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SESSIONAL PAPERS
VOL. XXV.-PART IV.
THIRD SESSION OF SEVENTH LEGISLATURE
CF THE
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
SESSIOnsr 189
r 0 A' 0 A' T U :
TKINTEI) FOK LUD. K. CAMERON, QUEEN'S PRINTEK, BY WARWICK & SONS, G» am. 70 FRONT STREET WEST. .
1893.
LIST OF SESSIOl^AL PAPERS.
ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY.
Title.
Accounts {Dominion and the Provinces)
Accounts, Public
Agricultural and Arts, Report
Agricultural College, Report
Agricultural Societies, Analysis ,
Anutoruy, Inspector, Bodies received by Asylums, Report
Baxter, Judge, commutation
Bee- Keepers' Association, Report .... Births, Marriages and Deaths, Report.
Blind Institute, Report
Bonds and Securities
Canadian Institute, Report
Cattle, Dehorning, Report
Central Farmers' Institute, Report
Cholera regulations , ,
Colonization Roads and Bridges . . Crown Lands Report
Dairymen's and Creameries', Report ,
Deaf and Dumb Institute, Report
Dehorning Cattle, Report
Division Courts, Report
Drainagf^ Commission, Report
DufTtrn License Commissioners, correspondence.
Education, Report
" publication of Text-Books, 0. in C
** publication of French Grammar
" lecturers at School of I^edagogy
" Goderich High School
" Niagara Falls High Scliool
*' Toronto Junction High School
" Inspector of Model Schools, duties of
•• County pupils attending High Schools
" appointiaent, resignations and dismissals
" names of authors and publishers of text-books,
Elections, Returns
Elgin House of Industry, Report
Entomological Society, Report
Estimates
54
Remarks.
Printed.
Nut printed. Printed.
Not printed. Printed.
Not printed. Printed.
Printed.
Not printed.
Printed. Not printed.
Printed.
Not printed. Printed.
Title.
Factories Inspectors, Report
Farmers' Institute, Central, Report
Fire Ranging, expenditure
Fish and Game, Report
Forest Reservation and National Park, Report Forestry, Forest Schools Management, Report. Fruit Growers', Report
Game and Fish, Report
Gaols, Prisons and Reformatories, Report Government Roads
Health, Report
" regulations re, cholera . .
" regulations re ice supply
Hospitals, Report
Houses of Refuge, Report
Ice, regulations re supply and storage
Immigration, Report
Industries, Bureau of, Report
Insurance, Report
Jenkinson, W. T., application for license.
Jones vs. Sharpe, correspondence
Judicature Act, commutation
Judicature Act " ....
Kirkpatrick, Lieutenant-Governor
Lands sold, amounts due on
Legal Offices, Report
Librarian, Report
Lieutenant-Governor, appointment
Liquor Licenses, Report
" number issued
" convictions in N. Ontario .
Magdalen Asylums, Report
Manley, conduct of
Medical Council, sums paid to members Middlesex Registry Office, vacancies in
Mines, Report of Bureau
Mosgrove, Judge, commutation
Municipal indebtedness
Municipal Taxation, Report
Municipal Treasurers, defalcations . . . .
Orphan Asylums, Report
Ottawa Separate Schools, correspondence .
Paget and Regan, correspondence
Pedagogy, lecturers
Pedgaogy, appointments and dismissals
No.
25 84 41 76 31 30 13
76 9
78
28 66 67 38 10
67 18 20
4
63 33 34
57
Remarks.
Printed.
Printed.
Printed..
Printed.
Not printed.
Printed.
Printed.
|
37 |
Not printed. |
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57 |
Printed. |
|
19 |
t( |
|
49 |
" |
|
88 |
Not printed. |
|
10 |
Printed. |
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51 |
S ot printed. |
|
86 |
Printed. |
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58 |
Not printed. |
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85 |
Printed. |
|
34 |
Not printed. |
|
89 |
Printed. |
|
73 |
(( |
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79 |
(( |
|
10 |
Printed. |
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50 |
i( |
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63 |
Not printed. |
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44 |
i 1 |
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54 |
Printed. |
Title.
Plebiscite Petitions
Poultry and Pet Stock, Report
Prisons, Report
Proton Commissioner
Public Accounts
Public Works, Report
Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park, Report ,
Railway Documents
Refuge, Houses of, Report . . . .
Registrars' fees
Roads and Bridge expenditure
Scott Act By-laws . .
Secretary and Registrar, Report Statutes, Revised, disposal of . . , Statutes, Sessional, disposal of . .
Tavern and Shop Licenses, Report
Text Books, publication
Timber berths, offered for sale in 1892 ... .
Timber berths, purchasers in 1890
Timber sales from 1871
Timber, estimated quantity
Titles, Report of Master
Toronto General Trusts Company
Toronto Normal School, appointments, etc. Toronto University, Report
" Faculty of Medicine .
" Finance Report . . . .
Upper Canada College, Report ,
York Branch River Bridge .... York House of Industry, Report
19 55 62 74 92 72 61 56 54 70 1 21
29
80 40
Remarks.
Printed
Not printed. Printed.
Printed. Printed.
Not printed. Printed.
Not printed.
Printed.
Not printed. Printed.
Printed. Not printed.
LIST OF SESSIONAL PAPERS.
Arranged in Numerical Order with (heir Titles at full length : the dates when Ordered and when presented to the Leyidature : the name of the Member who moved the same, and whether Ordered to be Printed or not.
No. 1.
No. 2, No. 3,
No. 4
No. 5,
No. 6.
No. 7.
No. 8.
No. 9.
No. 10.
No. 11.
CONTENTS OF PART I.
Report of the Standing Committee on the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, on the subject of Re-organization. Presented to the Legislature, 10th April, 1893. {Printed.)
Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into the practice of Dehorn- ing Cattle. Presented to the Legislature, 10th April, 1893. {Printed.)
Report of the Minister of Education for the year 1892, with Statistics of 1891, in which is included the Reports upon the Scientific Institutions and School of Practical Science. Presented to the Legislature, 5th April, 1893. {Printed. )
CONTENTS OF PART II.
Report of the Inspector of Insurance and Registrar of Friendly Sooieties'for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 5th April, 1893. {Printed.)
Report relating to the Registration of Births, Marriages and Deaths for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 19ch May, 1893. {Prinfrd.)
CONTENTS OF PART III.
Report upon the Ontario Institution for the education and instruction of the Blind, Brantford, for the year ending 30th September, 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 5th April, 1893. {Printed ) ,,,„,""
Report upon the Ontario Institution for the education of the Deaf and Dumb, Belleville, for the year ending 30th September, 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 5th AJpril, 1893. {Printed.) ^
Report upon the Lunatic and Idiot Asylums of the Province for the year end- ing 30th September, 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 10th April, 1893. {Printed.)
Report upon the Common Gaols, Prisons and Keforoiatories, for the year end- ing 30th September, 1892. Presented to the Lsgialature, 5th April, 1893. (Printed.]
Report upon the Houses of Refuge and Orphan and Magdalen Asylums for the year ending 30th September, 1892. Pre^en'.ed to the Legislature, 10th April, 1893. (Printed.)
Report of the Agriculture and Arts Association for the year 1*;92. Presented to the Legislature, 10th April, lJ^93. {Printed.)
No. 12.
Ko. 13.
No. 14,
No. 15,
No. 16.. No. 17.. No. 18.. No. 19..
No. 20,. No. 21.. No. 22..
No. 23 , No. 24. No. 25.
CONTENTS OF PART IV.
Report of the Entomological Society for the year 1892. Presented to the Legi.slature, 10th April, 1893. (Printed.)
Report of the Fruit Growers' Association for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 10th April, 1893, (Printed.)
Public Accout^ts of the Province for the year 1892. Presented to the Legis- lature, 5th April, 1893. (Printpd.)
Estimates for the service of the Province until the Estimates of the year are finally passed. Presented to the Legislature, 5th April, 1893. (Not printed.) Estimates for the year 1893. Presented to the Legislature, 5th April, 1893. (Printed.) Estimates required for the service of the Prov- ince until the Estimates for the year are finally passed. Presented to the Legislature, 1st May, 1893. (Not printed.) Estimates (supplementary) for the year 1893. Presented to the Legislature, 25th May, 1393, ( Printed. >
CONTENTS OF PART V.
Report of the Dairymen's and Creameries.' Associations of the Province for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 19th May, 1893. (Printed.)
Report of the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 18th April, 1893. (Printed.)
Report of the Department of Immigration for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 5th May, 1893. (Printed )
Report upon the working of the Tavern and Shop Licenses Act for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 10th April, 1893. (Printed.)
CONTENTS OF PART Vi.
Report of the Bureau of Industries for the year 1892. Presented to the Legis- lature, 12th May, 1893. (Printed.)
Report of the Standing Committee on Finance, University of Toronto, Pre- sented to the Legislature, 10th April, 1893. (Printed.)
Report of the Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 10th April, 1893. (Printed.)
CONTENTS OF PART VII.
Report for the Canadian Institute for the year 1892. Presented to the Legis- lature, 19th May, 1893. (Printed.)
Report of the Commissioner of Public Works for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 12th April, 1893. (Printed.)
Reports of the Inspectors of Factories of the Province for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 19th May, 1893. [Printed.)
No. 2G. . Report of the Inspector of Division Courts for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 19th May, 1893. (Printed.)
No. 27 . . Report of the Insjjector of Legal Offices for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 2nd May, 1893, {Printed.)
No. 28. . Report of the Provincial Board of Health for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 19th May, 1893. (Printed.)
No. 29.. Report of Upper Canada College for the year ending 30th June, 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 6th April, 1893. (Printed)
No. 30 . . Papers and Reports upon Forestry, Forest Schools, Administration and Man- agement. Presented to the Legislature, 20th April, 1893. (Printed.)
CONTENTS OF PART VIII.
No. 31 . . Report of the Royal Commission on Forest Reservation and National Park. Presented to the Legislature, 20th April, 1893. (Printed.)
No. 32 . . Report of the Drainage Commission for the Province, 189 2-3. Presented to the Legislature, 4th May, 1893. (Printed.)
1 No. 33. . Copy of an Order in Council commuting the fees payable to His Honour Judge Baxter, under the Surrogate Courts Act. Presented to the Legislature, 5th April, 1893. (Xot irrinted )
No. 34. . Copy of an Order in Council respecting the payment of Surrogate Court fees to His Honour, Judge Mosgrove. Presented to the Legislature, 5th April, ; 1893. (Not printed.)
No. 35. . Statement as to the disposal of the Revised Statutes for the year 1892. Pre- sented to the Legislature, 5th April, 1893. (Not printed.)
No. 36.. Statement as to the disposal of the Sessional Statutes for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 5th April, 1893. (Not printed.)
No. 37 . . Report of the Librarian on the state of the Library. Presented to the Legis- lature, 6th April, 1893. (Not printed.)
No. 38 . . Report upon the Hospitals of the Province for the year ending 30th Septem- ber, 1892. Presented to the Legislature, Hth April, 1893. (Printed.)
No. 39 . . Report of the Hou.se of Industry and Refuge, County of Elgin. Presented to the Legislature, 10th April, 1893. (Not printed.)
No. 40.. Report on the House of Industry, County of York. Presented to the Legis- lature, 10th April, 1893. [Not printed.)
No. 41 . . Return to an Order of the House, of the sixth day of April, 1802, shewing the expenditure in each year, since the system of tiro ranging has been established for that service, the amount of refunds in each year, and the amount remaining unpiid on account of the licensee's share of the expendi- ture. Presented to the Legislature, 10th April, 1893. Mr. Meredith. (Printed.)
10
No. 42.
No. 43,
No. 44.
No. 45.
No. 46.
No. 47,
No. 48.
No. 49,
No. 50
No. 51
No. 52,
Copy of -an Order-in-Council approving of cerbaia ap;reemeat3 ia regird to pub- lication of Text Books. Presented to the Legislature, 11th April, 1893. {Not printed.)
Copy of an Order-in-Council respecbiag a certiin iadenture of agreement in regard to the publication of the High School French Grammar. Presented to the Legislature, 11th April, 1893. {Not printed.)
Copy of an Order-in-Council respectiog the app3intnient of L-^cturera at the School of Pedagogy for the Session of 1892-93. Presented to the Legis- lature, nth April, 1893. {Not printed.)
Copy of an Order inCouncil raising the High School at Goderich to the status of a Collegiate Institute. Presented to the Legislature, 11th April, 1893. {Not printed.)
Copy of an Order in-Council relating to the establishment of a High School at Niagara Falls. Presented to the Legislature, lltli, April, 1893. {Not printed.)
Copy of an Order-in-Couucil respecting the establishment of a High School at Toronto Junction. Presented to the Legislature, 11th April, 1893. {Not printed. )
Copy of an Order-in-Council respecting the performance, during his absence through illness, of certain of the duties of the Inspector of Model Schools. Presented to the Legislature, 11th April, 1893. (^Not printed.)
Return to an Order of the House of the seventeenth day of March, 1892, for a Return shewing the number of liquor licenses issued in each year from 1876 to 1891, both inclusive. The gross fund raised from licenses in each of the same years. The sums paid out of the said fund in each of the same years to the Province and the Municipalities respectively, and the sums the Municipalities have imposed by by-law over and above the Statutory Duties in each of the same years. Presented to the Legislature, 12th April, 1893. Mr. Clanaj. ^Printed.)
Return to an Order of the House of the twenty-third day of March, 1892, for a Return of copies of all correspondence between Mr. Inspector White and the Board of Separate School Trustees of the City of Ottawa, together with copies of all reports made by the Inspector to the said Board, with reference to the Separate Schools of the City, during the year 1891. Presented to the Legislature, 12th April, 1893. Mr. Whitney. {Printed.)
Return to an Order oE the House of the twenty-fifth day of March, 1892, for a Return of copies of all correspondence between the Minister of Education, Sir Daniel Wilson, and oie Manley, late caretaker or janitor of the School of Practical Science, or any other person or persons, relating to the conduct of said Manley while janitor, and his dismissal from said position. Presented to the Legislature, 12th April, 1893. Mr. Whitnei/. {Not printed.)
Return to an Order of the House of the eleventh day of April, 1892, for a Return shewing the number of County pupils attending High Schools or Collegiate Institutes in Towns separated from Counties for Municipal pur- poses, for each of the past three years ending 3)th June; the amounts paid by said Counties to the said High Schools and Collegiate Institutes
11
for the same period ; the amounts paid by said Counties to the said High Schools and Collegiate Institutes under the High Schools Act of 1891. Presented to the Legislature, 12 th April, 1893. Mr. Prestun. {Printed)
No. 53 . . Statement of Bonds and Securities registered by Officers of the Province during the year 1892 Presented to the Legislature, l-tth April, 1893. {Not printed.)
No. 54,
No. 65 .
Return to an Order of the House of the twenty-fifth day of March, 1892, for a Return giving the names of all persons who have been appointed to, who have resigned and been dismissed from positions in the Toronto Normal School, the Toronto Model School and the School of Pedagogy, within the last five years, together with copies, in each case, of all correspondence relating to the same between the Minister of Education or any member of the Government, or any officer of the Department of Education and the parties in question, or any other person or persons. Also, copies of all petitions, memorials and communications addressed to the Minister of Education, or any member of the Government, on the part of any, or all of the students of the Toronto Normal School, the Toronto Model School and the School of Pedagogy, within the Ust five years, and of any replies thereto on the Department of Education or the Government. Presented to the Legislature. 14th April, 1893. Mr. Whitney. {Printed.)
Return to an Order of the House of the fourth day of April, 1892, for a Return shewing the names of all authors and publishers of Public and High School text-books, with the respective books published by them and the prices thereof. Also, for the copies of all correspondence by or with the Minister of Education, or any officer of his department, respecting the price or publication of Public or High School text-books, subsequent to that already brought down. Presented to the Legislature, Uth April, 1893. Mr. Kerns. {Printed.)
No. 56. . Report of the Toronto General Trusts Company for the year 1892, to the Legislature, 17th April, 1893. (Not jjrinted.)
Presented
No. 57,
No. 58,
No. 59
No. 60.
Copy of Commission appointing the Honourable George Airey Kirkpatrick, P.C, to be Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario, and of the instruc- tions thereto attached. Presented to the Legislature, 20th April, 1893. ( Printed. )
Return to an Order of the House of the tenth day of April, 1893, for a Return shewing how often, in the past ten years, the office of Registrar of Deeds for the North and East Ridings of the County of Middlesex has become vacant ; the dates when the vacancies occurred and when they were filled, and, if the office is now vacant, how long the vacancy has con- tinued. Presented to the Legislature, 20th April, 1893. Mr. Meredith. {Not printed.)
. iPapers and Documents relating tD the Ki.igston, Napanee and Western Kail- way Company, the Ottawa, Arnprior and Tarry Sound Railway Company, the Irondale, Bancroft and Ottawa Railway Company, and the Central Counties Railway Comi)any. Presented to the Legislature, 25th May, 1893. {Printed.)
Analysis of Reports of Electoral Dictrict and Township Agricultural and Horticultural Societies in Ontario for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 2l8t April, 1893. {Not printed.)
12
No. 61.
No. 62,
No. 63,
No. 64,
No. 65.
No. 66.
No. 67
No. 68,
iReport of the Master of Titles for the year 1892. Presented to the Legis- lature, 21st April. 1893. {Printed)
■Return tc an Address to His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor of the 12th day of April, 189.3, praying that he will cau.se to be laid before this House a Return of ihe timber berths offered for sale at the sale of 13th October,
! 1892, and of the births then sold, including those sold by private contract
after the auction sale, with the area of each berth, the price /?er square mile paid, the names of the several purchasers, the sums received on account of purchase money, the date of the payment thereof and the sums (if any) remaining unpaid on the 1st January, 1893, and shewing whether any, and if so which of the said berths had been previously sold, and when and to whom and for what price, and also for a return of a copy of the advertisement and conditions of sale, and of the Order-in-Council authorizing the sale. Presented to the Legislature, 24th April, 1893. Mr. Whitney, {Printed.)
Return to an Order of the House of the 4th day of April, 1892, for a Return of copies of all correspondence between the Commissioner of Crown Lands, or any officer of the Department of Crown Lands and George Paget and John Regan, or either of them, on the subject of, or with reference to an action in the High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, between F. J. Jones plaintiff, and James Sharpe, Peter McDermott, George Paget and John Regan defendants, which said action was tried, or partially tried, before the Honourable Mr. Justice Rose at Hamilton, on the 2nd day of October, 1890, and settled by the parties thereto. Giving also, copies of all corres- pondence between the said Commissioner, or any such officer, and any other person or persons on the subject of or with reference to, the said action. Presented to the Legislature, 24th April, 1893. Mr. Whitney. {Not printed.)
Return to an Address to His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor of the first day of April, 1892, praying that he will cause to be laid before this House a copy of the Order in-Oouncil for the appointment of a Commissioner to examine into the claims of the Township of Proton in respect of the Land Improvement Fund, of the Commission used in pursuance thereof, and for a statement in detail of all expenses incurred in respect of the enquiry and report. Presented to the Legislature, 2.5th April, 1893. Mr. Meredith. {Not printed.)
Copy of an Order-in-Council adopting the first agreement of submission to the Arbitrators appointed for the settlement of the accounts between the Govern- ment of the Dominion of Canada and the Governments of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and as between the said Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Presented to the Legislature, 26th April, 1893. (Printed.)
Regulations of the Provincial Board of Health, with respect to Cholera, approved by Order-in-Council, dated 11th April, 1893. Presented to the Legislature, 26th April, 1893. {Printed.)
Copy of an Order-in-Council approving of the Regulations respecting the sources of supply and the place of storage of Ice intended for domestic use or cooling purposes, adopted by the Provincial Board of Health. Presented to the Legislature, 26th April, 1893. {Printed.)
Return in part, to an Order of the House of the eleventh day of April, 1892, for a Return shewing by Townships the amount remaining unpaid on the
31st December last on lands sold, of (1) Crown Lands, (2) Common School Lauds, (3) Grammar School Lands, (4) Railway Lands, and the aggregate amount due in respect of each of the said classes of lands, dis- tinguishin^' the amounts due for principal and interest respectively. Pres'^nted to the Legislature, 2Gth Ajiril, 1893. Mr. Meredith. {Printed)
Park.
Report of the Commissioners for the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Presented to the Legislature, 2Sth April, 1893. {Printed.)
CONTENTS OF PART IX.
Report of the University of Toronto for the year 1891-92, including the Reports of the University and College Councils, together with the Bursar's statement for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 17th May, 1893. {Printed.)
Return to an Order of the House of the eleventh day of April, 1892, for a Return shewing the number of bodies received l)y the Inspector of Anatomv, during each of the pist five years from (1) Charitable Institutions (2) Criminal Institutions and (3) all other sources in the Province. Shew- ing also, the number of persons who have died from natural causes in each of the aliove named institutions during the same period, and the number of tlie criminal class who had spent ten years or more in prison before dying in prison, and the number of persons who during the same period have died at the hands of the executioner. Presented to the Legislature, 1 St May, 1893. Mr. Jfeacham. (Printed.)
Return to an Order of the House of the ninth day of March, 1892, lor a Return, shewing the estimated «|uantity of Pine Timber now standing upon the Crown domain of the Province and the estimated value thereof, setting the same forth as far as practicable by a description, by number or otherwise, of the beiths upon which the same is standing, and where the territory has not been divided into timber berths, shewing the localities as far as practicable, and also shewing the data upon which such estimates are based, as far as practicable. Presented to the Legislature, lat Miy, 1893. Mr. Wood (Ha.'^tinc/s ) [Printed)
Report of the Commi-ssion on Municipal Taxation. Presented to the L?gi3lature, r»th May, 1893. (Printed.)
Return to an Address to His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor of the twelfth day of April, 1893, praying that he will cause to ba laid before this House a Return of the names of th(i several purchasers of the timber berths dis- posed of at the sale of (^)ctober, 1890, and of the sales, if any, which were not carried out, and of the amounts, if any, remaining unpvid on account of the purchase money, if any, of such of lots and of a copy of the (3rder in Council authorizing the sale and of the advertisement and conditions of sale Presented to the L'^gislature, 4th May, 1893. Mr. CampbeM ( A lyomi. ) ( Pri nt ed. )
Return from the Records of the several Elections, to the Legislative Assembly, in the Electoral District of the Citv of Toronto, of the County of Peel, and the City of Toronto, since the General Election of 1890, shewing : — (1) The number of votes polled for e<ich cindidate in each Electoral District in which there A'as a contest. (2) The majority whereby each succesiful candidate was returned. (3). The total number of votes polled in each District. (4) The number of votes remaining unpolled. (5) The
14
No. 76,
No. 77
number of names on the Voters' List in each District. (6) The population of each District as shewn by the last census. Presented to the Legislature, 22nd May, 1893. {Printed.)
Report of the Ontario Game and Fish Commission, lature, 11th May, 1893. (Printed.)
Presented to the Legis-
No. 78.
No. 79..
No. 80,
No. 81.
No. 82, No. 83, No. 84,
Return to an Order of the House of the third day of May, 1893, for a Return of copies of all correspondence between the License Inspector of North Brant, or other parties, and the License Department, of any member of the Government, in connection with the application of William T. Jenkinson for a tavern license in polling sub division No. 10, Brantford Township. Presented to the Leo;islature, 8th May, 1893. fMr. McCleary.) (Not printed.^
Return to an Order of the House of the nineteenth day of April, 1893, for a Return shewing, separately for each County, the expenditure on coloniza- tion, Government, or County Roads and Bridges, by the Crown Lands Department, in the Counties of Victoria, Peterborough, Hastings, Adding- ton and Frontenac during the year 1892, with the location and amount expended on each road and bridge, and giving the name of the overseer in charge, and the amount received by such overseer, for his own services out of each expenditure. Presented to the Legislature, 8th May, 1893. Mr. Wood {Hastings ) {Printed.)
Return to an Order of the House of the twenty-third day of March, 1892, for a Return shewing amounts of defalcat^'ons made by the Treasurers of any of the Municipalities in the Province of Ontario during the years 1871 to 1891, both inclusive. Shewing also, the amounts any of said municipalities have lost during the same time for want of sufficient sureties being given by said Treasurers, and also shewing the number of Commissions of Enquiry into the finances of municipal corporations issued during said years under Section 383 of the Municipal Act. Presented to the Legis- lature, 9th May, Ic 93. M-v. Balfour. {Printed.)
Return to an order of the House of the nineteenth day of April, 1893, for a Return of copies of all correspondence in connection with an application for anew Bridge over York Branch River, between lots 20 and 21, in the Township of Carlow, in the County of Hastings, during the year 1892, and all papers or memoranda connected therewith. Presented to the Legis- lature, 10th May, 1893. Mr. Wood {Hastings.) {Not i^rintcd.)
Returns of all Fees and Emoluments received by the Registrars of Ontario for the year 1892, under the provisions of R.S.O. 1887. cap. 114, sec. 100, with which are contrasted receipts of the same nature in the years 1890 and 1891. Presented to the Legislature, 12th May, 1893. {Printed.)
Reports of the Poultry and Pet Stock Associations for the year 1892. Pre- sented to the Legislature, 12th May, 1893. {Printed.)
Report of the Bee-Keepers Association for the year 18^2. Presented to the Legislature, 12th May, 1891. {Printed.)
Report of the Central Farmers' Institute for the year 1892. Presented to the Legislature, 12th May, 1893. {Printed.)
15
No. 85. . Report of the Bureau of Industries for the year 1892. lature, 12th May, 1893. {Printed.)
No. 86
Presented to the Legia-
Return to an Order of the House of the fifth day of May, 1893, for a Return from the Treasurer of the Medical Council, giving a detailed statement of the sums paid to each member of the Medical Council during the past five years, for travelling expenses and hotel accommodation while attending Council and Committee meetings, and also of the details of the amount not down in the financial returns for 1890, 1891 and 1892, under the heading "Expenses of Legislation." Presented to the Legislature, 12th May, 1S93. Mr. Waters. (Printed.)
No. 87. .[Return to an Order of the House of the 10th day of May, 1893, for a Return ( shewing the number of votes polled in favor of, and against, the Scott Act
By-laws when last carried in the different Counties and Cities of this Pro- vince. Also, the number of votes polled when the same Counties or Cities repealed such By-laws, and including the vote in those Counties and Cities where the By-laws, under this Act, did not pass. Presented to the Legis- lature, 16th May, 1893. Mr. Gibson {Huron.) {Not printed.)
No. 88. . [Return to an Order of the House of the tenth day of May, 1893, for a Return of all convictions under the Liquor License Act in the Riding of North Ontario during the years 1891 and 1892. Also, of all moneys paid to the License Inspector for salary and expenses during said years, distinguishing the amounts paid for salary and the amounts paid for expenses. Also, of the particulars of any fines which may have been remitted during said years. Also, of the gross amounts of money received by the inspector in his official capacity during said two years, and a detailed statement of the amounts disbursed by him during the same time, shewing to whom and for what such disbursements were made. Presented to the Legislature, 16th May, 1893. Mr. Glendinniyig. {Not printed.)
No. 89. .Statement of the amounts loaned to the Municipalities of the Province under the Tile, Stone and Timber Act from 1st January, 1890, to 31st December 1892. Presented 10 th« Legislature, 19th May, 1893. {Printed.)
No. 90. . Report of the Secretary and Registrar of the Province for the year 1892. Pre- sented to the Legislature, 19th May, 1893. {Printed.)
No. 91 . . I Return to an Order of the House of the fifth day of May, 1893, for a Return of copies of all correspondence between the Government and the License Commissioners of the County of Duflferin, or any other parties, concerning the resignation of the late License Inspector for the County, Mr. Anderson. Also, for copies of all correspondence between the (Jovernmont and the said License Commissioners, or other parties, concerning the appointment of the present Inspector, Mr. Dodds. Presented to the Legislature 19th May, 1893. l\v. Barr {Duferln.) {Not printed.)
No. 92 . . I Return to an Order of the House of the twenty-fourth day of April, 1893 for a
j Return giving, except that already brought down, the dates of all Grown
Timber Sales from 1871, as follows : The date of sale, the number and
I extent of the difierent timber berths in stjuare miles, and the prices
I obtained at each such sale, per square mile. Presented to the Legislature
22nd May, 1893. Mr. Prt'sion. (Printed.)
16
No. 93.
Return to an Order of the House of the nineteenth day of May, 1893, for ■a. Eeturn shewing the number of petitions that have been presented to the House during the present Sessi n asking for a plebiscite on the temperance question from temperance societies, churches and municipal corporations, giving the numbers from each in the order named. Also, shewing the numbers fr:m each of the above-named bodies in favor of Provincial or other Prohibition, respectively. And the number of Petitions in favor of Bill (No. 70,) To prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors by retail. Pre- sented to the Legislature, 23rd May, 1893. Mr. Field. (Printed.)
56 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 12).
A. 1893
TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
ONTARIO
1892
FEINTED BY ORDER OF TEE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.
TORONTO : PRIXTKI) ttV:,\VAR\VIJK & SOXS, 68 & 70 FRONT STREBT .WEST.
1893.
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 12).
A. 1893
insriD£] :x:_
Agricultural Entomology, Text-book of ... .
Agrotis herilis
" jaculifera
' ' tricosa
" ypsilon
Amblycorypha oblongifolia
" rotundifolia
" scudderse
Amblyscirtes samoset
Anaxypha exigua
Ani.sopteryx vernata
Annual Address of President
" Meeting, Association of Economic
Entomologists
Annual Meeting Entomological Society of
Ontario
Anthomyia brassica;
Apple, Insects affecting the. . . .43, 44, 45, 46,
Arcyptera gracilis
Argynnis Atlantis
' ' Frey a
" Montinus
Arphia sulphurea
Arsenites in the orchard
Aspidisea splendoriferella
Bean weevil
Bermuda. Insects of
Bethune. Rev. C. J. S , Articles by. .5, 7, 83,
Book notices
Bootettix argentatus
Botanical Section, Report of
Bucculatrix pomifoliella
Butterflie.s, Man>ial of North American
" of Com])ton, P.Q
" of the Province of Quebec
Cabbage butterfly
" root maggot
Cacfecia cerasivorana
" rosaceana
Canadian Naturalist, The
Canarsia Hammond i
Canker worms
Carpocapsa ijomonella
Carterocophalus Mandan
Caultieki, F. B., Death of
Chimarocephala viridi fasciata
Chionobas jutta
* ' semidea
Chloealtis conspersa
Chrysophanus epixanthe
Circotettix carlingianus
" lapidicolu.s
" maculatus
" verrucuKitus
Clotiies moths
( 'o er hay moth
Page. 83
8
68 68 68 31 67 7 7
39
3
9
47,48 76 32 30 32 76 82 47 39 21
86,87 83 76 16 48 87 28 29 8 9
45 45 22 45 7 43
20, 31 13 76
30, 31 32 75 31 78 78 78 78 53 44
Page.
Clover root-borer . . 11
Coleophoramalivorella 47
Colias interior 20, 29, 33
Conocephalus ensiger 72
" exiliscanorus 73
" nebrascensis 72
" robustus 72
Council, Report of 14
Cowdry, Dr., Death of ^
Crickets, Songs of 62
Cut-worms 8
Cyrtophyllus concavus 70
Darapsa myron 10, 13
Debis Portlandia 30
Diagrams of insects 87
Dictyophorus reticulatus 75
Dissosteira Carolina 77
Doran, E. W., Article by Gl
Drasteria erechtea 39
Dried-fruit moth 45
Economic Entomologists, Association of . . . 39
Election of Officers 15, 20, 42
Electricity vs. Caterpillars 81
Encoptolophus sordidus 7G
Entomological Club, A. A. A. S 43
Epilaclma borealis 79
Eudemis botrana 4t;
Eye-spotted bud-moth 7
Fall web-worm 9, 58
Fletcher, J., Articles by 49, 53, 59
Forest .and Shade Trees, Insects Injurious to 86
Fyles, Rev. T. W., Articles by 22, 29
Gelechia pinifoliella 43
Geological .Section, Report of ... . I7
Gomphocerus, Song of yg
Gooseberry fruit-worm 44
Gosse, the late P. II., Visit to Canadian
Haunts of 22
Grain pasts, Remedy for go
Grai)e-berry moth 45
" vine flea-beetle 10
" fphinx 10, 13
Grapta gracilis 30 32
Graptodera chalybea JO
GraNshop[>ers, Damage from H
" Songs (.f ()2
Gryllus neglectus 64
Gryllotalpa borealis Gl, (i3
Gypsy-moth, Report on the 86
Hadena devastator 8
" sputatrix 8
Haematobia serrata 12, 42, 49
Harrington, W. H., Article by 88
Hoi>|)er-dozer, Description if jx
Horn fly 12, 42, 49, 53
Howard, L. ()., Article ry 40
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (ISo. 12).
A. 1898
Hylesinus trifolii
Hyphantria textor
Insecticides and fungicides , .
Insects, Notes on Killing, Preserving and
Relaxing
Katydids, Song of
Lactista gibbosus
Leaf-hoppers
" rollers
Librarian, Report of
Liparocephalus brevipennis
Lycsena Couperi
Lyman, H. H., Article by
Mamestra picta
Maynard's North American Butterflies
Melanoplus f emur-rubrum
Meromyza Americana
Microcentrum laurifolium
" retinervis
Micro-lepidoptera, Some injurious
Microscopical Section, Report of
Mineola indiginella
Moffatt, J. A., Articles by
Mole cricket ., -■
Montreal Branch, Report of
Mosquitoes, Experiment against
Moths of ComptOD, P.Q
Mud-daubers
Murtfeldt, Miss, Article by
Nemobius fasciatus
' ' vittaius
Nepigon, Insects collected at
Obituary
Ocneria dispar
(Ecauthus augustipennis
' ' fasciatus
" latipennis
" niveus
Onion-fly
Orchelimum nigripes
" sylvaticum
" volantum
" vulgare
Ormerod, MissE. A., Text-book of Agricul- tural Entomology
Ormerod, Miss G. E., Diagrams of Insects.
Ornithological Section, Report of
Orocharis saltatrix
Packard's Eorest-tree insects
Pamphila egeremet
" Manitoba
" Metacomet
Pear-leaf blister
" tree blister-mite
" " Psylla
Pelopajus cemeutariu*
' ' cceruleus
Phoxopteris comptana
" nubeculana
Phytoptus pyri
Page.
11
9.58
82
59 68 77 11 45 4 21 31 32
8, 13 87
11, 75 11 70
69, 70 43 17 44
35, 43
61, 63 19 40 28 4 58 65 64 20 88 86 67 66 67 65 14 73 73 73 73
83 87 18 67 86 31 31 31 9
9, 40 40
4
4
47
46
9, 40
Page.
Pieris rapse 8
Pine-trees, Insects affecting 45, 48
Plochionus timidus 58
Plodia interpunctella 45
Plum curculio. Exploded Remedy for 80
Power of Insects to resist action of frost 35
Provancher, Death of the Abbe 13, 88
Psylla pyricola 40
Pyralis costalis 44
Report of Botanical Section 16
" Council 14
" Delegate to Royal Society 5
" Geological Section 17
" Librarian and Curator 4
" Microscopical Section 17
' ' Montreal Branch 19
" Ornithological Section l8
" Treasurer 3
Retinia Comstockiana 45
Riley's Directions for Collecting and Pre- serving Insects 13
Scale, The Fluted 82
Scudderia angustifolia 67
" curvicauda 68
" furcata 66
Scudder, S. H., Articles by 62, 78
Silver-top 10
Songs of our Grasshoppers and Crickets , . 62
Spharagemon a^quale 77
Bolli 77
Squash-vines, An insect destructive to ... . 78
Stenobothrus eurtipennis 76
Strawberry leaf-roller 47
Theclalffita 31
" Titus 31
Tinea pellionella 56
" tapetzella 54
Tineola biselliella 54
Tmetocera ocellana 7
Toads, Usefulness of 83
Treasurer, Report of 3
Trimerotropis citrina 77
" Columbia 77
" perplexa 77
" vinculata 77
Trip to Mount Washington 32
Tropidolophus formosus 76
Vedalia cardinalis 82
" Success of, in Egypt 80
Virginia-creeper sphinx caterpillar 10
Warble-fly of ox 84
Web-worm tiger 58
Wheat midge 83
" stem maggot 11
Wire-worms, Remedies for 81
Xiphidium fasciatum
" nomorale . . 75
Zar£ea Americana 4
Zebra caterpillar 8, 13
Zophodia grossulariae 44
IV.
66 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A 1892
TWENTY-THIED ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO
To the Honorahht the Minister of Agriculture, :
Sir, — I have the honor to present herewith the annual report of our Society for its twenty-third jear under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture of Ontario.
The report contains an account of the proceedings at our annual meeting, which was held in London on the 31st of August and the 1st of September, 1892 — including the election of officers for the ensuing year, the reports of the Council, the Treasurer, the Librarian and Curator, the Montreal branch and the various Sections of the Society, the President's annual address and the various papers read at the meeting.
The President's aildiess will be found to contain references to all the principal insect attacks of the year. Most of these were, happily, not very formidable, but we regard the arrival from the United States of the Horn- fly pest, during the past season, as a very serious matter. In addition, therefore, to the President's remarks upon it, an illustrated account of its life-history and the best methods of dealing with it has been specially pre- pared for the report by Mr. Fletcher. Other papers of a practictl and more or less popular character are also presented herewith, and will, it is trusted, be found interesting and useful to the general reader.
Our niontlHy magazine, the Canadian Entomologist, has been regularly issued duriu" the past year, and has now almost completed its twenty-fourth volume, A larger number of writers than ever before have contributed to its pages, and its high scientific character has been ably maintained.
I have the honor to be, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
W. E. SAUNDERS,
Secretary.
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (Xo. lii).
A. 1893
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY.
The thirtieth annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held in its rooms in Victoria Hall, London, on Wednesday, August 31st, and Thursday, September 1st, 1892, the President, Rev. C. J. S. Bethunp, Port Hope, occupying the chair.
A Council meeting was held on Wednesday morning at 10 o'clock, at '.vhich their annual report was drawn up, and various matters of business pertaining to the society were transacted.
At 3 p.m. a general meeting of the Society was held. Letters of regret for their in- ability to attend were read from Messr.s. H. H. Lyman, Montreal : A. H. Kilman Ridgeway ; J. D. Evans, Sudbury ; Gamble Geddes, Toronto. A letter was read by Mr. Motiat from Mr. F. G. Buckell, of London, England, upon the expansion of the wini^s of Lepidoptera with reference to Mr. Moffat's paper upon this subject in the annual lepoit for 1891, p. 32. A letter was also submitted by Mr. Harrington from the Rev. G. W. Taylor, of Victoria, Vancouver Island, stating that Aphides of all kinds had been extremely abundant during the present season, but that they had been very much parasitized l)y Hymenoptera.
REPORT OF THE TREASURER.
The Treasurer, Mr. J. M. Denton, presented his annual statement of the finances of the Society and explained the various items of receipts and expenditure. He sfated that the balance on hand, 'S319. 13, was somewhat larger than usual, but it would all be required to meet the expenses of the remaining four months of tlie vear, during which there was very little income to be expected.
RECEIPTS, 1891-92.
Balance from Ia.st year § 239 93
MeuiberMhip fees 335 22
Sales of (Canadian Eiitoiiwloyist 99 44
" Pins, Cork, etc 47 IS
Government grant 1,000 00
Interest on current account 3 55
$1,725 32
KXPENDITURE, li;'91-92.
Printing ((j/iat/ia/i EutuMoloi/ist, etc S .509 77
Report and meeting exiienses 22ti 12
J-il'rary ; ' '.^ 26
Purcliase of collection .".0 00
Expense account(postage, stationery, etc.) 107 54
Rent and fuel IKi 00
] nwurance 35 00
I'ius, cork, etc 17 51
Salaries of othcers ;-,0O 00
Balance .spj 13
si. 725 32
Audited and found correct,
London, Ontario, August 30th, 1892.
(Signed.)
W. E. S.MNDKRS, ) . ,.
Jas. JL Px.wm.vn, r^"^'^^""5-
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN AND CURATOR.
Mr. J. A. Moffat presented and read his report as follows :
The number of volumes added to the library during the year is 46, made up thus : Periodicals and reports of Societies received in exchange, which have been bound since last report, 37. Bound volume* which have been received as gifts from various public institutions, 8. By purchase, 1. The whole number on the register is now 1,214.
The number of volumes issued to local members during the year was 55.
The Society's collection of native Lepidoptera has received several valuable additions by gift, exchange and capture. This department now numbers 935 species and varieties, mostly taken in Ontario.
The Toronto list of 1883 contained 930 names, many of which were not then, and some of them not yet represented in the Society's drawers. Six or seven years ago when I first turned my attention to the micros there were not a hundred names of these in all our lists, now there are represHiitatives of two hundred and twenty-four species in the Society's drawers, and a quautity of unnamed m-iterial on hand besides. It is quite evident that our field in Ontario is not half worked, whilst some of those that are engaged in it fail to make their success known.
The arrangement of the European beetles has been completed, and they occupy fourteen drawers, numbering 952 species. There is a large number of duplicates for disposal ; some of them are very attractive specimens.
Respectfully submitted,
(Signed.) J. Alston Mopf.vt,
Librarian and Curator.
REPORT FROM THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTAPJO TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.
By the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, D.C.L., Delegate.
On behalf of the Entomological Society of Ontario I have the honor to report that it continues to prosper and to perform much useful work. During the past year the ordinary membership was well maintained, while the number of associate members (who are not resident in Canada) was largely increased.
The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly publication of the Society, continues to attract contributions from all the leading Entomologists of North America, and to main- tain its well established reputation. The 23rd volume was completed in December last, and consisted of 292 pages, instead of the usual 240. Its contributors numbered fifty- one, of whom fourteen were residents of Canada ; thirty-five, of the United States ; one, of England ; and one, of Germany. No less than sixty-one new species of insects were described in its pages, and the life histories of twenty-one species were recounted. Among the more important papers, besides those of a descriptive character, may be mentioned, "Notes on Canadian Rhvncophora," by W. H. Harrington; "The Position of Limenitis Proserpina," by W, H. Edwards ; "Notes on Coleoptera," by Dr. J. Hamilton ; "Silver- top in Grass and the Insects which may produce it," by H. Osborn ; "Some Indiana Acrididai," by W. S. Blatchley ; " North American Chernetidae," and " The Dysderidje of the United States," by Nathan Banks ; " Some Destructive Locusts of North America," by Lawrence Bruner ; " A Catalogue of the Thysanoura of North America," by A. D. Macgillivray ; and the official report of the meeting in Washington of the Entomologi- cal Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Five numbers of the 24th volume have been issued during the current year, each of them with an increased number of pages ; fifty-nine new species of insects have already been described, and several papers of more than ordinary value and interest have been published,
4
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1-2). A= 1893
In addition to the monthly magazine, the Society presents an annual report to the Lpgislature of Ontario. The 22nd was published by the Department of Agriculture in Januaiy last. This report for 1891 contain.s an account of the proceedings at tlie annual meeting of the Society, the President's annual address and the leports of the otRcers, the JMontreal Branch and the Sections, and the papers read on the occasion.
The President in his address drew the attention of the Society to the most serious insect attacks of the year, and gave an account of the ravnges of " the Eye spotted bud moth" {Tmetocera ocellana), "the Lesser Apple-Leaf Folder" {7 eras minnfa), "the Oblique-banded Leaf-roller" {Caca-sia rosaceana), " the Canker-worms " {Anixnpleryx vernafa and ponietaria), " Cut- worms," the " Pea-weevil " {Brnchus pisi), " the turnip flea- beetle," " the Striped Cucumber Peetle " {Diabroiica vittata), and other more or less injurious insects. Among the papers published in the annual report may be mentioned the following: "Can Insects Survive Freezing?" and " Pamphila Manitoba and its Varieties," by Mr. H. H. Lyman ; " Nematus Erichsoriii" the Larch Saw-fly, whose de- structive ravages among the tamarac swamps of the Province of (Quebec are fully related by the Rev. T. W. Fyles ; " a Microscopical Examination of an Unexpanded Wing of Callosamia prometJiea," by Mr. J. A. MotFatt ; "an Account of some of the Collections of Insects in England and Germany," by C^pt. Gamble Geddes ; " the Northern Mole Cricket," by Mr. J. Fletcher ; "Notes on Japanese Insects," by Mr. W. H. Harrington ; " The Moose Fly," by Prof. W. A. Snow.
The various Sections of the Society, which were organized about two years ago, report very satisfactory progress. The Ornithological Section state that their " membership while not large is enthusiastic ; " they have prepared a list, which is published in the annual report, of 97 birds known to breed in the county of Middlesex, Ontario, and of 20 other specie.s observed in the same neighborhood and which will ])robably be found b» eed- ing there. The species are distinguished into those which are decidedly beneficial on account of their feeding habits, those which are neutral, and those which are open to doubt as being possibly injurious.
The Microscopical Section have held numerous regular meetings and several popular exhibitions ; the subjects to which their attention was chiefly devoted were the manipu- lation of the microscope and the preparation of objects, and the examination of alrjK, fungi, including the destructive Black-knot on fruit trees, ferns, etc.
The Botanical Section held weekly meetings throughout the greater part of the year, and have begun the formation of a collection of native plants, which is deposited in the rooms of the Society ; a floral calendar has been kept ; two mosses new to Canada have been discovered, and seventy species of fungi have been added to the North American list
The members of the Geological Section have held evening meetings every week, at which they ajiplied themselves to the serious and methodical study of the science, and when the season admitted, frequent field-excursions were made for practical work. During these they covered a large area of country and gathered many rare and valualile speci- mens of fossils.
The formation of these Sections of the Entomological Society for the encouragement of work in other departments of science, has thus l)een amply justified. The results have been most satisfactory, and the cheerful assistance givtni by the mcmber.i of one section to these of another has been most useful. While occupying widely diflerent fields of study they are constantly brought into contact with one another and find the benetit of CO opt lalion as niembcra of one Society, as well as the advantage to be derived from its library and rooms, and complete organization. The result is to miiko London, the head- quaruTS of the Society, a centre of scientilic work for tlm ptMiinsula of Ontario, and to attract its residents, especially the young, into tiie delight-giving paths of Natural Science.
The annual report of the Society contains also a full record of the very important meeting of the Association of Kconomic Eniomologists held in Washington in August last under the presidency of our colleagui", Mr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa. This Society was
5
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
first organized in Toronto in 1889, and has already become a very influential body, including amongst its members all the leading scientists in North America who are engaged in the study of practical Entomology. Its proceedings are accordingly of great scientific value as well as of immense practical value to farmers, gardeners and fruit- growers everywhere. The President, in his opening address, drew special attention to the want of reliable statistics concerning the ravages of destructive insects and the conse- quent financial loss to the community ; a committee was accordingly appointed to prepare a report upon the subject. During the meeting, which occupied two days, a lar^e number of papers on injurious insects were read and discussed, and much useful information was thus brought forward and made public.
While technical investigations in Entomology are by no means neglected, it is evident that our Society is becoming increasingly devoted to practical work, and is thus confer- ring very great benefits upon the agricultural interests of the country. Every fruit- grower and gardener is obliged to wage unceasing war against the infinite variety of injurious insects, and he can only do so with any hope of success when he has been taught by experienced scientists what methods to adopt and what means to employ. The publi- cations of the Society from year to year set forth the best methods, and furnish instruction as to the best means for carrying on this warfare. The good work thus done will, we trust, be continued with unflagging zeal in the future.
The President gave an account of the meetings held at Rochester, N.Y., during the third week of August, of the Association of Economic Entomologists of North America and the Entomological Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which he and Mr. Fletcher had attended as representatives of the Society.
The Rev. T. W. Fyles read a paper on Zarcea Americana which he found feeding on the Buck Bean, Menyanthes trifoliata. He also read an interesting account of some of the rarer butterflies found in the Province of Quebec. Mr. Fletcher remarked upon the paper and gave some further information regarding the life-history of some of the species referred to.
Mr. Fletcher then gave an account of a parasite of the Carrant-worm. This, he described, as an exceedingly small insect which lives inside the egg of the Saw-flv-, from which the Currant-worms hatch. He also mentioned that two species of Mud ilaubers (Pelopneus cementarius and cceruleus) had been bred by him from the same mud ufso.
The Rev, T. W. Fyles gave a most interesting account of a visit which h^ had paid to the home of the late Philip H. Gosse, author of the "Canadian Naturalist," who re- sided many years ago near Compton, in the Eastern Townships, P.Q.
The meeting adjourned at 5.45 p.m.
EVENING SESSION.
In the evening the Society held a public meeting in its rooms in Victoria Hall which was largely attended by members and other friends from London and the neighborhood, amongst whom the followins; were noticed: Mr, W. H. Harrington ( \^icH Presidp.nt) and Mr. .James Fletcher, of Ottawa ; Rev. T. W. Fyles, South Quebtc ; M-ssrs .1, M. Denton, W, E. Saunders, J. Alston Moffat, .J. A. Balkwill, R. W. Rennie, F. \V. Flod- aon, .John Weld, W. Stevenson, H. Stevenson, J. H. Bowman, J. Dearness, Dr. Gaiuiner, Rev. W. M. Rogers, Dr. Woolverton, C. B. Edwards, W. Foot, of London and others.
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
THE PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL ADDRESS.
The Rev. Dr. Bethunr, Warden of Trinity College School, Port Hope, President of the Society, took the cbair at 8 o'clock, and proceedeU to deliver his annual address, as follows : Gentlemen : The pleasant duty once more devolves upon me of welcoming you all to our annual meeting. It is with great gratiBcation that I do so, inasmuch as all goes ■well with our Society, and the reports of the council and officers, and also of the sections, record a steady progress and a continued prosperity. It is now thirty years since Mr. Saunders and I issued a circular to the collectors of insects in Canada, who were at that time very few indeed in number, and by this means obtained the names and addresses of all who were interested in Entomology. After some con espondence had taken place, it was decided to call a meeting at Toronto for the purpose of forming a Canadian Entomo- logical Club. A meeting was accordingly held in the rooms of the Canadian Institute in Toronto, on the 16th day of April, 1863, at which nine gentlemen were present, and resolutions were drawn up for the formation of " The Entomological Society of Canada." It will interest you, no doubt, to haar the names of these pioneers of the science in this country. They were the Rev. Prof, llincksand Prof. Croft, of the University of Toronto ; Mr. J. H. Sancrster, Dr. Beverley R. Morris and James Hubbart, of Toronto ; Dr. Thos. Cowdry * and his son, Mr. 11. Cowdiy, of York Mills ; Mr. Saunders, of London, and myself. We had also letters of sympathy with the project from Mr. E. Billings, of the Geological Survey, Montreal ; Mr. R V. Rogers, Kingston ; Mr. F, Reynolds, Hamilton ; Mr. B. Billing!?, Prescott ; Rev. V. Clementi, Peterborough ; and Mr. E. Baynes Reed, of London. These gentlemen all cooperated very heartily in the work of the Society and largely contriliuted to its success. From this beginning of tifteen members the Society hRs gone on, grown and prospered, and it has now become a large and influential body, with a well established reputation and a recognized scientific status. It becomes us all then, and especially the younger members, to keep u|) the good work and to do all in our power, both individually and collectively, for the well-being and prosperity of our beloved Entomological Society of Ontario. There is an unlimited field for work in this country, both in practical and scientific entomology. The life-histories of countless insects remain to be investigated, large areas of our country have never been explored, and in some orders of insects almost nothing has been done. In some departmt nt or other, each of us may do some good work even though our opportunities may be few and our time limited. In accordance with our long established custom it now devolves gf,r^j2V^-'r-^ upon me to bring before you some account of the chief insect ^^^HS|^ attacks of the year in this province. Among those that I referred ^^»^^ to last year, "the Eye-spotted bud-moth" {Tmelocera oceUana, Schif!)
.^..u,,.^^ ^'o- ^' conti""f^s to be very injurious to apple-trees in many parts of the
_-""ir'i"^^__^ country. Canker-worms have been very abumlant and destructive in various places. (Fig. 2 repre- '^' ■ sents the male and wingless
female of Anisoydcryx Ver- nata.) At Ottawa, on the first of June, T ob- served them in vast numbers upon forest trees in the neighborhood of the city, and have since been informed that they stripped them of their
foliage ; they especially attacked the elm, bass- "
wood and ash, but were rarely seen upon the fip. 2.
apple, which is the usual food of the insect. At
Winnipeg also, as no steps were taken to check their ravages Inst year, they have con- tinued the work of destruction upon the shade trees of the city. It is much to bo deplored that the municipal authorities havo not taken the trouble to protect their trees and keep the insect within du<' bounds.
• We regret to have to record that Dr. Tliomaa Cowdry died on the Ifith of October, 1892, at the resi- dence of his son, Mr. K. Cowdry, Siincoe, Ont., in the SOtli year of his ape. Dr. Cowdry had boon in poor health for some tim« and resid<-d of late years in Bermuda for the Hike of the penial cliniato. He returned to Canada in the spring and died at a good old age, raucli belovetl and resiiected by all who knew him.
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. l-_\)
A. 1893
Fig. 3.
Cut worms have, upon the whole, been Jess abundant this year. Mr. Moffat tells
me that they were very injurious in gardens about Lon- don this spring, but owing to the long continued wet weather most of them had failed to mature, and con- sequently there were very few of the moths to be seen. Early in the season they were reported to have been very abundant in Alberta, but I have heard no par- ticulars since. At Port Hope they were troublesome as usual when the young j.Iants were first set out in the spring. Lately the moths of several species, especially Hadena devastator and sputatrix Agrotis jacv.lifera ypsilon (Fig. 3) herills and tricosa, have been very abundant, and will probably produce a large crop of worms for next year.
The Zebra caterpillar {Mamestra pida, Harris) Fig. 4, has been unusally abundant this year. Its favourite food is cabbage, but I have found it injurious
to salsify, beet8, spinach, lettuce and other vegetables, and common also upon many
weeds. The caterpillar (Fig. 4, a) is easily recognized, being more than ordinarily hand- some. When fully grown it is about two
inches long, of a velvety black colour, with
the head and legs red, and two bright
yellow stripes along each side; between
these stripes there are numerous cross
bars of yellow, which are so striking that
they have caused the worm to be known
as the Zebra caterpillar. The moth (Fig.
4 b.) does not compare with it in beauty,
being dull and inconspicuous in colour ; its
fore-wings are deep brown, shaded with
purple and marked with paler spots in the
middle ; the hind wings are white, faintly
edged with brown on the outer margin. It
is apparently double-brooded, as we have
found the caterpillars in July and August
and also in October. When young the cater- pillars are gregarious and feed all together
on the underside of a leaf. In the case
of the cabbage they thus make a con-
Fi>. 4.
spicuous white spot, and the whole brood can easily be picked oflT and crushed under foot,
but when they are older they scatter over the leaves and are much more difficult to deal with.
The Cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapce, Linn) Fig. 5 represents the male and Fig. 6 the
female, has been remarkably abundant about Port Hope this year, and very common in
■Fig- 5. Fig. 6.
■the various parts of the province that I have chanced to visit. Its injuries must be very tjonsiderable, judging from what I have observed myself. The most satisfactory method
8
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
of dealing with it is the application of Persian Insect Powder (Pyrethrum.) This may be used in its pure state or mixed with four times its weight of common flour. The powder should be puffed with a small bellows into the heads of the infested cabbages as soon as the caterpillars are observed, and at different times during the season. A few applications usually suffice to destroy the insect.
Another serious enemy to the cabbage is the Root Maggot {Anthomyia brassiccB Bouche) which is reported as being specially injurious this year in the neighbourhood of Ottawa. In 1885 Mr. Saunders .stated tliat the cabbage crop had been materially in- jured by it, and in 1890 Mr. Fletcher gave an account of it in his annual report, and mentioned that " in most parts of Canada it was the insect which gave the greatest trouble to the cabbage grower." Like most of our pests it has been imported into this country from Europe, Vmt has long been naturalized amongst us. The perfect insect is a small two-winged fly, of a grayish colour. It lays its eggs in the spring upon the young plants, depositing them beneath the surface of the ground as far down as it can reach its ovipositor, or creep in some convenient crevice. In a few days the young maggots hatch out, feeding at flrst upon the outside, and subsequently as they grow larger boring into the stem. When there are many about the same plant, as is commonly the case, only a few of them penetrate the root, while the remainder live in the soil upon the exuding juices of the injured plant. The effect of the attack is the death of the plant as soon as dry weather sets in. Mr. Fletcher has found that the maggots cm be destroyed by the application of a decoction of white hellebore. He used two ounces to three gallons of water, and after drawing away some of the surface soil forced the liquid about the roots of the plant with a g :rden syringe and then replaced the soil. The results of this treatment have, so far, been very satisfactory. Nitrate of soda as a surface dressing and watering with lime water have also been recommended as effective remedies.
The Pear-leaf blister {Phytoptus pj/ri, Sheuten) has been spreading over Ontario and the Maritime Provinces during the present season. It is a tiny mite which forms a gall on the leaf, and from the parent gall the young mites spread and form new ones, which soon give a blistered appearance to the leaf. In the autumn they remove to the leaf buds at the ends of the twigs and jjass the winter beneath the leafy scales. Spraying with kerosene emulsion in the spring when the buds first open is recommended as a remedy, but nothing has as yet been found to exterminate the creature. It should be watched by our fruit growers and experiments made for its destruction.
The Fall Web-worm {Ilyphantriatextor, Harris) Fig. 7, to which I find it necessary
to make an annual allusion, is this year more abundant and wide-spread than ever. Though so conspicuous and so easily dealt with, I tind that few people will take the trouble to destroy it, and con.sequently it is rapidly becoming a most serious pest. It attacks deciduous trees of every description and also shrubs and herba- ceous plants. It is especially injurious to young trees, which it .soon strips of every vestige of foliage. Several young elm trees plantefl along the streets of Port Hope were nndered quite bare a few weeks ago by this caterpillar, who-e work was done in a few days Fig. 7. and thus escaped notice at flrst. These trees
have put out a fresh crop of leaves, but I fear that they will be seriously exhausted of their strength, if not finally killed. Mr. Fletcher drew attention recently in the Oitaum Fidd Nntnmlist to the raviiges of this insect, with very good results, as many people were led by his remarks to ilestroy the webs and their inmates wherever they found them. It is to be hoptil llmt all the meml)ers of this Societj will use their influence in the same way in any part of the eoutitry where they may be.
7
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 12).
A. 1893
Among insects noticeable for their abundance this year, though not especially injurious. I may mention the Green grape-vine Sphinx {Darapta niyron, Cramer)
Fiff. 9.
which is very numerous on the foliage of the "Virginia creeper. Fig. 8 represents the 11.0th and Fig. 9 the caterpillar. Many of the caterpillars, however, are 10, and it is not
Fi-. 10.
attacked by its well known parasite, Fig, likely that the insect will gain too much headway.
Another grape insect is much more injurious both to the vine and the Virj^inia creeper. I refer to the grape vine Flea- beetle {Graptodera chalyhea, Tllig) which is a serious pest in many parts of the country. This insect passes Ihe winter in the perfect state, and in the spring the beetle attacks the buds
of the vine as soon as they begin to swell, thus destroying the future foliage and fruit in their embryo condition. It is a small, polished steel-blue beetle, varying in colour to green and purple, about three-twentieths of an inch in length, dark green beneath, with brownish-black antenna? and feet. It is called a " flea-beetle " from its immensely developed thighs (Fig. 11) which enable it to jump long distances in the same manner as the familiar insect from which it takes its name. After a few weeks the first crop of beetles dis- appears, and is soon followed by colonies of little worms (Fig. 12, much magnified) dark-brown or blackish in colour, which speedily make their presence known by riddling the leaves with small holes. (Fig. 13.) These attain their full growth in July, descend to the earth to assume the pupa state, and after a week or two come out as perfect beetles. They do the greatest amount of injury in early spring, but in the summer also they are frequently veiy injurious by entirely stripping I am informed by the liev. W. J. Mackenzie that the vines in the neighbourhood of Milton have been so seriously injured by this inseqt, especially in the spring, that they have produced very little fruit during the last three years. The most effective remedies, so far as known, are, fir.st, to remove and burn all fallen leaves and other rubbish about the vines in the autumn, and secondly, to syringe the canes and young foliage with a weak mixture of Paris green and water in early spring. Strong soap suds or powdered hellebore might be employed against the larvae in the summer time, when the use of Paris green would be dangerous.
Turning from the garden to the field, I find that " Silver-top " is still very common in meadows. At the recent meeting of Economic Entomologists in Rochester, N. Y., Mr. H. Osborn, of the Iowa Experiment Stations, gave an account of his method of dealing
10
Fig. 11.
the vine of its foliage.
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1*2).
A. 1893
with this injury. It is tnainly caused by small leaf-hoppers {Jassidce). These aro collected ami destroyed by the use of a " hopper-dozer." This is a thin sheet-iron pan, about three feet in width, and of any length tbat may be found convenient ; the back and sides of the pan are turned up about live or six inches, and the front is bent over about half an inch in ordec to form a .smooth ed^o ; the pan is mounted upon low wooden runners, about two inches in heic:hr, and is drawn by means of a rope attached to either end. Wiien ready tor use the pan is smeared over wiih coal tar to the depth of quarter of an inch or more, and is then dragged over the infested fields. The fiont of the pan, as it strikes the i;rass, causes the hoppers to spring into the air when most of them alight on the pan and are caugiit in the tar. A largn area can i)e gone 'over very quickly antl myriads of the insects thus destroyed. A field treated in this way before the grass has
become too long, and again when it has begun to grow after cutting, will be easily kept cli'ar of this pest. Mr. Osborn found it advantageous to keep the infested meadow closely cro|i|>ed l)y enclosing a larger number of cows upon it than usual. This simple machini' — '• the hopper-dozer" — can also be used with great advantage for the destructio x of gra-s-hoppers or locusts.
The Clover-root borer, {UyUsimts trifolii, Miiller) is reported by Mr. Kilman to be troublesome in the neighbourhood of Ridgeway, Ont. He says that "it literally honey- coinl)s the clover roots in all fields here during the second season of th(! plant's growth, and lh<! weakened phmt rarely survives the winter following. The farmers then say that their clover is 'winter-killed.'" Mr. Fletcher in his last year's report (1891) drew attention to the occurrence of this insect in Canada, and recommended as a remedy tlie plowing under of the clover when it is found to be infested.
The Common red-legged Grass-hopper {Mflanoplns fnnur-nihram, Burm), is very abuiiilant just now in many parts of the Province and is doing a considerable amount of damage. It is es[»e(;ially injurious to oats, as it has a habit of climliing up the stalk and biting o(l' the ear. 1 have been informed that a field of ten acres in the neighbourhootl of i'oit llop(! was severely damaged in this way. It would be quite worth tho farmers' while to use "hopper-dozers" for these insects, as already described. By making the coating of tar about half an iach thick it woidd securely hold the grass-hoppers.
The Wheat-stem maggot (.Yferomyza Amrriainn, Fitch), which is also known as " the Wheat bidl) worm " when it infests the roots of the plant, has been reported as injurious in .some localities. Early in tho siirincj the pupa^ of this insect are found in tho roots of wheat and grasses ; these are the pupa' of the last l)ro()d of the previous yciar and have passed the winter in this .state. The tlies emerge from these at the end of May and pro- ceed to lay their eggs on the leaves of many kinds of gra.ss, and also tipon the leaves of the fortning stems of wheat, which has been sown in May and is well up by tho first of June. These eggs produce a small glassy green maggot which cats into the baso of tho top joint of wheat, barley and grasses, and causes the ear to turn prematurely white before the rest of the crop is ripe. This is the "silver-top" of wheat and barley which
11
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
is frequently to be seen about the first of July. From these maggots there comes a second brood of the flies in August which deposit their eggs on grasses and on any volunteer wheat that there may be, and finally a third brood is matured in September in time to attack the fall wheat before the cold weather sets in. The remedies which Mr. Fletcher proposes (Bulletin No. 11) are "(1) late sowing of winter wheat ; (2) harrowing of stubble soon after the crop is carried, so as to start the volunteer crop quickly, this latter to be plowed in early in September ; (3) the application of a special fertilizer as a top dressing when winter wheat is known to be afiected, this will help the injured plants to overcome the injury."
The last insect attack to which I desire to draw your attention i?, perhaps, the most formidable of all. I refer to the recent occurrence of the "Horn-fly" (Hcenia/obia serrata, Eob.) in various parts of this Province. At the beginning of August it was first reported to Mr. Fletcher as attacking cattle at, Oshawa, and soon after its appearance was announced at Toronto and London ; during the last few days I have been informed of its presence at Bowmanville, Port Hope, Kingston, Ottawa and at Boucherville near Montreal. It has, no doubt, come to us from the neighbouring States where it has pre- vailed for some time. The insect is of European origin and has evidently been brought into the United States with imported cattle. It was first observed in New .Jersey in 1887, and has now spread over the Atlantic States to Florida, as far west as Indiana and northwaid to Canada. The adult is a small gray fly, closely resembling the common house-fly in appearance, but a little smaller. It derives its name of Horn fly from its singular habit of clustering, when at rest, upon the base of the horns of cows ; it is by no means confined to this situation, however, but swarms u[ion the back between the head and foreshoulders, and on any parts which cannot be reached by the tongue or tail of the animal. When feeding it ranges over the back, flanks and legs. The injury done by this fly is by biting with its n?outh-organs the skin of the animal and sucking its blood ; as it occurs in great swarms, it seriously irritates the cattle and causes them, by loss of blood, to fall off in condition and diminish the yield of milk. The eggs are laid on the fresh droppings of the cattle and the insect passes its maggot stage in these ; it subsequently goes down to the earth to form its pupa from \.hich the winged fly in due time emerges. Dr. Eiley and his assistants at Washington have carefully studied the life history of the insect, and state that " from ten to seventeen days, say two weeks, is about the average time from the laying of the egg to the appearance of the flies, and with four active breeding months, from INIay 15th to September 15th, there will be eight generations." We cannot then wonder at the sudden and enormous multiplication of the insect. The remedies that have been found most eS'ective are the smearing of the horns and all the affected parts of the animal with any greasy substance to which a little carbolic acid has been added for the sake of its healing effect ; train oil has been found especially useful as it keeps the flies away for five or six days after an application ; common axle- grease and tallow have also bepn employed with good effect. In order to destroy the broods of the insect, the best )>lan is to throw a spadeful of lime over the fresh droppings, or if the weather is dry and sunny, to rake the fresh cowdung over the surface of the ground so that it may at once dry up and prevent the maggots from maturing ; boys coitld easily perform this work, as there is always some place in the pasture field where the cattle gather during the heat of the day and where the dung can therefore be dealt with without much trouble. These methods should be especially employed in the early part ol the year, wherever the insect is noticed, in order to prevent, or at any rate reduce, the subsequent bi oods.
Before leaving the subject of practical entomology I may allude for a moment to the splendid work that is being done all over North America by the Division of Entomology at Washington and the official entomologists at the various Slate experimental st at ions. The publication of Insect Life and the many bulletins that are issued boih by the I^Vderal and the State officials contain a vast fund of most useful and valualjle informaiion, the rfsuts of carelul experiments in the field and the laboratoiy, and })ainstaking and conscientious studies of the life histories of insects. Similar good work is also l)eing accomplished in this country by Mr. James Fletcher, the Dominion Entomologist at the
12
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa. He and I had the pleasure recently of attending the meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists of North America, which was held at Koche.ster, N. Y., on the 15th and 16th of August, and of meeting there a large number of the most eminent workers in this branch of science. In England Miss Ormerod has continued her useful work and published last winter her fifteenth " Report of Observations on Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests," in which she gave * special account of the outbreak of caterpillars of the Diamond-back Moth {Plutella cmci/'ern>-nm, Zeller) over large areas in Great Britain, and devoted a chapter to the use of Paris Green as an insecticide. It is satisfactory to learn that this useful agent is gradually coming into use in England and that the prejudices against its employment are being removed. In India the Trustees of the Indian Museum at Calcutta are issuing a serial publication on Economical Entomology, entitled Indian Museum Notes, which is now in its second volume ; many of the parts are beautifully illustrated, among which we may specially mention an account of " The Wild Silk Insects of India," by Mr. Cotes, with fourteen very handsome plates.
One of the most useful publications of the year is undoubtedly a work by Dr. C. V. Riley, " Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects," published by the Smithsouiaii Institution at Washington. In consists of nearly 150 pages and is illustrated by nearly as many wood cuts, most of them specially prepared for the work. The directions and instructions are most complete and will be found invaluable by beginners, and full of useful hints and ideas for those who are experienced in collecting. Every entomologist is frequently appealed to by beginners to recommend them some book which will teach them how to collect and preserve specimens and how to make a start in the study of the science ; hitherto one has be-!n at a loss for a manual which will meet such cases, but now the want is admirably tilled. In time we may hope that this work will be followed by a manual of North American insects, which will perform the same service for Entomology that Dr. Gray's works have done -for Botany. We are glad to learn that a step is being taken in this direction by Mr. S. H. Seulder, who is now preparing for publication a book on buttertlies for boys. The author's name is a sufficient warrant that it will be all that one can desire.
Since our last annual meeting we have had to deplore the loss of two of our members. On the 18th of March Mr. F. B. Caullield died at Montreal. Since 1887 he has been a frequent contributor to the annual reports of the Society and also wrote occasional papers for the Canadian Entomologist ; he was also a very energetic member of the M )ntreal branch and did much to muiatain its activity and usefulness. He was a careful and diligent collector and a keen observer. Flis loss is deeply felt by his associates as well as his family. We sincerely sympathize with his widow and children in their bereavement.
On the 23rd of April one of our most noted Canadian entomologists departed this life. The Abbi'- Leon Provancher died at Cap Rouge near Quebec, in the 72iid year of his age. His earliest publications were a treitise on Botany in 1858 and a Flora of Canada in 18G2. He soon afterwards turned his attention to Entomology, and after publishing a list of the Coleoptera taken at Portneuf, he began in 187-1 the publication of his
IFaune Entoinologiijue du Canada, the third volume of which was not comp'eted till 1890. For more than twenty years also he published his well known monthly magazine Le Naturaliste Canadieii, which was only discontinued last year. He wan a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and a member of many other scientific associations. His name will long stand out prominently in the records of .science aa one of i\w ablest and most diligent .savants that our French compatriots of the Province of Quebec have produced.
I feel that I have now sufficiently trespassed tjpon your time and attention and beg to thank you very heartily for the kind hearing that you have given me.
Mr. Fletchkk moved a vote of thanks to the President for his interesting and valuable address, and in doing so rernarke<l upon the prevalence of the Zebra caterpillar {Mameslra picta), the destruction of the Tomato sphin.Y and the Green sphinx of the grap vine {Darnjsa viyron) by parasites, and the rapid spread of the Horn lly in Ontario and Western Quebec.
13
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No 12). A. 1803
The motion was seconded by the Rev, T. W. Fyles, who expressed the pleasure he had derived from listening to the address. In the course of his remarks he referred to the injuries caused by the Onion fly, and stated that it could be prevented by the use of soot, which drove away the fly, and the affected onion was then enabled to revive and complete its growth.
Mr. Denton gave an account of some experiences in England where a fly had caused the death of a newly born calf and also attacked sheep.
Mr. Fletcher stated that soot was not always an available remedy in this country in consequence of the prevalent use of hard coal. He found nothing better than the application of a kerosene emulsion for the destruction of this and a great variety of other insects. He proceeded to describe the ease with which an emulsion could be made and the mode of its application, as well as its effectiveness as an insecticide.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
The following report was then read and adopted :
The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario beg to present the following report of their proceedings during the past year.
The ordinary membership of the Society has been satisfactorily maintained, while the number of a -^sociate members has been considerably increased during the year. Con- tinued interest has been taken in the various departments of the Society, and much good work has been accomplished.
The Twenty -second Annual Report oti practical and general entomology was pre- sented to the Minister of Agriculture in December last, and was printed and distributed early in February. It consisted of one hundred pages and was illustrated with eighteen wood-cuts. The report contained, among other interesting matter, a full report of the proceedings at the annual meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, and a valuable list of the birds of Middlesex County.
The Council are pleased to gratefully acknowledge the promptitude with which the report was printed and distributed by the Department, and also the advantage the Society has received from having the reports distributed from Toro.'to.
The Canadian Entomologist has been regulai-ly issued at the beginning of each month, and completed its twenty-third volume in December last. It consisted of 292 pages, an increase of fifty over the usual number. Of the current volume eight numbers have so far been published, and the ninth (for September) is almost ready ibr distribution, the numbers have averaged over twenty-four pages each, and will make the volume at the close of the year larger than any of its predecessors. There is still a steady demand for the back volumes, which involves the occasional reprinting of a number.
Some valuable additions have been made to the Library during the past year, among ■which may be mentioned a set of Miss Georgiana E. Ormerod's coloured diagrams of insects injurious to vegetation, which will be found most useful for illustrating popular lectures and addresses to farmers' meetings. The Society's collections of specimens have been carefully looked after by the Curator, Mr. Moffat, many additions have been made to the Lepidoptera, and good progress has been made in the arrangement of the European Coleoptera. The Council would here express their continued satisfaction with the careful and conscientious manner in which Mr, Moffat discharges his duties towards the Society.
The Sections of the Society in the departments of Botany, Geology, Microscopy and Ornithology have been in active operation during the past year. The reports of their proceedings are submitted herewith. It is earnestly to be hoped that the interest awakened in these branches of Natural Science will not be allowed to flag, and that the number ol their adheients will steadily increase.
14
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
From the Treasurer's report it will be seen that there is at present a balance on hand of 8319.13, which is a larger amount than usual. The greatest care has been taken to keep the expenditure within due limits, as hitherto the amount remaining at the time of the annual meeting has not proved sufficient to carry on the work of the Society till the close of the year, during which time little or no money is received by the Society. The amount now on hand will all be required for necessary expenses before the annual subscriptions begin to be paid in January.
The Society was represented at the meeting of the Royal Society of Canada, which was held at Ottawa at the end of May, by your President, Dr. Bethune, who was subse- quently elected a Fellow of the Society. During the present month of August important meetings were held at Rochester, N. V., at which the Society was repre.sented by the President and Mr. Fletcher. It is gratifying to record that the former was elected first Vice-President of the Association of Economic Entomologists of North America, and President of the Entomological Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for the ensunig year.
All which is respectfully submitted.
(Signed) Charles J. S. Bethune, President.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
The following were elected officers for the ensuing year :
Presideyd — W. Hague Harrington, Ottawa.
Vice-President — J. M. Denton, London.
Secretary — W. E. Saunders, London.
Treasurer— J. A. Balk will, London.
Dimcturs — Division 1, James Fletcher, F.L.S., F.R.S.C, Ottawa. Division 2, Ifev. Dr. Bethune, F.R.S.C, Port Hope. Divi.sion 3, Gamble Geddes, Toronto. Divi.sioii 4, A. H. Kilman, Ridgeway. Division 5, J. Dearness, London.
Librarian and Curator — J. Alston Moffat, London.
Editor of the " Canadian Entomologist " — Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.O.L. Port Hope.
Editing Committee — J. Fletcher, Ottawa ; H. H. Lyman, Montreal ; Rev. T. W. Fvles, South Quebec ; J. H. Bowman, London.
Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada — The President.
Auditors — J. H. Bowman and W. E. Saunders, London.
The reports for the past year of the various sections of the Society were next read by their respective secretaries.
15
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
REPORT OF THE BOTANICAL SECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.
This Section was organized for 1892 on the 16th of April, with Mr. J. A. Balkwill as Chairman and Mr. J. Dearness as Vice-Chairman.
The meetings were held regularlj'^ up to August, with considerable interest mani" fested.
An outing to Komoka on the 24th of May, and one to the " Swamp of Death Oxford Co., were indulged in by some of the members.
Messrs. Dearness, Bowman, Stevenson and Althouse were very energetic in field work.
The following rare plants have been collected :
Collector. Locality.
Anagallis arvensis Mr. Mofiatt Campbellville.
Poterium sanguisorba " "
Valerianella olitoria Mr. Dearness Twenty Mile Creek.
Viola rotundifolia " "
Corydalis glauca Messrs. Dearness and Bowman . . Pine Pond ^Swamp
of Death).
