Myodocopid Ostracoda from the Late Permian of Greece and a Basic Classification for Paleozoic and Mesozoic Myodocopida A-t'V , SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Lawrence M. Small Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY • NUMBER 91 Myodocopid Ostracoda from the Late Permian of Greece and a Basic Classification for Paleozoic and Mesozoic Myodocopida Louis S. Kornicker and I. G. Sohn Smithsonian Institution Press Washington, D.C. 2000 ABSTRACT Komicker, Louis S., and I.G. Sohn. Myodocopid Ostracoda from the Late Permian of Greece and a Basic Classification for Paleozoic and Mesozoic Myodocopida. Smithsonian Contribu¬ tions to Paleobiology, number 91, 33 pages, 22 figures, 2000.—Four new genera and six new species are described from the top of the Episkopi Formation (Dorashamian) on the island of Hydra, Greece: Cypridinelliforma rex (new species), Nodophilomedes phoenix (new genus, new species), Swainella bex (new genus, new species), Triadocypris pax (new species), Sivet- erella pax (new genus, new species), Siveterella flex (new species), and Sylvesterella (new genus), based on specimens in the collection from Greece. Supplementary descriptions are pre¬ sented of Philomedes rankiniana (Jones and Kirkby, 1867) and Eocypridina radiata (Jones and Kirkby, 1874). A basic classification proposed for Paleozoic and Mesozoic Myodocopida includes a new suborder, three new superfamilies, and three new families. OFFICIAL publication DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Annals of the Smithsonian Institution. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The trilobite Phacops rana Green. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Komicker, Louis S., 1919- Myodocopid Ostracoda from the late Permian of Greece and a basic classification for Paleozoic and Mesozoic Myodocopida / Louis S. Komicker and I.G. Sohn. p. cm.-(Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology ; no. 91) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Myodocopida, Fossil—Greece—Hydra Island. 2. Paleontology—Permian. 3. Animals, Fossil—Greece—- Hydra Island. I. Sohn, I.G. (Israel Gregory), 1911-2000 II. Title. III. Series. QE701 .S56 no. 91 [QE817.08] 560s-dc21 [565'.33] 99-089546 © The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1984. Contents Page Introduction.1 Methods.1 Disposition of Specimens .1 Abbreviations .1 Acknowledgments.1 Classification.1 Superorder MYODOCOPA Sars, 1866 .2 Order Myodocopida Sars, 1866 .2 Key to Suborders of the Myodocopida.3 PALEOMYODOCOP1NA, new suborder.3 Key to Superfamilies of the Paleomyodocopina.3 Cyridinelliformacea, new superfamily . 3 Key to Families of the Cypridinelliformacea .3 Cypridinelliformidae, new family.3 Key to Genera of the Cypridinelliformidae.3 Cypridella Koninck, 1841 4 Sulcuna Jones and Kirkby, 1874 .4 Cypridellina Jones and Kirkby, 1874 .4 Cypridinelliforma Bless, 1971.4 Cypridinelliforma rex, new species.4 CYPRELLIDAE Sylvester-Bradley, 1961.11 Nodophilomedacea, new superfamily. 11 Nodophilomedidae, new family.11 Nodophilomedes, new genus.11 Nodophilomedes phoenix, new species.11 Swainellacea, new superfamily.14 Swainellidae, new family.14 Swainella, new genus.14 Swainella hex, new species .14 Suborder MYODOCOPINA Sars, 1866 . 17 Key to Superfamilies of the Myodocopina.18 Sarsiellacea Brady and Norman, 1896 . 18 Philomedidae Muller, 1912.18 Philomedinae Muller, 1912.18 Philomedes Liljeborg, 1853 . 18 Philomedes rankiniana (Jones and Kirkby, 1867), new combi¬ nation .18 Cypridinacea Baird, 1850 . 19 Cypridinidae Baird, 1850 . 19 Cypridininae Baird, 1850 . 19 Cypridinini Baird, 1850 . 19 Key to Genera of the Cypridinini .19 Cypridina Milne-Edwards, 1840 . 19 Palaeophilomedes Sylvester-Bradley, 1951 .20 Cypridinella Jones and Kirkby, 1874 . 20 Sylvesterella, new genus .20 Sylvesterella oblonga (Jones and Kirkby, 1874), new combina¬ tion .. iii 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY “Cypridinid” sensu Siveter et al., 1987 . 20 “Cypridinid” Genus A, Siveter et al., 1987 . 21 Genus A, Species A, Siveter et al., 1987 . 21 “Cypridinid” Genus B, Siveter et al., 1987 . 21 Genus B, Species B, Siveter et al., 1987 . 21 Cylindroleberidacea Muller, 1906 . 21 Cylindroleberididae Muller, 1906 . 21 Key to Paleozoic and Mesozoic Subfamilies of the Cylindroleberididae .... 21 Asteropteroninae Komicker, 1981.21 Key to Genera of the Asteropteroninae.22 Triadocypris Weitschat, 1983 . 22 Triadocypris pax, new species.22 Siveterella, new genus.22 Siveterella pax, new species .23 Siveterella flex, new species .26 Triadogigantocypris Monostori, 1991.28 Triadogigantocypris balatonica Monostori, 1991.28 Triadogigantocypris donzei (Neale, 1976), new combination.29 Cyclasteropinae Poulsen, 1965 . 29 Cycloleberidini Hartmann, 1974 . 29 Eocypridina Kesling and Ploch, 1960 . 29 Eocypndina radiata (Jones and Kirkby, 1874). 29 Eocypridina sp. (Dzik, 1978), new combination.32 Literature Cited.33 Myodocopid Ostracoda from the Late Permian of Greece and a Basic Classification for Paleozoic and Mesozoic Myodocopida Louis S. Kornicker and I. G. Sohn Introduction Fossils of Permian myodocopid ostracodes are sparse in the geologic record (Kellett, 1935:132). The Permian ostracodes described herein are from the top of the Episkopi Formation (Dorashamian) (USNM localities 9260, 9262) on the island of Hydra, Greece (Sohn and Kornicker, 1998). This formation contains an excellent record of Late Permian life in the western Tethys Sea that may have lived in a calm, low-energy environ¬ ment behind protecting algal reefs (Grant et al., 1991:493). Carapaces of some of the Permian myodocopids in the col¬ lection appear to be morphologically more similar to those of Holocene taxa than do the carapaces of previously described Silurian to Carboniferous myodocopids. Because of this, we expanded our study of the Permian myodocopids from Greece to include a basic classification for some Paleozoic and Meso¬ zoic myodocopids. METHODS. —Discussions of methods, carapace measure¬ ments, samples, stratigraphy and paleoecology were described in Sohn and Kornicker (1998:1-2) and are not repeated herein. Length, height, or width measurements followed by an asterisk (*) indicate the measurement was based on the illustration; otherwise these measurements were taken using an optical micrometer and were based on the specimen. Central adductor muscle scar patterns legitimately are used to discriminate taxa. Fossil myodocopids, however, rarely have Louis S. Kornicker, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Mu¬ seum of Natural History', Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 20560-0163. I.G. Sohn (deceased). United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20560-0121. Review Chairman: Kristian Fauchald, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0163. Reviewers: Anne C. Cohen, Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, California 94923; F.M. Swain, University of Minnesota. preserved muscle scars; this presents a problem when attempt¬ ing to relate specimens having preserved scars with those not having scars. Therefore, in taxonomic keys presented herein, we do not use muscle scar patterns. In order to make our classi¬ fication of greater use to taxonomists attempting to identify unknowns, some taxa that we were unable to separate even broadly in a key have been synonymized. Disposition OF Specimens. —Permian specimens have been deposited in the Department of Paleobiology, National Muse¬ um of Natural History (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution (un¬ der the acronym USNM for the former United States National Museum, which collections are now housed in the NMNH). Abbreviations. —The following abbreviations are used in legends and text. av anterior view dv dorsal view H height iv inside view L length LV left valve lv lateral view pv posterior view RV right valve vv ventral view W width * shell measurement based on micrograph Acknowledgments. —The samples were collected by Richard E. Grant (NMNH, deceased) and Rex A. Doescher (NMNH). The process of leaching was headed by Doescher. The scanning electron micrographs are by W.R. Brown (NMNH). We thank Elizabeth Harrison-Nelson (NMNH) for general assistance, Molly Ryan (NMNH) for lettering plates, and Jack Korytowski (Smithsonian Institution Press) for final editing and preparation of the manuscript for publication. 