1900; Jour. Myc. 8: 53. 1902;
Il: 58. 1905; 13: 196. 1907; 14: 14. 1908; Mycol. 1: 234. 1909; and 4: 17. 1912.
6 For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 29: 269. 1900; Jour.’ Myc. 9: 220. 1903;
14: 15. 1908; and Mycol. 2: 225. 1910.
7 For a previous similar culture see Mycol. 1: 246. 1909.
8 For previous cultures see Bot. Gaz. 35: 19. 1903; Jour. Myc. 11: 54. 1905;
12: 16. 1906; 13: 197. 1907; 14: 15. 1908; Mycol. 1: 234. 1909; 2: 225. 1910;
and 4: 18. 1912.
iia ———
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 55
6. Uromyces Pecxianus Farl., on Distichhis spicata (L.)
Greene, obtained in the field March 29, 1911, at Pictou, Nova
Scotia, by Professor W. P. Fraser, was sown April 19 on Tissa
canadensis and Lepidium virgimicum, with no infection. Another
collection with same data but obtained in the field April 13, 1911,
was sown on Bursa Bursa-pastoris, Lepidium virginicum, Cory-
dalis montanum, Tissa canadensis, Cleome spinosa, and Atriplex
hastata, with no infection except on the last, which showed nu-
merous pycnia May 16, and an abundance of aecia May 22.
Still another collection with same data but obtained in the field
April 27, 1911, was sown May 5 on Chenopodium album and on
the same six hosts as the last, with infection only on Atriple.x,
showing pycnia May 17, and aecia May 20, both in abundance.
A former attempt at cultures with this species proved futile,®
but Professor Fraser?® met with better success in cultures made
by himself during the same season of 1910. He was able to
abundantly infect both Atriplex hastata and Chenopodium album
from teliospores on Distichlis spicata. Material from his cul-
tures was most generously sent to the writer. Since then he has
sent material of his more extensive and important cultures of
I9gIz, which need not be specifically mentioned here, although
they strengthen the conclusions about to be stated.
A careful morphological study of herbarium material, both as
collected in the field and as grown from cultures, shows no appre-
ciable difference in the gross or microscopical characters between
the several stages of Puccimia subnitens Diet. and Uromyces
Peckianus Farl., except in one particular—the unilocular or bi-
locular condition of the teliospore. When the teliospore is two-
celled, as in the Puccimia, it is correspondingly longer than, but
essentially the same otherwise as the one-celled teliospore, found
in the Uromyces. The aecia in their peridial cells and aecio-
spores, and the uredinia in their appearance and in their uredinio-
spores, when taken by themselves are indistinguishable. The only
character with which to separate the so-called two species is the
presence or absence of a septum in the teliospore.
Both the Puccinia and the Uromyces show marked racial tend-
encies in the selection of aecial hosts, seemingly correlated with
®See Mycol. 4: 12. 1912.
. Mycoleg 72-7454 TOT).
56 MycCoLoGIA
geographical position, but more information is needed regarding
the races of the Uromyces before a full comparison can be insti-
tuted. Whether the aecia of the Uromyces ever occur upon any
family other than the Chenopodiaceae, as do those of the Puc-
‘cima, yet remains uncertain, but it is confidently expected that
such will be the case. In any event there is every reason, except
that of nomenclatorial expediency, to consider Puccinia subnitens
and Uromyces Peckianus telial races of one and the same species
which in turn may be separable into geographical races in accord-
ance with their selection of aecial hosts.
7. UromMyces Mepicacinis Pass. The urediniospores from
plants of Medicago sativa L., carried over the winter in the green-
house, were sown March 8 on Medicago sativa, Trifolium pra-
tense, T. medium, and T. repens, producing infection only on the
first, uredinia showing March 22. A similar set of sowings was
made April 28 on other plants of the same four hosts, with sim-
ilar result, only the Medicago being infected, showing uredinia
May 12. The work of IgIo is thus confirmed."*
8. GYMNOSPORANGIUM Nibus-Avis Thax., on Jumiperus vir-
giniana L., was sent by Dr. Frank D. Kern from Newfield, N. J.,
and sown May 4 on leaves of Cydonia vulgaris, Malus coronaria,
Amelanchier erecta, and also on the fruit of the last. The only
infection was on the fruit of the Amelanchier, showing numerous
pycnia May 12, and aecia in great abundance May 24. Another
collection on the same host sent by Professor E. Mead Wilcox
from Lincoln, Neb., was sown May 11 on leaves of the same
three hosts, with infection only on the Malus, giving pyenia
June 2, but the leaves dying before aecia formed.*”
Q. GYMNOSPORANGIUM CLAVARIAEFORME (Jacq.) DC., on Ju-
niperus sibirica Burgsd., was sent by Mr. E. Bethel from Lake
Eldora, Colo., and sown May 25 in the open orchard on fruits
of pears and apples, and in the greenhouse on leaves of Cydoma
vulgaris and fruits of Amelanchier erecta, with no results except
on fruits of Amelanchier, giving abundant pycnia May 31, and
very abundant aecia June 15."*
™ See Mycol. 4: 24. . 1912.
12 For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 2: 230. 1910; and 4: 25. 1912.
18 For previous cultures see Jour. Myc. 14: 18. 1908; Mycol. 1: 239. 1909;
andoa 24, Lor:
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 57
10. GYMNOSPORANGIUM INCONSPICUUM Kern, on Juniperus
utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sent by Mr. E. Bethel from
Paonia, Colo., was sown April 7 on leaves of Amelanchier erecta
and of A. vulgaris, with infection only on the latter, showing
pycnia April 24, but not maturing aecia.**
I1. GYMNOSPORANGIUM LiBocepRI (P. Henn.) Kern, on Libo-
cedrus decurrens Torr., sent by an unknown correspondent, was
sown April 17 on Amelanchier vulgaris, Crataegus tomentosa, C.
cerronis, and Sorbus aucuparia, with no infection on the last, but
pycnia showing on the other hosts April 25, 26 and 28 respec-
tively, and abundant aecia on the Amelanchier, showing May 16.%°
12. GYMNOSPORANGIUM JUNIPERINUM (L.) Mart., on Junip-
erus sibirica Burgsd., sent by Mr. E. Bethel from Palmer Lake,
Colo., was sown April 26 on Sorbus aucuparia, without producing
infection. It was again sown May 5 on S. americana, and pro-
duced pycnia May 20 in abundance, but did not develop aecia.
The species has not been cultivated before from American
material. The first cultures were made in Europe by Robert
Hartig’® about. 1882 at Munich, and the species named G. tremel-
loides, from its conspicuous telia. The Linnaean name appears
to have been transferred by Oersted in 1866 to a much less con-
spicuous form, as pointed out by Kern,’” but it seems best now to
follow the original usage. The galls used in the present culture
were on small branches and about one centimeter across.
13. COLEOSPORIUM VERNONIAE B. & C. A collection of Per-
idermwum carneum Bosc, on Pinus taeda L., collected by Mr.
Ray Stretch and the writer at Mississippi City, Miss., was sown
March 6 on Laciniaria scariosa and Vernonia gigantea, with in-
fection only on the latter, uredinia showing March 22. Three
other collections on Pinus taeda L., made by the same persons at
Biloxi, Miss., were each sown March 8 on.Laciniaria scariosa and
L. punctata, with no infection. The results confirm the work
of Toro."
“For previous cultures on fruit of Amelanchier see Jour. Myc. 14: 24.
1908.
* For previous cultures see Mycol. 1: 252. 19009.
“Hare, Wehith. Bawm-Kr. 133. 1882.
™ Science 27: 930. 1908; Bull. Torrey Club 35: 499. 1908; and Bull. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 7: 458. 1911.
#8 See Mycol. 4: 29. 1912.
58 MycCoOLoGIA
14. MELAMPSORA ALBERTENSIS Arth., on Populus tremuloides.
Michx., from Palmer Lake, Colo., sent by Mr. E. Bethel, was
sown April 20 on Larix laricina, Ribes Cynosbati and Pseudo-
tsuga mucronata, with infection only on the last, showing pycnia
in abundance May 4, and aecia May 9.%® On our excursion to
Colorado in September Dr. Kern and the writer in company with
Mr. Bethel observed great areas of the mountain sides covered
with the yellowed foliage of P. tremuloides, almost every leaf of
which showed uredinia and telia of this rust. It seems remark-
able there should be so few collections of it in herbaria, and also
of its aecia on Pseudotsuga.
15. MELAMPSORELLA ELATINA (A. & S$.) Arth> Parison
large witches’ broom of Aecidium elatinum A. & S., on Abies
lasiocarpa Nutt., was sent by Mr. E. Bethel from Lake Eldora,
Colo., 9,000 feet altitude, and sown August 8 on Cerastium
oreophilum, giving an exceedingly abundant infection of uredinia,
first recorded on September 7. This is the first culture of the
species with American material. In Europe cultures with aecio-
spores have been made by von Tubeuf,?? Klebahn,”4 and Ed.
Fischer,?? and indications of races have been found. This is an
interesting species of rust from the unusual fact of both phases
having perennial mycelium.
SUCCESSFUL CULTURES REPORTED NOW FOR THE FIRST TIME.—
The following species have never before been cultivated, in
America or elsewhere, so far as the writer knows. It is much to
be regretted that some of the species could not be brought to
full development, but although the results are in part imperfect,
they represent most important additions to previous knowledge.
1. Pucctnra LycopEsMI4E Ellis & Ev., on wintered-over stems
of Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don, collected April 6, 1911,
by Mr. E. Bartholomew, at Stockton, Kans., was sown on plants
For previous cultures see Mycol. 4: 29. 1912.
70> Deuts. Bot. Ges. 19: 433. 1901; Arb. Biol. Abth. Land.-Forstw. Kais,
Gesundh. 2: 368.
21 Jahr. Wiss. Bot. 35: 609. 1901; Zeits. Pfl.-Kr. 12: 139. 1902; and) Jair,
Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 207: 31. 1902.
= Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges. 19: 397. 1901; Zeits. Pfl.-Kr. rz: 321, 1901; and 12:
103.1902.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 59
of the same species April 19, and characteristic telia were ob-
served May 3, without being preceded by pycnia or other spore-
forms. The species clearly produces but the one form of spore
in its life cycle. The aecia often found on this host are un-
doubtedly heteroecious.
2. AECIDIUM MONOICUM Peck, on Arabis sp. Living plants of
some smooth leaved species of Arabis bearing aecia were sent by
Mr. E. Bethel from Boulder, Colo., 5,000 feet altitude, and ar-
ranged May 9 over plants of Koeleria cristata, Stipa viridula, and
Trisetum subspicatum, followed by infection only on the last,
uredinia and telia being first observed June 1. Similar plants
bearing aecia were also sent by Mr. Bethel from Lake Eldora,
Colo., 9,000 feet altitude, and placed over plants of Koeleria
cristata and Trisetum majus, followed by infection on the latter
only, uredinia and telia being first observed July 24.
The results of the cultures appear unequivocal. The aecia
used belong to a form on Arabis, and probably also on related
genera, very common throughout the Rocky mountain region,
which infests the whole plant and usually prevents it from
flowering, consequently the determination of hosts is usually
difficult and often impossible. Whether all collections labelled
Aecidium monoicum Peck belong here may be left to future ex
amination, but most of them doubtless do so, although there may
be races going to different species of grasses. A bright yellow
form on Cheiranthus Menziesu from Nevada was named Aecid-
tum auriellum by Mr. Peck, and may be identical with the Arabis
forms, as the difference in color appears to be incidental.
The telial phase has passed under the name Puccinia Trisets
Erikss., a name which belongs to a species with covered telia,
that has not with certainty been found in America. The rust
with similar naked telia on Koeleria and Stipa, Puccinia Stipae
Arth., is almost identical in morphological characters, but it forms
the curious Aecidium sclerothecioides E. & E. on composites.
There is, moreover, an adaptive distinction—the Trisetwm form
is capable of germination as soon as the teliospores are mature,
while in P. Stipae the teliospores require a period of rest, and
first show their viable character the following spring. Telio-
spores from the first of the above recorded cultures were tested
60 MycoLocia
in drop culture, and gave abundant and vigorous germination
after twelve hours. Sowings were at once made June 29 on
two plants of Arabis in the rosette stage, grown from seed sent .
by Mr. Bethel from Colorado. One plant flowered later and
showed no evidence of infection. The other plant gradually
developed numerous lateral buds, forming a compact mass of
small rosettes. This rather abnormal development seems to in-
dicate a probable infection, but the proof must await the elon-
gation of the stems at flowering time next spring.
The credit for detecting the probable connection of these aecial
and telial forms is to be shared by Mr. A. O. Garrett and Mr. E.
Bethel. On packet 75 of the Fungi Utahensis, Aecidium mono-
icum on Arabis Drummondu, Mr. Garrett adds the note, “ap-
parently connected with a rust on Trisetwm subspicatum.” This
collection was made July 22, 1905, and in a letter dated April
30, 1906, he writes: “On July 22 I made a collection of aecidia ©
on Arabis Drummondu. The plants were in an open place on
the mountain side between spruce timber on either side. On
August 21 I returned to the spot to hunt for the alternate form
of the A. monoicum: Upon reaching the locality I found a plant
of Trisetum subspicatum, and on it I found teleutospores | dis-
tributed in Fungi Utahensis ro4]. Immediately next to it I
found a dried up plant of A. Drummondu with abundant aecidia.
Looking further, I found that wherever I found the III, I found
I, although in a few cases I found I without running across III.”
It should be borne in mind that these observations were made
in the arid region of the Rocky mountains, where juxtaposition
is more significant than in more humid regions. Mr. Bethel
made similar observations at various times in Colorado, and is,
moreover, convinced from his field studies that the same spe-
cies of rust occurs on Koeleria and Stipa. This may be true,
and collections in the herbarium seem to justify the opinion, at
least for Koeleria, but cultures are yet wanting, material for
which should be gathered in late summer or autumn, and not in
spring. In a letter dated April 9, 1911, Mr. Bethel makes the
significant statement: “The Koeleria and Trisetum rusts have a
strange way of disappearing. It is almost impossible to find
them in the spring. I brought home plants of both Koeleria and
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 61
Trisetum last fall which were very badly rusted, and planted in
the garden. However, this spring I can see the telia on only one
leaf, and that-is the Trisetum.”’ Even the rust on the one leaf
may have been another species. ‘The evanescent character of this
species corresponds to that of Puccima Eatoniae Arth., having
aecia on Ranunculus abortivus from a diffused mycelium and ap-
pearing over the whole surface of the leaf early in spring.
As the rust is now for the first time clearly recognized, it is
herewith distinctively named and characterized.
Puccinia monoica (Peck) n. nom. (Aecidium monoicum
Pecwenot Gaz. 4: 230... 1870.)
O. Pycnia amphigenous, thickly scattered over large areas,
preceding or among the aecia, honey-yellow becoming brownish,
sub-epidermal, flattened-globose, 90-160p in diameter by 60-112p
high; ostiolar filaments 30—9op long.
I. Aecia chiefly hypophyllous, evenly and thickly scattered,
usually occupying the whole under surfaces of the leaves, cupu-
late or short cylindrical, 0.3-0.4 mm. in diameter; peridium whit-
ish, the margin erect or spreading, somewhat lacerate, the peridial
cells rhomboidal, 29-34» long, the outer wall 7—10p thick, striate,
the inner wall 3-3.5u thick, verrucose; aeciospores globoid, 15-23
by 18-25p, the wall colorless, 1.5-2.54 thick, rather finely ver-
rucose.
Il. Uredinia chiefly epiphyllous, somewhat gregarious, oval or
oblong, 0.5-1 mm. long, cinnamon-brown, pulverulent; uredinio-
spores broadly ellipsoid or obovoid, 19-21 by 24-3Ip, the wall
cinnamon-brown, about 2 thick, finely and closely echinulate,
the pores 6-8, scattered.
III. Telia chiefly epiphyllous, more or less gregarious, oval,
oblong, or roundish, 0.5-1 mm. long, pulvinate, chocolate-brown
or cinereous by germination at maturity, early naked; teliospores
ellipsoid or clavate-oblong, 16-24 by 34—45n, the wall cinnamon-
brown, I-1.5m thick, thicker at apex, 5—10p, smooth ; pedicel nearly
or quite colorless, rather slender, once to twice length of spore.
O and I. Pycnia and aecia on various species of Arabis throughout the
Rocky mountain region, type collection from Colorado, on Arabis retrofracta,
made by T. S, Brandegee.
II and III. Uredinia and telia on various species of Trisetum, the present
known geographical range not so great as for the aecial stage.
3. GYMNOSPORANGIUM NEtsoni Arth. (G. durum Kern), on
Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sent by Mr. E. Bethel
from Delta, Colo., was sown April 5 on Amelanchier vulgaris,
62 | _ Mycorocia
A. erecta, Crataegus cerroms, Philadelphus coronarius, and on
the last species once more April 12. The only infection was on
Amelanchier vulgaris, showing pycnia April 24, but failing to
mature aecia. Other sowings made in May were without re-
sults. The connection with aecia on Amelanchier had been pre-
dicted by Mr. Bethel from his field observations in Colorado
from 1907 to the present season, and also by Mr. A. O. Garrett
in Utah, 1910. The same kind of observation is recorded by
Tracy & Earle for southern Colorado in 1898.7* The galls used
for these sowings were on small twigs, globoid, and from I to 2
cm. in diameter. This form, generally distributed under the
name of G. durum Kern, has recently been united by Dr. Kern™
with G. Nelsoni Arth. On the type specimens of the latter the
galls are small, only 1-8 mm. in diameter, and hence not at first
readily identified with the large woody galls, which have been
called G. durum.
All cultures heretofore reported in this series under the name
G. Nelsom belong not to this species but to G. juvenescens Kern,
as stated in the report for 1910.%° The latter is a species pro-
ducing witches’ brooms, but not woody galls. |
4. GYMNOSPORANGIUM KERNIANUM Bethel, on Juniperus utah-
ensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sent by Mr. Bethel from Paonia, Colo.,
was sown April 7 on Amelanchier vulgaris, and Crataegus cer-
ronis, with infection only on the Amelanchier, showing pycnia
April 17, but not maturing aecia. Another sowing on Amelan-
chier vulgaris April 17 was without result, and the same was true
of another collection from Paonia, Colo., sown on the same day.
The failure to secure aecia makes it impossible to identify the
aecia of this species among the many forms occurring on Amelan-
chier, although it is doubtless already in the hands of collectors.
So far as the evidence goes it bears out Mr. Bethel’s surmise?®
regarding the aecial hosts. This culture is referred to by Kern*’
in his monograph on the genus Gymnosporangium.
5. GYMNOSPORANGIUM EFFUSUM Kern, on Juniperus virginiana
*° Greene, Plantae Bakerianae 1: 19. 1901.
“4 Bull Ne Y. Bot.-Gard. 7: 2adqs-47o, 61011.
eo Mycolxa; 20.0 a0 12,
46:See Mycol. 9-158. 101 4,
7 See Bull. N. Y. Bot. Garden 7: 449. 1911.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII. 63
L., collected at Newfield, N. J., by Messrs. F. D. Kern and B. O.
Dodge, was sown May 4 on Aroma arbutifoha, Amelanchier can-
adensis, Pyrus communis, Malus coronaria, and M. Malus, with
infection on the first only, showing pycnia in abundance June 15,
but failing to develop aecia.
Although this infection did not proceed to a sufficient develop-
ment to show the identity of the aecia, yet there are some reasons,
chiefly relating to host and geographical distribution for think-
ing that we are dealing with Roestelia transformans Ellis, which
was described by Mr. Ellis from material collected at Newfield,
N. J., on Aroma arbutifoha. .
6. GYMNOSPORANGIUM GRACILENS (Peck) Kern & Bethel (G.
speciosum Peck), on Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.,
sent by Mr. Bethel from Trinidad, Colo., was sown April 26 on
Crataegus tomentosa, Sorbus aucuparia, and Philadelphus coro-
narius, with heavy infection on the last, showing pycnia May 6,
and aecia May 29. Before the infection had become certain
another sowing was made May 1 on Amelanchier vulgaris, and
the day following again on another plant of the same host, and
also on the fruit of A. erecta, as well as the leaves of Philadel-
phus coronarwms. Again infection was secured only on the Phil-
adelphus, the pycnia showing in the greatest abundance May 13,
and aecia June 8.
This connection was suggested by Mr. Bethel, who has given
a history of his observations in a recent number of Mycorocta.”®
The result of this set of cultures was communicated to Dr. F. D.
Kern, then residing in New York, which enabled him to complete
the description and synonymy of the species and to list the aecial
hosts in his monograph of the genus Gymnosporangium.?® The
connection is especially notable, as it carries the aecial hosts of
Gymnosporangium outside the families of Malaceae and Rosaceae,
into the Hydrangiaceae. As the studies of this genus progress
more and more evidence is secured to show that it possesses out-
lying species approaching in form and habit some of those in
other genera.
28 Bethel, Notes on some species of Gymnosporangium in Colorado, Mycol.
Qi 156-160. Torr:
- see bul Nev. Bot. Garden 7: 458.) 1911:
64. MycoLoGIA
The ease with which infection of the garden Philadelphus,
originally a native of the Caucasus, was secured proved a sur-
prise. Every effort was made to obtain native species of the
genus, but without success until too late for culture work.
SUMMARY
The following is a complete list of the successful cultures made
during the year 1911. It is divided into two series, species that
have previously been grown in cultures and reported by the
writer or other investigators, and species whose culture is now
reported for the first time.
A. SPECIES PREVIOUSLY REPORTED
1. Puccima Pecku (DeT.) Kellerm.—Teliospores from Carex
lanuginosa Michx., sown on Onagra biennis (L.) Scop..
2. Puccima angustata Peck.—Teliospores from Scirpus cyper-
mus (L.) Kunth, sown on Lycopus americanus Muhl.
3. Puccinia Phragmitis (Schum.) K6rn.—Teliospores from
Phragmites commums Trin., sown on Rumex crispus L.
4. Puccinia cinerea Arth.—Teliospores from Puccinellia air-
oides (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult., sown on Orxygraphis Cymbalaria
(Pursh) Prantl.
5. Puccinia subnitens Diet.—Teliospores from Distichlis spi- —
cata (L.) Greene, sown on Cleome spinosa L., Atriplex hastata
L., and Chenopodium album L.
6. Uromyces Peckianus Farl.—Teliospores from Distichlis spi-
cata (L.) Greene, sown on Atriplex hastata L.
7. Uromyces Medicaginis Pass.—Urediniospores from Medi-
cago sativa L., sown on same species of host.
8. Gymnosporangium Nidus-avis Thax.—Teliospores from
Juniperus virginiana L., sown on fruits of Amelanchier erecta
Blanch. and leaves of Malus coronaria (L.) Mill.
9. Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme (Jacq.) DC—Telio-
spores from Juniperus sibirica Burgsd., sown on fruits of Ame-
lanchier erecta Blanch.
10. Gymnosporangium inconspicuum Kern.—Teliospores from
Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sown on leaves of
Amelanchier vulgaris Moench.
ARTHUR: CULTURES OF UREDINEAE IN IQII 65
11. Gymnosporangium Libocedri (P. Henn.) Kern—Telio-
spores from Libocedrus decurrens Torr., sown on Amelanchier
vulgaris Moench, Crataegus tomentosa L., and C. cerroms A.
Nels.
12. Gymnosporangium juniperinum (L.) Mart. (G. tremel-
loides R. Hartig).—Teliospores from Juniperus sibirica Burgsd.,
sown on Sorbus americana Marsh.
13. Coleosporium Vernoniae B. & C.—Aeciospores from Pinus
taeda L., sown on Vernonia gigantea (Walt.) Britton.
14. Melampsora albertensis Arth—Teliospores from Populus
tremuloides Michx., sown on Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.)
Sudw. 7
15. Melampsorella elatina (A. & 5.) Arth.—Aeciospores from
Abies lasiocarpa Nutt., sown on Cerastium oreophilum Greene. .
B. SPECIES REPORTED NoW FoR THE FIRST TIME
1. Puccinia Lygodesmiae Ellis & Ev.—Teliospores from Ly-
godesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don, sown on the same species of
host.
2. Puccinia monoica (Peck) Arth.—Aeciospores from Arabis
sp., sown on Trisetum subspicatum (L.) Beauv., and T. majus
(Vasey) Rydb. |
3. Gymnosporangium Nelson Arth. (G. durum Kern) .—Telio-
spores from Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sown on
Amelanchier vulgaris Moench.
4. Gymnosporangium Kernianum Bethel.—Teliospores from
Jumperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon, sown on Amelanchier
vulgaris Moench.
5. Gymnosporangium effusum Kern.—Teliospores from Junip-
erus virginiana L., sown'on Aronia arbutifolia (L.) EI.
6. Gymnosporangium gracilens (Peck) Kern & Bethel_—Telio-
spores from Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg., sown on
Philadelphus coronarius L.
Pi
PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
LAFAYETTE, INDIANA.
A BLACK KNOT DISEASE OF DIANTHERA
AMERICANA L.
I. M. Lewis
(WitH PLATES 58-61, CONTAINING 10 FIGURES)
INTRODUCTION
During the past two years the water willow, Dianthera ameri-
cana, growing along a small creek near the campus of the Uni-
versity of Texas has been affected with a disease which does
not appear to have been heretofore reported. Affected plants
were first observed during the summer of 1910, but owing to the
pressure of other duties at that time the investigation was only
superficial and failed to reveal the true nature of the trouble.
At the beginning of the present season however, it was made a
subject of special investigation which has brought out clearly the
nature of the disease and all of the salient features in the life
history of the causal organism. A few points which as yet are
not fully determined will be more carefully followed this coming
season.
SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE
The disease affects the aerial portions of the plant and pro-
duces numerous hypertrophied areas of the internodes. These
areas are not localized on any particular portion of the stem but
occur at irregular intervals beginning near the base and extending
to the tip. The internode which bears the inflorescence, and mid-
rib of the leaf are frequently affected. The swollen areas vary
in length from one to three centimeters and usually completely
encircle the stem. The hypertrophy is not uniform but occurs
as distinct ridges opposite the peripheral steles, which 1n this spe-
cies of Dianthera are six in number (Plate LIX, fig. 1).
As the disease develops the outer tissue of the stem is rup-
tured by a longitudinal fissure and exposes the developing fungus .
which presents a smooth grayish surface over a dark background
66
Lewis: BrtAcK Knot DISEASE oF DIANTHERA 67
of compact tissue. In typical cases there are six such ruptures,
one for each of the peripheral steles. In older stages the fungus
areas become somewhat confluent, but they always remain more
or less separate. The surface becomes distinctly roughened and
papillate with age. The grayish color disappears and the entire
area becomes jet black (Plate LVIII, figs. 1 and 2).
ETIOLOGY AND EFFECT ON THE Host
In order to facilitate the study of the relationship of fungus
and host, sections were prepared from normal portions of the
stem and from affected areas in different stages of development.
The material was fixed in chrom-acetic acid fixing solution and
imbedded in celloidin. Both longitudinal and transverse sections
were prepared and then stained with aniline safranin and Dela-
field’s haematoxylin. |
A section through one of the affected areas reveals the fact
that the fungus bears a close relation to the vascular tissue of the
host, and that certain definite structural modifications are caused
by it.
The stem is polystelic, there being seven steles, six of which are
disposed in a circle in the peripheral portion while one occupies
a position near the center of the stem. The ground tissue is
made up of thin-walled parenchymatous cells with large inter-
cellular spaces typical of aquatic or semiaquatic plants. The
steles are orbicular in cross section and each is surrounded by
a thin-walled, completely closed endodermis. Inside the endo-
dermis there is a layer of thin-walled stereomatic tissue. The
mestome bundles are collateral and arranged in an arch toward
tiepetipaery of the stem, while the inner face of the stele. is
occupied by a pith and a few scattered strands of pure leptome.
The cambium lies inside the leptome.
Sections taken from portions of the stem somewhat removed
from one of the affected areas show the same structure as a
normal unaffected stem except that the vessels of the xylem
cOmiammitmerous-fungal filaments (Plate LXI, fig. 3; Pl. LX,
fig. 1). In some cases the vessels are completely filled with the
filaments of the fungus.
All portions of the affected plants reveal the presence of these
68 MycoLoGIA
filaments in the vascular tissue but they never invade the ground
tissue except in the swollen areas noted above. Sections have
been taken from the aerial portions, the rhizome, and the roots.
At this season of the year (November) underground portions of
the plant are abundantly supplied with the fungal filaments while
the aerial parts have died down and almost completely disap-
peared. It seems highly probable that these filaments persist
throughout the winter and begin growth with the aerial portions
in the spring. Strength is afforded this hypothesis by the fact
that the disease occurs in localized areas while plants somewhat
removed are often unaffected. This point however has not been
definitely determined.
The fungus causes decided structural changes in the steles and
in the ground tissue immediately surrounding them. These
changes are affected only in portions of the stem which become
hypertrophied as noted above. ‘The steles are generally changed
in outline and frequently become branched. The cambium of the
inner face is stimulated to produce new xylem cells and fre-
quently a wedge-shaped area results which is greater in extent
than the original stele. The cells of this enlarged portion always
contain filaments of the fungus (Plate LX, fig. 1).
The loose, lace-like ‘ground tissue surrounding the stele is re-
placed by a dark, compact parenchyma with no intercellular
spaces. This tissue seems to be made up of cells of both fungus
and host but in some cases the host tissue is changed beyond the
border of the fungus invasion. This parenchyma develops from
the side of the stele directed toward the periphery of the stem,
while there is little or none of it produced toward the center.
The central stele is also usually affected (Plate LIX, fig. 1).
Compare cells of the normal ground tissue in parts of Plate LIX
with Plate LX hess.
The fungus, after it reaches the outer part of the stem,
forms a layer of rather loose pseudoparenchyma which bursts
open the epidermis producing the pulvinate effect already
noted. From this tissue the conidiophores arise. The conidio-
phore layer is very compact in structure and its outer surface is
quite smooth and even. The conidiophores produce numerous ©
crops of spores. In cross section this layer is marked by several
Lewis: BLAcK Knot DISEASE oF DIANTHERA 69
concentric lines (Plate LIX, fig. 2). These lines serve to indi-
cate the number of crops of spores produced as they are formed
by the broken stubs or remnants of branches from which the
spores have fallen. Figure 2, Plate LIX, shows an area which
has borne six or seven crops of spores. ‘This figure shows also
the shape and outline of the conidiophore layer.
The conidiophores are somewhat branched, septate, packed
very closely together and bear spores at the tip and from very
short lateral outgrowths near the tip. They continue growth in
length by a lateral branch after the spores have fallen and the
broken stubs appear in cross section as distinct lines. The
conidiospores are unicellular, oval, hyaline and measure I0 to 15
by Ge elate LXI, fig. 2).
With age this layer begins to slough away, giving the outer
surface a very rough ragged appearance. While the conidio-
phore layer is breaking down a differentiation takes place in the
deeper stromatic mass upon which it rests. In transverse sections
small cavities appear in the stroma. ‘These are the beginnings of
the perithecia and by the time the outer layer of conidiophores
have disappeared they are almost fully developed. The peri-
thecia are numerous and closely packed together in the stroma.
They are somewhat elongated 475 to 550 by 300 to 350p and pro-
duce rather long necks which open by a definite ostiole. The
broken remains of the conidiophore layer together with the necks
of the perithecia cause the ragged papillate character of the sur-
face as noted above.
The asci are small, 50 to 65 by Io to I5p, thin-walled, and
spring from the bottom and sides of the perithecium. The spores
are eight in number, biseriate, unicellular, hyaline, allantoid, and
iiteasune 6 to 9 by 2n. Where are no paraphyses (Plate LXI,
fig. 4). The perithecia do not develop definite walls but each
represents rather a loculus in the stroma (Plate LX, fig. 2).
The cultural characters of the fungus are not at present known,
as all attempts to grow it in cultures have failed. Attempts were
made to isolate from both the conidiospores and the ascospores
as well as the tissue from the stroma but without success.
70 MycoLociIa
‘TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
There does not appear to be any described genus to which this
fungus can be unreservedly referred. The structure of the stroma
and of the perithecium places it among the Dothidiaceae. In
many respects it resembles Plowrightia, and were it not for the
fact that the spores are unicellular there would be little objec-
tion to assigning it to that genus. However, the spores de-
scribed above are of undoubted maturity and such a classification
is therefore untenable.
It appears to more nearly agree with Bagmiesiella than any
other described genus and probably does not differ from it suffi-
ciently to warrant the founding of a new genus. The shape of
the spores is perhaps the most important feature which differs.
In B. australis the spores are elliptical with obtuse ends and sub-
inequilateral and are therefore not markedly different from the
spores herein described.
Bagniesiella Diantherae sp. nov.
Stroma erumpent, pulvinate, linear, 10 to 30 mm. in length by
2 to 4mm. in diameter, black, smooth at first, becoming roughened
and tuberculate with age. Conidial stage appearing before the
ascigerous and borne on the same stroma. Conidiophores
" branched, packed closely together, conidiospores hyaline, oval,
unicellular, 10-15 X 3u. Perithecia numerous, subglobose to
elongate, immersed in the stroma, 475-550 X 300-350. Necks
elongate, ostiolate. Asci clavate, 50-65 X 10-15mu, without pa-
raphyses, 8-spored. Ascospores biseriate, hyaline, continuous al-
lantoid, 6-9 X 2p.
On living stems of Dianthera americana at Austin, Texas.
In conclusion, the writer wishes to acknowledge his indebted-_
ness to Mrs. Flora W. Patterson for her opinion as to the rela-
tionship of the fungus.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS,
AUSTIN, TEXAS.
MyYCOLOoGIA PLATE LVill
2
BAGNIESIELLA DIANTHERAE LEWIS
MyYCOLOGIA PLATE LIX
2
BAGNIESIELLA DIANTHERAE LEWIS
PLATE LX
MYCOLOGIA
SIELLA DIANTHERAE LEWIS
X
BAGNIE
Prate ex]
MycoLoGIA
BAGNIESIELLA DIANTHERAE LEWIS
is i
a -
:
A
: " at
ee
if
;
ab
Hie (ou
“e
. S
a af i f
~~
7 7
Lewis: BLAcK Knot DISEASE OF DIANTHERA Wot
EXPLANATION OF PLATES LVIII-LXI
Plate LVIII, figure 1. Portion of aerial stem of the plant showing hyper-
trophy opposite the steles and the longitudinal rupture of the host tissue. Both
young and older stages are here shown.
Plate LVIII, figure 2. Older stages than shown in figure 1. The fungus
areas have become somewhat roughened and tuberculate on the surface.
Plate LIX, figure 1. Transverse section through an affected area. The six
peripheral steles and the central one show the effects of the fungus. The
ground tissue is normal in portions of the section and shows the changed struc-
ture in others. The conidiophore layer may be distinguished around the periphery
of the stromata. The clear spaces in the stromata are young perithecia.
Plate LIX, figure 2. A portion of the conidiophore layer more highly magni-
fied. The conidiophores show the concentric zonation which indicates the num-
ber of crops of spores they have produced. The dark-colored parenchyma
formed by the fungus and host is also shown.
Plate LX, figure 1. One of the peripheral steles showing the formation of
additional xylem, the fungal filaments in the vessels, and the changed paren-
chyma surrounding the steles.
Plate LX, figure 2. Portion of the stroma showing the perithecia and broken
ragged nature of the surface of the stroma. The perithecia are immersed
locules in the stroma.
Plate LXI, figure 1. Portion of the conidiophore layer showing the uniform
zonation. X 300.
Figure 2. Conidiophore and conidiospores. X 8oo.
Figure 3. Portion of one of the steles showing the location of the fungal
tissue within the vessels. XX 380.
Figure 4. An ascus with the mature spores. X 1,200.
THE AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NORTH
AMERICA—V
WILLIAM A. MurRRILL
The tropical species with ochraceous or ferruginous spores are
treated in this article and the next following in the series. A
majority of these species occur on decaying wood. The generic
distinctions are not always clearly defined, the group being con-
sidered difficult for a beginner.
Lamellae readily separable from the context; pileus dimid-
iate or resupinate. I. TAPINIA,
Lamellae not readily separable from the contex.
Volva and annulus absent; veil present at times in young
stages, but evanescent.
Pileus centrally stipitate.
Stipe cartilaginous.
Lamellae dissolving at maturity. 2. MyYceENA.
Lamellae not dissolving at maturity. ;
Lamellae free. 3. PLUTEOLUS: j
Lamellae adnate or adnexed.
Margin of pileus straight, from
the first. 4. CONOCYBE. ; |
Margin of pileus at first inflexed. 5. NAUcoRIA.
Stipe fleshy.
Universal veil arachnoid, distinct from
the cuticle; lamellae adnate. 6. CORTINARIUS.
Universal veil not arachnoid.
Lamellae sinuate or adnexed.
Pileus fibrillose or silky. 7, TNOCYBE.
Pileus smooth and viscid. 8. HERELOMA.
Lamellae adnate or decurrent. 9. RYSSOSPORA.
Pileus dimidiate or resupinate. 10. PHIALOCYBE.
Volva absent, annulus present.
Pileus hygrophanous. 11. PHOLIOTINA.
Pileus dry.
Stipe glabrous or fibrillose. 12. PHOLIOTA,
Stipe squarrose-scaly. 13. HyPODENDRUM.
1. Taprnia (Fries) Karst. Hattsv. 452. 1879
This genus includes the dimidiate or resupinate species of the
old genus Pavillus, in which the lamellae are usually readily sep-
arable from the pileus and anastomose with each other. :
&
72
MurRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NortH AMERICA 73
Tapinia lignea (Berk. & Curt.)
Paxillus ligneus Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 9: 423. 1867.
Collected at Orizaba, Mexico, by Botteri, and said by the au-
thors to be allied to Pavillus panuoides. The types at Kew much
resemble this latter species, and further investigation may show
that they do not merit specific distinction.
2. Mycena (Pers.) Roussel, Fl. Calvados ed. 2. 64. 1806
Bolbitius Fries, Epicr. Myc. 253. 1838.
This genus is characterized among the ocher-spored genera by
its deliquescent lamellae. There are few species in it, and these
are not generally well known.
1. Mycena fragilis (Fries)
Bolbitius fragilis Fries, Epicr. Myc. 254. 1838.
Reported from the Antilles by Fries, and from two collections
by Duss in Guadeloupe.
2. Mycena villipes (Fries)
Bolbitius villipes Fries, Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. III. 1: 28.
1851.
Collected and well figured in color by Oersted at Naranjo,
Costa Rica. No specimens of it were found in Europe.
3. Mycena jalapensis sp. nov.
Pileus conic to expanded, thin, umbonate, gregarious, 2-4 cm.
broad; surface viscid, striate, flavo-melleous, fulvous on the
umbo; lamellae free, narrow, close, becoming ferruginous, at
length deliquescent; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, smooth, flavo-lu-
teous under a microscope, 12-14 & 6-8u; stipe cylindric, equal,
hollow, glabrous, white or sulfureous, 6-8 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.
Type collected among chips in woods near Jalapa, Mexico,
5,000 ft. elevation, December 12-20, 1909, W. A. & Edna L.
Murrill ro2 (type), 128.
4. Mycena mexicana sp. nov.
Pileus subcespitose, conic to expanded, umbonate, about 2 cm.
broad; surface striate, avellaneous, fuliginous on the umbo, sub-
glabrous, dry; lamellae adnexed, rather broad, becoming ferru-
74 MyYcoLocIa
ginous and at length slightly deliquescent; spores ovoid, smooth,
ochroleucous under a microscope, usually uninucleate, 8-9 X 4.5-
5u; stipe slender, white, glabrous, cylindric, equal, hollow, 3-4
cm. long, I mm. thick.
Type collected on decayed wood in coffee plantations at Xu-
chiles, near Cordoba, Mexico, January 17, 1910, W. A. & Edna
L. Murrill 1127.
3. PLUTEOLUS (Fries) Gillet, Champ. Fr. 2: 5403 173
This genus has free lamellae and neither volva nor veil. Few
species are known.
Pluteolus tropicalis sp. nov.
Pileus thin, delicate, expanded, 3-5 cm. broad; surface pale-
isabelline or ochraceous, glabrous, striate to the disk; context
very thin, brownish, mild, with a strong odor of jessamine;
lamellae free, crowded, narrow, ochraceous or isabelline to dull-
cinnamon; spores ellipsoid, smooth, slightly truncate at one end,
with one or more nuclei, ferruginous, 12-14 & 7; stipe cylindric,
slightly tapering upward, pruinose-floccose, whitish, with flesh
tints below, hollow, fragile, 7-10 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick.
Type collected on rotting grass in a plowed field at Herradura,
Cuba, August 28, 1906, F. S. Earle 536., Also collected ima
banana field at Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, June 18, 1904, F. S.
Earle 102; in grassy ground at Rincon, Cuba, September 8, 1904,
F. S. Earle 165; and several times on the ground and once in a
bamboo stump at St. George’s, Grenada, July and August, 1905,
W. E. Broadway.
4. ConocyBe Fayod, Ann. Sci. Nat. VIl..9: 357.. 18ee
Galera (Fries) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 103. 1872. Not
Galera Blume. 1825.
This genus differs from Naucoria in having the margin straight
and appressed to the stipe, instead of incurved, in young stages.
1. CONOCYBE TENER (Schaeff.) Fayod, Ann. Sci. Nat. VII. 9:
357. 1880
Galera tener (Schaeff.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 104. 1872.
Galera simulans Earle, Inform. An. Estag. Centr. Agron. Cuba
1: 236. 1906._ (Type from Cuba.)
——
MurRrILL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NortTH AMERICA 79
Galera grisea Earle, Inform. An. Estag. Centr. Agron. Cuba 1:
2471900. (ype irom Cuba.)
Galera cubensis Earle, Inform. An Estacg. Centr. Agron. Cuba
£: 237. 1900.
This dainty little fungus occurs abundantly on lawns and in
manured pastures in temperate regions, and has recently been
found to be common about Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba.
Jalapa, Mexico, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 139; Hope Gardens,
amare, Parle 336;-Port Antonio, Jamaica, W. A. & Edna L.
Wari 222, 245; Cuba, Earle 42, 43, 53, 54, 99, 100, IOI, 120,
164, 359, 300, 372, 374, Underwood & Earle 1122; British Hon-
duras, VM. E. Peck; Grenada, Broadway.
2. Conocybe Hypnorum (Batsch)
Galera Hypnorum (Batsch) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 105. 1872.
This tiny species is of wide distribution in temperate regions,
occurring among mosses or. grasses in shaded localities. The cap
is conic, striate, variable in color, usually some shade of yellow-
ish-brown. The spores of the Mexican plants are smaller than
in typical temperate specimens, and the pileus is pale-isabelline.
Jalapa, Mexico, among mosses in a pasture at the edge of a
forest, V. A. & Edna L. Murrill roo.
3. Conocybe echinospora sp. nov.
Pileus conic to campanulate or convex, umbonate, solitary, 5
mm. broad and high; surface glabrous, dry, striate, fulvous-isa-
belline, isabelline on the umbo, margin straight, appressed, entire ;
lamellae broad, distant, fulvous-isabelline; spores broadly ovoid,
pointed at one end, minutely echinulate, ferruginous, 7-8 & 4-5p;
stipe glabrous, smooth, slightly tapering upward, very pale lateri-
ceous, I-1.5 cm. long, less than 1 mm. thick.
Type collected on a clay bank at Cinchona, Jamaica, 5,000 ft.
elevation, December 25-January 8, 1908-9, W. A. & Edna L.
Murrill 474.
5. Naucorta (Fries) \Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 99. 1872
In this genus the lamellae are adnexed or adnate, the stipe
cartilaginous, and the margin inrolled when young, usually lack-
76 MycoLocia
ing a veil. The spores vary in color from ochraceous to fulvous.
Temperate species are numerous and difficult; several have also
been described from the tropics.
I. NAUCORIA EUTHUGRAMMUS (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Syll. Fung.
5: 835. 1887
Agaricus (Naucoria) euthugrammus Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn.
Soc. 10: 290. 1868.
Described from Wright’s collections on rotten wood in Cuba.
Very thin, less than 1 cm. broad, pallid-umbrinous, convex, stri-
ate, with filiform, hyaline stipe and minute spores.
2. NAUCORIA OINODES (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 842.
1887
Agaricus (Naucoria) oinodes Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:
201. 1868:
Described from specimens collected by Wright on rotten wood
in Cuba. Less than 1 cm. broad, umbonate-hemispheric, vinous,
glabrous, striate, with short, fuscous stipe.
3. NAUCORIA PECTINATA (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5:
856. 1887
Agaricus (Naucoria) pectinatus Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc.
IO: 291. 1868.
Cespitose on logs, glabrous, striate, 2.5 cm. broad. Types at
Kew and Paris are well preserved.
Cuba, Wright 81; Mooretown, Jamaica, Earle 561.
4. NAUCORIA SEMIORBICULARIS (Bull.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg.
TOO. 1872
Agaricus semiorbicularis Bull. Champ. Fr. pl. 422. f. I. 1788.
Agaricus (Psilocybe) pediades Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 290. 1821.
Naucoria pediades Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 100. 1872.
This species appears to be common throughout both temperate
and tropical regions, appearing abundantly along roads and
paths and in grassy places during periods of wet weather. Like
most cosmopolitan species, it shows considerable variation, even
in spore characters.
MurriLL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NoRTH AMERICA 77
Costa Rica, Oersted; Santa Cruz, Oersted; Guadeloupe, Duss;
Cuba, Wright, Earle 540; Mexico, Maury, W. A. & Edna L.
Murrill 93; Castleton Gardens, Jamaica, Earle 233.
5. Naucoria corticola sp. nov.
Pileus thin, convex to subexpanded, gregarious, 1-1.5 cm.
broad ; surface avelianeous-isabelline, innate-fibrillose with slight
tufts, resembling that of Panus stypticus, margin undulate, in-
curved when young; lamellae adnate, dull-whitish to bay-fulvous,
broad, heterophyllous, rather distant; spores ellipsoid, smooth,
ferruginous, 8-9 & 4-5; stipe cylindric, equal, yellow, glabrous
at the apex, whitish-pubescent below, 1 cm. long, 1 mm. thick.
Type collected on the bark of a dead stump at Cinchona, Ja-
maica, 5,000 ft. elevation, December 25-January 8, 1908-09,
WoAw G&G Edna L. Murrill 533.
6. Naucoria cyathicola sp. nov.
Pileus hemispheric-umbonate to convex, 7-12 mm. broad; sur-
face isabelline, pale-fulvous on the umbo, innate-fibrillose, mar-
gin entire, not striate; lamellae distant, squarely adnate, whitish
to pale-ochraceous ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, very pale yel-
lowish under the microscope, 6 X 3.54; stipe subequal, cylindric,
fibrillose, isabelline, cartilaginous, 2 cm. long, 1.5 mm. thick; veil
not evident, except in fibrils on stipe and pileus.
Type collected on dead trunks of tree-ferns at Morce’s Gap,
Jamaica, 5,000 ft. elevation, January 2, 1909, W. A. & Edna L.
Murrill 699.
7. Naucoria Earlei sp. nov.
Pileus thin, convex to expanded or depressed, 2-3 cm. broad;
surface glabrous, pallid or alutaceous, margin even or slightly
striate; lamellae slightly adnexed, subdistant, rather narrow but
ventricose, pallid to fuscous; spores ellipsoid, smooth, fuscous,
IO-12 X 6-8; stipe cylindric, solid, firm, glabrous, pallid to
brownish, darker than the pileus, 3-4 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.
Type collected on damp, bare ground, Castleton Gardens, Ja-
maica, October 28, 1902, F. S. Earle 230.
8. Naucoria jalapensis sp. nov.
Pileus thin, conic to convex, umbonate, 2.5 cm. broad; surface
pearly-white, slightly yellowish on the umbo, glabrous, dry, stri-
78 MycoLociIa
ate, margin at first inflexed; lamellae sinuate-adnexed, broad,
rather distant, plane, white to ferruginous, with a purplish tint;
spores ovoid or ellipsoid, drawn to a point at one side of the base,
smooth, pale-yellow under the microscope, 7 X 4p; stipe equal,
cylindric, curved, milky-white, glabrous, 5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick;
veil fibrillose, clinging to the young margin, soon evanescent.
Type collected on dead wood in a moist virgin forest at Jalapa,
Mexico, 5,000 ft. elevation, December 12-20, 1909, W. A. & Edna
L. Murrill r6r.
9. Naucoria hepaticicola sp. nov.
Pileus hemispheric to convex, gregarious, I cm. broad; sur-
face dry, glabrous, smooth, not striate, fulvous; lamellae adnate,
plane or slightly arcuate, broad, distant, inserted, melleous to ful-
vous; spores ovoid, somewhat irregular in outline, pointed at one
end, smooth, uninucleate, melleous, 7-9 & 4-5; stipe curved,
tapering upward, glabrous, smooth, cartilaginous, 1.5 cm. long,
2 mm. thick above; veil very slight, fibrillose, evanescent.
Type collected on and among liverworts on a clay bank near
Jalapa, Mexico, 5,000 ft. elevation, December 12-20, 1909, W. A.
& Edna L. Murrill 131.
10. Naucoria montana sp. nov.
Pileus hemispheric-umbonate, gregarious, I-2 cm. broad; sur-
face glabrous, striate, light-brown, dark-brown on the umbo;
lamellae adnate, broad, of medium distance, heterophyllous;
spores pip-shaped, pointed at one or both ends, minutely echinu-
late, ferruginous, 9-11 X 4-5p; stipe crooked, slender, cylindric,
equal, glabrous, brown above, fuliginous below, 3-4 cm. long,
I—2 mm. thick.
Type collected on dead wood at Cinchona, Jamaica, 5,000 ft.
elevation, December 25—January 8, 1908-09, W. A. & Edna L.
Murrill 621. Also collected on dead wood at Morce’s Gap, Ja-
maica, December 29, 1908, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 675, and on
Sir John Peak, Jamaica, 6,000 ft. elevation, January 5, 1909,
W. A. Murrill 819.
11. Naucoria pellucida sp. nov.
Pileus thin, conic to plane, umbonate, 7 mm. broad; surface bay
to latericeous on the umbo, testaceous and striate between the
MurritL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NortH AMERICA 79
umbo and the margin, dotted over the surface with translucent,
gelatinous, pearly-white droplets or specks; lamellae adnexed,
ventricose, distant, pale-testaceous, marked with droplets like
those on the surface of the pileus; spores ellipsoid, finely echinu-
late, fulvous, 8 X 5p; stipe cylindric, equal, smooth, pallid above,
bay below, guttate, 1 cm. long, 0.5 mm. thick.
Type collected on dead wood at New Haven Gap, Jamaica,
& 600 ft. elevation, January 4, 1909, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill
763. Whether the dots that cover the surface of this tiny species
are the remains of a universal veil as in Tubaria pellucida or are
droplets exuded from the plant under conditions of a maximum
amount of moisture, it is impossible at this time to say.
12. Naucoria Sacchari sp. nov.
Pileus thin, subfleshy, convex to expanded, obtuse, I-1.5 cm.
broad; surface moist, subviscid, not striate, slightly floccose-scaly
to glabrous, pale-fuscous, shading to nearly white on the margin;
lamellae adnate, distant, nearly plane, rather broad, pale-fuscous ;
spores smooth, ellipsoid, ferruginous, 10-12 & 7-8y; stipe cylin-
dric, hollow, floccose, concolorous, 3-4 cm. long, 1 mm. thick.
Type collected on rotting sugar-cane trash at Hope Gardens,
emeaica, October 31, 1902, F. S. Earle 322. The description
is drawn from the very complete notes made by Professor Earle
from the fresh specimens.
13. Naucoria spinulifer sp. nov.
Pileus hemispheric-umbonate with revolute margin, 2 cm.
broad; surface innate-fibrillose, smooth, isabelline, testaceous on
the umbo, cremeous at the margin; lamellae adnate, arcuate, of
medium breadth and distance, dull purplish-isabelline; spores
ellipsoid, smooth, ferruginous, 5-7 * 3.5-4u; cystidia hyaline,
flask-shaped with short slender stalk and long cylindric neck,
10-15 thick, 30-50p long, including the stalk; stipe curved, cylin-
dric, equal, subglabrous, stramineous above, fulvous below, 2.5
em, lome;2.5) mim. thick.
Type collected on dead wood at Morce’s Gap, Jamaica, 5,000
ft. elevation, December 30, 1908, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 705.
14. Naucoria tepeitensis sp. nov.
Pileus very thin, convex, gregarious, reaching 12 mm. broad;
surface smooth, whitish, hygrophanous, faintly striate over the
80 MycoLociIa
lamellae, margin entire, inrolled when young; lamellae free to
adnate, whitish, dull, several times inserted, broad, distant, the
edges white and slightly crenulate; spores subovoid, slightly flat-
tened on one side, smooth, uninucleate, very pale melleous under
the microscope, 6 X 4m; stipe crooked, arising from a mat of
white mycelium, slightly enlarged above, smooth, glabrous, whit-
ish, hygrophanous, 1 cm. long, about 1 mm. thick.
Type collected on a rotten log in a moist virgin forest in the
Tepeite Valley, near Cuernavaca, Mexico, 7,000 ft. elevation,
December 28, 1900, W. A. & Edna L. Murmnil 265.
15. Naucoria Underwoodii sp. nov.
Pileus thin, rather fleshy, convex to expanded, scattered, 2 cm.
broad; surface glabrous, hygrophanous, brownish, ochraceous
when dry, the disk darker; lamellae adnexed, subcrowded,
rather broad, subventricose, dull-fulvous; spores broadly ellip-
soid, smooth, 8-9 & 6-7; stipe crooked, slightly larger below,
concolorous, hollow, subfibrillose, the apex floccose-fibrillose, 3
cm. long, 3 mm. thick.
Type collected on rotten wood on El Yunque, Cuba, 1,800 ft.
elevation, March, 1903, Underwood & Earle 1237.
16. Naucoria xuchilensis sp. nov.
Pileus convex to plane, slightly depressed, solitary, 3.5 cm.
broad; surface ochraceous, slightly fulvous at the center, subgla-
brous, even; lamellae adnate, broad, distant, inserted, fulvous;
spores ovoid, smooth, uninucleate, ochroleucous, 7-9 X 4—5p;
stipe cylindric, equal, glabrous, cremeous, 2 cm. long, 3 mm.
thick.
Type collected in rich, low ground under coffee trees at Xu-
chiles, near. Cordoba, Mexico, 1,500 ft: elevation, Januars17,
19010, 17. Ad. Ge edna, Warr, Lie
DOUBTFUL SPECIES
Agaricus (Naucoria) papularis Fries, Nova Acta Soc. Sci.
Upsal. IIT. 1: 225. 1851. .Collected by Krebs in themsianaia-
St. Thomas. ~Types: notetound
Naucoria sideroides (Bull.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 99.
1872. Reported by Berkeley from Wright's Cuban collections,
but evidently a wrong determination.
MurRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NORTH AMERICA 81
Agaricus (Naucoria) arenicola Berk. (Fungi Zeyh. no. 6).
Reported by Fries from Oersted’s collections in Costa Rica, but
very probably different from the South African species. Oer-
sted’s figures are unsatisfactory and no specimens are to be
found.
Agaricus (Naucoria) cerodes Fries, Epicr. Myc. 195. 1838.
Reported from Santo Domingo, but probably another case of
incorrect determination.
Agaricus (Naucoria) coprinoceps Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn.
Soe. to. 200. 1868. Collected by Wright in Cuba. Spores too
dark for Naucoria; probably a Psathyra, one of the brown-spored
genera.
6. CorTINARIUS (Pers.) Roussel, Fl. Calvados ed. 2. 61. 1806
This very large and difficult temperate genus has been divided
comparatively recently along the subgeneric lines laid down by
Fries, but for our present purpose, where only one or two spe-
cies are concerned, it seems best to retain the old name and to
omit synonyms. |
Cortinarius mexicanus sp. nov.
Pileus convex, solitary, 4 cm. broad; surface pallid with a lilac
tint, ferruginous in places, slightly viscid when moist, margin
even; lamellae slightly arcuate, adnexed or rarely free, close,
regular, deep-lilac; spores boat-shaped, slightly one-sided at one
end, regular, minutely echinulate, ferruginous, II-12 * 4—-5p;
stipe shining-white with a lilac tint, this tint deepening above,
cylindric, abruptly bulbous at the base, 5 cm. long, about 6 mm.
thick; veil fibrillose, evanescent, soon ferruginous from the
spores.
Type collected on humus in a moist virgin forest at Jalapa,
Mexico, December 12-20, 1909, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 197.
DouBTFUL SPECIES
Cortinarius Sintenisu P. Henn. Engl. Jahrb. 17: 498. 1893.
Collected by P. Sintenis on trunks in Porto Rico, and said by
the author to be allied to C. cinnamomeus. The type specimens
have not been examined.
82 MycoLoGIa
7. INocyBE (Fries) Quel. Champ: Jura Vos. “gmap aege
A very large and difficult temperate genus having sinuate or
adnexed lamellae and a silky or fibrillose pileus.
Inocybe jamaicensis sp. nov.
Pileus convex with a prominent umbo, especially when young,
gregarious, 2-3 cm. broad, 1.5 cm. thick; surface fulvous, mi-
nutely imbricate-fibrillose-scaly, margin fading to isabelline with
age; lamellae adnate, dirty-white, distant, heterophyllous; spores
irregular, angular or nodulose, nearly hyaline under the micro-
scope, copious, 8-9 X 5y; cystidia turbinate, pointed at each end,
(25 X17; stipe equal or slightly larger above, cylindric, avella-
neous to brownish below, nearly white above, 3-4 cm. long, 3-5
mm. thick.
Type collected in a clay road at Cinchona, Jamaica, December
25—January 8, 1908-09, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 595.
8. HEBELOMA (Fries) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 334. 1872
This genus has a smooth and usually somewhat viscid cap,
sinuate or adnexed lamellae, a fleshy stipe, and a slight, evanes-
cent veil. It is well represented in temperate regions.
1. Hebeloma Broadwayi sp. nov.
Pileus fleshy, convex to expanded, 2-4 cm. broad; surface
white, glabrous, subviscid, not striate; lamellae adnexed, crowded,
rather narrow, white to ochraceous-fulvous, the edge white, cren-
ulate; spores ochraceous-fulvous, ellipsoid, 12-14 & 7-8; stipe
cylindric, white, glabrous, hollow, 3-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick.
Type collected along roadsides in lowlands at St. George’s,
Grenada, W. E. Broadway. |
2. Hebeloma cinchonense sp. nov.
Pileus convex to expanded, umbonate, gregarious, 3-6 cm.
broad, 1-2 cm. thick; surface pale-isabelline, rarely milky-white
with a stramineous tinge, viscid, smooth, margin white, thin,
straight, slightly cottony; context white, without characteristic
taste; lamellae white, sinuate-adnexed, ventricose, broad; spores
pip-shaped, smooth, with a single large, clear nucleus, pale-mel-
leous under the microscope, 8 X 4p; stipe fleshy with a thin rind,
MurrRILL: AGARICACEAE OF TROPICAL NORTH AMERICA 83
enlarged below, abruptly bulbous at the base, glabrous, white or
pale-yellowish, 3-6 cm. long, 7-10 mm. thick; veil slight, fibrillose,
evanescent.
Type collected on the ground in a trail at Cinchona, Jamaica,
December 25—January 8, 1908-00, W. A. & Edna L. Murrill 568.
Also collected in a clay road at Cinchona, Jamaica, W. A. &
Edna L. Murrill 501, and at New Haven Gap near Cinchona, Ja-
maica, W. A. & Edna L. Murrili 772. This species was appar-
ently abundant about Cinchona at the time of my visit, but it was
impossible to obtain many specimens on account of the mongoose,
which ate them very greedily.
3. Hebeloma subincarnatum sp. nov.
Pileus conic to plane, gregarious, 2—2.5 cm. broad, 7 mm. thick;
surface smooth, glabrous, incarnate-isabelline, margin straight;
lamellae adnexed, nearly free, cremeous when young, soon be-
coming luteous, broad, ventricose; spores subellipsoid, one-sided,
smooth, with one or two nuclei, very pale yellowish, 8 & 4; stipe
crooked, cylindric, equal, smooth, ochraceous, fibrillose when
young, especially at the top, 3 cm. long, 2.5 cm. thick.
Type collected among moss growing on clay soil in the trail
from Monkey Hill to Sir John Peak, 6,000 ft. elevation, January
5, 1909, W. A. Murrill 795.
DouBTFUL SPECIES
Hebeloma longicaudwm (Pers.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 2:
334. 1874. Certain plants collected by Maury in Mexico have
been identified as this species.
New York BOTANICAL GARDEN.
NOTES ON IOWA SAPROPHYTES—I
GEASTER MINIMUS SCHW. AND ITS RELADIV iS
T. H. MaAcsripdE
(WiTH PLATE 62, CONTAINING 3 FIGURES)
Geaster minimus Schw. is a beautiful little species found at
times in considerable numbers growing amid the grass in places
where this by reason of lighter soil is not too dense. It has been
reported from various parts of the world but so far, in North
America, from the eastern, forested region of the continent only.
The type would appear to have been taken in South Carolina,
perhaps about 1821, where it was found later also by Ravenel.
It occurs, as reported, in South America, in Ceylon, Australia,
Borneo, but, curiously, not in Europe.
However, in 1842, Vittadini described from northern Italy a
little geaster, G. marginatus, which according to Saccardo is re-
lated to the Schweinitzian type and “appears to differ in the form
of endoperidium only and in the ‘vima’ around the peristome.”
This “rima”’ is, properly speaking, a fissure, slit, or other elon-
gated opening. Morgan (Jour. Cin. Soc., 1899) translates rima
“chink” and says it appears sometimes in specimens recognized
by him as G. minimus Schw. A chink in the sense of an opening
or a fissure would seem here a morphological impossibility. Such
a chink would cut out the peristomic areole.
Schweinitz describes Geaster minimus (Syn. Fung. Carol., No.
327): Peridium ovate, at the base plane, white, subpedicellate:
the mouth plano-conic, ciliate; the volva (the outer peridium)
multifid, fuscescent, white below. Everywhere, on the bare
ground in grassy places. Peridium of the size of a large pea,
pedicellate. The mouth plano-conic from adhering cilia which
are at length revolute and free at the apex. The several lobes
(of the outer peridium) elegantly revolute, from the entire arched
base; where they touch the ground, fuscescent, white below, occu-
84
MacpsrIDE: Notes oN JowA SAPROPHYTES 85
pying the space of % inch when expanded. Schweinitz evidently
knew naught of chink or “ima.”
De Toni in Revue Mycologique, 1887, p. 73, brings us, however,
some help. De Toni, speaking of the Italian form, G. mar-
ginatus of Vittadini, says: “Cette espece est donc une des plus
petites du genre: elle différe du G. minimus S. par la forme du
peridium interne, et par la sillon autour du peristome.”’ ‘That 1s,
“this species is one of the least of the genus: it differs from
G. minimus by the form of the inner peridium and by the furrow
around the peristome.” Furrow or groove will do. The furrow,
however, is owing to the elevation of a sort of marginal crest
rather than to any marked depression around the areole.
Some years since, a tiny geaster was brought in, taken under a
thicket of Jumiperus virgimanus L. The form closely resembles
specimens of G. minimus Schw. but differs in several minor par-
ticulars. It is also like G. marginatus Vitt. but lacks the furrow.
It has seemed worth while to record this western form in order
to make comparison of the three. It may be characterized as
follows:
Geaster juniperinus sp. nov.
Outer peridium multifid, variable, 5-9-lobed; inner peridium
ovate, elongate, pedicellate, white or bluish-white; stoma conic,
ciliate, rising from a definite but only slightly depressed areole;
columella stout; capillitial threads smooth, pallid by transmitted
light, in diameter about 34; spores globose, warted, dark-brown,
almost black in mass, about 3».
On the ground beneath juniper trees, Iowa. The figures on
the accompanying plate, by Jessie Parish, show the slight differ-
ences separating the kindred forms.
The Schweinitzian species in all cases observed are more nearly
spherical, with paler and more coarsely warted spores. Vittadini’s,
1. €., the European type, is intermediate, has different spores,
more elongate inner peridium, and depressed areole. The lowa
form differs in color, in spore-color and markings, approaching
G. mimimus in areole, and G. marginatus in other points of struc-
ture. The columella in G. minimus is almost nil; in G. juniper-
inus well developed, strong, and persistent.
Iowa City, Iowa,
Octo, Tort
86 MycoLoGIA
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXII
Fig. 1. Geaster juniperinus Macbride. Sporophore, X 1. Sporophore, show-
ing section of inner peridium, X 1. Capillitium, threads and spores, X 1,130.
A single spore, X 930.
Fig. 2. Geaster marginatus Vittadini. Sporophore, X 1. Sporophore, show-
ing cross section of inner peridium, X 1. Capillitium, thread and spore,
X 1,000.
Fig. 3. Geaster minimus Schweinitz. Sporophore, X 1. Sporophore, show-
ing cross section of inner peridium, xX 1. Capillitium, threads and spore,
<1,000:
MyYcoLoGiA PrATE EX
I. GEASTER JUNIPERINUS MACBRIDE
2. GEASTER MARGINATUS VITTADINI
3. GEASTER MINIMUS SCHWEINITZ
THRAUSTOTHECA CLAVATA
W. C. Coker anp O. W. HYMAN
(Wi1TH PLATE 63, CONTAINING Io FIGURES)
During the course of our study of the Saprolegniaceae we
brought into the laboratory early in January, 1911, a number of
collections from promising pools and runs. Several different
species developed in a couple of days. One of these taken from
an open ditch in the arboretum was at once conspicuous on ac-
count of its stout hyphae and irregular branches. This soon de-
veloped club-shaped sporangia and by its method of spore libera-
tion was at once recognized as the rare and interesting species
Thraustotheca clavata (De Bary) Humphrey.
This mold seems not to have been found since its first discov-
ery in 1880. In 1888 De Bary described it as a new species under
the name of Dictyuchus clavatus.". He got his specimens from a
collection of algal material taken in 1880 by Stahl from a fresh-
water lake at Vendenheim near Strassburg, Germany, and kept it
growing in his laboratory for four years. The species was really
first published incidentally by Busgen in 1882,? who in his study
of the development of the sporangia described it sufficiently under
the name of Dictyuchus clavatus De Bary sp. nov.
On account of the unparalleled method of spore liberation it
was suggested by Solms-Laubach, who, after De Bary’s death,
arranged and edited his last paper, that this species might be con-
sidered as generically distinct from the other species of Dictyu-
chus. This was again remarked on by Fisher in 1892, and the
next year, Humphrey in his Saprolegniaceae of the United States
was sufficiently impressed with its distinction to give it the
generic name of Thraustotheca.
A pure culture of our Chapel Hill plant was obtained as fol-
* Bot. Zeitung 46: 649. 1888.
* Pringsheim’s Jahrb. f, wiss. Botanik, 13: 253. 1882.
* Rabenhorst’s Kryptagamen Flora 1: 365. 1802.
87
88 ’ Mycotocra
lows: A petri dish of sterilized agar-agar was inoculated with a
drop of water containing free spores. After a few hours the
spores sprouted. When the young fungus had grown sufficiently
to be discernible with the naked eye it was cut out, together with
the immediately surrounding medium and transplanted to a dish
of fresh agar-agar. When the growth had become quite robust
flies were inoculated, and fine cultures soon resulted. The spe-
cies was kept growing and under observation for the rest of the
Lei:
The main hyphae of Thraustotheca are stout, straight, and pro-
fusely branching into secondary hyphae near their tips. The
secondary hyphae are much curved and twisted, and are often
curiously knobbed and gnarled as shown in fig. 1. The main
hyphae reach a length of 2 cm. in strong cultures, and vary in
diameter from 20p to 120m averaging about 37. The sporangia
are borne terminally, the hypha continuing from a sub-sporangial
branch (fig. 2). The sporangia are typically short, broad, and
clavate, differing from the sporangia of any other of the Sap-
rolegniaceae. They vary from almost spherical on the one hand
to fusiform on the other. The spores encyst within the spo-
rangium immediately after they are formed. They are polyhedral
in shape, through pressure, each having a hyaline membrane of
its own (fig. 3). After the encysting of the spores, the sporan-
gial wall, which has always been thin, begins to disappear, van-
ishing first as a rule on one side near the end of the club, and
continuing to disintegrate until nothing is left of it except a nar-
row circular ring at the base. This basal ring may be quite con-
spicuous (figs. 4 and 5) or almost entirely absent.
This method of dehiscence is entirely unique among the water
molds, and reminds us at once of the mold Mucor and its rela-
tives. This resemblance was remarked on at the time the plant
was described, and Solms-Laubach thought he saw another point
of agreement between Mucor and our plant in the outward bulg-
ing of the basal partition. This, however, seems to us to be
scarcely if at all noticeable in Thraustotheca. De Bary’s figures
show it scarcely at all, and neither do ours.
As the disintegration of the wall proceeds the spores fall apart
irregularly. They then emerge from their cysts and swarm in
COKER AND HyMAN: THRAUSTOTHECA CLAVATA 89
laterally biciliate form. Finally they encyst again and sprout.
At the time of the final encystment the spores are of course
spherical, measuring about 12.54 in diameter.
The oogonia are borne singly on short, straight, perpendicular
branches from the secondary hyphae, rarely from the primaries.
At the time when the eggs are fully ripe the odgonia measure
about 59 in diameter. They are spherical, smooth, and very
slightly pitted, the pits appearing only after staining with chlor-
zinc-iodide. Each odgonium contains from I to 8 eggs (fig. 6).
The usual number of eggs is either 4 or 6. Ripe eggs are spher-
ical or slightly angular from pressure, excentric, with a single
large peripheral oil globule (fig. 6). They are very constant as
to size with a diameter of from 20 to 224. The antheridial
branches also arise from the secondary hyphae. ‘They are long,
very crooked, and quite stout. The ends of the antheridial
branches become closely applied to the surface of the oogonium,
and club-shaped antheridia are cut off from their tips (fig. 7).
In many cases it was noted that the antheridium gave off a short
tube which entered the oogonium and became applied to an egg
(fig. 6). The actual fertilization of the egg was never seen but
the antheridia were observed to become empty during the ripen-
ing of the eggs. In no case was it found that an antheridial
tube became attached to an oogonium arising from the same
hypha as itself.
The formation of the oogonia and eggs may be easily watched
in this species. ‘The protoplasm of the hypha flows out into the
oogonial branch, rapidly packing it with densely granular sub-
stance. Ihe tip of the branch swells into a rounded sphere
which is packed with a very dense protoplasm. This tip is then
cut off from the oogonial branch by a cross wall and the o0go-
nium has been formed.
The substance within the oogonium is at first entirely homo-
geneous. After some time it may be noticed that oil drops are
collecting at the periphery of the protoplasmic mass (figs. 7, 8,
and 10). The protoplasmic mass then begins to divide, the divi-
sion beginning at the center and traveling towards the periphery.
At first a clear space appears in the center of the mass from
which radial spaces gradually extend outward. The eggs when
90 MyCOLOGIA
first separated are roughly pyramidal in shape, their bases resting
on the wall of the oogonium. Gradually the eggs become spher-
ical and acquire a thick, hyaline membrane. When they first be-
come spherical they show many oil globules situated on one side
of the egg (fig. 10). These globules are at first only about 2u
in diameter, but they gradually fuse until there are only two or
three larger ones from 8 to I5m in diameter. Finally these
globules fuse into a single one, which is about 16u in diameter,
and situated at the periphery of the egg. The eggs are then ripe.
In old cultures an o0gonium would often sprout a new one, the
old being emptied into the new (fig. 9). This process might be
repeated several times and the eggs be formed finally in the ter-
minal odgonium (fig. 8).
Occasionally two oogonia were produced upon one branch, or
an antheridial filament was found coming from an oogonial
branch.
UNIVERSITY OF NorTH CAROLINA, CHAPEL HILL, N. C.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIII
Fig. 1. The tip of a main hypha showing the gnarled condition of the sec-
ondary hyphae. XX 155.
Fig. 2. Main hypha showing sporangia and method of growth. X 155.
Fig. 3. Spores encysted within the thin-walled sporangium. X 7o0.
Fig. 4. Spores falling apart, the basal ring remaining. ™X 700.
Fig. 5. Usually large basal cup with a few spores still remaining in it.
X 700.
Fig. 6. Oogonium containing fully ripe eggs. Empty antheridia attached
to the wall of the o6gonium. X 700.
Fig. 7. Young odgonium with antheridium full of protoplasm. X 700.
Fig. 8. Showing double branching below the sporangia; antheridial
branches; and new oogonia formed from old ones. XX 700,
Fig. 9. New oogonium forming from old one. X 7oo.
Fig. 10. Odgonium with young eggs and young antheridium. %X 700.
PLATE LXIII
MyYCOLOGIA
THRAUSTOTHECA CLAVATA (DE BARY) HUMPHREY
POLYPORACEAE AND BOLETACEAE OF
THE PACIFIC COAST
WILLIAM A. MurRRILL
The following list contains the species of pileate polypores and
boletes collected by the writer on a recent tour of exploration
through Washington, Oregon, and California. Mr. S. M. Zeller
collected with me at Seattle and Tacoma; Professor L.S. Abrams
assisted in exploring Preston’s Ravine and La Honda. The
localities and dates of the collections are as follows:
1. Seattle, Washington; virgin coniferous forests, peat bogs, and pastures.
October 20o—November 1, r1o11.