Dalibarda repens " " . . "
Lepidium campestre " " . . Twenty Mile Creek.
Barbarea vulgaris ' " " . . "
Viola carnina var rupestrhs " " . . "
Cassia Marilandica (3 ft. igh) Mr. Dearness Tp. of Howard.
Symphoricarpus occidentalis
Actinomei is squarrosa
Polygonatum giganteum (7 f t ) . . . .
Silphium perfoliatum (7 ft.)
Euphorbia preslii
Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius .... Negundo aceroides (2 ft. diameter) . .
Lythrum alatum " Walpole Island.
Polygala sanguinea
Baptisia tinctoriaj (fields)
Silphium terebinthinaceum
Tradescantia sp (1)
Galium verum Mr. Bond Port Stanley.
Bidens beckii Mr. Stephenson Port Frank.
huring the year a large number of plants have been carefully mounted, the total number now in the herbarium amounts to about 500. Mr. Balkwill has done much of the mounting. The Section intends continuing the work during the coming winter.
Early in April a fine collection of plants was received from Mr. Wm. Scott, B.A.> Mathematical Master of the Ottawa Normal School. The plants were in good condition and very acceptable, as they were collected in a district very different from that surround- ing London.
The Section purposes continuing its explorations, and hopes to publish a list of the plants found in this district at some future time.
C. B. EDWARDS, Sec.
16
56 Victoria. Sessioncal Papers (No. 12). ' A. 1893
EEPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
Regular meetings have been held by the members of the Geological Section through- out the year, and they have been, on the whole, well attended. Interest in geological work has not diminished, and the meetings have often been the scene of lively discussion.
The course of study has been based on Professor Geikie's geological works, and articles in newspapers and magazines have received careful attention. The work has been agreeably helped forward by the fact that the tine collection of specimens belong- ing to our Chairman has always been open for the use of the Section, and they have proved invaluable for the purpose of illustrating the subjects before the section
The members have frequently been out on excursions and have secured manv interesting specimens. One of the most interesting outings occurred a short time a"o when the members were accompanied by Professor Seaborne, of Hellmuth Ladies' College, who gave some interesting and valuable hints as to the best methods of workin<y up the geology of the London district. Those of the members who spent their holidays away from home took the inevitable hammer with them, and secured many interesting examples of the life of former ages. The Chairman particularly worked up the Niagara Falls locality, and promises to furnish the Section with his observations. There are now few parts ot the district immediately around London that have not been explored.
London is in an interesting district from the fact that it appears to be directly in the line of the great stream of ice which swept the northern part of the continent in the Pliocene age, and the detritus from many different geological areas are .scattered plentifully around. The age to which the rocks here belong is the Devonian, but they have been covered so deeply with the glacial drift that they reach the surface in but few places. Probably the finest specimens of the trilobite, Phncops bufo, found in Canada have been procured here, while the race of Orthoceratid;e is well repre.sented in this immediate vicinity. Corals are especially abundant and some fine specimens have been secured.
One of our members contemplates the arrangement of a list of Devonian fossils found around London, and hopes to be able to present it to the Society at the next annual meeting.
It is with pleasure that we learn that Mr. Johnson Pettit, to whom this Society is so much indebted, is now turning his attention to geology, and we hope to have hia co-operation in the future.
S. WooLVEKTON, Chairman. J. L. Goodburne, Secretary.
REPORT OF THE MICROSCOPICAL SECTION.
I have much pleasure in presenting the annual report of our Section for the year ending August 31st, 1892 :
It is now two years since this Section was organized, and we can look'back with pleasure upon tht; work of the past. Although our meml)prship has not increased to any great extent during the last year, yot great interest is still manifested by all the members who are rapidly gaining experience in the manipulation of the microscope and the pre- paration of objects.
During the past year public interest in our Section has groatlv increased, as the report of our outside meetings will show. On March .3rd the Section was privileged to give a microscopical demonstration at the annual meeting of the East Middlesex Teachera 2 (E^.) 17
56 Victoria. ' Sessional Papers (No. 12). A 1893
Association. The Section was again invited to the Hellmuth Ladies' College and was highly appreciated. Mr. Merchant, at the request of some of our members, very kindly granted us the use of the magnificent projecting microscope belonging to the Collegiate Institute.
The Principal gave a very interesting lecture on projection, explaining and illustrat- ing the elementary laws of light and their application to projection.
Thirteen meetings were held last season. Total membership is 12 ; average attend- ance 9 ; visitors 8.
The subjects of the various evenings during the season were as follows :
Oct. 30th : Fertilization and Growth of Ferns. — Mr. Foot.
Nov. 13th : Examination of the results of an outing, all taking part.
Nov. 27th : Examination of Fungi. Family Erjsiphte. — Prof. Dearness. Those studied were Erysipha Lamprocarpa on Hydrophylium. Uncinula clintonii on leaf of Basswood. Phallactinia on leaf of Dogwood.
Dec. 11th : Examination of Fungi was continued on six other specimens. — Prof. Dearness.
Dec. 26th : How to find and classify Diatoms. — Prof. Bowman.
Jan. 15th : Life, History and Classification of Diatoms. — Prof. Bowman.
Jan. 29th : Methods of mounting Diatoms. — Prof. Bowman.
Feb. 5th : Fertilization and Growth of the Phanerogams. — Mr. Rennie.
Feb. 19th : Mounting of Seeds and Pollen. — Mr. Kennie.
Mar. 5 th : Light and its application to the Microscope. — Prof. Dearness.
April 1st : Microscopical Projection. — Principal Merchant.
April 15th : Examination of Frog Spawn. — Prof. BoWxMan.
April 29th : Fungi. — Prof. Dearness.
All which is respectfully submitted.
William H. Foot, Secretary.
REPORT OF THE ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION FOR THE YEAR 1892.
Mr. President and Members of the Council :
During the past year the Ornithological Section has held a number of meetings, at which many interesting facts have been noted and some new ones brought to light. During the spring months a combined record was kept of arrivals from the south, showing that 37 species were observed by the members in the first three months, 42 in April and 58 in May, against 36, 38 and 40 respectively for the year previous.
Several of the most interesting notes of the year I may perhaps be permitted to refer to briefly. First in order is the winter visitation of Crossbills. These were observed by all the members in March, April and May, the 30th of May being the last date of observation, when ten were seen. This influx included not only Red Crossbills, but also the rarer Whitewings in quantity, and one lot was seen, and two taken, of a larger form, Loxia curvirostra, Bendirei, which is regarded as a variety intermediate between the Mexican and the Red Crossbills, and has not, we believe, been recorded for Ontario before.
Another rare species which was noted in some quantity is the Bay-breasted Warbler, which is usually scarce, but this year appeared in good numbers, being first discovered by one of our most energetic members right in the city, and subsequently found on several
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
morning excursions. IL is probable we should be able tx) report the breeding of the Least Bittern in our county had it not been for the rapacious boy, who captured the pair. They were observed June -ith, and captured a few days later, and on visiting the locality, a thorough search by one of our members showed a nearly tinished nest, probably of this species. The take of the season, however, was the Cape May Warbler, hitherto unknown in Middlesex County, though eagerly sought for during many years. The first specimen was discovered in the High School grounds, by the energetic member previously referred to, who studied the bird with creditable zeal for many minutes, and subsequently selected the species from a series of unnamed skins, only to be the more sorry he could not secure it when he was informed of its identity. All doubts which might have been cast on this record were cleared up by the capture of a pair, male and female, by a boy with a slingshot the next day near the same place The members of section regard this as the most impor- tant record of the year, and are proporcionately proud of it. Our Plover Mills represent- ative, with the assistance of Mr. Joseph Beck, secured a number of specimens of Lincoln's Sparrow, which had hitherto been claimed for the county on the strength of a single specimen taken years ago in the fall. Possibly it may prove, like the Fox-colored Sparrow, to be not so very rare now that we are getting acquainted with it.
Less interesting because somewhat out of the Section's range was the result of a visit of a member to Lake Wawanosh, near Sarnia, where he secured two specimens of the short billed Marsh Wren, of which probably ten or a dozen specimens .vere seen. They had not been previously reported iu such numbers from anywhere in Ontario, although once erroneously reported near Ottawa.
In nesting records, the only one of special interest is the finding of a nest of the Carolina Rail on the outskirts of the city, with seven eggs ; this being the only addition we have to make to the list of birds known to breed in Middlesex county, which was submitted with our last annual report. During the coming year we hope to open a large ledger for the birds of Middlesex in which all the notable occurrences with regard to each species shall be inscribed, thereby getting the result of our work into permanent form and making a good basis for any special investigations the Section may take up in the future.
W. E. Saunders, Chairman.
MONTREAL BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
The following is the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Council of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario :
The Council beg to submit the following report of the Branch for the year 18yi-92.
During the past^'season nine meetings have been held, most of which were well attended, and the following papers have been read :
1. Notes on Nematus pallidiventris — Rev. T. W. Fyles.
2. Some little known Canadian Coleoptera. — J. F. Hausen.
3. Occurrence of Platynus rugiceps at Montreal. — J. F. Hausen.
4. Hepialus^thule. — H. H. Lyman.
5. Notes on some species of Halisidota. — H. H. Lyman.
6. Notes on the genus Lithophane. — A. F. Winn.
7. Entomological QiicHtion.s. — A. F. Winn.
8. Pamphila Manitoba and its varieties. — H. H. Lyman.
9. Danais Archippus. — A. F. Winn.
10. Notes on rearing Pyrameis Atalanta. — H. H. Lyman.
11. The genus Grapta. — H. H. Lyman.
12. Notes on Hemiptera. — J. F. Hausen.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 189;^
Two new members have been added to our roll, viz., Messrs. Lachlan Gibb and J. W. Gushing, but three of our old members have resigned owing to continued absence from the city, and the death of our esteemed vice-president, Mr. F. B. Gaulfield, has caused a oreat gap in our ranks which it will be difficult to till. He was one of the founders of this Branch, and has taken the greatest interest in its welfare through all its vicissitudes during the past nineteen years, At our meetings he has read over forty original papers, and beint^ an enthusiastic and pains-taking entomologist, the loss to the Branch is a very heavy one.
The Gouncil would again urge the members to do all in their power to increase the interest in our meetings by getting as many new members as possible, and by bringing to the meetings specimens and notes on insects.
A large amount of work might easily be done during the coming summer on the neglected orders, Neuroptera, Hemiptera and Diptera, and we would suggest that each member should study at least one order besides his specialty and thus aid in increasing our knowledge of some of the many very common species of which at present we know little or nothing.
The report of the treasurer shews a balance on hand of $17.08.
Submitted on behalf of the Council,
H. H. Lyman, President.
The following officers were elected for the ensuing year : President, H. H. Lyman ; Vice-President, W. G. Adams ; Secretary-Treasurer, A, F. Winn ; Gouncil, J. F. Hausen, Ohas. Jackson.
After the reading of the foregoing reports was completed Mr. Harrington gave an interesting account of a visit which he and Mr. Fletcher had made to Sudbury this summer and exhibited some rare and remarkable specimens that they had found in that locality.
Mr, Fletcher gave an entertaining description of a trip to Nepigon, north of Lake Superior, in quest of eggs of the butcerllv, Chionobas Macounii. I^o eggs of that species were obtained, but many interesting observations were made. Eggs of N'emeopliila selwipiii were secured, and the larvte bred from them were described. Grapta faunus was bred from larvae found on Alnus viridis, Salix discolor and Betula papyrifera, and an undescribed parasite was also reared. Grapta progn<i was also reared from larvae on Betula papyrifera. Colias interior was mentioned, and the food plant was stated to be willow (from the observations of Mr. T. E. Bean in the Rocky Mountains). Mr. Fletcher was of the opinion that it was also Vaccinium. Specimens of two western species of A.rgynnis, A. cipris and A. electa were taken at Nepigon, and the occurrence there commented on. Lyc(je.na lucia was taken and an addition made to its food plants in the flowers and seeds of Acer spicatum. Carterocephalus mandzn is not uncommon at Nepio'on iu roadways running through low woodlands. Eggs had been secured on grasses and several larvee were being bred. Nisoniades iceliis, common at Nepigon, was being bred from eggs laid on the upper side of the leaves of Salix cordata. The larvje were found to exhibit different temperaments, one particular specimeQ being described as " very bad tempered." Some beetles had been collected, and the oviposition o? Myodctes zeschii in the unopened flowers of Solidago canadfinsis was described. Ao iaterestina; Mordella had been taken on a white fungus growing on an old wharf, but the specios did not seem to answer to any of those in the available literature. Species of Donacia, Leptura and some Carabidse had been collected. Trirhabda convergens had been found abundantly on asters and solidagos. Of Hymenoptera many interesting species had been secured, Abict kennicottii amongst them, and several spscimens of Trlchiosoma triangulum. The meeting adiourned at 10 p.m.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
THURSDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 1st.
The meeting was called to order by the President at half-past 9 o'clock.
The Rev. T. W. Fyles gave an account of a gall that he had found upon a White Aster (Diplopappus nmheMntns). Mr. Fletcher in commenting upon it expressed the hope that Mr. Fyles would be able to work up its life history completely.
A paper by Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, on a " Trip to Mount Washington in New Hampshire" was then read by the President (see p 32.)
Mr. Fletcher described some of the many difficulties which beset the entomologist in his efforts to rear larva? from the egg to the imago state. An interesting discussion upon galls was then entered upon, in which most of the members present participated.
The President, Dr. Bethune, gave an account of his observations of insect life in Bermuda during the month of March last. He stated that he was most struck by the remarkable absence of insects of all descriptions. Not a single butterfly was to be seen and only one or two moths ; after a diligent search under stones, etc., the only beetle that he found was the red and black Dung-beetle so common in Canada (Ap/iodii/s Jimetarim), ■which he found in some cow droppings in a pasture field. Cockroaches {Blatta Ameri- cana), were abundant, having been brought, no doubt, in ships to the islands ; a much larger species, B. Maderensia, was also occasionally seen. The common wasp (Polistes Canadensis), was found making its comb, without any protecting nest, on the leaves or branches of trees ; honey bees were numerous and several species of ants, but no other Hymenoptera were observed. Mosquitoes and house-flies were common but not suffi- ciently numerous to be annoying, and several kinds of spiders. Great complaints were made of the difficulty of growing peaches on the islands owing to the attacks of an insect ; in " Insect Life," vol. iii, p. 6, this is stated to be the maggot of a Dipterous fly {Ceralitis capitata, Wied.) The fruit was observed in all stages of growth at the same time, but none were in perfection except a few that had been protected with gauze netting. The fly is said to attack oranges also, but this fruit has been virtually exterminated in the Bermudas by a Scale-insect (Chionaspis citri), which was accidentally introduced in a ship- load of oranges some years ago. Through the kindness of the Rev. W. G. Lane, Dr. Bethune had obtained three specimens of Sphinx moths, which he exhibited, viz. :
(1) Chferocampa tersa Drury, found also in the Southern States and West Indies ; this beautiful hawk-moth is distinguished by its graceful shape and long pointed body ; it is of a light-brownish yellow colour, the hind wings being black with a marginal row of wedge-shaped yellow spots. The larva is said to feed on Button-weed (Sj^ermacoce glabra.)
(2) PhUgethontius (Sphinx) cingulata. Fab., a large grey hawk-moth, with the hind wings shaded with rose colour and five spots of the same colour on each side of the abdomen. It is found in the West Indies and northwards. The larva feeds on the Sweet potato and Convolvulus. {?>) A large White Sphinx, probably .S*. tetrio, which was taken by Mr. Douglas Hollis in his garden at Hamilton, Bermuda. One of the greatest peets to farmers and gardeners on the Islands is the " Broken-tail Snail " {Rumina decoUata, Linn,) vhich has a singular elongate spiral shell with the smaller end abruptly truncate. It seems to swarm everywhere and is very destructive to vegetation.
Mr. Moffat presented a paper on " The power of insects to resist the action of froflt " (see p. 35. )
The following insects were exhibited by Mr. Fletcher :
1. Liparncephalus brevipennis; several specimens. This is an extremely rare Staphy- linid, which had been received among other varieties from Rev. J. W. Keen, of Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands. The opinion was expres.sed that this and the other described species of the genus L. orhicollis were merely color varieties of one species. Specimens differing in color had been named umler both names by Lieut. Casey, U.S.A., but he said he thought tliat they were probably identical, and this opinion was also concurred in by Dr. .lohn Hamilton, to 'vhoin some of Mr. Keen's specimens had also been sent. Previous to Mr. Keen's collection these two species were only represented by the unique types.
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56 Victoria. SessioDal Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
2. Sphcerites glahratas, Pelates latus, two Sylphids, also from Queen Charlotte Islands.
3. Myodites Zeschii, from Nepigon.
4. Gortyna immanis, the collar worm of the Hop, several specimens, male and female, of the moth together with pupae and larvae preserved in alcohol, were exhibited and a statement made of injuries done to hop gardens in Prince Edward county.
5. Canfharis Xuttalli, a beautiful blister-beetle from the North-West Territories, where it had been abundant and injurious in the perfect state during last summer, but probably did good service in the larval condition by feeding on locusts' eggs.
After spending some time in the examination of specimens brought by members, and contained in the Society's cabinets, and in comparing notes on various matters of entomological interest, the meeting, which was greatly enjoyed throughout by those who were present, was brought to a close.
A VISIT TO THE CANADIAN HAUNTS OF THE LATE PHILIP
HENRY GOSSE.
By Eev. Thomas W. Fyles, South Quebec.
One stormy night in the winter of 1863 I was visiting at a friend's house in Laprairie when amongst the books on the table I found a copy of the Canadian Naturalist. I took it to my room and was fairly carried away with it I forgot the lateness of the hour ; I heard not the beating of the storm upon the roof and winiow ; I was transferred in imagination to the township of Compton, and wandered with Gosse along Bradley's Brook, and into the Brul^, and on the banks of the Coaticook. On my return to Montreal I acquired a copy of the work, which bacame, for a time, my constant compinion.
In the Canadian Naturalist are to be found, as might be expected, many mistakes and imperfections ; but it is, notwithstanding these, a charming work. The author seems to have thrown his life into it, and to awaken with a magic toach responsive feelings to his own in the reader's bosom ; and — to speak after a heathen fashion — the book is redolent with the worship of Pan.
My interest in Gosse was increased during eleven years residence in Oowansville, in the Eastern Townships ; for, during the greater portion of that time, I had for my near neighbor, and intimate acquaintance, Mr. G. E. Jaque.s, with whom Gosse came from Newfoundland, and with whom he lived in the summer seasons of his stay in Canada.
Of the persons who kaew Go.sse in his Canadian days but few survive, and the traces of his residence here are rapidly disappearing. It has been thoug'nt well, therefore, that I should place on record such reminiscences of him as I have been able to gather.
I made my first visit to Compton in 1864. The building in which Gosse taught the " Winter-school " was then much as it was in Gosse's day ; and it is still substantially the same. It is a frame structure, in the ordinary village style, painted red, " picked out " with white. It stands at the outskirts of the village on the Hereford road. While I was examining it on the occasion referred to, I was joined by Mr. Logee — commonly called " Major Logee." We fell into conversation, and I asked him if he had known Gosse. " Why, yes,'' he said, " He boarded at my hotel. Come to the house !" The house was within sight, a few rods distant, and standing alone.* It was a commodious two-story building with a double verandah.
Mr. Logee spoke of Gosse's quiet and studious habits, and evidently entertained a pleasant remembrance of his young boarder of long ago ; " but," said he, " the people here used to speak of him as that crazy Englishman ivho goes about picking up bugs."' One sentence in the Canadian Naturalist shows that Gosse was quite at home in the
* It still stands, but now in a street of cottages. The major has been dead for some years. — T. W. F.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
major's hospitable dwelling. On page 45 we find him saying, "It is pleasant to think that we have a comfortable home and a cheerful fire to look forward to." In the long winter evenings he here recorded the observations made in the course of the day. We can fancy that we see him, in the retirement of his chamber, holding the candle at the window, and noticing the white flakes descending in the " darkness visible " (see Can. Nat. page 30), or musing over the " frosted flowers " on the panes (p. 29), or on the sudden formation of ice-needles, in the chilled water on the wash-stand, when agitated by the immersion of his hands (p. 351).
A few days ago I went to see my friend Qaartus Bliss, Esq., of Oompton, with the express purpose of gaining information concerning Gosse. We drove through the village of Compton but could then learn of only two persons who remembered him. One, a lady, was unfortunately from home ; the other, when I mentioned Gosse, said, " Oh, yes ! I remember him. I went to school to him. He couldn't teach school «n//, to suit this country." " Is that so?" I said, "but why?" " Why ?" he retorted. " Well, one day when it was snowing, he took a slate and caught the snow-flakes and made drawings of them." And youthful impressions were so strong in the man, and the act had appeared 80 ridiculous to him in his youth that, at the remembrance of it, he laughed — and laughed — and " laughed consumedly." And the ludicrousness of this man's laughing at Gosse made me laugh, and my friend Bliss laughed for sympathy. At length, by way of creating a diversion in Gosse's favor, I said, " I think I can show you a copy of the drawing he made that day." And I took the Canadian Naturalist from my pocket and shewed him the cut on page 27. He seemed somewhat taken aback that anything Gosse had done should be reproduced in a book, but he soon returned to the charge : " In his garden at Smith's Mills he planted poison-poke !" (p. 233). I was, of course, duly silenced. The character of a man who could plant poi3on-poke in his garden was beyond redemption. I migflit have told of gardeners setting out plants of the pickled-cabbage order for effect : but where would have been the use ?
I had given Mr. Bliss a list of the places I wished to see. As we were driving through a stretch of lowland he said, " This that we are coming to is Spafford's Bridge (p. 103). Yonder was Robinson's farm (p. 188). On the hill facing u? was the Pierre Barker place, (p. 298) : the house is still standing ; the farm was the be.^t in the neigh- bourhood in Gosse's day. To the left, here on the flat, lived Adolphus Barker a brother of Pierre, and a notorious scoundrel. The foundations of his house can still be traced."
Having ascended the hill, and passed the old Pierre Barker house, and the fine modern residence of Mr. Vernon to whom the surrounding properties now belong, we came to a torn in the road. " Here " said my friend, " was the Well's place, formerly owned by Mr. Jaques ; and yonder you can trace the old main road to Sherbrooke, which has long been abolished." It was all before me : The road we were on was the " village road" (p. 2), the road that the horseman in the vignette of Gosse's title page is pursuing. Look- ing down from that road, immediately to the right, in the corner unmarked in Gosse's sketch, I saw the shattered foundations (overgrown with moss and lichen,) of the house in which he lived with Mr. and Mrs. Jaques. It had been a frame cottage, 30 by 24 ft. in size, and had stood five rods from the road. The barn, still standing, but much dila|)i- dated, is eight rods from the site of the house. The foundations of tJosse's log barn can also be seen. Through " the marshy spot Vjelow the barn " (p. IIG), from which he heard the " Breke-kekex koax-koax " of the frogs, the (Jrand Trunk Bailway now runs, cutting the farm in halves. The maple-grove (p 227) has been felled, but stumps of the trees remain. No traces of the orchard are left. The wiiole of the farm is now in pasture.
The bridge ovt^r the Ooaticook at the bottom of the farm, which he spnaks of as "our bridge," has quite disappeared. It is remembered in the neighltorhoxl as the " Wyman Bridge." Its position can be told only from the break in the old road at the river banks. On the rising ground beyond the river, and to the left of the old road, may still be seen the house in which dwelt Mr. Bill, (p. 267).
Pursuing our pv^ay we crossed Bradley's Brook (p. 297). To the left between the hills are the remains of the thicket through which Gosse forced a road to the Brule beyond (p. 297). The hill (p. 303) which he a.scended, and from which he saw Smith's mills and
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66 Victoria. SessioDal Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
Tilden's tavern, is now bare of trees, and is known as Flander's Hill. Tilden's out-build- ings may still be seen from it ; but the tavern itself was burned some years ago. Smith's mills are standing yet, dwarfed and hidden by more imposing structures. Hollis Smith, to whom these mills belonged, moved into Sherbrooke, and become the member of Parliar ment for that city. He has been dead for some years. The village of Waterville with its churches, public schools, post office, railway station, manufactories, etc., has grown up since Gosse left the country.
Only one man in "Waterville, as far as I can learn, remembers Gosse. This is Captain Parker, (a descendant of the famous Admiral Parker), whose father owned the adjoining lot to that of Tilden's. The Captain when a boy, met Gosse in the Brule net in hand. He remembers two things concerning him : (1) that he was clad in rough frieze cloth j (2) that he wore remarkably dean linen. " Biled shirts " were not common in that neigh- bourhood at that time.
In Waterville I parted with my friend Mr. Bliss.
Returning to the Gosse farm after a night spent at the village hotel, I found that there had been a hard frost in the night — one of those early frosts that Gosse complained of (p. 110). This had whitened the meadows and the foliage. The sun however rose bright and warm. On my way to the farm I came to a dip in the road (p. 180) with willows growing thick on either side. As I passed there was a constant pattering on the dead herbage beneath — the sun gaining strength was thawing the frost on the leaves, and drops fell
" like the first of a thunder shower."
A little runnel tinkled and bubbled over the stones by the road. side, hastening to join the Coaticook in the valley. Its banks were thick with moss. The slight sounds that arose seemed but to intensify the calm that boooded around. From the groves beyond the river were heard the whistle of the robin, and (softened by the distance) the cry of the blue jay. This spot in Gosse's day was prolific in insect life ; as, I dare say, it is still. It was here that he captured the Baltimore Fritillary {Melitoia Phaeton'), pictured on page 227 of his work.
When I reached the higher ground I turned; and what a glorious view was presented to me ! A lovely rolling country opened towards the north, its rounded hills tufted with maple woods. Columns of white steam and dun smoke, rising amidst hills of more moun- tain-like formation, showed where the mining works of Capelton were located. Between the spot on which I stood and those distant hills was the rise, forming the middle distance, on which Tilden's tavern formerly stood. Around the spot, as in the days of Gosse, but more restricted, and now of second growth, is a stretch of woodland, which in the many hues of autumn, and lit by the brilliant morning sun, was very beautiful. The poplars were clad in richest chrome ; the maples and beeches in various hues of ochre, sienna, Indian red, and crimson ; while here and there a tamarack (lonely survivors of the Nema- tus raid) stood pale yellow amid the more richly coloured trees.
In the valley near me the placid Coaticook pursued its even way. The light green of the willows that fringed its banks formed the basis of a mass of foliage rising with the hill-side, in which was blended the brown-green of the white cedar, the sombre hues of the black spruce, and the brighter Brunswick green of the balsam. Here and there the boscage was broken by farm buildings and russet pastures.
Near the I'ailway, not many rods from Gosse's farm and at a bend in the stream, was a small neglected burial-ground in which the white rounded head-stones rose amidst a tangle of brambles, golden-rod and everlastings. I walked over to it and found it recorded on one of the stones that Henry Learned died August 13th 1837. (Gosse may have attended his funeral). He was laid beside " Lovy " his wife,
Returning I found the point of view on which Gosse stood when he drew the sketch of his farm. The property having been added to a larger one, and seemingly used for pasturage only, is probably very much in the condition in which Gosse left it. The land is not particularly good — in the division Jaques seems to have had the better share.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
Along the road side are a few fine maples, doubtless the same represented in the view, increased in bulk by their fifty-three years subsequent growth. A few small clumps of cedar and spruce somewhat relieve the dreariness of the stretch of pasture land ; but the farm to-day is not one that would be chosen either for beauty or fertility.
Melancholy feelings come over one as he contemplates a ruined homestead, and thinks of the human interests that once centered therein. What aims and hopes actuated the builders of it ! Within its walls what scenes of homely mirth were witnessed, what hours of anxiety were spent, what plans for improvements were made, what disappoint- ments were experienced ! Everything around had its uses and its history ; and now all is gone. The owners ! Their place knows them no more. Their belongings ! They are dispersed or have perished. Their habitation ! Its moss-grown foundations are all that remain of it.
With such feelings, tempered with the reflection that it was well for science that Crosse should have been disappointed, I looked upon the scene on which he entered full of high expectation.s. Here he toiled. Here he slowly learned the hard lesson that he had mis- taken his vocation. Hope of acquiring an independence through his farm left him ; and he was at length glad to sell out at any sacrifice. The reasons for his failure are not hard to find from hi.s own statements. Instead of dividing his land into meadow and pasture, and purchasing young stock to raise and sell at a profit, keeping only small portions of land successively under the plow — just so much at a time as he could manure thoroughly and work with comfort ; he plowed up much unenriched soil, and laid out for himself much unprofitable labour. I have often wondered what he intended to do with his two acres of turnips (Life of P. H. Gosse, p. 92), without storage for the preservation of the produce, or stock to consume it, or any available market — for his neighbours would grow what they wanted of such like crops for themselves. The people immediately around him were generally of an unsatisfactory class, who would ridicule his mistakes, and endeavour to profit by his inexperience. They were "vulgar and sordid, sharp and mean." (Life of P. H. Gosse, p. 96). They were even worse than all this — they were criminal. A notorious band of desperadoes, counterfeiters and thieves, made the Tilden tavern their rendezvous. Dark hints of mysterious disappearances were whispered round. The dispersion of this gang was brought about in this way : Near Compton village resided a miserly old couple named Witcher, who had saved, what for those days was a large sum of money, §3,000. They had this secreted in a trunk, in an upper chamber of their house. The fact in some way became known to the gang ; and by means of a ladder access was gained to the room, and the spoil was secured. The old lady, hearing a noise which she imputed to the mice in the chamber, arose, opened the stair-case door, and thrust in the cat. She then retired contentedly to bed. The robbery caused a great commotion ; and one loose character, who left the neighbourhood during the stir, was followed up and induced to turn King's evi- dence. Several of the gang, having had timely warning, fled to the States ; but Adolphus F' ker was tried, convicted, and condemned to death. The sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life, and he was confined in the jail at Three Rivers. After his incar- ceration his wife told of his coming home one night on horseback with a dead body in front of him, which he took to the woods and buried ; but as she had become demented (which was not to be wondered at, poor thing !) no great heed was given to her statement. She soon afterwards died. Her story however was enough to cause the neighbours — the young especially — to regard the empty house with dread. One circumstance in regard to it is still narrated : I have said that the house stood back in the field. A person passing along the road one night noticed u pale unearthly light in one of the windows. He hurried away in fear. The light was .seen by others on subsequent nights ; and at length a few ol the boldest of the neighbours resolved to investigate it. They came to the gate leading to the house. And certainly, there in the window whs the light ! They brought their courage to the sticking point and made a rush to the building ; but, as they drew near, the light vanis-hed / They could hear no sound, nor could they find next day any traces of visitors, earthly or unearthly. It was not till some time afterwards that they discovered that the mysterious light was only seen when a certain room in another house in the distance was lit up — that it was, in fact, a mere reflection.
56 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
After fourteen years' imprisonment Barker was released. About the same time was- liberated a French-Canadian woman who had occupied an adjoining cell. This woman Barker sought out and married, and the pair crossed over into the States. It is said that by loosening the bolts which secured the ends of a large box stove built into the partition wall they had been able to keep up an acquaintance for some time previous to their liberation. The jail arrangements of those days were of a primitive order. I have been told that, in the States, Barker resumed his nefarious practices, and eventually paid the- penalty of his crimes on the scaffold.
In the Life of Gosse, page 103, we read, "During the autumn" (of 1837) "he was- vexed and disturbed by having to appear in court to give evidence in a criminal case against one of his few neighbours." Could this have been the case I have been recording f
Gosse alludes, in the preface to the Canadian Naturalist, to the " stormy politics and martial alarms of the times." A few words will shew the condition of affairs in his neighborhood. It was the period of the rebellion, and as an inroad of American " sympathizers " was expected, the loyal inhabitants of the Townships felt called upon to- adopt precautionary measures. At a meeting of militia officers held at Frost Village, at which Colonel Knowlton presided, it was resolved to send three of the leading men of that part of the country as a deputation to solicit supplies of arms and ammunition from the military authorities at Montreal. Accordingly Colonel Knowlton, Major Wood and Abijah Wood were sent, and their errand was completely successful. Large supplies were shipped (by way of the St. Lawrence and the Richelieu) to Philipsburg, on Missisquoi Bay. Here they were met by numeroas teams driven by the yeomen farmers- of the district. Good men and true from all the country round turned out to guard the valuable consignment. Night came on, and under cover of the darkness, an armed force of sympathizers from Swanton, Vermont, attacked the convoy at More's Corner. Thfr enemy were, however, beaten off and dispersed Volunteer companies, equipped with the arms thus acquired, were soon formed in all that section of country. Captain Wood, of Shefford, had under his command a body of cavalry numbering 85 men. Captain Savage, of the same place had 100 infantry. Captain Becket, of Sherbrooke, had a troop of horse and Captain Gilman, of Stanstead, another. In the quota of men sent from Compton Gosse's friend, Amos Merril (p. 40) was sergeant. It is rather to be wondered at that Gosse, amid.st the general enthusiasm, did not take a more active interest in the military movements of the times. Perhaps it was with him as with that good bishop in the middle ages, against whom his knights and censitaires complained, that he was " a man of peace and not at all valiant." The action of the United States authorities at this crisis was prompt and judicious. Troops from the Southern States were brought up and stationed along the American side of the border, and this doubtless prevented much harm. The troops stationed at North Troy, Vermont, were brought from Florida.
Two retired English officers were sent to superintend operations and watch the line on the Canadian side. These men knew but little of the country, and amusing reminiscences of them are still told in our country houses. For instance : One of them was spending the night (a clear, cold winter night) at Hatley — the Charleston of Gosse (p. 95). He heard repeatedly that sound (familiar enough to Canadian ears,) which ac- companies the sudden loosening of a shingle-nail by the frost. The gallant colonel arose in consternation and dressed himself in haste, convinced that because of his august presence sympathizers were firing upon the house.
One of the young men who drove a team at More's Corner, and who afterwards ioined Captain Wood's troop of cavalry, was Mr. Calvin L. Hall, a son of one of the leading men of East Farnham. Mr. Hall being well mounted was chosen as a body guard for the English officer above mentioned, and in this capacity did some hard riding. On one bleak day he, on horse-back, accompanied his superior, without stoppage, from East Hatley to Frost village, a distance of 36 miles. The Englishman, well wrapped up in buffalo robes, drove his team "at the jump," and viewed every piece of bush that he passed with suspicion. Mr. Hall is now Lt.-Colonel Hall, of the 52nd "Brome'^ battalion of Light Infantry.
26
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A 1893
Of Compton people contemporary with Gosse, besides Major Logee, I saw on my first visit to the village, Colonel Pomeroy, magistrate; A. V. Kendrick, merchant, and Nathan Merrill, hotel-keeper. All are now dead — as are all whom Gosse mentions in his book. Of these the last survivor was Mrs. Bill, who died at Waterville about six n ^.ths ago. Ann Heap, widow of G. E. Jaques, died on December .30, 1891 in her 84th ye r. Her husband had died on the preceeding 12th of July, aged 84 years. The remains of this worthy couple rest in IVfonnt Eoyal cemetery.
I have said that iu Gosse's work there are many mistakes. One of ihe most remark- able of these is his supposition that the piping of the tree-frogs in early spring was pro- duced by lizards (p. 94). He descril)es the frog (p. 266), but seems to have rejected the idea that this creature produced the soun':!, and many persons still, hivini^ raid his book, have strong faith in the lizards. Good old Bishop O.Kend^n onoe spoke to me of the "whistling lizards." I begged to assure him that the "whistling" was produced by frogs — that T had kept the creatures and knew certainly that this was the case. I even showed him drawings I had made of the frog with its throat distended preparatory to the emission of the sound. But all was of no avail. Gos>ie had said that he bslieved the sound to be that of lizards. Gosse was once contradicted to his face by believers who did not know him personally.* That my statement should stand for a moment beside an expressed opinion of his was not to be thought of. And the good old bishop in his last work, the " History of my Life," page 142 (by a double error ; by a strange tran.'^position of sis:ht for sound) says, "There" (i.e. in Canada) "are few reptiles, excepting lizirds, which seem to take pleasure in exhibiting their antics in public."
Gosse must often have listened to the chorus from the swampy spot below his barn ; the peep pef.p of the tree-frog, the croak of the meadow-frog, the tr-r-r-r-r ill of the toad and the bomp bomp of the bull-frog. A lady-friend of mine compares the reptile assembly to a noisy household, in which the little children are crying to be put to bed, and the elder ones scolding, while the mother endeavours to still their clamour with a hii-s s-s sh, and the father expostulates with a grumpy voice.
From the Fauna of Compton County som^ of its most interesting forms have van- ished since 18.38. The caribou (Gervus tarandiis) and the Virginian deer ( Oervas Virgininntis ) have long disappeared, and with them their natural foes the vfoU (Canis lupus) and the puma (Fells concolor) The moose (Gervus Alces) approaches no nearer than the swampy portions of Megantic County, and the black bear (Ursus Americamis) than Mount Orford and the neighboring hills of Sutton and Bolton. The cry of the lynx ( T'el\.-< Ganadensis) is seldom heard. The last pair of beavers were shot in the BruM fifty years ago. That objectionable animal, the skunk, (Mephitis AmericfmaJ, so &dnnreih\y delineated on page 254 of the Canadian Naturalist is, however, still quite sulficiently abundant. Gosse evidently, was well acquainted with it. By way of affording a contrast to his distressful account, I may say that a year ago a clergyman from England came to see me. He was fond of natural history and was seeking information. In the evening, happening to go to the door, I found that a skunk had crossed the liwn in front of my house. T called my friend and said, " Here is a perfunie that you .should know of." He sniffed and exclaimed eagerly, "What is that? What is that? Do you know J rnthfr lllic thaf,.^^ The otter (LiUra Gnwjilevsls) and the salmon (Salino salar) are gone from the St. Francis, the Coaticook and the Massawippi. The "Salmon River" no longer bears an appropriate name, but the bald eagle [Folco leucorephalus) still haunts the lakes, and the .snowy owl {Siri.r. ni/rtea) and the great horned owl are still occasionally heard. The cry of the former resemViles Bomphomp, that of the latter is very accurately given V»y Gosse as Iln ! Oho ! Oho ! Waugh. ho ! (p. 177). The sound — so mysterious to Gosse (p. 92) — of the saw-wher. owl {Nyctale acndim) still rises from the woods in the summer evenings. I have not seen the passenger pigeon (Golumba mvjratorla) since 1864, and the scarlet tanager ( Tanagra rubra) has become scarce.
*0n one occasion, I rocollpct, at Livermeafl, we came acrosp a party of ladiep who were cackline so joyously over a rarity they had Hecured, that curiosity overcame our shyne.is, and we a«ked them what they had found. They named a very Bcarce siiecies. and held it up for us to examine. My father, at once, civilly set them ri(?ht; it w.as so-.and-so, something much more common place. The ladies drew themselves up with diffnity, and sarcastically remarked that they could only repeat th»t it was the rarity, and "Uosse in our authority. " — /yi/« nf P. H. (,'o.isf, p. 288.
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56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 12).
A. 1893
None of the insects tuentioned by Gosse, as far as I can identify them, would now "be considered rarities, except the "Chequered Skipper" (p. 219), the " Pearly Eye " (p. 246), and the "Dragon Moth" (p. 248).
From the index to the Canadian Naturalist we tind that Gosse was acquainted "with 26 of our butterflies and 43 of our moths, besides a variety of beetles, bugs, flies, etc. The Lepidoptera are given below under the names used by Gosse and (as far as I have been able to identify them) the names in the "Toronto List."
Names used by Gosse.
Tiger Swallow-tail (Papilio Turnus.) Black Swallow-tail (P. Asterius.) Clouded Sulphur (Colias Philodice.) Grey- veined "White (Pontia Oleracea.) Archippus Butterfly (Danais Archippus.) Pearl-border Fritillary (Meli^oea Myrina.) Pearl-crescent Fritillary (Melitoea Tharos.) Silver-spot Fritillary (Argynnis Aphrodite.) Great Spangled Fritillary (Argynnis Cjbele.) Green Comma (Grapta Progne.) Orange Comma (Grapta C. Album.) Grey Comma (Grapta C. Argenteum.) Violet Tip (Grapta C. Aureum.) Camberwell Beauty (Vanessa Antiopa.) Forked Butterfly (Vanessa Furcillata.) Compton Tortoise (Vanessa J-album.) Banded Purple (Limenitis Arthemis.) Eyed Brown (Hipparchia Transmontana.) Pearly Eye ^ Hipparchia Andromache.) Copper (Lyccena Phleas.) Spring Azure (Polyommatus Lucia.) Black Skipper (Thymele Brizo.) Chequered Skipper (Pamphila Paniscus.) Yellow-spotted Skipper (Ilesperia Peckius.) Tawny-edged Skipper (Pamphila Cernes.)
Names according to the Toronto List.
Papilio Turnus, Linn.
P. Asterias, Fab.
Colias Philodice, Godt.
Pieris Oleracea, Bd. var Frigida.
Danais Archippus, Fab.
Argynnis Myrina, Cram.
Phyciodes Tharos, Drury.
Argynnis Aphrodite, Fab.
Argynnis Cybele.
Grapta Faunus, Edw.
Grapta Comma, Harr.
Grapta Progne, Cram.
Grapta Interrogationis.
Vanessa Antiopa, Linn.
Vanessa Milberti, Godt.
Grapta J-album, Bd.
Limenitis Arthemis, Drury.
Satyrus Nephele, Kirby.
Debis Portlandia, Fab.
Chrysophanus Americana, D'Urban.
Lycojna Lucia, Kirby.
Thanaos Brizo, Bd.
Carterocephalus Mandan, Edw.
Pamphila Peckius, Kirby.
Hesperia Taumas, Fab.
Twin-eyed Hawk-moth (Smerinthus Geminatus.) Smerinthus Geminatus, Say. Zebra Hawk-moth (Sphinx Kalmise.) Sphinx Kalmias, A & S.
Grey Hawk-moth (Sphinx Oinerea.) Sphinx Chersis, Hubn.
Six-spotted Blue Hawk-moth (Alypia Octomaculata.) Alypia Langtonii, Coup. Humble-bee Hawk-moth (Sesia Pelasgus.) Hemaris Thysbe, Fabr.
Belted Hawk-moth (^geria )
Buflf Leopard (Arctia Isabella.) MuflF (Lophocampa Tesselaris.) Panther (Spilosoma Acria.) Brindled (Biston Hirtarius.) Streaked Hooptip (Platypteryx Erosa.) Lemon Beauty (Angerona Sospeta. ) Pea Green (Chlorissa putataria.) Grandee (Geometra Clemataria. )*
Rhinoceros (Herminia )
Belle (Spilosoma Virginica) Ruby Tiger (Pragmatobia Fuliginosa.) Rose-breasted (Dryocampa Rubicunda.) Snowy (Spilosoma )
Pyrrharctia Isabella Abb. ife S. Halisidota tessellata, A. & S Leucarctia acraja, Drury. Eubyja cognataria, Guen. Platypteryx arcuata. Walk. Angerona crocaotaria, Fab.
Procherodes clemitaria A. & S.
Spilosoma virginica. Fab. Phragmatobia rubricosa, Harr. Dryocamp'i rubicunda. Fab. Hyphantria textor, Harr.
*I have taken P. transvcrsata Drury, in the Townships but not P. clemitaria. — T. W. F.
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66 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 12).
A. 1893
Names used by Gosse. Angleshades (Phlogophora Meticulosa.)
Orange Band (Pyralis )
Veneer (Orambus.)
Silver-spotted Buff (Pygsera Gibbosa.)
Gamma (Plusia Gamma.)
Royal Tiger {Aretia Virgo.)
Dragon (Hepialus Argenteo maculatus.)
Cerulean (Ctenucha Latreil liana.)
Pink Arches {Thyatira Scripta )
Twin Goldspot (Plusia lota.)
Clifdeu Beauty (Xerene albicillata.)
Spotted Lemon, or Lemon Beauty.
Drab Plume (Pterophorus )
Vapourer (Orgyia Antiqua.) (jold and Silver (Plusia Festucoe.) Green Gold (Plusia Chrysitis.)
Spangled Orange ( )
Furbelow (Oalyptra Libatrix.) Griseous (Cerura Hastulifera.)
Apple Moth (Tethea )
Green Emperor (Saturnia Luna.) Eyed Emperor (Saturnia P-jlyphemu3.)
Crimson TJnderwing (Catocala )
Winter (Cheimatobia Vulgaris.)
Names according to the Toronto List. Trigonophora periculosa, Gueu. Crambus Girardellus, Clem. Crambus.
Edema albifrons, A. <fe S. Plusia precationis, Guen. Aretia virgo, Linn, Hepialus argenteo-raaculatus, Harr. Ctenucha virginica, Charp. Habrosyne scripta, Gosse. Plusia bimaculata, Steph. Rheumaptera ruficillata, Guen.
(Pterophorus marginidactylus.) Orgyia nova. Fitch. Plusia Putnami, Gr. Plusia balluca, Gey. (Calopistria monetifera.) Scoliopteryx libatrix, Linn. Cerura cinerea, Walk. Caccecia rosaceana, Harr. Actias Luna, Linn. Telea Polyphemus, Oram. Catocala concumbens Walk. Operophtera borealis, Hubn.
The Entomological portions of the Canadian Naturalist are the weakest. If Gosse had had a little more knowledge, had taken a little more pains, and had scrupulously pared away all such provoking passages as " I shook off a black Sawfly (Tenthredo), two
green Waterflies (Peria Cydippe), two Cimbices (Pentatoma ), several Chrysomelidsa
with soft horn-colored elytra (Crioceris ), and another very little species of a
metallic purple (Phyllodecta Kitellina)," (p. 184), which, while they have a show of knowledge, really betray the lack of it, men would have delighted to place the Canadian Naturalist with such classics as Kirby and Spenoe's Entomology, White's Natural History of Selbourne, etc. As it is, it is hardly likely that a reprint of the book will be called for; though the copies of it that remain with us are highly valued.
NOTES ON THE RAKER BUTTERFLIES OF THE PROVINCK OF QUEBEC.
By Rkv. Thomas W. Fyles, South Quebec.
At the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, held in October, 1885, I read a p.iper on such of the Butterflies of Quebec as were then known to rae. Other species have since come under my observation, and I beg to oiler a few remarks upon them. The first in order is :
CoLiAs iNTKRioK, IScudder. I took this insect, in September, 1891, on the Heights of Levis. It i-eemed to be rather pleutil'ul. 1 looked for it carefully in the spring of this year, but not a specimen was to be seen, nor have any since made their appearance. One would suppose that a chance irruption of the species had occurred — that prevailing winds had brought them southward. Interior diflers from Philodice in that it lacks the row of reddish brown dots near the hind margins, on the underside of the wings. The black spot on the fore wings of Philodice is represented by a faint oval ring in Interior ■ and in the females of the latter the black border to the secondaries is wanting. } I took one or two albinos of the species.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
A.RGTNNIS Freya, Thunh. I captured, in the middle of the Gomin swamp, in Sep- tember, 1887, one specimen of this rare insect. I am inclined to think that it was a strafo'ler from some mountain swamp to the north of us. The only other specimen that I know to have been taken in Quebec Province was shewn to me, many years ago, by the late Mr. Caulfield. He received it, if I am not mistaken, from Mr. iJowles, who was then living in Quebec. My insect is in good condition, but is less bright than one of the same species from the North-west, shown to me by Mr. H. H. Lyman. I have noticed that western insects generally are of somewhat more vivid colouring than those of the same species in the east. The markings on the under-side of the hind wings of Freya are angulated and very intricate. The silvery embellishments are few and have a bluish tin^p. One of them near the inner edge of the wing takes the form of an elongated X.
Grapta gracilis, Gr. & Rob. In August, 1888, I saw a butterfly escaping from its chrysalis case which was attached to a branch of a currant bush. I captured the insect which proved to be G. gracilis. The chrysalis was four-fifths of an inch in length, one- fourth of an inch in width of thorax, and the same in depth where the wing-cases term- inated. It had numerous pointed projections. The color was light brown, mottled with dark brown over the abdomen. The butterfly in colouring is very distinct from Progne. On the upper side it approaches more nearly to Faunus. Beneath, the basal portions of wings are of a rich warm umber with some bluish-grey patches. Beyond in striking con- trast, and extending through both primaries and secondaries is aa irregular pearly grey band, shaded off into the dark umber of the hind margins. The arrow-heads seen so plainly near the lower portion of the hind margin in the primaries of Progne, are almost deleted. The silvery curve in the hind wings is very conspicuous and forms the edge of a scallop in the dark portion of the wing.
Last year on the 12th of June, I saw G^raci7is ovipositing on Red Currant, I found the e<yo-. It was cone-shaped, but slightly flattened at the tup ; green — of the same shade as theleaf to which it was attached, — and it had divergent longitudinal ridges of a lighter hue. I cut the twi^ that I might have the egg under observation ; but it did not hatch, it seemed to dry up with the leaf.
Debis Portlandia, Fab. In a paper entitled " A Day in the Woods," which appeared in the Society's 22nd Annual Report, I recorded my first capture on the 6th of August, 1890, of this beautiful butterfly. On July 3rd, 1891, I took a very perfect specimen of the species on Mount Royal. It fluttered down from a tree and lit in the fern a few yards from me. On July the 22nd of the present year I took a pair in coitu, at the spot on which I made my first capture. These also fluttered down immediately before me in the same heedless manner. Portlandia may be readily distinguished from our other " Browns " by the delicate purple blush on the underside. In size it comes between Nepliele and Canthus.
Chionobas Jutta, Hubner. In 1885 I had not discovered the locality for Jutta. Of the means by which I found it and the successful eftbrts I made to rear the insect, accounts appeared in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol, XX., p. 1.31 and Vol. XXL, p. 13 Mr. Scudder in his important work on the Butterflies of the New England States and Canada mentions my success, but asks, " Does the pupa undergo its transformations in a cell as in 0. semidea, or hanging like ordinary Nymphalids 1" and he adds " Fyles does not tell us." He must have overlooked my second paper in which I said " The chrysalids were naked, unattached, and lay on the surface of the sphagnum." Under the head of Desiderata he asks, " Where in a morass mostly under water can the half-grown larva find a suitable place to hibernate, and where in the still higher waters of Spring can the caterpillar securely pupate?" These questions are easily answered as regards the Gomin Swamp. The sphagnum rises with the water and is never submerged. The visitor sinks in it, to the ankles in a dry season, and to the knees in a wet one ; and their are parts of it that it is well for him to avoid.
The individuals of this species that I brought to perfection passed the winter in the larval state and turned to pupae in the Spring. Further experiments have shown that some larvae hibernate after the second or third moult — their growth having been retarded.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
This was notably the case last winter which was a remarkably open one. It may be that the larvte have susceptibilities and powers of reservation which enable them to accommo- date themselves to seasonal variations. It remains to be shewn whether the remaining stages of the backward larvaj are hastened in the Spring, that the images may present themselves at the usual period, or whether the larval condition of the insect is sometimea prolonged over a second season. Larv;e that I have reared to their full growth this season becamft sluggish in the first week of October, and by the middle of the mouth were (juite torpid.
Thecla L.-ETA, Edw. A specimen of this pretty little butterHy was taken in May, a few years ago, by Mr, Winn, on Beloeil Mountain.
TiiKCLA Titus, Fah. On the 22nd of July last I had a stroke of good fortune. During thirty years of close observation of the insect world in this Province, I had not Sfcen half a dozen specimens all told of T. Titus ; but on this day, in a neglected meadow- near St. David's, I came upon quite an assembly of the insects. They were iiuttering about over the Hawkweed blossoms, and I captured a full series of very perfect specimens.
Chrysopuanus Epixantue, Bd. This is a swamp insect, and appears in the Gomin about the 23rd of July. I have not met with it in any other spot in Quebec Province. It appears in goodly numbers and lasts about a fortnight. It is not dithcult to catch, for if the collector gets between it and the sun, the light shining upon the silvery under surface of the wings renders its flight very perceptible.
Lyc.ena Couperi, Grote. On June 13th of last year I took on the Heights of Levis a lovely specimen of this charming insect. I had seen two of the kind the year before, but was unable to capture them. This year the insect has not come under my notice. On the u[»per side its wings are smalt blue with dark borders and white fringes. The under side, brownish grey set with white ringed, black dots, reminds one of the English P. Acis.
Carterocephalus Mandan, Edm. Under the name of the " Chei^uered Skipper " [Pa77iphila Pansicus (?)], Gosse in the Canadian Naturalint records the capture at Compton, P. Que., of this pretty butterHy. I have in my cabinet a specimen taken near Fort No. 2, Levis, in 1889 by Mr. Eobert Maxwell, a promising young entomologist whose early death is to be lamented. On June 16th of this year Mr. Hanhani took a specimen in good condition in a meadow near Bergerville. It was Hitting low down amidst the stalks of herd's-grass. Mandan very closely resembles the European Pan- iscus in color and markings; but it is a smaller insect. Morris gives the expansion of wings of Paniscas at " about an inch and a tjuarter." My specimen of .Vatidan has an expansion of one inch only. Its contour too is different — more trim and slender.
Pa.mi'UILa Manitoba, Scudder. As this pretty skipper Was taken some years ago by Mr. Couper, at Riviere du- Loup en bus, only 116 miles from South Quel>ec and on the same .side of the river, I have been expecting its advance for some time. On the 9th of Sfptember I captured my first specimen near Fort No. 2, Levis. On the 16th of the same month I took another, and on the 19lh a third. The insect appears after the other skippers have vanished. I netted my specimens as they were rei)Osing on the blossoms of Gnaphalium. A few days afterwards the insect was found in abundance by Mr. Hanham at a spot on the other side of the river, nine miles north from Quebec. As this is the only skipper we have in Quebec Province having the under sides of the hind wings saga green vnlh two irreyular rows of white patches, it can easily be distinguished.
Pampiiila Metacomet, liar. 1 have two female .specimens of this (with us) rare insect. They were taken on the Heights of Levis. In color they are of a sober brown and the primaries have a dark transverse streak on the upper side.
I have one specimen each of Pampuila Eqeremet, Scad., and A.muly8CIRTK8 Samoset, Scud., taken by myself in the Ea.stern Townships, and one of the latter taken by I Mr. R. Maxwell at Levi.s.
j The butterHies that with us are extremely " local," being confined, as far as I know,
I to one or two places only, are CMoriobas Julia, Hub., Thecla Augustus, Kirby, Thecla
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1895
Niphon, Hub., and Chrysophanus Epixauthe, Bd. and Lee. I have not found Eudamu» Tityrus, Fab., nor Lycoena Comyntas, Godt., east of Montreal.
The Entomologist should work his own locality thorous;hly, and unexpected prizes ■will be very sure to reward his diligence. Two years ago a pair of MelUoea Phaeton^ Drury, were seen flitting along the banks of a ruisseau, right in the town of Levis.
No doubt, as the numbers of our Entomologists increase, and new fields are brought under our ob.servation, other haunts of our rarer species will be discovered, and names of new and advanced kinds added to our lists.
A TRIP TO MOUNT WASHINGTON. By H. H. Lyman, Montreal.
On July 18th, 1891, I left Montreal on a trip to Mount Washington for the purpose of securing, if possible, the eggs of Ghionohas Semidea and a goodly supply of the imagoe. I expected to reach the summit that same evening, but the train was late and missed connection with the mountain train.
The next day was only partially fine, but a walk was taken along the carriage road which runs from Fabyan's to the base of the mountain, as far as the falls of the Ammon- oosuc and back by the railway track, but nothing of any special interest was seen, as it was too early for Grapta Gracilis, and the only butterflies seen were Argynnis Atlantis^ Pieris Rapre, Neonympha, Canthus, and a few common skippers.
All day the mountain had been covered with clouds, but as I was prepared to spend a week up there if necessary, this did not deter me ; so I went up by the train that afternoon, and on arrival at the summit received a kindly greeting from Mr. Scudder,^ who had been up two days and already had females caged.
I, h )wever, was in luck, for though we had turned in with the fog as dense as ever, the ringing of a bell about four o'clock the next morning announced that a sunrise could be well observed from the platform in front of the hotel. As I had never seen a sunrise from a mountain, I got up and joined the shivering contingent, for it was horribly cold (only 49°), and with a keen wind. The day was fine, however, and promised well entomologically.
As soon as possible after breakfast we sallied forth, and as Mr. Scudder was anxious to look for A. jfonthius we started for the head of Tuckerman's Ravine. We had not gone very far down the rock strewn slope before I had netted my first specimen of Semidea, and as it was a female it was promptly boxed. We entered the ravine and descended almost to the bottom of the main slope without seeing any sign of Montinus, and as I was confident it was not on the wing, I concluded I was wasting my time, so we parted company, Mr. Scudder going on to the bottom where the snow arch forms, while I retraced my steps to the slope above the ravine, and then struck across to Bigelow's Lawn to hunt for Semidea. In a few minutes I found an excellent locality, where there was a narrow sedgy slope tolerably free from rocks and interspersed with clumps of the Mountain Sandwort (Alsine Grcerdandica) and other flowers, and somewhat sheltered from the wind then blowirg. There I took up my position and collected a good many fine specimens, besides securing half a dozen or more living females for my cage.
Here 1 may pause to make a short reply to Mr. Grote, and I would say that I think he is unnecessarily alarmed when he says, " What time, on ' Bigelow's Lawn,' I see the ill-advised collector, net in hand, swooping down on this devoted colony, of ancient lineage and more than Puritan afiiliation. I wonder if, before it is too late, there will not be a law passed to protect the butterflies from the cupidity of their pursuers."*
* "A Colony of Butterflies," by A. R. Grote.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
Tliis ppecies is, as Mr. Scudder says, exceedingly abundant, and many thousands must fly upon the mountain every season. Then the nuniVier of entomologists on this continent is so small, and so few are able to visit the mountain, and most of those who get there can only stay such a short time on account of the expense ; so few days are favorable for collecting, and so many are bad ; the rock strewn slopes are such difficult collecting grounds, and so few of the butterflies one starts up are secured, that there is really veiy little cause for alarm lest they should fail to maintain themselves in their mountain fastness. But when I attend an entomological meeting in a city of over half a million inhabitants, and And ten or a dozen men gathered around a table, while the ^reat world outside cares for none of those things, I have more fear for the extermination of entomologists than for that of any but tlie rarest of the objects of their study.
When I began catching this species I treated it with my usual care for fear of dam- agirg the specimens ; but I soon found that, in contrast to such species as Macoimii and C hryxvs, s,Vic\\ care was quite unnecessary, and that it was quite possible to take them by their closed wings between the tliumband fingers and examine the genital organs before consiiming them to the cyanide bottle or pill-box without causing any damage whatever. Returning to the summit with my catch, my flrst care was to prepare a cage, which I did by plant- ing a small sod of the carex upon which the species leeds in an empty tomato can. 1 made the mistake of using a couple of wires crossing each other to support the net the disadvantage being that any eggs laid upon the wires were practically lost, as I found it impossible to remove them without destroying them ; whereas they could have easily bet-n removed from sticks or twigs. In the afternoon another visit was made to Bi<'elow's Lawn, but with less success than in the morning. Mr. Scudder remained near the sum- mit and was so fortunate as to find a nearly mature larva in the last sta^e, and he also stocked two cages out of doors on growing sed,'e as mentioned in his paper on " Experi- ments with Alpine Butterflies." Psyche VI., 129.
Next day, the 21st, Mr. Scudder being very anxious to And out whether A. Montinna was on the wing or not, we walked down the stage road to the flfth mile p:>st where we separated, Mr. Scudder going down to the Lodge while I struck across the slope towards Huntington's Ravine, where I had seen and taken it in 1889.
We were both unsuccessful in our search for this butterfly, but I took a specimen of Colias Inttricr and saw several other individuals which probably belon'^ed to this species.
In the afternoon we first examined Mr. Scudder's cages in the open air, three ee^a being found in the one near the stables of the stnge line but none in the other where the sedgH was very long and rank in growth. The whole of the twelve females were then placed in the cage near the barn and handed over to my care, and then we went on down to the Alpine Gaiden but met with little .success, though Mr. Scudder had found Semuiea swaruiing there the day before. We looked for eggs to learn, if possible, how the>' were laid under natural conditions but none were found.
Next morning, the 22nd, Mr. Scudder went down by the early tiain, carrying his small flower-pot ca^e with him, and I took charge of the one near the barn and added a few more females to those alieady in it and also to my tomato can ca"e.
That morning I again collected on Bigelow's Lawn, and in the afternoon spent over an hour searching for larvje of Sfinidea but without success. Atterwjirds I took a walk over to the summit of Mount Clay and saw a few Semuka at ditlerent points on the way. One that I started up on the shoulder between Washington and Olay flew with the wind and 1 made sure it would be carried down into the Great Gulf, but just after bein" carried over the edge it dropped in a wonderful way into a comfortable nook on the Sheltered slope, which shows, 1 think, that they are not so helpless in a wind as is sometimes sup- posed.
I examined the cages several times that day but could see only a very few e"g8 and began to fear that I should secure but few, but the next morning, the 23rd I saw' at a glance that a large number had been laid in the one out of doors and a number in the •mall cage also.
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66 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A, 1893
I left the large cage undisturbed as long as possible, collecting in various directions and in several orders, but at no great distance from the summit, but about noon began to dismantle the cage with the following result :
Eggs laid on green blades of sedge 2
" " " dead " " " 21
" " " stiflF brown moss 45
Total 68
Those laid on the brown moss were particularly conspicuous.
At 2 p.m. T started down the mountain by train carrying the small c^ge with me and watched tlie behaviour of the imprisoned buttei flies but could not see that they evinced anv distress as we descended to the valley. A certain amount of restlessness was observed among some of the individuals, but nothing more than would be likely to be caused by the jarring of the mountain railway.
On arriving at the Mount Pleasant House four individuals were liberated and flew readily a distance of iortj' or fifty feet before alighting, which is quite as far as they often fly on the mountain.
Tliat evening the weather turned wet and stormy, and an interesting question arises in this connection. Why were so many eggs laid that morning when so few h;id been laid during the two ■previous days? Can we suppose that the butterflies discerned the approach of bad weather and hastened to accomplish their oviposition before the weather changed 1
Kext day, the 24th, I went to the Profile House carrying the cage with the rest of the butterflies with me, and the following morning, the 25th, ascended Mount Lafayette taking six of them with me, as I was anxious to try the experiment of estal)lishitig the species on that mountain, the highest of the Franconia Ram^e and rising above the Alpine limit, but I made an unfortunate mistake in putting them into too small a box, which resulted in their becoming so much enfeebled that when released they were quite unable to fly. I placed them upon a good sized patch of the same sedge that the larvae feed upon X)n Mount Washington and left them to their fate ; but as a tremendous hail storm occurred in the early afternoon there could hardly be any doubt of what their fate would be.
Later in the afternoon I went to Littleton, still carrying the cage, and the next morning, Sunday, the 26th, let them go. One flew about thirty feet, one flew a few feet and one fluttered to the ground. In the afternoon three more were taken out but were too feeble to fly.
Next morning, the 27th, the cage was dismantled and the following eggs, mmy of which had unquestionably been laid after my descent from the mountxin, were secured :
Laid loose or came ofi" gauze 6
" on left hind leg 1
" " wire supports . : . . . 18
" " gauze 6
" " brown moss and attached to it 3
" " " " bub loose 20
" " dead blades of sedge 7
" " the tin can 1
Total 62
I have also a memo, of three collapsed eggs, but whether or not these were in addi- tion to the above cumber I cannot now say.
I had thus from these two cages a rich harvest of no less than 130 eggs, of which only two were laid upon green blades of sedge, while the large majority were laid upon the brown moss or the wire which was about the same color as the moss. Most of tho
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5Q Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12) A. 1893
fggs were of a creamy white color when laid, but two from my small cage were of the dis- tinct lilac shade, which they assume before the hatching of the larvae. About fitty eggs were mailed to Mr. W. H. Edwards, but of these he said that only about tifteen or twenty hatched, which I could not understand, as nearly all I kept disclosed the laivae. Others were sent to Mr. Scudder, Mr. Fletcher, and the Rev. Mr. Fyles, and a good share was retained.
The first eggs in my cage were laid July 22nd, and the first larvte hitched on August 7th, giving an fgg period of sixteen days, but whether or not this stage is more exrernled on the mountain J am, of course, unable to say. One of my egirs f.iiied to hatoh though it retained its color and shape, so careful watch waskepton it and on August 13th a tiny parasite emerged through asmali circular opening near the bise. This was oixe of the eggs from Mr. Scudder's cage and must have been laid and parasitized either on the 22im1 or morning of the 23rd, so that the cycle of lite from egg to imago of this interesiiti:^ little parasite must have been twenty-one or at the most twenty-two days. Mr. Scudder also had one emerge on the same day but lost it
Being uncertain how such tiny specimens should be mounted, I did not attempt it myself, l>ut npoii asul)sequenc visit to Boston toward the end of the month Mr. Sculder mounted it for me in l)alsam. This, however, was unfortunate, as I afl<rwards learned from Mr. L. O. Howard, who wrote, "I very much regret that you, or rather Mr. Scudder, attempted to mount the parasite in balsam, as these hard-bodied creatures, no matter how minute, can be better studied if mounted on an ordinary piper ta:i;. As it is, the specitic characters of the insect are entirely indistinguishable. It belongs to the genus Ttlonomiis, and, .'^o far as I can see, differs from the two species which an; meutiouHd in Scudder's ' Butterflies of the Eastern United States,' but I should not attempt to describe it."
1 was travelling around a good deal from August IGth to September 3rd and carried the larva; with me i-very where, feeding them on grass. I even had some of their regular food plant mailed to me in a tin box from ^Lount Washington, but as 1 could not see that they ate it any more lieely than ordinary lawn grass I did not send tor any more. Their growth was ( xceedingly slow, and they were very sluggish, generally remaining at full length hf ad downwaids on the edge of a blade of grass. The mortality was heavy, but I succeeded in carrying al»out lialf-a dozen past the first moult, but all thesedied belbre the second mrult. This year again (1892), I have had egsrs of Semidpa through the kind- ness of Mr. Studder, who sent me about twenty eggs laid between the llth and 14th of July. The first one hatched on July 25th and most of the others on the 2f>th, gi\ij)gan egg period ihis year of fourteen days, or two days less than last year, which is probably to l)e accounted for by the gr?ater heat this year. Unfortunatelv 1 was even less successful this year than last, as I did not succed in getting any past the drat nioult.
ON THE POWER OF INSECTS TO RESIST THE AOTIuN OF FROST.
By J. Alston MoryAx, London, Ontario.
H the experiments with the larva cf Laria Hnssii, as related in Mr. Ijy man's paper, entitled, " Can Insects Survive Freezing," were scientifically conducted, it demonstrates that some of them can.
There is an endless diver-sity in the manner in wliich frost atfects dillerent living organisms, some can survive where the mercury freezes, whilst others succumb to the slightest touch of frost. There is a ;.'roat diUerence in the degree of frost re<iuired to freeze diflerent substances, and yet it is only a question of degree when all known sub- stances may be frozen.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
It is a well-known and generally conceded principle in science, that " Life in nature is adapted to its environment," — a comprehensive expression which implies a great deal. It generally implies that long continued association has brought the life and the conditions into perfect harmony ; which may imj)ly that it has unfitted that life for a different condition. How little of the life of the temperate zones can endure the condi- tions of either the arctic or the tropic zones, so that what would be true of the life in one would not be true if tried in the other. In considering this subject, then, we must take into accounf the conditions to which the life we are dealing with has become adapted ; it would never do to subject the life of temperate latitudes to the conditions of the Arctic regions, and draw our conclusions from the result.
If any form of life, from whatever cause, changes its locality, it must accommodate itself to its new conditions or perish. "There are a few forms of life that can withstand the extremes of heat and cold, but there are for every form average conditions, geologic and climatic, which are most favorable for its attaining to its fullest development." We know that some forms of life can accoramoiate themselves to altered conditions with comparative ease, some, with great difficulty, and some, not at all If they succeed, they may have to undergo considerable change in life, form, colour or habit, to bring them into harmony with their new environment, hence what we have to discover specially, is the powers of resistance to frost that are possessed by the insects of our latitude.
It will enable us to attain to a clearer comprehension of the subject, if we keep before the mind, the distinction that exists between warm and cold blooded animals. The one by their internal heat and external covering, can maintain an almost uniform temperature regardless of the state of the surrounding atmosphere, whilst the other has seldom any external covering, has little internal heat, and parts with that little readdy whenever the external temperature goes lower.
It has been stated as a general principle in physiology, that, " wherever there is life there is heat." This may be true of active Ui>\ but there is such a thing as inactive life. For instance a tree may be frozen to the core and yet not be devl ; there is no manifesta- tion of life, but that is simply the result of unfavorable conditions. A more correct principle, and one I believe of universal application, is " that wherever there is respir- ation there is heat." For example, active vegetation respires , and the vegetative process is known to be productive of heat in some measure. The chemical combination by which heat is produced and maintained io warm-blooded animals, is, in great measure, well known and easily understood. Heat is the result of combusi ion. Combustion is obtained by a commingling of oxygen with carbon. The food taken into the stomach supplies the carbon, the air breathed into the lungs provides the oxygen, the blood fl >wing through the lungs is exposed over a superficial surface ol from a hundred to a hundred and fifty square feet, it is thereby oxygenized, then carried in the veins to the remotest parts of the organism, and when liberated unites with the carbon of the tissues ; combustion ensues, and calorification is the i esult. Wherever there is combustion there is waste, so waste matter is thrown off, and its place taken by fresh material. Then again, activity produces heat. Physical exertion produces rapid respiration and circulation, which pro- duces more rapid combustion; consequently more heat. Bat most animals have a regulat- ing apparatus of some kind for equalizing their temperature ; when this heat is excessive, the pores open and evaporation produces refrigeration ; when cold come^, these oiose and their heat is economized. With those of them that hibernate, the same principles are in operation. During summer time they have been laying in a supply of carbon in the shape of fat ; on the approach of winter they retire to their hibernacula, settle th-'mselves down and become somnolent. Being inactive, respiration is reduced to the minimum, consequently combustion is slow, and their heat is correspondingly reduced, but they are always warm, if alive, and they invariably leave their winter quarters greatly reduced in flesh. Now mark the contrast with cold-blooded animals, to which insects l)elong. They have but little heat to begin with, some requiring the most delicate instruments to detect the existence of any. Not being endowed with any regulating apparatus to save it, they part readily with what little they have as soon as the surrounding temperature goes lower, activity with them does not maintain heat, their activity depending entirely upon
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (IN o, 12). A. 1893
the condition of the surrounding atmosphere. And when they go into hibernation, respiration is completely suspended, consequently there is no combustion and therefore no waste, and they emerge from their period of torpor, be it short or long, months or years, without the slightest perceptible loss in flesh. We are all aware of the difficulty of obtain- ing reliable information on scientific subjects from popular sources, even experts are often discovering that what appears to be is far from being what is. A fine illustration of this is given in connection with the controversy about the revivification of desiccated pond life.
Near the residence of a Professor Zacharias, is a granite block with a cavity holding from two to three litres of water, which evaporates in from two to six dtys according to the weather. There has been living therein for fifty years, by actual observation, a par- ticular kind of Rotifer, and various Protozoans whenever the conditions were favorable. And this same fauna persisted in spite of complete desiccation, thousands of times re- peated ; and it was referred to as proof that the dried individuals revived. This persist- ence aroused the curiosity of Prof. Zacharias, and he went to work to investigate it, and he soon discovered that when the Rotifers and Protozoans were allowed to dry, they in- variably died, but the eggs were preserved by encystation, and were ready to emerge when the rain came. And after long and careful investigation in other departraen s, he arrived at the conclusion that there was probably no such a thing as desiccated animal revivification.
The exact observations made by Dr. Hamilton, as recorded in the Canadian Ento- mologist, vol. XVII, beginning on page 35, are conclusive that certain beetles can resist the action of frost to a very great degree. Others have recorded similar observations in Lepidoptera. I have handled the pupae of Cecropia and Polyphemus moths when exposed to 10, 15 and 20 degrees of frost and they were not solidified, the cocoon could afford them little or no protection, and the mystery is, wherein lies the power of resistance ? A mystery which yet remains unsolved. I quote the following extracts — authority not stated : " Protoplasm in certain cases can endure a temperature of zero or lower ; and in others can live at 90 degrees or higher temperature. This is a remarkable fact which neither physiologists nor chemists can explain. . . . The less active the lifr? the less vulnerable it is, cold kills a great number of the lower organisms by reason of the dis- organization of the tissues which takes place when congealed, and this disorganization is complete in proportion to the amount of water the tissues contain." May we not here be on the verge of an explanation of the mystery t We know that there are oils and spirits that resist a great degree of frost. May not the protoplasm of insects, larvae and pupae especially, l>e composed of fats with no water in their tissues for frost to act upon t Chemical analysis ought to be able to decide.
That a caterpillar is found in a cube of ice, is not proof that it is solidified. I hare more than once seen the larva of Arctia Isabella embedded in ice, but as I did not investi- gate them as to their condition in that respect, I can add nothing ; but going bick iipon what has been already said, it seems reasonable to su[)pose they were not frozen. On the approach of winter they took refuge under a board, stick or stone ; when the cold in- creased they became torpid, snow fe!l ; then a thaw set in, but the heat did not reach them to rouse their faculties into action ; the water flowed in u[)on them, they could not drown, for respiration was com()letely siispiin led ; frost returns, t\\°: witer is congeileJ around them, the ice is not any colder than the air would have been, so if they could resist the action of the one, they also could that of the other. And here I would reu^ irk, that by such consideration.s, we get the natural explanation of how the beetles survived the winter inundation without injury, as related by Dr. Ilimilton, in the article already referred to.
It is a well-known fact in medicine, that poisons act slowly, and n)ay even l»e quite harmless when the temperature is low. I daresay we are all familiar with the different action of the same cyanide under different temperatures, and feeble re.Hpiration is well known to secure insects for a length of time against the poisonous fumes of cyanide. And there can be little doubt, but that by one or other of these causes, or both combined, the life of Dr. Hamilton's Lixus Concavim was tnsured against the action of alcohol. I have
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 189^
taken recently transformed beetles out of decayed wood, that showed unmistakable signs of life, but were very lethargic, and they have resisted the fumes of strong cyanide for three days — no doubt the result of feeble respiration —although some claim that it is difficult to kill some insects at any time, until they have fulfilled the functions of their existence. But then again I have seen water beetles in a pond where cattle were watered, quite lively under the ice, and when the ice was cut, the pressure above produced a rush of water that brought beetles with it. and when they were tossed out on the ice they were dead instantly. That could not have been the result of contact with the ice, but from, exposure to the frosty air. Dr. McCook in his " American Spiders and their Spinning Work," gives an account of some experiments made by him, with a view to discover the effects of low temperature upon them, from which he draws the following conclusions : — Vol. II, p. 435 : •' Et would seem, therefore, first, that the hibernation of spiders, of tliis species at least, is not accompanied with a great degree of torpidity ; second, they preserve their activity and spinning habit while exposed to cold ranging from the freezing point to zero Fahr. ; third, that alter long and severe exposure the recovering of complete activity, when brought into a warm temperature, is very rapid, almost immediate ; and fourth, that on the return of spring, even after a prolonged and severe winter, they at once resume the habits of their kind."
" In all the above specimens the abdomens were full, indicating perfect health. Other spiders hung upon their webs with shrivelled abdomens, quite dead. . . . The living individuals were all characterized by the plump abdomen, as though there had been little or no absorption of tissues for nourishment of life. There appeared to be no growth during hibernation."
It is quite evident that a great increase to our knowledge, obtained by careful ob.servations, is yet required before any general conclusions can be safely rlrawn, yet thia much seems to be clearly established : Thit there are many insects, in sim3 3ta:;eof their existence which can and do successfully resist the action of the severest frosts to which they are exposed in our latitude.
