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DEPOSITED BY

THE ESSEX SOUTH DISTRICT
MEDICAL SOCIETY

J^ Ja StK
Receive^/ October 6, 1906

Boston Medical Library
in the Francis A. Countwdv
Libraryof Medicine -Boston

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Myogr~?iplii^* Comfsaratx

S P E C I M E N:

O R, A

Comparative Defcription

Oi all the

MU S C L E S

I N A

Man, and in a Quadruped:

SHEWING

Their Difcoverer, Origin, Trogrefs^ Infer Uon^
Ufe and Difference,

To which is added

An Account of the M U S C L E S peculiar

V to a SBoman.

With- an Etymological Table ^ and feveral f.ufeful

I N D" E X E S.

rL^

By J A u E s Douglas M. D.

"^ E D - I N - BURG //,

Printed Tor ' /^. A'v/c^/./ and G:'€r{pvfurd, and fold by thf!

and 6^. ^//-rtr/'tfw Book feller in It/7./3;z. ]\IDGCL.

(Price Three Shillings and Sixpence).

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i Ut. i 8 1919

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,ili

THE

PREFACE.

rHO' Myography/;^/ been oft en cultt-
vaied by indujlrious and good Hands,
jet it Jlill affords a fertile Field of Re-
formation and Improvejnent : Of this^
it is prefmned, this fmall Treatife zuill be
fufficient Evidence, Not that I lay Claim
to the vain Tr'efumption of having corrected
all the Miftakes, andfipplied all the Defers
of thofe who have wrote upon this Subjetl :
That I leave to finiffoing Hands,

I qtiejlion not but that I may be liable to
CorreHion in many Things ; or, at leaf, that
a better and more dextrous Hand 7nay reBify
fome of my 'Defcriptions,

' The Encouragement 1 had to publip thefe
Defriptions was, that I took them all from
the Life, I 772ean, fome ocular JnfpeBion in
DiJJeciion, without taking any of them upon
the Credit of another. For, before I was
determined as to the Origin, Trogrefs and
Infer t ion of th^ Mufcles, I raifed them on
both Sides of above twelve SubjeBs, both

\ F02tufcs

iv The PRE FA C E.

Fcetufes and Adults, Jiill committing to Ta-
per what I ohferved. I read oft en^ and care*'

fully perujed'all the Authors that have wrote
upon the Mifcles ^ from the immortal Galen
down to this Time ; and ^ -after comparing all
the Defcriptions, one mnth another^ I fingled
out f lie h as 1 found conformable to the Lfe^
that being the Standard I always go bj ; and^
according as that dire fled fne, I have here
reBifed what I humbly conceived to be theit
Miftakesy (but without mentioning them as
theirs^ ' and fupplied their Defects as far as
niy Obfervation zuent.

If any one has a-mind to cenfure thefe De*
fcriptions as falfe^ I only beg Leave to ae^.
quaint him before Etand^ that I will always
appeal to the ocular Infpefiion ofSubjeBsyand
if that gives it ogainjl me, I fall luillingly
retraB, and acknovjledge my Error, What--
ever is offered agarnp them^- thai is not ac^
eoynpanied with that^ I fall pay but little
Regard to it. . yind to jaftfy, in fome Mea^
fure^ the Conformity of thtfe Defcriptions to
exaB Obfervation and Matter of Fatl^ Iftl^^
keep by me the Half of one of my Subjetls^
(irtfully prepared, %uhicb will afford me Means
cf Frtmmft ration when a frcfh SubjcB is not
at Hand. '

Jind here 1 cannot hut take Notice, thaty
in the many Bodies- 1 have viewed y I have not

• met

The P RE FACE. ^

met with that Frequency of Liifus natura*
that is fe commonly talked of efpecially by tbofe
^ho are loth to take the Gains' to make a
(IriB and narrow Inquiry m the l^ijfeilkn
of thefe life fid Machines of Motion, It is
true^ indeed, that Nature does fometimes-
fport and vary in the Compofition of a Muf
cJe, Thus I have ohferved tzvo Palmariics
in one Hand ] I have found three Heads to.
the Biceps cubiti, the uncommon Head ari-
fingfrom the Middle of the Os humeri ; I
have feen /one of the Inter oflei come fr 0771 tiw
upper Tart of the Carpus externally^ &:c.
The other Injiances I could adduce I refer ta
another Occafion, .

u^s for the Comparative Tart a f this
Treatife^ or the Interlacing the Defcriptions
of the iiuman Mtfcles with thofe of the. c^-
nine, that, I prefume, needs no , Apology,
* The many ufefui Difcoveries drawn from the
Dijfetlion 0/^ Quadrupeds, the Knowledge of
the true Strutlure (f divers Tarts of ths
Body, of the Courje of the Blood and Chyle^
and of the Ufe and proper ABion.of the
Tarts, that are chiefly owing to this Sort of
Difetiion ; thefe, Vj ay, give a very war-
rantable T lea for., infifling upon it, tlxi if may
be cenfured by the Vulgar,

As for what relates particula?dy to the

Mufles ofaDogy or that Quadruped

. ■ . ' which

a The P R E F AC E.

ivhich I have chofe fir my . SubjeB, I was
induced to make the Parallel between thofe
of a Man, and thofe of that minimal, by tws
Keafons.

1 . One is, the Opportunity offlewing the
Contrivance and Ufe of the Mufcles fubfer-
vient to the peculiar Motions of a Dog, and
fiich as its different Way of living did necejjh"
rily require: Forjivhere Nature has aBed uni-
formly, lamjilent ; and that indeed is frequent-

ly met with, there being an exaB Similitude
between the Make and Struflure of 7nany of
the Mufcles of a Man, and that of the corre-
fponding Mufcles in a Dog : But, where a-
ny Difference appears, in refpeB of Origin
or Infertion, it is th^re {and there only) that
my comparative Remarks take Tlace.

2. 'The other Reafon is taken fro7n the Be*
nefit and Convenien'cy of the young Students
of Anatomy, who may readily procure fo
common aSuhjeB ; and, if they once acquire, a
Dexterity of raifing the Mufeles in it, may
promife themfelves an equal J4bility in raifing
thofe of the human Body, after the Diffetlion
of one, or two at mof, -

l3%len, the great Head of the Anatomi-
cal School, both praB'tJed himfelf and re-
commended to his Scholars the frequent Dif
^feBion @f Monkeys and /Ipes^ as highly con*

ducive

The P R E F A C E. rn

ductve to a more perfeB Knowledge of the
admirable StruBure of the Organs of the
human BoJj. I do not affirm, as feme would
have it, that he never diJJeBed any Tubing
efe ; for, not to mention the many other Rea-
fons that might be offered to the contrary, the
very Defcriptions be gives of fever al Miif-
cles fiiit only to the Jiuraan Body, and differ
from all the Quadrupeds ; but, becatfe that
ever renowned Author has left us on Record
an Account of the M^fcles in a Ape, as
well as in a Man, I defer e the Reader to
remark, T'bat the Defcriptions of the Muf
cles, in his Adminiftrationcs anatomicas,
and in his Book De i3iire<f!:ione mufculorum,
are chiefly taken from Jipes : But the Ac-
count we have ofthe)^ in his admirable Book,
De ufu partiiim, are all taken from Men,
It is Tity the great.Ydklius did not confeder
this.

The Method I have here obferved is the
fame with that made Wfe of at Surgeons-
Hall in this City, the mofe noted and mo[l
illuflrious School o/"Anatomy now in Europe. ^
As fo weighty an Authority 'was more than
fufficient to determine my Choice', fo I c^mwt
but fay that it feems to be the be ft accommo-
dated to the Capacity of young Students, and
to be concerted in the moft cafy and difefyiH^-^
Way.

I have

viu The P R E F A C E.

J have piirpofely omitted the mtatcmjcol
^dtniniflratloHy o?^ the Manner ofraijing the
MufcIeSy upon the ConfJeration that it
uuould have enlarged the Bulk of this Trea-^
tifey which is defigned for a Manual, fit to
he earned about to publick DiffeBions^ and
vjottld have increafed its Trice, without doi'ng
the young Student any additional Service, it
being impojjtble to make any an Operator in
this Way by oral Trecepts) manual Operation,
and the feeing one dijjetl, are the only effeBu-
d Means for the compafing that End,

7his comparative Survey I defign to con-'
tinue through all the fix Tarts into which the
human Body is anatoijiically divided, the Spe-
cimen now offered upon the Mtfcles being
what I had fir fl draivn up, and withal a not
improper Forerunner to the remaining Tarts,

It remains now to acquaint the Reader ^
that all the Mufcles difcovered or defer ibed
hy the immortal Galen fiand here without
any Name or Mark affixed ; thofe difcovered
fince have the Names of their refpetlive
Difcoverers joined to them ; and thofe which
I humbly conceive to have lien hitherto undis-
covered, and have been brought to Light by
my affiduous yip plication to this Tart ofA-
fiatomy, ' without any Affiance from other
'^ Men or Books, have three Stars fet after
their Names, Thd I have joined the Dif

cover ers

The P-^Rl::t A C E.

Coverer^s Nmne- io'fhe ''Ttfle @f DemmtnafiGn
of the Mu file ^ yet 1 take the Liberty to give
my own Deferiftions, without mentioning in
liihat purtieutar '^Point it is that I depart
from them. •• /W^<?4 'v^here I find the De^
fcript'wns agreeable''W'ti}g%ff¥y\df^^ tC-^lahat
Ohfervation I have been able to 'make\ I have .
kept to them, and particulafly in a great many
given by the jufily celebrated Mr, Cowper,.
whofi very Words-I hanje often t fed ^ it^ ^.
ing impoffible to find others wtih nwfe Jufiice
ta the Subjeil y.and to the fam-e wofi accurafe
and indefatigable Impr&v'er of jinatomy am
I obliged for the Ufes ofmofi of the Mi files
both human and canine. From the Labour
and Indufiry ofi this uuorthy Terfion^ who is
equally fiamous fior his wonderfiul Dexterity in
difieBing^ and great Skill in defigning^ we
are now daily expeBing a complete j4c count
and Hifiory ofi the human Muficles^ enriched
with Abundance ofi Improvements and nezu
Difioveries^ and i Hi fi rated with original Fi-
gures, being all done afiter the Lfe by his
own Hand,

I have fiuhjoined to this Treatifie an Ety-
mological Table ofi the Mufcles, the fire-
quent Reading and attentive Confiideration ofi
which will render ecfiy and fiamitiar the
harfij and not e a fitly remembred Names ofi ma-
ny ofi thofie Infiru7nents ofi Motion*

h I have

iX

The 1»"R E F AC E.V

/ have indiijirtoujly avoided the common

Fault of multiplying Mufcles without Necef-

Jity: For Example^ I have defcribed the

Extenfors of the Cubit as one Mufcle ; the

Gaftrocnemius and Soteus I make but one

Mufcle^ arifing by four Heads ; the oblique

and tranfverfe Mufcles of the Abdomen, i^

my Opinion^ make only three Mufclesy and

not fo many Tairs. Indeed I make four

Mufcles of the Triceps femoris, becaufe it

has fo many diJiinS Beginnings and Endings j

as may be feen in the Hiftory of the Muf

cles itfelf to luhich I hajien.

^m

/« » *f

y^ ' /^^^^y/inrryi ':y^

5£i

The Introdu^ion,

BEfore I defcend to the Defcription
of each Mufcle in particular, I think
it requifite, for the Benefit of young
Beginners, to give a fhort Account of their
Strudure and Compofition in general;
and, by Way of Introduftion to that, to
premife what is meant by a Fibre and a
Membrane ; the whole being only an A-
bridgment of what is found in Authors
who treat of that Subje6t at large.

A Fibre is called in Greek Ig, in Latin
fibra^ which properly fignifies thofe Villi
or Strings that hang about the Roots of
Plants; but, in an anatomical Senfe, it may
be defcribed, ^ Subfiance^ in Figure like a
fine Thready vf a tenfile and irritable Na-
ture^ hy the various Texture and Combina-
tion of ivhich all the folid Tarts of the hu-
man Body are framed.

Of thefe Fibres there are divers Kinds;
for fome are. membranous, fome carnous,
fome cartilaginous, fome oiTcous, 'and
fome nervous ) but th^fe three laft men-

tii)ned

xn

71)6 IntroduBion,

tioned belong to another Place, whether
I refer them. The carnons Fibres are
vafcular and hollow, being full of little
Cells ; they are called Fibvds jnotrices, in
as much as they are the diief Organs of
mufcular Motiofi; ' ^ But dfthefe, and the
other membranous and tendinous Fibres,
more hereafter. ' ;^ .

The Difference of xhefe Fibres may be
likeways taken i&om Cheir Sit^yanoR or
Courfe, with Reference to which they
are called Jl re ighty as running lengthways,
or in right Lines ; clrctilar^ "a3 running
round fom.e Parr, thofe, for Inftaiice, of
the Sphintler Mufeles ; trQnfverfe^ which
interfecrt the flreight Ones at different An-
gles ; or oMyi/d', which cut both the itreight
and traufveife ar lUiequal Angles.
. J:^':Membrane/V ahroai^ ihm^ lukiie^ tlh
late able Subflance^ Inter xv<)vm with fever al
Sorts of Fibres y like a Web. f
; -ix. is called im Greek -ufATjVyKiWVy and
usUiyi; all, which Appellations, in the
Vs'm'k$of-H'ppf)cr.ates and Q.alen^ denote
onevand the, iauie.Thing, being by them
indifferently ufed : But later VViiters have
jippropriated them to particular Men>
|:>ian^s. Thus Hym^.n \^ only given to
\\\^< qreul^r^Fgld. pf ^.rhe-;ani1C)i-CoQ>t of

<'. riiice;

The JntrQh'B}<m, xiii

XifiCt) Meninx is only attributed to the
Membranes that involve the Brain ; mmv
flill denotes a Membrane or Coat. Now^
in Englifi, a Membrane, taken in a large
Senfe, comprehends all the Tegument a or
Coverings that invert the folid, or contain
the fluid Parts ; and thefe two have their
particular Names, according to the dif«
ferent Parts they envelope. Thus the
Membrane that covers the Cranium^ or
Skull, is called ym^rfl';/;V;/2 ; that which
lines^ the Infide of the Thorax^ TIeura ; that
which inverts the Abdomen, ^ eritoncsum ;
the Membrane v/hich firmly adheres to the
Surface of all the Bones, Teriojieum. Be-
fides that the Membranes of Ibme parti-
cular Parts have alfo particular Names, as
we may fee in their Hirtory. The Mem-
branes which form the Goat of membra-
nous Bodies, fuch as the Stomach, Guts,
^c. or the Membranes of the Veflels con-
taining the Humours, are properly filled
Coats and Vejfels,

All the membranous Fibres have a Sort
of Elafticity or Spring, whereby, upon
Occafion, they can very eafily extend and
contract themfelves again, as may be ob-
ferved in the ^eriton^mi^ Stomach and K-
tenis. The .diervous Filaments interlaced
betw(?ep ri#^ni,,.ai^,,|>Quring in the ani-
mal

XiV- The IntroduSion.

h\al Spirits, make them extremely (elifible^
whencie the Ancients were led into a Mi*
flake, in affirming that the Membranes
\vere the true Organs of Feeling.
• Every Membrane, the' it appears never
fo thin, yet it is manifeftly double, and
between the Duplicatiire the Veflels run.
And in the TilTure of their inner Mem-
brane there are placed Abundance of fmall
Glands, which feparate an Humour for
moiftening them, and thereby hinder pre-
ternatural Adhefion to the Parts they
touch, which always happens to any of
the Vifcera afle^led with a Schirrhus or
hard Tumor, which, in fuch a Cafe, ad-
heres firmly to all the neighbouring Parts.

TheUfe of the Membrane is to wTap
up and cover the Parts, to flrengthen
them, to defend ieveral of them from be-
ing hurt by the fubjacent Bones, to fu-
ftain the Veflels that are ramified upon
them, to keep the Parts united ; and it is
worth our Obfervation, that the admirable
Sympath)', or Confent of the Parts one
with another, depends, in 'a great Mea-
fure, upon their fibrous Connexions.

All that foft Part of the Body, the Vul-
gar calls Flejh^ is, by Anatomifts, difHn-
guifhed iilt^ various Parts or Parcels,
which they Nanie jTo many Mufcles. '--^

The LitroduSlofs, XT

«// MttfcJe is HQthing but a Fafciculus, or
Bundle of jlefrjy and tendinous Fibres^ inch-
fed in a proper Membraney by Means of
which all the Motions in an animal Body are
performed.

It is called iivg by the Greeks y (which
Word proper!}? fjgnifies Musy a Moufe^
and tiiat perhaps from the Likenefi feme
of them have to that Animal when ftript
of its Skin ; but others, with more Reafori^
do derive it from ^JLVslVy contrahere, which
is the proper Adion of a Mufcle, r/' rr-r-i
The whole Body of the Mufcle is corn-
monly diftinguifhed into three Parts, viz.
The Head or Beginning, the Body or
Belly, and the Tali or Ending; or intQ
the Middle, and the two Extremities. .^
The Head is that Part of the Mufcji?
which arifes from the moft ftable Part un-
to which the Contraction is made ; for it
is a conftant Rule, that every Mufcle is
moved towards its Beginning, which
thence may be called, the Centre of its
jMotion. ;!

The Origin of a Mufcle is, for the moft
Part, tendineo-carnous ; fometimes it is
intirely tendinous, and fometimes it is obr
ferved to be only fiefliy.

The Tail, or End of a Mufcle, is that
Part of it which is implanted or inferte^

into

Xvi T^he IntrohBm,

into the Member which is to be moved.
This Extremity is commonly called its Ten-
don, or l^endo in hatln ; yet Fallopius
gives it often the Name of Chorda^ the
Greeks call it ccTCousvpcoag ; but, at prefent^
by this Word is- only meant a thin tendi-
nous Expanfion, or Membrane-like Dila-
tation, fent o^from the Tendon of a MuP
cle, as that of the Biceps cubit i, Serniten^
dinofus tibide, &c*

The Subftance of a Tendon is the very
fame with that of the rell of the Mufcle/
only its Fibres being clofely compacted to-
gether, for the Conveniency perhaps of
having a greater Number of them inferted
into a narrow Place, they feel harder, and
appear of a whiter Colour ; fo that the
flefhy Fibres of a Mufcle ai'e only its Ten-
don divided and loofe; and the Tendon
is nothing but thofe very Fibres clofely u-
nitcd, as Spigelius has mofl elegantly ex*
prefTed it.

It is very probable that every fingle
Mufcle either begins or ends tendinous,
(with this Difference, that fome few of
them end in the ^erioftemn^ tho' the great-
eft Part do penetrate that Membrane, and
are immediately inferted into the Bone)
the ftronger and more confpicuous bdng
extended beyond the ilefhy. Part ; the Hea-
der,

The IntroduBm. svii

i3er, and not fo difcernible, ly either hid
under the Flefh, or they are interlaced
between its Fibres.

It is neceflary to know that the Head
and Tail of a Mufcle are Terms conver-
tible ; for, according to the different Situ-
ation of the Body, thofe Extremities do
fo alter, that the Part which was before
immoveable and fixed, becomes moveable.

The Belly of a Mufcle is the middle
Part of it, which confifts of flefhy Fibres,
red, lax, and fpongeous, as may be di-
ftindly obferved in a Piece of parboiled
Flefh. Now, each Fibre is made up of a
vaft Number of little FibrilU^ which are
fo many very llender hollow Pipes, bound
about by fmall tranfverfe parallel Threads,
which divide thefe hollow Fibrils into a
great many VeficuU or Cells, that have
no Communication one with another, but
only afford a Place of Entertainment for
the Blood and Spirits in the Adion of the
Mufcle. This red Colour of the flefhy
Fibres is only owing to the Blood they
receive ; for, upon injecting warm Water
plentifully into the Arteries, the Rednefs
abates, and the Fibres put on the fame
Colour with thefe diflradile Tubes.

The proper conftituent Parts of a Mul^
cle are thofe already defcribed^. .

e Tlie

ij^yiii 7he IntroduBion.

The common are Arteries, Vein^, Nerves,
Lymph^du6ts, and Fat. The Arteries
import the Blood, and the Veins convey
^ it back again to the Heart \ the Nerves
bring animal Spirits upon any Imprefiiou
communicated to them from the Mind ;
the Lymph^du(5ls, perhaps, carry back
the Reniains of the nouriQiing Juice to
be refunded into the venal Ma(s ; the Fat,
that is lodged upon and between the Fi-
bres, ferves to lubricate and render them
more fit for A^ion.

A Muicle is eicher fingle or compound.
In the fi]-ft all tbiC flefhy Fibres run paral-
lel to one another, or in the fame Direc-
tion ) in the latter they run in feveral
planes croffing one anorherj or in diffe-
rent Courfes,

AH Mufcles which ferve for the fame
Jvlotion are called Crmgeneres^ becaufe
they affill one another in their A6lion \
and thcfe which are the Inliruments of
oppolite Motions are named ^nfagonij}^.
As for Example: Every Fhxor, or bend-
ing Mufcle, has a Tvnfory or extending
Mufcle; and it is a conftanc Obfervation,
that, when on^ of the Mufcles is fhortned,
the other is extended; for the (hortning
of" the Mufcle which a^ts uiu(V needs pro-
duce

"Tlje Introduum. 3.1 i

duce an Extention of its Antagonid, ot
of that which a6leth not.

The Ufe or A61ion of the Mufcles is
to perform all the different Motions of the
Parts, and that is done by contra ftlng
themfelves ; for, when the Fibrill<s motri-
ces are fhortned, the moveable Pare muft
of Neceffity be drawn towards the fixed 1
or the Part from which the Mufcle does
Spring, and that into which it is inferred,
rauft needs be brought nearer each other:
But after what particular Manner this is
tranfafted I ihall-not at.prefent inquire,
but refer my inquifitive Reader,, v/ho de^
lights in fuch Speculations, to the Authors
who handle that SubjecT:, where their va-
rious Conjedures may be Teen at large,
which, in Truth, I am litde fond of tran-
fcribing. The Account of mufcular Mo-
tion, given by the great BernouilUus late
Phyfician at Baftl, feems to be the moft
natural, and the moil: agreeable to the
Rules of Mechanifin^ of any that h ^s been -
hitherto advanced ; and, to repair the
Lofs that we ly under, of not meeting
readily with that incomparabie Treatife,
the V/orld \m\\ fpeedily fee a correal Edi-
tion of it, with large Improvements, from
Dr. Meady whofe diftinguifhing Capacity
in the Way of Phyfick and Learning is

accom*

XX T'he IntroduSton,

accompanied with a Candor and Good-
nefs that affefts all who knew him.

The Differences of the Mufcles being
moftly taken from the very fame Things
whence their Names are derived, to avoid
all needlefs Repetitions I (hall refer to tho
Etymological Tabic ^ and proceed.

THE

XXI

THE

CONTENTS.

CHap. r. Of the Mufcles of the Abdomen-
Chap. 2. Of the Mufcles of the Teftes.

Chap. 3. Of the Mufcles of the Penis.

Chap. 4. Of the Mufcles of the Skin of the Os
occipitis and fronds.

Chap. 5. Of the Mufcles of the Eye-Lids.

Chap. 6. Of the Mufcles of the Eyes.

Chap. 7. Of the Mufcles of the Nofe.

Chap. 8. Of the Mufcles of the Lips.

Chap. 9. Of the Mufcles of the Cheeks.

Chap. 10. Of the Mufcles of the external Ear,

Chap. II. Of the Mufcles of the internal Ear
and auditory PalTage.

Chap. 12. Of the Mufcles of the Os hyoides.

Chap. 13. Of the Mufcles of the Tongue.

Chap. 14. Of the Mufcles of the Larynx.

Chap. 15. Of the Mufcles of the Pharynx.

Chap. 1 6. Of the Mufcles of the L^vula.

Chap. 17. Of the Mufcles of the Tuba Euftachi-
ana.

Chap. 18. Of the Mufcles cf the Head, appear-
ing in the fore and lateral Varts of the Neck.

Chap. 19. Of the Mufcles of the Neck that ly on
its fore Tart.

Chap.

Xxii The CoNTEKTs. I

Chap. 20. Of the-Mufcles of the lower Jaw,
Chap. 21. Of the Mufcles that appear on the fore

Tart of the Thorax.
Chap. 22. Of the Mufcles of the Bladder of U-

rine.
Chap. 23. Of the Mufcles of the Anus.
Chap. 24. Of the Mufcles of the Shoulder-Blade.
Chap. 25. Of the Mufcles of the Thorax that ap-
pear the Body lying prone.
Chap. 26. Of the Mufcles of the Head that ap-
pear in the prone Toftion of the Body.
Chap. 27. Of the Mufcles of the Neck that ly on

its back Tart,
Chap. 28. Of^ the Mufcles of the Back.
Chap. 29, Of the Mufcles of the Loins.
Chap. 30. Of the Mufcles of the Arm.
Chap. 31. Of the Mufcles of the Cubit.

Chap. 32. Of the Mufcles of the Palm of the
Hand.

Chap. 33. Of the Mufcles of tljje Wrift.

Chap. 34. Of the Mufcles of the four Fingers..

Chap. 35. Of the Mufcles of the fore Finger.

Chap. 36. Of the Mufcles of the little Fingen

Chap. 37. Of the Mufcles -of the Thumb.

Chap. 38. Of the Mufles of the Radius.

Chap. 39. Of the Mufcles of the Femur.

Chap. 40. Of the Mufcles of the Coccyx.

Chap. 41. Of the Mufcles of the Leg.

Chap. 42. Of the Mufcles of 'the Foot. ,

Chap. 43. Of the Mufcles of the four leflcr^Toes.

The CoNTEi^TS. xxiii

Chap. 44. Of the Mufdes of the great Toe.
Chap. 45. Of the Mufdes of the little Toe.
Chap. 46. Of the Mufdes common to the great
V ^/;i little l^oes.
u4n h'^^e^^^ix concerning the Mufdes peculiar to a

IVoman, V'2igQ 170.
^he Etymological Table of the Mufdes yVagQiy$,
yl Lif} of the Mufdes found in a human Body^ that

are not met with in a Dog, Eage 182.
y4 Lift of the Mufdes peculiar to a Dog, Page 1 87,
yln Alphabetical Index of all the human Mufdes

defer ibed in this Treatife^ Page 189.
An Account ofzvhat Dr, Douglas obliged himfelf

to perform in a Courfe of human and comparative

Anatomy, Page 199.
A fhort Appendix to the Account of the human

MnfchSi .P^gQ 206.

^n Alphabetical Table of the PartSj
zvith the Mames and Nu?nber of
Mufdes belonging to eack

Mufculi abdominis V.
/\BUquus afcendens. Obliquus defcendens, ?>-
^^ ramidalis/ ReBus. Tranfaerfalis.

Mufculi ani III.
Levator 7najor, feu internus^ Levator minor, feu
externus, Sphincler^

Mufculi

xxiv An Alphabetical Table of the Tarts,

Miifculi auriculse II. Communes, TropriL
Mufculi auris internse IV.
E^fernus auris, Internus auris, Mufculus Jla*
pedis* Obliqutis,

Mufculi capitis XIL
Caput concutiens, Complexus, Obliquus inferior,
Obliquus fuperior, Re3us internus major, Re^
Bus internus minor, Retius lateralis, ReBus
major, Reflus minor. Splenitis, Sterno-ma*
fioid<sus, Trachelo-majloiddeus,
Mufculi carpi IV.
Ext en for carpi radialis, Extenfor carpi uharisw
Flexor carpi radialis. Flexor carpi ulnaris,
Mufculus coccygis. Coccygtsus.
Mufculi colli VI.
Inter fpinales, Intei^tranjherfales, Iniervertebrd'*
les, Longus. Spinalis, Tranfoerfalis,
Mufculi cubiti V.
Anconeus, Biceps externus. Biceps internus^
Brachialis externus, Brachialis internus,
Mufculi quatuor digitorum manus V.
Extenfor digitorum communis. Flexor profundus.
Flexor fublimis, Intercfei, Lumbricales,
Mufculi quatuor digitorum pedis VI.
Extenfor brevis, Extenfor longus. Flexor pro*
fundus. Flexor fublimis, InteroJJei, Lumbri*
cales,

N. B, Mufculi pollicis, iiidicis, & minimi di-
git!, vid, ord. alphabet.

Mufculi

'With the Names and Number of Mufcles, xxv

Mufculi dorfi III.
Longiffimus. Semifpinalis, Tranfuerfales,
Mufculi femoris XVJ.
^dduBores, Gemini. Gluteus major. Ghit^uf
medius. Glut<gus minor, Iliacus externus. J-
liacus internus. Obturator externus, Ohtura^
tor internus. ^eflinalis, Tfoas magnus,
^a drat us.

Mufculi cutis frontis & occipitis IT.
Mufcidiis frontalis verusy feu Corrugator Coiteri.
Occlpito-frontalis.

Mufculi geiijs IL Buccinator, ^adratus.
Mufculi humeri IX.
CoracQ'hrachialis. Deltoides. Infrafpinatns.

LatiJJiinus dorfi. VeEloralis. Subfcapularis.
Suprafpinatus. Teres major. Teres minor.
Mufculi oflis hyoidis VI.
CoracO'hyoidaus. Genio-hyoidmis. Mylo-hjoid^eus.
Sterno'hyoidaus, Stylo-chondro-hjoidisus. Stylo-
hjoidaus.

Mufculi indicis III.
^bduBor indicis. Extenfor fecundi internodii indi^
cis proprius. Extenfor tertii internodii indicis.
Mufculi labiorum VIII.
DepreJJor labii inferioris proprius. Deprejfor labii
fuperioris proprius. Deprejfor labiorum commu-
nis. Elevator labii inferioris proprius. Eleva-
tor labii fuperioris proprius. Elevator hbioruiu
coinmunis. Sphin^er labiorum* Zygomaticus.
d ^ Mufculi

xxvi j4n Alphabetical Table of the TartSy

Mufculi laryngis VIII.
ylryt<enotJaus major. Aryt^noidasus rninor. Crico-
arjtanoidaus lateralis, Crico-arjtcenoidaus po/ii-
CHS. Crico'thjireoidaus. HjO'tbyreoidaeus,

Sterno'thjreoidteus, Thyreo-arytanoidasus.
Mufculi linguse IV.
CeratO'gloJJus. Gemo'gloJJus. L'wgualis, Stjlo^
gloftis.

Mufculi lumborum V.
Inter tranfuerfales. ^foas parvus, ^adratus.
Spinalis. Tranfu erf alts ^ feu Sacer.
Mufculi mallei. Vid. Mufculi aur. intern*
Mufculi maxillas inferioris V.
Digaftricus. Majfeter. ^terigoidaus externust
^terigoidaus internus. Temporalis.
Mufculus meatus auditorii,
Mufculus meatus auditorii novus.
Mufculi minimi digiti man us III.
jibduclor minimi digiti. Extenfor tertii internodii
^minimi digiti. Flexor primi internodii minimi
digiti,

Mufculi minimi digiti pedis II.
j^bdiiBor. Flexor primi internodii minimi digiti.

Mufculus nafi. Rimeus, vel Nafalis.
Mufculi cutis occipitis. Vid, Muf cutis frontis.

Mufculi oculi VI.

Abduclor. AdduBor, Depreffor. Elevator.

Obliquus inferior, Obliquus fuperior.

Mufculi palmsE manus II.

^almaris brevis* Talmaris kngus.

Mufcul;

With the Names and Number ofMufcJes. xxvii

Mulculi palpebrarum 11.
ylpertens palpebrarum re9us. Orbicularis palpe*
brarum.

Mufculi penis 11.
Accelerator urinal. EreHor penis,
Mufculi pharyngis XII.
Tharyng(eus, whdfe various Orders of Fibres are

named as follows.
Cepbah'pharjngmis, Chondro-pharyngdeus, Crl^
co'pharyng<sus. Glojfo-pharyngisus, Hyo-pha-
ryng(sus» Mylo-pharyngieus. Tterigo-pharyU''
gddus. Salpingo'pharyngisus, Stylo-pharyng^us*
Syndefmo-pharyngdeus, 'Thyreo-pharyngmis .
Mufculi pollicis manus IX.
jihduBor* AdduHor^ad hdicem. Addiidor ad mi-
nimum digitum, Extenfor primi internodii,
Extenfor fecundi, Extenfor tertii. Flexor pri-
mi internodii. Flexor fecundi. Flexor tertii.
Mufculi pollicis pedis VI.
AbduBor. AdduBor, Extenfor brevis. Exten-
for longtts. Flexor, brevis. Flexor longus^
Mufculi radii IV.
Pronator quadrat us, JPronator teres. Supinator
brevis. Supinator longus,
Mufculus ftapedis. Vid, Muf atir. intern.
Mufculi fcapulae III.
Levator fcapuU. Rho??ihoides, trapezius,
Mufculi tarfi VL
Extenfor tarf fur alls, vulgo Gajlrocnetnius (^ So-
kus, Extenfor tarfi minor ^ Yulgo Tlantaris.

Teron^us

:\xviii An Alphabetical Table of the 7arts, &c,

Teronaeus primus, ^eron^eus fecmidus, Tibi^
alis antic us. Tibialis pojiic us.
Mufculi tedium 11. Crejnafter. Dartos.
Mufculi thoracis XIII.
Cervkalis afcendens. Co/larum deprejjores. Co-
jiarum kvatores, Diaphragma. Intercoftales.
Sacro'lumhalis, . Scalenus. Stratus inferior po^
Jlictis, Serratus major antictis. Serratus minor
anticus. Serratus ' fuperior pojlicus. Subclavl^
us. Triangularis.

Mufculi tibise XL
Biceps. Crurceus. Gracilis , Membrancfiis,,
^oplitceus. Re 8 us. Sartorius. Semimembra-
nofus. Seminervofus. Vajlus externus. Va-
Jius internus.

Mufculus tub^ Euftacbian^.

Miijculus tub£ rwvus, vel Talato-Jalping£us.

MufciUi vcfic^ 11.

Detnifor urines. SphinSler vejlcdc.

Mufculi uvulce IV.

GloJJo'jlaphjlinus. ^alato-ftaphylintis. Salpingo-

Jiaphyltnus, Tloyreo-fiaphjltnus.

AN

A N

EXPLICATION

O F T H E

Abbreviated Names of the Authors quoted In this
T'reatife^ with the Title of their Works to
ivhich thefe Rotations refer ^ and the Names of
the Mufcles each of them have difcovered.

AQuapendent. Hieronlmus Fahritius ah A-
qua pendente^ in his Treatife De audit u^ Pa-
tavii 1600. defcribes xhe Mufculus externus
auris.

Goiter. Volcherus Coiter, in his Externarum d^'* in*
ternarum principalium humani corporis partiunt^
tabulce atque anatomic^ exercitationes ohfervatio-
nefquevarids^ Norimbergs I573« defcribes the
Corrugator,

Cowperi, Williarn Cozuper, in his Myotomia refor-
mat a ^ or, Anew Adminift ration of all the Mufcles
of human Bodies, London 1 694. defcribes the
Elevator lahii inferior is proprius, DepreJJor labil
fuperioris proprius, T terigo-pharjngfsus , Re-
Hus internus mi nor » Interfpinales, Spinalis lum-
horum, Extenfor pollicis pedis hrevis. Flexor
primi internodii minimi digiti. His Difcoyery

of

XKX An Explication of the

of the Cojlarum deprejfores he was io kind as
to communicate unto me.