2. Tacoma, Washington; virgin coniferous forests. ........ October 26, IgI1.
3. Tacoma Prairies, Washington; open barrens with clumps of young firs.
October 26, Ig1t.
. Glen Brook, Oregon; dense fir forests, 400-1000 ft. ..November 7, 1911.
. Mill City, Oregon ; virgin coniferous forest, 800-1200 ft.. November 9, 1911.
. Corvallis, Oregon; fir forests and mixed woods. ...November 6-11, 1911.
. Newport, Oregon; virgin fir forest and sandy pine barrens.
November 13, 1911.
8. Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California; dry groves and shaded
PPM ATIC Sum ere ite, eat ane Ae) Cacitlus: > eoeusie Ys shige 8a eee November 21, 1911.
9. Muir Woods, California; virgin forest of redwoods. ..November 22, 1911.
N Aon f
10. Preston’s Ravine, near Palo Alto, California; redwoods and mixed forest
POMUIOMEROOOlr TE UNges chao yas oteres tens san ataci site a ltushe ere. vial acaes November 25, I9QII.
tr, La Honda, west slope of Santa Cruz Mountains, California; redwood
Ape ClOW Si LOOOT Leo Me. cieie we abies sue evade wlag als ee cere November 25, IgIt.
Dribe OE VC ORT AL
AURANTIPORELLUS ALBOLUTEUS (Ell. & Ev.) Murrill. Found
growing from the side of a decorticated red fir log, the pilei
consisting chiefly of large, irregular tubes, and presenting a
very different appearance from the original specimens found
by Crandall inside of hollow Abies trunks in Colorado.
Sedile, 72.
BJERKANDERA ADUSTA (Willd.) Karst. Found only on large-
leaved maple.
Seattle, 65, 74.
91
92 MycoLocia
CoLTRICIA PERENNIS (L.) Murrill. Quite common in dry, sandy
places in woods.
Seattle, 44; Tacoma, 68.
CoRIOLUS ABIETINUS (Dicks.) Quél. Common on dead coni-
ferous trunks. No trace was found of C. prolificans, a near
relative so abundant on deciduous wood in the eastern United
States.
Seattle, 77; Glen Brook, 757.
CoRIOLUS NIGROMARGINATUS (Schw.) Murrill. Rarely seen, but
abundant in places.
Seattle, 46.
CoRIOLUS VERSICOLOR (L.) Quél. Common on oak and maple in
Oregon and California. Not seen at Seattle. :
Corvallis, 583; Newport, 1075; Preston’s Ravine, 1163; Muir
Woods, 1149.
Coriolus washingtonensis sp. nov.
Pileus small, dimidiate, sessile, laterally connate, slightly de-
current behind, sometimes effuse, tough, flexible, milk-white
throughout, becoming slightly yellowish above on drying, and
grayish behind with age, projecting about 5 mm. from the sub-
stratum, extending sometimes Io cm. along cracks in the bark,
reaching 5 mm. in thickness behind; surface azonate, smooth,
subglabrous, margin undulate or lobed, sterile, rather thick for
the genus; context thin, soft, flexible; tubes 1-4 mm. long, corky,
mouths regular, glistening, slightly angular, 2 to a mm., edges
thin, entire; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 5 X 3.5m.
Growing from crevices in the bark of a dead log of Thuya
plicata. It somewhat resembles Coriolellus Sepiwm in shape, but
the pilei are scarcely semi-resupinate, the tubes are regular, and
the context is much more flexible.
Seattle stones
‘ISCHNODERMA FULIGINOSUM (Scop.) Murrill. Found once, ona
decaying red fir log.
Seattle, z02.
LAETIPORUS SPECIOSUS (Battar.) Murrill. Collected once, on
an oak log, but not uncommon on the Coast.
Macomas2:
$
3
if
MurRRILL: PaciFic CoAst POLYPORACEAE AND BOLETACEAE 93
PHAEOLUS SISTOTREMOIDES (Alb. & Schw.) Murrill. Common
about coniferous stumps, springing from decaying roots.
Seattle, 77; Muir Woods, 1137.
PoLypoRUS ELEGANS (Bull.) Fries. Common about Seattle on
fallen alder branches.
Seattle, 62, 86; Corvallis, $854.
Scutiger oregonensis sp. nov.
Pileus ascending, depressed behind, reniform, irregular, fleshy-
tough, solitary, 15 cm. wide, 25 cm. long, 3 cm. thick behind;
surface dry, dark-fulvous, uniformly and densely imbricate-
floccose-scaly, the ends of the scales either slightly upturned or
at an angle of 45°, margin concolorous, fertile, lobed or undulate,
bay when bruised; context white, nutty, thin, fragile when fresh,
with the odor of musty meal when dry; tubes white, tinged with
sulfur-yellow when bruised, decurrent, mouths regular, thin-
walled, 1 mm. in diameter, edges uneven, toothed; spores ovoid,
smooth, hyaline, 8-10 * 5; stipe eccentric, inflated, 7 cm. long,
8 cm. thick, irregular, watery-white to flavous, turning sulfur-
yellow when bruised, resembling the pileus above at the point of
attachment and not reticulate behind.
This large and handsome species was collected November 9,
IQII, on a rocky bank among giant red firs to the north of Mill
City, Oregon, at an elevation of 1,200 ft. Its nearest relative is
Scutiger retipes, known only from Alabama, from which it differs
in many important characters.
Mill City, Oregon, 847 (type).
Spongipellis sensibilis sp. nov.
Pileus flabelliform-conchate, narrowly attached, tough, very
juicy, white throughout, changing color very quickly when bruised
or on drying, about 3-4 cm. long, 6 cm. broad, and 1.5-2 cm.
thick behind; surface spongy-tomentose, azonate, somewhat
uneven, changing at once to melleous when bruised and at length
to bay, margin entire, regular, very sensitive to handling, thin,
scarcely deflexed on drying; context duplex, white, thick, azonate
and friable when dry above, zonate and woody below, changing
color like the surface when bruised; tubes about equalling the
thickness of the context, small, at first very white and glistening,
changing quickly to bay when bruised, mouths circular, even,
slightly angular, friable and easily corroded on drying, 4-5 to a
mm., edges very thin, long-toothed, becoming lacerate at times;
spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 5 XK 3 un.
‘
94 MyYcoLoGIA
This species was rather common about Seattle on fallen logs
and branches of red fir in moist situations. At Glen Brook,
Oregon, it was found on Abies. When touched, it turns at once
to honey-yellow and later to bay, and some color approaching bay
is usually assumed by all or a portion of the sporophore on dry-
ing. Paper touching the fresh specimens is stained ferruginous
and then bay.
Seattle, 43 (type), 54, 79, 91; Glen Brook, 797; Corvalligyger:
TyROMYCES CAESIUS (Schrad.) Murrill. On dead trunks of
Abies grandis and other conifers.
Seattle, 70; 67.
Tyromyces carbonarius sp. nov.
Pileus quite irregular in shape, varying from flabelliform to
broadly sessile and laterally elongate, juicy, tough, fragile when
dry, 1 X 1.5-3 X 0.5-I cm.; surface tomentose to glabrous, un-
even, white or hygrophanous, azonate, margin pale rose-tinted,
rather thick, concolorous, narrowly sterile, undulate, rarely lobed ;
context white, tough to fragile; tubes equalling the thickness of
the context, white within, mouths normally rather regular, sub-
circular, 4 to a mm., not glistening, edges white or pale rose-
tinted, thin, sometimes irpiciform; spores oblong-ellipsoid,
smooth, hyaline, 5 X 1.5-2 p. 3
Collected on a burnt. red fir log. The tubes may be wery
irregular at times, with long dissepiments, suggesting [rpiciporus.
There is a faint roseate hue to the hymenium which is quite char-
acteristic and rarely seen in species of this genus and its near
relatives.
Seattle, 64 (type).
TYROMYCES CHIONEUS (Fries) Karst. Collected once, on an oak
stump.
Corvallis, 904.
Tyromyces cutifractus sp. nov.
Pileus usually broadly attached and laterally elongate, rarely
flabelliform, slightly imbricate at times, 2-3.5 4-6 X 0.5-0.8
cm.; surface glabrous, white, often rough and unsightly because
of the cracked and torn reddish-brown cuticle; context rather
thick, firm, almost woody, but friable, milk-white; tubes slender,
2 or 3 times as long as the thickness of the context, white or
MurriLL: Pactric Coast POLYPORACEAE AND BOLETACEAE 95
yellowish within and without, staining brownish when bruised,
mouths glistening, small, quite regular, angular, edges entire, very
thin; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 6 X 4 u.
Type collected on a much decayed fir log in a virgin forest at
Newport, Oregon. Also collected on a maple log and on the base
of a living trunk of Thuya at Seattle. This disregard of essen-
tial differences between coniferous and deciduous wood is rather
uncommon in fungi. The species is peculiar in having a
brownish cuticle, gelatinous in appearance when wet, which
breaks up as the pileus develops, leaving the surface very rough
and unattractive in appearance, especially when plants are grow-
ing in moist situations.
Seattle, 55, 99; Newport, 1064 (type).
Tyromyces perdelicatus sp. nov.
Pileus flabelliform to subcircular, varying with its position on
the substratum, thin, fragile, milk-white throughout, 1-2 cm.
broad; surface finely tomentose to glabrous, scarcely zonate,
uneven, margin concolorous, thin, inflexed when dry; context
very thin, white, fragile; tubes minute, glistening, mouths angular,
subregular, edges very thin, slightly toothed, fragile; spores
oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 7 & 3 p.
This small, snow-white species was collected several times at
Seattle on fallen dead branches of conifers, and it was also
found common at Glen Brook. The type specimens grew on
Tsuga heterophylla.
Seattle, 45, 47 (type), 51, 53; Glen Brook, 78o.
TyROMYCES GUTTULATUS (Peck) Murrill. Rare on coniferous
stumps and logs. This species contains a bitter principle mi'dly
resembling in taste the resin found in Fomes Laricis.
meamle, 509; lacoma, 00.
Tyromyces Pseudotsugae sp. nov.
Pileus imbricate-sessile, flabelliform to semicircular, 2-3 x
2-3 X 0.3-I cm.; surface milk-white, subglabrous, azonate or
with zones faintly outlined, margin thin, concolorous, narrowly
sterile, entire to slightly lobed, inflexed when dry; context thin,
white, fragile; tubes varying greatly in length, those behind often
reaching nearly 1 cm., mouths large, irregular, edges thin, fragile,
toothed, collapsing, white, becoming yellowish on drying; spores
ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 5 X 3.5 p.
96 MycoLocIa
Collected on a dead log of Pseudotsuga taxifolia.
Seattle, $4 (type).
TYROMYCES SEMIPILEATUS (Peck) Murrill. Common on fallen
trunks and branches of alder and maple.
Seattle 58, 67; Corvallis, 950; Muir Woods, 1129; Preston’s
Ravine, 1183.
Tyromyces substipitatus sp. nov.
Pilei subcespitose, at times united above, irregularly sub-
circular or flabelliform, depressed, milk-white throughout, 2-4
cm. broad, 2-3 cm. high, 2-3 mm. thick; surface glabrous,
uneven, lightly marked with irregular, radiating, raised lines,
margin thin, concolorous, sterile, undulate or slightly lobed,
slightly blackening when bruised; context fleshy, fragile when
dry, very thin; tubes small, regular, fragile, collapsing, edges
thin, toothed ; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 4 * 2.54; stipe erect,
lateral or subcentral, enlarging upward, reticulated on one side,
owing to the undeveloped tubes, 1-2 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick.
On rich soil mixed with humus, but not attached to wood. The
species is aberrant, partly on account of its habit of growing
upward from the ground, and might be classed with the stipitate
forms of the polypores. It is closely related, however, to
Tyromyces semisupinus, and may as well be placed in that genus
as in any other.
Seattle, 75 (type).
Tribe FOMITEAE
CRYPTOPORUS VOLVATUS (Peck) Shear. Frequent on dead coni-
ferous trunks.
Seattle, 80; Glen Brook, 792; Golden Gate Park, rro6.
ELFVINGIA MEGALOMA (Lév.) Murrill. Common and abundant
in every locality visited, usually on oak logs and stumps.
Seattle, 49; Tacoma, 94; Corvallis, roor, ro08; Muir Woods,
TLS LE.
FoMES ANNOSUS (Fries) Cooke. Found several times on logs
and stumps of red fir. It is probably common on conifers but
difficult to find because inconspicuous and often hidden.
Seattle, 59, 93; Newport, 1089.
= a
MurRRILL: PaciFic CoAst POLYPORACEAE AND BOLETACEAE 97
Fomes Laricis (Jacq.) Murrill. On fallen, much decayed logs
of Abies grandis, about one-half way up from the base, at
Tacoma; and growing from the center of the butt of an im-
mense red fir log, at Mill City. Specimens from La Honda,
collected by Crandall on a red fir stump, were examined at
Stanford University. This species is more abundant in the
far west than was formerly supposed.
Waconia, 05, 104; Mill City, $77.
FoMEs RosEus (Alb. & Schw.) Cooke. Very common on coni-
ferous trunks, the sporophores sometimes reaching a foot in
diameter.
Seattle, 60; Corvallis, 977; Newport, 1046.
FOMES UNGULATUS (Schaeff.) Sacc. So abundant everywhere
on coniferous trunks that only one collection was made.
Seattle, 85.
PoRODAEDALEA Pini (Thore) Murrill. Frequently found on red
fir, and doubtless occurring on other conifers. The specimens
from Glen Brook grew on a living red fir trunk over six feet
in diameter.
Scaule, 00; Glen Brook, 756; La Honda, 1208.
PYROPOLYPORUS IGNIARIUS (L.) Murrill. Common on trunks of
living willows at Tacoma.
Tacoma, 00.
Tribe AGARICEAE
GLOEOPHYLLUM HIRSUTUM (Schaeff.) Murrill. Found rarely,
on dead conifers.
Seattle, 50, Or.
LENZITES BETULINA (L.) Fries. Found once, on a dead oak
limb ten feet from the ground.
Preston’s Ravine, rré1.
Family BOLETACEAE
Boletus Lakei Sp. nov.
Pileus convex, often becoming plane, gregarious or subcespi-
tose, rarely solitary, 8-12 cm. broad; surface fulvous with
latericeous tints, appearing testaceous, densely imbricate-floccose-
’
98 MycoLociIa
scaly, owing to the rupture of the cuticle; margin white, sterile,
entire, involute when young; context sulfur-yellow, unchanging
or turning slightly yellowish-green when cut, with pleasant odor
and mild flavor; tubes large, decurrent, elongate near the stipe,
flavous when young, dark dirty-flavous with a greenish tint when
older, unchanging when bruised; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth,
yellowish-brown, 8.5—-I10.5 X 3.54; stipe subequal, 7X2 cm.,
flavous at the apex, then testaceous, then adorned with the ample,
white, persistent, cottony annulus, and below this similar to the
pileus in color and surface markings.
This species is similar to B. luteus and takes its place in the
flora of the Pacific Coast; but the tubes are larger and the sur-
face is floccose-scaly. At Corvallis it was very abundant in fir
woods mixed with a few deciduous trees. It gives me pleasure
to dedicate this handsome species to Professor E. R. Lake, of
the Oregon Agricultural College, who some time ago sent me
specimens for determination collected by him at Corvallis, No-
vember 29, 1907. ‘This type collection was accompanied by notes
and an excellent photograph.
Seattle, 773; Glen Brook, 781; Corvallis, 933, 999; La Honda,
1203.
CERIOMYCES COMMUNIs ( Bull.) Murrill. Common about Seattle,
but rare in other localities. Several varieties were found.
Seattle, 107, 115; Mull City, 871; Newport, reé4; la Touda,
1205.
Ceriomyces mirabilis sp. nov.
Pileus convex, spongy, solitary or gregarious, reaching 12 cm.
in diameter; surface moist, bay, uniformily covered with con-
spicuous, projecting, conic, floccose, persistent papillae, which
give it somewhat the appearance of bread-fruit; margin project-
ing like the eaves of a house, showing a yellow membrane 2-3
mm. wide; context citrinous, slowly changing to incarnate when
bruised, very watery, drying with difficulty, tasteless; tubes large,
greenish-yellow, uneven; spores fusiform, smooth, ochraceous-
mellous, 19 X 7m; stipe very bulbous, solid, bay and streaked
below, strongly reticulate and latericeous above, the apex colored
like the tubes, 15 cm. long, 1.3 cm. thick above, 3.5 thick below.
This remarkable species was found several times in the vicinity
of Seattle on the ground in woods. It is one of the most difficult
MurRRILL: PAcIFIC CoAST POLYPORACEAE AND BOLETACEAE 99
species to preserve, owing to its extremely juicy consistency. It
differs from nearly all other boleti in its floccose covering, which
resembles that found on the surface of Boletellus Ananas and
Strobilomyces strobilaceus, but the scales are more rigid and
conic in shape. The collector may readily distinguish it from
these two species by its bay color and the absence of a veil. Both
of the other species mentioned possess a conspicuous veil, and
the former is tan to brown with a pinkish tint, while the latter is
dark-brown or black. Mr. Zeller has photographed this species
for me, and Mrs. Murrill made a very accurate colored sketch
of it.
Seattle 106 (type), 108, 109.
Ceriomyces oregonensis sp. nov.
Pileus convex, firm, solitary, 12 cm. broad; surface bay, even,
not viscid, short-tomentose to subglabrous, 12 cm. broad, margin
entire or slightly lobed, scarcely projecting: context firm, white,
unchanging, mild, odor not characteristic; tubes very large, 2-3
mm. in diameter, depressed and radially elongate about the stem,
ventricose, flavous to dull greenish-yellow, melleous within, not
changing when bruised; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, mel-
leous, 10-12 4p; stipe larger below, solid, white within,
glabrous, not reticulate, very pale bay, 6.5 cm. long, 2 cm. thick
at the center.
This species was collected on the ground in sandy pine barrens
on the immediate coast at Newport, Oregon. Although grow-
ing in sand, the weather conditions were very humid.
Newport, 1039 (type).
CERIOMYCES viscipUS (L.) Murrill. Collected once, in sandy
pine barrens. Very large, with bay-fulvous cap and rough,
shaggy stem, flavous at the base.
Newport, 1099.
Ceriomyces Zelleri sp. nov.
Pileus convex, firm, gregarious to subcespitose, 7-9 cm. broad;
surface dry, uneven, bay, covered with a delicate bloom which
disappears with age; margin regular, concolorous, somewhat pro-
jecting; context firm, cremeous, unchanging, drying easily, mild
and slightly mucilaginous to the taste; tubes irregular, of medium
size, pale-yellow to greenish-yellow, scarcely changing when
100 MycoLocia
bruised; spores fusiform, smooth, ochraceous, averaging 12 X
4.53 stipe bulbous, solid, red to purple, white or yellow at the
base, more or less striate, furfuraceous, about 5 cm. long and
Le Cite bhicke i |
This species was very common about Seattle, on rather dry
banks in woods. When fully mature, the bloom on the cap dis-
appears and the color is so dark that the sporophore is difficult to
see unless a glimpse of the yellow hymenium is obtained. Mr.
S. M. Zeller discovered the first specimens (No. 105), and I take ©
pleasure in dedicating the species to him. Mr. L. S. Abrams
found a number of specimens when we collected together at
La Honda.
Seattle, 105 (type), 110, 111; La Honda, 1299.
ROSTKOVITES GRANULATUS (L.) Karst. Common at Newport in
pine barrens, where both light and dark forms were found.
Tacoma Prairies, 174; Newport, 1073; Golden Gate Park,
Tee)
SUILLELLUS LuRIDUS (Schaeff.) Murrill. Common under oaks
on the edge of a lake near Tacoma. The form is perfectly
typical, with lurid cap and red-dotted stem. Some of the caps
are rimose-areolate above, much resembling Ceriomyces
communis.
Dacoma 172:
New York BOTANICAL GARDEN.
NEWS AND NOTES
A new tropical laboratory for botanical and zoological research
is soon to be established at Mayaguez, Porto Rico, with Dr. F. L.
Stevens as director.
F, Guéguen, in Comptes Rendus, suggests that certain bodies
found on the hyphae of a new species of Mucor are organs for
the elimination of metabolic products.
In Publication 1 of the Botanical Society of Western Penn-
sylvania, D. R. Sumstine gives a list of eighty of the more con-
spicuous fungi collected within the limits of Pittsburg.
—_—___
An article on nut diseases, by M. B. Waite (Proc. Am. Pomol.
Soc. 182-190. I9QI1), treats several serious diseases of nut-bear-
ing trees and suggests methods of control. Diseases of the pecan
receive special attention.
od
Dr. P. Spaulding, of the division of Forest Pathology at Wash-
ington, has published a bulletin dealing in a very thorough
manner with the life history of Lenzites sepiaria and its effects
on timber. Under preventive measures, he recommends season-
ing, floating, and infiltration with poisonous chemicals.
——
Dr. C. H. Kauffman has published in the Thirteenth Report of
the Michigan Academy of Science, 1911, some very useful keys
to the common genera of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes. His
list of unreported Michigan fungi is also continued as in previous
years.
The leaf-spot of orchids (Hypodermium), which begins at the
apex of the leaf and gradually works downward until the entire
leaf is killed, may be checked, according to F. T. Brooks, by
101
102 MycoLociIa
sponging the leaves with a dilute solution of potassium per-
manganate.
Mr. J. B. Rorer, mycologist of the Board of Agriculture,
Trinidad, recently published an attractive illustrated annual
report, treating several important tropical plant diseases and con-
taining a preliminary list of Trinidad fungi, to which additions
will be made from year to year.
——
An extremely handy volume by A. D. Selby on plant diseases,
consisting of a general treatment, a special part on Ohio plant
diseases, and a classified .bibliography, has just come to us as
Bulletin 214 of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.
The commonest cause of the production of cancerous swellings
known as “burs” on the trunks of rubber-trees (Hevea) in the
Federated Malay States, according to Bancroft, is the wounding
of the cortex by cart wheels and in other mechanical ways.
Another cause seems to be the irritation from buds failing to
develop into shoots. In this connection, the effect of insect work
on the trunks of various trees might be investigated.
.
Professor J. C. Arthur and Dr. F. D. Kern spent ties tans:
week in January at the Garden consulting the mycological
herbarium and library, and reading the final proof sheets of their
next contribution to the literature of plant rusts, shortly to appear
as volume 7, part 3, of NorTH AMERICAN FLORA.
The meeting of the various scientific societies of the country at
Washington during Christmas week was a notable one and well
attended. The botanists had very full programs, as well as a
dinner anda smoker, in which between one hundred and two
hundred took part. The Garden was represented by Dr. N. L.
Britton, Dr. W. A. Murrill, Professor R. A. Harper, and Mr. A.
B. Stout. A movement to unite all American botanical associa-
tions under the Botanical Society of America was auspiciously
News AND NOTES 103
inaugurated. The next meeting of the societies will be held in
Cleveland ; and the one following in Atlanta.
—_—_—_—___—.
The pathological exhibits at the Washington Meeting were of
great interest, and the room was an excellent meeting-place for
botanists of all classes. The tables and walls were filled with
specimens, cultures, charts, photographs, and colored drawings.
Undoubtedly, this feature will require next year a larger room,
with more chairs and tables, for the use of those desiring to
make a careful study of the exhibits. It will also, let us hope,
have a central location as it did this year, and be freely used by
botanists at all times while the meeting is in progress.
———
The Swedish mycological Nestor, Professor Doctor Hampus
von Post, died at Upsala, August 16, 1911, nearly 89 years of
age. As is well known, he was,.one of the most diligent and
assiduous contributors of Elias Fries. Not a few of the new
species described in Fries’ later works were detected and dis-
tinguished by him, and quite a number of Fries’ Icones, both
published and unpublished, were origifially drawn by this “ feli-
cissimus fungorum investigator,” who continued every year, even
after Fries’ death, and as long as his health and energy permitted,
to collect, describe and illustrate species, varieties, and forms of
the fungi growing around the agricultural college of Ultuna,
where he was engaged during about 30 years. ‘This accumulated
work, of which nothing has been published since long ago, will
no doubt be of great interest to those who have to deal with the
Swedish fungous flora and will probably be adapted to throw
light upon some of the problems which hitherto have remained
unsolved.—L. Romell.
Notes on Some Papers Presented at the Washington Meeting,
December 28 and 29, IQII
“Preliminary notes on a twig-blight of Quercus Prinus,’ by .
Della Ingram. This is due to a fungus producing pycnidia on
the dead leaves and showing the Macrophoma type of spores. It
also attacks white oak and chestnut to some extent. The disease
104 MycCOLoGIA
has been found in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia.
“Large leaf-spot of chestnut and oak,” by A. Hi. Graveaa
new leaf-spot, different from the common one caused by Septoria
ochroleuca, has been found on chestnut and red oak in the entire
south Appalachian region and also in Delaware. The spots,
which begin to appear in August, are often an inch or more in
diameter, and show concentric rings. Forty per cent. of the
leaves are killed at times. Professor Farlow thinks the fungus
is Monochaetia Desmazieriu Sacc.
“Notes on Cronartium ribicola,’ by P. Spaulding. The teleu-
tospores develop in the cool weather of autumn. Inoculations
have been successfully made through the different hosts. No
single inspection will remove all infected trees. If this disease
is present, it will save expense to destroy all affected trees at
once.
“An edible smut,’ by Mrs. Flora W. Patterson. Under this
title, Ustilago esculenta P. Henn., on Zizama latifolia, was
exhibited and described. Corn smut is used in large quantities
in Mexico City as an article of food. A smut on sorghum is
also edible..
“The potato Fusarium situation in Europe and America,” by
W. A. Orton. The speaker described three diseases involved: a
wilt due to a species of Verticillium, a wilt due to Fusarium
oxysporium, and another disease apparently physiological and
very imperfectly known.
“The method of distribution of the olive knot disease,” by
Horne, Parker, and Daines. Experiments were conducted at
Fair Oaks, California. Slime from knots caused new knots on
inoculation. The causative organism is Bacterium Savastanot
E. F. Smith. It is distributed on the feet of birds, and may enter
leaf-scars, cracks, wound callouses, and other rough places on the
trunk. Smooth-barked varieties are therefore less subject to the
disease.
“Notes on some diseased trees in our national forests,” by G.
G. Hedgcock. Large additions were made to the hosts and dis-
tribution of many of the larger tree-destroying fungi, such as
Inonotus dryophilus, I. texanus, Pyropolyporus Everhartu, P.
News AND NOTES 105
igniarius, Fomes Laricis, F. fraxinophilus, Elfvingia fasciata,
and Porodaedalea Pini.
“Silver leaf, a disease of fruit trees,’ by H. T. Giissow. This
disease exists from one end of Canada to the other, as well as
in many parts of Europe. It is caused by Stereum purpureum,
acting within the trunk and branches, and is probably distributed
by the transportation of lumps of mycelium from one tree to
another during the process of cultivation.
“ Observations on the deterioration and utilization of fire-killed
timber in the Northwest,’ by J. R. Weir. The rots of coni-
ferous timber were chiefly discussed. The blue-staining fungus
is very important in burned trunks. If the sap was ascending
when the fire occurred, there is more food and more rapid fung-
ous growth. Standing trunks have more water, which prevents
access of air and consequently retards fungous attack. The
reason why few fungi are found on badly burned logs is due to
the fact that the organic food substances are disorganized by the
intense heat. Fires are often good for forests, ridding them of
fungous pests. In places on the west of the continental divide,
fungous infections sometimes totalled fifty per cent. or more.
“The use of soil fungicides to prevent damping off,’ by Carl
Hartley. For coniferous seed-beds in sandy soil, apply three-
sixteenths of a fluid ounce of commercial sulfuric acid in water
to a square foot of surface, and water the beds twice a day dur-
ing the germination period to prevent injury from the acid. This
treatment does not apply to angiosperms. Pure acid is four
times as effective as commercial.
“The relative merits of lime-sulphur, lead benzoate, and
Bordeaux mixture for spraying potatoes,” by F. C. Stewart and
G. T. French. Bordeaux mixture was found to be by far the
best, preserving the foliage, prolonging the life of the plant, and
greatly increasing the yield. Lime-sulphur showed a dwarfing,
rather than a stimulating effect; and lead benzoate had little or
HO eltect,
“Some wood preservations, with special reference to their
toxic properties,” by C. J. Humphrey. Creosote is being thor-
oughly investigated at present, cultures of Fomes annosus being
used to determine its toxic effects. Of the five fractions in creo-
106 MycoLocIa
sote, the middle ones are by far the most toxic. (Common salt is
an excellent preservative for inside timbers, where leaching is
impossible.
“ Experiments in the use of asphaltum and other substances as
dressings for wounds of trees,” by John Boddy. Lead paint has
been tried thoroughly and found unsatisfactory unless applied
at least once a year. Coal tar, the substance most used at
present, has a caustic effect on the cambium and is also less
durable than supposed. Asphaltum, or pure bitumen, derived
from petroleum, is the very best dressing for trees of all kinds.
It is applied hot from a kettle, as in the case of street-paving.
“The importance of sanitation in the control of certain plant
diseases,’ by L. R. Jones. It is possible that we depend too
much on spraying, to the neglect of sanitation. Diseases of
cabbage were used in illustration. If the “yellows” (Fusarium)
appears in a field, it rots all the heads and there is no chance of
growing cabbage in that field even six years afterwards. The
only hope is in one variety which appears resistant. Another
field may show only “wilt” (Phoma), and still another only the
common “black rot.’ Each disease is introduced locally and
remains. Fields must be kept free of these diseases, and change
of crops must be resorted to if necessary.
“The effect of Gymnosporangium upon the transpiration and
photosynthesis of apple leaves,” by H. S. Reed and J. S. Cooley.
The authors reported quantitative experiments upon the tran-
spiration and photosynthesis of healthy and diseased leaves.
Transpiration records were taken in the field and photosynthesis
records were taken in the laboratory by use of Ganong’s photo-
synthometer. Both agreed in showing diminished activity on
diseased leaves.
“ The toxicity of plant acids and enzymes,” by M. T. Cook and
J. J. Taubenhaus. Laboratory experiments with picked fruits
are not conclusive, owing to the fact that the enzymes which
guard against fungi in the field may die after. picking. For
example, pears may contain living enzymes 45 days after picking,
while in apples the death of the protecting enzymes may occur
much sooner.
NEws AND NOTES 107
“A study of protoplasmic movements in fungi,’ by F. M.
Andrews. The slow oscillations of the protoplasm in the aerial
filaments of certain moulds grown in gelatin cultures were sub-
jected to variations in heat and light and the influence of various
gases and solutions. The transpiration optimum was found to
be 23-26° C. Pure hydrogen gas, cold, darkness, glycerin solu-
tion, etc., caused the movements to gradually cease.
“Cardinal temperatures for germination of uredospores of
cereal rusts,’ by E. C. Johnson. The optimum for Puccima
gramims and five other species was found to be 12-17° C.
Higher temperatures retarded germination, hence there is less
development in spells of hot weather. Professor Arthur would
like to know why teleutospores will not grow. Out of 137
species, material of which seemed to be in perfect condition, he
succeeded during one season in germinating only 37 for purposes
of inoculation. :
W. A. Murrill.
AXgaricaceae,
Peronosporales—
J Saar of the’ New York Botanical ‘Garden, mont
taining notes, news and non-technical articles of general interest.
bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a ‘copy 5 LOO | a year
exchange.] . Now in its thirteenth volume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and’ othe
including lichens; containing technical articles and news
interest. $3.00 a year; single copies not for sale... eT Not ‘offer
Now in its fourth volume.” he
Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garten: Cae
of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and. technical C
results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Mey to all ma embe
den; to others, $3.00 per volume. Seven volumes. °
‘North American Flora. Descriptions of the pee pla
including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. |
pleted in thirty volumes. ‘Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of fo
Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate
for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange.] —
Vol. 22, part 1, issued May 22, 1905. Rosales, Podos monaceae
ceae, Pénthoraceae, Parnassiaceae..
Vol. 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905. " Saxifrags
Cunbnincese: Tteaceae, dybcraeenice ston bans Pterostemonaceae,
nomaceae. oe
Vol 7, part 1, issued Oct. 4, Puke Matlasinaccs: Tilletiac
Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, s90Ts, ED Ras Ure ini
ceae (pars). Ai
Vol, 25, part 1 i, sauce August 24, 1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Li
Erythroxylaceae. eine a Oe
Vol, 9, parts I and 2, issued. Deecmbar’ 19, 1907, “and Mar i 2
_poraceae. (Part I no longer sold separately. 2s aie 4
Vol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 1908. rossulariaceae, Platanacéae
mataceae, Connaraceae, Calycanthaceae, Rosaceae (pars). ae
Vol. 22, part 4, issued Nov. 20, 1908. Rosaceae (pars’
Vol. 17, part 1, issued June 30, 1909. Typhales—Poales.
Vol. 16, part 1, issued Nov. 6, 1909. _Ophioglossales—Filicales
Vol. 9, part 3, ‘issued Feb. 3, 1910. Boletaceae, Chant rele:
(pars). ie
Vol. 25, part 2, issued June ey IgI0.- Tropaeolaceae— Mal}
Vol, 3, part 1, issued Dec. 29,, sk be) set tl a
Fimetariaceae. iS
Vol. 25, part 3, issued May 6, 19tt. Ralaceae. -
Memoirs. of the New York Botanical Garden.
Garden, $1.00 per volume. . To others, $2.00. ;
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of
Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg. ix+-492pp., with detailed map Or
Vol. Il. The influence of Light and Darkness upon Cans id Developt
by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. -xvi--320 pp., with 176 fi
Vol. ILI. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Rem
York, by Dr. Arthur Hollick and Dr. Edw: ‘d Charles
29 plates. 1909. - tea See
Vol. IV, . Effects of nite Rays of Rusia on |
vili+278 pp., ‘with 73 figures and 14 plates. a
4 Contributions from the New ‘York
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143. Resslis ofa “Patni 8 ae
Arthur Hollick. Crt aaa :
Arthur Hollick. aries be
Sy oay es on , Rolacene VI, 1 by.
» ‘ 2 PLY.» y tah et
OURNAL OF MYCOLOGY
Nain
Larne 9
Ls
M. Everhart in 1885
GEORGE MASSEE
__NARCISSE PATOUILLARD
LARSROMELL
MYCOLOGIA
Vou, TV WAVE? “TO 2 No. 3
PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THREE ROTS
OF JUNIPER!
G G. HEepGccock AND W. H. Lone
(WiTH PLATES 64 AND 65, CONTAINING 15 FIGURES)
On account of the increasing scarcity of the common red cedar
(Juniperus virginiana), other species of juniper which have here-
tofore been considered worthless or of very little economic value are
becoming commercially important. Any disease, therefore, which
seriously injures any species of juniper that reaches a size large
enough to be used even for fence posts, is of sufficient importance
to demand attention.
In addition to the three rots caused by the species of Fomes
which are discussed in this paper, there are also other rots of
juniper which do much damage, but lack of sufficient data and
material at this time on these diseases have made it necessary for
the writers to limit this article to three heart rots of living juni-
pers, namely: white rot, caused. by Fomes jumperinus; yellow
rot, caused by fF. earle1; and stringy brown rot, caused by F.
texanus.
The distribution and characteristics of the white rot, and the
damage done by it to the red cedar have been previously noted
by von Schrenk (Two Diseases of Red Cedar, Caused by Poly-
porus Juniperinus n. sp., and Polyporus Carneus Nees, Bull. 21,
Jo. Went cer, Vee (Phys. and Path.). The characteristics and
effects of the other two rots are here reported for the first time;
* Published by permission of the Secretary of Agriculture.
[Mycoroeia for March, 1912 (4: 45-107), was issued March 6, 1912.]
109
110 | MYyYcCoLociA .
technical descriptions of the sporophores, however, have been
given by Murrill in North American Flora 9: 104, 107. 1908.
The junior author is responsible for the descriptions given, and
for the micro-chemical studies of the rots reported in this article.
The field notes on Fomes earlei and F. texanus were made by
both authors.
Wuite Heart Rot oF JUNIPER
FOMES JUNIPERINUS (Schrenk) Sacc. & Syd. Sacc.
Sy lito s ESL. age2
Polyporus juniperinus Schrenk, Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr. Veg. Phys.
and) Path #21: 6.2 1000)
Pyropolyporus juniperinus (Schrenk) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club
302110: 1003.
Rot white, or brownish-white in partially rotted areas, forming
holes in the heart wood. These holes have white borders consist-
ing of delignified wood tissues, which rather abruptly change both
in structure and color until the normal condition of the sound
wood is reached. Long, white fibers of pure cellulose extend
into the cavity, which usually contains a yellowish mass, consist-
ing of wood fibers intermixed with the mycelium of the fungus.
The holes vary from one to three inches in diameter and extend
longitudinally in the tree for several inches (4-6) ; or successive
holes may coalesce into one long hole; or there may be several
holes in one cross section. The white delignified tissue that
borders the holes is firm and appears to be sound, but a micro-
scopic examination shows that the middle lamellae and medullary
rays have disappeared, leaving the individual tracheids with walls
of pure cellulose. The bordered pits are also corroded until they
appear as regular perforations in the tracheids.
Later the delignified wood is gradually destroyed, thus produc-
ing the holes in the trees. There seems to be a radial limit to the
activity of this fungus as the holes increase in size up to a cer-
tain diameter, beyond which all enzymotic action stops and the
hole ceases to grow in diameter, but may continue to grow longi-
tudinally. Around the edges of such holes the delignification and
the absorption of the resulting cellulose seem to progress at about
the same rate, as the attacked wood gives only a faint reaction
for pure cellulose. This description is made from a portion of
the type material of the rot.
Pileus woody, ungulate, length 3-7 cm., breadth 5-9 cm., thick-
Hepccock—Lonc: Notes on TuHree Rots oF JUNIPER 111
ness 2-4 cm., narrowly attached; surface tomentose, sulcate, red-
dish-brown to dark brown; margin obtuse, velvety, melleous to
ferruginous, plane below; context woody, reddish-brown, 0.5 to
2 cm. thick; tubes indistinctly stratified, 0.5 to 1 cm. long each
season, melleous within, reddish-brown in older layers, mouths
circular, 2-3 to a millimeter, edges obtuse, entire, melleous to
fulvous; spores very abundant, fulvous, smooth, spheroid to
broadly ellipsoid, somewhat angular, 5-6 < 6-7», cystidia few,
nearly colorless, 100 XK 20p, pointed (in specimen at hand), some-
what encrusted. This description is drawn from a specimen
collected at Sparrow Point, Md., by Dr. Perley Spaulding in 1908.
TYPE LOCALITY: Tennessee.
Hasitat: Trunks of living trees of Juniperus virginiana L.
DISTRIBUTION: Tennessee, Kentucky, and Maryland, probably
more or less prevalent throughout range of host. Only 3 or 4
sporophores of this fungus have ever been reported, but the rot is
known to occur in the states mentioned. The sporophores form
from a dense whitish weft of mycelium, which has grown out
through the wood of a dead branch or from a knot hole.
YELLOW Rot oF JUNIPER
FoMEs EARLEI (Murrill) Sacc. & D. Sacc. Sacc.
Sy llety eho 1902
Pyropolyporus Earlei Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 116. 1903.
Rot light brown, slightly paler than the unchanged heart wood,
forming longitudinal holes from one to several inches in diameter
and two to several inches in length; holes, as a rule, partially
filled with undecomposed wood particles which are often matted
together by the light yellow mycelium of the fungus; rotted areas
usually abruptly limited by annual rings, thus making longitudinal
tube-like holes several times longer than broad; both heart and
sap wood may be attacked, but usually only the heart wood.
The enzym from this fungus attacks the medullary rays and
the walls of the bordered pits, gradually enlarging the pits until
only clear round holes are left. These holes gradually coalesce,
and the tracheids are thus divided longitudinally, leaving jagged
strips of tissue, the uncorroded corner remnants of the walls
where three or more tracheids joined. The enzym does not
delignify the walls of the tracheids but corrodes the tissues as a
whole; neither are the middle lamellae destroyed as in the white
rot of juniper.
Pileus woody, broadly ungulate to semi-cylindrical in old sporo-
112 MycoLocta
phores, broadly attached, plane to slightly convex below, length
2-12 cm., breadth 3-12 cm., thickness 2-8 cm.; surface concen-
trically sulcate, very rimose, fulvous to brownish-black; margin
broad, obtuse, luteous to dark brown, tomentose; context woody,
fulvous, at length becoming dark reddish-orange, I to 1.5 cm.;
tubes faintly or not at all stratified, from 1 cm. long in very young
sporophores to .2-.5 cm. in older ones each season, I to 2 to a
millimeter, yellow within during first season, later becoming brick-
red, mouths circular, yellow, edges obtuse, thin; spores very
abundant, spheroid, broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, 5-6 x
6-8», pale yellow, cystidia apparently none.
TYPE LOCALITY: El Capitan Mountains, New Mexico, at an
altitude of 2100 meters.
Hapitat: Trunks of living trees of Juniperus monosperma
(Eng.) Sarg., J. utahensis (Eng.) Lemm., and J. sabmoides
(H.B:R.), Sarg:
DISTRIBUTION: Texas, New Mexico (very common), Arizona,
and Colorado.
The sporophores of this fungus are fairly common wherever
the rot is found, and are attached directly to the bark on areas
where the. rot has reached the surface of the tree. / Viney vaine
located usually within ten feet of the ground in narrow longi-
tudinal furrows or depressions in the trunk. ‘The damage to the
trees is often extensive ; in some instances the trees are weakened
to such an extent, especially near the butt, that they bend or
break at this point; in any event a tree thoroughly infected by
this fungus is unfit for commercial purposes. This rot is appar-
ently rare in Texas, as only one sporophore has been found. It
is replaced here by Fomes texanus.
STRINGY Brown Rot OF JUNIPER
Fomes texanus (Murrill) Hedge. and Long
Pyropolyporus texanus Murrill, N. Am. Fl. 9: 104. 10908.
Rot reddish-brown, light brown adjacent to the sound wood,
characterized by layers of badly rotted wood alternating with
more or less sound layers. The rotted regions correspond ap-
proximately to the spring wood of the annual rings and the sound
layers to the summer wood, thus making a species of stringy -
brown rot arranged in concentric rings in a cross section view.
Hepccock—Lone: Notes oN THREE Rots OF JUNIPER 113
In the earlier stages of the rot, the wood is light brown and
under the hand lens is seen to consist of small pockets of rotting
tissue in the spring wood, thoroughly permeated with the fulvous
mycelium of the fungus; at this stage the rot somewhat resembles
that produced by Polystictus abietinus. As the rot advances,
these pockets coalesce longitudinally, thus destroying more or less
completely the spring wood.
This rot, from the material at hand, does not seem to produce
holes in the tree but leaves the wood in the alternate-layered con-
dition above described. Later, certain fungi, especially species
of Poria, may attack and completely destroy the diseased wood,
thereby leaving the tree in a more or less hollow condition. This
fungus usually attacks only the heart wood, but also extends into
the sap wood, a condition which always arises wherever a sporo-
phore is formed. The entire heart wood for many inches may
be attacked and take on the characteristic reddish-brown layered
appearance previously noted.
A micro-chemical examination of the diseased wood shows no
delignification, but the enzym seems to attack first the resinous
or gum-like contents of the medullary rays, then their walls and
thence passes to the tracheids, where small areas in the spring
wood are destroyed. The middle lamellae are not attacked by the
enzym, but the walls of the tracheids seem to be uniformly cor-
roded, the relative proportion of lignin, cellulose, etc., in their
walls changing not at all. This description was made from
material collected at Austin, Texas (type locality), on Juniperus
sabinoides, but the characteristics of the rot are the same on all
the hosts examined.
Pileus woody, more or less ungulate to sub-cylindrical in very
old specimens, broadly attached, plane to slightly convex below ;
length 3-13 cm., breadth 4-11 cm., thickness 2-6 cm.; surface,
when young, tomentose, melleous, smooth, becoming sulcate by the
yearly accretions, older portion reddish-brown to black, glabrate,
strongly rimose; margin very obtuse, rounded, melleous, tomen-
tose, smooth; context woody, melleous to dark luteous, zonate,
I.5—2.5 cm, thick; tubes evenly but faintly stratified, 3 to 5 mm.
long each season, concolorous without luster, mouths circular,
4-5 to a millimeter, edges obtuse, entire, melleous to fulvous;
spores rarely found, eieinage. smooth, 3-4, cystida none, hyphae
brown, 5-7 » in diameter:
TYPE LOCALITY: Austin, Texas, on Juniperus sabinoides.
Hapirat: Trunks of living trees of J. sabinoides, J. mono-
sperma, and J. utahensis.
DisTRIBUTION: Southwest Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Very common in Texas and New Mexico.
114 MyYcoLocia
The sporophores are attached to the bark, usually within ten
feet of the ground, and occur on dead tissue where the fungus
has grown outward from the heart wood into the bark, thereby
killing the living tissues of the tree, at this point both sap wood
and bark are permeated with the reddish-yellow mycelium of the
fungus. The sporophores are usually located in the longitudinal
depression or furrows which are found on most junipers. They
were rarely found associated with an old dead branch or knot
hole. The damage done by this rot in certain localities is very
great; often many mature and over-mature trees are weakened at
the butt to such an extent that they bend, split, and flatten near
the ground and either fall or remain in a leaning position; later
other fungi or fire kills the trees outright or hollows them out so
that they are easily blown down. Even when the injury is not
sufficient to produce such damage, the wood of many trees at-
tacked by this fungus is rotted to such an extent that it is unfit
for commercial purposes.
OFFICE OF INVESTIGATIONS IN ForEST PATHOLOGY,
BuREAU OF PLanTt INDUSTRY,
WaSsHINcToN, D. C.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIV
Fig. 1. Sporophore of Fomes juniperinus. XW.
Fig. 2. Sporophore of Fomes texanus, old and weathered specimen. X ¥%.
Fig. 3. Sporophore of Fomes texanus, young specimen two or three years
old. xX ¥Y%.
Fig. 4. Sporophore of Fomes earlei, young specimens one or two years old,
x’.
Fig. 5. Sporophore of Fomes earlei, old and weathered specimen. X Y%.
Fig. 6. Sporophore of Fomes earlei, young specimen three or four years
old. xX &.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXV
Fig Fomes texanus, longitudinal section of sporophore. XY.
Fig Fomes earlei, longitudinal section of sporophore. XW.
Fig Fomes juniperinus, longitudinal section of sporophore. X¥%.
Fig Fomes texanus, surface of hymenium showing pores. X2.
Fomes earlei, surface of hymenium showing pores. X2.
Fomes juniperinus, surface of hymenium showing pores. X2.
Fomes texanus, longitudinal section of wood showing rot. X¥%.
Fomes earlei, longitudinal section of wood showing rot. X¥%.
9]
_
iy
ROTO. ies Nae CA Se eae iee ea oeg
Fomes juniperinus, longitudinal section of wood showing rot. X%.
MyYCOLOGIA PLATE LXIV
POLYPORES THAT ATTACK JUNIPER
MYcoOLoGIA PLATE LXV
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POLYPORES THAT ATTACK JUNIPER
THE GENUS LASIOSPHAERIA
FrepD J. SEAVER
(WiTH PLATES 66 AND 67, CONTAINING 37 FIGURES)
In working over the Trichosphaeriaceae preparatory to a mono-
graph of the family a number of points of interest have arisen
relating both to genera and species. In order to bring out some
of these points the North American species of the genus Lasio-
sphaeria are here described and illustrated.
The genus Lasiosphaeria was founded in 1863 by Cesati and
De-Notaris, with Sphaeria ovina Pers. as type of the genus. In
1869 Fuckel took up the genus Leptospora Rabenh. but used it
in a different sense from that in which it was originally used by
Rabenhorst,' including Sphaeria ovina Pers. in this genus. In
the diagnosis of the genus Leptospora Fuckel states: “ Diese
Gattung steht, was den Sporenbau anbelangt, Lasiosphaeria
nahe, nur sind bei Leptospora die Sporen ohne Querwanden.”
In the members of this group of plants it is very difficult to rely
upon the septation of the spores as a basis for generic distinc-
tion since in many species the spores are nonseptate when young
and it is difficult to find mature spores, but when mature spores
are found, they are often delicately separate. The type of the
genus Lasiosphaeria as usually collected has nonseptate vermi-
form spores while rarely plants of the same species are found with
some of the spores enlarged at one end into an ellipsoid head and
becoming one or more septate. Other species of the genus which
usually contain nonseptate spores occasionally have the spores
septate without enlargement, the number of septa varying with
the species. While Fuckel in his diagnosis of the genus Lepto-
sSpora regards the spores as nonseptate he includes in the genus
species in which, as described above, the spores are often septate.
The genus Leptospora of Fuckel is therefore regarded as a
synonym of Lasiosphaeria, in which genus the presence or
absence of septa is a variable character.
Paacdwigia I: 116. 1857.
115
116 MycoLocia
Since the genus Lasiosphaeria was founded numerous species
have been placed in the genus which more properly belong with
other genera of the Trichosphaeriaceae. The genus, therefore,
as here treated is used in a somewhat restricted sense to include
the species which, in the judgment of the writer, properly belong
here. While as a rule the members of the genus have hairy peri-
thecia in a few the perithecia are not conspicuously hairy at least
when old. The delicate walled, long and usually vermiform
spores constitute one of the most valuable diagnostic characters
of the genus.
So far as the form and variability of the spores is concerned
this group shows a very close relationship with the Fimetariaceae
(Sordariaceae), the chief difference being in the consistency of
the perithecia which may be due in part at least to the difference
in substratum. Referring to Pleurage albicans, Griffiths? says:
“A very interesting species from the fact that mature spores are
seldom met with. ... Often one may find asci in which the
spores are slightly enlarged at the end, but it is seldom that they
can be found in even the olive-green stage. In the vast majority
of cases they are simply the long cylindrical curved guttulate
structures that are the forerunners of the spores of so many of
the species of the genus.” The same statement will apply equally
well to several species of the genus Lasiosphaeria as shown by
the illustrations accompanying the present paper. While Plewrage
lutea (Etlis & Ev.) Kuntze which occurs on wood is commonly
placed with the Fimetariaceae it is doubtful whether it should
not more properly have been placed in the genus Lasiosphaeria
with the family Trichosphaeriaceae. As a whole the present
genus shows a rather close relationship with the genus Pleurage
of the Fimetariaceae.
As the present paper is preliminary to a treatment of the family
Trichosphaeriaceae in North American Flora, any data regarding
additional species in the genus Lasiosphaeria or notes regarding
the extension of range of distribution of any of the species here
described will be very gladly received.
? North American Sordariaceae. Mem. Torrey Club 11: 80. 1901.
SEAVER: THE GENUS LASIOSPHAERIA fh7
LASIOSPHAERIA Ces. & De-Not. Comm. Soc. Critt.
tale 2220), (1803
Leptospora Fuckel, Symb. Myc. 143. 1869. ?Not Leptospora
Rabenh. 1857.
Perithecia superficial, free or seated in a subiculum consisting
of a black or dark brown mycelial growth, cylindric, globose,
ovoid or pyriform, brownish or blackish or occasionally hght
colored by reason of the pale hairs with which they are clothed,
or clothed with black hairs; hairs rigid or flexuous, few or
abundant; asci cylindric or clavate, usually 8-spored; spores very
variable, usually vermiform with a delicate appendage at either
end, hyaline or colored a part of their length, or often with an
enlarged head which may be hyaline or dark brown in color,
simple at first but often becoming at maturity delicately septate;
septa variable in number or in.some species constant.
Type species, Sphaeria ovina.
Spores uniformly hyaline or subhyaline throughout their
entire length.
Perithecia clothed with light colored hairs giving them
a grayish or yellowish appearance.
Hairs scant, flexuous, varying from yellowish to
whitish. 1. L. mucida,
Hairs abundant, rigid, giving the perithecia a
spiny appearance.
Neck of the perithecia simple. 2. SHOZOSa:
Neck of perithecia compound, four-parted. 3. L. stuppea,
Perithecia clothed with black hairs.
Perithecia subglobose to pyriform.
Hairs abundant, rigid, giving the perithecia
a spiny appearance.
Spores 50-80 X 6 wu, becoming 7-septate.
Plants occurring on wood. 4. L. hispida.
Plants occurring on soil. 5. L. terrestris.
Spores 65-70 X 3-4mu, becoming many-
septate. 6. L. multiseptata.
Hairs scant, spores small, 20 X 4 mu. 7. L. globularis.
Perithecia flat below, depressed-conic. 8. L. jamaicensis.
Spores dark brown a part of their length.
Colored portion of spore enlarged into an ellipsoid
head. 9. L. newfieldiana.
Colored portion of spore not enlarged. 10. L. dichrodspora.
118 iccoreee
1. Lasiosphaeria mucida (Tode)
Sphaeria mucida Tode, Fungi Meckl. 2: 16. 1791.
Sphaeria mutabilis Pers. Ic. Descr. Fung. 24. 1708.
Sphaeria ovina Pers. Syn. 71. 1801.
Leptospora ovina Fuckel, Symb. Myc. 143. 1869.
Lasiosphaeria ovina Ces. & De-Not. Comm. Soc. Critt. Ital. 1:
229. 1802,
Perithecia superficial, gregarious or often crowded, nearly
globose with a more or less prominent ostiolum, about .5 mm. in
diameter, clothed externally with a fine white or yellowish
tomentum except the ostiolum which appears as a black dot, the
entire perithecium becoming darker with age, at length brownish
or blackish, hard and carbonaceous; asci cylindric or clavate,
8-spored, surrounded by a yellow mucilaginous substance, 150-
200 X 15-203 spores cylindric, or vermiform, usually abruptly
curved near the lower end, hyaline, simple or indistinctly septate
or pseudoseptate, often with a delicate appendage at either end
and occasionally with one end swollen forming a conspicuous head,
35-50. X 3-5 (Pl. 2; 7. 1-3)-
On rotten wood.
TYPE LocALity: Mecklenburg, Germany.
DISTRIBUTION : Maine to Colorado, Florida and Louisiana.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Tode, Fung. Meckl. pl. ro, f. d2;%bete et
Wesetmpl.77.19 750:
Bxsrecats: Ellis, N; Am, Mungi do2:
2. LASIOSPHAERI STRIGOSA (Albert. & Schw.) Sacc.
Syll. Fung 2 --20r. sees
? Sphaeria canescens Pers. Obs. Myc. 8: 67. 1796.
Sphaeria strigosa Albert. & Schw. Consp. Fung. 37. 1805.
Leptospora strigosa Fuckel, Symb. Myc. 144. 1869.
? Lasiosphaeria canescens Karst. Myc. Fenn. 2: 162. 1873.
?Sphaeria sublanosa Cooke; Cooke & Ellis, Grevillea 7: 41. 1878.
? Metasphaeria sublanosa Sacc. Syll. Fung. 2: 165. 1883.
Lasiosphaeria Hystriv Ellis & Ev. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.
1894: 326. (1895?)
Perithecia thickly gregarious and_ occasionally crowded, sub-
globose to ovoid, black, clothed externally with stout rigid yellow-
ish hairs; hairs acute or subacute, 12-14 in diameter near the
SEAVER: THE GENUS LASIOSPHAERIA 119
base with a narrow cavity extending longitudinally through the
center, pale yellow with the microscope; asci clavate, 8-spored,
about 100 X 15-18 m; spores 2-seriate or irregularly crowded,
cylindric or cymbiform with acute ends, hyaline or pale yellowish,
25-30 X 5-6, granular within and often pseudoseptate near the
center (pl. 1, f. 4-7).
On rotten wood.
TYPE LOCALITY: Europe.
DIsTRIBUTION : New Jersey to Ontario and Ohio.
ItmUsTRATIONS: Albert. & Schw. Consp. pl. 5, f. 7; Berl. Ic.
Pitas pl. 107, f. 2.
3. LASIOSPHERIA STUPPEA Ellis. & Ev. Bull. Washburn
ape Nateclist. 1: 4. 1684
Perithecia superficial, gregarious, ovoid, about I mm. in diam-
eter, densely clothed with light brown hairs; hairs simple,
flexuous, blunt, with small central cavity, pale yellowish with
transmitted light, 200-400 long and about 6, in diameter;
ostiolum strongly 4-ribbed giving the appearance of a cluster of
four perithecia imbedded in a stroma; asci clavate, 8-spored,
18-20 » in diameter and about 200 long; spores partially 2-seri-
ate, elongate-ellipsoid, 30-38 & 8-10, hyaline or slightly yellow-
ish at maturity, with 1-3 oil-drops (pl. 1, f. 8-11).
On dead wood of Tsuga Pattoniana.
Type LocaLity: Mt. Paddo, Washington.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.
ILLUSTRATION: Ellis & Ev. N. Am. Pyrenom. fl. 19, f. 5-10.
4. LASIOSPHAERIA HISPIDA (Tode) Fuckel, Symb.
Myc. 147. 1869
Sphaeria hispida Tode, Fungi Meckl. 2: 17. 1791.
Sphaeria Rhacodium Pers. Syn. Fung. 74. 1801.
Sphaeria hirsuta Pers. Ann. Bot. Usteri 11: 24. 1794.
Sphaeria emergens Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. IJ. 4: 212. 1832.
Lasiosphaeria hirsuta Ces. & De-Not. Comm. Soc. Critt. Ital. 1:
229, 1863.
Lasiosphaeria Rhacodium Ces. & De-Not. Comm. Soc. Critt. Ital.
1: 2208, 1863:
? Sphaeria orthotricha Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 4: 108. 1876.
TO ee MYCOLOGIA
Perithecia gregarious, seated on a more or less well developed
subiculum consisting of a black mycelial growth, ovate to pyri-
form, black, roughened and abundantly clothed with hairs; hairs
black to the unaided eye, very dark brown with the microscope,
long and flexuose near the base and shorter and more or less
rigid above, blunt or subacute, simple or sparingly septate, the
shorter hairs about 50-80, in length and 6» in diameter, quite
variable in length; substance of the perithecium tough, black and
opaque; asci cylindric or clavate, 8-spored; spores 2-seriate or
irregularly crowded, long vermiform, often abruptly curved near
one end, hyaline, becoming pale brown with 8-10 large distinct
oil-drops, for a long time simple, finally becoming delicately
6-7-septate, usually with one septum between each two oil-drops,
50-80 X 6-8 p (pl. 2, f. I-7).
On rotten wood.
Type LocaLity: Mecklenburg, Germany.
Distripution : New York to Montana, Colorado and Alabama.
ILLUSTRATIONS: Tode, Fungi Meckl..2: pl..10, f. 64; Ranenin
Kiryot. Bir Od, et 3
ExsiccaTr: Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 503; Ellis & “By Paes
Columb, 776,13974; Shear, ING Youre 250:
5. LASIOSPHAERIA TERRESTRIS (Sow.) de Thum. Myc.
Univ.g744.° 1s80
Sphaeria terrestris Sow. Brit. Fungi pl. 373, f. 7.
Perithecia scattered or gregarious, black or brownish black,
nearly globose, about .5 mm. in diameter, clothed externally with
a rather dense covering of rigid black hairs; hairs 7-8» in diam-
eter at the base, rather blunt and about 200, long; asci clavate,
8-spored; spores vermiform, crowded in the ascus, 65-70 X 6y,
hyaline, multiguttulate, often with the end enlarged, becoming
pale brownish at maturity and with several delicate septa (i.
2 OTe Ne
On soil.
TYPE LOCALITY: Great Britain.
DISTRIBUTION : Ohio; also in Europe.
ILLUSTRATION: Sow. Brit Mune pl. 3747. 7
6. Lasiosphaeria multiseptata Earle sp. nov.
Perithecia as in Lasiosphaeria hispida; spores long vermiform,
slender, at first with numerous oil-drops, later becoming (many-
SEAVER: THE GENUS LASIOSPHAERIA NAL
septate?), occasionally with one end of the spore enlarged form-
ing a conspicuous head, 60-70 X 3-4 p (Ppl. 2, f. 5-9).
Type collected on rotten wood of Hicoria at Tuskegee, Ala-
Pama july 20, 1897, G. W.Carver 373 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Garden).
DistrRiBuTION: Alabama and Carolina.
PxsrecatT1: Rav. Fungi Car. Exsicc. 5: 66 (as Sphaeria
Rhacodium ).
The material from which the above species is described was
labeled “sp. nov.” in the herbarium of the New York Botanical
Garden, and while closely related to Lasiosphaeria hispida seems
to differ in the more slender spores which are multiguttulate and
finally (many-septate ?) with the upper end occasionally enlarged
into a conspicuous head.
In looking over the specimens under the name of Lasiosphaeria
hispida several were found which agree with the one described
here. Whether the enlargement of the end of the spore is a
variable character as has already been noted in Lasiosphaeria
mucida, | am unable to determine, but it is possible that this may
be found to be the case.
7. Lasiosphaeria globularis (Batsch)
Sphaeria globularis Batsch, Elench. Fung. Cont. 1: 271. 1786.
Sphaeria spermoides Hoffm. Veg. Crypt. 2: 12. 1790.
Lasiosphaeria spermoides Ces. & De-Not. Comm. Soc. Crit. Ital.
Ee 220. . 1862.
Leptospord spermoides Fuckel, Symb. Myc. 143. 1869.
? Hypoxylon miliaceum Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 444.
Perithecia sessile, usually thickly crowded forming a com-
pact mass somewhat resembling a Hypoxylon, often several cm.
in diameter, at first cylindric, becoming subglobose, often so
closely crowded as to become irregular in form from mutual
pressure, black, 1 mm. high and .5 to I mm. in diameter, ostiolum
only slightly prominent, slightly hairy becoming naked with age
and minutely rough, very hard and carbonaceous; asci cylindric,
8-spored; spores cylindric, slightly curved, 20-27 & 4y, hyaline
(Pl taf. O-18'):
On old wood.
TYPE LOCALITY: Germany.
DisTRIBUTION: Newfoundland to New York.
122 | Myco.LociIa
ILLUSTRATIONS: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 1’ c. pl. 30, fe aege
Rabenh. Krypt. Fl. 12: 195, f. 1-3; Engler-Prantl, Nat. Pf. 1:
397; f, 250, A-B.
8. Lasiosphaeria jamaicensis sp. nov.
Perithecia thickly gregarious, depressed, subconic, flattened
below so as to appear to be partially immersed in the substratum
but in reality entirely superficial, when removed leaving a ring-
like scar I mm. across, the diameter of the base of the peri-
thecium, ostiolum large, circular and rather prominent, the entire
perithecium covered with a brownish floccose coat or entirely
black, sparingly clothed with delicate erect bristles which also
occur on the substratum surrounding the perithecia; hairs very
dark brown or blackish, septate, rather blunt, 10-12 » in diameter
at the base; asci clavate, 8-spored; spores vermiform with blunt
ends, abruptly bent near the center, 8-guttulate, becoming 7-sep-
tate, subhyaline or slightly yellowish, 50-60 X 7; paraphyses
numerous and filiform (fl. 7, f. 7-3).
Type collected on the stem of some unknown plant (probably
a palm) at Castle Gardens, Jamaica, December 14-15, 1908, by
W..A.and Edna L. Murrill; 127 (herb. N: Y. Bot: Gardeaye
DISTRIBUTION: West Indies.
9g. LASIOSPHAERIA NEWFIELDIANA Ellis & Ev. N. Am.
Pyrenom. 150. 1892
? Lasiosphaeria ambigua Sacc. Michelia 1: 46. 1879.
Perithecia gregarious, superficial, at first depressed, becoming
ovoid or subconic, about .5 mm. broad and as large as I mm. in
height, clothed with soft brown hairs and seated on a dense
brown mycelial growth consisting of the same kind of hairs;
hairs brown, septate, about 4m in diameter; asci cylindric,
8-spored ; spores vermiform, at first hyaline, 35 4», with a short
apiculus at each end, the upper end finally enlarged into an ellip-
soid, brown head; at maturity the spore consisting of the brown
head 15-17 & 6-7 with a cylindric hyaline appendage 3 X 204
at the base, and a slightly shorter, much more slender appendage,
I-2p in diameter at the apex (fl. 1, f. 12-15).
On rotten wood.
TYPE LOCALITY: Newfield, New Jersey.
DistrRiIBUTION: New Jersey to Ohio.
SEAVER: THE GENUS LASIOSPHAERIA 123
10. LASIOSPHAERIA DICHROOSPORA Ellis & Ev. Erythea
107 91893
Perithecia densely gregarious, ovoid, rugose, black, tough-
membranaceous, clothed witha few slender brown hairs; ostiolum
broad convex-papilliform, sometimes subcompressed ; asci lanceo-
-late, 150 X 8-10 p, 8-spored; spores 2-seriate, cylindric, bent near
the lower end and hyaline below for about one third the length
of the spore, abruptly black above, each end mucronately pointed,
about 40-60 XK 4-6 (pl. 2, f. 13-15).
On clay loam in woods.
TYPE LOCALITY: Seattle, Washington.
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.
EXCLUDED SPECIES
Lasiosphaeria striata Ellis & Ev. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.
1893: 443. This species was described from material collected
on willow limbs near Park Hill, Ontario, Canada, May 1893 by
J. Dearness. The plant is a discomycete belonging to the genus
Godromia and is apparently identical with Godronia Betheli Seaver
which was described from material collected on branches of
willow in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. The small cups
are constricted at their mouths and when dry collapse so as to
give the appearance of perithecia which probably accounts for
the fact that they were placed in the genus Lasiosphaeria by Ellis.
The species would then be Godronia striata (Ellis & Ev.) Seaver
with Godronia Betheli Seaver as a synonym.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVI
Spores and asci drawn with camera lucida to a common scale.
Figs. 1-3. Lasiosphaeria jamaicensis Seaver. 1. Perithecia about natural
size. 2. Perithecia enlarged. 3. Ascus and spores.
Figs. 4-7. Lasiosphaeria strigosa (Albert. & Schw.) Sacc. 4. Perithecia
about natural size. 5. Perithecia enlarged. 6. Ascus with spores.
Figs. 8-11. Lasiosphaeria stuppea Ellis & Ev. 8. Perithecia about natural
size. 9. Perithecia enlarged. 10. Ascus with spores. 11. Hair from perithecium.
Figs. 12-15. Lasiosphaeria newfieldiana Ellis & Ev. 12. Perithecia about
natural size. 13. Perithecia enlarged. 14. Ascus with immature spores. 15.
Ascus with mature spores.
Figs, 16-18. Lasiosphaeria globularis (Batsch) Seaver. 16. Perithecia about
natural size. 17. Perithecia enlarged. 18. Ascus with spores.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVIT
Spores and asci drawn with camera lucida to a common scale.
Figs, 1-7. Lasiosphaeria hispida (Tode) Fuckel. 1. Perithecia about natural
size. 2. Hair from base of perithecium. 3 and 4. Perithecia enlarged. 5. Ascus
with spores. 6. Spore showing septa. 7. Hairs from perithecia.
124 MyYcoLocta
Figs. 8-9. Lasiosphaeria multiseptata Earle. 8. Ascus with spores. 9. Spores
showing enlarged head.
Figs. 10-12. Lasiosphaeria terrestris (Sow.) deThtim. 10. Perithecia about
natural size. 11. Perithecia enlarged. 12. Ascus with spores.
Figs. 13-15. Lastosphaeria dichrodspora Ellis & Ev. 13..Perithecia about
natural size. 14. Perithecia enlarged. 15. Ascus with spores.
Figs. 16-19. Lasiosphaeria mucida (Tode) Seaver. 16. Perithecia about
natural size. 17. Perithecia enlarged. 18. Ascus with immature spores. 19.
Ascus with spores showing enlarged heads.
MycoLoGIA PLATE LXVI
=
rrr
Ce}
las
Ss
co
LASIOSPHAERIA
MYCOLOGIA PLATE LXVII
LASIOSPHAERIA
oe
ea
fist
i
AN ENUMERATION OF LICHENS COL-
LECTED BY CLARA EATON CUM-
MINGS IN JAMAICA—I
LINcoLN W. RIDDLE
The lichens forming the basis of the following enumeration
were collected by the late Professor Clara Eaton Cummings, of
Wellesley College, on a trip to the island of Jamaica in the West
Indies during February and March, 1905. After Professor Cum-
mings’ death, the collection was sent according to her instructions
to the New York Botanical Garden. It is through the courtesy
of Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton that I have been permitted to study
the material.
The present paper contains the lichens of the groups Conio-
carpineae, Cyclocarpineae, and Hymenolichenes. The Graphi-
dineae are now being studied by Professor Bruce Fink, and these
together with the Pyrenocarpeae will be treated in a subsequent
paper.
It is unfortunate that the exact data relatirg to the locality and
habitat of the specimens collected were lost after Professor Cum-
mings’ death, and it is, therefore, possible to give only the num-
bers attached to the specimens. Material of several of the num-
bers has been issued during the last two years in Mr. G. K.
Merrill's Lichenes Exsiccati. All such will be referred to in con-
nection with the respective species.
The study of the lichen flora of tropical America is attended
with considerable difficulty, owing chiefly to two facts: first, in
the case of many of the species there are no authentic specimens
in American herbaria; and, second, the literature, while consider-
able in amount, is widely scattered and for the most part not
correlated. In addition to Tuckerman’s Synopsis of the North
American Lichens, the most useful single work is Wainio’s Etude
sur les lichens du Bresil (in Acta Soc. Fauna et Flora Fennica.
1890). This is cited in the following enumeration as Wainio
125
1OAS ~ MiycoLocra
1890. All other citations are given with sufficient completeness
to be self-explanatory.
I am indebted to the courtesy of Professor W. G. Farlow for
permission to consult the collections in the Cryptogamic Herba-
rium of Harvard University. Three collections therein contained
have been of special help: Wright's Lichenes Cubae, determined
by Tuckerman; Lindig’s New Granada (Colombia) collections,
determined by Nylander; and Wainio’s Lichenes Brasiliensis
Exsiccati.
I have followed the classification and nomenclature of Dr.
Zahlbruckner’s treatment of the lichens in Engler and Prantl’s
Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Teil 1, Abteilung 1*; except
that I have maintained Biatora as a genus distinct from Lecidea,
and Bilimbia as distinct from Bacidia, and I have retained
Anaptychia as a section of the genus Physcia.
CONIOCARPINEAE
SPHAEROPHORUS COMPRESSUS Ach. Meth. 135. 1803. Cummings
nO. 167.
EY CEOCARPINEAR
I, PILOCARPON TRICHOLOMA (Mont.) Wainio (1890) 2: 89.
Biatora Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 16:53. 1851. Lecidea
leucoblephara Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 19: 337. 1863 is
considered by- Tuckerman to be the same, and the descrip-
tion offers no sufficient characters to distinguish the two.
Cummings nos. 175 and 187.
2. OCELLULARIA ACTINOTUM (Tuck.) Muell. Are’ Mlota ye:
397. 1887. Thelotrema Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and
Sci. 52-411. 1862) Cummings nos107,
3. ?Ocellularia anamorphum (Nyl.) comb. nov. Thelotrema
Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 19: 329. 1863. (mamas
no. 131 appears to belong here, but there has been no
material available for comparison, and the descriptions
are incomplete.
4. OCELLULARIA AUBERIANOIDES (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Nuov.
Giorn. Bot. Ital. 23: 395. 1891. Cummings) mgs. 963
and 102.
1.
DT..
14:
14.
RIpDLE: LICHENS COLLECTED IN JAMAICA Way
PUOCHLEULARTA “CLANDESTINA (Ach.). Muell. Arg. Graph.
Féean. in Mem. Soc. phys. et d’hist. nat. de Genéve, vol.
Zo, 10.6, p. 7. 1887. Cummings nos. 94 and 96.
PeOERLLULARIA TEREBRATA (Ach.) Muell. Arg. loc. cit.
Cummings no. 104.
. LHELOTREMA CONCRETUM Feée, Essai Suppl.go. 1837. Cum-
mings no. 100.
. DIPLOSCHISTES SCRUPOSUS (L.) Norm. Con. Praem. Gen. in
Nj Macazin for Naturvidensk. 7: 232. 1853. Urceo-
_laria Ach. Cummings no. 139.
. MicroPHIALE LUTEA (Dicks.) Steiner, Sitzungsber. kais.
Akad Wiss. Wien 106: 227. 1807. Gyalecia Tuck.
Cummings no. 139.
GYALECTA GLoEOocAPSA (Nitschke) Zahlbr. in Engler &
ira Nat, eilanzentam. Leil t-Abt. 1*, p: 126.. 1005.
Bryophagus Gloeocapsa Nitschke in Rabenhorst’s Lich.
irop..no..608. 1861... Cummings no. 85. This agrees
exactly with some of the original material, and is of
interest in being, so far as I am aware, the only record
of the species outside of central Europe.
COENOGONIUM LEPRIEuRII (Mont.) Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV.
HOo50. 1601. Cummings no. 170.