That these could be congealed by severer frost is quite probable ; but that they would survive such freezing is yet open ti doubt. That some are solidified by severe frosts ami yet survive, is qi.ite pDSsible, but thi evidence on this point is still defective,
I copy the following from the Smithsonian report for 1887, article Z)ology, p. 479, and give it for what it is worth. It is entitled : " Minimum L'fe Temperatures." " A series of experiments upon various anim ds have been made by Dr. EI Von Thering in ex- tension of Professor Pouchet's researches on the resistances which animals miy offer to cold. About two dozen worms, arthropods, and mjUusks, were made the subject of in- vestigation. The results have been summarizad in the following terms :
(1) "Lower animals become frozen at temperat'ires varying greatly in the different genera and species, the resistance varies with the actual body-he it of the animal, with its size, structure, and protective covering, with the freezing paint of blood, etc."
(2) " The resistance usually increases with progressive development, but sometimaa the adults are more sensitive than the young."
(3) " Nothing can be directly inferred from the geographical distribution."
(4) " Perfectly frozen animals are never revivified."
Shall we add, " In his latitude ?"
But there is an important economic side to this subject, as well as one of purely scientific interest. The opinion prevails extensively amongst those that are most liable to suffer from the depredations of insects, that steady severe frost in winter will greatly reduce their numbers, and thereby save them labor and loss the following summer ; which is far from being the case. Those that have given the matter consideration know that such a winter is protective of insect life ; it is mild, open winters that are most injuri- ous. A large number of Lepidopterous insects pass the winter in the egg and pupal stages, and when warm weather in winter is sufficiently prolonged to start these toward
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
maturing, by just so much have their powers of resisting the action of frost been red uced and their liability to be injuriously affected by succeeding cold increased. Hence it is in the spring of the year that they suSer the most. A period of mild weather in early spring, followed by a protracted one of cold and wet, even when the frost is not severe, may be, and often is the cause of death to myriads of them. This is one of nature's methods of reducing their numbers. Coleopterous insects are not so liable to be injuri- ously affected by this cause, the reason for this is clearly and beautifully placed before ua in Dr. Hamilton's paper. It is to be regretted that so little careful observation has been given to this interesting subject.
FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC
ENTOMOLOGISTS.
The fourth annual meeting was held in the University building, Rochester, N.Y.,. on Monday and Tuesday, August 15th and 16th. The Prebident, Dr. J. A. Lintner, of Albany, N.Y., occupied the chair, and Prof. F. M. Webster, of Wooster, Oliio, tilled the office of Secretary. The following members were also present : — C. V. Riley and L. O. Howard, Washington, D.O. ; D. S. Kellicott, Ohio ; John B. Smith, New Jersey; E. B. Southwick, New Yoik; H. E. Weed, Mississippi; M. V. Slingerland, New York; H. Osborn. Iowa; J. Fletcher and C.J. S. Bethune, Ontario; C. H. Perkin.«, Vermont i P. H. Rolfs, Florida ; S. A. Forbes, Illinois.
Owing to the ill health of the President, the annual address was delivered by the Vice-Pn sident, Prof. Fokbes, in which he treated especially ot the work that has recently been done on the contagious diseases of insects, and the satisfactory lesults th^t have thus far been obtained. He also referred to the successful iuipoitation of several insect parasites, and drew the attention of the meeting to the desirability and import- ance of studying the aquatic insects of America and their relation to fish culture. This able and highly interesting address was subsequently reported upon by a special com^ mittee who warmly commended it and urged upon the attention uf Economic Entomo- logists the recommendations in regard to " Aquatic Entomology " and its bearings upon fish culture.
Pi of. Kkllicott rearl a paper upon " Hypoderus Columbse," a mite which is para- sitic upon pigeons.
A paper by Mr. C. H. TylkrTow.nskxd was read on "The possible and actual in- fluence of irriijiitiou on insect nijuiy in New Mexico," in wliich he showed that in that region of the couniry inigation niay i)e made to exert a valuable influence as an adjunct to the proper use of arsenites and kerosene.
Prof. Kki.licott read "Notes on /Egeriadai of Central Ohio, Xo. II.,'' which is pub li.shed in the Caruidian En(omoloi/istj September 1892, p. '209.
Prof. Smith said thit adults of the S(|uash Borer (J/, c^to) from last year's larvao were then flying on Long Island, and that all stages of the insect might 1)0 obtained in the same field. The moths asseniblf; in the evening on the upper sides of the leaves and are collected in great numl)ers by tlie farmers. Messrs. Forbes, Slingerland and Smith stated that in their experience the ^gerians were not attracted by electric light.
A p:iper on "The liean Weevil {Briichvs o I is oh- Inn) " was read by Mr. M. V. Slinger- land, in which he described the mode of ovipo>iting and gave a liiief account of the life history of the insect, lie stated that bi-sulphide of carbon will ilestroy the insect in all stages. Me also read a paper on " Drnsteriii e.re.chl''.a " in which lu; stated that in 188Ji over two thousand specimens were taken by means of trap lanterns at Ithaca, N.Y. Last year he bred a numl)er of s|iccimens, and as a result of the study of the material thua obtained, together with about three hundred specimens from all sections of the country,.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
he came to the conclusion that there are two species, about equally common, included under the name erechlea, and that these should be called D. eerchea, Cram, and D. eras- siuscula, Haworth, with ochrea and distincta as varieties of the latter. He then pro- ceeded to describe the diflferences between the species, and recommended the plowing of the infested fields in order to destroy the larvfe and pupse.
A paper by Mr. T. D. A. Cockebell, of Kin^stoa, Jamaica, on " Ortlfzla iasignis a»s a garden pest," was read by the Secretary. The writer sta*-.ed than the insect was first observed on a variety of exotic plants in the hot houses at Kew and elsewhere, and that he now found it injurious to several garden plants in Jamaica.
A paper by Dr. F. W. Goding on " The Food Plants of North American Membracidse," was next read. This was followed by Prof. J. B. Smith's paper, " Notes of the Year in New Jersey," in which he referred to the principal insect attacks th it had come under his notice. In the discussion that followed, remarks were made by Mr. L. O. Howard, Prof. H. Osborn, Dr. Liatner and Prof F. M. Webster.
Prof. Webster drew attention to the occurrence of Phytonomus punctatus to an in- jurious extent in north eastern Ohio, and of IlyJastes trlfolii attacking peas in northern Ohio. He stated further that Otiorhyncus ovatus was found feeding upon the foliage of musk-melons.
A paper on " Two Serious Pear-tree Pests," was read by Mr. M. V. Slisgerland, of Cornell University.
1. The Pear-tree Psylla {Psylla pyricola ) This insect is described as one of the most serious pests that pear growers have to fear. It had appeared in the valley of the Hud.son in enormous numbers daring 1891. Orchards which had given promise of l,2i)0 barrels of fruit having perfected less than 100 barrels. The pear-tree Psylla when mature is scarcely 3 mm. in length, shaped like a miniature cicada. The nymphs are oval and very flat and produce a great deal of honey-dew which renders the trees un- sightly. There are three and perhaps four broods in the year and it is in the perfect state that the insect hibernates. As a remedy Mr. Slingerland had found thit the nymphs were easily destroyed by a very weak kerosene emulsiou (two per cent.) Wash- ing the trees in winter to destroy the adults was also recommended.
2. The Pear-leaf Blister-mite {Phi/tjptus pyri) was alarmingly on the increase in the United States and Canada. It is a very small mite which hibernates beneath the bud- scales of the pear tree and comes out when the leaves expand in spring and f jrms blister-like galls on the foliage. Spraying the trees during the winter with kerosene •mulsion had been found successful.
Prof. LiNTNER stated that P. pyri was very abundant in eastern New York.
Prof. F. M. Webster had also found it abundant in Ohio. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture had shown no effect in reducing the leaf-blisters.
Prof. J. B. Smith had found that in orchards sprayed with the ammoniacal solution of carbonate of copper mixed with London purple, the pest was perceptibly lessened.
Mr. SouTHWicK read a paper upon Depressaria heradeana, the Parsnip Web-worm, and gave an interesting account of the war waged upon it by the " Potter wasp " {Earmnei fraterna) and stated thac he had bred from it a Hymenopterous parasite, a species of lAmneria.
Mr. Howard read the following paper on " An Experiment Against Mosquitoes," which was listened to with great interest :
AN EXPERIMENT AGAINST MOSQUITOES.
By L. O. Howard.
One of the most reasonable of the recommendations which have been made from time to time, and which look toward the reduction of the mosquito plague daring the surnner months, is the application of kerosene to restricted and Ashless breeding ponds. Although this remedy has often been suggested, I know of no careful records of actual experiments, ■and consequently deem the following account of a recent experience worthy of publica- tion.
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On the 5th of July of the present year I noticed for the first time a few mosquitoes on the porch of my cottage, in the C.itskill mountains of New York. The elevation of this cottage is ab^ut 2,500 feet, and mosquitoos have hitherto been rare visitors. The month of June, however, was very wet, and as I had noticed several pools of surface water in the immediate vicinity, the pre3ence of these mosquitoes caused me some anxiety, as I f-^ared they would continue to breed throughout the summer and prove a serious annoyance later in the season. One of the surface pools mentioned was situated on my own grounds, and upon first noticing the mosquitoes I walked out to this spot. It was about dusk, and about a dozen or more female mosquitoes were found buzzing about the surface of the water. I immediitely sprinkled four ounces of coal oil upon the surface of the pond.
Upon the following day I carefully measured the little pool and found that it con- teined 60 square feet. From day to day until July 15th, when I returned to Washington, observations were made. Severe rain-storms occurred on the 8th and 10th of the month, and after the first of these the pool lost the glassy irridescent surface effect given by the almo.st continuous but infinitesimally thin layer of kerosene. Nevertheless the insecti- cidal effect of the latter did not seem to diminish, although I could no longer perceive any coal oil odor. Many dead insects were found floating upon the surface of the water the next morning after the application, and these increased rapidlv up to the time of my departure. The pool, which upon the evening of the 5th had been teeming with animal life, contained no living insects during the following ten days.
The actual good accomplished is shown by the following facts : All aquatic larv», including those of the mosquito, were killed. The kerosene, curiously enough, seemed to exercise no deterrent effect upon the adult female mosquitoes. They still continued to attempt to deposit eggs and in this attempt were destroyed. This is, in my opinion, a most important point, and one which has hardly been anticipated.
On the tenth day after the application a careful count of the dead insects floating upon the surface of the water was made over a restricted portion, and from this count the entire insect surface contents of the pool was estimated, with the following result :
Entire number of dead insects floating on the surface 7,400
Number of mosquitoes 370
Number of Epirrifa indinata, Walker — a small Geometrid moth 148
Number of lleterophUpn triguftata, H.S. — another small Geometrid .... 42
Number of Chrysopa hilaris, O.S. — a common gad fly of the region 27
These were the most conspicuous. The others were mainly minute Nematocerous Diptera, although there were a large number of small Heterocerous Lepidoptera, a few- aquatic Coleoptera — the largest species being the Dytiscid Agahns gagates, Aub^ — and also a few specimens of Cryptocerate Heteroptera.
It is difficult to say how certain of the non-aquatic species, particularly the Lepid- optera and the Ohrysops, happened to be caught. They may have visited the pool to drink, or they may have been attracted to its shining surface.
The observation, it seems to me, possesses interest not only as proving definitely the efficacy of the remedy and as showing t\\\i adult mosquitoes are killed as well as their early stages, but al.so as affo ding an indication as to the amount of kerosene which will prove effective for a given surface of water, and also as affording some indication of the length of time for which a single application will bo operative. It is true that upon this last point the observations were not complete, owing to my departure after ten days, but as alre^ady indicated, the inffuence of the kerosene outlasted all ocular or odoroua evidence of its presence, and tliero is every reason to suppose that it would have con- tinued for some days longer.
As a general thing, in larger ponds, which are of a more permanent character, the presence ot fish is a check upon the multiplication of the mosquito. These insects breed mainly in marshy lands, where small pools, surround ;d by wet soil, adjoin each other, and such spots, where accessible, can be readily and economically treated with coal oil.
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The economy of the operation is shown by a simple estimate from the data which I have given, that 5 gallons of coal oil, costing say 60 cents, will treat 9,600 square feet of water surface, or, to carry the computation still further, a barrel of kerosene, costing $4.50 will treat 96,000 square feet of water surface.
With this remedy and with the drainage of swamp lands where practicable, with the introduction of fish into ponds in which they do not already occur, and with the careful watching of rain-water barrels and tanks, the mosquito plague in many localities can be readily and greatly lessened. Where mosquitoes breed, however, in the long succes- sion of brackish marshes on the seacoast, remedial work is practically hopeless. I anticipate not the slightest practical outcome from Mr. Robert H. Lam born's* dragon fly proposition, and believe that relief in such cases will only come from extensive imiTove- ments at the'public expense in the way of filling in and draining the marshes.
One word more in reference to water tanks. The use of kerosene is of course out of the question in such receptacles. A note was published in Insect Life (vol. iv., pp. 223- 224) to the effect that the introduction of carp into water tanks in the Riviera was pro- ductive of the best results. This is a pertinent suggestion for trial in this country. The U. S. Fish Commission can doubtless furnish a limited number of carp for this purpose. All water tanks and barrels should, however, be tightly covered, and only opened occasionally for the purpose of aerating the water. When thrown open for this puipos© it will not be diflScult to ascertain whether larval mosquitoes (wrigj^lers) are present, and if so, and the tatk is not too large, they can be removed by means of a fine-meshed hand net.
Interesting notes of the year were read by Prof. Howard Evarts Weed.
With regaid to the Horn fly Prof. Smith statec' that it was not more abundant in New Jersey than the ordinary Cattle- fly {Stomoxys calcitrans).
Prof. Kellicott said that his son had found it very abundant in Central Michigan.
Mr. Weed thought that dark coloured cattle were most sul»ject to attack. He also recorded that the in.^ect now occurred in Louisiana.
Dr. Bethune stated that the Horn-fly had that month been noticed for the first time in the Province of Ontario, at Oshawa, Toronto and London, and was creating some alarm among stock owners.
Mr. P. H. Rolfs had found the Horn fly in Florida.
Mr. OsBORN read Notes on Injurious Insects in Iowa. For want of time the discussion on this interesting paper was deferred.
Prof. C. V. Riley read a paper on Rose saw-flies in which it was shown that there were three distinct species attacking roses.
Afternoon Session.
On reassembling the following members were elected :
Prof. P. H. Rolfs, of Florida; Mr. H. A. Gossard, of Iowa; and Mr. C. F. Baker, of Colorado.
A paper on Plant Faunae by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, of Kingston, Jamaica, was read.
Mr. James Fletcher read a paper on Injurious InsfCts of the Year in Canada; this gave rise to a long and interesting discussion on several points brought up in this paper, particularly with reference to the life history of Gortyna hnmams, the difierent kinds of knapsack sprayers, and the most practical remedies for the Hoin-fly.
Prof. Webster read a paper on the aphidivorous habits of the common slug [Limax: campestris), "which was discussed by ^Messrs. Riley, Smith and Howard.
Dr. Bethune had found slugs upon trees he had sugared for moths.
The following ofiicers were elected for the ensuing year :
President — Prof. S. A. Forbes, of Illinois. 1st Vice-President — Dr. 0. J. S. Bethune, of Canada. 2nd Vice President — Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Jersey. Secretary — Prof. H. Garman, of Kentucky.
And the meeting then adjourned.
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ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE A. A. A. S.
The Entomological Club of the American Association for the Advancement ot Science held its annual meeting at Rochester, N.Y., August 17th to 19th, 1892, under the presidency of Mr. E. A. Sohwarz, of Washington, D.C The President's address is published in the Canadian Entomohgid for September, 1892, pages 213-224, and the full official report in the October and November numbers ; to these the reader is referred. The mef^ting was very interesting and successful, and was attended by over thirty persons. The Entomological Society of Ontario was represented by its President, Dr. Beihune, and Mr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa. The former was elected President of the Club for the ensuing year, when the meeting will be heM at Madison, Wisconsin, in connection with the gathering of scientists at the World's Fair in Chicaga
SOME INJURIOUS MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. By J. Alston Mofpat.
The difficulty experience'! in obtaining miture example? of some of these tiny creatures is often very great. The evidence of their work may be unmistakable by tlie injury that is being done by their larvae in the etf )rt to appease the craving of their appetites, and yet it may be almost next to imi>os?ible to secure a specimen in the form that originated the mischief.
There are two good reasons to account for it, one is that many of these moths are active only at night, and secrete themselves most r-fTectually during the day ; another is the extremely brief existence of many of them in the mature state. The fern vies generally come into the world with their eggs full size, requiring only to be fertilized before depositing. The male, as a rule, emerges first, and is avvaiting the app^^arance of the females; when fertilization is completed he dies. The eggs are then laid by the female, which may be all done in one night's time, and when that is fini.shetl she also dies of exhaiistion. Hence the necessity for rearing them in continement, so as to obtain con- clusive evidence of the particular moth that laid the eggs that produced the larva that we see is doing so much mischief. And as this requires a great deal of time, close observation and ex| eri- ence to accomplish successfully, we see the need there is that some should be put in a position to be able to devote their whole time to it, tiiat thereby the community may reap the benefit of the know- ledge thus obtained.
A good illustration of the truth of the.se remarks is got in the case of the Codling- moth, Carpocapfi't pomonflld, lAnn. (Fig. 14). Almost everyone has heard of it, and knows with more or less distinctne.ss that it is the cause of the unfortunate worminess of the apples they grow or have to use, and yet how few have ever seen the moth, or would know it if they did see it ? During all the years of my collecting [ have never found it in its natural locations. My first specimen was given to mo by a friend who took
it on his cellar window. My next were obtained by enclosing a few infected apples in a box, and not until the latter part of June, 1889, did I secure a satisfactory supply of good specimens. I was stopping in the country at a place wherw an old house Wiis used as a
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store room ; in the spring the apple barrels'had been removed from the cellar to this store room, with the remains of the winter's fruit. The warm weather was then maturing the Poraonellas, and the south windows of the old house were literally swarming with them, large s'z^d and in perfect condition. I took three dozen and might have taken as many hundreds.
The sequence >nd nomenclature of the following species is in accordance with the most recent decision of the authorities.
Pyralis, Linn. Asopia, Tr. costalis, Fab. fimbrialis, S. V.
Pyralis costalis, Linn. The Clover hay-moth (Fig. 15.) Expanse of wings, about three-fourths of an inch ; varies considerably in size. Colors : Front wings glassy purplish brown and golden yellow ; hind wings lighter. An introduced species.
For full description of its nature and habit^ see the Twelfth Annual Report of the Entomo- logical Society of Ontario. It was quite plentiful in some of the hay lofts of London last summer. The figures represent it in its various stages.
Mr. T. H. Hill, of London South, secured a very remarkable form of it last summer. The ground colour is a rich apple green, which, com- bined with the golden yellow of the spots, margin and fringes, makes it an exceedingly attractive object to contemplate. *^' •
Mimola, Hnlst. PhycAS, Haw. indigenella, Zell. nehdo, Walk.
Mineola indigendla. Zell. The Apple leaf crumpler (Fig. 16). Expansion of wings about seven-tenths of an inch. Colors: Pale brown and silvery white; hind wings brownish white. Introduced. (See Fourteenth Annual Report).
Fiff. 17.
Fig. 16. Zophodia, Hub. DaJcricma, Grote. grossularim, Pack, ron'olutella, Hubn. Zopho'lia grossulanm, Pack. The Gooseberry fruit worm (Fig. 17). Expanse of wings, nearly an inch. Colors • Pale gray with darker streaks ani bauds. (See Second, Seventh and Nineteenth Annual Reports).
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Canarsia, Hulet. Pempelia, Hub. Ifammondi, Riley.
Canarsia Hammoiidi, Riley. The Apple-leaf skeletonizer (Fig. 18)."'. Expanse of ■wings, not quite half an inch. Thp cross lines in the figure under the inoth indicate the natural size Colors : Deep purplish gray, and two silvery gray bands on the front ■wings, with a glossy surface.
The Larva (Figure (i, natural size) eats the green pulp from between the veina'on the upper surface of the leaf, causing it to assume a blighted appearauce ; 6 and c in^the figure are portions of th 3 larva greatly magnified.
u iuL
Fig. 18.
Plodia, Gn. E^jheslia, Gn. interpunctella. Hub.
Ploilia inter jninctella. Hub. The Dried-fruit moth (Fig. 19). Expanse of wings, about half an inch. Colors : Yellowish and reddish purple. (See Twentieth Annual Report).
A few years ago I saw a half barrel of dried apples that had remained undisturbed for some time, in an upstairs chamber, and this inoth had found it to be a convenient breeding place. The mature insects were in surprising numbers, resting on the inside of the barrel, and when disturbed would dart down and hide themselves amongst the pieces of apple which were completely infested with the larvie in all stages of growth.
Cciccecia, Hub. Loxotcenia, Steph. rosaceana, Harr.
Caciecia rosaceana, Harr. The Oblique-banded leaf-roller ^Fig. 20). Ex[)anse of wings about an inch, but varies greatly. Colors : Front wings cinnamon brown, witJi markings of darker brown; hind wings yellow.
A very general feeder. (S^e First, Se»^ond, Third, Fourth and Twenty-second Annual lieports. ) This moth was unusually abund- ant here last summer. In a bit of open woods near the city, with a thick undergrowth of oak and hazel about four feet in height, they could have been seen during the latter part of July and the Fig. 20.
first part of August, resting on the upper surface of the leaves so thickly as to arrest the attention of the most unobservant, and when a bush was jarred they would rise from it in dozens.
cerasivorana Fitch. Cuciecia cerasivorani Fitch. The cherry-tree leaf eater. Fig. 21.
Expanse of Wings, about three fourths of an inch.
Colors : Front wings a rich nnldish yellow, with much the shade of fresh bees wax and darker shades with cross-bands of palo leaden blue. Hind wings, pale ochre yellow.
Retinia Gn. conustockiana Fern. Retinia comstockiana, Fern. The Pitch-pine branch ;r. Fig. 22.
4/>
Cacitcia Hub.
Fig. 21.
56 Victoria.
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Expanse of wings about three-fourtLs of an inch.
Colors : Front wings, rusty brown, with white and leaden-bued markings crossing the wings. Hind wings, greyish brown.
The figure shows the cbrysalid magnified, also the larva, and its manner of working in the branches, with the effects produced in the injury and disfigurement of the tree. (See Fourteenth Annual R port.
Fig 22.
Fig. 25.
Eiulemis Hub. Penthina Fitch, bolrana Schiff". vitivorana Pac - . viieana Clem. Eudemis boti-ana, Schiff. The Grape berry moth. Fig 23.
Expanse of wings about half an inch.
Colors : Front wings dull bluish of different shades with a metallic lustre. Hind wings, dull brown; an introduced species. (See Thirteenth and Fourteenth Annual Reports.)
Phoxopteris Tr. 7iuheculana Clem. Phoxopteris tmbeculana Clem. The Apple-leaf sewer. Fig 24.
Expanse of wings about half an inch.
Colors : Front wings white with brown markings ; hind wings light gray.
I have tiiken this moth only in the woods, but [ do not find it so generally abundant as some of its congeners which have not yet been reported as injurious. It seems to have found the apple leaf quite to its liking, and the conditions in the orchard favorable to its increase.
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Phoxopteris Tr. Awh/jlnpera Wal. & Riley, comptnna Frol. fragaricB W. & R. Phoxopleris comptana Frol. The Strawberry leaf roller. Fig. 25.
Expanse of wings about half an inch.
Colors: Front win<»3 reddish brown, marked with black and white; hind wings dusky. V. Anjntroduted species. (See Third Annual Ileport.)
A^pvlise't. Clem. splmidorlfer^Ua Ciein. pnini-illrt Clem, sacetella Pack. Aspidisea *l)len'i(jriferella Clem. An apple leaf miner. Fig. 26.
C jiors : Front winsjs l^'aden gray, with a metallic lustre, with golden and silver spots and streaks ; Hind li gs gray with yellowish brown fringe.
Fig. 26.
a shows the work of the minute larva in the leaf ; the line at b gives its length ; d illustrates the, cocootis attaclied to the bianch, and It. is a parasite greatly enlarged. The cross lines below indicate the natural size.
Golenp/cora Z'ili. iwdivorella liilny. rmdlipidvella Cham, Coleophora nialivorella Riley. The Apple-tree case-bearer. Fig. 27.
Expanse of wings about half an inch.
Colors: Wings brown, dolttid with white ; thorax and ab loiuen white, dotted with brown. The jiarent moth dnp^sits her eggs in July, the larva fei^ding on the underside of the leaf during Aui^ust and Sepceinber. On the approach of the cold weather they desert the leaves and fasten their cases io the twigs, as represented at (a) where they pass the winter. When the warm weather returns in spiing they detach themselves and move about, feeding on the swelling buds, when they do the greatest injury ; maturing about the beginning of July to commence another cycle.
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Bucculatrix Zell. pomifoliella Clem, pomonella Pack. Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem. An apple leaf feeder, as the name indicates. Fig. 28.
Expanse of wings about three-eighths of an inch.
Colors : Pale yellow and brown ; a in the figure represents a twig with cocoons attached, b a cocoon detached, c, the moth greatly magnified.
Fig. 27
Gelechia Zell. pinifoliella Cham. Gelechia pinifoliella Cham. The Pine tree leaf-miner. Fig. 29.
Expanse of wings about three-eighths of an inch.
Fig. 29.
Colors : Front wings brownish yellow, dotted with fuscous, the lines crossing the wings white ; hind wings pale gray.
The figure represents the insect in its various stages greatly magnified, and a terminal shoot showing the mischief done by this tiny creature. (See Fourteenth Annual Report.)
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THE HORN-FLY. (Ilcematohia serrata. Rob.-Desv.) By James Fletcher, f.l.s., f.r.s.c.
During the pasc sunamer a new pest of the farmer has made its appearance in Can- ada in the shape of a sm ill blackish fly which appeared suddenly in enormous numbers on cattle, and was tirst noticed in Canada towards the end of July at Oshawa, Ont , by Mr. Elmer Lick, who sent specimens to me for identification. Almost simultaneously it was recorded all along the boundary line, from Essex County, Ontario, as far east as Boucherville, P. Q , below Montreal. The flies appeared in such enormous numbers, and their attacks upon the cattle were so severe that farmers in the districts invaded at once recognized the lossies they might incur by neglecting to take steps to protect their stock. Letters of inquiry came in from all directions asking for remedies an 1 information con- cerning the habits of the fly. Much alarm was ft-lt by stock-owners, and grossly exaggerated statements received wide circulation as to the injuries which had been in- flicted upon cattle of all kinds by the Uy. Such complaints as the following, which are
inatu.
Fig. 30.
The Horn-fly. a, eprsr ; h, maggot ; e, pupariiim ; d, adult fly in biting position— all enlarged, (Figure kiudly lout by the Uuited Statea Entomologist.)
actual reports I received, were by no means rare : *' All the cattle in this district are being destroyed," "cows through the country are dying by hundreds," "several farmers have lost their cattle entirely," and a great many reports stated with more precision, that "neighbors" had lost from two to twelve (the favorite number being seven). Whenever these reports came in, I endeavoured to tiiid ont the name of the "neighbor," 80 as to trace up the true history of the case ; but in no instance could 1 tind a man who had actually lost a single animal from the attack of the flies. It was always "some other neiiihbour" or "I did not lose any niyselt', but I was told that someone else had." In fact, although this insect whs undoubtedly the cause of much loss of revenue to farmers, as stated above, 1 have been unable to hear of even one instance where an animal was killel by it)f attacks. HiArever, these exaggerated accounts of the possible loss served a very useful end, by stirring up negligent farmers to take some S'eps to protect their animals from the irritating attacks of their troublesome enemies. There was much cor-
4 (EN.)
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
respondence in the newspapers, and the irrepressible " practical man " (self-styled) came bravely to the front with useless sugc;estions, and, as usual, very soon sho ved the true nature of the occupant of the lion's skin. Inaccurate statements as to the life history of the insect gained wide credence. Of these the following is a sample : " The eggs are laid either on the horns, into which the maggots bore and then penetrate the skull, or in the holes which they eat through the hide, lay eggs therein, which hatch out in large num- bers, and proceed with their boring operations until the vital portions of the cow are touched and death ensues." None of this is founded upon fact. The complete life- history has been worked out, and at once shows us the absurdity of such theories. The iiia^f'ots do not feed upon flesh at all, but upon the manure of the cattle, and on this only while it is in a fresh and riioist condition.
It is in the perfect state alone that the Horn-fly is troublesome to stock, and the only injuries are those which result from the irritation of its bites. These, however, are sometimes considerable, for tlie flies occur in such enormous numbers, and worry the cattle so incessantly, that these fall off rapidly both in flesh and yield of milk, this latter product being reduced in some cases from one third to one half. The appearance of this insect amongst our Canadian herds is, therefore, a very serious matter, and one that demands the attention of all stock-owners, so that prompt steps may be taken early in the spring to wa<'e an incessant and systematic warfare against it upon its tirst appearance. There are certain simple and easily-applied remedies which may be used successfully to mitigate the attack and if all would apply them, its numbers could De controlled with comparative ease.
For the intelligent application of suitable remedies, it is most important that the true and full life-history of the pest should be understood. It is briefly as follows :
The e"gs, (Fig. 30a) which are about 1-20 of an inch in length, are laid singly on the freshlydrojiped dung of cattle. They are brown in colour, and from this fact, not easily seen where they are laid. The young maggots hatch in less than 24 hours and at once burrow down a short distance beneath the surface of the dung, where they remain until full grown, that is, about a week, when they are about | of an inch in length, white, and shaped as shown at fig. 306. When full-fed they burrow a short distance into the ground and assume the pupa form (tig. 30c.), when they are ^ of an inch in length. In hot weather the pupa state lasts only four or five days ; but the last brood of the season, from eoos laid in September, passes the winter in that condition a short distance beneath the surface of the ground, and the flies emerge the following spring. The perfect insect (fig. SOd , male) is shaped very much like the common Cattle-fly {Stomoxys calcifrans) with which it is closely related, or the House-fly {Musca domesticu). It is, however, much smaller, bein<» only \ of an inch in length or about -^ the size of those insects. With regard to the common Cattle-fly {S. calcitrans) there is an idea which is quite erroneous, but which is very prevalent among those who do not understand much about insects, that this is merely the common House-fly, which towards autumn acquires the bad habit of bitin^y. It is much more abundant in autumn and from its annoying bites and frequent occurrence in houses is sometimes called " Biting House-fly." The true House-fly {Musca domeslica) never bites, having only a sucking tongue with a flat disk at the tip, whilst the Cattle-flies have a sharp-pointed proboscis, which is really a case containing a slender lancet with which they penetrate the skin of animals and suck their blood. When not in use this shining black dagger is carried projecting forward beneath the head, but when in use is turned down straight beneath the head of the fly and inserted into the tissues of the animal which is being attacked. The details of this complicated organ are fully explained and illustrated by Prof. J. B. Smith in Bulletin 62 of the New Jersey Agricul- tural Experimental Station.
The Horn fly is, without any doubt, a new pest in Canada, which has come to us from the United States. It is a J]uropean insect which was tirst brought to the notice of the U.S. Division of Entomology in 1887, and was i)robably imported with cattle from Europe, where it has been known since 1830. In 1889 its complete life history was worked out by Prof. Riley and his assistants, Messrs. L. O. Howard and C. L. JMiirlatt. This was published in "Insect Life," vol. II., pp. 93-103, and in the annual report of the
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 18S3
U.S. Entomologist for 1889 and 1890. Prof. J. B. Smith, of New Jersey has published a very full account of his investifjations of the same subject in New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station Uulletin No. 62. The figures used in this article have been very kindly lent for the purpose by Prof, liiley.
The color of the Horn-fly is dark gray with yellowish sheen, and the body is covered with black bristles. The head consists almost entirely of the dark-red silvery-edged eyes. It will be at once distinguished from the common Cattle fly by its darker colour, smaller size, greater activity and, above all, by the characteristic habit from which it takes its name, of gathering in clusters upon the horns of cattle, particularly upon the upper side. When very abundant the flies form a more or less complete ring around the horn, sometimes ex- tending two or three inches from the base towards the tip, as shown in fig. 31. This clustering on the horns seems to be peculiar to the species, and is probably due to some special chara(;teristic. They merely settle there, however, as a convenient resting place, fiom which they cannot be easily dislodged by the animal ; for the same reason, they also congregate in clusters at the base of the tail and on the neck. Strange to sav, while the closely allied Slomoxi/s calciirayis bites the legs of cattle very much, the Horn fly very seldom settles there, and while the Stomoxys bites men, dogs and horses, the present
Fig. 31.
Cow- horn showing band of resting tlies— reduced.
(Figure kindly lent by the United States Entomologist.)
species has not been recorded to give trouble in that way. A milkman, however, told me that on one occasion he was much bothered by Horn-flies biting his V)are arms when milk- ing, and that the bite was much more severe than that of the common Cattle-fly. It is probable that they will occa.sionally bite human beings, particularly when, as in the above instance, working with bare arms among cattle, and thus getting their odor on the skin.
Cattle of all breeds are subject to annoyance from this pest, but I have observed very t;reat differences in susceptibility to injury, not only in different breeds, but also in individual animals of a given breed according to the health of the animals, temperament or the texture of their skins.
When feeding, the flies work their way down through the hairs until they can pierce the skin of their victims with their short beaks. They are exceedingly agile, and when biting kee|) their wings partly spread, ready to take flight at the least di.sturbance. A slash of the tail or a swing of tlie head of a bitten animal oidy di3turl)a its tormentors for a second, when they will rise in a cloud but to settle again and resume the operation of torture the next instant. The bites seem to produce great irritation, and sores are fre- quently formed on the necks and bodies of animals by their rubbing themselves aijainst posts or trees or by licking bitten |)laces, where the irritation cannot, be allayed by rub- bing, as inside the thighs, around and on the udder and along the milk vein.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
This insect has great powers of increase. It appears early in the spring from the pupa. cases, having passed the winter under ground, and also probably some specimens pass the winter in the perfect state. It breeds rapidly, only about two weeks being required in summer for each brood to mature, and there are probably six or eight broods in a season. Mr. L. O. Howard found that, at Washington, the time required from the laying of the egg to the appearance of the fly was from 10 to 17 days, and that the fly breeds from the middle of May till the middle of September.
Although only brought under my notice in July last, from enquiries made T have no doubt that this pest has been present on our Canadian stock faims throughout the summer. It was introduced into the United States only six years ago and has spread in all directions over many States of the Union and has now invaded Canada also. It has reached the most southern States and lately as far west as Texas. Curiously, how- ever, long before it had ever reached Texas it was spoken of by farmers as " the Texas fly," and today in Canada more enquiries are made concerning it by this name than any other.
Remedies.
Notwithstanding the great loss which will undoubtedly result to stock-owners if they neglect to attend to this new enemy, there is no reason why it should not be kept within control by simple, cheap and well tested remedies. It is a most important matter and one that should be taken up by all Farmers' Institutes and Dairymen's Associations, so that if possible some united effort might be made to control it while the numl)ers are small in spring, and eventually to stamp it out. All that is necessary is for everyone to try first of all to learn what the true life historv is, and in accordance with this to apply the best remedy and try to induce his neighbors to do the same.
The remedies are cheap and easily applied ; but will require constant attention to make them effective. They are of two kinds, (1) preventive, or such as keep tht^ flies from biting the animals ; (2) active, or such as aim at the destruction of the insects either as maggots or flies.
1. Preventive. Almost any greasy substance will keep the flies away for several days. Lard, train oil, tanner's oil fish oils, with a little sulphur, carbolic acid or oil of tar added, will keep the flies off for from five to six days. The two latter will have a healing effect on any sores which may have formed. Carbolic acid and oil of tar will mix sufiiciently well with fish oils if the two substances be placed together in a bottle and well shaken. One ounce of either may be added in two quarts of oil. Axle grease and tallow have been also used to advantage. It may not be amiss to point out that no injury whatever results from the flies settling on the horns, as they only go there to rest, and cannot possibly do the horn any injury. Tar has been largely used to put on the horns of cattle, but it answers no better than the greasy sulistances mentioned above, and makes the animals in a horrible mess ; moreover, it the flies are driven from the horns they merely fly to the animal's body, where they can do much more harm.
The remedy of this class which will eventually be found to be the best, is the mixture known as the Kerosene Emulsion, which consists simply of a mixture of soap- suds with twice the quantity of ordinary coal oil, made as follows : Boil two ounces of common soap in one quart of rain water until the soap is dissolved, then turn it into two quarts of coal oil and churn it violently with a syringo or force pump for five minutes, when it will be of a smooth, creamy nature. This gives the stock emulsion, which must be diluted before using with nine times its measure (that is 27 quarts) of water. It will mix much more easily with the water if done at once, before the stock emulsion cools. This mixture may be applied to the animals either by means of a sponge, or, what will certainly be found most convenient where there are many animals to treat, by means of a force pump and spraying nozzle. This can be done in a few minutes after milking, and one or two pints will sufiice for each animal.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A 1893
2. Active. Of applications to destroy the perfect flies, several hive been recom- mended, as pyrethrum powder, tobacco dust, etc., but these are little if any better than the kerosene emulsion, which when sprayed over cattle killed all the flies reached and prevented others from coming for from three to seven days. But these remedies for the destruction of the perfect flies are only to be advised for use upon the first appearance of the pest in a new locality, or early in the season for the destruction of the first brood. The true way to fight this enemy is by the treatment of the cattle droppings so as to destroy the egt^s and larvae. The maggots can live in the dung only while it is in a moist condition. Any means, therefore, which will ensure its drying up will destroy them. For this purpose, lime, land plaster, and wood ashes are su.L'gested. The last named of these will probably be found the best, not only from its strong alkaline properties, which are destructive to insect life, but also from its great value as a fertilizer, and the ease with which it can usually be obtained on every farm.
Messrs. Riley and Howard state that " throwing a spadeful of lime upon a cow- dung will destroy the larvae living in it. If the evil should increase, it will well repay a stock raiser to start a load of lime through his fields occasionally, particularly in May or June, as every larva killed then represents the death of very many flies during July and August. We feel certain that this course will be found in many cases practical and of great avail, and will often be an advantage to the pasture besides."
I believe that Canadian wood ashes would be far superior to lime, and if neither of these Wf're easily obtainable, a good shovelful of dry earth or road dust would soon absorb the moisture necessary for the development of the larvce.
Of all the remedies I have tried or seen suggested, the one which commends itself to me as the most practical is by Prof. J. B. Smith, who says : " By sending a boy over the pasture every other day with a shovel to thoroughly spread out the cow-droppings, all eggs and larvic would be destroyed." I think if this were done twice a wetk it would be sutHcient, and the remedy would be equally effective in wet weather, when the substance would be washed away, as in dry when it is dried up.
Spread of the Horn fly. — A correspondent in Uniontown, Pa., writes us that the Horn fly has made its appearance in that vicinity, having first been noticed last season and having become very abundant the present summer. While spending a few weeks in Greene County, N.Y , we noticed this insect in comparative abundance, but not yet numerous enough to attract attention by the halnt of congregating upon the horns. Anotlier new locality lias been given us by jMr. J. H. Woodruff, of Watertown, Conn., who has found the fly to be very abundant in his vicinity, and still another locality is Wnller County, 'Jex. We are indebted to Mr. F. W. Thurow for specimens from this region. l)uring the niontli of August complaints have also come in from quite a number of correspondents, among others from the following : Eli.sha Slade, Bristol County, Mass. ; Miss E. J. Phillips, Cuyahoga County, Ohio; George L. Oliver, Otsego County, N. Y. ; Devoe and Shumway, Montgomery County, N.Y. ; T. C. Ross, Jciferson County, Iowa; B. F. Koons, Tolland County, Conn. ; I. N. Rauls, Citrus County, Fla. — Insect Life^ Sept., 1892.
CLOTHES MOTHS. By James Fletcher, F. L. S., F. R. S. C.
In a northern climate, with such winters as we evjoij in Canada, furs and woollen clothing «re indispensable. Only too well known to all housekeepers are the miserable little creatures wliich in their various forms and different f-pecies are grouptd under the name of Clothes-moths. There aie few indeed who have not felt the iiritation of finding at some time irretrievable diim^ge had been committed in the family supply of winter clothing, particularly of woollen underclothes, socks, mitts and furs, which it was th ught hail been " peppered and put safely away last spring before the moths appeared," to say nothing of the stripped patches of carpet under the piano and sofas, or even of the little
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holes which had appeared suddenly in the pater-fatnilias' dress suit, that had only been left out " for a few days after he came back from his summer holidays." All of th^^se ills are only too well known to most people, and it is one of the grim satisfaotion^ of careless people that at any rate the most careful get sometimes caught.
There has been very great confusion concerning the proper identification of the different caterpillars of moths which injure clothes in houses, and this confusion has been much added to by the absurd name Buffilo moth or Buffalo carpet moth, which has been given to the imported carpet beetle, Antkrenus scrophidarice. In an account given in our Annual Eeport for 1873, there are evidently two species confounded. The whole matter was carefully revised by Prof. Fernald in 1882, and the synonymy given, together with descriptions of the three species which are found in North America, in Caxadian Entomologist, Vol. XLV, p. 166. There is also an excellent illustrated article by Prof. C. V. Riley in Insect Life, Vol. II, p. 211. Figs. 32 and 33 used in that article have been kindly lent by Prof. Riley.
Of the three species mentioned, two only have come under my notice in Canada as household pfsts. Of these by far the commonpst is the small creamy white or buff coloured moth, Tineola biselliella. Hum. This species Prof. Fernald tells us, was separated
from the genus Tinea by Herrick Schteffer be- cause of the absence of the maxillary palpi. The small moths (Fig. 32), less than a quarter of an inch in length, are extremely active, flying and running rapidly to hide when disturbed. The head is dull ochreous yellow ; the forewings paler and of a silvery sheen without any spots. The under wings are of a slightly different shade of color. The minute yellowish eggs are laid upon the substance which is afterwards to be the food of the young caterpillar. Immediately upon hatching, the tiny caterpillar spins a silken path upon which it travels in search of food. It never, however, forms a case, as is done by the next species to be described, until it is full fed, when it makes a cocoon generally of portions of the material upon which it has been feeding. The food of this troublesome insect is very varied, but consists mainly of fabrics composed of animal hairs ; any clothes packed away in a soiled condition are much more liable to attack than those which have been well shaken and brushed. Carpets are often attacked, particularly in darkened rooms and under heavy pieces of furniture which cannot be easily moved, and where therefore frequent sweeping is not possible. Dust in the cracks of floors and under skirt-boards provides a constant supply of food for this insect, and the active little moths penetrate drawers and boxes throngh very small fissures. Sable-hair paint brushes seem to be a special delicacy for these- little fiends, to which, however, few things in the shape of animal hair come amiss. Some instances of their injurips which have been reported to me are the following : the felt facings of the dampers and hammers of a piano were so destroyed in a single summer as to necessitate a complete renewal; another instance of considerable injury from this little enemy was the cutting of the woollen cord by which a large and valuable picture was suspended ; the picture fell and was not only injured itself, but did considerable damage to other objects beneath it.
Frequently collections of insects suffer from the depredations of Tineola biselliella, and I have in my collection not only Lepidoptera, of which the wings have been destroyed, and several locusts, to which it seems very partial, but what seems to me very remark- able, a large greasy specimen of Necrophorus orbicollis, of which the interior has been eaten out, and the only indication of the marauder is its empty pupa case, protruding between the head and thorax of the beetle.
The white grub-like caterpillar of this species never forms a true case as does that of another species. Tinea tapetzella, which makes for itself a silken gallery mixed with
54
Fig. 32. — Tineola hisellicUa.
56 Victoria.
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fragments of the material it is destroying ; but it spins a more or less complete silken tube through the hair when attacking fur.
Although the moths appear throucrliont the suaimer, it is stated that there is in the north only one brood in the year, but I think this can hardly be the case, and, although I have this season failed in rearing the young caterpillar from the egg, a brood hatched early in June contained some specimens which were 4.50 ram. by the middle of August, when the whole of them di^^d without any apparent cause ; and the perfect insects were to be found flying from the month of May until September the 28ch. The caterpillar attains full growth in autumn, when it builds for itself a close cocoon in which it rem lias unchanged until spring For this purpose it occasionally takes other materials than those it has been feeding on. I have one cocoon composed of asbestos fibres which were in a drawer with some paint brushes that hid been destroyed, but the asbestos fibre alone had been used in the formation of the cocoon. Another cocoon is composed of fibres of cotton wadding and the caterpillar had apparently subsisted almost entirely upon the gummy coatins; with which the surface of the wadding had been dressed.
Tinea pelliondla is thought by Prof. Riley to be the commoner species in northern regions, but this has not been my experience. In fact, it has only been sent to me from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and on one occa.sion from Toronto. In this latter case, it had certainly been recently imported from England. In Prof. Riley's interesting account in Insect L[f>', its habits are thus briefly described : " The small light brown moths dis- tinguished, as shown at Fig. 3.3 by the darker spots at intervals on the wings, begin to appear in May, and are frequently seen flitting about as late as August. They pair, and the female then searches for suitable places for the de- position of her eggs, working her way into dark corners and deep into the folds of garments, apparently choosing by in- stinct the least conspicuous places. From these eggs liatch
the white soft-bodied larv* (Fig. 33,), each of which begins immed'ately to make a case for itself from the fragments of the cloth upun which it feeds. The cases are in the shape of a hollow roll or cylinder, and the interior is lined with silk. As they grow, they enlarge these cases by adding material to either end and by inserting gores down the' sides which they slit open for the purpose. The larva reaches its full growth toward winter and then, crawling into some yet more protected spot, remains there torpid through the winter within its case, which is at this time thickt^ned and fastened at either end with silk. I have known these larvpe in autumn to leave the carpi^t ui)on which thfsy had fed, drag their heavy cases up a 15-foot wall and fasten them in the angle of the cornice of the ceiling. The transformation to pupa takes place within the case the following spring. The heat of a dwelling-house does not seem to afTnct the development of the pup.-e, but the catei-pillarn remain unchanged till spring even in a highly heated ofh ,'e."
With the exception of the difference in making their cases, the liabits and injuries of these species are very similar, and the same remedies will apply for both. A most interesting experiment, demonstrating the manner in which the case of T. ppUlonolln. is made, can be tried by providing the young caterpillars with different colored materials for making their cases. I have cases showing rings formed from scarlet and black wool, blue peacock's feathers and white Jamb's wool.
Perhaps the most remarkable result of the work of any insect which has ever come nnder my notice, was a piece of a pillow-case which was .sent to me by Mi.ss Lucy C. Eaton, of Truro, Nova Scotia. The specimen at first sight has the appearance of beau-
65
Fig. 33. — Tinea pelliondla — enlarged, in case (after Riley).
adult ; larva ; larv*
56 Victoria.
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tifully soft grey velvet or short plush. The surface is perfectly even and very smooth to the touch. Since the specinipn was received I have shown it to a ^reat many, and until placed under the microscope together with one of the feathers with which the pile was made, it has proved altoj^f-ther too much for anyone's creiliility to belipve that it was the work of insfcts. When magnified, however, the identity of the minute threads of the pile with the portions of the plumules of the feathers with which the pillow-case had been formerly stuffed, is made quite evident. The pillow case was made of ordinary strong cotton ticking, conspicuously striped with wide I'lue, and narrow black and red stripes. After the remarkable operation described below the blue and red stripes were entirely obliterated, and the black stiipes could only be discerned faintly through the feather felt- ing. Miss Eaton gives the following particulars with regard to this new fabric :
" The pillow was made in the fall of ISJr'O and was filled with turkey feathers, which as you probably know are very downy near the base, and it is with portions of this down that the pillow is covered. The pillow was made in 1^89 and I opened it in the winter of 1891, during that time it had very little actual use. People who slept on this pillow made no remaiks about it ; but I found it in the morning more often on the floor than in the bed. It remained for about six months in an unused room, when one day think- ing nothing of the matter I placed it on my own bed and I found that I actually could not Bleep for the noise, which was like something crawHng slowly back and forth. I turned it over several tinies ; but it always seemed right under my head. Then I began to think that I had discovered the reason why other people had thrown it on to the floor so often, and I myself threw it out of bed. I then left it alone for about six weeks and tried it again ; but the noise was still there. I then put it on one side thinking that when I had time I would open it and get the insects for my collection. It was some time before I found a convenient opportunity, I then took it into an empty room, put a sheet on the floor and cut open the pillow-case and was much surprised to find it in the condition you see by the specimen I send you. The feathers were entirely stripped of their down. It was the insects I was looking for though, so I stirred the feathers up with a stick and the fine particles of down rose in such a cloud, that I was obliged to tie a towel over my nos^^ and mouth to keep from being choked. From the noise that I had heard and the destruction, I looked for an insect aVjout the size of a grasshopper at least ; but saw nothing but the little thing I send. There weie about a hundred ; but 1 saved only a few. I could not believe that I had found the right insects, I thought they must be larger. I did not actually see the insects alive amongst the feathers but only found the cocoons."
Miss Eaton kindly forwarded me specimens of the injured feathers and also cocoons of the moth Tinea pelli ■nelbi, which she had taken from the pillow. These cocoons show- under the miscroscope that they, like the felting of the pillow-case, are also composed of -the debris of the injuied feathers. The minute bristles of the plumules of feathers, when
examined under a microscope show plainly their barbed nature by which they serve so admirably the purposes required of them in causing the plumules to adhere ligiitly to those touching them in the feather to which they belong ; but at the same time allowing the plumules to be separated without injury, and then binding them to<.'ether again. It is owing to these very barbs on the particles, that the felting of the cotton pillow-case was possible, the feathers having been cut up into fine morsels, these are rendered sufficiently rigid in propor- tion to their length to work their way through the feathers little by little, every time the pillow is moved, by reason of their barbs which all point one way, until the j)illow-case is reached, here, if short enough, they work their way a short distance into the cotton cloth and remain fixed there by their barbs. The beautiful evenness of the pile is, I imagine, due to the fact that unless the particles are very short they will not be
56
yig. 34. Beaver fur magaified 250 diameters.
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
rigid enough to work their way through the feathers and into the cloth. This baibf^d character is found also in the hair of many animals, and is taken advantage of in th^- mak- ing of felt as was formerly done from the hair of the beaver, for making the shap -s of h-its. This is fully explained and a magnified illustration, (Fig. 34.) is given, of the hair of the beaver in Mr. Horace T. Martin's new and excellent work " Castorologia " where, not only this, but almost every other imaginable information about the beaver is to be found.
Miss Eaton also sent some specimens to the Smithsonian Institution and tq the United States Entomologist. In Insect Life Vol. IV., p. 404 the matter is referred to and some interesting data are given of similar work Ijy other insects, as follows : " Ttiere is occasionally sent in to the National Museum or the Department of Agriculture, a si,mple of the felting of bits of feathers into the substance of bed ticking or pillow-casing whi.-h is said to have been done by some insect. This felting is frequently very beautifully done, and the inside of the cloth next to the feathers appears like a velvet tissue. Ordinarily the breaking up of the feathers which results in this felting, is done by Attiujetni,^ pimcs, a Dermestid beetle which is particularly fond of feathers. We have just received a very fine specimen from Lucy 0. Eaton, of Truro, Nova Scotia, in which the work was done by Tinea pellionella, one of the commonest of the northern clothes moths. It must be re- membered in these ca?e3 that the felting is not done by the insects', but by the mechanical action of the feather barbules themselves. When the feathers have ouch become bniken up into small bits by the action of the insects, then through the constant pressing together of the pillow they gradually work themselves into the cloth covering in which they are held by their microscopic retror.se serrations. To one who looks at a tin»" speciuieri of this accidental felting, there can not fail to come the suggestion that feathers could be com- mercially used in this way. The matter has been occasionally rt^feire 1 to in print, n')tal)ly in t\ie American Naturalist for December, 1882, and in Insect Life, Vol. II., pp. 317-318, another instance is given of the felting of a pillow-case from duck feathers wliic i had b-^en destroyed by Dermestid beetles. It is described as being 'entirely overed with a due growth of down as evenly and thickly as the fur on a mole-skin, which it very mucb re- sembles; it is firmly attached, the down breaking rather than pull off."
The editor of Insect Life stated at that time: " Pillows in which this felting of the ticking occurs have been infested by one of the Dermestid beetles, (iu all of thi cisus with which I am familiar it has been Atlaqenns nifgatoma) whose work has resulted in the comminution of the feathers, and the felting results from the subsequent mechanic il action. The small feather particles are barbed, as you are aware, and, whenever caught in a cot- ton fabric by their bases, become anchored in such a way that every m jveiuent of the pillow anchors them still further."
In addition to the above the following interesting information is given :
"A similar bit of ticking was exhibited at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, April 5th, 1883, and elicited the information that one of the niemb^rs ha I sone years previously examined a similar material known to have l)een foriue 1 ('r)in the frag- ments of gull feathers, ami that a cloak had been made from it which wore wed."
With regard to the distinctive dilf^rences between these three troublesome immigrants from the old world, it may be well to mention the following pointf :
1. Tineola biselUello. is the same insect as has been frequently treated un^ler th'» name of Tinea Jlaoifrontdla. This is the commonest species in Canadi. The r.atnrpi lar spiris only a silken p.ith or tube over the surface of, or through, the article atticked. Tne mottt is pale yellow without spots, and when at rest, it hold.s its wings slanting. Fi.;. 32.
2. Tinea pelliomila. The caterpillar of this species from the very first lives witliin a case, which it carries about with it ; the moth is darker in colour with a f'-w black spots on the wing?, which lie flit on the back when the insect is at rest. Fu. 33.
3. Tinea tapetzella. The caterpillar of this species spins for itself a silken giUery mixed with fragments of the materid it is attacking. It re nains at all tiuins hid l^ti within this gallery. The moth is easily distinguished from the others by the front wings which are black from the base to the middle and white or gray beyond.
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66 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
Bemedies. With regard to remedies for these troublesome insects, cliere is nothing better than giving the clothes, furs, etc., a thorough beating and brushing, and then pack- ing them away in f-pring, if possible before the moths appear. They should be folded neatly and wrapped in strong paper ; of course if the edges are pasted, so much the safer. I have seen in the City of Detroit large p&per sacks prepared specially to keep out moths, in "which dresses can be hung up without folding. In Insect Life, Vol. II, page 214, a plan of Mr. L 0. Howard's is recommended : " He buys for a small sura from liis tailor a number of paste-board boxes in which they deliver suits, and his wife carefully folds and packs away all clothing, gumming a strip of wrapping paper around the erlges of the cover so as to leave no crack. These boxes will last for a liJetime with careful use. Others use for the same purpose ordinary paper flour sacks or linen pillow-cases, which answer well. Ihe success of these means depends entirely on the thoroughness of the preliminary work."
As many have found to their sorrow, camphor, pepper, cedar chips, and that abomin- able malodorant naphthaline, do not kill the insects and are only partially successful in keeping them away.
When car|>ets are found to be attacked, the furniture should be removed, the carpet thoroughly swept and the edges of the room freely sprinkled with benzine or gaso- line. But as both of these liquids are extreiTiely inflammable, great care must be taken, not to take a light into the room until some hours afterwards or until the room has been thoroughly aired. In the case of uj^holsteied furniture or carriage linings, these may be sprinkled freely with gasoline, which will destroy the insects in all stages, and the un- pleasant odor soon disappears when the articles are left in the open air. Prof. Riley reconmends for carriage linings sponging them with a dilute solution of corrosive sublimate in alcohol, made only just strong enough not to leave a white mark on a black feather. The extremely poisonous nature of this substance, however, demands that the greatest care should be exercised in its use.
For clothes which may have to be used only occasionally during the summer, it is well when the house is known to be infested, to hang them in some place where they will not be forgotten and will be frequently moved.
THE WEB-WORM TIGER (PLOCHIONUS TIMIDUS, HALD).
By Mary E. Murtfeldt, Kirkwood, Mo.
It would seem appropriate that this hitherto somewhat rare and inconspicuous little carabid should be brought to notice in its new role of a benefactor.
I have been observing its habits for two years, and am confident that to it, more than to any other agent, do we, in the neighborhood of St. Louis, owe our present comparative freedom from the Web worm nuisance. Whereas formerly almost every other tree would, at this season of the year, be infested with one or more of the disfiguring nests, they are now so few and far between that it requires some search to find one. I was particularly struck with the difference, in this respect, between this section and the Atlantic slope, on my journey to Washington last August, the eastern woods and orchards- being in many places almost defoliated and presenting a very unhealthy and unsightly appearance from the ravages of this insect.
It is impo'^sible, of course, to ascertain just when or how the beetle under considera- tion acquired the habit of preying upon the Web- worm ; but 1 think it could not have been much previous to its discovery. In 1888 Uiiphantria was abundant in Kirkwood, and for the purpose of obtaining fresh specimens of the moth, as well as of its usual para- sites, I transferred a colony from a box elder tree to the rearing cage. From these a large number of perfect insects were bred and also parasites of two or three species, but no larvie or imagines of Plochionus were observed.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
Early in June, 1890, I had been struck with the wasting away of one or two colonies of U upliantria and was about to examine into the causes, when I received from Mr. J. C. Dutfey, the Horlicalturist of tlie Shaw Botanical Garden, a note informing me that larvre of a small carabid had been found in a nest of Web-worms, upon which they were evidently feeding. Accompanying this communication was a box containing one of the infested colonies. Unfortunately the box hi d been broken in transit, and when I called for my mail the Web-worms were pervading the office, and the distracted post- master was engaged in a vain attempt to confine them in a newspaper, and expressing himsi-lf with some emphasis concerning the sort of mail posted by entomolo^jists. Un- doubtedly many of the predaceous larvae escaped with the caterpillars, but u[)on examina- tion, after reaching my study, I found seven or ei<^ht of the larvae in the fragments of the web and a sufficient number of Web-worms to aflord them sustenance. Placing them on fresh leaves in a small rearing cage on my desk, I soon had ocular verification of Mr. DufTey's intere.sting observations.
The Ihjphaidria larvte had all passed the last moult and many were nearly full grown ; the carabids were also nearly mature, varying in length from one-fourth to one- third inch, somewhat alligator-shaped, the head provided with sharply pointed trophi, with rather long and strong legs, the body above dai k and horny ; they had quite a formidable aspect. By preference this larva attacks its victim from the front, biting into the under part of the thoracic segments ; but in many cases I have seen it seize hold of the side of a caterpillar, into which it would soon almost bury its he id, and not the most violent contortions on the part of its prey wer-e of avail to tlislodge it. By the time its appetite was appeased the Web-worm would b'^ fatally injured and a fresh one would be required for its next meal In this way one beetle larva was capible of destroying a great number of the worms in the course of its development. The two species, web-worm and carabid, reach maturity about the same time, the period of carabid adolescence being about one week less than that of the insect on which it preys. The change to pnpa takes place both on the surface of the ground and in the remnants of the web on the tree — in the latter case it (l)eing very soft and white and not enclosed) is subject to destruction by birds and other insects. The beetle appears in ir^va. ei>5ht to ten days after the change to pupa, and requires a day or two to acquire its dark brown color and the firmness in texture of maturity. It is very swift and furtive in its movements and remains hidden as far as possible during the daytime, but is, even in the rearing cage, quite active at night, using its wings freely. It feeds, sparingly, on aphides and sinilar soft insects. This season I found it in considerable numbers in the two web-worm nests that occurred in our orchard, and to test its destructive capacity I placed thirty-six three-fourths grown Uiiphantria 1 irvne in a large glass jar, with three nearly mature Plochionus larva;. A large number of the caterpillars were killed in the course of the following week, and from the three dozen larvje I bred seven parasites (Meleorics hi/phantria) and but three moths ; the remainder had evidently succuuibed to thfir coleopterous foes, all three of which developed into fine beetles.
I believe the perfect insect occurs sparingly in many sections of the country, but it may not in ev.'ry locality acq lire the hibit of preying on //i/p'tantri'i. It is to be hoped, therefore, that the divergent type will slowly spreid from State to State until it, in con nection with other pied iceous and parasitic species, will practically relieve us of one of our most prominent arboreal pests.
NOTES ON RILLING, PRESERVING AND RELAXING INSECTS.
By James Fletcher, Ottawa.
There is perhaps no statement more frequently made to entomologists by observant travellers, or those who live in localities far removed from civilization, than " O ! I wish
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
you had been with me, I so often saw lovely insects ; but I did not know how to save them for you." From novices the enquiry often comes, " What is the best way to relax specimens after they have become dry,"
Killing and Preserving. Having collected a specimen the first thing, of course, is to till it. For beetles and hard-bodied insects nothing is simpler than to drop them for a second or two in scalding water ; they must be taken out again at once and dried on blotting paper, or upon a cloth. The easiest way, however, for killing all insects is to mSike a " cyanide bottle." This may be made either by placing a small quantity of cyanide of potassium in the bottom of a wide-mouthed bottle aud pouring in sufficient wet plaster- of-pai is to cover it ] or a hole can be hollowed out in the cork and a piece of cyanide inserted. This can be kept in a place either with a plug of cotton wool, or a piece of •chamois leather or linen may be tied over the cork. It must ba remembered that the active principle of cyanide of potassium being prussic acid it is intensely poisonous — any left on hand after the bottle is made should be at once destroyed.
Insects put in this bottle will be killed in a few seconds by the poisonous fumes given off by the cyanide of potassium ; they should then be taken out and packed away whilst soft and pliable. After a few days they become dry and are very easily broken. If there are only one or two specimens these may be wrapped in soft paper or cotton wool, and put away in a suitable box. If the collector, however, is likely to get several sf)eci- mens, it will be well to prepare a box or bottle on purpose. Beetles or bugs may be pre- served for a long time in clean saw-dust dampened with alcohol ; grasshoppers, ants, wasps, bees, flies, etc., although they are far better preserved by being pinned at once after killing, may be packed away like beetles and bugs in tubes of paper. These are made by winding two or three thicknesses of a strip of paper one and a half inches wide around a lead pencil, leaving about one-quarter inch over the end, which is turned in and pressed flat before taking the case off the pencil. Into this short, hollow tube drop the specimens and turn in the other end with the tip of a pencil, or fill up the mouth with a plug of cotton wool. Several specimens, according to their size, may be placed in each tube, and the date and locality having been written on the outside they are ready to be packed away in a diy place. Being slightly elastic and very light they pack closely, and a large number can be sent by mail at the same time.
Moths, butterflies and dragon-flies may be killed in the ordinary " cyanide bottle," and then placed in three-cornered envelopes made by taking small squares of paper and folding them across, almost in the middle, so as to make a triangular form with one flap a little smaller than the other ; when the insect is placed between the two flaps, the two €dges of the larger one are folded over the lesser, and the specimen is then ready to have the date and locality written on it and to be packed away where it will not be disturbed.
Relaxing. The easiest way to soften insects is simply to place them in a covered jar upon damp sand for from twelve to fourteen hours. A few drops of camphorated spirits dropped on the sand will prevent mould from forming on the specimens. Pinned specimens can be either placed in the sand jar or pinned upon a piece of cork and floated on water in a closed jar, or in a basin with a damp towel over the top. Butterflies and moths stored in the envelopes mentioned above are best relaxed by putting the envelopes carefully without opening them, between the folds of a damp towel placed between two sheets of glass. The cloth should be wetted and then wrung out as dry as possible with the hands. Fold it smoothly and spread out the envelopes sej)arately between the folds. Small butterflies and moths will relax in twelve hours and the largest in twenty -four hours. Beetles and bugs in paper tubes may be dropped into warm water and will be ready for setting in a few minutes ; wasps, bees and flies should be placed in the sand jar to soften. Mr. W. H. Harrington, who uses these tubes extensively for all kinds of insects, finds that specimens can be conveniently relaxed by putting the tubes on a piece of wet blotting paper in the bottom of one saucer with another inverted over the top. The advantage of this plan is that if specimens should be accidently forgotten, or it should be inconvenient to mount them at once, the small amount of moisture soon evaporates, and there is no danger of mould.
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56 Victoria
Sessional Papers (No. 12)
A. 1893
THE MOLE CRICKEr— GRYLLOTALPA BOREALIS.
By E. W. Doran, College Park, Md.
In the Report for last year, page 87, Mr. James Fletcher had an interesting: article on his "pet" mole cricket (Fig. 3.5). At his suggestion I send a few notes upon the larval form of the same species.
On .January 4 last, Mr. A. I. Hayward, connected with our State Experiment Sta- tion, brought me five larvte of the mole cricket, which were found in rather a peculiar situition. He had a number of men putting up ice. The ice had been leraovei from a considerable space, when, wading around in the water with tall rubber boots on, he found the young mole crickets swimming around upon the water. It seems there was no connection between the open space and the land ; besides, as the weather was very cold, they could not live upon or near the surface of the ground.
The only reasonable theory in regard to the matter is that they were buried in the mud at the bottom of the pond, which is a tem- porary one, having been flooded with water only a month or two. The wading through the mud dislodged them, when they at once came to the surface. However, there are some difficulties in the way of accepting this hypothesis. For example : Could the crickets exist bene ith the water in the soft mud so near the surface for so long a time? Westwood says in regard to the European mole cricket, G. vulgaris, that the villose coating of the body and wings appears to protect them from the water. Our species has a similar coating of tine hairs; but in the larvae especially it seems scarcely sufficient to protect it from the efiacts of the water in a prolonged submersion. B^^sides, could it live so long entirely surrounded by water, cut off from the air? They must have been in the thin mud very near the water to have bean thin stirred out. Fig. 35.
They seemed very little affected by the cold or their bath; in fact, they were as " lively as a cricket," and were apparently very much at homa upon the water.
The life history of our American species, G. borealis, seems not to have been studied extensively. At any rate I have been unable to find figures or descriptions of the pre- paratory stages. It is stated that G. vidgtris reqiires three years to come to maturity, and homalis seems to ba very slow in grovvth. Wiien these spacimen-j were taken they were but little more than half an inch in length. They are at this time (March 15) about .7 inches long. In two and a half mouth-j they have increased in length but little over one-tenth of an inch, though they have been kept in a warm room and supplied with plenty of food, consisting chiefly of the roots of growing wheat, earthworms, etc. As the female deposits her eggs in early spring, they are probably nine or ten months old now. The mature insect is an inch and a half long, while these are but little more thin a third as long. Westwood says that vulgaris is inactive in winter. These have been active at all times ; that is, not in any sense torpid, nuv were they when taken.
When I first secured them I put thorn in a jar of earth, and give them no further attention for several days. In the meantime one disappeared, and probably served to satiate the appetite of the rest, as they are known to devour their own kind sometimes when they can obtain no other food.
Since then, in exhibiting another bafore my class, it wasaccidently injured and died. I shall try to rear the remaining three to maturity, and figure the various stages. I cin- not say what stages they have already passed through. The larvae of vulgaris are white before the first moult. These were dark velvety, and had moulted once or twice, I sup- pose. They have not moulted since.
I have written these notes in the hope of ciUing out other observations upon the early staijes of the insect. And I should be glad to know of any one who has studied or figured the preparatory stages.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
THE SONGS OF OUR GRASSHOPPERS AND CRICKETS. By Samuel H. Scudder.
Everyone is familiar in a general way with the sonji;s of our common meadow grasshoppers and of our crickets. But not everyone is aware that much as with birds each different species may ordinarily be distinguished by its peculiar note or call, if sufficiently close attention is paid to it. Moreover, just as one may recognize in a strange song the general group to which a V)ird belongs, so in many cases oiie may tell the group to which a given insect belongs whose note is heard for the first time. Indeed every vocal family of animals utters its distinctive cry. In general the crickets have the high- est pitched notes and the short-horned grasshoppers or Acridians the lowest, the long- horned grasshoppers or Locustarians falling between them.
Thus each large family group of the Saltatorial or stridulating Orthoptera* may be recognized by the peculiar pitch of its note. This is perhaps due to the extent of the delicate vibrating membrane of the wings which is brought into action, since this is largest in the crickets and smallest and much broken in the Acridians.
But there is not infrequently some difficulty in distinguishing the song. Indeed in some cases the notes are too shrill to be heard by some ears ; they are beyond their limits of audition. " Crossing the Wengern Alp with a friend ," writes Tyndall in his work on .Sound, " the grass on each side of the path swarmed with insects, which, to me, rent the air with their shrill chirruping. My friend heard nothing of this, the insect world lying beyond his limit of audition." So when I first went to Europe and heard the song of an Orthopteran new to me, I asked a distinguished student of Ortho;)tera, walking with me by the bush from whence a volume of stridulent song burst forth, what genus it was ; wbut he could hear no sound whatever.
Or a»ain, the notes may be very feeble and be overwhelmed by the volume of other shrillin" in the neighborhood. To distinguish them clearly, one must bring his ear to within a few feet, or even inches, of the insect during its stridulation — a process which requires great caution lest the shyness of the little violinist should overcome his egotistic love of son». The observer must walk quietly toward the sound until it ceases, and wait motionless for its renewal ; the direction of the chirping can then easily be determined, although its distance is deceptive. After drawing an imaginary line towards the spot from whence the sound proceeds, cautious steps must be taken around the arc of a wide circle until another line is fixed at about a right angle to the first, and the location of the son<^ster approximately determined. Then walking quickly but quietly to within five or six feet of the insect, the observer will fall upon his hands and knees, and produce a quill edoe and file, which, on being rubbed together imitate, with great exactness, the note he has just heard. He will begin his mock stridulation after a short delay; at first the sounds must be subdued and separated by considerable intervals, then loud and repeated in quick succession; usually a response is heard before a minute has elapsed, and some- times it comes at once. When the insect has forgotten his fears and begins to stridulate violently, the observer may cease operations and carefully approach him. In this way one can place himself within a few inches of any species living in the grass.
Orthoptera stridulate in four different ways : first, by rubbing the base of one wing- cover upon the other, using for that purpose the veins running through the middle of the wing ; second, by a similar method, but using the veins of the inner part of the win"' third, by rubbing the inner surface of the hind femora against the outer surface of the win(^ covers; and fourth, by rubbing together the upper surface of the front edge of the win«s and the under surface of the wing covers. f The insects which employ the
* Very few other Orthoptera stridulate at all.
t A moditication of this is given below under Dictyopkorun reticulatiM.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A, 1893
fourth method stridulate during flight, the others while at rest. To the first group belong the crickets ; to the second the Locustarians; to the third and fourth certain kinds of Acridians. With few exceptions the males alone stridulate. In general terms one may say :
Crickets shrill and creak.
Locustarians scratch and scrape.
Acridians shuffle, rustle and crackle.
In the following pages we propose to pass in review what is known of our American species in this parLicular, beginning with the crickets and treating th« species in system- atic order. In doing this we shall have occasion to make our statements perhaps a little clearer by the introduction of a few illustrations, in which a peculiar system of musical notation is employed. It should first of all be explained that this is done only to express the time limits of the song and the rapidity of the successive notes. As the notes are always at one pitch (which, when specided, has been determined by the aid of a piccolo flute), there is, properly speaking, no son(/ at all ; but it is to the insect what song is to the bird, and so this tropical use of the word may here be allowed. Each bar represents a second of time, and is occupied by the equivalent of a semibreve; consequently a quarter
note *, or a quarter rest i^ represents a quarter of a second ; a sixteenth note *, or a
sixteenth rest ^, a sixteenth of a second and so on. For convenience's sake I have intro- duced a new form of rest ( '^ or ww ), which indicates silence through the remainder of a measure.
Gryllidae.
Gryllotalpa borealis Burm. This insect, our common mole cricket (Fig. 35, page 61) usually begins its daily chirp at about four o'clock in the afternoon, but stridulates most actively at about dusk. On a cloudy day, however, it may be heard as early as two or three o'clock ; this recognition of the weather is rather remarkable in a burrowing insect, and the more so as it does not appear to come to the suri'ace to stiidulate, but remains in its burrow, usually an inch below the surface of the ground. The European mole cricket (Gri/llotulpa vulgaris), is said to chirp both within its burrow and at its mouth {pltrumque sub terra, Fischer says), and it may be that our species sometimes seeks the air in chanting ; but the chirp, as far as I have heard it, always has a unifoimly subdued tone, as if produced in some hidden recess. Fischer says that the European species which is twice as large as ours, cannot be heard more than from one hundred and fitty to two hundred feet (?.f/^ra spatium 20-30 passuum). Ours, when certainly beneath the surface, is easily distinguished at a distance of five rods ; and one would presume that it could be heard, if above ground, nearly twice as far away. Its chirp is a guttural sort of sound, like grii or greeu, repeated in a trill indefinitely, but seldom for more than two or
grfi grfi grfi grn grfl prO grft gn"i pnl grft
1— #-#-«-#-#-«-• -)-#-« '•-•-^-♦-f-'-^-'-f-f-'-f -t-j-'-f-f -•"•f-j-j rf~f """"
ni^^i ^^i/ti ^1 ^^i r^i^i ^/^i w>i \><'\ ui^^n \f
Fijnire 36— Note of (Iryllotalpa borealis.
three minutes, and often for less time. It is pitched at two octavos above middle 0, and the notes are usually repeated at the rate of about 130 or 135 per minute, sometimes, when manv are singing, even as rapidly as 150 per minute. Often, when it first begins to chirp it gives a single ]>rolonged trill of more slowly repeated notes, when the compotsile chir- acter of the chirp is much more readily detected, and afterward is quiet for a long time. When most actively chirping, however, the beginning of a strain is less vigorous than its full swell, and the notes are then repeated at the rate of about TJO per minute; it fiteadily gains its normal velocity. Zetterstedt compares the chirp of the European species
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
to the song of Hijla arborea. The note of our own sounds like the distant croaking of toads (Bufo), at spawning season, but is somewhat fpel)ler. McNeill says he has "been struck with the resemblance of its note to that of CEcanthu^ niveus. To my ear the only dis- cernible diflerence is that of pitch*. This song is a simple chirp, very low in pitch for an Oi tliopteran, repeated at intervals of about a second." I have also observed its resem- to that of Q^^canthus, where the latter is heard at some distance.
Gryllus negl^^ctus Scudd. The note of this common cricket, which Saussnre regards as only a form of G. pejivsi/lvanicus Burm, is cr-rvr-ri, or crrri, or krrrd; the rapidity with which it is uttered seems to vary very much even in a single strain by one insect. Sometimes the notes are produced as slowly as two per second, but they may be twice as rapi i ; the mean seems to be the usual rate. The note is sharp and shrill and is apparently pitched at E natural, two octaves above middle C.
crrri crrri crrri crrrl crrrl
Fig. 37. — Note of Gryllus neglecfcus.
In listening one night in midsummer to the chirping of insects, I heard two choirs, one on either side of me, separated by a garden fence. The individuals of each chirped together at the rate of about two notes per second, but whether owing to the influence of a warmer situation, or a fuller exposure to the moonlight, one choir invariably chirped a trifle faster than the other, and fourteen seconds elapsed between the perfect accord of the choirs and their complete discord ; from this, fourteen seconds more to their iormer synchronism. These cycles occurred twice per minute, and followed each other^with remarkable regularity for about an hour.
The fiist notes of Gryllus (species undetermined), were heard in Cambridge, Ma.ss,, in 1867, on June 15 ; in 1868 on June 13 ; but in 1880 (if Nemobius was not mistaken for it), on May 16, I think that in JNew England all fully developed males that go into hibernation die during the winter and that the earliest stridulation comes from those which have hibernated as pupae.
I may add that when in Cairo, Egypt, early in the month of November, I heard a Gryllus chirping in the early evening when the thermometer was about 67° Falir. at the rate of about 230 notes per minute ; when three weeks later at the same hour, the thermometer standing at 61'^ Fahr., the notes were produced by what, was apparently the same insect at the rate of only 130 per minute.
Nemohiusvittalvs Harr. The chirp of this cricket is very similar to that of Gryllus and can best be expressed by ru or rruu, pronounced as though it were a French word.
|
ru ru ru ru ru ru ru |
^- |
ru |
•> ^ |
ru ru ru ru |
ruru |
||
|
^ tr |
tr ru ru ru |
ru |
a *1 |
||||
|
ru ru ru ru ru ru |
1 T ti |
1 |
ru |
' |
ru |
||
|
tr |
fr |
||||||
|
f f f'T T T |
' t |
t |
r * r |
r |
1 " |
Fig. 38, Note of Nemobius vittatus.
The note is trilled forcibly and lasts a variable length of time ; sometimes 'for.'several secoijds, at others it is reduced to a short sharp click.