Diemerbr. Isbrandus de Diemerbroeky in his Am--
torn, corporis humatii, Ultrajedli 1672. defcribes
the Cervicalis defcendens,

Duvern. Jofephus DuVerney^ in his 'TraSlatus de
organo audit us ^ continens (IruBuram^ iifum^ ^*"
7norbos ommtim aiiris partiumyNonmhergx 1684.
defcribes the Mufculus auris extsrnus. Mufcu-
lus ftapedis,

Euftach. Bartbolomtsus Eujlachius^ in his Trea-
tife De auditus orgarJs, printed with his Opuf
cula amtomica, Venetiis 1563. defcribes the
Mufculus auris internus.

Fallop. Gabriel Fallopius, in his Obfervationes a-
natomicce, Yenetus 1562. defcribes the !Pjr^-
midalis abdominis. Aperiens palpebrarum re^
Bus. Mylo-hyoiddeus. ReBus lateralis. IPteri-
gotd^us externus. Capitis par iertium. Ere-
Bor clitoridis,

Galen. Claudius Gaknus defcribes all the Muf-
cles mentioned in this Specimen^ that have nei-
ther a Name nor a Mark affixed to them, in
his incomparable Treatifes,D^ diffeBione mufcu^
lorum ad tyrones^ De anatomicis adminifirationibus^
De ufu partium corporis humani.

Ja. Silv. Jacobus Sylvius^ in his Opera medica^
Coloniae AHobrogura 1630. defcribes tl:ie
Majfa carnea, feu Mufculofds carnis poriio. - '

To. Bapt. Canan. Joannes Baptijla Cananus^ in his

Muf^

abbreviated Names of the j^uthors, xxxi

Mufeuhrum humani corporis piBurata diJfeBio^
Ferrarias 1572. defcribes the Talmaru brevis.
Jul. Caff. Plac. Julius Cajferius Tlacentimis^ in
his D^ vocis auditufque organis hijioria anatomical
Ferrarise 1 600. defcribes the Externus auris.
And in his TabuU anatomise, publilhed by
Daniel Bucretius^ he defcribes xh^ Tranfuer-
falis pedis,
Riol. Johannes Riolanus^ in his jinthropographia^
Parifiis 1649. defcribes the Levator ani ex-
ternus. Tfoas parvus. Ancon(eus. Jiypothe-^
nar. Thenar.
Spig. Adriamis Spigelius, in his Fabrica corporis
humaniy ex recenjione Joh. Anton, Vander Linden,
Amftelodami 1645. defcribes the Lingualis.
Sten. Nicolaus Steno^ in his De mufculis ^» glan-
dulis obfervationum fpecimen^ Hafni^ 1 6Gj.
defcribes the Coftarum levatores, Mufculi ad
jacrO'lumbum accejjorii.
Valfalv. Antonius Maria Valfaha, in his Trcatife
De aure humana, Bononise 1704. defcribes the
Crico-pharjng£us. GlojJo-pharynga;us, Hjo-
pharjngieus. Thyreo-pharjng^eus. GloJJo-ftaphy^
linns, SalpingO'Jlaphjlinus, Mufculus tuba no-
vus.
Vefal. Andreas Vefalius, in his Humani corporis
fabrica^ Bafili^ ^543- defcribes the Tar no-
niim pedis.
The following Mufcles, which have this Mark
* * * affixed to their Names, were difcovered

bv

xxxii ^n Explication f Sec.

by the Author in his late Application to Mj-

otomy.
Mufculus meatus auditorii. Stylo-chondro-hyoid^us.
Chondro'pharyng£Us, Myh-pharyngiBus. Sal-
pingO'pharyngasus, Syndefmo-pharyngsus, Tar
latO'flaphylimis» T^hyreo-ftaphylinus, Intertranf-
verfales colli, Intervertebrales colli, Intertranf-
verfales lumborum, Coccjg^us, Duo mujiuli
vagiftt^ uteri.

Myographia :

[ » ]
Myographia:

DESCRWPTION

O F T H E

MUSCLES.

C H A P. I.

Of the Mufcles of the Abdomen^

Obliquus desgendeks

ARISES by feveral fmall Tendons ongh
from the lower Edge of the
fifth, fixth, feventh and eighth
Ribs, and tendinous and flefliy from all
the other inferior Ribs.

Is inferted flefhy into the outer Lip of h'^rti
more than one Half of the Os ilium^ ten-
dinous into the Teritoncstim^ and by two
A Ten-

7r^k8w prhnei.

2 The Mufcles of the Abdomen.

Tendons into the Os pubis ; and, befides,
into all the Linea alba, and lower Part of
the Os pe^orisy. by a broad membranous
Tendon^
Tjfe. Its Uie is to comprefs all the Vifcera
contained in the. Abdomen^ to pull the
Ribs down in Expiration, and to turn the
Trunk of the Body to one Side.

In a- Dog it arifes from the ten inferior
Ribs J and membranous from the Top of the
Spines of the four upper Vertebrae of the
Loins.

Obliquus ascendens ,
m^hu Arifes tendinous from the poflerior
Part of the Spine of the Os ilium, flefhy
from the reft of the circular Edge of that
Bonej, tendinous again from the Terito-
naum, and from the middle and fore Part
of the Os pubis..
tnfmm. Is inferted flefhy into the lower Edge
of the laft Ribj and Extremities of the
two next above it, and tendinous into the
Cartilages of all the reft below the Sternum^
and into the whole Length of the Linea
alba,
rjfe. Its Ufe is much the fame with the for-
mer, the Action of both being much
ftrengthned by the Decuflation and diffe-
Kent Courfc of their carnous Fibres.

U

."The Mttfcles of the ABT>oMKi^. ,3

In a Dog it arifes alfo from the fpinal
IProceJfes if the ho'ins.^ by a thin tendinous
Membrane like the fonner.

Pyramidalis Fallop.

Arifes flefhy from the Middle of tte ongm,
fore Part of the Os pubis.

Is inferted by a long Tendon at the inptim..
Union of the Mifculi tranfuerfales ^ between
the Retli^ a little below the Navel.
' Its Uie is to pronaote the Difcharge of ^/.
-Urine, by pulling the lower Belly down-
wards, and comprefTing the Bladder, ac-
cording to its firft Difcoverer.

In a Dog it is wanting,

REtTUS

Arifes from the upper and -anterior Part ^"^'-'
oi the Os pubis by a thick and (hort Ten-
don, and from the fame Bone, near the
Origin of the Corpus penis cavernofum, by
a long and fmall one. It foon becomes
•flefhy.

Is inferted tendineo-carmus into the car- ^'^r/.w.
tilaginous Extremities of the feventh, fixth
and fifth Ribs, near the Os pe^oris.

Its Ufe is to comprefs the fore Part of r//%
the lower Belly, and, according to the
different Pofitions of the Body, to bring
the Breafl: nearer the Tubis, and fo bend

the

4 T'he Mufcles of i-loe Abdomen.

the Trunk forewards, or e contra, as in
raifing our Bodies from a decumbent Po-
fture.

In a Dog it is inferted flepy into the low-
er Tart of the Sternum, and tendinous into
all the rejl of that Bone.

Transversalis

dvnn, Arifes by a broad and thin Tendon from
the tranfverfe ProcelTes of the Vertebras lum-
boning flelhy from the inner Edge of the
Spine of the Ilium, and from the cartilagi'
nous Endings of all the Ribs below the
Sternum,

hftrtm. Is inferted tendinous and flefhy into the
Cartilago enfformis, tendinous into all the
luinea alba and Teriton^um, being firmly
annexed to a little Protuberance in the Os
pubis, on the Outfide of the Mufculus ab-
dominis reBus,
vfe. Its Ufe is to comprefs the Sides of the
Abdomen, and to affift in Expiration.

N. B, I . By the Teriton^um, in my
Defcription of the ylbdominal Mufcles, I
under ftand what Authors call Ligament urn
pubis ; it being nothing but the firm Uni-
on of the Tendons of the oblique and
tranfverfe Mufcles with the Teritonaum,
between the anterior Part of the Spine of
the Ilium and the Os pubis, whereby a

Pro-

Tfe Mufcles of the Abdomen.

Protrufion, or Falling down of the Inte-
•ftines, (i^c. in that Place, which has no^
thing elfe to fecure it, is effedlually pre-
vented.

2. Thefe three laft named Mulcles ought
not to be reckoned as fo riiany Pairs, but
only as fo many fingle digaftrick Mufcles,^
with a broad middle Tendon, and two
flefhy Bellies.

3. The Linea alba is nothing but Part
of the Tendons of thefe oblique and tranC-
verfe Mufcles appearing in the Interfticc of
the Re8i^ between the Cart'tlago ziphoides
and the Os pubis, and adhering firmly to
one another in this Place ; which ftrift U-
nion occafions the Whitenefs to be more
confpicuous here than in any other Part.
So that it was only in Compliance with
Cuftom, that I faid their Tendons w^ere in-
ferted into this white Line.

4. They are all three perforated a litde
above the Os peilinis to one Side, the two
oblique in their tendinous, and the tranf-
verfe in its flefhy Part, for the Paffage of
the Trocejfus peritonai, receiving the Vas
differeris and the fpermatick Vein and Ar-
tery, inclofed in a large Membrane diltindl
from the Elongation of the Teriton^um,
But, befides thefe, I always obferve a
Nerve and an Artery pafs that Way from

th^

TW Mufcles of the Abdomen.

ibe Abdomen to the Scrotum^ Inguen^ and
upper Part of the Femur, from whence
fome venal Twigs are remitted thro' the
fame Holes into that Cavity. The Cre-
tnajler Mufcle does only pierce the . two
oblique Mufcles. The furprifing and moft
"ufeful Contrivance of the Perforations or
Kings of thefe Mufcles fhall be inquired
into on another Occafion.

C H A P. IL

Of the Mufcles of the Testes.

EACH Teficle has one proper Mufcle,
and one common to both, called

Dartos,

Which is a thin mufcular Membrane
including both the 'Tejles.

Its Ufe is to contrad and wrinkle the
Scrotum by the Adion of its flefhy Fibres.

The Mufcle proper to each is the

Cremaster,
Oitgm. Which arifcs from the lowed and
fore Pare of the Spine of the Ilium, and
from the 'Conjundion*of the 0/ pubis'

with

The Mufcles of the Testes.
with this Bone, by two diftind: Begin-

nings

Is inferted info the Tunica vaginalis^ M^thn.
upon which it is fpread in feveral diftincl
Portions.

Its Ufe is to draw vip and fufpend the vfe.
Teftes.

C H A P.. IIL

Of the Mufcles of the Penis.

THE Terns has two Pair of Mufcles ;
the firft is very diftincl, the Jaft
is infeparably united in its Origin and
Progrefe. The Tranjverfalis peniSy men-
tioned by ^quapendens^ is only Part of
the Mufculus accelerator urin^, arifing from
the Knob of the Ifchiujn, for it is not in-
ferted into the Cavum ovale, or Bulb of
the Urethra, but joins in with this
Mufcle, of which it makes a fecond Be-
ginning.

Erector penis
Arifes tendinous and flefliy from be- ^%^>&
tween the Tubercle of the Ifchium, and
the Beginning of the Corpus caver mf am,
sindj embracing the whole Cnts^

Is .

1^ T^he Mufcles of the Penis.

jnptm. ■ . Is inferted into the external thick
Membrane of the two cavernous Bodies
of the Tenis^ near their Union.
'^f'- Its Ufe is to pull the Terns towards the
Os pubisy whereby its great Vein is cora-
prefled, and the refluent Blood denied its
Paffage under thofe Bones, by which
Means that Member is eredled. ViJ. the
Appendix to Mr. Cowpers excellent Trea-
life oi Mjiotom. reformat.

Accelerator urin^
«r(fi* Arifes fiefhy from the SphinBer am,
and fuperior Part of the Urethrciy ancl
tendinous from the Ifchhtm.
injirt'm. Is infertcd into the Corpus cavernofum^
from near their Beginning to a litde be*
low their Union.
vfe. Its Ufe is to comprefs moft adequately
the bulbous or largeft Part of the Urethra,
ixnA drive the Blood towards the Glans for
its Diftention.

^ Dog has yet another Mufcle hefides
thefe tivo, which may he called Tranfverfa-
lis ; it is a true digrajiick Mtfcle, hav'ing
two flefiy Bellies arifng from a little round
T rotuberance in the inferior Tart of the Os
pubis, on each Side, uniting in a middle
T^endon between the Os pubis and the Penis.
From the particular Stru^ure of this Mufcle,

with

The Mufcks of the Penis.

with a cartilaginous Body placed tranfverfely
under the Ofla pubis, and the great Vein of
the Penis running between the Mufcle and
it, Icould eajily account for the Ereflio pe-
nis in this Animal, who copulates backwards :
But, that being foreign to tbeSuhjeB in Hand^
1 will referve it for a fitter Occafion,

CHAP. IV.

Of the Mufcles of the Skin of the Os
occiPiTis and Os frontis.

THE Skin of the Head is moved by
one Pair of Mufcles, and one fingle
digaftrick Mufcle.

MUSCULUS FRONTALIS VERUS, feU CoRRU-

GATOR, Coiteri,
Arifes fleftiy from the Procefs of the Os on^h,
frontis, next the inner or great Angle of
the Orbit, above the Joining of the Os
fiafi, and fuperior Procefs of the Os maxil-
tare, with this Bone, from thence it turns
obliquely outwards and upwards, and

Is inierted into the fle(hy Part of the inf^tHcn,
fubfequervt Mufcle, fomc of its Fibrillis
paffing through into the Skin a little
B higher

Tr^leBio fecunda.

IQ

The Mufcks of the Skin of the

higher than the middle Region of the Eye-
Brows.
W' Its Ufe is CO fmooth the Skin of the
Forehead, by pulling it down after the
AAion of the Occipito frontalis; and, when
it ads more forcibly, it ferves to wrinkle
the Skin of the Front, between the Super-
cilia^ as it happens when we frown or knit
the Brows.

This is ^wanting in a Dog.

OCCIPITO-FRONTALIS

Orii'm. Arifes flefhy from the travcrfe Line of
the Occiput, oppofite to Part of the fuperi-
or Termination of the Majloiddcus, and
Part of the Beginning of the Trapezius
next it, and then tendinous from the reft
of that Line backwards, arifing after the
fame Manner on the other Side, from
thence it goes ftreight up, and, foon be-
coming all tendinous, it covers the two
parietal Bones, and the OJJh fquammofa^
above the temporal Mufcles, its outer
Edge being fadned to the Os jugale on
each Side. This broad Tendon near the
coronal Suture grows flefhy, and defcemls
with ftreight Fibres as low as the MufcuU
orbiculares.

jnjertm. I3 infertcd into the Skin at the Eye-
Brows, having fent down between them

a narrow

Os OcciPiTis and Os Frontis. i I

a narrow flefhy Slip or Elongation, which
is continued over the OJfa naft as far as its
cartilaginous Part, where its Fibres run off
on each Side, and terminate in the Skin a-
bove the Mufculus naji proprius.

When this digaftrick Mufcle, which u/?,
covers all the upper Part of the Skull like
a Cap, afts, it pulls the Skin of the Head
backwards, and at the fame Time it draws
up and wrinkles that of the Forehead,
being antagonized by the Corrugator.

This Mufcle in a Dog is only T art of the
Membrana carnofa, that covers all the
Skull between the Skin and Mufcle s.

C H A P. V.

Of the Mufclcs of the Eye-Lids«

THE Talpebra: have two Pair of
Mufcles ; one is proper to the up-
per Lid, the other is conHnon to both.

Aperiens palpebrarum rectus, Fallop,

Arifes from the upper Part of the Hc5le origm,
of the fphenoidal Bone, through which the
optick Nerve palTes, between ihc ^^ttollens
and the Obliquus major.

Is

It The Mufcles of the EYE-hiDS.

jnfcrtion.: Is inferted by a broad Tendon into
the cartilaginous Border of the upper
£ye-Lid.
W- Its Ufe is to open the Eye, by drawing
the Eye-Lid up.

Orbicularis palpebrarum
f^^W'^- Arifes tendinous and flefhy from the
Edge of the Os maxillarey that makes the
lower Part of the Orbit, at the inner
Angle of the Eye. Its Fibres are fpread
upon the under Lid, and a great Part of
the Os malt, and, furrounding the outer
and little Canthus, they are continued over
the upper Lid, and upper Part of the
"Orbit, at the great Angle, firmly adher-
ing to Part of the Osfrontisy and fuperior
Procefs of the Os maxillare.
vfc- Its Ufe is to (hut the Eye, by bringing
down the upper Lid, and pulling up the
lower.

. N. B, The Ciliaris Riolani is only Part
of this Mufcle flext the Cilia or Tarji.

In a Dog it arifes tendinous from the up^
per Tart of the Os jngale -f at the external
Canthus of the Eye it divides andfurrounds
each Eye-Lid with its flejhy Fibrillae, nvhich
iiBing muft neceffarily pull tip both Eye-Lids,
bring them nearer one another, and pmt
■them.

CHAP.

The Mufcks oftheEYEs. ./IS

C H A P. VI.

Of the Mufcks of the Eyes. >

■C" ACH Eye has fix Mufcles.

Obliquus superior

Arifes from the Edge of the Hole that origi^.
tranfmits the optick Nerve tendinous, be-
tween the Elevator and AhduBor^ from
thence it runs ftreight along the Os pla-
num to the upper Part of the Orhit^ at
the gXQQxCanthtis, where the Trochlea is at
iixed to the Os frontis, through which it
pafles ; and turning backwards

Is inferred tendinous into the Tumca i^finm.
fclerotis behind the Infertion of the
u4ttollens.

Its Ufe is to draw the Globe of the ^/^.
Eye forcwards, and to turn its Pupil
downwards.

Obliquus inferior
Arifes tendinous from the Os maxil-^"^**''
larey where it makes the Edge of the
Orbit near its Juncture with the Os mali^
andj running obliquely outwards,

Is

14 77;^ Mufcles of the Eyes.

^fertim. Is infcrtcd into tlie Sclerotis^ between the
Infertion of the Jlbdu^or and the optick
Nerve.

vfc. Its Ufe is to draw the Bulb of the Eye
forewards, and turn its Pupil upwards.
The Ufes I have affigned to thefe two
Mufcles were firft advanced by the inge-
nious and moft accurate Anatomift, Mr*
Cowper,

Elevator
Origin, Arifes tendinous and fiefhy from the
Edge of the Foramen lacerum near the
AbduBor.
Tnfcrim. Is iufcrted into the fuperior and fore
Part of the Tunica fclerotis by a thin Ten-
don.
vfe. Its Ufe is to lift up the Globe of the
Eye.

Depressor
ongiij. Arifes tendinous and flefhy from the
lower Edge of the Hole that gives Paffage
to the optick Nerve,
hfcrtbn. Is inferted by a thin Tendon into the
Sclerotis oppofite to the Infertion of the
former.
vji. Its Ufe is to pull the Globe of the Eye
down,

Adduc-

The Mufeles of the E.YZS. 15

Adductor

Arifes tendinous and flefliy from the origk.
Edge of the Hole in the fpheno'tdal Bone^
that tranfmits the optick Nerve^ between
the Obliquus major and the Humilis.

Is inferted by a thin Tendon into the infcnioru
Tunica fderotica where it refpeds the great
Cantkis.

Its Ufe is to bring the Eye toward the vfc,
Nofe.

Abductor

Arifes tendinous and flefhy from the o.^w.
Foramen lacerum, without the Orhit*

Is inferted by a thin Tendon into the infenio^^
Sclerotisy where it refpedts the little
Canthus.

Its Ufe is to move the Eye outwards, u/b.
from the great to the little Angle.

Bejides ibefe JiXy a Dog has iivo more^
of which one belongs to the Globe itfelf^
the other to /Z>^ Trochlea of the Eye ; the
firjl is called Mufculus feptimus oculi fu-
fpenforius ; it arifes from the Margin of
the Hole through which the optick Nerve
pajfetb into the Eye^ and is inferted^ being
divided into four or five flefy Portions, into
the tower Tart of the Sclerotica, below the
Termination of the other Mfclcs. Its Ufe

is

ti I'be Mufcles of the Eyes*

is to fujlain and keep up the Bulb of the
Eyey that it may not fall too loiv, and thereby
put a Strefs on the Nerve ^ in this and other
Animals that go much with their Heads
Jown^ or feed upon the Ground,

The other I call Mufculus trochlea;
proprius, which is a very fmall Mufcle^
arijing flejhy near the Origin of the Obli-
quus major, and^ foon turning into a fender
Tendon^ is inferted into the Trochlea, to
whofe Motions it is fubfervient, A De-
fcription of this cartilaginous Ring will he
given at the End of my Comparative Ofleo-

CHAP. VIL

Of the Mufcles of the Nose.

THE cartilaginous Part of the Nofe
has one Pair of proper Mufcles,
and three Pair common to it with other
Parts.

RiN^us, vel Nasalis,
Origin,- Arifes flefhy from the Extremity of
the Os naf, and adjacent Part of the Os
tnaxillare.

h

TheMufcks of the NosE. 17

Is inferted into all the Cartilages oiinfirtm.
the j^la.

Its Ufe is to open and dilate theNoftril, v/e,
by pulling that Part outwards.

The firft of the common is an Elon-
gation of the OccipitO'frontalis already de-
fcribed, and ferves to draw the Skin of the
Nofe upwards and backwards.

The fecond is Part of the Elevator labii
fuperloris proprius^ arifing from the upper
Part of the Os max! Hare, w^here it joins
the Os front} s at the inner Cant bus.

The third is common to it with the
upper Lip, being Part of the Deprejfor
labii fuperioris propritis.

For the Motion of a Dogs flat Nofe^
'which is continued to the very Extremity
of the Maxilla fuperior, there are no proper
Mufcles.

CHAP. VIII.

Of the Mufcles of the Lips.

THE Mufcles of the Lips are either
common or proper. The common
are inferted into the Angles of the Mouth,
where the two Lips join, being equally
C ufeful

i8 The Mufcles of the Lips.

ufeful to both ; they are three Pair in
Number, and one odd one.

Zygomaticus
vrigin, Arifes flefhy from the Os malt, near its
Conjundlion with the long Procefs of the
Os fquammofum.
jtifmhn. Is inferred near the Angle of the Lips.
vft. Its Ufe is with its Partner to draw both
Lips upwards.

Elevator labiorum communis
origm, Arifes thin and flefhy from the Hollow
of the Os maxillare, under the Hole called
Orhiter externus.
infertm. Is infertcd into the Angle of the Mouth
and under Lip.
vfi. Its Ufe is to bring the two Lips up-
wards.

Depressor labiorum communis
oriiitt. Arifes broad and fleihy from the lower
Edge of the Maxilla inferior, between the
i^atijpmus colli and the Maffeter.
jnferthn. Is infcrtcd iuto the Angle of the Lips.
vfi' Its Ufe is to pull down the Corners of
the Mouth.

Sphincter

The Mufcles of the Lips* £9

Sphincter labiorum.

The flelhy Fibres of this Mufcle fur- origh.
round the Lips like a Ring,

Its Ufe being to conftringe and draw W-
both Lips together.

The proper belong either to the upper
or lower Lip, and are four Pair in Num-
ber, two Mufcles on each Side to each
Lip.

Elevator labii inferioris pro-
PRius, Cowperi,

Arifes from the lower Jaw, near the ^k»^-
Gums of the Denies incijivi.

Is inferted into the Skin of the Chin, infirtm.
which it draws upwards, together with the vfi.
lower Lip.

Elevator labii superioris proprius

Arifes broad and flefhy from all that origm.
Portion of the Oj; inaxillare that makes the
lower Part of the Orbit, immediately a-
bove the Hole that tranfmits the Nerves
and Arteries to the Cheeks, and admits
their returning Veins, being joined on each
Side by a narrow fleihy Slip, the'fhorteft
coming from the Os mail, near the Origin
of the Zygomaticus ; the longed proceed-
ing from all the upper Procefs of the firft

named

%o T'he Mufcks of the Lips.

named Bone, where it joins the Os frontis
at the great Canthus of the Eye, and de-
fcends by the Edge of the DuBus lachry-
malts.
jnfert'm. Js infertcd into the upper Lip, fending
fome Fibrillds to be fpread on the ylla m-^
rium,
Vfe. Its Ufe is to draw that Lip outwards,
and, when both aft in Concert, to pull it
upwards.

Depressor labii inferioris proprius
erigk, Arifes flefliy from the inferior and an-
terior Part of the lower Jaw, called the
Chin.
jnjcrtm. Is ittferted into the under Lip near its
SphinBer.
W- Its Ufe is to pull the lower Lip down,
and a little outwards.

Depressor labii superioris pro-
prius, Cowperi^
Qripn. Arifes thin and flediy from the Os ma-
xillare, immediately above the Gums of the
Denies incifivh ^
infcrticn. Is infcrtcd into the fuperior Part of the
upper Lip and Root of the ^la naji,
vfe. Its Ufe is to draw downwards the Parts
in which it terminates,

7k

The Mufcles of the Lips. ^t

The Lips of a Dog are moved by five
T^air of Mifcles^ and a SphinBer.

The Zygomaticus has a great many of its
Fibres fpread upon the Buccinator, where*
by it is able to draw the Lips more forcibly
upwards and fideways.

Elevator labii fuperioris arifes flefjy from
the lower or little Jingle of the Orbit, grow-
ing broader as it defcends to its large Infer-
tion into the upper Lip^ which it pulls up'
wards when this Animal fnarls, &c.

Depreflbr labii infcrioris comes from a-
bout the Middle of the Roftrum or lower
Jaw.

If you cut the Gums above the Dentes in-
cifivi of both Lips, you will have a fair
TrofpeB of the Elevator labii inferioris, and
the Depreflbr labii fuperioris, running as in
Man.

CHAP- IX.

Of the Mufcles of the Cheeks.

THE Cheek, called Gena and Bucca^
has no proper Mufcles of its own,
being provided with two common to it
and Ibme other Parts ; the firft is common

to

4% The Mufcbs of the Cheeks*

to it with the Lips ; the fecond is common
to it, the lower Jaw, the Lips, and moft
Part of the Skin of the Face.

Buccinator

orighi. Arifes by two diftinft Beginnings on
each Side, one tendinous and flefhy from
the lower Jaw, between its laft Dens mo-
laris and the Root of the fore Part of its
Trocejjus coron<s ; the other is flelhy from
the upper Jaw, between its laft Dens moJa-
ris and the TroceJJus pterigoides^ from
whofe Extremity alfo it arifes tendinous,
being continued between thefe two Origi-
nations to the TterigO'pbaryngaus ; from
thence proceeding with ftreight Fibres,
and adhering to the Membrane that covers
the Lifide of the Mouth, but without
touching the Gums of either Jaw,

i^erim. Is infcrtcd into the Angle of the Lips.^
vfi, ■ Its Ufe is not only to move the Cheeks
with the Lips, but alfo to contraft the
Cavity of the Mouth, by bringing them
inwards, and fo thruft the Meat between
the Teeth for its better Comminution.

QUADRATUS GEN^, Vel LaTISSIMUS
COLLI,

^p«- Arifes broad, thin, and membranous,
interlaced with Abundance of carnous Fi-
bres,

The Mufcks of the Cheeks. 23

bres, which in their Afcent do all unite,
and make one continued flediy Subftance
from the Sternum^ between the firft and fe-
cond Rib i'rom the Acromion, and between
thefe two from the proper or inverting
Membranes of the peroral and deltoidal
Mufcles.

Is inferted into that Space of the external infinho.
Labrum, or Lip of the lower Jaw, that is
between its CommilTure and the backmoft
Origin of the DepreJJor labiormn communis,,
into the Buccinator near the Angle of the
Mouth, and membranous into the Skin of
the Face. As thefe two Mufcles approach
the Chin, they are obferved to decuflate
one another ; that is, Part of the Mufcle
on the Right-Side runs over the other,
and is fixed to the lower Jaw on the Left-
Side, and Part of the Mufcle of the Left-
Side runs under the other, and is inferred
into the lower Jaw on the Right-Side.

Its Ufe is to draw the Cheeks and Skin i^.
of the Face downwards, and to aifift the
Digajlrick in opening the Mouth.

/;/ a Dog it is only Tart of the Mem-
brana carnofa, expanded over the Neck and
the Mufculus buccinator.

CHAP,

^4 ^f^^ Mufcks of the External Ear*

C H A P. X.

Of the Mufcks of the External Ear.

THE Mufcles of the Auricle are com*
mon or proper f the common pro-
ceed either from the middle Tendon of
the Occipitofrontalis^ or from the ^adra-
tus gen£^ and move this Part according to
their refpeftive Infertions, whence they
are divided into fo many Mufcles, and
named by Authors from their Ufe, as ^t-
ivllensy feu Mufculus auricuU anterior^ depri-
mens^ 8cc.

The proper Mufcles of the Auricle, or
outer Part of the Ear, are fuch as arife
from the Os petrofum and parietale, and
are inferted into the Concha under the com-
mon. Their Number is uncertain.

The Mtfcles fuhfervient to the Motion of
a Dog's external Ear are fo very numerous^
Gs well as fmall^ that I think it needlefs to
infift on a particular yiccount of each of them ^
a Defcription of two of the mojt remarkable
being fufficient.

Retrahens ad collum arifes from the U-

vion of the Mufculi cucuUares, above the

fecond cr third fpinal Trocefs of the Neck,

and

The Mufcles of the. External Ear. 25

and ends in the lateral and upper Tart of the
Concha.

Erigens arifes from the bony Ridge of the
Os occipitis, and terminates by three flefy
Tortions into the outward Ear ; its Ufe be-
ing to ereB or prick the Ears.

CHAP. XI.

Of the Mtfcles of the internal Ear and
AUDITORY Passage.

THE Parts of the internal Ear provid-
ed with Mufcles are the two little
Bones called Malleus and Stapes ; the Ham-
mer has three, and the Stirrop one.

ExTERNUS AURis Aquapendent, vel Juh
Caffer, Tlacent.
Arifes flefhy from a Roiighnefs in the oripi.
upper Side of the Meatus auditorius about
its Middle.

Is inferred by a long and (lender Ten- ir^rtm
don into the upper Procefs of the Malleus^
that adheres to the Membrana tynipani.

Its Ufe is to draw the Hammer with '^fi-
the Membrana tympani outwards.

In a Dog it comes from the Os petrofum,

oppofte to the long Trccefs of the Malleus.

D Inter-

i6 T'he Mufcks O/^ /^^ INTERNAL

Internus auris Eujlach.

crighu Arifes tendinous and flefhy from the Be-
ginning of the cartilaginous and Extremi-
ty of the bony Part of the Tuba Eujlachi-
ana, and, running in a long Channel ex-
cavated in the TroceJJus petrofus^ it grows
tendinous as it enters the Cavity of the
Barrel, and pafEng over a little Rifing
made by the Extremity of this Pipe, near
the Fenejlra ovalisy

iifertion. Is infcrtcd into the pofterior Part of the
Handle of the Malleus ^ a little from its
Head.
vfe. Its Ufe is to pull the Hammer inwards -
nearer the Os petrofum.

N. B. The Bone that fome obferve to
be in the Tendon of this Mufclc, is no-
thing elfe, in my Opinion, but the Extre-
mity of the long Channel, in which it
runs, broke off from the Os petrofum, and
left adhering to the Tendon.

Obliquus auris, vel externus, Duvern.
oiigtn. Arifes flefhy as the former, whence
marching backwards through a Channel
in the upper and external Part of the Tu-
ba Eujiachiiy without entring the Cavity
of the Barrel,

Is

Ear and auditory Passage. 27

Is inferted into the flender Procefs oUnfmm.
the Malleus y that lies upon the Edge of
that oblique Siniiofity that is moil remark-
able in the bony Circle of a Foetus.

Its Ufe is to draw the Hammer fore- ^A
ward, nearer that Part of the Temple-
Bone from which in Part it takes its Ori-
gin. Of this Procefs C^cilius Folius has
given the bed Defcription ; in Length it
exceeds that of the Manubrium malleoli, and
in Shape it very much refembles a fmall
Fi(h-Bone.

In a Dog it vtay be called Mufculus glan-
diformis, or ovalis, becaufe it appears like a
glanduhus Lump, of an oval or roundiJJy
Figure, ivhich lies in a particular Cavity dug
for it in the Os petrofum, near the Fora-
men ovale, from the Bottom of which it
fprings, and is inferted by a very /lender
Tendon.

SxAPiDiEus, vel MuscuLUS Stapedis,

Duvern,

Arifes flcfhy from the Bottom of a orighu

Channel excavated in the Os petrofim, a-

bout the Middle of the true Fallopian A-

queducl laterally.

Is inferted tendinous into the Side of the ^>P^^'^
Head of the Stapes.

Its Ufe is to draw the Stapes upwards. r//r.

Mus-

28 The Mufcles of the auditory Passage.

MUSCULUS MEATUS AUDITORII ***

Origin, Arifes from one of the difcontinued
Cartilages of this Paffage, and

jnfirtKn. Js infertcd into another, which it ferves
^7^- to approximate and draw nearer one anc^-
ther. It is only obfervable m a large and
flcihySubjed. -

In a Dog there are fever al little Mufcles
ivhich come from one of the protuberat'mg
JCartilages of the Concha, and md in anor-
ther of them, zvhich, bj pulling them nearer^
or drawing them farther from one another,
may dilate or ftraiten the Porus acoufticus,
or auditory Tube, for the fitter Reception qf
Sounds, as Occafion may require.

C H A P. XIL

Of the Mufcles of the Os HYoiDES.

OnHE Bone of the Tongue, called Os
i hyois, has five Pair of Mufcles, and
one odd one, which are all common tp
it with the Tongue md the Larynx.

, ; 'Mylo-hyoid.eus Fallop.
6rkh, ArifcS iiefhy and a little tendinous from

.all
Tr^k^io tertia.

Of the Mufcks of the Os hyoides. ay

g\\ the Infide of the lower Jaw, between
the backmoft Dens molaris and the Com-
mifTure of the two Bones.

Is inferred into the lower Edge of the infinkn,
Bafis of the Os hyoides.

Its Ufe is to pull this Bone upwards, W^-
forewards, and to either Side, according
as its Fibres run.

GENro-HyoiD.Eus

Arifes tendinous from a rough. Protu^ ^^s^*
-berance at the Infide of the Chin, or from
the fore Part of the lower Jaw, internally,
*ir Is inferred into both the Edges of the i«/«*««.
Balis of the Os hyoides, remitting a flefliy
Slip to the Beginning of each of its Pro-
ceffes.

Its Ufe is to draw this Bone upwards ^A
and forewards.

SxYLO-HYOIDiEUS ^

Arlfes by a round Tendon from near
the Middle of the TroceJJus ftjlformis.

Is inferred tendinous into the Bafis oi origh,
the Os hyok ne^x its Cornu^ to which alfo
it often adheres flefhy.

N. B. The carnous Belly of this Muf- Ltfertiofh
cle is fometimes divided on both Sides for
the PaiTage' of the middle Tendon of the

Diga-

30 . The Mufcks of the Os hyoides.

Digaftrick, fometimes but on one Side on-
ly, and fometimes it is unperforated on
both Sides.
^A Its Ufe is to pull the Bone of the
Tongue to one Side, and a little upwards
when both acl in Concert.

Stylo-chondro-hyoid^us ***, vel
Stylo-hyoid^us alter,
Origin, Arifes flefhy and tendinous from the7?y-
hide Trocefs, near the Origin of the Stylo-
pharyngitis^ and, running under the Cerato-
glojfus,
Xnfertm, Is iuferted into the cartilaginous Appen-
dix of the Os hyoides.
W' Its Ufe is to aflift the former in pulling
this Bone upwards and laterally.