. Biatora aurigera (Fée) comb. nove Lecidea Fée - Essai
Crypt. 106. 1824. Cummings no. 132. The specimens
agree with the descriptions, but there has been no material
available for comparison.
f@ORA COARCTATA (smith) Tuck: Syn..N. A. L..2: 15.
1888. Cummings no. II5.
Biatora amorphocarpa sp. nov.
Thallus white, farinose, made up of more or less heaped and
conglomerate granules, effused and indeterminate. Apothecia 0.3—
0.7 mm. in diameter, at first plane, disk dark ferruginous-brown,
with a thick paler brown margin, then becoming tuberculose-
proliferate and difform, and somewhat paler. Exciple ferru-
ginous, epithecium olivaceous, granulate, thick (104) ; paraphyses
sparingly branched above, with clavate tips; hymenium pale, 50 »
128 MycoLoGIa
high, becoming blue with iodine; hypothecium pale, KOH.
Spores 8, fusiform, with rounded ends, more or less guttulate
(rarely faintly uniseptate), hyaline, 13-15 XK 3p.
Type collected on bark, Jamaica, B. W. 1. Clara E. Cummings
nos. 135 and 140, in the herbarium of Wellesley College.
15. Biatora endocaerulea sp. nov.
Thallus scanty, of scattered and irregularly heaped, discrete,
minute, crystalloid granules. Apothecia minute, under 0.5 mm.
in diameter, elevated, always emarginate, at first regularly sub-
globular, then proliferous and forming irregular gibbous masses,
reaching about I mm. in diameter. In section the entire apo-
thecium, including hymenium and hypothecium is a beautiful deep
indigo blue, turning clear green with KOH. Spores 8, hyaline,
simple, or rarely faintly uniseptate, narrow-oblong, 8-10 X 3.5 pn.
Type collected on bark, Jamaica, B. W. I.. Clara E) .Cummatias
no. 161, in the herbarium of Wellesley College.
16. Biatora lanuginosa sp. nov.
Thallus white, byssine, thick and felt-like, made up of loose,
irregularly branching hyphae, 4-7 in diameter, with minutely
roughened walls, surrounding green, Pleurococcus-like gonidia.
Apothecia 0.5-1.5 mm. in diameter, disk dark brown, at first con-
cave with a thick, minutely pubescent, pale margin, which shows
a pinkish tinge, then becoming plane and strongly flexuous, and
the margin thin. Epithecium and hymenium hyaline; exciple of
radiating hyphae pale ferruginous; body of apothecium pseudo-
parenchymatous, darker ferruginous; hypothecium deep ferrugi-
nous-brown to brownish-black. Spores 8, hyaline, simple, oblong,
8-12 X 3.5-4u. Hymenium greenish-blue with iodine.
Type collected on the ground over matted roots, Jamaica, B.
W.I. Clara E. Cummings no. 121, in the herbarium of Wellesley
College.
17, BIATORA ONCODES. Tuck. Syn. N. A. 23> 157eweee
Lecidea Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad, Arts and Sci: 1629272
1864. Cummings no. 119.
18. Catillaria leptocheila (Tuck.) comb. nov. Lecidea Tuck. in
Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci.:6: 280: 1804. eater.
thecium Tuck. Syn. N. A. L..2: 55. 1888. Cummings
no. 149.
19. Catillaria rosea sp. nov.
Thallus thin to medium, creamy-fuscescent, verruculose-
RIDDLE: LICHENS COLLECTED IN JAMAICA 129
uneven. Apothecia o.8-1.5 mm. in diameter, scattered, some-
what elevated, convex to globular, in part irregular to subdifform,
always emarginate. In section the entire apothecium below the
hymenium is brownish-black, becoming a beautiful rose-red with
KOH;; epithecium fuliginous ; hymenium pale, becoming greenish-
blue with iodine. Spores 8, hyaline, narrow-ellipsoid, somewhat
larger at one end, bilocular, 10-13 X 4-5 p.
Type collected on bark, Jamaica, B. W. I. Clara E. Cummings
no. 127, in the herbarium of Wellesley College.
20. Megalospora Cummingsiae sp. nov.
Thallus sulphur-color, thick and irregular, coarsely verrucose-
granulose to finely mealy. Apothecia ample, 2-3 mm. in diameter,
dark rufous-brown, with a thick, entire, concolorous and_ per-
sistent margin. Epithecium and exciple deep brown; hymenium
white, opaque, 250 high, without reaction with iodine; hypo-
thecium thin, white, subtended by a brownish-black layer. Spores
solitary or 2, thick-walled, curved, 72-110 K 20-26p. Distinct
from M. sulphurata Mey. & Flot. in the partly mealy thallus, the
large spores, and the absence of reaction of the hymenium with
iodine.
Type collected on bark, Jamaica, B. W. I. Clara E. Cummings
no. 129, in the herbarium of Wellesley College. I take pleasure
in naming this new species after its discoverer, in recognition of
her services to North American lichenology.
21. Megalospora jamaicensis sp. nov.
Thalius stramineous, thin, continuous, smooth and_ shining.
Apothecia I-1.5 mm. in diameter, elevated, disk pale brown, with
a thick, stramineous margin, which is entire when young, becom-
ing crenate with age. Exciple pale yellow, epithecium and hypo-
thecium hyaline. Spores solitary (or 2), hyaline, bilocular, thick-
walled, straight or slightly curved, 72 X 20. Distinct from M.
sulphurata Mey. & Flot. in the color of the apothecia and the
straighter spores.
Type collected on bark, Jamaica, B. W. I. Clara E. Cummings
nos. 138 and 142, in the herbarium of Wellesley College.
22. MEGALOSPORA VERSICOLOR (Fée) Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl
Nab baanzeniam. Feil 1, Abt. 1*, p.134. 1905.,.Lecidca
Fee. Heterothectum Flot. Cummings nos. 151 and 153.
130 MycoLocia
23. Bilimbia artytoides (Nyl.) comb. nov. Lecidea Nyl. Ann.
sci. Nat. IV. 19: 342. 1863.~ Biatora insepiata war
artytoides Tuck. Genera Lich. 162 (note). 1872. Cum-
mings no. 166. .
2A. BILIMBIA HYPNOPHILA (Ach.) Th. Pr. (Lich, Aretoiame a
1860. Cummings no. 166a.
25. Bilimbia pallidissima sp. nov.
Thallus dirty white, thin, of more or less discrete, flattened,
minute granules. Apothecia minute, 0.2-0.5 mm. in diameter,
closely appressed and flattened, emarginate from the beginning,
soon irregular and confluent, very pallid. In section the apothe-
cium is entirely hyaline in all parts. Spores 8, hyaline, 4-locular,
fusiform, blunt, broader at one end, 17-20 X 4-5 p.
Type collected on bark, Jamaica, B. W. I. Clara E. Cummings
no. 134, in herbarium of Wellesley College... Steck oma
sphaeroides (Dicks.) Th. Fr., from which it differs in the thallus
and in the shape of the apothecia.
26. Bilimbia radicicola sp. nov.
Thallus pale creamy-brown, thick, encrusting the substratum,
finely but densely granular. Apothecia 0.6-1 mm. in diameter,
dark ferruginous-brown, at first somewhat concave, with a thick,
flexuous paler margin, then becoming plane to convex and the
margin less prominent, although always persistent. Exciple and
epithecium pale; hymenium tinged with brown; hypothecium
brownish-black. Spores 8, hyaline, 4-locular, oblong-ovoid to
broad fusiform, larger at one end, 22-30 K 8-10 p.
Type found growing over matted roots, Jamaica, B. W. I.
Clara E. Cummings no. 162, in the herbarium of Wellesley .Col-
lege. Apparently related to B. molybditis (Tuck.).
27. Bilimbia thysanota (Tuck.) comb. nov. Lecidea Tuck.
Proc. Am. Acad. Arts:and Sci. 6: 277. 1864. Biatora
Tuck. Syn. N. A. L. 2: 158. 1888. Cummings no. 150.
28. Bilimbia terrestris sp. nov.
Thallus dirty white, of heaped and conglomerate granules,
which average 0.2 mm. in diameter, the heaps scattered and not
forming a continuous thallus. Apothecia 0.8-1 mm. in diameter,
subimmersed, solitary or aggregated, convex to globular, emar-
RIppLE: LICHENS COLLECTED IN JAMAICA 131
ginate, ferruginous-brown to almost black. Epithecium pale
greenish; hypothecium pale; paraphyses filiform, sparingly
branched above, hymenium hyaline, becoming blue with iodine.
Spores 8, hyaline, 4-locular, fusiform-oblong with rounded ends,
17-22 X 6-9 p.
Type collected on earth, Jamaica, B. W. I. Clara E. Cummings
no. 164, in herbarium of Wellesley College. In habit, this species
resembles B. artytoides (Nyl.), but it is distinct in the discrete
granules of the thallus, in the convex and emarginate apothecia,
and in the pale hypothecium.
29. BACIDIA ENDOLEUCA (NylI.) Kicks. Fl. Crypt. Fland. 1: 261.
1867. Buiatora atrogrisea (Delise) Hepp. Cummings
no. 148.
30. BACIDIA RUBELLA (Hoffm.) Mass. Ric. sull. auton. Lich. 118.
1852. Biatora Rabenh. Cummings no. 124.
31. Bacidia subgranulosa (Tuck.) comb. nov. Lecidea muicro-
phyllina var. subgranulosa Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts
and Sci. 6: 278. 1864. Biatora subgranulosa ‘Tuck. Syn.
Nees 2:40: 1688.) Cummings no. 118.
32. Toninia janeirense (Muell. Arg.) comb. nov. Thalloidima
Muell. Arg. Hedwigia 31: 280. 1892. Cummings no. 48.
The specimens agree exactly with the description, but
there has been no material available for comparison.
33. BOMBYLIOSPORA TUBERCULOSA (Fée) Mass. Ricerch. sull.
auton. Lich.116. 1852. Heterothecium Flot. Cummings
no. 145.
34. Lopadium amaurum (Wainio) comb. nov. Lecidea Wainio
in Journ. of Bot. 34: 103. 1896. Cummings no. 152.
35. LopaDIUM LEUCOXANTHUM (Spreng.) Zahlbr. Sitzungsber.
kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien 111: 398. 1902. Heterothecium
Mass. Cummings no. 146.
36. PHYLLOPSORA FURFURACEA (Pers.) Zahlbr. in Engler &
PichbhiNateeaanzentam: lel 1, Abt. 17, p. 136. 190s.
Lecidea Pers. and many authors. Biatora Tuck. Cum-
mings nos. 49 and 137.
132 MycoLociIa
37. PHYLLOPSORA PARVIFOLIA (Pers.) Muell. Arg. Bull. Herb.
Boiss. vol. 2, append. 1, p. 90. ,1894. Biatora Tuck.
Cummings no. 44.
38. BAEOMYcES ABSOLUTUS Tuck. Amer. Journ. Sci. 28-) 208,
1859. Cummings no. 176.
39. BAEOMYCES ERYTHRELLUS (Mont.) Nyl. Syn. 1: 181. 1858.
Cummings nos. 177 and 178. No. 114 is sterile and has
the stipes fastigiately branched, but it clearly belongs
here also.
_ (Note.—As the full bibliographical citations for the species of
Cladonia are given in Wainio’s well-known ‘“ Monographia Cla-
doniarum Universalis,’
here. )
it has seemed unnecessary to give them
40, CLADONIA AGGREGATA (Sw.) Ach. No. 73.
41. CLADONIA ALPESTRIS (L.) Rabenh. No. 83.
42. CLADONIA ANGUSTATA Nyl. No. 70. Issued in Merrill’s
Lich, Exsic. no. 63, as C. Floerkeana f. intermedia Hepp,
but a comparison of the material with an authentic specti-
men of C. angustata in the Tuckerman herbarium shows
it to be that species.
43. CLADONIA CERATOPHYLLA (Sw.) Spreng. No. 69.
44. CLADONIA DACTYLOTA Tuck. No. 71.
45. CLADONIA DEGENERANS (Flke.) Spreng. No. 79. This is
a reduced form, but agrees well with some of the smaller
specimens in the Tuckerman herbarium.
46. CLADONIA DIDYMA var. MUSCIGENA(Eschw.) Wainio. No. 72.
47. CLADONIA FIMBRIATA var. SIMPLEX (Weis.) Flot. No. 75.
48. CLADONIA FIMBRIATA var. SUBULATA (L.) Wainio. . No. 74.
49. CLADONIA PITYREA (Flke.) Fr. Nos: 77 and=76: Nose
also appears to belong here, although it is less typical.
50. CLADONIA RANGIFORMIS Hoffm. No. 81.
51. CLADONIA SYLVATICA (L.) Hoffm., No. 82.
BD
53:
54.
a0:
56.
57:
5°.
59.
60.
RIppLE: LICHENS COLLECTED IN JAMAICA 133
STEREOCAULON CORNUTUM Muell. Arg. Flora 69: 252. 1886.
Cimnnmnes no. it. Issited in Merrill’s Lich’ Exsic: no.
121 as S. pityrizgans Nyl. Whether or not these two
names are synonyms is a point that can be settled only by
a study of the type specimens.
STEREOCAULON RAMULOSUM (Sw.) Ach. Meth. 314. 1803.
Cummings nos. 9, 10, and 12 may all be placed here pro-
visionally, awaiting the completion of a monographic
revision of the genus now in progress.
DICHODIUM BYyRSINUM (Ach.) Nyl. Lich. Nov. Zeland. 9.
1888. Physma byrsaeum (Afzel.) Tuck. Syn. N. A. L.
I: 115. 1882. Cummings no. 45. |
ikeeTOGIUM BULLATUM (Ach.) Nyl. Syn. 1: 129. 1858.
Cummings no. 56.
LEPTOGIUM CHLOROMELUM (Sw.) Nyl. Syn. 1: 128. 1858.
Cummings no. 67. This is scarcely typical, but agrees
with some of the material so named in the Tuckerman
herbarium.
LEPTOGIUM MARGINELLUM (Sw.) Mont. apud Ramon de la
Sagra: Hist. physique Cuba 1: 115. 1838-1842. Cum-
mings no. 68. Issued in Merrill’s Lich. Exsic. no. 86.
EHPTOGIUM LACERUM (ow.) ©. F, Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl.
B.4ol. lo2zt. Cummings no, 60. ‘his is sterile but
agrees with material in the Tuckerman herbarium.
LEPTOGIUM PHYLLOCARPUM (Pers.) Nyl. Syn. 1: 130. 1858.
Cummings no. 59.
LEPTOGIUM PUNCTULATUM Nyl. Lich. Mexican. 1. 1872.
Cummings no. 64. This has been compared with the
material so named in Wainio’s Lich. Brasil. Exsic. no.
380, from which it differs only in the thallus being more
lacerate. But the spores are considerably larger than the
measurements given by Wainio, being 33 & 10p instead
of a maximum of 28 X 5p, and the material may prove
to be distinct.
134 Myco.ocia
61. LEPTOGIUM SATURNINUM (Dicks.) Nyl. Actes Soc. Linn.
Bordeaux 21: 272. 1856. Leptogium myochroum var.
tomentosum (Hoffm.) Schaer. Cummings nos. 57 and 58.
62. LEPTOGIUM TREMELLOIDES (ie f.) S. F. Gray, NatArreeone
Pl. 1: 400. 1821. Cummings nos. 63 and 66; also 65 (?).
63. LEPTOGIUM TREMELLOIDES f. IMPRESSO-PUNCTATUM Tuck. in
Wright’s Lich. Cubae no. 17. Cummings no. 61. Issued
in Merrill’s Lich. Exsic. no. 131 as L. foveolatum Ny.
a species much more definitely lacunose than the present
form, which is minutely and sparsely pitted.
64. PARMELIELLA TRYPTOPHYLLA (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Mem.
Soc. phys. et d’hist. nat. de Geneve 16: 376. 1862. Pan-
naria Mass. Cummings no. 50.
65. PANNARIA LEUCOsTICTA Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad: Arts and
Sci. 4: 404. 1860. Cummings no. 47a.
66. PANNARIA RUBIGINOSA (Thunb.) Delise. Dict. Class. 13: 20.
1828. Cummings no. 46. No. 47 also appears to belong
here but is less typical.
67. Erioderma microcarpa sp. nov.
Thallus irregularly and more or less imbricately laciniate-
lobate; upper surface fuliginous-brown, coarsely short-pilose,
minutely but conspicuously roughened between the fibrils; under
side sulphury to intensely yellow, conspicuously veined, and with
white rhizoids. Upper cortex well-developed and pseudoparen-
chymatous. Apothecia very small for the genus, 0.8 mm. or less
in diameter, pallid reddish-brown, borne on the surface of the
thallus and somewhat elevated, margin concolorous, thick and
subpersistent, glabrous. Exciple well-developed, of vertical,
parallel, thick-walled hyphae, pallid, without gonidia, epithecium
obscure, granular; hymenium hyaline, with iodine blue, slowly
turning brown; hypothecium pallid. Spores 8, simple, hyaline,
ovoid, the epispore thickened and minutely roughened, 12-
16 X 7-8 p. |
Type collected in Jamaica, B. W. I. Clara E. Cummings no.
189, in herbarium of Wellesley College.
68. EriopERMA WricuHTi Tuck. Am. Journ. Sci. 25: 423. 1858.
Cummings no. 25.
-RIpDLE: LICHENS COLLECTED IN JAMAICA 135
69. ERIODERMA sp. Cummings no. 42 evidently belongs to this
genus and to a different species from either of those given
above, but it is sterile and too immature for certain de-
termination.
70. COCCOCARPIA PELLITA (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 320.
1882. Pannaria molybdea (Pers.) Tuck. Gen. Lich. 52.
1872. Cummings no. 143; also no. 160, which approaches
vam croma. (Luck,) Muell- Issued’ in Merrill’s Lich.
fixsic: no, 114:
(Note.—The tropical species of Lobaria and Sticta are much
in need of monographic revision. In the absence of such a treat-
ment I can do no more than give the results of a careful com-
parison of the specimens with the material in the Tuckerman
herbarium. )
Zi. LLOBARIA CORROSA (Ach.) Wainio (1890) 1: 200. Sticta
eiscera vat. corrosay Ach.) Vick, Syn. N; A: L. 1:93.
boo2. Cummings no. 21. Issued in Merrill's Lich.
Exsic. no. 42.
72. Lobaria pallida (Hook.) comb.nov. Sticta Hook. in Kunth:
Syn. plant. quas in itin. ad plag. aequinoct. orb. novi
college. Humboldt & Bonpland 1: 29. 1822. Cummings
Me. 22.
73. LOBARIA PELTIGERA (Delise) Wainio (1890) 1: 199. Sticta
dissecta Ach. and many authors. The material bearing
this name in the Tuckerman herbarium varies very greatly,
and it seems scarcely possible that it can all be one species.
(a) Cummings no. 24 is the smooth, polished form
with very regular and beautiful sinuate lobing. It agrees
best with the specimen in Wainio’s Lich. Brasil. Exsic.
no. 378. It also agrees with the type specimens of Sticta
Fendler1 Mont. & Tuck., which Tuckerman seems to
have considered to be a synonym.
(D) Cummings no. 20 is an even, dull form with short
rather irregular lobes. It agrees with material from
Jamaica collected by J. Hart.
(c) Cummings no. 18 is the minutely pitted form with
136
74.
75:
FO:
77:
78.
79-
MycoLociIa
narrower, somewhat irregular lobes, which agrees with
many of the specimens in the Tuckerman herbarium.
From the descriptions, one would consider this to be the
Ricasoha subdissecta of Nylander (Ann. Sci. Nat. IV.
II:.214. 1859), but material under the latter nameyia
the Tuckerman herbarium does not agree. It is to be
noted, also, that Delise in the original description of
Sticta peltigera (Histoire du genre Sticta, 150. 1822)
says “supra lacunoso.” Material corresponding to no.
18 was issued in Merrill’s Lich. Exsic. no. 41.
LopaRIA EROSA (Eschw.) Forssell, Bihang till k. Svenska
Vet. Akad. Handlingar 8: 24. 1883. Sticta erosa Tuck.
syn. N. A. L. 1:93. 1882>“Lobaria quercizans W amo
(1890) I: 195, not Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 27320 asa
Concerning the correct name to be used for this species,
compare Hue in Nottv. Arch. Mus. d’Hist:\ Nap Pari:
IV. 3: 34. 1901.. Cummings nos. 19 and 22:
STICTA AURATA (Sm.) Ach. Meth. 277. 1803. Cummings
nos. 26 and 27. Issued in Merrill’s Lich. Exsic. no. 44.
STIcTA cROCATA (L.) Ach. Meth. 277. 1803. -@tinimamaee
no. 26a is paler than usual and approaches S. Mougeo-
tiana Delise, an authentic specimen of which is in the
Tuckerman herbarium.
STICTA CROCATA var. LEUCOSTICTA (Pers.) Nyl Amneser
Nat. 1V. 11: 238) 7850. Cummings nova
STICTA DAMAECORNIS (Sw.) Ach. Meth. 276. 1803.
(a) No. 37 is the typical form.
(b) No. 30 is a more narrowed, and distinctly dicho-
tomous form, agreeing well with f. elongato-lacinmiata
Tuck. in Wright Lich. Cubae no. 60. wise
(c) No. 28 differs from no. 30 only in being narrower
still (2 mm. wide or less) and the margins incurved so as
to make the lobes subtubular.
STICTA DAMAECORNIS var. SINUOSA (Pers.) Nyl. Syn. 1: 356.
1858. Cummings no. 36.
NIDDEER e1CHENS COLLECTED IN’ JAMAICA 157
80. STICTA TOMENTOSA (Sw.) Ach. Meth. 279. 1803. Cum-
mings no. 29 has cilia longer than usual and margins with
occasional lobules, which are, however, not at all isidioid,
asin. Weigel (Ach.) Wainio. No. 33 also comes
here but has glabrous margins.
BaeesticrA WeEIGELIT (Ach.) Wainio (1890) 1: 189. Sticta
guercizans Delise Hist. “Sticta’ 84. 1822, and many
authors. Cummings nos. 32, 34 and 35.
S2..2ELTIGERA CANINA (L.) Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl..2: 106. 1795.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
Cummings no. 51 is the typical form. No. 52 has been
issued in Merrill’s Lich. Exsic. no. 49 as “var. laciniata
Merrill var. nov.” This appears to be worthy of varietal
rank and as the above is a nomen nudum a brief diagnosis
is here appended: Thallus deeply cleft into relatively few,
narrow lobes (1 cm. wide or less), with the margins
more or less crenate and crisped; upper surface con-
spicuously tomentose; under side pale at the margin, be-
coming dark toward the center, with a few scattered,
coarse rhizoids.
PELTIGERA POLYDACTYLA (Neck.) Hoffm. loc. cit. Cum-
mings nos 53 and 54.
PERTUSARIA CRYPTOCARPA Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 11: 221.
1859. Cummings no. 106 agrees with Nylander’s descrip-
tion, except that the spores are somewhat larger (96-
125 X 30-364 instead of 80-95 X 28-30).
PERTUSARIA LEIOPLACELLA Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie
Bee 7. 1508, Cummings no. 123:
PERTUSARIA. TUBERCULIFERA Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 19:
e23. 16032. Cummings no. 103.
PERTUSARIA VELATA (Turn.) Nyl. Not. Sallsk. Faun. Flor.
Pent 52279; 1861. Cummings no. Iot.
LECANORA PALLIDA (Schreb.) Schaer. Enum. Lich. Eu. 78.
1850. Cummings no. 120.
EBCANORASSUBEUSCA (L.)) Ach, Lich. Univ. 393. 1810.
Cummings no. I13a.
138
go.
QI.
92.
93-
04.
95.
6.
97:
08.
oo:
IOo.
LOT:
MycoLocia
LECANORA VARIA (Hoffm.) Ach. Lich. Univ. 377. 1810.
Cummings nos. 113 and 130.
HAEMATOMMA PUNICEUM (Ach.) Wainio (1890) 1: 72.
Lecanora Ach. Syn. 174. 1814. Cummings no. 141.
PARMELIA CETRATA Var. CILIOSA Viaud-Grand-Marais, Notes
Parm. Phys. de l'Ouest 156. 1892. Cummings no. 38.
Margins both sorediate and ciliate.
PARMELIA CETRATA var. SUBSIDIOSA Muell. Arg. Engler
Jahrb. 20: 256. 1894. Cummings no. «39) “Mares
isidiose and ciliate.
PARMELIA LAEVIGATA (Sm.) Ach. Syn. 212. 1814. Cum-
mings nos. 17, 40 and 41.
PARMELIA PERFORATA (Wulf.) Ach. Meth. 217. 1802:
Cummings no. 43 appears to belong here, but is scarcely
typical, the rhizoids being almost wholly absent, and the
margins with soredia as well as cilia.
Puyscipia Wricuti Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Ser
5: 401. 1862. Cummings no. 125. This hastheen eee
pared with the type specimens in Wright’s Lich. Cubae
no. 92 and agrees exactly. It is to be notedsthan wa
Zahlbruckner in Engler & Prantl: Nat. Pflanzenfam. (loc.
cit.) erroneously states that the spores of this genus are
simple.
RAMALINA DENTICULATA (Eschw.) Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn.
Normandie II. 4: 126. 1870. Cummings no. 179.
RAMALINA LINEARIS (Sw.) Ach. Lich. Univ. 598. 1810.
Cummings nos. 180 and 181.
RAMALINA USNEOIDES (Ach.) Fr. Lich. Eu.-468. 9 a821
Cummings no. 188.
UsNEA ANGULATA Ach. Syn. 307. 1814. Cummings no. 4 is
a peculiar sorediate form; no. 5 is typical.
USNEA CERATINA Ach, Lich. Univ. 619. 1810. Cummings
nos. 2 and 6.
RIDDLE: LICHENS COLLECTED IN JAMAICA 139
102. USNEA DASYPOGA (Ach.) Nyl. apud Hue in Nouv. Arch.
Mus; d Hist. Nat. Paris Ill. 2: 270. 1890. ~Cummings
nos. 7 and 8.
103. USNEA FLORIDA (L.) Web. in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Holsat. 91.
1780. Cummings no. 3.
104. USNEA LAEvIS (Eschw.) Nyl. Syn. 1: 271. 1858. Cum-
mings no. 1. A part of the material is minutely white
spotted, but it is not at all papillate. (Usnea plicata Ach.
Mais issued in Merrill's Lich. Exsic. no. 109, but. the
species was not represented in the two sets which formed
the basis of this enumeration. )
105. TELOSCHISTES FLAVICANS (Sw.) Norm. Con. Praem. Gen. in
Nyt Magazin for Naturvidensk. 7: 229. 1853. Cum-
mings nos. 167 and 169. Issued in Merrill’s Lich. Exsic.
no. 59.
106. Buellia stipitata sp. nov.
Thallus entirely endophloeodal. Apothecia elevated and sub-
stipitate, 0.8-1.6 mm. in diameter, brownish-black, at first con-
cave, with a prominent, thick, concolorous margin, then becoming
plane, the margin less prominent but persistent, and the apothecia
more or less flexuous. Epithecium fuliginous; hymenium hyaline,
with iodine, blue, quickly becoming vinous-red; hypothecium
brownish-black, subtended by a thick, fuliginous, pseudoparen-
chymatous region. Spores 8, brown, broad fusiform, bilocular,
rarely each cell biguttulate, 14-17 X 5-7 p.
Type collected on bark, Jamaica, B. W. I. Clara E. Cummings
no. 122, in herbarium of Wellesley College.
107. BUELLIA SUBDISCIFORMIS (Leight.) Wainio (1890) 1: 167.
Cummings no. 147.
POSwiIkUNODINA CONRADI Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 123. ~ 1855.
Cummings nos. 116 and 165.
OG, RENODINA EXIGUA (Ach.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand: 201. 1871.
immoriodes vat. -exigua Luck. Syn, N.-A. LL. 1: 208.
1882. Cummings no. 126.
Owe maNERPIerA ow.) lick. Syn. N. A. lL: 12 79. 1882.
Cummings no. I12.
140 MycoLocia
Ini. PHyscia comosa (Eschw.) Nyl. Syn. 1: 416. 1858), Cum
mings nos. 13 and 14.
112, PHYSCIA HYPOLEUCA (Ach.) Tuck“ Syn. N7 Agee
1882. Cummings no. 16. This is typical, except that the
ends of some of the lobes are sorediate.
113. PHysciA LEUCOMELA (L.) Michx. Fl Bor. Amtieeee.
1803. Cummings no. 15. Issued in Merrill’s Lich. Exsic.
HO: 22,
HYMENOLICHENES
Cora PAVONIA (Web.) Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. 300. 1825. Cum-
mings no. 168.
WELLESLEY COLLEGE,
WELLESLEY, MASSACHUSETTS.
NOTES ON SOME WESTERN UREDINEAE
WHICH ATTACK FOREST TREES’
GEORGE GRANT HEDGCOCK
The following paper is summarized from field notes on a num-
ber of heteroecious rusts on forest trees in the western United
States.
1. PERIDERMIUM FILAMENTOSUM Peck
This fungus is the cause of a very serious disease of the west-
ern yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) in portions of Colo-
rado, and probably in adjacent sections of New Mexico and
Arizona. This fungus was first discovered by Pringle? in the
Santa Rita Mountains in Arizona, July 13, 1881. Although very
abundant in certain localities in Montezuma and San Juan
National Forests in southern Colorado, it was first discovered in
Montezuma National Forest by F. B. Notestein (F. P. 190) the
latter part of June, 1910. This collection was the second recorded,
a portion of which was sent to Dr. J. C. Arthur and identified by
fom. “Mir, Notestein again collected it on June 26, 1911 (F. P.
1888). Since then the fungus was collected by the writer July 8,
1911, on Pikes Peak, Colorado, in Pike National Forest, in East
San Juan National Forest, July 13, 1911, near Pagosa Springs,
Colorado, and in the Montezuma National Forest July 19, r911,
near Nancos, Ariz., (F. P. 9085). Mr. Notestein reports it as
occurring abundantly in various parts of Montezuma National
Forest. A tree apparently diseased with the fungus was noted
enroute near Telluride, Colorado, July 19, 1911.
This species of Peridermium attacks the twigs, limbs, and
trunks of both young and old trees in the cambium, but producing
little or no swelling of the parts affected. There is a tendency
occasionally towards witches broom formation where side limbs
* Published by permission of the Secretary of Agriculture.
? Arthur, J. C., and Kern, F. D. North American species of Peridermium.
Bull. Torrey Club 33: 418. 1906.
141
142 MycoLociIa
are attacked, such limbs usually being more pendant than normal
ones, being slightly thickened and clustered, resembling slightly
the limbs in the pendant witches brooms formed by the stimula-
tion of the mistletoe, Razoumofskya cryptopoda (Eng.) Coville.
The fungus apparently spreads through the cambium of twigs,
often entering the new growth each year. The effect of the
fungus on the growth of such twigs is in some instances to
slightly increase the number of twigs produced, and to increase
their diameter; but usually there is no swelling produced. Ina
number of older trees, 75 to 150 years old, the apparent effect of
the fungus on the main limbs had been to cause cankered areas
to form, and to kill the entire tops, producing spike-topped trees.
Such trees finally die, probably from the effects of insects or fungi
which follow the weakening effects of the Peridermium. A large
number of trees have either been stunted or slowly killed by this
fungus in the Montezuma National Forest. Judging from the
age and condition of many of the affected trees, the fungus has
been present in this region for many years.
On Pikes Peak, beneath the trees diseased with Peridermium
filamentosum only one rust was found which could be associated
with this fungus as a telial form. The leaves of Castilleja integra
A. Gray were found diseased with the uredinia of Cronartium
coleopsorides (Dietel & Holway) Arthur during the second week
in July, 1911. In the forest near Mancos, Colo., a few sori with
the telia of the same fungus was found on the same species of
Castilleja near some western yellow pines diseased with Peri-
dermium filamentosum.
Peridermium filamentosum? or a closely related species was also
found by Dr. E. P. Meinecke and Mr. W. H. Long, in Lassen
National Forest, September 16, 1911, on the limbs and twigs of
Pinus contorta Loud. In the immediate vicinity, Cronartium
coleosporoides was found on a species of Castilleja, furnishing
additional proof of the possible relation of the latter species of
fungus to Peridermium. Inoculations will be made to verify this
assumption of relationship between Peridermium filamentosum
and Cronartium coleosporoides the coming season.
3 This specimen has since been identified by Mr. W. H. Long as
Peridermium stalactiforme Arth. and Kern.
Hepccock: Notes oN WESTERN UREDINEAE 143
Peridermium filamentosum apparently has been held in limited
areas for a long time by natural boundaries to certain forests, viz.,
the treeless region separating the mountain ranges in Colorado,
New Mexico, and Arizona. The fungus should be made the sub-
ject of further investigation, and watched closely, since its effect
on seedling trees is much like the dreaded Cronartium ribicola
Fischer (Peridernuum strobt1 Kleb.) in Europe. It certainly
should not be allowed to invade any of the forest tree nurseries in
the West, from which it might be disseminated over a much greater
region than its present habitat, and as a result great damage be
done to our magnificent western yellow pine and related species.
2. PERIDERMIUM HARKNESII Moore
This species of Peridermium is found attacking the following
species of pines in our western forests: Pinus contorta Loud., P.
Jeffreyt “ Oreg. Com.,” P. ponderosa Laws., P. radiata Don., and
P. sabimiana Dougl. The range of the species is from Colorado
northward to Montana, and westward to Washington, Oregon,
and California. It is most common on the lodgepole pines in
the forests of the Rocky Mountains.
Peridermium harknesu has an effect on pines almost identical
with that of Peridermium cerebrum Peck on pines in eastern and
central United States. Globose or oblong galls or burls, varying
in diameter from a pea to more than a foot are formed, usually
surrounding the twigs, limbs, and trunks at the point of attack.
Rarely a witches broom formation of limbs or twigs just above
the galls takes place. Young trees attacked are often killed by
the interference of the galls with the growth beyond the point of
attack. In such cases the galls apparently have a strangulating
effect. The fungus persists in the cambium of the galls for many
years, but as in case of Peridermium cerebrum, rarely fruits
annually. Apparently the older the galls become, the less fre-
quently the aecia are formed on the surface.
Repeated and careful inoculation with aeciospores of this Peri-
dermium on the leaves of young oaks of a number of species
failed to infect them, while at the same time, inoculations with
Peridernuum cerebrum Peck on the same species of oak trees
144 MycoLoGIa
brought about an infection, resulting in the uredinia and telia of
Cronartium quercum (Brond.) Arth. : |
In nature, there is constantly associated with Peridermium
harknestt a species of Coleosporium on a number of species of
Aster. This association was found so constantly this year, as to
venture the prediction that the Coleosporium may be a telial form
of this species of Peridermium. It is very evident that the telial
form cannot be a Cronartium on oaks, since none are found in
an immense region in the Northwest, where this fungus occurs on
the pines. It occurs where there are no oaks within a thousand
miles.
Peridermium harknesu, like P. cerebrum, kills many young
pines, but is not to be considered as dangerous a species as P.
filamentosum in its effects on older trees, because it does not have
the ability like the latter to spread along the limbs from the point
of infection, but remains confined to the galls it forms.
3. PERIDERMIUM MONTANUM Arth. & Kern
This species of Peridermium attacks the leaves of Pinus con-
torta Loud. in the Northwest, but is not so widely disseminated
as P. harknesu. It exerts an injurious effect on the leaves at the
time it forms its aecia, owing to the bursting of the epidermis of
the leaves by the pustules of the fungus. The leaves lose water,
and gradually die, in fact, live but a short time after the aecia
mature. This causes a premature shedding of the leaves, so that
where a lodgepole pine, if healthy, would bear 5 to 7 years’ foliage,
trees after being attacked by an epidemic of this Peridermium
usually bear only 2 to 3 years’ growth of needles, all of which
except the youngest, are plainly diseased.
This fungus was found epidemic this year only in a small area
in Gallatin National Forest, near Bozeman. A species of Coleo-
sporium was found present in great abundance on the leaves of
two species of Aster in immediate proximity to badly infected
pines. The Coleosporium is very injurious to the leaves of the
asters. From this it is possible that the telial form of Peri-
dermium montanum may be a species of Coleosporium on Aster.
A further study will be made of both species of rust.
Hepccock: NotTes ON WESTERN UREDINEAE 145
4. PERIDERMIUM COLORADENSE (Dietel) Arth. & Kern
This species of Peridermium attacks the spruces, Picea engel-
manni Eng., Picea parryana (André) Parry, and Picea sitchensis
(Bong.) Trautre & Mayer. On the Engelmann spruce, it is found
almost throughout the entire range of the species. It causes the
formation of dense, deciduous, leafy, witches brooms, with
greatly metamorphosed, stunted branches. The presence of the
brooms usually bring about, in a few years, the death of the
limbs upon which they are situated. If the limb is adjacent to
the trunk, its death is often followed by the entrance of the heart-
rotting fungus Trametes pimi (Brot.) Fr.
In the region near Anaconda, Montana, where the forest trees
have been killed by smelter fumes, it was noted that these witches
brooms are more sensitive to the fumes than the healthy portions
of the trees, and that they succumb first from their effects. The
telial form of this species of Peridermium has not been found.
5. MELAMPSORELLA ELATINA (Alb. & Schw.) Arth.
The aecial form of this rust (Peridermium elatinum Kunze &
Schmidt) attacks a number of species of Abies. It forms leafy
witches brooms with adherent leaves and metamorphosed
branches. These brooms have a stunting effect on the limbs upon
which they occur. Where a number of brooms occur on the
same tree, the whole tree is decidedly checked in its growth. The
following species of Abies in the national forests of the west and
northwest are attacked by this fungus: A. balsamea (Linn.)
Ma. concolor (Gord.) Parry, A. grandis Lindl., A. lasio-
carpa (Hook.) Nutt., A. nobis Lindl., and A. magnifica Murr.
According to Arthur,* the uredinial and telial forms of this
Peridermium occur on species of Alsine and Cerastrum. No
effort has been made on the part of the writer to collect specimens
of telia, as all collections were made too early in the season to
find the telia. The aecia mature in the west from early July in
New Mexico to the middle of August in northern Montana. The
same variation in the maturing of aecia was noted in case of
Peridermium coloradense.
* North American Flora 7: 111, Mar. 1907.
146 MycoLocia
6. PERIDERMIUM PSEUDO-BALSAMEUM (D. & H.)
Atth,, € Kem
This or closely related species of Peridermium attacks the
leaves of the following species of conifers: Abies grandis, A.
lasiocarpa, and A. nobilis. The great resemblance of these forms
of Peridermium to the aecial form of Calyptospora columnaris
(Alb. & Schw.) Kuhn. puts our determination slightly in doubt.
The aecia are usually found sparsely in rows on the leaves of
the trees attacked, occurring usually only on scattering leaves,
so that the effect on the vitality of the tree is of little consequence.
No epidemics of this fungus have been noted, and it has been
found only on younger trees as a rule. It is frequently found
associated with a Melampsora on species of Vaccinium, and may
be the aecial form of a species of Melampsora or Calyptospora.
This, owing to the presence of other aecia in the vicinity where
collections were made, should be taken only as a suggestion for
future experiments. More careful studies will be made to de-
termine the exact relationship of these rusts on the leaves of
various species of Abies to Melampsora on species of Vaccinium.
7, PERIDERMIUM CONORUM-PICEA (Russ) Arth. & Kern
This species occurs in the west occasionally on the cones of
Picea engelmanmi Eng., causing them to be abortive. The only
apparent harm done is in lessening the seed crop, but the fungus
has never been found in sufficient abundance to be considered a
serious hindrance to reforestation. The alternate form of the
fungus has not been found.
8. CAEOMA CONIGENEUM Patouillard®
This species of Caeoma is one of the little-known forms.
It attacks the cones of Pinus chihuahuana Eng., rendering them
abortive. It occurs frequently on this host in southern Arizona, _
but aside from lessening the seed production, apparently does
not injure the trees attacked. The telial form of this rust is
unknown.
> Journal de Botanique 10: 386. 1896.
Hepccock: Notes ON WESTERN UREDINEAE 147
9g. Urepo (MELAMpsorRA) BIGELOWII (Thtim.) Arth.
The aecial form of this rust on larches has not been collected
as yet by the writer in the national forests, but it may be common,
and if search were made at the right season, it might be found.
The uredinial and telial forms are found on nearly every species
of willow in the west and southwest, not only where larches are
found, but where there are none within a thousand miles. It
has been collected on the following species of Salix: Salix amyg-
daloides Anderss., S. bebbiana Sarg., S. cordata lutea (Nutt.)
Bebb., S. cordata mackenziana Hook., S. fluviatilis Nutt., S.
laevigata Bebb., S. lasiandra Benth., S. lasiandra caudata ( Nutt.)
Sudw., S. lucida Muehl., S. migra Marsh., S. nutialu Sarg., and
S. sessifolia Nutt.
The telial form of the fungus fruits so abundantly on some
species as to exert a decidedly stunting effect. On the willows
cultivated by the Forest Service near Washington, D. C., for
experiments in making baskets, it is a serious parasite.
10. Urepo (MELAMPSORA) MEDUSAE (Thiim.) Arth.
Species of poplar are commonly attacked by the uredinial and
telial forms of this rust, but the aecial forms, supposedly on
larches, have not been found. It has been collected on the fol-
lowing species of trees: Populus acuminata Rydb., P. angusti-
folia James, P. balsamifera L., P. grandidentata Michx., P.
tremuloides Michx., and P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gr., chiefly in
the west and northwest. It occurs so abundantly on some species
as P. acuminata and P. trichocarpa, that it injures the leaves and
arrests the growth of younger trees.
OFFICE OF INVESTIGATIONS IN ForEST PATHOLOGY,
BuREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
NOTES UPON TREE DISEASES IN THE
EASTERN STATES!
PERLEY SPAULDING
THE CHESTNUT BLICHT
Some attention has been given to the chestnut blight for the
past three years. It was found in July, 1909, at Middlebury,
Conn., for the first time, and in September, 1909, at Bantam,
Conn... Also in September, 1910, at Amherst and Springmeld)
Mass., and in October, 1910, at Windsor, Conn. The writer has
spent most of the month of October each year in the lower Con-
necticut valley and the adjoining territory; much time has been
spent there during the past few years besides in October. The
disease was found at Windsor, Conn., the second season it was
there. At any rate, it was very scattering in the Connecticut val-
ley in the fall of 1909. A trip was made in July, 1911, as far
north as Hartford, Conn., and the disease was everywhere in
evidence in the Connecticut valley. There can be no doubt that
in the three years, 1909 to I9II inclusive, the disease has spread
so seriously as to now be beyond hopes of control in the lower
Connecticut valley.
Considerable time this season was devoted to finding out the
real situation of the chestnut blight in the state of Maryland.
It was found to be much more serious than at first supposed.
The northeastern corner of the state cut off by a line running
from the northern edge of Baltimore, east to the Delaware line,
and another a little westward and then northwestward to the
Pennsylvania line is already too badly diseased for eradication |
to be successfully carried out. Outside this area the disease is
very scattering and might with relatively small effort and expense
be eradicated. The course of the disease in the Connecticut val-
ley indicates that this must be done at once or not at all. There
* Paper presented before the American Phytopathological Society at the meet-
ing of December, 1911.
148
SPAULDING: TREE DISEASES IN THE EASTERN STATES 149
can be no doubt that the disease is intimately connected with the
distribution of chestnut nursery stock. Repeatedly, on finding
badly diseased areas, the writer either found Japanese chestnut
trees or was told that chestnut stock of some sort had been
brought into that vicinity some years before. The disease has
been at Parkton for at least six years and probably has been there
one or two years longer. The peculiar appearance of chestnut
trees affected by this disease is essentially due to the girdling action
of the fungus. The following instance shows this very plainly:
while scouting for the disease a tree was seen which had every
appearance of having been killed down to the base by the blight.
It had abundant suckers around the base, the dead leaves hung
on the branches; in short, the tree had every symptom of the
disease except the fruiting bodies of the fungus! Upon pene-
trating the thicket of suckers it was found that the tree had
been girdled with an axe a few months before.
LOPHODERMIUM NERVISEQUUM (D.C.) Fr.
A serious needle disease of balsam fir (Abies balsamea ( Linn.)
Mill.) has been under observation for the past five years in the
Adirondack Mountains. This has been found to be caused by
Lophodermium nervisequum. It attacks needles of all ages and
occurs on trees of all sizes, but is more prevalent on the lower
shaded branches or on young reproduction which is heavily over-
shadowed by larger trees. The disease is serious on small trees
as it causes complete or nearly complete defoliation in many cases
and kills the trees. The course of the disease on young leaves
is fairly plain: infection begins about June first, soon after the
new shoots and leaves are formed, and apparently may continue
at almost any time after this date when weather conditions are
favorable. The affected needles turn yellow soon, some appear-
ing in July on the shoots of the same year. Toward fall they
become more numerous and turn brown by the beginning of
winter. The next April on the resumption of warm weather,
a dark line shows along the middle of the leaf on the lower side;
this becomes more and more prominent until about June first,
when the warm rains bring about the rupture of the leaf epi-
dermis. Along the entire length of the leaf there now appears
150 MycoLocia
an open trough-like rupture with the epidermis rolled back on
either side. It is probable that the period from infection to for-
mation of mature fruiting bodies, in the majority of cases, is
approximately one year, varying somewhat with weather con-
ditions: there are apparently many cases in which this period is
nearly two years and possibly even more. This disease is very
prevalent in the Adirondack region and apparently occurs though-
out the range of the balsam fir. It has not yet been found in
nurseries, since its host is not much grown therein.
PERIDERMIUM FRUCTIGENUM Arthur
Spores of Peridermium fructigenum from cones of Tsuga
canadensis (L.) Carr., which had been collected in Connecticut
two days before, were used to inoculate leaves of the following
species of Rhododendron and Kalmia. Rhododendron arbores-
cens (Pursh.) Torrey, R. viscosum (L.) Torrey, R. nudiflorum
(L.) Torrey, R. canescens (Michx.) G. Don., R. calendulaceum
(Michx.) Torrey, RK. canadense. (L.) B.S.P., R. mean ies
R. catawbiense Michx., Kalmia latifolia L., and K. angustifolia
L. The inoculated plants were in a greenhouse at Washington
and had their leaves further developed than would have been
the case out of doors in Connecticut. This may have had an
effect upon the results secured. In no case did infection occur,
although the inoculations were made with and without wounds
upon each species.
LIGHTNING
While engaged in reconnaisance for the chestnut blight in
Maryland, the past season, the writer time and time again
examined chestnut trees which at a distance apparently were
affected by blight, but which were killed, either completely or
partially by lightning. Occasionally groups of trees standing
close together were partially killed about some central tree which
usually was entirely dead. More often only single trees were
struck. The frequency of occurrence of such cases soon became
very noticeable, especially the latter part of the summer. There
must have been an average of three or four trees per square
mile which were killed or badly crippled by lightning in a single
season in the territory examined by the writer.
SPAULDING: TREE DISEASES IN THE EASTERN STATES 151
MyxXOSPORIUM ACERINUM Peck
Practically the entire season of 1911 the office of Investigations
in Forest Pathology has received specimens of various species
of maple which were apparently killed by Myxosporium acerinum.
The writer found it in various parts of Vermont upon sugar
maple. It is especially noticeable upon street and park trees. It
starts upon small branches the size of one’s finger but works
back until larger ones are affected. Soon it gives the affected
tree a ragged appearance and becomes noticed. All the cases
seen seemed to have been entirely of the present season’s stand-
ing. The only feasible method of combating this disease seems
to be that of pruning out the affected parts and burning them.
PHOMA PICIENA Peck
A new disease of Norway spruce (Picea excelsa) has for sev-
eral years been attracting the attention of pathologists. The
writer’s attention was called to it by the superintendent of New
York State Forests in 1909, but no specimens were seen. Selby
has also mentioned a disease which is probably the same one.
Peck in his last report named the fungus Phoma piciena which
occurred on leaves of red spruce (Picea rubra) in the Adiron-
-dacks. This summer several specimens of diseased Norway
spruce were sent into the office and secured by the writer from
the vicinity of Baltimore and Washington. These bore abundant
fruiting bodies of a fungus which came nearer to Peck’s new
species than to any other. Inoculations are being made in the
greenhouse. ‘The disease is quite destructive, often completely
defoliating large trees and causing their death. Apparently the
only practical treatment is that of burning the fallen needles and.
spraying with suitable fungicides to prevent further spread of
the disease.
OFFICE OF Forest PATHOLoGy,
BuREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, .
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
OROPOGON LOXENSIS AND ITS NORTH
AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION
R. HeBer Howe, Jr.
In a paper by the writer on the American Species of Alectoria
(Mycologia 3: 149, 1911), Oropogon lo.wvensis (Fee) Th. Fries was
excluded “on the ground of its distinctive spore differences,’ and
it was stated that the plant would be treated later in a special
paper. Material of this species is confined to the larger herbaria,
and is not abundant even in such collections. During last winter
I have had the opportunity of studying the material in the Mu-
seum d’histoire naturelle in Paris, through the kindness of Pro-
fessor Mangin and Monsieur Hariot. This material was deter-
mined by Nylander.
The genus Oropogon was proposed for this species by Th.
Fries in 1861. It was not recognized by Tuckerman (Gen. Lich.
14: 1872) as he argued that a parallel dissimilarity of spore color
medulla:
i Le Rite rece "
hollow axis... eeuctia (hyphae paralialteaa ae
a i Lo connee GOTAM Q.
ac or tex.
hollow ONS eee 3
medulla.
oor SE 8 Chyplae parallel taxis)
Fic. 1. Structure of Thallus of Oropogon loxensis.
and cell structure occurred unnoticed in other genera (Acolium,
Calcium). Dr. Zahlbruckner (Nat. Pflanz. 220. 1907) recog-
nizes, however, the genus not only on account of its muriform
spores, but on account of its single-spored asci. Stizenberg
152
HowE: OROPOGON LOXENSIS 153
adopted the middle course and considered Oropogon as a sub-
genus. In my Classification de la Famille des Usneaceae l’Amer-
ique du Nord, Paris, 1912, I followed the latter author, recogniz-
ing Oropogon as a section. After further study of spore charac-
ters and their phylogenetic importance (Hue, Bull. Soc. Bot.
France 58: 1911) I am inclined to give to the diverse types of
spore septation generic rank, as I did in the first instance and in
accord with Dr. Zahlbruckner’s view.
OROPOGON LOXENSIS (Fée) Th. Fries
Type: not indicated; there is a specimen in the Museum at Paris
which was collected by Bonpland and compared with the type
by Nylander according to a note on the label, though the loca-
tion of the type is not mentioned. Professor Dr. H. Kniep, of
the Institut at Strassburg, kindly sent me the specimen here
figured, which is taken for the type. The label, however, is
the same as those in the Paris Museum collected by Lechler
probably in 1854, and not in 1824. The specimen is decidedly
atypical, and resembles ‘more closely the boreal Coelocaulon
divergens as stated below. Fée was a professor at Strassburg,
but the type is probably in Brazil, where, however, I have been
unable to locate it, although an attempt was made to do so
through Dr. Neves Armond, of the Museo Nacional do Rio de
Janeiro.
Orginal description: “(filamentis) tereti, laeviusculo, cinereo-
fusco, ramosissimo, subintricato, prostato, ramulis capuillaceis,
tenuissimis, ultimis bifidis,’ ... “ (scutellis) terminalibus.”
itee, Pssai sur les Crypt. 137. 1824.
Ficures: Fée, |. c. pl. 37, f. 7, supp. 134, 1837; et Nyl. Synop.
ieiem, pl. 6, fj: 16; Zukal, Morph. und biol. Untersuch. Flecht.,
Sitz. Kiais. Akad. Wissens. Wien. pl. 2, f. z. 1895; March.
Hae Wleth. Mycoph., Soc. d’et. Sci. 16: f. H. 1896.
SYNONYMY: Cornicularia loxensis Fee, 1. c.
Alectoria lovensis Nyl. Synop. Lich. 278. 1858-60.
Atestia loxensis Trevis, Flora 50. 1861.
Oropogon loxensis Th. Fries, Gen. Heter. 49. 1861.
154 MYycCOLOGIA
_ oe ge
ee
RE i i BE eg ag
ie re
ee ae ee reg ‘
dy
CFR BE
Af Bes f
$ 7
Sp tsggenais
ie ee f 3 ES
_pwvnncapenmiainiiyy,
Fic. 2. Specimen of Oropogon loxensis in the Botanisches Institut,
Strassburg; perhaps the type.
HoweE: OROPOGON LOXENSIS 155
Dracnosis: Thallus caespitose or prostrate, brown, subrigid,
branches nitidous, dichotomous. Spore 1, muriform.
DESCRIPTION: typical: Thallus caespitose or prostrate, filamen-
tous, slender, subrigid, brown to light brown, commonly black-
ening; branches terete to subterete; cortex glabrous or nitidous,
occasionally rimulose; primary branches dichotomous, flexuous,
entangled (max. length 15 cm.); secondary branches dichoto-
mous, flexuous; fibrils short, furcate. Apothecia lateral, com-
mon, small (max. diameter 2 mm.), concave, convex, or ap-
planate, innate-marginate, disk concolorous, chestnut or dark
brown. Spores 55-134 X 28-48 p.
SuBstTRATA: The plant is reported to grow both on the ground
and on trees; but the collector’s labels that I have examined
are without data in regard to the substratum (see Hue, Lich.
Ext. Europ. 95. I901).
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Confined within our area to the
alpine regions of Mexico. It has been collected on Mt. Ori-
Zaba, and at Neveria and Alvarez. Outside of Mexico it has
been collected in Japan, China and Java, in Peru and Colombia,
moun America, and on the island of Jamaica (Merrill, Bryl.
AS 237. I911).
OBSERVATIONS: A subspecies was proposed by Nylander, 1. e.,
Al. Loxensis var. atroalbicans (Lich. Novo Gran. Prod., Act.
peer oci. Henn, 7: 20: 1863). Tt is simply a color form de-
scribed as follows: “thallo proparte nigricante et pro maxime
parte-albicante. Lhe type No. 2746, collected by Lindig at
Choachi, Colombia, is now in the herbarium of the Museum
dhistoire naturelle, Paris.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED
Sprague Herbarium, Boston Society of Natural History.
Mexico: Mt. Orizaba, Fr. Muller.
U. S. National Herbarium, Washington.
Mexico: Alvarez, San Luis Potosi, 8,999 ft., Sept. 1902, Ed.
Palmer.
British Museum of Natural History, London.
CoLoMBIA: Bogota.
156 MycoLocta
Museum d’histoire naturelle, Paris.
L’ AMERIQUE EQUATORIALE, M. A. Bonpland.
PERU: 1839-40, M. Cl. Gay; Carabaya, Juin-Juillet, 1847, M. H.
Alg. Weddell; Sachapata, W. Lechler, 2 specimens cited by
Nylander, and M. l’Abbe Hue.
Mexico: Mt. Orizaba, 1858, Fr. Muller.
CoLoMBIA, 3000 m., 1860, Lindig.
Botanisches Institut, Strassburg.
Peru: Sachapata, WW. Lechiler:
THOREAU MusSEUM NATuRAL HIsToRY,
ConcorD, MASSACHUSETTS.
&
NEWS AND NOTES
Dr. F. H. Blodgett, formerly a student at the Garden, has been
recently appointed plant pathologist at the Texas Experiment
Station.
Two additional plant pathologists, F. D. Bailey and H. L. Rees,
have been called to the Oregon Experiment Station at Corvallis.
An important contribution to the subject of forest tree diseases,
by G. G. Hedgcock, appeared in Phytopathology for April, 1912.
Dr. H. D. House has presented to the Garden a collection of
163 numbers of fleshy and woody fungi secured by him in the
forests of tsermany during the autumn of I9QI1.
Professor L. H. Pennington, ‘of Syracuse University, spent the
Easter holidays at the Garden studying the genus Marasmius, in |
preparation of a monograph on the subject for Norru AMERICAN
FLORA.
The large and valuable collection of unpublished drawings and
descriptions left by the late Professor H. von Post, of Upsala,
Sweden, has been presented to the Riksmuseum in Stockholm.
The relationship of Diaporthe parasitica to other fungi is dis-
cussed by C. L. Shear in the April number of Phytopathology.
The author hopes to clear up a number of difficult questions in
this connection during the coming summer.
Miss Adeline Ames, a graduate student at Cornell University,
spent the month of February at the Garden studying the col-
lection of Polyporaceae with special reference to the species oc-
curring in the United States.
The collection of gill-fungi belonging to the herbarium of
Stanford University, California, has been sent to the Garden for
157
ae
158 MycoLocia
study. A large number of duplicates will be retained and added
to the mycological herbarium.
A collection of fleshy fungi from Sendai, Japan, has been re-
ceived from Professor A. Yasuda.
Cultivating Pleurotus sapidus.
This is of special interest
in connection with
the study of species
found on the Pacific
coast, and may aid in
determining the rela-
tionships existing be-
tween our far west-
ern flora and that of
certain parts of Asia.
Dr. CoL Shear ai
the Department of
Agriculture, | Wash-
ington, 1); (7 wistted
the Garden April 3 on
his way to Europe
to spend about four
months. in various
public and private
herbaria studying the
types of fungi caus-
ing fruit diseases. It
is necessary to seek
out the types of these
diseases before the
new quarantine law
becomes effective in
this country.
We learn from Science that Dr. R. A. Pearson, recently Com-
missioner of Agriculture for the state of New York, has accepted
the presidency of the Iowa State College of Agriculture at Ames.
Dr. Pearson has been granted leave of absence for the summer
and will yisit agricultural colleges in Europe.
News AND NOTES 159
Dr. F. M. Bauer, Superintendent of the Metropolitan Hospital
on Blackwell’s Island in this city, has given us an interesting
account of an experiment he tried last summer in moving an old
deciduous stump from the upper part of the island to the Metro-
politan grounds for the purpose of encouraging the growth of
Pleurotus sapidus found upon it. Two or three weeks after
transplanting, the mushroom fruited and yielded five crops in
succession, the last one on December 17, when the accompany-
ing photograph was taken by Dr. Bauer. Plenty of water was
provided during the drought, and old blankets were spread over
the stump during cold nights.
INDEX TO AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL
LITERATURE
This index is prepared by Mr. B. O. Dodge, of Columbia University, and
covers the same scope for the fungi as that covered by the general index
published monthly in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. It is not
reprinted on cards for distribution.
Arthur, J. C. Cultures of Uredineae in 1910. Mycologia 4:
7-33. 6 Ja IQI2.
—— Cultures of Uredineae in 1911. Mycologia 4: 49-65.
Mr 1912.
Claassen, E. Plants not recorded in the Ohio list from Cuyahoga
and Lake Counties. »Olia Nat; 12: 471. F 1912
Plants recognized on a dumping ground at the foot of
Ninth Street, Cleveland, Ohio. Ohio Nat. 12: 475, 476.
El EON:
Coker, W. C., & Hyman, 0. W. Thraustotheca clavata. Myco-
logia 4: 87-00. pl. 63. Mr Ig12.
Demaree, J. B. A Sclerotinia on apple. Science II. 35: 77, 78.
nia MOn2: | |
Eastman, J. W. The Myxomycetes or slime-moulds of the
Ottawa district; a preliminary list. Ottawa Nat. 25: 157-163.
T23h LOL.
Edgerton, C. W. Botryosphaeria on cotton bolls. Mycologia 4:
24-36, 6 Ja TOL2:
Flower infection with cotton boll rots. Phytopathology
2: 23-27. bl. 2. F 1012:
Fullmer, E. L. A preliminary list of the Myxomycetes of Cedar
Point.,- Ohio (Nats 123472) anon 2:
Heald, F. D. Notes on new or little-known plant diseases in
North America for the year I9I0. Phytopathology 2: 5-22.
F 1912.
& Wolf, F. A. A plant disease survey in the vicinity of San
Antonio, Texas. U.S. Dept. Agr. Plant. Ind. Bull. 220-3
129. pl. 1-19 +f. 1, 2. 24 Ja 1912.
160
INDEX TO AMERICAN MycoLoGIcAL LITERATURE 161
Johnston, J. R. The history and cause of the cocoanut bud-rot.
U.S. Dept. Agr. Plant Ind. Bull. 228: 5-175. pl. r-14-++ f. 1-10.
eee 1O12.
Lewis, I. M. A black knot disease of Dianthera americana L.
Mycologia 4: 66-70. pl. 55-61. Mr 1912.
Macbride, T. H. Notes on Iowa Saprophytes—I. Geaster min-
imus Schw. and its relatives. Mycologia 4: 84-86. pl. 62.
Mr 1912.
Manson, M. The chestnut tree disease. Science II. 35: 269, 270.
16 F 1912.
McCormick, F. A. Development of the zygospore of Rhizopus
nigricans. Bot. Gaz. 53: 67, 68. 17 Ja 1912.
Murrill, W. A. Illustrations of fungi—X. Mycologia 4: 1-6.
6 Ja IgI2.
The Agaricaceae of Tropical North America—V. Myco-
logia 4: 72-83. Mr 1912.
—— The chestnut canker convention. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
13: 41-44. Mr 1Ig12.
Collectine iting1 on the Pacific Coast: Jour. N. Y.. Bot.
Gard. 13: 1-14. pl. 85-90. Ja 1912.
Polyporaceae and Boletaceae of the Pacific Coast. My-
cologia 4: 91-100. Mr 1912.
Rankin, W. H. Sclerotinia Panacis sp. nov., the cause of a root
rot of ginseng. Phytopathology 2: 28-31. pl. 3. [Illust.]
iB rO12.
Rehm, H. Ascomycetes Exs. Fasc. 49. Ann. Myc. 10: 54-59.
1-2 IQ12.
Seaver, F. J. The genus Lamprospora, with descriptions of two
new species. Mycologia 4: 45-48. pl. 57. Mr Ig12.
Studies in pyrophilous fungi—III. The viability of the
spores of Pyronema. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 63-67. pl. 4. Mr
IQ12.
Sherman, J. W. Morels in October in Massachusetts. Rhodora
£43953; 54... Mr 1972.
Smith, E. F. On some resemblances of crown-gall to human
callect ) science Ll. 35: 161-172... 2 F 1912,
162 MycoLocia
Sydow, H.& P. Nova fungorum species—VII. Ann. Myce. to:
77-85. . | Uhist:] ta Fiera.
Theissen, F. [Fragmenta brasilica IV nebst Bermerkungen tiber
einige andere Asterina Arten. Ann.Myc. 10: 1-32. [TIllust.]
1, TOU,
Wolf, F. A. The brown leaf-spot of Colt’s foot, Tussilago Far-
fara L. Ann. Myc. 10: 65-67. [Illust.] 1 F 1912.
Some fungous diseases of the prickly pear, Opuntia Lind-
heimert Engelm. Ann. Myc. 10: 113-134. pl. 1-3-+f. I-6.
1 Ap 1912.
Spore formation in Podospora anserina (Rabh.) Winter.
Ann. Myc. 10:-60-64. ([Illust.] 1 F 1912.
. The Genus Albug>, -
Journal of the New York Botanical Garda. Doe iI us
taining notes, news, and non-technical articles of general interest. Fre
bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. f
exchange. ] Now in its thirteenth volume. BR
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and Be Te de
including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes’ of
interest. $3.00 a year; single copies not for sale. ieee bites in Sc
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Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing ihe annua
of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles eml
results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of
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North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of Nort
including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to
pleted in 32 volumes: Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more
Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited praia: of aUadcnce! ge aie e
for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange. | |
Vol. 3, part 1, 1910. | Nectriaceae—Fimetariaceae.
Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3, 1912. Ustilaginacene—Aecidiacene
pars). .
: va 9; parts 1 and 2, 1907 ; part 3, 1910. Polyporaceae—Agericaceae (par
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Vol. 16, part 1, 1909. Ophioglossaceae—Cyatheaceae (pars).
Vol. 17, part 1, 1909. Typhaceae—Poaceae (pars). ©
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York, by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. vii--it 38 PE
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146. Phycological ‘Studies—V. Some Marine Algae of Lower
Mexico, by Marshall A. Howe. 4
147. Studies of West Indian Plants—IV, by N. o Britton,
148. List of Plants Collected on ‘he dee Goes ees of 190!
by ‘ A. Pali ae
pest OO TE RA
sonian |
sah,
Trae 19 wembaym emai
| Si gale ease as
_ GEORGE MASSEE
BRUCE FINK a “NARCISSE PATOUILLARD
_ ROBERT A. HARPER LARS ROMELL —
FRED J. SEAVER
CORNELIUS L. SHEAR |
Yo) K BOTANICAL GARDEN |
Leaf Spot of Chestnut
of Heteroecious Ru
lation Between
‘The Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast—I
Artificial Cultures of Ascobolus and Ale
News and Notes -
Index to American |
a
<7
=
ete
MycCoLoGia PLATE -LX Vii
ILLUSTRATIONS ©F PUNGI
MYCOLOGIA
Hou. TV. (ve Lon2 No. 4
ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI—xI
WititiaAm A. MurRRILL
All of the illustrations here shown, except one, were made from
plants collected-in Bronx Park and the vicinity. Very few of
these plants are known to be of economic importance; one or two
species are generally classed with the poisonous fungi.
Suillellus luridus (Schaeff.) Murrill
LuRID BOLETUS
READ OO wIGURE aT. |< t
Pileus convex, gregarious or subcespitose, 5-12 cm. broad; sur-
face dry, smooth, glabrous or minutely tomentose, sometimes
clothed with rather conspicuous appressed, felted fibers, occa-
sionally rimose-areolate, brown with shades of red or yellow,
often bright brownish-red, becoming paler with age; margin thick,
obtuse, entire, sometimes slightly differing in color; context firm,
whitish to flavous, quickly changing to blue when wounded, some-
times unchanging in older plants, considered somewhat poisonous ;
tubes nearly free, rarely adnate, plane or slightly convex in mass,
yellow within, changing to dark greenish-blue when wounded,
mouths small, circular, cinnabar-red, becoming brownish-orange,
darker with age; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, olivaceous when
fresh, 11-16 X 4-6; stipe subequal, 5-10 cm. long, I-2 cm.
thick, usually furfuraceous or punctate, at times nearly glabrous,
rarely reticulate at the apex or on the upper half, red or reddish-
brown below, yellow or orange above, the dots rosy or dark-red,
solid, yellow within, varied with red or purple.
{[Mycotocia for May, 1912 (4: 109-162), was issued May 8, 1912.]
163
164 MycoLocta
This is one of the most variable species in the family of fleshy,
terrestrial, tube-bearing fungi, but the small genus to which it
belongs is readily recognized by its red or reddish tube-mouths,
and all of its species should be avoided by mushroom eaters until
their properties are better known. This particular species is said
to contain a small amount of deadly poison, although it is often
eaten. When cut, the entire cut surface of the cap, tubes, and
stem changes at once to blue. It occurs often in abundance
throughout temperate North America and Europe on clay banks
or roadsides in open deciduous woods.
Naucoria subvelosa sp. nov.
SLIGHTLY-VEILED NAUCORIA
PLATE 68.“S FIGURE (2, (to 1
Pileus hemispheric and gibbous to nearly plane, usually slightly
umbilicate or depressed, gregarious, I.5-2.5 cm. broad; surface
viscid when wet becoming dry and polished, slightly fibrillose-
scaly, especially at the center, the scales and fibrils being thin,
reddish-brown, and somewhat imbricate; margin entire or undu-
late, inflexed when young; context mild to the taste, without
odor; lamellae strictly adnate, heterophyllous, arcuate or plane to
slightly ventricose, rather close, of medium width, dull isabelline-
umbrinous to dirty-brownish with a ferruginous tint; spores ellip-
soid, smooth, ochraceous-melleous under the microscope, 8-9
xX 5p; stipe subequal, citrinous at the apex, isabelline below,
subglabrous, bearing the remains of a slight, fibrillose, fugacious
veil, cartilaginous to subfleshy, stuffed, averaging 3 cm. long
and 2 mm. thick.
Type collected on a wet bank in woods in the Bronx, June 18,
19o1I, by W. A. Murrill.
Collybidium dryophilum (Bull.) Murrill
OAK-LOVING COLLYBIDIUM
PLATE 68. . FIGURE 3:) 02
Pileus thin, convex, umbonate, becoming expanded and plane
to depressed with upturned edges, solitary, 3-4 cm. broad; sur-
face glabrous, but with fine radiating lines like appressed hairs,
dry, uniformily light-brown; context mild to the taste, without
MURRILL: ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI . 65
characteristic odor; lamellae adnexed, white, close, narrow, in-
serted, ventricose; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 8-9 X 3.5-4 p3
stipe hollow, cartilaginous, milk-white at the apex, polished and
slightly colored below, 3 cm. long, 2.5 mm. broad.
Collected by Mr. E. C. Volkert, July 31, 1911, on buried decayed
sticks, acorns, and grass roots under an oak tree on a lawn in
Bronxwood Park, New York City. This form is quite different
in appearance from that found so commonly in our woodlands,
but agrees well with plants collected in Kew Gardens, England,
and elsewhere in Europe in open places. ‘The species is edible,
abundant, very variable, and very widely distributed.
Mycena praedecurrens sp. nov.
DECURRENT-GILLED MycCENA
PLATE 68. FricurRE Pre te Gm
Pileus conic to subturbinate when young, then umbonate, and
at length nearly plane, densely gregarious to, subcespitose, reach-
ing 1.5 cm. broad and nearly 1 cm. high; surface glabrous, very
slightly viscid when wet, avellaneous, with darker avellaneous
umbo; margin straight, appressed, usually striate, often yellowish-
white; lamellae long-decurrent, distant, nearly plane, inserted,
entire, white with an ashy tint, acute at each end; spores ovoid,
smooth, hyaline, 5 & 3-3.5m; stipe enlarged at the apex, sub-
glabrous, gelatinous-white, avellaneous at the base, slightly viscid
when wet, stuffed, about 4 cm. long and 2 mm. thick.
The type specimens here figured were collected by W. A.
Murrill in the Bronx, June 18, 1911, on a mossy bank filled with
slender roots, in low deciduous woods. On account of its long-
decurrent gills, one might assign it at first sight to Omphalia, of
the type of Omphalia Austinii Peck, but it is not umbilicate. Its
nearest relative is probably Mycena vulgaris.
Flammula carbonaria (Fries) Quel
CHARCOAL-LOVING FLAMMULA
BVAGEBOS. LE TGURE, 5.) |< 71
Pileus convex to subplane, gregarious to subcespitose, 2-4
cm. broad; surface viscid, smooth, glabrous, testaceous-isabelline,
or varying from lighter yellow to orange or testaceous; margin
166 MycoLoGiIa
inflexed when young, with a slight, stramineous, filamentous,
evanescent veil; context thin, white or stramineous, taste sweetish,
odor pleasant; lamellae squarely adnate or with a short decurrent
tooth, plane or arcuate, broad, crowded, inserted, pale-yellow to
fulvous; spores ellipsoid, smooth, fulvous in mass, 7 X 3-44;
stipe equal or slightly enlarged above, hollow or stuffed, white or
cremeous, adorned below with reddish-brown fibrils, glabrous or
granulose at the apex, 5 X 0.2-0.4 cm.
This species is very common during summer and fall about
burned stumps in the vicinity of New York City. It is sometimes
clustered but more often gregarious, and the shining yellowish-
brown caps are quite conspicuous. Fries first described the plant
in Sweden, and it is known throughout Europe and in the greater
part of the United States.
Russula stricta sp. nov.
Siren RUSSULA
PLATE. 68... -HIGURE! & =X 1
Pileus firm, convex to expanded, becoming depressed at the
center, gregarious, 5 cm. or more broad; surface dry or slightly
moist, glabrous, smooth, isabelline with testaceous and ochraceous
hues, the cuticle partly separable; context thin, white, firm, taste
perfectly mild, odor pleasant; lamellae adnate, a few of them
forked, pale-cream, close, rather narrow; spores subglobose,
densely and roughly echinulate, hyaline, 6-8 long; stipe fleshy,
subequal, smooth, glabrous, pallid, milk-white, polished, 5 cm.
long, 10-15 mm. thick.
The type of this species was collected by W. A. Murrill, June
I4, I911, in thin oak woods on the eastern border of the New
‘York Botanical Garden. Miss Gertrude S. Burlingham has very
kindly compared it with known species of the genus.
Marasmius magnisporus sp. nov.
LARGE-SPORED MARASMIUS
PEATE 68. PIcurRE. 7.)
Pileus very thin, tough, convex, at times prominently umbonate,
closely gregarious, I-1.5 cm. broad; surface white to pale-isabel-
line with a pinkish tint, glabrous, sometimes slightly striate; con-
MurRrRILL: ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI 167
text mild; lamellae decurrent, broad, distant, strongly interveined,
inserted, white, entire; spores large, oblong, smooth, hyaline, 1o-
12 X4-6p; stipe increasing upward, tough, minutely longitudi-
nally striate, pruinose to glabrous, grayish-avellaneous below,
paler above, I-3 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.
Type collected on a dead deciduous log in the New York Botan-
ical Garden, August 28, 1911, by W. A. Murrill. Found com-
monly on dead wood in moist or shaded situations about New
York City during late summer and autumn. Professor Penning-
ton, who assigns it to the same group with M. Vaillanti Fries, col-
lected it at Washington, D. C., last August on several occasions
and noted considerable variation in it. Marasmius viticola Berk.