I once observed one of these insects singing to its mate. At 'first the song was mild and liequently broken ; afterward it grew impetuous, forcible and more prolonged; then it (leci eased in volume and extent till it became quite soft and feeble. At this time the male began to approach the female, uttering a series of twittering chirps ; the female ran
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
away, and the male, after a short chase, returned to his old haunt, singing with the same vigor as before, but with more frequent pauses ; at last, finding all persuasion unavailing he brought his serenade to a close. The pauses of his song wer j almost instantly follow ed by a peculiar jerk of the body ; it consisted of an impulsive movement backward, and then as suddenly forward, and was accompanied by a corresponding movement of the antennte together and then apart. The female was near enough to be touched by the antenniB of the male during the first movement, and usually started in a nearly similar way as soon as touched.
The tegmina of the male are held at an angle of about twenty degrees from the body during stridulation, and perhaps at a slightly greater angle from each other. Even when most violent, the sound is produced by the friction of the inner edges of the teg- mina only, and not by the whole surface.
In different years I have noted the first time in spring that I have heard this creature stridulate in the vicinity of Bost.^n, Mass. In 1869, June 13 ; 1874, May 31 ; 1875, May 26 (and the same year at Compton. N.H., June 1); 1878, May 18 (on the summit of Blue Hill, Milton); 1879, May 31. July and August, 1867, were spent north of the White M' untains, at Jefferson, N.H., and no Nemobius was heard there before Aug. 7.
Mr. W. T. Davis says that on Stiten Island there is a s nail form of this species, p 3rhaps distinct, in which the stridulation is " a continuous rolling whirr, instead of the ordinary creak, creak, creak.'^
Nemobius fasciatus Scudd. I have noticed no difference between the chi-p of this species and that of the preceding, of which it is probably only a long winged form.
CEcanthus niveus Serv. The song of the common tree cricket (F)g. 39), consists of a conlinuously sustained, equable, creaking roll, which varies much in intensity and differs by day and hy night. Dr. Harris speaks only of their song by night, remarking : "When arrived at maturity the males begin their nocturnal serenades at the approach of twilight and continue it with little or no intermission till the dawn of day. Should one of these little musicians get adtuission to the chamber, his incessant and loud shrilling will etiectually banish sleep."
The day .song of this insect is exceedingly shrill, and may be re- presented by the accompanying figure, though the notes vary in rapidity ; when slowest they are about sixteen a second. The song is of varied length, sometimes lasting but two or three seconds, sometimes con- tinuing for a minute or two uninterruptedly ; it i- a nearly unirorm, equally sustained trill, but the insect often begins its note at adillerent pitch from the normal one — the fourth F above middle C — as if it required a little practice to attain it. When singing tlie tegmina are raised at fully' a right angle to the body. The night song consists of t/irrr repeated incessantly, three parts of song and one of rest in every three seconds.
■^ ;; ;^ ^ !;; 5; ^ j5 1 ^ ^ s^ ^ :} :;; ^ u! ^ j; ^ 5^ s^ ^ ^ :J 1 5; c^ jj s^
//• —
Fig. 40. Note 3f (Ecanthus niveus by day.
McNeill remarks that the day song indicated by the musical notation given above " seems to be the song of fasciatus, while the night song certainly resembles that of angustipi'iinis more than the song of niveus." These different species were not recognized by me when I made my earliest note.s, represented by the notation above, so that a revision of the "score" of our LEcanthus "leems desirable. 5 (en.) 65
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A 1893
Davis describes the note of this species as a " beat, beat, pulsating sound." Riley says the chirp "is intermittent, resembling a shrill ' re teat, re-teat, re-teat^ with a slight
tlirrr -------------------------
' ------ i-r tlirrr ------ ^
II " etc. (Ic i:<)v<) -0 • 0—0—^mm\'0~0 • ^ '^ ^ -^i 'i^ b t^
Fig. 41. Note of CEcanthus niveus by night.
Tiause between each." McNeill calls it " the well-known trrr-ree, trrr-ree, repeated with- out variation or pause sixty or seventy times a minute," or as he says in another place " t.r-r — r-e-e, t-r-r — r-e-e, repeated, . . .about seventy times in a minute," and adds :
"Ln the vicinity of Davenport, Iowa, this song is heard as early as the twenty-third of July and it ci«ntimies until the persistent little songsters are killed by the heavy frosts of the late fall. 1 his song is hear d only at night and occasionally on cloudy days, but in the latter case it is only an isolated song and never the full chorus of the night song produced by many wings whose vibration in exact unison produces that characteristic 'rhythmic beat' — as Burroughs has happily phrased it. It is this effect of many united songs that has lead the same author to speak of 'purring' crickets. Thoreau calls it the 'slumbrous breathing' and the 'intenser dream' of crickets, but Hawthorne has given it a more spiritual interpretation than either Burroughs or Thoreau. He describes it as an 'audible stillness,' and declares if ' moonlight could be heard, it would sound like that.' "
Fitch writesof this insect in New York as follows: "In the southern part of our State the song of the flower cricket begins to be heard as early as the first of August, but it is a week later before it commences in the vicinity of Albany, and later still in the more northern parts of thr State. Perched among the thick foliage of a grape vine or other shrubbery, some feet up from the ground, and as already stated, remaining in the same spot day after day, its song begins soon after sunset and before the duskiness of twilight arrives. It is distinctly heard at a distance of several rods, and the songster is always farther off than is supposed. Though dozens of other crickets and katydids are shrilling on every side at the same time, the peculiar note of this cricket is at once distinguished from all the rest, consisting of repetitions of a single syllable, slowly uttered, in a monotonous, melan- choly tone, with a slight pause between. The children regard the cricket as no votary of the temperance cause ;,they understand its song to consist of the words treat — treat — treat — treat, which words, slowly uttered, do so closely resemble its notes that they will at once recall them to the recollection of almost every reader. And the song is thus continued without the slightest variation and without any cessation, I think, the whole nic'ht through. I, however, have sometimes heard it at the first commencement of its evening serenade uttering three syllables resembling the words treat, treat, two ; treat, treat, two — as though the songster was supplicating a libation for his voiceless mate as well as himself — a longer pause following each third note. This prelude is probably performed in limbering or otherwise adjusting his organs, preparatory to performing the regular carol, which is struck into in a iew moments."
(Ecanthus fasoiatus Fitch. Of this species McNeill says : "The song is a high trill continuing usually for several minutes with the intervals between the trills of very irregular length. It sings all day as well as all night, apparently in th- bright sunshine as well as on cloudy days and in the dusk of evening." Davis calls the song "a long and comparatively loud, continuous whirr often lasting several minutes." My notes, which probably refer to this species, make the chirp to be at a somewhat lower pitch than that given by me for the preceding species, namely, at the third B above middle 0, and the song itself is described as more rapid and vigorous. See also the rotes under CE. niveuti.
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
Oecanthus latipennis Riley. Riley describes the note as follows : " The shrill cry of Ittipennis is continuous and recalls the trilling of a high-pitched dog-whistle in tho distance. The key varies, however, and is sometimes much less high and more musical than at others. The commingled shrills of the species recall also the distant croaking of frogs in the spring. The broad wings are thoroughly elevated during the act, or even bent forward, and the vibration is so rapid that there appears to be no motion." McNeill says : " Its song has been described as a ' continuous, high-keyed trill, continued for fifteen minutes or more.' This is exactly the song oi/a^ciatus. Since there has been so much confusion in the species of this genus, there is a chance that the song described above is mistakenly referred to latipennis."
Oecanthus angusbipennis Fitch. McNeill says of this species, that it " has a song which resembles that oifasciatus in some degree, but it is very much fainter and lasts for about hve seconds, with an equal interval between the trills." Davis says its song is *■' a faint continuous whirr, lasting only about five seconds, with an equal interval of rest." See also the notes under (E. niveus.
Anaxipha exigua (Say). Perhaps the same as A. pulicaria (Burm.) The only one who has spoken of its song is Davis, who simply says it " has a particular silvery tone."
Orocharis saltcUrix Uhl. Riley writes : " The stridulation of this cricket is a rather soft and musical piping of not quite half a second's duration, with from four to six trills, but so rapid that they are lost in the distance. The key is very high, but varies in different individuals and according to moisture and temperature. It most resembles the vibrating touch of the finger on the rim of an ordinary tumbler when three-fourths filled with water, repeated at intervals of from two to four per second, and may be very well likened to the piping of a young chick and of some tree frogs. As the species is very common in the south-west, its chirp is everywhere heard, and is so distinctive that when once studied it is never lost amid the louder racket of the katydids and other night choristers. It is also frequently heard during the day time when the weather is damp and cloudy."
LOCUSTIDAE.
" These," writes Riley, " are the meriy choristers that make our woods and valleys ring with their pleasant songs daring the evenings of Lite summer and early fall. They are chiefly nocturnal in their habits, but not entirely so, for each afternoon during the courting time, and long before the sun has disappeared in the wast, a few of them may be seen flying about from place to place, while others are occasionally heard in their retreats as though tuning their instruments prejKiratory to the grand evening cjncert."
tScuclderia any usti folia, (Harr). This insect is more noisy by nigiit than by day, and the songs differ considerably at these two times. The day song is given only during Buiiahine, the other by night and in cloudy weather. I first noticed this while watching one of these little creatures close beside me. As a cloud passed over the sun, he suddenly changed his note to one with which I was already familiar, but without knowing to what insect it belonged. At the same time all the individuals around,
IJzrAvT bzn\I bznvi
\-rt'—\ — |-rr-
Fig. 42. — Note of Scudderia aiigii.stifolia by day.
whose similar day song I had heard, began to respond with the night cry. The cloud passed away and the original note was resumed on all siiles. Judging that they pre- ferred the night song to that of the day from their increased stridulation during the former period, I imitated the night song during sunshine, aud obtained an immediate response in the same language. The e-xperimont provod that tiie insects could hear as well as sing. So on another day, at 4 p.m., the sun suddenly beclouded, 1 heard four or
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five individuals close beside me immediately change their note from the day call to the night call.
This species is exceedingly shy, and the observer must be patient who would hold converse with it. One insect which I had disturbed and beside which I was standing could not at first decide to resume his song ; he was afraid of the intruder, but, enticed by a neighboring songster, gave utterance several times to a barely discernible short
tchw tchw icbw tcbw tchw tcliw tcbw tcliw
Fig. 43. — Note of Scudderia angustifolia by night.
click or ti ; after five or six of these efforts his desires overcame his fears. The note by day is tzip or bzrwl, and lasts for a third of a second. The night song consists of a repetition, ordinarily eight times, of a note which sounds like tchw. It is repeated at the rate of five times in three-quarters of a second, making each note half the length of the day note.
In 1867 this species and Orchelimum vulgare were the first Locustarians to sing at Jefferson, N.H., where I first heard them on July 28.
This species is the Phaneroptera curvicauda of my previous notes on stridulation.
Scudderia curvicauda (DeGeer) — Of this species Riley writes : " The shrill of the male is by no means so loud as of the oblong-winged species \^Amhiycoryplia oblongifolia\, in which its sound is always drowned in the woods. It consists of a softer zeep, zeep, sometimes uttered singly, but generally thrice in succession. The call is occasionally responded to by a faint chirp from the females, produced by stretching out their wings as if for flight, and is as often heard in the day as at night."
McNeill says : " Its note is not generally heard until the middle of the afternoon. The note cannot be supposed to represent more than the first two syllables of the ' Katy- did' or ' Katy-didn't ' of its congeners. It is made but once and the rasping, jerky sound has been very well represented by Mr. Scudder as hzrwiy" (but this refers properly to S. angustifolia, as noted above).
Scudderia /areata Brunn. McNeill says that the note of this species is indistin- guishable from that of the preceding species, but is much less frequently heard.
Anihliicorypha ohlongifolia (DeGeer) Stal. Harris says of this insect that " when it flies it makes a whizzing noise somewhat like that of a weaver's shuttle," but the noise is very feeble and subdued. He adds : " The notes of the male, though grating, are comparatively feeble." I have not studied its note attentively, and only recorded that according to my then recollection it gave three rapid notes in succession like the true katydid, but feeble. One observed subsequently, confined in the house, emitted two
notes close together every few seconds, resembling tch-tch. McNeill also says that " its note is a quick shuffling sound which resembles ' Katy ' or ' Katy-did ' very slightly."
Amblycorypha Scudderae Brun. — Bruner says : " Like ohlongifolia, this katydid produces the peculiar chick chick noise which is so characteristic a sound j in our groves during the months of August and September."
chic - a - chee chic - a - chee
Tirrn-'-'-'"'-'rrr^^
. . . ^
^ ^ ^ • • /
Fig. 44. — Note of Amblycorypha rotundifolia.
Amblycorypha rotundifolia Scudd. — This insect siridulates both by day and by night and without variation. The song consists of from two to four ^notes — almost
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• 'Pi ^
■ '[Fi>f.'45.— 1, represents the mature winged Katydid, Afirrocrntrum rrtitirrri.i : lb, the
immature young ; la and 21>, the eggs, deposited on twigs and loaves. overla|)|)ing each other ; 2 and 2a, a small chalcid Hy parasitic on th«' eggs, Eiiprimm mirahilis Walsh.]
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invariably three and almost never four — sounding like chk-a-chee, repeated rapidly so as to be almost confounded, and when three requiring just one-third of a second ; the song is repeated at will, generally once in about five seconds for an indefinite length of time.
Microcentrum laurifolium (Linn.) McNeill says the note of this grasshopper •' may be represented by the syllable tic repeated from eight to twenty times at the rate of about four to the second."
Microcentrum retinervis (Burm). Fig;. 45, Riley gives an admirable account of this insect in his Sixth Missouri Report, from which the following statement regarding its song is taken :
" The first notes from this katydid are heard about the middle of July and the species is in full song by the first of August. The wing covers are partly opened by a sudden jerk, and the notes produced by a gradual closing of the same. The song consist* of a series of from twenty-five to thirty raspings, as of a stiff quill drawn across a coarse file. There are about five of these raspings or trills per second, all alike, and with equal intervals, except the last two or three, which, with the closing of the wing-covers, run into each other. The whole strongly recalls the slow turning of a child's wooden rattle, ending by a sudden jerk of the same ; and this prolonged rattling, which is peculiar to the male, is universally and instantly answered by a single sharp ^chirp' or ' tschick' front one or more females, who produce the sound by a sudden upward jerk of the wings."
" Both sexes are for the most part silent during the day, but during the period of their greatest activity their stridulations are never for an hour remitted, from the time the great setting sun hides behind the purple curtains of the west till he begins to shed his scarlet rays in the east — the species being so numerous that the sound as it comee
from the woods is one continuous rattling, not unlike the croaking of the frog, but set to a higher key. • • • I have noticed no particular difference in the day and night note, except in the greater intensity of the latter.**
Davis says of the same species that it " produces two somewhat different songs, or perhaps more correctly, varies the same song in time or extent of utterance, so that unless the same individual is listened to for some time, the notes might be attributed to difierent species."
Cyrtophyllus concavus (Harr.) Since 1 began to study the character of the notes produced by different species of Orthoptera, it has been my fortune to hear that of this the true katydid (Fig. 46) but once or twice. This insect lives in tree tops, one or two only in a tree, in little colonies scattered here and there over most of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. One such colony I encountered in the heart of the city of Spring- field, Mass., and spent an evening endeavoring to reduce the notes to scale. The insects which I observed were from fifteen to twenty rods distant, perched in the tops of maple, jherry and elm trees, not far above my window. They ordinarily call " Katy," or say " She did " rather than " Katy did ; " that is, they rasp their fore wings twice, more frequently than thrice ; th.'^se two notes are of equal (and extraordinary) emphasis, the latter about one-quarter longer than the former ; or, if three notes are given, the first and second are alike and a little shorter than the last ; the notes are repeated at the rate of two hundred per minute ; and while the interval between two series of notes varies to a certain degree, it is seldom greater than two and one-third seconds, or less than a second and a quarter ; usually it is between one and seven-eighths and two seconds.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
The note, which sounds like xr, has a shocking lack of melody ; the poets who have sung its praises must have heard it at the distance that lends enchantment ; in close proxi- mity the sound is excessively rasping and grating, louder and hoarser than I have heard
Fig. 47.— Note of Cyrtophyllus concavuB.
»—«-—• — »- <;• -^ i»— i — » — • — g^ — #— g' }■ 9 — •—0—»' — -v-
from any other of the Locustarians in America or in Europe, and the Locustarians are the noisiest of all Orthoptera. Since these creatures are abundant wherever they occur, the noise produced by them, on an evening specially favorable to their song, is most discordant. Usually, as I have said, the r otes are two in number, rapidly repeated at short intervals ; perhaps nine out of ten will ordinarily give this number ; but occasionally a stubborn insect persists in sounding the triple note ; and as katydids appear desiroug of defiantly answering their neighbors in the same measure, the proximity of a treble- voiced songster demoralizes a whole neighborhood, and a curious medley results ; notes from some individuals may then be heard all the while, scarcely a moment's time inter- vening between their stridulations, some nearer, others at a greater distance ; so that tlie air is filled by these noisy troubadours with an indescribably confused and grating clatter. This renders special observation of the notes of any individual all the more difficult, and it is onlv by great patience and careful selection that it can be accomplished, unless one places himself upon the outskirts of a colony.
Harris gave us the first account of this insects' song. He says in his classical Report : " The musical organs of the male consist of a pair of taborets. They are formed by a thin and transparent me\nbrane stretched in a strong half-oval frame in the triangular overlapping portion of each wing cover. During the day time those insects are silent, and conceal themselves amongst the leaves of trees ; but at night they quit their lurking places, and the joyous males begin the tell-tale call witli which they enliven their silent mates. This proceeds from the friction of the taboret frames against each other when the wing covers are opened and shut, and consists of two or three distinct notes almost exactly resembling articulated sounds, and corresponding with the number of times the wing covers are opened and shut; and the notes are repeated at intervals of a few minutes, for hours together. The mechanism of the taborets, and the concavity of the wing covers, reverberate and increase the sound to such a degree, that it may be heard, in the stillne.ss of the night, at the distance of a quarter of a mile. At the approach of twilight the katydid mounts to the upper branches of the tree in which he lives, and as soon as the shades of evening prevail, begins his noisy babble, while rival notes issue from the neighboring trees and the groves resound with the call of ' Katy-did, she-did ' the livelong night."
McNeill writes of it in Illinois : " This is the true ' katydid,' common wherever there are trees. Its song i^i better known, and the insect itself less known, because of its arboreal habit.'?, than either of the other katydids. This species moves about so little, that it is not unlikely that in many cases an individual spends its whole life upon a single tree. I have listened to the song of one katydid on a certain tr<?e every evening for more than two months. I have noticed repeatedly that on any evening when they are singing, there are the same number of individuals as indicated by the number of songs. • • • So far as I know this is the only species of Orthoptera in which the male is not smaller and more active than the female. It is thu only green-wingpd Locustid with which I am acquainted that does not have the wings longer than the elytra. These facts are not improbably mutually related. It may be surmised that, in the evolution of species, the ^katydid that developed in the greatest degree its musical apparatus had the least need of hunting up his i)artner when the mating season came round, and as it was so well protected by its form and c )lor and arboreal habits as to
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have little need of wings, these organs have gradually degenerated into a musical and protective apparatus. As the male was released from the necessity of hunting up the female, he would naturally lose after a time his slighter but more active body ; it is easy to see how arboreal habits once acquired may react upon the entire organization."
— rt
clnvi chwl chwl chwl chwi chwi chwT chwl chwi chwl -•- 0~ 0- 0 ' \-0 ' #- 0 # • 0- 0-\-0-
• ^ y y ^ y ^ ^ '^ ^
chwi cliwl chwT cliwi chwi chwl chwl chwi chwi chwi chwi — 0^ #• 0'- 0' 0 — I — 0 0'- 0^ 0'- #-• — ^iJ — »_i-_
• ^ • / i/l^ U '^ / -^ i^>
Fig. 48. Note of Conocephalus ensiger.
Fernald says : " I cannot imagine what ingenious person first discovered that their song resembled the words " Katy did," instead of some other words ; for many persona besides myself fail, upon hearing them for the first time, to recognize them by their sound."
Conocephalus ensiger Harr. This insect has but a single song and stridulates only by night or during cloudy weather ; it begins its song as soon as the sky is obscured or the sun is near the horizon ; it begins with a note like hrio, then pauses an instant and immediately emits a rapid succession of sounds like chwl at the rate of about five per second, and continues them for an unlimited time. Either the rapidity of the notes is variable, becoming sometimes as frequent as twenty-three in three seconds, or else there is some deceptive character in its song. In a number of instances I have counted the notes as rapid as the highest rate given above, but on a nearer approach to verify them the rate was invariably reduced to five per second ; it is doubtful whether this was due to alarm at my approach, for this is one of the least shy of our Locustarians.
McNeill says " its song is a loud rasping zip-zip-zip repeated indefinitely. It does not begin to sing until dark," and in another place he compares the song to the first staccato part of the song of Orchelimum vulgare.
Davis writes of it on Staten Island that it is the first Conocephalus to be heard, " and with ik-ik-ik, as if sharpening', a saw, enlivens low bushes and particularly the com patch. This insect seems to especially delight in perching near the top of a corn-stalk and there giving forth its rather impulsive song. I have often watched one crawl, with many a spiral turn, up the stem, fiddling all the while. My notes on its first heard stridu- lation show considerable uniformity^ and the average date may be taken as July 15."
Conocephalus nebrascensis Brun. Of this species McNeill writes : " If ensiger may be said to sing the first part of the song of Orckelimum vulgare, the well-known zip-zip- zip-ze-e-e-e, nebraftcensis may be said with equal truth to sing the last part of the song, that represented by the ze-e-e-e ; but the sound is much more resonant, being really in quality much more like the song of a C'cada, but not so loud and without a swell. It begins to sing earlier in the evening than ensiger."
Conocephalus robustus Scudd. This grasshopper is exceedingly noisy and sings equally, and I believe similarly, by day and night. The song resembles that of the harvest fly Cicada canicularih. It often lasts for many minutes, and seems, at a distance, to be quite uniform ; on a nearer approach, one can hear it swelling and decreasing in volume, while there is a corresponding muscular movement from the front of the abdomen backward, two and a half times a second. This is accompanied by a buzzing sound, quite audible near at hand ; it resembles the humming of a bee, or the droning of a bagpipe.
McNeil says of this species that " its song is indistinguishable from that of dissimilis,"
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but the song of the latter has never been described as far as I know * ; perhaps he means that of C. nebrascensis, which is described by him, as above, in the same paper and which it certainly resembles, to judge from the description. He says further that C. robustus " lives both upon trees and in the '^grass ; but while its song may be heard in the grass while the sun is high, I have never heard it from trees until after dark." I have never found it in ^[assachusetts except in grass or in corn-fields.
Davis says of it on Staten Island that it " resides for the most part mid the grass on sandy ground near the sea shore, though an occasional individual finds its way inland. Along the sea beach they stridulate in early afternoon, especially if slightly cloudy, and when approached they have a curious fashion of dropping. to the ground."
Conocephalus exiliscanorus Davis. " Its stridulation," says Davis, " as well as it s form, resembles that of ensiger more than any other native Oonocephalus. We canno^ count with any accuracy in ensiger the number of times one wing is drawn over the other as indicated by the rise and subsidence in the song, but exiliscanorus is such a slow singer that this estimate can be easily made, one wing being rubbed on the other about one hun- dred and fifteen times in a minute." And in another place : " The sound produced when stridulating is very faint, not louder than that made by Grxjllus abb-'-eviatus, and I was much surprised to hear such a faint song come from so large an insect. I have, in conse- quence of this faint song, named it the ' slightly musical " Conocephalus."
OrcJielimum nigripes Scudd. McNeill says the song of this species " is difficult to distinguish with certainty from that of vulrjare, but usually the zip-zip is repeated once or twice very rapidly and the ze-e-e-e-e does not continue so long. The earliest recorded date for it here [Illinois] is the 1st of August."
Orchelimum silvaticum McNeill. " Its stridulation," says McNeill, " is quite distinct from that of vulgare. It consists of the same two elements, but the zip is repeated many times very rapidly so as to make almost a continuous sound and the ze-e-e-e is compara- tively short and very constant, lasting about eight seconds. The first part of the song lasts from three to five seconds."
Orcheliimcm volantum McNeill. McNeill says of this : " The song has a new note in it. It may he represented as follows : zip-zip kr-ze-e-e kr-ze-e-e, the last part of the song not lasting more than a half to three- quarters of a second and is always preceded by the sound which I represent imperfectly by kr."
Orchelimum vulgare Harr. With Scadderin angustifolia this is the earliest Locua- tarian to sing in northern New Hampshire ; one year it sang there for the first time on July 28 ; the following year I heard it in the vicinity of Boston July 15. When about to sing on a hot, sunn}' day, the male mounts a stalk of grass to about a foot from the ground where it clings with its four front legs, allowing its hind legs to dangle on either side the stalk that they may not interfere with the movement of the tegmina. Its song is more com- plicated than that of our other Locustarians. Beginning with ts it changes almost instantly into a a trill of zr ; at first there is a crescendo movement which reaches its volume in half a second ; the trill is then sustained for a period varying from one to twenty seconds (generally from six to eight seconds), and closes abruptly with p. This strain is followed by a series of very short staccato notes sounding like,///; .' repeated at half second intervals ; the staccato notes and the trill alternate ad libitum. The staccato notes may be continued almost indefinitely, but are very rarely heard more than ten times in direct succession ; it ordinarily occurs three or four times before the repetition of the phrase, but not more than two or three times when the phrase is not repeated. I have known it to bo entirely omit- ted, even before the repetition of a phrase. The interval between the last jip ! and the recommencement of the phrase never exceeds one quarter of a second. The night song differs from that of the day in the rarer occurrence of the intermediate notes and the less rapid trill of the phrase ; the pitch of both is at B fiat.
•Davis says of C dinghnifis : " I liave found this inject stridulating when its head was gone, picked off perhaps by some vagrant chick !"
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Harris savs of it : " During the evening, and even at other times in shady place* the males make a sharp clicking noise, somewhat like that produced by snapping the point of a pen against the thumb nail, but much louder."
ts-
-f-0-0-0
i
/r_ .,..,.....
9-0 0-0 0-0-0-0 0 #
-0-0-0-0-0-0
ir
'0-0-0-0 0-0-0 0
.up Jip Jip JIP J>P Jip
fr^^.
0-9 V » 9 9 »-e a o » 0
|
2X - |
|||
|
tr ^^^^ . |
X-*-,*^,^'-*'-*^-^ |
||
|
-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0 |
"^0^0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-^ |
:jll: |
|
|
=d |
|||
|
.-n iiD |
|||
|
trrrr ^ — |
'-fi'i^i-i-i^-i |
i-0-0-0-0 ^ 0 T' |
Fig. 49. Note of Orchelimum vulgare.
McNeill, writing of Illinois, says : " I have heard its note as early as the 21st of July. Its song is the familiar zip-zip-zip-zip-ze-e-e-e. The staccato first part is repeated about four times, usually about twice a second ; the ze-e-e-e continues from two or three to wenty or more seconds."
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
Xiphidium fasciatum Serv. The note of this species resembles that of an Orchelimum, but is very faint. McNeill says of it : " Its song is a faint echo of that of Orchelimum vulgare with the zip-zip omitted. ... Its faint little quaver is the first note of the great chorus that sounds in all the meadows from the first of August until the first of October or until cold weather."
Xiphidium nemoraJe Scudd. " The song," says McNeill, '* is louder than that of fasciatum ; it consists of two parts, the first a short abrupt note which is very well repre- sented by the syllable zip, the second is the familiar ze-e-e which lasts about half a second and is made from one to five times ; the zip is not repeated."
ACRIDIDAE.
Dictyophonis reticulatus. Many years ago I received a couple of females of this bulky species alive from the south and kept one of them for some time. In the sunshine she stridulated by raising her tegmina directly upward against the half opened wings, making a rough scratching sound which was repeated rather rapidly, but variably, frora two to ten times.
Subsequently Dr. Shufeldt figured this insect in Science (vol. 2) and gaye an inter- esting account of it from observations in southern Louisiana. He says : " The only sound that I ever heard this grasshopper give vent to is now indulged in by the male. It con- sists simply of a series of pecular hisses (this word expresses it better than anything else) and is only heard when we seize and handle one of them, or during their mating. The sound seems to be produced largely by the [fore] wings ; for these members are elevated at this time, as I have shown them in my plate, where the male exhibits his beautiful hind-wings, — a relief to his otherwise sombre tints that is only to be experienced on such occasions." And later : " Whatever part of the entertainment these sable gentlemen [th^ males] entered in+o, they constantly kept up a very audible buzzing racket with their [fore] wings, which they elevated and lowered at few seconds' intervals, showing the inferior carmine pair each time they did so, with telling effect."
Melanoplus femur-ruhrun. At Andover, Mass., I once observed on Oct. 5 a pair of this species, male and female, near together alternately answering each other with a slight quick movement of the hind legs on the tegmina as if in stridulation. I made no note of whether any sound was actually produced and do not now recall any.
Chlo'ealtis conspersa Harr. The song of this insect is of varied rapidity, according to the amount of sunshine ; in the sun this insect makes from nine to twelve notes, at the rate of fifty-three in fifteen seconds ; the usual number of notes is ten. In the shade the
Fig. 50. — Note of Chloealtia conspersa in the sun.
rate falls to forty-three in fifteen seconds, the number of notes remaining the samr. The femur is evidently scraped gently upon the tegmina to produce the sound, for frequently, at the beginning, two or three noiseless movements are made, the leg failing
Fig. 51. — Note of Cbloealtis conspersa in the shade.
to touch the tegmina. I once found three males singing to a single female, who was busily engaged laying eggs in a stick of wood, her abdomen plunged into a hole she had bored to the depth of half an inch ; two of the males were near enough each other to cross antennae.
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Stenobothrus curtipennis Scudd. When about to stridulate, these insects place them selves in a nearly horizontal position, with the head a little elevated ; they then raise both hind legs together, the hind tibiae bent back enugly against the femora during the movement, and grate the thighs against the outer surface of the tegmina. The first one
Fig. 52. — Note of Stenobothrus curtipennis.
or two movements are frequently noiseless or faint. In sunny weather the notes are produced at the rate of about six a second, are continued from one and a half to two and a half seconds, and when undisturbed are repeated with intermissions of from five to six seconds. ? |When the sky is overcast, the movements are less rapid.
Gomphocerus sp. *' The males of several species of this genus," says Riley, " pro- duce a loud rattling or hissing sound, somewhat resembling the rattle of the large gray rattlesnake, by rubbing the inside of the thighs against the elytra." The reverse resem- blance is indeed so close that I once stooped to search for the stridulator when I heard the warning of a rattlesnake, but fortunately discovered my error in time to withdraw precipitately. In an undetermined species discovered near Georgetown, Colorado, July 17, the note sounded like tch, repeated with exceeding rapidity, while the legs moved very quickly over a very short arc ; the repetition was so rapid as to seem like one note, and it lasted from one to two and a half seconds ; it was always fainter at the start and strongest just before the end.
Bootettix argentatus Brun. Bruner says this insect produces " a sharp stridulating sound," resembling '' that produced by some of the Stenobothri."
Arcyj)tera gracilis Scudd. This is a very shy insect, but it stridulates more loudly than other^Tryxalinae ; its note can be heard at a distance of fifty feet. It usually makes four notes, but the number is sometimes greater. The first, a quarter of a second in
Fig. 53.— Note of Arcyptera gracilis.
length, is duller than the others, and is followed by a pause of a quarter of a second ; the other note.s are of the same length, but sharply sounded and follow each other rapidly.
Arphia sidphurea (Burm) Stal. This insect sometimes crackles when flying, but undoubtedly the power of doing so is under control.
Chimarocephala viridifasciata (DeGeer) Scudd. This insect usually produces a shuff- ling or rattling sound uniformly during the whole of its undeviating flight ; but the power of making the sound is apparently under control, for it may be frightened into silence.
EncoptolopJms sordidus (Burm). Precisely the same may be said of this species as of the preceding.
Tropidoloplius formosus (Say) ThoDi. This crested locust has a short, rather feeble straight flight of about three or four rods in length, the insect rising at once to a height of about six or eight feet from the ground and gradually settling, going with the wind, the distance of its flight being partly determined by the foree of the same. During this flight it makes, as if it were not at all under control, a continuous and regular very subdued clicking sound, like the very rapid but somewhat muffled ticking of a watch.
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Dissosteira Carolina (Linn). Townsend describes what he regards as an act of court- ship in this species, as follows : " On the 14th of August last, in the afternoon. I saw one of this species fly up from the dry parched grass, and remain nearly stationary about two feet in the air for some time, by means of a rapid beating of the wings. Presently it flew back to the ground. In a few minutes another one, which had witnessed the performance at a short distance, flew quickly over and alighted by the side of the performer. They ran by each other several times, occasionally touching each other, but did not make auy further manifestations, and finally the last one flew away, leaving the other motionless in the withered grass. Though it is probable that the females are attracted by these perform- ances of the males, and that the males vie with each other in their exhibitions, still I think that the two just spoken of v/ere both males, and were disposed to tight from a feeling of rivalry, the one that flew off having been beaten."
" On the 24th of the month I noticed the same thing over again. An individual per- formed three times in succession, and then another alighted on the ground by its side ; they ran by each other several times, apparently clasping, probably in conflict, for I am quite sure they were both males. At last one of them flew away, and the other soon after renewed the performing. I regret to say that I did not capture specimens to ascertain the sex ; but, judging from size, I do not think I have seen any but the males taking active part in the aerial exhibitions. In going through with the performance they rise at first generally about three or four feet, making a light purring or beating sound, and then, rising higher, change the motion of the wings, when a curious, sharp, see-sawing sound is produced. Some rise even higher than six feet in the last act ; others rise only one or two feet. Of course some excel others in the beauty and ease with which they accomplish the feat; many do not remain in just the same place while hovering, but vary, falling or jerking about while endeavoring to keep the same point in the air. I am of the opinion that the females are sensitive to the grace with which this is performed."
I have rept'atedly witnessed this ascent from a single spot, and hovering thereover so well descriV>ed above, during which an interrupted crackling sound is produced, evi- dently at will, with particular movements of the wings, but the sound is a muflled one, though decidedly louder and sharper than that heard during its ordinary flight. I have seen it lise to a height of ten feet, particularly when in face of a bank, aud it often remains a considerable time in the air nearly stationary or moving slightly up and down.
Spharayemon aequale (Say). This insect stridulates only uuring intervals of flight, having evidently perfect control in the matter; at nearly every turn it makes in its somewhat wayward flight, it accompanies the swoop with a crackle which lasts but a portion of a second,
Spharagemon holli Scudd. According to McNeill this locust acts like Dlsnosteira irolina in remaining " stationary a few feet above the ground and in some manner pro- luces a dry rustling note."
Lactista yihbosias. According to Coquillett this grasshopper "sometimes makes a rattling noise while on the wing."
Trimerotropis vinculata. Ooquillett makes precisely the same remark of this as of the preceding.
Trimprolropis perphxa Brun. Bruner says " this is a noisy insect and produces a very decided clatter when upon the wing, showing that it is not distantly removed from the various members of the genus Circotetti.x."
Trhnerotropis citrina Scudd. A species which is either this or very clos'^ly allied to it was heard Vjy me at Garland, Colorado, making a dull continuous mulHi^J ihrrr during its short flight.
I'riiiierotrnpiH Columbia Scudd. (Ms.) This dark locust (allied to and perhaps not distinct from T. su/fnsa Scudd.) I heard in Wyoming making during its flight a clack- ing sound lasting from a (juarter of a minute to a minute and a half, made up of a suc- cession of sharp clacks, usually about five per second, but occasionally, and especially just before alighting, hurrying to six per second.
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Circotettix verruculatus (Kirby) Sauss. This insect stridulates at will during flight, and is the noisiest of our eastern Acridians. At each turn in its flight, it accompanies tke moTement with a swoop-like curve, and emits a crackling sound. The sound is like
la kla
L 1
kla kla kla kla kla
U U ^
-r-
Fig. 54. — Note of Circotettix verruculatus.
id or kla (the a having the sound of a in fat), the former at a distance, the latter nearer by ; it is repeated at the rate of about five per second ; just before alighting, it crackles more rapidly and frequently.
Circotettix carUngianus (Thom.). This Acridian is the noisiest of the family known to me. I have had my attention drawn to it by its obstreperous crackle more than a quarter of a mile away. In the arid parts of the west, it has a great fondness for rocky hill sides and the hot vicinity of abrupt clifis in the full exposure to the sun where its clattering rattle is re-echoed from the walls. Its noise is like that of the preceding species vastly intensified, — a bold and defiant challenge to the collector, who will find him nimbler and warier than he cares for on a hot day.
Circotettix lapidicolus Brun. This is another of the noisy tribe, according to Bruner, who says that " during the hottest, brightest hours of noonday " it " is to be seen and heard ^n the air, producing its clattering music, which is anything but soothing,"
Circotettix maculatus Scudd. This species is a remarkable contrast to the others of the genus. It is much the smallest form and is far from noisy. The sound it makes is similar to that of the other species but very much subdued, so as greatly to surprise me when I first captured it at Truckeo, California. 1 could not at first believe it to be that of a Circotettix.
I have notes of the stridulation of several other western Acridians, but the species are not yet definitely determined and therefore not mentioned here.
AN INSECT DESTEUOTIVE TO SQUASH VINES.
By Samuel H. Scudder.
During the month of August the leaves of our squash-vines often present a riddled appearance, disclosing the presence of an enemy. If we examine the edges of the holes we shall find ihe plump, rounded larva of a beetle feeding sometimes on the upper, though generally upon the under surface of the leaf. It belongs to the family of Coccinellidce or lady-bugs ; and although, as a general rule, the species of this group are of positive benefit to vet^etation in destroying large numbers of plant-lice which blight our fruit and shade trees a few are herbivorous in nature, and among them the insects of which we are speaking. In the larval state, during which they inflict almost all the injuries of which they are capable, they are of a bright yellow color, covered above with long, branching black thorns, sometimes tipped with white, and arranged in six longitudinal rows. The space between the two middle rows is widened anteriorly by the more lateral insertijn of the three first spines. Behind the thorns of the first segment, there is a transverse row
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of short, fine, black-tipped hairs. The head, the legs, and the under side of the abdomen are covered with short fine hairs ; the tips of the legs are black. When fully grown, the larvae are about three-eighths of an inch in length, by little less than half an inch in breadth. They crawl but sluggishly, using their terminal segment as an additional leg ; and live in large numbers on the squash-vines, where their voracity is attested by the rapidity with which their cast-oS" skins increase in size and number. These skins are white, transparent pellicles, covered with the characteristic thorns, and preserving in some measure the shape of their former inhabitants.
Toward the latter part of August, or the first of September, the larvte are fully grown, and betrin to change to their pupal state ; they stop eating and crawl to a suitable place, generally upon the top of a leaf, where they can fasten themselves by their terminal segments to one of the veins ; then slough their skin and appear as pupte.
The pupa is of the same general color as the larva ; the eyes are dusky and the stumpy feet crowded together on the breast. The whole body, but more especially the head, thorax and appendages, is covered with short, simple, black spines. The outer por- tion of the posterior edge of the first thoracic segment is bordered with black, as ai-e also both edges of the elytra, or wing-covers, though the color fades away before reaching the tips. There are two other black bands upon the elytra, parallel to the first, and nearly uniting as they approach the tip. Between the elytra, at their base, are two little black dots. The edge of the first abdominal segment is marked by two black bands, nearly meeting in the centre, and having each end bent forward ; the second, third and fourth aegments have a short, black dash upon either side of the outer posterior edge ; the fourth and fifth segments are darker than the others ; the last segment is furnished with two long, fleshy protuberances, by which the pupa clings to the old, wrinkled, larval skin which still conceals that portion of the body lying beyond the tip of the wing-covers. All the markings which have been described, excepting the two dots between the elytra and the black dashes of the second, third and fourth abdominal segments, are frequently wanting. Out of a large number of specimens which I obtained in Connecticut, scarcely one had any of these markings, while they were invariably present in those examined at Gape Cod.
No similar difierences were apparent in the perfect insects reared from the different kinds of larvje. The pupje are about one-third of an inch in length by one-fifth in breadth and one-eighth in height, and remain but a few days in the pupal state. When they emerge they do not seem to be possessed of a roving disposition, but may still be seen for several days on the plant where they have spent their lives, and for whose leaves they have still a relish. *^'8. 55.
In the perfect state these beetles {Fig 55.) are of the same general color as before, al- though the shade is darker. The elytra have two transverse rows of roundish black spots, five in number, the first row extending across the basal portion, the second traversing the central region ; the middle 8|)0t in each of these rows is divided by the suture of the wing.s. In the centre of the remaining apical portion of each elytron is another larger, round black spot ; there is a black spot upon the thorax, in the middle of the posterior border ; and three other spots, smaller and sometimes fainter, are placed one upon the middle of the anterior edge and the others upon either si<l(! of the thorax. The eyes and end of the jaws are black, and the under side of the body is occasionally quite dusky. The whole body is minutely punctured and closely covered with short, line hairs, invisible to the naked eye ; its length is one-third, and its breadth one-fourth of an inch.
This beetle was first de.scribed by Tbunberg under the name of Coccinflla borrafis, but is now placed in the genus Kpilachii't. Being of .so large a an.', and aflording such evident indications of its presence, this insect cm be readily destroyed by hand-picking. There can be no e.vcuse for those whi complain of its ravages if they fail to make use of this simple, rapid and etFt!ctual expedient — the more rapid and effectual the earlier it is put into practice. Where S(iuashes are grown on a large scale for marketing purposes, it will be advisal)le to destroy this insect when it appears, by the use of a weak mixture of i'aris green and water sprinkled upon the affected leaves.
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MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.
AN EXPLODED REMEDY FOB THE PLUM CURCULIO.
We are surprised to notice still going the rounds of the press an account, often with editorial endorsement, of a curculio remedy which has long since been proved unavailing. Tt con ists in tying corncobs soaked in molasses on the branches of the tree to be pro- tected, and the theory is that the insect will lay its eggs in the sweetened corncobs in preference to laying them in the fruit !
Another of those utterly worthless pseudo-remedies which, we regret to say, has found space in some of our most valuable journals, is of practically the same nature, except that in place of corncobs the writer advises the use of tomato cans filled with a mixture of molasses, vinegar and water. — Insect Life.
SUCCESS OF VEDALIA IN EGYPT.
Rear- Admiral Blomfield, to whom we sent several consignments of Vedalia for use against Egyptian Fluted Scale, and whose letters announcing the success of the later consignments we have published from time to time, has written us that the beneficial Australian insect has recently made its appearance in a garden in Ramleh, a distance of more than three miles from the original trees upon which the first specimens were reported. The experiment is evidently turning out very successfully. — Insect Life.
ON THE CARBON BISULPHIDE REMEDY AGAINST STORED GRAIN PESTS.
Allow me to add an important item in the method of keeping weevils and rats out of a corn crib, by the use of the vapor of bisulphuret, or bisulphide of carbon.
The improvement I expect to make this year is to place on the floor of the bin an oblong box made out of two 12-inch boards, the upper part coming to a sharp point. The box is to be long enough to run two-thirds through the bin, boxed up at the inner end to give it support. There is to be for a few feet from the inner upper edge an opening cut out about half an inch wide to give free vent for the vapor to penetrate the corn. The necessity of this arrangement is, after the bisul[jhide has disappeared by evaporation, to replace it with a fresh supply. This is to be done in particular to keep out rats the year round. One good fumigation of the vapor is sufficient to kill the weevils, but it will take somewhat a continuation of the evaporation to keep out rats.
As you are aware, the bisulphide of carbon is a highly volatile fluid, and the contents in an open bottle will readily disappear by evaporation. To replenish the fluid by the use of the long box, say every few months, would be all that is required, and instead of using several bottles at once imbedded in the corn, I would use but a single bottle at a time. By this method the experiment would be brought to a successful issue, and the expense of protecting a bin of corn is not materially increased, but rather diminished.
To place a bottle of bisulphide in the box described, take a wooden shovel with a little box attached to the end of it to snugly hold the bottle. Let the handle be about an arm's length shorter than the box. Before introducing the fluid I would close up the bottle with a few layers of muslin, and by the aid of the shovel place it inside of the box nearly at the inner end, leaving the shovel with the bottle inside ; then close up the entrance at the door with old bags or something of the kind.
I learn that some have apprehensions as to the personal safety in using the bisul- phide of carbon, and the effect it may have on the corn. As I have ascertained by experi- ments, the line of ignition is close to the body of the fluid itself, therefore there is na danger in taking a light into the bin. As to the efiect on the corn, everything is in its favor. My last year's corn treated with the carbon proved that hardly a kernel failed to germinate, and the shucks were eaten by the stock, I thought, with unusual relish. The
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cause of this is obvious. The corn grew rapidly and with vigor, and was considered the best in the neighborhood. Whether the bisulphide had anything to do with it, I will not say ; but I am somewhat inclined to think it had. We know that solutions of some of the metallic salts have a tendency to stimulate favorably the growth of seed that is- immersed in it.
I only know of one great danger in handling the bisulphide, in which I nearly lost my own life. The experimenter may pour it into the opening of an aats' nesf. to destroy them, and safely ignite it at the hole with a match. After the explosion it leaves for a while an invisible flame at the opening. If he is tempted to recharge the opening from a full bottle of the fluid in his hands it will explode and send him without a moment's notice into the other world !
Ic is supposed that nearly 50 per cent, of the corn in Texas is annually destroyed by weevils and rats. The destruction is so great that nearly all the corn used in this part of the State comes from Kansas. — G. P. Hachenberg, M. D., Texas, in Insect Life.
WIREWORM REMEDIES.
In answer to a question in relation to destroying wirewornis, the larvte of click beetles, of which there are a large number of species, elaborate experiments by Prof. Comstock, of Cornell University, N.Y., shows that the beetles can be easily attracted to baits of clover which have been poisoned by wetting with one of the arsenicals — Paris green water for instance. Thes« biits consist of small bunches of the fre.-shly cut plant, about one-fourth pound in weight, distributed throughout the field an I protected and kept moist by being covered with boards.
As an indica ion of the efficiency of this method it is stated that a series of twelve tra[>s yielded in three days 482 beetles, or an average of more than forty uer trap. These traps should be put out during the early summer, and the beetles killed in a majority of cases will not have deposited their eggs and the consequent depredations of their larvie, the wireworras, will be greatly diminished. It frequently happens that the infested areas are rather limited in extent, and do not cover the entire field, and where this is the c^se the labor of distributing bait will be greatly le.s3ened. The bait should be renewed once or twice per week during the early part of th'i summer. En place of the clover, cornmeal dough and sliced potatoes are used, but clover has proved itself the most valuable. Where a field h-is become extensively infested by the worms there is little which can be done so far as any actual experiment has shown.
The wireworm is the larvje of a beetle, commonly known as the click-beetle. This is a small brown or black beetle, and is sometimes recognized from the fact that when placed in any unnatural po.sition it regains its feet by throwing itself into th^ air by an action of the body which produces a short, sharp, clicking .sound. Tnere are, of course, many species of click-beetles, the number being co-extensive with the diflereot varieties of wire worms. — Prairie Farmer.
ELECTRICITY cerSKS CATliKl'ILLAKSS.
Edison oriirinated electrocution on a practical scale when he waged succe.ssful war on cockroaches. We are greater believers in the humanity of electricity as a destroying agent when thus applied tlrin wlien used punitivoly for man. We now hear that Edisoii'.s original device has been greatly imjjroved upon, and applied to prevent caterpillars from climbing up trees. Alternate wires of copper and zinc are run arouml the trunk of the tree, at the distance of about^half an inch apart. The casual caterpillar begins to mount the trunk of the tree, and unlimbers himsolf with the conh lence and vigor born of an impending feast. Presently he reaches the copper wire, pokes his nose over it, and lets another kink out of his backbone. Half an inch further up his front feet strike the zinc, the circuit is completed, and the unfortunate larva is a martyr to science. — Sci"nce Ooasip .
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INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES.
Many experiments have been conducted with a view to combine substances which are known to have both insecticide and fungicide qualities. While the results have been variable, it would appear on the whole that the combination of an insecticide does not add to the efficiency of a fungicide, but often detracts froui it ; but the reverse of this does not hold true, as experiments have proved that while Bordeaux, mixture combined with arsenites does not act well as a fungicide, it is decidedly beneficial as an insecticide, as the arsenites can be used so much stronger. Professor Maynard found that one pound of Paris green in 500 gallons of sulphate of copper solution proved very injurious to his trees, but that one pound of Parit green in 200 gallons of Bordeau mixture secured a very large crop of plums while other uees not treated lost their fruit from curculio. He also decided that black knot was less upon the trees sprayed with this latter mixture. — Dr. C. V. Riley ; Address bejore the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
ARSENITES IN THE ORCHARD.
Recent experiments made at a few of our experiment stations, which have sufficient- ly competent Entomologists, have thrown much light on the comparative value of different arsenical mixtures as insecticides, and as to the relative injury they do the foliage of different trees. The testimony of some experimenters would indicate that the peach is more susceptible to the influence of London piuple than to Paris green, and that there is less danger of injury when the leaves are young than when they are old. The cause of injury by London purple is doubtless due to excess of soluble arsenic. Pro- fessor Bailey found that heavy spraying with one pound of Paris green to three hundred gallons of water did not injure the foliage. But perhaps the most valuable results obtained are those given by Professor Gillette, who states that London purple used with Bordeaux mixture in the proportion of one pound to fifty gallons was entirely harmless to the peach and plum ; that the oldest leaves are most liable to injury ; that dews and probably direct sunlight increase injuries done by arsenites to foliage ; that leaves kept perfectly dry can hardly be injured by them ; that leaves suffering from fungous disease are more susceptible than healthy ones ; that freshly mixed and applied London purple is most injurious, while freshly mixed and applied white arsenic is least injurious to foliage, but the longer the mixed white arsenic stands the greater the danger of injury ; that lime added to London purple or Paris green in water lessens the injury they will effect on folia»e, while lime added to white arsenic in solution increases the liability to injure the same unless the poison is wholly dissolved, when the opposite effect is produced ; that London purple can be applied without injury, eight or even ten times as strong, if com- bined with common Bordeaux mixture instead of water ; that arsenites cannot, by ordin- ary methods, be mixed in a kerosene emulsion ; that they mix readily in rusin compounds and seem no more injurious than when applied in water ; that when put into strong, soapy water they do much more harm than in clear water ; that they mix readily in carbonate of copper solution and are as harmless as when in clear water ; that London purple in sulphate of copper solution is vastly more harmful than when in water only. — Dr. C. V. Riley; ibid.
THE FLUTED SCALE.
No more striking event has happened during the past two years than the extermina- tion of this insect, most destructive to the orange growing interests in Southern Califor- nia. It is difficult for one unfamiliar with the facts to realize that this scale, Avliich two and a half years ago hung like a blight and plague over leaf, branch and trunk of all citrus, and many other kinds of fruit trees and shrubs of Southern California, has be»n so effectually swept away by the little Australian lady bird, Vedalia cardinalis, which was imported for this purpose. In the language of Assistant Secretary Willits, •' It seems almost like an entomological romance." The history of this scale Icerya purchasi, has made everything pertaining to the genus interesting and during the past year four other
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species have come to ray knowledge. The Icerya ros.ne from Key West and limited in its range ; Icerya .Egyptiacum, from Alexandria, l^gypt ; Icerya Montserratensis occurs on the island of Montserrat, W.I., and Icerya Palmeri, found by Dr. El ward Palmer, in 1887, upon a grape vine in the province of Sonora, New Mexico, but only on the Muscat of Alexandria variety. The practical lesson to be learned is, that our fruit growers of Florida, Texas and California should take every care to quarantine all plants from infecte 1 foreign paints until examination shows them free from such pests. — Dr. C. V. Riley ; ibul.
USEFULNESS OF TOADS.
At Greeley, Colorado, two species of leaf-roller moths were very abundant an I destructive in their attacks upon fruit and other trees. Mr. Gillette in closing his ob- servations upon them says : "While speaking of the remedies for leaf -rollers, I should do wrong not to mention the valuable services of the toads. One of the most interesting; sights that came under ray observation in Greeley last summer was the large number of well-fed toads that hopped lazily about on the walks under the trees from morning to night, looking for leaf-roller caterpillars that were dropping on every side. The rollers were usually snapped in by the toads even before they could reach the ground. As many as fifty of these toads were counted under a single tree, and it was not uncommon for people to take the middle of the street to avoid the toads along the walk. Toads seldom do harm and feed almost entirely upon insects, and should be carefully protected as they are decidedly beneficial." — Colorado Bulletin No. 19.
BOOK NOTICES.
A Text Book of Agricultural Entomology : Being a guide to the Methods of Insect Life and means of prevention of Insect Ravage. For the use of Agriculturists and Agricultural Students. By Eleanor A. Ormerod. Second Edition — London : Simp- kin, Marshall & Co., 1892. One vol., pp. 238 ; 164 figures ; Crown 8vo.
About nine years ago Miss Ormerod delivered a series of ten Lectures for the Insti- tute of Agriculture in England, and afterwards published them in book-form as " A Guide to Methods of Insect Life." This proved to be an excellent and highly useful work, b>it was not in much demand until recently, when it was found to contain the information that was lequired in this department of agricultural instruction, and accordingly the necessity of a second edition speedily aro^e. The result is the work before us, in which t\i^ authoress has expanded her original lectures and produced an admirable text-book for the u.se of students and others interested in Economic Entomology.
The first two chapters of the book give an account of the structure and transforma- tions of insects, describing their varied conditions of life in the larval, pupal and perfect states, and a brief explanation of the various orders and their characteristics. .\ny intelli- gent reader will get a very fair elementary idea of Entoniolo;.;y by studying these two chap- ters, and ihey are written so clearly and in such simple language, as free as possible from technicnlities, the few employed being always explained — that they can be fully grasped by any one of the most ordinary attainments.
Tlie next two chapters deal with Flies {Diplera) and Fleas (Aph'Viiptera). The princijjal species that cause injury to the fanners l)y their attacks upon his crops and live- stock are treated in detail, and the V)est modes of opposing their ravages are clearly and succinctly given. In describing the Wheat Midge (Cecidoini/ia tritici) the authoress says : •' In Cawid'i, or where the weathpv can be reckowAl on and the date of appear- ance of the Wheat Midge can be reckoned on also, injury from attick is avoided by sow- ing so that the wheat shall flower hi'fore or after this special time. In one case the young grain is too firm for the Red Maggot to hurt it ; in the other, the flower and germ is not far enough advanced for there to be anything to attack until the Wheat Midge has passe I
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■away ; consequently the corn is safe. We sometimes benefit in this way here [in Eng- land] by accidental circumstances, but we cannot depend on being able to arrange it as in less changeable climates."
" Our best method of prevention is to destroy the Red Maggot (or the Chrysalis, if it has turned to it) in its winter shelter. Deep plowing, such as will turn infested stubble thoroughly down, will act well, for once deeply buried the Gnat-fly either will not develop or cannot come up again. It is not enough considered in these matters that we may by our own common knowledge often guide ourselves. If a weak small grub (so small that we can scarcely see it) has a weight of earth put on it, somewhere about as much as if at least thirty or forty yards deep of earth were placed on one of ourselves, it is very unlikely that, where it is not specially supplied with powers for piercing the ground, it will come up again as a grub ; and the Gnat-Midge, if it does develop, ce/tainly cannot make its way through."
" This is one of the points that show us how to keep insects in check ; we need often merely to consider just what is before our eyes and act on it. Once down, and left down (for, of course, if we bring the grubs up again by a second equally deep plowing we lose our labor), we have, in all probability, buried the coming attack safely away."
But while giving such information as this on methods of prevention of insect attacks the authoress distinctly disclaims any intention of making the book a Manual of Economic Entomology, and expressly states that the details of treatment are given in order to impart the principles on which the treatment is based. " There are certain habits," she says ; "certain times when the creature i& inactive ; certain treatment which will get rid of it equally in the egg, or the chry^^alis state, and .so on. Therefore, though I hope the short histories may be serviceable for field use further on, yet now these points are entered on chiefly as showing general methods of treatment that we may apply to all similar kinds of attack."
From the account of the Ox Warble fly {Hyjwderma hovis) we extract the following : " The yearl}' loss from this attack is enormous. Firstly, there is the loss on milk, and on many other points of damage consequent on the wild gallop of the cattle when terrified by the fly. Secondly, there is tlie loss on condition of the infested animal. Every warbled hide is a sign of so much out of the farmer's pocket, for the food he spent in feeding grubs in his cattle's backs, which should have gone to form meat and milk, instead of being wasted in foul maggot-sores. Thirdly, there is the loss falling mainly on the butchers, consequent on damage to surface of carcase known as ' licked beef ' or ' but- cher's jelly.' Fourthly, there is a great loss on the injured hides." In proof of this she quotes some returns from dealers in hides ; one from Newcastle-on-Tyne states that " in a period of twelve months, 102 877 hides passed through the market; of these 60,000 were •warbled. Loss estimated at £15,000."
" The above loss, in all its details, is wholly unnecessary. By the use of simple meaiures we have now found, from the experience of our leading farmers, cattle-owners and veterinary surgeons, during about nine yeas, that the attack may to all practical pur- poses be stamped ont."
" Squeezing out the maggots is a sure method of getting rid of them ; but they may be destroyed easily and without risk by dressing the warble with any thick greasy matter that will choke the breathing pores of the maggot, or poison it by running down into the cell in which it lies and feeds. . . . To prevent fly-attack in summer, train-oil rubbed along the spine, and a little on the loins and ribs, has been found useful ; so has the following mixture : 4 oz, flowers of sulphur, 1 gill spirits of tar, 1 quart train oil ; to be mixed well together and applied once a-week along each side of the spine of the animal. With both the above applications it has been observed that the cattle so dressed were allowed to graze in peace, without being started ofi" at the tearing gallop so ruinous to flesh, milk, and, in the case of cows in calf, to produce." (The above would, no doubt, prove valuable as deterrents to one new pest, the Horn-fly).
The fifth and sixth chapters are devoted to Beetles (Coleoptera), and contain a clear outline of their classification with short descriptions and excellent figures of a large num- ber of representative injurious species, and the best modes of dealing with them.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
The next chapter treats of Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera). After giving an account of many different species with their varied modes of attack and the special meas- ures to be adopted in each case, the autlioress goes on to say : " But for the most part these and various other means of prevention or remedy have to be applied, not as broad measures of treatment, but as special measures for each special attack, involving necessarily special outlay. For these reasons the pressing need has long been felt of having some kind of application at hand which is cheap and sure in its action, and which can be brought to bear at once, when required, on any or all sorts of Moth-caterpillars together (whatever their various natures or previous histori'is jiiay have been), and will kill the whole collection of ravaging hordes at once, without damaging the leafage ; the experiments have been made, which have resulted, in some of our fruit-growing districts, in the successful introduction of spraying caterpillar infested leafage with Paris-green, which has long been found serviceable in the Unit"d States and Canada." To Miss Ormerod, indeed, it is due that the British fruit-growers have been introduced to the use of arsenites, that their prejudices have been largely overcome, and that the successful experiments have been carried out. For several years she has been urging in her Heports the adoption of spray in :^ with these poi.sons and using kerosene emulsions, and now the good results of acting upon her advice have become apparent in many quarters.
Chapter eight treats of Saw-flies, Ichneumons, Wasps and other members of the order Hymenoptera. Especial attention is paid to the beneficial species of Ichneumons that are parasitic upon various insects of all kinds. The next chapter deals with the Bug tribe {Hemiptera), including the Aphides and 8cale-insect8 {Homoptera) and the Plant-bugs {TJeferoptera) ; and the last chapter with Slugs, Eel-worms, Millepedes and Red-spider. In this concluding chapter there is given much sensible advice for ordi- nary people as to the way in which they should observe insects and deal with their attacks. We may make one or two quotations : " With a slight knowledge of the habits of insect life, added to his own of the agricultural measures tha*^ could be used to destroy the pest, or at least lessen the effect of its ravages, each grower would be fairly able to cope with attacks as they occurred ; whereas if he depends only on advice, besides the damage from delay, he is very likely to get suggestions not suited to the particular circumstances. The farmer may not know the history of the insect ; but on the other hand, the Entomologist very seldom knows the practical workings of growing a crop, which it is necessary to know before advising measures which can be depended on to answer at a paying rate."
" In many cases the different items of treatment which go to make up good farming will of themselves keep down a great deal of insect attack. By good cultivation of the soil, and proper as well as lil)eral manuring, by rotation of crops, and clearing fields and borders of useless trash and weeds, we turn out a great quantity of the pests which are harboring in the ground, and also ensure a good, healthy growth, such as will support the crop under moderate attack ; and by the rotation of crop and absence of weeds we are often able to pre-sent starvation to our grubs, as many of them will only (or, perhaps, we .should say, ran onhj) live on special food. These are the broad principles which are sure to be of use. We shall not be free from insects any more than we shall be free from weeds ; and we need a great deal more solid field information aljout the habits of crop insecLs (and experiences of paying menus of prevention) before we can think we have them thoroughly in hand. Never- thfless, the last few years have added enormously to our infor:iiation, aud have shown us how at least we may greatly diminish the amount of injury our crops suffer."
This stock of information, as far as Great Britain is cone 'rned, his l)eei almost entirely brought together V)y the unselfish lal)ors and painstaking entlinsiasni of Miss Ormerod herself While aided by a large numbi^r of pra-^ical observers scattered over the country, she stands alone among hundn.'ds of collectors of insejtn, and many ■eminent students of entomology, in devoting her talents, her knowledge, her time and her means to the most useful and patriotic pursuit of the study of the science in its economic aspect. C. J. S. B.
85
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
Special Report of the State Board of Agriculture on the Extermination of the Ocneria Dispar, or Gypsy Moth. Boston: Wright ik Potter Printing Co., 1892,
This official pamphlet gives an interesting account of the very remarkable and unique effijrts that are being made in the State of Massachusetts to exterminate the Gypsy Moth. This insect, imported from Europe, was accidentally permitted to estab- lish itself about twenty years ago, and has now multiplied to such an extent as to be a serious pest throughout a considerable area of the State. In March, 1890, the Legis- lature passed an Act appointing three Commissioners to " provide and carry into execution all possible and reasonable measures to prevent the spreading and secure the extermination of the Ocneria Dispar or Gypsy Moth in the Commonwealth ; " the sum of $25,000 was also appropriated for the work. Last year the Commission was merged into the State Board of Agriculture, and a further grant of $50,000 was made to it. The Report before us gives the details of the work carried out and the modes adopted fi")r waging war against the insect. They were very largely under the direction of Professor Fernald, as Entomological adviser, and Mr, Forbush, as Superintendent of Field Work. The number of men employed varied with the season, and at one time, in June last, was as many as 242. The work began with the destruction of the eggs ; when these proceeded to hatch out, spraying the caterpillars with insecticides was adopted, and towards the close of the season the eggs were again made the objects of attack. An enormous number of the insects were destroyed, and a perceptible diminution in the amount of injury was observed in some places. We shall look forward with great interest to the result of the present year's operations, and hope in time to be able to record a great victory in this field of practical Entomology, C. J. S. B.
Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees, by Alpheus S. Packard, M.D., Ph.D. (Fifth Report of the Entomological Commission of the United States). 1 vol., 8vo,, pp. 957. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1890.
About ten years ago (in 1881) what was then called the Entomological Commission, consisting of Messrs. Riley, Packard and Thomas — three very eminent men — issued a work by Dr. Packard on "Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees" (Bulletin No. 7), a goodly volume of 275 pages, well illustrated and replete with valuable infor- mation. Recently a revised and much enlarged edition of this publication has been, issued by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, bringing the original work more nearly down to date, and furnishing, as far as possible, a complete manual on the subject. The new volume is more than three times the size of the former edition, consisting of no less than 950 pages, illustrated by over 400 wood cuts and forty plates, twelve of which are colored. Some idea of the extent of the work, as well as of the importance of the subject, may be found from the fact that descriptions are given of over three hundred species of insects that affect the oak, and the names of nearly one hundred and fifty more are mentioned ; sixty-one are described as attacking the elm, and thirty more mentioned ; one hundred and fifty-one described that affect the pine, and a list of twenty more given ; and so on for a large number of other trees. Economic entomologists for the most part devote their attention to the insects that attack fruit trees, crops and vegetables, as these most directly affect the public ; but surely no more important matter can be studied than the preservation of our forests, which are annually being depleted for the purposes of commerce, as well as by fire and insects. It is high time that more attention was paid to this matter, and that people generally should be aroused to the dangers that will surely result if we allow our country to be stripped of its woods and forests. In some countries of Europe, notably in Germany, a very rigid oversight of the forests is maintained by the government, and no wanton or careless destruction is permitted. In connection with this, they encourage scientific men to devote their studies to the insect enemies of trees, and as a result s^me magnificent books have been published, chief among these are the grand work of Ratzeburg and the perhaps less widely known publications of Kaltenbach. Alongside of these Dr. Packard's book will assuredly take its pluce, as his work is very carefully and completely done. The life-history of each insect described is as far as possible fully given ; the best published descriptions of each stage are quoted and references given wherever the author
86
,56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
lias not made personal observations himself, or wherever he thinks that some one else's record is better or fuller than his own. Thus the work is made complete to date, and succeeding observers will know what investigations have been made, and what remains to be done in this vast field ot entomological research. The colored plates are beautifully and accurately done, and the wood cuts and other illustrations give careful details or full representations of a large number of the insects referred to in the text. Such a publication ought to encourage our own Government to follow the noble example set them in this respect at Washington. C J. S. B.
A Series of Thirty Colored Diagrams of Insects Injurious to Farm Crops.
Drawn from nature by Miss Georgiana E. Ormerod. W. & A. K. Johnston,
London, England, 1891. These diiHgiams are beautifully and accurately executed, and will be found most useful by anyone who is called upon to lecture to classes in entomology, or give addresses to farmers' institutes. They aie sufiicieiitly large, being thirty inches long and twtnty- two wide, to be seen at some distance in a hall or class-room, and will serve to illustrate descriptions of an economic character. Thoui;h intended for England, nearly all of them are equally applicable to this country. They are divided into five sets of six each, which deal with the following objects: — '1) Common Insect Attacks: Ox Warble Fly, Horse Bot-fly, Large White Butterfly, Cockchaler, Turnip Flea-beetle, Onion Fly ; (2) Insects aflecting Various Kinds of Crops: Surface Caterpillars, Daddy Long-legs, Eel- worms, Plant Bug.*, Hes.sian Fly, Wire-worm ; (3) Insects Aflecting Particular Crops : iNlangold Fly, Hop Aphis, Bean Beetle, Corn Thrips, Gout Fly, Corn Saw-Fly ;
(4) Insects affecting Fruit Crops : Winttr Moth ; American Blight (Aphis), Goose- berry and Currant S.iw-fly, Apple Blossom Weevil, Codlin ]\Ioth, Magpie Moth ;
(5) Insects Affecting Trees : Pine Beetle, Pine Weevil, Pine Saw ffy, Goat Moth, Spruce Gail Ajihis, Leopard Moth. The diagrams are sold singly at one shilling and sixpence each, or in sets. On each is shown the natural size of the insect as well as the greatly enlarged picture, a very necessary matter, as otherwise most erroneous impressions are formed by the ignorant of the real dimensions of the creature referred to. There is also printed on each a general description, by Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, of the life history of the insect depicted, and of the best remedies to be employed against it.
C. J. S. B.
A Manual of Nohtii American Butterflies, Vjy Charles J. Maynard : 8vo., pp. 226. Boston, DeWolfe, Fiske .t Co., 1891.
We are always glad to welcome the publication of a new book which is likelv to render more easy, and consequently to popularize, the study of entomology. The author of the work before us has, no doubt, had this object in view when preparing this manual, in which are brou2;ht together " for the first time, descriptions of all the species of butterflies which occur in North America, North of Mexico." He has evidently taken a great deal of pains in the execution of his task, and expended much labor upon the rleacriptions of over six hundred and thirty species of butterflies, and in the preparation of the iilu-<trations, for "not only is a colored plate given of one species of nearly all the genera, but wood cuts are given of some portion of al)Out two hundred and fifty specie.s, illustrating some peculiar character by which the insect may be known ; botli plates and wood cuts have, with a single ex.-eption, been drawn and engraved by the author himself." The wood cuts, giving a win^^- or a portion of a wing, of a number of clofeely allied species, will be found very useful helps by any one cniployiui; th«> l)ook for the identification of his specimens, and are much superior to the coloured plates. Anyone with a large stock of specimens on hand, and with a few mimed in different genera to start with, will find this book a very useful and handy manual for the naming of his material, but this, wo fear, is the extent of its value. The author has adopted the comparative method in Ids descriptions, winch involves a constant reference to some other species, which the beginner in the study may chance not to have, and be woefully puzzled in coTisecju* nee. There are no synopses, or comparative tables, of either genera or species given, but the author selects a species as his "type " and c )mpares the other members of the genus with it. If the student possesses a specimen of this typical
87
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 12). A. 1893
species his way will be fairly easy, Vjut without it the investigation will be sadly difficult, if not hopeless. Another very serious defect in the book is the entire absence of all reference to the preparatory stages of the insects, and consequently to their food-plants, habits, dates of appearance, etc. We trust that, the author may be enabled to i.>S'ie a second edition of the work, and make it a thorough and complete " manual " by remedying the defects we have referred to. That this may be done in a concise form and in a most usf^ful manner is admitably proved by Stainton's " Manual of British Moths and Butterflies," which we would commend to our author as a model for imitation when he enters upon the preparation of his next edition. C. J. S. B.
OBITUARY.
The Abbe Provancher.
It is our painful duty to record the death, in his 72nd year, of the Abb^ Leon Provancher, who for many years, despite great discouragements and disadvantages, laboured zealously and assiduously to develop and disseminate a knowledge of the natural history of Canada, and especially of his native province. He was born in 1820, at Becancour, Que., and for some years was Our^ of Portneuf, and one of his earlier entomological writings was a list of the Coleoptera of that district. Compelled by enfeebled health to relinquish the regular and more active duties of the ministry, he removed to Cap Eouge, nf-ar Quebec, and devoted his remaining time and strength almost entirely to the study of the natural sciences. In 1869 he commenced the publication of the NaturalUte Ganadie/i, and, notwithstanding many discouragements, completed in 1891 the 20th volume, when its issue had reluctantly to be abandoned through the Quebec Government refusing to continue the scanty annual grant it had received. As early as 1858 Provancher published an elementary treatise on botany, and in 1862 his Flo»'e du Canada. Subsequently he devoted his attention specially to entomology, and in 1874 commenced his faune Entomologique du Canada — Vol. 1., treating of the Coleoptera, was completed in 1877, with three supnlements in 1877, 1878 and 1879. Vol. II. was commenced in 1877 and completed in 1883, and contains the Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and Hymenoptera. In 1885-1889 he published Additions aux Hymenopteres, and issued Vol. III. upon the Hemiptera, which was completed in 1890. He was also an enthusiastic conchologist, and his last pitblication was a treatise upon the univalve molluscs of the Province of Quebec. His writings include the account of a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, an excursion to the West Indies, treitises on agriculture, etc. He will be best known, however, by his entomological work, and as he described a large number of new species and genera, |)articuiarly of che Hymenoptera and Hemiptera, it is sincerely to be hoped that his collections may be placed where the types will be carefully preserved and be accessible to students of entomology. There is a disposition on the part of some American students to ignore the work of Provancher, and to accuse him of want of care, etc., in the determination of genera and species. The enormous disadvantages under which he labored must, however, be considered, for he was remote and isolated from libraries, collections au'i fello-v- workers, and in his writings he often laments the fact that so few could be found to take any acoive interest in his pursuits, or to assist him in his labor.-;. His entomologic d work would have been more exact and complete had not the publication of the JVatiiraUsfe greatly interrupt-^d his investigations, and forced him to spend much of his time in otlier directions. His labors had the result of starting natural histoiy collectious in soma of the colleges in the Province of Quebec, but our Fiench citiz-;ns do not appear to have any special leaning to the sciences he loved, and he has left behind him no entomological student of any distinction Above all, Provancher was an ardent Canadian, strongly imbued with lo/e of his raci, laugua^e and religion, and often in his writintjs he impres.ses these sentiments upon his readers. A few years ago he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and> he was alhO a member, active or honorary, of many other societies. W. H. H.
88
PES8AHAT3 A. CO., ENGRAVERS ANO PRINTERS.
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13).
A. 1893
TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT
OP THE
FI^UIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
OF ONTARIO
1892.
PKINTED i/"Y ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.
TORONTO : PRINTED BY W,ARWICK & SONS, 68 & 70 FRONT STREET WEST.
1893.
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. I3j.
A. 1803
INDEX.
Page.
Affiliated Societies 133
Agr cultural College Advisory Board. . . 71
Agricultural Divisions 4
Alkaline Wash 45
Annual Meeting 5
Aiisjutin's Apricots 100
Anthracnose of Raspberry ... '. 88
Antonovka 94, 95
Apple Bucculatrix 113
Apple Growing 26
Apple Inspection 65
Apple Inspector, Duties of 66
A pple Scab 32, 82
A pples, Best for Profit 40
Apple.s for Stock 68
Apples, Yield in Ontario 63
Apricots, Russian 100, 106
Arnold 121
Babuskino, or Grandmother Apple .... 102
Baldwin Apple 41
Barberry 182
Beall's, Dr., Address 80
Bee Keeping and Fruit Growing 34
Bessemianka Pear 97
Beurre Romain 108
Black Knot 37, 38
Blenheim Apple 41
Bohemian Queen Cherry 101
Bordeaux Mixture 43
Bot^m 18
Botanical Laboratory 90
Brant County Fruit Growers' Association 133
Bubach Strawberry 50
Buihngton Horticultural Society 133
By-Laws 3
Canker Worms 112
Carbolic Acid Emulsion 45
Catalogue of Fruits 137
Cheney Plum 14
C herry Rot 86
Cherry, Rutsian 101
Chickasaw Plums 15
Clay Farms , 28
Columbian Exliibition : 9
Ci lumbia Raspberry J18
Concord 70
Constitution 3
Cranberry Pippen 42
Curculio Proof 18
Dempsey, P. C 10, 1 21
Page.
Dempsey Pear 10
DeSoto Plum 1 3, 14
Diseases of Fruit Trees, Act on 24, 37
Disti ict Fruit Lists 142
Duchess A pple 40
Enemies of Horticulture 42
Enhance Strawberry 50
Experiment Stations for Fruit. . . .47, 73, 78
Eye Spotted Bud Moth 113
Fall Web Worm 113
Fertilizers for the Garden and Orchard. 125
Flemish Beauty 110
Forest Garden 14
Fruit Catalogue 137
Fruit Exhibit 73
Fruit Exhibit at St. Petersburg 105
Fruit Experiment Stations 73
Fruit Growing on Clay 28
Fruit in Lambton County 127
Fruit Statistics 68
Fungi Affecting Fruits 19
Fungicides 21, 2-?, 43
Gandy Strawberry 50
Garden, My 122
Gillespie 50
Golden Russet 42
Gooseberries 61
Gooseberry Mildew 85
Grand Duchess of Olga Apple 103
Grapes .« 69
Grapes, Committee on . 74
Grapes, Most Productive 69
Grapes recommended 76
Gravenstein 40
Grimes Golden . 41
Hamburg fear 103
Hansell Raspberry 119
Hardy Russian Pears 108
Haverland 50
Hawkejo Plum 12, 14
Hawthorn 132
Hedges 131
Heebner Raspberry 119
Hellebore 45
Heistinu Raspberry 119
History of Association . 6
Honey Locust 182
Honey, Price of 36
Ida 14
Imported Currant 8awfly 113
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 13).
A. 1893
Pagk.