1 2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Classification The new suborder Paleomyodocopina is proposed herein for taxa having a subcentral node on each valve. The known range of the Paleomyodocopina is Devonian to Permian, whereas the known range of the Myodocopina is Silurian to Recent. The suborders are assumed to have a common ancestry. The absence of post-Paleozoic Paleomyodocopina is interpreted herein as indicating that the suborder became extinct at the end of the Permian. In an attempt to relate the extant and fossil Myodocopina, fos¬ sil Myodocopina are subdivided herein into the same three superfamilies comprising the Holocene Myodocopina: Cypridi- nacea, Sarsiellacea, and Cylindroleberidacea (Komicker, 1986a, fig. 113). We have attempted herein to discriminate fossil super¬ families by selecting characters on the carapaces of the fossils that hold for most species in extant superfamilies. The fossil Myodocopina are referred to a particular Holocene superfamily on the basis of similarities in their carapace morphology. Unfor¬ tunately, within extant Myodocopina, which are classified mainly on the basis of appendage morphology, the carapaces of species within each superfamily have a wide range of shapes, ornamentation, and adductor muscle attachment scar patterns, which to some extent overlap between the superfamilies. Because of this, many fossils cannot be placed with certainty into a particular superfamily simply on the basis of carapace morphology, yet, with rare exceptions, this is all that is available. Errors in classification caused by the overlap of characters is a common problem in discriminating taxa. Except for the presence of a subcentral node, the carapaces of many taxa referred to the Paleomyodocopina resemble those of fossil Myodocopina; we interpret the similarities to be paral¬ lelism. Nevertheless, in an attempt to relate fossil Myodoco¬ pina and Paleomyodocopina, we have assumed that carapace similarities between the taxa of each suborder are meaningful, possibly due to similarities in behavior and/or ecological requirements. The Paleomyodocopina are subdivided herein into three superfamilies, each having similarities with a super¬ family in the Myodocopina (Table 1). Our proposed classification includes mainly fossils whose similarity with extant taxa permitted the assumption that they are related. Many Paleozoic taxa that, in our opinion, do not closely resemble extant forms, have been previously referred to the Myodocopina (Siveter et al., 1987; Siveter and Vannier, 1990, fig. 16). Examples of such tax include Rhombina Jones and Kirkby, 1874 ( R. hibernica Jones and Kirkby, 1874, and R. belgica Jones and Kirkby, 1874), Bolbozoe Barrande, 1872, and Entomozoe Pribyl, 1950. Our omission of such taxa from the proposed classification is not intended to infer that they are not Myodocopina, rather, the consideration of those taxa is out¬ side the scope of the present effort. We offer the present classi¬ fication as a base to which other taxa may be added. Table 1.—Equivalent 1 superfamilies 2 and families in the Paleomyodocopina and the Myodocopina. Paleomyodocopina Myodocopina Cypridinelliformacea Cypridinacea Cypridinelliformidae Cypridinidae Nodophilomedacea Sarsiellacea N odophi lomedidae Philomedidae SWAINELLACEA Cylindroleberidacea Swainellidae Cylindroleberididae 'The nontaxonomic term equivalent as used herein identifies taxa within the two suborders having similarities in carapace morphology. 2 The ending “-oidea” is usually preferred for superfamilies by Zoologists, and the ending “-acea” by Paleontologists (Sohn, 1984). Recommendation 29A in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985:55) recom¬ mended “that the suffix -OIDEA be added to the stem for the name of a superfamily.” We have used “acea” in the present paleontological paper to conform with other similar papers. Superorder MYODOCOPA Sars, 1866 Composition. —The superorder Myodocopa includes the orders Myodocopida and Halocyprida (Komicker and Sohn, 1976:3, fig. 2). The Halocyprida includes the suborders Cla- docopina and Halocypridina. Whatley et al. (1993:350) included in the order Myodocopida the suborders Myo¬ docopina, Halocypridina, and Cladocopina. We herein include within the Myodocopida the new suborder Paleomyodocopina. Only the Myodocopida (sensu Komicker and Sohn, 1976:3) and the equivalent Myodocopina (sensu Whatley et al., 1993: 350) are treated herein. Diagnosis. —Carapace extremely variable: rostrum and incisur developed or undeveloped; dorsal margin either arched or straight; valves strongly or weakly calcified, either smooth or ornamented with diverse processes. Appendages: with either 5 or 7 appendages (excluding copulatory organs); 2nd antennae adapted for swimming, and with exopod larger and with many more segments than endopod; 7th limb short, worm-like, or absent; paired furca flat, plate-like, sclerotized with rows of claws, and located posterior to anus. Male copulatory append¬ age single or double. Paired lateral compound eyes present or absent. Most synapomorphies defining extant members are not shell characters, but the fossil shells included in the Myodocopa have shell characters like those of the extant Myodocopa. Range. —Silurian to Holocene. Order Myodocopida Sars, 1866 Composition. —The Myodocopida includes the suborders Myodocopina and Paleomyodocopina, new suborder. Diagnosis. —Carapaces generally larger and not as ovate as those of the Cladocopina; carapaces generally more strongly calcified and with more arcuate dorsal margins than those of the Halocypridina. Myodocopida differing from Cladocopina in having 7 rather than 5 limbs (excluding copulatory organ), NUMBER 91 3 from Halocypridina in having a worm-like 7th limb, and from both taxa in the male having paired copulatory organs. Lateral eyes possibly present in Myodocopina but absent in Cladoco- pina and Halocypridina. RANGE. —Paleomyodocopina: Devonian to Permian. Myo docopina: Silurian to Recent. Key to Suborders of the Myodocopida Carapace with subcentral node [node replaced by a backward-directed dorsal protuberance in the genus Sulcuna] . Paleomyodocopina, new suborder Carapace without subcentral node. MYODOCOPINA Paleomyodocopina, new suborder Composition. —The Paleomyodocopina includes the super¬ families Cypridinelliformacea, Nodophilomedacea, and Swain- ellacea. DIAGNOSIS. —Carapace with subcentral node replaced by backward-directed dorsal protuberance in genus Sulcuna. Nuchal furrow and rostrum either present or absent. Appendag¬ es unknown, but herein presumed similar to those of the Myo¬ docopina. Range. —Devonian to Permian. Key to Superfamilies of the Paleomyodocopina (Key includes characters of most members of each superfamily) 1. Tip of rostrum generally truncate. NODOPHILOMEDACEA, new superfamily Tip of rostrum generally rounded or pointed.2 2. Carapace circular in lateral view . SWAINELLACEA, new superfamily Carapace elliptical in lateral view . CYPRIDINELLIFORMACEA, new superfamily Cypridinelliformacea, new superfamily COMPOSITION. —The superfamily Cypridinelliformacea in¬ cludes the families Cypridelliformidae and Cyprellidae. DIAGNOSIS. —Carapace elliptical in lateral view, with smooth or irregular margin: posterior half of dorsal margin straight or convex; posterior of valve acuminate, terminating in acute or rounded caudal process; rostrum with rounded tip, and either down-curved, or with horizontal ventral margin; anterior edge of margin ventral to incisur either extending past tip of rostrum forming prow, or not extending past tip of rostrum; node present near dorsal margin anterior to midlength (node replaced by backward-directed dorsal protuberance in genus Sulcuna)-, nuchal furrow (median sulcus (Moore, 1961 :Q53)) either present or absent. Carapace smooth or with either vertical or horizontal ribs. In inside medial view, posterior half of dorsal margin gener¬ ally with straight oblique hinge line. Range. —Carboniferous and Permian. Key to Families of the Cypridinelliformacea Carapace with vertical ribs. Cyprellidae Carapace without vertical ribs. Cypridinelliformidae, new family Cypridinelliformidae, new family COMPOSITION. —The family Cypridinelliformidae includes the genera Cypridellina, Cypridella, Sulcuna, and Cypridinelli- forma. Cyprisucella Sanchez de Posada and Bless, 1971:203, which is close to Cypridella, also may be included in the Cyp¬ ridinelliformidae, but this requires further study. Diagnosis. —In outside lateral view: posterior half of dorsal margin straight or convex; posterior of valve acuminate, termi¬ nating in acute or rounded caudal process; tip of rostrum rounded and with horizontal ventral margin; anterior edge of margin ventral to incisur either extending past tip of rostrum {Sulcuna, Cypridellina) forming prow, or not extending past tip of rostrum ( Cypridella, Cypridinelliforma); node present near dorsal margin anterior to midlength; node either projecting per¬ pendicular from valve, or projecting posteriorly (node replaced by backward-directed dorsal protuberance in the genus Sulcu¬ na). Nuchal furrow either present ( Cypridella, Sulcuna) or ab¬ sent {Cypridellina, Cypridinelliforma). In inside medial view, posterior half of dorsal margin with straight oblique hinge line. In anterior view, ventral edge of rostrum either horizontal or close to horizontal. RANGE. —Devonian to Permian. 