& Curt. is a closely related species occurring in the eastern United
States farther south.
Anthurus borealis Burt
NORTHERN ANTHURUS
RrATE OS+.ehIGURE On). <1
Sporophores solitary or clustered, 10-12 cm. high; stipe white,
divided above into six, usually, but sometimes five or seven, nar-
rowly lanceolate hollow arms; arms incurved above, with pale
flesh-colored backs traversed their entire length by a shallow fur-
row; cavity of the stipe nearly closed at the base of the arms by
a diaphragm through which there is an opening upward into a
closed chamber with a dome-shaped wall; gleba supported on the
dome and closely embraced by the arms; spores oblong, hyaline,
3-4 X 1.5m, borne on cross-septate basidia constricted at the septa.
This interesting and remarkable species was first described as
above by Mr. E. A. Burt from New York specimens, and was
later collected in Massachusetts, growing in both states in gardens
or cultivated fields. It was brought to my attention in May, 1911,
by Dr. F. M. Bauer, Superintendent of the Metropolitan Hospital
on Blackwell’s Island in this city, who found quantities of it in
his mushroom beds and supplied me with a number of specimens
for colored drawings and photographs.
The odor of the mature sporophore is very vile and penetrating
at close range, somewhat resembling that of fresh guano, but it is
not pervading like that of Dictyophora duplicata, for example, and
168 MyYcoLocia
“4
also lacks the “faint” quality of most stinkhorns. The slime
containing the odor is inside the five rays and oozes through the
spaces between them as they spread slightly. The “eggs” are in
clusters of three or four or more, and about 3.5—4 cm. in diameter.
A section of the “egg” shows the conspicuous pileus enclosed by
the thin white inner wall, while the stipe is much compressed,
until the elongation begins which pushes the pileus rapidly into
the air, the odor at the same time advertising to flies that food
is at hand in exchange for the dissemination of spores.
Mycena vexans (Peck) Sacc.
VEXING MYCENA
PLATE 68. HIGuRE< 5
Pileus conic to broadly convex, the umbo becoming inconspicu-
ous with age, gregarious, I-2 cm. in diameter; surface glabrous,
not viscid, radiate-striate, uniformly fumose-avellaneous, or with
the umbo slightly darker when young, margin thin, straight, con-
colorous; context sweetish, odor pleasant; lamellae adnate, break-
ing away from the stipe, broad, distant, slightly ventricose, three
times inserted, white with an ashy tint; spores ellipsoid, pointed
at one end, smooth, hyaline, 8-9 X 5; stipe long, slender, equal,
glabrous, avellaneous, nearly white at the apex, hairy at the base,
hollow, cartilaginous, 5—7 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick.
The specimens here figured appeared in abundance among
needles and twigs beneath a Norway spruce tree in dense woods
in Bronx Park, June 14, 1911. The species was described from
the Adirondack Mountains in 1885, but seems to be very little
known. |
Omphalopsis Campanella (Batsch) Earle
Omphalia Campanella (Batsch) Quel.
BELL-SHAPED OMPHALOPSIS
PLATE 6S.) FIGURE 10,030 x
Pileus thin, toughish, convex, umbilicate, often irregular, usually
densely cespitose, 0.7-2 cm. broad; surface delicately striate,
hygrophanous in moist weather, yellowish-ferruginous to dull
reddish-yellow; lamellae narrow, decurrent, strongly arcuate,
yellow, connected by veins; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline,
MurrRILL: ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI 169
6-7 X 3-4; stipe very slender, polished, pale-brown, hollow,
erect or ascending, I-3 cm. long, adorned with brown hairs at
the base.
This is one of our prettiest woodland species, found commonly
and widely distributed in Europe and North America on dead
coniferous wood. Its color is rather sober, but it is conspicuous
by reason of its clustered habit and attractive because of its
shapely form. It may be found throughout the growing season.
The accompanying figure was drawn from specimens collected in
late autumn, and fresh sporophores were found in the same spot
the following spring at the end of April.
THE LARGE LEAF SPOT OF CHESTNUT
AND OAK
ARTHUR H. GRAVES
(WiTH PLATE 69, CONTAINING 5 FIGURES)
This disease we have named the “large leaf spot” in contra-
distinction to the small leaf spot, the latter being common on
chestnut leaves, and, as is well known, caused by the fungus,
Septoria ochroleuca B. & C.
In the summer of 1910, during a survey of the diseases of the
forest trees in the Southern Appalachian region, in collaboration
with the U. S. Forest Service, the writer found the large leat
spot occurring abundantly on leaves of Castanea dentata in Bed-
ford County, Virginia; in Transylvania, Jackson and Macon
Counties, North Carolina, and in Rabun County, Georgia. It
was found commonly also on leaves of Quercus rubra L. in Tran-
sylvania County, North Carolina.
A similar disease has been briefly mentioned by Stevens and
Hall under the title of Monochetiose, in their recent book on
Diseases of Economic Plants. Stating that it is abundant in the
forests on chestnut leaves, and causes much loss of vigor to the
tree, they refer to Monochaetia pachyspora Bubak as the fungous
agent. The disease which they mention may be the same as that
observed by the writer, and if this is so, it is probably more cor-
rect to refer it to Monochaetia Desmazieru Sacc. This point,
however, will require further investigation. Beyond the brief
statement in the above mentioned work, we have been unable to
find any other definite reference to such a disease in the literature.
SyMPTOMS
On leaves of the chestnut, the large leaf spot begins to make
its appearance (about August 1, in the localities visited) as small,
*Stevens, }. l., and Hall eG, Diseases of Economic Plants 438. 1910.
?No material of this leaf spot described by Stevens and Hall is at present
available, but in all probability a new supply will be obtained this summer.
170
Graves: LARGE LEAF Spor OF CHESTNUT AND Oak 17/1
circular spots, from I-2 cm. in diameter, on apparently healthy
leaves. These spots are usually pale, with a darker line around
the margin, and vary in different specimens between shades of
yellow, gray, or red-brown. As the disease advances, concentric
zones are added to the original diseased spot, each succeeding
zone of the same nature as the original area, 7. e., with a darker
margin bordering an interior paler area. Thus, at length, large
circular spots are formed, composed of concentric, circular bands.
Piao. fic. 4, and text fig: ta.), -Phese’large spots often
A b
Fic. 1. a. Leaf of Castanea dentata showing large leaf spot. X 1. b.
Spores of Monochaetia Desmazierii Sacc. XX 600.
measure 5 or 6 cm. in diameter, stretching across the entire width
of the leaf. Several large spots occurring on a single leaf may
join each other, and the whole tissue in the distal portion of the
leaf may thus be killed. Often, in this way, over half of the leaf
may be killed. The zones are generally more clearly delineated
on the upper surface of the leaf. The under side of the leaf has
a whitish mouldy character on the margin of the diseased area,
due to a projecting growth of the mycelium.
eZ MYCOLOGIA
The disease as it appears on the leaves of Quercus rubra L.
exhibits similar symptoms.
Tur, FuNecus
The fungus causing this disease belongs to the order Melanco-
niales of the Fungi Imperfecti. Specimens have been submitted
to Professor Farlow, who has pronounced it probably the same
as Monochaetia Desmazieru Sacc. This fungus was originally
described by Desmazieres,*? who found it in France, growing on
dry or fading leaves of several species of deciduous oaks, and
also on Quercus Ilex. It developed not on fallen leaves, but on
those which remained on the tree. Desmaziéres named the new
species Pestalozzia monochaeta, thus emphasizing the fact that
the spores terminated in a single bristle.
Saccardo,* in the third volume of his Sylloge Fungorum, pub-
lished in 1884, includes this and other species of Pestalozzia
having one bristle under the section Monochaetia. In 1903,
Allescher® in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora raised this section
to generic rank, thus giving the species in question the name of
Monochaetia monochaeta (Desm.) Allescher. Such a name, how-
ever, was practically contrary to the rules of nomenclature,
although, indeed, the spelling of genus and species was not exactly
identical. Thus, later, Saccardo® in his Sylloge Fungorum evi-
dently recognized the need of a further change, and consequently
the name appears in his work at this time as Monochaetia
Desmasziert Sacc.
According to Saccardo’s description of the species, the spores .
are apparently smaller than ours. Professor Farlow has, how-
ever, examined the original material distributed by Desmaziéres
himself, and finds that the spores there were immature. In mate-
rial distributed later by Desmaziéres, which is mature, the meas-
urements of the spores correspond to ours. ‘This later material
of Desmaziéres, moreover, corresponds to his own description, and
> Desmaziéres, J. B. H. J., Seiziéme Notice sur les Plantes cryptogames
récemment découvertes en France. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 355, 356. 1848.
*Saccardo, P. A‘, Sylloge: Fungorum) 6% 797. 1664,
5 Allescher, Andreas, in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland,
Oesterreich und der Schweiz. ed. 2. 17: 667. 1903.
® Saccardo, P. A., Sylloge Fungorum 18: 485. 1906.
GRAves: LARGE LEAF Spot OF CHESTNUT AND OAK 173
should be looked upon as the true Monochaetia Desmazieru. It
is probable that Saccardo’s smaller measurements were taken
from the first lot of material distributed by Desmazieres. With-
out going into more detail, it is sufficient for our purposes to
state that the correct description of the species is given by
Voglino.”
The spores make their appearance early in the progress of the
disease, and are borne in dense clusters, or acervuli, which appear
to the naked eye as small black dots on the diseased portions,
usually on the upper surface of the leaf. In shape the spores are
ellipsoid, and usually divided into five cells, as shown in the ac-
companying text figure. The three central cells are large and
dark colored, while the two end cells are small and transparent.
Sometimes only two, instead of three central cells appear. At
the base of the spore there is a short stipe, 5-1o » long. At the tip
a long flagellum, or bristle, is borne, which usually describes a
curve near its base, and is quite variable in length, 10-25 ». The
average size of the spore, including all of the cells, but omitting
the stipe and flagellum, is 20 X 6u.
Successful infection experiments have been carried on with
this fungus. Out of a large number of chestnuts sown in the
greenhouse early last November, a few germinated in December
and later, without waiting over until spring. By the middle of
January these furnished fine healthy young trees for inoculation.
‘The leaves were inoculated with the spores in two ways: first,
by applying the spores to the surface of the leaf after wetting it
with sterilized water, and, second, by wounding the leaves and
inserting the spores in the wounded spots. The infections made
by the latter method were invariably successful, while the former
‘method did not always cause the disease. On the basis of these
results it would appear that wounds from insect bites or mechan-
ical causes may probably furnish in nature the starting point of
the disease in many cases, and yet there is no doubt that the fungus
can enter the leaf without this assistance. It is probable that the
age of the leaf has some relation to infection, and investigations
along this line are now being carried on.
*Voglino, P., Sul Genere Pestalozzia. Saggio Monografico. Atti della
Societa Veneto-Trentina di Scienzi Naturali 9*: 7. 1885.
174 MycoLocIa
Cultures of the fungus have been made on various media.
For abundant spore production and vigorous mycelial growth
Clinton’s® oat agar gave the best results. Figure 1 shows a plate
culture two weeks old, on this medium. ‘The spores here, in the
central darker portion, are extremely dense. For comparison,
figure 2 shows a culture of the same age, on potato juice agar.
Here only a few acervuli, shown by the black dots, appear. In
figure 3 some of the spores produced on the oat agar are shown.
They are somewhat larger than those occurring in nature, and
also considerably distorted. Figure 5 shows a germinating spore.
EcoNOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL OF THE DISEASE
In some cases, individual trees were observed which had suf-
fered a loss of perhaps 40 per cent. of the green assimilating
tissue of their leaves as a result of the attacks of this fungus.
Usually, however, the damage is much less than this, but always
sufficient, it is believed, to cause a considerable diminution in the
annual wood increment. Since it appears that this trouble is
disseminated over the whole southern Appalachian region, it is
one of considerable importance. }
As far as the disease occttrs in the forest, very ttle cameo.
done at present to check it. In case of individual trees on private
estates or in parks, however, the ordinary methods of spraying
will probably prevent its recurrence. The diseased leaves should
also be raked up in the fall and burned, as they harbor the fungus.
spores over winter.
YALE UNIVERSITY,
New Haven, Conn.
EXPLANATION OF PLatTeE LXIX
Fig. 1. Culture of Monochaetia Desmazierui in oat agar, two weeks old.
xs.
Fig. 2. Culture in potato juice agar, two weeks old. xX 2.
Fig. 3. Photomicrograph of spores of Monochaetia Desmazierii Sace.
from oat agar culture. Spores somewhat abnormal, probably due to influence
of culture medium. X 275.
Fig. 4. Photograph of large leaf spot on leaf of chestnut. xX %.
Fig. 5. Photomicrograph of germinating spore of Monochaetia Des-
mazieru. X 230.
® Clinton, G. P., Rep. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1909-10. 760. June, 1911.
PLATE LXIX
MYCOLOGIA
MONOCHAETIA DESMAZIERII Sacc.
‘ \
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io
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. WV
.
si
a
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CULTURES OF HETEROECIOUS RUSTS
W. P. FRASER
The cultures described in the following pages were undertaken
during the spring and early summer of 1911. Special attention
was given to the study of the aecia on conifers and their connec-
tion with telial forms, but a few cultures of the grass and sedge
rusts that field observation suggested were also tried. ‘The success
attained was largely due to the excellent opportunity for field
observation that the region afforded and the ease with which
material could be collected.
The teliosporic material used in the cultures was collected in
the districts surrounding the town of Pictou. The greater part
was obtained in the spring, but considerable material was col-
lected the previous fall and was left exposed to the weather during
the winter in small cheese cloth bags. When the host plants were
ready for infection, the leaves or parts of the plants bearing telia
were placed in a moist chamber on damp blotting paper and then
sprayed with water by means of an atomizer. When it was found
by examination that the teliospores had germinated, the germi-
nating teliosporic material was suspended above the host plants
so that the basidiospores would fall on the leaves, the whole was
then sprayed by an atomizer and covered for from one to several
days with a bell jar. This method was satisfactory except that
it frequently gave such rich infection that the plants were killed
by the abundant pycnia. In all cases the teliospores were found
to be germinating before the sowing was made unless stated other-
wise in the descriptions. Sometimes it was found that the telio-
spores did not germinate in the moist chamber for several days;
in some cases five to seven days were required for germination,
in others a day or less was sufficient. The teliospores of the
Melampsoropsis rusts, which mature and germinate on the living
host plants in the spring, were collected when germinating, or
the mature telia were placed immediately after collection in a
moist chamber until they germinated freely, which usually took
place in about twenty-four hours.
175
176 MycoLocIA
Many of the host plants used in the cultures were obtained in
the field and placed in pots in early spring, but some were pro-
cured a short time before the experiments were made. Care was
taken to select the plants remote from any source of infection and
the surrounding plants of the same species from where they were
obtained were kept under observation and remained free from
infection except in one case which is noted in the description of
the experiment. Plants from the same place as those used for
the cultures were also kept as checks in every experiment and in
no case did infection appear.
The experiments were carried on in a well-lighted laboratory
of Pictou Academy, with the exception of one at the end of
the season which was performed at the Agricultural College,
Truro, Nes,
The writer's thanks’ are due. to Dr. J-°C..Arthanwiomiva
uable suggestions and assistance, to Professor H. W. Smith,
Biologist of the Agricultural College, Truro, for enthusiastic and
valuable assistance in field observation in the vicinity of Truro
and in the culture carried on at the College, and also to Mr. John
Macoun, Naturalist of the Geological Survey of Canada, for
determining some of the host plants.
PUCCINIASTRUM PUSTULATUM (Pers.) Dietel
During the summer of 1910 there was a very luxuriant devel-
opment of this rust on Epilobium angustifolium L. in a small area
that had been previously swept by fire. The leaves with telia
were collected the following spring and gave excellent germina-
tion after from four to six days in a moist chamber. A sowing
was made on Abies balsamea on May 17. Pycnia were noticed
on May 24 and aecia on June 1. Another sowing on May 22
gave pycnia on May 29 with aecia on June 4. Infection was very
marked in both cultures, practically all the young leaves being
infected. Another sowing was made on June 19 with a few
pycnia on June 27 and aecia on July 4. By this time the leaves
of the host plants were becoming mature and the infection was
sparing. A sowing was also tried on T'suga canadensis but with-
out result.
Aeciospores from the culture aecia were sown on Epilobium
FRASER: CULTURES OF HETEROECIOUS RUSTS BAT é
angustifolium L. on June 14 and the uredinia of Pucciniastrum
pustulatum were noticed about two weeks later.
In the field where the telia for the culture were collected, a few
trees of Abies balsamea grew among the rusted Epilobium.
These were watched for the appearance of pycnia and aecia and
the first collection was made on June 19, when the pycnia were
well developed but the aecia were not mature. Several collec-
tions were made later but the aecia were few considering the
abundance of the telia and the fact that all tested in the labora-
tory gave excellent germination. Probably the scant development
was die to the very dry weather that prevailed during May and
June until the leaves of the host were too old to be readily in-
fected. In the laboratory tests, at least four days in a moist
chamber were necessary for the germination of the teliospores.
European investigators have shown that the aecial stage of this
rust is on Abies pectinata DC., but as far as the writer is aware
these are the first experiments with American material and the
first collection of aecia in North America.
CALYPTOSPORA COLUMNARIS (A. & S.) Kuhn
The swollen stems of Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lam. bear-
ing the telial stage of this rust were placed in a moist chamber
on May 12 and the teliospores were germinating freely by May
17. A young plant of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. was then in-
fected on the latter date in the usual way. Aecia were first
noticed appearing on June 3 and were mature by June 12. There
was no trace of pycnia. An attempt was made to infect Tsuga
canadensis (L.) Carr., but without success.
In the field, aecia began to appear during the last week of June
and were abundant on the host in this region (Abies balsamea)
during the first and second weeks of July.
Arthur (Mycol. 2: 231. 1910) infected Abies Fraseri (Pursh)
Poir, using telial material from this region. This is the only pre-
vious culture with North American material.
MELAMPSOROPSIS LEDICOLA (Peck) Arthur
Teliosporic material of this rust on Ledum groenlandicum
Oeder was sown on Picea canadensis (Mill.) BSP. on June’ 5.
178 MycoLoctIa
Pycnia were evident on June 13 in great abundance and aecia fol-
lowed in two or three weeks. Two host plants were used and
the infection was marked on both. The aecia were without
doubt Peridermium decolorans Peck. Another sowing on June
I7 gave pycnia on June 27 followed by aecia. ‘This confirms the
work of last year. (Mycol: 3: 70. I911.)
MELAMPSOROPSIS CASSANDRAE (Peck & Clinton) Arthur
Teliosporic material of this rust on Chamaedaphne calyculata
(L.) Moench was sown on Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. on June
16; pycnia were noticed on June 26, and aecia were mature by
July 16. Both pycnia and aecia were very abundant. Another
sowing on Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. on June 17 gave pycnia
which were noticed first on July 3. Aecia followed, but not in
abundance, probably owing to the maturity of the leaves. The
aecia belonged to Peridermium consimile Arthur and Kern. Fre-
quent collections of aecia were made in the field on the Picea that
grew beside the Ledum, which bore germinating telia in the
spring. (For previous culture see Mycol. 3: 68. 1911.)
MELAMPSOROPSIS ABIETINA (A. & S.) Arthur
Teliosporic material on Ledum groenlandicum was sown on
Picea rubra on July 16, with pycnia on June 27 and aecia on July
8, both in great abundance. A sowing was tried on Picea cana-
densis without result, but the leaves were too old for the
experiment to have any value as negative evidence. This con-
firms the work of last year (Mycol. 3: 60. io911).- Dhevaeers
were found to be Peridermium abietinum. Several collections
were made in the field beside where the telia were germinating
on Ledum in the spring. |
Uromyces Scrrep1 Burr.
Teliosporic material of this rust on Scirpus campestris var.
paludosus (A. Nelson) Fernald (S. paludosus A. Nelson) was
sown on Cicuta maculata L. on June 9. Pycnia appeared on
June 16 and aecia followed in a short time, both in abundance.
Arthur (Jour. Myc.. 13: 199. 1907; 14:. 17. 19082) Niger
FRASER: CULTURES OF HETEROECIOUS RUSTS wes)
237. 1909) has shown by cultures that this rust on Scirpus
fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray has aecia on Cicuta maculata.
A species of Uromyces on Scirpus validus Vahl. was collected
near Pictou. The collection differed from typical Uromyces
Scirpi in having the telia embedded in the tissues and placed im-
mediately beneath the stomata. The teliospores are also short
pedicelled and mostly irregular in shape. Dr. Arthur places this
collection under Uromyces Scirpi. Attempts were made to germi-
nate the teliospores but without success.
Uromyces PECKIANUS Farl.
Teliosporic material of this rust on Dvstichlis spicata (L.)
Greene collected near Pictou was sown on Atriplex patula L. on
May 16 with pycnia on May 25 and aecia appearing by May 30.
Another sowing was made on June 3 with pycnia on June Io fol-
lowed by aecia which were mature by June 24. A sowing on
Chenopodium album L. on June 2 showed pycnia by June Io fol-
lowed by abundant aecia which were mature by June 23.. These
experiments confirm the work of last year (Mycol. 3: 72. 1911).
Two successful sowings were also made on Salicornia europaea
L., but with such scant infection that little value can be placed on
the experiments. It is very probable, however, that the aecia on
Salicorma belong to this species. The morphology of the aecia
support this view.
Attempts were also made to infect Suedia maritima (L.) Du-
mort and Spergularia canadensis (Pers.) Don., but without suc-
cess. It seems probable to the writer, however, that the aecia col-
lected on Suedia among the rusted Distichlis is connected.
PUCCINIA PERPLEXANS Plow.
Teliosporic material of this rust on Alopecurus pratensis L.
was collected near Pictou and sowings were made on two plants
of Ranunculus acris L. June 2. Pycnia were noticed on both
June 11 and aecia began to appear June 21. The infection was
marked on both plants, the leaves, stem and pedicels being
infected.
Aecia developed abundantly in the field on Ranunculus acris L.
180 MycoLocia
that grew among the rusted Alopecurus. The first collection was
on June 28.
The life history of this species has been worked out by Plow-
right and other European investigators, but this is the first ex-
periment with North American material, so far as the writer
is aware.
PUCCINIA ALBIPERIDIA Arth.
A few collections of Puccima on Carev were sown successfully
on Ribes as described below. All are placed under this species
for the present, until further study determines their true position.
Puccimia on Carex intumescens Rudge was sown on Ribes pros-
tratum L’Hér on May 3 with abundant pycnia and aecia on May
12 and May 24 respectively. Another sowing on the same host
on May 25 showed pycnia on May 30 followed by aecia in a short
time. Two attempts were made to infect young thrifty plants
of Ribes oxyacanthoides L. but without success. A sowing on
Sambucus racemosa L. also failed.
Puccinia on Carex crinitta Lam. was sown on Ribes oxyacan-
thoides L. on May 7 followed by pycnia on May 15 and aecia on
the 24th, both in abundance. Another sowing on the same host on
June 16 was followed by pycnia on June 21 and aecia on July 2.
Infection was very abundant on the young stems and leaves. A
sowing on Ribes prostratum on May 6 showed pycnia on May 14
and aecia on May 24. Arthur (Jour. Myc. 14: 13. 1908) sowed
teliosporic material from Carex crinita successfully on Kuibes
Cynosbati L.
Puccinia on Carex debilis var. Rudgei (Carex tenuis Rudge)
was sown on Ribes prostratum on May 21 with pycnia on May
29, followed in a short time by many aecia. A collection from
this region was sown on Ribes Cynosbati the preceding year by
Arthur (Mycol. s4132)11912)).
Puccinia on Carex arctata Boot. was sown on Ribes oxyacan-
thoides on June 2. Pycnia appeared abundantly on June Il.
Aecia appeared but they did not flourish and only a few matured.
Sowings were also tried on Sambucus racemosa and Aster acumi-
natus Michx. but without infection.
FRASER: CULTURES OF HETEROECIOUS RUSTS 182
PUCCINIA CARICIS-SOLIDAGINIS Arth.
A collection on Carex scoparia Schk. was sown on Solidago
graminifolia (L.) Salisb. on May 7 with pycnia May 25 and aecia
on June 13. Arthur (Mycol. 4: 15. 1912) established this con-
nection with teliosporic material collected in Maine.
A Puccinia on Carex stipata Muhl. heretofore called Puccimea
Peckti, was sown on Solidago (rugosa?) on June 5 with very
abundant pycnia on June 11, but the plants died soon after, so
that the aecia did not mature. Strong field evidence of connec-
tion suggested the sowing. It seems from the culture and the
field observations that the Puccinia on Carex stipata which has
passed as Puccimia Pecku in this region belongs to P. Caricis-
Solidaginis.
PucciniA ASTERIS-CaRicis Arth.
Teliosporic material from Carex trisperma L. was sown on
Aster acuminatus Michx. on June 12 with pycnia on June 20
and aecia by July 1, both in great abundance. Another sowing
on July 10 on the same host also gave abundant pycnia and aecia.
This connection was supported by strong field evidence.
UROMYCES PERIGYNIUS Halst.
A collection of teliosporic material on Carex deflexa Hornem,
was sown on Solidago (rugosa?) on May 25 with pycnia on June
I and aecia on June 21. Another sowing on May 25 on Solidago
bicolor L. gave pycnia on June 6 followed by aecia on June 21,
both in abundance.
Another collection on Carex scoparia was sown on Solidago
graminifolia (L.) Salisb. on May 28 with very abundant pycnial
infection by June 6. The plants died in a few days, probably
from the severe infection. The field evidence of the connection
of these forms was as conclusive as such evidence could be.
_ A collection on Carex intumescens was sown on Solidago
(species undetermined) successfully. Field evidence of connec-
tion suggested a sowing on Aster which was made on June 15,
with very abundant pycnia on June 25 but the plants died in a
few days later, probably from the severe infection, so that no
aecia developed. The species of Aster was probably puniceus,
but a certain determination could not be made.
182 MycoLociIa
These experiments tend to confirm the experiments of Arthur
(Mycol. 4: 21. 1912) with this species and add another telial
host, Carex scoparia, as anticipated.
Nectum Fartowil Arth.
‘ This rust was found to occur abundantly during the summer of
1910 on the leaves and twigs of a number of trees of Tsuga
canadensis that grew near Pictou. It was most common on trees
from ten to fifteen feet in height and practically all the twigs at
the top of the infected trees were killed by the fungus. The
rusted leaves soon fell away but the twigs remained during the
winter. Some of these twigs bearing telia were collected in the
fall and wintered. Collections were also made from the trees in
the spring, and both collections gave good germination in a moist
chamber in a few days.
A sowing was made on T’suga canadensis on June 5 and by the
14th the leaves began to turn yellow, indicating infection and telia
were present by the 21st. No pycnia were formed. Another
trial on June II gave telia by June 27 and a third on June 14 was
also successful, the telia being first noticed on June 27. ‘Telia
began to form on the twigs a few days later than on the leaves.
The infected twigs that remained on the trees in the field were
observed germinating on June 14 after a day or two of showery
‘weather. The germinating telia could be easily recognized on
‘close examination as they became reddish in color and swollen
and velvety in appearance. Microscopic examination showed the
promycelia to be rather large with spherical basidiospores 8-10 p
in diameter, of a deep reddish color. The young leaves in the
vicinity of the germinating telia began to show infection by the
first of July and well developed telia were collected on July 5.
Infection of the twigs soon followed. The cones on the over-
hanging branches of a large hemlock also became infected, the
first collection being made on July 8.
Arthur in NortH AMERICAN F Lora regards this species as
possessing telia only and possibly pycnia. These observations
and experiments confirm this view and indicate that pycnia are
absent.
FRASER: CULTURES OF HETEROECIOUS RUSTS Loo
MeLAmMpsoropsis PyroLtaE (DC.) Arthur
The association of this rust with Peridermium conorum-Piceae
(Rees) Arthur was discussed in a previous paper (Mycol. 3: 70.
1911). This season’s experiments were carried on for the pur-
pose of establishing the connection of these forms.
Three trees of Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. were taken into the
laboratory just when the cones were bursting the scales, and on
May 26 plants of Pyrola bearing germinating teliospores were sus-
_ pended above so that the basidiospores would fall on the cones.
Two of the trees soon died, the third grew for a time and the
cones developed. Pycnia were noticed on June 17, followed by
the aecia of Peridermium conorum-Piceae. ‘The aecial spores
were being shed by July 16. Only one cone became infected, out
of about fifteen that grew on the tree.
Experiments were also tried in the field. Two trees about
fifty yards apart were selected in a grove of Picea on a point that
juts into the harbor. The grove was surrounded on the land-
ward side by cultivated fields and was a mile or more distant from
any suspected source of infection. Plants of Pyrola bearing ger-
minating teliospores were suspended on May 29 above the cones
as in the experiment in the laboratory, provision being made to
keep their roots moist. On June 26 the cones of both trees were
covered with pycnia which probably appeared a week or more
earlier, as only occasional visits were made to the place. Aecia
were present by July 4 and the spores were being shed by July 8.
One of the trees was Picea mariana; of the 21 cones that it bore,
all but one were infected. There were 14 cones on the other tree
(Picea canadensis), of which 9 were infected. The cones of the
trees (Picea) that grew everywhere near were carefully examined
and no infection was found in the vicinity or within more than
a mile of the place where the experiments had been made. When
the aecial spores are being shed the infected cones are conspicuous
and not likely to be overlooked especially on small trees. Even
the pycnial stage is also conspicuous as the scales turn yellow,
and yellow-colored resin oozes freely from the cones. The most
of the trees in the grove were small, not over 20 feet in height,
but cones were plentiful. For convenience, the smallest trees
with few cones were selected for the experiments.
184 MycoLoGIa
The plants of rusted Pyrola used in the experiments were
Pyrola americana Sweet and P. elliptica Nutt.
_ While the experiment in the laboratory cannot be regarded as
conclusive owing to the scant infection and the remote possibility
of the cones having been infected before the trees were taken in
to the laboratory, yet the experiments in the field seem to the
writer to show beyond reasonable doubt that Peridermium con-
orum-Piceae is the aecial stage of Melampsoropsis Pyrolae.
The poor infection in the laboratory experiments may have been
due to the fact that the tree was not in a flourishing condition or
that the provision made to keep the atmosphere moist about the
cones was not sufficient, or, as the writer believes, to the cones
not being old enough when the sowing was made. In the field
experiments the cones were more mature. It was also found that
Pucciniastrum minimum readily infected the cones of Tsuga when
they were so far developed that infection was regarded as
doubtful.
In the region where the Pyrola rust was collected, the telio-
spores began to germinate about May 24. The pycnia of Per.
conorum-Piceae were noticed on the cones of Picea mariana in
the vicinity on July 1, and the aecial spores were being shed on
July 16. The Peridermium was rather rare, only a cone or two
showing infection on the trees attacked, and in all only about two
dozen cones were collected, where they could be collected in
hundreds the preceding season.
PUCCINIASTRUM MINIMUM (Schw.) Arthur
During the summer of 1910, in a small area that had previously
been swept by a fire, a very luxuriant growth of Rhodora canadense
(L.) BSP. resulted, and on the leaves of the Rhodora a splendid
development of the uredinia and telia of this rust was present. To
gain some clue to the aecial stage, leaves were gathered in early
spring and placed beneath small trees of Abies canadensis and
Tsuga canadensis and small trees of the same species were planted
among the rusted Rhodora. Trees of Picea grew near the
Rhodora, so these were not experimented with. It was thought
most probable that the aecial host was either Abies or Tsuga.
Leaves with telia were also collected and the teliospores were
i ie — se
FRASER: CULTURES OF HETEROECIOUS RUSTS 185
- germinated in a few days in a moist chamber. A sowing was
made on Abies balsamea and Tsuga canadensis on June 13 with
pycnia on the latter on June 20, and aecia on July 1, but without
infection on the former. Another sowing on the same hosts on
June 17 gave pycnia on Tsuga canadensis on June 26 and aecia on
July 4 but without infection on Abies. A third sowing was made
with the same results.
In the field the infected leaves of Rhodora had been placed
under two trees of Tsuga canadensis in different places and in
both there was a most decided infection of the neighboring
leaves ; the trees of Tsuga that had been planted among the rusted
Rhodora also developed aecia, but Abies did not. The writer’s
attention was now called to Arthur’s description of Per. fructi-
genum (Bull. Torrey Club 37: 578. 1910) on the cones of Tsuga
cumastrum minimum, and also to Spaulding’s collection of aecia
on the leaves of the hemlock which he regarded as belonging to
this species (Phytopath. 1: 94. 1911). Experiments were now
tried to determine if the cones could be infected.
As it was not practicable to take cone-bearing trees of Tsuga
canadensis into the laboratory, branches with cones were placed
in water and a fresh surface was exposed to the water every day
or two by removing a small portion of the end of the twig. A
sowing was made on the cones and leaves on June 18 with abun-
dant pycnia on the cones and leaves on June 26. Aecia developed
abundantly on the leaves by July 8 and a few aecia appeared on
the cones a day or two later. Another sowing was made on June
22 with pycnia on the cones and leaves in abundance on July 2
and aecia on the leaves by July 8, also in abundance. Two or
three days later a few aecia appeared on the cones.
About the same date, during a day or two of showery weather,
leaves of the Rhodora with germinating telia were collected in
the field and placed on the cones of a large tree of Tsuga cana-
densis. Some of the material was also thrown beneath and over
a small tree of the same species. Pycnia appeared abundantly
in about a week on the cones and leaves of both trees. There
was also a most luxuriant development of aecia on the leaves, but
only a few aecia matured on the cones.
Dr. Spaulding generously furnished material from his collec-
186 MycoLoGIa
tions of Peridermium fructigenum Arth. for comparison, but it
seemed to be distinct from the culture aecia. Several collections
of aecia were made during the summer of 1910 and IQII in vari-
ous parts of the province on Tsuga canadensis. These collec-
tions were regarded by the writer as Peridiwm Pecku and the field
evidence clearly indicated a connection with Puccimiastrum Myr-
tlt on Vaccinium pennsylvanicum and V. canadense. _The cul-
ture aecia, both field and indoor, of Pucciniastrum minimum were
so much paler in color than the aecia regarded as Peridermium
Pecku that the writer was inclined to consider them distinct.
Material was sent to Dr. Arthur for determination. He replied
that the aecial form from Puccimiastrum minimum was Perider-
nium Pecku and the form that seemed to be connected with Puc-
cimastrum Myrtili was distinct.
These cultures seem to the writer to prove that the aecia of
Pucciniastrum minimum (Schw.) Arthur are on the leaves
and cones of Tsuga canadensis and according to the determina-
tion of Dr. Arthur belong to Peridermium Pecku Thum.
UrRoMYCES SPARTINAE Far].
For three successive years aecia were collected on Spergulania
canadensis (Pers.) Don near Pictou. The aecia seemed to be con-
nected with Uromyces Spartinae on Spartina patens ( Ait.) Muhl.
and S. glabra var. alterniflora. Attempts were made, in the
spring of 1910, to test this supposed connection by cultures, but
the teliospores failed to germinate. On June 10, 1911, aecia were
found to occur very abundantly on Arenaria lateriflora L. in sev-
eral places, and in each the distribution of the aecia seemed to
leave no doubt that they were connected with the Uromyces on
Spartina Michawxriana Hitch. As abundant material of this rust
on the three species of Spartina common in this region had been
collected in early spring for use in culture work and was found
to give good germination, experiments were tried to test the sus-
pected connection.
A sowing of teliosporic material from Spartina Michauxiana
was made on Arenaria lateriflora on June 11 with pycnia on June
17 and aecia on June 27, both in abundance on the young leaves
and stem. Another sowing on June 12 gave pycnia on June 18
ee SS
FRASER: CULTURES OF HETEROECIOUS RUSTS 187
and aecia on June 27, also in abundance. Another sowing on
June 27 gave pycnia on July 7 and aecia on July 16, but not in such
abundance, probably owing to the maturity of the leaves. Three
different sowings were made on Spergularia canadensis and one
each on Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill., S. graminea L., and Glau+r
maritima L. without infection in any case.
Teliosporic material from Spartina glabra var. alterniflora was
sown on Spergularia canadensis on June 12 with pycnia on June
20 and aecia on June 27. A previous sowing on the same host
was successful, but the dates were not kept. Two sowings were
made on Arenaria lateriflora without infection,
A sowing of teliosporic material from Spartina patens was
made on Spergularia canadensis on June 12 with pycnia on June
20 and aecia on June 27. Two further sowings made, one on
June 27 and the other on the 28th, were also successful, producing
pycnia and aecia in due time. Two sowings were made on Are-
naria lateriflora and one on Salicornia europea without infection.
The field observations and cultures show that Uromyces Spar-
tinae on Spartina Michauxiana has aecia on Arenaria lateriflora
but not on Spergularia canadensis, while the same rust on S.
patens and S. glabra var. alterniflora has aecia on Spergularia
canadensis and not on Arenaria lateriflora.
Dr. Arthur studied the field collections and culture material here
described for vol. 7, part 3, of NortH AMERICAN Frora, which
includes this species. His conclusions in regard to the position
of this species can be gathered from his treatment of it in that
work.
MELAMPSORA ARCTICA Rostr.
A species of Caeoma was found to occur abundantly on Abies
balsamea during the early summer of 1910. A collection of the
material was sent to Dr. Arthur, who suggested that it might be
the aecial stage of Melampsora arctica Rostr. Field study con-
firmed this suggestion, as the willows in the neighborhood of the
Caeoma soon developed uredinia and telia of Melampsora artica
Rostr. Leaves with telia were collected in the fall and wintered
and the teliospores gave good germination in a few days in a
moist chamber. A sowing was made on Abies balsamea on May
188 MycoLocIa
27. Pycnia appeared on June 2 followed by aecia in a few days.
Another sowing was made on two trees of the same host on May
30, with pycnia by June 3 and aecia by June 10. Two different
sowings were made on Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch but no in-
fection followed. The willow from which the teliosporic mate-
rial used in the experiments was obtained was determined as
Salix discolor Muhl. by John Macoun. Collections were also
made on Salix rostrata Richards.
The Caeoma was not so common in the summer of IQII as in
the previous season, probably owing to the dry weather, but the
collections made were in the vicinity of willows that were infected
with this rust the preceding year. It does not seem to have been
previously collected. The pycnia are numerous, hypophyllous;
the aecia hypophyllous, rather large and conspicuous; the aecio-
spores ovoid or globose, 13-16 * 15-24p; wall rather thick,
2-3, finely verrucose; contents orange.
MELAmpsorA (MepusaAE Thum. ?)
During the summer of 1910 several small hemlocks in the nat-
ural park at Truro, N. S., were observed to be so severely in-
fected by Caeoma Abietis-canadensis Farl. that it suggested local °
infection. In the fall of the same year, the writer, in company
with Professor H. W. Smith, of the Truro Agricultural College,
visited the place and careful search was made for some clue to the
telial stage. No rust was found in the vicinity, except a Welamp-
sora on Populus grandidentata Michx., several trees of which grew
near. This was regarded as Melampsora Medusae Thum. and
examination seemed to confirm this view. As the aecial stage
of this rust has been shown to occur on Larix, the proximity of
the poplar rust was thought to be of little significance.
Teliosporic material on Populus grandidentata, however, was
collected near Pictou in the spring, and on June 9 sowings were
made on Larix laricina and Tsuga canadensis. A few pycnia ap-
peared on the Larix on June 25 but there was no further develop-
ment, although the plants remained in good condition. Pycnia
appeared on Tsuga canadensis on June 16 and aecia of the
Caeoma type on June 25. Another sowing on Tsuga canadensis
on June 19 gave pycnia on June 27 and aecia on July 4, and a
FRASER: CULTURES OF HETEROECIOUS RUSTS 189
third sowing on June 21 gave pycnia on June 30 with aecia on
July 8. Two more sowings were tried on Larix laricina without
result.
The teliosporic material was collected from a grove of young
poplars that were severely attacked by the Melampsora the pre-
vious season. A visit to the place showed that several young
trees of Tsuga canadensis grew among the poplars and these were
carefully watched for the appearance of aecia. Pycnia and aecia
were first collected on June 19. A very rich infection of the trees
of Tsuga in the immediate vicinity soon followed. The young
trees about a foot in height, beneath which were many poplar
leaves with the telia of the Melampsora, showed an exceedingly
rich infection, practically all the leaves and many of the twigs
being infected. The poplars were also watched and in due time
the uredinia of the Melampsora appeared. The distribution was
such that it indicated the source of infection to be the Caeoma on
the Tsuga. Similar observations were carried out at Truro, but
the place could not be visited often and the observations were not
so complete. The observations and cultures leave no doubt in
the mind of the writer that the Melampsora on Populus in
the region studied by the writer has aecia on Tsuga canadensis,
and that the aecia are Caeoma Abietis-canadensis. It seems
probable that the species discussed is a form of Melampsora
Medusae with aecia on Tsuga canadensis. The weak pycnial
infection of Lariv in one culture seems to support this view
but further study is needed. The field collections of aecia were
‘submitted to Dr. Arthur, who confirmed the determination.
A Caeoma was often collected in this region on Larix laricina.
As there seem to be no good characters for separating the aecia
of Melampsora Medusae and M. Bigelow, both of which have
been shown by cultures to occur on Larix, it was impossible to
determine to which species these collections belonged. The field
evidence, though not very strong, indicated that all the collections
on Larix belonged to Melampsora Bigelowii Thim.
PERIDERMIUM BALSAMEUM Peck
This Peridermium was found abundantly on Abies balsamea
(L.) in all the regions of Nova Scotia visited by the writer.
190 MycoLocIa
Field observations made during 1910 seemed to point to Puccin-
tastrum arcticum on Rubus as the telial stage (Mycol. 3: 72.
1911). It was also noticed that Uredinopsis mirabilis (Peck)
Magn. was associated in a very striking way with the same Peri-
dermium, but it was not considered probable that they were re-
lated. However, as observations made during the early summer
of I91I seemed to point to their connection, a sowing of the
Peridermium was made on a pot of Onoclea sensibilis on July 7.
Uredinia were observed abundantly on July 16. At this date the
filaments of urediniospores were oozing out. As the plants of
Onoclea were grown from rhizomes taken into the laboratory
in eatly spring, there was no chance for infection before the
sowing. Later study, however, suggested that urediniospores.
may have been present on the Onoclea which grew beneath the
Abies shoots used in the culture experiment, and that infection
may have possibly come from urediniospores clinging to the
leaves. It was some time after the appearance of the Perider-
mium that the collection was made for the culture, so that there
was sufficient time for the urediniospores to appear on the ferns
even if they developed from the aecia on Abies. No record was
made at the time of collection of the presence of the fern rust,
but later it was abundant on the Onoclea beneath the fir and may
have been present at the time of collection of the aecia.
On July 17 another sowing was made on a number of plants
of Onoclea sensibilis that had been obtained in the field on the
same day. Uredinia appeared on all about July 25. One pot of
plants kept as a check remained free from infection, but a few
plants of Onoclea in the field alongside of those that were used for
the culture showed uredinia on July 31. The possibility of the
plants being infected before being taken into the greenhouse is not
therefore excluded, so the experiment does not establish the con-
nection of the Peridermium and the fern rust.
During the season the distribution of Peridermium balsameum
and Uredinopsis on ferns was carefully studied in the field and
their association was so marked that the writer concluded it
could not be accidental. There was evidence to show that more
species than one are included under this Peridermium. ‘The first
appearance of the aecia was during the last week of June and the
FRASER: CULTURES OF HETEROECIOUS RUSTS 191
first weeks of July. These aecia appeared to be connected with
Uredinopsis mirabilis on Onoclea sensibilis. A second crop ap-
peared about the first of August and lasted during the month.
These seemed to be connected with Uredinopsis Osmundae and
U. Phegopteridis. There was a striking difference between the
field appearance of the earlier and later aecia, and the spores of
the former averaged about 8, smaller than the latter.
The writer is convinced that at least two forms are confused
under Peridermium balsameum and that these are connected with
Uredinopsis on ferns.. It may be that one is also the aecial stage
of Pucciniastrum arcticum on Rubus. There was considerable
field evidence to support this view, but that does not seem
probable. Preparations have been made to carry on further
experiments next year, and the writer looks forward with conf-
dence to throwing some light on the life history of the fern rusts
so little understood at present.
Attempts were made to germinate the urediniospores of Ure-
dinopsis mirabilis and with some success. Germ tubes emerged
from germ pores, two placed near the beak and two near the
base of the spore. The germ tube was that of the usual uredo-
spore but very small. Two germ tubes only emerged from each
spore on germination usually, one from the oppositely placed
pores either at the apex or base, but sometimes both on the same
side of the spore. Attempts were made to infect plants of Ono-
clea sensibilis with uredospores and the experiments were suc-
cessful but opportunity was not given to follow the experiments
carefully. The experiments indicated, however, that the first
spore to appear in the fern rust is the uredospore and that it is
functionally a uredospore. At:
PUCCINIASTRUM AGRIMONIAE (Schw.) Tranz
- There was a very rich development of both the telial and ure-
dinial stages of this rust on Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. near
New Glasgow for several years, but no clue to the aecial stage
was noticed. All the conifers of the region grew among the rust
except T’suga canadensis. Repeated attempts were made to ger-
minate teliosporic material from this place but without success.
Leaves of the host were suspended above young trees of Tsuga
192 MyYcoLociIa
canadensis and Abies balsamea lest some germinating telia might
have escaped detection but there was no result. Uredinia were
collected on the young leaves of Agrimonia in May, and this
would indicate that probably the rust is either carried over the
winter by the urediniospores or is perennial in the rootstock or
roots, as the young leaves of the conifers were not open at the
time of the collection.
SUMMARY OF CULTURES DESCRIBED IN THIS ARTICLE
1. Life histories supplementing previous work of the
writer or other investigators
Puccimastrum pustulatum (Pers.) Dietel. Teliospores from
Epilobium angustifolium L. infected Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.
Aeciospores from Abies balsamea infected Epilobium angusti-
folium L.
Calyptospora columnaris (A. & S.) Kuehn. Teliospores from
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lam. infected Abies balsamea (L.)
Mill.
Melampsoropsis ledicola (Peck) Arthur. Teliospores from
Ledum groendlandicum Oeder infected Picea canadensis ( Mill.)
Bore
Melampsoropsis Cassandrae (Peck & Clinton) Arthur. Telio-
spores from Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench infected
Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. and Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.
Melampsoropsis abietina (A. & S.) Arthur. Teliospores from
Ledum groendlandicum Oecder infected Picea rubra (DuRoi)
Dietr.
Uromyces Scirpi Burr. Teliospores from Scirpus campestris
var. paludosus (A. Nelson) Fernald infected Cicuta maculata L.
Uromyces Peckianus Farl. Teliospores from Distichlis spicata
(L.) Greene infected Atriplex hastata L., Chenopodium album
L. and Salicornia europea L.
Uromyces perigynius Halst. Teliospores from Carex deflexva
Hornem. infected Solidago bicolor L. Teliospores from Carex
scoparia Schkuhr. infected Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb.,
and also Aster (puniceus?).
Puccinia perplexans Plow. Teliospores from Alopecurus pra-
tensis L. infected Ranunculus acris L.
FRASER: CULTURES OF HETEROECIOUS RUSTS 193
Puccinia albiperidia Arth. Teliospores from Carex intumes-
cens Rudge, Carex debilis var. Rudgei Bailey, and Carex crinita
Lam. infected Ribes prostratum L’Heér and teliospores from
Carex crinita Lam. and Carex arctata Boot. infected Ribes oxy-
acanthoides L.
Puccinia Caricis-solidaginis Arth. Teliospores from Carex
scoparia Schkuhr. infected Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. and
from Carex stipata Muhl. infected Solidago (rugosa?).
Puccinia Caricis-Asteris Arthur. Teliospores from Carex tri-
sperma L. infected Aster acuminatus Michx.
2. Life histories worked out for the first time
Necium Farlowii Arth. Teliospores from Tsuga canadensis
(L.) Carr. infected the same species.
Melampsoropsis Pyrolae (DC.) Arth. Teliospores from Py-
rola Americana Sweet and Pyrola elliptica Nutt. infected cones
of Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. and Picea canadensis (Mill.)
BSP. (Peridermium conorum-Piceae (Rees) Arthur).
Puccimastrum minimum (Schw.) Arthur. Teliospores from
Rhodora canadense (L.) BSP. infected leaves and cones of Tsuga
canadensis (L.) Carr. (Peridermium Pecki Thtm.).
Uromyces Spartinae Farl. Teliospores from Spartina Michaux-
iana Hitch. infected Arenaria lateriflora L. but failed to in-
fect Spergularia canadensis (Pers.) Don. Teliospores from
Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. and Spartina glabra var. alterni-
flora (Loisel) Merr. infected Spergularia canadensis but failed
to infect Arenaria laterifiora L..
Melampsora arctica Rostr. Teliospores from Salix discolor
Muhl. infected Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.
Melampsora (Medusae Thum.?) Teliospores from Populus
grandidentata Michx. infected Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.
(Caeoma Abietis-canadensis Farl.).
MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUEBEC, CANADA.
CORRELATION BETWEEN CERTAIN
SPECIES OF PUCCINIA AND
UROMYCES*
C. R. OrToN
(Wi1TH PLATES 70 AND 71, CONTAINING 12 FIGURES)
There are many interesting taxonomic problems which have
arisen in the work of preparing the Uredinales for NortH AMER-
ICAN Frora. One of these problems, which has been supple-
mented somewhat by cultures and field observations, bears di-
rectly upon the relationship existing between Puccinia and Uro-
myCes. To bring out one feature of this relationship more clearly
than heretofore presented the writer has prepared this paper,
pointing out certain species in the two genera which are conspic-
uous because of their apparent morphological similarity and of
their occurrence upon the same or closely related hosts in both
gametophytic and sporophytic stages. The similar geographical
distribution of these correlated species appears in most cases to
afford some additional support to this relationship.
A brief statement of the treatment of Uromyces and Puccinia
by the leading workers on the rusts, from Persoon’s time to the
present, is here included for the purpose of a better understand-
ing of the taxonomic development of these genera.
Persoon in 17942 was the first to publish any clearly defined
work on fungi in which the Uredinales were included. In this
work he brought forward the name Puccinia, a name first used by
Micheli, a prebinomial author, and applied it to species of Phrag-
midium and those of other genera including three species‘ of
Puccinia as we now use that genus. In the same work the genus
Uredo was established which contained four species now refer-
able to as many genera. The second species was Uredo Fabae
which is undoubtedly a Uromyces. Ina later work® by the same
*Read before the American Phytopathological Society at the Washington
meeting, Dec. 28, 1911.
?\Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 93. 1794.
§ Syn. Fung. 1:2 220-230. | 1801,
194
OrTON: CORRELATION BETWEEN PUCCINIA AND Uromyces 195
author there were three species now referable to the genus Puc-
cimia included under that genus along with species representing
at least three other genera, and under Nigredo, a name which he
established as a subgenus of Uredo, there were several species
which would now be referred to Uromyces.
The principal workers who followed Persoon were Schumacher
in 1803, Willdenow in 1804, and DeCandolle in 1805. The last
author made a slight variation from Persoon’s classification in his
admirable systematic work on the French flora.t He divided the
genus Puccinia into three sections, the first of which included
several species of Phragmidium. The second section contained
13 species, the majority of which are referable to Puccima as
now used. Under the third section, which he characterized as
being similar to Puccinia but having one-celled spores, six species
were listed all of which are now referred to Uromyces.
After DeCandolle came Link, who in 1809° established the
genus Caeoma corresponding to Uredo of Persoon. It was
divided into five sub-genera. Under the sub-genus Caeomurus
he placed DeCandolle’s third section of Puccinia with one-celled
spores, now properly referred to Uromyces. In 1816® Link sepa-
rated the genus Phragmidium from Puccinia under which it had
been previously included and left under Puccinia several species
now properly referred to this genus. In this same work Caeoma
was changed to Hypodermium and Caeomurus to Uromyces but
their generic relation to each other remained as in 1809. In
18257 he published his third important contribution, in which the
rusts were classified under several genera which included Caeoma,
Puccinia, Triphragmium, Phragmidium, Podisoma, and Gymno-
sporangium. There were 48 species listed under Puccinia, prac-
tically all of which are now referable to that genus. Caeoma was
divided into four sub-genera, namely: Uredo, Aecidium, Cerati-
tium and Peridermium. The first contained 113 species many
of which were probably in the uredinial stage. There appears to
be no disposition of species belonging to Uromyces except under
this sub-genus.
“Flora Francaise 2: 218-236. 1805.
° Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin Mag. 3: 6. 1809.
° Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin Mag. 7: 28-30. 1816.
“Walid? Sp. Plant. 67, 1825.
196 , MyYcoLocia
Link’s 1816 classification was followed by Nees in 1817 and by
S. F. Gray in 1821. Later came a series of authors, Schweinitz,
Wahlenberg, Castagne, Léveillé and the Tulasnes, who in their
disposition of Uromyces followed the methods of no one author
but who endeavored to follow the combined good points of Per-
soon, DeCandolle and Link, which resulted in general confusion.
It remained for Fries,® the “ Father of Mycology,” to take up
in 1846 the name Uromyces, which had been technically estab-
lished as a genus by Unger® in 1833, and to place it in its present
generic use. He made the noteworthy statement “ Plurimae
Pucciniae analogae respondent,” a fact which none of the later
urediniologists have refuted, and one which touches closely upon
the subject of this paper. Schroeter’® clearly brings out this
analogous relation when he divides the genus Uromyces into
biologic forms as eu-, brachy-, -opsis, micro-, and lepto-, in exactly
the same manner as he did with the genus Puccinia.
Magnus" has called attention to the close morphological rela-
tionship existing between Puccinia and Uromyces on species of
Rumex and has shown that in these species the urediniospores of
the two genera intergrade in size and germ-pore characters on
different species of host plant so that it is difficult to separate
them in the uredinial generation.
Fischer in 19041? pointed out that a closer relationship existed
between certain species of the genera Puccimia and Uromyces than
existed in either genus alone, a fact which Arthur also observed
and commented on in his “ Classsification of the Uredinales.’’!*
Later in an article on “ Reasons for Desiring a better Classifica-
tion of the Uredinales”+* Arthur calls them “parallel genera”
differing only in the technical character of their teliospores.
McAlpine in his fine work on “The Rusts of Australia’’* in
speaking of Puccinia says: “The presence of mesospores in a
®Summa Veg. Scand. 1: 514. 1846.
Exanths (bile 27 74) loss.
© Abh. Schles. Ges. 48: 8-11. .1869. Schroeter in Cohn, Krypt. Flora
Schles. 31: 229-313. 1887.
4 Abh. Bot. Brand. 38: 11-14. 1896.
“Beitr. Krypt. Schweiz. 27: xlvi. 1904.
13 Result. Sci. Congr. Bot. Vienne 334. 1906.
% Jour. Myc. 12: 150-151. 1906.
The Rusts of Australia 26. 1906.
OrRTON,: CORRELATION BETWEEN PUCCINIA AND Uromyces 197
species would seem to indicate its still close relationship to Uro-
myces, and that its separation from the parent form has not yet
proceeded ey Hen to obliterate vee trace Ol its: 1ormer,
connexion.’
Hariot in his “Les Uredinees”’?* says that the autonomy of
Uromyces is a difficult question and that if it is to be kept as a
distinct genus it is only in order to follow the custom and to facil-
itate determinations. This statement seems very much to the
point, but the author does, however, treat ahs two genera as dis-
tinct in this work.
P. & H. Sydow in their monograph of Uromyces* state that
the genus differs from Puccinia only in the number of cells in the
teliospore, and they cite several comparative examples of both
the gametophytic and sporophytic generations of the two genera
to show this similarity.
It is seen, then, that the name Puccinia was first applied to a
Gymnosporangium by Micheli, was later applied by Persoon to
Phragmidium with which a few species of Puccinia were included,
and was in 1816 separated by Link from Phragmidium and made
a genus as we now use it.
The species of rusts now referable to the genus Uromyces were
first included by Persoon and his followers under Uredo. Later
it was included as a sub-genus of Puccimia by DeCandolle, and
was finally established technically as a genus by Unger in 1833
and put into general use by Fries in 1846. Since Fries’ work all
uredinologists have treated it as a distinct genus differing from
Puccima especially in its teliosporic character.
The present paper is what the writer believes to be the first
attempt to list the correlated species in Puccinia and Uromyces
and is limited to a discussion of a few of the more prominent
types of correlation in the long-cycle forms only.
The writer acknowledges the generous aid and counsel of Dr.
J. C. Arthur, without which the work would be impossible, and
erateinl thanks’ are due Dr. F. D:- Kern: for mem helpful sug-
gestions.
The first example to attract special attention was furnished by
7 Les Urédinées 20. 1908.
™ Monog. Ured. 2: vi-xi. 1909.
198 Myco.ocia
Mr. W. P. Fraser?® of Pictou, Nova Scotia, when he made sow-
ings in the spring of 1910 of teliospores of Uromyces Peckianus
Farlow on Atriplex patula and Chenopodium album, both of
which produced infection and formed aecia of the same type as
those of Puccinia subnitens Diet. on the same hosts. This ex-
tremely interesting result led to a careful comparison of the two
rusts with results as follows: Puccinia submtens Diet., is a rust on
Distichlis spictata (L.) Greene and has its aecia on a large num-
ber of Chenopodiaceous, Capparidaceous and Cruciferous hosts,?®
which include Atriplex, Beta, Cleome, Capsella, Chenopodium,
Lepidium, Sarcobatus, etc. The aecia are grouped and have erect
peridia with peridial cells rhomboidal and in radial sections much
thickened in the outer wall. On comparing the aecia of Uromyces
Peckianus it was found that they were identical in all discernible
morphological characters. The chief interest, however, lies in
a comparison of the urediniospores, the morphology of which has
been of greatest use in the study of the grass and sedge rusts.
The urediniospores of Puccinia submtens measure 18-24 by 19-
26, are pale cinnamon-brown with a wall about 2,» thick, very
finely verrucose, the pores 6, scattered. The urediniospores of
Uromyces Peckianus measure 16-21 by 18-24, are pale cinna-
mon-brown with a wall about 2.5 thick, very finely verrucose,
and have 6 scattered pores. The teliospores of the two rusts pos-
sess no differential characters except, of course, number of cells
and consequent size.
The distribution of the two is interesting. The telial host of
both, Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, grows in salt marshes on the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts and in saline soil in the interior.
Uromyces Peckianus is known only from the coastal regions while
Puccinia subnitens on the other hand is an interior form having
been collected at only one point on the coast and that at Lewes,
Delaware. The reason for this is speculative at present, but it
seems probable that the one-celled form is less adaptive to varying
conditions of soil and temperature than the two-celled form and
so has thus far been unable to thrive in the interior. ,
*® Mycologia 3: 72-74. I9II.
** Bot. Gaz. 35: 19. 19035 Jour. Myc. 11: 55.:1905; 12: 16. 190G;snaera7
1907; 14: 15. 1908; Mycologia 1: 234. 1909.5 2: 225, 1910: 45-08. 19529 %ais 54.
1912.
ORTON: CORRELATION BETWEEN PUCCINIA AND UromyceEs 199
The next species to attract particular attention and which are
undoubtedly correlated are a Puccinia passing under several
names (P. Caricis-Asteris, P. Caricis-Solidagints, P. Caricis-ert-
gerontis) on various species of Carex, having aecia on Aster, Sol-
idago, Erigeron, and close relatives,?° and Uromyces perigynius
Hals. (U. caricina E. & E.) on several species of Carex which is
known to have its aecia on Solidago and Aster.24_ The aecia of
the two species appear identical and a careful microscopical study
reveals that the peridial cells and aeciospores cannot be differen-
tiated. The urediniospores of the Puccimia measure 14-19 by 18—
24 p, are light cinnamon-brown with a wall about 1.5 » thick, mod-
erately echinulate and have 2 superequatorial pores. A compar-
ison of the urediniospores of Uromyces perigynius shows that
they are identical in all their characters with the Puccimia form.
The teliospores of the two species also possess identical characters
except number of cells, having thin walls and rather thick apices.
The distribution of the two is practically the same, extending
across the northern half of the United States and into Canada.
Three of the telial hosts, Carex intumescens Rudge, C. scoparia
Schk., and C. tribuloides Wahl. are the same for both species.
A rust on species of Andropogon, Puccinia Ellisiana Thiim.,
has been in cultures”? four different years on various hosts with-
out success. It is a form widely distributed throughout the
United States east of the Rocky mountains and in Mexico, and had
puzzled us much until Dr. J. F. Brenckle, of Kulm, North Dakota,
wrote on June 5, 1911, that he had found aecia on Viola near
Puccinia Ellisiana. In a later communication he mentioned evi-
dence to verify this probable connection. The suggestion seems
very likely for in the Arthur Herbarium there are collections of
aecia on /’10la within the range of this rust which are out of the
range of the Uromyces on Andropogon and which have peridial
cells and aeciospores that are clearly differentiated, when care-
fully compared microscopically, from the autoecious rusts on
Viola. On a careful study of Puccinia Ellisiana we find that
* Jour. Myc. 8: 53-54. 19023 Bot. Gaz. 35: eee 1903; Jour. Myc. Iz:
Poston ate 15. LOOO Ia wg, 1908 ;) Mycologia, 1: 233) 1909 3-22 2246 Toro.
"1 Mycologia 4: 23. 1912.
= jour, Myc.«4) 710, 1908; Mycologia 1: 231. 1909; 2% 220, 1910; 4: 9. ror2.
200 MycoLocia
it is apparently correlated with Uromyces pedatatus (Schw.)
Sheldon. It has urediniospores which measure 18-20 by 19-23 p,
with walls about 3» thick, usually slightly thicker above, very
finely and closely verrucose-echinulate, and have 4 or sometimes 3
equatorial pores. The urediniospores of Uromyces pedatatus pos-
sess no differential characters from those of Puccinia Ellisiana
and have the same number and arrangement of pores. The telio-
spores of the two have the same general shape and wall thick-
ness and so we venture to predict that Dr. Brenckle’s observations
are entirely correct and that P. Elhsiana has Viola for its.aecial
host.23 The telial hosts of Uromyces pedatatus are restricted so
far to Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) BSP. and A. wirgimicus
L. with a range extending from the Atlantic coast to Arkansas
and southward, while the telial hosts of Puccinia Ellisiana include
in addition to those of U. pedatatus, Andropogon furcatus Muhl.
and A. scoparius Michx. with practically the same southern range
but extending further north into North Dakota and west to Colo-
rado. Here we see the greater adaptability of the two-celled
form in a wider range of hosts and distribution.
In 1901, Dr. Arthur®* connected a rust on Carex pubescens
with an aecium on Ribes Cynosbati L. which possessed in culture
a white or very pale peridium in contrast to the usual orange-
colored aecial forms on various species of currants and gooseber-
ries. He named the rust Puccimia albiperidia. In 1910 it was
found that the original telial host as well as several other telial
hosts represented in the herbarium, part having been reported in
cultures,”°> possessed urediniospores with the marked morpholog-
ical character of one basal pore, and it was decided that P. albipe-
vidia was a good morphological species having its aecia on Ribes
spp. Very recently, however, it has been found that in the type
material and in every case where the species has been cultured on
Ribes urediniospores in more or less abundance could be found
which were morphologically identical with the urediniospores of
the common gooseberry-currant rust of Europe and America.
*8 Since the writing of this paper it has been communicated to the writer
through Dr. F. D. Kern that Mr. W. H. Long reports having cultured a Puc-
cima from Andropogon upon Viola. Doubtless this was Puccinia Ellisiana.
* Jour. Myc. 8: 53. 1902.
75 Jour. Myc. 10: 11. 1904; Mycologia 4: 13. 1912.
ORTON: CORRELATION BETWEEN PUCCINIA AND Uromyces 201
This discovery has led to the conclusion that the common form
has been responsible for the successful cultures upon Ribes of
this particular rust bearing the name P. albiperidia and that the
rust having urediniospores with one basal pore is an unconnected
form without a name. In order to discuss more readily this par-
ticular species I hereby propose the following name for it:
Puccinia uniporula sp. nov.
Urediniospores broadly ellipsoid, 16-23 by 25-29 p, wall 1.5-2y
thick, with only one pore placed near the hilum. Telia hypophyl-
lous, scattered, roundish or oblong, 0.2-0.7 mm. long, early naked,
pulvinate, dark cinnamon-brown. Teliospores broadly clavate,
15-20 by 34-48 p, apex thickened up to Io. Pedicel about once
the length of spore or less.
The type is on Carex pubescens Muhl., collected at London,
Canada, August 20, 1910, by J. Dearness. It has also been de-
tected on six other species of Carex, and occurs sparingly from
Newfoundland to Iowa.
In 1910, Dr. F. D. Kern?* published the species Uromyces uni-
porulus on Carex tenuis, which has broadly ellipsoid uredinio-
spores measuring 18-21 by 21—-26,, with cinnamon-brown walls
about 1.5 thick, rather sparsely and distinctly echinulate, and
having one basal pore. The telial hosts of this rust are Carex
graciliuma Schw. and C. tenuis Rudge, both of which are hosts
of Puccinia uniporula. The distribution of this species is now
known locally from the New England states to Wisconsin. The
aecial host of Uromyces uniporulus is unknown but it is undoubt-
edly the same as that of Puccinia uniporula.
The rusts on Spartina have been studied considerably in the
past and three forms of Uromyces which variously intergrade
have been separated, having aecia on members of the Caryophyl-
laceae, Primulaceae, and Polemontaceae respectively.2"7. The form
of Uromyces acuminatus Arth., having aecia on Stetronema cilia-
tum (L.) Raf. and telia on Spartina gracilis Trin. and S. Michaux-
tana Hitch. possesses urediniospores which are globoid, meas-
jinOdota a2 1125, ) TOTO.
* Jour. Myc. 12: 24. 1906; 13: 193. 1907; 14: 17. 1908; Mycologia 2: 221.
WOLO + Ate OT 12:
202 MycoLociIa
uring 23-26 by 26-30 p, wall golden-yellow, 2-3 p thick, very finely
and sparsely echinulate, the pores being 8 scattered. Puccima
Distichhidis E. & E. was erroneously described as on Distichlis
maritima Raf., the host being Spartina gracilis Trin. This rust
has urediniospores whach are globoid, measuring 23-26 by 20-30 p
are golden-yellow with a wall 3-3.5p thick, very finely and
sparsely echinulate, the pores being 8 scattered. The teliospores
of the two rusts possess the close resemblanc of correlated forms.
The distribution of the two-celled form extends from Iowa north-
west to Wyoming and Montana, and of the one-celled form trom
Illinois west to Colorado and north to Alberta. The telial hosts
of the two forms are the same. Puccinia Distichlidis has been
cultured*® on 21 different aecial hosts without success but not on
the aecial host of Uromyces acuminatus. It seems, therefore,
extremely probable that its aecial host is on some member of the
primrose family, perhaps Stetronema, or some member of the
phlox family, but more likely the former.
Another evident case of correlation exists between Puccima
Pammellu (Trel.) Arth. and Uromyces graminicola Burr. In
1904, Dr. Arthur reported the cultures?® of Puccimia Panic
Diet. as the rust on Panicum virgatum was then called, upon
Euphorbia corollata L. This rust has globoid urediniospores,
measuring 19-23 by 21-24, with a light cinnamon-brown wall
about 2» thick, finely verrucose-echinulate, the pores are 3 or 4,
usually approximately equatorial, but often scattered. The telio-
spores are small, somewhat thickened and rounded above.
Uromyces graminicola Burr. also on Panicum virgatum L. has
been cultured*® on 19 various hosts without success but never on
Euphorbia to the writer’s knowledge. It has globoid uredinio-
spores measuring 15-19 by 18-23 » which have all their other char-
acters identical with those of Puccinia Pammellu. The telio-
spores of these forms have the same morphological resemblance
which is expected in correlated species. Puccinia Pammellii has
a distribution from Pennsylvania west to Nebraska and south to
the Gulf of Mexico and Uromyces graminicola has practically the
#*'Mycologia 2\: 210;219n0);-4 114, 1902,
*° Jour. Myce. 1z:.56. 1905.
Jour. Myc. 12: 13. 19063 Mycologia 1: 232. 1909;; 4: 12: ‘nora!
OrToN: CORRELATION BETWEEN PUCCINIA AND UroMyces 203
same distribution. It seems very probable, therefore, that this
one-celled form has aecia of the same character as those con-
nected with Puccinia Pammellu and on an upright form of Eu-
phorbia.
Several other examples have been observed which have for their
telial hosts identical or closely related species of the same genus,
only a mention of which is made here. Among the heteroecious
forms the following have been noted:
1. Puccinia Eleocharidis Arth. with Uromyces Eleocharidis
Arth., both on Eleocharis spp., the Puccinia having aecia on
Eupatorium perfoliatum.
2. Puccinia angustatoides Stone with Uromyces Rhynchosporae
Ell., both on Rhynchospora spp.
The following autoecious species present the same striking
correlation in all their spore forms as do the heteroecious species :
1. Puccinia heterantha Ell. & Ev. with Uromyces plumbarius
Peck, both on several representatives of the Onagraceae.
2. Puccima Gentianae (Str.) Link with Uromyces actin
Holw. on Gentiana spp.
3. Puccinia Ruelhiae-Bourgaei Diet. & Holw. with Uromyces
Ruelhae Holw. on Ruellia spp.
4. Puccima opaca Diet. & Holw. with Uromyces cucullatus
Sydow both on Zexmenia spp.
There are a few slight comparative differences worthy to be
noted in a careful study of these correlated species. From a com-
parison of accurate measurements of a large number of uredinio-
spores it is found that those of the Puccimia species are usually
slightly larger and have thicker walls than those of the correlated
Uromyces form. There is also sometimes noticed a marked dif-
ference in the vigor of the two forms, the Puccinia being the more
vigorous in its attack upon the host plant. These differences,
however, only mean that the genus Puccinia has a greater adapta-
bility to environmental conditions and seems better fitted to sur-
vive than the less vigorous form. This is also brought out in the
preponderance in numbers of species in the genus Puccinia as
compared to the number in the genus Uromyces.
There are many correlated species among the long-cycle forms
of Puccima and Uromyces which are not mentioned in this paper.
204 MYycoLocIAa
Many southern and western species are but imperfectly under- |
stood and lack-of time has prevented a careful study of some of |
the forms already fairly well known. It should not be inferred
that every species of Puccima has a correlated form in Uromyces. |
Correlation does occur frequently however, and appears not to be
confined to any particular family or order of hosts, although it
seems to be most common on the grasses and sedges. The reasons
for these limitations appear: to lie in a solution of the conditions
surrounding the evolution of the rusts and their hosts, and any
knowledge concerning the evolution of host and parasite undoubt-
edly has a close bearing upon the solution of this phase of the
problem. | as
J
PuRDUE UNIVERSITY,
LAFAYETTE, INDIANA.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES LXX AnD LXXI
The drawings were outlined with the camera lucida at a uniform scale,
the reproductions representing approximately 470 diameters. In all cases the
urediniospores are represented with the hilum, or attachment of pedicel,
below. The urediniospores are drawn to show thickness of wall, surface
markings and position and number of germ pores. The teliospores are drawn
to show thickness of wall and apex, and the average length of pedicel.
Fig. 1. Puccinia subnitens on Distichlis spicata.
Fig. Uromyces Peckianus on Distichlis. spicata.
Fig. Puccinia Caricis-Asteris on Carex tribuloides.
Fig. Uromyces perigynius on Carex intumescens.
i Puccinia Ellisiana on Andropogon furcatus.
Uromyces pedatatus on Andropogon virginicus.
Puccinia uniporula on Carex pubescens.
Uromyces uniporulus on Carex gracillima.
Fig. 9. Puccinia Distichlidis on Spartina gracilis.
Fig. 10. Uromyces acuminatus on Spartina gracilis.
Fig. 11. Puccinia Pammellii on Panicum virgatum.
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Fig. 12. Uromyces graminicola on Panicum virgatum.
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THE AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC
COAST—I
Witu1amM A. MuRRILL
A list of the pileate polypores and boletes collected by the
writer on the Pacific coast in I91I1 appeared in Mycotocia for
March, 1912, together with a descriptive list of the localities vis-
ited at that time. The present series of articles is more compre-
hensive in scope, including all the gill-fungi known to exist in
California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska,
as represented in the collections of McClatchie, Dudley, Trelease,
Baker, Abrams, Harper, McMurphy, M. E. Peck, Lake, Zeller,
and others. Naturally, the extensive collections and field studies
made by the writer in 1911 will be used as the basis of these
articles. | ae
The Pacific Coast is the fifth distinct region in which the writer
has been interested so far as the fleshy fungi are concerned. The
northeastern United States have many species in common with
Europe and a fair knowledge of European species is necessary to
the student of this section. Also, a number of prevailing types
circle the globe in temperate regions and extend southward along
the mountains. The southern United States show a large number
of distinct species which may well be studied as a group, although
northern species are not rare and some tropical species occur
there. As already stated in previous articles, the gap between
tropical and temperate American species is comparatively wide
and abrupt, although a few northern species are to be expected in
the high mountains of our tropical islands, probably owing to
former connections with the mainland.