Inspection of Fruit <>4
Kandyl Synap ^9
Kara Synap 98
Kerosene Emulsion 45, o9
Koslov Morello ^5
Lambton County, Fruit in ". . . . 127
Lettuce growincf under Glass 128
Liegal's Pear HI
Lithunian Pippin 111^
Local Fruit Growers 4, 75
Long Pear 108
Mercuric Chloride as an Insecticide 116
Mildew of the Grape 84
Miner Plum 16
Morello Cherry 95
My Garden 122
Native Plums 12
Native Plums, Advantages of 17
New Fruits 77, 119
Newman Plum 15
New Raspberries 118
Niagara Grape 69
Nina Pear HI
Norway Spruce 132
Notes on New Fruits 119
Nozzles 24
Obituary 78
Officers 2, 74
Olga Apple 104
Ontario Apple 30, 41, 120
Pana Pear 108
Peach Yellows • • • • 81
Pear Blight 81
Pear Culture, Experience in 53
Pear Leaf Blister Mite 113
Pear Orchard, Location 54
Pears, Report on 60
Pears. Russian 97. 108
Pear Tree Psylla 56
Peterboro' F. G. Ass 135
Planting Trees 54
Soil, choice f trees, etc 54
Plum Leaf Fungus 87
Plum Knot 80
Plum Rot 19, 23
Plums, Native 12
Pomace for Stock 68
Powdery Mildew of the Gooseberry 85
Powdery Mildew of the Grape 84
Potato Rot 22
Pottawattamie Plum 15
President's Address 7
Princess Strawberry 50
Problem of our time 123
Prunus Americana 14
" Dimissa 14
Page.
Prunus Domestica 13
" Serotina 14
Psylla on Pear 56
Purple Yosemite Plum 15
Pyrethrum 45
Raspberries, new 118
Raspberry Anthracnose 88
Red Panna Pear 109
Report of Fruit in Lambton County .... 127
Ribston Apple 40
RoUingstone Plum 14
Rostov Pea 97
Russian Fruits 94
Russian Pears 97
Sapieganka Pear 101, 102
Sary Synap Apple 99
Scab 32
SheejD in the Apple Orchard 114
Shot-hole Fungus 87
Slutsk 110
Spraying , 46, 112
Statistics of Fruits 61
St. Lawrence 40
Stone Antonovka , 94
Strawberries 50
Strawberries for Home Use 52
Strawberries for Market 52
Strawberries, Twenty Years' Experience
with 52
Strawberry Leaf Blight 87
Synap Apple 98
Thinning Fruit 27
Thompson's Early 118
Tobacco 45
Tobacco Rot 84
Tomatoes as a Greenhouse Crop 130
Treasurer's Report 70
Trenton Apple 10
L'riuck Apricot 106
Van Buren 14
Warfield Strawberry 50
Wayant 15
Wealthy Apple 30, 41
Weaver Plum 14, 15, 17
Welcome Meeting 5
Weston Strawberry '. . . . 52
Whit« Doyenne 109
Whitesmith Gooseberry 61
Wild Goose Plum 16
Williams Strawberry 50, 52
Windbreak 33
Winnitza Rambour Ill
Winter Nelis 53
Wolf 15, 16
Woolverton Strawberry 50, 52
Worden Grape 70
Yellows 81
IV.
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. IH). A. 1893
ANNUAL KEPOET
ONTARIO FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
To the Hon. John Dryden, Minister oj Agriculture :
Sir, — 1 have the houor of submitting for your approval the Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario. It contains information of great value to fruit growers, not only in the Province of Ontario, but also throughout the whole extent of our Dominion from the Atlantic to the Pacilic ; who have so apprtciated it as to unite with our Association in large numbers, making our memberfchip the largest of any Association of its kind in the world.
You will notice that the papers and discussions are chietly given by practical fruit growers and, therefore, have great practical value ; and, further, that the catalogues of fruits, both those for the guidance of judges and those for the guidance of planters, have been carefully revised and extended.
I have the honor to be. Sir,
Your obedient servant,
LINUS WOOLVERTON,
Secretary. Grimsby, December, 1892.
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
OFFICERS FOR 1893.
President : A. H. Pettit Grimsby.
Vice President : T. H. Race Mitchell-
Secretary-Treasurer and Editor : Linus Woolverton, M. A Grimsby,
Directors :
Divis Divis Divis Divis Divis Divis Divis Divis Divis Divis Divis Divis Divis
on No. 1 W. S. Turner, Cornwall.
on ^o. 2 John Craig, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.
on No. 3 .... D. Nicol, Cataraqui.
on No. 4 Wellington Boulter, Picton.
on No. 5 : . . Thos. Beall, Lindsay.
on No. 6 W. E. Wellington, Toronto.
on No. 7 Murray Pettit, Winona.
on No. y A. M. Smith, St. Catharines.
on No. 9 J. R. Howell, Brantford.
on No. 10 A. McD. Allan, Goderich.
on No. 11 J. D. Stewart, Russeldale.
on No. 12 Alex. McNeill, Windsor.
on No. 13 G. C. Caston, Craighurst.
Auditors :
E, B. Edwards , Peterborough.
J. A, Morton Wingham.
Committees for 1893.
Fruit Exhibit. Messrs. E. Morris, Fonthill ; J. D. Stewart, Russeldale; and W. S. Turner, Cornwall.
New Fruits. Prof. John Craig, Experimental Farm, Ottawa; Messrs. W. W. Hil- born, Leamington, and G. C. Caston, Craighurst.
- Legiskition. Messrs. E. D. Smith, Winona ; A. W. Peart, ][Burlington ; J. Cavers, ■Gait ; J. K. McMichael, Waterford, and G. W. Cline, Winona.
Experiment Stations. Messrs. A. M. Smith, St. Catharines ; A. H. Pettit, Grimsby ; M. Pettit, Winona, and W. W. Hilborn, Leamington.
Pear Catalogue. Messrs. D. W. Beadle, 450 Markham St., '^Toronto; W. H. Dempsey^ Trenton, and G. W. Cline, Winona.
Fruit Inspection. Messrs. A. H. Pettit, Grimsby ; M. Pettit, Winona, and L. Wool- verton, Grimsby.
Fruit Statistics. Messrs. E. D, Smith, Winona ; A. McD. Allan, Goderich, and T. P. Carpenter, Winona.
Obituaries. Messrs. A. M. Smith, St. Catharines ; D. W. Beadle, Toronto, and Trof. John Craig, Ottawa.
On representation on Advisory Board of 0. A. C. The President and the Secretary _
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A, 1893
CONSTITUTION AND BV-LAWS OF THE ASSOCIATION.
CONSTITUTION.
Art. I. — This Association shall be called "The Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario."
Art. II.— Its objects shall be the advancrment of the science and art of fruit culture by holding meetings for the exhibition of fruit and for the discusMon of all questions relative to iruit culture, by ■collecting, arranging and disseminating useful information, and by such other means as may from time to time seems advisable.
Art. III. — The annual meeting of the Association shall be held at such time and place as shall be designated by the Association.
Art. IV. — The officers of the Association shall be composed of a President, Vice-President, a Secretary, or Secretary Treasurer, and thirteen Directors.
Art. V. — Any person may become a member by an annual payment of one dollar, and a payment of ten dollars shall constitute a member for life.
Art. VI.— This Constitution may be amended by a vote of a majority of the members piesent at any regular meeting, notice of the proposed amendments having been given at the previ. us meeting.
Art. VII. —The said Otticers and Directors shall prepare and present at the annual meeting of the Association, a report of their proceedings during the year, in which i«hall be stated the names of all the members of the Association, the places of meeting during the year, and such information as the Association •hall have been able to obtain on the subject of fruit culture in the Province durnig the year. There shall also be presented at the said annual meeting a detailed statement of the receipts and disbursements of the Association duriijg the year, which report and statement shall be entered in tiie journal and signed Viy the President as being a correct copy; and a true copy thereof, certified by the Secretary for the time being, -iiall be sent to the Minister of Agriculture within forty days after the holding of such annual 'iieeting.
Art. VIIL— The Association shall Lave power to make, alter and amend By-laws for prescribing the node if admission of new members, the election of officers, and otherwise regulating the administration of :ts affairs and property.
BY-LAWS.
1. The President, Vice-President and Secretary-Treasurer shall be ix-officio njembers of all committees
2. The Directors may offer premiums to any person oriirinating or introducing any new fruit adapted to the climate of the Province which shall possess such distinctive excellence as shall, in their opinion, render the same of special value ; also for essays upon such subjects connected with fruit growing as they may designate, under such rules and regulations as they may prescribe.
3. Tlie Secretary shall prepare an annual report containing the minutes of the proceedings of meetings luring the year ; a detailed statement of receipts and expenditure, the reports upon fruits received from litferent localities ; and all essays to which prizes have been awarded, and such other information in regard
to fruit culture as may have been received during the year, and .submit the same to the Directors or any Committee of Directors apjjointed for this purpose, and, with their sanction, after presenting the same at the annual meeting, cause the same to be i^rinted by and through the Publication Committee, and send a copy thereof to each member of the Association and to the Minister of Agriculture.
4. Seven Directors shall constitute a quorum, and if at any meeting of Directors there shall not be a quorum, the members present may adjourn the meeting from time to time imtil a tiuorum shall be obtained,
5. The annual .subscription shall be due in advance at the annual meeting.
(5. The President (or in case of his disability, the Vice-Prenident), may convene special meetings at such times and places as he may deem advisable, and he shall convene such special meetings as shall be recpiested in writing by five members.
7. The President may deliver an address on some subject relating to the objects of the Association.
8. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the Association, kee]> a correct account thereof and submit the same to the Directors at any legal meeting of such Directors, five days' notice having been previously given for that purpose.
y. The Directors shall audit and pa.ss all accoimts, which, when ap])roved of by the President's signature, sh.all be submitted to and paid by the Treasurer.
10. It shall be the duty of tlie Secretary to keep a correct record of the proceedingn of the Association, conduct the correspondence, give not less than ten days' notice of all meetings to the members, and specify the business of special meetings.
11. The Directors, touching the conduct of the Astociation, shall at all times have absohite i)ower and control of the funds and property of the Associati<m, subject however to the meaning and construction of the Constitution.
12. At special meetings no business shall be transacted except that stated in the Secretary's circular.
56 Victoria, Sessional Papeis (No. 13). A. 1893
13. The order of business shall be : (1) -Reading of the minutes ; (2) Reading of the Directors' Report; (3) Eeading of the Treasurer's report ; (4) Reading of the prize essays ; (5) President's Address; (6) Election of officers, and (7) jNiiscellaneous business.
14. These By-laws may be amended at any general me' ting by a vote of two thirds of the members present.
15. Each member of the Fruit Committee shall be charged with the duty of accumulating information touching the state of the fruit crop, the introduction of new varieties, the market value of fruits iu his particular section of the country, together with buch other general and useful information touching fruit interests as may be desirable, and report in writing to the Secretary of the Association on or before the fifteenth day of September in each year.
The President, Vice-President and Secretary shall be ex officio members of the Board of Directors and of all Committees. The reasonable and necessary expenses of Directors and officers in attending meetings of the Board of Directors and of Committees shall be provided from the funds of the Association.
Local Fruit Groivtrs' Associatii^n.
16. It shall be the duty of the officers and directors of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario to encourage the formation of local fruit growers' horticultural societies in affiliation with the Ontario Association.
17. Any one may become a member of such local society for one year upon payment into its treasury of a minimum sum of one dollar ; and a compliance with clause 18 of these by-laws shall constitute hi»ii also a member of the Ontario As^ociation for the same term.
18. On the receipt of the names of such members, with the required fees, the secretary of such local affiliated society may transmit their names and post office addresses, together with the sum of eighty cents for each, to the Secretary of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, who will enter their names as members of that society, entitled to all its privileges, providing the initial number of such nam 's be not less than ten.
19. Each local society so affiliating, with a membership of not less than twenty-five, shall be entitled to a visit from some member of the board of directors or other prominsnt horticulturist, once a year, at their own request ; it being understood that the railway expenses of such speaker shall be paid by the Ontario Society, and the entertainment provided by the local society.
20. The proceedings of such local fiuit growers' horticultural societies shall, on or before the 1st day of December of each year, be forwarded to the secretary of the Ontario Society, who may cull out such ])ortions for the AnnuMi Report to the Minister of Agriculture for the province, as may seem to him of general interest and value.
21. These local societies, if formed in cities, towns or incorporated villages, may be formed under the Agriculture and Arts Act (see sections 37, 46 and 47) and receive their due share of tlie Electoral District grant for the support of such societies.
23. Each local affiliated society is further expected to send at least one delegate to the annual meeting of the Fruit Growers' As^sociation.
The director of the Fiuit Growers' Association of Ontario of the Asrricultural District in which such society is formed shall be, tx officio, a member of the executive committee of such local society and receive uoticesof all its meetings.
AGRICULTURAL DIVISIONS.
1. Stormont, Dundas, Glengarry, Prescott and Cornwall.
2. Lanark North, Lanark South, Renfrew North, Renfrew South, Carleton, Russell and the City of Ottawa.
3. Frontenac, City of Kingston, Leeds and Grenville North, Leeds South, Granville South, and BrockviUe.
4. Hastings East, Hastings North, Hastings West, Addington, Lennox and Prince Edward.
5. Durham East, Durham West, Northumberland East, Northumberland West, Peterborough East, Peterborough West, Victoria North (including Haliburtou), and Victiiria South.
6. Yoik East, York North, York West, Ontario North, Ontario South, Peel, Card well and City of Toronto.
7. Wellington Centre, Wellington South, Wellington West, Waterloo North, Waterloo South, Went- worth North, VVentworth South, Dufferin, Halton and City of Hamilton.
8. Jjincoln, Niagara, Welland, Haldimand and Monck.
9. Elgin East, Elgin West, brant North, Brant South, Oxford North, Oxford South, Norfolk North and Norfolk South.
10. Huron East, Huron South, Huron West, Bruce Centre, Bruce North, Bruce South, Grey East, Grey North and Grey South.
11. Perth North, Perth South, Middlesex East, Middlesex North, Middlesex West and City of London.
12. Essex North, Essex South, Kent East, Kent West, Lambton East and Lambton West.
13. Algoma East, Algoma West, Simcoe East, Siuicoe South, Simcoe West, Muskoka and Parry Sound.
56 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1S92.
I
The annual meetini,' of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario was held in the city of Dvaniford, beginning on Tuesday evening, December the 6th, 1S92, with a public welco.iie in the Music Hall of the Institute for the Blind which was presided over by Principal Dymond, a gentleman who extended to the Association every possible courtesy.
THE WELCOME MEETING.
An organ solo, entitled, ^^ Marclie Pontificale" (Lennuens), was performed in opening.
Principal Dymond said : It is certainly not by reason of any claim of a standing in the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, or of any connection with fruit culture Ihat I have the honor to preside over your meeting to night ; but as the representative of this Institute, in welcoming you here, I express, I am sure, the hearty feeling of all my colleagues and those under my charge at seeing you with us.
If there be any who can appreciate the work of the fruit grower, I presume it is the fruit consumer. I speak of those who, although they may never yet have raised an apple tree to perfection, or become ade|)ts in the description of a grape or pear, are not the less able to appreciate the labors of those who do enter upon those vocations. I had the honor some years ago of meeting your president, when acting on the Agiicultural Commission, and I then t? ied to tind out how much, or little, some of these gentlemen knew about fruit culture. I njoice to know that the result of that undertaking, and of the intelligent etlbrts of some of those who have been laboring in the cause of fruit cul- ture, has been the extension of the export of fruit to the mother country. Very little things sometimes produce an impression with regard to the character of a people, and, thouL'h packing a barrel of apples may seem a small thing, yet barrels of ai)ples by the hundreds of thousands are sent to the mother land and the character of the people who oend them is discernible from the character of the pa<;king. But, as one who values above all the character of Canada in the mother land, I would desire perha]is n)ore than most people that the feeling of alfection between Great Britain and Canada should be nurtured, and I desire to see this friendship promoted by j'our Association.
Principal Dymor.d then called upon the vocal class, composed of about lifty pupils of the Institute, to render '• The Bridal Chorus" (Cowen).
His Worship the Mayor (Dr. Secord) then addressed the meeting. He said : I am sure it gives me considerable pleasure, not only from my personal capacity, but also from my represeiitative capacity as Mayor of this city, to be present and welcome the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association to Braniford. I am only soiry that the good opinion which possibl}' the gentlemen from a distance might have entertained of our constantly pleasant (limate, should have been marred by unfavorable we.'ither, but 1 can say that Brantford, in other respects, cprapares favorably with any other part of Ontario.
The meeting of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association here for the first time, for tho discussion of subjects of importance to the progress of their industry, certainly must tend to the comfort, happiness and general good of the cotnmunity. The trend of the pre«.ent age is toward recognizing" the dependence of man upon man. Now, sir, your society is cei tainly an example of what persistent elfort will do. I understand that you are well on to a third of a century in age and that fmm a small beginning, thirty-three yeais ago, you have grown to considerable proportions at this time. I can only say to you that you must have the gift of patience in observations. You take a seed, which
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 189
possibly you may have secured from some distant climate, entirely new to you and entirely new to your climate, and you will watch the development of that seed, and by the fruit which it bears you will endeavor to improve the grades which are already with us in Canada in such profusion.
Now, sir, possiVjly it would be more fitting if I were to confine my remarks ta our own community and to the hearty welcome which we give to you. We welcome all men, and all ladies as well, and we hope that you will continue to prosper and go- on adding to the happiness of our citizens by means of the health-giving properties of your fruit, so that in the future you will be one of the best recognized societies in. the country, and that your influence will extend from year to year.
We have many things in our city to which I would like to draw your attention ^ but my time is limited. I may say that our city is one of no mean size, our popula- tion now reaching about sixteen thousand, and, while we have some defects and while we have some difficulties, we are happy to say that we are advancing, we are enlarging in population and we are improving in every way.
I thank you sincerely for calling upon me to give you an address of welcome.
The President : I assure you that we fully appreciate the hearty welcome which you have extended to us on this occasion. When your delegates to our meeting in Ham- ilton invited us to hold our next annual meeting in your city, we accepted with a great deal of pleasure. Our Association moves its meetings from place to place in this country in order to meet with many people who, by rubbing their wits together, help us to solve the great problems which confront the fruit grower ; and it is from the prac- tical men that we get the most valuable information with regard to the methods of culti- vation.
I must thank you again for your hearty welcome and ask you one and all to come to- our meetings and assist us, not only by your presence, but with your voices, and thus help us to raise higher the banner of horticulture.
A combined piece was here rendered on the organ, two pianos and a triangle. It was entitled " Marclie Cortege " (Gounod).
The Secretary : In the absence of Mr. Allan, who was to have addressed you on the " History and Work of our Association," I would like to say that we are just about thirty-three years old, and, not only are we an old Association, but, as our president has said in his remarks, we feel some pride in our growth. I can remember going to the first meeting of the Association, in 1860, when a boy. The Association was then com- posed of about a dozen members ; but, though few in numbers, they did good work in those days, quite as hard woik in the interests of the country as the men of to-day. Par- ticularly would I mention Mr. A. M. Smith, the pioneer fruit grower of the Niagara dis- trict and I might perhaps say of our country, as being one of the constituent members.
It is interesting to look back over those early years and consider the growth of our Association. The growth has been a healthy one and that is because we are working wholly in the interests of the public. That is the secret of our success. From that mem- bership of one dozen we have grown to over two thousand, distributed not only over our whole province, but in evevy otlier province of our Dominion. Nearly the whole of the British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association has united with us, as well as many mem- bers of the Associations of Quebec and Nova Scotia. They consider that in receiving the annual report of our Association, a book of no mean size and of great interest to fruit growers, together with our monthly journal, which contains contributions from the lead- ing fruit growers of Ontario, they are well rewarded for the little expense of being mem- bers with us as well as of their own Association.
We have included in our list of presidents Judge Logie, Rev. R. Burnet, W. H- Mills, P. C. Dempsey, Wm. Saunders, A. McD. Allan, A. M. Smith, J. A. Morton, and A. H. Pettit. The latter is well-known to you as the Superintendent of the Ontario fruit exhibit at the World's Fair.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 189;^
Our work is educative. We have no personal interests to serve in our work, our object being to distribute information with regard to the best means of growing fruit and the best varieties to cultivate in the various parts of our province. One great aim, which we have had in view for some years, is the introduction of hardy fruits for Northern On- tario and we have imported large quantities of hardy varieties from Russia and placed them under test at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. In due time these will be distributed to the members of our Association in the various parts of Ontario to be further tested with regard to their adaptability.
I believe that a very important part of our work is done by means of the Canadian Horticulturist through which we are able to communicate with one another the results of our experience with various fruits. Each year we distribute to all our members two good sized volumes, the journal and the report, and I trust that every year we may be able to make them of more value to the public.
The vocal class rendered in chorus " 2 he Cruiskeen Lawn" (Stewart).
The President, A. H. Pettit, then delivered his annual address.
THE PEESIDENT'S ADDPtESS. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Members of the Fruit Growers' Association :
It falls to my lot on this occasion to deliver an annual address, a custom that has prevailed in this Association since its first inception ; I will therefore ask you to bear with me a few minutes while in the discharge of that duty. The year 1892, upon which we entered with such promises of success, is fast drawing to a close and we find ourselves gathered together in the city of Brantford, one year older, and I trust wiser, in the pur- suit of horticultural knowledge. Each year brings us face to face with new anxieties, new hopes or realizations ; realizations cheer us onward, but disappointments sometimes strengthen us the most ; they make us study and dig down deeper into the laboratory of nature for the reason why. We cultivate the soil to obtain moisture and to obtain plant food, thereby to increa.se the fertility of our .soil ; we cultivate the mind in order to expand its power of grasping and solving the great problems in horticulture that are daily and yearly presenting themselves to us. In the spring time just past, the outlook was most promising ; in many respects the whole country seemed to be one vast profu. sion of bloom, but a little later on our hopes were to some extent blighted.
More particularly so was this the case in the southern fruit belt of Ontario ; some of US no doubt felt the show was too good to be realized. Looking on the dark side, some- times we find just what we are looking for ; indeed, how often do we find this to be the case, confirming us as it were in our gloomy predictions.
We are here to-day as fruit growers from all i>arts of this province to discuss ques- tions of great importance to the interest we represent. The great fruit growing indu.stry of thi.s province demands at our hands the dissemination of sound, practical information, and wherewith are wo to bo supplied if not from tlio (iold of practical experience 1 If we fail in gathering the crop of information this section i.s so fully blest with, we fail in the realization of our visit in that respect. If we sow seed and it fails to germinate in this locality, we must attribute it to one of two causes : either that the seed was bad or
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
the soil was not congenial to its growth. If we sow and do not reap, this Association would become exhausted and its usefulness gone. It is by practical experience we arrive at a correct solution of the obstacles that present themselves, not in horticulture alone, but in all the various departments of agriculture.
A new enterprise has of late been trying to revolutionize the whole system of Nature, by the explosion of powerful substances, to cause the rain to fall upon the earth. Man often taxes his ingenuity to accomplish some great result, when perhaps the simple method lies at his very door. Gather up the crumbs — crumbs of practical experience — which can be obtained in quantities all over this land, along our highways, down our lanes, in our vineyards and orchards. Since this Association was organized, some thirty- three years ago, the most wonderful strides have been made in the science and practice of fruit culture. I, sir, once lived in the very garden of Canada ; I live there still, but as years roll on, its boundaries keep widening out, until to day they can only be circum- scribed by the producer's knowledge and skill in the science and practice of his pro- fession.
Some imagine this Association should agree and pronounce on what varieties of fruit we would advise for the intending planter. We can in some respects, but in their suit- ability to the various sections of a great province, like Ontario, with its various forma- tions of soil and climatic influences affecting them, few men can determine with any degree of certainty. When our experiences and observations are noted down and com- pared, we often find good reading matter between the lines, as well as on the lines.
The matter of marketing and handling our fruit is a subject which should claim our best attention. Some twenty odd years ago, when this Association was organized under most favorable auspice.«, but laboring under many disadvantages, little was known as to varieties, their hardiness or adaptability to the different parts of this province. Markets were limited, facilities of transportation still more so. It was with doubt that almost any man except an enthusiast, approached the subject ; bnt the little band stood bravely by the ship — she did not carry much canvas, but it was of good material — and to-day we rejoice in their success. They led the great army of producers on to victory in production, until to-day we stand amazed at the magnitude of its proportions, requir- ing more canvas, more seamen to man the sails and guide the ship laden with those pro- ductions, into the ever increasing markets ot the world. The fruit growers of Ontario are to-day looking to this Association, their Association, to advance by every possible means the best interest of that branch of industry. How shall we best accomplish that object, in order that the producer may reap the full reward of his labor 1 Should we not first consider in relation to this matter the product, that, no doubt, cannot be excelled in size, form, color or quality by any country on the face of the globe.
Next, in importance, is the handling of that product from the tree to the market. We may grow the finest fruits the eye of man may de; ire, but if they are not properly picked, packed and placed upon the market in proper form, our best hopes of financial success can never be fully realised. Have we not fully arrived at that point where the magnitude of the interest demands our most .serious consideration ? Take up any cata- logue of sales you like and the proportion of slack, wet and loxsty is far greater than it
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papeis (No. 13). A. 1893
should be, sufficient to make the margin of profit or loss one of great importance to the fruit growers of Ontario and our country at large. I believe, sir, this Association has done much by the dissemination of practical information on the subject of fruit culture* and I believe to-day our best energies should be taxed in promoting and facilitating the marketing of that product. Our Constitution embraces in its objects every point that goes to make up the welfare and success of the horticultural iaterest of our country, an interest we have cherished with such an abiding faith in its future, one that today is adding millions to its resources, not alone in its intrinsic value, but in its health inspiring intluence as a ration for young and old alike. "We have to-day committees on the various Iruits calculated to give, by their long and wide experience, valuable infor- mation to intending planters.
We have committees on experimental work, committees on legislation, could we not have a committee on marketing, whose report might be published through the Horti- cidturist at the proper season, and thus our Association might become, even more than it is to-da}', the channel of wider information on the subject. Then I have reason to hope you will see thousands of the fruit growers of Ontario joining our ranks, adding strength by their counsel and intluence to advance the good work.
The matter of an experiment station for the southern fruit belt of Ontario, where
new fruits could be tested and their merits reported upon to the public, has been discus-
td by this Association, and for the want of some definite plan, whereby it would best
serve the interests of the people, no action has yet been taken. A paper on this subject
will be brought before the Association at this meeting.
In reference to my work in connection with the Ontario exhibit for the World's Columbian Exposition, I might .say that reasonable results have thus far been obtained. The season has been most unfavorable in many respects, and the wide range of varieties in their perfect form was very hard to obtain. The fruit crop of the southern fruit belt of Ontario was deficient in size, form and color, and this rendered the work one of con- tinual anxiety as to where it would be possible to obtain certain varieties. Had I speci- fied to the growers that certain lines of fruit were required from them, I would have kept them in continual suspense, and in many cases no doubt an amount of correspondence would have been the only result. As it is I feel we have a fairly good representative collection of the fruits of this province. I must express my most hearty thanks to the fruit growers of Ontario for their liberal contril)ution3 for that purpose, and also for their cheering words of encouragement in the work in which I was engaged. When I was asked to assume the responsil)ility I must say I shrank from the task. I felt I had been honored by this Association placing me in the chair, and this was the first duty that devolved upon me, as such, in carrying the horticultural banner. I paused, 1 looked at the great army of fruit growers of Ontario and I said, they will strengthen my hands. I have not been disappointed in my faith.
From one end of this province to the other I have found men who, if they had nothing to send, felt they had a duty to perform, and in the discharge of that duty sen their regrets. What more could 1 a.sk .' In many cases the utmost liberality and patriotisoi was d isplayed. We fitill have another season before us in which every frui
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13) A. 1893
grower in our land is asked to uphold the horticultural banner of this province, not for self, but for the honor of his country. A good name is worth millions to a nation, and gives dignity to a people. Where is the man who does not feel proud to see his country stand at the head in all lines of her products , for they, above all others, speak of the glorious climate of Canada, which is too often associated in the minds of the people of the old land with ice palaces and bears ; they even go so far as to imagine that we live in danger from the Red-skins, a race, all honour to them, which has always proved true and loyal to their good mother, the Queen.
I ask you to-day as fruit growers of Ontario, seeking, as I trust, by every means in your power to advance the fruit interests of Ontario, that you will display during the coming season that energy, that liberality and that patriotism that has characterized the people of Canada at all times and on all occasions, and leave no stone unturned to place the fruit exhibit of Ontario in its proper place.
Some definite plan of operation as regards shipments will be arranged, whereby our tables will be continuously supplied during the season with fresh fruits. These will be exhibited in the producer's name, while at the same time they will form the Ontario exhibit.
Since last we met one of our most valued members has been called to his reward,, our late President and co-worker, P. 0. Dempsey of Trenton, one always at his post when duty called, one whose wide knowledge of and skill in the tield of horticulture gave courage to many a doubting one, and whose cheerful presence lent a charm to our meetings. He leaves behind him more than one monument to his memory.
The " Dempsey " pear, the " Trenton " apple and many other choice fruits for the nation to enjoy were produced by his skill and attention. Let me here quote his own words when referring to the success of others and at the same time inspiring other young men to follow their example. He said : "And what richer legacy can a man leave to the generations that are to follow him than a fine, delicious fruit which he hag originated with his own hand. This will be a living monument to his memory when posterity shall recline beneath the shade of its branches and pluck the precious fruit from the trees which he has left them." Truly I believe not one member in our ranks could these words be more applicable to than our departed comrade, P. C. Dempsey, and spoken by his own lips in honor of other men, may we not pause at the threshold and ask our- selves, is it possible for us to leave some token that others may cherish in remem brance of us 1
I will not detain you longer now, but invite you one and all to come to our meet- ings, which will be in session here during the next two days, and by your presence, by your counsel and experience, help us to carry the horticultural banner on to greater successes. We see our cheese producers with their product standing par excellence in the market of the world ; we see our butter producers climbing the pedestal to fame, and inscribed upon their banner " Pure as Gold." 1 ask the fruit growers of Ontario to-day to join our ranks, not as reserves, but as active volunteers in the work, until our systeni of production, of picking, packing and handling and transporting the fruit products of this favored land, o'er every sea to every land, receives universal approval, and then we may truly inscribe upon our banner something better than gold.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
Several gentlemen askinj? to hear from Alderman Raymond, he responded as follows Alderman Raymond : I must thank you for your kind and flattering introduction of myself, which adds to my embarrassment in the few words I may have to say of wel- come to the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario. I believe in the remarks of our worthy Mayor with regard to the city in which we live and we welcome to it the Fruit Growers' Association with joy. We are glad that they will hold their annual meeting in our city. The Association which meets here is certainly an important one, and, judging from the address of the President, is one which is doing very good work, not only adding to the health, happiness and comfort of our people, but adding to the wealth of our country. The export of fruit from our country is constantly larger. Perhaps the cultivation of fruit may in some degree make up to the farmers for the losses whicli they now experience from the falling in the prices of wheat and oats.
One part of the business of the Fruit Growers' Association is to prevent the spread of fungi and insect pests in the orchard, and in this I may say I wish them every success. It is said that he is a benefactor who makes two blades of grass grow where one grew before, but he who can make two strawberries grow in the place of one is a still greater benefactor. I svouJd wish the Association every success in their delibera- tions in Brantford. The President has said that he came from the garden of Ontario. While ))erhaps the Grimsby district is noted for the growth of fruits, we think that no part of Ontario is more charming than that which surrounds Brantford and I hope, as one result of your deliberations, that more fruit may be grown in this vicinity.
The '^Silent Land" (Gaul) was impressively rendered by the vocal class. T. H. Race (Vice-President). — The duty that devolves upon me first is to join with the President in thanking you for the very cordial greeting which we have received to-night and for the very excellent treat we have had in the music rendered by the pupils. I know you have a beautiful town. There are three or four things which weigh with me very largely in making up the character of any town or locality. When I find the peo- ple of any community patronize and support well the churches, when they produce the very best newspapers and when they have large and prosperous vineyards and orchards of fruit I take it for granted that this people are to be commended. I was very much pleased in looking about this town to see that you have given so much attention to beau- tifying the homes, and that besides being fruit growers you give a great deal of attention to floriculture, ibr I believe that the cultivation of flowers has a great moral influence. Th'i vocal class rendered " Ye Banks and Braes."
The Rev. Dr. Cochrane, after some happy allusions to previous speakers, tendered a hearty welcome to the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, it was one of the characteristics of Brantford that its many comfortable homes were adorned with flowers, and its parks and streets gave evidence of the love of the beautiful in Nature possessed by its people. The humblest dwellings had their little gardens and flower-beds, and even the children in our schools rivalled each other in flower- gardening. He believed that there was a close connection between the love of the beautiful in Nature and the love of the beautiful in Morals, and the man who saw God in Nature and admired Him in His works would also be found of the liighest style of character. Dr. Cochrane referred to the fact that Canadian horticulturists might profitably engage in fruit growing, as the English market was op m to receive all the larger fruits they could send, at prices more remunerative than now received for staple cereals. He trusted that the present meeting \\ould be a profitable one, and that they wotild continue to receive both from private individual.s, and the Ontario Government that support wliich the importance of the Association demanded.
The vocal class rendered in excellent style a magnificent selection entitled " The Last Judgment," accompanied by the pianos and organ.
.John Ckak; : I wish to say on behalf of the Directors and members of this Assccia- tion that this evening's entertainment has been a rcmai kable opening for our meetings and I move a vote of thanks to the worthy principal of this Institution and his class, who have so ably entertained us.
^Iurray Pettit : I second the motion. I think this musical entertainment reflects very great credit upon the management of this Institution. The motion was carried.
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56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 13).
A. 189:
SECOND DAY— MOENING SESSION.
The Convention was called to order at ten o'clock a.m.
President Pettit expressed his pleasure at seeing so many present. Brautford being in'one of the best fruit-growing sections in Canada, a large meeting was expected. The programme this year has been so arranged that the audience would occasionally be asked what subjects they would like to have brought forward, in order that every subject that it is wished to be discussed may be dealt with, and if time does not permit discussing every subject, the subjects least interesting will thus be left out. All persons present are in-i'ited to take part in the discussions.
NATIVE PLUMS.
Prof. JoMX Craig, of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, in introducing his paper, said his remarks might not be of great interest to fruit growers in this immediate vicinity, because at present the quality of the native plum may not commend itself to places such as Brantford, where plums can be finely grown ; but there is a great future for the native plum in our colder and northern districts. The following remarks are based on our experience at Ottawa for the past five or six years.
Hawlceye.
Up to the present very little attention has been given in Canada to the cultivation and improvement of our native plums. Few lines in horticulture offer greater induce- ments. Comparatively little has been accomplished in the United States by systematic eflfort, yet since the introduction of the wild goo.se plum, about forty years ago, more than L50 varietips have been named and disseminated. This remarkable growth and increase in number of varieties is only surpassed by the marvellous progress made in the develop- ment of the American grape. The value of the American plum has not yet been recog-
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56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. J Si.
A. 1893
iiized to any extent except in sections where the severiny of th** climate precludes the easy or profitable culture of varieties belongimj; to the Pninus domp-stica class ; without doubt, however, there are improved varieties of our native plums which may bo grown ]irotitably in all portions of the Dominion, including the most favored localities as well. There is a wide variation in regard to the hardiness of these varieties, due principilly to climatic conditions prevailing in the place of origin. Thus DeSoto, belonging to the Americana group, and originating in Wisconsin may be taken as the type of hardiness,
Dc Sot'.
while Pottawattamie of the Chickasaw family, and introduced from Tennessee, is not hardy at Ottawa. Up to the present year the botanical status of American plums has been very unsatisfacior}. An excellent monograph by Prof. L. H. Bailey, Horticulturist at the Experiment Station of Cornell University, has been a great advance in placing the:je fruits on a .sound scientific l)asis. Formerly our cultivated native varieties were grouped under three wild types (1) I'rtif.it.s a/ztej-icanrt (. Marshall ), the plums of the north and west; (2) rrnuns arujustifolin or P. vJilckasa (.Mich.) native of the middle and southern States, and (3) I'ranus maritiina (Wangheim), known as the Ht-ach plum of the south. Much confusion existed, however, as many of the cultivated forms could not be satisfactorily assign.-d to any of these original types. As a result of Mr. JJaiU-y s labours, assisted by Prof. Sargeant, we shall recognize liereafter another class under the name of Priinvi horli/Jdiiii. This is made u|) of what was formerly known as the Wild (lOose group, which in the past was generally referred to the Chickasaw tribe. This group now occupies an intermediate position between Pruntis amertcana and Fruntui chirkaaa. To these throe gioi^po belong practically all the native varieties cultivated in Canada, aud from them we may expect important additions to our lists in the future. As already
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13) A. 1893
stated Prunus amerlcana, by reason of its natural distribution, extending all over the northern parts of the continent to Manitoba and part of the North -west Territories, contains in its variations the hardiest forms of the native plum known to cultivators. These are suitable for culture in the coldest parts of the province ; and where nothing; in the way of fruits except the chokecherry {P. sei^otina) and pin cherry {P. dimissa) obtain, it is safe to plant improved forms of this species. On account of this wide distribution, touching as it does Manitoba on the north and Texas on the south, there is much varia- tion in the hardiness of the individuals making up the species, and this, as already pointed out, is an important i~.oint for the consideration of intending planters.
The following cultivated varieties belong to Prunus amerlcana, and have been on trial at the Central Experimental Farm for the past three years :
Cheney. — Fruit large, roundish, oblong ; skin thick, a dull yellow mottled with red ; flesh fairly firm and sweet ; quality good ; stone medium size, adhering to the flesh. Tree
a very vigorous grower, needing annual shortening. Re- markably prolitic. Ripe at Ottawa the first week of Sep- tember. The variety originated as a wilding near La Crosse, Wis.
DeSoto. — Fruit medium to large ; round, oblong, some- times pointed ; dark red with a beautiful purplish bloom ; skin thick ; flesh juicy, entirely free from astringency ; stone medium size. This undoubtedly is one of the best red plums. It ripens about September 15th. Found wild at DeSoto, Wis. Although it was introduced by Elisha Hale of Lan- sing, Iowa, nearly thirty years ago, it has not received the Chuiey. attention which a plum of its excellent qualities merits.
Forest Garden. — Fruit medium size, round or slightly egg-shaped; skin thick, yellow, overlaid with darker mottlings, and a light lilac bloom ; flesh yellow, with some astringency, fairly good ; stone separates readily from the flesh. This tree is a difficult one to manage in orchards, being a rampant grower, throwing out long horizontal branches which are apt to break when heavily laden xjith. fruit, or during wind storms.
Hawkeye. — Fruit large, almost round ; dark red with lilac-colored bloom ; suture indistinctly marked; flesh deep yellow, firm and juicy ; stone large, flat, parts readily from the flesh. Equal to DeSoto. Ripe Sept. 20th. A valuable late variety which originated under cultivation, and was introduced by Mr. H. A. Terry, Orescent City, Iowa,
Ida. — Medium size, oval, with slight suture ; skin thick, dark red in color ; flesh yellow and unusually firm for a red plum, with little juice ; stone medium size, almost free ; fair quality ; hangs well to the tree and becomes quite sweet and sugary ripe ; ripens soon after the middle of September. Tree hardy and vigorous. Originated in Illinois.
RoLLiNGSTONE. — Fruit large, reported very large in some sections ; round, flattened at both ends ; skin deep yellow almost covered with red and purple mottlings ; flesh yellow, firm, good quality ; stone medium to small, cling ; ripens about the middle of September. Found by 0. M. Lord on the bank of Rollingstone Creek, Minnesota, and by him introduced into cultivation. Valuable on account of its earliness.
Van Buren. — Designated by Prof. Bailey as variety mollis of P. americana. The tree is true to the type, but the fruit seems quite distinct, and is unique among red plums, in that it is a perfect free stone. Fruit medium, roundish, oval ; skin thick, yellow with a pink blush ; flesh yellow, sugary sweet and melting ; picked this year Sep- tember 25th. Shows a tendency to crack. Il^ot as hardy as many of the preceding. Originated in the State of Iowa.
Weaver. — Three trees of this variety planted in 1888 have borne good crops the past three seasons, the last two very heavily indeed. Fruit large, oblong, flattened ; color dark red, overlaid with a purplish bloom ; suture well marked ; stone long, narrow
14
56 Victorica. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
and flat, cling ; ripens at Ottawa about the end of September. Originated in northern Iowa and was introduced in 1875. This I believe will be valuable wherever it will ripen.
Wolf. — Fruit round, medium to large ; dark red covered with dense purplish Vjloom ; flesh yellow, tinged with red. Arm, good quality ; stone separates readily from flesh. A more attractive variety than DeSoto Vjut hardly equal in quality. Tree distinct, having young shoots heavily covered with a downy pubescence. Originated under cultivation in Iowa about forty years ago.
"Wayant. — Tree has partially failed at Ottawa. Fruit of Van Buren type ; firm, meaty, entirely free. Probably more valuable for the south.
Weaver
Purple Yosemite. — A good tree, bearing fruit of fair size and quality, but ripening with Rollingstone, which it does not equal. Yellow Yosemite is (^uite similar and a little later in ripening.
The above list includes the best of the americana which have been fruited at the Central Farm. Among those which can be recommended to planters where the finer varieties (/-". domesfica) fail are Cheney, DeSoto, lloUingstone, Wolf, Weaver and Hawk- eye, and if a free stone is desired Ida, Wayant or Van Buren may be added.
Chickasaw Plums (P. Chickasa). — Accepting Prof. Bailey's classiflcition, none of the Chickasaws have proved hardy at Ottawa.
Xewman, originating in Kentucky some years ago, is one of the best known of this class. It is hardy in Central New York and would probably succeed in woatv. n Ontario. Fruit large, of good quality, ripening very late, souictimes not before the middle of October.
Pottawattamie. — This very much lauded variety .seems to be de.serving in many sections of the high measure of praise accorded it. Fruit is medium to large, round and light, red in color, of good tiuality. It was introduced by J. B. Pice, of Council Bluflfs Iowa, to whom it came from Tennessee among a lot of Miners.
15
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 13).
A. 1893
Wild Goose Tbibe : P. hortulann (Bailey). — None of this class are hardy outside of peach-growing districts, Garfield., More Man and Waijlarbd are the most valuable.
Miner has been included as a variety of this class, but it dilFers so much in general appearance and constitutional hardiness as to lead me to believe it to be more nearly
This is the oldest native plum known under cultivation.
related to Prunus americana.
Wolf.
It was raised from seed in Tennessee nearly 80 years ago, and has become widely distri- buted throughout the western States. Trees planted eighteen years ago at Abbotsford are hardy but only give medium crops every other year ; ripens there early in October. « These trees have given fuller crops the last few years since being surrounded by Wiscon- sin wild-plum seedlings.
Forest Eose belongs to the Miner group, but has nothing special to commend it.
Diseases. They are all more or less liable to attacks of Septoria (shot-hole fungus),
but are fenerallv freer than numbers of the doinestica class. The Chickasaw varieties have exceptionally bright healthy peach-like, foliage. As there are no such things as curculio or knot-proof plums, except in a relative degree, we may expect to have to fight these enemies with the above as with the old varieties. A new disease which has come under my notice within the last tv/o years and the past season has caused the almost entire loss of the native plum crop. Should it continue its depredations it bids fair to effectually check further planting of these varieties. The presence of the fungus is marked by round spots v/hich appear or? the skin of tlie plum when almost mature; shortly after it suddenly shrivels and drops. This spotting is caused by a parasitic fungus called Cladosporiam carpopkilam, a disease which also is found on peaches, and has been recently noticed on cherries. We have no data of actual experiments in treating this
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
fungus, but would recommend sprayinsj with ammoniacal copper carbonate, and would also suggest the use of a solution of copper sulphate, 1 oz. to 25 gallons.
Propagation. — Varieties of the americana and Miners should as far as po.ssible be grown on stocks of their own type. It is sometimes difficult, however, to distinguish scion from stock when these are used. The Chickasaw and Wild Goose tribe succeed admirably on peach or Marianna stocks and these are preferable to own rooted trees on account of sprouting habits of the latter.
Points in Favob of Native Plums. — The following are the leading points in favor of native plums :
1. Hardiness and productiveness.
2. Their wide range of adaptability to climate conditions and to light as well as heavy soils.
3. Their value for culinary purposes.
4. Their comparative exemption from disease and the ease with which they can be propagated.
A. M. Smith : Is there in these native varieties sufficient value to take the place of the plum we cultivate so freely in this section of the country ?
Prof. Craig : I don't think they would, especially in this section ; but there are sec- tions of Ontario where we are trying to cultivate plums, and get a crop once in four or five years, where I think it would richly pay a grower to plant these varieties. With these, you can get a crop every year, and they are very marketable varieties.
Dr. Beadle : Have you taken notice of the point to which Mr. Weir tirst called our attention — that it is necesary first, in order to get a crop of fruit from, say, one of these plums, to have one of a similar type growing near them ; because they do not fertilize from their own pollen ?
Prof. Craig • The Miner is deficient in fertilizing qualities ; it is not perfect in its own pollen ; the pollen is frequently impotent, and will not fertilize its own flowers, we had attention drawn to that in the Province of Quebec, Miners were planted first, and blossomed invariably for a number of years ; but very seldom bore any tjuantitv of fruit. Later on, Wisconsin wild plums were planted in the vicinity of the Miners, and they grew up very rapidly, and blossomed and bore fruit of themselves, but at the same time the crop of Miners very much increased — showing that the cross-fertilization took place between the wild plums and the Miners ; but I do not know any variety that I have mentioned that seems to want cross-fertilization.
A Delegate : What about the Weaver 1
Prof. Craig : The Weaver has been planted quite isolated from others in the orchard and they grew quite heavily.
Mr. F. G. H. Pattison (Grimsby) : I have had eight or nine trees that I alwav understood to be Weaver, but they do not answer your description at all. The tree is * very vigorous grower, and has a leaf almost exactly like the peach. The plum is evidently one of those liaidy varieties ; it is a very early ripener — ripens in July ; is of a li"ht re^ color, and of excellent quality ; but so far- — the trees are about five years old — a v shy bearer, with a very thin stem. I have had a great many |»eople look at this plum, and the consensu.s of opinion seems to be that it is a Weaver. Mr. Woolverton thinks it is a Weaver ; and if it is not a Weaver I would likf* to know what it is. Mr. Woolver- ton has a tree identically the same, and I understood it was a Weaver.
The iSECUETAny : I bought the tree for a Weaver ; and I bought quite a numljer of trees with a special purpose of becoming acquainted with varieties ; and in quite a number of cases I have been disappointed in their identity.
Mr. GoTT (Arkona): In our section the European varieties have entirely given out —
the black knot is so intensely .severe that we can't get them to bear for any length of
ime. We have resorted to these native plums. The American class, for instance, is
2 (F.G.) 17
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1898
able in some respects to take the place of the European, and we are now experio^enting with them. They grow splendidly, and appear to be flourishing in every respect, and as yet we have not seen the slightest approach of black knot upon them. We are not so sure that they are curculio-proof ; but in infancy the fruit is so hard that it is almost impos- sible for the curculio to penetrate them. Then there is the apricot — a fruit in which we are intensely interested all through this country. They flourish most abundantly with us, as they do in the entire western part of the country. The blossoms come out with a perfect sheet. I never saw anything like the display we had last spring for ornamentation ; but they are terribly disappointing as to fruit.
Prof. Craig : I fruited a Botan at Ottawa this year, and it was the earliest plum in the whole collection, it was ripe about the 15th July. It is a small round red plum, with the smallest pit I ever saw in a plum — about the size of a New Jerusalem cherry. The Prunus Simoni grows at Ottawa, and the tree is quite an ornamental thing, but it is going to be no bearer.
Prof. Craig : The Weaver plum was introduced in 1865, by C. J. Paton, of Charles City, Iowa.
Mr. Morris : There is another plum that fails to fertilize itself — the Wild Goose.
Mr. T. H. Race (Mitchell) : I think there is no doubt that the plum Mr. Pattison has described is the Weaver plutn, which I have seen growing in nearly all the parts of this Province, and it does vary some in regard to location. It is a very heavy grower, but it has so far turned out as a very shy bearer. Where the Weaver can be grown at all I have noticed in many sections that the wood is subject to as light frost as some cultivated varieties.
Mr. G. C. Caston (Oraighurst) : At Parry Sound I saw and was allowed to taste a can of native plums, and pronounced them as good as almost any cultivated varieties
entirely free from that astrinttency found in wild plums. It is said the seeds of those
plums were brought originally to Simcoe county from France by the Jesuits, and they have been propagating themselves in that wilderness for two hundred years. The natural propensity of truit is to deteriorate ; but the sample I tested was an exception — I don't think we could get anything better than that. It took flrst prize at the district show as canned fruit.* It has no name. There are different varieties, but this is one of particular excellence. It was about the size of a Lombard. I think in the northern country there would be a field for some enterprising nurseryman to get that plum and disseminate it. I consider our wild plums good to graft the more tender varieties on ; the wild stock im- parts its vitality and vigor to the more tender v^ariety, and we get a more vigorous growth of wood, and a greater quantity and better quality of fruit. I think it is the most suc- cessful way of growing plums in the northern districts.
Mr. Race : Is there anything to be gained by growing these native plums, so-called] As far as I have seen in the Province they are not a success at all, and there is only this to be claimed for them, that they are curculio-proof. My idea is that the curculio has too much contempt for them — and that is about my feeling. We can grow the better varieties, and the native plums that have been taken from their native condition are not satisfac- tory. You find plums growing in bushes that are worth something, but grown in a nurbery thay are not satisfactory.
Mr. A. McD. Allan (Goderich): People speak of trees being "curculio-proof." Now, there is no such thing, either in the generally-cultivated plum or in the wild plum. 1 know of no such thing as a curculio-proof plum. There are some varieties less subject to curculio than others ; but I would like all parties here present, and any one interested especially in this Association, to distinctly understand that, as an Association we do not allow anything of that sort to pass. Speaking for myself, coming from a plum district as I do, I would say we have nothing there — and we have cultivated natives too —that is curculio-proof ; but the best we can say of them is that som^f varieties are less subject to curculio, being extremely hard at the particular time at which the curculio is in for active work. Along the Lake Huron shore we have not gone very largely intj the cultivation of new varieties spoken of. To some exte>xt they have been tried, and so;ne
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
of our own natives have been grown ; but they are discarded, as a rule, for the general line of cultivated plums ; and as far as the black knot is concerned, we do not fear it now as we did. The experience is that if the black knot law is enforced in a plum section by individual growers, there is little danger in after years. The plum orchard can be so protected and the black knot so taken care of in the younger years of the tree that in after years you will have little or no black knot to attend to. We have found it so. We still stick to the better imported varieties as more suitable generally for the market. As to these newer varieties spoken of in Mr. Craig's excellent paper, I would like to see some of them cultivated for culinary purposes. They are not dessert plums ; but we find when we go to the markets that the general consumer wants a plum that is both culinary and dessert. We cannot tind that amongst these newer varieties, and hence we still stick to the old varieties, selecting from them.
PLUM ROT, AND SPOT OE SCAB.
The following questions were then offered for discussion :
Experience in treating rot (Monilia).
Has anyone noticed the presence of " plum spot or scab " on red plums ?
Prof Craig : The plum spot or scab that I referred to has been already described in the paper. It is indicated by a small round red spot. Later on the plum shrivels up and drops suddenly. I would like to know something as to the spread of this disease.
Mr. Turner (Cornwall) : We have diseases of that description in Cornwall. It is not spreading, apparently.
Mr. Caston : I have noticed it to a small extent on the common wild varieties — not nearly to such an extent as on the cultivated varieties. There is no doubt it will be- come quite prevalent.
Mr. Allan : In the newer varieties I have noticed less plum rot than in the other varieties ; as a rule that species of plum is a heavy bearer.
Mr. G. W. Oline : I have had quite a lot of plum rot for several years, and a year ago last season I treated it with an ammoniacal solution ; and in the early spring, before the trees leafed out, and afterwards, with the carbonate of copper in connection with Paris green in spraying for curculio. That tjeason I had scarcely any rot. I also threw sulphur in the trees about the time of ripening. This last year I did not spray before the trees leafed out, but I sprayed with the carbonate of sulphur and solution of Paris green, and I had plenty of rot, — a year ago I had scarcely any ; but whether to attribute it to the spraying I don't know. I sprayed twice or three times with the carbonate in the Paris green, but I tlidn't use the ammoniacal solution at all. When I sprayed for the curculio -ind added the Paris green it was just along when the fruit was formed. I woiild not like to say there had been a specific remedy.
Dr. Beadle : I)o you not notice that the fungus — what we call the rot — makes its appearance just about wlien the fruit is beginning to ripen?
^Ir. Cli.ve : My plum trees were never heavier loaded than tliey were this year, but it seemed that the wet weather coming on at that time of year, caused them to rot. I did not have more than one-third of a crop, just through that.
Mr. A. M. S.\iiTH : I noticed the same thing in my trees. Some that were heavily loaded dropped off tarly.
Mr. Race : I have seventeen varieties that I am growing. I have only two subject to rot — the Glass' seedling and tlie Quackenbos.
Mr. Allan : That is only one.
Mr. Cline : They are two distinct plums, without a doubt.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
Mr. Allan : I have tried for years to find out, but I cannot find any further differ- ence between them than I can find between two plums taken otf one tree. You will find differences in different soils in the same plums.
Mr. M. Pettit : My experience is only of one year, and I do not know that it would be of any benefit. I thought this year spraying had been a great benefit, but possibly it might have been from some other cause. Where I used it was on Lombard plums that had rotted very badly the previous season. This year they commenced again when they were quite small — the size of a bean ; great blotches commenced to appear the same as they did before ; ana I sprayed with sulphate of copper. I used two ounces of sulphate of copper in a forty gallon barrel, and left about six days between the sprayings, and this — or some other cause — entirely stopped it.'^and the plums were quite clean in com- parison with the previous year.
The Secretary : I have been experimenting with these fungicides with a good deal of success. My plum orchard is too small to give me much experience with plums, but I think I can see an advantage in treating plum rot with copper. Mr. Blanchard, who has been conducting the experiments for me, is here and may have something to say.
Mr. Blanchard (foreman for Mr. Woolverton, the Secretary, Grimsby) : I have been treating a plum tree that was especially bad with the rot — a McLaughlin. For two yeai^ I have been trving the carbonate of copper. This tree is standing right alongside a spruce and it is growing partly into it ; and I think that is one thing that makes it rot more than others — because the spruce keeps it damp and wet, especially in cool weather. I sprayed it three times for two years now, and I find it completely prevents the rot and the tree bears every year a big heavy crop. Though this year has been especially bad for plum rot, I found the carbonate stop it suddenly. I use three ounces to '2b gallons ; this was the powder in connection with Paris green.
Mr. Allan : When do you apply it first 1
Mr. Blanchard : Just at the time when you spray for curculio. I find when they are grown to that size they rot the worst.
Mr. Allan : Did you ever try using the solution before the leaves appear at all ?
Mr. Blanchard : No.
Mr. Cline : I have tried that.
Mr. Allan : Did you decide that there was benefit in doing so 1
Mr. Cline : I only tried it one season. I sprayed it twice before the trees leafed out and also used the carbonate in suspension with Paris gi-een, and also sulphur ; I had no rot that year, I also picked all the rotten plums off the trees ; aud I would advise every person to clean the ground of every rotten plum they can find, and burn them.
Mr. Allan : There is no doubt benefit to be gained by using the solution at least once before the leaves appear at all.
Mr. Cline : I think so.
The Secretary : I think Mr. Allan has struck a very important point, that our efforts to stop the plum rot must be by prevention, and that we want to begin in advance. We usually wait till we see the rot and the mildew appearing before we take any meas- ures to treat them ; and then it may be too late. In using the Bordeaux mixture in the vinery I haA^e had almost complete success in preventing mildew.
Mr. Pattison : Does not Mr. Cline find a great difference in the plum rot according to the soil the plum is grown on ? I have a plum orchard on a heavy clay soil, but I have had no rot whatever, I think Mr. Cline told me that those of his trees that are on heavy clay do not suffer from rot.
Mr. Cline : Yes, that is true ; I find that the lighter and moister the soil, the plums seem to take the rot the more readily than they do on the heavier clays. Plums do not arowso large on those heavier clay soils. I have a smaU orchard that has been planted some twenty-five years, and there is very little if any rot in it ; although within less than
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66 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
a quarter of a mile from it, on lighter soil, they rot quite badly. Another thing about plums : if you plant them where they are open to the air it is a great preventive of rot. If they don't get the wind to keep the dampness away they are very apt to rot.
Mr. HiLBORN : Isn't that true of peaches
Mr. Clixe : I think it is, even in grapes it is an advantage to cut away some of the foliage, if very heavy, and let the air in underneath.
Prof. Craig : I am very glad indeed to have evidence coming in from so many sides on this question. It is especially gratifying to me that the growers are taking it up and getting practical results. Using the carbonate of copper in suspension without the am- monia is a valuable and cheap preventive for fungus.
Dr. Beadle : We should emphasize the necessity of spraying early. "When this fungus appears so that we see it, it has gone to seed, The spores, as we call them — or seeds, as they might be called — fall upon the fruit, and in favorable circumstances they spread immediately — take root, as you may say — into the tissues of the plum. After that has taken place, all the carbonate of copper in the world won't be of any possible benefit — the fungus has got into the tissues of the plum, and is out of reach. The great point is to kill the first crop.
Mr. Caston : We are told by the scientists that the germs of all this fungus are ever present with us, but one year is more favorable than another. I find they do the greatest damage in wet, close, damp weather. If we have a breeze blowing so as to keep the grain moving, we have no rust on the wheat. Do these fungicides kill the germs, or does any aroma given off repel the germs 1 Does any one know whether the fungus may not take the leaf or the young wood and go up by the way of the stem into the plum, so that the rot may be from the inside instead of the outside 1 How does this spraying mix- ture act in repelling these diseases f Is it of much practical value in a season that is favorable for the propagation of these diseases ? Will the game be worth the candle, considering the cost of it ?
Mr. Allan : It is like mildew in grape. The same principle applies. We used to use the sulphur on the grape about the time the mildew appears. Now we scatter the sulphur upon the soil ; and the result is, so long as we have a good ciilrent of air surrounding the vines, we find very little difficulty in subduing the mildew. That is the reason I intro- duced that point into the discussion — as to using the solution before the leaf appears on the plum tree at all — and the important point, in the fall of the year, of seeing that your plum trees are perfectly clean — not only the trees themselves, but the soil under the tree. All dropped plums should be gathered up and destroyed, because those are all contribut- ing towards the disease we are fighting.
Mr. Hunter : Has any gentleman had 8ucce.ss in spraying this spring for the fungus ? It rained so incessantly that any solution you might put on would be washed off'.
Mr. Allan : I have had success, although the continual rain was a perfect nuisance, and you had to keep up a continual spraying. I did so on a few trees ; but I found the first spraying was the all important one.
The Secretary : I think several of the instances given have reference to this year. With regard to Mr. Gaston's question : How does the poison act on the fungi ? As I understand it, it acts by direct contact. The fungus is a little plant growing upon the leaf or iruit, and it appears that it is easily injured in those cases — more easily acted upon than the foliage of the tree — fortunately for us, because if we do not make our poison too strong, we can destroy the fungus without injuring the foliage. The spores can be affected by the poison as well as the little plant itself. That is the exi)lanation of tlie utility of applying poison before the foliage appears ; because these little germs must live some- where through the winter, and it is thought they do live through upon the old leaf, upon the rotten fruit ; and some have thought that the apple scab is bred upon the little buds and is waiting for the time that it can damage the tbliage.
Mr. Caston : Will the early application of the fungicides affect the foliage so as to render it proof against attacks 1
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
The Secretary : Even before the foliage appears it is recommended to use the sul- phate of copper strong — even as strong as one poujid to twenty gallons of water — so that there would not be any left to attack the tree.
Dr. Beadle : The question is : Suppose the leaves are open, then we spray ; does that render those leaves proof against the growing of these fungus spores upon that leaf ? Mr. Caston : Yes, that is what I was trying to get at.
Dr. Beadle : The answer is this : if one application has spread itself over the leaf, and has not been washed off by a subsequent rain, it will ; but if rain comes and washes off one application, we have to renew the application so as to have the spores killed. I think our scientists tell us that these spores germinate ; they make these spots on the leaf ] they go to seed ; these spores — or seeds, as I call them — drop upon the soil, are washed into the soil by the showers ; get upon the tubers of potatoes, for instances, and there they find the conditions for growing.
Prof Craig : My understanding is that the disease grows down through the stalk of the potato, and passes up through the tuber to the stalk.
Dr. Beadle : Do they take root in the stalk and keep growing downwards until they reach the tuber, or is it that they take root in the stalk and keep multiplying, and so going down 1
Prof. Craig : Keep multiplying, and so going down.
Mr. D. Allan (Gait) : I apply a little alum in the water — I have been doing it for 25 years — for fixing the poison on the leaf. I mix it with a little warm water. I put about the same amount of alum as hellebore — an ounce to a pail of water. The hellebore thus applied will stay on my currant bushes all the season.
Mr. Head : Does alum affect the leaf 1
Mr. D. Allan : It may give it a little light color,
Mr. Head : You don't think it interferes with its functional capacity in any way ?
Mr. D. Allan : It never troubled it, to my mind.
Mr. Beall (Lindsay) : I use a little flour paste instead of alum, which I feared might rot the leaves.
The President : We would like to hear any remarks from Mr, James, Deputy Min- ister of Agriculture.
Mr. James : I have nothing to add to what has been said. I would emphasize what has been mentioned with reference to where these fungi come from . Mr . Caston said that they are present everywhere . That is so, with a modification ; but the place in particular where they are is on the tree itself and in its immediate neighborhood — upon the old wood from last year's growth ; and hence an early application of the solu- tion upon the tree itself will remove the principal source from which next year's crop of fungus material is going to be derived from .
Mr . Turner : I think our worthy Secretary made the best point yet, when he advocated early spraying. When the opening bud first appears it is in its most recep- tive condition . It is very tender ; and I think the fungicides used at that time in a mild form, and repeated after that, will answer every purpose. I would advocate a strong solution to be used before the opening bud.
Mr. GoTT (Arkona) : We should be careful where and how we plant those trees. I don't think the plum is adapted to all soils. We should reserve our heavy soils for plums. We should plant them in long thin rows. In a close, tight block the fungus will grow in spite of all efforts. The inside of a block will always be more affect- ed than the outside — just exactly the same principle as the peach. The plum diseases can be remedied very largel}'^ by other agencies outside of the plum. To make the plum orchard a piggery — to make it a fowl yard, to be used for poultry — these will have a beneficial effect on the growth of the plums.
Mr. James : What was the principal cause of the plum failure this year 1
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6 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13) A. 1893
The Secretary : I think the rot was the worst.
Mr. Pattison : The free application of wood ashes and lime is very beneficial to the plum. I have fed them very freely with these sul)stances, and have had absolutely no rot whatever, although I have grown plums for over nine years, many of my trees being full grown when I went there, I never lost a basket from rot. Mr. Cline informs me that where he has fertilized with special fertilizer that is compounded at Smith's Falls and 1 believe is largely composed of potash, that he has noticed quite a diflference in the liability of plums to rot on that account, and in the general immunity of the plums from disease.
Mr. Fisher (Burlington) : We didn't have any plum rot this year where I live. We had no plums (laughter.) Last year I noticed that the trees I have growing on an alluvial deposit were very much worse with rot than on other soil.
Mr. James : I think careful experiments ought to be made on the question. Why do the diseases strike certain trees 1 Are we starving, or partially starving, our trees, and as a consequence getting the trees into such an unhealthy or weak condition that the disease strikes them readily ? Can we build up the constitution of the trees so that they will resist the disease 1
Mr. C'ASToy : It is a well-known fact that some of the best and thriftiest apple trees are affected by apple-scab. You would think the tree with the greatest vigor would have the greatest ability to resist the attacks of these diseases ; but it seems to be the contrary. Although what would bear out the opposite would be this fact, that trees that are not susceptible to the apple scab at all, are particularly hardy, and it is the pecu- liar hardiness that prevents the attacks of the scab.
Mr. Allan : There is a simple reason for all that. We are seeing more and more every year that throughout our fruit orchards there is a lack in the soil. No doubt you can go into the country and find a young tree badly spotted ; but the reason there is exactly the same as in the other instances, the soil lacks some particular substance that is required for the production of perfect fruit. Now, in order to get at this subject and understand it, we must analyse our soil ; we must know what those ([uaiities are that must be in the soil tor the perfect production of strong, perfect, healthy wood, and the production of healthy, good fruit. When we reach that point, we will have come to a point very much in favor of the fruit-growers of this Province ; and come to that point we must, or go down largely in the markets. We have gone down to a considerable extent in the markets of Britain with the apple ; and I trace it all back to one point — that our orchards are lacking ; the soil is not cultivated and fitted for the crop as it should be. We should look on the orchard as we do any other part of the farm. We should study the orchard's wants; and feed its soil as we do for a crop of wheat or any other roots. (Applause.)
Mr. James : Very fre([uently we draw erroneous conclusions from simple observation of one circumstance. Here is a man who examines his orchard ; and he says : " Those trees are growing on a heavy soil ;" and he draws conclusions from that one point — the soil — leaving out entirely the slope of the land, the prevailing wind, whether it is shaded or not ; so that in coming to conclusions on those points we have a variety of circum- stances to take into consideration. The mere fact that a tree is not thrifty on heavy soil, should not disprove the fact that perhaps those trees would grow on such soils. You may take a variety of soils, they are all clay and they are all heavy, but they may be very different in composition. We should take all the circumstances into consideration before we arrive at any conclusion. Hence a number of experiments carried on at different places all grouped together, will give us better results than the results on one mans farm. We are not very likely to put too much fertilizei-s on our orchards. It requires something to prove that heavy clay is the material that is needed. I remem- ber years ago hearing Mr. Allan speaking on this subject, in referring to the use of salt in his apple-orchard making the fruit and the trees strong and healthy. Not that there was any benefit in the salt, but it set free other ingredients in the soil.
The Secretary : Some people believe that the yellows can be cured by an appli-
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
cation of potash ; but I believe that is not substantiated. Still in my own orchard I use wood ashes very freely, and I do not think there is any orchard in the section that has had less yellows True, we have had to pull out trees eyery year to keep our orchard free from that disease, still T think there has been less yellows in my peach orchard from the fact that we apply wood ashes liberally to these trees. That substantiates to a cer- tain extent the point that has been made, that if we knew just what the trees required we might in the case of many trees protect those trees by feeding them properly. In regard to the remark of one of the members that the plum tree is subject to fungus when highly manured, I would say that it was growing so fast that the young growth of wood was tender, and hence more subject to the spores.
Mr. Morris : While it is necessary to feed the trees and protect the healthy growth, to prevent those diseases that food needs to be balanced. Vegetable manure — barnyard manure may cause such a growth, an unhealthy growth ; particularly if the trees are kept cultivated, and that growth made late in the season. In such case, if pears you will always see blight. There is nothing more conducive to blight than to manure your pear trees with barnyard manure and bring them on late. To my mind the best manure for trees in almost any soil — of course you can vary according to the soil — would be a proportion of barnyard manure, wood ashes, and bone dust. I think you would get in those three all that is required. To grow trees with ashes alone, you do not get the strong growth you do with the manure ; but it is a healthy growth of wood, is more solid, and a tree grown with lime and wood ashes is much healthier than one grown with wood ashes alone.
The Secretary : You use those elements largely yourself in your nursery "i
Mr. Morris : Yes. Unless you have healthy wood your trees will be subject to those diseases that are being discussed.
Mr. Blanchard : Would you use those elements all together ]
Mr. Morris : Yes.
Prof. Craig : This matter of getting healthy trees and feeding the soil is a very complicated one. It is necessary to get the trees in the best condition, and to get the trees least liable to these diseases. After that we must come down to spraying. It is proved it is a practicable remedy. It can be applied with paying results to every man who will apply it intelligently and at the right time. It has been pointed out the spray must be put on in a tine film — that is, the protection is given by giving, this coating. The way to get that is to put on a fine spray. In spraying we must use a nozzle which will put the spray on in a finely-divided condition, and cover the leaf and the fruit and the whole thing completely. Two nozzles which I have found give me very good results are the Vermorel Improved and the Nixon. rzb^iK
Mr. Hunter : If we were to accomplish that — cover up the leaf so completely that nothing would reach it — that would kill the whole business. The leaf is the lung of the plant, and must take in air.
Prof. Craig : The thickness of the covering on the side would be so thin that it would not interfere with the breathing.
Mr. James : The breathing is chiefly on the under side of the leaf.
AOTS RELATING TO THE SPREAD OF DISEASES.
The Secretary : I have wanted to move a committee to revise the Act with regard to the spread of diseases of trees. In my opinion the present Act is very imperfect indeed, and some proposals were made last year in the Niagara District for a change in the Act, but those were not fully approved of, and the Minister of Agriculture did not think they were just in the right shape to have them brought before the House, and he sug- gested that we should consider the matter here. It is the duty of every man who has black knot in his place to cut down the trees. That is very well if he will do it. Then
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
the council is to appoint an inspector to see that this is done ; but he has not to do it unless on the petition of fifty ratepayers. That is all right if any one has time to go round and get fifty names ; but if the plum knot is ravaging a district and destroying the orchards I think if five men put their names to a paper asking the council to hive an inspector appointed, surely it is enough. (Hear, hear.) I don't see why there should not be an inspector anyway. I suppose he gets no pay unless he does some work, and if he does work he ought to be paid.
Delegate : I think two names would be quite enough.
The Secretary : There are other cumbersome details in this Act. Another is that the inspector has some trouble in carrying it out. I believe he has got to have a written complaint fioiu somebody that the disease exists before acting. Now I think this is too long to wait. I don't see why the inspector should not have eyes of his own, and if he sees yellows in anybody's orchard I do not see why he should not act without waiting for somebody to complain. At the Farmers' Institute meeting held at Grimsby a committee was appointed to co-operate with the Canadian Institute in Toronto. The Canadian Institute, who are interested in the health of the city, found that peaches with yellows were being otfered for sale and they wanted to stamp out the disease, but the matter was not put just in shape to be acted upon. A committee waited on the Government too late in the session. As a matter of fact the Minister of Agriculture wanted to know what the Fruit Grow^ers' Association had done, and he thought the fruit growers of Ontario were the parties to take the matter up. It has been proposed that there be one general inspector the same as there is for foul brood in bees, and that he might work with local inspectors. [The Secretary here read letters from Mr. VV. E. Wellington and the Min- ister of Agriculture.] Of course the work would be mostly done in committee. We cannot discuss it till the matter is properly before us, and I think the committee should bring in some recommendation for some change in this Act, and we might discuss their suggestions and see whether they would meet the case or not. I move that the Chairman or President be asked to name a committee of three to consider this matter.
^Ir. A. M. Smith seconded the motion.
The motion was put and carried. Dr. Beadle suggesting that the President submit the names of committee after noon adjournment.
The Convention then adjourned at twelve o'clock, to resume at two p.m.
SECOND DAY— AFTERNOON SESSION.
The Convention resumed at two p.m.
The President : I am glad to see a large addition to our numbers of this morning. I have also pleasure in announcing that we have with us Mr. O. F. I>rand, a member of the State Horticultural Society of Minnesota. We welcome him to our council, and shall be very glad to have him take a seat and join us in our discussions, and in every respect we tender him the courtesies of our Association. I will name the following committees :
O.v Fruit Exiiinrr. — Messrs. Morris, Fonthill ; J. D. Stewart, Russeldale ; and W. S. Turner, (Jornwall.
On New Fruit. — Prof. Craig, Ottawa ; Mr. Hilborn, Leamington; Mr. G. C. Cas- ton, Craighurst.
On Revision of Laws as to Black Knot, — E. D. Smith, Winona; A. W Pearti Burlington ; J. Cavers, Gait ; J. K. McMichael, Waterford ; G. W. Cline, Winona.
Mr. Brand, in accepting the hospitalities of the' Convention, said he had come not so much to aflford information as to gather it. Fruit growing began in Minnesota thirty- eight years ago, and he was plea.sed to say that the oldest apple tree in that State was grown from a .seed from an orchard near St. Catharines, and the fruit has been named the Catharine ajjple. The tree bids fair to reach a hundred years in age. He had been
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
asked by the President of the Minnesota State Association to find out what the Cana- dians were doing in originating new fruit ; also what success had been met with here in growing Russian apples. He would be glad to listen to the discussions and to afford any information he possessed. (Applause.)
APPLE GROWING.
Mr. Thos. Brooks, of Brantford, read the following paper :
The apple is one of the oldest of fruits. There is an old book with which I have no doubt most of you are familiar in which we find these words : " As the apple tree among the trees of the wood, so is my beloved among the sons," — something beautiful and lovely — beautiful in its growth, form and appearance, lovely in its fruit and usefulness ; such ought the apple tree to be, for apple trees like ourselves are known by their fruit. Plant in the spring, thirty feet apart each way, and do not forget that you are planting a living thing with a life to be fed, protected and cared for if you would have it a thing of beauty and profit. If you do not mean to feed, protect and care for it, do not plant it. Of all the kinds of fruit grown in this country the apple is capable of adapting itself to the greatest variety of soil, climate and surroundings, but under no circumstance must we neglect to feed, care and protect it. "Dig about it and dung it" is still good advice, though it has come down through the centuries. In regard to the apple tree, just remem- ber this, though it is a living thing it cannot roam about for food ; it is tied to the spot. Take your cow into the field and give her only twenty feet of rope. She will soon have eaten up all the feed within her reach and have nothing but the ground to stand on, and if you do not supply her wants the pail will soon show the reason. Now I believe this to be the condition of too many of our apple trees : they have little more than the ground to hold them up, and if there was any such thing as their getting out they would follow one another over the fence like so many breachy sheep. General practice has been something like this : For the first ten years the orchard has been made to grow all the grain and roots that could be got from it, thus doing double duty. All right if double fertility has been applied to the trees, but this is too often neglected. Unless the orchard has had very liberal treatment in the way of manure and cultivation the ground will be poorer than when the trees were planted. To me there appears a great similarity between animal and tree vegetable life. For our domestic animals to become strong, healthy and vigorous, they must be fed and cared for in a proper manner. The cow, to give good results at the pail, must have the proper feed in right proportion and quantity, with good care ; so the orchard, to give good results in the barrel or cellar, must have its wants supplied to that end from year to year. The animal and its needs, and how and with what to supply them for any desired end, is now pretty well understood. In the case of the orchard these points are rather more obscure and perhaps not so well understood by the average farmer. The suitable treatment of the tree itself, in the way of cleaning and pruning, may in the main be agreed upon as to what is best. And, not to go below the surface of the ground, may there not very easily be some special fertilizer, particularly adapted for the production of fruit, that we do not yet know of "i And when we have done our best so far, may there not easily exist some subsoil conditions which will counteract all our best efforts. The only remedy that I know of to cure any unfavorable subsoil conditions, either in the field or orchard, is tile draining. This will greatly bene- fit a hard clay subsoil, or a cold damp bottom, and in the orchard I believe a good depth, even to four or five feet, to be necessary. If tile drain is too near the surface in the orchard there is danger of the tiles tilling with small roots from the trees. I do not wi.sh to be tedious, and of what I have written this is about the sum : First, if the orchard is on hard clay, or cold subsoil, deep and thorough tile draining with perfect outlet ; if in grass, which I always think is the nicest condition after the trees are well to bearing, not, however, to be sod-bound, but kept mellow with top dressing, ashes and coarse manure. Next is clean bark and proper pruning — and let me say right here, better prune too little than too much. I have seen most ruinous results from over much pruning. Get the tree
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
into nice shapely form as to the desired height of the lower limbs from the ground and the direction of leading branches, daring the first five years ; after that, under no circum- stances ever prune closer than to cut a branch off a limb. Never cut a leading branch oil the trunk. Now, sir, I know there is nothing new iu this paper. I leave much that might have been said to more able men. Still, I think that success in apple-growing as in many other things, lies in the faithful carrying out of some of the old well-established facts which I have tried to point out. First and last, fe,(>A the appl-i tree."