4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Key to Genera of the Cypridinelliformidae 1. Carapace with nuchal furrow.2 Carapace without nuchal furrow .3 2. Anteroventral prow extending past tip of rostrum . Sulcuna Anteroventral prow not extending past tip of rostrum. Cypridella 3. Anteroventral prow extending past tip of rostrum. Cypridellina Anteroventral prow not extending past tip of rostrum . Cypridinelliforma Cypridella Koninck, 1841 TYPE Species. — Cypridella cruciata Koninck, 1841. (The type species, C. cruciata, illustrated by Koninck (1841, fig. lla-d) differs considerably from the illustration of Cypridella sp. by Sylvester-Bradley (1961, fig. 325:2a-d). The former is without a siphon, and the tubercles do not project backward.) Diagnosis. —Carapace with anteroventral margin generally not extending past tip of rostrum, with subcentral tubercle (backwardly directed on some species), and with curved nuchal furrow just posterior to tubercle; caudal siphon well developed or absent; other tubercles possibly present. Diagnosis in part from Sylvester-Bradley (1961 :Q403, fig. 325:2a-d). Range. —Upper Devonian to Lower Permian (Whatley et al„ 1993:350). Sulcuna Jones and Kirkby, 1874 Type Species.— Sulcuna lepus Jones, Kirkby, and Brady, 1874, subsequent designation by Bassler and Kellett, 1934. Diagnosis. —Subcentral node replaced by backward-direct¬ ed dorsal protuberance and defined posteriorly by shallow nuchal furrow; anteroventral margin projecting slightly past tip of rostrum (from Sylvester-Bradley, 196LQ403-Q404, fig. 325:4). Range. —Carboniferous, Europe (Sylvester-Bradley, 1961: Q403). DISCUSSION. —Siveter and Vannier (1990:48) included the genus Sulcuna in the family Bolbozoidea. Because of the prominent rostrum of Sulcuna lepus, the type species, we pre¬ fer to include the genus in the Cypridinelliformidae. Cypridellina Jones and Kirkby, 1874 Type Species. — Cypridellina clausa Jones and Kirkby, 1874, subsequent designation by Bassler and Kellett, 1934. Diagnosis. —Subcentral node slightly above center of each valve; anteroventral margin extending well past tip of rostrum; without nuchal furrow (from Sylvester-Bradley, 196LQ403- Q404, fig. 325:3). Range. —Carboniferous, Europe (Sylvester-Bradley, 1961: Q403). Cypridinelliforma Bless, 1971 TYPE SPECIES. — Cypridinelliforma emmaensis Bless, 1971. Diagnosis. —From Bless (1971:22): Carapace elongate with projecting rostrum forming an acute angle in lateral view; ven¬ tral edge of rostrum horizontal and fairly straight in well-pre¬ served specimens. Complete carapace slightly narrower than high. Dorsal margin viewed laterally with anterior % evenly rounded and posterior 5 /b rounded, or almost straight except for slight concavity near posterior end. Concavity coincides with a round hole (siphon) with posterodorsal orientation. Ventral edge of carapace in lateral view slightly convex in anterior %, and more convex and upsweeping in posterior Vh. Anteroven¬ tral margin not reaching tip of rostrum in some specimens, and just reaching tip of rostrum in others. Each valve with rounded or tapered node just dorsal to valve midheight and anterior to valve midlength. Lateral surface with ridges on well-preserved specimens. Straight, slightly indented, oblique hinge present along posterior half of dorsal margin. Posterior end of hinge terminating in siphon. Siphon not evident on all specimens. Hinge teeth and nuchal furrow absent. Broad triangular infold present in posterior end of valve ventral to siphon. Adductor muscle attachment scars unknown. Known length range 1.45-2.29 mm. Range. —Upper Carboniferous (Bless, 1971); Permian (herein). Comparisons. —The carapace of Cypridinelliforma differs from Cypridellina and Sulcuna in that the anteroventral prow does not extend past the tip of the rostrum; it differs from Cyp¬ ridella and Sulcuna in not having a nuchal furrow. Cypridinelliforma rex, new species Figures 1-7 Etymology. —From the Latin rex (king). Holotype. —USNM 496703, complete carapace. Type Locality.— USNM 496703 locality 9260: Greece 1, 21 Aug 1968, uppermost brachiopod zone in Episkopi section B, Episkopi Formation, Barmari Group, Late Permian (Dora- shamian), Hydra, Greece (Grant et al., 1991:482, 495). Paratypes. —USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece 2, 4 Jul 1974: USNM 496717, LV; USNM 496718, RV; USNM NUMBER 91 5 FIGURE 1 .—Cypridinelliforma rex, new species, holotype, USNM 496703, complete carapace, length 1.78 mm: a, lv, x 56; b, dv, x 50; c, oblique view, x 63; d, detail of siphon in b, x 280; e, av, x 65. (Original magnifications of micrographs reduced to 88% for publication.) 6 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 2.— Cypridinel/iforma rex, new species. Paratype, USNM 496727, LV, length 1.50* mm: a, lv, x 46; b, av?, x 42; c, iv, x 75; d, av. USNM 496704, RV, length 1.85* mm: e, lv, x 41. USNM 496705, LV, length 1.45 mm: f lv, x 41. 496719, LV; USNM 496720, LV. USNM locality 9262, Hydra, DISTRIBUTION.— Permian: USNM localities 9260 and 9262, Greece 2, 23 Aug 1968: USNM 496704 (broken after SEM), Hydra, Greece. RV; USNM 496705, LV; USNM 496706, RV; USNM 496707 DESCRIPTION (Figures 1-7).—Carapace elongate with pro- broken), RV; USNM 496727 (lost), LV. jecting rostrum forming an acute angle in lateral view (Figures NUMBER 91 7 FIGURE 3 .—Cypridinelliforma rex, new species, paratype, USNM 496706, RV, length 1.47 mm: a, Iv, x 43; b, iv, x 65; c, dv, anterior to right, x 40; d, view of siphon in c, x 175. (Original magnifications of micrographs reduced to 99% for publication.) la, 2a,f, 4a, 5a, 6a,b, la)\ ventral edge of rostrum horizontal and fairly straight in well-preserved specimens (Figures 1 a,e, 2 a,d,f 4, 5a,d, 7). (The hook-like rostrum on one specimen (Figure 6a, b) tentatively is interpreted as an artifact caused by abrasion.) Complete carapace slightly narrower than high (Fig¬ ure \e). Dorsal margin viewed laterally with anterior % evenly rounded and posterior % almost straight, except for slight con¬ cavity near posterior end (Figure la). Concavity coinciding with a round hole (siphon) with posterodorsal orientation (Fig¬ ures 1 b-d, 2c, 3b-d). Siphon not observed on all specimens (Figures 4—7) and possibly lacking. Ventral edge of carapace in lateral view slightly convex in anterior %, and more convex and upsweeping in posterior Vs (Figures la, 2a,c,e,f). Anter- oventral margin not reaching tip of rostrum in some specimens (Figure la), and just reaching tip of rostrum in others (Figure 2/)- Ornamentation: Each valve with rounded or tapered node just dorsal to valve midheight and anterior to valve midlength (Figures 1 a-c, 2a,b, 3 a, 4, 5, 6c, 7). Node reflected by concavi¬ ty on inner side of valve (Figures 2c, 3b, 6a, b, la). Node worn off on some specimens (Figure 2c,/), and when broken off appearing as a hole (Figure la). Anterior surface ventral to ros¬ trum with concentric ndges (seen best in anterior view, Figures lc, 2d). Three or 4 ribs extending from anterior end of rostrum around periphery of valve and terminating in anteroventral part of valve in vicinity of anterior concentric ridges (Figures 1 a-c, 2a,b,d-f)\ 10 or 11 straight or slightly convex longitudinal ribs present within area of peripheral ribs (Figure la); 2 ribs just dorsal to round node follow contour of dorsal edge of process 8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Figure 4 .—Cypridinelliforma rex, new species, paratype, USNM 496717, LV, length 1.69 mm: a, Iv, x 35; b, dv, anterior to left, x 35; c, w, anterior to left, x 35; d, vv of rostrum, x 89.5; e, av, x 35.2. (Figure 1 a-c). Cross riblets connect ribs near posterior end of valves to form reticules (Figure 1 a,c). Weakly developed reti¬ cules also present on rostrum near tip (Figure le). Ribs inter¬ preted to be worn off on many specimens (Figures 3 a,c,d, 4, 5, 6c). Hinge: Straight, slightly indented, oblique hinge present along posterior half of dorsal margin (Figures 2c, 3 b, 6a). Pos¬ terior end of hinge terminating in siphon (Figures 1 b-d, 2c, 3 b-d). Hinge teeth absent. Infold: Broad triangular infold present in posterior end of valve ventral to siphon (Figures 2c, 6a,d). Central Adductor Muscle Scars: Unknown. Carapace Size (in mm): Holotype, USNM 496703, com¬ plete carapace, L= 1.78, H=1.23, W=1.04. Paratypes: USNM 496704 (broken), RV, L= 1.85*, H=1.22*; USNM 496705, LV, L= 1.45, H = 1.15; USNM 496706, RV, L=1.47, H=1.00; USNM 496717, LV, L=1.69, H=1.26; USNM 496718, RV, L=1.90, H = 1.43; USNM 496719, LV, L=1.74, H=1.26; USNM 496720, LV, L=1.64, H=1.32; USNM 496727 (lost), LV, L=1.50*, H=0.86*. Length range: 1.45-1.90. Variability: Ribs are well developed in the holotype (Fig¬ ure la) but are less well developed (Figure 2d) or absent (Fig¬ ure 3a) in most specimens. We interpret this to be the result of NUMBER 91 9 FIGURE 5 .—Cypridinelliforma rex, new species, paratype, USNM 496718, RV, length 1.90 mm: a, lv, x 45; b, dv, anterior to right, x 35; c, posteroventral view of tapered process at maximum extension, x 75; d, av, x 35. (Origi¬ nal magnifications of micrographs reduced to 89% for publication.) differential preservation. Cross riblets forming reticulations in the posterior end of the carapace are visible only on the holo- type (Figure la,c). We interpret this to be either the result of differential preservation or intraspecific variability. We do not exclude, however, the possibility that the differences in orna¬ mentation among the specimens studied are the result of more than one species being present. COMPARISONS. —The new species differs from Cypridinel¬ liforma emmaensis in having a straighter posterodorsal mar¬ gin. 