The region of the Pacific coast is of exceeding interest, and has
been so during recent geologic time, since the differentiation of
the seasons. It differs more from the eastern United States in
many respects than the eastern United States differ from northern
Europe, which is explained by former land connections with
Europe by way of Greenland. The difference in the fungi is not
205
206 MycoLocta
that abrupt one noticed in the change to tropical America, where
important temperate genera are wholly lacking, but it is rather a
case of the same or similar genera represented largely by different
_ species from those found east of the Rocky Mountains.
Tribe CHANTERELEAE
1. Dictvo_us Quel. Ench. Fung. 1397 @eae
DICTYOLUS RETIRUGUS (Bull.) Quél. Ench. Fung. 140. 1886
Chanterel bryophilus Peck, Harriman Alaska Exp. Crypt. 46.
1904. Not C. bryophilus Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 325. 1821.
Muir Glacier, Alaska, Trelease 552, 563; Stanford University,
California, Baker.
2, CHANTEREL Adans. Fam. Pi. 2: 11.) 7702
I. CHANTEREL BEHRINGENSIS Berk. & Curt. Proc. Am. Acad. 4:
IIo. 1858 |
Bering Strait, Alaska, Wright.
2. CHANTEREL INFUNDIBULIFORMIS (Scop.) Fries, Epicr. Myc.
306. 1838 3
This species was found to grow very abundantly most of the
year in a peat bog in the vicinity of Seattle among sphagnum and
cranberry. The pileus is avellaneous and the stipe dull-luteous
in fresh plants.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 273.
a CHANTEREL FLoccosus Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 4: 153.
1832
Corvallis, Oregon, Murrill ro14; Salem, Oregon, M. E. Peck.
4. CHANTEREL ALECTOROLOPHOIDES (Schaeff.) Murrill, N. Am. Fl.
9: 169. 1910
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 660, Zeller; La Honda, California,
Murrill & Abrams 1276; British Columbia, A. I. Hill 62.
MpubrRILtL: AGARECAGEAE OF PACIFIC COAST 207
5. CHANTEREL CHANTARELLUS (L.) Murrill, N. Am. FI. 9: 1609.
IQIO
I found it difficult to believe that this was the same plant I had
seen so often in Europe and the eastern United States. It grows
much larger, is often compound and proliferous, and the hyme-
nium becomes exceedingly complicated as it develops. The flesh is
white and mild to the taste, and is very probably edible. Its size
and abundance should make it an important article of food if it
proves to be as wholesome as the eastern form.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 2094, 363, 677, Zeller 1; Corvallis,
Oregon, Murrill 1024, Newport, Oregon, Murrill 1026, 1050;
Berkeley, California, Harper 5, Stanford University, California,
Nohara 59, Searsville Lake, California, McMurphy 34.
iribe EAGT ARIB AE
This tribe, containing the genera Russula and Lactaria, will be
treated in a separate article by Dr. Gertrude S. Burlingham.
‘aabes GAR Ke RAGE
Sporophore terrestrial, rarely wood-loving, fleshy through-
out, centrally stipitate; spores white.
Lamellae waxy at maturity, translucent or watery in
appearance.
Veil absent; pileus usually bright-colored. 1. HypDROCYBE.
Veil present; pileus rarely bright-colored. 2. HyGROPHORUS.
Lamellae not waxy, but having that appearance. 3," LACCARIA:
Lamellae neither waxy nor appearing waxy; veil
present.
Lamellae adnate. 4. ARMILLARIA.
Lamellae free. 5. LIMACELLA.
Sporophore wood-loving, with stipe eccentric, lateral, or
wanting; spores white.
Lamellae split longitudinally. 6. HyPponeEvRIis.
Lamellae not split.
Pileus sessile, tough, reviving, with a gelatinous
upper stratum. 7, RESUPINATUS.
Pileus fleshy, not reviving, context homogeneous.
Pileus dimidiate or resupinate. 8. GEOPETALUM.
Pileus stipitate.
Veil wanting. 9. CREPIDOPUS.
Veil present. ; 10. PLEUROTUS.
irl YDROeY BEACH ries) Karst. blattsy, 233... 1879
ine VDROCYER, CONTEA (ocop.) Karst. Hlattsy: 236. 1879
Abundant among mosses in open coniferous barrens about
Seattle. All stages of color were observed from miniatous or
208 MycoLocIa
orange to greenish and blackish, becoming darker on drying. In
Oregon, plants were found over 13 cm. high.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 520, Tacoma, Washington,
Murrill 724; Mill City, Oregon, Murrill 795; Portola, California,
McMurphy 55; British Columbia, 4. J. Hill 16, 53.
2. HypRocyBE COccINEA (Schaeff.) Karst. Hattsv. 234. 1879
Hygrophorus coccineus (Schaeff.) Fries, Epicr. Myc. 330. 1838.
Determined by Harper from fresh material. Spores ellipsoid,
papillate at the side of the base where attached, hyaline with a
slightly yellowish tint, 8-10 & 5-6 un.
Muir Woods, California, Harper 61; Kings Mountain, Cali-
fornia, under redwoods, Dudley 164.
3. Hydrocybe constans sp. nov.
.. Pileus convex, slightly umbilicate, gregarious, 1.5 cm. broad;
surface glabrous, shining, not viscid, uniformly red, unchanging
on drying, striate from the margin half way to the center; lamel-
lae adnate with decurrent tooth, rather distant, plane or arcuate,
testaceous-flavous; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 7 K 4; stipe
hollow, subequal, smooth, glabrous, concolorous above, ochra-
ceous at the base, 7 cm. long, 5 mm. thick.
Type collected in moss in low woods at Mill City, Oregon,
November 9, 1911, W. A. Murrill 814. This species resembles
Hygrophorus miniatus Fries in its form and brilliant red coloring,
but does not fade on drying.
4. Hydrocybe arenicola sp. nov.
Pileus convex to slightly depressed, gregarious, reaching 7.5
cm. broad; surface sticky but not slimy, smooth, glabrous, mel-
leous, with a ferruginous-ochraceous tint as the plants become
older, usually blackish at the center; lamellae short-decurrent,
arcuate to plane, venose-connected, distant, thin, whitish to creme-
ous, flavous on drying; spores ovoid, tapering at one end, smooth,
hyaline, 7X 4p; stipe subequal, sticky, smooth, glabrous, pale- .
melleous, hollow, 5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick.
Type collected on the ground in sandy pine barrens on the im-
mediate coast at Newport, Oregon, November 13, 1911, W. A.
Murrill 1049.
MurrRILL: AGARICACEAE OF PACIFIC COAST 209
5. Hydrocybe cremicolor sp. nov.
Pileus convex to expanded, umbonate, solitary, 2.5 cm. broad;
surface moist, not viscid, glabrous, smooth, uniformly cream-
colored; lamellae decurrent, arcuate, distant, bright yellowish-
white; spores ovoid, pointed at one end, smooth, hyaline, 5-6
3.5-4 1; stipe fleshy, subequal, smooth, glabrous, cremeous, 5 cm.
long, 7 mm. thick.
Type collected on the ground in woods at Seattle, Washing-
ton, October 20—-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 568. Plants
collected at Berkeley, California, Harper 30, appear to agree with
this species in the main, but are 4 cm. broad, slightly depressed,
and the spores are ovoid, not pointed, 7 4p.
2. HycropHorus Fries, Gen. Hymen. 8. 1836
1. HyGROPHORUS EBURNEUS (Bull.) Fries, Epicr. Myc. 321. 1838.
One of the most common and abundant species on the Pacific
coast. In many localities, I could have gathered a basketful in a
very small area. It is edible, and may be recognized by its white
color, slimy covering, mild odor, and decurrent, distant gills.
Mill City, Oregon, Murrill $32, Corvallis, Oregon, Murrill 887,
Salem, Oregon, M. E. Peck; Marin Co., California, Miss East-
wood, Mt. Tamalpais, California, Miss Eastwood, Berkeley, Cali-
fornia, Harper 18, Stanford University, California, McMurphy
139, Baker 138, Searsville Lake, California, McMurphy 58.
2. Hygrophorus variicolor sp. nov.
Pileus rather thick and fleshy, convex to nearly plane, some-
times umbonate, solitary, 5-12 cm. broad; surface smooth, the
center moist, subviscid, and glabrous, the margin dry and hispid-
scaly, color varying from fulvous at the center to ferruginous-
fulvous between center and margin, and stramineous on a mar-
ginal zone 1-5 cm. broad; lamellae squarely adnate, somewhat de-
current in large plants, subdistant, inserted, white, waxy, changing
to reddish-brown on drying; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 6-8 x
4-4.5 3 stipe fleshy, subequal, white, pulverulent, 4 cm. long,
nearly 1 cm. thick; veil represented by a few short, brownish
fibrils at the center of the stipe.
Type collected on the ground in low woods, near Mill City,
Oregon, November 9, 1911, W. A. Murrill 802. Also collected
210 MycoLociIa
in woods near Seattle, Washington, October 20-November 1,
1911, W. A. Murrill 352, 400, S. M. Zeller 12. A very beautiful
species, related to Hygrophorus Laurae Morgan.
3. Hygrophorus fragrans sp. nov.
Pileus convex to depressed, not umbonate, gregarious, decidedly
fragrant when dry, 8-10 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous,
viscid, roseous to incarnate, with white margin and somewhat
darker center; context rather thick and fleshy, white; lamellae
adnate, distant, inserted, white; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline,
averaging 8 X 5; stipe long, equal, solid, furfuraceous, whitish
to cremeous or ochraceous, punctate with reddish-brown dots in
dried specimens and turning reddish-brown where handled, reach-
ing 10 cm. long and 2 cm. thick.
Type collected in low coniferous woods near Corvallis, Oregon,
November 6-11, 1911, W. A. Murrill tooo. ‘The punctate stipe
reminds one of Hygrophorus rubropunctatus Peck.
4. Hygrophorus subpustulatus sp. nov.
Pileus fleshy, rather thin, convex, obtusely umbonate when
young, solitary or gregarious, 2.5-5 cm. broad; surface very
viscid-slimy, especially when young, whitish-avellaneous, some-
times varying to white on the margin, smooth, glabrous; lamellae
squarely adnate, rarely slightly decurrent, plane, distant, inserted,
white; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 7-8 « 4-6; stipe white
throughout, equal, pruinose above, stuffed, about 7 cm. long and
1 cm. thick.
Type collected on the ground in woods near Seattle, Wash-
ington, October 20-November I, 1911, W. A. Murrill 317. Also
collected on November 7, 1911, at Glen Brook, Oregon, W. A.
Murrill 777, and on November g, 1911, at Mill City, Oregon, W.
A. Murrill S61. The plants listed under Hygrophorus limacmus
in the report of the Harriman Alaska Expedition probably belong
in this category, but I have not yet had an opportunity to examine
them.
MuRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF PACIFIC COAST DANI
BalaAceserA Berk. S¢ Br: Ann. Nat. Elist. 370. 1883
PeeeeNRIA PACCATA (Scop.) Berk. & Br. Ann. Nat. Hist. 370,
1883
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 280, 503, 656, 711; Corvallis,
Oregon, Murrill 889, Newport, Oregon, Murrill ro4r; La Honda,
California, Murrill & Abrams 1249, Berkeley, California, Harper,
Stanford University, California, Dudley 153, 172, 180, Nohara
35, Miss Patterson 46; British Columbia, A. J. Hill 44, 50, 84, 93.
2. LACCARIA OCHROPURPUREA (Berk. & Curt.) Peck, Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Mus. 50: 129. 1897
Sedree, Washington, Murrill 334, Tacoma Prairies, Washing-
ton, Murrill 717; Stanford University, California, Nohara 34,
M.T. Cook 4; Abrams 21o.
Poe eM LARTA..( Aries) “Quel. Champ.-Jura Vosg. 36. 1872
1. ARMILLARIA MELLEA (Vai)? @uel” Champ. Jira~ Vose: +36.
1872
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 703; Salem, Oregon, M. E. Peck
5, 21; Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California, Murrill rro2,
baviienda, California, Murrill & Abrams 1282, Santa .Cruz
Mountains, California, Dudley 105, Searsville Lake, California,
McMurphy 13, 21, Madera Creek, California, McMurphy 1,
17, 40; Pomona, California, Baker 3937.
2. ARMILLARIA ALBOLANARIPES Atk. Ann. Myc. 6:54. 1908
A very handsome species described from specimens collected
near Corvallis, Oregon, by E. R. Lake in 1906. The description
is correct in the main, except that the stipe is solid.
Corvallis, Oregon, Lake, Murrill 1006; Glen Brook, Oregon,
Murnil 771; Newport, Oregon, Murrill 1047; Searsville Lake,
California, McMurphy 120, 121.
3. ARMILLARIA SUBANNULATA Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 330.
1Q09
Pileus thick, fleshy, convex or broadly convex, subviscid, fibril-
lose, alutaceous, darker in the center where it is adorned with
212 MYcoLocIA
reddish-brown fibrils, margin even; flesh white, odor and taste
farinaceous ; lamellae close, adnexed, white, sometimes becoming
brown on the edges; stem equal, solid, subradicating, reddish-
brown, white at the top, veil thick, soft, white, evanescent; spores
ellipsoid, 10-12 K 8-O pn.
- Pileus 10-11 cm, broad; stem 9-15 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by Baker under oaks at
Claremont, California. Types not seen.
4. Armillaria arenicola sp. nov.
_ Pileus firm, fleshy, convex to subplane or slightly depressed,
gibbous, gregarious, 12-15 cm. broad; surface dry, smooth, gla-
brous, white or whitish, cremeous at the center; context coarse,
white, tasteless; lamellae adnate, becoming sinuate-adnexed or
nearly free, ventricose, plane, close, white, changing to rust-
colored when bruised; spores globose, smooth, hyaline, 4-6 p;
stipe equal or tapering downward, dry, smooth below, somewhat
scaly above the annulus, white tinged with cremeous, 12 cm. long,
3 cm. thick; annulus ample, persistent, membranous, white, at-
tached just above the middle of the stipe.
Type collected in the sand hills among scrubby pines on the
immediate coast at Newport, Oregon, November 13, 1911, W. A.
Murrill 1044. A species remarkable for its size and habit of
living in apparently pure sand, although the source of its food
is doubtless buried humus. In general appearance, it resembles
Armillaria magnivelaris Peck.
5. LiMACEELA Earle, Bull, N. Yo Bot..Gandos: 447. 1909
1. Limacella fulvodisca (Peck)
Lepiota fulvodisca Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 198. 1895.
Described from specimens collected by McClatchie among leaves
in woods near Pasadena, California, January, 1895.
Pasadena, California, McClatchie; Golden Gate Park, San
Francisco, California, Murrill rror, 1105, 1112; 1119; Stanford
University, California, Baker 159.
2. Limacella roseicremea sp. nov.
Pileus convex to plane, with a broad umbo, slow to expand,
solitary, 6 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, viscid, cream-
MurRRILL: AGARICACEAE -OF PACIFIC COAST 213
colored tinted with rose, margin inflexed, not striate; context
white, odor farinaceous; lamellz free, rather close, arcuate, white ;
spores globose, smooth, corroded, apparently not maturing, white
but not transparent, 4-5 w; stipe subequal, enlarged at the base,
white, fleshy, solid, smooth, glabrous, viscid, often very long, 5-10
xX 0.8-1.2 cm.; veil ample, membranous, persistent, superior, re-
maining for some time stretched from margin to stipe.
Type collected on the ground in woods near Seattle, Washing-
ton, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 574. Also col-
lected in the region at the same time, W. A. Murrill 534, 585.
3. Limacella McMurphyi sp. nov.
Pileus fleshy, convex, solitary, 3.5-4 cm. broad; surface smooth,
glabrous, evidently viscid when fresh, pinkish-cream-colored, not
striate; context white, rather thick, with farinaceous taste and
odor; lamellae free, crowded, inserted, ventricose, white; spores
globose, smooth, hyaline, 3.5-4; stipe slightly tapering upward,
subglabrous, even, white, solid, 4-6 * 0.5-I cm.; annulus superior,
ample, persistent, white. |
Type collected among leaves under redwoods near Searsville
Lake, California, January 6, 1903, James McMurphy 36. The
description is drawn from excellent field notes made by the col-
lector. The species is distinguished from the preceding by its
crowded, ventricose lamellae, and usually thicker stipe.
G6; ElyPONEvRis Paulet, Icon. pl. 7. f. 3-5. . 1812.
Schizophyllus Fries, Obs. Myc. 1: 103. 1815.
Schigophyllum Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 330. 1821.
IMMPONEVRIS ALNEUS (L.) Earle, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 412.
1909
monricus aineus. Lo Sp Pl. 1176.-- 1753.
Agaricus multifidus Batsch, Elench. Fung. 173. f. 126. 1783.
Agaricus radiatus Sw. Prodr. 148. 1788. (Type from Jamaica.)
Schizophyllum commune Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 330. 1821.
Schizophyllum umbrinum Berk. Hook. Jour. Bot. 3: 15. pl. r. f. 1.
£650. (type from Brazil.) ,
Schizophyllum fasciatum Pat. Jour. de Bot. 1: 170. 1887.
(Type from Mexico.)
214 MycoLoGIaA
Schizophyllum mexicanum Pat. Jour. de Bot. 1: 171. 1887.
(Type from Mexico.)
Schizophyllum Egelingianum Ellis & Ev. Bull. Torrey Club 22:
439. 1895. (Type from Mexico.)
This species is one of the most common of all fungi, occurring
on dead wood of various kinds in all lands. Schizophyllum um-
brinum is a small, multifid, tropical form of this species, which
appears much the same in all the collections at Paris and Kew,
being represented there by specimens from Brazil, Surinam,
French Guiana, Cuba, and Nicaragua. Specimens in the Ellis
Herbarium from Nicaragua labeled Schizophyllum multifidum
digitatum agree with this form. S. pavonium, from Mexico,
in the Kew Herbarium, and S. pusillwm, from Australia, at Up-
sala, are not distinct from H. alneus, and the description of S.
exiquum Miq., from Surinam, leads one to believe that this also
is a synonym. Schizophyllum flabellare Fries, a name occasion-
ally assigned to American material, applies to a large and very
distinct oriental species collected by Alfzelius in Guinea.
Seattle, Washington, Frye; Stanford University, California,
Dudley 147, Nohara 65, Miss Patterson 47; Abrams 147.
7. RESUPINATUS (Nees) °S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr.:Brit 32h acho
| 1821
Resupinatus atrocoeruleus (Fries)
Agaricus (Pleurotus) atrocoeruleus Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 190.
To2t.
A cosmopolitan species easily recognized by its hairy surface
and peculiar coloring.
California, Harper 10.
8. GEOPETALUM Pat. Hymén. Eur. 127. 1887
I. GEOPETALUM GEOGENIUM (DC.) Pat. Hymén. Eur. 127. 1887
For a description of this species, see Mycotocra for January,
IQT2.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 258, 450, 584, Zeller.
MurRing > AGARIGAGCEAE OF PACIFIC COAST 215
2. Geopetalum porrigens (Pers.)
Agaricus porrigens Pers. Obs. Myc. 1: 54. 1706.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 519, Zeller 560.
32. Geopetalum oregonense sp. nov.
Pileus thin, sessile, conchate to flabelliform, convex to ex-
panded, milk-white throughout, gregarious on dead wood, reach-
ing I cm.; surface smooth, glabrous, margin entire, incurved
when young and on drying; lamellae subdistant, inserted, rather
narrow, white, slightly yellowish when dry; spores pip-shaped,
smooth, hyaline, 6-7 * 3-4; stipe wanting, the pileus attached to
a small, subglobose, white, tomentose mass.
Type collected on fallen dead deciduous branches at Mill City,
Oregon, November 9, 1911, W. A. Murrill 821. Also collected
at Corvallis, Oregon, November 6-11, 1911, on dead deciduous
branches, W. A. Murrill 916, 908. Related to Pleurotus candidts-
simus (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc.
4. Geopetalum subsepticum sp. nov.
Pileus fleshy, thin, flexible, white throughout, dimidiate and
conchate to subcircular or reniform, attached to dead grasses,
twigs, trunks, and leaves, solitary, scarcely reaching I cm. in
breadth; surface smooth, glabrous, margin lobed, inflexed on
drying; lamellae subdistant, plane, inserted, white, yellowish-
brown on drying; spores narrowly oblong, smooth, hyaline, 7-9 X
2-3 ph.
Type collected on dead leaves, etc., in woods near Seattle, Wash-
ington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 413. Also
collected near Seattle, Washington, October 20-November 1,
19ll, W. A. Murrill 265, 533. Related to Pleurotus septicus, but
spore characters very different.
5. Geopetalum densifolium sp. nov.
Pileus fleshy, sessile, conchate to applanate, flabelliform, rather
broadly attached, white throughout, gregarious, reaching 2 cm.
broad; surface finely pubescent to subglabrous, smooth, margin
entire, slightly inflexed on drying; lamellae very broad and very
crowded, flaccid, overlapping on drying, white to isabelline, pow-
dered with the spores, inserted, plane; spores ellipsoid, smooth,
hyaline, 6-7 X 3.5 p.
216 MycoLocIa
Type collected on dead deciduous wood in woods near Seattle,
Washington, October 20—-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 540.
g.;Crepiporus (Nees) 5. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit jeer ssa
1821
i, CREPIDOPUS OSTREATUS (Jacq.) 5S. F. Gray, Nat. Are pier,
Ph P6702 G27
Pleurotus ostreatus Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 77. 1872.
The white form of this species was found on decayed logs of
alder, maple, and holly. I have never collected the dark Euro-
pean form in America.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 558; Muir Woods, California,
Harper.
2. Crepidopus connatus (Berk. & Curt.)
Agaricus (Pleurotus) connatus Berk. & Curt. Proc.-Am. Acad.
Atis &OCl. 2. ts. 4 ose:
On an island in Bering Strait, Wright. Type not examined.
3. Crepidopus serotinus (Schrad.)
Pleurotus serotinus Quél. Ench. Fung. 149. 1886.
Pleurotus serotinoides Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 23: 86.
1872. ae
Seattle, Washington, Zeller 96; British Columbia, A. I. Hill 74.
4. Crepidopus subsapidus sp. nov.
Pileus juicy, thin when dry, short-stipitate or attached by a
narrow base, imbricate, spatulate to flabelliform, convex or plane,
about 5 cm. broad; surface hygrophanous, smooth, glabrous, pallid
to avellaneous; lamellae decurrent, somewhat furcate and anasto-
mosing, inserted, rather close and narrow, thin, fragile, white,
becoming pale-umbrinous on drying; spores narrowly oblong,
pointed, smooth, lilac-tinted in mass, 8-9 X 3-3.5; stipe, when
present, short, lateral, white, strigose-tomentose at the base.
Type collected on an oak log in Muir Woods, California, No-
vember 22, 1911, W. A. Murrill r141. Allied to the plant called
Pleurotus sapidus in the eastern United States.
MurRILL: AGARICACEAE OF PACIFIC COAST DRAUT
10. PLeurotus (Fries) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 77. 1872
PLEUROTUS DRYINUS (Pers.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 77. 1872
This species is provided with a conspicuous veil and the surface
is usually more or less areolate in appearance owing to the break-
ing up of the cuticle. Plewrotus corticatus (Fries) Queél. and
Pleurotus subareolatus Peck are apparently not distinct. Found
in Washington on decayed spots in living trunks of alder and
large-leaved maple, sometimes reaching 13 cm. in breadth.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 356, 620.
NEw COMBINATIONS
For the benefit of those accustomed to and desiring to use
Saccardo’s nomenclature, the following list of new combinations
affecting some of the species described as new in this article and
the previous one in Mycorocia for March, 1912, is herewith
appended.
CREPIDOPUS SUBSAPIDUS = Pleurotus subsapidus
GEOPETALUM DENSIFOLIUM == Pleurotus densifolius
GEOPETALUM OREGONENSE = Pleurotus oregonensis
GEOPETALUM SUBSEPTICUM == Pleurotus subsepticus
4 HyYDROCYBE ARENICOLA —= Hygrophorus arenicola
' HyprocyBE CONSTANS = Hygrophorus constans
HyYDROCYBE CREMICOLOR = Hygrophorus cremicolor
LimAcELLA McMurpuyl1 — Lepiota McMurphyi
LIMACELLA ROSEICREMEA —= Lepiota roseicremea
CERIOMYCES MIRABILIS = Boletus mirabilis
CERIOMYCES OREGONENSIS = Boletus oregonensis
CERIOMYCES ZELLERI = Boletus Zelleri
CORIOLUS WASHINGTONENSIS == Polystictus washingtonensis
SCUTIGER OREGONENSIS = Polyporus oregonensis
SPONGIPELLIS SENSIBILIS = Polyporus sensibilis
TYROMYCES CARBONARIUS = Polyporus carbonarius
TYROMYCES CUTIFRACTUS == Polyporus cutifractus
TYROMYCES PERDELICATUS — Polyporus perdelicatus
TyROMYCES PsEUDOTSUGAE == Polyporus Pseudotsugae
TYROMYCES SUBSTIPITATUS == Polyporus substipitatus
New YorxK BOTANICAL GARDEN,
-_ ARTIFICIAL CULTURES OF ASCOBOLUS
AND ALEURIA
B. O. DopcE
(WiTH PLATES 72 AND 73, CONTAINING 11 FIGURES)
Methods by which any considerable number of species of
discomycetes can be successfully cultivated on artificial media
have not as yet been worked out, and any additional information
along this line may be of interest because of the value of such
methods in connection with the study of the reproductive proc-
esses and the identification of species.
The writer has recently found a species of Ascobolus which
seems to be quite different from any species described, both as to
the characters recognized by the ordinary methods and those
which can be brought out satisfactorily only by cultures from
the germinated ascospores. The species has been under observa-
tion for about three months and has been grown on the natural
substratum by transferring pieces of dung bearing young fruits,
and has also been brought to maturity on agar media, the cul-
tures having been started by germinating the ascospores by the
methods already described (Bull. Torrey Club 39: 139-197).
A more detailed account of the methods of reproduction, de-
termined by a study of the fungus in the artificial cultures, will —
be given later, such reproductive features being noted at this
time as can be observed without resorting to artificial cultures.
Ascobolus magnificus sp. nov.
Ascocarps scattered or closely crowded together, sessile, at
first globose, closed, white or whitish, opening by a pore, the
smooth white margin inrolled, becoming deeply cup-shaped, the
lower portion of the exterior appearing pruinose from the pro-
jecting tips of thin-walled, hair-like hyphal branches which later
become discolored and brownish, finally expanding, exposing the
pale greenish-yellow surface of the hymenium, .5—2.7 cm. in diam-
eter; asci cylindric-clavate, 200-300 K 18-25», I+, 8-spored;
218
DoDGE: CULTURES OF ASCOBOLUS AND ALEURIA 219
paraphyses linear, slightly enlarged above, septate, frequently with
greenish, granular contents, 5—7 »; spores ellipsoid, at first hyaline,
then pale-lilac, finally rose-purple or violet, smooth, marked on one
side by a line extending from end to end or obliquely across the
surface, irregularly distichous at maturity, 20-25 X 12-14 p, usu-
ally germinating at only one germ-pore; archicarp consisting of
a stalk of 3-4 thick cells, a somewhat spherical ascogenous cell
35-45 in diameter, and a trichogyne with 7-10 cells, the outer
cells coiling sharply inward at the tip, the complete archicarp
coiled in one plane.
On horse dung in damp chamber cultures, New York City,
April, 1912; type specimens deposited in the herbarium of the
New York Botanical Garden.
The principal characters which distinguish this species are the
large size of the plants, the beautiful white margin, the line ex-
tending across the surface of the spore, a single germ-tube, and
the large archicarp in a flat coil. Ascobolus applanatus (Rabh.
& Gonn.) Rehm, which Rehm (Disc. p. 1131) considers a doubt-
ful species, is said to be 2 cm. in diameter; as to the other char-
acters noted, it does not resemble this species. A. major B. &
C., and A. sarawacensis Ces. are large species with smooth spores.
A. latus Penz. & Sacc. and A. laevisporus Speg. are evidently
more nearly related to A. magnificus but differ in the spore
markings.
The line along the surface of the spore is visible before the
spore becomes colored, and is not in the nature of a crack in the
epispore, although a crack frequently develops along this line
when the ejected spore is allowed to dry out; under such con-
ditions numerous other cracks are formed in all directions, giv-
ing the spore a reticulated appearance.
The pruinosity of the exterior of the ascocarp would prob- |
abiy not be noticeable were the fungus grown in the open. Even
in damp chambers, when specimens (PI. 72, f. 4) become fully
expanded and flattened out on the substratum (PI. 73, lower fig-
ure), this pruinosity is no longer evident.
The very hard and brittle character of the thick flesh of the
hypothecium is indicated by the way in which the ascocarps crack
while expanding. (Plate 73, upper figure.)
The asci do not project prominently above the surface of the
a
220 MycoLoctIa
hymenium, and after the whole surface has become deeply colored
purple with ripe spores, on lifting the cover of the damp chamber
the spores will be shot off in a cloud, just as is commonly the
case with many of the large fleshy discomycetes.
The damp chamber cultures in which this fungus made its
appearance had been kept about two weeks in a Wardian case,
where they were exposed to the direct sunlight during part of
the day. The substratum had been heavily watered while yet
fresh so that at this time the mass was in a very putrid condition.
The excessively high temperatures prevailing in this room and the
condition of the substratum may perhaps account for the pro-
duction of mature fruit bodies in which no colored spores were
formed. In these cases all ejected spores were perfectly hya-
line. Many of these spores had already germinated within the
asci, and they also germinated readily in agar media without
special treatment. When, however, the cultures were removed
to a cooler room, colored spores were formed. As it was diffi-
cult to obtain uncontaminated cultures on agar by using the un-
colored spores, several plates were inoculated with the colored
spores and heated for thirty minutes in an oven, the final tem-
perature of the oven being about 70° C. Spores in all the plates
germinated. The ascocarps do not mature well on the agar
media and it has been more satisfactory to transplant pieces of
agar containing the mycelium or young fruit bodies to the dung
where the supply of nutrient is less limited. Plate 73, upper
figure, shows a culture obtained in this manner.
While fully 50 per cent. of the spores germinated in the earlier
experiments, in the case of spores gathered about ten days later
not over I per cent. could be made to grow by the heating process,
and none germinated without heating.
Pure cultures of the species have not been obtained on account
of the presence of a fungus which is parasitic on the mycelium
of the Ascobolus. This parasite forms large numbers of fruit
bodies, consisting when young of a central cell enclosed by
protecting hyphae. It has been possible to trace a direct con-
nection between the mycelium of the parasite bearing these fruit
bodies and the mycelium of the host bearing its characteristic
archicarp. As no spores of any description have been discovered,
DoDGE: CULTURES OF ASCOBOLUS AND ALEURIA 221
further investigation will be necessary before the identity of the
parasite can be determined. Portions of the mycelia of the host
and of the parasite are shown in Plate 72, figs. 7 and 8.
ALEURIA UMBRINA Boud.
This fungus grows on burned places during the early part of
the season in the vicinity of New York City. The species has
Beem identified -by Dr. F. J. Seaver. The outer surface 1s
coarsely warted, especially in young specimens, where the stipe
imbedded in the earth is also seen to be well developed. Plicaria
echinospora (Karst.) Rehm, has been recorded as growing on
burned places and the two species are apparently closely related.
Pure cultures of this species may be obtained easily by growing
the spores on an agar medium made up with an extract of heated
soil. When the spores are heated to 70°-80° C. for fifteen
minutes, as described under “ Ascobolus carbonarius” (Bull.
Torrey Club 39: 139-197), germination is above 90 per cent. A
large germ-tube is first formed and is usually followed later by
a smaller one at the opposite end of the spore. (PI. 72, f. 9.)
CoLUMBIA UNIVERSITY,
New York City.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXII
Ascobolus magnificus Dodge
Fig. 1. (a) Ejected spores before drying. (b) After drying out the
epispore is cracked in all directions. XX 525. The width of the cracks is
slightly exaggerated in the drawing.
Fig. 2. (a) Ungerminated spores. (b) Germinated spore. X 525.
Fig. 3. (a) Germinated spores. (b) A large spore much swollen. X 525.
Fig. 4. Section through an ascocarp showing hymenial layer and the tips
of secondary mycelial hyphae (?) appearing as hairs on the exterior.
Fig. 5. Asci and paraphyses. (a) X 100;'(b) X 300.
Fig. 6. Archicarp as it appears in youngest fruit bodies that can be seen
with a hand lens. (s) The stalk; (a) ascogenous cell; (¢) trichogyne. The
size of the ascocarps at this time is indicated by the border line. X 150.
Figs. 7, 8. (a) Mycelium of a fungus parasitic on the mycelium. (b) My-
celium of the ‘Ascobolus. X 525.
Aleuria umbrina Boud.
Fig. 9. (a) Ungerminated spore. (b) Germinated spores. (c) A spore
with only one germ-tube. X 525.
Zoe MYyYcoLoGciIA
EXPLANATION OF PLaTE LXXIII
Ascobolus magnificus Dodge
Two rather large ascocarps are shown natural size in the lower figure, the
character of the white margin well brought out. At the extreme left may be
seen two small fruit bodies. Seventeen ascocarps were later developed at
this point, forming a compact mass of fruit bodies, each being about 1 cm.
in diameter.
In the upper figure, are a number of young ascocarps showing the pore at
the time of opening; the mature ascocarps are about the average size.
MYCOLOGIA PLATE LXXII
1-8. ASCOBOLUS MAGNIFICUS DoDGE
9. ALEURIA UMBRINA Boup.
MYCOLOGIA PLATE LXXIII
ASCOBOLUS MAGNIFICUS DopGE
NEWS AND NOTES
The black canker of the chestnut tree, said to be due to the
fungus, Mycelophagus Castaneae, which attacks the young roots
and their mycorrhiza, has recently caused severe losses in France.
The use of oak and Japanese chestnut stock has been suggested
as a means of control.
Arnaud and Foex have discovered the perithecia of the oak
Oidium (Compt. Rend. 154: 124-127. 1912) and they refer the
fungus to Microsphaera quercina.
An expert examination by C. Wehmer of structural timbers
attacked by dry rot has revealed the presence in many instances
of Coniophora cerebella and Poria vaporaria associated with
Merulius lacrymans.
Part 3, volume 7, of NortH AMERICAN FLora, by J. C. Arthur
ae De Kern, appeared April 15, 1912. Eighteen genera of
plant rusts are treated in the 108 pages, the American species of
Gymnosporangium alone numbering 32 and of Nigredo (Uro-
myces) 83.
Professor Bruce Fink, of Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, de-
sires to see fresh material in abundance of species of the Colle-
maceae collected in various parts of New York State. This
group of lichens is greatly in need of careful modern taxonomic
treatment and Professor Fink will devote much of his time to it
during the next two years.
The results of morphological and physiological researches on
the genus Coprinus, by J. R. Weir, under the direction of Profes-
sors Goebel and Loew, were published in Flora in 1911, The
paper comprises 60 pages of text and 25 figures,
223
2A / MycoLoGIa
An exhaustive report, containing 175 pages and 14 plates, on
the history and cause of cocoanut bud-rot, by J. R. Johnston,
appeared in February, 1912, as Bulletin 228 of the Bureau of
Plant Industry at Washington. The author considers this se-
rious disease as bacterial in origin and amenable to control by or-
dinary methods of sanitation and proper cultivation.
The seventh annual report of the Forest Park Reservation
Commission of New Jersey, which has just been distributed,
contains valuable suggestions regarding forest and shade trees
and their protection, with some particularly good advice con-
cerning the chestnut canker and its progress in the state.
A series of papers on the hymenomycetes of Lappland, by Lars
Romell, was begun in Arkiv for Botanik 2: 1911, the first paper
on the Polyporaceae, in which 12 species are described as new,
comprising 35 pages and two double plates. These studies are
of special interest to mycologists in this country because of the
close relationship that exists between the plants of Lappland and
boreal America.
A preliminary report of 116 pages on the gill-fungi of Ohio,
with keys to genera and species, by W. G. Stover, has just
appeared as part 9, volume 5, of the Proceedings of the Ohio
State Academy of Science. ‘This report is not only a guide to
the species recognized but also to the literature describing them,
and should prove valuable to students and others interested in
the Ohio gill-fungi. The term “ preliminary ” is used very ad-
visedly, as no one realizes better than ‘Mr. Stover how much
there is still to learn about this subject.
Observations on Marasmius oreades, the “ fairy-ring *’ mush-
room, have been made by Jessie Bayliss (Jour. Econ. Biol. 6:
III-132. pl. 5-7. Ig11) with the following results, as reviewed
in the Experiment Station Record for April, 1912.
It was found that M. oreades lives parasitically on grass. It
attacks young roots, killing them by means of some toxic secretion.
The fungus at first exerts a stimulating influence, and the grass
News AND NOTES 22.5,
assumes a darker color owing to better nitrogenous nutrition.
This is believed to be due to the proteolytic enzymes acting on
the dead roots. There can always be distinguished a zone of
dark-green grass outside as well as inside the zone of dead grass.
The infected soil was found very impervious to moisture, owing
probably to the air which is entangled within the meshes of the
mycelium. It is thought that the fungus secretes a substance
toxic to itself so as not to be able to grow in the same soil three
years in succession. During the second year the fungus dies
and the grass gains the ascendency and flourishes, owing to the
increased nitrogenous material available. The secretion of this
toxic substance is believed to account for the disappearance of
rings between the places of intersection when fairy rings meet.
Dr. E. D. Clark has called attention in the June Torreya to a
recent brief paper by Radais and Sartory which shows the impos-
sibility of removing certain of the most deadly poisons from
fleshy fungi by treating them with hot water. His translation
of this paper is, as follows:
“The autumn of 1911 has brought the usual outbreak of
mushroom poisoning, with many fatal cases, caused primarily
by eating Amamita phalloides Fr. The press considered that it
was doing a useful thing in spreading among the people, with
the authority of naturalists whose intentions were more laudable
than their knowledge, the incorrect and dangerous notion that in
treating the mushrooms with boiling water followed by repeated
washing in cold water, all danger in eating them had been
removed. [or a long time mycologists have recognized that this
treatment will often remove certain very soluble bitter and poi-
sonous principles but they have never ceased to put people on
their guard against the inefficiency of this method in the case
of certain species, especially Amanita phalloides. The present
seems to be an opportune time to confirm this caution with ex-
periments. Our observations were made upon several poison-
ous species but with special reference to A. phalloides. We may
sum up the results of our experiments in the following words:
A. phalloides still preserves its toxic principle unchanged after
being heated to boiling for some time; in the dried state its
226 Myco.Locta
toxicity is not weakened after standing a year nor has it lost
its poisonous properties after remaining dry for six years; the
poison is still held in the tissues of the mushroom after boiling
with water.
“ Therefore it is very unwise to spread broadcast the erroneous
idea that all poisonous mushrooms may be rendered harmless by
boiling with water and then washing repeatedly in cold water.”
INDEX TO AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL
LITERATURE
This index is prepared by Dr. B. O. Dodge, of Columbia University, and
covers the same scope for the fungi as that covered by the general index
published monthly in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. It is not
reprinted on cards for distribution.
Arthur, J. C. Aecidiaceae (continuatio). N. Am. Fl. 7: 161-
187, 211-208. 15 Ap 1912.
The part on Gymnosporangium, pp. 188-211, contributed by F. D. Kern.
Berger, E. W. Report of entomologist. Rep. Univ. Florida
er xp. ota. OLX: xi-lvil. 10912.
Also contains notes on “ Fungus diseases of whitefly.”
Brooks, C., & Black, C. A. Apple fruit spot and quince blotch.
Phytopathology 2: 63-72. pl. 4, 5. Ap 1912.
Reprinted in Sci. Contrib. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. 5: 63-72. pl. 4, 5.
Dodge, B. O. Methods of culture and the morphology of the
archicarp in certain species of the Ascobolaceae. Bull. Torrey
Club-39: 139-197. pl. 10-15. f. 1, 2. 17 My 1912.
Dox, A. W. Enzyme studies of lower fungi. Plant World 15:
40-43. F 1912.
Farlow, W.G. The fungus of the chestnut-tree blight. Science
Il. 35: 717-722. 10 My 1912.
Brings together material relating to the identity of Diaporthe parasitica
Murrill, suggesting possible relationship with Endothia radicalis.
Fawcett, H. S. Report of plant pathologist. Rep. Univ. Flor-
ida Agr. Exp. Sta. 1911: lviti-lxvii. f 7-9. 1912.
Gives a short account of the occurrence of fungi causing rot and gum-
ming of peach and orange trees.
Floyd, B. F. Report of plant physiologist. Rep. Univ. Flor-
ida Agr. Exp. Sta. 1911: Ixviti-lxxxi. f. I0O-I4. 1912.
Contains reports on experiments to determine the relation of fertilizers
to diseases that affect the orange tree. He concludes that if melanose is a
fungus it exists only in the vegetative condition.
Fromme, F. D. Sexual fusions and spore development of the
Hat mista wb ore Club 36: 113-131. pl. 6,9, 18 Ap
[OnZ:
227
228 MycoLociIA
Giddings, W. J. The chestnut bark distase. W. Virginia Univ.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 137: 209-225. 7. t-12. Mr name:
Harter, L. L. Diseases of cabbage and related crops and their
control. U.S. Dept. Agr. Farm. Bull. 488: 5=32. 4 7-75.15
ZN) 1OU2:
Hasse, H. E. Additions to the lichen flora of southern Cali-
fornia. No. 7 Bryologist 15: 45-48. My 1912.
Lecidea bullata Hasse and Mycoporellum Hassei, A. Zahlbr. spp. nov. de-
scribed.
Hedgcock, G.G. Notes on some diseases of trees in our national
forests—II. Phytopathology 2: 73-80. Ap 1912.
Hedgcock, G.G. Notes on some western Uredineae which attack
forest trees. Mycologia 4: 141-147. My 1912.
Hedgcock, G. G. & Long, W. H. Preliminary notes on three rots
of juniper. Mycologia 4: 109-114 pl. 64, 65. .My apr:
Fomes juniperinus, F. Eariei, and F, texanus.
Howe, R. H. Orvropogon lovensis and its North American distri-
bution. Mycologia 4: 152-156. f. 1, 2. My 1912.
Howe, R. H. Some lichens from Nantucket Island, Massachu-
setts. Rhodora 14: 88-90. 1 My 1912.
Howe, R. H. The lichens of the Linnean Herbarium with re-
marks on Acharian material. Bull. Torrey Club 39: 199-203.
17 My 1912.
Kauffman, C. H. Mushrooms. Nat. Stud. Rev. 8: 172-181. f.
I-4. My 1912.
Discusses in popular style certain edible and poisonous fungi.
Kern, F. D. Gymnosporangium. N. Am. Fl. 7: 188-211. ie
Ap 1912. |
Lewis, C. E. Inoculation experiments with fungi associated with
apple leaf spot and canker. Phytopathology 2: 49-62. Ap
IQI2.
Lipman, C. B. Toxic effects of “alkali salts’ in soils oneal
bacteria. II. Nitrification. Centralb. Bakt. Zweite Abt. 33:
305-313: f. 5, 2. <2 Miran: |
Lloyd, C. G. Synopsis of the stipitate polyporoids. 95-208.
f. 395-500. Mr 1912. [Illust.]
INDEX TO AMERICAN MycoLoGICAL LITERATURE 229
Macbride, T. H. ‘The passing of the slime-moulds.” Science
i) 35: 741-743. 10 My 1912.
Moore, C. L.“ Some Nova Scotian aquatic fungi. Trans. Nova
Beotia Inst. Sci. 12:.217-238. 18 Mr 1912.
Reed, G. M. Infection experiments with the powdery mildew
of wheat. Phytopathology 2: 81-87. Ap 1912.
Reynolds, E. S. Relations of parasitic fungi to their host plants
—I. Studies of parasitized leaf tissue. Bot. Gaz. 53: 365-
305. f. 1-9. 15 My togr2.
Riddle, L. W. An enumeration of lichens collected by Clara
Eaton Cummings in Jamaica—I. Mycologia 4: 125-140.
My 1912.
Lists 114 species and includes 11 new species, in Biatora (3), Buellia (1),
Catillaria (1), Megalospora (2), Bilimbia (3), and Erioderma (1).
Seaver, F. J. The genus Lasiosphaeria. Mycologia 4: 115-124.
pi. 00, 07.. My 1912.
Includes a key to the species, and figures of the fruit, asci, and spores in
each case. Lasiosphaeria multiseptata and L. jamaicensis spp. nov. are also
described.
. Shear, C. L. The chestnut bark fungus, Diaporthe parasitica.
Phytopathology 2: 88, 89. Ap 1912.
Spaulding, P. Notes upon tree diseases in the eastern states.
Mycologia 4: 148-151. My 1912.
Among these diseases are the chestnut blight, Lophodermium nervisequum,
Peridermium fructigenum, Myxosporium acerinum, and Phoma piciena.
Spaulding, P., & Field, E.C. Two dangerous imported plant dis-
eases. U.S. Dept. Agr. Farm. Bull. 489: 5~29. f. 1-3. 9 Ap
EOL.
Stout, A. B. A_ sclerotium disease of blue-joint and other
grasses. Univ. Wisconsin Agr. Exp. Sta. Research Bull. 18:
207-253. f. 1-3. Mr 1912.
Stover, W.G. The Agaricaceae of Ohio. A preliminary report
with keys to the genera and species. Proc. Ohio State Acad.
Sei. 5: 462-577. Mr 1912.
Sturgis, W.C. A guide to the botanical literature of the myxo-
Iyeckes trom Vo75—to 1o12, Colorado Col, Publ, Sci. 12:
385-433, 1 Je 1912.
230 MycoLociIa
Theissen, F. Hymenomycetes riograndenses. Broteria 10: 5-
28. pl. F-4, Ap rou:
Theissen, F. Zur revision der Gattung Dimerosporwm. Beith.
Bot. Centralb. 29: 45-73. 12 Ap 1912.
Includes several American species.
Whetzel, H. H., & Rosenbaum, J. The diseases of ginseng and
their control. U.S. Dept. Agr. Plant Ind. Bullzsan 7 a2. ol.
I-12, f. 1-5. 30 Ap. Tore.
Wolf, F. A. Gummosis. Plant World 15: 60-66. Mr 1912.
eh tie dors a oe
Oe by F. = eevee: SRS eee
ae . ee ea a by .
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MYCOLOGIA
vou. 1V SEPTEMBER, I912 No. 5
THE AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC
COAST—II
WILLIAM A. MURRILL
The present article deals with two series of gill-fungi, those
with hyaline spores and those with ochraceous or ferruginous
spores.
SERIES I. SPORES HYALINE
Species belonging to the genera ordinarily known as Lepuota,
Amanitopsis, and Amanita are considered in this series. Some
of these names, unfortunately, can no longer be used, but in the
most important one, Amanita, the new name suggests the deadly
nature of many of the species and should prevent any serious
mistakes.
Annulus alone present. 1. LEPIOTA.
Volva alone present. 2. VAGINATA.
Volva and annulus both present. 3. VENENARIUS.
fe eeeiors (P. Browne) S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 601.
1821
1. Lepiota subnivosa sp. nov.
Pileus thin, convex to plane, umbonate, solitary, 1.5-3 cm.
broad; surface dry, smooth, somewhat striate at times, slightly
innate-fibrillose, with a few scattered floccose scales, snow-white
throughout or rose-tinted on the umbo; lamellae free, narrow,
not crowded, white; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, uniguttu-
late, 7-8 X 3.53 stipe thicker below, slender, glabrous, hollow,
white, 5-9 cm. long and 2-4 mm. thick; annulus superior, white,
[Mycotocta for July, r912 (4: 163-230), was issued July 13, 1912.]
231
Zor MycoLocIaA
fixed, rarely ample and persistent, usually breaking up and van-
ishing, especially in small plants.
Type collected on the ground in deep woods near Seattle,
Washington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 336.
Also collected on banks in woods as follows: Seattle, Washing-
ton, Murrill 304, 346, 485, 514, Zeller 105. Related to L. crista-
tella Peck.
2. LEPIOTA CRETACEA (Bull.) Morgan, Jour. Myc. 13: 4) “907
Lepiota cepaestipes Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg.' 35. (1672:
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 537.
3. Lepiota petasiformis sp. nov.
Pileus thin, hat-shaped, with prominent conic umbo, scattered
or gregarious, I.5-2.5 cm. broad; surface dry, rosy-isabelline, or
about the color of the back of the hand, covered with an abun-
dance of fine powder; lamellae free, subdistant, rather broad,
white; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, minute, 3.5 XK 2m; stipe
slender, tapering upward, clothed with powder like the pileus,
reaching 6 cm. long and 2-3 mm. thick; veil fugacious, not form-
ing an annulus.
Type collected in humus in woods near Seattle, Washington,
October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 629. Also col-
lected in the same region, Zeller 119. It suggests some forms
of 1) eretacea,
4. LEPIOTA CRISTATA (Bolt.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 34.
1872
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 356, 633, 695; Stanford Univer-
sity, California, McMurphy 30, 141; Berkeley, California, Har-
per; Santa Cruz, California, G) Je Siveator.
5. Lepiota castaneidisca sp. nov.
Pileus fleshy, regular, convex, umbonate, gregarious, 1.5-4
cm. broad; surface dry, white, with small, imbricate, avellaneous
to light-chestnut scales, the umbo chestnut with unbroken cuti-
cle; lamellae free, white, broad, ventricose, rather close; spores
ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 5-6 X 3; stipe cylindric, equal, hol-
low, glabrous, brownish-tinted, 4-7.5 cm. long, 3-10 mm. thick;
annulus white, superior, delicate, inconspicuous.
MURRILL: AGARICACEAE OF THE Paciric Coast -233
Type collected on the ground under redwoods near Searsville
Lake, California, December 11, 1911, James McMurphy 123.
Related to L: cristata.
6. Lepiota amplifolia sp. nov.
Pileus convex to subexpanded, umbonate, gregarious, reach-
ing 3.5 cm. broad; surface smooth, white, polished, with a few
delicate, floccose, isabelline-testaceous scales, the umbo isabel-
line-testaceous with cuticle subentire; lamellae free, white, not
crowded, very broad and triangular; spores oblong-ellipsoid,
smooth, hyaline, 8-9 * 3.5; stipe equal, finely fibrillose, hollow,
white, becoming rose-tinted on drying, 7-9 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
thick; veil white, evanescent, remaining only in small fragments
clinging to the margin and stipe.
Type collected on the ground in a dense fir forest at Glen
ibook, Oregon, November 7, 1911, W. A. Murrill 728. Ina
dried condition, this species somewhat resembles L. mutata Peck,
described from Kansas in 1806.
7. Lepiota Sequoiarum sp. nov.
Pileus thin, convex to nearly plane, umbonate, gregarious, 2-4
cm. broad; surface dry, finely imbricate-fibrillose-scaly, white,
the center more densely fibrillose and tinted with isabelline, the
remainder of the surface being at times tinted with the same
color in the scales; context loosely woven, thin, white; lamellae
white, free, close, narrow; spores ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, hya-
line, 7-9 X 3.5-4)3 stipe tapering upward, long, slender, white,
smooth, glabrous, hollow, reaching Io cm. long and 5 mm. thick;
annulus superior, white, not fixed but collapsed on the stipe, per-
sistent.
Type collected on the ground in Muir Woods, California, No-
wemlber 22, 1911, W. A. Murrill 1143.
8. Lepiota fumosifolia sp. nov.
Pileus convex, not umbonate, gregarious, 3 cm. broad; sur-
face dry, white with isabelline, granular scales, the center isabel-
line; lamellae free, broad, rather crowded, white, becoming fumo-
sous on drying; spores oblong-fusiform, smooth, hyaline, 12
7; Stipe equal or tapering upward, cylindric, smooth, white,
furfuraceous, pale-avellaneous below, 6 cm. long, 6 mm. thick;
234 MycoLocia
veil soon breaking into fragments which cling to the margin and
stipe.
Type collected on the ground in woods near Seattle, Wash-
ington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 229.
g. Lepiota castanescens sp. nov.
Pileus small, thin, convex to subexpanded, prominently um-
bonate, 2-3 cm. broad; surface dry, densely appressed-fibrillose,
white to rose-colored, glabrous and darker-red on the umbo, the
entire surface changing to castaneous on drying; lamellae free,
crowded, narrow, plane, white, becoming fumosous on drying;
spores ellipsotd, smooth, pointed, strictly hyaline, 7-8 & 3-4p;
stipe tapering upward, slender, slightly fibrillose, hollow, about
6 cm. long and 2-5 mm. thick, white or rose-tinted, changing to
castaneous on drying; annulus superior, fixed, ample, persistent,
white, changing to castaneous on drying.
Type collected on the ground in woods near Seattle, Washing-
ton, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 307.
10. Lepiota roseilivida sp. nov.
Pileus convex to expanded, thin, umbonate, gregarious, 2.5—4
cm. broad; surface dry, minutely and densely fibrillose-scaly,
rose-lilac, livid in the center, becoming slightly darker on drying;
lamellae white, unchanging, free, crowded, narrow; spores ellip-
soid, smooth, hyaline, 8-9 * 4-5; stipe slender, tapering up-
ward, subglabrous, white or pallid, changing to lilac on drying,
hollow, 7-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick; annulus superior, mov-
able, ample, membranous, lilac-tinted, becoming lilac on drying.
The type of this beautiful species was collected on the ground
in Muir Woods, California, November 22, 1911, W. A. Murmill
1138.
11. Lepiota subfelina sp. nov.
Pileus thin, convex to expanded, distinctly umbonate, solitary,
about 2 cm. broad; surface dry, white, densely covered with
small, latericious, imbricate scales, the umbo bay, with strigose-
tomentose covering; lamellae free, rather broad, plane, close,
white; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 8 & 44; stipe
very slender, slightly tapering upward, white and finely fibril-
lose above, avellaneous with a rosy tint below, and decorated
with latericious fragments resembling the scales on the pileus,
4 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick; veil obsolete, not forming an
annulus.
MuRrRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 23)
Type collected on the ground in woods near Seattle, Washing-
ton, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 349. Also
collected at the same time in the same region, W. A. Murrill
622. In the latter collection, one pileus has the cuticle ruptured
concentrically and the scales drawn together into rather coarse
gemmate warts or ridges.
12. Lepiota concentrica sp. nov.
Pileus rather thick, convex to subexpanded, scarcely umbo-
nate, solitary, 3-4 cm. broad; surface dry, white with yellowish
tints between concentric rows of coarse, strigose-floccose, lateri-
cious, raised scales formed from the deeply ruptured cuticle, the
unruptured central portion being fuliginous; margin uneven,
eroded, bearing fragments of the fugacious white veil; lamellae
white, free, rather broad and close; spores ovoid, smooth, hya-
line, 6 X 3.5m; stipe tapering upward, decorated with fibrils
from the veil, hollow, white above, cremeous and more shaggy
below, 7-9 cm. long, 5-15 mm. thick.
Type collected on the ground in woods near Seattle, Wash-
ington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 587. Also
collected in the same region, Zeller 102. Related to Lepiota
fuscosquamea Peck.
13. Lepiota roseifolia sp nov.
Pileus regular, convex to subexpanded, solitary, 4 cm. broad;
surface dry, shining, innate-fibrillose, radiate-rimose, smooth and
glabrous at the center, castaneous, blackish-tinted when fresh,
assuming a more reddish tint after picking; lamellae free,
crowded, slightly ventricose, regular, white when fresh, chang-
ing to rose-colored on drying or when bruised; spores ellipsoid,
smooth, hyaline, 7-8 * 3-3.5; stipe equal, compressed, very
long because buried in leaves, hollow, smooth, glabrous, avella-
neous-isabelline, white at the apex, 17 cm. long, 5 mm. thick; an-
nulus superior, slight, fixed, fuliginous.
Type collected in humus in a redwood forest at La Honda,
Galitommia, November 25, 1911, W.A. Murrill & L.R. Abrams
7207.
236 MycoLocia
14. LEPIOTA BRUNNESCENS Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 177.
1904
Stanford University, California, Baker 149; Searsville Lake,
California, McMurphy 45. Described from plants collected near
St. Louis by Glatfelter. The western plants are not entirely
typical, but they show the same decided change in color.
I5. LEPIOTA NAUCINA (Fries) Quél: Champ. Jura Wose.45.
1872
Stanford University, California, Dudley 73, 324, Baker 133 (in
part); Pasadena, California, McClatchie.
16. Lepiota fuliginescens sp. nov.
Pileus convex to subexpanded, solitary, about 8 cm. broad;
surface dry, finely imbricate-floccose-scaly, slightly rimose, white
with rosy tints, becoming fuliginous on drying; lamellae free,
distant, narrow, arcuate, white, changing to pale-latericeous on
drying; spores regularly ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 6 X 4p; stipe
long and twisted owing to its struggle through the leaves, taper-
ing upward, polished, hollow, colored and changing like the
pileus, about 10 X I cm.; annulus superior, ample, fixed, white
to pale-fuliginous.
Type collected on the ground in a redwood forest at La Honda,
California, November 25, 1911, W. A. Murrill & L. R. Abrams
1205.
17. Lepiota rubrotinctoides sp. nov.
Pileus convex to nearly plane, often umbonate, sometimes de-
pressed in old plants, solitary or gregarious, 4-7 cm. broad;
surface dry, subglabrous, white with rosy tints to red or pur-
plish, the center always darker, varying from pink or red to
dark-purple or blackish, cuticle even and unbroken when young,
splitting radially, especially on the margin, as the pileus ex-
pands; context thin, white, drying soft and flexible; lamellae
free, narrow, close, plane, white, the edges minutely serrulate;
spores subovoid, smooth, hyaline, with a large clear nucleus,
7X 3.5m; stipe long and slender, equal or slightly tapering up-
ward, hollow, glabrous or somewhat fibrillose, white, 10-15 X
0.5-I cm.; annulus superior, fixed, membranous, ample, white,
persistent.
MurrRiLL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST Dat
Type collected on the ground in woods near Seattle, Wash-
ington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 286. Very
abundant in the forests on the Pacific coast, and very constant
in form, although varying in the amount of red coloring matter
in the cuticle. It differs from’ L. rubrotincta Peck in its larger ,
size, darker umbo, smaller spores, and the absence of scales on
the surface of the pileus. Other collections are as follows:
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 338, 422, 573, Zeller go; Gleni
Brook, Oregon, Murrill 768; Muir Woods, California, Murrill
1142; La Honda, California, Murrill & Abrams 1304; Searsville
Lake, California, McMurphy 05, 96.
18. Lepiota magnispora sp. nov.
Pileus thin, conic to convex, with a more or less prominent
umbo, finally nearly plane, 3-5 cm. broad; surface dry, shaggy,
imbricate-floccose-scaly, the umbo fulvous with erect scales, the
rest of the surface pale-isabelline with numerous, darker isa-
belline or fulvous, upturned scales thinning out toward the mar-
gin, which is decorated with projecting scales and fragments of
the veil; lamellae free, not crowded, of medium width, white;
spores oblong-fusiform, smooth, hyaline, 15-18 X 4-5; stipe
slightly tapering upward, with a small bulb at the base, glabrous
at the apex, very floccose-tomentose and isabelline below, about
9 cm. long and 6 mm. thick; veil cottony, ample, ochraceous-isa-
belline, not forming an annulus but adhering to the margin and
stipe.
Type collected on the ground among dead leaves in deep woods
near Seattle, Washington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A.
Murrill 704. Also collected as follows: Seattle, Washington,
Murrill 512, 518, 601, Zeller 114; Stanford University, Cali-
fornia, Miss Patterson 23.
i eUEPIOTA AMLANTHINA (Scop.) Quel. Ench. Fung. 7.
1886
This is a variable and widely distributed temperate species
which has received many names, among them Lepiota granulosa,
L. carcharias, L. rugoso-reticulata, L. adnatifolia, and L.
granosa. Forms with coarse granules and rather brilliant colors
are commonly referred to L. granulosa, while those with fine
238 MycoLoGIA
granules and paler coloring are called L. amianthina or L. gran-
ulosa amianthina. There is little doubt that Scopoli in 1772
knew both these forms. Another character in which this spe-
cies 1s both aberrant and variable is the attachment of the gills,
which are sometimes squarely adnate or even a little decurrent
and at other times they are adnexed or barely reach the stipe.
All these variations in granular covering and gill attachment are
represented on the Pacific coast, where the plant is common.
When the species is more thoroughly known in its entire range,
it may be possible to recognize two or three of these forms as
species, and it may also be more consistent to group them under
a distinct genus between Lepiota and Armillaria, as suggested
by Fayod in 1889.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 320, 457, 472, 571, 588, 645, 678;
Tacoma Prairies, Washington, Murrill 7175; Glen Brook, Oregon,
Murrill 743; Corvallis, Oregon, Murrill 910, 954, 957; Newport,
Oregon, Murnill 1077; Salem, Oregon, MW. E. Peck:
20. LEPIOTA ASPERA (Pers.) Quél. Ench. Fung. 5. 1886
This rather rare but widely distributed temperate species was
found only once. L. asperula Atk. and L. ertophora Peck, de-
scribed from American material, should be compared with it
carefully.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 4306.
21. Lepiota nardosmioides sp. nov.
Pileus thick, fleshy, convex, slow to expand, 6 cm. broad in
its unexpanded form, resembling that of Armillaria nardosmia in
form and color; surface dry, fibrillose, castaneous, becoming
somewhat mottled with lighter and darker areas, margin strongly
incurved; lamellae free, crowded, broad, ventricose, pallid;
spores ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline with an umbrinous
tint, 5-7 < 3.5-4; stipe short, 2.5 cm. thick, bulbous, aimee
glabrous above and cottony below the large, membranous, simple,
white, persistent annulus, which is fixed above the center of the
stipe and is decidedly cottony on its lower surface.
Type collected on humus in a redwood forest at La Honda,
California, November 25, 1911, W. A. Murrill & L. R. Abrams
1250.
Murriru,” AGARICACEAE OF THE PxcrFIC COAST 239
2yActnmatA (Nees) S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 601.
1821
“wmamitopsis Roze, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 23: 50. 1876.
I. VAGINATA VAGINATA (Bull.) Murrill, Mycologia 3: 8o.
IQII
Found in its grisette form only and rather sparingly, but some-
times reaching 12 cm. in diameter, with a huge, subglobose, in-
flated volva resembling that of A. volvata.
Glen Brook, Oregon, Murrill 749; Mill City, Oregon, Murrill
831; Corvallis, Oregon, Murrill 925; Newport, Oregon, Murrill
ros0; La Honda, California, Murrill & Abrams 1268; Santa
CrozeCalitormia, G. J. Streator.
2. Vaginata velosa (Peck)
Amanitopsis velosa Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 485. 1895.
This species, described from material sent from Pasadena by
McClatchie, is near V. vaginata, but has large whitish volval
patches on the buff-colored pileus. It is abundant in southern
California, almost to the exclusion of the common eastern spe-
cies.
Pasadena, California, McClatchie; Stanford University, Cali-
fornia, Nohara 56, Miss Patterson 62, Baker 154, 381; Searsville
Make Californa, W. Ff. Wight 150.
Pe ENE NARIUSHatle, Bull) N: Y. Bot. Gard: 5:.450. 1909
The type of Amanita is Agaricus campestris, Amanita thus
Heme a (synonym of Agaricus. Earle erected the new genus
Venenarius for A. muscaria and other species in which the basal
volva breaks into fragments, leaving Leucomyces of Battarra
for the remaining species. More recent usage discards Bat-
tarra’s genus as not based on binomial publication, leaving the
one genus Venenarius, which, in my opinion, is quite sufficient
for all the species of Amanita as ordinarily considered.
240 MycoLocia
I. VENENARIUS MUSCARIUS (Fries) Earle, Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 5: 450. 1909
Brilliant orange and red sporophores of this deadly species
were found in abundance in the sandy pine barrens at Newport,
Oregon, and fresh specimens were shown me by Professor
Setchell at Berkeley, California.
Newport, Oregon, Murrill 1032; Monterey, California, Dudley
323.
2. Venenarius solitarius ( Bull.)
Agaricus solitarius Bull. Herb. Fr. pl. 48. 1780.
Stanford University, California, Dudley 145, McMurphy 6.
3. Venenarius phalloides (Vaill.)
Agaricus phalloides Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 13. 1821.
No fresh plants of this deadly poisonous species were ‘seen
during my stay on the Coast, but Professor Campbell told me of
a white species that occurs about Stanford University having
the characters of V. phalloides, and the specimens cited below,
which are without notes, may represent it. The spores of these
specimens are subglobose to ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 8-10 X
6-7 p.
Santa Cruz Mountains, California, Dudley 99; Santa Cruz,
California, G. J. Streator.
4. Venenarius ocreatus (Peck)
Amanita ocreata Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 330. 19009.
Pileus fleshy, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, even on the
margin, white, flesh white; lamellae close, unequal, broadly sinu-
ate, white; stem equal, solid, glabrous or slightly fibrillose be-
low the annulus, minutely floccose above, white, the annulus thin,
membranaceous, the volva white, soft, deep with an entire free
margin; spores subglobose or elliptic, 10-12 X 8-10 u.
-Pileus 4-6 cm. broad; stem 8-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by Baker under oaks at
Claremont, California. Types not seen. Evidently closely re-
lated to the white forms of V. phalloides.
MurriLL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 241
5. Venenarius bivolvatus (Peck)
Amamita bivolvata Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 329. 1909.
Pileus fleshy, convex or nearly plane, at first viscid, striate on
the margin, white, brownish in the center, flesh white; lamellae
close, unequal, free, white; stem equal, solid, flocculose, annu-
late, white, the annulus narrow, often disappearing with age, the
volva large, thick, soft, spongy, lobed on the outer margin and
having an elevated entire inner margin surrounding the stem;
spores subglobose or broadly elliptic, 10-12 & 8-10 p.
Pileus 7-10 cm. broad; stem 13-15 cm. long, 1.6—2.5 cm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by Baker under oaks at
Claremont, California. Types not seen.
6. Venenarius calyptratus (Peck)
Amanita calypirata Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 14. 1900.
Pileus fleshy, thick, convex or nearly plane, centrally covered
by a large irregular persistent grayish-white fragment of the
volva, glabrous elsewhere, striate on the margin, greenish-yellow
or yellowish-brown tinged with green, the margin often a little
paler or more yellow than the rest: lamellae close, nearly free
but reaching the stem and forming slight decurrent lines or stri-
ations on it, yellowish-white tinged with green: stem stout,
rather long, equal or slightly tapering upward, surrounded at
the base by the remains of the ruptured volva, white or yellow-
ish white with a faint greenish tint: spores broadly elliptic, Ion
long, 6 broad, usually containing a single large nucleus.
Pileus 10-20 cm. broad: stem 10-15 cm. long, 12-20 mm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by Dr. H. Lane in fir
forests in Oregon. The volva wall is one-fourth to one-half
inch thick in the “egg” stage, and the pileus is apparently un-
able to break through it at times, thus dying and decaying in its
infancy. Dr. Lane thoroughly tested the edibility of this spe-
cies and found it good and wholesome.
7. Venenarius calyptratoides (Peck)
Amanita calyptratoides Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 329. June,
1909.
Amanita calyptroderma Atkinson & Ballen, Ann. Myc. 7: 365.
August, 1909.
ZAD MycoLocia
Pileus fleshy, convex, then nearly plane, striate on the mar-
gin, covered in the center by a large irregular adhering frag-
ment of the white universal veil or by small fragments formed
by the breaking up of the veil, grayish-brown or lead-colored or
sometimes ochraceous or cream-colored, flesh white, taste mild;
lamellae moderately close, unequal, sinuate, adnexed, white; stem
nearly equal, hollow, striate at the top, white, the slight evanes-
cent annulus soon disappearing or becoming inconspicuous;
spores often uninucleate, broadly elliptic, 10-12 x 6-8, usu-
ally with an oblique apiculus at one end.
Pileus 4-8 cm. broad; stem 8-12 cm. long, 8-16 mm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by Baker at Claremont,
California. Mrs. Ballen’s specimens, judging from her descrip-
tion, agree substantially, only they are somewhat larger. V.
calyptrata is distinguished chiefly by its greenish tints.
8. Venenarius umbrinidiscus sp. nov.
Pileus fleshy, drying very thin, convex to expanded, at length
depressed, umbonate, solitary, reaching 10 cm. broad; surface
moist, glabrous, with large, irregular, adherent patches of the
white volva, melleous, fading to stramineous on the conspicu-
ously long-striate margin, the umbo yellow in young plants, be-
coming umbrinous; lamellae free, broad, not crowded, white;
spores large, subglobose, smooth, hyaline, 7-Qp; stipe white or
slightly yellowish, tapering upward, 12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick;
annulus ample, white, persistent, fixed above the center of the
stipe; volva rather short, white, tough, 3 cm. broad, with sub-
entire free limb. |
Type collected on the ground in a fir forest near Seattle, Wash-
ington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 414. Also
collected in the same region, S. M. Zeller too. The flesh amd
gills are freely eaten by slugs. Related to Amanita virosa.
g. Venenarius pantherinoides sp. nov.
Pileus thick, fleshy, globose to plane, solitary, reaching Io
cm. broad; surface melleous or dirty-cremeous with brown or
chestnut center, sticky when wet, slightly striate in old plants,
the white volval patches small, numerous, regular, and regularly
distributed until many of them fall away with age; lamellae
sinuate, crowded, plane, white; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline,
9X 5p; stipe tapering upward, white, glabrous, reaching II cm.
WioRRiELE NGARICACEAE OF THE PAciFiIc CoAstT DAS
long and about 2 cm. thick, with bulbous base; annulus large,
white, superior, persistent; volva white, 3 cm. broad, tough,
regular, persistent, with entire or undulate free limb.
Type collected on a south slope in woods near Seattle, Wash-
ington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 3909. Also
collected as follows: Seattle, Washington, S. M. Zeller 80, W.
A. Murrill 325; Newport, Oregon, in sandy pine barrens, W. A.
Murrill r092. Specimens at Albany sent by Copeland from
California and temporarily referred by Peck to Amanitopsis
adnata appear to belong here, but I have not examined them
microscopically.
10. Venenarius praegemmatus sp. nov.
Pileus hemispheric to subexpanded, often splitting at the mar-
gin with age, scattered, reaching 6 cm. broad; surface smooth,
melleous-avellaneous in the center, dark-melleous on the mar-
gin, not striate, densely covered with persistent, white, cottony,
gemmate warts, the remains of the volva; lamellae free, crowded
ventricose, white; spores ovoid to subglobose, smooth, hyaline,
8-10 »; stipe tapering upward from a bulbous base, smooth, white,
reaching 7 cm. long and 1.5 cm. thick; annulus ample, white,
persistent, fixed just above the middle of the stipe; volva white,
3 cm. broad, 2 cm. high, closely attached to the bulb and scarcely
showing a free limb, without friable remains in the soil.
Type collected on sandy soil in open woods near Seattle,
Washington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 247.
Also collected as follows: Seattle, Washington, W. A. Murrill
548, 646; Coos Bay, Oregon, H. D. House 76. . Fresh specimens
suggest one of the honey-colored forms of V’. muscaria, and
dried specimens are not very different from small plants of
A. rubescens.
SERIES 2. SPORES OCHRACEOUS OR FERRUGINOUS
Several departures from ordinary generic usage are made here.
In using the key, please bear in mind that Cortinarius, Inocybe,
Flebeloma, and Naucoria are not considered, these genera being
reserved for later publication.
Lamellae readily separable from the context.
Stipe lateral or none. 1, TAPINIA.
Stipe central or eccentric. 2) PAXIELUS,
244 MycoLocia
Lamellae not readily separable from the context.
Volva and annulu& absent ; veil evanescent, if present.
Pileus dimidiate or resupinate. 3. CREPIDOTUS.
Pileus centrally stipitate.
Stipe cartilaginous.
Lamellae free. 4. PELUTEOLUS:
Lamellae adnate or adnexed; margin of
pileus straight from the first. 5. CONOCYBE,
Lamellae decurrent. 6. TUBARIA,
Stipe fleshy; lamellae adnate or decurrent;
universal veil not arachnoid. 7, GYMNOPILUS.
Volva absent, annulus present.
Stipe glabrous or fibrillose. 8. PHOLIOTA.
Stipe squarrose-scaly. 9. HyPODENDRUM.
Volva present, annulus absent. 10; LOCELEINA.
I. TAPINIA’ (Fries) Karst Pattsy. 452; e7o
TAPINIA PANUOIDES (Fries) Karst. Hattsv. 452. 1879
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 313, 515, 530, Zeller 40; Berke-
ley, California, Harper. |
2. Paxittus Fries, Gen. Hiymen. 8. 1336
1. PAXILLUS INVOLUTUS (Batsch) Fries, Gen. Hiymenere:
1836
Corvallis, Oregon, Murrill 1013; Stanford University, Cali-
fornia, McMurphy 137. Found in abundance under conifers on
the campus of the Agricultural College, the pileus sometimes
reaching over a foot in breadth.