CORACO-HYOID^US "'fi

^:?«- Arifes broad, thin and flefhy from the
fuperior CoJlaJcapul(S^ near its Sinus or Ca-
^itas /emilunaris, as alfo from fome Part
of the Ligament that runs from the Edge

., .^ : of this Cavity to the Root of the TroceJ-

fus coracoidesy thence afcending obliquely,

it becomes tendinous between the Majloi^

ddsus and Vena jugular! s interna^ but, foon

growing flelhy again,

:^firim. Is hilerted by a thin Tendon into the

Bafis

I'be Mufcles of the Os hyoides. 3 1

Bafis of the Os hyois^ between the Termi-
nation of the Sterno'hyoides and its Cornu,

Its Ufe is to pull this Bone obliquely vfe,
downwards.

SxERNO-HYOIDiEUS

Arifes flefliy and thin from the cartila- origh.
ginous Part of the firfl: Rib, the upper
and inner Part of the Os peBoris^ and
from the adjoining inferior Part of the
Clavicula,

Is inferted between the Middle of the in/ertm,
Bafis of the Os hyoides and the Coraco-hyoides,

Its Ufe is to pull that Bone direftly u/,
downwards.

^ Dog has neither the Stylo-chondro,
nor the Coraco-hyoidseus, but injlead of
thefe it has tvjo more^ ivbich are mt to be
found in the human Body, viz.

Chondro-cerato-hyoidseus, vjhich is a
fmall jlejhy Mufck that comes from all the
cartilaginous Appendix of the Bone Hyois,
and ends into all the fhorteji Trocefs^ or Cor-
nu, that joins the Cartilago thyreoidsea of
the Larynx; its Vfe being to draw them
nearer one another. And^

Inio-cerato-hyoidseus, This is a very

Jhort flejly Mufcle, which arifes from the

fore Tart of that Trocefs of the Occiput

which gives Origin to the Digaftrkk of the

lower

$2 The Mufcles of the Os HYoiDEs.

lower Jaw J and is infer ted near the Extre-
mity of the longeft TProceJs of the Os hvoi-«
des, which it pulls backwards.

77f(r Stylo-hyoidseiis arifes from the Horn
of the Os hyoides, near its Adhefon to the
Occiput, and^ running acrofs the digaftrick
Mifcle, is inferted into the Bafs of that
Bone, It is a long and fender flefy Mufcle.

The Sterno-hyoidseus arifes flefhy in com-
mon with the Sterno-thyreoidsus, from the
Jnftde of the cartilaginous ^art of the firft
Rib next the Sternum ; it pa7'ts from the a-
forefaid Mufcle about two Inches^ or more^ a^
bove their united Origin.

CHAP. XIII.

Of the Mufcles of the Tongue.

THE Tongue has four Pair of Muf-
cles, which may be called proper,
becaufe they are all inferted into its own
Subftance.

Genio-glossus

^'k^»'. Arifes tendinous from a rough Protube-

. ranee in the Infide of the fore Part of the

lower Jaw, about the Middle of the Chin.

Mcrtion.. Its Fibres run in three different Diredions •

the

I ^he Mufcks of theTo^GV^. 33

the middlemofl: terminates about the Mid-
dle of the Tongue, the anterior is carried
fore wards towards its Tip, and the pofte-
rior, or laft Order, runs obliquely back-
wards towards the Root of the Tongue,
and by a narrow Slip afcends on each Side
to the Horns of the Os hjoides.

Its Ufe is to move the Tongue accord- W^-
ing to the different Direction of its Fibres,
/. e, to pull it forewards and thruft it out
of the Mouth, to draw it into the Mouth,
or to bring the Tip of the Tongue down-
wards and backwards.

Cerato-glossus

Arifes flefhy from three different Places* origm.
Its firft Origin is broad and carnous from
the Cornu of the Bone Hyois ; this is pro-
perly the CeratO'gloJJlis : Its fecond Head
comes from Part of the Bafis of this Bone,
and is named BaJio'gloJJus : The third Be-
ginning is derived from the cartilaginous
Appendage of the HyoiJes, which fome
call Chondro'glojfus : Thefe three unite, and
their Fibres, running in the fame Direction,

Are inferted broad and thin near the in/ertm.
Root of the Tongue laterally.

Its Ufe is to draw the Tongue oblique- v/e.
ly to one Side ; but, if both acl at once,
E the

34 77?^ Mufcles of the Tongue.

the Tongue is pulled diredly backwards
into the Mouth.

Stylo-glossus
Origin. _ Arifes tendinous and fielhy from the
^roceffus fiyliformis of the Temple-Bone,
and often alfo from a flefhy Ligament
that is extended from that Procefs to the
Angle of the lower Jaw.
jnfertioiu jg iufcrted into the Side of the Tongue
from its Root to near its Middle.
^fi- Its Ufe is to draw the Tongue lateral-
ly, but when both act, to pull it upwards
and inwards.

Jn a Dog it anfes from the Extremity of
the long Trocefs of the Os hyoides.

LiNGUALIS

origifu Arifes pretty large and flefhy from the

Bafis of the Tongue laterally, and runs

ftreight forewards between the Cer^/o and

. Genio'glofflts to its Tip, where it is hard

jiifert'ion. to determine whether it ends there, or if

it runs circularly, after the fame Manner, on

the other Side, to the Root of the Tongue

again.

yji^ Its Ufe is to contrail or narrow the

[ SubtWnce of the Tongue, and, at the

fame Time, to bring it backwards and

downwards.

CHAP.

The Mufcks of the Larynx. 35

CHAP. XIV.

Of the Mufcks of the Larynx.

^ I "^HE upper Part or Head of the
X Afpera arteria, called Larynx, is
made up of five Cartilages, three of
which are provided with Mufcles.

The Cartilago thjreoici^a, or Scut for-
mis, has three Mufcles on each Side. .

Hyo-thyreoid^us

Arifes flefhy from' Part of the Bafis, origk.
and almoft all the Cornu of the Oj- hyoides.

Is inferted into the Outfide of a rough inption.
Line that runs between the Andes of
the Cartilago fcutiformis.

Its Ufe is to pull the Larynx upwards, vfe.

Sterno-thyreoid^us

Arifes flefhy from all the Edge of the origk.
firft Bone oi xhQ Sternum interirally be-
tween the Cartilages of the ifirft and fe-
cond Rib, from both whiclj. it receives
two fmall Beginnings.

Is inferted tendinous and flefhy into infirttom
the Surface of the above mentioned
rough Line of the Buckler-like Cartilage.

It

3 6 The Mufcles of the Larynx.

It very often remits a Slip to the Cornu or
^rocefs of the Qs hyois,
W'- Its Vie is to draw the Larjnx down-
wards.

In a Dog the Beginning of this Mufcle
is confounded with that of the Sterno-hy'
oida^us,

CRICO-THYREOID.EUS

Qrigm. . Arifes flefliy from the fore Part of the
Cartilago cricoides.

infcrthn. Is iufcrted into the lunated and lower
Part of the Thyreoides.
ufi. Its Ufe is to dilate the Cavity of the
Larynx, by drawing the Scutiformis out-
wards, and to one Side.

Each of the aryt^noidal Cartilages has
three proper Mufcles, and two common
to them both: The common are the two
following.

ARYTiENOIDiEUS MAJOR

crigk. Arifes flefhy from one of thefe Carti-
lages near its Jundlure or Articulation
with the Cricoides, and running tranverf-
ly, of an equal Breadth, with ftreighc
Fibres,

j^riioK. Is inferted into all the fame Side of the
ether Cartilages,

Its

The Mufcks of the Larynx. 37

Its Ufe is to fhut the Rimula^ or the uf<.
Chink called Glottis, by bringing thefe
two Cartilages nearer one another.

ARYTiENOID^US MINOR * * *

Is a very fmall Mufcle which runs origin.
upon the Surface of the former, arifing
from that Part of one of the Cartilagines
arytiSnoiddSiS next the Crtcoides on one
Side, and terminating into that Part M^rtm.
of the other arytanoidal Cartilage that
is fartheft from the Crtcoides on the other
Side.

Its Ufe is to affift the former in its vfi-
Adion, which is much llrengthned by
this manifeft DecufTation of Fibres.

Crigo-aryt^noid^us posticus
Arifes flefhy from the back Part of the origin.

Ring-like Cartilage, and

Is inferted into the Guttalis near the M^rtm,

following.

Its Ufe is to open the Rimula. vfi.

Crico-aryttEnoid^us lateralis

Arifes flelhy from the Cartilage cricoi- origin,

des laterally.

Is inferted into the Aryt^noides or Gut- Mcrtm.

talis, under the Implantation of the fupe-

rior

38 The Mufcks o/^/Z'^ Larynx.

rior Order of Fibres belonging to the fol-
lowing Miifcle.
^/^. Its Ufe is to open the Glottis.

• THYREO-ARYTiENOID^US

f2«g«»? Arifes from the whole Length of the
internal Concave, and middle Part of the
Cartilago fcuttformis^ from whence its
Fibres proceed in three different Orders ;

:kpnon. the uppermoft terminates into theGuttalis,
near the Infertion of the Crko-aryt^noides
lateralis ; the middlemoft, which may be
called ThyreoglottiSf runs up under this,
and is fpread upon the Membrane that
comes between the Glottis and aryttenoi-
dal Cartilage; the lowermoft is inferted
into the anterior Angle of this Cartilage.

, '^fi- The fuperior and inferior Order of Fi-
bres do draw the Cartilage, to which
they are fixed, nearer the Scutifonnis, and
thereby do moft adequately fhut the Ri-
nmla or Glottis ; the middlemoft DirecSioii
of Fibres may help to pull the Epiglottis
down when both ad, or laterally when
one only is contradted.

The fifth Cartilage of the Larynx, called
Epiglottis, is fiirnij]?ed with a Tair of
Mifcles in aDog^ which I call HyogloXtis;
it arifes fiefly from the cartilaginous ylppen-
dix of the Oshyoides internally^ and partly

alfo

The Mufcles of the Larynx. 39

dfo from its Bajis hard by the Origin of
the Bafio-gloflus ; from thence each inarches
obliquely nearer one another to their united
tendinous Infertion in the Middle of the up-
per Tart of the Epiglottis, not far from
its Tip, which its ferves to raife and lift up
again after it has been de pre (fed in fw al-
lowing.

CHAP. XV.

Of the Mufcles of the Pharynx.

THO' I take the upper Part of the
Oefophagus, or Tharynx, to be
only made up of a Pair of Mufcles, .one
on each Side, which I call Tharyng<sus^
whofe flelhy Fibres, running in different
Directions from diftinft and various Ori-
ginals, do meet and unite upon the Back
of the glandulous Membrane of the Fauces ;
yet, in Imitation of the accurate Valfalva^
I (hall defcribe each different Order by it-
fe!f, and name it from the Place whence
it arifes.

I. CEPHALo-PHARYNGiEUs. This Ol-
der of Fibres arifes from a little Rifing, or

Tubercle, in tliat Procefs of the Os occipl-

tis

40 The Mufcles of the Pharynx.

/// that joins ihe, fphenoidal Bone, not far
fronci its great Hole.

2. Chondro^pharyng.eus. * * *
This Order arifes from the cartilaginous
Appendage of the Os hyoides.

3. Crico-pharyng^us, ValfaL Arifes
from the Cartilago cricoides, or annularis.

4. GLosso-PHARYNGiEus, Valfal Arifes
from the Root or upper Part of the
Tongue laterally.

5. Hyo-pharyngtEUs, Valfal Arifes
from the Cornu or Procefs of the Os hjoi-
des, wherefore I name it Hjo-cerato-pha-
rjngdeus.

6. Mylo-pharyngjeus * * * Arifes
from the lower Jaw, near the laft Dens
molaris,

7. Pterigo-pharyngjEUs, Coti/periy
Arifes tendinous and flefhy from the
pterigoidal Procels of the Os fphenoidale.

8. Salpimgo-pharyng^us * * *
Arifes from the Extremity of the bony
Part of the Tuba Eujiachiiy commonly cal-
led the yiqtieduB.

9. Syndesmo-pharykg.^us * * *
A riles from the Ligament that ties the
Cornu of the Os hjioides to the Procefs of
the Cartilago fait formis,

10. Stylo-pharyng.eus arifes flefhy
from near the Root of the TroceJJiis fiyli-
formis. 1 1 .

o

The Mufcles of the Pharynx, 41

ir. Thyreo-pharyng^us ValfaL
The laft Order of Fibres arifes from
that rough Line that is extended between
the two Angles of the thyreoidal Car-
tilage, as alfo from fome of its upper
Side.

Now, from thefe various Beginnings ^'^'^"-
does this Mufcle of the Tharynx ariie,
and is inferted into the Membrane o^ infenm.
the Fauces^ where it meets with its Fellow
of the other Side. As for itsUfe, the u/f.
Fibres that fpring from the Larynx^ Os
hyoides, and Tongue^ ferve to contraft the
Cavity of the Gullet, and fore ward the
Aliment, e^^. into the Stomach. Thofe
which arife from the other Parts, above
defcribed, do all ferve to enlarge and di-
late the Cavity of the Gullet, in as much
as they pull it out on all Sides for the
Reception of the Food, <^c.

In a Dog the Stylo-pharyng^us arifes
from near the Extremity of the long Cornu
of the Os hyoides ; and the Salpingo-pha-
ryng^us runs for feme Space at a Dijiance
from the Membrana faucium, different
from what it does in Man.

F C H A P.

^z The Mufcles of the Uvula.

CHAP. XVI.

, Of the Mufcles of the Uvula.

THE Gargareon^ or Uvula, has four
Pair of Mufcles.

. ,, . . Glosso-staphilinus Vafal.
' Origin. Arifes flefliy from the Side of the

Tongue.
In/mm. Is inferted near the Middle of the Uvula
laterally.
W- Its Ufe is to pull it to one Side, and
when both ad to bring it nearer the
Tongue.

Palato-staphilinus * * *
onpn, Arifes flefliy from the Middle of the
Os palatfy near its Jundure with its Fel-
low of the other Side, and, running ftreight
fore ward,
iifation. Is inferted near the Extremity of this'
duplicated glandulous Membrane, called
the Gargareon,
Ufe. Its Ufe is to pull it forewards and
downwards, which Office was always faid
to be performed by the T terigo-flaphHinus
interims^ till Vafalva appeared, who cor-
reded that Miftake, and afcribed the

Mufcie

The Miifcles of the Uvula. 43

Mufcle fo called to the Tube of the
Ear, as fhall be ihewn hereafter.

Salpingo-staphilinus ValfaL Pterigo-

STAPHILINUS EXTERNUS VulgO,

Arifes flefhy froii^i^the bony Part of o^^^"?^
the Tube of the Ear, and

Is inferted into the Bafis of the Uvula, inferthn.
where it joins Fibres with its Partner
Mufcle on the other Side.

Its Ufe is to draw the Uvula upwards vfc.
and backwards.

*
Thyreo-staphilinus ^^' * *

Arifes fleihy from the Edge of the ongm,
upper Part of the Cartilago thjreoic/es, be-
tween the Tbjreo-pharyngisus and theM^';;;-
hrana faucium) from thence it afcends
ftreight upwards, being much dilated as it
approaches the Uvula, upon the upper
Side of which it is fpread very broad.
And here it is not eafy to determine, even infinhn,
when the Membrane that covers it is re-
moved, whether it unites with its Partner,
or if its Fibres furround the Gargareon,
and then defcend to the upper Part of the
Cartilago fcutiformis on the other Side.

In Deglutition, when this Pair of vfi,
Mufcles acl", the Foramina narium are in

a great

44 '^k Mufcles of the Uvula.

a grea iMeafure (hut, to hinder the paffing
of any Thing through the Nofe that is
taken in at the Mouth.

In a Dog between the Tonfils are placed
twofpongy Bodies^ like Teats, at a little Di-
(lance frora one another , formed of a Produc-
tion or Folding of the glandulous Membrane
that lines the Mouth, and in all RefpeBs feem
analagous to that Tart in Man ; each of
them is provided with two Mufcles, one to
pull them down, which arifes and is inferted
like //^^Gloflb-ftaphilinus in Man ; the other
draws them upwards from the TaJJage into
the Nofe, It arifes, proceeds, and is infert-
ed like my Palato-flaphilinus, being a very
long and /lender Mufcle,

CHAP. XVIL

Of the Mufcles of theT vba Eustachiana.

THE Canal of Communication be-
tween the Mouth and Barrel of the
Ear, yiqudsduflus Fallopii vulgo, is, by
that accurate Anatomift Antonius Vafalva,
called T'uba, from its Figure, and Eujia-
chiana from its iirft Difcovcrer Bartholo-
7n(sus Eujiachius ; for to dilate and keep it
open he defcribes a new Mufcle; for he

firft

The Mufcles of the Tuba Eusf achiana. 45

firft found out that the Mufcle called Tie-
rigO'Jlapbilinus internus, and Sphem-pterigo-
palatims^ does not belong to the Uvula, but
unto this Paflage.

MuscuLUs TUB.^ Novus Valfal. vel
Palato-salping^us**'*

In my late Inquiries into the mufcular
Structure of the Fauces, I have always
obferved that this Mufcle

Arifes broad and tendinous from the ori^ifn
Edge of all the lunated Part of the Os pa-
lati, feveral of its Fibres being fpread up-
on the Membrane that covers the Foramen
narium] then, growing into a fmall thinTen-
don, it is reflefted about the Hook-like
Procefs of the inner^/f? of the T rocejjus pte-
rigo'ides ; but, foon turning into a narrow
and thin flelhy Belly, it runs clofe along
the Infide of the Mufculus pterigoid(Sus m-
,ternus, and

Is inferted carnous into all the rnQm- zfmion,
branous, jflefhy and cartilaginous Pare a&|
the Tube. ^^'

Its Ufe is to dilate and keep open this
Channel, as Valfalva firil has moft inge-
niouQy took Notijce.

Long before the excellent Treat'ife of this
jliithor fdl into my Hands, I demonjl rated
a Mufcle fomething analogous to this in a

Dos,

V^e,

4 6 The Mtifcles of the Tuba Eustachiana.

'Dog^ which I name^ with refpeB to its O-
rigin^ Trogrefs and Termination^

Tympano-petroso-salpingo-

pterig0-palatinus3

jlrifes from the Os petrofum within the

Cavity 0/" //'^Tympanum, or Barrel, opppfite

'to the Mufculus ovalis, and, going out by the

Side of the Duel: us a palato ad aurem, to

the membranous and flefy ^art of which it

• firmly adheres, becomes carnous, and continues

fo till it arrives at the far p Wing-like 7ro^

cefs o/^z/p^Os fphenoidale, where it grows

tendinous ; and, being refeBed over the fame y

its Fibres are again dilated and expanded over

■the Membrane that covers the Slits or Fo-

• ramina narium, where it feems to join

' with its Fellovj on the other Side,

The Ufe of this Mufcle is to comprefs the
palatine Glands that ly above it in great
Clufiers and Heaps, by pulling up the MeiTi-
hrane \ which is a very ufeful Contrivance to
>foreward the Secretion of their falival Juices ^
that are off great Ufe in Time ofMaftica-
tion, for foftening the hard Bones, and fuch
like Suhfiances as this j4nimal tfually feeds
upon, and farther for promoting their Dijfo-
htion in the Stomach ; be fides, it may alf be
jubfervient to the Dilatation of the Euilachi-
an Tube.

C H A P.

The Mufeks of the Head. 47

CHAP. XVIII.

Of the Mufcles of the Head, appearing or^-
fttuate in the fore and lateral Tarts of the
Neck.

THE Head has twelve Mufcles on
each Side ; five offer themfelves to
be defcribed in this Pofition of the Body,
the reft appearing when the Subje6t lies
prone.

Mastoida:us

Arifes tendinous, and fometimes a little oii^'u
fiefhy, from the upper Part of the Os pec-
toris, and carnous from near one Half of
the Clavicula next it.

Is inferted, by a thick and ftrong Ten- ipuof^
don, into the Point or fore Part of the
TrcceJJus Mafioiddeus, and by a broad and
thin tendinous Expanfion, running ob-
liquely upwards and backwards into the
reft of that Procefs, and the adjacent Part
• of the Os petrofum externally, hard by
the lamdoidal Suture, When this a£ls vj^,
the Head is turned to the oppofite Side,
and when both a6l together they bend
the Head forewards.

'In a Dog it arifes by an acute tendineo-

car-

48 The Mufcles of the Head.

carnous Beginning from the upper Tart of the

Os peftoris, and, growing into a thick and

fiejhy Belly, continues united with its Fellow

half Way up the Trachea ; then receding

from one another, each marches obliquely to its

double 'Termination, one by a round Tendon

into the Edge of a Cavity made behind the

bony Tart of the Meatus auditorius, f/;^

j^ other by a broad, thin and membranous Ten-

^ don, into the lateral Tart of the Os occipi-

tis.

. Rectus Internus major
origm. Arifes from the anterior Points of the
ti;anfver(e Procefles of the third, fourth,
fifth and fixth Vertebras of the Neck, by
fo many double Tendons, which foon be-
come flefhy.
in[crt\m. Is infcrtcd into the anterior Procefs of
the Os occipitis, near its Conjundion with
the Osfphenoides.
^fi' • Its IJfe is to bend the Head forewards.
In a Dog it arifes tendineo-carnous from
the fore and internal Tart of all the tranf-
'vcrfe Troceffes of the Neck, except that of
the fir ft, on the Infde of which it is re-
fietled in its jlfcent to the Head, where it
terminates in a little Dimple made in the
occipital Bone,

Rectus

The Mufcles of the Head. 49

■ Rectus int ernus minor Cowpen,

Arifes flefhy from the fore Part of the oH^k,
Body of the firfl Vertebra colli.

Is inferted near the Root of the condy- in/mm,
hide Procefs of the Occiput under the for-
mer.

Its Ufe is to nod the Head fore wards. vfe.

Rectus lateralis Fallop.

Arifes flelhy from the tranfverfe Procefs o'ngin,
of the firft Vertebra colli.

Is inferted pardy into the Os occipitis, in/ertm,
and partly into the Os te?nporis, near the
Troceffus mammillaris.

Its Ufe is to nod or bend the Head a vfi^
little to one Side.

MUSCULUS CAPUT CONCUTIENS

Arifes fielhy from the oblique Procefs origm,
of the fecond and third Vertebra colli, and,
afcending obliquely backwards,

Is inferted near the Root of the tranf- i^^^-^^'^^.
verfe Procefs of the firfl: Vertebra,

Its Ufe is to (hake the Head ; for, the i^fi-
firfl: Vertebra being thereby pulled to one
Side, the Head muil of Neceffity obey
that Motion, by virtue of its Articulation
with the fame.-

G In

50 The Mufcles of the Head.

^ lJ- :Jfe^ Dog it is yet much more confpicuous^

arijing ^hy two fleffjy Heads from the fore
^Z§_R^^^t'^ the oblique Trocefs of the fecond
Vertebra colli, and by one from the thirds
'which uniting afcend obliquely^ and terininate
into the tranfverfe Trocefs of the firft^ he-
iween the Levator fcapulse major, and the
Obliquus inferior. .

CHAP. XIX.

Of the Mufcles of the Neck that lie on
its fore Tart.

THE Neek, or Collum, has fix Mufcles
on each Side, which I diftinguifh'
into common and proper. The proper are
fuch whofe Ufe is confined to the Verte-
bns of the Neck only, as the Interfpinalesy
the Intertranfuerfles, and the Interverte-
hrales ; the common are equally fubfervient
to the Motions of the Neck and Head.'
Of all thefe there is only one Pair that ap-
pears in this Pofture of the Body.

LoNGUS

Origin. Arifes tendineo-carnous from the Bo-
dies of the four or five fuperior Vertebrae
of the Thorax laterally.

Is

The Mufcles of the Neck. 51

Is inferted into the fore Part of the four crighu
lowerinoft Vertebrae of the Neck, by fo
-many fmall Tendons covered over with
Flefli ; into the third Vertebra by a fmall
Tendon ; into the fecond by a very long
and broad one; and into the firft by one
that is rounder, but not fo large, being
fiefhy on both Sides : It is alfo faftened to
fome of the tranfverfe Proceffes of the
Neck, near their Roots, by fmall Ten-
dons.

Its Ufe is to bend the Neck to one Side, ^'fi-
but if both adl to bring it diredly fore-
wards.

In a Dog it appears as it ivere_ divided
into as many diJiinB Mufcles^ by tendinous
LineSy as there are Vertebrse in the Neck.

N. B. The Scaleni belong to the Tho-
rax.

CHAP. XX.
Of the Mufcles of the lower Jaw.

THE Maxilla inferior has five Pair of
proper Mufcles, and one Pair com-
mon to it with the Cheeks, <^c. viz.
The ^iadratus geme^ called, by Galen^ Tla-
tufma myoides^ already defcribed.

Tem-

52 l^he Mufcles of the lower Jaw.

Temporalis

Origin. Arifes flefhy from the anterior and low-
er Part of the parietal Bone laterally, from
all the Tars fquammofa of the Temple-
Bone, from a little Rifing in the lateral Pare
of the Osfrontis^and from the external Part
of its Procefs, from Part of the Os fnali
internally adjoining to it, and from the
upper Part of the lateral Procefs of the
fphenoidal Bone : From thefe diftant Ori-
gins its flefhy Fibres tend towards the Os
jugale, under which they pafs.
jnfcrtion. Is infcrtcd tendinous into the upper Part
of the Trocejfus corona; in the Duplicature
of which Tendon this Trocejfus is inclofed
as in a Sheath, being continued down
all its fore Part to near the laft Dens ino-
larts^ and tendinous and flefhy into the
pofterior Part of this Procefs, as far back
as its Neck.

^A Its Ufe is to pull the lower Jaw up-
wards.

In a Dog it is a very thick and flrong
I\']ujcle^ to the Bulk of vjhich the Eigne/}
of its Head is much oiuing. It arifes fiejhy
from the Knob of the Occiput, the Ridge
cr Eminence hetzveen the two parietal Bones,
and fame Tart of the Os frontis adhering to
the cartilaginous Ligament thut fences thd

upper

I'he Mufcks of the lower Jaw. s%

Mpper Tart of the Orbit ^ the Bone being
here difcontinued.

JV. B. I have feveral Obfervations rela-
-ting to the Structure of the temporal or
crotaphite Mufcles, which I defign to
•^communicate, with many more, on a
^proper Occafion.

Masseter
\. Arifes by three tendinous and flefhy origh.
Heads, .which run in different Diredlioos..
The firft comes from the Os maxillarej
where it joins the Os ??iali^ and from all the
•Edge of the laft named Bone, which makes
the Ball of the Cheek. The fecond
• Springs from the Proce(s of that Bone,
tind the anterior Part of the yipophjfis of
the Osfquammofuni) the Fibres of thefe two
Beginnings interfed one another. The
third Head

Defcends from the remaining Part of
that Procefs of the Temple-Bone. The
iirft two Heads are

Inferted into the inferior and external infi-nm.
Part of the lower Jaw, from the Angle to
near its Middle. The laft Head runs
down ftreighr, and terminates Midway
between the Angle and Roots of the two
ProcelTes of the lower jaw externally.

Its

J4 The Mufcles of the lower Jaw.

ufe. Its XJfe is to pull the Jaw upwards, and,
by reafon of the above mentioned Decuf-
fation, to move it backwards and fore-
wards, for the better chewing and grind-
ing of the Meat.

In a Dog^ it arifes from mojl Tart of the
Os jugale, and by a Jlrong Tendon from a
Protuberance in the Maxilla fupcrior, a
little above the kft Dens molaris fa'de one.
Is infertedinto afharp Trocefs on the Angle
of the lower Jav; below the Condyle,

DiGASTRICUS

ongin. Arifes tendineo-carnous from the Sides
of a confiderable Sulcus excavated near
the Root of the Majloidal Procefs internal-
ly ; its middle Tendon fometimes pafles
through the Stylo-hyotdieus, but always
through a Ligament that comes from the
Os hyoides, to which Bone it is alfo faften^-
ed by tendinous Fibres.

z-ifertioa. Is inferred tendinous and fleihy into
the Edge of the lower Jaw, near its Com-
miffure^ above the Mylo-hyoid^eus,
vfc. Its tJfe is to pull the lower Jaw down-
wards, being affifted by the Latijfmus
colli when borh aft ; but when one is on-
ly contrafted, the Maxilla is moved out-
wardly to OBC Side.

In

The Mufcks of the LowEk Jaw. s^

In a Dog it has hut one Belly ^ which is
very thick and large, arijing flepy, interfper-
fed vjith tendinous Fibres from an acute bony
Trocefs between the ProceiTus mammillaris
and the Condyle of the Occiput, and termi-
nates about the Middle of the Maxilla by a
large Infertion,

Pterigoid^us internus

Arifes by tendinous and flediy Fibres oriiin.
from the inner and upper Part of the lar-
geft Wing of the pterigoidal Procels, pof-
felling all that Space or Cavity between
the two Wings ) befides, it has a fecond
Origin from that Part of the Ospalati that
is engaged between thefe two v^/^f.
. Is inferted into the inferior Part of the irifcHcn,
lower Jaw, near its Angle, internally.

Its Ufe is to draw the Jaw to one Side, ufi,
but if both aft in Concert, they muft af-
fifl: the temporal Mufcle in drawing it up.

PtERIGOIDvEUS externus Fallop.
Arifes by two diftind Beginnings, one origin.
tendineo-carnous, from the Edge of the
external or broadeft Wing of the Trccef
fus pterigoides, and from Part of the Os
maxHlare adjoining to it. The other is
flefhy, from two or three Afperities in the

lateral Procefs of the Os rphenoidale, near

» -A *

the

^6 The Mu/cles of the LOWER ] AW.

the Slit that tranfmits the Blood- VefTels,
^c. to the Eye ; as alfo from Part of the
Osfqumnmofum near the Cavity that receives
the Condyle of the Jaw.

hfertm. jg inferted into a Cavity in the Neck of
the Trocejfus condyloides internally, fome of
its Fibres running up upon the Membrane
that fallens the moving Cartilage to the
faid Bone.

^ Vfe. Its Ufe is to pull the lower Jaw fore-
wards, and thruft the Teeth out beyond
thofe of the upper Jaw.

Becaufe in a Dog thefe ivjo pterigoidal
Mufcles do both arife from the fame Side of
the Proceffus aliformis, I chufe to call the
jirjl major, and the fecond or lajl defcrihed
minor, with refpeB to their different Big-
nefs.

CHAP. XXL

Of the Mufcles of the Thorax that ' ap-
pear on its fore Tart, the Bodj lying
fupine,

REfpiration confifts in the alternate Di-
latation and Contradion in the Ca-
vity of the Thorax, or Chell; which two
necelTary Motions are chiefly performed

by

The Mu/cks of the TaoKAx. §y

by thirfeen Pair of Mufcles ; of which
fome dilate and widen the Thorax, by
pulling the Ribs upwards and outwards
in Infpiration, for the Reception of the
Air into the Lungs ; others contraft and
narrow its Capacity by pulling them
downwards, for the Expulfion of the
Air from the Lungs; and again, fome
affift in both thefe Actions, as the Dia-
phragm does.

Scalenus.

This may be divided into four diftinfl on/w.
Mufcles. The firft, or that next the
Gullet, ariles tendinous from the fourth,
fifth and fixth tranfverfe ProcefFes of the
Neck, and

Is inferted tendineo-carnous into the ifif^ftm.
upper Side of the firft Rib, near its Car-
tilage.

The fecond arifes from the fecond, on/w.
third, fourth, fifth and fixth tranfverfe
ProcefFes of the Neck, by ib many Ten-
<lons, and

Terminates into ths firft Rib, fome Li/crtk::.
Part of it being expanded over the fourth
Scalenus.

The' third arifes from the fifth and onV;,,.
fixth tranfverfe ProcefFes of the Neck, and
. H Is

58 The Mufcles of the Thorax.

jnfertm. Is infcrtcd iiito the upper Edge of the
fecond Rib.

onght. The fourth comes from the fixth and
feventh tranfverfe Procefles of the Neck.

jnfertimu Is infertcd! into the firft Rib, near its
Articulation with the Vertebra.
vfe. They all aflift in the Elevation of the
Ribs, and widening of the Cheft.

T'hefe Mufcles in a Dog differ from the
human in their Number and Infertions ; for
there is but three ofthem^ and the Infertion
of the fir ft or inner moft is into the firfl Rib-,
that of the fecond or middlemofi^ which is
broad, flejhy and thin, is into the fifth or
fixib Rib J counting from above downwards.
N. B, What Galen, Vefalius, and others,
reckoned as the upper Part or Infertion
of the Re^us abdominis in Apes, Mon-
keys, Dogs, (^K, I have difcovered to be
a very diltindl Miifcle, which arifes fleftiy
from the firft Rib, and, turning tendinous,
is inferted into the Os peHoris, under the
Tendon of the ReBus, the Fibres of which
are obferved to interfedl one another. I
call it, Mufculus infummo thorace fitus^

0)1'' In.

SUBCLAVIUS

Arifes tendinous from the Clavicula/juik
by its Connexion with the upper Part of
the Trocefp^s coracoides fcapuU, between

two

The Mufcles of the Thorax. 59

two Ligaments extended from that Pro-
cefs to the Clavicle ; it foon becomes
jflefhy, and adheres to all the inferior Part
of that Bone, near the Extremity of which
it runs off obliquely, and, growing ten-
dinous,

t^ Is inferted into the fuperior Part of the -^«M^-
firfl Rib, near the Ligament that connects
the Clavicle to the fame.

Its Ufeisto pull the firft Rib upwards, vp,
■ This is wanting in a Dog,

Intercostales

Arife from the lower Edge of each fu- origin.
perior Rib, and

• Terminate in the upper Edge of each Bfenm,
inferior Rib ; that is, the Externi run o-
bliquely from the back Part fore wards, and
the Interni from the fore Part backwards,
their Fibres interfe^ting one another, not
unlike the two Strokes of the Letter X.

They both ferve to dilate the Capacity irp,
of the Thorax.

Triangularis

Arifes flefhy and a little tendinous from ongm,

all the Length of the Cartilage enftformis

laterally, and from the Edge of the lower

Part of the Os pe^oris^ from whence Its

Fi-

6o The Mufcles of the Thorax.

Fibres afceiid obliquely upwards and out-
•wards.
jnfertm. Is infcrted into ihe cartilaginous End-
ings of the fifth, fourth and third true
Ribs, near their Conjunftion with the
Bones. »

vfe. Its Ufe is to contracV the Cavity of the
Thorax, by deprefling the cartilaginous
Part of thefe Ribs.

In a Dog this Ta'ir of Mufcles is much
larger than in Man ; and it is not improbable^
that in this Animal the Difcharge of Tart
of the fuperfluQUs Serum of the Blood {car-
ried off in Man by the excretory Duels of the
miliarj cutaneous Glands, which a Dog is
deftitute of ) by Halitus, or by a more plenti-
ful Secretion in their falival Glands, may be
much promoted by the joint ABion of thefe
Mufcles\ for uue may obferve, after a great
Fatigue, or any accelerated Motion of the
Blood, -while this Creature lies or runs with
its Tongue lolling out, and breathes prodigious
fajl^ there is a great deal of Saliva feparated.