The Secretary : We have had a good paper. Two points, gentlemen who have had experience will heartily approve of. Fertilizing the orchard well is too much neglected in our country. The point about pruning is well put. I think our apple orchards are over-pruned in a great many cases. Trees are made sickly and short-lived because of barbarous butchering. With regard to the distances apart, I think on some rich soils 30 or 32 feet is perhaps a little too close. I have old trees 40 feet apart on good soils where the branches are interlacing.
Mr. JoN'ES (Burford) : A great many contend that orchards should be plowed and worked. By so doing you trim, in a measure, the I'oots, which are thus said to be trimmed at the top ; but my experience is that isolated trees, where the ground has never been plowed, are the best trees in the orchard. I believe top-dressing an excellent thing if properly done — to cover the whole ground with coarse manure, and frequently to keep the grass down. As to under-draining, where there is gravel and a good deal of subsoil, orchards do not do well. I have observed the best results in orchards where there is a very deep soil, or, if clay, sub-soil.
Mr. McMiCHAEL (Waterford) : In the last few years my observation has led me to believe that the fungus or spot in the fruit is worse iu orchards that have been laid down to grass. I have also known orchards that have been very highly cultivated by fertilizing with barn yard manure, that year after year have raised large crops, with very little fungus on them. It seems the vitality of the tree has, to a certain extent, the power to withstand this trouble if highly fertilized ; and where they are left to grass the trees are not, perhaps, one-fifth as productive as where they are more cultivated.
Mr. Caston (Craighurst) ; I agree with the last speaker about fertilizing. Of course it stands to reason that a tree must be fed. There is a growth of tree, of leaves, and of fruit. It is claimed that it exhausts a tree just as much to perfect the fruit in a small seed as a large one ; and it might be well to thin out the fruit while small. Where you can work close up to the tree with a plow, never leave it in grass at all. Wliile the orchard is young we grow a crop of roots, provided the fertility of the soil is kept up. In this climate, where we have six or seven weeks of very drouthy weather, culti- vate the ground all the time you possibly can ; and keep up fertility if you want healthy trees and good fruit. •
Mr. Race : ^ How do] you mean to cultivate 1 Would you take a crop otl the soil .'
^Ir. Caston : I would not unless sufficient fertilizing material was put in, so that what is taken away by the crop.s would not rob the tree. If you cannot find sulficient fertilizing iuateri:il, do not crop at all, but simply summer-fallow and feed the tree ; and I think it will be found that the trees at forty feet occupy the ground pi-etty well when they come to maturity, ami you will thus make as good use? of the ground as you can.
Prof. Ckaig here showed two specimens of fruit picked at the same time — one which had not been thinned, and the other thinned early in the season. The latter was twice as large as the former. The apples were both of the same variety — a Russian called the Romna. The large one was of poorer color than the small one, but [the speaker said ho could have secured color as well as size by allowing the large one to remain longer on the tree.
A Delegate • Which give the best financial results — the thinned or the unthinned 1
Prof. Craig : The thinned gave me a larger number of bushels, and I leave it to the fruit growers to say which would bring the most money.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
Mr. Allan : The big apple.
The Secretary : How early would you do this thinning ?
Prof. Oraig : I should say just after the first apples are fallen from the effects of the codling moth.
The Secretary : Just about the time we do our spraying 1
Prof. Craig : A little after.
A Delegate : How old was the tree from which these specimens came 1
Prof. Craig : It was six years planted.
The President suggested calling for the paper, " Fruit Growing on Clay soils," by Mr. F. G. H, Pattison, of Grimsby, and discussing it in connection with the paper just read.
FRUIT GROWING ON CLAY SOILS.
For a long time it was supposed, at all events in the section of country in which I am situated, that fruit would not succeed except on a light soil, preferably a sandy one. Consequently, those who had the temerity to plant fruit on the clay were laughed at by their neighbors, as being likely to have nothing but their labor for their pains. Even now the same impression prevails largely, especially amongst those who own farms of sandy texture.
To aid, then, in dispelling this idea is one of the objects of this paper From a personal experience in the heart of one of the best known fruit sections in Ontario ex- tending over eight years, and from observation of the operations of others over a longer period, I have come to a conclusion slightly diff"erent from the foregoing, and I ask yon to lend me your ears for a short time that I may present the other side of the case to your notice. Now, in my experience clay soil, and especially high red clay, is peculiarly well adapted to growing profitably the following kinds of fruit, namely ; grapes, pears, plums, apples, quinces, red and black currants. Peaches and cherries will also do fairly well ; the former must, however, be given exceptionally good attention and cultivation, when they will bear fruit some seasons when there is little or none on the sand, and the quality will be very fine. Still for profit clay does not compare with sand in the case of the peach, which naturally loves a light warm soil. Small fruits, also, with the exception of red and black currants, mentioned above, cannot be profitably grown upon clay to any great extent, although an excellent supply for home use can be easily obtained. But let us examine into those fruits that I haje already said can be profitably grown there. To begin with grapes. For them I claim the following advantages on clay soil : Firstly, earliness. On the high red clay most varieties will ripen from 10 days to 3 weeks earlier than on sand in the same locality. This advantage is of great importance from a pecuni- ary point of view, especially in an early section, frequently from this cause alone doubling the profits to be obtained from the vineyard. Secondly, healthiness. Grapes on clay are not nearly so subject to diseases, especially rot and mildew. Thirdl}^ the quality of the fruit is vastly superior. So much is this the case, that the same fruit grown on clay is like a totally different and superior variety compared to that grown upon sand, although the name be the same. To give you an example from my own experience, which is the more valuable as it was purely voluntary and quite un- biassed. A year or more ago a young friend of mine who had been staying with me for a considerable time and had been accustomed to eat my grapes grown upon a clay soil, expressed a wish to go through some of the large vineyards in my neighborhood upon the sand. It was a fine day in the early part of October, and as we walked through the vineyards the grapes hung in tempting clusters, perfectly ripe. Naturally enough, he sampled them as he went along, but after doing so his face did not express the satisfac- faction one might have looked for under the circumstances. Instead of which he said, " whatever is the matter with these grapes ? they have no flivor." I suggested that it
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
might be the variety, so he tried other varieties ; but with the same invariable result — no flavor. It was quite true, for I have no hesitation in saying that grapes grown upon sand are insipid, watery, flavorless productions, and are as much inferior to those grown upon clay as those grown out of doors are inferior to the hot house varieties in a cool climate.
I am informed by a neighbor who is in the habit of attending the Hamilton market, that the dealers and buyers there eagerly seek for grapes grown upon a clay soil, the etFect of which is that it is hard to find them grown upon any other soil — at all events when they have reached market. I am also informed that wine makers, both at Hamil- ton and at St. Catharines, vastly prefer grapes from the clay, indeed, will not purchase any others if they can help it.
jUiow we come to pears, and here again the quality and flavor are much superior, some varieties almost flavorless in sand, being excellent on clay, i.e., Flemish Beaut v. Clapp's Favorite, too, which rots at the core if allowed to hang upon the tree on sandy soil will hang for weeks upon the clay without sutfering deterioration. The trees are healthier, bear as well and are much less subject to blight, that fell enemy of the j^ear grower.
Plums revel in a clay soil ; they bear early, last long, and produce abundant crops of excellent quality, often bearing heavily in seasons when there are none upon the sand. They are also less subject to disease and to the curoulio.
Apples do excellently upon a high clay ; they come into bearing early and do not feel climatic changes so much as on the sand. The fruit is of tiuer quality and keeps better. The trees as a rule bear more fruit and less wood and do not require so much feeding.
Quinces will do well on clay if given good cultivation and a moderate supply of manure ; also red and black currants.
\ et other two points in favor of the high clay and I have done.
Firstly, it does not require underdraining to produce fruit profitably, of excellent quality. This is frequently a very important item in the expense of putting out fruit. One of our prominent members declared at a meeting of the Farmers' Institute, held at Grimsby last winter, that it was quite useless to underdrain the high red clay. While not goin<; so far as this, I am of opinion that it will make so little ditlerence as not to be worth doing.
Secondly, the fertility of the clay for fruit is not easily exhausted, and can be kept up for an indefinite period with a very moderate supply of manure. Now, on sand it is feed, feed, feed all the time if you wish to obtain the two reijuisites, viz., quantity and quality. I am convinced that the reason a great n)any orchards do not Itear upon the sand is from no other cause Vmt soil-exhaustion. Now, the clay (like the Scotchman, of whom it was saitl on some one asking if he kept the Saljbath, Yes, he keeps the Sabbath, and everything else he can lay his hands on) will retain all the fertility you can supply to it,, and will unlock it gradually.
Summing up, I think we may safely say that the fruits I have mentioned viz., graj)es, pears, plums, apples, quinces and red and black currants, can not only be profit- ably grown upon clay, but will excel those grown upon aluiost any other soil.
Mr. Allan (Goderich) : t can't agree with a great deal that Mr. Pattison has said. I believe in clay ; I believe in clay loam ; 1 do not believe that fruit culture can be successfully prosecuted upon a heavy clay, and I take it when he speaks of clay it is pure clay or a heavy clay, and not a clay loam, without a thorough system of under- draining upon such soil. (Jnder-drainage is iuqiortant on almost any soil — even in gravelly sub-soils, which are often springy, where the top soil is mellow and easily penetrated, so that the feeding roots reach substanc(;s that are not altogether beneficial to the formation of perfect wood and fruit. As to (juality, there is unquestionably a ditlerence in some
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
fruits in proportion to the soils they are grown upon ; but that difference means the difference in the substances in that soil that are required to produce first-class fruit. If there is sufficient lime and iron, and substances of that sort, you will get a high color and a high flavor — in other words, the flavor is brought out better. I believe in a mixture of manures, because in the mixture we find the substances that are required for the purposes we are after. You will find the highest possible color and flavor in a particular variety, for instance, where you place some salt, some sulphate of iron, and a certain quantity of potash ; whereas that same variety grown a few feet distant, under slightly different circumstances, will not grade as high, because the flavor is not brought out as well. My experience is that apples grown in a southern section will not, after shipment, compare in any way in a foreign market with apples grown in the far north and east ; and if I were in the southern district I would devote myself to those truits that can reach the highest perfection for those markets that they were to be shipped to.
Mr. Orr (Winona) : I have taken nearly all the apple trees out — both clay and sand — and made firewood of them. As to underdrainage of clay, the water never finds its way down to the drains. I have had experience growing pears on clay ; but they load so heavily that we do not get size.
The Secretary : How about Clapp's Favorite getting rotten in the heart 1
Mr. Orr : We have had no difficulty with the Clapp's Favorite on that score.
Mr. Hunter : I have had Clapp's Favoiite rotten on the outside and sound in the heart.
Mr. Race : Mr. Allan comes from Goderich, which is on a sand belt about twenty-two feet in width. The apple exhibit around Goderich this last fall was the largest and finest I saw in the province. The next finest was at the town of Clinton, only a few miles east of that. These were very much larger and finer than the exhibit at London, and quite equal, if not superior, to the one at Toronto. On enquiring in these and other places I found that the very finest specimens were grown upon a sandy loam, or else a clay-loam underdrained ; and in many cases where we found samples which came iu competition with those, I found that they were grown on clay which was not underdrained. So I concluded that last year the sandy loam had been the very best, and the second quality was produced on a clay loam underdrained. There are two apples that have come into notice during the last three or four years — the Wealthy and the Ontario. The finest specimens I saw of these anywhere this season were at Stratford, cultivated by Mr. Dempsey.
Mr. Allen : It was later in the season when you saw the specimens there ? Mr. Race : It was about two weeks later than I saw at Goderich.
Mr. Dempsey (Stratford) : Those that Mr. Race speaks of were grown on blue-day subsoil. It was highly cultivated, well manured, and a good deal of ashes on it.
Mr. HiLBORN : I think that elevation has something to do with it ; but I find that sandy soil produces fruit of a better quality, though very often not quite so large. Small fruit crops like strawberries are of better quality on sandy soil — they get more sunshine and heat.
Mr. Morris : I think the question of clay or sandy soil depends altogether on what the clay soil is and what the sandy soil is. There is much clay soil that can be thoroughly tile-drained ; and I think that kind of soil is as good as any we can get for fruit. There is a good deal of sandy soil that is of a damp, sour nature, that is not fit for fruit. That which is sandy loam and dry grows good fruit. I think Mr. Dempsey has given us the secret of those fine Stratford apples by saying that he used much ashes. Ashes are made from wood, and when fed to land turns to wood — it seems to be a natural manure, and makes a healthy growth of wood. Perhaps many, like myself, have orchards that we do not like to dig up, and we would like to know what varieties we can grow with advantage.
Mr. Pattison : I did not for a moment purpose to say that all clay soil does not
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No, 13). A, 1893
require underdraining. I said the high red clay did not require underd raining ; and that is so. It may rain for weeks and weeks, and if you dig down three and a-half feet into the red clay vou will never find a drop of water there. It is true that underdraining does render the land slightly more porous where the underdrains are not laid too deep ; but it is a question whether it pays to do it. High red clay requires no underdrainage for apples or any other fruit. As to quality, my experience is that it will bear shipping, and will keep long, and has a very fine color. There is no comparison in the results betvveen clay and sand in the same locality. As to earliness of crops in our section, the red clay is from ten days to two weeks earlier than the light soil in almost any variety.
Mr. Pettit (Winona) : Coming from Mr. Pattison's neighborhood, I cannot agree with that statement. No doubt you can get them earlier, but there is a great falling otf in ijuantity.
Mr. Caston : The term " sand " is quite indefinite. A sandy loam is the best for the most fruits. Next to that we like a clay loam. The best soil for the apple is the light loam. I think Mr Pattison's description may be accounted for from the fact that the locality in which he is has been settled for a long tiuie, and had been wrought for a long time with grain before they turned their attention to fruit ; and I think the clay there is very probably an alluvial deposit. I have no doubt that Lake Ontario was up to the top of the mountain at one time.
The President : There is another question that would come in here very well for dis- cussion— one of the topics on the programme : " What is ch3 proper way of caring for an orchard after it begins to bear fruit 1 "
Mr. Thcs. a. Good (Brantford) : The fruit growers of this sectioa have reason to feel gratified for the information that is being imparted to them. I think tlie fruit grow- ers in the Dominion understand fruit culture better than any in the world. We have various soils in this county, but none that water will not penetrate. I should not like to grow fruit where water would lie on the surface. h\ our part of the cjuntry we have the best success with Fameuse apple.-^, and I think with cherries on clay land. The next best land is clay loam ; and the worst for apples, and pears especially, is what we call sharp sand. It is almost like building sand. If you go down two or three feet you would get sand fit for making mortar ; whereas a few rods off you get a soil entirely dif- ferent. In some sections that sharp sand is no good for fruit at all, except smiU fruits, such as currants and strawberries — and they can be grown to perfection. An orchard on this sharp sand, within lialf-a mile of my house, has not produced in sixteen or .seven- teen years more than sixteen or seventeen barrels in three years, ft has been our plan to let an orchard run to grass after the trees got to bearing size. A neighbor of mints who has made liis orchard successful attributes it to the thorough cultivation he gives it. Another orchard near me on a sandy loam, well sheltered by a row of trees along the west side, which thoroughly protects it from the west winds, has been a success the last two years, but orchartls near it have not been successful. I would like to know why you consider wind-ljreaks in such a season as this a jirotection to the apple. In my own and other orchards there was hardly a perfect apple, while in the shaded orchards they were nearly all first class, and l)rought §1.(10 a l)arrel, having been sold as Kxtr.i No. 1 ap[)les. The windbreak was the only thing 1 could see lo acc;>unt for the diflerence. I cannot agree with the statement that poverty of the soil ciu.ses sjal). We have raised the snow-apples to perfection for years. Last year they were very good, and this year they were perfectly wurthless. if it was poverty of the soil, how could you account for that I There must be some other cause. The Baldwin and Northern !:Spy and Greening were also cracked and scabby, whereas in those former years they were almost perfect.
Mr. A. McD. Allan : The impression that poverty of the soil cau-ses fungus is no correct. Poverty of the soil has a great deal to do with any disciuse, because the "consti- tution " of a tree — .so to speak — grown in an impoverished .soil cannot be strong enou^rh to bear the burden of a crop of fruit, which will we.iken a tree. There must be suffi- cient food to providt! for the lile of the tree, and also for the bearing of the fruit and for the production of healthy and strong wood. Ycu are thus growing two crops on
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
that soil ; and many people will attempt to s;row a third crop — of grain — and thus rob the soil of its vitality. Whether you cultivate or not, after trees come into bearing; you must feed, and you must subsoil sufficient to allow the manures to penetrate the soil. If you allow the top sod to become consolidated you must adopt some measures to allow the manure to penetrate it. Never cultivate your orchard after midsummer ; and the man- uring must be done before. Follow nature as closely as possible — and nature provides a top-dressing under the soil of the trees in the fall of the year ; and then when the rains have percolated and worked that manure into the soil I carry on cultivation there very lightly. I planted in the first place in a nice friable soil, underdrained so that the roots would strike deeper than they otherwise might, so that I have the roots pretty well out of the control of the plow in cultivating — though I use a cultivator in cultivating. I would stop a little before mid-summer so as to allow the growth of the season to thor- oughly ripen before winter comes in.
APPLE SCAB.
The topic was then introduced for discussion : " What causes the apple scab ? Can it be prevented 1 "
The Secretary : This is a case illustrating the great value of science in horticulture or any other branch of agriculture. Not long ago a great many of us engaged in apple- growing in Ontario were inclined to give up growing apples on account of the apple scab ; but now we know that it is a little fungus, and that it lives not only on the fruit but also on the leaves ; that it is propagated by little spores that correspond to seeds, and that they lie upon the apple or upon the leaf, and very soon begin to germinate and pro- duce these little spots. You will have observed these spots on the leaves, not knowing that they were on the apple. You will also have observed that the foliage on the ti-ees ripens and drops much earlier than it should. It is all caused by the apple scab, which causes it to weaken and mature and grow out of shape and fall, and so takes away from the vitality of the tree, causes the apples to grow mis-shaped and small and worthless for market. We find that the apple seals can be treated. I would suggest that every fruit grower in the room make up his mind to apply fungicide for the apple scab. Let him apply it before the foliage appears at all. Try first : sulphate of copper — a pound to twenty five gallons of water ; apply it so that every part is covered, any time before the foliage is expanded ; you might almost say in the winter, but anyway in the early spring. Then try ammoniacal carbonate of copper as soon as the bloom appears : — carbonate of copper, five ounces ; ammonia, three pints ; water, forty-five gallons. I think if we would faithfully try this experiment next spring we would have something to talk about a year from now.
Prof. Craig : A year ago the Department at Ottawa issued a bulletin giving instruc- tions for the manufacture of this carbonate. It is somewhat expensive when bought from the druggists, and this prevents its general use This bulletin will be sent to any one who writes to the Horticultural Department, Ottawa.
Mr. W. S. Turner (Cornwall) : — I received a bulletin from Mr. Craig, and acted on it, and found considerable benefit from spraying. I had finer fruit than ever before, with the exception of one tree, which shows the necessity of planting thirty or forty feet apart, one Wallbridge tree interlaced with a Ben Davis. The spot was worse in that part than in any part of my orchard, showing that interlacing tends to make the disease worse.
The President : I would like to vouch for Mr. Turner's fruit. I have several jars of it put up for the World's Fair — very superior in every respect.
Mr. Fisher : Has the presence of a windbreak anything to do with freedom from scab 1
The Secretary : I cannot see any connection between windbreak and scab. Mr. Fisher : A windbreak would be injurious rather than beneficial.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 18). A. 1893
Mr. Allan (Goderich) : The windbreak as generally grown is a closely planted hedge. Now, you want something that will allow the wind to thoroughly run through the trees, but merely break the force of it. People make a great mistake in planting too close. I would plant windbreak trees thirty or forty feec apart, so that there is no possi- bility of them ever interlacing ; plant in a double row, which would make them practically twenty feet apart.
Mr. Good : You can carry a lighted match almost any time of the year on the lee side- of the windbreak I spoke of, and there was less scab in that orchard than in any one I know.
Mr. John J. Fraser : Mr. Good and 1 are, comparatively speaking, neighbors. We- have a windbreak on the west and north, of evergreens planted about twelve feet apart, grown to the height of thirty feet or upwards, and I have noticed that for many years, past the apples in that orchard have been very much subject to scab — much more so than, in the other orchards we have. I have always attributed it to the closeness of the wind- break, which prevented the free circulation of air. There was not a bushel of apples in. that orchard last year that was free from the scab.
Mr. Morris: The roots of those trees thirty feet high will extend throu<;h the ground the same distance, and come in contact with the roots of the fruit trees in that distance, and will rob the around of food which those trees should have had ; and that wilTtend to bring about the scab. I would not have evergreens for windbreak, but Kather something like European larch, which the wind will pass through.
Mr. Gaston : In our part of the country windbreaks are beneficial. T would have them on north and west sides if possible. 1 have a board fence fourteen feet high. I built it when I planted out the trees, and at the same time I planted a row of evergreens, to be coming on while the orchard was growing, so that when the fence got old I would ■ have the evergreens. The winter of 1884-5 was very severe — averaging colder than it had for thirty years — and I lost between sixty and one hundred trees. The more exposed portion of the orchard suffered most severely, and right in the neighborhood of that fence they were scathless. A neighbor of mine had no windbreak — because it was an axiom with us that we ought to have a northern exposure — and his orchard was entirely ruined. I would certainly have a windbreak fourteen or twenty feet high, whether of trees or fence. 1 think in close, foggy weather the fungus gets in its work.
Mr. GoTT : Windbreaks are good. The finest plot I ever saw was five acres entirely surrounded by white pine, about thirty feet high — the branches interlacing — planted about ten feet apart. I believe the tender fruits such as plums, fine peaches, and apricots^ can be grown within a windl)reak of that kind. I had a friend who had perfect apples^ and who had a forest along the whole northern part of his orchard.
Mr. Brand was asked by Prof. Craig to speak about windbreaks. He said : We have very high windstorms, and frequently tornadoes, in July and August, and we huve found it necessary to protect with windbreaks our main orchards — which are chielly composed of Duchess of Oldenburg, which blows ofi very easily — to ensure a good crop, but as to the health of trees I never could see that they were beneficial, but rather objec- tionable generally. The largest, best and most productive trees that I have stand a long distance from any windbreak ; so also do the best in the State — and I have seen as many trees in our State as any other man in it. I have been planting a windbreak of European larch. 1 have windbreaks of evergreens, which I find of a great benefit in catching snow from hve to .seven feet deep, and thus protecting tender trees through severe winters like- that of 1884, when all our Wealthies were destroyed, except such as stood in deep snow. With regard to the scab. Prof. Goli', Professor of Horticulture in Wisconsin, succeeded, by spraying a Kameuse tree three or four times during the season, in producing seventv- fivf per cent, of perfect apples, as against twenty-two per cent, on trees that were not sprayed.
Prof. Craig : On what sides are the windbreaks jjlanted I
Mr. Brand : West and south, our most damaging winds coming thence.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1898
Mr. John Little (Granton) : Forty yeais ago I planted a windbreak of twenty rods on the west and the liorth, and it became of great benefit to nie since I became a straw- berry man. On the north side the snow remained there probably two weeks longer than any other place.
Mr. Stewart (Russeldale) : Many years ago I planted out a young orchard, and I planted a row of Norway spruces along the north, east and west, leaving the south free, and I have never had reason to regret it. I had the best fruit, and the freest from scab, and the largest crop of pears in that enclosure, of any in my place.
Mr. Howell (Brantford) : My neighbor on the west has a windbreak of natural pine on the north and east, which makes a windbreak on the west of mine, and I have also a windbreak on the south. My neiiihbor had the best crop of apples, and mine was a poor sample except on the road right next to the evergreens on the south. I think in the last two years his orchard was better than mine. Mine has been used as a hen and hog pasture, and his has been seeded down with peas and oats.
Mr. Pattison : In the more northern sections, where they suffer from low temper- atures, a windbreak is valuable ; but in the southern section I should be inclined to doubt its eificHcy at all, except such a windbreak as would lessen the force of the fall winds, as larch or Lombardy poplar.
Mr. Hunter : To prevent the robbing of the orchard by windbreak trees I plow furrows as deep as possible not far from the shade trees, and then dig down with a spade and cut ofi" all the roots leading towards the orchard, as deep as I can find them. This repeated at intervals five or six years apart will prevent injury by robbing.
Mr. Fisher : There are two opinions about the usefulness of windbreaks. The Robertson pear orchard at Uakville, which generally bears 300 or 400 barrels of first- class fruit every year, was predisposed to scab this year, aud the crop was only 30 or 40 barrels of good fruit. It is surrounded by a very close hedge, and there are, I think, two windbreaks running through the orchard. I believe the presence of those windbreaks had a »reat deal to do with the large amount of scab, 1 had an unusually heavy crop of pears, though somewhat scabby ; but my orchards are entirely unprotected.
Mr. Thos. Ivey introduced the topic : " What is the proper method of caring for an orchard from the time the trees are planted until thev begin to bear?" It is said we learn as much by our failures as by our successes. Five years ago I planted 100 plum, 100 pear, 50 cherry and 75 apples. The ground was clay loam with gravel sub- soil. I dug deeply. I made large holes and put good soil around the roots in planting, and the poorer soil dug out of the hole was thrown in on top, I got good growth of trees all around. My cultivation was well kept up during the five years. I manured heavily
put on from 50 to 75 one-horse loads of manure each year — and kept the ground well
cultivated, and grew garden truck between the trees. The trees have been admired by my neighbors, and they have been looked upon as a success ; but this spring I found that 50 of those trees were totally dead. I have imagined there must have been something wrono' in the nursery care of those trees before they were jdanted. 1 have lost a number of plums which grew to a large size.
BEE-KEEPING AND FRUIT GROWING AS A UNITED INDUSTRY.
Mr. R. Holtermann (Biantford) : The impression has gone abroad that bee-keeping req'iiies very little attention, experience, etc. The reasons for this are various. In the old system we had the box hive, which required very little attention. Men who attend conventions are not lured into business that does not require care and knowledge. The business you want is a business that requires experience and knowledge and care — which bee-keeping does. Ot course we can go into business in a small way, aud read up, and as our experience increases we can increase our colonies. Fruit growing and bee-keeping are businesses which tor various reasons can be well combined. You
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
know there are men making failure of fruit growing every day, and you know also there are men who are making mon^y at it ; in fact I believe that the dairymen and the fruit- growers— that is the specialists — are the men who ate making more money to-day in Canada than is made in any other branch of farming. With bee-keeping it is the same. We find men on every side who are failing in bee-keeping — who are giving it up, and who have lost money ; and on the other hand we find men who are making a fair livin^' and perhaps a little more, at it. 1 have 95 colonies of bees in my cellar. Any fruit grower vvho has a good cellar can winter his bees successfully in it. For the last two years T have kept careful account of my bees. Every item has been charged — the labor in the yard being counted at the rate of $1.25 a day — and every sale has been credited ; and
the result is that the net profits amount to the value of the present stock of the vard
which is probably $700 or 8800. Now, that is a fair investment. Of course business has been pushed in every possible way. We have attended shows in Toronto and Mon- treal ; and we have counted the prize-money by crediting the apiary with that honey at the highest market price ; and any prize-money went towards expenses at the exhibition, which we considered would just about be covered by the prize-money. There are certain seasons when the bee-keeper is very busy, while during the winter season he has very little to do. After a man has all the hives he requires, his combs, his extracting appar- tus, there is very little to do. The bees require constant observation during the winter and now and then a few minutes' work. Prof. Panton will tell you the necessity for the bees in fertilizing. The primary object of the bee is not to gather honey, but for the purpose of fertilizing flowers. In damp seasons the time for fertilizing is limited ; and by hav'ng these fertilizing agents we are able to secure fertilization in greater abundance that otherwise. Further : we know that by securing pollen from one flower to fertilize another we are liable to secure a better fruit. For instance we know that in the apple we require five distinct fertilizations to give us a perfect apple ; and if we have bees to fertilize the flower we are likely to have a larger percentage of perfect apples. Of course the locality has a great deal to do with it. A good locality requires flowers in the spring of the year for the pur|jose of giving the bees pollen and honey ; and they use that for feeding the larva- and producing bees which will eventually give a surplus. Willow — and, later on, fruit-blossom — is very important for this purpose; but we very rarely secure any surplus before clover. Therefore the danger of bees carrying to the hive poison from the spraying is very little, for we secure no surplus at that season of the year; and should poisoned honey be carried to the hive there is nodaogerof the consumer getting it upon the table. 1 have found by observation that if we can get from three to four miles from the lake, our .seasons are prolonged ; the blossoms will open earlier and close later ; therefore that is a good locality. Of coarse a great many of us are content to be where blossoms all open at the same time within the radius that bees fly. Alsike clover is a very good honey plant — in fact I know of no better. If we can get high and light land it gives us the advantage of having blossoms early and late. If we can add to that Grolden-Rod and Boneset, .so much the better ; but they produce an inferior honey yield only once in a long while, and hence 1 do not consider them of any special iuiporcance. The only time I can see when bee-keeping would interlere with fruit growing would be Vjeiry-picking time. We are very busy with the bees during the latter part of June, and sometimes the whole of that month. The balance of the work required with the bees could be left ofl" till some other time ; and I think the fruit growing work could be put ofl' at other times — that is the preparing for market, and work of tliat kind — winter work. When it comes to marketing tiie two can be couibined very well. You have to take fruit to market; and you can ship your honey to the same coniinission man that you shij) your fruit to. For these reasons 1 think bee-keeping and fruit growing can be couibined very well. Those who already have too much to do should not, go into bee-keeping. I find a great many in the country fail because they attempt too much. Every fruit groover should keep a few colonies ; but tlie beginner should not start with many. If there are other Men around you who keep bees, there is no object in your keeping them for fertiliziu'' Mur flowerH. Unless you are prepared to take au interest in tiu; bees, don't gj into the uu.siuess. (Applause.)
Mr. (ioTT (Arkona) : A friend of mine undeitouk to combine these indu.stries. Ho
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
attended to his bees very freely; seemed to get along with them very nicely for a time, but then fruit was suffering. He had to leave his bees and attend to the fruit. While he wan attending to the fruit the bees would fly away. After awhile the moth would begin tc enter into some of the hives and play havoc with them. The bees after a short time went into winter quarters very weak. They came out weak and silent. They wouldn't com- bine. These two things will not combine except on a small scale ; but to make a profit so as to be recommended to us as fruit-growers is a very doubtful question.
Mr. HoLTERMANN : I am not anxious to convert, any of you into bee-keepers. I wa- asked to present the question and have done so. We know there are a great many men in the country who are combining fruit-growing with other things. They have a small farm, or they have cows, pigs and so on ; and why not bees under those circumstances ! Of course if a man keeps nothing but fruit, and devotes his entire attention to it, he is all right — there is nothing like that kind of a man ; he will advance the fruit-growinc; industry and will be a successful man himself. The farming community is suffering froii. combining too many things. If you are so situated that you can keep bees with advan- tage, keep them ; if not, keep out of the business. As far as the moth is concerned, our good friend must have been behind the times — he must have had black bees — because if he had Italian bees I guarantee they will not trouble him.
Mr. Gaston : How about the market for honey ? Is it likely to continue? — a sutii- cient demand at a fair price 1
Mr. HoLTBRMANN : We find no difficulty in marketing our honey and that of a good many others. The price has depreciated in the last two years, but it is like everything else — like the fanning-mill which sold for $30 two years ago, and is selling for 815 to-day^ Bee-keepers must understand how to produce for less money. I think in the neighbor- hood of Brantford honey is selling at 12|^ cents a pound, and 9 pounds for .$1, and in exceptional instances I believe 10 pounds for $1. Whether the depreciation in the price- of honey will remain I do not know.
Mr. Oaston : You don't call that a bad price ?
Mr. HoLTERMAXN : That is not a bad price. Of course if a man wholesales he has- to sell for less. Bee-keepers feel that they are not getting what they should ; and a good many bee keepers feel that others should not go into the business.
The Secretary : Our busy season begins when the busy season begins with the bee- keeper— about the berry season. How long does your busy season last 1
Mr. HoLTERMANN : To the middle or end of July. As to swarming. I have nofc. a great deal of sympathy with people who have to hive a great many swarms. For the last six or seven years I have not had more than an average of twenty per cent, of swarms. If you manage your bees rightly, that is, shade them, ventilate them, and so on, the swarm- ing will be reduced to a minimum, and you will also get more honey There :'s no money in selling bees at the present time. In the spring of the year, if you are posted in the business, you can buy for $5 a colony, and thus save the risk of wintering. A friend of mine, Mr. C. A. Post, of Murray, has 346 colonies of bees and never has a man to watch the swarm at all.
Mr. Morris : I believe the beekeepers have got a little the start of the fruit-growers- by having a law passed that the fruit-growers will not be allowed to spray trees while flowers are in blossom. Now it is well known that the bees not only carry pollen and produce fertilisation, but also carry the disease known as '"yellows" in peaches, and spread them. Now shouldn't we take a leaf out of the bee-keepers' book, and have a law- passed that bees shall not carry the yellows 1 — (laughter) — or if they do make their ownera responsible, because they do it.
Mr. Holtermann : I think the fruit-growers have for many years had the start of the bee-keepers, and I believe they have the start of them yet. Of course I am not jire- pared to say whether bees transmit poison or not, and I have an idea that it is altogether likely ; no one else is prepared to say whether that is the case or not. I would not care
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
to enter into that discussion about the law being passed. My own opinion is thit it is in the interest of the combined industry.
Mr. Caston : I know a man in our neighborhood who began by hunting up trees ; he got the bees in the woods, and now he makes an income of about S-500 every year clear from his summer's work with the bees, and in the winter-time he is free to go at something else. He does not work as hard as the farmers do, or as hard as I do : and he has frequently advised me to keep a few colonies of bees in connection with my work. I am very glad when I see my neighbor's bees among the blossoms, and I would be sorry to see anything that would reduce the number of bees in the country, because I recognize their usefulness. I am waiting till the bee-keepers produce a bee that has no sting. (Laughter).
Mr. Little asked whether bees would fertilize strawberries ?
Mr. L. J. Mullet (Waterdown) : Bees work very little on strawberries. Rasp- berries they derive a great deal of honey from. I think they are a great benefit as regards strawberries ; but the gentleman would have to have perfect flowering plants to fertilize his strawberries with. Some fruit-growers claim that bees injure peaches and grapes. That is, I believe, caused by hornets, whose jaws or mandibles are so placed for sawing. The bee has not that power to puncture the skin of the grape or peach.
Mr. HoLTERMANN : There has been a great deal of experimenting done in that direction, and I think it has been conclusively shown that the honey bee's mandibles are not sufficiently strong to puncture the skin of the grape or peach ; but if a grape or a peach should break open or be bruised, then the bee will take the juice.
Mr. Allan (Goderich) : I do not see anything injurious to fruit-growers in the Act forbidding them to spray with poisonous substances while the bloom is on ; for a fruit- grower who understands his business will not spray then — there is no object in doing so, but quite the contrary ; and it should be the object of every fruit-grower to take good care not to spray at a time when he would injure the bees, because the bees are among the best friends we have. I have noticed bees feeding upon the pieces of the grapes and pears ; but I believe they never do so except when the skin of the fruit has been broken.
Mr. Pattison : My neighbor on the west is the largest bee-keeper in our section of the country, and is distinctly making a success of it ; and he also grows a very consider- able amount of fruit, as well as attending to a farm of 125 acres of arable land His fruit-growing and bee-keeping are decidedly a success — especially the bee-keeping. I see no reason why the two could not be combined ; the only thing would be not to grow small fruits. My neighbor confines himself to grapes, pears, plums and apples.
Mr. Holtermann : My father-in-law, S. T. Pettit, of Belmont, commenced with 69 colonies, and secured 8,000 pounds this year ; and his increase he counts as nothing. I have known years in which ho made as much as $1,200 on honey alone.
REPRESENTATION ON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BOARD.
Mr. Cavers (Gait) gave notice of motion as to representation of this Association on the Advisory Committee of the Agricultural College at Guelph. [See discussion further on.]
DISEASES IN FRUIT TREES.
Mr. E. D. Smith, Chairman of the Cotnmittee, appointed to consider amendments to thp Act relating to black-knot in trees, reported as follows :
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1H93
Chapter 202, Revised Statutes of Ontario.
Whereas the " Act to prevent the Spread of Noxious Weeds and Diseases affecting Fruit Trees,' has been found inoperative and practically a dead letter, your Committee begs leave to report the following amendments they would suggest : — ■
To amend sec, 2, clause 3, to read as follows : — " Such council may, at its fiist meeting each year and shall on being petitioned by five, ratepayers appoint at least one inspector to enforce the provisions of the Act, his appointment to be made at the first meeting of the council after such petition has been presented, and his salary or remuneration be determined and paid by the council ; and in case a vacancy shall occur in the office of inspector, it shall be the duty of the council to fill the same forthwith.
To amend sec. 8 to read, " It shall be the duty of the inspector to give or cause to be given notice in writing to the owner or occupant of any land containing frnit trees affected with yellows or black- knot, requiring him within five days from the receipt of the notice to deal with such trees in the manner provided by sections 2 and 3 of this Act.
Your Committee begs leave to suggest that your Association respectfully recommends to the Hon. the Minister c )f Agriculture, the appointment of a Provincial Inspector, whose duties shall be to superintend the carrying out of the provisions of this Act by the local inspector in so far as it relates to the black-knot and yellows, said Provincial Inspector to be paid by the Local Government.
Mr. Smith : We could not as a Fruit Growers' Association very well recommend the appointment of this inspector whose duty it should be to look after noxious weeds, and that is why we suggested the co-operation of the Farmers' Institute, so that one Inspector might look after both interests.
Mr. James : One difficulty arises at the very outset : TIow are you going to compel councils to do it that have no interest at the start ] Suppose the cicy of Brantford says : ' • That is all nonsense ; we won't have anything to do with that ;" what are you going to do then .? I doubt very much the advisability of connecting this with the weed exter- mination. You can handle the one, but you cannot the other, simply because they are linked together in one statute it does not necessarily follow that the amendment should cover the whole statute. I think the end will be better accomplished by attempting less. One officer for each municipality means over 700 officers in the Province. Members of parliament are going to vote upon that as they think it would be voted upon in their own municipality. Do you think you can get a majority of the members ot' the House to vote on that, compelling the councils to appoint that officer % They would say : " Black-knot is prevalent principally in certain sections of the Province. They are the ones who want this enactment."
Mr. Smith : Have the Provincial authorities not power to compel the councils to do this ?
A Delegate : It is permissive — not compulsory.
Mr. James : Could one man cover the Province as regards black-knot and weeds ? We find it cannot be done with regard to bees. I should think the inspector of fruit trees alone would be sufficient.
Mr, Orr : We have a law on our statute books with respect to noxious weeds, and they cannot be controlled. I have 10 or 12 acres that it is utterly impossible to kill all the weeds out of. The inspector should have power to do the work at once — to go into an orchard and cut the trees down, not ask the owner of the property to do it.
Mr. Smith : We discussed that, and suggested that the decision of the inspector should be subject to appeal by the owner, in case the inspector might make a mistake.
Mr. Orr : The noxious weed law is a dead letter now. Every pathmaster is required to do it now, and it can't be done.
A Delegate : Is there a municipality in the Province that the proposed suggestion would not benefit? Is there a country municipality that produces no weeds ; or is there a city or town where fruit trees are not grown ? If there is, our suggestion would not apply ; but there is no municipality in the country in which we cannot find either weeds or fruit trees.
Mr. James : Suppose an inspector were appointed in a certain township ; could he go through the entire township and have all the weeds cut down, and the black-knot trees cut down, and send his bill to the council 1
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Mr. Smith : Xo ; the expenses are to come off the party whose trees are cub down. We recommended that the owner be compelled to cut the trees down.
A Delegate : In the General Farmers' Institute that question of weeds has come up time and- again ; and I doubt if they would do any more in that direction ; but in regard to black knot they would co-operate.
Mr. M. Pettit : The original act to prevent the spread of the yellows was a good act, and very easily put in force ; and I think if we asked that this be added to that act it would work. I see no necessity for asking for a Provincial inspector with that.
Mr. Smith : Under the present provisions of the Act there is a penalty of $20 for every inspector who does not do his duty ; but in fact our inspectors do not do their duty, because there is no one to look after them.
Mr. Peart : The inspectors are well known in their own localities, and they are loth to make complaint.
The Secretary : I think there should be some one to whom people can appeal. If there is, fruit growers will take advantage of it ; they will appeal to this Provincial inspector, and the work will be done. I think the tirst clause should have the insertion of that provision that the council shall on petition of five ratepayers appoint the inspec tor. If nobody wants an inspector, the council certainly %vould feel that they were doing a curious thing in appointing one. I would move that those words be inserted, and that with that change we accept the recommendation of the committee and refer it> to the Legislative Committee,
Mr. Smith : There might be townships where there were not five men with suiH- cient interest to petition ; and yet that township might be a breeding-ground to let disease go sweeping through the whole Province.
Mr, James : If you could not get five men to petition for that, you could uut enforce it.
Mr. Smith : If there were somebody to go around they could get those five men.
The Secretary : I think when you have the Provincial inspector, there is somebody to appeal to ; and I should think that he could, perhaps, act independent of a local inspector if he were called upon by local individuals.
Mr. J. W. Smith (Winona) : I don't think it is right to have more than one inspec- tor— if I have to pay the bill. After a man goes to the expense of setting out the orchard, and waiting a few years to get something, for a man to come in and say, " So many trees have to be cut down," would be hard ; and I think we ought to go carefully. I think the township council should pay the inspector, as they do the road master. The appointment of the road master is statutory. An inspector should inspect an orchard three or four times a year at least ; and they should be carefully examined.
Mr. Orr : I think it is a clear case that as it is for the benefit of the whole township, the township should pay.
^Ir. Allan (Goderich) : I am afraid the Secretary's amendment would defeat the object, because neighbors in a township would not like to petition, as it would be said to be an unneighborly act.
Mr. M. Pettit: The government would not make compulsory legislation when* it can be made permissive.
Mr. Orr • Could not those five ratepayers appeal to the Provincial inspector ]
Mr. HUiNTEr: I would bear the black-knot all around me bsfore I would go around" to get a petition from five men.
Mr. McMichael: We would soon have the black-knot stamped out if it was made the duty of the councils the same as keeping the roads up; but if it is left to a jetition of five the matter will bs neglected.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). - A. 1893
Mr. Race : I think a Provincial inspector wiuli be stifHcient to put all the raachin- -ery in motion. Complaints could be made direct to him, and he in turn would deal 'with the municipalities in detail.
Mr. John Little : In the municipality I am in, every pathmaster is an overseer, but for fifteen years not a fence viewer or overseer has taken anything to do with the -Canada thistle.
On motion of Mr. T. Lloyd Jones, the matter was referred back to the committee to •report to-morrow mornicg ; and the Convention adjourned at six o'clock.
SECOND DAY— EVENING SESSION.
The evening meeting was held in the Temperance Hall. The weather was very <!infavorable, yet a large number assembled.
The President opened the meeting by calling upon Mr. A. McD. Allan to lead ■the discussion on the topic :
" What are the six best varieties of summer, fall and winter apples for profit. What tproportion of each is advised for an orchard of 200 trees 1 "
Mr. Allan : I did not expect this topic to come up till to-morrow, and I wanted to 'draw up proportions after figuring on the matter. If you will name varieties to me, I will reject or accept tbem, and give my reasons therefor. I will begin at once by nam- ing the Duchess of Oldenburg. I take commercial value to be the ruling element, dol- lars and cents ; and I look on that as the variety that will succeed over the largest pos- sible section of the country. I consider it is impossible for any one to name absolutely varietips that are going to succeed over this whole Province in the other seasons, as I am supposed to do. I can, however, name, as the one for the earliest, the Duchess of Olden- burg, because that is the first apple that comes in for home use. Although it is not the •earliest to ripen, yet it is an apple that you can, with benefit to the tree, cull some oflf when the apple is half-grown ; and you will find that for stewing purposes you can use nothing better than a half-grown Duchess of Oldenburg, and by culling them off the tree you will benefit the rest. (Tetofsky suggested.) That has not commercial value, it will not ship as well to a distant market as the Duchess of Oldenburg. I can't make as much money out of it as out of the Duchess. Then I go on to the next — Gravenstein ; of course in some sections it cannot be grown profitably, such a section would have to take something else. My preference would be for Gravenstein ; and when making a pre- ference I am taking as a basis the general market for our Ontario apples, the market that rules prices generally, the prices at which buyers go out to buy ; I mean the British market. The Gravenstein is one of those that commands the highest possible price, for its particular season, in the British market. The Duchess of Oldenburg is an apple that will ship well to Britain, notwithstanding what a great many seem to think. It is to be picked when it gets its bluish color, and before it gets its yellow tinge ; the yellow tinge it will get on its voyage over, and come out a perfect apple. Of course we must attend to the shipping and the storing in ship, etc. After the Gravenstein I may mention the St. Lawrence. There are sections where they could grow the St. Lawrence to perfection, and perhaps they could depend upon a crop year after year. It is a good apple when you can get it clean. From the county of Simcoe, in Mr. Caston's section, I have found about as fine St. Lawrence as I have seen in Western Ontario. It is a profitable apple to grow, because it will bring a high price in the British markets. Then we come to one of the highest-priced apples in the British market, the Ribston Pippin. It is, however, a shy bearer in many sections. There are circumstances under which it is a 'very regular, though not a heavy, bearer. With me it is a regular bearer. If I get -from a Ribston Pippin about one-half the crop that I would get on some other varieties, I can make more money out of it than I can out of those other varieties, because I can
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
•get a much higher price for it. Even this yeir the top of what they call the " fancy market" in Britain can be got for prime Ribstons. It will go over the twenty shillings on every barrel easily ; but they have to be prime. (Wealthy suggested). Wealthy is good. I would take Wealthy in preference to Snow at any time. There is more money in Wealthy, many times over in shipping ; and as far as it has been grown some time, Wealthy is a cleaner apple than the Snow, generally speaking, although you will find some sections where Snow has been grown profitably. (What about Maiden's Blush ?) Maiden's Blush is not in the number, it is a fancy apple. Under some circumstances it will bring money in the Old Country, where they want a fancy apple for decorative pur- poses. Some years ago Maiden's Blush would stand very well to the top of the list for high prices; but John Bull i3 getting a little sense now. He had very little a few years ago ; but he has begun to look at the quality of the apple more than he did ; and the quality of the ^Maiden's Blush is not well liked there. Be it that, or other reasons they may have, they are not paying the same price for Maiden's Blush. Colvert is a very profitable apple if you can grow it thoroughly clean. If you are thoroughly satisfied you are going to get rid of the fungus spotting, then I would say Colvert. If I were speaking in the Georgian Bay section I would say, "Grow Colvert." They can grow it clean, and get a liner color and a closer, finer grain ; and as a result their Colvert will keep longer and ship better than ours, and the quality is fin^r. Aloni,' with the Ribston I would mention the Blenheim, because they go together in price. That is another apple that is a comparatively sectional a})ple, and it is not a very heavy bearer, and that is not a fault. I think the Blenheim is quite a good enough bearer in the sections where Blen- heims succeed ; and with a fair crop on the tree you are more apt to get a medium -crop the following year ; and Blenheim is an apple that will stand at the top of the fancy market with the Ribston side by side, any year. I don't care if there is a glut in the British market, as there has been this year, Blenheim and Ribston Pippin, pro- perly and honestly put up, will bring their own price, year in and year out ; and you will find very little if any variation in that price. Then the King of Tompkins County is another, and in naming these I am looking largely, not altogether, to the apples that are bringing perhaps now, or have brought for the past few years, the most in dollars and cents ; but I am looking to the future as well, and taking the whole thing in. That is why I am trying as far as possible to name those varieties that have quality, that have flavor that is sure to commend Ihem, and to remain with the British market. I have not named Baldwin yet, though Baldwin has made more money up to the present date than any of those over the whole country, but simply for the reason that Baldwin has not the flavor, it has not the intrinsic quality that would lead me to believe that Baldwin is going to remain at the top of the list for dollars and cents in the British market. It is going to go down, I believe. At the present time there is more money in Baldwin than anything else. There is a great deal of money in Ben Davis. (Ontario ?) Ontario I would have instead of Spy, that is, for the profit. Of course Ontario is comparatively a new variety, and has not been sufficiently tested to speak absolutely in regard to it. Like the Spy and smooth-skinned apples, it may be just as subject to this fungus spotting. So far it has not. I have found Ontario clean. I have found it a very even sample, one that you can pick, and find the samples even, all pretty large, fit for No. 1, off the tree. In the British market they will take it in place of Spy. The quality is not altogether special, as the flesh is not under some circumstances It varies more than Spy. I have seen Ontario very much softer, not as firm in flesh as Spy ; but generally it is much more tart than Spy, and par- takes more of the Wagener. (What about Grimes' Golden?) There is no noney in Grimes' Golden. It is too small for the Britiah market, and the color is quite a^jainst it ; and it is too small for the markets generally. (The quality is there ; you said John Bull was getting sensible?) Well, he wants to get all he can for his penny. I don't think he will come to the size. It is difficult to name six varieties to cover these seasons ; and all I have attempted to do is to give you the names of those varieties, abjut in propor- tion as they come in price in the British market, that is, the way the demand is ; and I have left out those varieties that I think have not sulHoient (juality to warrant me in
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
saying that they are gring to remain in a high priced place in that market. They are getting out of ap[)earance and looking more to quality ; and hence the Rhode Lsland Greening is coming up to the Baldwin, and will pass it. (Cranberry Pippin ?) Better qnalify than Baldwin, very good apple. Of course in onr markets there is a run for Spy. I dou't wonder at that, I do not include Spy, because of its lateness of bearing, and Ihere are so few on a tree that are clean enough and fit to take the top place in the Hritish market. Spy is spoiling all the time where it is afflicted with the fungus spot. Taking the average over the province, the Spy has not been bringing enough to warrant me in putting it on the paying list. (Ribston and Blenheim Orange are very much the same type cf apple). They are very much alike. A great many growers in the Anna- rolis Valley, Nova Scotia, are making a specialty of Gravenstein, Ribston, Blenheim, and King, they won't grow anything else, because for these they can get fancy prices. (Cox Orange Pippin ?) Too small. (Fallawater 1) A long keeper. We have made money with it, but it is not a sufficient bearer, that is, you cannot get apples up to the picking period sufficiently well, unle.ss we had those windbreaks around the orchard that we heard of to-day. It is a heavy apple, and a large apple. The quality is not large. The only thing in that that would bring a price would be its long-keeping quality. The actual value there is in any of these varieties is in shipping that variety at the particu- lar season when the British public want to get that right into consumption. Don't ship anything over to be stored there and wait for the consumption, it must go right into consumption. If storing has to be done, let it be done here.
Mr. Race : You have named no apple that is suitable for the late season.
Mr. Allan : Ontario is fit for the late season. I did not take the Russet in. Of course there is more money in the American Golden Russet than in any other russets so far, although the Roxbury Russet is a finer-looking russet, but a little too tart. It will take the market without any trouble from its appearance. (Any sweet apples 1) No ; the sweet apples are not asked for over there. (Nonpareil of Nova Scotia ?) T have always considered that as Roxbury Russet. I have examined them side by side in the Old Country, and I have pronounced it Rbxbury Russet. (Swaarl) Swaar has good quality and high color ; but the size is against it for the British market.
The President : I will adjourn this discussion till to-morrow. Piano duet — The Misses Swayze.
Yocal solo — Miss Buck — " The Fairies f which received an encore, to which she responded.
The President : I thought we had everything about the apple fixed up, but it is like the work of the fruit-grower, just when we think we have got everything done there is something else. We have selected the varieties of apples to grow, and got the land ready, and the windbreaks ; but then the little insect needs attention ; and Prof. Panton will now show us the ins'^ct on the sheet here, so that we can see him in all his beauty. (Laughter.)
The room was then darkened, and Prof. Panton gave a stereopticon exhibition of the various insects, those which are enemies, then those which are friends of the fruit-grower.
THE ENEMIES IN HORTICULTURE A^D HOW TO OVERCOME THEM.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : The duty devolves upon me to-night to introduce to your notice some of the enemies that war against the horticulturist.
With a view to make the subject interesting and instructive I shiU take advantage of this stereopticon and throw upon the canvas pictures of some of the most commoa pests tl at check the success of the fruit grower,
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
The figure now before you represents an unfortunate tree attacked on the one si le by parasitic plants and upon the other by insects : the former can be much controlled hy spraying with copper compounds, the latter with arsenical mixture ami kerosene emul- sions. These common enemies put a premium upon skill, patience and industry, and thus to some extent fulfil a good mission.
All plants may be spoken of as flowerless or flowering. Among the flowerless we find the fungi, all developed fron spores, while the flowering develop from seeds. The slide now represented on the canvas illustrates the difference between a spore and a seed. Spores are minute, have no embryo, have no definite direction in germination, and give rise to a mass of threadlike structures upon which spores are borne in due time. Seeds, on the other hand, are quite visible, possess an embryo, germinate at a particular point and develop roots, stem, leaves and flowers and seeds.
Slide 3 indicates that the fungi grow upon organic substance, either dead, as in case of mushrooms, or upon living, as rust of wheat, etc. These last forms are called
parasites, among which we find the mildews, blights, etc., that trouble the fruit grower. Flowering plants feed upon inorganic substances, such as nitrates, sulphates, etc., in the soil.
Slide 4 introduces to your notice the nine family names which require to be known by the student of parasitic plants. Two of these contain most of the enemies in horticul- ture, and two trouble the farmer with rust and smut. Two embrace the microbes you now see upon the canvas. Among these are invisible foes which lash even man by inflicting upon him many forms of disease. I shall now bring before you the forms of several of the mildews, followed by a series of of slides illustrating a number of parasitic plants largely connected with grape rot, cherry rot, etc. In both these groups you will observe that a general structure is common, but they vary considerably when you study them with i-eference to specific characters.
Prof. Panton pointed out the striking feature of each fungus as it appeared upon the canvas, and then gave the remedy. These were followed by illustrations representing 21 common insect enemies for which remedies were also given, all of which are grouped together for convenience under the head of Fungicides and Insecticides as follows :
I. Fungicides.
Fungicides may be defined as chemical compounds or mixtures used for the purpose of destroying such injurious forms of plant life as live upon other plants by absorbing their juices to such an extent as to affect their vitality. Examples are seen in the msts, smuts, mildews and blights.
It is but a comparatively short time since the life history of these obscure forms of plant life has been made out; but during late years won<lprful strides have been made in this department of biology, and we are now in possession of knowledge that enaVih^s us to hohl in check their destructive effects by the application of so-called lungicidea ; among which some of the most important are :
(1) Bordeaux Mixture. This consists of copper sulphate, lime and water in the fol- lowing proportions : 6 lb. copper sulphate, 4 lb. lime, i'J gals, water. This may be pre- pared by dissolving the copper compound in 16 gals, water ; slake the lime in 6 gals, water, and when the latter is cooled pour it slowly into the copper solution and mix thor- oughly. Some use less water for dissolving the first.
Owing to a tendency of thi-s to clog the nozzle of a sprayer some u.se a modifit'd form (2) 6 lb copper sulphate, 4 lb. lime, 50 gals, water, or (.'i) 4 lb. copper sulphato, 1 lb. lime and 50 gals, water, and have had good results.
(1 ) Ea7i Celeste. This consists of copper sulphate, ammonia (commercial) and water, 1 lb. copper sulphate, U pints ammonia and 25 gals, water. Dissolve the copper sul- phate in about 2 gals, hot water, as soon as cool add the 1^ pints ammonia and «lilute to 25 gals.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
2. A modified form has given better results, viz. : 2 lb. copper sulphate dissolved in two gals, water, 2J lb. sodium carbonate (washing soda) dissolved in another vessel. Mix these, and when chemical action has ceased add H pints of ammonia and dilute to 22 gals. Some dilute even to 30 with good results.
Eau Grison (Grison Liquid). This consists of sulphur, lime and water. Boil 3 lb. sulphur and 3 lb. lime in 6 gals, water until reduced to 2 gals. When settled pour off the clear liquid ; this may be bottled and when used dilute with 100 parts water, This is used to destroy downy mildew and powdery mildew of the grape and the mildew of the gooseberry.
Copper Svlphate. 1 lb. in 2-5 gals, water is used to spray on vines and trees in early spring to destroy the winter spores of Fungi.
*Ammomacal solution of coppo.r carbonate. — Copper carbonate, ammonia and water. Dissolve 4oz. copper carbonate in 2 quarts ammonia, and when about to use dilute to 30 .gals.
Potassium Sulphide. 1 oz. potassium sulphide to 2 gals, water.
^Galloway's mixture No. 5 is equal parts ammoniated copper sulphate and ammoni- um carbonate. 10 oz. of the mixture to 25 gals, water. Combined Insecticide and Fungicide, 4 oz. Paris green to 50 gals, of Bordeaux Mixture, No. 3.
Remedies.
" Spot " of Apple. 1. Spray in spring before the blossoms open with Bordeaux mix- ture No. 3, then as soon as fruit is well formed, again with the same, and repeat about twice at an interval of two week.s. If 4 oz. of Paris green be added to the barrel when spraying 2nd, 3rd and 4th times, it will be effective against insects. 2. Galloway mixture No. 5. 3. Ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate. 4. Modified Eau Celeste. 2, 3 and 4 may be applied once before blossoming, next when fruit is about the size of peas, and the last time about two weeks later, Nos. 3 and 4 have been very successful.
^^ Brown Rot" of stone fruits found on the cherry, plum and peach.
The same as remedy No. 1 for " Spot " on apple.
'^ Pear Leaf Blight." 1. Spray with ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate as soon as the leaves begin to unfold, repeat 3 times at intervals of two weeks.
2. Dilute Bordeaux mixture as for apple " spot."
Straioberry Leaf Blight. Spray with ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate, Bordeaux mixture or eau celeste every two weeks during July and August,
Gooseberry Mildeto. Spray with a solution of potassium sulphide 1 or to 2 gals, •water. Begin as soon as the leaves commence to open, repeat every three weeks.
Black Rot of Grape. Spray with ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate 6 times Gompiencing early in May and repeating every 15 days.
Downy Mildew of Grape. Spray eau celeste upon the vines 10 days before they blossom ; a second time when berries are well set, and a third three weeks later.
Anthracncse of the Raspberry or Cane Rust. Spray Bordeaux mixture No. 3. Apply once before the leaves come out, twice after, but not after the blossoms open. Spray especially on the young growth,
II, Insecticides,
Compounds or mixtures used to destroy insects injurious to vegetation :
Paris Green (arsenite of copper containing 50 to 60 per cent, of arsenic). Applied dry or in solution. In the dry form best mixed with 50 to 100 parts plaster, wood-ashes, flour or air-slaked lime and dusted upon the aff'ected plants. The wet form is usually ?Tsed in the proportion of 1 lb. Paris green to 200 gals, of water, but if the foliage is ten-
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66 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
der 250 to 300 gals, water (applies to application upon the plum). As this green pow- der does not dissolve it requires to he kept thoroughly mixed. It is an excellent insecti- cide against potato bug, plum curculio, canker worm, tent-caterpillar, grajie-vine beetle and codling moth. It can be used successfully in nearly all cases of leaf-eating insects. London Purple. An arsenite of lime obtained as a by-product in manufacturinir'dyes ; is largely used instead of Paris green ; but being more soluble in water it is likely to injure the foliage, and besides its composition varies considerably so that when used it is not likely to give as uniform results as Paris green.
In spraying for codlins moth it is usual to spray after the blossoms fall, when the apples are about the size of peas and before they have turned downwards on the stem, and a second time about ten days after. For plum curculio, as soon as the fruit is formed, followed by two or three applications with an interval of ten days between. In this case the solution is weaker than that used upon the apple, lib. in 250 to 300 gals, of water.
Kerosene Emulsion. A mixture of coal oil and water. There are three mixtures of this kind that are used to a considerable extent :
(a) Riley-Hubbard Emulsion. | lb. hard soap in 1 gal. rain water, boil till dis- solved, then add 2 gals, coal oil and mix thoroughly for about five minures. When pro- perly mixed it will adhere to glass without oiliness. In using dilute with 9 parts water (soft).
(})) Cook's Emulsion (soft soap). 1 quart soft soap, 2 quarts boilins water. WhiJp hot add 1 pint of coal oil. Mix thoroughly. In using dilute with equal amount of water.
(c) Cook's Emulsion (hard soap). \ lb. hard soap, 2 quarts water and 1 pint coa oil, and thoroughly mix while hot. In using dilute with twice the amount of water.
These emulsions are very excellent against plant lice, scale insects, chinch bug, cab- bage-worm, and even rose-beetle.
Hellebore. Obtained from the powdered roots of a plant (Veratrum album). May be applied dry or as a liquid. 1 oz. to 3 gals, water. Excellent against currant worm and cherry slug.
Pyrpthrum. Made from the powdered Howers of the genus pyrethrum, a plant o( the sunflower family. It -should be fresh, and hence should be kept in clo.sed vessels. Used in dry form, 1 part pyrethrum, 5 to 8 parts flour ; or liquid 1 oz. in 3 gals, water. A good remedy for cabbage worm.
^'Car/jolic Acid Emulsion. 1 part carbolic acid to 7 parts of a solution consisting of 1 quart soft soap or \ lb. hard in 2 quarts water. This applied to affected trees destroys bark lice and the borers. It should be well rubbed upon the parts attacked.
Tobacco. The refuse from cigar manufactories answers the purpose. A strong solution, about 1 pound of tobacco to 2 gals, water, destroys plant lice and flea beetles.
Alkaline Wash. A strong solution of washing soda mi.xed with soft .soap until about as thick as paint. Applied to the trunk of trees destroys the borers and gives a healthy, vigorous tone to the tree.
The foregoing compounds and mixtures are usually applied by means of .««prayinf machines, many of which are now advertised, and information concerning them can be readily obtained from seedsmen or others concerned in their sale.
The following list of prices will give the readers an idea of the approximate cost
incurred by the use of certain compounds in making up mixtures. Price per lb :
Ammonia, 2r)c.; copper carbonate, 60c.; Paris green, 30c.; London purple, 15c.; pyrethrum, 4Uc.; copper sulphate, 12c.; hellebore, 25c.; sodium carbonate, 5c.
* In the case of bark lice kerosene emulsion shotild be pprayed u|x)n the trees as soon as the young lice begin to crawl abotit the twigs ; this is usually about .Tune.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
Precautions in Spraying, etc.
1. Keep poisonous substances labelled and out of the way of children.
2. Do not continue to spray so far into the season as to affect the fruit.
3. In making emulsions remember the inflammable nature of coal oil.
4. Never spray trees in bloom.
.5. "Try mixtures on a small scale if you have any doubts regarding their effect upon the foliage.
6. Be careful and thorough in your work.
Much has been said of late regarding the danger incurred by eating fruit from trees and vines which had been sprayed with Paris green ; Vjut careful chemical analysis show there is no ground for such an alarm. The same is true regarding the copper compounds which are sprayed in such weak mixture that there is no danger of any one eating suffi- cient fruit to injure them from the poison upon it by using the above spraying mixtures.
The President : We have been in the dark for some time, Vmt we have got a great lio'ht (Laughter) and if there are any questions. Prof. Panton will be pleased to answer them.
A Delegate : How would you destroy canker worm ]
Prof. Panton : Paris green one pound to 200 gallons.
Mr. Gott : Why should the remedies be diflerent for fungi from those used for very small insects 1
Prof. Panton : They are not very different now-a-days. The Bordeaux mixture is a remedy for a great many of them ; but there are many things that are alike to a certain extent, and yet the same thing would not have the same effect. This whole question of fungicides is just in its infancy. Who heard of spraying until about 1885 or 1886 1 The only thing that was heard of was throwing a little Paris green with a watering can upon a bush. We have made a great deal of progress, and can stay a great many of them ; but we may have one compound that will do more.
Mr. Ore : Can the spores that you speak of forming in the fall be successfully treated in the fall by the Bordeaux mixture ?
Prof. Panton : I hardly think so. I think you will have to wait till the spring. They are in a sort of dormant condition — lying over.
A Delegate : Where affected by mildew should we burn the leaves 1
Prof. Panton : By all means. Wherever there is fruit or anything like that that has been affected by a fungoid, it, should be burned up and destroyed.
Q — How would it do to plow it under 1 A. — It would be just as easy to destroy it. Plowing would do if you plow it deep enough.
Q. — Where there is black knot on the tree would it be safe to leave the tree without cutting it out 1 A. — That is a very difficult thing to do. You can hardly And a case where there is a single knot.
Q. — I mean the limbs 1 A. — The difficulty is to cut out all what we call these mycelium threads. If you could get to the end of that, and were sure you had cut it out, you would be sure you had got rid of the trouble ; but the difficulty is to do such a thing. I live in hopes that we may strike a compound that will be successful. As I take the plum knot in June and look at it, I find spores by the thousand. The Bordeaux mixture has been tried, and met with some success. The success reported by a single .person you cannot lay great stress on — there must be a number of examples before you can rely on the results-. I believe there will be a compound for this fungus, but it has not appeared yet.
A Delegate reported that last fall he had cured the black knot on his cherry trees by cutting out the knot as clean as possible and painting with pure turpentine over the
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
blaze. This fall there was not the least sign on them, and they had healed all over just as if the parts had been cut out of a healthy tree. This proved to be a good way of treating trees where the limbs were too large to cut off without injuring the tree.
Mr. Eace : I did the same thing, only nipping them with nippers ; and I had the same experience as you have.
Q. — Are we always safe in using Bordeaux mixture? A. — Yes, it may be used at any time. It is especially good for t^praying in the early part of the spring. All the dif- ferent remedies are nuntioned in Bulletin No. 79.
Mr. Pkart : Do you think anything is going to come frori the experiments on the apple spot 1
Prof. Panton : Prof. GofF, of the Wisconsin station, has been making one of a series of experiments. His report shows that there was a less development of spots. I think the same bulletin on Insecticides is issued from Ottawa.
Prof. Craig expressed pleasure at the way in which the enemies of the fruit grower had been shown up by the lecturer. The formula of the Bordeaux mixture, if used in jjroportion of 6 to 4, will clog the nozzle very much ; and considerable care has to be taken in straining the lime which is used. If this is not done a considerable difficulty will be found in getting it into a line spray. Using it half strength, which had been found quite etiective, and taking some little care to strain the lime after mixing it with water, there will be no difficulty in using it effectively.
Mr. Haddlesey gave a piano solo.
The meeting closed by the audience singing the National Anthem.
THIRD DAY— MORNING SESSION.
Brantfokd, Thursday, Dec. 8, 1892.
The Convention was called te order at 10 a.m.
The Secretary read a telegram from Hon. A. S. Hardy, and letters from Mr. W, Patterson, M. P., Mr. S. D. Willard, Vice-President Horticultural Society, New ^York State, Mr. Shutt, Chemist cf the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Mr. W. E. Wellington, Toronto, and Mr. E. B. Edwards, Secretary Peterborough Fruit Cirowers' Association, and Mr. J. S. Woodward, Secietary Farmers' Institutes, New York State, regretting their inability to be present.
The PREniDENT : 1 wish to announce that arran<.'enients have been made with the local association here that on payment of .$1.05 persons may become members of both Associations.
EXPERIMENT STATIONS FOR FRUIT.
The following paper was read by Mr, A. M. Smith :
Mr. Prksident and Gentlemen : From the title of ray 8u>>ject as announced on the programme you might think I was going to give my own experience in growing new fruits but such is not my intention. " Experimenting with new fruits and its cost to the coun- try " is more properly the subject which I wish to present for your conKidprafion, and in doing so, I may make some statements which you may think extravagant, to say the least; but i want you to carefully exaniine the facts and .s(^h if they will not l)'>ar nut my assertions. Last winter while I was attending a meeting of the Michigan Horticul- tural Society it was stated l)y one of their prominent members, I think their venoralile president, T. T. Lyon (who is also a director of one of their fruit experiment stations), that there was annually enough money spent in the purchase of worthless fruits to
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 18). A 189^
maintain tlie poor of the state." 1 have been thinking upon this subject and making a little estimate of the amount spent here in Ontario and I have come to the conclusion that the amount spent here in worthless fruits and fruits not adapted to the climate and wants of the country and in their cultivation would far exceed that sum, and I will venture the assertion that within the last 25 years there has been more money wasted in them in Ontario than would take to pay her share of the national debt (which you all know is not a very small sum.) I know it is far easier to make an^ assertion than to prove it, and that what might be accepted as proof by those famil- iar with a subject might not be understood by those who were not. But I think all of you who have had experience in growing fruit and in marketing it will fully understand the. ditference between the value of a tree that produces ten dollars worth of Iruit and and one that produces 50 cents worth, or less, annually ; particularly if the latter cost five times as much when planted and has perhaps had twice the time and money expended upon its cultivation. And I doubt not but your experience in rinding this out has cost some of you more than your share of the national debt. But there are others perhaps who are not familiar with this business whom it would be hard to convince that there was such a loss. But suppose we take an ordinary farmer's orchard, like a majority of them in our neighbourhood, and on an average what proportion of good paying varieties do we find that will yield a good lair crop, of a quality that will bring a^ first-class price in the market ? Take the country through and you will not find over 25 per cent. I have packed apples in nearly all of the best apple sections in the country and 1 did not find that on an average, and what are the rest 1 They are apples ranging from fair to worthless. Let us see what this means : Take 100 apple trees which should, at a low estimate, average 2 barrels to the tree for 20 years — worth one dollar per barrel — and because three-fourths of them are not adapted to the country or the market and they only average one barrel, you have a yearly loss of $100 to each one hundred trees, or $2 000 in 20 years. How much would that amount to on the total orcharding of Onta- rio 1 And this is not all, the same holds good on all other varieties of fruit ; pears, plums, peaches, cherries, grapes and small fruits. One-half of the money expended upon them has been a total loss, except to the nurseryman and perhaps the experience bought may be of use to some, though I am sorry to say one-half of our farmers do not seem to- profit by it, for the very next agent that comes along with a picture of something new and wonderful and a recommend that it will bear from July to January in any soil or climate, from Manitoba to Texas, will get their order. This loss is not confined to farmers aud fruit growers alone. Our mechanics and townspeople are annually spending thous- ands of dollars for trees and plants to stock their gardens, more than one-half of which is inferior or worthless or not adapted to the climate. Now the question is, how has this state of things come about ? Who is to blame for it ? And what is the remedy 1 In the early history of our country there was some excuse for this. People were anxious to grow fruit and they had no means ot knowing whether a variety was good or would succeed here or not till they tried it ; and later on, agents from the other side thronged the coun- try recommending this and that variety, and many with the hope of getting something good, planted a little of everything which accounts for the large collection of varieties in some of our old orchards. But as years rolled around and there began to be a demand for shipping fruits and planters began to understand what varieties were profitable they commenced to order these varieties largely and plant new orchards — and here comes in the iniquity of the tree agent, and I am sorry to say some of the nurserymen. There was not enough of this class of trees to supply the demand and these was inserted in their blank orders— which they always carry to be filled out, this clause (which is generally unobserved by the purchaser who signs it.) " If you have not the varieties called for you may substitute others which you think equally desirable." 'I he consequence was that many a man who gave his order for Baldwins, Greenings, Northern Spy or some other choice variety he wanted, found out when they came to bear that he had Talman Sweet, Colvert, or some variety he did not want ; something the nurseryman wanted to get rid of or the tree agent could buy the cheapest and which they thought would be " equally desirable " for them to get the money for. I could point you to hundreds of such cases, but many of you know of them to your sorrow. Besides this there is a laudable desire on the
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
part of planters to get something new, something there is more money in than the old, and ihey are on the alert for new things, some of them anxious to get the start of th^ir neighbors Nurserymen, knowing this, are continually introducing new thintrs and by getting high recommends from one another — a kind of a " scratch my back and I'll scratch yours" process. They succeed in selling often at ten times the price of varieties lUO per cent, better It is true that an occasional one may be of value in some sections, but not one in a huudied proves to be superior to the old established varieii^-s I could mention. That thou.-auds ot dollars have been paid for through the coutitry and thousands more spent in their fiiltivation, and which never paid for the time spent in planting much less in nur.-ing and cultivating them. Prof. Lyon, of the Michigan Fruit Experiment Station stated in his report last winter that " not more than one in a hundred of the new sorts or novelties, ex- ceeded or even et^ualled the old standard varieties, though some of them might appear valu- able for a year or two," and his advice to fruit growers was '' for general planting let novel- ties alone." Yet glib-tongued agents will olten induce men to invest largely in new untried fruits I knew of one in my section who p>.T.suaded a farmer to plant sev- eral acres of a new grape called the Early Dawn, for which he obtained an enormous price, representing that they were so earl}^ that he would have the market all to him- .self before his neighbors grapes were ripe and thus secure a fortune. But, when they came to bear, the fact dawned upon him that he had been swindled — they were no t-arli'^r than some of the old sorts, and far below them in size, quality and product- iveness. Similar instances might be multiplied — but it is not necessary. We see and know that these are facts and can understand how they have come about, and I think, can see that we are in a great measure to blame for it ourselves. As long as we continue to invest our money on these new things simply upon the recomin ni- dation of a tree agent, or a tVw men interested in their sale, we shall be doomed to loss and disappointment. I do not wish to insinuate that nurserymen, or tree agents are all rogues ; far from it. I believe nurserymen are as honorable men as a class as are engaged in any calling and some tree agents are also ; but there are thost* who like the manufacturers and dealers in whisky are " not in it " for the good they can do the country but for the money they can get out of it.
And now about the remedv for this state of atiairs. We do not want to dis- courage experimenting in new fruits nor introducing them, if they are worthy — on the contraiy we want to encourage this work. But we do want to devise some means of having it tested by competent parties not interested in its sale so that we may know whether it is worth planting or not, before we pay out our hard earned dollars tor it. This is a matter that ati'ects the whole country at large, noc only fruit growers l)Ut consumers. We are all interested in getting the very liest fruits that our country will produce and at tht^ best possible rates. Anything that hinders their |>roduciion m perfection diminishes the supply on our markets and adds to tluir cost. And I know of no better or fain-r way to remedy the evil than by asking our government to assist us in tJiis mattei- by establishing experimental stations in fruit growing districts where fruit can l»e tested by disinterested parties under its supervision as is done in nearly all of the neigh- boring states and by enacting laws regulating the sale of trees and plants, makiiii,' it a (Tin)inai offence to wilfully substitute an inferior fruit for one onlered, or in perp^itrating frauds of a similar nature. We have advocated this measure before in our Society, and the matter has been brought before the Minister of Agriculture, who I think sees the necessity of it and is willing to do what he can to assist us. No dehiiite action has yet been takeu farther than the appointing of a committee to consult as to the best means of carrying out the work, but who as yet have accomplished but little. Still I hope some more definite action will be taken during the coming winter and the matter brought before our h^gislators, who I think will see the need of this work and grant us what we ask and we want every fruit grower and lover of fruit interested in this work to agitate the suo ject — talk it to your neighbors, bring the matter Ijefore your member of Pai liament and if he has not got sense enough to see the necessity of it ask him to step down and out and put some one in bis place who has.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
Mr. Lee asked whether the statement by fruit-tree men : " We will not be respon- sible for any verbal statements made by our agents," is binding on the purchaser.
The Secretary : I don't see how the nurserymen could protect themselves from some agents who might say a good many unauthorized things unless that was allowed. I think that what is written is all right to be understood as the agreement between the two parties.
Mr. M. Pettit : I think that was a very excellent paper, and covers the ground pretty thoroughly ; and as the time is short possibly it would be better to refer it to a committee without discu.ssion.
The Secretary moved that the subject of Experiment Station be referred to a com- mittee of three, with Mr. A. M. Smith as chairman, and that A. H. Pettit and M. Pettit be the other two members of the committee.
Mr. A. McD. Allan, seconded the motion;
Prof. Oraig : Would it not be advi.sable to add a member from some other part of the Province — perhaps the western part 1
The President : Will you suggest a name 1
Prof. Craig : Mr. Hiiljorn, of Leamington.
The motion was then carried.
STRAWBERRIES.
The following topic was then taken up : " Three best strawberries for market and three best for home garden."