2. PAXILLUS ATROTOMENTOSUS (Batsch) Fries, Epicr. Myc. 317.
1838
Coos Bay; Oregon, H. D. House 8&6.
3. CREPIDOTUS (Fries) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 106. 1872
I. CREPIDOTUS HERBARUM Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus.
30% 72-1886
Agaricus (Crepidotus) Herbarum Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
Mus. 26: 56. 1874.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 660; Tacoma, Washington, Mur-
rul 719; Stanford University, California, Dudley 156, 175, Mc-
Murphy 140.
MuvurRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 245
2. CREPIDOTUS MALACHIAS (Berk. & Curt.) Peck, Ann. Rep.
ING Yrotate, Muse 30: 71. 1886
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 314.
3. CREPIDOTUS MOLLIS (Schaeff.) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg.
L001) 31872
Seattle, Washington, Zeller 126; La Honda, California, Mur-
rill & Abrams 1273; California, McClatchie.
4. Crepidotus submollis sp. nov.
Pileus sessile, reniform to subcircular, lobed, wood-loving, 2-4
cm. broad; surface white to discolored, finely silky, radially sul-
cate or plicate, strigose-hirsute behind; lamellae white to fer-
ruginous, rather broad, not distant, edges concolorous; spores
ellipsoid, smooth, melleous under a microscope, 9 X 4-5 p.
Collected on dead alder in woods near Seattle, Washington,
October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 572 (type), 603.
paso collected at Berkeley, California, February .7, ‘1911, Kh. A.
far per 27.
5. CREPIDOTUS PUBERULUS Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 324.
1898
Pileus thin, reniform or suborbicular, nearly plane, wood-lov-
ing, 6-10 mm. broad; surface minutely pubescent, brown; lamel-
lae ventricose, rather broad, rusty-brown when mature, whitish
on the edge; spores subellipsoid, usually uninucleate, 9-10 x
5-6; stipe 2-4 mm. long, equal, curved, lateral or eccentric,
brown, with a patch of white mycelium at the base.
Compton, California, McClatchie.
6. CREPIDOTUS CALOLEPIS (Fries) Quél. Ench. Fung. 108.
1886
Crepidotus fulvotomentosus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus.
206572 S74.
Corvallis, Oregon, Murrill 907.
246 MycoLoctIa
4. PLuTrEoLus (Fries) Gill, Champ. Fr. 1: 540ean878
I, PLUTEOLUS LUTEUS Peck, Bull. Torrey Club Wiea2o2
1895
Described from specimens collected by McClatchie under trees
near Pasadena, California, in December. Specimens from Stan-
ford University, California, Baker 161, distributed as Bolbitius
radians Morg., are much larger than the types, reaching 7 cm.
broad and 10 cm. high.
Pasadena, California, McClatchie; Stanford University, Cali-
fornia, Baker 161, 380, Miss Patterson 13, 67, Nohara 28; Cali-
fornia, Harper r4.
2. Pluteolus stramineus sp. nov.
Pileus thin, convex, solitary, 5 cm. broad; surface glabrous,
viscid, flavous and rugose at the center, pale-stramineous and
closely and conspicuously striate from the central area to the
margin; lamellae narrow, free or slightly adnexed, twice inserted,
dull dirty-stramineous; spores ovoid, smooth, bright ochraceous-
melleous under a microscope, II-14 6-8); stipe perfectly
straight, cylindric, equal, fleshy, smooth, stramineous, pulveru-
lent above, hollow, 10 cm. long, 5 mm. thick.
Type collected in an open grassy yard after a light rain, Cor-
vallis, Oregon, November 6-11, 1911, W. A. Murrill rorg. Re-
lated to Pluteolus luteus.
3. PLUTEOLUS CALIFORNICUS McClatchie, Proc. 5S. Cal.
Acad. “Set, 1i.283-5 1607
Described from plants collected by McClatchie on dead stems
and manure at Compton, California. The specimens sent to Dr.
Peck appear to be quite distinct from P. luteus.
4. Pluteolus parvulus sp. nov.
Pileus convex to subplane, thin, solitary, scarcely 1 cm. broad;
surface smooth, glabrous, shining, slightly viscid, dark-avella-
neous, the small umbo concolorous, margin striate; lamellae free,
ventricose, broad, fulvous, the edges white and minutely serru-
late; spores ellipsoid, regular, smooth, bright-melleous under a
microscope, Q-II X 5; stipe enlarged at the apex, pulverulent
above, glabrous below, smooth, straw-colored, hollow, flaccid and
collapsing, 2 cm. long, 1 mm. thick.
pe
MuvURRILL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 247
The type of this dainty little species was collected in humus on
the ground in woods at Preston’s Ravine, near Palo Alto, Cali-
fornia, November 25, 1911, W. A, Murrill & L. R. Abrams 1189.
Related to P. callistus, but smaller and lacking the red center.
y
5. ConocyBE Fayod, Ann. Sci. Nat. VII. 9: 357. 1899
Galera, (ries) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 103. 1872. Not
Galera Blume 1825.
I. CONOCYBE TENER (Schaeff.) Fayod, Ann. Set: Nats. Vi.
9: 357. 1899
This species is rather common, the usual form being slender
and small. No. 395, however, growing in a compost heap at the
edge of a woodland, is large, with isabelline cap and fulvous stipe,
resembling the form sometimes called G. sphaerobasis Post.
Specimens of C. tener from California have been referred by
some to Galera versicolor Peck, but this species, described in 1897
from South Dakota material collected by Williams, is not a
Galera but a Pluteolus, near P. luteus and P. expansus.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 395, 609; Corvallis, Oregon, Mur-
rill 1004; Preston’s Ravine, California, Murrill & Abrams 1167,
i#60, Stantord University, California, Dudley. 77, Baker 127,
7868; California, Miss Sutliff.
2. ConocyBE Hypnorvum (Batsch) Murrill, Mycologia 4: 75.
IQI2
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 421, 446; Preston’s Ravine, Cali-
fornia, Murrill & Abrams 1217. Stanford University, California,
L. R. Abrams 202a.
3. Conocybe Bryorum ( Pers.)
Galera Bryorum (Pers,) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 868. 1887.
Seattle, Washington, in peat bog, Murrill 391; Tacoma Prairies,
Washington, Murrill 716.
248 MycoLocia
4. Conocybe Sphagnorum ( Pers.)
Galera Sphagnorum (Pers.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 869. 1887.
Kadiak, Alaska, Trelease 511; Yakutat, Alaska, Trelease 5144,
516. This species has a much longer stipe than C. Bryorum, but
the two are closely related. I have not seen the Alaskan speci-
mens here listed.
5. Conocybe semilanceata (Peck)
Galera semilanceata Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 415. 18096.
Pileus membranous, acutely conic or campanulate, often sharply
umbonate, glabrous, sulcate-striate, pale-yellow or buff; lamellae
rather broad, ascending, distant, adnate, tawny- ferruginous when
mature; stem slender, glabrous, hollow, pallid; spores ellipsoid,
ferruginous, IO-12.5 X 5-6; pileus 4 to 6 lines broad; stem 1.5
to 2 in. long, .5 to I line thick.
Described from specimens collected by Yeomans among fallen
leaves, sticks, mosses, etc., at Camas, Washington. ‘The types at
Albany are somewhat broken and rather difficult to compare.
6. Conocybe angusticeps (Peck)
Galera angusticeps Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 143. 1897.
Pileus thin, narrowly and irregularly conic or subcylindric,
obtuse, acute, or abruptly acuminate at the apex, even, glabrous,
viscid and dark-ochraceous when young and moist, nearly white
when old and dry, the margin somewhat incurved and appressed
to the stem; lamellae close, narrow, adnate, somewhat white-mar-
gined, more or less anastomosing, brownish-ferruginous when
mature; stem slender, glabrous, hollow, equal or slightly thickened
at the base, whitish or tinged with yellow, shining when dry;
spores ellipsoid, 10-12.57.5p. ‘Pileus 8-15 lines long, 4-6
lines wide; stem 1.5-3 in. long, I-1.5 lines thick.
Described from specimens collected by McClatchie on grassy
ground in streets and pastures, at Pasadena, Los Angeles, and
Compton, California. The pileus is viscid, estriate, and does not
expand. G. Besseyi, described from Colorado, is apparently not
distinct.
7. Conocybe lirata (Berk. & Curt.)
A. (Galera) liratus Berk. @ Curt. Proc. Am. Acad: Arts & Sci.
A? TIO. ese:
MurRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 249
Galera lirata (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 865. 1887.
Described from specimens collected by Wright on the bark of
oak trees on Mare Island, California. Puileus very small, um-
bilicate, reddish, atomaceous, margin striate; gills adnate, few,
broad; stipe short. Types not seen.
Cumesarms (V0 Gsm.) Gill) Champ, Fr. 1: 537. 71878
Mew eARTA PURFURACEA (Pers.) Gill. Champ. Pr. 1: 538, 1878
This species is common in California. T. inquilina is very
closely related. JT. Eucalypti Earle is a name assigned for pur-
poses of distribution but no description was published. Naucoria
paludosa Peck, described from the Catskills, is apparently iden-
tical, although the description calls for somewhat longer spores.
Tubaria contraria Peck, also from New York, is apparently not
distinct. All of the specimens listed below agree in having much
closer lamellz than European specimens obtained from Bresadola ;
in this particular they agree with T. deformata Peck.
by oeattle, Washington, Murril; Preston’s Ravine, near Palo
‘Alto, California, Murrill & Abrams 1209, 1223; Santa Cruz
Mountains, California, Dudley 130; Stanford University, Cali-
fornia, Abrams 202, 203, Baker 157, 170, Dudley 76, 149, 167, IST,
McMurphy 144, Nohara 4, 32, Miss Patterson 8, 42, 60.
2 ORBARIA PALLESCENS Peck, Bull, Torrey Club 22: 202.
1895
Pileus fleshy but thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes
slightly depressed in the center, glabrous, hygrophanous, brick-
‘red when moist, yellowish or cream color when dry; lamellae
broad, adnate or slightly decurrent, tawny-buff, becoming brown-
ish-ferruginous; stem slender, hollow, yellowish, with white my-
Peuml at the base; spores ellipsoid, 7.5 < 4p. Pileus-5 to 10
lines broad; stem 12-18 lines long, .5 to 1 line thick.
Described from specimens collected by McClatchie among sticks
and leaves near Pasadena, California. Types not seen.
8°) 1 UBARIA TENUIS Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 415. 1806
Pileus membranous, hemispheric or convex, obtuse or subum-
bilicate, glabrous, hygrophanous, reddish-cinnamon when moist,
250 MyYcoLocia
cream color or pale-ochraceous when dry, either faintly striate
or sulcate-striate on the margin; lamellae 1-2 lines wide, distant,
ventricose, adnate or slightly decurrent, tawny-ochraceous; stem
slender, flexuous, often uneven, hollow, pruinose at the top,
downy at the base, pale-yellow or cream color; spores ellipsoid,
7-5 X 5m. Pileus 4-8 lines broad; stem 1-2 in. long, about 1 line
thick.
Described from specimens collected by McClatchie among
mosses on gravelly hillsides near Pasadena, California. Types
not seen.
4. TUBARIA BREVIPES Peck, Rep. Harriman Alaska Exped.
Crypt, 455. 1oC4
Pileus thin, convex, glabrous, ferruginous; lamellae broad, ar-
cuate, distant, adnate or slightly decurrent, ferruginous; stem
short, slender, glabrous, hollow, brown; spores ellipsoid, uninu-
cleate, 10-12 long, 7-8 broad. Pileus 6-10 mm. broad; stem
6-14 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. thick.
Described from specimens collected on the ground at Port
Clarence, Alaska, Trelease 562, 567. The dried specimens are
said to resemble Omphalia Campanella in color, but the spores
are ferruginous, 10-12 X 7-8.
7. GyYMNOPILUS Karst. Hattsv. 400. 1879
Flammula (Fries) Quél. 1872. Not Flammula DC. 1818.
Several divisions of this genus have been proposed but none of
them are satisfactory in the presence of the actual specimens.
The veil, the attachment of the gills, the habitat of the plant, the
shade of color in the spores, and the viscidity of the pileus may
all be helpful in the separation of species, but they do not seem to
furnish reliable and convenient characters for the segregation of
the genus.
Most of the species here treated are plainly congeneric and
rather difficult to separate from the descriptions alone. G. dec-
oratus and G. viridans are imbricate-scaly; G. echinulisporus has
noticeably roughened or echinulate spores; G. laeticolor is bright-
red in color; G. subflavidus and G. viridans become green-spotted
when handled; and G. carbonarius has peculiarly dark-colored
gills when the spores mature.
MurriLL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PAcIFIC COAST ASN
1. Gymnopilus laeticolor sp. nov.
Pileus convex or somewhat conic to subexpanded, rarely um-
bonate, thin, cespitose, wood-loving, 3-5 cm. broad; surface
smooth, glabrous, slightly viscid, hygrophanous, miniatous when
young, becoming testaceous at the center and ochroleucous on the
margin in mature plants; context dull-colored, bitterish ; lamellae
adnate, rather narrow, not crowded, ochraceous; spores ellipsoid,
smooth, hyaline with a yellowish tint under a microscope, prob-
ably pale-ochraceous in mass, with one or two very brilliant nuclei,
7X 3-4; stipe equal, miniatous to ochroleucous below, white
above, slightly moist and viscid, decorated with a few fibrils, the
remains of a slight white veil, about 7 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick.
Collected from the under side of a much decayed coniferous log
in the forest near Seattle, Washington, October 20—-November 1,
1911, W. A. Murrill 207, 505 (type). Related to F. astragalina.
2. Gymnopilus decoratus sp. nov.
Pileus convex to slightly depressed, at times umbonate, cespi-
tose, wood-loving, 3.5-5 cm. broad; surface slightly viscid, the
center imbricate-scaly with pale-bay scales, chestnut-colored on
the umbo, the remainder of the surface cremeous, fading to
white toward the margin; lamellae adnate or sinuate, isabelline to
fulvous, rather broad but plane, not crowded, edges undulate;
spores ellipsoid or ovoid, smooth, very pale melleous under a
microscope, 5-6 X 3.5-4; cystidia abundant, hyaline, conic, tap-
ering to a short, narrow stalk, obtuse at the apex, 30 X 12; stipe
equal, rather tough, stuffed, white or yellowish, shaggy-fibrillose,
5-8 cm. long, 5-6 mm. thick; veil fibrillose, evanescent, remain-
ing attached partly to the margin and partly to the stipe.
Collected abundantly on dead wood in open ground or in woods
near Seattle, Washington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A.
Murrill 553 (type), 538, 619. Also collected on dead wood ina
dense fir forest at Glen Brook, Oregon, November 7, 1911, W. A.
Murrill 750.
3. Gymnopilus ornatulus sp. nov.
Pileus convex to nearly plane, gibbous or umbonate, cespitose,
3 cm. broad; surface dry, slightly viscid when wet, fibrillose,
flavo-melleous tinted with pale rose-brown, the latter color more
conspicuous at the center; lamellae adnate, plane, broad, of med-
ium distance, pallid when young, becoming pale-fulvous from the
Mig) MycoLocia
spores; spores ellipsoid, smooth, pale-melleous under a micro-
scope, 6 X 3.5-4m; stipe smooth, glabrous and cremeous at the
apex, subconcolorous and shaggy-fibrillose below, 5 cm. long, 4
iain. thick,
Type collected on a bank by the roadside in Preston’s Ravine,
California, November 25, 1911, W. A. Murrill and L. R. Abrams
1169. Related to G. decoratus, but not conspicuously decorated,
and without cystidia.
4. Gymnopilus pallidus sp. nov.
Pileus irregularly convex to plane, umbonate, 3-7 cm. broad;
surface dull yellowish-gray, dry, smooth, glabrous, margin in-
flexed; context hyaline to grayish, watery, without characteristic
taste or odor; lamellae adnexed, close, broad, falcate, grayish-
white to fulvous; spores broadly ellipsoid, smooth, ochraceous-
ferruginous under a microscope, fulvous in mass, 8-9 X 3.5-4.5 #3
stipe stout, pallid, hollow, fibrillose, 3-4 cm. long, 5—7 mm. thick;
veil slight, evanescent, leaving no annulus.
Type collected on the ground under conifers at New West-
minster, British Columbia, March 28, 1905, Albert I. Hill 6.
5. Gymnopilus permollis sp. nov.
Pileus convex, not umbonate, solitary, wood-loving, 7 cm.
broad; surface viscid when young, becoming dry, smooth, gla-
brous, very soft and pliable to the touch, isabelline; lamellae re-
motely sinuate-adnate, rather distant, broad, becoming fulvous;
spores ovoid, slightly one-sided, obliquely pointed, minutely
roughened, melleous under a microscope, with one large nucleus,
Ir X 6p; stipe equal, longitudinally striate, white, furfuraceous
at the apex, fleshy, 8 cm. long, 8 mm. thick.
Type collected on dead wood in a coniferous forest near Seattle,
Washington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 540.
6. Gymnopilus subflavidus sp nov.
Pileus thin, conic or convex to expanded, umbonate when
young, cespitose, wood-loving, 3-5 cm. broad; surface slimy, gla-
brous, smooth, melleous with fulvous center, becoming green-
spotted when handled, margin entire, strongly incurved; lamellae
citrinous to fulvous, sinuate or adnate, of medium breadth and dis-
tance; spores ellipsoid, rounded at the ends, smooth, melleous un-
MurriLL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST DDS
der a microscope, 7-8 X 3.5-4; stipe equal, cremeous above,
pale-fulvous below, smooth, fibrillose, 4-7 cm. long, 5-8 mm.
thick; veil slight, citrinous, membranous in young stages, soon
breaking into fibrils and leaving no annulus.
Collected on dead stumps and logs in woods near Seattle,
Washington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 208
(type), 490.
7. Gymnopilus californicus (Earle)
Flammula californica Earle, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 342. 1902.
Described from specimens collected by Baker in grassy places
under trees, probably from buried wood, at Stanford University,
Wecember 5, 1901.
Stanford University, California, Baker 167, Miss Patterson 75.
8. Gymnopilus Hillii sp. nov.
Pileus slightly convex, umbonate, cespitose, 2-4 cm. broad;
surface smooth, dry, glabrous, raw-sienna, brown to buff at the
center; margin thin, even; context very thin, yellowish, mucilag-
inous to the taste, odor not characteristic; lamellae adnate or
emarginate, crowded, inserted, rather broad, falcate, yellowish to
fulvous; spores ovoid, smooth, fulvous, 6 & 3.5-4 4; stipe flexed
because of its lateral position on the trunk, equal, glabrous, um-
ber-brown to slightly blackish below, lighter above, hollow, 2.5-4
cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick.
Type collected on rotten logs and stumps at New Westminster,
British Columbia, April 23, 1905, Albert I. Hill 7.
9g. Gymnopilus fulvellus (Peck)
Flammula fulvella Peck; Macoun, Fur Seals North Pac. Pt.
ITT. 584. 1899.
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, subtawny, the
margin deflexed or incurved, flesh whitish; lamellae thin, sub-
distant, adnate or slightly decurrent, somewhat tawny, inclining
to ochraceous-tawny; stem equal, solid, fibrillose or fibrillose-
squamulose, colored like the pileus; spores ellipsoid, 12.5 7.5 p.
Pileus 1.2-2.4 cm. broad; stem about 2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm.
thick.
Described from dried specimens collected on low ground, St.
Paul Island, Bering Sea, September, 1896, by J. M. Macoun.
ae MyYcoLoGIA
10. Gymnopilus penetrans (Fries)
Flammula penetrans (Fries) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 233.
1872.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 250, 361, 383, 411, 433, 455, 481,
486, 635, 693; Glen Brook, Oregon, Murrill 740, 767; Searsville,
California, F. J. Jack 92; Marin County, California, Miss East-
wood 39; Stanford University, California, Abrams & McMurphy
05.
11. Gymnopilus sapineus (Fries)
Flammula sapinea (Fries) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 98. 1872.
This species differs little from G. penetrans. Fries combined
the two in his Systema, but later separated them again. The
points of difference as he states them and also figures them are,
as follows: G. penetrans is glabrous, with sinuate gills, which
become fulvous-spotted, and a long stipe with white base and
reddish-brown interior. G. sapineus is slightly floccose-squamu-
lose, becoming rimose, with adnate gills, and short stipe not white
at the base and yellow within. Cooke’s figures of G. sapineus
seem to agree well with Fries’ figures of G. penetrans.
Salem, Oregon, 11.2. Peck:
12. Gymnopilus spumosus (Fries)
Flammula spumosa (Fries) Quél. Ench. Fung. 70. 1886.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 605.
13. Gymnopilus spinulifer sp. nov.
Pileus convex, umbonate, at length expanding and losing the
umbo, scattered or clustered, 3.5-8 cm. broad; surface smooth,
glabrous, viscid, light-yellow with bay center, margin entire;
context cremeous, without characteristic taste or odor; lamellae
adnate or very slightly sinuate, plane, of medium breadth and
distance, yellowish to ferruginous; spores ovoid to ellipsoid,
smooth, pale-melleous under a microscope, dark-fulvous in mass;
cystidia hyaline, flask-shaped, with short, narrow neck and long
stalk, 70 X 15; stipe equal, hollow, subglabrous, with conspic-
uous mycelium at the base, yellowish-white or tinted with bay;
veil arachnoid, whitish, leaving a ial ring of fibrils near the
apex of the stipe.
Murri_t: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 255
Type collected on the ground among leaves under redwoods
near Portola, California, January 4, 1903, James McMurphy ro.
Also collected under redwoods near Jasper Ridge, California,
January I1, 1912, James McMurphy 143. Both of these col-
lections were accompanied by excellent field notes and sketches.
Specimens without notes but recognized by the characteristic
cystidia are, as follows: Mill Valley, California, under redwoods,
December 28, 1902, Alice Eastwood 25; Santa Cruz Mountains,
under redwoods, December, 1895, W. Rk. Dudley 107, 1206.
14. Gymnopilus echinulisporus sp. nov.
Pileus convex to plane, at length depressed, slightly umbonate
when young, wood-loving, reaching 7 cm. broad; surface nearly
smooth, moist, glabrous, shining, ferruginous at the center, ful-
vous on the margin, paler in dry weather, when it is usually
darker at the center than on the margin; margin folded or fis-
sured, strongly incurved on drying; lamellae sinuate-adnate with
a tooth, broad, slightly ventricose, ferruginous-isabelline to ful-
vous; spores broadly ovoid to subglobose, conspicuously and
densely echinulate, ferruginous under a microscope, 6-9 & 5-0;
stipe equal, or enlarged just at the base, longitudinally striate,
whitish to isabelline-ferruginous, about 6 cm. long, 1I.3-1.6 cm.
thick; veil apparently wanting, even in quite young plants.
Type collected on dead wood in moist woods at Mill City,
Oregon, November 9, 1911, W. A. Murrill 815. Also collected
on dead wood in woods near Corvallis, Oregon, November 6-11,
mort, W. A. Murrill 930.
15. Gymnopilus vialis sp. nov.
Pileus convex to expanded, at length depressed, splitting ra-
dially at the margin, wood-loving, 5 cm. broad; surface dry,
glabrous, smooth, at length rimose, dark flavo-luteous with bay
center or the entire surface bay; lamellae adnate, ventricose,
broad, rather close, citrinous to ferruginous-fulvous; spores
ellipsoid, rounded at the ends, smooth, melleous under a micro-
scope, 7 X 3.5; stipe equal or inflated, solid or hollow, citrinous,
fibrillose, especially at the top, where a slight trace of the fuga-
cious veil remains, 5 cm. long, I-1.5 cm. thick.
Type collected on a railway tie in the town of Corvallis, Ore-
gon, November 6-11, 1911, W. A. Murrill 969.
256 MyYcoLoctIa
16. Gymnopilus subcarbonarius sp. nov.
Pileus convex to expanded, rarely umbonate, rather thin, gre-
garious, 3-4 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, very viscid,
red to bay, yellow on the margin, sometimes darker at the cen-
ter; lamellae adnate or sinuate, not crowded, rather narrow, in-
serted, pale-yellow to ochraceous or fulvous; spores ellipsoid,
smooth, melleous under a microscope, fulvous in mass, 7 X 3-4 p;
stipe short, somewhat enlarged below, white, scaly, hollow, 3-4
cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick; veil fibrillose, evanescent, not leaving
an annulus.
Type collected on the ground at Berkeley, California, January
31, 1911, R. A. Harper 6. Closely allied to G. carbonarius, but
differing in the color of the gills.
17. Gymnopilus carbonarius (Fries)
Flammula carbonaria (Fries) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 232.
LO72,
For a description and colored figure of this species, see Myco-
LoGIA for July, 1912. It usually occurs in charred ground and
is of a nearly uniform reddish-brown color, with lamellae yel-
lowish-white to dark-ochraceous or pale-fuscous and spores fer-
ruginous, 7 X 3-4. G. spumosus occurs on naked ground and
is yellowish-brown with reddish-brown center, and has yellow
to ferruginous lamellae, with ochraceous spores that are slightly
larger than those of G. carbonarius.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 263, 325, 627, 641; Salem, Ore-
gon, M. FE. Peck; La Honda, California, Murrill & Abrams 1259;
Presidio, California, Harper 69; Stanford University, California,
Abrams 205, Miss Patterson 109.
18. Gymnopilus viscidissimus sp. nov.
Pileus conic, not fully expanding, gregarious, 2 cm. broad; sur-
face smooth, glabrous, very slimy, isabelline with an incarnate
tint, usually a little darker at the center; lamellae sinuate-adnate,
broad, ventricose, rather crowded, pale-isabelline, becoming
darker with age; spores ovoid, pointed, often one-sided, very pale
with a fuscous tint under a microscope, dark-fulvous in mass,
7X 3-4; stipe equal or slightly larger below, stuffed, whitish,
furfuraceous above, fibrillose below, rather tough, 6 cm. long,
3.5, mama thick,
MuRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST Vow
Type collected among mosses and humus on the ground in
low woods at Mill City, Oregon, November 9g, 1911, W. A. Mur-
rill 533. Also collected in a peat bog near Seattle, Washing-
ton, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 347.
19. Gymnopilus latus sp. nov.
Pileus convex to plane, not umbonate, gregarious, wood-loving,
reaching 9 cm. broad; surface glabrous, shining, viscid, radiate-
lineate, ferruginous-fulvous at the center, ochroleucous on the
margin; context rather thin, mild to the taste; lamellae sinuate
or adnate, pallid to fulvous, plane, not crowded, rather narrow;
spores ellipsoid, rounded at the ends, smooth, melleous under
a microscope, 6 X 3.5m; stipe equal, or slightly larger below,
dry, smooth, subglabrous, fleshy, white or somewhat yellowish,
with yellow or orange mycelium at the base, 5-7 cm. long, I-1.3
cm. thick; veil pale-yellow, membranous in young sporophores,
soon breaking into fibrils and disappearing.
Type collected on a dead deciduous log in woods near Seattle,
Washington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 650.
20. Gymnopilus viridans sp. nov.
Pileus thick, convex, with large umbo, cespitose, wood-loving,
reaching 8 cm. broad; surface dry, ochraceous, becoming green-
spotted when handled, with conspicuous light-bay scales sparsely
scattered except at the center, where they are rather close to-
gether; lamellae adnate, broad, crowded, isabelline to ferru-
ginous, edges undulate; spores ellipsoid, obliquely pointed at one
end, smooth, ferruginous in mass, 7 X 3.5; stipe larger below,
longitudinally streaked, concolorous, reaching 6 cm. long, and
2 em. thick.
Type collected on a burnt coniferous log in an open field near
Seattle, Washington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Mur-
rill 657. Also collected in clusters by the roadside near woods at
Green River, King .County, Washington; June, 1891, 4. MM.
Parker rt. In habit and appearance, the plant resembles Lentinus
lepideus and Pholiota aeruginosa.
21. Gymnopilus foedatus (Peck)
Hebeloma foedatum Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 202. 1895.
Described from specimens collected by McClatchie on the
streets of Pasadena, California. Similar to G. carbonarius in
appearance, but with much darker spores.
258 MycoLocia
Pasadena, California, McClatchie; Claremont, California,
Baker.
8, PHOLIoTA (Fries) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 91. 1872
I. PHOLIOTA MARGINATA (Batsch) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 94.
1872
Muir Glacier, Alaska, Trelease 525. Specimens not seen, but it
is doubtful if they represent the plant originally described by
Batsch.
2. PHOLIOTA UNICOLOR (Vahl) Gill. Champ. Fr. 1: 436. 1878
This species is very abundant on dead wood in the Pacific
Coast region. It differs from the plants usually known as P.
marginata in having broader gills and larger spores, the latter
measuring 8-10 X 5-Op.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 254, 264, 278, 350, 302, 474, 590,
690, 697; Mill City, Oregon, Murrill 520; Corvallis, Oregon,
Murrill 977, to17; Preston’s Ravine, California, Murrill &
Abrams 1232, 1237; La Honda, California, Murrill & Abrams
1246, 1282, 1305; Yakutat Bay, Alaska, Trelease 520.
3. Pholiota subnigra sp. nov.
Pileus very small for the genus, convex, slightly umbonate,
solitary, 1.3 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, slightly viscid,
uniformly fuliginous, except on the immediate margin, where it
is hoary on account of a pubescence originating from the veil;
lamellae sinuate-adnate, ventricose, broad, not crowded, becom-
ing fulvous, the edges remaining whitish; spores irregularly
ellipsoid, pointed at the base, 1I-2-guttulate, smooth, melleous
under a microscope, IO-II X 4-5; stipe equal, cylindric, pallid,
fleshy, solid, rough with short, soft, whitish, conic scales pointing
upward, 2 cm. long, 2.5 mm. thick; veil ample, white, membra-
nous, leaving a large, superior, persistent annulus.
Type collected on the ground in woods, attached to a small
buried root, near Seattle, Washington, October 20-November I,
1911, W. A. Murrill 380.
MURRILL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 259
4. PHOLIOTA CANDICANS (Bull.) Schrot. Krypt. Fl. Schles.
35: 006... 1960
Pholiota praecox (Pers.) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 91. 1872.
A description and colored figure of this common eastern spe-
cies were published in Mycotocia for July, 1911. I found it
only twice on the Coast.
Open grassy ground, Seattle, Washington, Murrill 337; mixed
woods, Corvallis, Murrill r1o21; Woodside, California, E. B.
Copeland; Yakutat Bay, Alaska, Trelease 502, 514, 517.
5. PHOLIOTA ANOMALA Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 202. 1895
Pileus at first hemispheric or subconic, then convex, glabrous,
hygrophanous, broccoli-brown when moist, pale-yellow or cream-
color when dry; lamellae adnate or slightly decurrent, subarcu-
ate, pale becoming brownish-ferruginous, often white on the
edge; stem cavernous or hollow with irregular transverse par-
titions, sometimes containing a cottony tomentum, whitish, with
a slight evanescent annulus; spores ellipsoid, 8-10 x 6-7 up.
Pileus 1.5-3.5 cm. broad; stem 4 cm. long, 2-6 mm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by McClatchie among
sticks and leaves on the ground near Pasadena, California, in
January. The species suggests Tubaria.
6. Pholiota washingtonensis sp. nov.
Pileus convex to applanate or slightly depressed, thin, gregari-
ous, cespitose at times, reaching 10 cm. broad; surface hygroph-
anous, smooth, glabrous, more or less rugose, pale-isabelline,
dull-fulvous at the center, margin striate, rather irregular; la-
mellae adnate with a tooth, broad, not crowded, avellaneous, be-
coming dark-fulvous; spores irregularly ellipsoid, often plane on
one side, pointed obliquely at the base, smooth, ferruginous un-
der a microscope, with a single large nucleus,.11 XK 6p; stipe
fleshy, streaked, equal or tapering upward, white at the apex,
brownish and fibrillose below, 6-8 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 cm. thick;
veil ample, white, membranous, leaving a large, superior, per-
sistent annulus.
Collected on the ground in low woods near Seattle, Washing-
ton, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 333 (type),
503, S. M. Zeller.
260 MycoLocta
7. Pholiota McMurphyi sp. nov.
Pileus convex to subexpanded, rather thick and fleshy, scat-
tering, 4-8 cm. broad; surface slimy-viscid, smooth, glabrous, ful-
vous at the center, greenish-yellow on the margin; context whit-
ish, without characteristic taste or odor; lamellae adnate, slightly
sinuate, broad, plane, close, becoming fulvous with a bay tint;
spores ellipsoid, pointed at times, ferruginous under a micro-
scope, rough with tubercles or short papillae, averaging 12 & 7»;
stipe cylindric, equal, yellowish-white, solid or slightly spongy
within, the surface rough with projecting ridges as though fur-
nished with several scanty rings, 4-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick;
veil white, fibrillose even when young, leaving an annulus con-
sisting of a few inconspicuous fibrils.
Type collected among leaves under oak trees near Searsville
Lake, California, December 28, 1902, James McMurphy 11.
8. Pholiota albivelata sp. nov.
Pileus thin, convex to plane, slightly umbonate, solitary, ter-
restrial, reaching 5.5 cm. broad; surface very slimy-viscid, isa-
belline tinted with rose, resembling the color of some species of
Gomphidius, the umbo slightly darker; lamellae adnate or slightly
sinuate, arcuate, not crowded, becoming fulvous, edges pallid;
spores ellipsoid, smooth, melleous under a microscope, 1—2-guttu-
late, Q-II X 4-5; stipe milk-white throughout, glabrous and
slightly smaller above the annulus, shaggy at the center, fibrillose
becoming subglabrous and rarely yellowish at the base, solid,
about 8 cm. long, 7 mm. thick above, 10 mm. thick below; annu-
lus above the middle of the stipe, very ample, milk-white, fixed, |
persistent, colored above by the spores and furrowed by the
lamellae.
Type collected on the ground in woods near Seattle, Washing-
ton, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 593. Also
collected in the same region, S. M. Zeller 88; at Glen Brook,
Oregon, November 7, 1911, W. A. Murrill 741; and at Newport,
Oregon, November 13, 1911, W. A. Murrill 1048.
Q. PHOLIOTA VENTRICOSA Earle, Bull. N. Y- Bot. Gard) 23am
1902
Pileus very convex, obtuse, cespitose, wood-loving, reaching 8
cm. in diameter; surface moist, ferruginous or luteous to dark-
ferruginous or latericious, slightly fibrillose-striate, with frag-
MurRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 261
ments of the cream-colored, rather well-developed veil clinging
to the margin and forming a small annulus near the apex of the
stipe; lamellae sinuate to adnate with decurrent tooth, melleous
to ferruginous, of medium breadth and distance, edges very ir-
regularly repand and toothed; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, fer-
ruginous, rough with conspicuous granular or short-papillate pro-
tuberances, 8-9 X 4-5; stipe bulbous, hollow, streaked, fibril-
lose-striate, cream-colored above, ferruginous below, 6-9 x I-2
cm.
Described from specimens collected at the base of pine trees
at Stanford University, California, Baker 122.. Found on logs
of Pseudotsuga at Seattle. Closely related to Gymnopilus.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 575, 618, Zeller S4, 118, A. M.
m@acer 2; Glen Brook, Oregon, Murrill 748; Searsville Lake,
California, McMurphy 104; Stanford University, California,
McMurphy 131, Baker 122.
g. HypoDENDRUM Paulet, Icon: 75. 1793
1. Hypodendrum flammans (Batsch)
Agaricus flammans Batsch, Elench. Fung. 87. f. 30. 1783.
Pileus convex, fleshy, cespitose, 2-2.5 cm. broad; surface lu-
teous, decorated with a few floccose, flavous scales, which appear
to fall away with age; veil large, flavous, floccose-fibrous ; lamel-
lae adnate; spores subhyaline, ellipsoid, 4 K 2m, not mature; stipe
rough with floccose, flavous scales, fistulose, firm, 3 cm. long,
7 mae thick:
Growing from a knothole near the base of a living trunk of
Abies. The specimens are, unfortunately, immature.
Glen Brook, Oregon, Murrill 770.
2. Hypodendrum limonellum (Peck)
Agaricus (Pholiota) limonellus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
mits. (32:33. 1870,
Corvallis, Oregon, Murrill 951. Growing from a crack in a
standing dead trunk of Crataegus in woods.
3. Hypodendrum oregonense sp. nov.
Pileus convex, at first circular, becoming one-sided from its
position, not umbonate, thick and fleshy, cespitose, reaching 5 cm.
262 MycoLocia
or more broad; surface dry, smooth, glabrous, flavous-ochra-
ceous, margin strongly incurved ; context thick, cremeous; lamel-
lae adnate, yellowish to yellowish-brown, becoming fulvous,
strongly interveined, distant, edges irregular; spores ellipsoid,
smooth, ferruginous, uniguttulate, 7-9 x 4-5 »; stipe dry, large,
varying in shape from ventricose to enlarging upward, yellowish
above, fulvous below, with small, scattered, unicolorous scales
pointing upward; veil large, irregular, yellowish-white, leaving an
irregular, superior annulus.
Type collected on a decayed spot in a living willow trunk in a
meadow near Glen Brook, Oregon, November 7, 1911, W. A.
Murrill 754.
10. ,;LOcELLINA Gill. Champ. Fr. “17 428hpiis73
Locellina stercoraria (Peck)
Pluteus stercorarius Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 488. 1895.
Locellina californica Earle, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 299. 1904.
Stanford University, California, Baker 382, Abrams 2, Nohara
47, M. T. Cook 9, Miss Patterson 45; Madera Creek, California,
McMurphy 42; New Westminster, British Columbia, A. J. Hill o.
NEw COMBINATIONS
For the benefit of those using Saccardo’s nomenclature, the following new
species in the above article are recombined, as follows:
GYMNOPILUS DECORATUS = Flammula decorata.
GYMNOPILUS ECHINULISPORUS = Flammula echinulispora.
GYMNoPILUS Hi1LL11=Flammula Hiillii.
GYMNOPILUS LAETICOLOR = Flammula laeticolor.
GYMNOPILUS LATUS = Flammula lata.
GYMNOPILUS ORNATULUS = Flammula ornatula.
GYMNOPILUS PALLIDUS = Flammula pallida.
GYMNOPILUS PERMOLLIS — Flammula permollis.
GYMNOPILUS SPINULIFER = Flammula spinulifer.
GYMNOPILUS SUBCARBONARIUS = Flammula subcarbonaria.
GYMNOPILUS SUBFLAVIDUS = Flammula subflavida.
GYMNOPILUS VIALIS = Flammula vialis.
GYMNOPILUS VIRIDANS = Flammula viridans.
GYMNOPILUS VISCIDISSIMUS = Flammula viscidissima.
HyPODENDRUM OREGONENSE = Pholiota oregonensis.
VENENARIUS PANTHERINOIDES = Amanita pantherinoides.
VENENARIUS PRAEGEMMATUS — Amanita praegemmata.
VENENARIUS UMBRINIDISCUS — Amanita umbrinidisca.
New York BoTaANIcAL GARDEN.
|
POLYSTICTUS VERSICOLOR AS A WOUND
PARASITE OF CATALPA
NeiIL E. STEVENS
(WITH PLATES 74 AND 75, CONTAINING 4 FIGURES)
The wood rot of living catalpa caused by Polystictus versicolor
is the only really serious disease of the catalpa yet reported.
Polystictus versicolor is, of course, one of the most common
wood-rotting saprophytes, but as was pointed out by von Schrenk
(8) in 1902, it becomes on the catalpa a dangerous wound para-
site, growing with great rapidity in living trees, spreading up and
down the trunk from the point of infection, out into the branches
and even into the roots (8, p. 53). On living trees the fungus
produces sporophores in great abundance, but is rarely found
fruiting on dead catalpa; a fact which apparently led von Schrenk
to the conclusion that P. versicolor is unable to grow on dead
catalpa wood and that even when growing in a living tree stops
its growth when the tree is cut (8, p. 54). As the writer has
shown in a recent paper (7), however, Polystictus. versicolor
may continue to grow on dead catalpa wood and under favorable
conditions may produce normal sporophores in considerable quan-
tity.
The report of von Schrenk on the diseases of the hardy catalpa
was based largely on observations in two large plantations in
Crawford County, Kansas, the Hunnewell and Farlington plan-
tations. In fact, these two plantations, together with the other
large plantations in the eastern portion of Kansas, have served
as the basis for most of the work done in this country on the
artificial cultivation of the hardy catalpa. During the past year
(1911-1912) the writer has investigated the wood rots of the ca-
talpa in this region, with special reference to second growth
stands. In the course of this work it has become evident that
coppice shoots on partly decayed stumps are much less readily
infected than are branches of a partly decayed trunk, and that
265
264 MycoLociIa
there is an apparently constant relation between the presence of
a decayed area in the trunk and the formation of tyloses in the
outer wood. While the data on these points are by no means so
complete as to make possible wholly satisfactory explanations of
the conditions mentioned, the observations already made seem of
sufficient interest to make their publication worth while.
INFECTION OF COPPICE SHOOTS FROM DISEASED STUMPS.
When the large plantations referred to above were first cut
over, the trees were from twenty to twenty-four years old. At
that time many of the stumps were rotten at the center. Un-
doubtedly they were affected in most cases by Polystictus versi-
color, for many of the trees on both the Farlington and Hunne-
well plantations were seriously decayed by this fungus at the
time of cutting, and in certain portions of these plantations many
of the stumps are now bearing numerous sporophores of this
species.
Yet sprouts from these partly rotted stumps, even from those
which bear sporophores, show no external evidences of fungus
infection and are as well developed as those from sound stumps.
Six-year old sprouts on partly rotted stumps are fully as large
as those of the same age on sound stumps and bear as many
seed pods. To determine whether these sprouts were actually
free from fungus infection or whether the fungus was present
and would finally result in the weakening and death of the sprout,
the writer spent several days in a study of the second growth
at the Hunnewell plantation. Fortunately for this work, eighty
acres of six-year old second growth was sprouted only a few
weeks before his visit (March, 1912), and the sprouts were still
lying where they had been cut.
A careful examination of this eighty-acre tract stented that
while only a very few of the shoots from partly decayed stumps
showed any external evidence of fungus infection, a large pro-
portion were rotted at the heart. On the other hand, practically
none of the shoots from sound stumps showed decayed areas.
In one forty-acre tract nearly two hundred stumps were counted
which bore sporophores of Polystictus versicolor and the sprouts
from nearly all of these showed rotten hearts. On fifteen large
STEVENS: POLYSTICTUS VERSICOLOR 265
decayed stumps which bore six or more good sized sprouts, every
sprout showed a considerable decayed area. In the entire eighty
acres, however, only three sprouts were found which bore sporo-
phores.
-There can be little question that the decayed sprouts were in-
fected from the stump. In thé great majority of cases, the
sprouts showed no injury through which the fungus might have
entered, and the decayed area was always largest at the base of
the sprout. Moreover, no such decayed areas were found in
sprouts from sound stumps. ‘The decayed area generally occu-
pied the center of the sprout and extended up from the base
for some distance, usually less than two feet and very rarely as
much as three. Figs. 1 and 2 show two sections through an
unusually large sprout from a stump which bore a large number
of sporophores. The section shown in fig. 2 was cut about six
inches above the stump and that in fig. 1 two feet above the
stump. ‘These figures show that the growth of the sprout had
been very rapid, much more rapid in this case than in the ma-
jority of the sprouts from sound stumps, and that the action of
the fungus was limited thus far to a comparatively small portion
of the sprout. How rapid the further progress of the fungus
may be cannot, of course, be determined at present, but it is cer-
tain that this fungus frequently spreads much more than two
feet @ year, in living catalpa trees. (See 8, p. 53.)
Why decay had not progressed further is a most interesting
question. There can be no doubt that the fungus both in the
stump and in the sprout was alive and in a vigorous condition at
the time the trees were examined. Pieces of the rotten wood
placed in a moist chamber showed in a few days a dense growth
of characteristic mycelium. Moreover, it is entirely probable
that the stumps which produced the rotten sprouts were them-
selves infected before the trees were cut. Many of the stumps
certainly were affected when the plantation was cut over and it
is difficult to suppose that the fungus died in these stumps and
that they or other stumps were infected later. Infection of
sound catalpa wood does not easily occur and the stumps in ques-
tion were most rotten at the center, exactly the condition found
in the stumps of badly rotted trees.
266 MycoLocIaA
It is possible, of course, that the progress of the fungus in
these shoots was slower than in older trees. But even if con-
siderable allowance is made for this assumption, it seems more
than probable that these shoots did not become infected for some
time, probably several years, after they started. That Polystic-
tus versicolor is capable of living for that length of time even
without much growth cannot be doubted, for Bayliss (1, p. 20)
has proved that the mycelium of this fungus can retain its vitality
in a dried stick for at least four years. Observations at Soldier,
Kansas, indicate clearly that Polystictus versicolor is capable
of attacking seedlings even younger than these sprouts. Cer-
tainly the fungus spreads rapidly enough from the trunk of a
tree into its branches; and it readily attacks and fruits on one-
year old sprouts around the base of a living tree.
It is not entirely clear, therefore, why these coppice shoots were
not attacked and killed much earlier; but it seems possible that
this temporary “immunity”? may be due to the rapid growth of
the sprouts. Both Hartig and Sorauer have cited examples of
wound parasites which, although capable of causing the decay of
woody portions growing at an ordinary rate, are unable to at-
tack rapidly growing parts. Hartig (3) states that in the case
of an oak attacked by Armillaria mellea, one may readily observe
that the parasite has not developed equally, but usually toward
one side. According to him, the development is arrested when
the fungus comes to a region directly under the influence of a
vigorous shoot.
Sorauer (6, p. 192) discusses the parasitism of Nectria cinna-
barina and states that this fungus is apparently unable to attack
sound, rapidly growing tissue of the host. This writer has ob-
served in the case of small trunks of Acer Negundo attacked by
Nectria cinnabarina, that in the spring the progress of the fungus
is stopped by the more vigorous growth of the wood. Sorauer
further states that in larger trunks where a sound side shoot has
developed, the fungus in the main trunk kills the tissue up to the
part which is under the influence of the vigorous side shoot and
there remains stationary. It seems possible that something like
this occurs in the case of diseased catalpa stumps which have
given rise to vigorous coppice shoots. That is to say, that the
STEVENS: POLYSTICTUS VERSICOLOR 267
fungus may be held in check for a time by the rapid growth of
the new tissues.
An examination of such stumps as that shown in fig 4, which is
typical of a number found on the Hunnewell plantation, lends
support to this idea. This photograph was taken from a sec-
tion through the base of a stump which bore sporophores of
Polystictus versicolor and which had produced a sprout of aver-
age size. It will be noted that the fungus has destroyed practi-
cally all of the wood of the original stump but that the second
growth is as yet untouched. That the fungus was in a vigorous
condition was proved by placing, the stumps in a moist chamber,
where mycelium developed on the cut surface in a few days.
Unfortunately, no complete data are at hand by which the
rate of growth of catalpa coppice may be compared with that of
seedlings. For the first few years the growth of coppice shoots
greatly exceeds that of seedlings, but whether this accelerated
growth is sufficient to check the progress of the fungus cannot,
of course, be determined at present. It is apparent, however,
from an unpublished report on the catalpa plantation at Far-
limeton, made im 1911 by Mr. Charles A. Scott, Kansas State
Forester, that in this plantation, at least, the accelerated growth
of the coppice shoot does not last more than three or four years
and that the succeeding growth may be even less than that of
normal seedlings. A comparison of his data with that given by
Hall (2) for the same plantation in 1902 shows that second
growth dominant trees nine years old do not exceed in height
average seedling trees of the same age. As the data also show
that the rate of growth of second growth trees was considerably
greater than that of seedlings during the first three of four years,
the subsequent growth of the second growth trees must have
been enough slower to make up for what they gained in the first
few years.
It is by no means certain that there is any relation between
the fact that the shoots grow more rapidly for the first few years
and that they are apparently for a time immune to the attacks of
the fungus, but the probability is at least great enough to make
continued observation on this point worth while. At any rate,
the length of time for which the accelerated growth of coppice
268 MycoLociIa
shoots continues, and the limited extent of the decayed areas in
six-year old sprouts harmonize readily with the idea that these
shoots were not attacked until the most rapid growth had ceased.
This makes the assumption that there was some causal connec-
tion between the rapid growth and the temporary immunity seem
not improbable.
_CORIOLELLUS SEPIUM.—Although no other dangerous fungus
parasites of the hardy catalpa have been reported, the writer has
found several species growing to some extent both on living and
on dead catalpa (7, p. 116). Next to Polystictus versicolor, the
species which the writer has most frequently found fruiting on
catalpa stumps is Coriolellus Sepium (Berk.) Murrill (Trametes
Sepium Berk.). While this fungus was not present in sufficient
abundance to be considered at all important from an economic
standpoint, it is interesting to note that the relation of the fun-
gus in the stump to the coppice shoot was apparently the same
as in the case of Polystictus versicolor. That is, the fungus al-
though well developed and in vigorous condition in the stump,
does not readily attack the shoot. Fig. 3 shows a section through
the base of a stump which bore numerous sporophores of Corio-
lellus Sepium and had given rise to a six-year old coppice shoot
of average size. It will be noted that the fungus had destroyed a
considerable portion of the stump but had not entered the sprout.
DEVELOPMENT OF TYLOSES NEAR A DECAYED REGION
In sections made for the purpose of studying the effect of the
fungus on the wood, an interesting relation between the presence
of the fungus and the occurrence of tyloses was noted. This
relation was observed in the wood of both seedling trees and
coppice shoots; and was so striking and constant that it seems
that there must be some causal connection and that the presence
of a decayed region in a trunk may have a direct bearing on
the development of tyloses. |
Tyloses were present to some extent in all pieces of catalpa
examined but a marked difference was evident between the num-
ber of tyloses present in sound and in infected wood. The
difference appears both in the number of tyloses present in each
STEVENS: POLYSTICTUS VERSICOLOR 269
annual ring, and in the age of the wood when tyloses first appear.
In normal catalpa wood tyloses are found almost exclusively in
the larger vessels of the spring wood, and even in these they are
more or less scattering, many of the vessels containing no ty-
loses and others being only partly filled. Tyloses first appear
in the second ring from the bark, that is, they.are found to a
very limited extent in two-year old wood. They are more nu-
merous, of course, in wood which is three- or four-years old, but
do not occur in sufficient numbers to hinder very seriously the
flow of water. |
When the outer portion of a trunk which is rotten at the heart
is examined, however, tyloses are found filling practically every
vessel of the spring wood and occurring to a considerable extent
in the vessels of the summer wood. Moreover, there are prac-
tically as many tyloses in the two-year old wood as in the five- or
six-year old wood. ‘This is the case even when the rotten por-
tion of the trunk is at some little distance from the two-year old
wood, often as much as four or five annual rings. Such a condi-
tion means, of course, that even the two-year old wood in badly
diseased trees is of practically no use for water conduction. It
seems probable that the presence of these tyloses and the conse-
quent obstruction to the flow of water would result in the earlier
death of the parenchyma cells in*these outer annual rings. It
seems possible also that these outer rings would then be more
readily attacked by the normally saprophytic Polystictus versi-
color, and that the formation of tyloses may play some part in the
invasion of the sap wood by the fungus.
: It would, of course, be unsafe to assume without further proof
that this markedly increased development of tyloses is due to the
fact that part of the trunk is-decayed. But Hartig (4, p. 235)
observed that “when the wood of a dicotyledonous tree is ex-
posed by a wound the vessels become completely plugged up by
tyloses,’ and there is considerable resemblence between this con-
dition and that found by the writer in partly rotted catalpa
trunks. If, as is generally believed (5), the formation of tyloses
occurs when the pressure in the vessels becomes less than that
of the adjacent parenchyma cells, then anything that reduces the
pressure in the vessels while the parenchyma cells are alive
270 MyYcoLoctIa
would tend to increase the number of tyloses. Whether the
presence of a considerable decayed area would occasion any re-
duction of the pressure in the vessels and thus result in the great
increase in the number of tyloses which occurs, is by no means
certain but it seems to offer the only explanation of this inter-
esting condition.
KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL. COLLEGE,
MANHATTAN, KANSAS.
LITERATURE CITED
1. Bayliss, J. S. Biology of Polystictus versicolor. Journ. Econ. Biology 2:
I-22. 1908.
2. Hall, William L. The Hardy Catalpa in Commercial Plantations. Bureau
of Forestry Bull. 27: 1-48. 1902.
3. Hartig, R. Wichtige Krankheiten der Waldbaume.
4. Hartig, R. Text-book of the Diseases of Trees. English edition. Lon-
don. 1894.
5. Rees, Max. Zur Kritik der Bohm’schen Ansicht uber die Entwicklungs-
geschichte und Funktion der Tyllen. Bot. Zeit., p. 1. 1868.
6. Sorauer, Paul. Schutz der Obstbaume, Gegen Krankheiten. Stuttgart.
1900.
7. Stevens, Neil E. Wood Rots of the Hardy Catalpa. Phytopathology 2:
II4—119. 1912.
8. Von Schrenk, Herman. The Diseases of the Hardy Catalpa. Bureau of
Forestry Bull. 37: 49-58. 1902.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES LXXIV anp LXXV
Figs. 1 and 2.° Sections of a large six-year-old catalpa sprout on a stump
which bore sporophores of Polystictus versicolor. The section shown in fig. 1
was taken two feet from the stump, and that shown in fig. 2, six inches from
the stump. 3%.
Fig. 3. Section of the base of a small catalpa stump which bore sporo-
phores of Coriolellus Sepium and had produced a normal coppice shoot. X%.
Fig. 4. Section of the base of a catalpa stump which bore sporophores of
Polystictus versicolor and had produced a normal six-year-old coppice shoot.
xX.
MYCOLOGIA
POLYSTICTUS VERSICOLOR ON CATALPA
MYCOLOGIA FLATE LXXV
BL LI G
LAY
ae
OES:
Vee
eee
POLVSTICIUS VERSICOEOR ON CATALPA
TYPE STUDIES IN THE HYDNACEAE’—
I. THE GENUS MANINA
Howarp J. BANKER
The segregation of fungai forms proposed under the generic
name Manina was first established with practically its present
conception and limitations by Scopoli in 1772 in a work entitled
“ Dissertationes ad scientiam naturalem pertinentes.” This work
was a small treatise covering, as its title implies, a wide range
of subjects and was in fact only part of a still wider ranging
series of papers. The greater part of the work is devoted to
subjects in mineralogy, but it also contains a short paper en-
mered ~~ ilantae stibterraneae descriptae et delineatae.” This
latter paper is often cited by the older mycologists but always
simply as “ Plantae subterraneae,’ which as we see is part of a
subtitle, and the incomplete citation has made it difficult to locate
the original paper. The work in which it appears is rare and a
copy was found only in the library of the British Museum. Al-
though the work is obscure and somewhat inaccessible at present,
it appears to have been well known to the older mycologists and is
of special interest to us because of its containing one of the ear-
liest truly natural segregations out of that assemblage of plants
known today as the Hydnaceae.
The name Manina, diminutive from the Italian Mano, a hand,
was first proposed by Adanson in the ‘‘ Familles des Plantes” 2:
Geetzos) Adanson published the name citing in connection
therewith “coralloides Micheli Pl. 88. f. 2 and 6.”
Micheli’s genus as shown both by his description and. figures
was undoubtedly the branched forms of our more modern genus
Clavaria. Adanson’s genus, therefore, if it were to be recognized,
would properly belong to the family of the Clavariaceae, but the
genus was not established according to the code here followed.
Scopoli took up Adanson’s name and republished it in his
*Investigation prosecuted with the aid of a grant from the Esther Herr-
man Research Fund of the New York Academy of Science.
271
Dae, MycoLocia
“Dissertationes ad scientiam Naturalem pertinentes” 97. 1772,
where he used it as the name of a new genus and formed several
binomial combinations, thus establishing the genus according to
our present rules. The first species in this new genus was
named by Scopoli Manina cordiformis which, therefore, becomes
its type. Both the description and the illustration of this species
show it to be clearly and unquestionably the species which has
long been familiar to mycologists as Hydnum Erinaceus Bull.
The species associated with this in the genus Manina by Scopoli
are also the same type of forms as we have usually associated
with H. Erinaceus and which have been likewise segregated by
later mycologists under various names. The genus Manina Scop.
is, therefore, both technically and logically the genus to which
should be referred Hydnum Erinaceus Bull.= Manna cordi-
formis Scop. and its natural congeners Hydnum coralloides Scop.,
H. Caput-ursi Fr., ete.
In a previous paper? the writer referred this group of species
to the genus Hericium Persoon, “ Neues Mag. fur die Bot.” 1:
109. 1794. The latter was based on the single species Hydnum
coralloides Scop. and now becomes a metonym of Manina Scop.
It was strongly suspected at the time that the latter name had
priority but it was impossible then to confirm the fact. As later
treated by Persoon, Hericium was congeneric with Mamnina.°
The genus Medusina Chevallier, “Fl. Gen. des Env. de Paris.”
278. 1826, was based on M. patula Chev.== Mamnina cordiformis
Scop. and is, therefore, a typonym of Manina. Chevallier’s
genus was also evidently strictly congeneric with Scopoli’s. The
genus Friesites Karsten, “ Medd. Soc. Faun. et Fl. Fenn.” 5: 41.
1879, and the genus Dryodon Quélet; Karsten, “Rev. Myc.”
31: 19. 1881, were both established on Hydnum coralloides Scop.
They are, therefore, typonyms of Hericiwm Pers. and hence me-
tonyms of Manina Scop., with which they are apparently also con-
generic.
In this connection it is necessary to discuss the proposed
names and the status of another so-called genus although it might
“Mem: Torrey Bot. Clubl2z23 112. — 1900:
3 Cf. Persoon, Comment. de Fung. Clavaef. in Holmskiold Coryph. Clav.
115 Ses aah OVE .
BANKER: TYPE STUDIES IN THE HYDNACEAE Zio
be ignored on technical grounds. In the same work cited above,
Adanson published the genus Martela based on “ Agaricum
Micheli pl. 64. f. 1 and 2; Battara, pl. 33. f. C; Corallo fungus
Vaillant Botanicon p/. 8. f. rz.’ This genus, like his Manina,
was not established according to modern rules. It is, however,
important to note that from the citations it included a somewhat
heterogeneous collection of forms. The citations from Battarra
and Vaillant indicate branched forms of Clavaria similar to Adan-
son’s Manina. The citation from Micheli is of more interest.
The second figure is clearly a form belonging in Manina Scop.
and is quite typical of the genus. Figure 1 is the form since
known as Hydnum hystricinum Batsch = Hydnum Hystriv
(Pers.) Fr. So far as Martella Adans. has any type this species
must be considered its type. The species both of Batsch and of
Fries appears to have been based on Micheli’s figure and it ap-
pears very doubtful if the form represents a good species. The
figure shows a short cylindric stipe terminating above in numerous
straight, diverging, erect teeth.
In 1770, Scopoli took up Adanson’s name in “Anni historico-
naturales” 4: 151 and established it as a genus under the form
Martella* by publishing it with the species Martella Echinus Scop.
as the type. This latter species differed from Micheli’s plant
only in being yellow in color and having the teeth or spines fistu-
lose. It is evident, therefore, that Martella as conceived both
by Adanson and Scopoli stood for forms in which the teeth or
spines stood erect, pointing upward and were not pendent as in
the case of Manina Scop. Martella Scop., therefore, is strictly
congeneric with Hericium Fries as treated in Fries, “ Hymeno-
mycetes Europeae” 617.
We must now turn aside to consider the status of the genus
FHlericium Fries. This genus was published by Fries in his “ Sys-
tema Orbis Vegetabilis,” p. 88, in 1825 and he there definitely
stated that it was not to be confused with Hericium Pers., the
type of which he asserted was Hydnum coralloides. It seems
probable that Fries’ conception of Hericium Pers. was that of
Manina Scop. What was his conception of his own Hericium?
*This appears to be the correct form, as the word is doubtless from the
Italian Martello, a scourge.
vai! MycoLocta
In the work cited he did not publish any species with his genus
nor did he form any binomials, but he cited ““Hydna Gomphi”
froma previous work, “Syst. ‘Myc.’ 1: ,400. 182n6— imp
latter work the genus Hydnum is divided into sections, one of
which is designated “Hydna Gomphi” and consists of four
species in the following order: Hydnum Caput-medusae (Bull.)
Pers.; 1. Hysirix. (Pers.) Fr.; 4. Echinus (Scops).et.-aneees
ramarium Fr. These four species, therefore, constitute the
Hericium of Fries as published in 1825. It must be noted that
according to our code the type of the genus is Hydnum Caput-
medusae. ‘This species, however, is of somewhat uncertain stand-
ing. Ifa good species, as generally understood, it belongs to the
genus Manina Scop., and in that case Hericium Fr. becomes a
metonym of Manina Scop. and also of Hericium Pers. Yet
Fries expressly and emphatically asserts that his genus is dis-
tinct from Hericium Pers. If now we consider the remaining
species of Fries’ genus, it appears evident that his own concep-
tion of Hericium Fr. is that of Martella Scop. ‘This is also con-
firmed by his later treatment of his genus and by his incidental
comments. In the “ Hymenomycetes Europeae,” p. 617, he pub-
lished his genus Hericium with four species which included only
two of the original list. These four species were Hericium No-
tarisit (Inz.) Fr.; H. Echinus (Scop.) .Pers.; H. Bysiria eas:)
Fr.; and H. alpestre Pers. and Fries points out that Hericiwm
differs from Hydnum in that the teeth are not pendent but are
erect, pointing upward. In this work Hydnum Caput-medusae
and H. ramarium have been retained in the genus Hydnuwm and
are associated with Hydnum coralloides Scop. in the tribe Mer-
isma, the type of Hericium Pers., which Fries expressly stated
was not the same as his own Hericium. It appears, therefore,
that technically Hericium Fries is a metonym of Manina Scop.
The name of course is untenable, being superceded by Hericium
Pers. As treated in “ Hymenomycetes Europeae,” Hericium Fr.
is a synonym of Martella Scop.
The species and the genus appear, however, more or less doubt-
ful. Hydnum hystricinum Batsch and all its synonyms appear
to have been based on Micheli’s figure (Nov. Pl. Gen. pl. 64. f. I),
and outside of that figure seems to be wholly unknown. Martella
BANKER: .LYPE STUDIES IN: THE HYDNACEAE 248)
Echinus Scop. is evidently known only from Scopoli’s original
deseription, ~ Anni ‘historico-naturales’” 4::151.’ 1770.> .-The
work is little known and we have not seen a copy. So far as
later descriptions give one a conception of the plant, it appears
that it might be some form of a branching Clavaria. Hydnum
Notarisii Inz. and H. alpestre Pers. are the only species of the
genus of which authentic specimens are in existence. The speci-
men of H. Notarisu Inz. on which Fries based his description
and comments is now preserved in the herbarium at Upsala. It
has every appearance of being a form of Hydnum Erinaceus
Bull. with an unusually long stipe. There appears to be nothing
whatever about the specimen to suggest but that it grew with
the teeth pendent. The statement “Ob clavam oblique deflexam
aculei horizontaliter porrecti” appears to be based on accidental
inversion of the plant. Inzenga’s type has not been seen unless
the Friesian specimen is a part of it. In the herbarium of Per-
soon at Leyden was found a small piece of a specimen marked
“ Hericium alpestre (Helvetia). This had every appearance of
being a fragment of H. coralloides Scop. and we do not believe
the Persoonian species is distinct from the latter, at least, it is
certainly of the same genus.
From our present knowledge of these forms the most that can
be said is that Martella Scop. (—Hericium Fr. “Hym. Eur.”
617) is a genus of very doubtful standing. The genus Manina
Scop., however, is a well-defined genus that has long been recog-
nized by mycologists under various names.
MMAnNiNA Scop. Diss. Sci. Nat. 1: 97.: 1772. ‘Type Manina
cordiformis Scop.
Flericium Pers. Neues Mag. ftir die Bot. 1: 109. 1794. Type,
Hydnum coralloides Scop.
Hericium Fries, Syst. Orb. Veg. 88. 1825, pro parte. Type,
Hydnum Caput-medusae (Bull.) Pers. |
Medusina Chev. Fl. Gen. des Env. de Paris 278. 1826. Type
Medusina patula Chev.
* Cited from Persoon, Comment. de Fung. Clavaef. 160. Scopoli’s work
has not been seen. Pritzel gives the number of pages in “ Anni historico-
naturales” 4 as 150.
i
276 MycoLocia
Friesites Karst. Medd. Soc. Faun. et Fl. Fenn. 5: 41. 18709.
Type, Hydnum coralloides Scop.
Dryodon Quél.; Karst. Rev. Myc. 31: 19. 1881. Type, Hydnum
coralloides Scop.
I. MANINA FLAGELLUM Scop. Diss. Sci. Nat. 97. pl. 17. 1772
Hydnum lacimiatum Leers, Fl. Herb. 276. 1775.
Hydnum ramosum Bull. Hist. de Champ. de la France, 305. pi.
200.4 1701.
Hydnum abietinum Schrad. Spic. Fl. Germ. 181. 1794.
Medusina coralloides Chev. Fl. Gen. des Env. de Paris, 1: 279.
1826,
The type specimen of none of the above named species is known
to be in existence. The synonymy has, therefore, been deter-
mined by a comparison of the original descriptions and figures.
Scopoli’s figure well represents a form which we have heretofore
referred to H. laciniatum Leers, but the form is not what we
consider as typical of Leers’s species, as the branches are too
long and slender, yet it does not appear to be specifically distinct.
2. Manina coralloides (Scop.)
Hydnum coralloides Scop. Fl. Carn. 2: 472. 1772.
None of Scopoli’s types are in:existence so far as known. ‘The
species described by him as H. coralloides has been long well
known and frequently described and figured under his name by
other authors, but has been more or less confused with forms
which we regard as belonging to the segregation that should be
referred to Manina flagellum Scop. Scopoli did not include this
species in his earlier work, in which he established the genus
Manina, and in none of his later works did he retain his genus,
going back instead to the older genus Hydnum. Curiously, there-
fore, the above combination is now made for the first time nearly
one hundred and fifty years after the genus and the species had
Peon described d by their common author. - Beg
BANKER: TyPE STUDIES IN THE HYDNACEAE 217
3. Manina Caput-ursi (Fries)
Hydnum Caput-ursi Fries, Monog. Hym. Suec. 2: 278. 1863.
No specimen whatever under the above name was found in the
herbarium of Fries at Upsala, nor does the species appear to be
well represented in any of the European herbaria. So far as can
be judged from such poor fragmentary material as the herbaria
furnish no well-defined distinction exists between Hydnum
Caput-urst Fr. and H. Caput-medusae (Bull.) Pers.
4. MANINA CORDIFORMIS Scop. Diss. Sci. Nat. 97. pl. 10. 1772.
Hydnum Erinaceus Bull. Hist. de Champ. de la France, 304. pl.
34. 1791.
Hericium grandis Raf. Prec. des Decouv. Somiol. 50. 1814.
Steccherinum quercinum S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 651.
1821.
Medusina patula Chev. Fl. Gen. des Env. de Paris, 1: 279. 1826.
Type specimens of none of the forms described under the above
names are known to exist. The species, however, is a striking
and well-known form that often attracts attention, and there
seems to be no reason to question the correctness of the syn-
onymy. The species has generally been known under the name of
Bulliard. Scopoli’s figure loc. cit. shows most clearly that his M.
cordiformis is the typical form that is everywhere referred to
H. Erinaceus Bull. The law of priority, therefore, demands that
his names should prevail and we have restored it to the species.
5. Manina Schiedermayeri (Heufl. )
Hydnum Schiedermayeri Heufler, Osterr. Bot. Zeitschrift 20: 33.
1870.
The type specimen of this species has not been seen and our
conception of the characters is based upon American plants which
we have referred here from comparison with the published de-
scriptions and figures. To judge from these American forms, the
species departs widely from the generic type and would appear to
belong to the resupinate-effused type of structure. Fries, how-
ever, regarded the species as of this alliance and the conspicuous
278 , MycoLociIa
tubercles with pendent teeth, together with the spore characters,
suggest at least a close affiliation with the genus Manina. We
have previously referred this species to “Hydnum croceum
Schw.” On a recent re-examination of Schweinitz’s herbarium
we have had the good fortune to discover his specimens under this
name and it appears very evident that they are not distinct from
his Phlebia hydnoides. We have, therefore, restored the name
of Heufler to this species.
De PAuw UNIVERSITY,
GREENCASTLE, INDIANA.
ASPERGILLUS INFECTING MALACOSOMA
AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
WILson P. GEE AND A. BALLARD MASSEY
In some experiments on the relation of temperature to the life-
cycle of the apple tent-caterpillar (Malacosoma americana
Fabr.), a serious difficulty presented itself in the mortality among
the specimens at the higher temperatures due to the infection of
the caterpillars with the fungus Aspergillus flavescens Eidam.
With regard to the injurious nature of the fungi of the genus
Aspergillus, DeBary? has the following to say: “A number of
species of Aspergillus, all of which occur chiefly as saprophytes
and in that mode of life reach their full development, in some
cases even forming sporocarps, are able to migrate to the bodies
of warm-blooded animals and live at their expense. Their vege-
tation causes or promotes a diseased state of the parts known to
physicians as mycosis. A. flavus, A. niger, and A. fumigatus,
Eurodium repens, and Aspergillus glaucus are characteristic pro-
moters of the disease of the human ear which bears the name
of Otomycosis aspergillina.” In regard to the specific fungus
with which we are dealing, he states that “ Gaffky and others,
Lichtheim especially, obtained characteristic phenomena of de-
velopment, in this case phenomena of disease, when the gonidia of
Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavescens Eidam, two species dis-
tinguished by the high optimum of their vegetative temperature,
over 37° C., were introduced by injection into the blood of ani-
mals, such as rabbits and dogs.”
In the above mentioned experiments, the larvae were subjected
continuously to a temperature of 35°-37° C., and were thus at
the optimum developmental condition of A. flavescens. Al-
though careful search was made in several nests of Malacosoma
americana, only two specimens which showed any infection what-
ever from this fungus were secured, among many hundreds, and
*Comp. Morph. and Biology of the Fungi, Mycetozoa and Bacteria, 360,
270. TOS7.
279
280 MyYcoLocIA
these were in a nest which had been previously sprayed with a
suspension of spores in sterile water. Thus the fungus cannot be
classed as of economic importance since it is only at the higher
temperatures that it does its damage. | | aa
These conditions suggested a series of experiments to try out
the possibility of artificial infection at the normal and higher
temperatures.
Six larvae from a perfectly normal nest together with a sufficient
number of wild cherry leaves for food, were put into each of
four sterile bottles, two of which were sprayed with a spore sus-
pension and the other two kept as a check. The bottles were
Fic. 1. Section through the cuticle of Malacosoma americana Fabr. show-
ing the penetration of Aspergillus flavescens Eidam to the exterior through
the region of a dermal pore, and the presence of the fungus in the inner layer
of the chitin. X 400.
plugged with sterile cotton and placed in the same compartment
of an incubator maintained at a temperature of about 37° C. A
similar experiment was conducted at the normal outdoor tempera-
ture (21°+27° C.). “At the end of three days all of the larvae
in the sprayed bottle kept in the incubator were dead from in-
fection with Aspergillus flavescens. The control specimens, at
the incubator temperature, showed no signs of such infection. In
the case of the experiment conducted at outdoor temperature,
none of the larvae, either sprayed or unsprayed, showed any signs
of such infection.. A second series of these experiments was car-
ried on with the same results as the first. |
GEE-MasstEy: ASPERGILLUS INFECTING MALACOSOMA 281
Daily observation of the larvae infected showed that the fungus
first appeared at the posterior fourth of the body, and from this
region progressed anteriorly. This seemed to indicate that infec-
tion takes place from the germination of spores taken into the
digestive tract of the caterpillar along with its food. Favorable
conditions for germination were found in the region of the hind
intestine of the insect and the mycelia produced found their way
through the intestinal wall into the body cavity and penetrated the
chitinous covering in the region of the dermal pores to the ex-
terior of the body. Sections of the larva substantiated this con-
clusion, and an examination of the accompanying figure will show
the presence of mycelia and spores in the inner layer of the chitin
covering the body cavity.
The entire body cavity was found to be filled with mycelia and
multitudes of spores, accompanied by an almost complete disinte-
gration of cellular structures. This cytolytic action, coupled with
interference with the respiratory processes of the insect, affords
sufficient cause for its death.
BIoLoGIcAL LABORATORIES,
CLEMSON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
SOUTH CAROLINA.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF RUSTS
WILLIAM H. Lone
On a collecting trip at Takoma Park, Maryland, with Dr. G.
G. Hedgcock, a caeoma-like species of Peridermium was col-
lected on Pinus rigida Mill. which proved to be Peridermium
delicatulum Arth. & Kern. Later, in looking over the species
of Peridermium in the Pathological Collections of the United
States Department of Agriculture, hoping to find other collec-
tions of this rare species, the writer found a specimen on Pinus
virginiana Mill., which from its gross characters appeared to be
Peridermium delicatulum, but a microscopic examination showed
it to be an undescribed species. nah)
‘On a trip made during 1911 through some of the forests of
Arizona and new Mexico, the writer while descending the Santa
Catalina Mountains found, on Coursetia glandulosa Gray, a rust
which on microscopic examination proved to be an undescribed
species intermediate in its generic position between Phragmo-
pyxis Dietel and Calliospora Arth. Technical descriptions of
these two fungi are given below.