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 6 .—Cypridinellforma rex, new species, paratype, USNM 496719, LV, length 1.74 mm: a, iv, x 35; b, detail of anterior, from a, x 70; c, dv, anterior to right, x 33.4; d, detail of posterior, from a. x 70. (Original mag¬ nifications of micrographs reduced to 89% for publication.) NUMBER 91 Figure 7 .—Cypridinelliforma rex, new species, paratype, USNM 496720, LV, length 1.64 mm: a, lv, x 35.2; b, av, x 35. Cyprellidae Sylvester-Bradley, 1961 COMPOSITION. —The family includes only the genus Cyprel- la. DIAGNOSIS. —“Carapace annulate; rostrum down-curved; incisure horizontal; posterior produced into caudal siphon” (Sylvester-Bradley, 1961:Q402). Narrow nuchal furrow behind tubercle. Range.—L ower Carboniferous (Whatley et al., 1993:350). Nodophilomedacea, new superfamily Composition. —The Nodophilomedacea includes the new family Nodophilomedidae. DIAGNOSIS. —Carapace oval in lateral view, with deep inci- sur and square-tipped rostrum at valve midheight. Posterior margin of valve extending posteriorly to form distinct angle at midheight (Nodophilomedidae). Surface smooth or faintly reticulate. Node better developed in some specimens than in others, and possibly absent (node absence presumed herein to be the result of wear, but possibly node never present). Range. —Permian. Nodophilomedidae, new family Composition. —The Nodophilomedidae includes the new genus Nodophilomedes. Diagnosis. —Carapace oval in lateral view with deep incisur and square-tipped rostrum at valve midheight. Posterior margin of valve extending posteriorly to form distinct angle at mid¬ height. Posteroventral margin more oblique than antero-ventral margin; posterodorsal margin either straight or less rounded than anterodorsal margin. Each valve rounded in dorsal view and with width about Vi length; anterior half in dorsal view more acuminate than posterior half on some specimens, but similar in other specimens. In anterior view valve broader in ventral half. Surface smooth except for rounded node near midlength dorsal to midheight. Node better developed in some specimens than in others, and possibly absent (the latter pre¬ sumed to be the result of wear, but possibly never present). Straight posterodorsal margin on some specimens suggesting hinge located there. Range. —Permian. Nodophilomedes, new genus Etymology. —From the Latin nodus (swelling) plus Philo- medes. TYPE Species. —Nodophilomedes phoenix. Diagnosis. —Same as for family. Range. —Permian. Nodophilomedes phoenix, new species Figures 8, 9 ETYMOLOGY.— From the Latin phoenix (purple-red). Holotype.— USNM 496708, LV. Type Locality.— USNM locality 9262, Hydra, Greece, 23 Aug 1968, about 1 km nearly due E of the village of Episkopi (S side of island), down steep trail to about 25 m elevation near shrine called Aya Hohannis, relatively flat area where Permian beds make terraces. Collected from 4 ft. (1.2 m) bed. R.E. Grant, collector, 23 Aug 1968. 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 8.— Nodophilomedesphoenix, new species. Paratype, USNM 496709, LV, length 2.51* mm: a, lv, x 38; b, dv, x 37; c, iv, x 32. Holotype, USNM 496708, LV, length 2.83 mm: d, iv, X 30. Paratype, USNM 496735, LV, length -2.65* mm: e, iv, x 30; f iv, posterior tip, from e, x 150. (Original magnification reduced to 84% for pub¬ lication.) NUMBER 91 13 FIGURE 9.— Nodophilomedesphoenix, new species, paratype, USNM 496726, LV, length 3.8 mm: a, lv, x 20.6; b, av, x 24.6; c, dv, x 21; d, detail of rounded process, from a. x 36; e. detail of rostrum, from a, x 60. (Original magnifications of micrographs reduced to 86% for publication.) PARATYPES. —USNM locality 9262: USNM 496709 (lost), DESCRIPTION (Figures 8, 9).—Carapace oval in lateral view, LV; USNM 496726, LV; USNM 496735 (lost), LV. with deep incisur and square-tipped rostrum at valve midheight DISTRIBUTION. —Permian: USNM locality 9262, Hydra, (Figures Sa,c, 9a, e). Posterior margin of valve extending poste- Greece. riorly to form distinct angle at midheight. Posteroventral mar- 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY gin more oblique than anteroventral margin; posterodorsal mar¬ gin either straight or less rounded than anterodorsal margin (Figures 8 a,c-e, 9a). Dorsal outline rounded; width approxi¬ mately Vi length (Figure 9 c,6); anterior half in dorsal view more acuminate than posterior half on some specimens (Figure 9c), but similar in other specimens (Figure 8 b). In anterior view, valve broader in ventral half (Figure 9b). Notch on anteroventral margin just ventral to incisur visible in Figure 9a, e is interpreted to be an artifact. Ornamentation: Surface smooth except for rounded node near midlength dorsal to midheight. Node better developed in some specimens (Figure 9 a-d) than in others, and possibly absent (the latter presumed to be the result of wear (Figure 8 a,b), but possibly never present (Figure 8c is an inside view of valve without depression that would indicate presence of outer node)). Hinge: Straight posterodorsal margin on some specimens suggests hinge located there (Figure 8 d,e). Infold: Small infold evident in and ventral to posterior angle (Figure 8 d-f). Small siphon possibly present immediate¬ ly dorsal to posterior angle (Figure 8 f). Central Adductor Muscle Scars: None observed. Carapace Size (in mm): Holotype, USNM 496708, LV, L= 2.83, H=2.23. Paratypes: USNM 496709 (lost), LV, L=2.51*, H=2.24*, W= 1.11*; USNM 496735 (lost), LV, L=~2.65*; USNM 496726, LV, L=3.8, H=3.0. Length range, 2.51-3.8. SWAINELLACEA, new superfamily Composition. —The Swainellacea includes the family Swain- ellidae, new family. Diagnosis. —Carapace circular in lateral view with tapered rostrum and broad incisur. Valve width about Vj valve length. Central part of valve fairly flat. Each valve with anterodorsal, large, rounded node just dorsal to midheight, node appearing as depression on inside of valve. Outer surface of valve with round pits. Pits less well developed on some valves. Surface of valves with several low nodes. Range. —Permian. Remarks. —According to Siveter et al. (1987:793), “Cypri- dinid” gen. et sp. nov. A (Siveter et al., 1987),” which resem¬ bles Swainella bex, new species, lacks an anterodorsal node. The lack of the node places that genus in the Myodocopina, rather than in the Paleomyodocopina. Swainellidae, new family TYPE Species. — Swainella bex, new species. COMPOSITION. —The Swainellidae includes the genus Swain¬ ella. Diagnosis. —Same as for superfamily. RANGE. —Permian. Swainella, new genus Etymology. —Named in honor of Frederick M. Swain, ostracodologist. TYPE Species. — Swainella bex, new species. DIAGNOSIS. —Same as for family. Known length range, 1.27- 1.59 mm. Range. —Permian. Swainella bex, new species Figures 10-13 Etymology. —From the Greek bex (cough). Holotype.— USNM 496725, RV. Type Locality. —USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece 2, 4 Jul 1974. Paratypes. —USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece 2, 4 Jul 1974: USNM 496712, LV; USNM 496713, RV; USNM 496724, LV; USNM 496723, RV. Distribution. —Permian: USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece. Description. —Carapace oval in lateral view with tapered rostrum and broad incisur (Figures 10a-c, 11 b,c, 12a, b). Valve width about !4 valve length (Figures 10 b,d,e, 11 b,c, 12 b). Cen¬ tral part of valve fairly flat (Figures 10 b,d,e, 1 la, b, 126, c). Ornamentation: Each valve with anterodorsal, large, rounded node just dorsal to midheight (Figures 10a, b, 11, 12a, 13a,c); node appearing as depression on inside of valve (Fig¬ ures 10c, 13d (faint)). Outer surface of valve with round pits (Figures 12a,c, 13 a-c,ef). Pits less well developed on some valves (Figures 10a, 11a). Surface of valves with low nodes (Figures 10 a,b,d,e, 116,c, 12a, c, 13a,c). Hinge: None evident (Figures 10c, 13d). Infold: Not preserved (Figures 10c, 13d). Carapace Size (in mm): Holotype, USNM 496725, RV, L= 1.59, H=1.37. Paratypes: USNM 496713, RV, L=1.33, H= 1.16; USNM 496712, LV, L=1.39, H=1.18; USNM 496723, RV, L= 1.27, H= 1.08; USNM 496724, LV, L=1.41, H= 1.13. Length range 1.27-1.59. NUMBER 91 15 FIGURE 10. —Swainella bex, new species, paratype, USNM 496723, RV, length 1.27 mm: a, lv, x 75; b, av, x 75; c, iv, x 75; d,e, dv and vv, respectively, x 75. (Original magnifications of micrographs reduced to 98% for publi¬ cation.) Figure 11 .—Swainella bex, new species, paratype, USNM 496724, LV, length 1.41 mm: a, av, x 47.8; b, dv, x34.6; c, lv, x 34.8. FIGURE 12 .—Swainella bex, new species, holotype, USNM 496725, RV, length 1.59 mm: a, lv, x 35.2; b, av, x 35; c, oblique vv, x 28.4. NUMBER 91 17 Figure 13 .