Mr. John Little, of Granton, Ont., was called on. He said it was a difficult question to answer, so as to gel strawberries that will suit all parts of the Provinc-. Amongst the later varieties for commercial purposes the best are Haverland, Bubach, Warfield, Gandy. There are larger varieties than those, and superior, but they are not in cultivation yet — they are two seedlings that I have tried for some time. One is Regina of Alabama, and the next is Weston from Wisconsin ; and that matures about six days later than any variety I have ever grown.
Mr. Race : WouLi you say anything about the Bubach for foreign markets?
Mr. Little : For shipping purposes I would mention the Woolverton. In all the strawberries T have ever raised I have never grown any that beats that variety. I would name the Princess of Minnesota. Barton's Eclipse is a pistillate variety, but it is early. Bederwood is the proper one to fertilize with, and comes in about the same time.
Mr. A. M Smith : Have you any experience with Williams?
Mr. Little : Yes. I cannot find any fault with the Williams with regard to the
plant it is a very good plant; but the white tip is just like that of its parent — the
Sharpless. That is detrimental to it in more ways than one. Although some say it suits the market well, in our market they do not care for either the Sharpless or the Williams, yet both are excellent bearers. ^
The Secretary : The Williams is a good deal better shipper than the Sharpless, isn t
if?
Mr. Little : Yes.
Mr. Race : Tell us what three varieties would be the most suitable for the St. Mary's
district. t • i
Mr. Little : The Princess, both for shipping and home use. It is large and beauti- ful and good. It has got several prizes at the Minnesota fairs, Gillespie would be another very good one, both for shipping and home use— it is large and good. It is a seedling of the ifaverland, and resembles it very much in shape, it is solid. The Haverland, although a good bearer, is not a good shipper, it is soft. Enhance would be another good bearer, and a good shipper too. There is nothing I like so well for its size as the Greenville, introduced this year from Ohio Among the older varieties for the commercial grower the best are Haverland. Bubach, Warfield and Gandy. The following are equally as <^ood, and some of them better, owing to their size, color and productiveness, and even for^kee'ping longer in fruit : Woolverton, Princess, Moore's Early.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No 13). A 1893
RESULT OF TWENTY YEARS' STRAWBERRY CULTURE.
Mr. John' Little of Granton, read the following paper, being the experience gained in growing strawberries during the last twenty years.
Experience implies failure as well as success, and these are not always pleasant to contemplate or rehearse. The thought of a failure, even in review, has a depressini; etiect. Still failures are lessons, and if followed by improvement, are profitable. " Variety is the spice of life" is true with regard to the strawberry industry. Why, there would be no need of horticultural societies if there were no failures to recount, and think how much we should miss !
To give a detailed account since I tirst began growiug the strawberry, would tiil loj many pages and take up too much time, and I take it, that to give methods of procedure since 1 commenced growing this, the choicest of God's choicest gifts to man, would be simply reiterating what has been said, and so well said, over and over again at the yearly meetirgs of this society, and embodied in their reports. When I first commenced grow ing the strawberry I had no idea of growing the berries for market, or plants for sale, but to raise berries for our home use. I enlarged our planting, and had no difficulty in selling the surplus, and during all these years I have sold to the same retail house in St. Marys never having to ship to other points. Up till this date I have tested all other varieties that have been brought to the notice of the strawberry-loving public. There is no mystery about strawberry growing. The plant thrives upon any good soil, and its cul- ture is simple, the only secrets of a bountiful yield of fruit are, first, the selection of suit- able varieties and, second, thorough preparation of the ground and systematic cultivation ; and, when thus generously treated, there is no product of the soil that gives larger returns for the time and labor expended nor is there any more certain fruit crop grown in our country. Frooa the great number of strawberries now in cultivation, it is impossible to say of any two or three, or of any half dozen or doz-rn, " these are the best and should have the preference of all others." The value of many varieties depends on the locality where they are raised — soil, climate and the particular market where they are disposed of determining in some measure their worth. Many of the varieties of the highest qualities and which are most estimable for the garden when they are to pass directly to the table, have peculiarities which unfit them for profitable cultivation for shipping to distant mar- kets, and on the other hand some of the most profitable varieties for large groweis who send them to distant markets are so inferior in quality that they would be refused at the table of a connoisseur such as every amateur grower of this most delicious fruit should be. To some extent every strawbr-rry grower must test varieties for himself, but the varieties DOW in cultivation are all so good, and the information in regard to them so full, that there is little danger in obtaining any that is really worthless.
ARE NEW V.\RIETIES VALUABLE IN CO.MPARISON WITH THE OLD.
Some .selected hints in this connection are worth careful consideration. .Just what variety will give best satisfaction on your grounds. A knowledge of varieties is of the most importance and no one cares to limit his acquaintance to two or three. The state- ment in made at horticultural meetings and elsewhere, that, with all the talk and ali the efjorts for forty y«-ars, no one has yet produced a better market berry than '"Wilson's Albany seedling" and the conclusion was reached that all should stick to the "old reli- able" and let others prove the new. This may be good advice but it is haidly necessary inasmuch as the majority of cultivators are inclined to that course and will pursue it with- out any prompting.
Fortunately for horticultural progress there are a few "cranks " in this as in other callings — enough to kt-cp thn world moving — and the improvements in small fruits wliich they have brought about are really marvellous when we remember that l)Ut little more than fifty years ago the only varieties known, were the wild berries of the field and wood. There is not one of the mtnv fine varieties now known that will not in time be superseded by others still better. The " Wilson " was a great berry in its day (forty years ago), when
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
horticulture as a science was in its infancy ; it was then deemed a prodigy, and it was in everything bnt quantity a decided advance from previously existing varieties. No one would suppose it was ever new to note the observations of some conservative growers and writers who venerate it for what it has been rather than for what it is, and who despise and would belittle varieties because they are new without having tried them. The Wilson possessed wonderful vitality, and held its own for a long time, though, as some one lias said, it was never fit to eat. But age and much transplanting have weakened it as they will weaken any variety. Except in a very few northern localities the famous Wil- son is now uncertain in yield. That it is nowhere as profitable as formerly is the test- imony of all well posted cultivators who grow for profit. Some nurserymen still grow the plants to satisfy the wants of a few old growers who love an old berry tor its name's sake ; a good deal as they would love an old coat or an old political party.
The time was when Wilson, Crescent. Sharpless, and others were our best varieties, bnt these have been almost displaced by other, and better kinds.
Success with strawberries does not end with growing ; but one who is really success* ful follows up every detail, the selection of plants, planting, cultivacing, picking, packing, ai.d putting them on the market fresh, whether it be for shipping or for the home market. The home market is usually the most satisfactory, and if a gvowec is careful in all the details being sure that there are just as good berries at the bottom and all through the basket as at the top, he will soon acquire a reputation and trade for all he can grow, at prices that will pay him for his trouble.
Among the older varieties for the commercial grower the best are Haverland, Bubach, Warfield and Gandy. The following are equally as good as those, and some of them are better owing to their size, color and productiveness, and keep longer in fruiting, and are good to ship. I head the list with Woolverton, Princess, Lovett's Early (not early — it is medium and good). Gov. Hoard, Greenville, Midditield, Barton's Eclipse, Gillespie, En- hance, Williams. The very late berries here are in the order named : Gandy, Regina, and Weston from Wisconsin. In plancing for a fancy market and to name a few varieties to cover the entire season I would advise : For early — Barton's Eclipse, Woolverton, Gov. Hoard ; early to medium — Beder Wood, Hav^erland, Bubach NTo. 5 ; medium to late — Lovett, Gandy, liegina, Weston. For near market — Beder Wood, Bubach ^o. 5, and Haverland.
Mr. Race (in the chair) : We would like to hear from Mr.Greig as to his experience in the Williams?
Mr. Greig of Cainsville : My experience is very favorable. The Williams is far more profitable — that i.** if any strawberry in this locality is profitable. It is superior to the Wilson and the Crescent. The Wilson does not do
well in our soil. We tested the Crescent alon^; with the Williams. The first two pick- ings we will have more from the Crescent, but it dwindles down. The Williams hits a long season ; I think last season we gathered them a little over four weeks. We had no trouble with the white tips last year. By leaving them a day longer on the plant they ripened up to the very tip. We had trouble with some pickers, who would take them with the white tips ; but we were hard put to get pickers last year, and we picked them ourselves. We always received a cent or a cent and a half over the common berry.
Mr. Race : What three varieties would you recommend for the home market 1
Mr. Greig : The Williams, the Bubach and the Warfield.
Mr. Race : You would not care to recommend any three for shipping ?
Mr. GRbiG : No.
Mr. W. H. Lee (Niagara): I have had, possibly, more experience in the Williams than any one in the Association, having introduced the berry to the Association while they were in session at Niagara, and grown it now for about eight years. My expfrience has been such that if I had to grow the Wilson and the Orescent, and allow somebody else to'grow the Williams, I would quit right off, for I would feel that I could not make a living. Jn shipping to Toronto I can get for the Williams from two to three cents a has-
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66 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
ket more than for the Crescent and Wilson. You will make a mistake if you do not give the Williams strawberry prominence. I say it with no personal interests whatever ; but I have tested it in this locality — once hnving lived here — and it is doing very well where I am now. Ofcour.se it will do better upon heavier soil. It may not stand drouth with the Biibach, but it is a very much better paying berry. I can safely say t get two iias- kets to one, and a better price. The Bubach is too soft to ship to any distant market, although T shipped them as far as Montreal with no bad results. There is one point I would like to make about windbreaks. Pretty thick windbreaks are very essential in this locality — and the farther you go north the more essential they are ; but in the Xiagara peninsula where I am you don't want too many of them, because we are situated between the two waters, and when this muggy weather comes on we want a circulation of air. Here, where the thermometer sometimes goes 20 ° below zero, a windbreak is a very good thing ; but if ihe thermometer doesn't go below zero you don't need them.
Mr. E. D. Smith : Sufficient in-portance is hardly given to tirmness in strawberries. The three chief elements of success in strawberries are : vigor of plant, productiveness, and firmness of strawberries. We have a large market in the Maritime Provinces, becaus^i our market opens up two or three weeks earlier than theirs. We must grow a firmer berry.
Mr. Little : And larger.
Mr. Smith : The Williams fills that bill — it is large and it is firm. It is almost a* prolific a plant as the Crescent.
Mr. Blanchard : I would name the three for home : Saunder.^, Eureka and War- field ; for Market : Bubach, Havorland and Saunders.
Mr. Race : For the last few years I have run from twenty to thirty varieties of strawberries in my garden. I ran these down to the Williams, the Bubach and Haver- land ; and I would limit farther to Bubach and Williams.
Mr, HiLBORN : I think the Haverland is far superior to the Bubach, take it all round. The Wilson is still a favorite in our section, only it is badly afiected with the rust on leaves. If we could cure it of that, and be careful about the selection of plants, — I think there is a good deal about the point that was made as to getting the new plants from plants that have never borne — there is no better berry for canning or for shipping, if grown on a loam, for our locality.
Mr. Little : Take the first runner that comes, and no more ; and if it ofi*ers to put out a runner, nip it ofl and let it get fully established, with roots you could hold in your hand.
EXPERIENCE WITH PEAR CULTURE,
Mr. S. Hunter, of Scotland, road the following paper :
When I received the invitation from your worthy Secretary to give a paper upDn pear culture, 1 felt that had he given me ])ear failure instead I miglr probably have been in a position to do a measure of ju.'^tice to that side of the question.
I very mucli resemble the man in the parable who planted a vineyard, let it to husbandmen and took his journey to a far country. He came .seeking fruit but found none, but in some respects he was better ofi than I. Ilis vines were there, while T found quite a number of stumps and the skeleton of my once beautiful and tlirifty pear orchard, and that too after an absence of only about seven years. I should therefore have two or three years time allowed for treatment before being called to account. Ju.st hero I would say, that of all the fruits we grow in this climate the pear is the most capricious and intricate, ever determined to grow its own way. Some one has written '' as the twig is bent the tree is inclined," but that man had not much experience growing pear trees, unless it might havH l)een Winter Nidis and a few of that class. They would suit the farmer who planted his potatoes in the moon and wanted to get up there to hoe them.
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I would add a note of caution to the person who just takes to pear growing for what money there is in it ; unless he has a love for the pursuit for its own sake and expects to trim up the body so he can work close to or under them with his team, sow and reap grain annually, besides making a stockyard of the orchard all winter, that person had better try something else. Yet it is a most fascinating pursuit to those who become interested in it and make it a sort of hobby.
My first experience with the pear was on the other side of the Atlantic. When an apprentice I was allowed to compound the clay for grafting a few trees in the garden, and there my love for the pursuit was first aroused, but I need only go back about twenty-five years to the time I purchased the site of our present home, commencing with four pear trees, if I count dead as well as partly so. One I dug up, one had a sucker from the root that I grafted, cutting the old tree even with the ground, the other two were partly blighted, which parts I carefully removed.. My scion grew, showed no signs of blight, in three years, I topgrafted again with another variety, and it is to-day as good a tree as any left. It was a little blighted when I returned, I kept the soil well worked and manured and like many amateurs did a great many unnfcessary things.
I scraped the bark, washed the trunk with a variety of preparations, mulched with straw, coarse manure, grass, sawdust and chips and it would be difiicult to tell what all I did ; all of which I regard as a waste of time, excepting whatever plant food there is in it. Mean-while I kept increasing the number of trees and varieties, which numbered more than the trees, at one time obtaining the stock from a variety of sources, the Fruit Growers' Association included. I did not heed the warning against too many varieties, a rock upon which a goodly number have struck, as we find when the buyer comes around and will take but one variety. I also raised quite a number of seedlings. I am saving two for further trial, which I think have merit. Two rows of seedlings suffered quite as much from blight as did the grafted varieties, during my absence. After a few years cultivation and care, blight disappeared and, for about twelve years before I left, I could have carried all the blighted branches in my arms at one time. Nor was there any sign of blight on trees young or old, when I left eight years ago, nor ?o far as I can learn two or three years later, the orchard then consisting of about four hundred trees, a few in other lots. Duting all that time, blight was just as common all around, as at present although not quite so many pears grown, but here let me draw the curtain and sum up my experience, or lessons of the past.
Locntion.— 'Whilst it is well to select a suitable location when a choice is possible, still in most cases we have no choice, and, if lacking in any important quality, supply it as far as we can, such as drainage, shelter, or, even qualities lacking in the soil may be, to a great extent, made up. Our land is a sandy loam, with limestone, gravel and clay subsoil, naturally drained, and with southern exposure.
Shelter. — I plant both evergreens and deciduous trees. Our native hemlock (abies canadensis) is a favorite with me, although of slower growth than many others. Our are sheltered on three sides, north, east and west, planting trees and shade at the same time and letting all grow up together.
Preparation of soil — When time permits I manure and fall plow, but for the most part I have planted the trees and prepared the land afterwards which answered quite as well, often saving a year's growth in the trees.
Choice of trees — When possible I select good sized, thrifty young trees, the wood well ripened. I prefer those grown south of where they are intended to grow, they are not so likely to be blackhearted. I get them either in spring or fall, with a preference for fall, heel in, but in no case plant in the fall. I can then plant in spring just as soon as frost is out, which is much earlier than we can get them from the nursery.
Varieties. — The choice of varieties depends so much upon what disposition you are going to make of the fruit, as well as location, that I will say very little about it, especi- ally as there is such a good list of pears given in the last year's Annual Report of this Association, and althouj^h I have in cultivation about fifty named varieties, I would not like to discard any with two exceptions, that is the Autumn Belle and the Kieffer. To
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illustrate, when I tried to sell a few of the first named variety to Mr. B. Foster, a well known fruit dealer of this city, he said : " No, sir, Mr. H., for 1 tell you when they come to be good, they are good for nothing, and that is more than can be said of Kieffer, for it never does come to be good at all, and I have tried it both here and in the State of Dela- ware, where it ought to grow to perfection, if any where."
Planting. — Having the ground staked out T use a planter, figure of which was given in the Canadian HorticuUurid some time ago. I only take up a few trees at a time, and keep them covered from sun and air with a horseblanket, dig the hole larger than will receive the roots and a little deeper, throw two spadefuls of surface soil in the bottom, leaving it a little crowning in the center, on this let the roots radiate, with a downward tendency, (after having cut of all broken ends with a sharp knife) and only a little deeper than the tree stood in the nursery, for most trees are planted too deep. Put in a little fine soil and fill well among the roots, then fill level and pack firm, holding the top a little to westward. Head in a little, cutting of all broken and crushed twigs. Trees are usually sufficiently pruned before leaving the nursery to suit me.
Cultivation. — I make a point of keeping the ground well stirred around all young trees for the first two years at least, if situated where I can reach them with a culnvator ; if not. I keep a circle hoed at least three feet from the tree once in two weeks until the last of August. I prefer keeping the ground well stirred, to mulching, in fact I do not mulch at all. I think it does more harm than good.
Manuring. — Give the land a liberal manuring broadcast, the trees will find it. Well rotted barnyard manure, wood ashes, broken or crushed bone, and if the land is sand or gravelly, a mixture of swamp muck is good for letf and wood growth. I have also used considerable horse hoof-paring?, which I think beneficial. I grow hoed crops PS long as there is room, and light corn is a favorite crop on account of the shade it affords during the hot weather.
Pruning. — In the matter of pruning, I find myself in direct opposition to most of the advice given, even in the Horticulturist. I cannot help it. I would not prune any tree that I wished to live and grow, out of the growing season. I would not prune a scrub oak in winter, unless 1 wished to make it more scrubby. Why just look at those once beautiful shade trees in parks and streets of this city. The soirs of last wintei's pruning will not be healed over in the next ten years. I find the be.=^t time to prune is when fruit is setting, or a little later, both for growth and fruit- fulness, as well as quick healing. To prune in this climate in winter, or early spring, whether hard frozen, or not frozen at all, is, to say the least, very injurious. I have noticed wounds made from winter pruning to bleed for three years in succession, causing sap rot and attracting borers and that too after the application of a coat of paint. Winter prunning came from across the Atlantic and, although not so injuriou.s there, it were better done in the growing season. I like the pyramidal form of the pear tree, with branches coming close to the ground ; head in to keep them from going too rapidly skyward, and only remove the lower branches gradually. I use them to grow roots and stocky stems, being careful to leave enough of the lower ones to keep the trunk shaded, unless otherwise provided for. I am fully aware that it requires more hand labor to work under them, but we cannot get pears to do well with a tail bare trunk, like some of the long legged appletrees you see standing all about, with a tuft of branches resem- bling a broom on the end of a pole. Mine were so treated during my ab.sence and to this, more than anything else, I attrilmte the loss of so many of the most thrifty trees. Better prune none at all than too much, or out of season. I was much interested last summer in watching the fight for life with some trees that had been thus mutilated. A part of the Vminches grew straight up and part grew downward, forming a sort of cloak to shield the body fioiu the burning sun. They spoke to me in unmistakable language, as though they felt the pain and said never allow me to be stripped in that w,iy ai.;ain. Tliose that had not vigor enough tq thus shield themselves gave up the contest and I have grubbed out already over one hundred.
Thinning. — I regard this as a very important operation, the pear, like the plum, is apt to overbear, and both for the life of the tree and quality of fruit should be carefully thinned.
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Spraying is now a necessity. I suppose those who would grow smooth and sound fruit l)ut not havinc; sufficient experience in that line will be glad to hear it from some one who has, and this paper being already too long I thank you for a patient hearing and take my seat.
SERIOUS INJURY THREATENING OUR PEAR TREES.
The following paper on this subject was presented by Mr. D. VV. Bkadle of Toronto :
In Saunders' " Insects Injurious to Fruits," brief mention is made of a very small insect that has recently spread in such immense numbers into western New York, and has inflicted such severe losses upon cultivators of the pear, that it seems highly im- portant to warn our fruit growers of the probable invasion of Canada by this destructive foe of the pear tree. It is known to entomologists as the Pear tree Psylla. Psylla pyricola was imported from Europe in 1832 on some young pear trees into the State of Connecticut, from whence it has spread into Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Michigan and Illinois. In the season of 1891 it suddenly appeared in such enormous numbers that thousands of dollars worth of fruit and many trees were destroyed by it. It seems at present to be most abundant and therefore most destructive in the adjoining State of New York, and for this leason we call attention now to this minute but form- idable insect, that our pear growers may be warned in time, and be on the look out for its appearance and prepared to give it battle.
Its presence in force is indicated by the drooping and withering of the young shoots early in the season, followed by the sickly appearance of the whole tree, the leaves turn- ing yellow, and the fruit scarcely increasing in size, until at length the leaves and fruit fall. Accompanying these indications is th^ presence of large quantities of honey-dew on the twigs, branches and trunks, sometimes dropping in a shower upon the ground. This sweet, water-like fluid appears soon after the leaves expand, and continues during the season. At first it is clear like wa.ter, but soon a black fungus grows in it, spi-eadmg rapidly, giving it a dark sooty appearance as if the trees had been a long time enveloped in the dense smoke of some factory.
The inject that is the cause of all this mischief may be found laying its eggs just as soon as mild weather sets in, usually about the middle of April. The insects found at this time have passed the winter hidden under the loosened bark of the large limbs or trunk or in cavities formed by the bark growing about the scar of a severed branch. They are so small and in color so like that of the bark that it is not easy to see them. Yet they are larger than those of the summer broods and differ from them so much in many respects that eminent entomologists have supposed them to be a different species, and gave them the name of Psylla simulans But the only diflTerences are in their larger size and darker color. They are nearly one-third larger, and the predominating color is black, the body being of a dark reddish brown with intensely black markings, while the front wings are quite transparent. Both sexes will be found in about equal numbers, and if sought for as soon as the mild weather has warmed them into life will be seen in copulation. In the course of ten days the work of procreation will have been completed, and most of the eggs been laid. These are deposited in the creases of the bark, in the leaf scars about the bases of the terminal buds, and occasionally about the side buds near the terminal. Usually they are laid singly, but sometimes in rows of eight or ten. These eggs are so small that it would require eighty placed end to end to measure an inch, hence are scarcely visible without the aid of a magnifier. They are somewhat pyriform, smooth, shining, light orange when first laid, becoming darker before hatching, attached to the tree by a short stalk on the larger end, and exhibiting a long thread- like process from the smaller. The length of time elapsing between the laying and hatching of the eggs depends upon the temperature. Those taken into a warm room hatched in eleven days, while those left upon the trees did not hatch until more than a month after they were laid, the weather being cool. In about forty-five days from the time the egg-laying commenced the most of the eggs were hatched, and the insects that had passed the winter in hibernation had disappearod.
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Immediattly that the insect is hatched it seeks a feedinc; place, its favorite place being the axil of the leaf stalk, or of the fruit stems. At this stage of its life it is very unlike the mature insect ; it is now in what is called the nymph stage, corresponding to the larval stage of the butterfly, or to speak with greater precision, to the combined stages of larva and chrysalis. They do not move about much unless disturbed, then they crawl oflf quite rapidly.
Figure 1 is a highly magnified drawing of an egg, showing the stalk by which it is attached to the bark projecting from the under sidt; of the large end, and the long thread- like elongation of the small end.
Figure 2 is a representation of the nymph as seen from above, when it has become full grown, also highly raxguifiod ; and figure 3 exhibits the under side. The line at the side of each indicates its actual size.
Fig. 1. Efjij.
Fig. 2. Full grown niimph, dorsal view.
When first hatched the nymphs are oval in outline, of a ))ale transparent yellow, the abdomen more opaque and darker ; the eyes crimson, large and distiact, but the insects are .so small as to be scarcely visible without the aid of a lens, measuring only .013 of an inch in length. The wing pads are not yet to be seen. In about seven days they undergo their first moult, the skin bursts along the middle of the head and back, and the nymph crawls out to seek a new feeding place, leaving the o'.d skin attached to the globule of honey-dew it had secreted. The wing-pads are now discernible. In about four days they moult a second time, and havi; now attained to .027 of an inch in length, and the wing pads, perceptibly larger. The thi'd moult occurs about thn^e days after ; the nymphs are now .038 of an inch long, tlu; eyes have become of a dark crimson hue, and the wing-pads are larger. They continue in this stage about four days, and then moult for the fourth time. The nymphs have now assumed the appearance shown in figures 2 and 3, measuring .055 of an inch in length, and .015 of an inch in breadth, are of a general blackish color, often tinged with red, and the eyes of a bright crimson. The wing-p ids are black and form a conspicuous feature ; while the whole body is very rau 'h flittened, the thickness l)eing only one-fifth of the length. This is the last nymph stage. In about i\vG or six days the perfect insect crawls out of the nymph skin. In all of these stages the nymphs secrete globules of honey dew several times larger than them- selves, but the adult insects do not appear to secrete any, but instead void considerable quantities of a whitish excrement.
Figure 4 is a m.agnified representation of the mature insect. Nine or ten of them plac^il end to end, and about forty placed .^ide to side would bo required to measure nn inch. The general color varies from a light scarlet to crimson, with black markings. The front wings are slightly tinged with yellow, the hind wings are (|uite transparent and more delicate. When the insects are at rest these two pairs of large transparent wings slope roof-like over their sides. As might be expected from the fact that in this
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stage they are provided with wings and strong legs, they jump up and fly oiF at the least disturbance ; and as they can fly from tree to tree by taking advantage of strong currents of air, they are able to spread rapidly over considerable distances. They are provided with a beak with which they feed upon the sap drawn from the tissues of the leaves and tender twigs.
In three or four days after the mature insects are hatched procreation and egg-lay in i^' for another brood commences. These eggs are laid on the under side of the tenderest leaves near the mid rib or on the leaf-stalk near the leaf, usually singly, sometimes several in a row or in a group. The weather now being warmer than in the spring, the eggs are hatched in from eight to ten days, the crimson eyes of the nymph becoming plainly visible through the shells near the larger end of the egg a day or two before hatching. It is not yet known how long they live in this mature stage under natural conditions ; when'con fined in breeding cages in the house they lived for several days.
Fig. 4. Adnlt Insect.
Fig. 3. Full groivn nymph, ventral vieio, a. anus ; b. beak.
It has been ascertained that this year the number of broods was at least four. The adults that hibernated laid their eggs in April, and the adults of this brood made their appearance about the middle of June, and a new brood appeared about a month after, and so continuously during each month until about the •25th of September. The adults that appeared in September diflfered from those of the spring and summer broods, being nearly one-third larger, their coloring darker, the crimson changed to a dark reddish brown, the veins of the wings dark brown or black, and the front wings instead of being of a yellowish tinge were quite transparent with blackish shades of varying intensity in the cells. These adults are the hibernating form of this insect pest ; they continue to feed until the leaves fall, and then hide in crevices of the bark, etc , where they pass the winter aud emerge in the spring to begin again the cycle of perpetuation of the species.
During all the stages of active existence they feed upon the sap of the tree ; their feeding apparatus both as nymphs and adults consisting of a short, pointed beak, and three long thread-like sette which move along grooves in the beak. When feeding the point of the beak is placed against the leaf or tender twig, the setae inserted into the sap cells, and the sap drawn up through the beak. The nymphs elaborate most of their food into honey-dew, but the adults do not seem to secrete any honey-dew. but all their food being assimilated they void considerable excrement, much more than the nymphs.
The interesting question of how we can successfully combat this very destructive insect remains to be considered. Expejiments carefully conducted during the past
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summer have demoastrated that it is of no use to apply kerosene emulsion, undiluted kerosene, turpentiae emulsion, turpentine undiluted, crude carbolic acid emulsion, sulphide of potash, double strength, concentrated potash, one pound to a gallon of water, nor benzine undiluted to the egg. Nor can the mature insects be destroyed by spraying the trees, tor no sooner does the spray strike the tree than they take wing and fly otf until they can return in safety ; also spraying has but little if any efftict on the old nymphs, when they are so enveloped in honey-dew that the insecticide cannot reach them.
But it was found that the young nymphs were very tender, that they succumbed at once under an application of kerosene emulsion containing less than three per cent, of kerosene, dying almost immediately after the liquid touched thera. It %vill be seen from this that the best time to spray is earlv in the spring, just after the leaves have expanded, for at this time the first brood of n3"raphs will have been hatched an 1 will not have be- come large enough to cover themselves with honey-dew ; and if we can succeed in killing even seventy-five per cent, of this brood we have made a great reduction in the number of the succeeding summer generations. It has also been found that heavy showers of rain wash the honey-dew from the nymphs so as to expose them to the fatal effects of kerosene emulsion if it is applied immediately after, or so soon after that they have not becom3 again enveloped in the honey-dew. The trees are in no danger of being injured by such a dilute emulsion as one containing only three per cent, of kerosene.
It is therefore important that fruit growers should very carefully examine their pear trees in the spring when the leaves are expanding, and search in the places where these insects resort for the newly-hatched, crimson-eyed nymphs, and if they are at all numer- ous lose no time in spraying the trees with the kerosene emulsion. If they are very numerous it will be advisable to repeat the spraying two or three times during the fort- night succeeding their first appearance. If thoroughly done at this time the destruction will be so great as to preserve the trees from any serious injury, yet it will be well to examine the trees frequently during the summer, and if they are still to be found return again to the spraying so that the hibernating brood may be so reduced in numbers as to be unable to multiply in sufficient numbers to work serious mischief the next year.
The writer is indebted for the knowledge of the life history of this insect enemy of the pear, and of the efficiency of kerosene emalsion as a mems of keeping it in subjec- tion, and of the time when spraying will b^ found to be most efficient to Mr. Mark V. Stingerland, whose careful observations and experiments are published in extenso in Bulletin 44, October, 1892, of the Cornell University Agricultural Kxperinient .Station.
The writer would further suggest that in the event of the weather continuing dry, there being no showers sufficient to wash the honey-dew from the nymphs, and they are found to be present in full force, the pear grower might find it highly aivantigeous to shower his trees artificially with pure water from a force pump, thus washing off the honey-dew, and following this speedily with the kerosene emulsion.
Kerosene emulsion is made by thoroughly dissolving one quart of sofcsoip, or one quarter of a pound of hard soap in two quarts of boiling water ; as soon as this is done and while it is yet quite hot, one pint of kerosene oil is stirred in, and the whole violently agitated by drawing it into a syringe or force-pump and driving the li(]uid back into the kettle for at least five minutes, or until the whole mass assumes a creamy consistency, adhering to the sides of the vessel, not gliding off like oil. This will keep for a long time if placed in a cool, dark place. Whtn wanted for use measure out the quantity taken and dissolve it in siuficient boiling wat*r to tnake the amount of kerosene one- fifteenth part. If the whole is tike the quantity of water required would be four quarts. This is Prof. A. J. Ojok's formula, of tho MicKigin .\griculturAl Exp?rim3nt Station. The Hubbard-Riley formula is much stronger of kerosene. It is half a pound of hard or soft fioap, a gallon of boiling water, and two gallons of kerosene. These are to ha comV)ined in the same manner, and the emulsion dilute! with water until the kerosene is reduced to the desired proportion.
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REPORT ON PEARS.
Mr. D. W. Beadle read the following report of Committee : (See appendix TI).
Mr. Beadle explained that the late, Mr. Dempsey was a member of the Committee, and Mr. Holton had been unable to meet A letter was read from Mr. Holton, suggest- ing that the column beaded cooking should be omitted ; the list, as at present prepared, being more liable to mislead than to assist. The Vicar is rated at 10, while a number of better pears, in Mr. Holton's opinion, are rated only at 8 or 9. Mr. Holton asked that his resignation as a member of the Committee be accepted, as he was not able to properly perform the duties, Mr. Beadle moved the adoption of the report.
The Secretary seconded the motion, and suggested that the meeting hear criticisms on any pear any person wishes to mention, not to go over the list one by one, as time forbids.
Mr. Hunter thought the Keiffer pear should be cut out of this list.
Mr. A. M. Smith : It is one of the best keepers in our district, and in Wisconsin has been so considered.
Mr. Orr asked if the Keiffer hybrid is the same 1
Mr. Smith : All the same.
Mr. Hunter thought there must be &ome confusion as between the Keiffer and the Leconte.
The Secpetary : They are different in every way. The Keiffer is of very poor quality vve all acknowledge, as a table pear. If has no place as a table pear, and ought not to have ; but if well grown it has a beautiful color, and certainly sells remarkably well until people get to know it. As a canning pear I believe it is not excelled.
Mr. A. M. Smith : I would not place Souvenir de Congres among Summer pears. It is as late with me as Flemish Beauty.
Mr. Blanchard : The Buffam should be struck out. It comes in with the Bartlett.
Mr. Pattison : My experience with the Bartlett is that it does not generally ripen till October,
Mr. Race : There is no object in striking a pear off the list, give it a lov value.
Mr. Blanchard : We are o' ged to pick that pear at the same time as the Bartlett.
Mr. A. M. Smith moves that the Doyenne Boussock be put out of the list of autumn pears.
Mr. Beadle suggested that the words Summer, Autumn and Winter be struck out altogether, and that the names be put down alphabetically, because summer pears in the Niagara District are not summer pears down toward Trenton or up toward Muskoka
The Secretary : I would second Mr. Beadle's motion as to the adoption of the report, with the addendum that the list be re-arranged alphabetically.
Prof. Craig : The present arrangement by seasons is a very valuable guide to the planter.
Mr. Morris : Put them alphabetically, and the date when they ripen.
Mr. Beadle : The date when thej- ripen at Niagara is one, and the date of lipen" ing at Ottawa is another.
Prof. Panton ; Why not put a foot note saying this list is for Niagara District, and that for other districts allowances have to be made.
Mr. Morris : If this list is for planters it should go further and give so.nething about the condition of the trees, and proluctiveness, and so forth. It is a little mislead- ing in that respect. I will move that the report be sent back to the committee for revi- sion.
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The Secretary . That is throwing it oS for a long time. Let the matter go out to the public, and let them criticise it.
Mr. Morris : Those varieties subject to disease, and so on, should be mentioned.
Prof. Craig moved that the report be accepted as it is, but the committee be not dis- charged, but stand over, to report next year and make such additions is have been sug- gested, be accepted, and a committee composed of Mr. Beadle, Messrs. G. W. Cline and W. H. Dempsey be reappointed to further consider this question of a pear list, with a special view o( adding a column giving the season approximately and another giving productiveness.
Mr. Race : That is a very practical suggestion.
Mr. M. Pettit : I would suggest that G. VV. Cline be added to that committee, to take the late Mr. Dempsey's place.
Mr. Pettit, Winona, seconded Prof. Craig's motion, which was carried.
For the pear list, which constituted this report, see Appendix in.
GOOSEBERRIES.
Mr. Beall (Lindsay) named, as the three most profitable gooseberries, Whitesmith, Pearl and Downing. He said : I am satisfied that these will produce more money than any three that I am aware of. f think we have neglected to brin.^ this uiatter before our Association as we should have done for some time past. The gooseberry is certainly one of the most profitable fruits that is grown in Canada, I think there is more prolit in it to-day than there is in grapes. Better tinancial results can be got from a quantity of gooseberries than from any other fruit grown.
Mr. Race : The gooseberry has been a hobby of mine for a number of years, and I place the Whitesmith at the head of the list for profit. There is a general complaint against it for mildew. I never had any mildew in my garden on that berry ; and I have a larger growth of bush. 1 think, than almost any man that I have seen anywhere in the Province, and my bushes bear heavier than any I have seen. I use no fertilizer now except ashes. I believe if you give the Whitesmith plenty of sunlight aid air, and purify your soil b(>neath it every spring with a scattering of ashes, that it will prevent the mildew. That is all I have done for the last eight years. This year I was away from home a great deal, and did not do much in any garden, and neglected putting a-ihes beneath all my gooseberries ; and this is the first year in nine years that there has been a specimen of mildew in my garden. This has proved to me that ashes prevent mildew. I sprinkle uiileaohed ashea from half an inch to an inch in depth, extending for about two feet from the centre of the roots in bushes, and leave them dur- ing the summer time. My soil is a clay loam.
Mr. Blanchard : Pearl, Conn and Downing are the three that 1 have selected.
Mr. Orr : 1 have grown the Whitesmith for a number of years, and have treated them with ashe.s — not so heavy as you speak of — and have had a crop every year without mildew.
STATISTICS OF FRUIT.
rhe Secretary introduced the topic: " Could not the IJureau of Inilustries give a more complete report of the yields of the various fruits of Ontario ("' \'ery freipiently the (juestion is asked : What is the (|uantity nf the products of any fruit, the number of tons of 'grapes in any section, any county ; and we are totally unalile to give any idea of the aniouno of the products of strawberries or any other fruit. Some attention is given to the orchard in general, and to the apple in the leport; and I do not see why more attention should not be given to the various other fruits. There is very full attention
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given to agriculture. We have full report as to oats and potatoes and beans, and we can find out just what each county produces ; but we cannot get at the figures at all to answer such questions regarding fruits. The collection of statistics is an important question to us, and if it would be at all practicable I am sure we would all be glad to have more attention given to the fruits in that way. I think probably Mr. James would say something to us in regard to that.
Mr. James : You will remember that last year this subject was brought to the notice of the Association, and some resolutions were adopted ; and in accordance with the request of the Association at that time, I attempted this year for the first time to obtain some statistics in regard to fruit cultivation and fruit production If there is any fault in the matter I think you will have to admit that the fault lies not with us but wioh the fruit men themselves. In the first place it will be necessary for us to get the acreage, or rather the number of bearing trees of the various fruits in the Province. I sent out and got from the various directors of the Association lists of apple growers. We attempted apples first. I got long lists, and sent out one thousand cards to apple growers all over the Province. Now, from that list how many returns do you suppose 1 ooti ["Fifty," "a hundred."] Well, I got just about 100. That is, one out of every ten men who were recommended by you as directors of this Association, replied to that card. Now, if we cannot get the fruit men to answer these questions, what are we goin^^ to do"? That is the first difiiculty ; and I put that right before you just to show where we are met. Now, it would not be advisable to make returns from simply one hundred answers. However, I had taken the precaution among our regular correspon- dents to ask certain questions in regard to apples and other fruits ; and thereby I got the material which was used as the basis of our reports in connection with the August crop bulletin, in which I gave a special section to the apple production of Ontario ; and I put the ))robable yield in Ontario at three million barrels. Well, I have been pretty harshly criticised for that by apple buyers. The criticism has not come from the apple producers, but from buyers, who say that the estimate was away under the quantity. I suppose they thought the price might be aflfected somewhat by limiting the product. I mi»ht sav however, that some apple buyers of the Province thought that we were quite within the mark at that time. This estimate was based on some three hundred returns that we "ot from all over the Province. The later returns, which I hold in my hand, we have not published, and I am not quite certain whether we shall publish them or not. 1 want to consult some of the fruit growers in regard to it ; these later estimates were made from returns from the fruitgrowers themselves. If that estimate was too small it is nut our fault ; but it is from small returns made by the very men who were pro- ducing the apples ; still, later returns are quite a bit larger. As I stated last year, I did not think we would be able the first year to get anything that might be considered
satisfactory you never can the first year ■ but now we have got something to work
upon and we hope next year, by going a little further, to get returns that may be a little more accurate than those this year. I will give you the returns I have here, and vou may »ive me your opinion on them, as to whether they are too large or not. Lake Erie District commencing at Essex and Kent and reaching along the north shore of Lake Erie the average produced per tree we figured out at a little over three bushels. That of course is the most unfortunate district in Ontario this year for apples. We have returns here for pears, peaches, plums, cherries and grapes ; but we have no time to go into those. Then Lake Huron — taking in Lambton, Huron and Bruce, which was one ot the best apple sections this year — an average return of about six bushels to the tree Georgian Bay, including Grey and Simcoe, about the same. The Central Counties in the west, what we call the West Midland Counties, a little under six bushels per tree. Lake Ontario, commencing at the west end of Lake Ontario and stretchiijg through ta Prince Edward County, between five and six St. Lawrence and Ottawa, about five. The East Midland about five ; and the Northern Districts a little under four. This makes an average over the Province of five bushels per tree. That would give an estimate, if the number of trees that we have returned is correct, of about ten million barrels in Ontario. Now, some stated before that our estimate must be entirely too low on account
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
of the enormous export of apples this year. I do not think that is a fair ground upon which to criticise our returns at all. for this reason : I think a large propor- tion of the exports of apples made from Ontario this year have very seriously injured the reputation of Canadi.m apples in the Old Country markets. (Hear, hear.) For instance, you saw the letter in yesterday's Mail, which was simply a sample of very many that have come to us indirectly. I have had a large amount of correspondence with Old Country producers in trying to get at these special statistics ; and the com- plaint coming to us from various sources is, " inferior fruit." An enormous quantity of apples have been shipped to the Old Country that ought never to have left the farm at all. Here is one statement that was made : " Many of the apples were worm-eaten, gnarled and mis-shapen." I have here the market sales of one of the largest consumers in London of Nov. 23rd ; and apples are here tjuoted as being sold at 3s., 2s. 9d. ; os., 9s., and if I am not mistaken I have one return of Is. 9d. a barrel. Mr. Allan tells me it costs about 75 cents to ship apples to the Old Countiy. Taking the average, you will hud that whereas there are some apples tfiat are bringing as high as 17., ISs. and 20s, there are large numbers bringing 5s., 6s., and 7s., probably an average of about 8s. per barrel. Then here are two statements from Woodall i Co., of Liverpool, Nov. 12th, which show that a large number went over there early, therefore they were not winter fruit, or else they were winter fruit that went undoubtedly too early — which I think you will find is correct — as well as that large quantities were sent thiit should not have gone at all. For the week end- ing Nov. 12th the arrivals at Liverpool were 49,000 bbls ; for the corresponding week last year they were .^2,000 bbls. ; and yet at that time 23,000 bbls. had arrived over the year before ; so that although the arrivals during two or three weeks then were less than they were last year, nevertheless the total arrivals exceeded those of last year ; therefore the early arrivals this year must have been far in excess of last year.
Mr. Jamrs here read further extracts from English correspondents. Showing the poor quality of the apples shipped.
T his large quantity of poor fruit has been sent away to the detriment of those of you who have been sending good fruit. I think we have shipped a larger quan- tity of fruit out of the country than should have gone this year. Now, from what you know of the difierent sections, how does our estimate strike you — the average estimate of five bushels per tree over the entire Province — the large quantities being obtained from Huron, Bruce, Grey, Simcoe, the Counties of Durham, Northumber- land, Ontario. I am not quite sure whether it will be wise to publish these returns in full, or to use them as the foundation of our figures next year. The total number of pounds of grapes we have figured on this year is G2 million pounds for Ontario ; that would be 31 thousand tons.
Mr. Be.vll : When you spoke of tlie average per tree in the circular I got from you, you said " average per bearing tree."
Mr. J.\MES : Yes; trees that have come to the bearing age.
Mr. Gaston : Someb^ar early, but bear a very small quantity. What we call full bearing is bearing 1 ^ to 2 barrels.
The Skcketarv : What was tho number of barrels, according to your last estimate, for the Province ?
Mr. James : 3,384,000 barrels 'it first. This one gives us about tliree times that (juantity. Now, who was right] When were tbo farmers right in making their retnrns — then, or now ?
The Secketaky : WouM it not be possible to get at that from the actual statement of the number of barrels shippfsd from dirt>^rent points, and soon, so as to get at the act- ual quantity produced ! — because when you multiply those two numln>r8 together — the iiumbei- of bearing trees and the supposed average (piantity that each tree produces — that is another only arproximato estimate. When you get these two together it seems to me it would not be quite as safe as if we could get at the quantity really sent away trom each district.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1898
Mr. James : To do that you have to wait till after your work is done. Of what con- sequence it to you, then I You want to know it before the shipment is made.
Mr. E. D. Smith : It strikes me that the estimate is immensely too high. It may have occurred in this way : — You found the number of trees and multiplied it by the bearing. Now, more than one-half of the bearing trees had not a single apple on them.
Mr. James : That is for your section ?
Mr. Smith : Yet>, and it would apply to the Province.
Mr. James : You see from this discussion the difficulties in the way.
Mr. Smith : I know it is difficult to get answers to enquiries.
Mr. James : It is an easy matter to get, foi instance, the wheat returns. We can get that accurately by two or three methods, and we feel satisfied that our ways of get- ting the wheat returns are quite accurate.
Mr. Smith : I suggest that you ascertain the amount of the product in a given year from actual shipmnnts and sales, as near as possible ; and then in future year.s an esti- mate could be made from that at such a percentage, higher or lower.
Mr. James: We tried for two or three years the plan of percentage, and it upset matters entirely. You would be surprised how few men would handle the question of percentage properly.
Mr. Pattison : Does your estimate mean only those apples tit for ship:neut, or does it include apples of a second quality 1
Mr. James : This includes the apples produced in this country.
Mr. E. D. Smith : What makes me think the estimate is high is that the total ship- \ment8 for this Province will not exceed half- a million barrels.
Mr. James : How many barrels of fruit does the average family use ?
The Secretary : Say tive barrels — that is a low estimate.
Mr. James : How much is wasted in the country 1
Mr. Pattison : My neighbor calculated he had 2U0 bnrrels. He shipped 30. The other poition he fed to stock. 1 think in our section the proportion that was not shipped was a great deal larger than the proportion that was.
Mr. .Tames : I was astounded when 1 got out the figures. I would no& put them in Lue last Bulletin.
Mr. McMiCHAEL : I think one reason why that report would be misleading would be that many of your correspondents have given the trees that were of bearing age. Perhaps one-third of the trees in the orchard were hod actually bearing ; and then in making up your report you take the full number of trees in the orchard.
Mr. James : No; we asked first for the trees — those that were bearing and those that were non-bearing. We figured out 66,000 bearing apple trees, and 2,200,000 non- bearing.
Mr. Pattison : It would be better to use another term. Instead of using the word " bearing," put it " for ten years planted."
The Secretary : I think we ought to express our approval of this work. I really think that it promises to be of great benefit to the fruit growers of tiie Province.
On the su»»estion of the President the matter was left till after dinner for action.
*oe^
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON INSPECTION OF FRUIT.
Mr. A. H. Pettit reported on behalf of the Committee on this subject. This mat- ter was pretty well discussed at the last meeting. The Bill that has been framed was of such a strin»ent nature that it was con-sidered it could not be put in working shape ; and we asked that the Bill be amended in accordance with the plan submitted to and adopted bv the meeting last year. ^ 64
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
Your Committee on Fruit Inspection beg leave to report : That they, in connection with a delegation of the Central Farmers' Institute of Ontario, waited upon the Govern- ment and presented the wishes of this Association.
An Act was framed by the Government and passed, but the provisions of the Act were •!" such a stringent nature it was not considered workable. It read as follows :
APPLES.
" 109. In the inspection of closed packages of apples, the inspector shall op^-n not less than one package in every five ; and if the manner of packing is found to be fraudu- lent or unfair, then he shall open all the packages put up by the shipper of such package :
" 2. Every package found to be fairly and properly packed he shall brand as ' No 1 Inspected Canadian Apples,' or ' No. 2 Inspected Canadian Apples,' as the case may be, if fit to be so branded :
" 3. The inspector shall also examine the varieties of apples submitted for inspec- tion, and shall correct the nomenclature if incorrectly m irked, or if th^i name of the var- iety is not marked he shall cause it to be marked on the package :
" 4. The inspector may charge a fee of ten cents for each package inspected by him, and such charge shall cover the cost of opening and closing the package.
" 110. No. 1 inspected Canadian apples shall consist of perfect specimens of one var- iety, of uniform size, and, in the case of a coloured variety, of fairly uniform colour, and shall be free from scab, worm holes, knots and blemishes of any kind :
" 2. No. 2 inspected Canadian apples shall consist of specimens of one variety, free from scab, worm-holes, knots and blemishes of any kind, but not of uniform size or colour.
" 111. The Governor in Oouncil may make regulations for the inspection of cheese and the branding of packages thereof, and may make a tariff of the fees and charges to be allowed to the inspector for such inspection." (General Inspectors' Act, chapter 23.)
We wanted a well defined standard of excellence, such as was defined by this Asso- ciation, but we are hardly prepared for perfection itself, such as is embodied in the Act.
We would therefore recommend that the Bill be amended in accordance with your first defined standard, as one calculated to promote the best interests of trade and place it upon a better basis.
The following extracts are from the Canadian Horticulturist for 1892, volume XV., p. 128, the organ of the Association, and may assist in further explaining this subject :
Applk Inspection.
The solid advantages which might accrue to Canadian fruit growers through a pro- per inspection of fruit intended for export, has been twice discussed at meetings of our Association. As things now are, it is impossiblp to sell for cash f. o. b. to an Eoj^lish buyer, because he cannot be satisfied of the quality and grade until the apples have crossed the ocean and come under his personal inspection. In this way the Oanadian grower or shipper is entirely at the mercy of the English buyer, who has the goods in charge.
If it is possible to plan some definite system of grading, so that a distant buyer would know, from the m^re mention of the grade, just what kind of stock was licing offered him, there is not the slightest doubt that apple growing in (.'anada would be a much more remunerative occupation than it is ; for the Canadian grower could .sell for cash at his own home for the full value of his stock, and a Canadian shipjier would always know exactly what margin ho was allowing himself on any lota he wa.s handling.
By reference to our combined reports for ihe years 1890 and 1891, it will be obser- ved that this subject has been pretty fully discussed, and that a committee was appointed to urge upon the Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion, the importance of a systeiu-
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. V6). A. 18P3
atic inspection and branding of Canadian apples for export. We have drawn up an out- line of the duties that would be expected of such an inspector, and defined what would be understood as meant by grades No. 1 and No. 2, expressing as nearly as possible the sense of our meeting on the subject, and submitted it to tha committee. As it soon may be presented for consideration at Ottawa, we have thought best to publish the outlines of the inspector's work, in order that the committee may have the benetit of criticisms from any of our readers.
Duties of thk Dominion Apple Inspector.
1. To make headquarters at the most important shipping port of the Dominion, probably at Montreal, during the fall, and at Halifax during the winter months.
2. In the inspection of closed packages of apples, the inspector shall open out as many of the packages, say, one in ten, less or more, as shall enable him to judge fairly of the grade, and of the manner of packing.
3. L pon satisfying himself of the grade, he shall apply his inspector's brand, mark- ing them " Canadian Apples, No. 1, inspected," or No. 2, iS the case may be. There should be no No. 3 inspected ; any such stock going forward should go without the inspector's brand.
4. The inspector shall have a special care to avoid branding any package, unless he is satisfied that it is honestly packed through and through. He may refuse further atten- tion to any carload of apples, which he tinds faulty in this regard ; and the shipper of such carload shall forfeit the privilege of having any further attention from the inspector for the current season.
5. The inspector shall hold himself in readiness to inspect all fruit within one or two days after receiving notice, and engage a sutficient number of assistants to accom- plish the work speedily, without delaying the loading of a cargo.
6. No person shall be obliged to have his Iruit inspected, but, if he desires the bene- fits of the higher prices which will be eventually secured by the inspector's brand, he will be expected to pay a fee of at least one cent per barrel for each barrel branded by the inspector.
7. On account of some lots going by Suspension Bridge and New York to Great Britain, and other lots going to Chicago, the inspector should have, as soon as practi- cable, one or two trained assistants in Western Ontario during the apple season, reidy to go when called upon, to any station for the inspection of car-lots of apples which are ready for shipment.
8. The inspector may make arrangements, wherever practicable, to do the work of inspection at railway stations where apples are being loaded, providing a certain number of car-loads are in readiness.
9. The inspector shall also make it his business to see that all lots of apples branded by him are properly named as well as graded.
10. The inspector shall take especial care to make known to growers generally his address, and business, and also to give them a full description of the proper methods of packing and grading as to the No. 1 or No. 2 brand.
11. Grade No. 1 shall consist of well-grown samples of the variety named, some- what uniform in size, well-shaped, of normal color, free from scab, worm holes, curculio knots, etc.
12. Grade No. 2 shall consist also of apples free from scab and worm holes, but which, for lack of uniformity in size, deficiency in color, abnormal shape, or for any other reason, are considered by the inspector unfit to be graded No. 1.
13. In addition to the ordinary grades No. 1 and No. 2, the inspector may use his judgment in the use of one or more stars, in cases of very fancy stock in his opinion hav- ing especial merit.
14. Any inspector proven guilty of receiving compensation for his work from inter- ested parties, and thus being in any way influenced to favor any particular shipper, shall at once forfeit his position, and be subject to a heavy fine.
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56 V'ictoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
15. It laight, perhaps, be well, the tirst season, to have little or ao fee for inspec- tion until the benefits of the work begin to be appreciated, and growers begin to dnd that they can sell for cash f. o. b. to distant buyers their inspected stock, on account of the confidence gained by the brand.
The following extract is from the same volume of the journal, p. 292, appearing after the amendment of the Act :
We have just received a copy of the " Act to Further Amend the General Inspec" tion Act," to which has been added a section providing for the inspection uf apples. This, of course, was in reponse to the request of our Association, made through a committee to the House of Commons at Ottawa. Unfortunately, the wording of this amendment has been done without consultation with the members of our committee, or with any apple grower ; and the standards have been made so absurdly exacting that it will be absolutely impossible for our packers to come up to the requirements. In consequence, no one will be likely to attempt to comply, and the Act will become a dead letter.
Then follows a copy of the amendment.
Now let us look into the matter. To open one barrel in tive may be necessary in the case of shippers that are known to be somewhat careless, but we are of the opinion that, where the inspector has become acquainted with the character of a certain packer, it is not at all necessary that he should open more than one barrel in ten, taken at ran- dom. To open one barrel in tive would mean at least thirty barrels in a car-load. Now ihxs would cause too great a delay of a shipment of a})ples, at Montreal, or at whatever port they were inspected and transferred to the steamer. The inspector should not bo obliged by the Act to open more than one barrel in ten.
It is all right to correct the nomenclature, if incorrectly marked ; but to make it compulsory that every unnamed lot should be named by the ins[)ector might frequently give him a task which no human being could satisfactorily accomplish.
The fee uf ten cents a barrel is too high, at least while the benefits of inspection are as yet unproved. The Dominion Government should provide for the larger part of the work ; a small fee of two or three cents would be enough for the shipper to pay, and, if found necessary, after the benefits are fully appreciated, the fee might be raifsed.
In section 110 we read that No. 1 shall consist of perfect speciuiens, Now perfec- tion is a lofty word and is a state not easily reached either by apples or men. Had there been a modifying adverb it would have been all right, but no packer would be able to submit his apples to inspection, with any confidence, if the inspector is to apply this word in its strict sense. It provides that the apples are to be of a unifornj size. "Nearly uniform " would have been a more suitable phrase, flow would it be possible to put up a barrel of apples of f/xartlij one size 1 Perhaps it is well enough, in the case of No. 1, to say that they shall be free from blemishes of any kind, but in the case of No. 2, the same provisions are made, making .scarcely enough distinction between the two tirades.
That a properly arranged system of inspection, for Canadian apples which are going forward to Great Britain, would result in immense beneHt so apple growers in Canada, seems well assured. We have lately received a communication from an extensive dealer in apples in Liverpool, England, who says that he is pleased with the prospect of such an Act being in operation, and that a reliable Canadian brand would much encourage our export trade. What a pity that the whole thing is inoperative, for this season, on account of such stupid legislation. Ic will be necessary that thi.s wlioh' in itter be care- fully discussed at our next meeting, at lirantford, antl the secretary aulhori/ed to make representations to Ottawa concerning these egregious faults, in onler that iluy may be remedif d before another fruit season.
Mr. Caston moved that the report be accepted and referred to the afternoon session for discufcsion.
The !Si:cRKTAKY urged that the matter be disposed of at once, on account of short- ness of time.
Mr. A. M. Smith moved that the report be adopted without discussion, and referred to the Legislative Committee for action. Seconded and carried.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No 13). A 1893
FRUIT STATISTICS.
The Secretary moved that Messrs. E. D. Smith, A*McD. Allan and T. Carpenter, be a committee to make suggestions to Mr. James, De|mty Minister of Agriculture, and to advise with him in relation to the collection of fruit statistics.
Prof. Craig : I would second that motion. Mr. James came here for suggestions, and I think there are practical fruit growers who are qualitied to give them.
Mr. James : One or two have said that they thought that estimate was very far astray, now, we have about 200,000 farmers and agriculturists in this country. The estimate would require an average of fifty barrels apiece.
Mr. A. McD. Allan : Looking at the County of Huron, I am perfectly safe in say- ing 200 000 barrels for shipment this year, and 200,000 barrels besides that for the home market use, for family use, for the stock, and for the evaporator.
The motion was carried.
OBITUARY COMMITTEE.
The Secretary moved the appointment of Messrs A. M. Smith, Beadle and Craig as an obituary committee. Special notice should be made of the decease of Mr. P. 0. Demp- sey, one of the esteemed directors of the Association.
Mr. A. H. Pettit seconded the motion, which was carried.
@n motion of Mr. Caston the Convention adjourned to meet at 1.30 p.m.
THIRD DAY.— ABTERNOON SESSION.
Convention resumed at 1.30 p.m.
APPLES AND APPLE POIVIACE FOR STOCK.
Mr. H. R. Nixon, (St. George) said : I am not a very large fruit grower in any line but apples. I raise a great many apples, and I am a pretty large stock raiser as well ; so, running those two lines in connection with other branches of farming, I have fed a great many apples to stock. The first valuable lesson I learned in relation to feeding apples to stock was about six years ago. We had a very large apple crop, and I was at that time shipping milk to Hamilton. I had a large dairy, and thought I would try the experiment of feeding apples to the cows. My contract with the milk dealer required that I should feed no turnips to the cows. I had always fed turnips pretty largely, and I told him I could feed turnips and he wouldn't know it. However, he thought that was not possible, so I had to agree to feed none during this contract. So we started feeding apples — fir.st very lightly, about a peck to a cow, and we found it increased the yield of milk considerably. Then we got up to about half a bushel and three pecks per cow, and we found them very valuable in increasing the yield of milk. When I got my March pay- ment of milk the dealer wanted to know why I sent such good milk during the latter part of November and December, and the milk had not been up to such a good standard since. I told him I did not know, — did not think of the apples. " Well," he said, " We haven't had as good milk from you since the first of January as we had previous to that. That started me thinking ; and when I came to consider the matter thoroughly, I found that just on the first of January, my supply of apples had given out. He said the milk had tested one-half per cent, higher during the month of December than it did later on. I could not attribute that to any other cause than feeding apples to the dairy cows. I con- sider apples fully equal to any kind of roots for stock, no matter what kind of stock you have on the farm — horses, pigs or cattle. I think they are far preferable to any roots for pigs. A neighbor of mine tried feeding his pigs one-quarter less peas and more apples, and he found they fattened faster. It is a mistake to allow apples or wind falls to lie around and rot. I never do it. I give my boys three cents a bag for picking them up
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
and they are always glad to do it. Some Saturdays they make 50 cents and don'k work half the time. I never allow any apples to go to waste, bat have fed them ever since my Hamilton experience. As regards feeding pomace to stock, I have operated a ider mill all my life until about four years ago, and made a great quantity of cider, and handled a great quantity of pomace, and always considered in the dry season, when we had no fall pasture, that the pomace repaid us well for all the work in making cider — though we got a profit as well. I never tested the pomace quite as thoroughly as I have the apples, in regard to direct increase of milk ; but ;i8 soon as we started to make cider we started to feed our horses on pomace in connection with other feed. We never shortened off the other feed, but gave them a peck of other grain and a peck of pomace every day ; and the horses always put on a sleek coat at once. We would notice the difference immediately — they would always look shiny as if they had been fed on oil cake, or something like that. One season we took our horses in off the pasture, and put them to hard work in August ; and as soon as we started to make cider, we began to feed pomace and they gained in condition and showed it at once in their coats looking sleek, and the hair having an oily appearance. The next season I sold out my cider mill, and contracted to buy pomace at ten cents a load ; and we drew it to the farm about a mile distant, all the fall, and thought ourselves very well repaid for money and trouble. The season after that a farmer near by, thought I was having a snap on the pomace, and offered more for it. He had a large stock of cattle, about 30 head, put into his hands by the sheriff, to hold for two months, and he had them in a small field, about; ten acres, and fed them on nothing but pomace, and they gained in condition so that at the time of the sale they looked fine — though there was no more pasture on the field, after the first week, than thei'e is on this floor. That was a very striking illustration of the advantage of pomace as feed.
Mr. Hunter : Did you find any difficulty with the teeth of the cattle fed on either apples or pomace '(
Mr. Nixon : No, not the least, with apples or pomace or ensilage — which is some- times objected to on that account. When I first began feeding apples I was very nervous about them choking, and ran them through a pulper for safety ; but we tried them with whole apples, and never had the least difficulty in choking. Of course apples should be fed moderately at the start.
Mr. Beadle : Do you see any difierence between sweet and sour apples ?
Mr. Nixon : Yes, I would certainly prefer sweet apples ; but I would like to have the apples ripe. It is a good thing to have the apples gathered some tioae before they are fed, so that they will get mellow.
GRAPES.
'i his topic wa.s then taken up : " What Grapes yield the most tons of fruit per acre V
Mr. Oru : I would say Niagara.
Mr. Allan : I will back that up.
Mr. Lee : I have no oljjection if you confine that to the Niagara Peninsula. H you go outside of that district you find that it is cut off, more or less. The Niagara will not grow successfully here. Niagara is all right lor Hamilton and below ; but when you rise above the mountains I would object to it, and take the Concord.
Mr. HuNTEH : I hav(; had very little < xperience in grapes, but I w,)uld suppose Concord would have the greatest amount of yield for our section.
Mr. Ork : I have been surprised to learn how well thu .Nia^'ara w-is doing at different points. A gentleman from Gait told me the Niagara there was bearing very ai)uiidantlT. A gentleman from (Joderich said it was doing very well there. We have b-en surpiised at it ripening so soon as it does.
Mr. Nixon : I think the Concord would be far the heaviest bearer with me — about ten miles from Brantford.
Mr. Mitchell, (Innerkip) : Ours is a very poor di.strict for any kind of grapes. The Concord gives us a larger yield than the Niagira. I think for yield of ripenc^l grapes we prefer the Worden in our district.
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56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 18]
A 1893
Mr. Dempsey : I think the Worden and Concord are best yielders with us. The Vergennes is next to the Niagara.
Mr. Orr : We are obliged to take a large amount of the crop of the Vergennes off before we can get a yield.
Mr. Turner : Does the Worden drop the fruit in this district 1
Mr. E. T). Smith : T don't think it does with us. I had Wordens hanging on this year till all the rest of the grapes were picked — and good then.
Mr. Race : Don't you find a difficulty in getting enough wood with the Worden.
Mr. Smith : Not with the Worden.
Mr. Turner : The grower I alluded to uses a large amount of wood ashes. Per- haps that has a detrimental effect.
Mr. Orr : The cause of the fruit dropping is that there is too much matured on the vine. Take off" the fruit ; and if you find it drops with ease, take off" more next time, and vou will get a better quality of fruit, and just about as much.
TREASURER'S REPORT.
Mr. WooLVERTON read his annual report as Treasurer, which was adopted on motion of Mr. M. Pettit, seconded by Mr. Turner.
TREASURER'S REPORT FOR THE YEARS 1891-92.
Receipts.
Balance on hand last audit
Membeis fees
Government grant
Advertisements
Bound volumes
Back numbers, etc
Petty cash
120 51
2,102 24
1,800 00
361 11
56 34
46 58
1 10
$4,487 88
ExPE.srniTURES.
The Canadian Horticulturist
Salary
Chromo lithographs
Directors' expenses
Plant distribution
Express and duty .
Postage and telegrams
Printing and stationery
Commission
Stenographer
Electrotypes
Committees
Auditors
Exchanges
Discount and interest
Russian exchange . . . .
Care of rooms at meeting. . . . Balance on hand . .
S c.
|
1,604 19 |
|
1,033 40 |
|
388 00 |
|
312 10 |
|
225 25 |
|
190 68 |
|
133 34 |
|
124 11 |
|
112 29 |
|
66 00 |
|
65 34 |
|
23 85 |
|
20 00 |
|
12 28 |
|
12 27 |
|
6 00 |
|
5 00 |
|
153 78 |
S4,487 88
We, the undersigned auditors, having examined the various books of accounts kept by your secretary-tieasurer, and carefully proved them by comjiarison with the vouchers, have pleasure in testifying to their correctness and to the careful manner in which the books have been kept.
John M. Denton, W. M. Orr,
Auditors.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
NOMINATIONS.
The President named Messrs. A. M, Smith aud Prof. Craig to act on the nominat ing committee.
The three other members of the committee named and adopted by the convention were : Messrs. Dempsey, of Stratford ; Race, of Mitcheli, and Turner, of Cornwall.
REPRESENTATION ON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.
Mr. Cavkrs : In accordance with notice of motion given yesterday, I beg to move my resolution relating to the Agricultural College, Guel|)h. Many members have been considering the mitter since the m^ecing in Himilton last ye^,r, when the same matter was suggested by myself ; but it was then found irnpractioable. My object in bringing this matter up is to endeavor to bring this .Association into closer relations with the Ontario Agricultural College than have hitherto existed. As is well known, the College is in a very prosperous condition as regards general form. The horticultural interests have not had very much attention so far ; but having acquired soaie additional ground it is in a better position to do some experimenting than it has hitherto been. The question of an experiment station comes up in this connection. The climate of Guelph is not the most favorable for experimenting on frui^.s, except those that are of the hardest character. At the same time, it is the agricultural coll-^ge of the Province, and it .seems to me it should be the centre of all the exp°riment3 made in any kind of horticulture or farming, having regard to provincial interests; and what I would like to see would be that in course of a little time, by the exertions and influ^'nce of this Association on the Advisory Board with our Minister of Agriculture, that at least one sub-station should be established in close relation to the Ontario Agricultural College, but situated in a more favorable locality for testing new fruits, vegetables and nursery stock. I therefore beg to move :
That, in the opinion of this meeting of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, the horticultural interests of the Province are of such importance as to entitle these to be specially represented on the Advisory Board of the Ontario Agricultural College ; that the President and Secretary be a special committee to bring this matter under the notice of the Hon. the Minister of Agriculture ; and further, that this meeting respect- fully recommends the following names of members of the .Vssociation, vi/,. : A. H. Pettit, Grimsby ; L. Woolverton, Grimsby ; T. H. Race, Mitchell ; A. M. Smith, S^.. Catharines ; James Goldie, Guelph, and D. Nicol, Cataraqui, as a suitaVilu list from which might be selected representatives of the horticultural interests of the Province on the said .Advisory Board.
You will understand that the affairs of the Ontario Agricultural College are directed to a certain extent by the Deputy .Minister, who is present with us. and seven other gentlemen. These latter are principally ropresputative men in general farming — cattle feeding, raising grain, etc. — but I think no one of these seven has any special interest in horticulture — either in fruit growing or in nursery growing ; and my object is that two or three members of this Association should be added to the .Advisory Board, or that they should take the place of two or three of those gentlemen who are already on the Board. I have not asked any member to second the resolution ; I hope some member will .second it, so as to bring it before the meeting in proper form.
Mr Pattison : I have much pleasure in seconding it.
Mr. Morris : Perhaps it is not very well known that some few years ago there was a committee from this Association that was appointed to take part in the manage- ment of the horticulture ; and I believe it was considered that they did not make a success of it, and through that means it was discontinued. Ai present they have a horticulturist, and men at the head of different departments who are piid large .salaries, and I do not see why we should not leave that work in their handH and let them be- come reapon.sible for it. The suggestion in the resolution would add very much to the expenses of the College, and I do not believe the government would agree to it.
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56 \ ietoria. Sessional Papers (No. i:j). A. 1893
Mr. Allan : Placing one upon the Advisory Committee would not add very much expense. Practically, in some ways they have had advice of this description on several occasions past. The matter Mr. Morris refers to I remember very well. It is now ten years ago ; and there are very good reasons why that work was not successful. I believe the same thing could not be repeated with the sime results. They are in better shape there now ; and I believe with one — or at most, two men — on the Advisory Board, they would now be in a position to carry out experim-iats that they could not have done in former years. It was simply an unfortunate thing at the time the orchard was planted there. I was there at the time ; looked the land over, and picked out a place where the experimental orchard should be planted ; but Prof. Brown at the time said that it was impossible to get that particular piece of land, and pointed out a piece on the western side of the gravel road and said that it was the only available field. I said : " Very well ; that settles it in the meantime, because it will take a year to properly under-drain that particular field to make it in any way fit for the purposes that we want." However, thinking that he knew more than we did, he proceeded to have it planted, with the results that we predicted — that the orchard never would be a success. It never has been. But that thing would not be repeated, I am satisfied ; and things are now in much better shape to prosecute work of this description properly. Other matters are brought into the resolution, connected with experiment station, etc. I have had some conversation with the Minister on this subject, and also with one or two of the present members of the Advisory Board; and at present tliere is no possibility, that I know of, of making any change in that Advisory Board so as to allow extra members ; nor is there any vacancy on the Board — in fact, one of the members gave me to understand that there was so little for the Board to do in that way that, comparatively, they were not required.
Mr. Orr : There is a committee appointed by this Association that is looking to having an experimental station for horticulture in the southern section somewhere. Now, to associate that with the Agricultural College 1 am afraid would not be advis- able. Guelph, as a point for testing fruits for the southern section, is utterly worthless. I think we don't want the matter in that shape. I think we are looking to the time when we will have an experimental station of our own, and be entirely independent of that institution in that connection. Guelph is all right for agriculture, but no use for horticulture.
Mr. Beall : Prof. James at the last meeting of our Association made a suggestion that I think was the wisest thing said there. It would, I think, cover all the difficulties connected with our present system of experimenting. It is to furnish trees or plants, as the case may be — to buy them in comparatively large quantities — and send them to different persons who could be depended on in diflferent parts of the Province ; thus making perhaps a hundred different experiment stations without any expense whatever more than the cost of the trees themselves. I cannot see the slightest good that can result to the Province at large from an experimental farm, say in Hamilton, or some- where not far from Hamilton, or Grimsby, or somewhere in that direction. I do not see how they can experiment for the benefit of those who are in the northern portions. What necessity is there for an experimental station for a few persons just where we know almost everything will grow?
Mr. James : The point as to experiment stations has — or should have — nothing to do with the original question. Perhaps a word here may be useful. The Advisory Board of the Agricultural College is appointed by the Government to advise with the Minister in regard to the teaching and experimenting carried on there ; and those men have been chosen from different parts of the Province. They are called together at least once a year, and spend two days at the College looking over the institution and its work ; and on account of their wide range of information and experience, they perhaps are able to suggest certain things that would not occur to a man whose experience was limited simply to one locality. They are simply jiaid for the one or two days that they are there, and the traveling expenses. The expense of course is not very large. They have nothing to do with the question whether an experimental station will be there or not. That does not enter into it at all, and should not be connected with it, in my
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
opinion, but simply whether they can increase the efficiency of that department. Whether the Government would add to that Board or replace one by another I do not know at all.
Mr. E. D. Smith : It is altogether astray to imagine that this experimental station in the southern part of the Province would be for the benefit of a few persons only. It would benefit those who grow 99-lOOths of what is put on the markets of this country ; while the station at Guelph would not. If they are going to conduct experiments in fruit at Guelph, then certainly a fruit grower ought to be on the Advisory Board.
Mr. Cavers : The question of an experiment station really does not come in under this resolution except in a very indirect way ; and it seems to me it advances the idea of the experiment station rather than otherwise, because this A.ssociation, if represented on the Advisory Board, must surely have more influence with the authorities in connec- tion with the Agricultural College than when the Association is not represented at all. I hope the experiments at Guelph may be enlarged ; but even so, they cannot be of great interest to fruit growers of Grimsby and Niagara, and along Lake Erie counties. I hope there is room for the experiments at Guelph and for the sub-station somewhere in the Niagara Peninsula. The idea is not oii:;ioal at all, In the State of Michigan the chief experiment station is pretty near the centre of the State, in connection with the Agricultural College, and the chief fruit experiment station is near the south w'st. All the purposes that the fruit growers can possibly require can be served by sub stations, as it is in several places in the United States.
Mr. Orr : We have an experiment farm at Ottawa ; we have one at Guelph for the northern section ; let us have one in the south for the fruit-growing section.
Mr. Cavers : The institution at Ottawa belongs to the Dominion as a whole. It is intended to further the farming interests of the whole country, and by sub-stations in the several provinces. What we have to deal with chiefly is the Provincial, not the Dominion institutions, though the Dominion institution is doing excellent work for the horticultural interests of this Province.
The President : My view would be this — that one matter would facilitate the other. If we can improve the present system of Guelph in reference to experiments in horticulture, it ought to be a benefit not only to some portions lying adjacent in the southern belt, but also greatly facilitate the northern portion Again, if the authorities there felt that their location is not suitable for the southern belt of Ontario, there might be a branch established from which it would fulfil the purpose. Now, I have heard northern men expressing the same view of the situation at Guelph — that it is not really a suitable place oven for the very northern section of the Pcovinoe all along the Georgian Bay and Huron districts. They have a splendid fruit section there — much superior, I would tliink, to the section at Guelph, and they might reijuirc an additional branch in that portion of the Province, even further north. I do not wish to say any- thing to injure either cause, but would like to see them work together and help each other.
The resolution was put and carried.
FRUIT DISPLAY.
Mr. Morris read the report of the Committee on Fruit Exhibit at the Convention, and moved the adoption of the report. Carried.
The Committee on Fruits on P^xhibition beg to report as follows : L. Woolverton exhibits very fine samples of Cranberry Pippin, Roxbury Russet, Canada Baldwin, Blenheim Pippin, Riliston Pippin, also fine specimen apple from British Columbia, said to be a seedling and having a strong resemblance to Canada Reinette.
The next collection a very attractive one by W. S. Turner, Cornwall. La Rue, or Baxter, in size and appearance leads the well known King of Tompkins in i-ize and appearance, and of sufficient firmnesH to be a good shipper. Quality fair. Also fine samples of Bourassa, Wealthy, Pewaukee, Fameuse, Golden Russet, Blue Pearmain Shiawassee Beauty.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
Professor Craig of the Ottawa Experimental Farm exhibits an interesting collec- tion of new Russian and hardy native apple seedlings, altogether twenty varieties, we place at the top of this list McMahon White for size and appeal ance, and Belle de BosKoop for flavor, firmness and keeping qualities.
T. H. Eace, exhibits nine varieties of apples, one of which Olivers' seedling de- serves special mention. It is grown in Hibbert, South Perth. Tree said to be sti'ong grower, and very productive of evenly sized fruit. The apple is large, light red, of good quality and from the specimens produced evidently a fair keeper. We heartily recommend this variety for propagation.
E. B Edwards, Peterboro', exhibits beautiful samples of Blenheim Pippins. Their uniform size, freedom from spots, and excellent dessert qualities, make them worthy of this highly esteemed apple, and grown at Peterboro, shows that they can be culti- vated successfully in northern localities.
Seedling apple shown by S. C. Wait, St. George, lacks size and quality for pro- fitable market purposes.
In pears a very fine specimen, President Druard, exhibited by W. M. Orr and five vafieties by A. M. Smith, St. Catharines, as follows : Ciairgeau, D'Anjou, Lawrence, Mount Vernon, Josephine de Malines.
E. Morris. W. S. Turner. J. D. Stewart.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
Mr. A. M. Smith reported from the Nominating Committee. He said : Most of you are aware that two years ago we adopted a Presidential term of one year ; but cir- cumstances have occurred which I think render it very necessary for the Association to either break or waive that rule. Our present President, as you know occupies the posi- tion of Superintendent of Fruits at the coming exhibition at Chicago ; and we want to strengthen him in every way we can, and we believe that by occupying the position he now holds as President of this Association, he will be in a position to do more for our Society and for the country at large than he would in any other way. We have there- fore nominated him as our President for the next year.
The Secretary, at the request of the President, took the chair, and the name of President Pettit was put to the meeting and carried unanimously.
The President : I would like to say that I feel very much flattered and very highly honored by being placed in the chair for another year. I must say that I have a very responsible duty placed upon me during the past season as your President. As I said in my address, it was with a great deal of doubt in my mind that I accepted so responsible a position as the superintendency of the fruit exhibit at the World's Fair. I have put forth my best efforts up to the pre.sent time, and I look to you to day to strengthen my hands during the coming season, so that Ontario may at the World's Fair stand where you and I and every Canadian wish to see her — at the head of all other countries in the world. (Hear, hear.) While you honor me by placing me in the chair of this the most active organization of the kind on the American continent, I ask you to strengthen my hands in every way that you possibly can. (Applause.)