Tricella gen. nov.
Cycle of development includes only pycnia and telia, the
former subcuticular, the latter subepidermal. Pycnia conoidal,
ostiolar filaments usually present; telia erumpent, without paraph-
yses; teliospores free, three-celled by transverse septa; walls
laminate, the inner layer firm, colored, the outer layer gelatinous,
translucent, overlaid by cuticle, the pores 3 or 4 in each cell and
lateral, pedicel bulbous in the middle.
This genus is intermediate in its characters between Phragmo-
pyxis and Calliospora, having the three-celled teliospores of
the former, and the same cycle of development as the latter.
Tricella acuminata sp. nov.
O. Pycnia epiphyllous in groups intermixed with the telia,
smooth, pale-brown, subcuticular, 70-75 » wide by 50-70» high;
ostiolar filaments hyaline, 25-35 long.
282
Lone: Two New SpEcIEs oF Rusts 283
III. Telia amphigenous but mainly epiphyllous, those on lower
surface usually opposite corresponding telia on upper surface,
more or less circular to ellipsoid, often confluent, 0.5 to.4 mm. in
diameter, blackish-brown, pulverulent, ruptured epidermis rather
inconspicuous; teliospores ellipsoid to ellipsoid-ovoid, acuminate,
rounded at base, 25-40 K 50-75 », not constricted at septa; walls
laminate, the inner layer firm, dark-brown, 3-4 p thick, the
pores 3 or 4 in each cell, lateral and opposite, the outer layer
gelatinous, pale amber-colored at apex, remainder of layer color-
less, 4-7 » thick, sparsely and evenly verrucose; pedicel 50-100 p
long, 10-12 thick near spore, colorless, except part at base
which is amber-colored for about 10 » where it-broadens out into
an ovoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, solid bulb 20-30 wide by 25-40 p
long, then contracts into normal size and shape, pedicel down to
and including bulb solid or nearly so, below bulb hollow but
with thick walls, outer layers of bulb rapidly swelling in water
and bursting. Spores often deciduous just below bulb even be-
fore being wet; portion of pedicel below bulb not gelatinous nor
swelling in water.
On FapaceaE. Type collected on Coursetia glandulosa Gray
in Sabina Canyon, 5000-7000 feet elevation, Santa Catalina
Mountains, Arizona, October 15, 1911, by Long & Hedgcock. It
was first found at an elevation of about 7000 feet and was
fairly common on this host along the south trail down to the
foot of the mountain in the canyon. The writer is indebted to
Prof. J. J. Thornber for the identification of the host.
Peridermium inconspicuum sp. nov.
O. Pycnia chiefly hypophyllous, sparse in material at hand,
low, conoidal, subcorticular, dehiscent by a longitudinal slit,
0.2-0.3 mm. broad, 0.3-0.7 mm. long, 85-120 » high.
I. Aecia from a limited mycelium, amphigenous, one to several
on slightly discolored spots occupying part of leaf, erumpent
from a narrow slit, flattened laterally, 0.3-0.7 mm.:long by 0.3-
0.9 mm. high, rupturing irregularly, peridium colorless, very
fragile, cells overlapping, oblong-lanceolate to oblong, 19-26 pu
wide by 32-55 long, average size for ten cells 20 X 37m, outer
wall about 3 thick, minutely verrucose, inner wall 5-8» thick,
closely verrucose, with rather prominent papillae. Aeciospores
ellipsoid to spheroid 16-18 & 22-30, average size for ten spores
16.7 X 25 pw, walls colorless, thin, 1-2 », minutely verrucose, warts
often in irregular groups with clear areas between.
284 MycoLocia
On Pinaceae. Type collected on Pinus virginiana Mill. at
Glen Echo, Maryland, May 5, 1907, by Miss V. K. Charles.
Also collected in same locality on same host June 16, 1912. This
species is intermediate in its characters between Peridermium
delicatulum Arth. & Kern and Peridermium montanum Arth. &
Kern, but differs from the former in its more prominent aecia
and in its overlapping and oblong-lanceolate peridial cells and
from the latter in the size of the peridial cells and in the shape
and size of the aeciospores.
The peridia of this species are very fragile, so much so that the
herbarium specimens collected in 1907 have entirely lost their
peridia, and in the field they soon fall away, making the aecia
inconspicuous. In this condition they much resemble Perider-
mium delicatulum but a microscopic examination readily shows
that the peridial cells distinctly overlap and are not isodiametric
but are much longer than broad. This seems to be the first
foliicolous species of Peridermium reported for this host. The
type material was collected from a tree about four feet tall, and
was fairly abundant on this one plant. This season (1912) a
careful search was made over the same locality from which the
type was collected, but only five affected needles were found,
and then only one or two to a tree.
OFFICE OF INVESTIGATIONS IN ForEST PATHOLOGY,
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
WasHINGTON, D. C.
INDEX TO AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL
LITERATURE
This index is prepared by Dr. B. O. Dodge, of Columbia University, and
covers the same scope for the fungi as that covered by the general index pub-
lished monthly in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. It is not reprinted
on cards for distribution.
Broadhurst, J. A biometrical study of milk streptococci. Jour.
Imifect. Dis. 10: 272-284. My 1912,
Brown, P. E. Some bacteriological effects of liming. Centralb.
Bakt. Zweite Abt. 34: 148-172. 15 My 10912.
Chivers, A. H. Preliminary diagnoses of new species of Chae-
tommum. Proc. Am. Acad. Sci. 48: 83-88. Jl 1912.
Nine new species are described.
Claassen, E. Alphabetical list of lichens collected in several
counties of northern Ohio. Ohio Nat. 12: 543-548. 7 Je
EOLZ.
One hundred and twenty-eight species listed.
Dodge, B. O. Artificial cultures of Ascobolus and Aleuria.
Mycologia 4: 218-222. pl. 72, 73. 13 Jl 1912.
Ascobolus magnificus described as new.
Dutton, D. L. Lichen flora of Vermont. Bull. Vermont Bot.
Club 7: 23-25. My 1912.
Faull, J. H. The cytology of Laboulbenia chactophora and L.
Gyrimdarum. Ann. Bot. 26: 325-355. pl. 37-40. Ap 1912.
Fawcett, H. S. The cause of stem-rot of citrus fruits (Pho-
mopsis citri n. sp.). Phytopathology 2: 109-113. pl. 8, 9.
Je 1912.
Fraser, W. P. Cultures of heteroecious rusts. Mycologia 4:
175-193. 13 Jl 1912.
The following life histories are worked out for the first time: Necium
Farlow Arth., Pucciniastrum minimum (Schw.) Arth., Melampsoropsis Pyrolae
(DC.) Arth., Uromyces Spartinae Farl., Melampsora arctica Rostr., and M.
(Medusae Thum. ?).
Giddings, N. J. A practical and reliable apparatus for culture
work at low temperatures. Phytopathology 2: 106-108. pl. 7.
le. tor2:
‘ 285
286 MycoLociIa
Gloyer, W. O. Apple blister canker and methods of treatment.
Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Cire. 125: 140-161. 20 Mygaigez
Graves, A. H. The large leaf spot of chestnut and oak. My-
cologia 4: 170-174. pl. 69 +f. 1. 13 Jl 1912.
The leaf spot is caused by Monochaetia Desmaszierii Sacc.
Griffon, E, & Maublanc, A. Les Microsphaera des chénes.
Bull. Soc. Myc. France 28: 88-104. pi. 3-5. 15 Ap i912)"
Discusses American species found.
Harter, L. L., & Field, E. Diaporthe, the ascogenous form of
sweet potato dry rot. Phytopathology 2: 121-124. f. I-4.
Ve Rror,
Includes Diaporthe batatatis sp. nov.
Hewitt, J. L. Rice blight. Arkansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 110:
447-459. 1912.
Hill, A. W.. A visit to the West Indies. Kew Bull. Misc. Inf.
1912: 106-189. My 1912.
Contains some information relating to the fungi and other plants of these
islands.
Howard, B. J. Decomposition and its microscopical detection in
some food products. Yearbook Dept. Agr. 1911: 297-308.
pl. I5-19. 1912.
Contains information relating to certain molds and bacteria.
Massee, G. Fungi exotici: XIII. Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1912:
189-191. My 1912.
Includes Eutypa gigaspora Massee from Trinidad.
McMurran, S. M. A new internal Sterigmatocystis rot of pome-
granates. Phytopathology 2: 125, 126. Je 1912.
Murrill, W. A. The Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast—I. My-
cologia 4: 205-217. 13 Jl 1912.
Includes 13 new species, in Hydrocybe (3), Hygrophorus (3), Armillaria
(1), Limacella (2), Geopetalum (3), and Crepidopus (1).
Murrill, W. A. Illustrations of fungi—XI. Mycologia 4: 163-
TOO, Pl: Coe 13a) Tome,
Suillellus luridus (Schaeff.) Murrill, Collybidium dryophilum (Bull.) Mur-
rill, Flammula carbonaria (Fries) Quél., Anthurus borealis Burt., Mycena
vexans (Peck) Sacc., Omphalopsis Campanella (Batsch) Earle, Naucoria sub-
velosa, Mycena praedecurrens, Russula stricta, and Marasmius magnisporus
spp. nov. are illustrated and described.
Orton, C. R. Correlation between certain species of Pacllaee
and.Uromyces. Mycologia 4: 194-204. pl. 70, 71. 13 Jl 1912.
Includes Puccinia uniporula sp. nov.
INDEX TO AMERICAN MycoLoGIcAL LITERATURE 287
Phillips, F. J.. & Mulford, W. Utah juniper in central Arizona.
ies. Forest ery. Circ), 197% 3-19. pl. 1, 2-+ f. r. 8 Je 1912.
Includes notes on injuries to the trees by Pyropolyporus texanus, Gymno-
sporangium gracilens, and G. nelsoni.
Reed, H. S., Cooley, J. S.. & Rogers, J. T. Foliage diseases of
peceapple. Virginia Polytech. Inst. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 195:
e-23. f. I-13. F 10912.
Saccardo, P. A. Notae mycologicae, Series XIV. Ann. Myc.
HO 210-222. 10. Je I9I2.
“1, Fungi ex Gallia, Abyssinia, Japonia, Mexico, Canada, Amer. bor, et.
Centr.”
Includes fifteen new species of fungi from America.
Sackett, W. G. Bakteriologische Untersuchungen tuber die
Stickstoffbindung in gewissen Bodenarten von Colorado.
Centralb, Bakt. Zweite Abt. 34: 81-115. f. 1-5. 15 My 1912.
Smith, E. F., Brown, N. A., & McCulloch, L. The structure
and development of crown gall: a plant cancer. U. S. Dept.
Agr. Plant Ind. Bull. 255: 11-60. pl. 1-109+f. I, 2. 29 Je
1O12. |
Stevens, N. E. Wood rots of the hardy catalpa. Phytopa-
thology 2: 114-119. pl. ro. Je 1912.
Stewart, R., & Greaves, J. E. The production and movement
Oiiiiric Nitrogen in soil, Centralb. Bakt. Zweite Abt. 34:
bis—047. 7. 7. 15 My 1912.
Taubenhaus, J. J. Present knowledge of sweet pea diseases and
“imeir control. Florists’ Exchange 34: 108-110. 20 Jl 1912.
[ Ilust. |
Theissen, F. Die Gattung Clypeolella v. Hohn. Centralb.
Bakt. Zweite Abt. 34: 229-235. 22 Je 1gI2.
Includes Clypeolella Ricini Rac., C. Solani Theiss., and C. apus Theiss.
spp. nov.
ern nni es +59
fete ewees beceeee int
: Desert eng by Vz, s White. a
3, 41, 49, 52, 56, 60, 65, 69, pe and 74- The Polyporacese
I by Ww. A. Murrill.
The Genus ‘Albupo,
Pye and ;
by
North J merican 2 Hypocreales—Il Nea P exiza, by
tes, by . 1 Seaver Guecia price 50 cents).
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MYCOLOGIA
PLATE LXXIWV
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ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI
MYCOLOGIA
VoL. IV NOVEMBER, I912 No. 6
ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI—XII
WILLIAM A. MuRRILL
The figures on the accompanying plate’ were all drawn from
specimens collected in and near Bronx Park, New York City, and
represent a few of the many attractive and highly-colored species
included in the genus Russula. This very difficult genus is now
being monographed for NortH AMERICAN FLora by Dr. Ger-
trude S. Burlingham, who has kindly determined for me the
species here figured.
Most of the members of this genus are edible, and some of
them are particularly good, but they are usually scattered, are
fragile and perishable, become infested early with a variety of
insects, are eaten by squirrels and other animals, and resemble
one another so closely that it is advisable to go to the trouble
of tasting nearly every specimen before selecting it for the table.
There are no violently poisonous species known in this genus,
and if specimens have a mild taste and an agreeable odor they
are probably harmless, but it must always be remembered that it
is necessary to test each new species thoroughly before using it
in any quantity for food. The botanical characters of the genus
are not difficult to learn, and it may be distinguished from the
nearest related genus, Lactaria, by the absence of a milky juice
in the tissues of the sporophore.
[Mycotocra for September, 1912 (4: 231-287), was issued August 28, 1912]
* This plate should be numbered 76 instead of 74.
289
290 MyYcCOoLOGIA
Russula sericeonitens Kauffman
SILKY-SHINING RUSSULA
Plate, 76. Hasutea. <2
Pileus regular, convex to plane or depressed, gregarious, reach-
ing 9 cm. broad; surface smooth, rather viscid, dark-purple,
blackish-purple at the center, not striate on the margin; context
rather thick, white, mild to the taste, odor not characteristic;
lamellae white, becoming slightly yellowish with age but not
ochraceous; spores subglobose, roughly tuberculate, hyaline,
8-10; stipe cylindric, equal, smooth, dry, milk-white, 5-7 cm.
long, scarcely 2 cm. thick.
Collected on the ground in oak woods near Bronx Park, New
York City, September 10, 1910, by W. A. Murrill. Described in
1909 from northern Michigan, where it is not uncommon in
mixed woods during July and August, usually growing solitary.
The spores of the typical plant are recorded as 6—7.5 p.
Russula Mariae Peck
Mary’s RUSSULA
Plate 76. Figures 2 and 8. X1
Pileus fleshy, convex and subumbilicate to depressed, reaching
7 cm. broad; surface dry, rose-red or purple with darker disk,
having a bloom like a peach, margin slightly striate at times,
especially in old plants ; context thin, of good flavor, white, pink-
ish under the cuticle, odor not characteristic; lamellae white or
stramineous, broad, subcrowded, interveined; spores subglobose,
minutely conic-tuberculate, yellow, 7; stipe equal, solid, rosy,
sometimes partly white, glabrous, about 1.3-1.5 cm. thick.
Common under oaks throughout the eastern United States.
Figure 8 represents the more usual form; figure 2 shows a variety
having lilac or violet tints with a beautiful white bloom or prui-
nosity. This is one of our prettiest species, as well as one of the
best for the table.
Russula emetica Fries
EMETIC“RUSSULA
Plate 76. Figure 3.0 x1
Pileus regular, firm to fragile, convex to plane or depressed,
5-8 cm. broad; surface viscid when young, polished, red, often
VWitRRiLE = IEEUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI 291
fading to pallid or yellowish, cuticle separating very readily ; con-
text white, reddish under the cuticle, very acrid to the taste;
lamellae white, then dull-yellowish, free, subdistant, broad, equal;
spores globose, echinulate, hyaline, 8-10; stipe rosy or whitish,
glabrous, spongy-solid, 3-7 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick.
Common in woods throughout Europe and the eastern United
States, often growing where logs have decayed. Distinguished
by its red color, viscid surface, readily separating cuticle, and
very acrid taste. In addition to its acrid quality, it is definitely
poisonous, containing small quantities of choline, pilzatropine,
and probably muscarine. When taken in any quality, it acts
aS a prompt emetic. It is mainly because of this species that
most specimens of Russula should be tasted before selecting
them for food.
Russula sulcatipes sp. nov.
FURROWED-STEMMED RUSSULA
Plate-76. ~ Figure 4. ° XX 1
Pileus convex to plane or depressed, reaching 7 cm. broad;
surface dry, pruinose, smooth, pale avellaneous-isabelline, slightly
striate on the margin, becoming more conspicuously so on dry-
ing; context very thin, white, very firm, mild and nutty to the
taste, odor not characteristic; lamellae white, becoming cream-
colored or somewhat darker on drying, adnate, plane, subdistant ;
spores globose, roughly tuberculate, hyaline under a microscope,
7-9; stipe equal or slightly enlarged below, with rather con-
spicuous longitudinal raised lines, milk-white, glabrous, solid,
about 5 cm. long and 1.3 cm. thick.
Type collected on the ground in oak woods near Bronx Park,
Wem ork City, September 10, 19010, by W. A. Murrill.
Russula obscura Romell
OpscuRE RUSSULA
Plate 76. ‘Pigure 5. <1
Pileus convex to expanded or depressed, reaching 12 cm. broad;
surface slightly viscid, vinosous at the center, much paler vinos-
ous toward the margin, slightly striate on the immediate margin,
usually decorated with bits of earth and leaves that are carried
upward as the sporophore emerges from the soil; context white,
at first mild, at length somewhat peppery; lamellae white or
292 MycoLocia
straw-yellow when viewed perpendicularly, becoming somewhat
cinereous or discolored on drying; spores subglobose, roughly
tuberculate, hyaline, 8; stipe white with a cinereous tint, smooth,
ochraceous, solid, 6 & 2-2.5 cm.
Collected on a rather dry bank at the edge of oak woods near
Bronx Park, New York City, May 22, 1910, by W. A. Murrill.
Described from Sweden.
Russula uncialis Peck
INcH RUSSULA
Plate 76. Figure 6. X1
Pileus thin, very fragile, convex to plane or depressed, 2.5-4.5
cm. broad; surface dry or slightly viscid, glabrous or minutely
granulose, at times obscurely striate on the margin, red or rosy
with incarnate or testaceous hues; context thin, white, of mild
flavor, without odor; lamelae white, becoming stramineous or
cremeous, interveined, subcrowded, narrow behind; spores glo-
bose, rough, hyaline, 7-8; stipe equal or enlarging below, gla-
brous, spongy or stuffed, milk-white, rarely reddish, 2.5-4 cm.
long, 4-10 mm. thick.
Collected under an oak on the grounds of the New York
Botanical Garden. Found sparingly in certain localities in the
eastern United States.
Russula foetens Pers.
Fretip Russvuia
Plate 76: Figure 7. <1
Pileus firm, rather thin, globose to plane or slightly depressed,
5-10 cm. broad; surface very viscid, slimy, conspicuously striate-
tuberculate, ochraceous-melleous, testaceous-fulvous in the center
with small bay or blackish areas; context whitish, tardily acrid
and mucilaginous to the taste, with odor of prussic acid; lamellae
mostly equal, adnate or adnexed, subcrowded, arcuate, white,
staining brownish when injured, usually decorated with small
drops of water when the air is damp; spores globose, strongly
echinulate, hyaline, 10; stipe cylindric, equal or somewhat ven-
tricose, glabrous or subglabrous, white, staining brownish when
injured, hollow, 5-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick.
This conspicuous species is common under oaks in groves or
MurrRILL: ILLUSTRATIONS OF FUNGI 293
woodlands throughout most of Europe and the United States,
sometimes occurring in great quantity in one spot. Its odor is
similar to that of peach kernels, and in some specimens it is
strong and unpleasant, although at times it may be scarcely
noticeable. This unpleasant odor and the very slimy character
of the surface render the plant unattractive and one would hardly
collect it for food. It is known to be definitely poisonous to
a certain extent and should always be avoided by mycophagists.
Russula rubriochracea sp. nov.
RED AND YELLOW RUSSULA
Plate 76.+* Bigure <'1
Pileus convex to plane or slightly depressed, reaching 6 cm.
broad; surface red or purple with a bloom, darker in the center,
not at all striate, dry, smooth, margin entire, concolorous; con-
text white, thin, taste at first nutty, becoming distinctly but not
violently acrid, odor not characteristic; lamellae exactly ochra-
ceous even in a very young stage, adnexed, plane, subdistant ;
spores subglobose, roughly tuberculate, hyaline under a micro-
scope, ochraceous in mass, 8-II p; stipe tapering below, smooth,
dry, glabrous, pale rose-colored or lilac, about 4.5 cm. long and
mee cine thick,
Type collected on the ground in oak wooks near Bronx Park,
New York City, September 10, 1910, by W. A. Murrill. Re-
lated to R. Mariae, but estriate, acrid, and with yellow lamellae.
New York BotTanicaAL GARDEN.
THE AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC
COAST—III
WiLtLt1AM A. MurRRILL
(W1TH PLATE 77, CONTAINING 2 FIGURES)
The species here treated have brown or black spores. Some
of them are celebrated for their edible qualities. No dangerously
poisonous species are known to belong to this group, although
many of them have not been tested.
Spores brown.
Annulus present.
Lamellae free. 1. AGARICUS.
Lamellae adnate. 2. STROPHARIA.
Annulus absent; veil appendiculate.
Scattered or subcespitose, rarely densely cespitose;
surface hygrophanous, viscid, or squamulose. 3. DrosoPpHILa.
Densely cespitose; surface firm, dry, glabrous. 4. HyPHOLOMA.
Spores black or olivaceous. 5. GOMPHIDIUS.
1. AGARICUS (Dill) bsp, Pl eee
I. AGARICUS CAMPESTRIS L. Sp. Pl. 1173. 1753
Seattle, Washington, Zeller 109; Golden Gate Park, California,
Murrill t114; La Honda, California, Murnill & Abrams 1251,
1277; Stanford University, California, Nohara 2, Miss Patter-
son 17, Baker 130; California, Harper; Kadiak, Alaska, Trelease
504.
2. AGARICUS CALIFORNICUS Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 203.
1895
Pileus at first subconic, becoming convex, minutely silky or
fibrillose, whitish, tinged with purple or brownish-purple on the
disk; flesh whitish; lamellae close, free, pink becoming purplish,
then blackish-brown; stem rather long, solid or stuffed, equal or
tapering upward, distinctly and rather abruptly narrowed above
the entire, externally silky annulus, pallid or brownish; spores
broadly ellipsoid, 5-6 X 4-5 p.
294
MurriLL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 295
Pileus 2.5-7.5 cm. broad; stem 4—7.5 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick.
Type collected by McClatchie under oak trees near Pasadena,
California. Said by the author to resemble A. haemorrhoidarius
in size, shape, and habitat, but to differ in color and surface
adornment. According to Baker, it is abundant and much col-
lected for food in pastures and lawns about Stanford University.
Pasadena, California, McClatchie; Stanford University, Cali-
fornia, Baker 123, Dudley 179, Nohara 39; Searsville, Cali-
fornia, W. G. Johnston.
3. AGARICUS HAEMORRHOIDARIUS Fries, Hymen. Eur. 281.
1872
Berkeley Camp, California, Harper. The specimens were de-
termined as above by Professor Harper when collected. They
also agree with plants at Albany so determined by Dr. Peck.
4. AGARICUS SILVICOLA Sacc. Syll. Fung. 5: 998. 1887
Agaricus campestris silvicola Vitt. Fung. Mang. 43. 1835.
Agaricus bulbosus McClatchie, Proc. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1: 382.
1897.
This species was found commonly in woods. The spores are
rather small, measuring 5 X 3.5 p.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 231, 281, 478, 581, Zeller 106;
Stanford University, California, McMurphy 133, Miss Patter-
SON 3, 33.
5. AGARICUS PLACOMYCES Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus.
29: 40. 1878
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 285, 524; Muir Woods, Cali-
fornia, Murrill 1130. The specimen from Muir Woods was avel-
laneous-umbrinous at the center, becoming blackish on drying,
and the stipe below the annulus was prominently marked with
close, concentric, irregular ridges.
6. AGARICUS SILVATICUS Schaeff. Fung. Bav. 62. 1800
Tacoma, Washington, Murrill 722: surface densely covered
with large reddish-brown scales; spores ellipsoid, 6 X 3.5 p.
296 MycoLocIa
Searsville Lake, California, McMurphy 115: scales more broken
into fibrils and color somewhat darker, but otherwise like the
Washington plants.
7. AGARICUS PATTERSONAE Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 347.
1907
Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, glabrous or minutely
silky, white or whitish, often mottled with brownish squamules ;
flesh firm, white, taste fungoid; lamellae close, free, pink, becom-
ing blackish-brown or black with age; stem equal or slightly
tapering upward, firm, stuffed, bulbous, white or whitish, the
annulus white, often rupturing and partly adhering to the margin
of the pileus; spores broadly ellipsoid, 8-9 » long, 5-6» broad.
Pileus 6-14 cm. broad; stem 7-12 cm. long, 2-3 em. thick.
Described from specimens collected by Miss Patterson under
pine and cypress trees at Stanford University, California. The
types at Albany are in poor condition, but the photograph ac-
companying them shows imbricated fibrils and scales over the
surface similar to those of the dark form of A. campestris, to
which it seems closely related. :
Stanford University, California, Miss Patterson 18.
8. Agaricus hondensis sp. nov.
Pileus convex to plane or somewhat depressed, solitary, 7 cm.
broad; surface dry, smooth, glabrous, white to slightly purplish-
black, the center concolorous; lamellae free, crowded, ventri-
cose, at length fuliginous; spores ellipsoid, smooth, pale purplish-
brown under a microscope, 5. 2.5; stipe somewhat fusiform
with a small bulb, dry, smooth, glabrous, white, 9 cm. long, I cm.
thick at the center; annulus ample, simple, persistent, fixed,
superior.
Type collected in sandy loam under redwoods at Ca Honda,
California, November 25, igt1, W. A. Murrill & L. R. Abrams
1260.
9. AGARICUS BIVELATUS Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 335. iIgo09
Pileus fleshy, thin, broadly convex, radiately fibrillose and floc-
cose, cream-colored slightly tinged with pink, smoky-brown in
the center; lamellae thin, close, free, pink then seal-brown; stem
MurriLL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 297
equal or slightly bulbous, glabrous, shining, white-floccose at
the top, stuffed or hollow, cream-colored, with a narrow double
annulus which at length disappears; spores subglobose, 5-Op X
4-5 pb.
Pileus 4-5 cm. broad; stem 3.5-6 cm. long, 8-11 mm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by Baker under oaks at
Claremont, California.
10. AGARICUS SUBNITENS Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 335.
TQ09
Pileus fleshy, broadly convex or slightly depressed in the
center, densely fibrillose, shining on the margin, cream- or tan-
colored; flesh white; lamellae thin, close, free, pink becoming
dark-brown; stem equal or slightly thickened below, stuffed or
hollow, white and fibrillose above, cream-colored and shining
below with a finally deciduous brown but white-margined annu-
lus; spores ellipsoid, purplish-brown, 6-8 X 4-5 p.
Pileus 4.5-9.5 cm. broad; stem 8.5—13 cm. long, I-1.5 cm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by Baker under oaks at
Claremont, California. Apparently not sufficiently distinct from
A. bivelatus.
11. Agaricus bivelatoides sp nov.
Pileus truncate-conic to convex with a large umbo, not fully
expanding, drying thin, 4 cm. broad; surface minutely imbricate-
fibrillose, dry, uniformily pale-avellaneous throughout; lamellae
free, crowded, ventricose, becoming fuliginous; spores ellipsoid,
smooth, purplish-brown, 5 X 2.5; stipe enlarging below, with
very small bulb, subconcolorous, minutely fibrillose, 6 cm. long,
4-6 mm. thick; annulus superior, simple, fixed, persistent, white.
Type collected on the ground under redwoods near Seattle,
Washington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 493.
Related to A. bivelatus Peck.
12. Agaricus comptuloides sp. nov.
Pileus small, thin, conic to convex, umbonate, solitary, 3 cm.
broad; surface rosy-isabelline to whitish, pinkish-brown to ful-
vous on the umbo, dry, slightly fibrillose-scaly, margin entire,
concolorous; lamellae free, crowded, plane, becoming fuliginous ;
spores ellipsoid, smooth, pale-purplish under a microscope, 5 X
2.5; Stipe smooth, polished, enlarged and white below, pinkish
298 MyYcoLocIa
above, becoming yellowish throughout on drying, 7 cm. long, 4
mm. thick above, 8 mm. thick below; annulus white to yellow,
membranous, ample, persistent, fixed just above the middle of
the stipe.
Collected in humus on the ground in woods near Seattle,
Washington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 434
(type), 523. Related to A. comptulus Fries and A. diminutivus
Beck
13. Agaricus flavitingens sp. nov.
Pileus hemispheric to broadly convex, not umbonate, drying
thin, gregarious, 6 cm. broad; surface dry, smooth, imbricate-
fibrillose-scaly, fulvous with a latericeous tint at the center, fad-
ing out to stramineous toward the margin; lamellae free, ventri-
cose, not crowded, avellaneous to umbrinous; spores ovoid,
smooth, purplish-brown, 4-5 X 3-4; stipe cylindric, slightly
larger at the base, smooth, glabrous, white above the annulus,
ochraceous-tinted below, 5 cm. long, 1 cm. thick; annulus ample,
membranous, persistent, fixed about the center of the stipe,
white, changing to yellow on drying. j
Type collected in sandy soil in fir woods near Seattle, Wash-
ington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 381.
14. Agaricus Hillii sp. nov.
Pileus regular, convex, thick and fleshy, solitary, 5-10 cm.
broad; surface smooth, dry, subglabrous, white, slightly grayish-
brown at the center, becoming pale-bay at the center on drying,
margin thin, entire, decorated with fragments of the veil; con-
text white to slightly pinkish, not changing, with pleasant taste
and odor; lamellae free, crowded, broad, ventricose, pink to
fuliginous; spores ellipsoid, smooth, purplish-brown under a
microscope, 5-6 X 3.5; stipe bulbous, tapering upward, smooth,
glabrous, white, pinkish above the annulus, stuffed or hollow, 7—
to cm. long, 8-12 mm. thick; annulus superior, simple, white,
large, persistent.
Type collected among moss and humus in open woods on
Mayne Island, Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia, December 12,
1904, Albert I. Hill 104.
15. Agaricus Abramsii sp. nov.
Pileus irregular, owing to the position of the plant, thick,
fleshy, plane, solitary, 6 cm. broad; surface dry, finely imbricate-
MuURRTET : AGARICACEAE: OF THE PACIFIC COAST 299
scaly, whitish with a rosy tint; lamellae free, crowded, narrow,
plane, pallid; spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline to pale-umbrinous
under a microscope, 6-7 X 3.5-4; stipe eccentric, fusiform,
white, polished, hollow, 6 X 2 cm.; annulus near the base, white,
not conspicuous.
Type collected on a clay bank by the roadside at 800 ft. ele-
vation on the Santa Cruz Mountains near Palo Alto, California,
November 25, 1911, W. A. Murnll & L. R. Abrams 1227. Dis-
torted, owing to its position on the side of the bank.
16. Agaricus subrufescentoides sp. nov.
Pileus convex to subexpanded, slightly umbonate, thick and
fleshy, solitary, reaching 10 cm. broad; surface dry, smooth,
whitish, densely covered with imbricate, delicately-fibrillose,
rufescent scales, except at the center, where it is glabrous and
fulvous to bay; lamellae free, rather close, ventricose, pallid to
pale-purplish; spores narrowly ellipsoid, obliquely pointed at the
base, smooth, pale purplish-brown, 6-7 X 3.5; stipe tapering
upward, not bulbous, glabrous, white, staining slightly reddish-
brown when bruised, 7 cm. long, I-1.5 cm. thick; annulus ample,
membranous, simple, white, staining slightly reddish-brown, fixed,
superior. F
Type collected on the ground in woods near Seattle, Washing-
ton, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 5091. Also
collected near Tacoma, Washington, October 26, 1911, W. A.
Murrill 720.
17. Agaricus McMurphyi sp. nov.
Pileus rather thick and fleshy, convex to expanded, solitary, 15
cm. broad; surface moist, smooth, light-gray with purplish-brown
fibrils, margin somewhat ragged with portions of the veil; con-
text white, not changing when bruised, with taste and odor simi-
lar to that of A. campestris; lamellae free, several times inserted,
rather broad, ventricose, crowded, becoming very dark brown;
spores ellipsoid, smooth, dark-purplish under a microscope, 5-6
X 3-3.5; stipe subequal with a prominent bulb, subglabrous,
stuffed, whitish below to purplish-brown above, 13 cm. long,
2 mm. thick; veil thin, membranous, leaving a permanent,
median annulus.
Type collected on the ground under redwoods near Searsville
Lake, California, January 6, 1903, James McMurphy 35.
300 MycoLocIa
18. Agaricus crocodilinus sp. nov.
Pileus thick, convex, not fully expanding, solitary, reaching 35
cm. broad; surface white, conspicuously ornamented with large
gemmate warts originating from the cracking of the epidermis,
causing it to resemble the skin of a crocodile; lamellae broad,
ventricose, crowded, narrowed behind; spores ellipsoid, obliquely
pointed at the base, smooth, uniguttulate, dark purplish-brown,
II-I13 X 6-7; stipe short, white, smooth, glabrous, 12 X 6 cm.,
very much inflated at the center, where it reaches 9 cm. or more
thick; veil superior, white, membranous. (fl. 77.)
Type collected on the ground at Ferndale, Humboldt Co.,
California, by H. J. Smith, who tested it and found it edible.
2. STROPHARIA (Fries) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 110. 1872
I. STROPHARIA AERUGINOSA (Curt.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg.
lO. 1872
California, Hlarper 7; Stanford University, California, Mc-
Murphy 151.
2. STROPHARIA SEMIGLOBATA (Batsch) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg.
112.) S872
See Mycotocia for January, 1912, where this species is de-
scribed and illustrated in color.
Tacoma Prairies, Washington, Murrill 713; Corvallis, Oregon,
Murrill 970, 973, 997; Stanford University, California, Dudley
184, Miss Kidwell 95, McMurphy 112; Searsville Lake, Cali-
fornia, McMurphy 08.
3. STROPHARIA STERCORARIA (Fries) Queél. Champ. Jura Vosg.
1i2. 1872
Similar to S. semiglobata in habit and appearance, but gills
becoming brownish-black or greenish-black instead of cloudy-
black, and spores larger and lighter in color, appearing olivaceous
under a microscope. The spores of both species are immense and
vary considerably in size. ;
Stanford University, California, Miss Patterson 15, 30, 40,
MYCOLOGIA PLATE LX XVII
AGARICUS CROCODILINUS MURRILL
WIURRILL: AGARICACEAR OF THE PAciIFIC COAST 301
Dudley 75, Nohara 40, Abrams 200; near Palo Alto, California,
Baker 377; Berkeley, California, Harper; near Searsville Lake,
California, McMurphy 47.
4. STROPHARIA MAGNIVELARIS Peck; Harriman Alaska Exped.
Crypt. 44. 1904
Pileus convex, becoming nearly plane, sometimes umbonate,
glabrous or obscurely radiately fibrillose or fibrillose-squamose
with innate or appressed fibrils, ochraceous-buff when dry; la-
mellae moderately close, blackish-brown when mature; stems,
long, slender, glabrous, solid, slightly thickened at the base,
whitish, the ring large, membranous, white, persistent; spores
ellipsoid-oblong, 14-16 long, 7-8 broad.
Pileus 2-3 cm. broad; stem 5-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick.
Described from specimens collected on the ground at Yakutat
Bay, Alaska, Trelease 501, 503. The types at Albany resemble
S. stercoraria, but have a larger ring, darker gills, and a more
radiate-rugose or subsquamose cap.
5. Stropharia semigloboides sp. nov.
Piteus convex, thin, solitary, 1.5 °cm. broad; surface smooth,
glabrous, shining, somewhat viscid when young, cremeous, ochra-
ceous at the center; lamellae adnate, plane, distant, pale-grayish
to fumosous, the edges white; spores oblong-ellipsoid, smooth,
2-guttulate, subhyaline with a faint yellowish-brown tint under
a microscope, 8 X 4; stipe radicate, tapering upward, smooth,
glabrous, white, slightly tinted with yellow at the base, 10 cm.
long, including the root, 5-8 mm. thick; veil ample, white, fixed,
persistent, fimbriate at the margin, colored above with the purp-
lish spores.
Type collected among leaves in woods near Seattle, Washing-
ton, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 435. Resem-
bling Stropharia semiglobata, but differing in habitat, with much
paler gills and different spore characters.
6. Stropharia longistriata sp. nov.
Pileus conic to convex, more or less umbonate, thin, gregarious,
2.5-5 cm. broad; surface hygrophanous, glabrous, radiate-rugose,
isabelline to dark-cream on the umbo, whitish to dull-brown on
the long-striate margin; lamellae adnate, narrow, plane, not
302 MyYcoLoGciIA
crowded, often whitish on the edge, pallid to purplish-brown;
spores ellipsoid, smooth, 1-—2-guttulate, pale-purplish under a
microscope, 7X 3.5m; stipe mulk-white throughout, smooth,
glabrous, tapering upward, hollow, about 6 cm. long and 5 mm.
thick; annulus very large, persistent, median, fixed, funnel-
shaped.
Collected in abundance on rich earth and decayed chips in an
opening in woods near Seattle, Washington, October 20-Novem-
ber 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 233 (type), 527, 604, Zeller 60) 722,
Also collected on the ground among dead sticks in woods at
Wewport, Oregon, W. A. Murrill 1074. Similar to Hypholoma
appendiculatum in general appearance, but always furnished with
a conspicuous, persistent annulus.
7. STROPHARIA BILAMELLATA Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 204.
1895
Pileus fleshy, convex, even, whitish or yellowish, flesh pure-
white; lamellae close, adnate, purplish-brown when mature; stem
short, solid, white, with a well-developed pure-white annulus
which is striately lamellate on the upper surface; spores ellip-
soid, purplish-brown, 10 X 5-Ou.
Pileus 2.5—5 cm. broad; stem about 2.5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by McClatchie (840) in
grass on the streets of Pasadena, California. With the types at
Albany, are specimens collected by Braendle at Washington, D.
C., which appear to be identical.
3. DrosopHILA Quél. Ench. Fung. 115. 1886
It seems best to separate the genus Hypholoma as ordinarily
known into two groups, one containing the densely cespitose
species, such as H. sublateritium, which form a natural group,
and the other containing H. appendiculatum, H. lacrymabundum,
and their relatives.
1. DROSOPHILA APPENDICULATA Quel. Ench. Fung. 116. 1886
Hypholoma appendiculatum (Bull.) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg.
MiG ho
Hypholoma cutifractum Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 490. 1895.
Ss Ue
MuRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 303
Hypholoma flocculentum McClatchie Proc. S. Cal. Acad. Sci.
Easel. . 1807.
Described and figured in Mycotocta for January, 1912. A
very abundant and widely distributed edible species.
California, Miss Patterson, H. S, Fawcett, McClatchie, Baker.
2. Drosophila atrofolia (Peck)
Hypholoma atrofolium Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 417. 1896.
Pileus submembranous, at first convex or hemispheric, then
broadly convex, commonly umbonate, minutely and irregularly
furrowed, striate to the apex when mature, hygrophanous, burnt-
umber or wood-brown when moist, fading to pale-tawny or
cream color in drying, veil fugacious; lamellae subdistant, adnate,
. at first pale-brown or drab, then dark seal-brown, almost black;
stem slender, fibrillose, hollow, pallid or cream color; spores very
dark brown, ellipsoid, 10 X 5m; pileus 18-48 mm. broad; stem
2.5-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick.
Described from plants collected by McClatchie among bushes
at Pasadena, California. At Albany, specimens from California
collected by Copeland and also from Ohio collected by Lloyd bear
this name. The gills of the type are almost black when mature,
suggesting Psathyrella, but its relationships are nearer Hypho-
loma, according to the author.
3. Drosophila longipes (Peck)
Hypholoma longipes Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 204. 1895.
Pileus thin, campanulate, even or obscurely striate on the
margin, fibrillose becoming glabrous, hygrophanous, yellowish-
brown when moist, brown or isabelline-brown when dry, the
margin appendiculate with the very white, floccose, fugacious
veil; lamellae narrow, close, adnate, white or whitish, becoming
nearly black, often whitish on the edge; stem slender, long, hol-
low, striate at the top, white, with a mycelioid tomentum at the
base; spores ellipsoid, 12.5 X 7.5 pu.
Pileus 2.5-3 cm. broad; stem 5-12.5 cm. long, 2-5 mm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by McClatchie in very wet
weather among fallen leaves near Pasadena, California. Very
thin and fragile, with stipe hollow to the very apex. Specimens
at Albany from California sent to Dr. Peck by Miss Patterson
in 1907 are incorrectly referred to this species.
304 MyYcoLoGIA
4. Drosophila campanulata (Peck)
Aypholoma campanulatum Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 336.
1909.
Pileus thin, campanulate, dry, somewhat shining, glabrous,
sometimes slightly appendiculate with fragments of the white
veil, ochraceous; lamellae thin, close, nearly free, pale-brown
becoming dark-brown, whitish on the edge; stem long, equal,
glabrous, hollow, white or cream-colored with a soft white tomen-
tum at the base; spores blackish-brown, ellipsoid-oblong, 8-10 «
4-5 pM. :
Pileus 3-4 cm. broad; stem 8-13 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by Baker in ‘open ground
among shrubs, grass, and weeds, at Claremont, California. Prob-
ably too closely related to H. longipes Peck, according to speci-
mens examined at Albany.
5. Drosophila californica (Earle)
Hypholoma californicum Earle, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 344.
1902.
Densely cespitose on or near the base of oak stumps; pileus
thin, 5-5.5 cm., convex, then expanded and subumbonate, deep
rich-brown, smooth, hygrophanous, margin entire (or obscurely
striate in dried specimens) ; lamellae adnexed or subfree, sub-
crowded, slightly ventricose, pale-brown at first then darker;
spores dark purplish-brown, oblong-ellipsoid, 5-© 3 ,; veil
white, of thin fibers soon breaking away from the stem but more
closely woven toward the margin, appendiculate; stalk 7-10 cm.
xX 4-5 mm., equal, glabrous but uneven with small irregular
swellings, sordid-white marked with brownish stains on drying,
hollow, cartilaginous, fragile, often splitting; flesh thin, pale-
brownish, unchanging, taste and smell mild (normal agaric).
Described from specimens collected on the summit of the Coast
Range, near Palo Alto, California, Baker 86. Related to A.
longipes Peck, but larger, with ventricose gills and smaller spores.
6. Drosophila ambigua (Peck)
Hypholoma ambiguum Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 325. 1808.
Pileus thin, convex, becoming nearly plane, glabrous, sub-
viscid when moist, straw color inclining to pale-orange, the mar-
MurRrRILL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 305
gin in immature plants appendiculate with the remains of the
white, thick veil which in very young plants conceals the lamel-
lae, but which in mature ones wholly disappears; flesh white;
lamellae close, adnexed, grayish at first, changing to dark-brown
where wounded, becoming blackish-brown with age; stem slender,
equal, stuffed or hollow, squamose near the base, paler than the
pileus; spores ellipsoid, 12.5-15 X 7.5 p.
Pileus 5-13 cm. broad; stem 12-22 cm. long.
Described from specimens collected by Lane in fir woods near
Portland, Oregon, in November. The species belongs naturally
in Stropharia, but the large veil is entirely appendiculate and
leaves no annulus. It is one of the most striking and abundant
gill-fungi on the Coast. |
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 245, 5094, 649, Zeller 91; Mull
City, Oregon, Murrill 868; Corvallis, Oregon, Murrill 929;
Salem, Oregon, M. E. Peck; Muir Woods, California, Murrill
mr3t; a Honda, California, Murrill -& Abrams 1272; Sears-
ville Lake, California, McMurphy 92, 117.
4. HypHoLoMA (Fries) Quél. Champ. Jura Vosg. 112. 1872
Most of the collections cited under the two species listed below
are without notes, and microscopic characters are of little assist-
ance here. Persons using these specimens for comparison are
therefore advised to do so with caution, depending rather upon
fresh material and good descriptions.
I, HYPHOLOMA CAPNOIDES (Fries) Sacc. Syll. Fung, 5: 1028.
1887
This species is rare on the Coast. It differs from H. fascicu-
lare in having smoky-blue to purplish-brown gills and a mild
taste. It is not credited with having cystidia, nor occurring on
deciduous wood.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 473, 521, 687; Salem, Oregon,
M. E. Peck; Muir Woods, California, Murrill 1128.
306 MycoLoGIA
2. HYPHOLOMA FASCICULARE (Huds.) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg.
1138 e72
This species occurs in the greatest profusion on dead wood of
all kinds. The gills are sulfur-yellow to greenish and at length
purplish-brown with a greenish tint. The flesh is yellow and
intensely bitter, according to descriptions. The spores are ellip-
soid, smooth, pale-yellow, becoming purplish-brown, 6-7 X 4 un,
and cystidia are said to be present, measuring 40-50 X IO-I2p.
Seattle, Washington, Vurrill 429, 501, Zeller 92; Corvallis, Ore-
gon, Murrill 586; Salem, Oregon, M. E. Peck; Golden Gate Park,
San Francisco, California, Miss Eastwood 14, 15; Marin County,
California, Miss Eastwood 11; Mt. Tamalpais, Marin County,
California, Miss Eastwood 33; Berkeley, California, Harper 20;
Sutro Woods, California, Harper 59; California, Harper; Sears-
ville Lake, California, McMurphy 32; Stanford University, Cali-
fornia, McMurphy 155; Monterey, California, Dudley 125; Santa
Cruz, California, G. J. Streator; Santa Cruz Motntaine ea
fornia, Dudley 108.
5s. GompuHipius Fries, Gen. Hymen. 8. 1836
I. GOMPHIDIUS OREGONENSIS Peck, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 326.
1898
Pileus at first convex, becoming nearly plane or somewhat
centrally depressed, viscid, brown or dark-brown, becoming black
in drying, taste sweet and pleasant; lamellae numerous, rather
close, adnate or slightly decurrent, blackish in the dried plant;
stem short, solid, equal or slightly tapering upward, colored like
the pileus; spores oblong, 10-12.5 » long, 4-5 » broad.
Pileus 5-10 cm. broad; stem 2.5—5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick.
Described from specimens collected by Dr. H. Lane in fir woods
in Oregon. According to Dr. Lane, it grows there by the wagon
load and is edible. I found it common both in Washington and
Oregon. Baker states that the gills are brightly phosphorescent.
The spores are translucent with a blackish tint under a micro-
scope and measure 11-13 X 3.5-4.5 4, while in the very closely
related G. nigricans, described by Peck from New York in 1896,
the spores are 15-25 & 6-7.5 p.
MuRRILL: AGARICACEAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST 307
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 255, 324, 500, 682; Tacoma
Prairies, Washington, Murrill 706; Corvallis, Oregon, Murrill
968; La Honda, California, Murrill & Abrams 1242; Stanford
University, California, Baker 155; Santa Cruz, California, G. J.
Streator; Berkeley, California, Harper 22.
2. GOMPHIDIUS VINICOLOR Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus.
51: 2901. 1808
Pileus thick, fleshy, convex or nearly plane, viscid, dark-red,
becoming blackish in drying; lamellae distant, decurrent, olive-
brown or blackish when mature, stem subequal, glabrous, solid,
vinous-red, paler within; spores oblong-fusiform, 12-14 3.5—4 p.
Pileus 2.5-6 cm. broad; stem 3-6 cm. long. 4-8 mm. thick.
Described from specimens collected under pine trees at Lake
Mohonk, New York. The western plants are larger and have
spores measuring about 17.5 X5p. The spore print is olivaceous,
while under a microscope the spores are translucent with oliva-
ceous tints. |
Stanford University, California, McMurphy 111, Dudley 166;
Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California, Miss Eastwood
17, 20, Murrill 1107; Berkeley, California, W. C. Blasdale, M. A.
Howe, Harper 54.
3. Gomphidius tomentosus sp. nov.
Pileus convex to slightly depressed, gregarious to subcespitose,
reaching 6 cm. broad; surface dry, conspicuously cottony-tomen-
tose, ochraceous, discolored-ochraceous to avellaneous at the
center, becoming yellowish-brown or pinkish-brown on drying,
margin concolorous, incurved, conspicuously decorated with to-
mentum similar to that on the surface and also with a portion of
the fibrillose veil; context ochraceous, becoming reddish-tinted on
drying, sweetish to the taste, odor agreeable; lamellae decurrent,
distant, inserted, forked at times, rather thick and entire on the
edge; spores oblong-fusiform, smooth, translucent or opaque,
olivaceous under a microscope, 17.5-21 X 7-Q p; stipe similar to
the pileus in color and tomentum, inclined to be fusiform in
shape, solid, ochraceous within, 8 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick, with
a cushion of long, fibrillose-tomentose hairs, instead of the usual
form of annulus.
308 MycoLocia
Type collected on a mossy bank in low woods near Seattle,
Washington, October 20-November 1, 1911, W. A. Murrill 330.
Also collected at the same time by S. M. Zeller 10, and by an
unknown collector in 1906 on clay soil near Seaside, Oregon. It
is an anomalous species, not suggesting Gomphidius when first
seen, but it has several characters in common with G. vinicolor,
including the very characteristic spores.
New Yorxk BoTaANIcAL GARDEN.
TYPE STUDIES IN THE HYDNACEAE’
II. THE GENUS STECCHERINUM
Howarp J. BANKER
The genus Steccherinum was established by S. F. Gray? on
Hydnum ochraceum Pers. as the type. In Persoon’s herbarium,
now preserved in the University of Leyden, there is a specimen
marked in what is believed to be Persoon’s hand: “ Hydnum
ochraceum (junius? resupinatum) Prope Parisios.” The speci-
men has been peeled from the substratum and glued tight to the
sheet, hymenial surface down. It is nearly wholly resupinate,
the margin being only slightly reflexed. In consistency of sub-
stance and character of teeth, so far as they could be made out,
the specimen appeared to be identical with American plants com-
monly referred to this species.
As we have observed the plant in this country it presents a con-
siderable degree of variation, from very thin sheets with slightly
reflexed margins to much thicker layers with distinct prominent
pilei. The typical form of the plant as suggested by Persoon’s
specimen and figure,? as well as by Sowerby’s figure of Hydnum
Daviesu,* believed to be a synonym, compared with our American
plants most nearly like these, appears to be a thin, separable,
membranous subiculum more or less reflexed at the margin into
numerous thin flabelliform pilei. This typical form of the plant
does not appear to be common with us and is usually found on
the lower side of large prostrate limbs, spreading upward on the
sides of the substratum until compelled to become reflexed to
preserve the plagiotropic position of the hymenium. A more
common form with us has a thicker subiculum and is usually
found growing on the vertical side of standing trunks of various
‘Investigation prosecuted with the aid of a grant from the Esther Herrman
Research Fund of the New York Academy of Science.
eMat, Arr. Brite Plot: 651. 1827.
3 Persoon, Syn. Meth. Fung. pi. 5. f. 5.
*Sowerby, Eng. Fung. pl. 75.
509
310 MycoLoGIA
deciduous trees, covering spots injured by fire or otherwise. The
plant here grows spreading in a vertical position and forms
numerous imbricated, campanulate, and often pendent pilei of
considerable thickness. I have seen a quarter of an acre of young
white oak twenty or twenty-five years old in which nearly every
tree had a spot on one side near the ground and extending up
the trunk for one or two feet bare of bark and covered with
the sporophores of this plant. Whether the fungus had attacked
the living tree and produced these decayed spots or whether the
spots had been killed by other means and the fungus had taken
possession could not be positively determined. But I think the
latter was probably the case. It has seemed sometimes as though
this form was a distinct species, but I have found fallen limbs
of these same oaks on which the fungus developed too closely the
characters of the typical H. ochraceum to warrant its being sepa-
rated as a separate species.
Steccherinum dichroum ( Pers.)
Hydnum dichroum Pers. Myc. Eur. 2: 213. 1825.
Hydnum pudorinum Fries, Elench. 1: 133. 1828.
The only specimen in Persoon’s herbarium throwing any light
on this species was one sent to Persoon by Delastre marked
and renamed in Persoon’s hand
i sé ites tre i eci-
‘““Hydnum dichroum As Persoon cites Delastre for his speci
‘“hydnum rubiginosum Dre’
men, it is probable that this is the type specimen. In consistency
and character of teeth the plant closely resembles Steccherinum
ochraceum, but differs in its thicker subiculum and more flabelli-
form pilei. The plant perhaps approaches too near S. Rhots
(Schw.) to be regarded as a distinct species. There is, however,
a fairly well defined group of forms intermediate between S.
ochraceum and S. Rhois, of which this specimen appears to be
typical and which may, therefore, be regarded as constituting the
species S. dichroum (Pers.).
At Upsala, specimens of similar character were referred uni-
formly to Hydnum pudorinum Fr. From the late date of most
of these specimens it is improbable that they were ever seen by
E. Fries. A single specimen (of older date) was found, appar-
ently received from Delastre and marked in Delastre’s hand
BANKER: TYPE STUDIES IN THE HYDNACEAE So lel
“hydnum rubiginosum Dre. 1823,—Dichroum Pers. Myc. Eur.
sect. 2 add‘? Pag. 213.” Below this appeared in a different hand
“pudorinum Fr.”” This plant differs considerably from the speci-
men in Persoon’s herbarium, likewise received from Delastre, and
approaches more nearly S. ochraceum. It is possibly the speci-
men to which Fries refers in ‘“ Hymenomycetes Europeae” 612.
Fries himself regarded Hydnum dichroum Pers. as a synonym of
his H. pudorinum and it seems best that the names should be
regarded as synonyms, but the older name of Persoon has priority
and the species should be known as Steccherinum dichroum
(Pets. ).
STECCHERINUM Ruors (Schw.) Banker, Mem. Torrey
Ohibe 1245126; 1606
Hydnum Rhois Schw. Syn. Fung. Car. Sup. 77. 1818.
Hydnum flabelliforme Berk. Lond. Jour. Bot. 4: 306. 1845.
The type of H. Rhots Schw. in the Schweinitz herbarium at
Philadelphia has disappeared. In the Berkeley herbarium at
Kew, England, a specimen was found marked “ Hydnum Rhois
L. v S. Herb. Schwein.” and is presumably a part of the original
Schweinitz specimen. This particular specimen is somewhat
smaller than the type of Hydnum flabelliforme Berk. preserved
in the same herbarium and approaches somewhat closely to Stec-
cherinum dichroum (Pers.), but in most of its characters is essen-
tially the same as Hydnum flabelliforme Berk. Comparison with
extensive collections of our American forms convinces me that
H, Rhots cannot be successfully separated from AH. flabelliforme.
The entire series of forms included under these three species,
Steccherinum ochraceum (Pers.), S. dichroum (Pers.), and S.
Rhois (Schw.), constitute a closely continuous series in which
over refinement of species making might be able to segregate some
five’ or six more or less clearly defined forms. We believe,
however, that the three species enumerated is as close a segre-
gation as the group will bear and it may even be reasonably ques-
tioned whether these species are anything more than extreme
variations of a single fundamental type. It seems to be possible
to obtain an almost complete blending of the species by inter-
mediate forms, some of which perhaps are really represented by
312 MycoLociIaA
the synonyms. Thus H. pudorinum Fr. might be regarded as a
form intermediate between H. ochracewm Pers. and H. dichroum
Pers., while H. Rhois Schw. strictly interpreted is perhaps inter-
mediate between H. dichroum Pers. and H. flabelliforme Berk.
Steccherinum rawakense ( Pers.)
Hydnum rawakense Pers. Freyc. Voy. Aut. du Monf. Bot. 175.
1826.
Hydnum renforme Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 325. 1869.
Hydnum glabrescens Berk. & Rav. Grev. 1: 97. 1873.
Hydnum guaraniticum Speg. Fung. Guar. 34. 1883.
Hydnum basi-asperatum Henn. Hedw. 36: 199. 1897.
No type of H. rawakense Pers. was found in Persoon’s her-
barium at Leyden, but in the Herbarium of Paris there was found
a specimen with the following label apparently in Persoon’s hand;
“ 27 hydnum rawakense Rawak. C. Sandrenaud,” and then there
was added in a different hand “spec. Persoonianum.”’ The
specimen would appear to be in all probability the type of the
species. It is discolored as though it had some time been poisoned,
and has evidently been formerly glued to a sheet teeth down, the
teeth being gummed up with the glue.® In spite of these deformi-
ties, there appears to be but one group of forms to which it
could belong, a species that ranges from the West Indies through
South America and the islands of the Southern Pacific. The
most distinctive features of the species are the thin, submembran-
Gus, spreading pilei, the pubescent, ochraceous surface with a
somewhat clearly marked central or basal disk and a broad
marginal portion marked with more or less distinct light and
dark zones. At Berlin specimens of this species were noted
from Brazil and from New Guinea, the latter having the margin
distinctly lobed.
The type of H. reniforme B. & C. is in the Berkeley herbarium
at Kew and is marked “301 Hydnum reniforme Bk. Cuba,
Wright, (Curtis).” It appears to be unquestionably the same
thing as H. rawakense Pers. The specimen at Kew, “ Ravenel
No. 1634,” the type of H. glabrescens, appears to me to be prob-
5In Persoon’s herbarium several specimens were observed mounted in this
unusual manner. See S. ochraceum.
BANKER: TyPE STUDIES IN. THE HYDNACEAE .- 313
ably this same species, but is not quite typical, having a thicker
pileus, and is a little darker colored.
‘At Paris a specimen was found evidently distributed by
Spegazzini as an authentic specimen of his H. guaraniticum from
Paraguay, June, 1883. The plant appeared to have all the char-
acters of H. rawakense Pers.
The type of H. basi-asperatum Henn. is in the Berlin herbar-
ium, Germany, and was collected by E. Ule in Brazil, No. 743.
The plant has precisely the texture, color, and tooth characters
of Steccherinum rawakense Pers. It appears to have been a
plant that when half grown had been turned over so as to bring
the hymenial side upward and had then proliferated a series of
confluent pilei from its margin, giving the margin a lobed appear-
ance. The hymenial layer of these new growths has spread back
over what was the upper surface of the old pileus, forming a con-
tinuous layer which is interrupted, however, at one point where
the characters of the upper surface of the old pileus are revealed.
The teeth on the old lower surface now exposed upward have
become darkened and appear weathered somewhat, but are still
distinctly teeth and not hairs or tomentum. With this explana-
tion the plant is identical with Moller’s specimens in the same
herbarium mentioned by Hennings in his original description.
This curious mare’s-nest is figured true to the specimen in Engler
duderrantie, Die naturl. Pilanzenf. I. 1**: 145. f. 77: c-e:
Steccherinum pusillum ( Brot.)
Hydnum pusillum Brot. Fl. Lus. 2: 470. 1804.
Steccherimnum adustulum Banker, Mem. Torrey Club 12: 133.
1906.
The type of H. pusillum Brot. is probably not in existence. At
both Kew and Upsala were found specimens from Quélet referred
in some cases to Hydnum pusillum Fr., in others to H. pusillum
Quel. and at Upsala the sheet itself was marked “ Hydnum pusil-
lum Brot.’ All of these specimens were undoubtedly the same
as my Steccherinum adustulum. The species is, therefore, a
European form as well as American, and Brotero’s description so
well fits the characters of the plant as we know it that there seems
to be no reasonable doubt that his name should prevail for this
species.
314 MYcoLocIA
Steccherinum Peckii sp. nov.
Hymenophore pileate narrowing into a lateral stipe; pileus
flabelliform, horizontal, confluent laterally, 0.5-1 cm. wide, by
confluence often 3 cm. wide, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, thin, less than 1
mm. thick; surface glabrous or slightly puberulent, radiately
rugose, subsulcate-zonate, light-buff, concentrically zonate with
fine dark lines; margin thin, subrepand; substance fibrous, dry,
brittle ; stipe lateral, more or less compressed vertically, attenuate
to base, usually distinct, occasionally confluent, concolorous with
pileus, I-8 mm. long by I-5 mm. wide; hymenium ochraceous,
more or less sharply delimited toward the stipe; teeth crowded,
short, often decurrent as papillae on the stipe, ochraceous to buff,
terete to compressed, sometimes forked, whitish-puberulent with
free clavate hyphal ends, 1-2 mm. long, 9-12 to a sq. mm.;
spores elliptical or oblong, smooth, hyaline, granular, 2-2.5
3-3.5 4; hyphae hyaline, firm-walled, elastic, compactly woven,
infrequently septate; tasteless; odorless.
On dead maple limbs in autumn at Griffin’s Corners, Delaware
County, N: Ys” Collected’ bysG@ al Beck: :
Type in the writer’s herbarium and in the New York State
herbarium at Albany, N. Y.
This elegant species is closely related to Steccherinum Rhots
(Schw.), from which it is clearly distinguished by the nearly
or quite glabrous surface of the pileus and by the sharply defined,
concentric, dark lines. The surface has a somewhat silky lustre
and this with the color markings and the graceful, clearly defined
form of the pileus renders the species especially attractive. I
take pleasure in dedicating this handsome species to the collector,
our mycological Nestor, Dr. C. H. Peck, State Botanist of New
York.
Steccherinum basi-badium sp. nov.
Hymenophore pileate, sessile to substipitate, somewhat con-
fluent; pileus dimidiate to orbicular, horizontal or ascending,
0.5-1.5 cm. wide, 0.5-1 cm. long, 0.2-0.3 mm. thick; surface
sulcate-zonate, radiately subrugose, glabrous, light-buff at margin,
becoming abruptly darker, umbrinous to badious toward base;
margin very thin, acute, substerile, incurved; substance fibrous,
dry, scarcely brittle, buff to ochraceous below, badious above; teeth
crowded, delicate, slender, subterete to compressed, tips minutely |
forked or fimbriate, 0.3-0.5 mm. long X 0.1 mm. wide, pale-buff to
ochraceous, puberulent with free clavate hyphal ends; spores not
i i iy
BANKER: TYPE STUDIES IN THE HYDNACEAE 315
observed; hyphae hyaline, firm-walled, elastic, infrequently
septate, clamp-connections occasional, not easily separable in
KOH; tasteless ; odorless.
Mexico. Collected by W. A. Murrill.
Type (Murrill 253) in the New York Botanical Garden.
The species appears to be closely related to Hydnum rawakense
Peps. and S. Pecku, but-is more delicate, witha thinner pileus,
and is clearly distinguished by the dark brown disk and base.
STECCHERINUM MorGaAni Banker, Mem. Torrey Club 12:
127. 1906
As has already been stated, the type of Hydnum glabrescens
Berk. & Rav. is No. 1634 Ravenel, with which Berkeley also
associated No. 385 Thwaites. These specimens are preserved
in the Berkeley herbarium at Kew, England. No. 1634 has every
appearance of being Steccherinum rawakense (Pers.), q. v., but
is not quite typical. No. 385 is simply marked “385 Hydnum
glabrescens B. & Rav.” and is without any date or locality indi-
cated. The specimen is badly worm-eaten and a mere scrap, but
does not appear much like No. 1634. It does resemble another
specimen in the herbarium marked “ Hydnum glabrescens B. &
R.” in Berkeley’s hand. To this specimen is attached a ship with
the following memorandum: “ A form apparently of no. 385 sent
before. Hydnum Central Province Dec. 1868,” probably a note
by Thwaites. This specimen is also in poor condition. A third
specimen with these has no name attached, but is marked “ Ceylon
1866 G. H. K. T.” This specimen is in much better condition
than the others and strikingly resembles the plants that I described
as Steccherinum Morgani loc. cit. from specimens collected by
A. P. Morgan in Ohio.
These three specimens so far as can be judged are apparently
all one species and were probably all collected by Thwaites in
Ceylon. On the testimony chiefly of the last specimen they seem
to approach closely to the Morgan plants, yet the specimens were
too poor to draw positive conclusions. In the Cooke Herbarium,
also now preserved at Kew, was found a specimen marked simply
‘TEyd. sglabrescens B: & R.-Ceylon.”- “This was so pertectly
identical with the Morgan plants in every way that it seemed not
316 MycoLoGIA
only that it was the same species but must have been collected
under precisely the same conditions, in fact, it appeared to be
part of the same collection. It seemed impossible that plants not
known to be cosmopolitan could have developed in regions so
remote and of so different environmental conditions as in Ceylon
and Ohio and have produced such perfect identity of characters.
Two plants could not possibly be any more perfectly alike.
Knowing that Cooke had received some of Morgan’s specimens, it
seemed too probable that there had been an error in labeling and
that the specimen should have been marked Ohio instead of
Ceylon. Later, however, at South Kensington in the Broome
Herbarium there was found a specimen just as perfectly iden-
tical with the Morgan specimens as was the Cooke specimen
and this was marked .“ Hydnum=Ceylon. G. Huy Perey
There appeared to be no reason to doubt that this was truly a
Ceylon plant and hence that the Cooke specimen was also cor-
rectly labeled. It seems, therefore, conclusively demonstrated
that plants identical in every respect with the type of Steccherinum
Morgani were collected in Ceylon by G. H. K. Thwaites between
1854 and 1868, and that No. 385 is in all probability one of these
plants.
The South Carolina plant of Ravenel, No. 1634, does not belong
to this species. It is also evident that Berkeley had the Ravenel
plant in mind as the type of his H. glabrescens not only from the
fact of his having described the species in a work on North
American fungi, but also from the fact that when he placed any
name on the Ceylon plants it was with the ascription “B. &
Rav.” or “B. & R.” It seems clear, therefore, that the name was
first given to the American plant and the Ceylon specimens were
then referred to this species, as we believe, erroneously.
Steccherinum laeticolor (Berk. & Curt.)
Hydnum laeticolor Berk. & Curt. Grev. 1:99. 1873.
The type of this species according to the citation of Berkeley
is Curtis 2930, with which are associated other specimens from
the South, as Beaumont 4647, 5166, and Ravenel 894. These
specimens are all in the Berkeley Herbarium at Kew. The
species as thus represented is a clearly defined segregation some-
BANKER: TyPE STUDIES IN THE HYDNACEAE al7
what resembling Steccherinum ochraceum ( Pers.) in general ap-
pearance, but readily distinguished by its soft spongy or almost
cotton-like substance and its pronounced reddish color when
young and fresh, but this color fades out considerably with age
and weathering. There seems to have been no confusion respect-
ing the species and it is correctly represented in the Exsiccati of
amenel, Fane, Car. Exsicc, 3: 18;-and Ellis and Everhart, N.
Am. Fung. 2nd Series, 2015. The species appears to be confined
wholly to the southern states.
Steccherinum multifidum (KI1.)
Thelephora multifida Kl. Linnaea 25: 365. 1852.
Hydnum plumarium Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 324.
1869. Not H. plumarium Berk. & Curt. Grev. 1:97. 1873.
There is reason for some doubt as to whether this species should
be included in the genus Steccherinum or not. It does not appear
to have closer affinities with any other genus and if removed
would have to be erected into a genus by itself. The principal
departure from the generic type is in the character of the
hymenial surface, which consists of poorly developed but closely
anastomosing ridges more or less cut up into flattened, conical, or
cylindrical teeth. In this respect the plant shows some affinity to
the genus Phlebia and in places the anastomosation becomes so
close as to form alveolar pores, suggesting a close relationship to
Favolus of the Polyporaceae.
The type of Thelephora multifida K1. is preserved in the Berlin
herbarium and is marked “No. 14c. Thelephora (Merisma)
multifida Kl. Portorico. Schwanecke.’’ The specimen has the
hymenial ridges and teeth so more than usually poorly developed
as to be scarcely noticeable, hence the plant was referred to
Thelephora. The teeth, however, are present in places, and Hen-
nings recognizing them referred the specimen to Hydnum.
The type of Hydnum plumarium B. & C., Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:
| 205 Cuban. Pune ain ine
Berkeley herbarium at Kew, the specimen is marked “205
Hydnum plumosum B. & C., Cuba, Wright (Curtis).” It is an
excellent specimen of the same species as Thelephora multifida K1.
It is entirely distinct from Hydnum plumarium B. & C., Grev. 1:
9
324, is given by Berkeley as
6é
318 MycoLoGIA
97, as may be determined by comparison of the descriptions, and
is confirmed by the types at Kew.
The study of numerous specimens of Steccherinum multifidum
(Kl.) at Berlin, Kew, New York Botanical Garden, and in the
writer's herbarium show the plant to vary considerably in the
Gegree of development of the hymenial ridges and teeth, and
always there is more or less interruption in the extent of these
features, so that many parts of the hymenial surface appear
nearly smooth. The margin of the pileus also varies greatly
from barely fimbriate to deeply laciniate.
The plant appears to be of fairly common occurrence but is
confined to the region of the West Indies.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES
HyDNUM DECURRENS B. & C., according to Berkeley, is based
on plants collected by Wright in Cuba and sent to Berkeley by
Curtis, Nos. 234 and 297. The specimens are at Kew and No.
234 is a fragment of little value. No. 297 1s a good complete
specimen identical in every respect with specimens distributed in
“Fungi Cubenses Wrightiani,” No. 346, as “ Hydnum decurrens.”
The plants appear to be too near Steccherinum ochraceum
( Pers.)
HyDNUM PLUMARIUM Berk. & Curt. Grev. 1:97. 1873. Not
H. plumarium Berk. & Curt., Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 324. 18609.
The type according to the citations of Berkeley is “4936 Car.
Sup.” The specimen at Kew marked “4936 Hydnum plumarium
B. & C. Car. Sup. on Viburnum” appears to be a pale, perhaps
weathered, specimen of Steccherinum laeticolor B. & C., but the
material is too scanty to be of much value.
HypNUM CONCHIFORME Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6: 458. 1888, was
proposed as a substitute for Hydnum plumarium B. & C. above
and hence is based on the same material as type.
De Pauw UNIVERSITY,
GREENCASTLE, INDIANA.
)
ACHLYA DeBARYANA HUMPHREY AND
THE PROLIFERA GROUP
W. C. COKER
(WitTH PLATE 78, CONTAINING 13 FIGURES)
Achlya DeBaryana Humphrey is the Achlya polyandra of
DeBary, not of Hildebrand, as Humphrey has shown;? and as
Hildebrand’s name is the older and applies to another plant,
Humphrey’s name should be used. Recent writers on the mor-
phology of this species have ignored this and still call the plant
Achlya polyandra DeBary. There are now recognized three very
closely related species, forming what was called by Humphrey the
prolifera group, which from the work of recent writers are be-
coming more and more difficult to separate. They are Achlya
prolifera (Nees) DeBary, A. DeBaryana Humphrey, and A.
americana Humphrey. Humphrey was himself aware of the very
close resemblances of these species and remarked upon it; but on
account of DeBary’s assurance of the autonomy of the first two,
felt called on to continue the distinction. According to DeBary,’
yi DeBaryana (his A. polyandra) has antheridial branches that
arise from the same main hyphae that bear the oogonia, and then
branch and extend out to the odgonia on the branches from
which they arose (which is most common) or to o0gonia on other
threads. In A. prolifera, on the other hand, he says that the
antheridial branches are diclinous, always arising from other
hyphae than the ones that bear the oogonia and that all oogonia
are furnished with antheridia. He also says that while 4. proli-
fera has oogonia with abundant pits, the oogonia of A. DeBaryana
is without them. Achlya americana has antheridial branches that
arise from the same hyphae as the oogonia, and it also has
+The Saprolegniaceae of the United States. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.
ET SO2:
? Untersuchungen tiber Peronosporeen und Saprolegnieen. Beitr. zur Morph.
und Phys. der Pilze, IV Reihe. 1881.
3o19
a20 MycoLocIa
abundantly pitted walls; thus uniting the characters of A. proli-
fera and A. DeBaryana.
From the work of Horn,®? Peterson, and myself it has now
become evident that it is no longer possible to distinguish clearly
between these species as established by DeBary and Humphrey.
Forms are appearing constantly that combine their qualities in so
confusing a manner that it is impossible to refer them with cer-
tainty. For example, Horn says (1. c., p. 224) that while the
plant he describes is undoubtedly near A. DeBaryana (A. poly-
andra as he calls it), it cannot with absolute certainty be said to
be identical with it; for while in A. DeBaryana the antheridia are
mostly of androgynous origin, in his plant they are mostly diclin-
ous. He also finds that when cultivated in peptone and in grape
sugar or cane sugar certain odgonia show numerous pits.
In his work on Danish Fresh-water Phycomycetes, Peterson
(l. c., p. 524) finds, of these three species, only A. americana.
He places it as a form of A. DeBaryana (A. polyandra, as he
calls it) not as a species, saying that “‘ The reason I do not make
use of Humphrey’s species-name, but place this species as a
variety of Achlya polyandra is that I am inclined to regard these
pores as variable characters, as there are always some oogonia
which have fewer pores than others.”
Neither Achlya prolifera nor A. DeBaryana has so far been
described from America. A form that is one or the other or
both of these has appeared in my cultures at Chapel Hill for a
number of years. It is by far the most abundant Achlya in our
territory and may be had from springs, ditches and pools at any
time of the year. During the spring and summer of this year
(1912) I carefully studied the plant in pure cultures from a num-
ber of different collections.