—Swainella bex, new species. Paratype, USNM 496713, RV, length 1.33 mm: a, lv, x 50; b, antero- dorsal? view, anterior to right, x 50. Paratype, USNM 496712, LV, length 1.39 mm: c, lv, x 50; d, iv, x 50; e, dv, x 50;/ anterodorsal? view, x 50. Suborder Myodocopina Sars, 1866 Composition. —The Myodocopina includes the superfami¬ lies Cypridinacea, Sarsiellacea, and Cylindroleberidacea. DIAGNOSIS. — Carapace: Carapace without subcentral node, smooth or ornamented; dorsal border straight or arched. Adult males generally more elongate than females. Rostrum well developed or absent, generally differing in adult males and females; tip of rostrum truncate, rounded, or pointed. Caudal process well developed or absent. Appendages: Coxal endite (usually present) of mandible spiny or serrate lobe; 5th limb (2nd maxilla) compacted (not leg-like) (reduced in some males); 6th limb short and flat; male copulatory limbs paired; 7th limb (present in almost all adults) long, worm-like, unsegmented but with many annulations. Range.—S ilurian to Holocene. 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Key to Superfamilies of the Myodocopina (Key includes characters of most members of each superfamily and applies only to taxa reported from the Paleozoic and/or Mesozoic) 1. Tip of rostrum truncate. SARSIELLACEA Tip of rostrum rounded or pointed.2 2. Rostrum and incisur well developed . CYPRIDINACEA Rostrum and incisur poorly developed. CYLINDROLEBERIDACEA Sarsiellacea Brady and Norman, 1896 Composition. —The Sarsiellacea includes the families Sar- siellidae, Rutidermatidae, and Philomedidae. None of these has been reported from the Mesozoic, and only the Philomedidae has been reported from the Paleozoic. Diagnosis. —Carapace with minute rostrum in adult female and prolonged in adult male; caudal process usually present in adult females, longer in adult males; dorsal margin of carapace convex; surface smooth or ornamented. Adult males usually more elongate than adult females. Range. —Carboniferous to Holocene. Philomedidae Muller, 1912 COMPOSITION. —The Philomedidae includes two subfami¬ lies: Philomedinae and Pseudophilomedinae. The former has been reported in the Paleozoic. Diagnosis. —Rostrum and caudal process usually well developed; surface smooth or ornamented; dorsal margin of carapace straight or arched; rostrum truncate, rounded, or pointed; carapace usually with small caudal process. Adult males usually more elongate than adult females, and with more open incisure. Range. —Carboniferous to Holocene. Holocene taxa are cos¬ mopolitan, with a known depth range of intertidal to 3382 m. Philomedinae Muller, 1912 Composition. —The Philomedinae includes many genera, mostly Recent. DIAGNOSIS.—Rostrum usually truncate. Range. —Carboniferous to Holocene. Philomedes Liljeborg, 1853 Philomedes Liljeborg, 1853:175. Bradycinetus Sars, 1866:109. Type Species. — Philomedes longicornis Liljeborg, 1853:176 (= Cypridina Brenda Baird, 1850). Diagnosis.—S ame as for subfamily. Range.—S ame as for subfamily. Philomedes rankiniana (Jones and Kirkby, 1867), new combination Figure 14 HOLOTYPE. —Philomedes rankiniana (Jones and Kirkby, 1867). Type Locality.— Carboniferous, Scotland. Material.— Permian: USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece, USNM 496710, complete carapace (at present fragmented). Cypridina rankiniana Jones and Kirkby, 1867:218; 1871:27. Bradycinetus rankiniana (Jones and Kirkby, 1867).—Jones and Kirkby, 1874: 42, pi. II: figs. 21,22a-c; pi. V: fig. 5. FIGURE 14. —Philomedes rankiniana, USNM 496710, complete carapace, length 1.00 mm: a, lv, x 75; b, vv, x75; c, detail of surface in a, x 800. (Origi¬ nal magnifications of micrographs reduced to 84% for publication.) NUMBER 91 19 Distribution. —Carboniferous of Scotland, Ireland?, and Great Britain?; Permian of Hydra, Greece. Description of Hydra Specimen.— Carapace oval in later¬ al view, with rounded incisur and square-tipped rostrum (Fig¬ ure 14a). Dorsal end of square-tipped rostrum forming most anterior projection of valve. Posterior margin slightly less rounded in dorsal half (Figure 14a). Left valve overlapping right along margins (Figure 14a,6). In ventral view, posterior half of valve more acuminate than anterior half (Figure 14 b). Width of carapace less than V 2 of length. Ornamentation: Surface with many minute papillae (Fig¬ ure 14). Lateral nodes absent. Hinge: Not observed. Infold: Not observed. Carapace Size (in mm): USNM 496710, complete cara¬ pace, L=1.00. Cypridinacea Baird, 1850 Composition.— The Cypridinacea includes the family Cyp- ridinidae. Diagnosis.—F or fossil taxa, diagnosis same as for the Cyp- ridinidae below. RANGE.— Silurian to Holocene. CYPRIDINIDAE Baird, 1850 Composition.— This family includes two subfamilies: Cypri- dininae Baird, 1850, and Azygocypridininae Komicker, 1970. The latter is known only from the Holocene. The Cypridininae as interpreted herein is present in the Paleozoic and Holocene but not in the Mesozoic. Its presence in the Tertiary is outside the scope of the present study. DIAGNOSIS. —Carapace usually smooth; dorsal border arched. Rostrum well developed, evenly curved or sinuous. Caudal process either small or well developed. Range.— Silurian to Holocene. Holocene taxa are circum- global, with a depth range of intertidal to abyssal. Cypridininae Baird, 1850 COMPOSITION.— This subfamily includes two tribes: Cypri- dinini Baird, 1850, and Gigantocypridinini Hartmann, 1974. The latter is known only from the Holocene. The Cypridinini as interpreted herein is present in both the Holocene and the Paleozoic. DIAGNOSIS.— Same as for family. Carapaces of the Giganto¬ cypridinini longer than 4 mm. Range.— Silurian to Holocene. Cypridinini Baird, 1850 COMPOSITION.— This tribe includes approximately 21 Holo¬ cene genera and three genera known only as fossils. Diagnosis and Range.— Same as for family. Remarks.— It is possible that the Carboniferous Eocypri- dina Kesling and Ploch, 1960, which is referred herein to the superfamily Cylindroleberidacea, could be a member of the Cypridinini. Key to Genera of the Cypridinini (Key applies only to taxa reported from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic) 1. Carapace with nuchal furrow. Carapace without nuchal furrow. 2. Anteroventral prow produced. Anteroventral prow not produced. Cypridina Milne-Edwards, 1840 TYPE Species. — Cypridina renaudii Milne-Edwards, 1840: 409, by monotypy. Composition. —Komicker (1991:27) recognized 21 Holo¬ cene Cypridina species sensu Poulsen (1962:255). Because many Paleozoic species have been incorrectly referred to Cyp¬ ridina (e.g., Jones and Kirkby, 1874), a discussion of the genus is included. Diagnosis. —The description of the shell of the genus by Skogsberg (1920:313) included the following: “Shell rather elongated; rostrum always with a distinct ventral comer; rostral incisur comparatively narrow and moderately deep, sometimes even shallow; posterior of shell with well-developed beak¬ shaped process [caudal process].” Poulsen (1962:255), in a . Palaeophilomedes . 2 . Cypridinella . Silvesterella, new genus diagnosis of the genus, was essentially in agreement with Skogsberg’s description above, but added: “The antero-superior comer of the rostrum is protruding over the front margin; the ‘comer’ is as a rule rounded, in a single species pointed. The incisur is rather short and broad. The posterior shell process [caudal process] is always well developed, varying somewhat in size and form.” RANGE.—Holocene. Remarks.— Holocene species are present in the Indian and Pacific oceans between latitudes of about 35°N and 30°S, plank¬ tonic and demersal. Discussion. —A basic problem with this genus is the inade¬ quate description of the type species. The illustrations of the type species by Milne-Edwards (1840, pi. 36: figs. 5, 5a) is of a shell without an anterior incisur. Skogsberg (1920:316) attrib- 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY uted the absence of the incisur to mistakes in observation by Milne-Edwards. His conclusion is supported by a statement in a prior publication of Jones and Kirkby (1874:11): “In a courte¬ ous reply to an inquiry with which I troubled M. Milne-Ed¬ wards, he kindly informed me that the Cypridina described in the ‘Hist. Nat. des Crust’ has really the antero-ventral notch so characteristic of the genus.” Muller (1912:52) referred the type species to “Cypridinarum genera dubia et species dubiae.” On the other hand, Skogsberg (1920:316) concluded that “as no other forms either—except those belonging to Pyrocypris —are known so far, which can with any great probability be considered as closely related to the species described by Milne-Edwards, it seems to me justifi¬ able and convenient to use the name Cypridina for the last mentioned group of forms.” {Pyrocypris is a genus proposed by Muller (1906:16) that has been correctly referred to Cypridi¬ na). Skogsberg (1920:313), in a synonymy of the subgenus Cypridina, listed as “Non Cypridina ” fossil ostracodes identi¬ fied by Bosquet (1847) and