DiAPHRAGMA

Is made up of two Mufcles. The fu-

perior

fjr]^n. Arifes by two fieihy Beginnings from

the Extren}ity_of the Cartilago enfformts

laierally, from Part of the Cartilages of

the

The Mufcles of the Thorax. 6i

the feventh Rib, and from the lower Edge
of the cartilaginous Endings of all the in-
ferior Ribs, and the bony Part of the laft.
The inferior Mufcle

Arifes by two long Tendons from the ork^-
Middle of the fore Part of the third Verte-^
bra lumhorumy as alfo fielhy from the Body
of the firft Vertebra laterallv, and from the
tranfverfe Procefs of the fame ; both thefe
join in a middle Tendon. The Midriff is
perforated in its tendinous Part by the a-
fcending Vena cava, and in the flefhy Part
of the fuperior Mufcle by the defcending
Gula and Tar vagum. Between its two
tendinous Productions, as they call them,
the great Artery defcends, and the DuElus
thoracicus afcends from the Receptaculum
chyli. Between thefe Tendons on each
Side, and the Body of the firft Vertebra
lumborum laterally, there is a FifTure
through which the intercoflal Nerves de-
fcend, and the Vena azygos, proceeding
from the Cava below the Emulgent^ afcends
on the right Side. Between its Adhefion
to the Side of this Vertebra and its tranf-
verfe Procefs, it makes as it were an Arch
with a tendinous Border, under which the
upper Part of the Tfias comes from the
laft Vertebra dor ft ^ and the Tendon of the

62 7he Mufcles of the Thorax.

^adratus kmborum paffes that Way to its
Termination there.
vfr. In Infpiration its fuperior Surface is re-
laxed, and becomes more plain, whereby
- the Cavity of the Thorax is enlarged to
give more Liberty to the Lungs to receive
the Air, and the Vifcera of the Abdomen
are comprefTed for the Diftribution of the
Chyle, &c. In Expiration its Surface is
convex towards the Thorax, whereby its
Cavity is leflTened, and the Air expelled
out of the Lungs.

In a Dog the inferior Mufcle of the Dia-
phragm arifes by four Tendons, two Jhort
and two long.

COSTARUM DEPRESSORES PROPRII,

Cowperiy
' Arifes tendinous from the upper Part of
the Rib, near its Juncture with the tranf-
verfe Procefs of the Vertebra ; but, foon
fpreading into a broad and thin fleihy
Belly, they march obliquely upwards un-
der the Tleura over one Rib, and termi-
nate into that next above it ; in Number
they are ten, being expanded all over the
Infide of the Ribs, from the Back to near
their Middle.
yji^ Their Ufe is to deprefs the Ribs. Mr.
Cow per difcovered thefe Mufcles fometime

Qrigln.

The Mufcles of the Thorax. 63

ago, and having favoured me w^ith his
Obfervation, I have named them, as a-
bove, from their Ufe.

CHAP. XII.

Of the Mufcles of the Bladder of Urine.

TH E Veftca urinaria has two Muf-
cles.

Sphincter
Is only a few fmall orbicular flefhy Fi-
bres, placed under the external Coat of
the Bladder, round its Neck.

Detrusor URiNiE.
This Mufcle is only the fecond Coat
of the Bladder, compofed of mufcular Fi-
bres, which run in different Diredions,
upon the Contraftion of which the Neck
of the Bladder opens, and the Urins is
forcibly fqueezed out.

CHAP,

Tr^kSiQ fdarta.

(64 The Mufcles of the Anus.

CHAP. XXIII.

Of the Mufcles of the Anus.

THE Extremity of the Intejlinum re-
turn, called yinus and Todex, is pro-
vided with five Mufcles, two Pair called
Levator es^ and a lingle one, which is its
Sphin9er.

Levator MAG^m,feu internus,
oriiht. Arifes flelhy from the Os pubis near the
lower Part of its CommifTure internally,
from thence it afcends obliquely to the
Os ilium^ from which its Origination is
continued as far back as the Os facrum,
and tendinous and iiefliy from the fharp
Procefs of the Ifchhim. From this large
Beginning its Fibres contraft as it defcends
over the Marfupialis, having its Surface,
which refpefts the Cavity of the ylbdomen^
all covered with a tendinous Membrane ;
and, uniting with its Fellow on the Back
of the Intejiinu?n reBum^ which they co-
ver on all Sides, except where the jPro-
Jlates and Bulb of the Urethra adhere to ir,
Is inferted into the SpbinBer^ its upper
Part being firmly annexed to the Os cgc-
cjgis.

Its

"The Mufcles of the Anus, 65

its Ufe is to draw the Anus upwards W^^
after the Evacuation of the Excrements^
and in fome Meafure to fhut it alfo ; at o-
ther Times it keeps this Gut from falling
too low, which always happens in a Re-
laxation of its Fibres in a Palfy.

In a Dogy before it terminates^ it appears
divided into three or four Portions ^ one of
which on one Side leaves the Redlum, and
is inferted into the Cauda, vjhich it deprejfes
after the Animal has thrujl out its Excre-
ments,

Levator v akyus j feu extternus,
PJol.
Arifes tendinous and flefliy from the orighu
Protuberance or Knob of the Ifhium,
from whence it runs tranfverfely to itsTer- H^rtm,
mination into the Sphin8er \Ani^ near the
Bulb of the Urethra,

Its Ufe is to affift the former. v[c.

This is 'wanting in a Dog,

Sphincter.
The flefhy Fibres of this Mufcle en- mirticn,
compafs the lower End of the Inteftinum
reBum^ to the Breadth of about aiv
Inch, being forewards connecled to the
Accelerator urince^ and backwards to the
Levator major,-

I Its

66 7he MufcJes of the Anus.

W- Its Ufe is to hinder the involuntary
Excretion of the Faeces, by ihutting up
or clofing the PafTage of the Re8u7n.

In a Dog its circular Fibres do not em--
hrace the Extremity of the Re6tum fo high
as in Man ; and the Reafon of it is plain, he-
caufe the Trejfure and Weight of the Fseces
alvin^ is not fo great on this Tart in a Dog^
the Tofition of its Body being prone, or hori-
zontal, as it mtift he in Adan, ivhofe Tofure
is ereB,

CHAP. XXIV.

Of the Mufcles of the Scapula.

T

^HE Shoulder-Blade is moved by three
Pair of proper Mufcles, and two
Pair common to it with the Thorax, viz.
the Serratus major anticus^ and Serratus
minor antic us.

Trapezius, feu Cucullaris,
Qrighi, Arifes by a thick and ihorc Tendon
from the lower Part of a Protuberance in
the occipital Bone backwards, and from
the rough Line that is extended from
thence towards the Troceffus 7?2ammillaris^
by a thin membranous Tendon which

covers

The Mufcles of the Scapula. 6y

covers fome Part of the Compkxus and
Splenius ; bcfides, it arifes tendinous from
the Spine of the laft Vertebra of the Neck,
and from all the Spines of the Back, ex-
cept the two lower m oft.

Is inferted flelhy into the .broad and po- i>^rtm.
'fterior Part of the Clavicula, tendineo-car-
Ttous into one Half of the Acromion^ and
into almoft all the Spine of the Scapula.

According to the three Diredions of its vct, .
Fibres it moves the Scapula varioufly ; for
its ftreightOnes draw it directly backwards,
its obliquely defcending pull obliquely up-
wards, and its obliquely afcending bring it
obliquely downwards and backwards.

In a Dog its fuperior Origin comes from
all the Ligamentum colli that is helovj the
Rife of the Levator humeri proprius -, that
Tart of it which refenibles the Cuculla
fprings from about the Middle of the Verte-
bra of the Back ; that Series of Fibres
which pulls the Scapula diredly backwards^
unites with the upper triangular Tart of
the Mufcle by a thin Tendon,

The Clavicle being vjanting in a Dog^
it has no Infertion there.

Elevator, feu Musculus patienti/E,
Arifes flefhy from the &ft, fecond,
third, and fometimes fourth tranfverfe

procefFes

Or.

68 The Mufcles of the Scapula,

ProcefTes of the Vertebra colli, by fo many
diftind Slips, wiiicli foon afterwards do
all unite.
Ziertm. Is infoted fiefliy into that Part of the
Bafis feapity that is between its Spine and
fuperior Angle,
vfc. Its Ufe is to pull the Scapula upwards
and a litde forewards. -

she Elevation of this ^art in a Dog is
perfirmed by two Mufcles, viz.

Levator major, vel anterior, arifes flefy

from the broad tranf^erfe^rocefs of the fir jl

Vertebra colli. Is inferted in the upper

Tart of the Spina fcapuloe, near its Ex^

tranity -which makes the Acromion /;/ Man.

Levator fcapufe minor, vel pofterior,
arijes' tendinous from the Occiput, near its
Ridge, and, defending clofe by the long ^or^
tion of the Rhomboides, is inferted by a
fmall Tendon into the Bafis of that Bene, near
its upper jingle.

Rhomboides
This Mufcle I find alwa37s divided into
two diilindl fleihy Portions, joined by an
interveening Membrane. The uppcrmofl-j
t:\^n, which is the leail, arifes tendinous from
the lafl fpinal Procefs of the Neck, and
feme Part of the Ligamentum colli nexc
above it; the inferior Pare of this Mufcle

arifes

The Mufdes of the Scapula. 65^

larifes tendinous from the Spines of the
four or five fuperior Vertebra dorfi. The
upper Part terminates into the Bafis of the
Scapula^ partly above, but chiefly below
its Spine ; and the inferior Part is inferred
into almoft all the remaining Part of the
Bafjs.

Its Ufe is to draw the Scapula obliquely u/?.
upwards, and directly backwards.

In a Dog it arijes flefhy from all the Li-
gamentum colli, ivhich, growing broader as
it defends y unites with that Portion coming
from the Spines of the Back^ near the up-
per Angle of the Scapula.

CHAP. XXV.

Of the Mufdes of the Thorax, that ap^
pear in Dijfetlion the Body Ijing prone.

N the Defcription of the Mufculi thora-
cis ^ which appear on its fore Parr, I
forgot to premiie their Divifion into pro-
per and common. The Ufe of the firfl
is confined only to the Chell, but the latter
are fubfervient to other Parts, as well as
it. Thus the Serrati antici contribute to
the Motions of the ScapuU, the Sacro-lum-
hi to the Extenfion of the Back, and the

Scaleni

7^ The Mufcks of the Thorax.

Scakni move the Neck towards the Shoul-
der, or firft Rib.

Serratus major anticus
Origin. ; Arifes flefhy from the whole Bafis of
ihe Scapula internally, between the Infer-
tion of the Rhomboides, and the Origin of
the Subfcapularis, being folded as it were
about the two Angles of the Scapula.
infei-tm. Ms infcrted into the eight fuperior Ribs
by an equal Number of flefhy Digituli.
W' . Its Ufe is to dilate the Thorax^ by pul-
ling up the Ribs, and, according to fome,
to move the Scapula^ into which (they
allcdge) it is inferted, forewards and down-
\vards.

In a Dog it arifes fiejhy from the five In-
firior tranfverfe TroceJJes of the Vertebrae
colli by fo many different Heads, and tendi-
fieo-carnous . from the [even fuperior Ribs,
T^ he firft J or upper rnoft Order of its Fibres ^
run obliquely doivnzuards to their Infertion
into 7 art of the Bafis fcapute internally.
The fecond Order that comes from the Ribs
afcend obliquely, and are implanted, not only in-
to the Bafis fcapute, hut aJfo broad and fle-
fioy into Tart of its concave Side, Its Vfe
in this Animal is peculiar to the Scapula,
which it moves according to the various Di-
reSion of its Fibres) and, befides, it keeps

the

The Mufeles of the Tuokax. -71

the Shoulder-Blade from Jlarting out, or r/-
fing up tec high, when this Animal Jiands or
runs, -'

Serratus minor anticus

Arifes tendinous from the TroceJJtis ongm,
coracoides fcapul^, but foon grows flefhy
and broad.

Is inferred tendineo-carnous into the in/crtm,
lower Edge of the bony Part of the third,
fourth and fifth Ribs.

Its Ufe is either to affifl: the former, or u/?.
to draw the Scapula forewards.

This is wanting in a Dog.

vSerratus: superior posticus
Arifes by a broad and thin Tendon, origk,
from the lower Part of the luigamentum
colli, or rather from the tendinous Union
of the Splenii^^^ from the acute Procefs of
the Vertebra of the Neck, and from two
or three of the uppermoil of the Back.

Is inferted into the fccond, third and Mcnion.
fourth Ribs by as many particular flefliy
Slips.

Its Ufe is to expand the Thorax in the vfi.
Elevation of the Ribs.

Ser-

yz The Mufcks of the Thorax*

X.

Serratus inferior posticus
•rizitt. Arifes by a broad thin Tendon from
the fpinal ProcelTes of the two inferior
Vertebras of the Back, and from as many,
or more, of the fuperior of the Loins.
ibfirtm. Is inferted flefhy into the lower Edge
of the three or four inferior Ribs, tho'
feldom into the laft, but at a greater Di-
flance from the Obliquus abdominis externus^
than will admit of any Indentation be^
tween thofe tw^o Mufcles.
i|&. Its Ufe is to deprefs fo many of the Ribs,
or at leaft to accelerate their Motion
downwards;

In a Dog the Serratus fuperior pollicus
arifes by a thin Tendon from the lower Tart
of the Ligamentum colli, its laft acute
Trocefs^ and from the eight fuperier Tro-
cejfes of the Back, Its Infer t ion is into the
nine uppermoft Ribsy excepting the frft, by
fo many diftinB fejly Digituli. Its Tendon
joins in uuith that of the Serratus inferior
pofticus, and fo makes as it ivere a ftrong
tendinous Bandage ^ which, keeping the fubja-
cent Mufcles very clofe together^ does vaftly
ftrengthen them in their yittions.

SCARO-

The Mufcks of the Thorax. 73

Sacro-lumbalis

Arifes outwardly tendinons, and ih- on^n.
wardly flefhy, in common with the Lon-
gifjimus dorjt, from the fingle uppermoft
Spines of the Os facrum, from the pofteri-
pr Part of the Spine of the Ilium, from
the inferior Spines of the Vertebrae lu?nbo-
rum, and by fmall Tendons from near the
Roots of their tranfverfe Proceffes.

Is inferted by as many long and thin Tn/ertm,
Tendons as there are Ribs, each of which
terminates into the third Rib, w^here it be-
gins to be curved, above its parting from
the Body of the Mufcle, only its upper-
moft and laft Tendon ends in the tranf-
verfe Procefs of the feventh Vertebra colli.

Its Ufe is to pull the Ribs down. vfe,

N. B. From the upper Part of the fix
or feven lower Ribs arife fo many fmall
Bundles of thin tendinous and fleihy
Fibres, which, after a very ihort Progreis,
terminate in the inner Side of this Mufcle.
Steno calls them Mufculi ad facro-lumbum
accejforii.

Cervicalis descendens Diemerbr.

Arifes flefhy from the third, fourth, origin.
fifth and fixth tranfverfe Proceffes of the
Vertebra' colli, and

K Is

74 ^^^ Mttfcles of the Thorax.

jnfertion. Is infertcci into the third, fourth, fifth,
fixth and feventh Ribs, between the Sa-
cro'lumbaUs and Longiffimus dorfi,
vfi'. Its Ufe is to draw the Ribs upwards in
the Ad of Infpiration.

Cost ARUM LEVATORES'*S>d';/.

.. Which I name Levatores proprti^to di-
llinguifh them from the other Mufcles
that perform the fame OfHce. They

Origin. Arife tendinous and fiefliy from the
tranfverfe ProceflTes of the Vertebrds of the
Back, whence, being carried obliquely

jnfertm. forcwards, they foon terminate in the up-
per Side of all the Ribs except the firft.
vfe. Their Ufe is to lift up the Ribs, and
dilate the Chefl, which they do mofl: ef-
fectually, becaufe the ProcefTes of the
Vertebra ferve as a Fulcimen to their
Motion.

CHAP. XXVI.

Of the Mufcles of the Head, that appear
in the prone Tofttion of the Body.

Splenius
0'%w- A Rifes by a great many long and thin
£\ Tendons from the five fwpcrior fpi-

ual

Tbe Mtifclcs of the Head. j^

nal ProcefTcs of the Vertehns of the Back,
tendinous and flefliy from the laft of the
Neck, and entirely tendinous from the
Ligamenttm colli ; or rather the Tendons
of the two Splenii unite here infeparably,
only about the fecond Vertebra of the
Neck they recede from one another, fo
that Part of the fubjacent Mufcle may ^e
feen.

Is inferted by one Tendon into the Hertm.
tranfverfe Procefs of the fecond Vertebra
colli, and by two, for the moft Part, into
that of the firft, and tendineo-carnous
into the under and fore Part of the Tro-
ceffus mammillaris, from whence it is car-
ried backwards on the Occiput,

Its Ufe is to bring the Head backwards '^fi-
laterally ; but when both act, to pull the
Head direclly backwards.

In a Dog it terminates in the tranfverfe
Trocefsofthe firJlYtnthr3i co\Y\, and into
the pojierior and lateral Tart of tbe occipital
Bone. Eackzvards it is intimately conjoined
with its Fellow of the. other Side, from the
Jharp Trocefs of the laft Vertebra colli
to the Occiput, from which Commiffure or
Joining there runs do-wn a thin tr an f parent
Membrane to all the Li^amentum colli.

Trachleo^

7(5 The Mufdes of the Head.

TRACHLEO-MASTOID.^US,yJ« CAPITIS PAR
TERTIUM, Fallop.

ongin, Arifes from the tranfverfe Procefs of the
firft and lecond Vertebra dorfi, and from
the three or four lowermoft of the Neck,
by fo many thin Tendons, which uniting
form a pretty thick flefhy Belly, that runs
up under the Splenius^ and

iKjertion. \^ infcrted into the Middle of the back
Side of the ^rocejjus majloidaus by a thin
Tendon.
vfe. Its Ufe is to aiTift the Complexus.

■ N. B. This Mufcle often receives a
roundiih iieihy Slip from the Longiffimus
CiOrJt, .

In a Dog it is infe par ably united with the
T'endon of the Splenius, as its Termination
in the Occiput.

COMPLEXUS

Arifcs tendinous and flefhy from the
fix or (even fuperior tranfverfe ProcefTes
of the Vertebra of the Back, and from all
thofe of the Neck, except that of the firft,
by fo many diftinft Beginnings ; in its A-
fcent it adheres to the fpinal Procefs of the
laft Vertebra colli, and to the Ligament
that runs from thence to the fecond Ver^
iebra^ where it leaves its Fellow of the o-

ther

■^^'jertion.

T'be Mufcles of the Head. ^y

ther Side, and runs. off obliquely fore-
wards to its Termination.

Is inferted fleihy into the Os occlpltisy H^rim,
between the upper Part of the Obliquus fu-
perior, and tlie Edge of the Protuberance
obfervable in the Middle of that Bone.
" If one Mufcle afts, the Head is there- u/r,
by pulled a little to one Side ; but if both
aft in Concert, the Head is extended, or
drawn direflly backwards.

In a Dog it arifes from the four fuperior
tranfverfe Trocejfes of the Back by fo many
thin andfmall Tendons, as afo from the five
lower Ones of the Neck hj fo many different
Heads, not unlike the Digituli of the great
ferrated Mufcle, which uniting form a large
fe/hj Belly, that terminates tendinous tn the
lateral Tart of the Occiput, near its Ridge.

Rectus major

Arifes fleQiy from one of the double origin.
Spines of the fecond- V^ertebra of the Neck,
and grows broader in its Afcent, which is
not Itreight, but obliquely outwards, be-
ing as it were divided into two thin Por-
tions, the innermoft of which

Is inferred into the Occiput, near the inferthn.
Reclus lateralis; the other, which is the
broadeft, ends in the fame Bone, under

Pare

78 The Mufcles of the Head.

Part of the Obliqiius major y tendinous and
fleftiy.
^A Its Ufe is to extend or pull the Head
backwards.

This in a Dog is double ; the fir ft ^ or
Re6lus major, comes from the lower Tart
ofthefpinal Trocefs ; thefecond, which 1 call
Reftus medius, proceeds from dhe upper
Tart of the fame Spine,

Rectus minor

Origin. Arifes narrow from a little Protuberance
4n the Middle of the back Part of the firft
Yertehra colli^ clofe by its Fellow, and

j^ij-enm. " Is inferted pretty broad (its inner Edge
being only covered by the ReBus inajor')
into the Sides of a Dimple in the Os occir-

pit IS y near its great Foramen, '

vfe. Its Ufe is' to affifl the ReBus major in
nodding or bowing the Head a little
backwards.

Obliquus superior
Origin. Arifes from the tranfverfe Procefs of

the firft Vertebra of the Neck.
inferim. . Js infcrtcd tcodinous and fiefhy into the
Os petrojhn and occipitale, between the
back Pare of the Troceftlts mammillaris and
the Mtfcuhts c:mpkxus,
W^' It ferves for the oblique or femicircular
Motion of the Head.

This

The Mufcles of the Heaj}. 79

This in a Dog is alfo double \ one Mufcle
arifes flefly from the Extremity of the trarf-
verfe Trocefs of the fir ft Vertebra colli,
the other fprings from all the tipper Edge of
the fame Trocefs^ and bothfeem to unite a-
bout their Infertion into //?(? Occiput.
« ■ •

Obliquus inferior

Arifes flefliy from the fpinal Procels of origin.
the fecond Vertebra colli ^ and from fbme
Part of the Body of the fame next the
Spine.

Is inferted into the tranfverfe Procefs oiM^^thn.
the firft.

Its Ufe is to affift the former. vfe.

In a Dog it arifes from^ the Edge of the
long Spine of the fecond Vertebra colli.

CHAP. XXVII.

Of the Mufcles of the Neck, thatly on its
back Tart.

Spinalis

ARifes by a great many tendinous and origi
flefhy Fibres from the five fuperior
tranfverfe ProcefTes of the Vertebras of the
Back, afcending obliquely under the "
ComplexuSn

Is

8o T'he Mufcles cf the Neck.

jnfertm. Is inferted into the fifth, fourth, third,
and fecond fpinal Procefles of the Neck*
'^fi' Irs Ufe is to extend the Neck, by draw-
ing it diredly backwards.
' - In a Dog it much better deferves this
Name^ hecaufe it accompanies all the Spines
of the Neck, arijing from the Top of the
Jirji fpinal T roc ejs of the Back, and running
. :-: Jireightto that of the fecond Spondyle of the
Neck^ being frmly fajiened to the Sides of
all the interveening acute Troceffes*

Transversalis

Origin, Arifes tendinous and flefhy, partly from
the oblique Procefles of the four inferior
Vertebra of the Neck, and partly from
the Space between them and the tranf-
verfe Ones, being only a Continuation of
the fame Series of mufcular Fibres that
compofe the Mufcles of the Back of the
fame Name.

jrifert'm, Is infcrtcd near the Root of the fuperior
Spines of the Neck ; yet the uppermoft
Termination is not only into the Spine of
the fecond F«?r/^^ri7, but alfo into the. Bo-
dy of the fame Spondyle laterally.
^y- Its Ufe is to move the Neck direflly
backwards if both a6t, and obliquely back-
wards if one only ads,

/;;

The Miifcles of the Neck. 8i

In a Dog the Inferthn of this Mufcle h
into the Bodies of the Vertebrae of the Neck.

Interspinales Cozvperi

Arife flefhy from the fuperior Part of ^'¥'-'-
each double fpinal Procefs of the Neck,
except the uppermofr, which comes from
the Body of the firft Vertebra^ and are

Inferted into the inferior Part of all the infctm,
faid Spines.

Their Ufe is to bring thefe acute Pro- vje.
ceffes near each other.

Intertransversales *--''-.

The Diftance between the tranfverfc
Proceifes of the Vertebrae of the Neck,
moft of which are bifid or forked, is filled
up with a fieihy Subflance, arifmg from ongm.
the inferior, and afcending to its Infertion infa-tm.
at the fuperior Procefs.

Their Ufe is to approximate thefe tranf- vfi.
verfe Apophyfes.

Intervertebrales.
They arife from the Body of one Verte- ori^k,
bra laterally, and are

Inferted, after an oblique Progrefs,intoi#-/m,
the back Part of the other Vertebra imme-
diately above it.

Their \Jk is to draw the Bodies of the va.
L Verte-

82 The Mufcles of the Neck.

Vertebras nearer one another, and a little
to one Side.

N. B. The Number of thefe little fmall
Mufcles is very uncertain^ becaufe they
vary in moft Subjects ; the laft Pair, being
the flendereft of all, are chiefly confpicu-
ous upon the back Part of the firft and
fecond, and fecond and third Vertehr<e.

In a Dog they are all larger than in Man.

CHAP. XXVIII.

Of the Mufcles of the Back.

THO* the Mufcles that ly upon the
Vertebras of the Back and Loins do
appear, even in the Opinion of the great
Fallopius, to be only a confufed Mafs, or
indigefted Heap of tendinous and flefhy
Fibres, extremely intricate, and fo vari-
oufly interwoven one with another, that
it feems very difficult, if poflible, to fepa-
rate them ; yet, in my anatomical Exer-
cifes, I alvv^ays demonftrate them, having
in all Subjefts found them regular and u-
niform, fairly and diftinctly divided into
eighteen Mufcles, nine on each Side ; one
of which belongs to the Thorax^ viz. the
Sacro'lumbalis already defcribcd, three to

the

I'be Mufcles of the Back. 83

the Back, and five to the Loins. Galen
and Mr. Duverney think it indifferent, ei-
ther to reckon thefe Mufcles, which they
call Spinaks and Vertebrales, as one Pair
only, or to multiply their Number ac-
cording to that ol^ the Vertebra ; but ill
my Judgment the laft would breed a great
deal of Confuflon, and the firfl (hews but
little of an Artifl.

LONGISSIMUS.

The Origin of this Mufcle is in com- origin.
mon with that of the Sacro-lmnbalis,

Is inferted into all the tranfverfe Procef^ infmm.
fes of the Back by a double Tendon into
each ; from its Outfide there go ofTfeve-
ral FafcicuU of flefhy Fibres, interfperfed
with a few tendinous Filaments, which
are foon inferted into the lower Edge of
moft of the Ribs, not far from their 71/-
hercle.

Its Ufe is to extend the Vertebra of the vfe.
Back, and fo keep ^ the Trunk of the Bo-
dy ered.

A"". B, From the fuperior Part of this
Mufcle there runs up a round fiefhy Por-
tion, which, becoming tendinous, unites
wdth a carnous Part of the Tar tertium
Fallopfi, which I have called Trachelo-via-
Jloid^HS,

Semi-

84 The Mufcks of the Back.

Semispinalis

crigin. Arifes from the traniVerfe Procefles of
the fix or feveii lov/ermoft Vertebrae of
the Back by ^o many diftincl Tendons,
M^hich foon grow flefhy, and then, becom-
ing tendinous again, are

jnlinhn. Inferred tendinous into all the fuperior
fpinal ProcelTes of the Back, and into the
lowermoit Spine of the Neck.
vfc. Its Ufe is to affift the following;

Transversales dorsi interioris
cngh;. Arife tendinous and flelhy from the up-
per Part of the tranfverfe Procefles of the
Back ; then, growing all flefhy, they run
over the next Vertebra^ and are
jnjirthn. Inferred near the Root of all its fpinal
ylpopbyfes,
vfe. , If they all aft on one Side, they extend
the Back obliquely, or move it laterally ;
bur, if they .work together, they extend
the Vertebra dorfaJes by pulling them
backwards.

CHAP.

7be Mufcles of the LoiNS. 85

CHAP. XXIX.

Of the Mufcles of the Loins.

THE Vertebra of the Loins are- mov-
ed by five Pair of Mufcles.

Spinalis Cowpet^l

Arifes tendinous and flefliy from the Grigin,
fuperior fmgle Spines of the Os facrum/\n
common with the Sacro-lumbalis and Lon-
gijfimtis dorf, and

Is inferted tendinous into all the fpinal Lifertm,
ProcelFes of the Vertebrae lumhormn.

Its Ufe is to extend the forefaid Verte- ^7^-

Transversalis lumborUxM, w/^oSager,
Arifes flefhy from the oblique Procef- ^'¥^'

les of the Vertebrce of the Loins, and

Is inferted near the Root of their fpi- i^^rtmu

iial Ones.

Its Ufe is to move the Vertebrae lumho- ufe^

rum, after the fame Manner that the Tranf

verfales do thofe of the Back.

QUADRATUS

Arifes broad and tendineo-carnous from ortgin.
the pollerior Part of the Sp'ine of the Ilium.

Is

86 The Mufcks of the Loins.

jnfcrtkn. jg inferted into the tranfverfe Procefles
of all the Vertebras lumborum except the
laft, into the firft Rib, and by a fmall
Tendon, that creeps up under the Dia-
phragm^ into the laft Vertebra of the Back
laterally.

iV". B, From the fourth, third, and fome-
times the fecond tranfverfc Procefs, there
arifes fo many fmall Mufcles, which unite
with this^ ^adratus on its Infide that re-
fpects the Cavity of the Abdomen.
vje. Its Ufe is to move the Loins to one
Side, and when both act together to bend
the Vertehrte ftreight forewards.

Tn a Dog it arifes from the Spine of the
Ilium internally^ and^ afcending^ adheres to
all the tranfuerfe Trocejfes of the Loins ;
then, entring the Cavity of the Thorax, it
ends tendinous andflefy in its tenth or ninth
Vertebra, counting from above downwards.

Psoas parvus RioL
^'k^»' Arifes flefhy from the upper Vertebra

of the Loins laterally.
M<^rtm. Is inferted by a long flat thin Tendon
into that Part of the Os pubis where it
joins the Ilium.
W'- Its Ufe is to aflift the Re^us abdominis in
drawing the Os pubis upwards, as in raif-

ing

The Mufcles of the Loins. S7

ing ouifelves from a decumbent Pofturc,
as Mr. Cowper writes. It may alfo ferve
to bend the Loins forewards ; but then its
Beginning muft be drawn from the OJfa
pubis, and its Termination be fixed in
their Vertebra.

T'his in a human Body is often mijjed, hut
ftever in a Dog, ^^'^fi'^E fi^^^ ^he Bodies of
the four loivermojl Vertebra dorfi, and as
many of the ^//'frSpondyles of the Loins, by
fo many fmall Tendons laterally, andflepy
from the Middle of all the fame Vertebrae la-
terally. It foons turns into a broad and thin .
Tendon expanded oijer the great Pfoas.

Intertransversales * * *•.

Thefe ly between the tranfverfe Pro-
ceffes of the Loins, arifing from all the origh.
Edge of one, and terminating into that of j#r/;-s«.
the other.

. Their Ufe is to bring the Jlpophyfes vfi.
nearer each other.

It was in a Dog that I firft difcovered
thefe fmall Mufcles, and I have never fines
viijfed them in the human Body^

CHAP.

S8 I'he MufcJes of the Arm.

CHAP. XXX.

Of the Mufcles of the Humerus or Arm.

T

H E Oj" humeri, or Shoulder-Bone, is
moved by nine Mufcles.

Pectoralis
^V' Arifes flefhy from near Half the anterior
Part of the Clavicula, and from the carti-
laginous Endings of the fifth and fixth
Ribs, where it always detaches a Fafci-
culus or two of flefhy Fibres, which run
down upon the Membrane that covers
the Mufculus abdominis externus ; befides, it
derives another Origin from almoft all the
Length of the Sternum by a great many
fhort and fmall Tendons, which plainly
decufTate thofe on the other Side.
j:^rtm. Is inferted by two flrong and broad
Tendons, which crois one another at the
upper and inner Part of the Os humeri y
between the Deltoides and Biceps,
'^■fi- Its Ufe is to move the Arm upwards.
iY. B. Its fuperior Tendon gives Rife to
the Involucrmn, or tendinous Ligament
that binds in one of the Heads of the Bi-
ceps,

In
Tr^eleBio quinta^
\

"The Mufcles of the Arm.

In a Dog the Fibres of this Mifcles run
in three different Direciions^ and may he ea-
fly divided into three Mifcles, The l(2rgef:
arifes hy an acute fiefliy Beginning from the
Cartilago enfiformis, and from ahnoft all the
Sternum, and is inferted hy a fhort and (Iron g
Tendon into a Protuberance in the tie ad of
the Os humeri, and hy a membranous Ten-
don into the fa?ne$ Bone lower down.

The fecond Mufcle lies on the Out fide of
thisy arifing from near the Extremity (f the
Cartilago enfiformis, and^ afccnding^ is part-
ly inferted with the former^ and partly runs
down upon the Mufcles lying on the Infde of
/y6^. Humerus.

The third, which from its Tofition de-

ferves the Name o/^ Tranfverfalis, arifes

from the upper 7 art of the Breaft, and,

crojfing over the fir ft, terminates below it,

hy a Jirong and broad Tendon^ all along the

fore Tart of the Os humeri externally,

Deltoides
Arifes flefhy from all the poflerior and o:
external Parts of the Clavicle that the
TeBoralis does not poffefs, tendinous and
flelhy from the lower Margin of the fore
Part of the Spina fcapul^, and entirely
tendinous from the pofterior Part of the
fame.

M Is

90 The Mufcles of the Arm.

jnfertm. Is infcrted tendinous and flefhy at a
rough Protuberance in the fore Part of
the Arm about its Middle, the Fibres of
its ^pex or Point being intermixed with
fome Part of the Brachindus intermis.
vfi' Its Ufe is to pull the Arm diredtly up-
wards, and that either fomewhat fore-
wards or backwards, according to the dif-
ferent Diredion of its Fibres.

In a Dog it arlfes tendineo-jjiemhranous
from almoft all the Spine of the Scapula ; that
Tart of it which fprings from f/;^ Acromi-
on feems to he diJiinS frofn its other Origin^
but yet cannot be divided without Violence ; its
Action is all upwards and outwards^ hecaufe
it has no Beginning from the Clavicle, which
is wanting^ to direB it inwards,

SUPRASPINATUS

€rtgm. Arifes flefhy from all the Bajis fcapul^t
that is above its Spine^ as alfo from its
Spine and upper Cofta.
Jnfenm. ig infertcd tendinous into that Part of the
Protuberance on the Head of the Os hu-
77ieri that is next the Canal of the Biceps,
^y^' Its Ufe is to lift or move the Arm up-
wards*

Infraspinatus

On^m, P^^ICq^ fl^{]-^y fyQyy^ ^11 Q-^^^ pg^,- of tbe

Bafs fcapulds that is between its Spine and

its

7he Miifcles of the Arm. 9 1

its lower Angle, from the Spine as far as
its Cervix^ and from the Edge of all that
FoJJa that runs above its mferior Cojla.

Is inferted by a thick and Ihort Tendon Mcnm.
into the upper Part of a rough and flatrifli
Protuberance on the Head of the Os bu-
meri.

Its Ufe is to pull the Arm diredly back- vfe.
wards.

N.B, I. On thelnfide of this Mufcle one
may obferve two or three large Tendons
run along its flefhy Subftance.

2. This and the former are both cover-
ed with a tendinous Membrane, v/hich
not only ftrengthens their Adions, but
alfo keeps them from fvvelling too much
outwardly in ading.

In a Dog, through its Middle, length-
ways, there runs a Tendon from which the
fefhy Fibrillse run off on each Side like the
Stamina of a Feather.

Teres minor
Arifes jflefhy from all the round Edge origin.
of the inferior Cofa fcaptdae, being in ail
Subjects, that ever I dilTeded, diftinguifb-
ed from the Infrafpinatus by a very con-
liderable Membrane.