To the naked eye, the species may be easily distinguished from
others by the very large chlamydospores that usually make a
white fringe at the periphery of the cultures. These are often
arranged into groups that resemble the branching horns of a
deer (fig. 1), or they may be shaped more like a section of Hala-
meda (fig. 2). In mature cultures the hyphae become divided up
3 Annales Mycologici 2: 207. 1904.
* Annales Mycologici 8: 294. I9gI10.
CoKER: ACHLYA DEBARYANA HUMPHREY 32)
into sections containing dense protoplasm, each section being a
chlamydospore. As with other chlamydospores, these will later
either become sporangia or give off slender hyphae, sometimes
many of them. Sometimes in their formation chlamydospores
begin to break apart by bending backward as shown by the apical
one ifi-fig. 1. They rarely become entirely detached. The
sporangia vary a great deal both in size and shape. At one ex-
treme are those that are large and stout and rounded at the end,
as in figs. 3 and 4, and at the other are long, slender forms that
are drawn out to a narrow point, which is often bent, as in figs.
5 and 6. |
In typical cases the spores on escaping act as usual in species
of Achlya, forming a rather perfect sphere at the tip of the
sporangium. Through long observation, however, cases have not
rarely been seen where the spores fell apart to a greater or less
degree, with the resultant formation of a community of detached
groups, as shown in fig. 6. It is this variation from the usual
course that led, fortunately, to the settlement of the uncertainty
that has existed until now as to the presence or absence of a
gelatinous matrix in the sporangium that is instrumental in caus-
ing the expulsion of the spores. I had long ago convinced myself
of the existence of such a substance from the behavior of the
spores in emerging in species of Achlya under usual and unusual
conditions. The formation of a little emergence-papilla just
before the escape, the rapidity and violence of the. escape when
followed by immediate quiescence (the sudden popping of a spore
under constriction through a smaller opening would seem im-
possible under its own steam) and the frequent retention of some
of the last spores in the sporangium are all strong evidence of
mechanical propulsion under inside tension. And the presence of
cilia on the escaping spores (a point that is still in dispute®) could
scarcely modify the force of the evidence. The actual proof,
however, of the presence of such a jelly was still lacking until
presented under the conditions shown in fig. 6. If such a brother-
hood of newly-emerged spores be disturbed, the whole archipelage
will move as a unit, showing beyond a doubt that they are all
bound together by a jelly that surrounds them. And it is the
“See Elorn, 1. C., p. 221.
By As MycoLoGIa
swelling of this jelly that ejects the spores from the sporangium.®
Very often the spores do not come out, but either emerge
through short individual tubes as in Dictyuchus, or sprout at once
into hyphae as in Aplanes.* In fig. 7 the spores are emerging
simply through holes; in fig. 8 they are escaping through tubes of
considerable length. Some were seen in the act of escaping in
both of these cases. The passage of the protaplasm through the
opening is at first very slow, but when about half way through
the flow becomes much more rapid and the escape quickly follows.
When free the spore scarcely shows any motion for several
minutes, only a barely perceptible and uncertain rocking. Soon
the motion becomes more active and in about five or ten minutes,
depending on the temperature, the spore swims briskly away. In
the case shown in fig. 7, the spores before emergence contained a
good-sized vacuole. At the moment of complete emergence this
vacuole became suddenly much smaller, probably by contracting
and discharging as in the case of Amoeba. This was clearly dis-
cerned a number of times under the high power. The little
depauperate sporangia shown in figs. 7 and 8 were formed imme-
diately from spores sprouting in a large sporangium. When a
small insect was placed near them, the end cell was sent out as a
long and very delicate hypha that reached the insect and pene-
trated it. The spores in the sporangia were in a resting condition,
but when deprived of air by being covered with a glass for a
while, the spores began to emerge as shown. By this method
sporangia of Dictyuchus and other species that have been resting
for some time may be made to empty themselves whenever
desired, as I have repeatedly demonstrated.
The odgonia are racemosely borne on straight or bent branches
that vary greatly in length. Sometimes they are not one half as
long as the diameter of the odgonia; again they may be four times
as long. These extremes in length are rare and they usually vary
from about one and one half to two and one half times the
° For Humphrey’s argument against the mechanical expulsion of the spores
ir. Achlya, see his Saprolegniaceae of the United States, page 66.
7 Such variations occur in most of the species of Saprolegniaceae that I have
studied. See Lechmere. The New Phytologist 9: 308. 1910; and 10: 167. 1911.
8 This phenomenon was also observed for this species by Ward. See Quart.
Journ. Micro. Scien. 23 N-S: 272. 1883.
CoKkER: ACHLYA DEBARYANA HUMPHREY oe
diameter of the oogonia. The walls of the oogonia are generally
quite round and smooth, but at times they are furnished with low
rounded projections at the pits, which are scarcely larger than to
make the oogonia appear angular in section (fig.9). In the walls
of many oogonia pits are obviously present at pretty regular dis-
tances (fig. 10), but in many others the wall appears to be free
of pits except that it is thin over the whole extent that is covered
By the antheridia (fig. 11). Intercalary oogonia appear occa-
sionally as shown in fig. 12. The odspores are eccentric and are
very variable in number. Two, four, and six are common num-
bers, one and eight are not rare, but more than eight are not often
seen.
The antheridial branches arise from the same main hyphae as
the oogonial branches. They usually extend for a considerable
distance, branching either extensively or sparingly, and attach
themselves to any oogonia they may meet, whether from their own
main hyphae or from others. However, they seem to show some
preference for the oogonia of other hyphae, and the antheridia on
an oogonium are more apt to be of diclinous than of androgynous
origin. This agrees with what Horn found in his plants, as
mentioned above, and is contrary to DeBary’s observations on his
Achlya polyandra (A. DeBaryana Humphrey). In fig. 13 is
shown an antheridial branch which has arisen by the prolifera-
tion of a halted oodgonial initial, thus showing the essential homol-
ogies of the two sorts of organs. This branch has furnished
antheridia for two odgonia of the same origin as itself. Not al!
odgonia are furnished with antheridia, the number without them
varying from a small to a rather large proportion in different
cultures.
It is now evident that our Chapel Hill form cannot certainly be
referred to any described species of the prolifera group. If we
compare their characters it would seem that our plant is some-
what nearer A. prolifera than it is to the others, as the antheridia
are most often of diclinous origin, and the oogonia are generally
pitted. But as A. prolifera, according to DeBary, does not have
antheridia and odgonia on the same main hypha, that species is
excluded here. And A. DeBaryana as described by DeBary (as
A. polyandra) is equally excluded by its lack of oogonial pits and
324 MyYcoLoGIA
the generally androgynous origin of its antheridia. However,
from the figures of DeBary and Horn of A. polyandra DeBary
(A. DeBaryana Humphrey), our plant seems really to be very
near that species; and it seems best, at present, to extend some-
what the limits of 4A. DeBaryana so as to include Horn’s form
and our Chapel Hill plant. 3
Meanwhile, if Achlya prolifera can be found again, it should
be carefully studied and the limits of its variation determined.
If the other two are not distinct from it, then its name must be
extended to all of them.
CHAPEL Hitt, NorrH CAROLINA.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVIII
Fig. 1. A typical group of chlamydospores. X 75.
Fig. 2. Chlamydospores of another form. X 75.
Fig. 3. Several sporangia of the short, thick type. xX 75.
Fig. 4. A sporangium opening by two tubes. X 75.
Fig. 5. Sporangia of a longer and narrower type. X 75.
Fig. 6. A sporangium like the above. The spores scattered somewhat on
emerging. XX 75.
Fig. 7. Depauperate sporangia formed from filaments sprouting directly
from the sporesinalargesporangium. Sporesemerging fromonefilament. 335.
Fig. 8. A sporangium similar to the above. XX 335.
Fig. 9. An angular odgonium showing pits. X 335.
Fig. 10. A typical o6gonium with pits; an antheridium attached; the con-
tents of one egg filled in. XX 335.
Fig. 11. An odgonium without pits except for the thin area where the
antheridium is attached. Two antheridial tubes shown. X 335.
Fig. 12. Two oogonia, one intercalary, with diclinous antheridia. X 125.
Fig. 13. Three o6gonia, with antheridial filament of androgynous origin
KZ:
MYcOoLoGIa PLate LXXVIII
ACHLYA DEBARYANA HUMPHREY
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ACHLYA GLOMERATA pp. nov.
W. C. COKER
(WITH PLATE 79, CONTAINING 7 FIGURES)
Hyphae rather stout, branched, not long. About 40-45 mu in
diameter at base and tapering to slender tips about 12 mu in
diameter at base and tapering to slender tips about 12 mu in diam-
eter. At maturity, the main hyphae strongly incline to segment into
elongated sections with dense protoplasm, but the slender apical
section is apt to remain almost empty (fig. 1). Zodsporangia
almost cylindrical, inclined to be somewhat irregular and often
opening by a bent papilla (fig. 2). Oogonia abundant, approxi-
mately spherical, without pits; completely covered with short,
blunt irregular warts (fig. 3). Oogonia borne on the tips of very
slender and delicate, but contorted lateral branches that are either
simple, in which case there is but one oogonium (fig. 3), or more
or less intricately branched, in which case there are a number
of oogonia borne on the tips of the group of branches (figs. 4, 5,
and 6). Odospores single or very rarely two in an odgonium ; their
diameter 15-23 mu, averaging about 20 mu. Antheridia absent
from a good many oogonia, when present, club-shaped; borne on
the tips of branches from the same glomerulus and one or several
on an oogonium (fig. 5).
This species has been observed several times from two stations
at Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The drawings are made from
material taken from a cool spring in dense woods (“Lone Pine
Spring”) on April 30, 1912, and from the springy marsh at the
pootcot Mone Pine Hill” on February 29, 1912. Pure cultures
have now been kept for about six months.
This species does not closely approach any other; but it seems
to be nearest the members of the racemosa group. ‘The shape of
the antheridia is like those of A. racemosa and its relatives, and
there is considerable resemblance to the spiny oogonia of A. race-
mosa stelligera and to A. decorata, if these two are really distinct.’
There is also some hint of the habit of A. glomerata in the occa-
sional branched odgonial threads of A. decorata. In all the
* Obel considers A. decorata Peterson the same as A. racemosa var. spinosa
Cornu (Annales Mycologici 8: 422. 1910): and Humphrey gives the latter as a
synonym of A. racemosa var. Stelligera Cornu.
325
326 MycoLocIa
members of the racemosa group the antheridial branches, when
present, originate just below the oogonium. In A. glomerata
they do not thus originate. This distinction with the usually
bent and twisted branching habit of the oogonial hyphae separates
the species sharply from any of the racemosa group. As already
mentioned, the odgonia are sometimes borne singly on the ends
of simple branches, especially near the tips of the main hyphae,
but in such cases these branches are much more delicate and
longer in proportion to the oogonia than is generally the case in
any member of the racemosa group. |
The fruiting branches are so abundant and many of them are
so elongated and extensively branched that the cultures take on
a whitish, cottony appearance except near the periphery, which
is usually without branches. In extreme cases this effect is so
pronounced that the culture may be compared in appearance to
a rug with a fringe. This reminds us of the “ woolly snow-white
turf” produced by deBary’s Achlya spinosa,? which species, while
not in the close family circle of the racemosa group, shows its
relation to them by its spiny odgonia with generally one egg, and
by the origin and shape of the antheridia.
So far as the sexual organs are concerned, there is a remark-
ably close resemblance between Achlya glomerata and Saprolegmia
asterophora deBary.2 As in most species of Achlya, the spores
sometimes remain in the sporangium and sprout there (fig. 7).*
CHAPEL Hitt, NortH CAROLINA.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIX
Fig. 1. Part of filament from an old culture, showing segmentation into
chlamydospores. Part of one long cell is omitted. The contorted tip cell is
almost empty. XX 185.
Fig. 2. A group of sporangia in different stages. X 125.
Fig. 3
Fig. 4. A branched oégonial filament with two oogonia. X 335.
Fig. 5
calaty., <.335¢
Fig. 6. A characteristic group of odgonia with antheridia. The proto-
A simple odgonial filament with one odgonium. X 335.
A more complex group of odgonia, not all shown. One is inter-
plasmic contents are shown only in part. X 335.
Fig. 7. A sporangium in which the spores became encysted and sprouted
in position. X 335.
? Botanische Zeitung 46: 647. 1888.
3 See Beitr. zur Morph. und Phys. der Pilze, IV. Reihe, 1881.
“See article by the author in Bot. Gaz. 50: 381. 1910.
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MYCOLOGIA PLATE LX XIX:
ACHLYA GLOMERATA COKER
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NEWS AND NOTES
The first Mexican Scientific Congress will be held in the City
of Mexico on December 9 to 14.
Mr. G. F. Gravatt has been appointed pathologist in charge of
the chestnut canker investigations in Virginia, which will include
first of all a survey of the state to locate the infected areas.
The proceedings of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Confer-
ence, held at Harrisburg, February 20 and 21, 1912, have been
recently printed in full in a very attractive and well illustrated
volume of 253 pages.
Professor W. J. Wright, formerly of the department of horti-
culture of the Pennsylvania State College, has resigned to accept
the directorship of the New York State School of Agriculture at
Alfred University, Alfred, New York.
According to the observations of C. Wehmer (Ber. Deutsch.
Bot. Gesell. 29: 704-708), oak wood is much more highly re-
sistant than pine to the attacks of dry rot (Merulius lacrymans),
although easily invaded by many other fungi.
An important illustrated paper on the fungous flora of arable
soils, by Dr. C. N. Jensen, has recently appeared as Bulletin 315
of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. It
contains a few new species and many interesting observations.
Mr. L. O. Overholts, of the department of botany of Miami
University, Oxford, Ohio, was granted a research scholarship at
the Garden during August and September. He devoted his at-
tention to the completion of a list of the Polyporaceae of Ohio,
with full keys to the genera and species.
327
328 Myco.ocra
Porfessor W. G. Stover, of the Oklahoma Agricultural Exper-
iment Station, has been appointed assistant professor of botany
in Ohio State University for the coming year. Mr. Stover is
a graduate of Miami University and was at one time a student
at the Garden.
Mr. P. J. Anderson, field pathologist of the Pennsylvania
Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, and Professor H. W. Ander-
son, investigator for this Commission, visited the Garden August
14 to examine herbarium specimens and literature of fungi
relating to the chestnut blight. #9
Bulletin 255 of the Bureau of Plant Industry at Washington,
by Dr. E. F. Smith and Assistants, contains numerous illustra-
tions showing the effects of crown gall on plant tissues, with a
brief discussion of the disease and the results of investigations
on the subject.
The entire herbarium -of the late Professor Alfred James Mc-
Clatchie, of Throop Polytechnic Institute, Pasadena, California,
has recently been purchased by the New York Botanical Garden.
It contains 1,835 specimens of fungi, many of which are valuable
types.
Dr. F. D. Heald, formerly professor of botany in the University
of Texas, is now an investigator under the Commission for the
Investigation and Control of the Chestnut Tree Blight Disease in
Pennsylvania, with his headquarters at the Zoology Building,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Dr. A. F. Blakeslee has a year’s leave of absence from the
Connecticut Agricultural College. He has a temporary appoint-
ment on the staff of the Carnegie Station for Experimental Evo-
lution at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York, where
he will spend the year in research work on the lower fungi.
Dr. P. Baccarini has studied the effects of Daedalea unicolor
on living trees of Acer rubrum in the botanical garden at Flor-
News AND NOTES 329
ence, and believes that the trees are gradually killed by this
fungus, which causes a special decay of the wood, transforming it
into a white, fibrous, very fragile mass.
Professor Bruce Fink, of Miami University, Oxford, Ohio,
desires to see fresh material in abundance of species of the
Collemaceae collected in various parts of North America. This
group of lichens is greatly in need of careful modern taxonomic
treatment and Professor Fink will devote much of his time
to it during the next two years.
Bulletin 247 of the Bureau of Plant Industry at Washington
is devoted to the discussion of a knot of citrus trees caused by
Sphaeropsis tumefaciens, by Florence Hedges and L. S. Tenny.
This disease, which has been known on lime- and orange-trees in
Jamaica for several years past, has recently been reported from
Florida. Careful pruning is recommended and great care is
advised in order to prevent the spread in this country of a new
citrus fruit disease.
In the Gardener’s Chronicle for 1911, G. Webb describes a
successful treatment of hollyhocks against attacks of the rust
(Puccimia malvacearum) by the application of a powder which
consists of 1 bu. of slaked lime, I bu. of soot, 4 lbs. of flowers of
sulphur, and 2 oz. of finely powdered sulphate of copper. ‘This
mixture should be passed through a fine sieve and the plants
dusted with the powder three or four times during the growing
season, in the morning while the dew is still upon them.
The first number of a new journal bearing the name My-
cologisches Centralblatt and devoted to general mycology ap-
peared in February, 1912, edited by Dr. C. Wehmer in Hannover,
and published by Gustav Fischer in Jena. The associate editors
are: Blackman, Blakeslee (U. S.), Elfving, Erikson, Fischer,
Giesenhagen, Klebahn, Lagerheim, Maire, Meyer, Molisch,
Transchel, Tubeuf, Went, Zellner, and others. These names are
sufficient to indicate the broad scope of the new journal.
330 MycoLocta
The report of the state botanist, Dr. C. H. Peck, for the year
IQII, containing 120 pages of text and 9 colored plates, appeared
about August 15, 1912, as Bulletin 157 of the New York State
Museum. The most important part of this report is probably
a monographic treatment of the 64 New York species of the
dificult genus Clitocybe. The 23 species of Psilocybe found
in the state are also monographed; and 44 new species of fungi
are described. Among the interesting observations recorded, is
one regarding the death of two children from eating Pholiota
autumnalis, and another giving measurements showing the aver-
age daily growth of the giant puffball, Calvatia gigantea, after
its appearance above ground.
Species of Hydnaceae appear to be scarce on the Pacific Coast,
as elsewhere. The following, determined by Professor H. J.
Banker, deserve mention:
Auriscalpium Auriscalpium (L.) S. F. Gray. Abundant on
cones under coniferous trees; rarely in humus. Corvallis,
Oregon, Murrill 924, 984; Mill City, Oregon, Murrill 876.
Manina cordiformis Scop. (Hydnum Erinaceus Bull.) Ona
log of Pseudotsuga. When drying, it smells strongly of licorice.
Seattle, Washington, Murrill 124. |
Manina coralloides (Scop.) Banker. . Several large, creamy-
white clusters 25 cm. high and bearing teeth I cm. in length were
found on an immense log of Pseudotsuga. Seattle, Washington,
Murrill 121, 122.
Hydnum dichroum Pers. Growing at the base of.a deciduous
stump in fir woods. Corvallis, Oregon, Murrill 891.
Odontia fimbriata (Pers.) Fries. Common in some localities.
According to Professor Banker, the subiculum is remarkably
thick for the species. Corvallis, Oregon, Murrill 938; Preston’s
Ravine, near Palo Alto, California, Murrill & Abrams 1177,
T1904.
Professor John G. Hall, of Clemson College, South Carolina,
contributes the following note on the identity of the fungus caus-
ing the large leaf-spot of chestnut: |
Monocuaetia Desmazrert.— In Mycotocta, vol. 4, no. 4,
News AND NOTES Sel
Mr. A. H. Graves describes a large leaf-spot chestnut and attrib-
utes the disease to Monochaetia Desmazieri Sacc., giving Quercus
rubra as another host. I have also found the disease upon
Quercus nigra in abundance in this neighborhood. Mr. Graves
says that Dr. Farlow examined the original material of M.
Desmazierti and found that the spores were not mature but that
later he examined other material sent out by Desmazieres and
found that this material agrees with the fungus upon the chestnut,
and that it also agrees with Desmaziéres’ description of the
fungus. He also cites the fact that Dr. Stevens and myself men-
tioned a similar disease of chestnut in our ‘ Diseases of Economic
Plants,’ and suggests that they may be caused by the same
organism.
“T have every reason to believe that the disease described by Mr.
Graves is identical with that described by us and is caused by the
same fungus. However, the identity of the fungus seems to be
in doubt. According to the descriptions in Saecardo, the only
_ authority available to us when ‘Diseases of Economic Plants’
was published, the fungus is Monochaetia pachyspora Bubak, as
it has three dark-colored cells in the center of the spore, while
Pestalozsia monochaeta Desm., which becomes M. Desmazieri
Sacc., has only two such cells. At the end of the description of
M. pachyspora, Saccardo says that the spores of this fungus are
thicker than those of M. Desmazierii, while our measurements
agree with those given for M. pachyspora. It seems to me that
the name VM. pachyspora should become a synonym of M. Des-
master but that the description of the latter should be revised to
correspond with the original specimen and description as written
by Desmazieres.”’
. New COMBINATIONS FOR TROPICAL AGARICS
A number of species of gill-fungi described by me from
tropical America in MycoLociIA, IQ1I-1912, under genera not
found in Saccardo’s Sylloge, are here recombined for the benefit
of those having or using herbaria arranged according to this
work. Collectors, pathologists, and others who may not be in-
Bo | MycoLociIA
timately acquainted with taxonomic methods will probably find
it more convenient to follow the one system until a comprehensive
revison is completed, at least for some important groups.
CONOCYBE ECHINOSPORA — Galera echinospora
HyDROCYBE ALBO-UMBONATA == Hygrophorus albo-umbonatus
HyDROCYBE AURANTIA — Hygrophorus aurantius
HyprocyBE EARLEI = Hygrophorus Earlei
HyDROCYBE FLAVOLUTEA — Hygrophorus flavoluteus
HypDROCYBE HONDURENSIS = Hygrophorus hondurensis
HyDROCYBE ROSEA = Hygrophorus roseus
HypDROCYBE SUBCAESPITOSA == Hygrophorus subcaespitosus
HyDROCYBE SUBFLAVIDA — Hygrophorus subflavidus
HypDROCYBE SUBMINIATA — Hygrophorus subminiatus
HyDROCYBE TROYANA — Hygrophorus troyanus
LEPTONIELLA ATROSQUAMOSA = Leptonia atrosquamosa
LEPTONIELLA CINCHONENSIS = Leptonia cinchonensis
LEPTONIELLA EARLEI = Leptonia Earlei
LEPTONIELLA MEXICANA — Leptonia mexicana
LEUCOMYCES MEXICANUS — Amanita mexicana
LEUCOMYCES MEXICANUS — Venenarius mexicanus
LLIMACELLA AGRICOLA = Lepiota agricola
MELANOLEUCA JALAPENSIS — Tricholoma jalapensis
MELANOLEUCA JAMAICENSIS = Tricholoma jamaicensis
MELANOLEUCA. SUBISABELLINA = Tricholoma subisabellina
MyYcENA JALAPENSIS = Bolbitius jalapensis
MycENA MEXICANA = Bolbitius mexicanus
PLEUROPUS EARLEI = Clitopilus Earlei
VENENARIUS MEXICANUS — Amanita ‘mexicana
VOLVARIOPSIS BAKERI = Volvaria Bakeri
VOLVARIOPSIS CUBENSIS — Volvaria cubensis
VOLVARIOPSIS EARLEI = Volvaria Earlei
VOLVARIOPSIS JAMAICENSIS = Volvaria jamaicensis
W. A. MurRite,
INDEX TO AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL
LITERATURE
This index is prepared by Dr. B. O. Dodee: of Columbia University, and
- covers the same scope for the fungi as that covered by the general index pub-
lished monthly in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. It is not reprinted
on cards for distribution.
Bachmann, F. M. A new type of spermogonium and _ fertiliza-
tion in Collema. Ann. Bot. 26: 747-760. pl. 69. Jl 1912.
Banker, H. J. Type studies in the Hydnaceae—I. The genus
Manina. Mycologia 4: 271-278. 28 Au 1912.
Three new combinations are made.
Brown, P. E., & Smith, R. E. Bacterial activities in frozen soils.
Centralb. Bakt. Zweite Abt. 34: 369-385. 20 Jl 1912.
Brown, P. E. Bacteriological studies of field soils. I. The
effects of liming. Centralb. Bakt. Zweite Abt. 35: 234-248.
16 S 1912. II. The effects of continuous cropping and vari-
ous rotations. Centralb. Bakt. Zweite Abt. 35: 248-272. 16
Seror2,
Coons, G. H. Some investigations of the cedar rust fungus.
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virgimanae. Ann. Rept. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Univ. Nebraska 25: 217-242. pl. I-3. 1912.
Crabill, C. H. Results of pure culture studies on Phyllosticta
pirina Sacc. Science I]. 36: 155-157. 2 Au 1912.
Cunningham, G. C. The comparative susceptibility of crucifer-
ous plants to Plasmodiophora brassicae. Phytopathology 2:
138-142. Au 10912.
Essed, E. Cacao canker. West Ind. Bull. 12: 302-308. 1912.
Fawcett, G. L. Report of the pathologist. Ann. Rep. Porto
Iico Apr Exp. Sta. 1911: 37-39. 35 1912.
Includes notes on plant diseases, soil biology, and royal-palm root nodules.
Fawcett, H. S. Citrus scab (Cladosporium Citrt Massee). Univ.
Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 109: 51-6o. f. 24-37. My 1912.
Includes short account of the history of the scab, the fungus in cultures,
germination of spores, infection experiments and preventive measures.
3383
334 MycoLocIA
Fink, B. A college course in plant pathology. Phytopathology
2: 150-152. «Al 1912:
Gee, W. P., & Massey, A. B. Aspergillus infecting Malacosoma
at high temperatures. Mycologia 4: 279-281. f. 7. 28 Au
LOU,
Glaser, R. W., & Chapman, J. W. Studies on the wilt disease,
or “flacheria” of the gypsy moth. Science II. 36: 219-224.
16 Au 1982:
Disease attributed to Gyrococcus flaccidifex gen. et sp. nov.
Giissow, H. T. The nature of parasitic fungi. Their influence
upon the host plant. Gard. Chron. 51: 183. 23 Mr 1912; 108.
20 Mr 1912-8215, 9210, 6 Ap ior,
Harding, H. A. The trend of investigation in plant pathology.
Phytopathology 2: 161-163. Au 1912.
Hastings, E.G. A method for the preservation of plate cultures
for museum and demonstration purposes. Centralb. Bakt.
Zweite Abt. 34: 432-434. pl. 1-3. 20. Jl 1912. > | Wier
Hedgcock, G. G. A Cronartium associated with Peridermium
flamentosum Peck. Phytopathology 2: 176, 177. Au 1912.
Hedges, F.. & Tenny, L. S. A knot of citrus trees caused by
Sphaeropsis tumefaciens. U. S. Dept. Agr.’ Plant Ind. Bull.
247: 5-74. pl. I-9 +f. 1-8. 17 Au 1912.
Herre, A. W. C. T. New or rare California lichens. Bryolo-
PiShI5 2 Sl-o7., pS
Includes Trimmatothele umbellulariae, Heppia alumenensis and Legania
shastensis spp. nov.
Hoffman, C. stipata, “181, mes"
stricta, 17, 31 ; tenella, 9;-tenuis, 13,
14, 30, 180, 201; tribuloides, 199,
204; trichocarpa, 15, 30; trisperma,
9, 1ST, 193+ varia, 22
Cassia chamaecrista, II, 12
Castanea dentata, 170, 171
Castilleja, 142: integra, 142
Catalpa, Polystictus versicolor as a
wound parasite of, 263
Catillaria leptocheila, 128; rosea,
128
Caulophyllum thalictroides, 9
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 19, 31
Cerastium oreophilum, 58, 65
Cerastrum, 145
Ceratitium, 195
Cerioniyces communis, 98, 100; mira-
bilis, 98, 217; oregonensis, 99,
217; viscidus, 99; Zelleri, 09, 217
Certain species ot Puccinia and Uro-
myces, Correlation between, 194
Chamaedaphne calyculata, 178, 192
Chanterel, 206; alectorolophoides, 206 ;
behringensis, 206; bryophilus, 206;
Chantarellus, 207; floccosus, 206;
infundibuliformis, 206
Cheiranthus Menziesii, 59
Chelone glabra, 9 ;
Chenopodium, 198; album, 18, 19, 31,
54,55, 64, 179, 192, 198
Chestnut and oak, The large leaf spot
ot, 170
Chrysopogon avenaceus, 10
Cieuta ‘maculata, 178, 170, 192
Cladonia, 132; aggresata, 132; alpes-
{fis;) 142; aneustata, 132; cerato-—
phylla, 132; dactylota, 132; degen-
erans, 132; didyma muscigena, 132;
fimbriata simplex, 132; fimbriata
subulata, 132; Floerkeana _ inter-
media, 132; pityrea, 132; rangifor-
fats, 1325 sylvatica. 142
lawaniay 2770 273 2276
Clematis virginiana, II
Cleome, 54, 198; spinosa, 54, 55, 64
Clitocybe, 4, 330
Clitopilus abortivus, 6; Harlei, 332
Coast, Polyporaceae and Boletaceae
of the Pacific, 91
Coast, The Agaricaceae of the Pacific
—-l 205.3 EH 237 7 11) 204
Coccocarpia pellita, 135; pellita cro-
Nia 135
Coelocaulon divergens, 153
Coenogonium Leprieurii, 127
Coker, W. C., Achlya DeBaryana
Humphrey and the prolifera group,
319; Achliya glomerata sp. nov., 325 ;
& Hyman, O. W., Thraustotheca
clavata, 87
MyYcoLociIa
Coleosporium, 144; Vernoniae, 29, 33,
57, 65
Collybia, 4; stipitaria, 5
Collybidium dryophilum, 164; zona-
tum, 4
Coltricia perennis, 92
Comandra umbellata, 17, 3
Combinations for tropical
New, 331
Coniophora cerebella, 223
Conocybe, 72, 74, 244, 247; angusti-
ceps, 248; Bryorum, 247, 248;
echinospora, 75, 332; Hypnorum,
75, 247; lirata, 248; semilance-
ata, 248; Sphagnorum, 248;
Eenen, 74. 247
Convallaria majalis, 11
Coprinus, 223 ; Brassicae, 2; Spraguei, 5
Cora pavonia, 140
Coriolellus Sepium, 92, 268, 270
Coriolus abietinus, 92; nigromargi-
natus, 92; prolificans, 92; versicolor,
92; washingtonensis, 92, 217
Cornicularia loxensis, 153
Correlation between certain species of
Puccinia and Uromyces, 194
Cortinarius, 72, 81, 243; cinnamomeus,
81; mexicanus, 81; Sintenisii, 81
Corydalis aurea, 18; montanum, 55;
sempervirens, 19
Cotton bolls, Botryosphaeria on, 34
Coursetia glandulosa, 282, 283
Crataegus, 25, 261; cerronis, 26, 32,
57, 62, 65; punctata, 25, 32) tomen—
tOSa, 24, 25, 32.57, ,6gu05
Craterellus cornucopioides, 5
Crepidopus, 207, 216; connatus, 216;
ostreatus, 216; serotinus, 216;
subsapidus, 216, 217
Crepidotus, 244; calolepis, 245; fulvo-
tomentosus, 245; Herbarum, 244;
malachias, 245; mollis, 245 ; puberu-
lus, 245; submollis, 245
Cronartium, 144; coleopsoroides, 142;
Quercum, 144; Quercus, 26, 33;
ribicola, 42, 184, 143
Crouania, 45, 47; miniata, 45
Cryptoporus volvatus, 96
Cultures of Ascobolus and Aleuria,
Artificial, 218
Cultures of heteroecious rusts, 175
Cultures of Uredineae in 1910, 7; in
III, 49
Cummings, Clara Eaton, in Jamaica,
An enumeration of lichens collected
by—I, 125
Cydonia vulgaris, 25, 26, 32, 56
agarics,
Dacryomyces, 40; deliquescens, 40
Daedalea unicolor, 328
INDEX: TO VoLUME [V
Delphinium formosum, 10; scaposum,
Hien tricorne, It
Descriptions of two new species, The
genus Lamprospora, with, 45
Dianthera, 66; americana, 66, 70
Dianthera americana L., A black knot
disease of, 66
Diaporthe parasitica, 157
Dichodium byrsinum, 133
Dichroum, 311
Dictyolus, 206; retirugus, 206
Dictyophora duplicata, 167
Dictyuchus, 87, 322; clavatus, 87
Diplodia, 34, 36; gossypina, 34, 35
Diploschistes scruposus, 127
Dirca palustris, 9-12
Disease of Dianthera americana L.,
A black knot, 66
Diseases in the eastern states, Notes
upon tree, 148
Distichlis, 179 ; maritima, 202; spicata,
12, 18, 31, 52, 54, 55, 64, 179, 192,
198, 204
Distribution, Oropogon loxensis and
its North American, 152
Dodge, B. O., Artificial cultures of
Ascobolus and Aleuria, 218
Doellingeria, 16; umbellata, 15
Drosophila, 294, 302; ambigua, 304;
appendiculata, 302; atrofolia, 303;
californica, 304; campanulata,
304; longipes, 303
Dryodon, 272, 276
Eastern states, Notes upon tree dis-
eases in the, 148
Edgerton, C. W., Botryosphaeria on
cotton bolls, 34
Elaeagnus angustifolia, 11, 13
Eleocharis, 203; palustris, 12
Elephantopus carolinianus, 29
Elfvingia fasciata, 105 ; megaloma, 96
Elymus canadensis, 11; triticoides, 39
Enumeration of lichens collected by
Clara Eaton Cummings in Jamaica,
An—TI, 125
Epilobium, 177; angustifolium, 176,
192
Erigeron, 7, 13, 16, 22, 199; annuus, 13
Erioderma, 135; microcarpa, 134;
Wrightii, 134
Eupatorium perfoliatum, 203; sero-
tinum, 12
Euphorbia, 202, 203; commutata, 13;
corollata, 202; Cyparissias, 23, 24
Eurodium repens, 279
Euthamia, 16, 22; graminifolia, 15, 30
Evolvulus pilosus, 28, 33
Favolus, 317
Festuca confinis, 27, 33
341
Flammula, 250; astragalina, 251; cali-
Formica, W250) CaGponariay Tos, 2e617
decorata, 262; echinulispora,
262; fulvella, 253; Halli.) 262):
laeticolor, 262; lata, 262; orna-
tula, 262; pallida, 262; penetrans,
254; permollis, 262; sapinea, 254;
spinulifer, 262; spumosa, 254;
subcarbonaria, 262; subflavida,
262; vialis, 262; viridans, 262;
viscidissima, 262
Fomes, 109; annosus, 96, 105; Earlei,
IOQ-III, 114; fraxinophilus, 105;
jJUNnIpPerinUs, 100,. 110, 114; Jbaricis,
95, 97, 105; roseus, 97; texanus,
109, I10, 112, 114; ungulatus, 97
Forest trees, Notes on some western
Uredineae which attack, 141
Eraser, “W..P:;, Cultures of heteroe-
cious rusts, 175
Fraxinus lanceolatus, 11
Friesites, 272, 276
Fungi, Illustrations of—X, 1; XI, 163;
Xi 280
Fusarium, 104, 106; oxysporium, 104
Galera, 74, 247; angusticeps, 248;
Besseyi, 248; Bryorum, 247; cuben-
sis, 75; echinospora, 332; grisea,
755 saypuorum, 755 lirata, 240;
semilanceata, 248; simulans, 74;
sphaerobasis, 247; Sphagnorum,
248; tener, 74; versicolor, 247
Gaura biennis, 15
Geaster juniperinus, 85, 86; mar-
ginatus, 84-86; minimus, 84-86
Geaster minimus Schw. and its rela-
tives. Notes on Iowa saprophytes
—I, 84
Gee, W. P., & Massey, A. B., Aspergil-
lus infecting Malacosoma at high
temperatures, 279
Gentiana, 203
Genus Lamprospora, with descriptions
of two new species, The, 45
Genus Lasiosphaeria, The, 115
Genus Manina, The. Type studies in
the Hydnaceae—I, 271
Genus Steccherinum, The. Type
studies in the Hydnaceae—II, 309
Geopetalum, 207, 214; densifolium,
215, 217; geogenium, 214; orego-
nense, 215, 217; porrigens, 215;
subsepticum, 215, 217
Glaux maritima, 187
Gloeophyllum hirsutum, 97
Godronia, 123; Betheli, 123; striata,
128
Gomphidius, 260, 294, 306, 308; nigri-
cans, 306 ; oregonensis, 306; tomen-
tosus, 307; vinicolor, 307, 308
342
Graves, A. H., The large leaf spot of
chestnut and oak, 170
Grindelia squarrosa, 10, 19, 20, 22, 27,
30
Group, Achlya DeBaryana Humphrey
and the prolifera, 319
Gyalecta, 127; Gloeocapsa, 127
Gymnoconia interstitialis, 53
Gymnopilus, 244, 250, 261; califor-
nicus, 252; carbonarius, 250, 256,
257; decoratus, 250-252, 262;
echinulisporus, 250, 255, 262;
foedatus, 257; fulvellus, 253;
Hillii, 253, 262; laeticolor, 250,
251, 262; Jatus, 257, 262; orna-
tulus, 251, 262; pallidus, 252,
262; penetrans, 254; permollis,
252, 262; Sapineus, 254; spinu-
lifer, 254, 262; spumosus, 254,
256; subcarbonarius, 256, 262;
subflavidus, 250, 252, 262; vialis,
266, 262 *sVIFiGans, 250, 257, 202;
viscidissimus, 256, 262
Gymnosporangium, 24, 40, 41, 50, 62,
63, 106, 195, 197, 223; bermudianum,
50; Betheli, 25, 32; clavariaeforme,
24, 324153) 50,04 sclawipes,, 24, 32:5
cornitwum, 25;i32sDawy1si1, 125, 323
durum, 61, 62,, 65.; ‘effusum, 50, 62,
65; Ellisii, 50; fraternum, 50; gra-
cilens, 63, 65; inconspicuum, 57, 64;
juvenescens, 26, 62; juniperinum,
57, 65; Juniperi-virginianae, 24,
32; Kernianum, 62, 65; Libocedri,
57,059 Nelsom,, 26; 32,4161, 625-65);
nidus-avis, 25, 26, 32, 56, 64; specio-
sum, 63; tremelloides, 57, 65
Haematomma puniceum, 138
Halameda, 320
Hebeloma, 72, 82, 243; Broadwayi,
82; cinchonense, 82; foedatum,
257; longicaudum, 83; subincar-
natum, 83
Hedgcock, G. G., Notes on some west-
ern Uredineae which attack forest
trees, “141.4 1& Juong,W. H., Pre-
liminary notes on three rots of juni-
per, 109
Hericium, 272-275; alpestre, 274, 275;
Echinus, 274; grandis, 277; Hystrix,
274; Notarisii, 274
Heteroecious rusts, Cultures of, 175
Heterothecium, 128, 129, 131
Hevea, 102
Hibiscus militaris, 18
Hicoria, 121
High temperatures, Aspergillus infect-
ing Malacosoma at, 279
Hordeum jubatum, 39
Howe, R. H., Jr., Oropogon loxensis
MycoLocia
and its North American distribu-
tion, 152
Humaria calospora, 48
Hydnaceae, Type studies in the—l.
The genus Manina, 271; II. The
genus Steccherinum, 309
Hydnum, 274, 276, 317; ‘ablenum,
276; alpestre, 275; basi-asperatum,
312, 313; Caput-medusae, 274, 275,
277; Caput-ursi, 272) 277?) eonen-—
forme, 318; coralloides, 272-276;
croceum, 278; Daviesii, 309; decur-
rens, 318; dichroum, 310-312, 330;
Echinus, 274; Erinaceus, 272, 275,
277, 330; flabellitorme-.311, 312:
glaberescens, 315; glabrescens, 312,
315, 3163 guataniticum, =sn2 este.
hystricinum, 273, 274; Hystrix, 273,
274; laciniatum, 276 ; laeticolor, 316;
Notarisii, 275; ochraceum, 309, 310,
312; Persoonianum, 312; pluma-
rium, 317, 318; plumosum, 317; pu-
dorium, 310-312; pusillum, 313;
ramarium, 2743. rTamosumee7o,
rawakense, 312, 313, 315; reniforme,
312; Rhois, 311, 312; rubiginosum,
Necium Farlowii, 182, 193
Hydrocybe, 207; albo-umbonata, 332;
arenicola, 208, 217; aurantia, esa:
coccinea, 208; conica, 207; con-
stans, 208, 217; cremicolor, 209,
217; Earlei, 332; favelutea,asee.
hondurensis, 332; rosea, 332; sub-
caespitosa,'. 332;--.subtlawada, 4227
subminiata, 332; troyana, 332
Hydrophyllum capitatum, 10, 11, 27,
29, 533 Virginicum, 10, 12,-20
Hygrophorus, 207, 209; albo-umbo-
natus, 332; arenicola,.°217,
aurantius, 332; coccineus, 208;
constans, 217; cremicolor, 217;
Earlei, 332; eburneus, 209; flavo-
discus, 6; flavoluteus, 332; fra-
grans, 210; hondurensis, 332;
Laurae, 210; limacinus, 210; mini-
atus, 208; roseus, 332; rubropunc-
tatus, 210; Subcaespitosus, 332;
subflavidus, 332; subminiatus,
332; Subpustulatus, 210; troy-
anus, 332; variicolor, 209
Hyman, O. W., Coker, WWay@eree
Thraustotheca clavata, 87
Hypholoma, 294, 302, 303, 305; am-
biguum, 304; appendiculatum, 1,
302; atrofolium, 303; californicum,
304; campanulatum, 304; capnoides,
305; cutifractum, 302; fasciculare,
305, 306; flocculentum, 303; lacry-
mabundum, 302; longipes, 303, 304;
sublateritium, 302
Hypodendrum, 72, 244, 261; flam-
INDEX TO VOLUME IV
mans, 261; limonellum,
oregonense, 261, 262
Hypodermium, 101, 195
Hyponevris, 207, 213; alneus, 213, 214
Hypoxylon, 121; miliaceum, 121
261;
Illustrations of fungi—X, 1; XI, 163;
XII, 289
Impatiens, 20; aurea, II, 20, 32
Index to American mycological litera-
ture, 160, 227, 285, 333
Inocybe, 72, 82, 243; jamaicensis,
82; rimosa, 4
Inonotus dryophilus, 104; texanus, 104
Iowa saprophytes, Notes on—lI. Geaster
minimus Schw. and its relatives, 84
Iris, 28; versicolor, 28
Irpiciporus, 94
Ischnoderma fuliginosum, 92
Isopyrum biternatum, 9, I1
Jamaica, An enumeration of lichens
collected by Clara Eaton Cummings
in—I, 125
Juncus balticus, 22, 23, 32
Juniper, Preliminary notes on three
rots of, 109
Juniperus monosperma, 63, 65, 112, 113;
sabinoides, 112, 113; scopulorum,
Boe aSibitica,-24,025, 32,56; 57, 64,
65; utahensis, 56, 61, 62, 64, 65, 112,
113; virginiana, 24-26, 32, 56, 62,
64,65, 85, 100, ILI
Kalmia, 150; angustifolia, 150; lati-
folia, 150
Knot disease of Dianthera americana
tees black, 66
Koeleria, 59, 60; cristata, 20, 31, 59
Waceatia, 207, 211 ;
ochropurpurea, 211
Lachnea scutellata, 38
Eacintatia piunctata, 9, 10, 57; scari-
Gsaee2. 720,20, 575 Spicata, 9, 10,,12
actaria, 207, 280
Lactuca canadensis, 16, 31; sativa, 16,
an scatiola, t3
Laetiporus speciosus, 92
Lamprospora, 45, 47; areolata, 48;
tuberculata, 47
Lamprospora, with descriptions of two
new species, The genus, 45
Large leaf spot of chestnut and oak,
The, 170
lei, 20,° 196, 169; laricina, 20, 58,
188, 189
Lasiosphaeria, 115-117, 123; ambigua,
122; canescens, 118; dichrodspora,
117, 123, 124; globularis, 117, 121,
123; hirsuta, 119; hispida, 117, 119—
lac caters 2 i.
343
121, 123; Hystrix, 118; jamaicen-
Sis i722, W237 Mmucida, 1.17,
118, 121, 124; multiseptata, 117,
L20; ei24-henewileldiana, iri7,.— 122.
123; Ovina, 118; Rhacodium, 119;
spermoides, 121; striata, 123; stri-
gosa, 117, 118, 123; stuppea, 117,
119, L235;eGheESthis, 117, 120, 124
Lasiosphaeria, The genus, 115
Lathyrus palustris, 13
Leaf spot of chestnut and oak, The
large, 170
Lecanora, 138; pallida, 137; subfusca,
137 yvania, 136
Lecidea, 126-131; leucoblephara, 126;
microphyllina subgranulosa, 131
Ledum, 26, 178; groenlandicum, 26,
Sos Lom Loe
Lentinus lepideus, 257
Lenzites betulina, 97; sepiaria, ror
Lepargyraea canadensis, 10-13
Lepidium, 198; virginicum, 55
Lepieta, 231, j238; adnatitoliay 237:
agricola, 332; amianthina, 237,
238; amplifolia, 233; aspera, 238;
asperula, 238; brunnescens, 236;
carcharias, 237; castaneidisca,
232; castanescens, 234; cepaes-
tipes, 232; concentrica, 235; cre-
maces, 232), 1CiiStata232) 235" "crista=
tella, 232; eriophora, 238; fuligi-
mescens, 236 fulvodisca,, =212;
fumosifolia, 233; fuscosquamea,
235); etanosa, 237 ; eranulosa, 237:
granulosa amianthina, 238; mag-
nispora, 237; McMurphyi, 217;
mutata, 233; nardosmioides, 238;
naucina, 236; petasiformis, 232;
roseicremea, 217; roseifolia,
235; roseilivida, 234; rubrotincta,
237; rubrotinctoides, 236 ; rugoso-
reticulata, 237; Sequoiarum, 233;
subfelina, 234; subnivosa, 231
Leptogium bullatum, 133; chlorome-
lum, 133; foveolatum, 134; lacerum,
133; mmarginellum, 133; myochroum
tomentosum, 134; phyllocarpum,
133; punctulatum, 133; saturninum,
134; tremelloides, 134; tremelloides
impresso-punctatum, 134
Leptonia atrosquamosa, 332; cin-
chonensis, 332; Earlei, 332;
mexicana, 332
Leptoniella atrosquamosa, 332; cin-
chonensis, 332; Earlei, 332; mexi-
Galiiaras 3.2
eptospota, ) 15,5 li. ovina.
spermoides, 121; strigosa, 118
Leucomyces, 239; Mexicanus, 332
Lewis, I. M., A black knot disease of
Dianthera americana L., 66
Tao
344
Libocedrus decurrens, 57, 65
Lichens collected by Clara Eaton Cum-
mings in Jamaica, An enumeration
of—I, 125
Limacella,’ 207, 212% (agricola, 6332-
fulvodisca, 212; McMurphyi,
213, 217; roseicremea, 212, 217
Literature, Index to American myco-
logical, 160; 227, 285 4393
Lithospermum canescens, 10, II
Lobaria, 135; corrosa, 1345 ; erosa, 136;
pallida, 135; peltigera, 135; quer-
cizans, 136
Locellina, 244, 262; californica, 262;
stercoraria, 262
Long, W. H., Two new species of
rusts, 282
Long, W. H., Hedgcock, G. G. & Pre-
liminary notes on three rots of ju-
niper, 109
Lopadium amaurum, 131; leucoxan-
thum, 131
Lophodermium nervisequum, 149
Lycopus americanus, 17, 31, 54, 64
Lygodesmia juncea, 58, 65
Lysimachia quadrifolia, 9, 10; terres-
(his; .6; £2, 03, 24.25
Macbride, T. H., Notes on Iowa sap-
rophytes—I. Geaster minimus Schw.
and its relatives, 84
Macrocalyx Nyctelea, 11, 28
Macrophoma, 34, 103
Mahonia Aquifolium, 11
Malacosoma americana, 279, 280
Malacosoma at high temperatures,
Aspergillus infecting, 279
Malus, 56; coronaria, 26, 56, 63, 64°;
Malus, 24, 32, 63
Malvastrum coccineum, 52
Manina, 271-276, 278; Caput-ursi,
277; coralloides, 276, 330; cordi-
formis, 272, 275, 277, 330; flagellum,
276; Schiedermayeri, 277
Manina, The genus. Type studies in
the Hydnaceae—I, 271
Marasmius, 4, 5, 157; Magnisporus,
166; oreades, 224; Vaillantii, 167;
viticola, 167
Martela, 273
Martella, 273-275 ; Echinus, 273, 274
Massey, A. B., Gee, W. P., & Asper-
gillus infecting Malacosoma at high
temperatures, 279
Medicago, 24, 56; sativa, 13, 24, 32,
56, 64
Medusina, 272, 275; coralloides, 276;
patula; 2722-275, 277
Megalospora Cummingsiae, 1209;
jamaicensis, 129; sulphurata, 129;
versicolor, 129
MycoLociIa
Melampsora, 30, 146, 188, 189; alber-
tensis, 29, 33, 58, 653 arctiea, 187
193; Bigelowii, 189; Medusae, 1&6,
189, 193
Melampsorella elatina, 58, 65, 145
Melampsoropsis, 175; abietina, 26, 33,
178, 192; Cassandrae, 178, 192; ledi-
cola, 177, 192; Pyrolae,” 163. nea:
193
Melanoleuca jalapensis, 332; jamai-
censis, 332; subisabellina, 332
Melanops Quercuum, 34
Meriolix, 15 ; serrulata, 9, 15, 30, 54
Merisma, 274
Merulius lacrymans, 223, 327
Metasphaeria sublanosa, 118
Microsphaera quercina, 223
Microphiale lutea, 127
Mimulus ringens, 10, 12
Monochaetia, 172; Desmazierii, 104,
170-174, 330, 331; monochaeta, 172;
pachyspora, 170, 331
Monolepis Nuttalliana, 18, 19, 54
Mucor, 88
Muhlenbergia gracilis, 18; racemosa,
18, 31
Murrill, W. A., Illustrations of fungi
—X, 1; XJ, 163; XII, 280: New
combinations for tropical agarics,
331; Polyporaceae and Boletaceae
of the Pacific Coast, 91; The Agari-
caceae of the Pacific Coast—I, 205;
II, 231; III, 294; The Agaricaceae
of tropical North America—V, 72
Mycelophagus Castaneae, 223
Mycena, 72, 73; fragilis, 73; jala-
pensis, 73, 332; Mexicana, 73,
332; praedecurrens, 165; vexans,
168; villipes, 73; vulgaris, 165
Mycological literature, Index to Amer-
i¢an, 160,°227, 285° 348
Myrica cerifera, 9, 10, 11, 28
Myxosporium acerinum, 151
Naematelia encephala, 40; nucleata, 40
Napaea dioica, 18
Naucoria, 72, 74, 75, 81, 243; corti-
cola, 77; cyathicola, 77; Earlei,
77: euthugrammus, 76; hepatici-
cola, 78; jalapensis, 77; mon-
tana, 78; oinodes, 76; paludosa,
249; pectinata, 76; pediades, 76;
pellucida, 78; Sacchari, 79 ; semi-
orbicularis, 76; sideroides, 80;
spinulifer, 79; subvelosa,. 164;
tepeitensis, 79; Underwoodii,
80; xuchilensis, 80
Necium Farlowii, 182, 193
Nectria cinnabarina, 266
New combinations for tropical agar-
1€S): FFT
INDEX TO VOLUME IV
New species of rusts, Two, 282
New species, The genus Lampro-
spora, with descriptions of two, 45
News and notes, 37, I01, 157, 223, 327
Nigredo, 195, 223
North America, The Agaricaceae of
tropical—V, 72
North American distribution,
pogon loxensis and its, 152
Notes, News and, 37, 101, 157, 223,
327
Notes on Iowa saprophytes—I. Geaster
minimus Schw. and its relatives, 84
Notes on some western Uredineae
which attack forest trees, 141
Notes on three rots of juniper, Pre-
liminary, 109
Notes upon tree diseases in the east-
ern states, 148
Oro-
Oak, The large leaf spot of chestnut
and, £70
Ocellularia actinotum, 126; anamor-
phum, 126; auberianoides, 126;
clandestina, 127; terebrata, 127
Odontia fimbriata, 330
Oidium, 223
Omphalia, 165; Austinii, 165; Cam-
panella, 168, 250
Omphalopsis Campanella, 168
Onagra, 15; biennis, 15, 16, 30, 54,
64; pallida, 53
Onoclea, 190; sensibilis, 190, 191
Onosmodium hispidissimum, 11; occi-
dentale, 10
Orchis spectabilis, 9
Oropogon, 152, 153; loxensis, 152-154
Oropogon loxensis and its North
American distribution, 152
Orton, C. R., Correlation between cer-
tain species of Puccinia and Uro-
myces, 194
Otomycosis aspergillina, 279
Oxygraphis Cymbalaria, 54, 64
Oxytropis, 23; Lamberti, 23
Pacific Coast, Polyporaceae and Bole-
taceae of the, 91
Pacific Coast, The Agaricaceae of
the—I, 205; II, 231; III, 294
Panicum virgatum, 12, 202, 204
Pannaria, 134; leucosticta, 134; mo-
lybdea, 135; rubiginosa, 134
Panus stypticus, 77
Parasite of catalpa, Polystictus versi-
color as a wound, 263
Parmelia cetrata ciliosa, 138; cetrata
subsidiosa, 138; laevigata, 138;
perforata, 138
Parmeliella tryptophylla, 134
Paxillus, 72, 243, 244; atrotomentosus,
345
244; involutus, 244; ligneus, 73;
panuoides, 73
Peltigera canina,
137
Pentstemon alpinus, 17, 31; barbatus,
[7 MESUUS, 17st
Peridermium, 50, 141-146, 184, 180,
190, 195, 282, 284; abietinum, 178;
balsameum, 189-191; carneum, 29,
57; Cerebrum, 26, 143, 144; colo-
radense, 145; Conorum-Piceae, 146,
183, 184, 193; consimile, 178; de-
colotansy s 17o delicatimum,, 9282:
284; elatinum, 145; filamentosum,
t41-144; fructigenum, 150, 185,
186; Harknesii, 143, 144; incon-
spicuum, 283; montanum, 144,
284; Peckii, 186, 193; pseudo-
balsameum, 146; stalactiforme, 142;
Strobi, 42, 143
Pertusaria cryptocarpa, 137; leiopla-
cella, 137; tuberculifera, 137; velata,
13g
Pestalozzia, 172, 331; monochaeta, 172
Petalostemon purpureus, 10-12
Phacelia heterophylla, to
Phaeolus sistotremoides, 93
Phalaris arundinacea, 11
Phialocybe, 72
Philadelphus, 63, 64; coronarius, 62,
63, 65
Phlebia, 317; hydnoides, 278
Philos 20> divaricata, 12,29
137; polydactyla,
Pholiota, 72, 244, 258%. aeruginosa,
257; albivelata, 260; anomala,
259; autumnalis, 330; candicans,
259; marginata, 258; McMurphyi,
260; oregonensis, 262; praecox,
259; Subnigra, 258; unicolor, 258;
ventricosa, 260; washingtonen-
sis, 259
Pholiotina, 72
Phoma, 106; piciena, 151; pigmen-
tivora, 38
Phragmidium, 194, 195, 197
Phragmites communis, 54, 64
Phragmopyxis, 282
Phryma leptostachya, 9
Phyllopsora furfuracea, 131; parvi-
folie n32
Physalis, 11
Physcia; 1263 comosa, 140; hypo-
leuca, 140; leucomela, 140
Physcidia Wrightii, 138
Physma byrsaeum, 133
Picea, 26, 178, 183, 184; canadensis,
177, 178, 183, 192, 193; Engelmanni,
145, 146; excelsa, 151; Mariana, 26,
33, 178, 183, 184, 192, 1933; Parry-
anageet455 fabta, 6151, 175, 192;
sitchensis, 145
346
Pilocarpon tricholoma, 126
Pinus, 42; chihuahuana, 146; con-
torta, 142-144; Jeffreyi, 143; pon-
derosa, 9141, 1445. radiatay s14Gi
rigida, 282; Sabiniana, 143; taeda;
20) 33,57, 055. virginiana, .26.533,
282, 284
Pisum sativum, 13
Pleurage, 116; albicans,
116
Pleuropus abortivus, 6; Earlei, 332
Pleurotus, 4, 207, 217; candidissimus,
215; corticatus, 217; densifolius,
217; dtyinus, 217; geogenius, 3;
oregonensis, 217; ostreatus, 216;
116; lutea,
sapidus, 159, 216; septicus, 215;
serotinoides, 216; serotinus, 216;
subareolatus, 217; subsapidus,
217; subsepticus, 217
Plicaria echinospora, 221
Plowrightia, 70
Pluteolus, 72, 74, 244, 246, 247; cali-
fornicus, 246; callistus, 247; ex-
pansus,- 247: luteus, 246, 9 247;
parvulus, 246; stramineus, 246;
tropicalis, 74
Pluteus stercorarius, 262
Podiosoma, 195
Polemonium, 29; reptans, 10, 12, 28,
29; 133
Polygala Senega, 12, 13
Polygonatum commutatum, II
Polyporaceae and Boletaceae of the
Pacific Coast, 91
Polyporus carbonarius, 217; Car-
neus, 109; cutifractus, 217; ele-
gans, 93; juniperinus, 109, 110;
oregonensis, 217; perdelicatus,
217; Pseudotsugae, 217; sensi-
bilis, 217; substipitatus, 217
Polystictus abietinus, 113; versicolor,
263, 264, 266-270; washington-
ensis, 217
Polystictus versicolor as a wound
parasite of catalpa, 263
Populus, 30, 180. acuminata) 147 ;
angustifolia, 147; balsamifera, 147;
grandidentata, 147, 188, 193; tremu-
loides, 29, 33, 58, 65, 147; tricho-
carpa, 147
Poria, 1s - vapotaria. 223
Porodaedalea Pini, 97, 105
Preliminary notes on three rots of
juniper, 109
Prolifera group, Achlya DeBaryana
Humphrey and the, 319
Psathyra, 81
Psathyrella, 303
Pseudotsuga, 20, 30, 58, 261, 330;
mucronata, 29, 33, 58, 65; taxifolia,
96
MycoLociIA
Psilocybe, 330
Puccinellia airoides, 54, 64
Puccinia, 9, 11, 14,23; 22, 55,050, mee.
181, I904-197, 199; 200; 203, \2e04;
Absinthii, 21, 32; albipermdiag: 22
(see page 49), 14, 15, 30 (see page
49), 40, 180, 193, 200, 208; aAmpin-—
gena, 18, 31; Andropogonis, 7, 17,
31; angustata, 7, 427, 30, a4:
angustatoides, 203; Anthoxanthi,
Il; argentata, 20, 32 ; Canicis, 7
31; Caricis-Asteris, 16, 28, 30, 181,
193, 199, 204; Caricis-erigerontis,
199; Caricis-Solidaginis, 15, 30, 181,
193, 199; Cinerea, 54, 64; Crandallii,
27, 33; Distichlidis, tx, 202. zen:
Eatoniae, 61; Eleocharidis, 203;
Ellisiana, 7, 9, 199, 200, 204; emacu-
lata, 7; fraxinata, 7; Gentianae,
203; graminis, 39, 107; Grossu-
lariae, 14; see page 49 for error;
heterantha, 203; Impatientis, 7;
Jamesiana, 19, 31; Lithospermi, 28,
33; Lygodesmiae, 58, 65; malva-
cearum, 329; monoica, 61, 65;
montanensis, 11; Muhlenbergiae,
18, 31; opaca, 203 Opizi,) Tey ae,
Panici, 202; Pammellii, 202-204;
Peckii, 7, 15, 30, 54,64, E624 pemm-
nuta, 9; perplexans, 176," (162:
Phragmites, 54, 64; poculiformis,
7 18, 313 pustulata,-73. a eee
quadriporula, 28, 33; Rhammni,) 12,
18, 31; Ruelliae-Bourgaei, 203;
Seymouriana, 19, 31; Schedon-
nardi, 10, 53; ‘Stipde, 10, (40. oe
subnitens, 18, 31, 52, 54-56, 64, 198,
204; tosta, 10, 52; Triseti, 59; uni-
porula, 201, 204; universalis, 16,
31; vexans, 7 > Virgatano
Puccinia and Uromyces, Correlation
between certain species of, 194
Pucciniastrum agrimoniae, 1913; arc-
tium, 190, 191; minimum, 184, 186,
193; Myrtilli, 186; pustulatum, 176,
17 7utO2
Pulicaria, 23
Pyrola, 183, 184; americana, 184, 193;
elliptica, 184, 193
Pyropolyporus Earlei, 111 ; Everhartii,
104; igniarius, 97, 104}; Juniperinus,
110; texanus, I12
Pyrus communis, 25, 63
Pyxine picta, 139
Quercus Ilex, 172; nigra, 331; Prinus,
103; rubra, 26; 333. 170, m723e"
linearis,
Ramalina denticulata, 138;
138; usneoides, 138
INDEX TO VOLUME IV
Ranunculus abortivus, 61; acris, 179,
192
Razoumofskya cryptopoda, 142
Relatives, Geaster minimus Schw. and
its. Notes on Iowa: saprophytes—
I, 84
Resupinatus, 207, 214; atrocoeru-
ileus, 214
hams, 11; alnifolia, 11, 18, 31;
cathartica, 11
Rhododendron, 150; arborescens, 150;
calendulaceum, 150; canadense, 150;
canescens, 150; catawbiense, 150;
nudiflorum, 150; maximum, 150;
viscosum, 150
Rhodora, 184, 185; canadense, 184,
193
Rhyncospora, 203
Ribes, 14, 42, 180, 200, 201 ; Cynosbati,
9, 13, 30, 58, 180, 200; floridum, 28;
oxyacanthoides, 180, 193; prostra-
tum, 180, 193
Ricasolia subdissecta, 136
Riddle, L. W., An enumeration of
lichens collected by Clara Eaton
Cummings in Jamaica—lI, 125
Rinodina Conradi, 139; exigua, 139;
sophodes exigua, 139
Roestelia hyalina, 50; transformans,
63
Rostkovites granulatus, 100
Rots of juniper, Preliminary notes on
three, 109
Rubus, 190, 191; allegheniensis, 53
Rudbeckia laciniata, 9, 12, 13, 28; tri-
loba, 9-11
Ruellia, 203
Rumex, 196; crispus, 54, 64
Russula, 207, 289, 291; foetens, 292;
emietica, 290; Mariae, 290, . 293;
obscura, 291; rubriochracea, 293 ;
sericeonitens, 290; stricta, 166;
sulcatipes, 291; uncialis, 292
Rusts, Cultures of heteroecious, 175
Rusts, Two new species of, 282
Ryssospora, 72
Salicornia, 179; europaea, 179, 187,
192
Salix, 147; amygdaloides, 147; Beb-
Diana, 147; cordata lutea, 147; cor-
data. Mackenziana, 147; discolor,
188, 193; fluviatilis, 147; laevigata,
147; lasiandra, 147; lasiandra cau-
@ata, 147 lucida, 147; nigra, 147 ;
Nuttallii, 147; rostrata, 188; sessi-
folia, 147
Sambucus racemosa, 180
Saprolegnia asterophora, 326
Saprophytes, Notes on lIowa—lI.
Geaster minimus Schw. and its rela-
tives, 84
B47
Sarcobatus, 198; vermiculatus, 54
Schedonnardus paniculatus, 10, 53
Schizophyllum, 213; commune, 213;
Egelingianum, 214; exiguum, 214;
fasciatum, 213; flabellare, 214;
Mexicanum, 214; multifidum digi-
tatum, 214; pavonium, 214; pusil-
lum, 214; umbrinum, 213, 214
Schizophyllus, 213
Scirpus atrovirens, 17, 31; campestris
paludosus, 178, 192; cyperinus, 54,
64; fluviatilis, 179; paludosus, 178;
validus, 179
Scutiger oregonensis, 93, 217; re-
tipes, 93
Seaver, F. J.,. The genus Lamprospora,
with descriptions of two new spe-
cies, 45; The genus Lasiosphaeria,
Ts
Senecio Douglasii, 9, 11; lugens, 11,
ZOwe2 OE ou
Septoria ochroleuca, 104, 170
Sidalcea oregana, 10, 22, 53
Sitanion longifolium, 18, 31
Smilax hispida, 18, 31
Solidago, 7, 16, 22, 181, 199; bicolor,
I8I,, 192; caesia, 9; canadensis, 9,
EZ vl snehO, e215 3 ora municolia! 180,
192, 193; lanceolata, 15; nemoralis,
US eet eat Sida Om iUeOSd ahs. 21
32..101, 103
Some western Uredineae which at-
tack forest trees, Notes on, 141
SORUUS M25; alleticanas 25-622" s7105—
aucupatiay 57, 63
SpaAntina, 01, 12, 610,201. Cy nosu-
roides, 12, 29; glabra alterniflora,
TSO) plO7, 103 5 Stacilis, 201." 202!
2043 Michauxiana, 12, 10, 20) 31, 33)
186; 9187, 193, 201; patens; 12, 186,
187, 193
Spaulding, Perley, Notes upon tree
diseases in the eastern states, 148
Species of Puccinia and Uromyces.
Correlation between certain, 194
Species of rusts, Two new, 282
Species, The genus Lamprospora, with
descriptions of two new, 45
Spergularia canadensis, 179, 186, 187,
193
Sphaeria canescens, 118; emergens,
119; globularis, 121; hirsuta, 119;
hispida, 119; mucida, 118; muta-
bilis, 118; orthotricha, 119; ovina,
Dreier o. INhacodiuim:, sro. 02h
spermoides, 121; strigosa, 118; sub-
lanosa, 118; terrestris, 120
Sphaerophorus compressus, 126
Sphaeropsis, 34, 36; tumefaciens, 329
Spongipellis sensibilis, 93, 217
Sporobolus asperifolius, 10, 52; neg-
lectus, 13
348 MycoLoctIa
Steccherinum, 309, 317; adustulum, Tonina janeirense, 131
313; basi-badium, 314; di- Trametes Pini, 145; Sepium, 268
chroum, 310, 311; laeticolor, Tree diseases in the eastern states,
316, 318; Morgani, 315, 316; mul-
tifidum, 317, 318; ochraceum, 310-
202) 307. iS; LeCkil, as i4agns i
pusillum, 313; quercinum, 277;
rawakense, 312, 313, 315; Rhois,
310, 311, 314
Steccherinum, Thegenus. Typestudies
in the Hydnaceae—II, 309
Steironema, 12, 202; ciliatum, 12, 29,
201
Stellaria graminea, 187; media, 187
Stereocaulon cornutum, 133; pityri-
zans, 133% ramulosum, 133
Stereum purpureum, 105
Stevens, N. E., Polystictus versicolor
as a wound parasite of catalpa, 263
Sticta, 135: aukata, 136; crocata, 1361;
crocata leucosticta, 136; damae-
cornis, 136; damaecornis elongato-
laciniata, 136; damaecornis sinu-
osa, 136; dissecta, 135; dissecta
corrosa, 135; erosa, 136; Fendleri,
135; Mougeotiana, 136; peltigera,
136; quercizans, 137; tomentosa,
137; Weigelii, 137
Stipa, 10, 35, 59, 60;-Spartea, 16, 31;
viridula, 59
Strobilomyces strobilaceus, 99
Stropharia, 294, 300, 305; aeruginosa,
300; bilamellata, 302; longistri-
ata, 301; magnivelaris, 301; semi-
globata, 2, 300, 301 ; semigloboides,
301; stercoraria, 300, 301
Studies in the Hydnaceae, Type—I.
The genus Manina, 271; II. The
genus Steccherinum, 309
Suedia, 179; maritima, 179
Suillellus luridus, 100, 163
Symphoricarpos oreophilus, 28; pau-
ciflorus, 10; racemosus, 10-12, 20,
27, 33
Tachaphantium, 40
Tapinia, 72, 243, 244; Henea, 73;
panuoides, 244
Teloschistes flavicans, 139
Temperatures, Aspergillus
Malacosoma at high, 279
Thalictrum dioicum, 9; polygamum, 10
Thalloidima, 131
Thelephora, 317; multifida, 317
Thelotrema, 126; concretum, 127
Thraustotheca, 87, 88; clavata, 87
Thraustotheca clavata, 87
Three rots of juniper,
notes cn, 109
Thuya, 95; plicata, 92
Tissa canadensis, 11, 12, 10, 21, 55
infecting
Preliminary
Notes upon, 148
Trees, Notes on some western Ure-
dineae which attack forest, 141
Tremella, 40
Tricella, 282; acuminata, 282
Tricholoma jalapensis, 332; jamai-
censis, 332; subisabellina, 332
Trifolium, 24; medium, 24, 56; pra-
tense, 13, 24, 56; repens, 24, 56
Trillium cernuum, 11
Triphragmium, 195
Trisetum, 59-61; majus, 99, 50n05-
subspicatum, 59, 60, 65
Tropical agarics, New combinations
for; 331
Tropical North America, The Agarica-
ceae of—V, 72
Tsuga, 184, 185, 189, 191; canadensis,
150, .176, 177, 182) TG@4=1660 snes:
189, 191, 193; ciniastrum minimum,
185; heterophylla, 95; Pattoniana,
119
Tubaria, 244, 249, 259; brevipes, 250;
contraria, -249; deformata, 240;
Eucalypti, 249; furfuracea, 249; in-
quilina, 249; pallescens, 249; pellu-
cida, 79; tenuis, 249
Two new species of rusts, 282
Two new species, The genus Lampro-
spora, with descriptions of, 45
Type studies in the Hydnaceae—I. The
genus Manina, 271; II. The genus
Steccherinum, 309
Tyromyces caesius, 94; carbonarius,
94, 217; chioneus, 94; cutifractus,
94, 217; guttulatus, 95; perdelica-
tus, 95, 217; Pseudotsugae, 95,
217; semipileatus, 96; semisupinus,
96; substipitatus, 96, 217
Urceolaria, 127
Uredineae in 1910, Cultures of, 7
Uredineae in 1911, Cultures of, 49
Uredineae which attack forest trees,
Notes on some western, 141
Uredinopsis, 190, 191; mirabilis, 190,
191; Phegopteridis, 191; Osmundae,
IOI
Uredo, 194, 195, 197; Bigelowii, 147;
Fabae, 194; Medusae, 147; Oxy-.
tropi, 23
Uroinyées;, 12, 14, 21,22). 554 50n0n7o-
186, 194-197, 199, 201, 203, 204,
223; Astragali, 23, 32; acuminatus,
29, 33, 201, 202, 204; cCarfemay 22,
199; cucullatus, 203; Eleocharidis,
12, 203; graminicola, 12, 202,°204;
Junci, 22, 32; Medicaginis, 24, 32,
INDEX TO VOLUME [IV 349
BG, 64; Peckianus, 12, 55, 56, 64,
179, 192, 198, 204; pedatatus, 200,
204; perigynius, 21, 22, 32, 181, 192,
199, 204; plumbarius, 203; Rhyn-
-cosporae, 203; Ruelliae, 203; Scirpi,
moe 7O, 102; Spartinae, 12, 186,
187, 193; speciosus, 203; Sporoboli,
13; Solidagini-Caricis, 22; uniporu-
lus, 14, 201, 204
Uromyces, Correlation between cer-
tain species of Puccinia and, 194
Urtica gracilis, 17, 28, 31
Usnea angulata, 138; ceratina, 138;
dasypoga, 139; florida, 139; laevis,
30); plicata, 139
Ustilago esculenta, 104
Uvularia grandiflora, 10, 11
Vaccinium, 146; canadense,
pennsylvanicum, 177, 186, 192
Wacimata, 231. 239; farinosa, 3; vagi-
nata, 239; velosa, 239
Vagnera stellata, 11
Venenarius, 231, 239; bivolvatus,
241; calyptratoides, 241; calyp-
tratus, 241, 242; mexicanus, 332;
muscarius, 240, 243; ocreatus, 240;
186 ;
pantherinoides, 242, 262; phal-
loides, 240; praegemmatus, 243,
262; solitarius, 240; umbrini-
discus, 242, 262
Vernonia, 29; crinita, 29, 33; gigan-
tea, 57, 65
Verticillium, 104
Viburnum, 318
Viola, 199, 200; septentrionalis, 11
Viorna Douglasii, 11
Vitis, 34
Volvaria Bakeri, 332; cubensis,
332; Earlei, 332; jamaicensis,
332
Volvariopsis Bakeri, 332; cubensis,
ee Hanler, 322° jamaicensis, 332
Western Uredineae which attack for-
est trees, Notes on some, 141
Wound parasite of catalpa, Polystic-
tus versicolor as a, 263
Xanthoxylum americanum, 10, 52, 53
Zexmenia, 203
Zizania latifolia, 104
-
ty
~
hte es taper e nee
5 ong we venue
hiss
. e Se eee L eas
, 52 ue 60, 65, 69, 70 and 74. ‘The Pelyporcet
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Studies i in North \ i eniescors Pesonorpamiee I. The Genus Atbogo,
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Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Floraof ‘Mo
Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix+-492 pp., with detaile
Vol. II. The influence of Light and Darkness upon
Vol. IIT. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from
Vock: by Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Janey vil
Vol. TV. Effects of the Rigs of Radi ‘
Contributions from the New York: Bot anical
nical papers written. by students ¢ or members :
other than the above. eee rs
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