other authors.) Sylvester-Bradley (1951:209) stated that “it is probable that all Paleozoic specimens referred to Bradycinetus and also to Cypridina, should more correctly be assigned to new genera, most of which would belong to families other than Rhom- binidae.” Sylvester-Bradley (1961 :Q399) confined the range of Cypridina to the Recent. Poulsen (1962:255) mentioned the difficulty of referring spe¬ cies to the genus Cypridina because of the very incomplete de¬ scription of C. renaudii, but he did recognize the genus. We conclude that fossil species without a caudal process, as well as fossils with lateral nodes, should not be referred to Cypridina Milne-Edwards, 1840. Palaeophilomedes Sylvester-Bradley, 1951 TYPE Species. —Philomedes bairdiana Jones and Kirkby, 1874. Composition. —In addition to the type species, we include in the genus Philomedes elongata Jones, Kirkby, and Brady, 1884, and Palaeophilomedes neuvillensis Casier, 1988. DIAGNOSIS. —Posterior margin triangular; each valve with short nuchal furrow pointing toward posteroventral comer. Range. —Upper Devonian (Casier, 1988:90); Carboniferous (Sylvester-Bradley, 196UQ403). Cypridinella Jones and Kirkby, 1874 TYPE Species. — Cypridinella cummingii Jones, Kirkby, and Brady in Jones and Kirkby, 1874, subsequent designation by Bassler and Kellett, 1934:44. Howe (1955:47, 1962:59) stated that “the genotype is therefore Cypridinella monitor Jones, 1873a, not C. cummingii as designated by Bassler and Kellett, 1934, p. 44.” Howe’s conclusion apparently was based on the statement by Jones (1873b:410) that the carapace of C. monitor is typical of the genus. We do not concur with Howe because Article 67, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985), states otherwise. Sylvester-Bradley (1961 :Q402) proposed the family Cypri- dinellidae for the genera Cypridinella, Cypridella, Cypridel- lina, and Sulcuna. The last three genera are referred herein to the family Cypridinellinidae. Diagnosis. —Sylvester-Bradley (196TQ402): “Anteroven- tral margin extending past tip of rostrum; incisur narrow and horizontal; carapace length 2 to 10 mm.” Range.—C arboniferous. Sylvesterella, new genus Etymology.— The genus is named in honor of PC. Sylvest¬ er-Bradley. TYPE Species.— Cypridina oblonga Jones and Kirkby, 1874. Diagnosis. —Posterior margin evenly curved; carapace without nuchal furrow. Range.—C arboniferous. Sylvesterella oblonga (Jones and Kirkby, 1874), new combination Cypridina oblonga Jones and Kirkby, 1874:20, pi. V: fig. 12a-c.—Jones, Kirkby, and Brady, 1884:90. Rhombina oblonga (Jones and Kirkby, 1874).—Sylvester-Bradley, 1951:210, pi. XI: figs. 1—4; 196LQ403, Q405, fig. 326:2a). HOLOTYPE. —Sylvester-Bradley (1951:210-211): “Imperfect right valve (rostrum missing). Figured upside down by Jones and Kirkby, 1874 (pi. 5: fig. 12a), and interpreted by them as left valve. The so-called beak of their figure is an irregular crack. British Museum No. I. 6267.” Description. —Sylvester-Bradley (1951:210): “Rostrum large, down-curved. Dorsal margin curved. Anteroventral margin reced¬ ing. Posterior tumid, with a large, ill-defined, oval protuberance, sloping steeply to posterior margin. A slight furrow parallel to the venter delineates a marginal rim. Surface covered with faint papil¬ lae. Muscle-scar pattern consisting of an approximate triangular group of irregular, elongated scars, presenting certain points of resemblance to the muscle-scar patterns of recent Myodocopa. Length: 6 to V/z mm.” Range.—C arboniferous. “Cypridinid” sensu Siveter et al., 1987 Siveter et al. (1987:794, 800) referred one Silurian species to “Cypridinid” gen. et sp. nov. A, a second to “Cypridinid” gen. et sp. nov. B, and a third to “Cypridinid” sp. DIAGNOSIS. —Siveter et al. (1987:793): “Oval, dome-like shells that differ considerably from bolbozoids in muscle scar pattern, in being relatively shorter and higher, and in lacking sulci or an anterodorsal bulb (see pi. 84: fig. 1; pi. 85: figs. 1, 2). The general designation ‘cypridinid’ is employed herein for NUMBER 91 21 these forms. Their shape and outline is comparable with Devo¬ nian and Carboniferous cypridinids (Bless, 1973; Sohn, 1977), Mesozoic myodocopids such as Triadocypris (Weitschat, 1983b), and particularly with the Recent cypridinacean fami¬ lies Cypridinidae, Philomedidae, and Cylindroleberididae (see pi. 88; Komicker, 1975, 1981; Komicker and Caraion, 1978).” Range.—S ilurian. REMARKS. —Until the unnamed genera and species are described, we provisionally refer the myodocopids listed by Siveter et al. (1987) to the Cypridinidae, subfamily Cypridini- nae, tribe Cypridinini. (As of September, 1997, the taxa had not been formally described (in litt., Siveter, 1997).) “Cypridinid” Genus A, Siveter et al., 1987 Review. —Siveter et al. (1987) considered the genus to be new. Range.—S ilurian. Genus A, Species A, Siveter et al., 1987 Review. —Siveter et al. (1987) considered the species to be new. Whatley et al. (1993:350) referred this taxon to the Cypri¬ dinidae Baird, 1850. DIAGNOSIS. —Siveter et al. (1987:799-800): “A regular pat¬ tern of shallow, elliptical to polygonal fossae (each 100-300 pm across) covers the posterior half of the valve (pi. 84: figs. 1, 3). In many cases both the smaller, granule-like elements and the perforated polygonal platelets (combined range: 10-150 pm diameter) occur as a gradational, intermingled pattern on individual valve (e.g., pi. 87: fig. 5).” The perforated polygonal platelets should not be considered as true external ornament. Range.—S ilurian. “Cypridinid” Genus B, Siveter et al., 1987 Review.—S iveter et al. (1987:794) considered the genus to be new. Range.—S ilurian. Genus B, Species B, Siveter et al., 1987 Review. —Siveter et al. (1987) considered this to be a new species. Diagnosis. —Siveter et al. (1987:799-800): “In many cases both the smaller, granule-like elements and the perforated polygonal platelets (combined range: 10-150 pm diameter) occur as a gradational, intermingled pattern on individual valve (e.g., pi. 87: fig. 4). The perforated polygonal platelets should not be considered as true external ornament. Radiate micro¬ structures (pi. 87: figs. 2—4) also should not be considered as true external ornament.” Range.—S ilurian. Cylindroleberidacea Muller, 1906 Composition. —The Cylindroleberidacea includes the fam¬ ily Cylindroleberididae. Diagnosis. —Carapace shape and ornamentation extremely variable; carapaces of Cylindroleberidinae and Cyclasteropinae generally appearing smooth, whereas those of Asteropteroni- nae generally with ribs and processes; incisur slit-like in Cylin¬ droleberidinae and Cyclasteropinae, and forming a right or acute angle in Asteropteroninae. Range. —Permian to Holocene. Cylindroleberididae Muller, 1906 Composition. —The Cylindroleberididae includes three sub¬ families: Cylindroleberidinae Muller, 1906; Cyclasteropinae Poulsen, 1965; and Asteropteroninae Komicker, 1981. The Asteropteroninae is represented in the Permian, and the Cyclas¬ teropinae is represented in the Triassic. Diagnosis. —Same as for family. Range. —Permian to Holocene. Holocene taxa are circum- global, with depth range of intertidal to abyssal. Key to Paleozoic and Mesozoic Subfamilies of the Cylindroleberididae (Key includes characters of most members of each superfamily) Incisur long slit-like. CYCLASTEROPINAE Incisur short, forming right angle between ventral edge of rostrum and anterior edge of valve ventral to rostrum. Asteropteroninae Asteropteroninae Komicker, 1981 Composition. —The Asteropteroninae includes three genera in the Paleozoic and/or Mesozoic: Triadocypris, Triadogigan- tocypris, and Siveterella, new genus. Diagnosis. —Carapace generally oval in lateral view, but some with posterodorsal projections; incisur generally forming right angle between ventral margin of rostrum and anterior margin of valve below rostrum; surface generally with ribs and large processes. Range. —Permian to Holocene. Holocene taxa from about 42°S to 42°N, with depth range mostly shallower than 100 m, but maximum known depth range 1100 m (Komicker, 1981:189). 