Is inferted tendinous a little below the irferthn.
Termination of the laft named Mufcle,

and

^z The Mufcles of the Arm.

and fiefhy a little lower upon the Neck

of the Os humeri,
^J'- Its Ufe is to aflift the bigger round
Mufcle in bringing the Arm backwards.
In a Dog it arifes by a thin Tendon which
chfely adheres to the Infraipinatus from the
Middle of the lower Edge of the Scapula,
and J turning into a round fiefhy Belly ^ ^^ p^f
fes obliquely over the Head of the Longus
to its tendinous Infertion*

Grhh

Teres major
Arifes flefhy from the inferior Angle of
the Scapula^ and from all that Portion of
its lower Rib, or Cojla^ that is rough and
thicker than the reft, its flelhy Fibres be-
ing continued over Part of the Infrafpi-
natns, to which they firmly adhere.
jrycytion.' Js infcrtcd by a fliort, broad and thin
Tendon, at a Roughnefs a little below the
the Head of the Os humeri internally \ and,
tho' it is vei7 clofely joined to the Ten-
don of the Latijftmus dorft, yet they part
before their Infertions into that Bone.
v^.. Its Ufe is to move the Arm backwards
and do ivn wards,

Latissimus dorsi
^VS^ik "^ Arifes by a thin Tendon irom the po^
.ftcrior Part of the Spine of the Jlium^ from

the

The Mufcles of the Arm. 93

the fuperior Spines of the Os facritm^ from
all thofe of the Vertehr<s htmbonim, and
from feven or eight of the lowermoft
Ones of the Back, below the Rhojiiho'ides ;
befides, it has another Origin from the bo-
ny Part of the eleventh, tenth, and ninth
Ribs, near their Curvature, by fo many
diftinftflefhy Slips. I never found it ad-
here to the inferior Angle of the Scapula
by any carnous Fibres, it being only coa-
neded by Membranes to the Teres ma-
jor and Rhomboides,

Is inferred by a ftrong and thin Ten- "M^^^^-
don upon the Edge of the Channel of the
Biceps, near the Termination of the pec-
toral Mufcle,

Its Ufe is to pull the Arm backwards vfi.
and downwards.

In a Dog, when this Mufcle arrives at
the Teres major, it parts -with a thin flefy
TroduBion, which, running down upon the
Longus cubiti, terminates tendinous into the
Ancon. ^ little before its Infertion it re-
ceives the Membrana carnofa, which fief y
Panicle or Membrane is a thin carnous Ex-
panfion which covers the Mufcles that ly on
the upper Tart of the Os femoris, the Ili-
um and Sacrum, the Abdomen, Dorfuni,
and niof Tart of the Thorax ; as it comes

near

94 7i^^ Mufcles of the Arm.

near the Axilla // narrows and grows thick-
er ^ and then joins in with this Mufcle, where
it terminates. By the ContraBion of its Fi-
bres the Skin is wrinkled, and the Hairs on
the Back made to ftand ereB when this Ani-
mal is angry or afraid.

CoRACO-BRACHIALIS

Qngin, Arifes partly tendinous and partly

flefhy from the under Side of the Trocef-

fus coracoides fcaptilte near its Tip, adhering,

in its Defcent, to one of the Heads of the.

Biceps,

itferthu Is infcrted tendineo-carnous about the
Middle of the internal Part of the Os hu-
meri, fending down a thin tendinous Ex-
panfion to the inner Condyle of that Bone.
vfe. Its Ufe is to lift or move the Arm up-
wards. Through this Mufcle pafleth a
large Branch from the fourth Pair of
Nerves of the Neck, which conftitutes
the firft brachial Pair.

In a Dog it is a f mall thin Mufcle, arif
ingfrom a Protuberance in the upper Tart
of the fiperior Cofta fcapulse by a very
/lender Tendon, which, faffing over the Head
of the Humerus, grows flejhy, and is fo in-
ferted into the Inftde of that Bone^ about an
Inch or more belovj its Neck.

Sub-

Th Mufcles of the Arm. 95

SuBSCx^PULARIS

Arifes flefliy from all the Bafis of the origm.
Scapula^ from all its fuperior Cofia, and a-
bout one Half of its inferior -, befides, it
has two tendinous Beginnings arifing from
two little Protuberances feated in the hol-
low Part of this Bone near its Bafis, at two
or three Inches Diftance from one ano-
ther, which Tendons are continued thro'
the flefhy Part of the Mufcle to its Ending,
being fubdivided into many more as it paf-
fes over the Junfture.

Is inferted tendinous into the upper infirt'um.
Edge of the Protuberance on the Head
of the Os humeri laterall}^

Its Ufe is to bring the Arnj clofe to the vfe>
Ribs.

The Tendon of this, with that of the
.Infra and Suprafpinatus , adheres firmly
to the Membrane that involves the Arti-
culation of the Humerus v/ith the Scapula ;
but they may be all eafily divided one
from another, without cutting their ten-
dinous Fibres.

In a Dog iP only fills tip three Tarts of
the Concave or hollow Tart of the Scapula,
the Serratus anticus major poffejfing tht
reji.

9 6 ^he Mufcks of the Arm,

Bejtdes the nine ^air of Mufcles above i^
Jefcribed, a Dog has two more. The fir ft 1
name

Levator humeri proprius. It arfes

membranous and flefoy from all the Space be^

tiveen the tendinous Ending f the Maftoi-

dseus and the Ridge of the Occiput, and

from the upper Tart of the Ligamentum

colli; this large Beginning contraHs and

grows narrower as it runs obliquely down

the Neck, clofely adhering to feme Tart of

the Levator fcapute major, and, p^[P^g o-

ver the Articulation of the Humerus, goes

freight down to its Infertion in the fore Tart

of the fame Bone, near the Flexure of the

Cubit, between the Biceps and Brachiseus

internus. The fecond 1 call

Mufculus ad levatorem acceflbrius. It
arifes from the Os occipitis, near the Infer-
tion of the thick Tendon of the Maftoidseus,
and, becoming a thick flejhy Mufcle, runs
down to its Infertion into the Levator pro-
prius, being there of an equal Breadth with
it. Jujl above the Head of the Os humeri,
near the Termination of this Mufcle, there is
placed a fmall falcated cartilaginous Bone,
tied to the Scapula and Top of the Sternum
by two fmall Ligaments^ which feems to be
an imperfcB Clavicle*

In

The Mufcles of the Akm. 97

* ' Ih Cats this Mttfcle is infer ted into the
nvhole Length of their Clavicuk, which it
ferves to lift up. But in this Animal the
Ufe of this acceffory Mufcle feems calculated
for the jifijlance of the Levator, which
ferves to, raife the Os humeri upwards^ and
at the fame Time to turn it a little outwards ^
whereby the fore Feet are kept from inter-
fering or cutting one another in running or
leaping.

CHAP. XXXI.

Of the Mufcles of the Cubit.

THE Cuhit^ or fore Arm, reaching.
from the Extremity of the Os hu-
meri to the Wrift, and compofed of two
Bones, viz, the XMna and Radius^ has five
Mufcles.

Biceps internus.
Its firft and outermoft Head arifes ten-
dinous from the Cervix fcapul^^ near the
upper and narrow Edge of its Cavity cal-
led Acetabulum, which in its Defcent is
inclofed in a Channel in the Head of the
Os humeri,, by a membranous Ligament
that proceeds from the pecioral Mufcle.
N The

98 The Mufcles of the Cubit.

The fecond or innermoft arifes tendinous
and flelhy from the Trocejfus coracoides
fcapuU. A little below the Middle of the
fore Part of the Arm thefe Heads unite.
jrifertion. jg iufcrted by a ftrong and thick Ten-
don into all the Tubercle on the upper End
of the Radius internally.
W' Its Ufe is to bend the Cubit.

N. B. About the Flexure of the Cubit,
or Ben ding of the Elbow, where it begins
to grow tendinous, it fends off an J^po-
fteurojts, firft taken Notice of by that ce-
lebrated Anatomift Mr. Cowper, vid. Myo-
torn, reformat. Page 147. which covers all
the Mufcles on the Infide of the Cubit. Its
Fibres decuflate thofe of another tendinous
Membrane that lyes under it.

In a Dog it confifts hut of one Head a-
riftngfrom the Cervix fcapulse, and on that
Jiccount I call it Fle6len;lcubitum anterior,
lecaufe it lyes above the following Mufcle.

Brachialis internus
Origin. Arifes flefhy from the Middle of the
Os hu7neri at each Side of the Termina-
tion of the Deltoides Mufcle, filling up all
the Space between the two Edges of this
Bone.
jnfertm. Is Infcrtcd by a very ftrong Tendon in-
to the upper and fore Part of the Ulna.

Its

The Mufcks of the Cubit. 99

Its Ufe is to aflift the former. W-

In a Dog it arifes broad and flejhy from

the hack Tart of the Humerus, jujl under its

JSfeck) from thence it runs obliquely to the

fore Tart of that Bone, and then proceeds

as in Man,

Biceps externus

The firft Head, called Longus, arifes onik.
broad and tendinous from the Cojfta fca-
ptd(e inferior, and a little flefhy from its
Neck. The fecond Head., called Brevis,
arifes by an acute tendinous and flefhy
Beginning from the Os humeri, about an
Inch below its Head. Upon the back
Side of the Hmnerus, thefe two, with the
following Mufcle, join their Fibres, and
are

Inferted into the upper and external -^^M'^"^-
Procefs of the Uka, called ylncon.

Its Ufe is to extend the Cubit. ufc.

Brachialis externus
Arifes by an acute flefhy Beginning ^''^i"^*
from the Os humeri, a little higher than
the Infertion of the Teres major. About
the Middle of the Arm it pafTes under the
Longus, with which it mixes Fibres to the
external Ridge of that Bone, being con-
tinued down the fame to the Condjle of

that

IQO /The Miifcles of the Cubit.

that Side, where fome of its Fibres join
infeparably with the Anconms \ the reft
ending in the Ancon^ with thofe of the
Longus and Brevis.

N, B. The Brachiieus extermts, and the
Biceps exiernus^ or Gemellus^ make but
one fingle Mufcle with three Heads, to
which I give the Name oi Triceps cubiti,
or Extenfor cubiti m(ignus tripUci principia
natus.

Grh

life.

Anconeus, vel Cubit alis, RioL

Arifes by a round and ihon Tendon
from the back Part of the external Condyle
of the Os humeri ; this foon grows flediy,
and is fo intangled with Part of the Bra-
chiceus externals, that there can be no fepa-
rating them without Violence.

Is inferted flefhy and thin into the late-
ral Part of the Uka, a few Inches below
the Olecranon.

Its Ufe is to affift in extending the Cu-
bitus,

In a. 'Dog the Extent ion of the Cubit, or
Ulna,' is performed by the joint Attion of
five very diJlinB Mufcles,

Extenfor primus, or longus, arfes as in
Man^ and heco/nes a very thick and fefhy
Beiiy^ but^ gradually contraBing^ grows ten-
dinous^ and is fo inferted into the upper and

ex"

J7;<? Mu/cles of the CmiT. lot

external Tart of that Trocefs of the Ulna,
called Ancon in human Bodies,
^ "Extenfor fecundus, or brevis, arifes
from the fnperior and back Tart of the Hu-
inerus, jufi under its fmooth Head^ and, de-
fending under the Longus, turns into afmall
'Tendon, ivhich, pciffing through a Sulcus in
the Extremity in the Ulna, ends a little he-
loiv the Longus.

. Extenfor tercius, luhich is fomething ana-
logous to that Head of the Triceps cubiti
called Brachiseus externus, is a pretty thick
fiejloy Mufcle, arifing from the upper and
pojlerior Tart of the Humerus, at a Tro-
tuberance near the Ending of the Teres mi-
nor ; it ends in the Outfideofthe Ancon.

Extenfor quartus, 'vel Anconseus, fills
up a Cavity or Hollow between the Heads
of the Ulna and Radius, arifing and termi-^
nating as in Man,

Extenfor quintus arifes by a thin Tendon
from the Infide of that Trotuberance into
which the Suprafpinatus cf the Scapula is
irferted, and, paf[ing under the Tendon of the
Teres major, becomes fiefioy, and ends ten"
dinous on the Infide of the A^icon.

C H A E^.

#

toli The Mufcles of the Hand.

C H A P. XXXIL

Of the Mufcles of the Palm of the Hand.

THE Mufcles of the Talma^ or Vola
manusy are two.

Ori^n,

Palmaris longus

Arifes tendinous from the internal Pro-
tuberance of the Os humeri ; it foon be-
comes flefhy, and within a few Inches be-
comes tendinous again. About the Liga-
inentum carpi annulare lis expands itfelf into
a broad difgregated Tendon (giving fome
Filaments to the yiddu8or pollicis) between
which and the Skin there lyes a great deal
of Fat. Near the lower End of the me-
tacarpal Bones it is decuffated by a great
many tendinous ftreight Fibres, which
run upon it from one Side to the other.
^iferi'm. Its lufcrtion is, by two fmall Tendons,
into the Sides of the Cartilage that lyes up-
on the Articulation of each Finger with
the Ofa metacarpi.
vfe. Its Ufe is to contraft the Palm of the
Hand, and fo affift it to grafp any Thing
clofely.

? N. B. This Mufcle does fometimes
ipring from the Ligament urn annulare.

It is wanting in a Dog.

Pal-

The Mufcles of the Hand. 10.3

Palmaris brevis Joan. Bapt, Canan, vel
Caro quadrata,

Arifes, by a Membrane-like Tendon, origin,
from the fuperior and external Part of the
Os metacarpi minimi digiti ; whence afcend-
ing obliquely, and adhering to the fourth
Bone of the Carpus that lyes upon the third,
it grows fiefhy in two or three Places,
being feparated by interveening Mem-
branes ; and, pafEng under the Talmaris
longusy

Is inferted tendinous into the Liga-L
mentum annulare^ and into that Bone of the
Carpus that articulates with the Thumb.
The upper Part of this Tendon adheres
to the j4bdu8or polUcis^ and its lower Part
to the Flexor fecundi inter nadii ejufdem,

Irs Ufe is to make the Palm of the Hand ^7^
hollow, by drawing the Ball of the Thumb
towards the Os metacarpi that fuftains the
little Finger, and fo forms what they call
Diogenes's Cup.

This is vjanting in a Dog,

CHAP.

5^4 The Miifcks of the Wrist.

CHAP. XXXIII.
Of the Mufcks of the Whist.

THE Carpus^ or Wrift, compofed of
eight fmall Bones, fituated between
the Extremities of the Vina and Radius^
and the upper Part of the metacarpal Bones,
is furnifhed with four Mufcles ; and yet
all of them, as Vejlingms renlarks, termi-
nate in the Bones of the Metacarpus.

Flexor carpi radialis
m^k, Arifes tendinous and flefhy from tha
internal Protuberance of the Os hmnert^
and from the rough Edge of all the ante-*
rior Procefs of the Ulna^ where it firmly
adheres to the Tronator radii teres.
jnfertm. Is iufertcd by a flat Tendon into the
fore and upper Part of the Os vjetacarpl
that joins wdth the fore Finger, having
run through a Sinus or Cavity of tha
Bone of the Wrift that articulates with the
Thumb, being there bound in by ^ Mem-
brane which parts it from the Tendons of
the other Mufcles, which with it pafs un-
der the Ligamentum annulare.
Vfi- Its Ufe is to bend the Wrift, together
with the Hand ; and, when its acts in

Con-

The Mufcles of the Wrist. 105

ConJLinflion with the Radialis €xtenfoi\
the Wrift is moved laterally towards the
Radius.

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Arifes tendinous from the fame Tu- orighu
bercle of the Shoulder-Bone. In its De-
fcent, according to the Length of the UU
tia, it is covered by a tendinous Expan-
fion in common with the other Mufcles
that ly on the Outfide of the Cubit, and
by this only it feems to adhere to the ex-
ternal Edge of that Bone.

Is inferred by a (hort and ftrong Ten* i^^firthn,
don into the fourth Bone of the firft Rank
of the Carpus, placed upon the third ; at
fome Diftance from its Termination there
goes a Ligament from this little Bone to
the Os metacarpi ininimi digiti, which fome
reckon to be a Continuation only of the
Tendon of this Mufcle.

Its Ufe is to affift the former in bending vfe
the Carpus, '

In a Dog it makes two diJiinB Mufcles;
the laf^geji arifes tendinous from the inner
Tubercle of the Humerus, near the Edge of
the Sinus that receives the Ulna ; is infert-
ed into the Bone of the Carpus that flands
out of Rank, The lejfer has a thin fle-
foy Origin continued from the Ancon about
O an

lo6 The Miifcles of the Wrist,

an Inch down the Inftde of the Ulna, and
terminates into the fame Bone with the bigger ^
at fome Diftance from it.

Extensor carpi radialis
Makes two very diftindl Mufcles ; the
firft, which I call Longus, or Superior, a-
orighi. rifes broad, thin, and flefhy, from the
lower Part of the external Ridge of the
Os humeri, betw^een the Supinator radii Ion-
gus and the Condyle. The other, which I
name Brevis, or Inferior, fprings tendineo-
carnous from the fame Protuberance of
the Os humeri. They both ly on the Out-
fide of the Radius, the laft continuing fle-
Ihy lower down than the firft. The
Longus
infertm. jg iufcrtcd iuto the upper Part of the
Bone of the Metacarpus that fuftains the
fore Finger ; the Brevis into that which
ftays the middle Finger, both being ten-
dinous.
^f'- Its Ufe is to extend the Wrift, and
bring the Hand backwards.

In a Dog it 7nay properly enough he called
Bicornis, becaufe it cannot, without great
Violence^ be parted at its Origin.

Ex-

The Mufcles of the WrisT. ' 107

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Arifes tendinous from the external Pro- origin,
tLiberance of the Os humeri, between the
Anconeus and Extenfor digitorum communis^
and flefhy from the upper Part of the Cubit
laterally, defcending according to the
Length of this Bone, its round Tendon
being inclofed in a Channel dug in its
Extremity, from which, to its Termination,
it pafles through a Ligament like a Sheath.

Is inferted tendinous into the fuperior infertm.
Part of the metacarpal Bone that fupports
the little Finger.

Its Ufe is to affift the Mufcle lafl de- vfe,
fcribed.

A^. B. It is covered with a tendinous
Expanfion, continued down from fome of
the Tendons of the Extenfors of the Cubit ^
which Aponeurofis is finely expanded over
all the Mufcles that ly on the Outfide of
the fore Arm, as that of the Biceps is on
thofe of its Infide.

When this and the Flexor ulnaris acl at
once, the Wrift, with the Hand, is mov-
ed fideways towards the ^Ina,

In a Dog it be/lows a T'endon on the Bone
of the Carpus that Jlands upon another, on
luhich Account this pulls the Carpus a little

out"

ipS The Mufcles of the Wrist.

outwards in Extenjton, which is of a "very
great yldvantage to this yinimal in running.

CHAP. XXXIV.

Of the Mufcles of the four Fingers.

T

""HE Mufcles of the four Fingers I
divide into common and proper.
The common are fuch as belong to all the
four Fingers, being thirteen in Number,
viz, one Extenfor^ two Flexors^ four Lum-
bricales, and fix Interojfei,

Perforatus

criiw. Arifes tendiueo-carnous from the , inner
Protuberance of the Os humeri, tendinous
from the anterior Procefs of the Ulna, near
the Edge of its lunated Cavity, and ten-
• dineo-membranous from about the Middle
of the fore Part of the Radius ; being fo
continued from near the Beginning of the
■Flexor pollicis magnus, three or four Inches
down that Bone, its flelhy Belly divides
into four Tendons before it pafles under
the Ligament of the Wrift, and thefe are

:^rtkn. laferted into the fuperior Part of the fe-
cond Bone of each Finger, that which goes
to the little one being by far the fmallelh

111

The Mufcles of the four Fingers. 109

• In the Palm of the Hand they are united
to one another, and to thofe of the Mufcle
next in order, byfoft llimy Membranes ;
about the Middle of the firft Joint they
are divided for the free PaiGfage of the
Tendons of the TerfiranSy and, where they
unite again, one may obferve a very fair
DecufTation of fome of the tendinous Fi-
laments of one Side running acrofs to the
other; then fubdividing, as Mr. Coivper
has vv^ell remarked, they march for fome
•Space upon the Edges of the Bones be-
fore they are loft upon their upper Parr,
as I have in all Subje6ls obferved.

Its Ufe is to bend the fecond Joint of ^7^«
the Fingers.

In a Dog the Tendons of this Mufcle are
not flit for the paffing of thofe cf the Perfo-
rans, but they form a round Cafe as long as
the frft Joint, which covers thofe on all Sides
in their Taffage, having only a little Hole cf
an oval Figure on its Outfide. They end
without any Subdivifion,

Perforans
Arifes flefhy from all the upper Part of ong^n-
the Ulna laterally, being continued down
its external Ridge or Spine to its Middle,
from the inner Edge and fore Part of that
Bonej and from one Half of the Ligament

that

iio The Mufcles of the four Fingers.

that joins it to the Radius ; the thick, fu-
perior, fleftiy Part of this Mufcle is firmly
kept in by the Fafcia tendinofa that covers
the Mufcles lying on the Outfide of the
fore Arm, as has been already remarked :
Splitting into four Tendons, a little before
it palTes the tranfverfe Ligament of the
Carpus^ they run through the FifTures or
Slits made in the former Tendons, being
continued farther on to their Infertion into
the third Bone of all the four Fingers.
^'^' Its Ufe is to bend the lafl Joint of the
Fingers.

In a Dog it arifes by three diJlinSl flejloy
Originations ; the outermojl proceeds from the
upper and middle Tart of the Radius, the
innermoji arifes from the upper Tart of the
Ulna, being farther continued down mojl of
its Edge : Both thefe Heads are veryfmall ;
hut the middlemoji makes a very large big-
bellied Mufcle, feemingly divided into two or
three, which fprings from the internal Tro-
tuberance of the Os humeri. Thefe three
unite and form a thick and broad Tendon,
which foon fpHts into five fmall Ones ; four
terminating as in Man^ and the fifth ending
in the Thumb*

LUM-

The Mufcks of the FOUR Fingers, in

LUMBRICALES

Thefe four Mufcles arife thin and fle(hy origk.
from the Outfide of the Tendons of the
Flexor profundus^ a little below the Liga-
mentum tranfverfale^ to which, in their
Defcent, they adhere for fome Space, but
parting from thence they gi'ow round and
pretty large. They terminate by long and infertm,
{lender Tendons, which run over the
tranfverfe cartilaginous Ligament placed
upon the Articulation of the firft Bone of
the Fingers, with thofe of the Metacarpus^
into the broad Tendons of the Interojfet^
about the Middle of the firft Internode next
the Thumb laterally.

They are faid to aflift in bending the vfe.
firft Joint of the Fingers.

Extensor digitorum communis
Arifes by an acute Tendon from the ori^n.
outward Extuberance of the Os humeri^
between the Extenfers of the Carpus^ clofe-
ly adhering to the Supinator radii brevis.
Before it pafles under the Ligamentum carpi ^
it fplits into four fiat Tendons, each of
which may be divided into a great many
fmaller. It is chiefly about the Extremity
of the metacarpal Bones that they remic

ten-

,112 The Mufcles of the four Fingers.

tendinous Filaments to each other. Thefe
Tendons are
jnfertm. Infertcd into the upper Part of the fe-
cond Bone of each of the four Fingers,
being tacked to the firft Joint in their
Way thither.
vfe. Its Ufe is to extend the firft and fecond
Joints of the Fingers.

In a Dog it runs to the lajl Bone of each
'Toe^ between the two Ligaments that go
from the fecond Intcmode io the third. The
Ufe of thefe Ligaments is io draw the lafl
Joint backwards and upwards^ and keep it
fufpendedy that the extending Tendon may
not always be, upon the Stretchy as pall be
more fully explained in another Tlace.

Interossei
Are well divided into external and in-
ternal The external fill up all the Space
that the Bones of the Metacarpus leave to-
wards the Back of the Hand. The in-
. ternal, which, properly fpeaking, deferve
not the Appellation of Interofei, arife
from the fore Part of the metacarpal Bones
that refpe6l the Palm of the Hand, being
only confpicuous in the Vola^ and not in
the Dorfum manus^ whereas the external
are apparent in both.

The

The Mufeles of the four Fingers. 113

The firft interoffeGus Mufcle arifes ten- origm.
cVinous and flefhy from all the fore Part of
the Os metacarpiindicis^ between its Head
and Condyle ; as alfo from the upper Part
of the Os metacarpi medii digiti. This,
"which is the lirfl of the internal^ belongs
to the Side of the fore Finger, next the
middle one;

The fecond, w^hich is the firft of the ex- ori^a^,
ternal, arifes from moft of the Outfide of
the Os metacarpi 7nedii d/giti, and a little
tendinous from its fore Part juft' under its
Head, being confpicuous both towards
the Back and Palm of the Hand. This
runs along the Side of the middle Fingei:
next the Index.

The third, which is the fecond of the ortgiK.
external^ and runs along the other Side
of the middle Finger, fills up all the
Space between its metacarpal Bone and
•that which fupports the Ring-Finger, from
both which it fprings, as alfo from fome
of the fore Part of this Bone laterally, be-
ing likeways very confpicuous in the Palm
bf the Hand.

The fourth, which is the fecond of theon/;:,
internal^ belongs to the Side of the Ring-
Finger next the middle one, arifing from
all the fore Part of its metacarpal Bone be-
low its Head.

P The

X 14 T'/i^ Mufcks of the four Fingers.

Origin, The fifth, which is the third of the ex-
ternal^ runs along the other Side of this
Finger, and fills up all the Space between
the metacarpal Bone of this and that of the
little Finger, on the Back of the Hand,
arifing from both thofe Bones.
Cr'^in. The fixth, or third of the internal^ runs
along the Side of the little Finger, next
the Ring-Finger, and arifes tendinous and
flefhy from the anterior Edge of all its
metacarpal Bone.

All thefe Mufcles of both Kinds pals
under the tranfverfe cartilaginous Ligament
already defcribed, and then each of their
flefhy Bellies forms two Tendons ; one is
foon

jnfertm. Lifcrted into the upper Part of the firft
Internode laterally ; the other is dilated ve-
ry broad, fo as to cover moft of the firft
Joint adhering to the Tendon of the Ex-
tenfor ; then, narrowing a little as it ap-
proaches the upper Part of the fecond In-
ternode^ where the laft named Mufcle ends,
it runs obliquely along that Bone to its
Termination at the fuperior Part of the
laft Joint of the Finger, having firft join-
ed with its Fellow of the other Side.
vfe. When the long Tendons ad', they ex-
tend the laft Internode^ and fo fupply v;hat
was wanting in the Extenfor mognus ; and,

when

The Mufcks of the four Fingers. 115

when the (horc Ones are in Action, the
Fingers are moved laterally, /. e. they are
either brought nearer, or drawn farther
from the Thumb.

In a Dog^ feme thing analogous to thefe^ I
ohferve fix Mufcks ; four of which are large,
placed not between y hut in the Hollow of the
metacarpal Bones, and run fir eight down :
T'he other tvjo are very fmall, and run obli-
que. The large arife tendinous and flefey
from the fuperior Tart of the metacarpal
Bones, adhering to the fame in their Defcent:
At the Os fefamoid^um of the fir ft Joints
each divides into two Tendons, and, running
obliquely along the Sides of the Finger or
Taw, they unite infeparably with the Ten-
don of the Extenfor, near the lower Tart of
the fir ft Bone of each fore Toe,

The fir ft of the two little Ones belongs to
the fore Toe, or Index ; it arifes from the
upper Tart of the Os metacarpi medii di-
giti, and, defending obliquely, grows tendi-
nous about the fir ft Joint, and terminates near
the Middle of this Bone laterally internally.

The fecond arifes fro?n the Os metacarpi
of the third fore Toe or Finger, and, after
an oblique Trogrefs, ends in the In fide of the
firft Bone of the little fore Toe, Their Ufe
IS to bring thofe two Toss nearer the middle
Ones,

The

Xi6 7'he Mufcles of the four Fingers*

The proper Mufcles of the Fingers are
fuch as belong either to the fore or little
Finger.

CHAP. XXXV.
Of the Mufcles of the fore Finger.

'^T^HE fore Finger, or Index^ has three
X Mufcles.

Extensor secundi internodii indigis
pROPRiUs, vulgo Indicator,
Arifes by an acute flefliy Beginning
from the Middle of the Vina, immediate-
ly below the Extenfores poUicis) turning
tendinous, it paffes under the fame annular
Ligament with the Extenfor communis.
hfcrtion, Is inferred at the upper Part of the fe-
cond Joint, on the Infide of the Extenfor
magnus.
vfi' . Its Ufe is to extend the fore Finger a
little obliquely.

In a Dog it is inferted into the laji Joint*

Extensor tertii internodii indicis
cri.i,. Arifes fleihy from all the Outfide of the
Os mctacarpi that fuftains the Index.

Is

Cmiii.

The Mufcles of the fore Finger, I17

Is inferted by two Tendons like thej«/a;w«.
Interojjei^ .i. e. by a (hort one into the up-
per Part of its firft Bone laterally, and by
a broad and long one into the upper Part
of its lail Bone, being united with the
Mufculus interojljeus primus,
' The fliort Tendon draws the Index vfi-
from the reft, and fo may retain the Ap-
pellation of Abductor ; the long Tendon
affifts this Interojfeus in extending the third
or laft Joint of the fore Finger.

This Mufcle is wanting in a Dog.

Abductor

Arifes broad and fiefhy from the fupe- on^.,i,
rior Part and Outfide of the firft Bone of
the Thumb.

Is inferted by a ihort Tendon into the mrtm.
upper Part of the firft Bone of the fore
Finger, laterally, next the Thumb.

Its Ufe is to bring the Index towards r?,
the Thumb, by drawing it from the mid-
dle Finger; whence, in refpeft of this, it
may be ftiled Addu8or, and, in refpcft of
tijat^ yibducior.

This is ivanting" in a Do^,

CHAP.

\likl''^>

1 18 The Mufcles of the little Finger^

CHAP. XXXVI.

Of the Mufcles of the little Finger.

THE Digitus auricularis has three
proper Mufcles, and one common
to it with the Extenfor communis, reckon-
ed by fome a proper Mufcle, and named

Extensor minimi digiti.

It is faid to arife from the external Pro-
tuberance of the Humerus, and from the
upper Part of the Ulna ; but, in my Opi-
nion, it ought not to be reckoned a Mui-
cle diftind: from the Extenfor communis,
becaufe it cannot be feparated from it
without cutting. Truth it is, it pafFes its
Tendon under a Ligamentum annulare di-
ftinft from the other three Tendons, but
tliat is far from being fufEcient to confti-
tuce a particular Mufcle.

All that prominent fofc flelhy Mais that
lyes on the Os metacarpl minimi digiti, in
the Palm of the Hand, is called in Greek
Hypothenar, in as much as it is placed be-
low that Part called Thenar. This I find
always eafily divilible into three Mufcles,
"jiz.

Exten-

7^^ Mufcles of the little Finger. 119
Extensor tertii internodii minimi

DIGITI

Arifes flefhy, mixed with fome tendi- onik.
nous Fibres, from the Bone of the Carpus
that ftands upon the third of the firft
Rank, as alfo from the Ligament that tyes
that Bone to the Os metacarpi of the lit-
tle Finger.

Is inferted after the Manner of the /;;- Jnptm,
ierojjei^ i. e. by a fhort Tendon into the
upper Part of the firft Bone of this Finger
laterally, and by a long Tendon into the
upper Part of the laft Bone, having join-
ed the Interojfeus of the other Side.

Its Ufe is to help to extend this laft vfi-
Joint, and to draw the Finger from the
reft, when the Ihort one only ads.

Abductor minimi digiti, Hypothe-
nar RioL

Arifes flefhy from the thin protuberat- origh.
ing Part of the eighth Bone of the Wrift.

Is inferred by a pretty long and round infirtm.
Tendon, on the Infide of the Ihort Ten-
don of the above defcribed Mufcle, near
the upper Part of the firft Bone of this
Finger.

It

I20 The MufcJes of the little Finger.

^^f'- It ferves not only to abdiice the little
Finger from the reft, but alfo to bend it
a little,

Flexor primi interkodii minimi

DIGITI

Origin, Arifes tendinous and flefhy from the in-
ferior Part of the thin Edge of the eighth
Bone of the Wrift, and from all the inner
Side of the Os metacarpi that fuftains this
Finger : At the Condyle^ or round Part of
this Bone, it divides into two Tendons,
which are inferted on each Side of the
upper Part of the firft Bone of the Finger.
^^^'- Its Ufe IS to affitt in bending the firft
Internode of the little Finger.

Thefe three are wanting in a Dog.

CHAP. XXXVII.

Of the Mufdes of the Thumb.

THE Thumb, or Tollex manus^ which
is equal in Strength to all the reft
of the Fingers, oppofire to which it is
placed like another Hand, is moved by
nine Mufcles.

Flexor

The Mufcles of the Tpiumb. 121

Flexor tertii internodii •
Arifes by an acute flefhy Beginning origin.
from the upper Part of the Radius, a little
below the Tern:iination of the Biceps,
which Oriffin is continued down for fome
Space on the fore Part of this Bone, in a
double Order of (hort jflelhy Fibres end-
ing in the Tendon that runs in their Mid-
dle.

Is inferted into the third or lafi Bone infenm.
of the Thumb, having pafled its Tendon
under feveral annular Ligaments that come
from one Side of its fecond Bone to the o-
ther Side.

Its Ufe is to bend this laft Joint. Vjh

Flexor secundi internodil
This may be divided into two diflinft oripn.
Mufcles, between which the Tendon of
the former Mufcle runs. The outermofl
arifes from the Bone of the Carpus with
which the Thumb is joined. The inner-
moji arifes from Part of the fame Bone, and
alfo from the upper Part of the Os meta-
carpi indicis and Isiedii digit i, in common
with the AdduHor. They are both

Inferted into the two 0[ja Jefamoidcea of I'fnhn,
the fecond Joint of the Thumb.

Q^ Their

122 T'he Mufcles of the Thumb.

vje. Their Ufe is to bend this Joint or Inter-
node.

Flexor primi internodii
Origin. Arifes flefiiy from the Ligamentum tranf-
verfale^ and the Bone of the Carpus that
articulates with the Thumb, lying under
the Abda8or.
jnfertm, Is inferted into all the Infide of the firll
Bone of the Thumb.
vfi' Its Ufe is to bend this Joint.

Extensor primi internodii
Origin, Arifes flefhy from the upper and exter-
nal Part of the Ulna^ immediately below
the Termination of the Ancon£us^ from
the back Part of the Radius^ below its Su-
pinator brevlsy and from the membranous
Ligament that tyes thefe two Bones toge-
ther.
jnfcrtion, Is infcrtcd always by two, and very of-
ten by three diftin6t Tendons ; the firft is
a large and round Tendon, which feems
to be a Bundle of a great many fmall Ones,
terminating into the upper Part of the firft
Bone of the Thumb ; the fecond Tendon
is loft in the flelhy Beginning of the Ab-
duBor polUcis ; and the third, which in fome
Subjeds is wanting, is implanted into that

Bone

The Mufcles of the Thuimb. 123

Bone of the Carpus that articulates with
the Thumb.

Its Ufe is to extend the firft Bone of ^A
the Tollex.

Extensor secundi internodii
Arifes flefhy from the back Part of the origu,
Radius\ about the Middle of the flefhy
Belly of the former, into which, in its De-
fcent, it firmly adheres ; it has a fecond O-
rigin from fome Part of the membranous
Ligament.

Is inferted into the upper Part of the infirtm,
fecond Bone of the Thumb.