22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY DISCUSSION. —We consider the referral of Triadogigantocyp- ris to the Asteropteroninae to be tentative. Remarks. —The surface ridges of many genera of “finger¬ print” ostracodes included in the ?Entomozoacea by Sylvester- Bradley (1961 :Q388) resemble those of Asteropella kalkei Komicker, 1986b (fig. 56). These genera are Bertillonella Stewart and Hendrix, 1945; Entomoprimitia Kummerow, 1939; Nehdentomis Matem, 1929; Richteria Jones, 1874; Richterina Giirich, 1896; Fossirichterina Matem, 1929; Maternella Rabi- en, 1954; and Volkina Rabien, 1954. Whatley et al. (1993:350) referred the families, within which those genera are usually placed, to either the Halocypridina and Cladocopina. We have similar reservations about referring those genera to the Myo- docopina, and they are not considered further herein. Key to Genera of the Asteropteroninae (Key applies only to taxa reported from the Paleozoic and/or Mesozoic) 1. Surface with nodes. Siveterella, new genus Surface without nodes .2 2. With caudal process . Triadogigantocypris Without caudal process. Triadocypris Triadocypris Weitschat, 1983 Type SPECIES. — Triadocypris spitzbergensis Weitschat, 1983a. COMPOSITION. —This genus includes Triadocypris spitzber¬ gensis Weitschat, 1983a, from the Triassic of Spitzbergen, and a new species from the Permian. Diagnosis. —Carapace oval in lateral outline, rostrum small with minute incisur; inner lamella narrow and calcified; with numerous radial pore canals. Adductor muscle scar pattern consisting of two diagonal rows of scars (based on carapace diagnosis in Weitschat, 1983a:314). Weitschat (1983b: 127) added to the diagnosis of the cara¬ pace, “Myodocopid with carapace 2.9-3.1 mm long. With small rostrum and narrow rostral incisur. Posterior margin forming angle at midpoint. Left valve overlaps right. With deli¬ cate dentition along dorsal margin of each valve. Ornamenta¬ tion composed of small, closely spaced pits.” Range. —Permian to Triassic. DISCUSSION. —The shape of the carapace, the small rostrum, the lack of a deep incisur, and the convex dorsal margin of left valve visible in dorsal view (Figure 156) of T. pax closely resem¬ ble carapaces of species of the extant species Actinoseta jonesi (Komicker, 1981, pis. 62a, 63a,e); this suggests that the genus Triadocypris should be referred to the Asteropteroninae. It is not known if the fossil specimens of Triadocypris have the postero- dorsal tooth-and-socket structures present on Recent species of Actinoseta (see Komicker 1981, pis. 57e,f, 58a,b). Weitschat (1983b: 127) mentioned “delicate dentition along dorsal margin of each valve.” REMARKS.— The legend to pi. 10: figs. 1, 2 of Triadocypris spitzbergensis in Weitschat (1983b: 127) stated that both illus¬ trations are of specimen number GPIHM 2559. Actually, figs. 1 and 2 are from different specimens (in litt., Weitschat, 1997). Cohen et al. (1998) referred this species to a new family, Tria- docypridinae, but because it is based on soft parts of the unique fossil, we do not think it practical to use the new family when identifying fossils. Triadocypris pax, new species Figure 15 Etymology. —From the Latin pax (peace). Holotype. —USNM 496722, complete carapace (broken in half after micrography). Type Locality. —USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece 2, 4 Jul 1974. Paratype. —USNM locality 9260, USNM 496728 (lost), complete specimen with valves askew. Distribution. —USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece. Description. —Carapace oval in lateral view with slightly projecting rostrum and with minute incisur just ventral to valve midheight (Figure 15 a,d). In dorsal and ventral view, carapace broadest at % valve length measured from anterior end of valve; carapace acuminate anterior to broadest part. Ornamentation: Surface with abundant minute pits (Figure 15). Hinge: Not observed in detail but located in posterior half of dorsal margin. Infold: Unknown. Central Adductor Muscle Scars: Unknown. Carapace Size (in mm): Holotype, USNM 496722, L= ~1.6, H=~1.2. COMPARISONS. —Rostrum and incisur much larger in T. spitzbergensis. Siveterella, new genus Etymology. —Named in honor of David Siveter, prominent ostracodologist. Type Species.— Siveterella pax. Diagnosis.—C arapace oval in lateral view, with short ros¬ trum and rounded posterior without caudal process. Range.—P ermian. Discussion. —The resemblance of the many nodes on the carapaces of S. pax and S. flex compared to those of Actinoseta NUMBER 91 23 Figure 15. —Triadocypris pax, new species. Holotype, USNM 496722, complete specimen broken after micro¬ graphy, length ~1.6 mm: a, lv, x 50; b, dv, anterior to right, x 50; c, vv, anterior to right, x 50. Paratype, USNM 496728, complete specimen (valves askew), length unknown: d, lv; e, dv, anterior to right;/ vv, anterior to right. chelisparsa Komicker, 1958 (see Komicker, 1981, fig. 52a-c) and Actinoseta nodosa Komicker, 1981 (see figs. 66a,b,d, 67a) suggested that the genus be referred to the Asteropteroninae. The carapaces of known species of Siveterella do not have the posterodorsal tooth-and socket structures present on Recent species of Actinoseta (Figures 17a, 20a,c). Siveterella pax, new species Figures 16,17 ETYMOLOGY. —From the Latin pax (peace, tranquility). Holotype.—USNM 496730, RV. Type Locality.— USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece 2, 4 Jul 1968. 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY NUMBER 91 25 Figure 16 (opposite ).—Siveterella pax, new species. Holotype, USNM 496730, RV, length 2.15 mm: a, Iv, x37.4; b, detail of anterior, from a, x78; c, av, x40.2; d, anteroventral view of rostrum and incisur, x 146. Paratype, USNM 496731, LV, length 2.41 mm: e, lv, x33.2;/ detail of anterior, from e, x88. (Original magnifications of micrographs reduced to 82% for publication.) FIGURE 17 (above ).—Siveterella pax, new species. Paratype, USNM 496733, LV?, length of fragment 2.00 mm: a. iv, x 40; b, dv?, x40; c, lv, x24. USNM 496734, valve broken into 2 pieces, length of assembled pieces 1.96* mm: d, Iv, x28; e, dv?, x28. USNM 496732, broken valve, length of small fragment (more than about 'h total length), 1.19 mm: f lv, x50; g, end view, from/ x75; h, detail from g, x740. (Original magnifications of micrographs reduced to 87% for publication.) 26 Figure 18 .—Siveterella flex, new species, holotype, USNM 496729, LV, length 4.43* mm: a, iv, x 24.8; b, detail of anterior, from a, x 57; c, detail of posterior, from a, x 59; d, detail of caudal process, from c, x 132. (Original magnifications of micrographs reduced to 89% for publication.) Paratypes. —USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece 2, 4 Jul 1968: USNM 496731, LV. USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece 1,21 Aug 1968: USNM 496732, broken valve. USNM locality 9262, Hydra, Greece, 23 Aug 1968: USNM 496733, LV?; USNM 496734, broken valve. Distribution. —USNM localities 9260 and 9262, Hydra, Greece. Description (Figures 16, 17).—Carapace oval in lateral view with deep incisur (Figure 16 a,c,d). Ornamentation: Surface of valves with numerous rounded nodes (Figures 16 a,b,e, \lb-g). Hinge: None evident. Infold: None preserved (Figure 17a). Central Adductor Muscle Scars: Unknown. Carapace Size (in mm): Holotype, USNM 496730, L-2.15, H=1.66. Paratypes: USNM 496731, LV, L=2.41, H=1.55; USNM 496732, length of small fragment (more than about Vi to¬ tal length)=1.19; USNM 496733, LV?, L=2.00, H=1.73; USNM 496734 (broken), L=1.96. Siveterella flex, new species Figures 18, 19 Etymology. —An arbitrary combination of letters. Holotype.— USNM 496729 (lost), LV. Type Locality. —USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece 2, 4 Jul 1968. Paratypes.—N one. Distribution. —USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece. NUMBER 91 FIGURE 19 .—Siveterella flex, new species, holotype, USNM 496729, LV, length 4.43 mm: a, lv, x 31.8; b, dv, x 35.2; c, av, x 25.6; d. pv, x 25.8; e, detail of anterior, from a, x 59. 28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Description (Figures 18, 19).—Carapace oval in lateral view (Figures 18a, 19a) with short rostrum (Figures 18a, b, 19 a,e) and small caudal process (Figures 18a,o', 19a,). Outer surface with large nodes reflected on inside surface by depres¬ sions. Ornamentation: Surface with 8 or 9 large round tapered processes (3 just inward from ventral margin; 1 inward from posterior margin at midheight; 1 anterior and 1 posterior to valve midlength along dorsal margin; 2 near midlength inward from dorsal margin; and 1 at valve middle in vicinity of central adductor muscle attachment) (Figures 18, 19). In inside view of valve, processes appear as round depressions (Figure 18). Rounded process also at tip of rostrum (Figure 19 a,e). Surface of valve between large processes with small nodes (Figure 19 a,e). Central Adductor Muscle Scars: None evident. Hinge: Straight posterodorsal margin suggests hinge pre¬ sent in that section (Figure 18a,c). Infold: None preserved (Figure 18). Carapace Size (in mm): L=4.43, H=2.79. COMPARISONS. —Differs from Siveterella pax in having a more pronounced projecting posteroventral caudal process and larger surface nodes. Triadogigantocypris Monostori, 1991 TYPE SPECIES. — Triadogigantocypris balatonica, Monostori, 1991. Although Monostori (1991:92) referred the only species he considered ( T. balatonica) to the Cypridinidae, he stated (1991: 95) that “the arcuate arrangement of some muscle scars resem¬ bles the spirally arranged scars of the family Cylindroleberid- idaeG.W. Muller, 1906.” Diagnosis. —Large oval carapace with rostrum; anteroventral margin not reaching tip of rostrum. Muscle scars consisting of 4 or 5 oblique scars anteroventral to fan of straight to arcuate scars. RANGE. —Triassic to Cretaceous. DISCUSSION. — Philomedes donzei Neale (1976:9) was not mentioned in Monostori (1991). The carapace and muscle scars of P. donzei resemble somewhat those of T. balatonica, and we tentatively refer P donzei to Triadogigantocypris herein. Triadogigantocypris balatonica Monostori, 1991 Triadogigantocypris balatonica Monostori, 1991:94—95, fig. 2. HOLOTYPE. —Steinkem deposited in Paleontological Depart¬ ment of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, catalog num¬ ber M. 90.1. DIAGNOSIS. —Adductor muscle scar pattern consisting of 5 oblique scars anteroventral and posterior to fan of about 10 arc¬ uate scars; a third set of about 5 smaller scars dorsal to scar fan (Monostori, 1991:92, fig. 2). RANGE. —Lower Ladinian, Middle Triassic, Hungary. Triadogigantocypris donzei (Neale, 1976), new combination Cypridinal sp. nov. A, Donze, 1965:100, 101, pi. 3: figs. 71—74. Philomedes donzei (Donze, 1965).—Neale, 1976:9-12, text-figs. 1-3. HOLOTYPE.— University of Hull collection number HU.152.C.1, carapace. diagnosis. —Carapace thick shelled; tip of rostrum rounded; male carapace more elongate than that of female. Muscle scars consisting of 4 oblique scars anteroventral to fan of 5 straight scars and also anterior to 2 short vertical scars (Neale, 1976, text-fig. 1). Range. —Basal Valanginian, Lower Cretaceous, France. Cyclasteropinae Poulsen, 1965 COMPOSITION. —The Cyclasteropinae includes three tribes: Cycloleberidini Hartmann, 1974; Cyclasteropini Poulsen, 1965; and Tetraleberidini Komicker, 1981. Diagnosis. —Carapace usually oval in adult females and juveniles, elongate in adult males; fairly deep incisur present below rostrum; carapace of adult males usually about same size as adult females; adductor muscle attachment scars elongate, oval, and often appearing as spiral. RANGE. —Upper Devonian to Holocene. Holocene taxa have been reported from about 46°S (in the vicinity of New Zealand) to about 42°N (in the Mediterranean); depth range shallow to 290 m (rarely 1100 m) (Komicker, 1981:72). Discussion. —The three tribes are separated mainly by appendages. Fossils, at present, cannot be identified to tribe; therefore, all are included herein in the tribe Cycloleberidini because it is the more common tribe in the Holocene. Cycloleberidini Hartmann, 1974 Composition. —The Cycloleberidini includes four genera: Cycloleberis Skogsberg, 1920; Leuroleberis Komicker, 1981; Alphaleberis Komicker, 1981; and Eocypridina Kesling and Ploch, 1960. Only the latter is interpreted to be present in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. DIAGNOSIS. —Same as for family. Range. —Upper Devonian to Holocene. DISCUSSION. —Because of insufficient details available in fossils, we have included Paleozoic and Mesozoic species in the genus Eocypridina. The three remaining genera in the tribe are recognized only in the Holocene. Eocypridina Kesling and Ploch, 1960 Type Species. — Eocypridina campelli Kesling and Ploch, 1960. Diagnosis. —Same as for subfamily. Range. —Upper Devonian to Upper Jurassic. Questionably from Devonian of Russian Platform (Samoilova, 1976:150). NUMBER 91 29 Eocypridina radiata (Jones and Kirkby, 1874) Figures 20-22 Cypridina radiata Jones and Kirkby, 1874:14, pi. 5: fig. 6a-f. Radiicypridina radiata (Jones and Kirkby, 1874).—Bless, 1973:250, fig. 1. Eocypridina radiata (Jones and Kirkby, 1874).—Sohn, 1977:129. Eocypridina aciculata (Scott and Summerson, 1943).—Sohn, 1977:132, figs. lb,c,g,h, 2c,d,g-r. Holotype. —Cypridina radiata (Jones and Kirkby, 1874). Type Locality. —Glasgow, Scotland. Material. —USNM locality 9260?, Hydra, Greece 1, 21 Aug 1968?: USNM 496711, RV; USNM 496714, RV. USNM locality 9260, Hydra, Greece 1,21 Aug 1968: USNM 496715, RV. USNM locality 9260, Greece 3, 21 Jun 1975: USNM 496716, complete carapace; USNM 496721, LV. Distribution. —France, Great Britain, and Greece. Description. —Carapace ovoid in lateral view with slit¬ like or rounded oblique incisur (Figures 20a,b, 21 a, 22a,b). Rostrum sharply acuminate and hook-like (Kesling and Ploch, 1960:284). In lateral view, posterior evenly rounded (Figures 20a,b, 22a) or with slight posterodorsal angle (Figure 22a,d), and without siphon. In dorsal and ventral views, carapace broadest near midlength (Figures 20c, 21c), and anterior half possibly more acuminate than posterior half (Figures 20c, 21c). In end view, carapace evenly rounded (Figures 21 b, 22e). Valves almost equivalved (Eocypridina campelli (Kesling and Ploch, I960)), or left valve overlaps right on complete carapaces (Figure 22c-e). Ornamentation: Ridge along ventral edge of rostrum of USNM 496714 (Figure 21a, b), but not on other specimens (Figures 20a, 22a, b). Carapace fairly smooth (Figures 20a,c, 21 a,b, 22). (A low swelling in anterodorsal quadrant of USNM 496714 (Figure 2la, b) is tentatively interpreted as not being a node similar to those in the Paleomyodocopina.) Hinge: None evident (Figure 21c). Infold: Not preserved (Figure 21c,/). Central Adductor Muscle Scars: Consisting of numerous long slender straight or slightly curved elongate scars located near valve middle (Figure 21 a,d). Carapace Size (in mm): USNM 496711, RV, L = 2.45, H= 1.87; USNM 496714, RV, L=1.86, H=1.44; USNM 496715, RV, L=2.12, H=1.57; USNM 496716, complete car¬ apace, L=1.28, H= 1.00; USNM 496721, LV, L=2.42, H=2.02. RANGE. —Upper Devonian to Permian. REMARKS. —Differences in the width and curvature of the rostrum of the Permian specimens indicate that several species may have been included in this taxon. The differences are not of sufficient distinction to separate them at this time. The muscle scars of Eocypridina radiata are radiate. Shells of Permian specimens having a shape similar to that of E. radi¬ ata, but without evidence for having a radiate muscle scar, are tentatively referred to E. radiata herein. Eocypridina sp. (Dzik, 1978), new combination Cycloleberis sp. Dzik, 1978:393, figs. 1-3. DIAGNOSIS.—Same as for genus. Range. —Upper Jurassic, Volga Region. USSR. Remarks. —The unique specimen has some of its appen¬ dages preserved. FIGURE 20 .—Eocypridina radiata (Jones and Kirkby, 1874), USNM 496711, RV, length 2.45 mm: a, Iv, x 45; b, iv, x 37; c, dv, x 40. (Original magnifica¬ tions of micrographs reduced to 81% for publication.) 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Figure 21 .—Eocypridina radiata (Jones and Kirkby, 1974), USNM 496721, LV, length 2.42 mm: a. Iv, x 26.8; b, av, x 26.8; c, vv, x 26.8; d, detail of central adductor muscle scars, from a, x 75; e, iv, x 31.8; f detail of ante¬ rior, from e, iv, x 80. (Original magnifications of micrographs reduced to 95% for publication.) NUMBER 91 31 ' >>>** ' - HK'jpfr* r-'iv&j’&l- m.-€ WEBBl i .'j' *£. 4 /* FIGURE 22 .—Eocypridina radiata (Jones and Kirkby, 1974). USNM 496714, RV, length 1.86 mm: a, lv, x 52. USNM 496715, RV, length 2.12 mm: A, Iv, x 37. USNM 496716, complete carapace, length 1.28 mm: c, lv, x 50; d, dv, x 50; e, av, x 50. (Original magnifications of micrographs reduced to 99% for publication.) Literature Cited Baird, W. 1850. The Natural History of the British Entomostraca. 364 pages, 36 plates. London. [Printed for the Ray Society.] Barrande, J. 1872. Systeme Silurien du centre de la Boheme. Premier Partie: Recher- ches Paleontologiques. Supplement to Volume 1: xxx + 647 pages, 34 plates. Prague/Paris. Bassler, Ray S., and Betty Kellett 1934. Bibliographic Index of Paleozoic Ostracoda. Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, 1: xiii + 500 pages, 24 figures. New York: Geological Society of America. Bless, Martin J.M. 1971. On a New Genus and Species of Cypridinacea (Ostracoda) from the Upper Carboniferous of The Netherlands. Mededelingen Rijks Geolo- gische Dienst, new series, 22:21-23, plate 1, table 1. 1973. Radiicypridina —a New Cypridinid Ostracode Genus from the Upper Carboniferous. Revista Espahola de Micropaleontologia, 5(2):247- 252, text figure 1, table 1. Bosquet, J. 1847. Description des Entomostraces fossiles de la craie de Maestricht. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, 4:353-378, plates 1-4. Brady, G.S., and A.M. Norman 1896. A Monograph of the Marine and Fresh Water Ostracoda of the North Atlantic and of Northwestern Europe. The Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, series 2, 5:621-784, plates 50-68. Casier, Jean-Georges 1988. Presence de Cypridinacea (Ostracodes) dans la Partie Superieure du Frasnien du Bassin de Dinant. Bulletin de I'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (Sciences de la Terre), 58:89-94, plate 1. Cohen, Anne C., Joel W. Martin, and Louis S. Komicker 1998. Homology of Holocene Ostracode Biramous Appendages with Those of Other Crustaceans: The Protopod, Epipod, Exopod and Endopod. Lethaia, 31 (3):251-265, figures 1-5. Donze, Pierre 1965. Especes Nouvelles d’Ostracodes des Couches de Base du Valanginien de Berrias (Ardeche). Travaux des Laboratoires de Geologie de la Faculty des Sciences de Lyon, new series, 12:87-107, plates 1-3. Dzik, Jerzy 1978. A Myodocopid Ostracode with Preserved Appendages from the Upper Jurassic of the Volga River Region (USSR). 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