Its Ufe is to extend the fecond Internode,

Extensor tertii internodii
Ari(es by an acute tendinous and flefhy <^^¥«'
Beginning from the XJlna^ a little below
the Origin of the firfl Extenfer^ as like-
ways from the Ligament that connects
the two Bones. Its Tendon runs in a
proper Channel at the Extremity of the
Radius.

Is inferted into the third and lafl: Bones infertim,
of the Tollex.

Its Ufe is to extend the laft Joint in vfe. '
bringing it backv/ards.

Abdug-

124 T'/?^ Mufcles of the Thumb.

Abductor, Thenar Riol
Qrigm. Arifes by a broad, tendinous and flefhy
Beginning from the tranfverfe Ligament
of the Carpus, and from one of its Bones
that articulates with the Thumb.
I'^firtion. Is inferted tendinous into the fecond
Joint of the Tollex digitorum manus.
vfi. Its Ufe is to draw the Thumb from
the Fingers, j

Abductor ad indicem, Antithenar
Riol.

crvrin. Arifes from the Outfide of the upper
Part of the Os metacarpi indicts,
jnp-tm. Is inferted into the firft Joint of the
Thumb, fending off a thin Tendon which
runs along with the Extenfor pollicis longus,
W- Its Ufe is to draw the Thumb nearer
the fore Finger.

Adductor ad minimum digitum
cris'W' Arifes a little tendinous, but chiefly fle-
fhy, from the whole Length of the meta-
carpal Bone that fufl:ains the middle Finger,
from thence its Fibres, contracting equally
on both Sides, do run up to the Thumb.
js:/crtm. Is infcrted into its fecond Joint a little
below one of its Seed-like Bones.

Its

The MMfcles of the Thumb. 125

Its Ufe is to bring the Thumb towards vfi,
the Ring and little Fingers.

The Thumb of a Dog, or that Range of
Bones fet off at feme Difance from the 0-
ther Fingers or Claws, is only provided with
one Extenfor and one Flexor.

Extenfor. The Origin, Trogrefs and
Termination of this Mufcle is very little dif-
ferent from the Extenfor tertii internodii
^ pollicis in Man, being a thin fiat Mufcle,
partly tendinous and partly fiefijy, which fills
up the Cavity or Hollownefs between the Ul-
na and Radius.

Flexor is an exceeding fmall Mufcle^
which arifeth fiefiy from one of the Bones of
the Carpus, and ends fo into the fecond In-
ternode of what is analogous to a Thumb in
this Animal.

CHAP. XXXVIII.

Of the Mufcles of the Radius.

'^HE Radius, or fecond Bone of the
Cubit, is bended and extended by
the Mufcles of that Part, already defcrib-
ed, in common with the Ulna; but, be-
fides, it has four Mufcles fubfervient to its
own Motions of Tronation and Supination.

Pro-

126 The Mufcles of the Radius.

Pronator teres
crigirt. Arifes fleftiy from the Os humeri^ a little
above its internal Protuberance, tendinous
and flefliy from that Procefs, and entirely
tendinous from the anterior Apophyjes of
the Ulna.
jnfirtm. \% iufcrted thin and tendineo-carnous
into the Middle of the external Part of the
Radius.
^fi' Its Ufc is to turn the Radius^ together
with the Carpus and whole Hand, in-
wards, and the Palm downwards ; which
Motion is called Tronation.

Pronator quadratus
origh. Arifo broad, membranous and flefliy,
from the lower and inner Part of the Ulna^
and, pafling tranfverfely,
injertion. Is iufcrtcd, of the fame Breadth, into
the external and lower Part of the Radius.
vfe. Irs Ufe is to aflilt the former in the prone
Tofttkn of the Hand.

In a Dog it lyes upon the Membrane that
joins the tivo Bone's of the Cubit together^
to both ivhich it adheres^ and near the lower
End of the Ulna it fends off a 'Tendon oblique-
ly to the Extremity of the Radius, where it
terminates.

Su-

T'he Mufeles of the Radius. 127

Supinator longus

Arifes acute and fleihy from the exter- origu,
nal Ridge of the Os humeri^ two or three
Fingers Breadth above the Beginning of
the Bicornls,

Is inferted into the external and inferior infenm.
Part of the Radius, near the Carpus,

Its Ufe is to turn the Radius, &c. out- vfi>
wards, and the Palm of the Hand up-
wards, which Motion is called Supination.

T'his is wanting in a Dog.

Supinator brevis

Arifes tendinous from the external Pro- origin^
tuberance of the Os humeri, and tendineo-
carnous from the external and upper Part
of the Ulna, adhering ftriftly to the Mem-
brane that involves the Articulation of
thefe two Bones.

Is inferted into the Infide of the Radius, inp^m.
above, but chiefly below, the Infcrrion of
the Biceps.

Its Ufe is to affifl: the former in pulling vfi-
the Radius backwards in ihQ fipine Tojiti-
on of the Hand.

CHAP,

3 28 The Mufcles of the Thigh.

C H A P. XXXIX.

Of the Mufcles of the Thigh.

THE Os femoris^ or Thigh Bone, has
lixteeii Mufcles.

Psoas magnus

crigiA. Arifes fiefhy from the Body of the low-
ermoft Vertebra thoracis laterally, from the
Sides of all the Vertebrae of the Loins by
fo many carnous diftindl: Slips, and a little
tendinous from all the tranfverfe ProcefTes,

jnferthn. Is infertcd tendinous into the lefler Tro-
chanter of the Os femorlsy and flefhy into
the Bone a little below that Procels.
Vfe. Its Ufe is to bend the Thigh, by bring-
ing it forewards.

Iliacus internus
Origin. Ariies flefhy from all the internal Cavity
of the Os ilium, and the Infide of its ante-
rior Spine; it joins in with the former
where it begins to become tendinous, in
jnftrtm. commou with which it is inferted.

vfs. Its Ufe is to bend the Thigh, and bring
it diredly forewards in Progreflion,

Peg-
TrdsleBio fexia.

The Miifiles of the Thigh. I2<;

Pectinalis

Arifes broad and flelhy from the Spine, <^ng^*^^
or fuperior and inner Part of the Os pubis.

Is inferted into the Os femoris^ a little i#/;:«.
below the lefler Trochanter^ by a fiat and
fliort Tendon.

Its Ufe is to bend the Thigh-Bone by t^A
drawing it upwards.

//; a Dog it ar'ifes by a round and flefy
Beginning from the Os pubis, andfoon turns
into a broad and thin Tendon, zvhich terminates
at the inner Condyle of the Femur.

Glut.^us maximus
- Arifes flefhy from the upper Part of the -''¥'^'
Os^ coccyglsy membranous and flelhy from
all the double Spines of the Os facrum
and one or two of its lowermoft fingle
Ones, from all the external Edge of that
Bone below the pofterior Spine of the
Os ilium, from two Ligaments that run
from the Ifchion to the Osfacrum, i. e, one
from its /harp Trocefs, the other from its
Tubercle, (over which Part of this Mufcle
hangs in a large Fold) and entirely flefhy
from more than one Half of the circular
Edge of the Ilitm, from the reft of which
forewards it fprings by a thin and broad
Tendon; through which one may difcover
R Part

I30 The Mufcks of the Thigh.

Part of the fubjacent Mufcle infeparably
joined to that of the Memhranoftis.
jnfcrtm. Is infeitcd by a large and thick Tendon
into \hQ Femur, at a verv confiderable
Roughnefs at one Side of the upper Part
of the Lineafemoris afpera^ a little below
the great Trochanter.
vfe. Its Ufe is to extend the Thigh, by pul-
ling it directly backwards.

Gluteus ivtedius
orifm. Arifes flefhy from all the outer Lip or
Edge of the Spine of the Ilium, except its
pofterior Part, where it fprings from the
Cojla of that Bone.
jfertion. Is infcrtcd into the Breadth of the great
Trochanter by a broad Tendon.
^A Its Ufe is to affift the former.

Glutj<:us minimus
Origin. Arifes Hefhy from the lower Part of
the outer or back Side of the Os ilium,
forewards from the Edge of its anterior
Spine, and backwards from the Edge of
its great Sinus.
Jnfcrtm. Is iufcrted by a large Tendon along the
fore and upper Part ui the great Trochan-
ter, and by a fmall one into th^ Neck of I
the Os fenioris. > i

Its

i#

77;^ Mufcles of the Tmcn^ 131

Its Ufe is to affift the two former in yfe>
extending the Thigh.

h a Dog I call the firjl Glutasus exter-
nus ; // arifes meinbranous from almoft all
the external Tart of the Spine of the ilium,
which joining with another flefiy Beginning
from the Sacrum, and from the Ligament
that is extended betzveen that Bone and the
Ifchium, // becomes altogether carnous about
the Middle of the Mufcle that lies under ity
and terminates tendinous a little below the
great Trochanter extrnally.

The fecond^ or Medius, is by far the
large/i, and arifes flepy from all the Spine of
the Ilium, filling up the hollow Tart of that
Bone, being inferted tendinous into the upper
and external Tart of the great Trochanter.

The third, or internus, arifes flefly from
the Middle of the Os ilium externally, ad-
hering in its Defcent to both its Sides ; the
fuperior and inner Tart oj the great Tro-
chanter being the Tlace of its partly tendi--
nous and partly flejhy Infer t ion,

Pyriformis, feu Iliacus externus,
Arifes thick, broad and flefhy from ^^%"''
the inferior Part of the Os facrum next
the Ilium, from which Bone alfo it de-
rives fome Part of its Origin ; growing

•

132 The Miifcles of the Thigh.

gradually narrower it becomes tendinous,
■ and
jrifinm. Is inferred into the upper Part of the
Dent, or Cavity, at the Root of the great
'Trochanter,
ufe. Its Ufe is to move the Os femoris up-
wards, and turn it fomewhat outwards.

Marsupialis, feu Obturator in-

TERNUS,

crkiiu Arifes flelhy from the Os ilium ^ Ifchium
and Ttibis, round the internal Circumfe-
rence of the great Hole common to the
two lait n^imed Bones. . Its Infide is ten-
dinous, being divided into feveral fmall
Ones, which unite before its Termination.
j,fcrim. Is inferred tendinous into the Dent, or
Cavity, at the Root of the.great 7r^i;A^;^/^r.
vfc. Its Uie is to affift the former in the
moviiig the Os femoris obliquely and fe-
micircularly outv/ards.

Gemini ^
cirh:. Arc two very diftindl Mufcles, united
by a carnous Membrane both above and
beJc'^^j forming as it were a Marfupitim,
or Purfe, for the Reception of the Ten^
don of the kit defcribed Mufcle. Hie fu+
perior arifes from the acute Procefs of the
Ifchium. and tlie inferior from the outer

Part

The. Mufcles of the TniGif. 133

Part of the Knob or blant Protuberance of
that Bone, as alfo from the Ligament thac
runs from thence to the Os facrum. They
are both

Inferted flefhy into the .Cavity of the M^m*
great Trochanter.

Between thefe two fmall Mufcles the vfe.
Tendon of the Marfupialis runs to its In-
fertion, and they ferve not only to turn
the Os femoris outwards, but to preferve
that Tendon from being hurt by the
Hardnefs of the Sinuofity of the Ifchhim
which it paffes through, as alfo to hinder
it from flipping out of that Cavity while
the Mufcle is in Aftion.

QUADRATUS FEMORIS

Arifes broad, -tendinous and ilcfhy from on^.
the Outfide of the Protuberance of the
Os jfchium^ and, palling tranlVerfely,

Is inferted into the Outfide of the great Jnp&^
'trochanter^ reaching as low down as the
litde one.

Its {]k is to bring the Thigh-Bone out- vfi^
wards.

In a Dog it arifes from the Tubercle f
//:^£?Ifchium, and fore T art of the fame Bone
near the great Foramen.

Triceps,

134 "^^^^ Mufcles of the Thigh.

TpacEPs.
Under this Appellation are compre-
hended four very diftind: Mufcles, which,
from their Ufe, I name as follows.

Adductor femoris primus
ori^^n. Airifes, by a ftrong roundifh Tendon,
from the upper Part of the Os pubis^ next
the TeBin^us, above the Gracilis ; which
turning into a compad fiefliy Belly, it be-
gins to be
jtifertm. Inferted tendinous about the Middle of
the Li^iea ajpera, being continued down
upon the fame five or fix Inches, fending
out a Tendon which joins in with that of
the fourth Head.

Adductor femoris secundus
Origin. Arifes from the Of pubis ^ immediately
under the Gracilis, by a bread tendinous,
but chiefly flefhy Beginning, and
inferih:. Is infcrtcd into the Linea afpera, from
a little below the leSevTrochafitery to the
firfl: Infertion of the lail defcribed Mufcle.

Adductor femoris tertius
ori^k. Arifes lower down than the former,
from the outer Edge of the Os pubis and
JJabium, and, running obliquely towards
the Trochanter minor^

Is

The Mufcles of the Thigh. 13.5

Is inferted near the Gluteus maximus, ^»Mton.

Adductor femoris quartus
Arifes from the Protuberance of the origin.
I/chhpn, and the adjoining interior Part of
that Bone, by a tendinous and flefhy O-
rigination.

Is inferted by a round and long Ten- in/ertm,
don into the upper and rough Part of the
inner and lower Appendix of the Osfimo-
rls, being affixed to that Bone a little above
the Condyle, as alfo to fome Part of the
Linea afpera.

The Ufe of all thefe four Mufcles is to vfe.
adduce or move the Thigh-Bone inwards,
according to their diiierent Directions.

Obturator externus

Arifes flefhy from all tlie lov/er Part of <^>-¥'''
the Os pubis and Ifchium, round the outer
Circumference of theit great Foramen, ad-
hering firmly to its Membrane.

Is inferted by a ftrong Tendon into a Lifirthn,
Cavity at the Root of the great Trochanter,

Its Ufe is to turn the Thigh-Bone ob- vfi^
liquely outwards.

In a Dog there is yet ohfervahle a fmall
fiejhy Mufcle arijtng from the Os ilium,
near the Edge of its Cavity, called Acetabu-
lum; md, rumnng obliquely over the y^rticu-

latlon

x^S - TheMufcles of the Thigh-

la t ion of ?/?<? Femur, is ifferted into thai
Bone betzveen the Vaftus internus and Cm-
rseus. I ;/^7;^^ /> Mufculus parvus in arti-
culatione femoris fitus.

CHAP. XL.

Of the Mufcles of the Os cogcygIs.

nr^HE Bone joined to the Extremity
i of the Os facrum, called Coccyx^ ha$
one Mufcle on each Side, whiQh 1 call

COCCYG.^US '5^ * *.

ongin. It arifes tendineo-carnous from the acute
Proceis of the Os ifchium^ between the
Ligament that reaches from thence to the
Os facrum^ and one of the Heads of 'the
Gemini', from this narrow Beginning \%
gradually "dilates itfelf into a thin fleihy
Belly, interfperfed with fome tendinous
Fibres.

irjei^m. Is inferted into the whole Length of
the Os coccygis laterally.
v^i. Its Ufe is to draw that Bone inwards
or forewards after the Excretion of hard-
ned Fceccs^ <6'^.

iV. B. The two Ligaments that anta-
gonize this Pair of Mufcles fhall be exacV;

The Mufcks of the Os coccygis» 'I^^%

ly defcribed in my human and comparative
Ofteology, which I defign to publifii in a
fhort T ime. In my Inquiry after a Mufcle
mentioned by the famous Rlolan^ under the
Name of levator anl quiaius^. which he
fays Coccygi (^ ofjis Jacri extremo affigitur^
I happily difcovered this Mufcle.

The Tail of a Dog, zvhich is only an E-
longation of this Bone, is furnijhed zuith A-
■himdance of Mufcles fuhfervient to its many
Motions : But with 'their particular De-
fer ipt ions I think it needlefs either to trouble
ray f elf or the Reader.

CHAP. XLL

Of the Mufcles of the Leg.

T

"^HE Leg, made up of two Bones
called Tibia and Fibula, has eleven
Mufcles ; of which, thofe that arife from
the Os tnnominatuni^ and areinferted into
either of thefe two Bones, are reckoned
common both to the Thieh and Lep.
whereas thole which (pring from the Os
fcnmris, and end in the Tibia, are account-
ed proper to the Leg only.

S Mem-

J3S T^^ Mufcles of the Leg/

Membranosus

oright. Arifes, by a narrow, tendinous and fle-
fliy Beginning, from the fore Part of the
Spine of the Ilium externally ; a little be-
low the great Trochanter its flelhy Belly
grows wholly tendinous, and covers the
two Vajii and ReBus^ being firmly affixed
to all the Linea afpera in its Defcent.

hfm'm. Its proper Termination is into the fu-
perior Appendix of the Tibia laterally, be-
tween its Tubercle and the Head of the
Fibula, fending down an Expanfion to
envelope the Tibialis anticus. From the
Infide of the Thigh it is continued down
upon the Leg, without any remarkable
Adhefion to the Head of the Tibia m its
Way thither.
vfe. Its Ufe is to extend the Leg, and turn
it a little outwards ; and, by virtue of its
large Aponeurofis, it mightily ftrengthens
the Action of the Mufcles over which it is
fpread, by keeping them tight in their
Places, eir.

■ In a T>og it is divided into tivo very di-
Jl'inH Mufcles : The fuperior fprings from
z/;^ Spine ayid Half of the Cofta of the Os i-
lium, forming a thick flepy Belly as it de-
fends freight upon the Rectus; and, about

three

The Mufcles of the Leg. 139

three or four Inches below its Origin^ it
dilates into a me?nbranou9 Tendon, by which
it is inferted into the Patella and Head of
the Tibia. Which Fafcia or tendinous Ex-
panfion is extended and fpread over that of
the Biceps, and, together with it, covers all
the Mufcles of the fame Side down to the
Foot. Now, the contrary Difpoftion, or De-
cufation of the Fibres of theje two Fafcia,
does very much frengthen the Aclion,and aug-
ment the Force of the Mujcles that ly under
them.

The inferior arifes, from the lower Tart
of the fuperior Cofla of the Ilium, thin and
flefy ; a little belovj that it becomes inembra-
nous, and is expanded over the tvjo Valti and
Red: us, firmly adhering to the In fide of the
Thigh- Bone ; its tendinous Expanfion joins
in with that of the Gluteus Medius below
the great Trochanter.

Sartorius
Arifes tendinous from the fore Part of orighu
the Spine of the Os iliujn iniernally, but
foon becomes flefhy, and, defcending, runs
down for fome Space upon the RetluSy
and then, going obliquely inwards, it paf-
fes over the Vafius internus, and about the
Middle of the Os femoris over Part of the
Triceps^ between the Tendon of v/hich

and

jAp Xhe Mtifcles of the h-EG.

,and the Mufadus gracilis it defcends far-
ther.
jiption.-^ Is inferted tendinous into the fore Part
of the Tibia internally, near its Spine^ at a
little Diltance hom the lower Part of its
:^ Appendix,.
vfi.^^x:. its y lev is- to move the Leg obliquely,
.or bring one Leg and Thigh crols the o-
ther. : , ,

... In a Dog it arifes fiefy from the Cofta
■mcfir th^ S^''d^Q internally, and ends near the
tipper Tart of the Infide of the Ridge that
^ii in the- Middle of the Tibia.

Rfxtus

-b -•,,„,.Ari{es flefhy fom a Tubercle in the
4&w€r Part of the anterior Spine of the
Jdium^ and.. tendinous from the Cofia ilii
a little above the Acetabulum.
s^pu,;i. Is inicrted tendinous into the upper Part
of the Os patelU,
ufe. Its Ufe is to extend the Leg.

In a Dog it arifes tendinous and flcfy
fnmi the louuer Tart of the Coil a cfns ilii,
■md^ firming a large round fofiy Bcny^ de-
fiends as, in Man,

Vastus

T'be Mtffcles cf the Leg. 141

Vastus externus

Arifes broad, tendinous and fiefliy from ^ngm-
the great Trochanter and upper Pan of the
Line a a /per a.

Is inierted into the Head of the Tatella infinicn,
■laterally.

Its tJ le is to extend the Leg. ^fi-

Vastus internus

Arifes tendinous and fiefhy from the origin.
Os femcris, near the little Trochanter,

Is inferted tendinous into the Infide of ^>'M'°'^
the Tatella^ continuing fiefhy lower down
than the lad.

Its Ule is to extend the Leg in bringing vfi,
it upw^ards.

iV. Z?. From the lower Point of the
Tatella there goes a ftrong thick Liga-
ment, which is affixed to a Tubercle on the
fore and upper Part of the Tibia ; by vir-
tue of which the Extenfion of the Leg is
as eafily performed, as if the Tendons of
the extending Mufcles were inferted there.
In a Dog the Vaftus internus arifes from
the Neck of the Femur inteniallj,

Crur^us
Arifes fiefhy from between the tw^o Tr^- c;.:^i;
chanters of the Femur ^

Is

142 T'he Mufcles of the Leg.

jnfirtm. Is infei'ted tendinous into the Tatella
under the Retlus.
W' Its Ufe is to affifl in the Extenfion of
the Leg or 'Tibia,

A Dog has a fifth Extenfor, which^ be-
caufe it ?nuft be deimnftrated firft^ I call Ex-
tenfor tibise prinfius Cani proprius. It a-
rifes from the Spine and Half the Cofla of
the Ilium. In its Defcent it adheres to the
Sartorius by a Membrane^ and terminates in-
to the Patella.

Gracilis
mgh. Arifes by a thin and broad Tendon
from the Os pubis, near its Commifure ; it
foon grows flefhy, and, defcending by the
Infide of the Thigh,
liifcrt'm. Is inferted tendinous into the Infide of
the Tibia near the Sartorius,
Ufe. Its Ufe is to bend the Thigh and Leg
inwards.

In a Dog it arifes hy a fmall Tendon from
■ the Tuberoftty of the Ifchium, ivhich afcends
obliquely to the lower and fore Tart of the
Os pubis, where, going a little crofs in a
freight Line, it meets with that of its FeU
low on the other Side, whereby the two Muf-
cles become united. Near its Termination it
fends off a Tendon that runs down upon the
Tibia, and alfo a hrgad membranous Expan-

fnn

The Mufcles of the Leg. 143

/?(?;/, "duhich, uniting %vith that of the Biceps
and Membranofiis, is continued all over the
Leg and Foot,

Seminervosus

Arifes flefhy, in common with the long- ongin,
eft Head of the Biceps, from the back
Part of the Protuberance of the Ifchium.

Is inferted by a flat Tendon at the In- infenhn.
fide of the Ridge of the Tibia, about an
Inch below the Termination of the Liga-
ment that comes from the Tatella. From
its Tendon, about the Head of the Tibia,
there goes off a tendinous Expanfon conti-
nued down over the Mufcles on the Inlide
of the Leg.

Its Ufe is to bend the Leg backwards, vj.
and bring it a little inwards.

Semimembranosus

Arifes tendinous from the upper Part oiorigk^
the Tuberofity of the Ifchium. In its De-
fcent it runs under the Head of the Biceps,
between which and the former Mufcle it
runs down the back Side of the Thigh.

Is inferted tendinous into the fuperior jr^rtm.
and back Part of the Head of the Tibia,
where fome Part of its Tendon is mixed
with a Ligam.ent that comes from the Ti-
bia, and ends in both Condyles : or perhaps

the

144 ^^^ Mufcles of the Leg.

the Ligament fprings from the latter, and
ends m the former.
^A Its Ufe is to bend the Leg, by bring-
ing it direftly backwards.

Biceps.

Qrii'm. 'Yhh Mufcle has two Beginnings ; its
fiiperior Head arifes tendinous and fleniy,
in common with the Seminervofus^ from
the Tuber ojity of the Ifcbium ; the inferior
arifes from the Linea afpera^ a little below
the Termination of the Gluteus major ^ by
a flefhy acute Beginning, which foon
grows broader as it defcends to join in
with the other.
j^ifertion. Is infcrtcd tendinous into the upper
Part of the Head of the Fibula, Part of
its Tendon reaching to the Head of the
Tibia next it.

iV. B. Near its Infertion it parts with
a tendinous Expanfion which covers the
Mufcles lying on the Outfide of the Leg.
W'- Its Ufe is to bend the Leg.

In a Dog the t hi eke ft and largeft Begin-
ning of this Mufcle arifes partly from the
Knob of the Ifchium, and partly from a Li-
gament that goes from the Os facrum to the
forefaid Trotuberance. In its Defcent it
fpreads itfelf into a broad and flefy Belly^
which covers Tart of the Gaftrocna^mius.

The

The Mufcles of the Leg. 1 45

The other Head^ luhich is very final !, round
and fief y, arfes by a long and finall Tendon
from the fame Ligament, Thefe tvjo join
and unite about the Ham ; a little lower they
grow tendinous^ and are fo inferted into the
upper and f re Tart of the Ridge of the Os
tibise. 'This Mufcle fends off a very broad
and tendinous Expanpon^ vjhich covers all
the Mufcles on the Outfde of the Leg^frmly
adhering to the Middle of the fore Tart of the
Os tibi^ in its Defcent to the Foot : The
pofterior Tart of this Fa(cia is formed into
a d/Jiinci Tendon, vjhich, joining in with the
Chorda magna, ends in the Os calcis.

Poplitj:us

Arifes by a round Tendon from the orighu
Edge of a Cavity in the lowerPart of the
external Condyle oi the Femur backwards :
then, running under the Ligament thai in-^
volves the Joint, and (Iriclly adhering to
Part of the Cartilago lunata, it becoiTies
flefhy as it perforates the Ligament, and
joins in with another flelhy Beginning pro-
ceeding from the fame Membrane.

Is inferted into the fuperior Part of the i^#^w.
Tibia internally.

Its Ufe is to move the Leg obliquely W^^
outwards, and aiTift in bending the lame.

T C H A P.

146 The Mufcles of the Foot.

CHAP. XLIL

Of the Mufcles of the Foot.

THE Foot, or Tarfus^ is moved by
fix Mufcles.

Extensor tarsi suralis, vel Exten-
sor MAGNUS,

Is made up of four Heads or Beginnings;
the two outermoft form the Mufcle com-
monly called Gajlrocnemius externus and
Gemellus,
Origin, One of them arifes from the back Part
of the internal Condyle of the Femur ^ and
from the Bone itfelf, a little above it, by
two thick and (hort Tendons. The other
Head arifes tendinous from a little Knob
on the outer Condyle^ juft above the Be-
ginning of the Toplit^us^ but foon turns
flefhy. A little below the Joint their cur-
nous Bellies unite in a middle Tendon,
and below the Middle of the Tibia it ceafes
to be flefhy.

The two innermoft are known by the
Name oi Gajlrocnemius internus and Solans*
One Head comes from the upper and
back Part of the Appendix of the Fibula^
continuing to derive fomc of its flefliy Ft-

brilhe

The Mufcles of the Foot. 147

brilla from the pofterior Edge of that
Bone, for fome Space below the Meet-
ing of the Tendons. The other Head
fprings from the back Part of the Tibia^
about the Middle of theflefhy Part of the
Toplit£us^ and from thence it is continu-
ed down the Edge of the Bone as low as
the other.

The Tendons of thefe four Heads join,
and make one great Tendon, called Chor-
da magna and Tendo Achillis,

Is inferted into the fuperior and hinder- M^'^t^'^^^
moft Part of the Os calcis^ which, projec*
ting beyond the Os tibidSy occafions a
confidcrable Diftance between the Ten-
don and that Bone. The Middle and
upper Part of thefe two inferior Heads, be-
tween the Bones whence they fpring, is a-
dorned with a tendinous Edge in Form
of an Arch, under which all the great Vef-
fels, <^K, of the Leg pafs.

Its Ufe is to extend the Foot, in bring- v/e.
ing it backwards and downwards.

This gr€at Excenfor in a Dog has but two
Beginnings^ and thofe tendinous and flepy
fram the two OlTa fefamoid^a that adhere to
the two Condyles of theYcmux, and flefy
from tl7€ io'n>cr 'Fart vf the fame Bone.

ExTEK-

148 .The Mufcles of the Foot.

Extensor tarsi minor, vulgo
Plantaris,
crighu Arifes narrow, thin and flefhy from the
upper and back Part of the external Pro-
tuberance of the Os femoris^ adhering to
the Membrane that involves the Joint in
its Defcent. It foon becomes a long, ilen-
der, thinTendon, which, emerging from
between the flelhy Bellies of the Extenfor
magnusy marches by thelnfide of its great
Tendon, and
j^fertm. Is infcrtcd at the Extremity of the Os
calcis below the Chorda rnagna^ and fome-
times alfo it ends into the fame Bone by
two Tendons laterally.
vfi. Its Uie is to affill: the former in the
Extenfion of the Foot,

In a Dog the flefliy Belly of this Mufcle
arifes in common with the Flexor digitorum
communis, to zuhi^ch it adheres inje par ably
a good Way down ; its Tendon is "very diJIinB,
md ends in the Os calcis.

iV. Z?. The tendinous jlponeurofts^ ex-
panded over the Mulcies in the Bottom
or Sole of the Foot, immediately under
the Far, arifes, by two narrow Beginnings,
from the inferior and poilerior Part of the
Os calcis, hard by the Origin of the Mttf
cuius fiihiimis. The largeft adheres fninly

10

'The Mufcles of the Foot. 149

to thefiefhy Pare of that Mufcle, its mem-
brauoLis Edge being fpread upon the ad-
jacent j4ddti8or pollicis^ and is tacked down
between thefe two Mufcles to the Bones,
It fplits into four Tendons, each of ihem
being foon after fubdivided into two, be-
tween which the Flexor es digit onim pais.
Is inferted into both Sides of that cartila-
ginous Body that covers the firll Joint of
the Toes. The other Beginning of this
Expanfio tendinofa comes from the fame
Bone, but more externally, and, going
forewards, covers one Half one of the ylb-
duElor minimi digiti, being joined to the
former by a thin Tendon. Is inferted
partly into the upper Part of the Os meta-
tar ft minimi digiti^ and pardy by a long
Tendon into the Extremity of the Os me-
tatarji^ near its Articulation with the third
Toe. Its Ufc is to preferve the fubjacent
Parts from being compreffed in Handing,
walking, 6t. as alfo to aflift the Flexion
of the firft Joint of the Toes, by pulling
that cartilaginous Body downwards.

Tibialis anticus
Arifes tendinous and flelhy from the on^n.
Middle of the upper Appendage of the Ti-
bia externally laterally ; it runs down upon
the Outfide of the Tibia^ receiving a flefhy

dif^ -

1 50 The Mufcks of the Foot.

difgregated Origination from that Bone,
near the Membrane that conneds it to the
Fibula, as alfo from the Membrane itfelf.
It pafles under an annular Ligament about
the lower Part of the Tibia,
jnfert'm, Is inferted by a very large Tendon in-
to the Infide of the Os cuneiforme 772a jus,
next the metatarfal Bone of the great Toe,
and by a fmall one into the upper Part of
the laft named Bone laterally.
vfe. Its Ufe is to bend the Foot, by draw-
ing it upwards.

In a Dog it arifcs flepy from the upper
and fore 'J^^rt of the Tibia, filing up all
that Cavity that is between the Extenfor di-
gitorum pedis communis, and a thin bony
Protuberance, or Ridge, obfervable about the
upper Vart of this Bone, to which, in its
Defcent, it firmly adheres, Jl little below
its imbanding Ligament it parts with a fmall
Tendon that runs upon all the Joints of the
Pollex pedis, or great Toe, which it ferves
to extend.

Tibialis posticus
crifin. Arifes by a narrow flefhy Beginning
from the fore Part of the Os tibiae, jull
under its Appendix next the Fibnla ; thence
paffing through a Perforation in the upper
Part of the Ligament that conneds the

two

'the Mufcles of the Foot. 151

two Bones, it continues its Origin from
the back Part of the lafl: named Bone in-
ternally, and from near one Half of the
tapper Part of the Tibia^ as alfo from the
membranous Ligament between them.

Is inferted, having pafled through the M^rtm.
Fijfure at the inner Ankle, tendinous in-
to the upper Part of the Os navkulare in-
ternally laterally, being farther continued
to the Side of the Os cunetforinc medium ;
befides it gives fome tendinous Fibres to
the Os calcisy and to the Flexor pollicis bre-
vis.

Its Ufe is to bring the Foot inwards. r/?.

In a Dog this is but a very fmall Mufcle,
arifing flejhy from the back ^art of the Fi-
bula and Tibia, between the Flexor digi-
torum profundus and the Subpoplitseus ; it
turns into a long Jlender Tendon about the
Middle of the loft named Bone, and then it
unites with that of the fire mentioned Y\qxo\\
a little before it divides in its ^ajpige to the
Toes,

Peron.eus PRIMUS, feu Posticus,
Arifes tendineo-carnous from the fore origh.
Part of the Head of the Terone, and foon
grows into a pretty round fiefhy Belly,
made up of flreiglit and compaded Fibres ;
it has alfo another Beginning, by a great

manv

152 The Mufcles of the Foot.

many thin and flefhy Fibres, from the up-
per and external Part of the Fibula^ where
it begins to rife into a round Edge, as alfo
from the Hollovvnefs between that and its
anterior Ridge. It palTes its long Tendon
through the Channel at the inner Ankle
together with the following; then, being
reflected in the Sinuofitv of the Calcaneum^
it runs along the Cavity made in the Os
cuhdidcs under the Mufcles in the Sole
of the Foot.
jnfcrthti. Is inferted into the Outfide of the fupe-
rior Part of the Os met at ar ft that fupports
the great Toe, and by fome tendinous Fi-
bres into one of the OJJa cuneifornua next it.

N.B, The cardlaginous Bone in the
Tendon of this Mufc^e, firft (I think)
taken Notice of by Vefalius^ I have ob-
ferved to be hollowed, or finuated, for
the better Reception of a little Protube-
rance in the Edge of the Os cuboides, up-
on which it plays as on a Pully.
v/e. Its Ufe is to move the Foot outwards,
and alfo to bend it a little.

In a Dog it arifes flejhy and a little tendi-
nous from the Outfide of the Perone, juft
'where it begins to adhere clofely to the Tibia,
from fome ^art of which it afo continues a
car nous Origin^ and ends in the Os metatarli
that f fa ins the fore Toe,

Pe-

The Mufcles of the FooT«

DS

pERONiEUS SECUNDUS, feu AnTICUS,

Arifes, by an acute fleihy Beginningj origin.
from above the Middle of the external
Part of the Fibula] it has another carnous
Origination from the outer Side of tlie an-
terior Spine of this Bone, as alfo from its
round Edge externally backwards. Irs
Tendon paffes through the FiJJiire of the
external Ankle, being there included un-
der the fame Ligament with that of the
following, and a little farther it runs un-
der 'a particular one of its own.

Is infcrted into the upper and fore Part Mcnm,
of the Os met at arji ih^i fupports the little
Toe, by feveral tendinous Filaments, one
or two of which are carried ftreight down,
and join in with the Tendon that extends
that Toe.

Its Ufe is to pull the Foot and Toes W^-
outwards.

In a Dog it arifes from a T rot tiher once in
the Head of the Tibia laterally next the Pe-
YonQ^from the upper ^art of which it arifes
alfo^ and then proceeds as in M^n,

U CHAP,

154 ^^^ Mufcks of the four ToES.i

CHAP. XLIIL

Of the Mufcks common to the four lesser
Toes,

THE Mufcles of the Toes are either
common to all the four lefTer Toes,
or they are proper and peculiar to the great
and little Toes, or common to both thefe.
The common to all the four lefler are fif-
teen in Number, to wit, two Flexors, two
Extenfors, four Lumhricaks^ and feven In-
teroffei.

Extensor longus
oriitn. Arifes, by a narrow, tendinous and fle-
fhy Beginning, from the fuperior and ex-
ternal Part of the Head of the Tihia, next
the Fibula, and by a flefhy Origin from
the upper Part of the laft named Bone;i|
dividing into four Tendons, and paflingj
under the Ligamentum annulare, , j

hifirtion. Is infcrted, together with the following,
into the upper Part of the fecond Bone oi
each fmall Toe, fending off on both Side
a fmall Tendon to the lafl: Bone of the
Toes, which unites with its Fellow a ]ittl(
before its Termination.

It

The Mufcles' of the four ToES. 155

Its Ufe is to extend all the Joints of the v[e.
four little Toes.

iV. B. Vefaliuss ninth Miifcle of the
Foot feems to be very diftincl from this
Extenfor^ arifing from about the Middle
of the Spine of the Fibula, to which the
Membrane that tyes it to the Tibia is
connefted by a great many flefliy Fibres,
"which run obliquely downward to their
Tendon, not unlike the Stamina of a Fea-
ther. It terminates, being often divided
into two or three Tendons, in the upper
Part of the Os metatarji of the little Toe.
This Mufcle is not to be found in a Dog.
In a Dog the Extenfor lougxxs fprings by
a round Tendon from the fore Tart of the ex-
ternal Apophyfis of the Femur, near the
Channel of the Patella, and, defending thro*
a Sinus in the Head of the Tibia, it grows
flejhy ; and then, i72arching down the fame
Bone, and pa[fing under the Ligament that
binds it in near its Extremity, it fplits into
four Tendons, which are inferted into the up-
per Tart of the lafl Bone of every Toe, near
the Setting on of the Claws, firmly adhering
to the Offa fefamoidasa of the Joints, as it
pajfes over them,

N. B. Here, as well as in the fore Footy
are obfervable two fpringy Ligaments that
keep the laji Bvne cf every Toe in an ereB or

jj6 The Mvifcks oj the four Toes.

fiifpended Tofiure^ for the Convenkncy of
walkings and for fav ing of this Mufcle from
being alvjays in yiSion. But more oj this in
my comparative Oiieology.

ExTENSOPv BREVIS

<^-'^^-'-' Arifes flefliy and a iictle tendinous from
tiic fore Part of the Os calcis externally,
Dear its Conjunction with the Cuboides^
-and, dilating itfelf into a fielhy Belly, ea-
fiiy dividble into four Portions, paffes o-
ver the upper Part of the Foot under the
Tendons of the former.

j>^^-tion. jg inierted by four Tendons into the
fecond Bone of the Toes.
vfi. They ferve to extend the Toes.

In a Dog it feems to be twodifiinH Muf
cJes^ of 'which one arifes tendinous^ the other
fiefy, from the upper and fore Tart of the
■Os calcis, where it joins //;^ Auragakis ^x-
■ternaHy, The innermof^fon growing flefjy^
makes but one Tendon^ which runs to that
Toe next the great one; and, about the
■Middle ofthefirft Joint, it lofes itfef in the
'Tendon of the Long us : The out ermoji gives
•Tendons to the refi of the Toes,

PePvEOxvATus, feu Flexor suelimis,
04-;;;. •■ Arifes, by a p.arrow iiefhy Beginning,
from the lower protubcrating Part of the

Os

The Miifcles of the four Toes. i ^y

Os calcis, between the AbduSlors of the
great and little Toes ; but, defcending,
ibon dilates into a thick fleihy Belly.

Is inferred by four Tendons, v/hich fplit, i#te«.
unitej decuffate, fubdivide, and run clofe
by the Edges of the Bones, like thofe of
the Fingers, into the fecond Thalanx of
the four lefler or outermoft Toes.

Its Ufe is to bend the fecond Joint. vfi.

In a Dog it arlfeth flejloy from the back
^art of the external Protuberance or Con-
dyle of the Os femoris, and a little tendi-
nous from the Os fefamoid^um that has a
loofe. ConneBion with the fame. Its flefy
Belly lies under the Gaftrocnemius, cr Ex-
tenfor furalis, from uahofe external Read it
can fear ceiy be feparatcd ; but^ as foon as it
g;rows tendinous, it climbs alono; the Tendon
of that Mufcle down to the Os calcis, which
it paffes over^ and then fplits into four thin
Tendons^ which form a Sort' of Cafe ^ with a
little Hole on its Outfde for the Tranfmijfi-
on of the Tendons of the foUoiving. Jibout
the Middle of the fir ft Internode the Half
of this Involucrum is difcontinued^ and the
Tendon is infer ted broad, without any D

tVi

G^

on^ into the Beginning of the fecond Joint,
N. B. In the Middle of this Tendon, as

it runs over the End of the Calcaneiini,
ature has wifely placed a little hard cartila-

¥

nnoiis

1 58 The Mufcles of the four Toes.

g'tnous BoJj, which not only prevents that
Tart of the Tendon from being injured hj the
fiarp Extremity of the Bone^ but afo ftrength-
ens the ABion of the Mufcie itfelf) and fo^
like a Rouler^ or Patella, renders its Motion
more eajy and glib in running.

Perforans, feu Flexor profundus,
orighu Arifes by an acute Tendon, which foon
becomes flefhy, from the back Part of the
Tibia^ about two or three Inches from its
Head above the Termination of the To-
plit£us ; which Beginning is continued
down the inner Edge of this Bone by
fhort flefliy Fibres ending in its large Ten-
don. Its other Origination is by a thin
and difgregatcd Tendon from the Edge
of the Fibula, interfperfed with Abundance
of carnous FibrilL : Betwixt this, double
Order of Fibres the Tibialis pojlicus lyes
inclofed. Having pafled under two im-
banding Ligaments, it marches through the
Sinuofity of the Os calcis, and about the
Middle of the Sole of the Foot divides in-
to four Tendons, which, paffing through
the Slits of the Terforatus, are
jnfertm. lufcrtcd iuto the upper Part of the lafl:
Bone of all the leffer Toes.

N, B. It pares wdth a fmall Tendon
juft before its Divifion, which, running

forewards.

T'be Mufcles of the four Toes. 159

forewards, communicates with that of the
Flexor poUicls longiis.

It& Ufe is to bend the Toes. vfe.

N. i?. Tiie Majfa carnea, or Mufcuhfds
carnis portio Ja. Silv. in the Sole of the
Foot, may well be reckoned a third Head
or Beginning of this Mufcle ; for it arifes
by a thin flelhy Origin from moft Part
of the Sinuofity of the Cakaneiim^ which
is continued foreward for fome Space on
the fame Bone. Befides, it has a thin ten-
dinous Beginning from the fore Part of the
lower Protuberance of this Os calcis, and,
foon becoming all carnous, it joins in,
floping, with the Tendon of this Fkxvr^
juft at its Diviiion into four Tendons.
This Moles carnea is wanting in ^cDog.

In a Dog this Mufcle arfes fiefly from
all the upper Half of the Fibula that Jiands
off at a Dijlance from the Tibia, filling up
moft of the Space betiveen them. It fplits
into five Tendons ; one runs to the great Toe^
which ^ in this Animal^ is lefs than any of the
four^ the reft pafs through fo many Cafes^
made by the T'endons of the Sublimis, to their
Infertions at the third Bone of each Toe.

LUMBRICALES

They all arife from the Tendons of the ongU.
Terforans^ at fome Diftance from the U-

nion

1 6© The Mufiles of the FOUPv ToEs.

nion of the Majfa carnea with the fingle
Tendon of that Mufcle ; are i

injcrtm. Inferted by four fmall Tendons into the
Inlide of the firft Joint of the lelTer Toes,
next the great Toe.
W^' Their Ufe is to afTift in bending the
Toes.

Interossei
The kVQn interoffeous Mufcles have the
fame Situation with thofe in the Hand, but
differ in their Origin, Lifer t ion and Ufe.

...^'"^ Tile fir ft, or y^bduBor indicis pedis Cow^

hng'm.peri, arifes from all the Outfide and fore Part
of the metatarfal Bone of the Toe next
the great one.

orig-w. The fecond, or jldduBor ejufd, fills up
all the Diftance betw^een this and the Os
metatarf of the middle Toe, from the
Sides of both wdiich it arifes.

Origin, The third, or AdduBor medii digiti ejufd,
belongs to the Side of the fecond leffer
Toe next the firft, and is only confpicuous
internally, arifing from all the fore Part
of this metatarfal Bone, and by a few Fi-
bres from the upper Part of the firft alfp*

Origin. The fourth, or AhduBor medii digiti e-
jufd, which runs along the firft Joint of
this Toe, on the other Side, arifes external
ly from the metatarfal Bone of this, and

pf

The Mufcles of the Four Toes, i6i

of that which fupports the third Toc^ fil-
ling up ^U the Space between them.

The fifth, or y^bducior tertii digiti ejttfd,
arifes from the upper Part of the metatar- ^^^^^
fal Bone that flays the third Toe, and al-
io from the Tendon of the Mufculus pero-
fKSPts longus*

The fixth, which belongs to the other
Sid^ of this third leiTer Toe, arifes from origin,
the Sides of this ;^^/'^/^r/2f/ Bone, and from
that which fupports the little Toe, filling
up all the Space between thofe on the
back Side of the Foot.^ It has alfo a ten-
dinous Adhefion to the long Teroncsan
Mtifck.

The feventh, or Addutiof vtlnimi digiii
tjufdem^ arifes from the lippcr Part of the origm.
Os metatarjt mimmi digiti^ being alfo affixed
to the forefaid Tendon.

They are all inferted, partly into the Merticn,
OJfa fefamoiddsu, placed on the Articulation
of the firfl Bone of the Toes with the Of-
fa metatarji, and partly on the Side of the
fame Bone.

Their Ufe is to move the four lefTer vp.
Toes laterally ; for, when the Interni acl,
the Toes are drawn inwards towards the
great Toe, and, when the Ext e mi afr,
they are pulled nearer the little one, or are
all drawn outwards from the great one.
X

^' The

l62 The Mufcles of the four Toes.

The four fir eight and two oblique Mufcles^
fituated in the Hollow of a Dogs hind Foot^
run altogether conform to thofe already defrib-
ed in his fore Foot.

CHAP. XLIV.

Of the Mufcles of the great Toe.

THE Tollex digitorum pedis, or great
Toe, has fix Mufcles.

Extensor longus
Orighi' Arifes, by an acute, tendinous and flefliy
Beginning, from near the upper Part of
the Fibula, and from the Membrane that
connects it to the Tibia.
jnfirtion. Is iufertcd tendinous into the upper Part
of the laft Bone of the great Toe.
vfe. Its Ufe is to extend that Joint by pul-
ling it upwards.

Extensor brevis Cowperi,
Origin. Arifes tendinous and flefhy from the
fore Part of the Os calcis, near its Articu-
lation with the yifiragalus.
inferiion. Is iufcrtcd tcudiuous ucar the upper
Part of the fecond Bone of the great Toe.
vfc. Its Ufe is to extend this Internode.

The

The Mufcles of the great ToE, 1^3

The Pollex pedis in a Dog, being armed
with a Claw much more hooked than anj of
the other four Toes, is joined to one of the
Bones of the Tarfus near the upper Tart of
the Os metatarfi that anfwers the fore Toe ;
whence the hind Foot of this minimal does
much more refemhle the Hand of a Man than
his fore Foot does.

This Tart is extended by two Mufcles^
one proper, which arifes fiefly from the Fi-
bula and Membrane that conneBs it to the
Tibia ; its fmall Belly foon turns into a fine
Tendon, which, adhering to that of the Tibi-
alis anticus, runs on to the lafi Joint of this
Toe, where it ends.

The other is a Tendon cafl off from the
Tibialis anticus already defcribed.

Flexor longus

Arifes, by a Iharp, tendinous and flefhy origm.
Beginning, from the upper and back Part
of the Fibula, being continued down the
fame Bone almoft to its Extremity, paf-
fing its Tendon under a Ligament at the
inner Ankle.

Is inferted into the laft Bone of the great infenm.
Toe, giving a Tendon to the Os cakis in
its Way.

Its Ufe is to bend this Joint. vfe,

Flexok

164 The Mufdes of th qkeat ToE,

Flexor brevis
Q'^gm, Arife tendinous from the Qs ciihoides
gnd Qs cun.etforme that jets out in the Bot-
tom of the Foot, it being infeparably uni-
ted both with the yldduBor and ^bduSlor
poUicis.
iri/erim. J3 infeited into the external Os fefamoi^
d(£um of the great Tqe adhering to the
AddvMor,
^/-* Ita Uie is to bend this fecond Joint. ■
In a Dog this Range of Bones is bended
hy a Sli^ caji off from the Flexor profundus*

Adductor

c-^'^- Arifes, by a long^ thin, difgregated Ten-
don, from the Os calgs^ under the tendi-^
nous Part of the Maffa carnea, from the
Os cuhoides^ from the Os cuneiforme me-
dium, near the Infertion of the Teron^tis
pri falls, and from the upper Part of the
Os metatarft of the fecond Toe ; it is foon
dilated into a pretty large Belly.
2nji:rtion.\ Is iufertcd into the external Os fefamoi-
dismn of the great Toe.
vjk. Its U-fe is to bring the great Toe near-
er i\it reli.

Abductor
or^. Arifes fiefhy from the Infide of the
bwer protuberance of the Os cahis late-
rally.

The Mufiks of the GREAT ToE. 165

rally, and tendinous from a little Tubercle
in the fame Bone, near the Os cymb'iforme -,
it only adheres to the other Bones on the
Infide of the Foot, filling up the Hollow-
nefs in the Os metatarji pollicis.

Is infer ted into the internal Os fefamoi- inp-ihu
ddsum of the firft Bone of the great Toe,
its Tendons being farther continued upon
the fame Bone laterally.

Its Ufe is to pull the great Toe from ^fi^\
the reft.

In a Dog thefe two lajl defcribed Mufcles
are never found.

I

C H A P. XLV.

Of the Mufcles of the LITTLE Toe.

''HE little Toe has two Mufcles,

Abductor

Arifes fiefiiy and tendinous from the ^'x?'«*
femkircular Edge of a Cavity on the Out-
lideof the inferior Protuberance of the Os
calcis ; it has another tendinous Beginning
from the Os cuboides^ and a third from the
upper Part of the Qs metatarfi mmml di-
gitL

Is inferted into the upper Part of the M^rim.

firlt

l66 The Mufcles of the LITTLE ToE.

firft Bone of the little Toe externally late-*
rally.
^A Its Ufe is to draw the little Toe out*
wards from that next to it.

Flexor primi internodii mimimi
DiGiTi Cowperj^
®^k«- Ariles fleftiy from the Outfide of the
metatarfal Bone that fuftains this Toe, be-
low its protuberating Part; befides, it has
another Beginning from the Tendon of
the ^eron^us primus^ as it runs in the Sul--
cus or Furrow of the Cuboides.
hfert'm. Is infertcd into the Cartilage that is pla-
ced upon the Articulation of the firft Joint
of this Toe.
vfe. Its Ufe is to bend this Joint.

In a Dog thefe two are wanting.

CHAP. XLVI.

Of the Mufcles common to //j^ great ani
LITTLE Toes.

Traksversalis pedis Jul Caffl Tlacent.

ori/m. A Rife tendinous from the external Os
f\ fefamoldautn of the great Toe, firm-
ly adhering to the tendinous Part of the
yldduBor poUicJs ; foon growing flefliy it

paffes

l^he Mufcles of the little Toe. 167

pafTes over the Extremity of two of the
metacarpal Bones, between them and the
Flexor es digitorum; and then, growing
broader,

Is inferted, partly into a Tendon that infertion,
proceeds from the Expanjio tendinofa in the
Sole of the Foot, and partly into that car-
tilaginous Ligament that covers the Ar-
ticulation of the firft Joint of the third
leffer Toe with its Os metatarft^ fome of
its flefhy Fibres being continued upon the
lame Part of the little Toe.

Its Ufe is to bring the third and fourth vcc.
lefTer Toes nearer the other two and the I

great one. j

In a Dog there is nofuchMufde.

Of the Pr^putium and Urethra
in a Dog,

TO compleat the Canine Myology there
remain yet to be defcribed the Mul^
cles of the Tr^putiurn and Urethra.

The Prseputium, which in a Man has no
Miijcle^ is provided with one 7 air and a
/ingle one in a Dog. The fir ft I call

Prseputium Adducens, -which proceeds
from the Membrana carnofa, near the Car-

tilago

i68 The Pr^putium anti VK^rnKA in a Do^.

o

tilago enfiformis; as it defcends on each
Side of the Linea alba // grows thicker and
mrrovjer^ and is inferted into the Prseputi-
um laterally. When this aBs^ I believe, it
ferves to bring ths Pra^putium over the
Glans after Copulation, {tho Blafius affirms^
that it draws the Penis forewards tempore
coitus) being therein much ajfijled bj the
Con t rati ion of two Ligaments which come
from about the Middle of the Linea alba, and
end in the Pr^putium, The fecond is

Prseputium Abducens, or Retraliens^
which is a fngle finall Mufcle art fin g from
the Sphinfter ani, and firmly adhering to the
Accelerator urins, from which it receives
tvjo flepy Slips, as before noted, runs up a-
long //;^ Urethra, and terminates in the low-
er Tart of the Prsputinm, where its di-
lated Fibres are expanded all over it, lis
Vfe is to draw back the Pr^putium, and fo
help to denude or uncover the Glans in order
to Coition, It may like ways ferve, in fame
Meafure, to dilate and keep open the Urethra
at that Time, left the Seed flmdd meet with
any Impediment or Let in this very long Taj-
fage

That Tart of the Urethra between the

Poftrates and the Union of the two Cor*

pora cavernofa, being two or three Inches

in Lengthy according to the Eigne] s of the

Qi Animal^

The Ppw^PU-riUM and Urethra in a Dog, 1 6^

ylnimal^ is fur rounded by a thin fiepy Muf-
cle, contrived and placed there on purpofe
for to comprefs the many Glands that open
•within this ^ajfage^ and fo oblige them to
difchdrge their Contents^ which ferve as a
Vehiculum to forevjard the defending Se-
men tempore coitus ; to which afo the Con-
traBion ofitsflejhy Fibres, in narrowing this
Canaly contributes in a great Meafure, as
Mr. Cowper has well obferved in Boars and

m

Bulls.

Y AH

lyo

A N

APPENDIX

Concerning the Mufcles of the Clitoris
and Vagina in a Woman,

THE Clitoris is furnifhed with two
Pair of Mufcles.
The firft, difcovered by Falhpius^
Qrigin, Arifes tendinous and flefhy from the
Os ifchion internally, near its Conjunction
with the Tiihis ; in its Afcent it adheres
to the inner Edge of the lad named Bone,
and
in[trtm, Is infertcd flefhy into the Crus or Be-
ginning of the Clitoris,

This Mufcle, with its Partner, ferve
for the Ereftion of this Part, by the de-
taining the Blood in its cavernous Sub-
ftance.
try?. The fecond Mufcle belonging to the
Clitoris^ is, by DeGraaf, very improperly
called SphinBer vagin^^ fince it does not
furround that Part with circular Fibres,
tho' it has the fame Efleft as tho' it did.
Qr;^i„^ It arifes flefny, partly from the Spbin-
8er ani^ and partly from a white hardifli

Sub-

T'he Mufcks of the Clitoris 171

Subftance placed under the Skin in the
Teron^eum^ between the lower Part of the
Tudendum and the j4nus ; from thence it
climbs up the Side of the Vagina^ near its
outer Orifice, covering all the Corpus va-
giTKe vafculo-fpongiofum^ which is nothing
but a Produdion of the Clitoris^ and

Is inferted into, the Body or Union oi infenm,
the Crura clitoridis laterally.

Its Ufe is the fame with the preceeding vfe,
Mufcle ; and befides, by compreffing the
Corpus fpongiofum, or Tkxus retiformis^ it
ferves to ftraiten the Orifice of the Vagina^
by hindring the Blood in its Return from
thence.

The Vagina uteri is furnilhed with two
Pair of Mufcles, not mentioned by any
Author as far as I know.

The firft arifes from the inner Edge ofongm,
the Os pubis, mid Way between the I/chion
and the Beginning of the Crus clitoridis ;
it afcends a little obliquely, and

Is inferted into the Vagina, jnfertimu

Its Uk is to dilate the Sheath, and open vfi.
the Extremity of the Meatus urinarius^
its Termination being very nigh the Ori-
fice of that PajQTage-

The

%

lyz <3f;/^ Vagina in a Woman ^

origifu The fecond arifes tendinous and flefhy
from the Os pubis internally, in common
with the Levator ani,
jnjertion. Is infer tcd into the upper Part of the
Vagina^ at the Side of the Meatus urinari"
us, or Colhm vefic(e.
vfe. This - ading pulls up the Vagina^ and
fo conftringes the Neck of the Bladder
after the Evacuation of Urine,

N, B. Thefe Mufcles can never be
well raifed, unlefs the Os pubis be taken
off from the Ilium and I/cbium, with the
Intcftimim retliim^ the Vagina and Vejica
urinaria left adhering to it.

A N

A N

Etymological Table

O F T H E

MUSCLES.

The Mufcles take their Names,
I. From their ABion or TJfe.

ABduBor, from abducere^ to move or
•^ draw from.
Accelerator J from accekrare, to haflen or

difpatch.
AdduBor^ from adducercy to move or bring

towards.
AnnuenSy from annuere^ to nod the Head

forewards, as when we give our AfTent

to any Thing.
AttolleriS, from attollere, to lift or raife up.
Caput concutieiiSf from concutere, to (hake.
ConfinBor, from conJlringerCy to ftraiten or

bind fait,

Gremajler^

174 -^^ Etynwhgical TahJe

Cremajier^ or SufpenforiuSy from Sips/Jidc^^
Jujpendo.

Deprejfor^ from deprtmere^ to pull or draw
down.

Detrufor urin^s^ from detrudere^ to thrufl
or fqueeze out of.-

Diaphragma, from ^lappdrrCf)^ interfepio^
becaufe it divides the Cavity of the 'Tho-
rax from that of the Abdomen.

Dilatator^ from dilatare, to enlarge or v/i-
den.

Dijlorior oris^ from dijiorquere^ to pull or
fet awr}^

Extenfor^ ivova extendere^ to extend or
itretch out.

Flexor^ fromfieSere, to bow or bend.

Indicator^ from indicare^ to lliew or pointy
becaufe that Finger is ufed in the De-
, monftration of any Thing.

Levator^ from lev are, to life or pull up.

MaJTeter, from (ZizcrcrdofJaiy mandnco, co-
medo, to cat,

Tronator, from pronus, which denotes the
Vq&uvq of lying with the Face down-
wards ; but the Word is here taken for
turning the Palm only downwards.

Rcnuens,! from remiere^ to nod the Head
back, as when we deny or refufe any
Thing,

Retra-

of the Miifcles.

Retrahens^ from retrahere^ to draw back.

Sartorius^ from the Ufe Taylors make of
it to fit crois-legged.

SphinBer^ from (7(^iyl^^ conjlringo, to fliut.

Supinator^ from fupinus^ which denotes
that Pofture of lying upon the Back
with the Belly upwards ; but in this
Cafe it is taken for turning the Palm
only upwards.

Tenfor^ vide Extenfor.

11. From their Begmntng or Origin,

Graphoides, or Stjlifirmis, from ypu^lg^ fty-
lus^ becaufe of its fuppofed Origination
from the Procefs of the Temple-Bone^
fo called. The Mufculus digajlricus was
thus named by the Ancients.

^eSimsus^ or TeBinalis, from ^eBen^ i. e.
Os pubis,

Tterigoid^us^ or Aliformis, from IVTSOV^^
vFog, ala, a Wing, and sT^og, forma.

Sacer^ from the Os facrura,

Sacro'kmbalis, from the laft named Bone,
and from the tranfverfe Proccfles of the
Loins.

Se7mfibul£us, from one Half of the Fibula.

Tranjverfalis, from the tranfverfe Procefs
fes of the Back and Neck.

Zjgomaticus, from the Bone called Zi^'ku-
fCi^, which is derived from &yog^ vel

/>

X7^ -^^^ Etymological Table \

l^syog, jugum, a Yoke j Osjugalcy the
Yoke-Bone.

III. From their Colour.

Lividus, i. e. ^eBintsus^ from its black and
bluifli Colour.

IV. From their Compofttion and Variety of
Tarts.

Biceps^ from its having Bina capita^ two

Heads or Beginnings.
Bicornis^ from its having two Origins, like

fo many Horns.
Complexes, from its being made up of
many tendinous and flelhy Fibres, in-
tricately mixed one with another.
Complicatus is another Name for the fame
Mufcle, having the fame Etymology.
* Diga/Iricus, or Biventer, from S'lg <^ yoc^Yjp^
becaufe it has two fleihy Bellies, with
a Tendon interveening.
Gemellus, from its having a double Origin.
Gemini, from their being two diftin£t
Mufcles, united only by a Membrane
^adriceps, from its arifmg by four Heads

or Beginnings.^
Triceps, from its ariCng by three Heads.

V. Fr

'om

of the Mtifcks^

V. From the Courfe and DireBion of their
Fibres.

Ohliquus. Orbicularis. ReBus* Tranfver^
falis,

VI . From their Figure or Shape ^

Cucidlaris, from the Refemblance the low^
er Part of this Pair of Mufcles has to
that Part of a Monk's Hood that lyes
between his Shoulders.

Delioides, or Deltformis^ from AsXtcc^ the
fourth Greek Letter, and sl'iog^ forma,

Fafcialis, i. e. Sartorins^ from its croffing
fome of the Mufcles of the Thigh and
Leg, like a Swath-Band or Fafcia.

Fafcia lata^ from its inclofing mo'ft of the
Mufcles that ly on the Os femoris.

Lumbricales^ from the Likenefs of their
Shape to the common Earth- Worm^.

Marfpialis, becaufe the Ge??2ini^ by fome
reckpned a Part of this Mufcle, do form
a Marfipium, or flediy Purfe, by their
membranous Connexion through which
its Tendons pafs.

^jramidalis, becaufe*it arifes by a broad
Bafs, ■ and terminates by a narrow
Point like a Pyramid, or pyramidal
Figure, which is broad beneath, and
fharp or narrow aboye,

Z Ty-

^77

178 \An Etymological Table

Tjnformis, from the faint Refemblance it
bears to a Pear.

^adratus, from its fquare or quadrilate-
ral Figure.

Rhomboides, from pdl^^^og, a Diamond Fi-
gure, and sTS'og, fonna, i, e. a Diamond-
like Figure, whofe oppofite Sides and
oppofite Angles are equal.

Rottmdus^ from its being round and fpheri-
cal.

Scalenus^ from the Figure of a Triangle
whofe three Sides are all unequal, cal-
led in Greek craccXYivog,

Serratus^ from its being divided at its
Termination into feveral diftindl flefhy
Portions, which are not unfitly com-
pared to the Teeth of a Saw, called
Serra in Latin,

Sokus, or Soleus, from Solea, a Sole-Fifh*

SplenJus^ from Splem'um, a Ferula, or roul-
ed Splint, which Surgeons are wont
to apply to the Sides of a broken Bone.

Teres, from its being long and round.

Trapezius, from rpccTTsl^cc, which denotes,
in Geometry, a Kind of quadrilateral
Figure ; but properly it fignifies men-
fa, a Table ; hence fome call this the
Table Mufcle.

Triangularis, from triangulum, which is a
Figure with three Corners.

VI I . Fro?n

of the Mtifcles, ly^

VII. From their Infertion or Termination.

Ciliaris, from cilia, or the foft cartilaginous

Edges of the Eye-Lids, into which

the Tar/i, or Hairs, are fixed.
Majioidisus, or Majloides, i. e. mammifor-

mis, from lJLd<rog, uber, mamma, a^ s^iSog^

forma.
Semifpinalis, from Half of the fpinal Pro-

cefTes of the Back.
Spinalis, from feveral of the Spines of the

Neck.

VIII. From their Origin and Infertion,

Bafo-gloJJtis, from ^UQ-Lg, the fore Bone

of the Os hjoides^ and yXoocro'iZ^ lingua^

the Tongue.
Cerato-glojfus, from /Jpug^, arog, cornu, ^

yXmdot, lingua,
Coraco'brachialis, from the Trocejfus called

T^opctiiosLSyjg, from Kopcc^, Kog^ corvus^

^ Sihg^ forma ^ and hrachium.
Coraco-hyoidcsiis, from the laft named Pro-

cefs and the Os hyoides.
Crico-arytcenoidddus, from KpiKog, annulusj

and dpvTULVOC^ guitus, feu gutturnium, an

Ewer or Cruet.
Crico-thjreoidddus, as abov6, and from Bv-

psoeT^jijg^ i. e. fcutiformis,

Genio-

I So \An Etymological Table

Genlo'gloJJtis^ from y^vsigv^ meniumy the

Chin,
.Genio-hyoiJ^us, as above, and from the

Os hyoides.
GloJ/o-Jiaphylinus, from yAmact^ lingua^ ^nd

(TU^VY'/jj uvUj uvula, gargareofu
fiyo-thyreoideus^ from the Qs hyoides^ and

BvpsoBLSrjg^ fcutifirmh.
■Mylo-hyoidceus, from [mJaol^ dentes molares,
Occipito-frontalis^ from the Qcdputy and
• the Skin of the Os frontls,
Valato-Jiaphylinus^ from the Os palali, and

<rcc(pvy^, uvula.
SalpingO'Jiaphylimis ^ from (rdXiriyt^^ lyyog^

tuba.
Sterno'hyoid(^us^ fi'om the Os Jlerni or pe-

Boris.
Sterno'thyreoiddsus, as above.
Stylo'chondro-hyoidisus^ from ^'oXoq^ fiy^^^^^

i. e, Troceffus fylifcrmis, from ;:^02/dpo^j

cartilago^ &€.
Stylo'gloJJiis^ from rJAc?^ 6" y^Sjo'O'oc.,
Stylo-hyoid^us^ as above,
T^hyreo-arytanoidmis^ from &ijp.ecg, fcutum.
^hyreo-ftaphylinusj as above.

It is worth obferving:, that the firft
Word denotes alvvays the Origin, and tlie
iaft the Infcrtion of the Mufcle,

Tra^

of the Mufcks. l8i

Tracheh-maftoldteus^ from rp^p^JjAc^, collum^
cervix^ its chief Origin being from the
Vertebra of that Part.

IX. From the Tarts they belong to.

Coccyg^us, from kokkv^, cuciillus, i. e. Os
coccjgis, a Bone fo called from its Shape.

Oejophagisus, from oi(7o(pxy'og^ cejbphc!gus\

gula, the Gullet.
TharjngcsuSy from 0dpvy^, giittur^ fauces.
Cephah'pbaryngijsus ^ from KS0^X'^, caput.
Chondro'pharyng^us^ from ypvSpog^ cartilago.
Crico'pharyngdsusy from KpiKog, annulus.
GloJJo-pharyng(Sus, from yXSio'G'Oi^ lingua.
Hyo'cerato-pbaryng^us ^ as above.
Mylo'pharyng^tis, from ^jdXoi^dentes molares.
Tterigo-pharyng^us, from T^rspv^, ala.
SalpingO'pharyng^us^ from ^i.VA7r/y^, /^/^-j.
Siylo-pharyng£Us, as above.
Syndefmo-pharyng^us, from (JVVcSO'iJLog^ vin-^

ciilnm, ligamentum.
ThyreO'pharyng^us, from Svpsoc, futum.
Fundus, from /d/V, piVi'V? ^^^^i*.
Stapid^us, ixom jl apes.

X. /"rc/73 //;d' T^r/j- /Zifv conjliiutc or
compofe.

Buccinator^ becaufe it makes up the great-
eft Part of the Cheeky, called :S//a-^.

the

182 Jlii Etymological Table

Gajlrocnemius^ from yotcpoy.V'/}iJLiCi^ fara^
the Calf of the Leg, which comes from
ya/^Ylf^ venter^ ^ KVYip]^ uh'ia.

Gluteus, from yX^rog, mtes,

N. B, The Tharjng£us, with all its

various Orders of Fibres, might have been

defcribed under this Head, as well as in

the former.

Siiralis, from Jiira, the Calf of the Leg.

Ssvocp^ feu Thenar) thus the Greeks call the
rifing and prorninent flefliy Part in the
Palm of the Hand, which Word feems
to come from bsivsiv^percutere^verberare.

XL From their paffuig through feme 7 arts.

Terforans^ becaufe its Tendon pafles thro'
a Slit or Fiflure in that of the Terfe}-

ratus.
Trochlearis, from paffing its Tendon thro'
a Cartilage called Trochlea, a Pulley.

XIL From their ^antity or Magnitude
'with refpeB to one another.

Brevis.

Gracilis^ from its being the thinneft and

flendcreft Mufcle oftheT/^/j.
Latiffmms, from its being the broadefi: and

largeft Mufcle that lyes on the Back

or Neck.

Longtjfi-

of the Mufcles. 183

Lofigifwms, from its being the longeft of

thofe of the Back.
Longus. Magnus. Major. Maximus,

Medius. Minimus. Minor. Tarvus.

Thefe need no Explication.
Tlatjfmo-mjoicles, i. e. expanjio vel dilatatio

mujiularis, from irXdjucr^cCj latum Unte-

um, vel aliquid Jimile ; or from 'KXccTOiT-

[jLog^ dilatatioy and [/>vg, mu/cuks, ^^

stS^og, forma.
VaJIus, becaufe it and its Fellow are the

two bi<^o;eft and thickeft Mufcles be-

longing to the Leg or Tibia.

XIIL From their Situation or Tofition.

jineonddus^ or Angomsus^ from dcyy.m^ cu-
bitus^ but, in a ftri6l Senfe, is taken for
that Procefs of the Cubit called the
Elbow.

Amicus, that which lyes in the fore Part.

Ant i thenar, from its Situation, which is
oppofite to the Thenar, or from its Ufe,
which is contrary to it.

Brachi^ns, from ^pcc')^iOJ]/, hrachium.

Crur£Hs, from crus, i. e. femur.

Cubit alis, } r l-. - 7

^ J. ' > trom cubitus, u e, ulna.
C libit £us, S

Externus.

Fibulivus, {^om fibula.

HypO"

184 -^^ Etymological Table

Hypoihenar, becaufe it is fituate below the

jbenar,
Iliacuf, from the Os Ilium,
Immerfus^ from its being funk, as it were,

under the reft of the Mufcles of the

Scapula.
Infrafpinatus^ below the Spina fcapuU,
Intercojlales, from their being placed inter

cojias, or between the Ribs.
Internus.
Interojfeus, between the matacarpal and me*

tatarfal Bones of the Hand and Foot.
Inter/pimles, between the Sphies of the

Neck.
Inter tranvferfalesy between the tranfverfe

Procelfes of the Neck or Loins.
Intervertebrales, from their being placed

upon and between the Bodies of fome

of the Vertebra of the Neck.
Talmaris, from the fpreading if its Ten-
don upon the Palm of the Hand.
Tlantaris, from the fuppofed fpreading of

its Tendon upon the Sole of the Foot,

under the Skin.
7etloralis, from the Os peBoris.
Tercr:^i!s, from the Terone, 'KSpovYj in

Greek, the fmalleft Bone in the Leg.
Toplit^us^ fvompoples, the Ham.
Tofticns, that is fituated behind, or on the

back Side,

Tfoas,

of the Mufcks. 185

^foas^ from "^occ^ lufnbus^ the Loins*

a lai , 7 £^^^ radius >
Kadtddus^ 3
Subclavius^ from the Clavkula, under which

it is placed.
Subfcapularis, under the Scapula.
Supra] p'matus^ above the Spine of tha

Scapula,
Temporalis, from temporal the Temples,
Tibialis, 7 ^^ ^.r.

Ukaris, from ^/fo^.

XIV. i^ro;;^ ^/Wr Subjiance,

MembramJiiSj becaufe of its broad Mem*
brane-like Tendon.

Semimeinbranofus^ from its being half mem-
branous.

Seminervofis, 7 from its being half ten-

Semitendinojits^ 3 dinous.

A a A LIST

iB6

A LIST of the Mufclcs found in
a human Body, that are not
met with in a Dog.

pTramiJalis abdominis,
^ Mufculus frontalis verus,
lAufculus na/i proprius, feu Rindsus,
Elevator labiorum communis,
DepreJJor labiorum communis.
Stylo'chondrO'hyoiddsuSn.
Coraco-hyoidteus.
Salpingo-Jiaphjlinus,
Thyreo-Jlaphylinus.
Subclavius.
Levator ani exterms.
Serrator minor anticus.
^ahnaris longus.
Talmaris brevis.

One of the Extenfores carpi radialis.
j^xtenfir tertii internodii indicis.
^dduBor indicis.
All the Miifcles of the Thumb, except one

Flexor and one Extenfir,
All the Mufcles of the little Finger, except
^^a^>:\kiQ Extenfor.

Supinator

A Lift of the Mufcles^ 6^^: j^y

Supinator longtis^

Coccjgdsus,

Tendinofa expanjio in pJanta pedis ^

Tar nonum pedis Vefalii.

Majja carnea in plant a pedis

All the Mufcles in the great Toe^ except -

one Extenfor,
AhduBor minimi digiti.
Flexor primi internodii minimi digiti^

A LIST of the Mufcles peculiar
to a Dog.

T^Ranfuerfalis penis S

"^ Mufuclus ocuU fufpenforius 15

Mufculus trochlea proprius 16

Several Mufcles of the j4urick 24

ChondrO'CeratO'hyoidiSUS 3 1

Inio'Cerato-hyoid^us 3 1

Mufculus Epiglottidis^ feu Hyoghttis jft
TjmpanO'petrofo-falpingO'pterigO'palatinus /\.S

Mufculus infummo thorace fttus 58

Levator fcapulis minor 63

Tanni cuius carnofus 93

Levator humeri proprius 96

^^4'

m

ig8 The Mufcles peculiar to a Dog,

JVi///a.^&j' ad levator em acceJIorius 9-6

Extenjor cuhiti quint us loi

A fecond Flexor carpi nlnuris 105
ISiufculus parvus in articulatione femoris

Jitus 136

Mufaili catidiS 137

Ext en [or tibi^ qiiintus 1 42

^r(Sputium adducens 1 67

y r(jdp utiu m a bducens 1 6 8

MuJ cuius urethn^ 168

An

iSp

An Alphabetical INDEX of ali
the human Zvlufcies defcribed
in this Treatife.

A

jjBduflor indicts liy

•^ ylhduBor minimi digiti mantis 119

ythduBor minimi digiti pedis 1 65

AbdiiHor oculi 15

AhduBor polUcis mantis 1 24

y4bduflor polUcis pedis 1 65

Accelerator uruw 8

jidduHor QCidi .15

Addu^or polUcis manus ad indicem 124
AdduBor polUcis manus ad 77mimU7n

digit urn 124

AdduElor polUcis pedis 1 64

AdduHores femoris 134

Ancon<EUS 1 00

Antithenar 1 24

Aperiens palpebrarum reBus 1 1

Arytdsnoiddeus major 36

Aryt^noidi^us minor 37

Attollens auriculam 24
B

nAjio-giofus 33

•^^ Biceps internus 97

Biceps externtis 99

Biceps

xpo An Alphabetical INDEX of all the

Biceps femorls

144

Brachtalts externus

99

Brachialis intemus

98

Buccinator

22

C

/^jlpiiis par tertmm
^ Cephalo-pharyngeus

j6

39

CeratO'gloJfus

33

Cervicalis defcendens

73

Chondro-glojfus

33

Chondro-pharjngmis

40

Ciliaris

12

Coccyg(SUS

13^

Complexus

76

Coraco-brachialis

94

CoracQ-hyoid^us

30

Corrugator

9

Coflarum deprejfores proprii

62

C oft arum levatores proprii

74

Cremajler

6

Crico-aryt^noid^us lateralis

37

. Crico-pharyngmis

40

Crico-aryt(snoid(SUS pojiicus

37

Crico-thyreoidisus

3^

Crtirdeus

141

Cucullaris

66

Cubitalis

100

B

T\Artos
^ Deltoides

6

89

Deprejfor

Human Mufcles in this Trcatife.

DepreJJor labil inferioris proprius
Deprejfor labli fuperioris proprius
Deprejfor labkrum communis
JDepreJJor oculi
Deprimens auriculam
Detrufor urinis
Diaphragjna
Digajiricus

f Levator labii inferioris proprius
Elevator labii fuperioris proprius
Elevator labiorum communis

Elevator oculi
Elevator fcapulds
EreBor penis
Extenfor carpi radialis
Extenfor carpi ulnaris
Extenfor communis digitormn manus
Extenfor digitorurn pedis longus
Extenfor digitorurn pedis brevis
Extenfor fecundi internodii indicis pro-
prius

Extenfor tertii internodii indicis
Extenfor minifni digiti manus
Extenfer primi internodii pollicis manus
Extenfor fecundi internodii pollicis ?nanus
Extenfor tertii internodii pollicis manus
Extenfor pollicis pedis longus
Extenfor pollicis pedis brevis
Extenfor tarfi furalis^ feu magnus

191

20
20
18

H

24

63
60

54

19

19
18

14

7
106

107

III

154
156

116
118

122
123
123
162
162
146

J 92 An Alphabetical INDEX of all the

Extenfor minor, feu TIantaris

148

Externus auris Aquapendent.

25

Ext emus auris Duvern.

F
JO^fcia lata
^ Flexor carpi radialis

2(S

138

104

Flexor carpi ttlnaris

105

Flexor primi internodii minimi digili ma

-

nus

120

Flexor primi internodii ?ninimi dip-iti be

-

dis

166

Flexor digitorum manus fuhlimis

108

Flexor digitorum manus profundus

109

Flexor digitorum pedis ftiblimis

156

Flexor digitorum pedis profundus

158

Flexor primi internodii pollicis manus

122

Flexor fecundi internodii polUcis manus

121

Flexor tertii internodii pollicis manus

121

Flexor pollicis pedis longus

163

Flexor pollicis pedis brevis

164

Frontalis verus, feu Corrugator

,/^ j4ftrocnemius
^^ Gemini

9

146
132

Genio-glojfus

3-

Genio-hyoiddcus

29

Gloffo-pharyng£US

40

G lo[fo-flapbylinus

42

Glut(sus 7naximus

129

Gluteus medius

130!

Gluteus

' Human Mufdes in this Treatife. t^^

Ght£us minimus 1 3 <^

Gracilis 1 4^

H

JJTpothenar 1 19

''^ Hyo'thyreoiddsus 35

Hjo-pharjng^us 4^

2'Liacus externus 13 1

I/Z^a/j internus 128

Indicator ^^^

Infrafpinatus $o

Intercojlales externi 59

Intercofiales internl 59

Internus auris 20

Interojjei manus 5 12.

Interoffei pedis ^ ^o

Interfpinales ^ ^

Inter tranfver/ales colli S^

Intertranfuerfales hmboruin 87

Intervertebraks colli 8 1

L

J Atijftmus colli " 22r

■*-^ LatiJJimus dor ft 9^

Levator ani magnus^ feu internus 04

Levator ani parvus^ feu externus 05

Levator fcapuU^-. ^7

Lingualis 34

Longijftmus dorfi ^3

Lon£Us colli , 5^

B b -L«?^-

\
\

I/!4..

An Alphabetical INDEX of all the

Lumhricaks mams

III

Lumbricaks pedis

M

Ti^^rfupidis
-^^^ MaJJiter

159

132

53

Majloidieus

47

Membranofus

138

MufcuU auricuh

24

Mu/culi ad facro'lumhum accejjorii

73

Mufculus meatus auditorii

28

Mtifculus caput concutiens

49

Mufculus cUtoridis

170

Mufculus patkntw

67

Mufculus ftapedis

27

Mufculus tubds novus

45

MufcuU vaginds

171

Mylo'hjoidceus

28

Mylo-pbarjngisus

40

N

■^^falis

16

o

/^Bliquus afcendens
^^ ObUquus auris

2

26

ObUquus capitis inferior

79

ObUquus capitis fuperior

78

ObUquus defcendens

I

ObUquus ocidi inferior

13

ObUquus ocuU fuperior

13

Obturator externus

«-'.
I^ C

Obturator

lo

12

■ Human Mufcles in this Treatife. 1 95

Ohturatorlnternus I S^r
OccipitO'frontalis
Orbicularis palpebrarum
P

PyllatO'falpmgatis ;-. 45

Talato-ftaphylinus 42

Talmaris hngus , 102

Talmaris brevis 103

TeBinalis ' 129

TeBoralis 88

Terforans mams 1 09

^erforans pedis 1 5^

'Terforatus manus 108

^erforatus pedis > 15^

Terondsus primus • 15^

^eronteus fecundus I53

7haryng£us 39

Tlantaris 14^

Toplit^us 145

Tronator teres- 126

Pronator quadrattis 126

Tfoas magnus 128

^focts parvus Sd

^terigoid^tis exiernus 55

^terigoideus internus 55

^terigo-pharyngms 40

Tterigo-ftapbylinus externm 43

^yramidalis 3

Vynformts , ^3^

^adratus ^

Q"

R

196 An Alphabetical INDEX of all the

Padrattis gen(S 1%

^adratus femorls 1 3 5

^adratiis lumborum 8$

R

^EBus abdominis 3

Reclus capitis lateralis 4p

ReBus capitis int emus major 48'

ReBus capitis int emus minor. 49-

ReBus capitis major yy

ReBus capitis minor 78

ReBus femoris 140

Rhomhoides 68

Rin^eus 16

s

'Acer 85

Sacro-lumhalis 73

Salpingo-pharjngaeus 40

Salpingo-Jiaphylinus 43

Sar tortus I39

Scalenus ^y

Semimemhranofiis 1 43

Seminervofus 1 43

Semifpinalis dorjt 84

Serratus major anticus 70

Serratus inferior pojlicus yz

Serratus minor anticus y\

Serratus fuperior pojlicus . 71

Solans 1^6

SpbinBer mi 6$

SphinBer

s

Human Mufcles in this Tteatife. 197

SpbhiBer lahiorum 1 9

SphinBer veftcis ^S

Spinalis colli 79

Spinalis hmborum 85

Spknius 74

Stapedis mufculus, feu Stapldma 27

Sterno'hyoidaus 3 ^

Sterno'thyreoidieus 35

Stylo'chondro-hjoid(eus 3^

Stylo'gloffus 34

Stylo-hyoid^us ^9

StylQ'byoid^eus alter 3^

Stylo'pharyng<sus 4^

Subclavius 5^

Stibfcaptilaris 95

Supinator radii longus 12,7

Supinator radii brevis 12,7

Siiprafpinatus 9^

SyndefmO'pharyngms 4^

" ^ T

T'Emporalis
Teres major
Teres minor
Thenar

ThyreO'Jlaphylinus
Thyreo-arytanoidaeus
Thyreo-pbaryngisus
Tibialis anticus -^'
Tibialis pojlipus
Tracheh-majloidms

ipS An Alphabetical INDEX, 6'c.

Tranfuerfales dor ft interiom 84

Tranfverfalis abdominis 4

Tranfverfalis colli 80

Tranfverfalis lumhrum 85

'Tranfverfalis pedis 1 66

Trapezius 66

Triangularis ferns 50

Triceps femoris ' 33^

Triceps cubiti 1 00

V

T/'j^Jlus externus jai

'^ Vajlus internus 14 1

Z

'TYgomafwus jg

^^

•lo^

^An Account of what 2)r. Don-
glafs obliged himself to perform
in a Courfe of human and
comparative Anatomy.

In the OsTEOLOGiCAL Part,

I. nr^O difcourfe on the Bones, Cart!-
X l^g^-^ and Ligaments in general.

2. To examine the Bones in particular,
all of them being fo prepared as their in-
ner Subftance may be viewed as well as
their outer.

3. To fliew the Articulations of the
Bones, both in a Skeleton and in a frefh
Subjeft.

4. To demonftrate the Teriojleum, the
Medulla, the Entrance and Exit of the
Blood- Veflels, with all the mucilaginous
Glands feated in or near the Joints.

5. To compare the Bones of a Ft^tus
with thofe of an Adult, and to give an
Account of their Accretion from Concep-
tion to the Birth.

6. To adjuft the Diflerence between a
male and a female Skeleton,

7. To fhew and defcribe all the Carti-
lages and Ligaments*

la

fepo A Courfe of human

In the Myological Part.

1. To give the Strudure of a Fihre^
Membrane and Mufcle in general

2. To raife every Mufcle in particular ;
fhewing its Origin, Progrefs and Inferti-
on ; giving an Account of its lirft Dif-
eoverer, and to whom we are obliged for
its bell: Defcription.

In the Interologigal Part.

1. To give the Divifion of the Body,
with a Defcription of its common con-
taining Parts, as the Cuticula^ Cutis, &c.

2. To ihew all the Vifcera contained in
the Cavity of the Thorax and Abdomen, in
fttu naturali, obferving their Situations and
mutual Connexions one with another^
and from thence explaining feveral Tb^-
mmena that happen in the Practice of Thy^
Jick and Surgery.

3. To demonftrate each Vifcus in parti-^
cular.

4. To (hew the Parts fubfervient to
Generation in both Sexes, in frefh Bo-
dies and dried Preparations.

5. To fliew the Organs of Senfe m
frefn and dried Preparations.

6. To demonftrate all the Parts of a
human F(2tns that differ from an Adult,

as

and comparative Anatomy 20 1

as ^Q Thymus^ Glaridtdd^, Renales, ( their
numerous Vcffels being all filled with dif-
frent coloured Wax ) the Funiculus and
Vaja timbilicalia^ the Foramen ovale ^ Canalis

'Botalli, vel DuSus arteriofus, Dutlns verw-

fos, &c.

7. To examine the Tlacenfa uferina^
with the Meoibranes that involve the F(e^
tus in titero.

In the Neurological Part.

1. To difcourfe of the Nerves in ge-'
neral.

2. To trace all the Nerves that rile
from the Medulla oblongata, thro ogh the
Holes in the Cranium to their relpeftive
Terminations in the Nofe, Eyes, Ears^
Tongue, Skin of the Head and Face^
Neck, and Parts contained in the Cheil
and lower Belly ; and rhofe that fpring
from the Mcduda fpinalis into the Extre-
mities where they chiefly end*

In the Adenological Parr.

1. To explain the Struclure of the
Glands in general

2. To demonftrate the Brain and fjn-
nal Marroiv, vjith all the Membranes that
involve them.

Cc 3' To

[Q2 j4 Courfe of human

3. To examine thefalivary, the mamma-
ry^ and the other conglomerated Glands^ in-
jefting the excretory Du6ts of fomc of
them with Mercury and Wax.

4. To demonftrate feveral of the ly^n^-
phatkk ox conglobated Kind.

In the Angeiqlogical Part.

1. To difcoiirfe of the Artertes^ Ve'ins^
and lymphatick VelTels in general, demon-
ftrating their feveral Coats and Valves.

2. To fill all the Arteries with a cera-
ceous Matter.

3. To injeft the Sinufes of the Dura
mater^ and fill fome of the Veins with a
different coloured Wax, and to trace the
reft of them, particularly the Azygos^ the
Ramifications of the 'Torta^ and thofe that
are opened in VeimfeBion.

N. B. The above mentioned Parts are
to be exhibited in human Bodies, moft of
them being likeways Ihewn in dried Pre-
parations, and in defcribing them the fol-
lowing Particulars are to be confidered
and explained, viz. their Names in Greek,
Latin and Englip^ Etymology, Difcoverer,
Number, Situation, Connexion, Figure, Sub-
Jlance, Cavities, Magnitude, Membranes or
Coats, VcJJels, Colour, <(^x. with their mofir
probable Ufe, There will be added, in the

Do-

and comparative Anatomy. 203

Demonflration of the Vifcera and Glands,
fome Obfervaticns from diflecling morbid
Bodies^ how they may be preternaturally
affected, with an Explication of the Symp-
toms that proceed from thence.

In the CoxMPARATivE Part of this Courfe.

1. To demonftrate and compare all the
Parts of a ^.adrupede, at the fame Time^
with thofe of a hwnan Body, that their dif-
ferent Strudlures may be the better ob-
ferved.

2. To fhew the Vafa laBea, the Glands
of the Me/enterj, Receptacuhim chyli, Duc-
tus thoracicus^ and its Opening into the
fubclavian Vein,

3. To demonflrate the four Stomachs
of fome Animals that chew the Cud, and
to give an Account of the Caufe and Ufe
of Rumination,

4. To (hew the perijiahick Motion of
the Guts, and the Adion of the Dia-
phragm in a Rabbit.

5. To demonflrate the Uterus of a Cow,
with its Cotjledones, and the Liquors and
Membranes of the Ffstus included.

6. To raife all the Mufcles in a Volatile
inje6l its Arteries, and trace its Nerves ;
to examine the internal and external Struc-
ture of its Ear : to demonflrate the Mem-

hrana

204 -^ Coiirfe of human

brana neciitans^ and fhew the Contrivance
thac hinders the Tendon of its Mufcle
from compreffing the Globe of the Eye
-while it acts, with the Scru6ture of the o-
ther Parts of the Eye. To examine th^
two Sio?mchs, viz, the Ingkroies and Ven-
tricuhis, or Gizzard, with the Trahbus or
Vejiibulmn^ the Heart and Lungs, .with
the Perforations or Openings, of. the laft
ir.entioned, into feveral pellucid membra-
nous Bladders; that ly between the Folds
of the hitefiines,

7. In a Cock, to demonflrate the Teftes^
K'ld'i^y^t ^^ refer s^ the two Tenifes and
Cloaca. . ■'■

8. In a Hen to (hew the Ovarium, with
tiie Racemi viielhrmn^ xhQ Ovic/u8us-ai\d
Uterus, ■ -

9. To fhew the Circulation oftheS/c?a^,
and iliQ Animalcula infemine fnUfcidinOyWwh

•Glalfes.

1 o.To give the anatomical Defcription
of all the Parts of an Oyjter, Skate^ Lob-
jier and Whiting, The Strufture of the
Heart, and the elegant Contrivance of
the Gills, will be demondrated in this laft
named Fi(h, with an -Account of the Mo^
tion of ilie Blood in thofe Animals that
have but one Ventricle in their Heart.

J J. To

end comparative Jlnatomy, zoj

II. To exhibit the Stiaiclure of that
molt abftrufe Organ of Hearing in feven or
eight different Aniviah.

- After a faithful and complete Demon-
ftration of the above mentioned Particu-
lars, to conclude the Courfe I will give a
fhort Hiftory of the OEconomia anima-
LIS, drawn from the Structure of the Parts
thus defcribed, and comprehended under
the following Heads, viz. Oi Majli cation^
Deglutition^ Digejiion^ Chylification, San-
guification^ the circular Motion of the Blood.
in a Feet us and in an Adult • of Nutrition^
Secretions of all the particular Humours in
the Body from the Ma^a fanguinea ; of
Generation^ Refpiration^ ?nufcular and pro-
grejjive Motion^ with an x^ccount how the
Senfes are performed, 6-t.

From the Blue Boar over againjl the End
c/Tetter-Lane in Fleet-Streetj Sep-
tember 24. 1706,

FINIS.

zoS

A S H O R T

APPENDIX

T O T H E

ACCOUNT

O F

Human Mufcles,

Publiflied by

/

J. Douglas M. D.

Contamng Additions to the Defcriptions of
fame of the hlufcles,

Tage I. ^'"^VBliquus descendens a-
S 1 rifcs by feveral Tendons ;
^"^^ that next the Vertebrae
dor/I, being longer than any of the reft,
from the lower Edge of the 5th, 6th, 7th,
8th, pth, loth, and i Jth Ribs, a little be-
fore they become cartilaginous, and ten-

dineo-

\A T T E N D I X. zoy

dineo-carnous from al! the Outfide of the
fame Ribs near their Cartilages. Its four
uppermoft acute Beginnings are intermixed
with the terminating Digittili of the Serra-
ius anticus major upon the Body of the Rib,
and all the reft adhere to the Latijfimus
dorfi at its Origin from the Ribs. Its In-
fertion is likevvays tendinous into the fore
Part of the Os ilium.

N. B. Before you can raife this Mulcle,
you muft free Part of the Latijfimus dorfi
from its Adhefion to the laft named Bone,
and then you will have a View of the Oh-
Uquus internuSy the Triangularis lumhGrum^
the Tendon of the Tranfverfalis abdominis^
and the Sacro-lumbalis.

Tage 2. Obliquus ascendens runs in
flefhy between the three laft Ribs, when
their cartilaginous Endings do not adhere to
one another.

iV. B. If you w^ill take the Trouble to
feparatethe two Tendons of thefe oblique
Mufcles, you will obferve that that of the
Internus is almoft quire loft in the Tendon
of the ExternuSy before it reaches what
they call the Linca alba : But, before you
can aileft this, vou muft cut thro' a ten-
dinous Membrane that comes from the
Tendon of the TranJverjQilis a: the feniilii-

nary

^o8 ATTEND IX.

nary Line, and joins in with that of the
jifcendens^

Tage 3. Rectus is much broader at its
Infertion than in any other Parr, where
k receives fome fleihy Fibres from the
lowermoft Origination of the pectoral
Mufcle*

N,B. The Tendons of the oblique
Mufcle cannot be eafiiy feparated from its
Interfeclions, the lowermoll of which lyes
parallel with the Navel, but all the reft are
above it.

The fiefliy Fibres of the TranfverfaJis^
above the fore Part of the Os iliwn^ run
difgregated, and firmly adhere to the Muf-
cle above them.

Tagc 5, In Columbus's Time it w^as a
prevailing Opinion, that the oblique and'
tranfverfe Mufcles of the yihdomen were
Digq/Incks, or BherJers, Vid, Reald. Cch
lumb. de re anatom. lib. v. cap. xxii. de muf-
culis.

Tage 7. Some defcribe and delineate,
for the Tranjverfalis penis ^ the Levator ani
-externus RioL

Tage I.I . Columbus was of the Opinion,
that the Mufculus occipitalis, which he firft
defcribed, and named Mufculus Jlipercilitim
trahens^ joined tlie Frontalis by its broad
Tendon, and fo drew the Skin of the

fore

j4T T E N D I X.

fore Head and hind Head backwards*
Vid, cap. vii. de miifculis*

Tage 12. I have often took Notice of
a litde flelhy Slip, which parted from the
Orbicularis palpebrarum, and run down
with the Zygomaticus,

Tage 1 8. Depressor labiorujm com-
munis arifes between that Part of the La-
tijfimus colli, which climbs over the Maxil-
la to the Angle of the Lips, and the De-
prejfor labii inferioris proprius,

Tage 20. The Origin of the Depres-
sor LABII superioris PROPRIUS is Continu-
ed as far back as the foremoft Dens mola-
risy from whence it runs up, under Part
of the Levator labii fuperioris proprius, to
its Termination.
^ Vage 22. Buccinator being continued
between thefe two Originations, to the
TterigO'pharjing^us on one Side, and the
Mylo-pharyngaeus on the other.

T age 12, LatissIxMus colli. Its Slip,
that terminates in the Angle of the Lips,
runs up between the DepreJJor labioruin
communis an4 the Majfeter.

Tage 30. R. Columbus firft took notice
of the true Origin of the Coraco-hyoid^us.

T'age 33. In fome Subjeds I have ob-

ferved that a great Part of the Cerato-

GLOssus did arife from the Bafis of the Bone,

X) d and

209

SiQ AT T E N D IX.

and in fome others I have found few'* or
none of its Fibres to fpring Irom thence.

Tage '34. LiNGUALis was firft defcrib-
ed by the laft named Author, being thus
named only by Spigelius,

Tage 41. That fome of the Fibres of
the Thyreo'PHARYng.eus run up, and
are fpread upon the Membrane of the Glof^
fis, is Mr. Cowpers Obfervation.

Tage 42. The Palato-staphylitnUS
feems to h-^'-e been partly known by Mr,
Diouis 9. French Surgeon ; for, in his Ana-
tomy of human Bodies improved, he affirms
the Uvula to be formed by the Union of
two httle round Mufcles that fpring from
the Septum naji. If I had known fo much
when I firft defcribed thefe Mufcles, his
Name, and not ray Mark, had been affix-
ed unto them, and I had only given their
true Defcription, which he has erred in.
This fame Author does likeways very ac-
curately defcribe the two Arches that
reach from the Sides of the Uvula to the ,
Tongue, which are afterwards reckoned
two new Mufcles by Valfah% under the
Name of GlaJJo-ftaphylim.

Tage 43. The circular Fibres of the
Thyreo-flaphjiUni cover '^ie laft defcribed
Mufcles,

^TTENDIX. Ui

^age 43. Salpingo-staphy LINUS i^ a
pretty thick and round Mufcle, its trueO-
rigination being pointed at by Vejlingius in
his Syntagm, anatoin, cap. xi. pag, mi hi 1 75^
long before Valfalva chriftned it by its
Name.

^age 45. In hiy humble Opinion, with
all Submiffion to the better Judgment of
others, the Musculus tub^ novus may
well be divided into two diftindl Mufcles,
as upon Occafion I think I can very eafi-
ly demonftrate. The fir(t I bring broad
and tendinous from the Os palati^ and fix
its Termination into the Tube of the Ear^
which it ferves to dilate. The other, which .
is much fmaller, feems to derive its Ori-
gin from the uf^pex of the bony Part of the
forefaid Tube ; in its Afcent it clofely
adheres to the firft, but, at the Hook-
like Procefs of the Bone, its fmall Tendon
departs from it, and, growing broad and
thin, is foon fpread upon the Membrana
faucium above the Foramina narimn, at the
Sides of the Uvula. Its Ufe being, when
it adls with its Partner^ to antagonize the
TbyreO'Jlaphylinus ,

Tage 52. The CrotaphIte, or tern--
porol Mufcle, is covered with a particular
tendinous Membrane, that fprings from
the Bones which give Origin to the upper

"^^ . and

212 ^T T E N D I X.

and femicircular Part of this Mufcle, and,
paffing over the fame, contradts like it, and
is inferted into all the Os jugale, and the
adjoining Part of the Os front is. Its Ufe
is to fortify this Mufcle in its A6lion, by
bracing it down at that Time. When
^ this Membrane is removed, we meet with
a few thin flelhy Fibres, which terminate in
the broad middle Tendon of the Mufcle,
juft as it pafTes under the Yoke-Bone. The
under Side of this Tendon, which appears
as if it were compofed of feveral fmall
Ones clofely conjoined, is lined, as it were,
by a great many more flefhy Fibres, to
prevent its being injured by the Hardnefs
or Roughnefs of the fubjacent Bones. It
runs down the two Edges of a Sulcus in the
fore Part of the Trocejus coronas tendinous
and flefhy,

Tage 5Z- The third Beginning of the
Majfeter arifes from all the inner Edge of
the Os jugale, being eafily feparated from
its other Beginnings, and, is inferted tendi-
iieo-carnous into all the Outfide of the
Trocejpis corome^ and the Neck of the
lower Jaw.

Tage s6. This moveable Cartilage re-
ceives, in like Manner, fome flelhy Fibres
from the temporal and MoJJeter Mufcles.

Tage 58.

A T T E N D I X. 213

^age 58, SuBCLAVius arifes alfo from^
the Root of the TroceJJits coracoides fcapuU^
clofely adhering to the Ligament that
runs between it and the Clat^icula,

Tage 60. The Diaphragm arifes on each
Side of the Vertebrae lumborum by the fol-
lowing diftin6t Beginnings.

1. Is flelhy from the Side of the firft
Vertebra of the Loins.

2. Is tendinous from the fore Part of
the fecond, third, and fometimes
fourth Vertebra, This Tendon is
almoft infeparable from fome Part of
its Fellow on the other Side.

3. Is tendineo-carnous from the Side of
the fecond Vertebra, and often from
the third alfo, elpecially on one Side.

4. Its fourth Origin is by a thin Ten-
don from the Root of the tranfverfe
Procefs of the fecond Vertebra lumbo-
rum ; between this and the laft Rib
the Triangularis rvms up to its Ter-
mination.

The fuperior Mufcle arifes by two fie-
fhy Beginnings, v^^hofe Fibres are carried
ftreight down, (i^'C. whereas all thofe
from the Ribs run obliquely inwards.

Tage 62. Line 3. inilead of relaxed^
read contra^ed.

Tage 64,

214 j4 T T E N D I X.

^age 6^. The ^mis has two Spbin-^
fters ; the firft may be called extemus^ or
cutaneus, which furroiinds the Todex a-
bout the Breadth of one Inch, being pla-
ced immediately between the Skin and the
Fat. The fecond is named internus and va-^
glnalis, being defcribed in the Specimen.

Tage 6/\., Levator magnus arifes
from the Os pubis, between its Jundure
and the Hole common to it with the IJchi-
on, from the Tendon that covers the Mar^
fupialis, and from the acute Procefs of the
laft named Bone ; between which and the
lower Part of the Os coccygjs it adheres to
the Mufculus coccyg^as, being both cover-
ed with one Membrane.

^age 66. Galen divides the Trapezius
into two Mufcles, the fuperior and the
inferior. The firft he calls Trapezia, and to
the fecond later Anatomifts have given the
Name of Cuculla, from whence they are
both commonly denominated Cucullares,
The inferior Part of this Mufcle grows a
little tendinous before it is inferted into the
back Part of the Spina fcapuU ; its upper
Part, from the Os occipitis to the fpinal
Procefs of the laft Vertebra colli, is infepa-
rably united to its Fellow of the other
Side.

^age y6.

AT T E N D IX. 215

Tage y6. The Complexus feems to de-
rive fome Part of its Origin from the o-
blique Procelles of the Vertebra of the
Neck.

Tage 79. The Infertion of the Spinalis
colli is by four fmall Tendons.

"Tage 8 1 . 1 difcovered the Interiranfver-
fates vert ebr arum colli fome Time before I
knew that Mr. Cowper, to whofe pene-
trating Eyes there is nothing hid of this
Kind, had made Mention of them any
where ; however, if I had not quite forgot
it, not having the Tranfaclion (N°. XXL
AiL 16^^. Tage 132.) by me, when I
put my loofe Papers in Order for the
Prefs, I had certainly afBxed his Name,
and not m)'' Mark.

Tage 88. The Fafciculus of Fibres,
that runs oif from the Tefioralis to the O-
hliquus abdominis externus^ is defcribed very
accurately by R, Cohmibus,

Tage 92. The fecond Origination of
the Latiffimtis dorji is tendinous and flefhy
from the Extremity of the bony Part of
the four or five lowermoft Ribs near their
Cartilages. In fome mufcular Diffeclions,
fince this Specimen was made publick, I
obferved a fiiiall Bundle of flefhy Fibres to
arife from the Outfide of the Bafis fcaptd^
' ^ near

-i6 ylTTENDIX.

near its inferior Angle, and, adhering to
the upper Part of this Mufcle in its Pro-
grefe along the Cofla hifenor of the Shoul-
der-Blade, to be loft into the fame, juft
where it begins to grow tendinous. That
this is fo in all Bodies I am apt to believe,
tho' before this I had never remarked it.

^age 1 02. Palmaris longus gives
fomc tendinous Filaments to the Ligamen-
turn annulare^ to the AbdnBor pollicis, and
not to the AdduBor^ as it is faljly printed^
and to the Flexor of its firft Internode.

Tage 105, Flexor carpi ULNARishas
likewa3^s a narrow fielhy Beginning from
the Sideofthey/«C{7«, between which and
its tendinous Origin a large Branch of the
brachial Nerve, called Ramus ulnaris^ paf-
fes to the Cubit.

Tage III. Extensor digitorum com-
munis gives a Tendon to the little Finger,
befides the Tendon of its Extenjor pro-
prius.

^age 1 1 8. What they call Extensor
MiNixMi DiGiTi is commonly inferted by
two Tendons.

Toge 128. Iliacus iNTf:RNus arifes
from all the inner Lip of the fcmicircular
Part of the Ilium^ from the Edge of that
Bone between its anterior Spine and the

Ace-

j4T T E N D I X. ^217

'j/}cetahulu7n, and from moft of its Cojla or
hollow Part.

Tage 130. Line i. read, Mufcle, being
infeparably joined to that of the Membra-
no/us.

Glut^eus medius is inferred by a broad
Tendon which runs after an oblique
Manner.

Tage 130. I mean, fome Part of the
tendinous Fibres of the Glufietis ?niniP2us
are fpread upon the Membrane that in-
volves that Part of the Bone.

Tage 136. C0CGYG.EUS is alfo inferted
into, the inferior Part of the Osfacrum in
fome Subjedrs.

Tage 141. Vastus externus, its Ori-
gin is continued from near the Infertion
of the Gluteus minimus obliquely outwards
over the great Trochanter to the Linea fl-
fpera ; or rather, this Mufcle has a fecond
Origination from all that rough Line, by
flefhy Fibres, which run obliquely fore-
wards to a middle Tendon, where they
terminate.

Vastus internus arifes tendinous and
flefhy from between the fore Part of the
Os femoris and the little Trochanter^ and
from aim oft all the Infide of the Linea a-
fpera, with Fibres running obliquely fore-
wards and downwards. From its infcrt-
Ee ing

2i8 AT T' E N D I X. .^

ing Tendon there runs off an Aponeurofis
to the Mufcles below the Hgad of the 77-

Crur^us firmly adheres to moft of the
fore Part of the Osfemoris

Tage 149. Line 1 1. Expansio tendi-
KosA, read^ is fpread upon the adjacent
^hduBor pollicis.

Tage 152. Line 6. Peroh^eus primus,
read^ at the ou^r Ankle.

Tage i^^.jLine 11. Peron^us secun-*
pus, read^ with that of the preceeding Mtif-
cle,

Tage 154. Extensor lokgus. Th«(e
fmall Tendons I am now inclined to be*
lieve proceed from the InteroJJei.

Tage 159. I keep by me the Mufcles
of a F(Etus prepared, in which I obferved
a fmall flefhy Mufcle to arife from the Os
prone ^ near the Extremity between the
Flexor pollicis longus and the Teron(Sus bre^
vis-, this, in the Sinuofity of the Calcane-
urn, grows tendinous, and, adhering ftridly
to the MajlJa carnea, in its Progrefs fore-
wards joins in with the Tendon of the
Terforans that belongs to the Toe next
the great one.

Tage 1 60. Upon a ftridler Inquiry I
have obferved that the InteroJJei digitorum

pedis

^■r A T T E N D I X.

pedis do really all terminate as they do ia
the Fingers.

Tage t6i. All the Mufcles that I faid
arife from the Tendon of the Mufculus pe-
ronaus^ arife rather from the Membrane
that covers this Tendon, and inclofes it. in
the Sulcus of the Os cuboides.

Tage 165. Abductor pollicis has
very often a tendinous Origin from the
Edge of the Os cymbiforme, receiving near
this Bone fome tendinous Filaments from
the Tibialis anticus.

FINIS.

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