The remainder of the officers suggested by the Committee were elected without debate. The complete list of officers appeal's on page 2.
COMMITTEE ON GRAPES.
Mr. G. W. Cline, Chairman of the Committee on the Catalogue of Grapes prepared for the guidance of judges at fairs, in presenting his report, said the list had been revised after spending a day over it. Copies of the report had been printed and were circulated. For catalogue of grapes see Appendix III.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
EXPERIMENTS TO ASCERTAIN THE V \LUE OF DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID FOR CHECKING THE SPROUTING OF POTATOES.
By Frank T. Shutt, M. A., Central Expehimental Farm, Ottawa.
The quality of potatoes for culinary use is seriously affected in spring by "sprouting." Despite great care this often tnkes place, materially deteriorating the value for table use large quantities of potatoes annually.
Of late a statement has been widely circulated in the press of Canada, settin;^ forth a so-called successful treatment for the prevention of this sprouting. This treatment con- sists in immersing the potatoes in a two per cent. (2 per cent.) solution of sulphuric acid (oil of vitrol), for some time, and then rinsing with cold water. This, it is claimed, will effectually prevent the eyes from sending forth shoots In order to ascertain the vali- dity of this statement, a series of experiments was inaugurated in the spring of the pre- sent year with the following results.
Experiment 1. — February 2.5th 1892. Variety of potato, Early Ohio. The jjotatoes showed no signs of immediate sprouting, and were in good condition. They were immersed in a solution of sulphuric acid and of the recorded strength, in which they were allowed to remain 17 hours. The potatoes were then rinsed with cold water, spread out to dry and put in large wide-mouth glass bottles. Result : On standing, the potatoes become covered with pink spots or patches, which after a few days shrivelled. Decom- position soon set in at these places. After about two weeks a few of the eyes began to sprout. On cutting the potatoes, litmus |)aper showed that the acid had thoroughly per- meated the tuber. The appearance of the potatoes was entirely destroyed for marketing purposes.
Variety, Chicago Market ; treated as above throughout. Result : The potatoes were more shrivelled than the Early Ohio Many of the eyes 's^ere deeply pitted and decomposed, ypt one or two, apparently unaffected, sprouted after two weeks. Examina- tion showed that the acid had completely permeated the tissue of the potatoes. The potatoes were not tit for use.
Experimenf. 2. — Variety, State of Maine. Imraerspd for four hours in the acid solu- tion. Subsequent treatment was identical with that in former experiments. Result : Potatoes became slightly pitted with pink spots ; sprouting greatly retarded, but begin- ning after nine days.
Experiment -i. — Variety, Beauty of Hebron. Immersed for two hours ; subsequent treatment the same as before. Result : Potatoes showed a few pink spots upon drying, sproiiting evidently retarded, but beginning after one week.
Experiment 4 — Variety, P^mpire State. Immersed for one hour, subsequent treat- ment the same as before. Result : Potatoes but very slightly affected by the acid ; sprouted readily.
Experimpnt 5 — Variety, Thorburn. Immersed for twenty minutes ; subsequent treatment the same as before. Result : Potatoes were not apparently affected by the acid, sprouted readily. *
Summarizing these results we find that immersion for 17 hours did not kill all the eyes, though the potatoes as a whole wpre much affected l)y the acid, destroying them entirely for table use. Immersion for \ hours injured the potatoes som'^what, hut sprout ing, though retarded, finally set in. Treatment for 2 hours but slightly aflected the ap- pearance of the potatoe but was valueless in preventing sprouting. Shorter periods of treatment did not injure the potatoes, but the acid was then not etlicaceous in killing the eyes, sprouting took place after 20 minutes immersion as readily as in untreat«vl tubers. Coiichisioji. — Under the conditions stated above, there can be no doubt that two per cent, sulphuric acid is valueless in preventing the sprouting of potatoes. In these ex periments no effort was made tf) preserve the treated potatoes from the light ; future trials will be made in order to ascertain to what extent light is instrumental in promoting the sprouting of treated potatoes. It is also proposed to troit the potatoes in the autumn instead of in the spring, as it is possible that the eyes woulil then be more easily killed.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
VOTE OF THANKS.
Mr. D. M. Lee, .Secretary of the Brant County Association, reported the following resolution as having been passed by the local body :
That the members of this Association do hereby tender our hearty thanks to this Provincial Association now in session in our midst for accepting our invitation and hold- ing their winter meeting in this city ; and further that we shall ever be thankful for the benefit we have received from the very able papers and the discussions that have followed the ?arae.
FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.
Mr. Lee said the local Association had entertained the Convention as best they could considering the unfavorable weather. He invited the Association to meet in Paris from which he came ; «nd extended an invitation personally to every delegate to call and see him when in Paris. Some of the members of the Provincial Association had contributed papers during the past year to the local Association, for which the latter were very thankful.
The President acknowledged the courtesy, and said the general expression from the
delegates showed that in no place yet visited had there been a more hearty reception
than in Brantford. The delegates had thoroughly enjoyed the intellectual and social
entertainments provided for them. This meeting would be remembered for years to come
Applause.)
Mr. Mitchell thought this an opportune moment to move that the thanks of the meeting be tendered to the people of Brantford and those who contributed to the pleasure of the delegates. Never since he had been a member of the Association had he seen such inter<^st taken, or so many new faces, or met so many local members.
The motion was carried amid applause.
The Secretary : I notice Sherift' Watt present. We are thankful for the courtesy he has shown us.
Sheriif Watt said the County Council and the officials of the Court House were only too glad to welcome the Association. He regretted that owing to a misunder- standing yesterday the delegates were crowded in the County Council Chamber It was the oversight on the part of those who had the matter in charge and if it had been known in time it might have been remedied.
The Secretary called attention to a proposed change in the by-laws which appears in a report which was not formally adopted. He moved that these amendments be embodied in ihe report as approved of formerly.
Mr. Thos. Graham seconded the motion.
Mr. Beall : T am the only representative of affiliated societies that have a place on the Board, therefore I would like to move that No. 18 be changed so as to read " provided the first lot of names shall be ten in number, and after that as many as may be con- venient." Also to change No. 19, from " fifty members " t§ " twenty-five members" for local societies.
Mr. Dawson, from the Brantford Society, seconded the amendment, « hich was put and carried.
GRAPE REPORT.
The President : Is the Convention ready to discuss the grape report 1 Mr. A. McD. Allan : Amendments could be made, but on the whole, I think the Committee have paid a great deal of attention to it, and they have looked upon it as a Provincial report, and I don't know that any single committee could do very much better, and perhaps no other Committee could do as well as the report now before us ; and I do not know but that, under the circumstances, the better plan would be to adopt the report as it is. I would so move.
Mr. J. D. Stewart seconded the motion, which was carried.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1^93
GRAPES RECOMMENDED.
Mr. G. W. Oline presented the report of this Committee, which wag distributed iu printed form.
After some discussion and some changes in the list to suit various localities, • Mr. Clixe moved the adoption of the report as amended. He .said : I consider the grapes best fitted to any one neighborhood are the few that are doing something ; and the large list that can be grown don't amount to a row of beans. That is the list that I ■would put, and that is what I endeavored to get when I asked for those best adapted. I don't want to limit a man to twelve varieties, or to live varieties, because in some places you can grow a dozen, and in other places you can't grow more than fovir or live.
The Secretary : I would move that this report be referred back to the Committee to make any changes, before handing it to the Secretary, which they ^consider wise, in consultation with parties present.
The President : It ought to be carefully considered before we send it out ; and the Secretary's motion is good.
Mr. Allan : I would rather see the list go into publication so that the members generally throughout the country would have the advantage of looking it over, and by another year we would be in a much better position than we are to-day to so classify the list that we would have a reliable one.
Prof. Craig moved that this be printed as a preliminary report of the Fruit Com- mittee on grapes, and that it he subject to revision next year; that any special changes wished by any particular director of any district be made now, before the report goes in ; and chat the report be revised as a whole next year if necessary.
Mr. Race seconded this motion, which was carried.
(See Appendix III, for list,)
NEW FRUITS.
The President : Have the Committee on new fruits any report ready ?
The Secrrtaby : I don't think they have any report to make.
Mr. A. M. Allan : That is a matter that has fallen out of the Association entirely, and I consider it a great pity that it has. It is one of the best reports the Association can have. If we could get a competent committee to act as they do on the other side — all new fruits being sent to the chairman, who examines and gives a description of them — there is nothing this Association can do that will be of higher value to the people of the country generally. (Hear, hear.)
The President : Suppose the Secretary be that committee, and report through the Horticu,ltiirist in that respect ?
The SEfRETARV : I would prefer to have others to consult with.
Mr. Allan : That report ought to be read at the innual meeting of this Association every year, and it should cover everything that is being introduced in the way of new fruits. It is more and more necessary as we are getting new varieties of fruits continu- ally Vjrought into the country and forced upon growers.
Prof Craio : I understand that I am on the new fruit committee, but I do not know what the duties are.
The Secretary : The committee already appointed, is to act through the coming year.
Mr. Allan : I think the committee — or at least the chairman — should be the same from year to year, so that the people will know to whom they shall send these fruits for examination, and th^^y will look for that report from year to year.
The President : The following committne were duly appointed last year : Secretary, W. E. Wellington, and A. McD. Allan.
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66 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
Mr. Allan : I know that, but it is expected by the rest of us that all these new fruits shall be sent in to the Secietary. Two years I was chairman of the new fruit com- mittee, and there was no trouble at all in getting a report. Of course we had to work for it ; and I was under the impre.ssion we looked to the chairman for everything ; we who are in the ranks take no responsibility. Amongst other things we are supposed to look into all the new fruits placed upon the tables at exhibition time ; but the chief.duty is to report on the new fruits as being introduced into the country. It is a heavy piece of work, but most important.
Mr. Oaston : I "^hink the Secretary has done pretty well in reporting on new fruits The reports in the Horticulturist from time to time are quite satisfactory.
OBITUARY.
Mr. A. M. Smith reported as follows, and the report was adopted on motion by Mr. Smith, seconded by Prof. Oraig.
RESOLUTION REGARDING THE LA.TE P. C. DEMPSEY.
Resolved : That this Association hereby expresses its deep sense of sorrow at the dispensation of Provi- dence in the removal from our midst, by death, of the late P. C. Dempsey, of Albury, Prince Edward County. One who was an esteemed president of our Association and for many years an honored and effi- cient director. The Society ever recognizes the value of his sagacious counsel and his efforts in encouraging improvements in hybridizing and in importing new fruits adapted to the wants of the country ; and, be it further resolved, that this Association does hereby express its sympathy with the bereaved members of his family, and request our secretary to forward them a copy of these resolutions.
AN INVITATION.
Mr. Brand was asked to speak, and invited all the members to the Minnesota Fruit Growers' Convention at Minneapolis about the 10th January.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK.
Mr. A. M. Smith wanted to get an expression of opinion from the Convention whether plans should be formulated and laid before the Alinister of Agriculture during the coming season, with a view to getting legislation in regard to experimental farm work.
- The Secretary : To simplify this matter I would move that the following com- mittee be empowered to prepare some scheme for the carrying out of the experimental work in southern Ontario — or in our Province, I might say — and to advise with the Minister of Agriculture with regard to further procedure : A. M. Smith, M. Pettit, A. McD. Allan, and W. W. Hilborn.
Mr. Allan :""I beg to be left oil' that committee, for certain reasons I do not think it necessary to explain now. I have had some conference with the Minister, and I know certain dithculties that will arise ; .so that I would rather not be on.
The Secretary : Then I would propose the three names that are left.
Motion put and carried.
The Secretary moved a hearty vote of thanks to the Brantford press for their full and interesting reports of the meetings.
Mr. Caston seconded the motion which was carried.
The convention closed at i,'30.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
APPENDIX I.
PAPERS CONTRIBUrED TO THE WINTER MEETING AT BRANTFORD
BUT NOT READ.
FUNGI AFFECTING FRUITS.
By the Secretary.
How charming, to the inhabitant of the town, are the scenes of rural life ; the rosy apples, the golden peaches and the various-hiied grapes — how attractive ! His visits to the country are usuallv made during the summer season, during the time when the orchards are eith^^r clothed in ricb abundance of pink and white blossoms, or else are laden down with their luscious fruits. The harvest time to him appears a time of joy, a time of festivity, anl he thinks that, if he could exchange his life iu the town for one upon the farm, he would reach the height of bliss. It is a mistaken notion to suppose that the whole round upon the farm, and especially upon the fruit farm, is but one continued round of pleasurable occupation and at the end of the year a pot of gold.
How true in this case is the old proverb, " distance lends enchantment to the view."
So, old Horace, the Roman poet, puts it when he describes in his first Satire, the people who are always wishing they could exchange thoir lots with others, faacying that any other occupation is more pleasant than their own.
" Qui fit, Maecenas, ut nemo, quam sibi sortem Seu ratio dederit seu fors objecerit, ilia Contentus vivat, laudet di versa sequentes?"
Our friends in the town know little of the hardships and discouragements which are the lot of the fruit grower, nor of the many long years spent in battling with diffi- culties before reaching his present prosperous condition ; and it is to give the public some idea of the difficulties which are in our way as fruit growers that the writer has agreed to prepare this paper.
The recent i)roblems facing horticulturists come naturally under two heads, first. Fungus Diseases, second, Insect Enemies ; and in the brief time which you will ])e able to place at my disposal, i shall only have time to outline some of those which come under the first head. It is only recently that these two branches of science which refer to the very tiny subjects, such as can only be studied through the microscope, have been pursued far enough by scientists to make their investigations ot real use to practical men, but now we are finding that the professor and the farmer are nearer friends than they were in days gone by. " Book larnin" " was for many years despised by the latter, but now the prejudices are wearing away, owing Hrgely to the exertions of our jjrofessors who visit the Farmers' Institutes throughout the country. A neighbor used to tell me that he could not see any use in " eddication " ; he never had any " larnin' hisself " and he said that he knew more tlian those who had. His favorite subject of conversation was astronomy, and he used to delight in meeting with us young students from the university and proving to us that all we learned at school concerning the rotundity of the earth and the distan<;e away of the sun, moon and stars was ern^ieous and ab.surd.
Such men remind one of the redoubtable preacher spoken of by Dean Alford in his Queen's English, who used to hold forth at Cambridge, in a chapel on Green street. The Dean says his wont was to rail at the students of the university, trying to mal^^ out that it was a waste of time to study Greek and Latin. On one occasion, having wound himself up to the requisite pitch of fervor, he exclaimed in a voice of thunder, " Do ye think Fowl knew Greek ?"
o6 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 18).
A. 1893
One of the problems that was long unsolved among us fruit growers was the cause of the Plum-knot, but lately mycologists have given us an insight into its life history. For a long time it was thought to be caused by some insect, and even yet we meet with men who will not give up this theory. Insects are found in it, they say, and this they claim is positive proof that they are the cause. Careful investigation, however, shows that these insects are not the cause of it, but they simply make use of it as a favorable place for oviposition. We have had many foolish remedies proposed and as often tried lay foolish fruit growers. No less an authority than an American Consul, residing in a Canadian town, recommended, as a sure cure for plum-knot, boring a hole in the trunk of the tree and filling it with flowers of sulphur. He said this would circulate through fche sap of the tree and destroy the insect of the bkck-knot. A.ny one cognizant with chemistry or botany will see the foolishness of such a recommendation.
The Plum-knot ia now known to be a well defined fungus, and is caHed by mycolo- gists Plowriyhtia Morbosa. Little spores, corresponding with seeds, float along in the air and alight upon a suitable host, either in the form of a cherry or a plum tree. Soon the hated parasites send down their mycelial branches among the cells of the wood and derive means of nourishment. Soon they begin to throw up innumerable filaments, called conidia, on the ends of which are borne egg-shaped spores, as shown in the accompanying drawing, figure 1. The&e are summer spores which ripen and fall ofi and are carried by the wind long dif^t.-moes to propagate the disease.
Fig. 2. — Cavity of Perithecium, with Asccpores. (May be seeu in P'ebruary with hand glass.)
Fig. l. — Cnnidiospores enlarged.
Fig. 3. — k*c\, containing Ascospures.
Fig. 4. — Ripe Ascospores,
Fig. 5. — Ascospores germinating.
But it is not only in the summer time that the knot is active, but also in the winter. During the month of February winter spores are formed in the little sacs called asci (fig. 2). On cutting through a knot in the month of February, these little sacs are plainly discernible with a small hand-glass (fig. 3). Each contains about eight winter spores, known to mycologists as ascospores, which one by one aie carried forth to some favorable host. For a long time the cause of the plum-knot was an unsolved problem, but, thanks to science, this problem has been solved, and we now know that cutting and burning the affected limbs will effectually stamp out the disease. We also know that a
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paste made of kerosene and paint or turpentine is destructive to it. But, although we have information enabling us to overcome it in our own orchards, the problem still remains, how we can compel the lazy and indolent in town and country to destroy those plum and cherry trees in their gardens which are aflected. The present law seems very inoperative. True, it provides for the appoititiuent of an inspector in every municipality, but the council is not obliged to appoint such inspector except on a petition of at least fifty ratepayers, and this is too cumbersome a mode of proceed u re. Further, the inspector is not required to act unless he receives written notice of the disease. All this is a mistake. He ought to be obliged to make a round of the orchards several times during the season, and have all affected trees destroyed without receiving notice from anybody.
Another problem in horticulture, which, as yet, is unsolved, is the cause of the Yellows in the peach. This mysterious disease originated in the peach orchards of some of the Middle States a good many years ago. It has gradually spread from state to state throughout the larger part of the Union, and across the borders into the peach orchards of our own country. Periodically its visitations seem to be more severe in character, destroying orchards by wholesale. Then, after peach growers have given up peach grow- ing for some time, they find themselves able to begin again with some fair hopes of success. The Department of Vegetable Pathology of the United States has taken this matter up and spent an immense amount of money in investigating into this disease, and to this work have appointed Professor Erwin Smith, who has made elaborate re- ports of his work. But, although a large amount of money has been spent in this direc- tion during the last three years, as yet no definite results have been obtained.
A year ago last summer I had a call from Professor Barrill, of Champaign, 111., who was a delegate to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, then meet- ing in Toronto. He was looking up cases of yellows, which he said were not common in his own state. He is a man of most careful research, and his oj)inions are worthy of consideration. He believed that the disease was caused by bacteria, and, in this, mo^t scientific men are in accord with him.
One thing we do know about the yellows, and that is that it is of an infectious character, in which respect it equals scarlet fever and smallpox. It may be carried from tree to tree, either by the bees in their searches for honey, or by instrumeuts used in pruu- ing the orchard.
We may hope, however, that ultimately the mystery will ha solved, i'or the Peak Blight was, until lately, quite as mysterious. This latter has been tiie terror and despair of pear growers in all parts of the country. It would come in a single night upon the choicest trees in the garden and sometimes upon the whole orchard. You viewed them at night, the pride of the homestead, and on your next visit the foliage was blackened and sickly and the young fruit shrivelled and worthless. Some said it was caused by electricity, others by sunshine, others by insects, and so on, and just as numerous were the remedies proposed ; as, for instance, digging in iron tilings about tiie tree, slitting the bark, painting the bark, etc., all of which have been tried in vain.
But now it has been 8ho\vn conclusivfly that this terrible disease is the result of a tiny bacterium, which lives in the sap and has the power of locomotion. It is called by botanists M icrococcuH Amyluvori/s, and its size, when magnilied S'JO diameters, is only about half the size of a pin's head and very similar in shape. Prof. J. 0. Arthur, who was at that time botanist of the (ieneva Exfieriuient Station, in his report for 188-7, described this bacterium and stated that it was proved to hs the real and oidy cause of the pear blight. He discovered the organism itself in blighting tissue, and inoculated healthy tissue of other trees with the germs from that which was diseased, and. as a result, the healthy trees were at once aifected with the blight. Bt^sides this, lie found that the blight could not be communicated to healthy trees l)y the juices of the disease, after the germs were removed from them by filtration.
The same organism causes the twig-Vjlight of the crab apple, the cjuince, and even, to some extent, ordinary cultivated varieties of the apple.
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Sessional Papers (No. 13).
A. 1893
Prof. Burrill told me at the time of the visit referred to, that the bacterium of the pear blight ordinarily comes through the young and succulent wood of the trees and also through the stomata of the leaves and blossoms in the early pirt of the growing season. This explains why pear trees, which are stimulated to make a very rapid and succulent growth, are more subject to the blight. The little bacterium, according to Mr. Burrill, has a sort of corrosive nature which enables it to pass through the cellular tissue from cell to cell, thus working along through the wood, carrying destruction in its course.
Still the pear blight is only a half-solved problem. It yet remains to be shown how we may prevent its ravages and how to save the trees that are already affected. Spraying with the Bordeaux mixture early in summer has been recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture as being of great value in preventing leaf blight.
One of the greatest plagues of the fruit grower is the apple scab. This has been known to botanists on the continent of Europe for some fifty years, but, since the year 1869, its haljits have been more carefully observed by mycologists, who have named it Fusidadium dendriticum. We gave some space to its description in the Canadian Hor- ticulturist, volume X., page 103, and since that time have endeavored to keep apple growers posted concerning the progress of the evil and the success of the various remedies proposed for its destruction. At that time it had reached Australia ; now we have reports of its presence even in New Zealand.
An important step in advance vas made when it was shown that the fungus causing the leaf blight of apple, which resulted in its early dropping from the tree, was identical with that known as the scab on the fruit itself.
On the leaves the scab appears first as small olive-green spots, of a definite and rounded outline. (Fig. 6). These increase in size, and assume a velvety appearance, with a less regular border; sometimes two or more spots will coalesce, as it were, forming one large and irregu'ar one. Sometimes even tlae petioles and the young twigs become affected, thus in every possible way the fungus tries to rob the tree of its vigor.
The most favorable conditions for its growth are the cool, moist weather of spring and fall, while its spread is retarded by the drouth and heat of midsummer. Owing to the dry warm weather prevailing in the early part of last summer, our apples were much freer from scab than usual.
The fungus appears to retain its vitality during the winter season, being known to spread even in barrels from apple to apple ; and it remains in a living condition through the winter on the twigs of the a]^ples , ready to begin its work of d-ivastation in spring-
FiG. 6.
.9
&
Fig. 7.
Fig 8.
(^L
Fig. 9.— Spores of fungus of Apple Scab, one germ- inatiug.
time. The loss caused to the country is aUrraing. The Secretary of the Illinois State Horticultural Society places the annual loss due to this parastic growth of 8100,000, but this is very small compared with the annual loss to apple growers in Ontario. P^i^Fig. 7 shows a section of one of the leaf spots, and fig. 8 a section of the skin of an apple with scab bursting up through the epidermis, or outer skin, both magnified 200 diameters. The mycelium, or plant body of the fungus, resembles a dense mass of tissue composed of dark brown walled cells. These do not penetrate the cuticle, or inner skin,
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56 Victoria. Sessional Tapers (No. IC). A. 1893
but grow between it and the epidermis, or outer 'skin, which they soon burst open, and send up brown threads on the ends of which are borne the spores for the propagation of the fungus.
These latter are so tiny, that it would require 3,200, side by side to reach an inch. They germinate in moisture at a temperature ot -"0 F., in about eight hours ; and the germ tubes have power to penetrate healthy skin and thus quickly spread the disease. Fig. 9 shoNvs spores of fungus of Apple Scab ; one germinating.
Prof. Scribner, in his report of 1887, recommended spraying the trees in the early spring before the buds began to expmd, with sulphate of iron, -t lbs. to -t gals, of water ; then, after fruit is set, with Bordeaux mixture. More recently. Prof Taft and Prof. Trelease have highly commended the use of ammoniacal copper carbonate.
This spring, in the last report of the Ohio E>cperimental station, we observe that Prof. Green asseits that the most satisfactory of the copper compounds for destroying apple scab, with legard to cost, convenience and etfeotiveness, is the diluce Bordeaux mixture. The method of preparing it is as follows : Dissolve four poundti of copper sulphate in two gallons of hot water ; add sutiicient water to cool it. Slake four pounds of quiok lime add water to make a milk of lime. Pour into copper sulphate througli sieve to dissolve the lime better. Dilute to fifty gallons.
One advantage of this mixture is that Paris green may be used with it and no injury to the foliage results. The etfect should be bright, clean, h»»althy foliage and fruit, as well as comparative freedom from curculio and codling moth.
In the Journal of Mycology, Vol. VI I, No. 1, Prof. Goff, of Madison, Wisconsin, re- ports his experiments in 1891, in treating apple scab. He used, chieliy, copper carbonate (1) in suspension, using one ounce to twelve gallons of water, and (2) dissolved in ammonia, one ounce to twenty tive gallons of water. In the latter case the ounce of sale was first dissolved im a quart of ammonia.
He found that the copper carbonate applied in suspension, just as we use Paris green, •was nearly as etiective as when half the amount was used dilntfd in ammonia, and it iiad the advantage that Paris green for codling moth could be safely added. Treating the trees before the opening of the llowers was of great value ; indeed, in one instance, where the Canada Peach apple was sprayed with copper carbonate, it was found that one aj)pli- cation previous to the opening of the bloom was more etiective than four after. On trees badly infested, the scab reduces the size of the apples so much as to lessen the crop at least twenty percent., besides rendering a large part of it worthless.
The result of the use of diluted Bordeaux mixture was, by Professor ( ireen, a savin"' of three quarters, at least, of fruit which would otherwise have been ruined, besides in- crea.'^ing the size of the fruit itself, and givin'.,' it greater beauty for market purposes. In addition to this there resulted a l^righter and healthier foliage upon the tree itself, which means a great deal for the vigor of the orchard. The excellent elfect of spraying with this mixture is shown in the results of Professor Green's experiment at the Ohio Ivxperiment .Station with the Newton Pippin, a variety perhaps more 8ul)ject to scab than any other. Of the 100 apples from the sprayed trees, 15 were first class, 74 second and 1 1 third, while of the same number of apples from unsprayed trees there was no tirst-class samples only 40 .sfcond, and there were (JO third class. Thus, it appears that, while spraying does not wholly prevent the scab, it pays well for the outlay required of time and money.
There are other ways in which the results are benetical besides those mentioned. The leaves of our trees, when alfected l)y the seal), fall premiturely, cirrying with them much potash and phosphoric acid, a direct loss to the strength of the tree. Now, if the leaves can be made, by spraying, to hold fast until the proper season for maturity of growth, the.se fertilizing consiitutents will be withdrawn from the leaves into the body of the tree, and there be stored up for the following year. This spraying is useful also in blight and some think in plum knot.
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Sessional Papers (No. 13).
A. 1893
Tomato Rot. — This is a fungus for which no remedy has been certainly found. It is very wide-spread in Ontario, and does great injury to the business of truck gardeners. Some varieties, as Acme and Mikado, seems \ery subject to it, while Perfection, Paragon and Trophy are less so. The appearance of the affected fruit is shown in fig. 10.
By scientists it is called Macrosporium Solani. The fungus consists of a dark colored mycelium or vegetative system, the growing tubes of which can be readily traced to the cells of the sound tissue of the tomato, (see fig. 11a), and of spores, which are borne on the end of branches, called hyphfie, represented iri fig. 11, 6 and c. These are at first dark brown, but at leneth turn olive-black. When these spores come in contact with green or ripe fruit they germinate rapidly under favorable
circumstances, such as heat and moisture, and send out slender tubes, shown at fig. d. These spores survive the winter in the shrivelled fruit, and in old leaves and stems. The remedy proposed by the United States Department of Agriculture is : One half ounce sulphuret of potassium, dissolved in a gallon of water, and sprayed upon the vines, so as to thoroughly wet all the fruit.
The Powdery Mildew op the Grape {Uncinula Spiralis) is quite common in the Niagara district, and in some varieties very injurious. It appears first early in June, in the form of dull greyish white patches on the leaves and fruit. Under the microscope these patches are seen to be the mycelial growth of the mildew which spreads over the
Fig. 10.— Tomato Rot.
Fig. 11.
surface of the host plant, and does not penetrate its tissue except that it sends down among the cells occasional suckers (see fig. 12, b. b.,) by which it draws^>ourishment. That threads of the mycelium are not easily distinguished is evident when we note Prof. Pcribner's statement that they are each only one six-thousandth part of an inch in diameter. In June or July short upright branches appear, which are jointed, as shown in Fig. 12. One by one these terminal cells drop off. They are really summer spores for the propagation of the mildew, and are known as condia. Two of these are shown in Fig,
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A. 1893
12, a. a., which according to Prof. Scribner, are only one-thousandth part of an inch in length at their largest diameter. These float about in the air, and alighting on a proper host soon germinate under the favoring conditions of summer heat and moisture.
Fig. 13 shows a very small portion of epidermis of a grape berry, upon which the mycelium of Uncinula has grown, highly magnified.
Later on in the season, during the months of September and October, spores quite different in character are formed. The case in which they grow is apparent to the naked eye, and is known as the perithecium, or " fruit " of the mildew. Each of these is full of asci, three of which are shown emerging from the perithecium in fig. 14. Inside these,
CU'
C/tX
Fit; 13.
Fio 12. — Mycelium of Uncinula Spiralis, from a grape leaf.
in turn, are the ascospores, or winter spores. These are safely protected during tlie winter season by the hard compact walls of the perithecium, which in spring crack open and allow the asci to escape, and bring about a new infection of the vines. While this mil- dew is not nearly so destructive as that variety called the Downy mildew, still it is cap- able of wholly ruining the crop of certain varieties which are subject to it, as for instance, the Salem.
The usual remedy found to be quite effectual in most cases in the Niagara district is dusting flowers of sulphur on the vines, or, in hot weather, underneath them ; but a more certain and ertectual method is spraying the vines ^yith the Bordeau.x. mixture, or the car- bonate of copper early in the season.
TiiE PowDEKV Mildew ok the GoosEnF.RRY {SpJniroihcca mors ?av/;). — Like the powdery mildew of the grape, this is a parasitic fungus, (ila.nentous or thread-like in growth, and only attacks the surface of the host, giving it a powdery appearance. Gooseberries affected, as everyone knows, are rendered both unsightly and undesirable for food, and it is owing chiefly to the ])revalence of this mildew in Ontario that so few of the superb Engli.-h varieties are found in our gardens.
It first appears on the young half grown leaves and young wood, and later upon the young berries. Prof. Scribner, in his report on Vegetable Pathology for the year 1887, gives full illustrations and description of this fungus, and to it we refer any one who wishes to carefully examine its growth. Suflice to say heie, that its summer spores are formed similarly to those of th«; powdery mildew of the grape, the upper segments of the conidia dropping off, and being carried about easily by the wind to .scatter the evil ; and that its winter spores are also formed within perithecia in a similar mminer to tliose of the grape. When these perithecia ripen they become a chestnut color, hence the gooseberry mildew in its last stage loses its white appearance and becomes a dirty brown ; and in this wjiy the condition of the mildew may be determined.
Any remedy to be successful must b'^ early applit^d. Kirly and fre(juent applications of flowers of sulphur are useful, but not so effective as in the case of the grape vine mildew. Experiments at the Geneva Experiment Station, conducted last summer, have resulted ia
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 13).
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+he discovery that the most successful treatinent of gooseberry mildew is with sulphuret of potasssium. The bushes were sprayed at an early date with a solution of one half ounce of this substance dissolved in a gallon of hot water. It is therefore recommended as the best known remedy for this evil, - .^.j . ■-. — 1""|^
Cherry Rot {Oidiumfructigenum) is the most serious obstacle in the way of the suc- cessful cultivation of this valuable frnit. The Heart and Bigarreau varieties, and especi- ally the latter, are particularly subject to this fungus. The Napoleon Bigarreau, for instance, is frequently very heavily laden with fruit, but a protracted season of wet wea- ther so encourages the development of this fungus that the rot, beginning in small spots, soon spreads from cherry to cherry, until, before picking time, the whole crop is entirely- unfit for shipping. Could we succeed in overcoming this evil, we are of the opinion that the cultivation of the many very excellent varieties of cherries would be more remunera- tive to the grower than strawberries.
The fungus iti-elf consists of much branched threads, or mycelia, which permeate the tissue of the fruit causing it to turn brown and decay. When the air is moist these throw up tufts of dirty white dusty fruit stalks. These divide into minute sections, which, when ripe, separate and fall oft' from the top, one by one, in the form of spores. These spores
Fig. 15. Fungus of Cherry Rot.
Fig. 14. — Perithecium o[ Uncinula Spiralis, with hooked .irms, which give rife to the name uncinula.
are so light as to be readily carried about in the air from tree to tree, and thus the evil is rapidly spread about through the orchard. Fig. 15 is a representation of two fiuiting threads of this fungus befortr. the spores have begun to fall away, magnified 250 diameters. The engraving is reproduced from a late report of the Geneva Experiment Station.
Since the spores can only develop in a moist atmosphere, it is quite evident that, if we could keep our cherries perfectly dry, there would be no rot. But, as this is impossible, we must endeavour to find some other means of preventing the evil. The spores have great vitality and preserve their generative powers from one season to another. The old ripe cherries which dry up and hang upon the trees during the winter, as well as the fallen cherries beneath the trees, are the means of carrying the fungus through to the following season. Any mode by which these could be destroyed would be helpful, whether by burn- ing or by allowing the pigs to run in the orchard, so as to eat up all that drop. Probably the most reliable method of combatting the evil will be found in the universal remedy of spraying the trees with the Bordeaux mixture as soon as possible after the blossoms have fallen.
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Sessional Papers (No. 18).
A. 18P3
Plum Leaf or Shot Hole Fungus (Sepforia Cerasina). — The leaves of cherry and plum trees are often affected by this fungus, the appearance of which is well represented in Fig. 16.
The holes are frequently so round and even that they awaken considerable curiosity on the part of the observer as to their cause, but lately the mystery has been explained by Prof. Scribner, who says that they are caused by a fungus which is very widely distributed throughout the States east of the Mississippi. Though not a very serious | est, it often inflicts considerable injury both upon the cherry and the plum trees, by interfering with the proper function of the leaves, causing them to drop prematurely, sometimes as early as the first of August. The leaves attacked show at fir^t, scattered here and there over the surface, dark purple spots, visible on both sides, varying from one tweniy-fourth to one eighth of an inch in diameter. After a brief period, the tissues covered by these spots becomes dead and brownish in color. On examining one of thes-e brown spots under the microscope there will be detected from one to several minute black points. These are the fruits of the fungus, like little capsules, in which the spores of the fungus are produced in great abundance. These are very slender and many times longer than liroaJ, and quite
Fig. 16.
Fi(
17. — Section of diceased plum leaf a 6ix>reP.
transparent. They are usually divided by one or more cross walls into two or more cells, and each cell in every spore is capable of producing a new growth of thi.=? parasitic plant.
Fig. 1 7 represents a highly magnified section through the leaf, including one of the four capsules, and at a, al)Ove, are shown some of the spores, still more highly magnified. The parasite biiries itself within the leaf tissue antl, therefore, any treatment, to be suc- cessful, must be preventive. Spraying the trees with the copper carbonate compounds, or with the Bordeaux mixture, for preventing the plum or cherry rot will result, in all probability, in preventing the growth of this fungus.
STUAunKKiiv Lkaf I'.lkmit (Sp/idfr'/la Frai/nrifr). — This is another of the well known difficulties which meet the grower of small fruits in Ontario. It is commonly spoken of as the "strawljerry rust," "fiun scaM," or "spot disease," although, according to Prof. Dudley, the term "leaf blight"' would be more applical)le as a common name.
This blight first appears on the new leaves al)Out the time of the setting fruit, and if the weather of the succeeding months is dry and hot, there will result serious injury to the vitality of the plants. Any one will readily recognize the common appearance of this fungus from Fig. 18. The spot is at first brownish or red purple, but when fully matured it has a circular centre dead white, from one-eighth to one quartf-r of an inch in diameter.
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A. 1893
The red-purple color is the result of a growth of filaments of the vegetative portion, or mycelium, (fig. 19a) of this fungus, pushing their way through between the cells of the interior of leaves, disorganizing their contents and absorbing their fluids. Air spaces are then formed in the centre of the spot, giving rise to the dead white appearance which results. In fig. 19 there is seen the transection of a strawberry leaf, of which the por- tion on the left is healthy and of the usual thickness, while that at the right shows a margin of the " spot," and this portion of the leaf is shrivelled to one-fifth its usual thick- ness. At h is seen the reproductive portion of the fungus known as conidia. The con- idia spores are oblong and very minute, and ^^hen they fall on the fresh leaf surface, where there is a moisture, soon germinate, bore their way to the epidermis c, and give rise to fresh spots.
In addition to this mode of propagation by conidia, which are summer spores, and short-lived, there are also winter spores grown in sacs called asci. Each ascus, or sac, contains eight a&cospores, and these preserve their vitality in the dead leaves through the
¥iG. 18.
winter, and mature in the early spring. From this explanation it is evident that con siderable benefit might be derived by strawberry growers through the plan adopted by some, of burning over the plantation in the early spring, for, in this way the fungus, to a large extent, may be destroyed.
The fungicide recommended by Professor Scribner for spraying the strawberry bed, is three ounces of carbonate of copper dissolved in one quart of water, and then diluted with twenty gallons of water. This should be sprayed on the plantation after the crop has been gathered, and repeated once or twice before the first of September. No doubt the Bordeaux mixture would be equally effective.
Some of the varieties, as the Manchester and the Wilson, are especially liable to this disease, while other varieties, such as Sharpless, are little troubled with it.
The Raspberry Anthracnose (^Glceosporium renetum). — This fungus is one which has thus far not prevailed to any great extent in Ontario. But from a late report of the Cornell Experiment Station, we note that it was observed in New York State last season, both on the raspberry and blackberry canes. This may yet become a serious injury to us
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in Ontario. An. instance is given by Prof. Burrill, of a blackberry plantation in Missouri that yielded a profit of $400 one year, which was so reduced by the disease that it scarcely paid expenses the year following The apparent injury to blackcaps in Missouri in the year 1887 from this fungus was estimated at from ten to twelve per cent, of the entire crop. It first appears in the form of small purple spots scattered around the lower parts of the canes. These soon rapidly increase in size and spread from the lower partion of the canes upward, giving them a scabby, pithy appearance, as shown in fig. 20. The damage done by these blotches rarely extend to the pith, but the greatest injury Is done to the cam- bium layer, or the portion through which the sap is conveyed in the process of growth, resulting very much the same as if the canes had been girdled. As a result, the leave.s do not attain more than half the normal size, and the fruit, if developed at all, does not
Fig. 19. — Section of diseased etrawberry leaf.
Fic. 20.— Raspberry Anthracnose.
reach its full development, but ripens prematurely, or simply dries up and is worthless. If the canes are not killed the first year, the continued action of the fungus on the leaves and branches prevents the formation of fruit the succeeding year. After the fungus has appeared upon the canes, the petioles of the leaves are attacked in the form of purplish spots near their base. Gradually the disease spreads throughout the whole framework of the leaves, showing white blister-like spots.
We omit any description of the botanical character of this fungus, but simply remark that in overcoming it a vigorous condition of the plant is important, and any old planta- tions which are diseased would be better cleared out ami burned. One experiment station recommends spraying early in the spring, before the growth has begun, with sidphatc of iron, a jjound to a gallon of water, and after the leaves appear, with the Bordeaux mixture.
B'or many of the illustrations used with this paper, and for niuch information, I am indebted to the excellent publications of the Department of Agriculture, Section of Myco- logy, of the United States. In this important field of study a great advance has been made during the last few years, and the results ar<^ proving to be of immense value to fruit growers and gardeners. Many of the worst problems facing the horticulturist have been satisfactorily solved, and many others will be cleared up during the coming year. The importance of a widespread dis.seminati^n of the work of thete experimenters, in its rela- tion to the prosperity of our province, can scarcely be over estimated.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
ADDEESS OF DR. W. J. BEAL AT THE LAYING OF THE CORNER-STONE OF THE NEW BOTANICAL LABORATORY OF THE MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. .
In view of the resolution passed by our Association at its winter meeting in the City of Haroilton, in December, 1891, looking toward the establishment of a Provincial Botanic Garden in the City of Toronto, or at some other convenient point, this address of Dr. Beal's contributed to us by him, seems quite opportune.
The Equipment of a Botanical Department at a.n Agricultural College.
In March, 1890, the old Botanical Laboratory of the Michigan Agricultural Col- lege, after serving as a busy hive for ten years, suddenly turned to smoke and ashes. Since that time we have been dependent on the kind hospitality of the Agricultural De- partment for rooms in which to meet our classes and perform other duties incident to a department of botany. Not without some opposition, doubtless on account of a lack of knowledge as to what modern botany can do for agriculture, the members of the last legislature made a fairly adequate appropriation for a new building, which will be a great improvement over the one destroyed.
Planted on yonder knoll by the wisdom of the State Board of Agriculture, between the laboratories uf agriculture and horticulture, this second and better botanical labora- tory is to stand. It was doubtless so located with the notion that botany is the right hand support of the one and the left hand support of the other ; or perhaps with a notion that botany is of a greater importance, and that agriculture and horticulture are her foremost allies.
So far as I know, this simple ceremony is the only one that was ever held at the laying of the corner-stone of any building at this college — and this block is not a corner- stone, nor the key-stone of an arch, but a " broadrider " placed near the left of the main entrance, marked " Botany," to let those who enter see what they are coming to.
In 1859, a third of a century ago, when I took my first degree at the University of Michigan, there was but one institution of learning in the United States that employed and paid a man for devoting all of his time to the science of botany. The person referred to was the late Dr. Asa Gray, who was for many years the professor of botany at Har- vard University. At that time only eight weeks of daily work were required of under- graduate students, and they had the opportunity of electing about three weeks more. A very few resident graduates — one to three at a time — pursued the science further.
In a limited number of other universities and colleges, botany found a small niche in the course of study, one man usually teaching all the botany, zoology, geology that were taught, and often also taught all the chemistry, and had plenty of time to spare for classes in mathematics and possibly in rhetoric or some other subject. The short course in botany at that time consisted almost entirely of some lessons in the gross anatomy and morph- ology of flowering plants and ferns and their allies. A very little attention was given to the geographical distribution of plants.
I need not tell you, Mr. President, that in those times most scholars considered botany of little importance, either for the facts acquired or the discipline and culture that it could give. Little was expected and little was given.
For the rapid and wide-spread interest and attention which botany has attracted in this country within the past fifteen or twenty years, nothing in my opinion has done so much as the work performed in our colleges of agriculture, and in the L^nited States Department of Agriculture. I have carefully watched these influences in the numerous national, state and local gatherings of scientific men. The large number and the nature of themes discussed ; the practical mode of treatment and the rapid increase of wide- awake and able men and women who bow at Flora's shrine, has been most remarkable, and this movement has but fairly got under way.
I will not attempt at this time to enumerate what botanist? are doing, but refer yoa to numerous journals and transactions of learned societies, to recent books and bulletins,, to courses of study in every college which has the least spark of modern thought in it.
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In these days a well equipped agricultural coUegecannot get along, so far as Viotany is con- cerned, by employing a man to t( ach botany who shall also beieijuired to teach other subjects.
Under good management a botanical department will advance just in proportion to the means at its disposal.
This may be a suitable time for a little indulgence in considering an ideal plan for a botanical department of a college with as good an endowment and as great pretentions as this one. To attract students and give them good opportunities, the department; should be many sided and symmetrical. One or more of the teachers sliould be enthusiastic in field work — a good collector and well skilled in preparing plants for the herl)arium. Very much yet remains to be done in systematic botany, as studied by those of the " old school," with all the aids that have come from histology and physiology and embryology. The latter are indispensible in any course of botany.
In an agricultural college, special attention should be given to the study of grasses and other for^tge plants, to trees, shrubs and weeds.
Another broad and fertile tield is the study of variation and description of our cultivated plants, subjects which have been receiving little attention from naturalists.
There are many sections of cryptogamic botany of great interest and import- ance ; among the most important of which in an agricultural course are the study of parasitic fungi and bacteria. For spveral years, about these days we are adding annually 5,000 or more plants to our herbarium, including plants of many of the lower families. This growth ought to continue for a long time yet. This should include specimens of cultivated plants, such as grown in the vegetable gardens, orchards, and those which are grown for flowers or foliage. Such a college must have a good supply of compound microscopes, so that only one person .shall have acce.ss to the same instrument during any term. New and improved instruments are all the time appearing, and we must have them or suffer the consequences of falling behind the times. Microtomes, a host of re-agents, apparatus for experiments in plant physiology, mips, charts, purchased or made to order, must be all the time accumulating, even tiiough the garret becomes replete with old rubbish. Lantern views and means to use. and conveni- ences for photographing objects large or microscopic are indispensable in 1S1I2
For years I have been experimenting and watching the effects of numerous lectures given to students on botanical subjects. I have kept reducing the lectures, and instead have given the students references to first-class books in which they could, in connection •with original work, read and take notes to better advantage than when following a lecture. Our botanical books aie far better and more numerous than they used to be.
As nearly all of you know for some time past we have kept on the .shelves or on the tables of the botanical class rooms from five to ten or more copies of such books as :
Saab's Text P>ook and Lectures on Physiology : De liary's Comparative Anatomy of Phanerogams and Ferns, his Aforphology and P.iology of the Fungi, Mycetozoa and Bacteria: GoeV)er.^ Outlines of Classification and Special .^^orpholo^'y of Plants; Stras- burger's Handbook of Practical I5otany ; Bessey's P>otany for High Schools and Colleges; Plowright's ^Monograph of the British Uredinese and tlstilagince ; Burill's Uredinea', Ervsiphfa^ and Bacteria ; Bower's Course of Practical Instruction in Botany; CAmpbeU's Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany; Cryptogamic Botany, by Cc-iet and Murray ; numerous bulletins of the United States Dep irtnicnt of Agriculture, especially those of the section of Vegetable Philosophy ; (;oodairs Physioh.gi.-il Bot.my ; Gray's Text Book: Plant Di-ssection by Arthur, Barnes and Coult.T. The.'>e an<l a smaller number of other good works are on the tablos, and wo use many others The jilan of freely using these books as needed in place of numerous lectunvs works admirably. .\ good library is one of the refiuisitos of our ideal Botanical Department
Our thrifty botanical club of thirty members, meeting voluntarily three or four times a month, demands some hints and some t'uwf. at the hands of the teacher.^ in this dep irt ment. In like manner, for many years past, the students in botany at this college have helped maintain a thriving natural history society.
Please keep in mind that [ am naming the nece,smry equipment for the botanical department of a good agricultural college. Some of the force, at lexst, should be skilled in the use of the pencil and crayon.
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The department will be defective if it atandon a botanical museum, such as was fairly begun and set up in Ihe old laboratory.
Green-houses in variety we have already. Some day we should have one for use in summer in which to grow plants of cold regions. In these houses to serve botany best should be placed a greater variety of plants to illustrate certain points of culture, or plants of economic importance.
We have a botanical garden, recently much enlarged, but still with room enough for far greater extension. In such a garden there are, or will be sunny slopes and shady banJjs, ponds and bogs, an aboretum for specimen trees and shrubs.
We once agitated the scheme of purchasing twenty to forty acres, two miles from here, because it contained many nice swamp and bog plants. I now think it would be better to move the nicest portion of such a swamp to our own college grounds, and with a little support we can do it and have a gem right at our own door.
Here we have perhaps 200 acres which contain our buildings, the orchards, gardens, lawns, groves and play grounds, saying nothing about experiment plats and the fields to the south of us. Let us imagine the valley along our lazy brook filled to the top of its banks on either side with hardy herbs and shrubs, with extensions in suitable places along the flats of the Red Cedar and on the north bank of this quiet stream from the boiler-house to the west entrance at the foot of the hill, a distance of three-quarters of a mile. The plants in question should be to a great extent grouped by families and gene a, each plant occupying a much larger space than is customary in any botanical garden wh ch I have ever seen or read about. For example, a patch of viola pedata should be well grown and not less than three feet in diameter ; of helianthus orgylis, six to ten feet; peltandia undulata, eight feet or more. So of sedges and grasses, which have not been introduced for use in masses as tb.ey might well be. In numerous cases, whether we wish it cr rot, it is better to grow plants much alike each other a little way apart with Kmeihirg else between them, especially where they are inclined to mix by seeds or root-stalks.
Again, I have learned by experience, that in very many cases it is easier to shift plants to other places every lew years than to take up and change the soil and reset in the same spots. A rotation of crops is a good practice for a botanical garden as well as for fields of grass and grain for the farm, or berries and vegetables for the garden. This occasional shifting of )>lants may seem to some too unstable for a well-planned botanical garden. On the campus in connection with our large groves and groups of trees and shrubs could be planted one or more good specimes to represent many families or genera oi hardy, woody plants.
The scattering of duplicate trees, shrubs or herbs is unnecessary and tends to con- fusion in a botanical garden, but it may often be just the thing to produce the best effect for ornamenting a campus, a park, or a cemetery. For such a garden we should need a map, lists of plants in alphabetical order, and everything well labelled.
With a course of instruction like ours extending through the summer months, a botanical garden is of much greater value, if possible, than it can be to a college which takes a long summer vacation. Such a girden, with all the accompaniments to which I have referred, could not fail to make itself felt in advancing agriculture and horticulture, as well as botany. This campus woulel more than ever interest visitors from all parts of the State, but would be of great value to the neighboring city and serve the place of one .of its parks. In more than one of my former reports I have dealt at length on the rela- tions of botany to agriculture, and attempted to show the great value of botany as a study to cultivate the observation and strengthen the reasoning powers.
The number of botanical gardens in the United States is usually given as one each at Harvard, Washington, St. Louis and Michigan Agricultural College, and none of these are yet what they should be or what they are certain to become. I have seen all of these and am encouraged to believe that with continued and increased support, right here at this college there will be in a very short time a botanic garden which in many respects will surpass any to be found in the country. For many reasons this is an admirable location for a firstclass botanic garden.
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We have already made a good beginning towards such a garden in the broadest sense. Including species and varieties in the experiment station, we now have not far from 5,000. To maintain an establishment in a creditable manner money is needed. I will not say how much, but considerable ; the more the better. The more I think of it the more the subject grows upon me.
This college is supported mainly by the United States Government, and to a con- siderable extent also by the State. Perhaps this condition of things may tend to prevent endowments by wealthy persons.
Mr. President, as you know we have been looking over the list of Michigan's enter- prising wealthy citizens with a view to tinding one or more whom we could interest in botanical work. The endowment of a botanical garden is comparatively a new way of spending a fortune in this country, and perhaps in any other country. The onlv instance that has come to my knowledge of a person liberally endowing a botanic garden is that of the late Hon. Henry Shaw, of Sc. Louis, Mo. This exceptionally bright example was of so much interest to botanists that three of ua, Hon. C. W. Gartield, Prof, L. R. Taft and your humble servant were recently authorized by our wide awake State Board of Agriculture to make a pilgrimaoe to the Shaw gardens. In St. Louis a good deal has already been done in several directions, and after a little time we may anticipate great things in a botanical way. Only a small portion of this great endowment is yet available, as so much of it consists in unimproved real estate.
One point I had especially in mind during our recent visit was to glean all the facts possible as to the nature and disposition of Mr. Shaw, that this might aid us in finding his duplicate in our o'vn state. What were his surroundings ? Who were his mo.st inti- mate associates in early life ? What were the influences after his early retirement from a prosperous business that tended to induce him to lay a large fortune at the disposal of the neatest science known t Who were Mr. Shaw's advisers ? We learned that he was a bachelor. The trees, shrubs and other plants he learned to like in place of a loving wife and children. For many years he was accustomed to consult the late Dr. Gray, who doubtless may have done much to shape the destinies of the Shaw gardens.
We learned that in his last visit to Europe Mr. Shaw was much impressed while walking through the grounds at Chatsworth, the most magnificent private residence in Europe, and then and there resolved to have a garden of the same sort in a smaller way.
In this country men of wealth and ambition seek office and promotion in many directions and often make for themselves good records. In a very large majority of cases, however, the fame is eniphemeral.
As it seems to me, Mr. Shaw in endowing the garden of St. Louis has placed his name where it will be long and most favorably known, not only to those living in the iniinediate vicinity of his former home, but to those living in remote countries. I can scarc'dy conceive of a pleasunter way of remembrance than to have a name long associated with a garden of native trees, shrubs, flowers and foliage i)lants.
In the meantime, while all are looking and waiting ami hoping to find the man to endow a garden with money, we shall keep making additions and improvements as be.st we can.
The chief use of a botanical department liere is to give instruction to students, especially the sort of botany of greatest value to the farmer.
Another object should not bo lost sight of, vi/. , original research. If the teacher's time and that of his assistant's is fully occupied with routine work, notliing can be done by way of investigation. A college will fail in a very important part of its work, if no provision is made for research l)y its teachers. This gives tbem a ch'inco to grow, in- spires them with enthusiasm and is a great help lo the students, and to the world at large.
On this subject i)r Karlow, one of Harvard's brightest men, says : "What does investigation mean ? It does not mean anything which i.s of nect^ssity capable of partial application at first .sight. The investigator is a dull, plodding mortal, working away year by year. But at last he discovers something which is of l)enefit to all mankintl. You should not hurry the investigator; we must have a report in six months; we must have a report in a year. Tell us about this thing, about that thing or al»out the other thing. An investigator is one who knows what he is about and he knows a gre,it deal
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better than you do. He is one who has been trained, who has studied deeply, who is thoroughly in earnest."
Dr. 'J'reiease, the director of the Shaw gardens, says : " No one who has not himself done original work can appreciate the slowness with which results are are obtained." I have often heard similar remarks Irom Dr. Gray, one of the most industrious and suc- cessful of investigators of the ])resent century.
The new laboratory is to be a well lighted, substantial building, so constructed that vermin cannot effect a lodging. It is 45x55 feet, practically four stories iiigh. The rooms for museum are ex{.ected in a few years.
To summarize : I note a rapid piogress which botany has made in this country, attributing the increased number of workers largely to the agricultural colleges and the United States Department of Agriculture.
At present botany is recognized in all of our best colleges as an important part of instruction for the knowledge, culture and discipline it afiords. In these institutions investi- gations in grf at variety are carried on in all families of i)lants, from the highest to the lowest.
For the best results a botanical department must be many sided — with teachers who are experts in numerous directions.
We must have a well kept and continually growing herbarium.
Such a department should have as many compound microscopes as there are students using them in any teim, and much other apparatus for experiments and jjhotography.
Duplicate volumes of books are needed all the time in the class-room, besides a generous library.
A botanical club or society, which shall meet as does the one here, every week.
The department will not be complete without a museum of plant products.
There must be numerous green houses, varying in temperature and light and moisture.
Also a botanic garden and arboretum.
Original research must not be neglected nor crowded out, nor should the study of varieties ol cultivated plants.
A liberal and uniformly increasing and permanent endowment is indispensable.
In addition to what the nation and the state are likely to afford for the purpose, we seek a cultured gentleman or lady of wealth, who shall interest himself in a most substantial manner. In aiding such work follows a guarantee that the name of such person shall be kept green, bear frequent blossoms and a liberal harvest of tine fruit for centuries to come.
In his garden, foliage and flowers, in pond, bog, arid slope and shady lavine, in soil wet or moist, fertile or sterile, in the open air or in the conservatory, each plant in the most favorable surroundings and well kept, shall pronounce a succession of benedictions on the name of the liberal benefactor.
RUSSIAN FKUITS.
Considering the large variety of apples and pears which are being introduced into Canada from Russia by the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association — many of which are being distributed to those of our members who ask for them, it will be of great impor- tance to preserve in a compact form, the letters describing them, sent us by Mr. Jaroslav NiEMETZ, of Real College, Winnitza, Podolia, Russia who has been instrumental in pro- curing the varieties for us, and who has so interested himself in our work as to become a member of our Association. The originals of these letters were written some in French, some in German and some in English, (The Secretary.)
I. Stone i^NXONOVKA.
One of the finest of Russian apples, the white (ordinary) Antonovka is well known in America, although it has there unfortunately lost its Russian name, and is cultivated there under other names. " Queen of the Steppes " is the. name which has been given it by the celebrated Prof. Budd. In the provinces of southern Russia, where it keeps until October, it is not counted among the winter apples, and is replaced by an apple which they call here " Lipovoe " (Linden apple.) The finest qualities of tlie Antonovka are developed only in northern Russia, and there is no reason to doubt that in America it
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will succeed best in the North. That apple has several varieties in Russia, of which the best is without doubt the "Antonovka longovia " (meadow) or " Ramenaia " (Ramen sig- nifies stone,) which is a veritable winter apple, not only in the South but also in the North. Having only some vory insignificant distinguishing points, ic is very difficult to identify the " Stone-Antonovka," and it is necessary to have long practise to be able to recognize the two trees, but the former grows more slowly, is less umbrageous, and the wood is so hard that it scarcely yields to a knife; in one word, this apple tree occupies among others the place which the oak occupies among the forest trees. The great difference is in the fruit. That of the Stone Antonovka is not so long in form as that of the Antonovka ordinary ; it is of a brighter color, and has a red tint on the side turned to the sun. The wind is unable to cause it to drop until it is ripe in September. The apple carries easily, keeps well until June without losing either its flavor or aroma; while the ordinary Antonovka loses its flavor and
Stone-Antonovka.
becomes mealy. All these qualities have made the Stone-Antonovka a very lucrative product, especially in the gardens situated at a distance away from the great centres, and in the market it is more prized than other apples It is not by any mistake that this variety supplants all the others in our gardens. Perhaps the " Stone-Antonovka " is already known in America uniler some t^ngli.^h name, if it is not I would advise the Oanidian horticidturists to introduce into Oiiiada that variety, which f>)r its e.Koellent flavor and ease af transportation, may become an article of e.^port and as pjpular as tho " Duchess."
II. KosLOv Prolific IJusii Moheli.o.
The best Morello cherries Hufl^r much from the cold in the gardens of Northern and Central Russia, indeed it sometimes happen.s that they freeze? to tho root, consetjuently the growth of the delicate varictie.s of cherries in the commercial gardm.s is inipossil)le. It is with great pleasure that horticulturists have learnetl that an amateur gardener, T. W. Mitshourine, raises in the village of Koslov (provinc(< of Tambofl) two varieties, which are named in honor of the originator, " T. W. Mitshourine's prolific bush Morello," and " T. W. Mitshourine's Morello with small leaf." It is the former, which is the better that I wish to make known to the members of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association' and I propose to name it, " Koslov bush Morello." '
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The Koslov Bush Morello.
*This engraving is reduced nearly one-quarter.
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The ruother trees, which are in the gardens of the cultivator, are fifteen years old, have a height of one metre* and a half, the diametpr of the very large head is two and a half metres, the trunk is three and a half inch. 'J hat tree Howers very late and gives without rest, each year, from twenty to thirty five kilogranimesf of fruit, which ripen about the end of August, a time when there are very few cherries in the juarket, which is an advantage from a commercial point of view. The fruit is large, the surface is pol- ished and of a brilliant color, the flavor is an agreaVjIe acid, the fiesh is juicy and the pit small. The originator does not grow this cherry by grafting, but from the pits, because, in grafting, this cherry loses in quality. Ihe plants grown from pits do not vary, and after three or four times transplanting, bear iVuit at the age of four or five years. The tree delights in shady places and is not affected by the coUl, having already endured 35 Rea. I (46 below zero Fahr.) without any injury. I beg \ou to pay attention to this early fruit.
HI. Pears.
There are some varieties of pears which can endure the rigorous climate of the north, of which I may mention the following: Bessemianka, Tonkovieska, Volga Bergamotte, and some others. They pre of no great value, but they are cultivated because the better pears are tender. Lately, attention has been called to some varieties of pears from Lith uania little known here, viz : " Bturre Slutsk "' and " Bon Chretien Sobiesky.' These are dessert fruits and not yet tested with respect to hardiness. Two pomologiste, so far as I know, are occupied in the acclimatisation of some varieties of table pears imported from foreign countries, viz: our renowned connoisseur of Russian liuits. Air. A. Grell, of Mos- cow, and Mr. Mithourine, in the Province of Tambow ; and their experience appears to me exceedingly instructive. I think it very suitable to quote a passage from one of Mr. ^lithourine's letters. Here is what he says about the past winter and the hardiness of pears: " The past winter at Koslov has been unusually severe ; it began without snow and found the trees still in foliage. The first cold was about 15 degrees Rea. (2 ^ below zero Fahr.) and in the month of February it touched 32 Rea. (40'-' below zero Fahr.) ; and as a result all the pears have been frozfu. The following kinds have endured this severity without any special protection, viz : .Foreign varv'ties : Princess Royale, Beurre gris d'Ete, Beurre Six, Champagne longue. Souvenir de congres. Russian varieties : Beurre blanc de Livonie, Beurre verte de Livonie, Kvosohtchinskaia, Bergamotte rouge, Medviedievka. It is astonishing that any of the Bessemianka shoulil havt- survived."
IV. TiiK Ro.sTov Pea.
The Russians are very fond of roasts served with sweet dried peas, and, indeed, of the latter in many ways. A variety under the name of the " Moscow,' is grown in large quantities in Russia. The kitchen gardeners of Rostov, a town of the Jaroslav Govern- ment, are occupied with the preparation of these diied peas, and for this they have a native species, which is very sweet. This spocies, known as the Rostov Pea, is the very best for drying, being the sweetest of any European kind ; even the English Marrowfat, or any other of the foreign kinds, are found to be much its inferior. Ht-sides its excellent flavor, it is very productive and hardy, as are all the Russian vpg»'tal)les.
1 will describe the Ru.ssian method of dryiiiij, and would advise all American ladiea to give it a tiial. All the young peas, l>efore they are ovt-r ripe, are taken out of their pods, and put into a basket, which is speedily plunged into a cauMron of l)oiling water.and left for a few minutes. After the first plunging, the liasket is taken out. sliaken up, and then again plunged in. This is again repeated the third time. After this, fcho basket is plunged into cold water, and when taken out the pea.s an^ put on linen cloth, in an absolutely dark place, until they are nearly dry. Tlu'n they are put for final drying in a hot bakery. Any one having an evaporator can uso it for this purpose.
•A metre is 39.368 American inches. tA kiliigramine in about 2 1-f) pounds avoirfiupuin.
tHeaumur's scale of gradinff th<^ temperature is chiefly confined to Kus.sia : in it the freezing point of water is made o'', and the boiling point 80^.
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It must be remembered that for preserving the green color, which is the beauty of dried peas, the drying must be done in a dark place. For tiinls, on a small scale, a sieve can be used in place of a basket, and a large pot in place of a cauldron. I now send you a sample lot of the Rostov Pea, and if the members of your Association wish it, I can send you some more.
The Rostov Pea.
V. Crimean Apple " Synap."
The " Synap " is a very ancient Tartar species, propagated in large quantities at Crimea, where there are large orchards, some of them one hundred acres in extent, and Crimean orchardists prefer it for profit to all French Noble Reinettes. Crimea produces one million poods (one pood equals 36 kilogrammes*), and this quantity always sells at good prices in the markets. 'J'here are three varieties, all somewhat resembling each other in shape, which is oblong, viz : — 1. Kara Synap, which is red, and of poor quality ;
*1. Kilogramme— 2.20 lbs.
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2. Sary Sjnap, which is the most widely cultivated and is perfectly hardy : 3. Kandyl Synap, which is somewhat larger ami more handsome than the preceding one, but is not so hardy. The color of the Kandyl and Sary Synap is remarkably beautiful bein" white at the stem, and the remainder yellow with a red Vjlush on the sunny side. The skin is lustrous, the flavor particularly pleasant and aromatic, so much so that the fruit may be eaten while yet immature. The fruit is harvested about the end of Septem- qer, and ripens at Christmas, but will keep until the new crop is ready. At St. Peters- burg, Moscow and Riga, in the month of May, when there is no other apple to be seen in windows of the shops and in the markets, the Synap is to be found quite fresh. : There are often samples of the Synap to be seen which have been kept two years. ?*"
For firmness and consequent adaptability for transportation in large quantities, 1 do not know its equal in Rus.'^ia, or indeed in all Europe. How if will stand shipment is proved by the fact that when there was no railroad in Kusgia, the Sjnap was exported
]\.tTi(iyl Synaii.
on carts from Crinua to the Siberian towns, Perm and Archangel, a journey which occu- pied from three to four months. Another good quality of the Synap is that it never rots. The tree grows in a pyramidal shape, like the Conifers, yields very large crops annually and thrives best in moist soil.
The question may arise. Why do I describe a kind, the origin of which is in Southern Russia, where the temperature is never lower than 10 degrees (I\»a)? The Synnp has been planted at the north, and has proved its hardiness during the last .severe winter, •when only the Antonovka, Anis, Duchess and n few other kinds escapf d, wliile all others were frozen to the roots. Thus, the Synap remained uninjured when tlie temjierature •was 20 degiees (Rea.) It is said, however, the fruit is neitlier so aromatic nor of so hand- some a color at the north. Perhaps so, but this apple, growing r<|ually well at the south or at the north, will prove an excellent variety both in ('anada and in the United States.
I send you scions for testing, both of the Sary and the Kandyl Synap.
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VI. Russian and Ansjutin's Apricots.
The Mennoaites were German colonists of Russia who emigrated to America because they did not believe in military service; they inhabited the southern Governments of Rus- sia, viz : Karsonskaja with chief town of Odessa, Ekaterinoslavskaja and Crimea, which last was the central colony. In all these governments, grapes, peaches and apricots grow wild, and on the south coast of Crimea even the almonds and figs will succeed. Although sometimes there is a heavy frost in the governments of Karsonskaji and Ekaterinoslavs- kaja, and the grape requires protection in winter time, yet these countries may be consid- ered well adapted for the cultivation of grapes.
In the above-named governments the apricot grows in vineyards, gardens and fields, into a large tree, and yields abundantly. The fruit is sold in the gardens for twenty or thirty cents per poud (one poud equals 36 kilogrammes). The fruit is used chiefly for eating fresh, and to some extent for preserving ; no other use is madv. or it, because we Russians are not so ingenious in preparing fruit dishes as you are in America.
There are many varieties in southern Russia, of which the following are the chief, (1) "Holland red cheek" (probably raised from pits of the Breda,) a good large table kind, and (2) " Odessa," pale yellow, excellent, sweet and firm ; a suitable apricot for preserving.
It is to be inferred that it was chiefly these two kinds of apricots which the Menno- nites brought with them into America, as they were generally cultivated in the places from which they emigrated ; and, therefore, that all American varieties of the Russian apricot have been raised from pits of the Holland and Odessa. The method of propagat- ing them by pits is very popular in this country. The fruit of such trees is variable, but the trees themselves are more hardy than those propagated by grafting ; they are also more productive and long-lived, and the acclimation of them to the conditions of any country is easier. The success of the Russian apricots in North America can be explain- in this way, though brought by the Mennonites from southern Russia, they are grown from pits. The difficulty of the acclimation of the apricot, the peach and the tender var- ieties of plums to cold climates, may be overcome both in north of Russia and in America by propagating by the seed and not by grafts.
No doubt it will at first produce fruit of poorer quality, but many among them will prove worthy of selecting for dissemination.
As I observed above, a seedling that has not been transplanted and whose tap root is entire, is the more hardy because it strikes deep below the reach of frost. The most northern point in Russia where the apricot succeeds, thanks to the labors of our experi- enced and eminent pomologist, Mr. F. Ansjutin, we must count Niegin, in Chernigovs- kajagov. His apricot originates in Crimea, and was raised from two pits brought away about the year 1840 by Mr. F. Ansjutin, who was at that time a young mm. At first he tried propagating several foreign kinds of grafting. After these had all perished in the first cold winter, he noticed two seedling trees which were wholly uninjured by the cold, and after these had fruited he was so pleased with them that he raised a large planta- tion. I saw in his garden apricot trees like apple trees in growth twenty-five years old ; they require no protection in winter ; also a plantation of seedlings which had been raised in quite an open exposure.
Frost is sometimes twenty-eight degrees (Rea.) at Niegin ; the trees do not die even at that temperature, but it destroys the flower buds and consequently the fruit crop. Mr. F. Ansjutin raised, from two stocks, some varieties of which the four following are worthy of attention: (1) Apricot, large white, early (like Nicholas); (2) Apricot, small white, late, sweeter than preceding ; (3) Apricot, yellow, large, early ; (4) Apricot, yellow, small late. I sent you some scions and pits of these, the most hardy of all kinds. Next year Mr. Ansjutin promises to give me more of them for your respected Society. Many American nurserymen's catalogues call these seedlings of the Mennonites " the Siberian Apricot," and same gardeners in their fancy actually suppose it originates in the Blue mountains oi east- ern Siberia. These gardeners are in fault for inducino; buyers to purchase by such ridicu-
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lous mis-statements. We should be very glad if not only the apricot, but the orange also would grew in Siberia ; but to cur sorrow it is doubted whether any fruit trees will grow there except Siberian crabs and small inedible wild pears.
I find that the narce "Russian" Apricot is not proper, because it would lead one to suppose that it will grow at Moscow or at St. Petersburg, which is not the case. A better name would be the Crimean Apricot, from the place where it originates.
VII. Bohemian Queen Cherry.
The cherry pits which I sent you are taken from the fruit of the celebrated " Bchemi&n Queen," which I propagate on account of its excellent qualities and its hardi- ne-^.o. As a noarket variety it is ur.equalhd. It is an abundant cropper and the fruit is
The Sapiep^anka Pear.
of excellent flavor, larger and more fleshy than that of the Ostlu ini, which some years is dry and therefore pooi-.
It is more delicious than " Frauf ndorfer," or " Double Natt," and even the "Large Spanish " can only be compared with the Bohemian Queen in point of size, and not in productiveness or flavor.
In quality there are only tv o new kinds that can be compared with it, viz: (1) Cerise D'Olivet, laige, sweet and ddicious, and {-) the well known Empress Eugniie. The intrcducticn of this cheiry is the mof-t important matter, bfcau^e it can be propa-
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gated, like Ostheim, from seeds or root suckers. Sixty per cect of the seedlings are constant. It succeeds well in places where the ground remains mcist until the month of May.
VIII. The Sapieganka Pear or Autumn Polish Bergamotte.
I give a description of this pear, not on account of any particular prominent qualities which it possesses, but because I am of the opinion that on account of its hardine.ssit may be successfully grown in Canada.
In its home in Lithuania, old and large trees are met with which have endured many severe winters. In the Tamboff Government it is the most hardy of all pears there grown, and for this reason the Sapieganka can be positively considered a hardy variety.
The fruit is of middle size, of Bergamotte type, the skin is smooth, yellovv and has a red cheek on the sunny side. In Luthuauia it ripens on the 1st of September, in the Tamboff Government in October, and keeps in the cellar two months. The flavor of the flesh depends upon local conditions, for though it is tasteful enough in the warmer dis- tricts, it is sometimes harsh ; and when grown in the north it is juicy and buttery. The fruit is adapted for the table, drying and other home uses. The pear is recommended by Russian horticulturists as being adapted for cultivation in market garden.
IX. Babuskino or Grandmother Apple.
This Russian apple may be classed with the best winter varieties. I think it is known in America, perhaps under some other name, but with us this is its only one.
Babuskino or Grandmother Apple.
For localities, where the high winds prevail, there is no better variety than this, because the fruit has such a tight hold upon the tree that the most vigorous storm cannot knock it down.
The tree is a spreading grower, has a large leaf, is hardy and very productive. The fruit, which hangs firmly by its stem, may be gathered about the first ol October, at which time it is quite green and flavorless. About Christmas time it becomes a light yellow color, with a little red, and by spring it becomes a rich yellow with a deep red Wmsh, covered with small russety dots. It keeps in good condition until the end of June and even later. At maturity this apple has an excellent flavor, with an especially agreable degree of acidity. The flesh is very juicy and aromatic. It is little aflTected by the curculio, probably because of its thick skin.
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As yet, this apple is not vr-ry widely rlisseininated in KuHsia, Ijut those fruit growers who have found out its merits prize it a')Ove any other. I am of the opinion that in Canada, also, it would soon become the chief market variety ; therefore, unless you have it already, 1 will be glad to send you some scions.
X. The Hamburg Pkar.
This pear is growing in Ohernigov Government, having been brought there from St. Petersburg. It is a pear of the Bsrgamotte typ'^, not lar£;e, yellowish green in color, with russety dots, juicy, of pleasant flavor an I ripens in September. It may be kept in the cellar for about three or four weeks.
As there is such a small sel^-ction of really gool pears that can endure severe cold, the Hamburg has considerable value for horticulturists in cold countries. It has
1 hr ll.iiiiliiiiK' I'll.
been well tested in the Chernigov (loveniinent ami lias boon found to be perfectly hardy, while most other vr.rieties entirely succumb. This is explained by the fact that its flower-buds are firmly closed and, therefore, not sensitive to the action of the frost. I have sent you cuttings of this variety.
XI, (Jkam) Diciitss Olc.v.*
This is one of the best Uussian winter Rtirettes. and our celebrated pomologist Lieb has given it the name of (iraiid Duchef^s Olpa : tho same apple i.s also known in Germany as " Reine Olga." In the gardens and markets it is usually called Little
*The Grand Duchess of Rnsiia ie mw the Queen of Wurtemburgr.
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Crimean Apple, Red Crimean Apple, etc. The fruit is large in size, and has a pleasant aroma; the skin is thick and quite sinoolh. The color at the calyx is green; the rest of the fruit is beautifully shaded with deep carmine dots and stripes on golden yellow ground. Whitish dots are observable on the red ground. The closed calyx
:.\.
M
m-:
is usually surrounded with five characteristic humps, which do not extend over the surface of the fruit and iherefoi-e do not change its round form. The flesh is yellow, fine grained, juicy, of pleasant vinous flavor, and delicious. It ripens in March and keeps till July and even later. It bears shipment well, and is very little aflTe:;ted with.
Section of OJga.
worms; indeed, it possesses every quality which a commercial apple should possess, for it is suitable both for dessert and cooking purposes. The tree is hardy, being able to withstand not only great cold, but also extreme heat and drouth, grows rapidly while young, and is very productive. It is also an early bearer. I can highly recommend this kind to you.
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XI. ExillBITlOX OF FUUITS AT St. PETERSBURG.
In the month of October, 1890, the Imperial Society of Horticulture held an exhibit at St. Petersburg. 'I'he department of fruit ijrowing and decorative horticulture was excellently arranged thr )ugh the elToits of the skilful gardeners who have charge of the well stocked hot houses in that city, but, on the other hand, the section of fresh fruits was a comparative failure, there being only some forty-two exhibitors.
The finest fruits were those shown by Polish growers, and particularly those from the Warsaw State Poniological Garden, v/hich received very high commendation. All the Polish fruits were correctly named, well formed an I large, wh^r^by one would judge that fruit growing in Poland is in a good and prosperous condition. Tha fruits, how- ever, were mostly tender varieties grown under glass, few narive sorts being among the exhibits. Among these latter were some pears, and a winter apple under the name of Glogierowka (of pigeon class). It is a very beautiful apple of excellent Hivor and the fruit growers of Warsaw consider it to be one of the best of their hardy and productive dessert sorts.
From Lithuania and Western Russia there were very few exhibits, none worthy of special mention. Crimea showed very few fruits from her commercial gardens ; her exhibits were mostly French varieties of pear.s, peaches, grapes and nut.^, which are exported into the northern districts. Of apples there were some very good local varieties of the Synap, and two very beautiful and delicious Crimean apples, Gulpembo and Chelebi, scions of which I sent you, also a large filbert, known here as Bimba.
From Caucasus there was only one exhibitor, who showed some forty .six varieties of apples and twenty four of pears ; most of these were local kinds. Or" pears, one variety attracted everybody's attention on account of its enormous size, the Tash-.\rmud, a locil Tartar name. It is an excellent, juicy, autumn pear, of about three pounds weight. Caucasus is little known in pomological circles, and it is interesting to know that m iny quite new sorts of excellent fruits grow there, some without any culture, and even in its forests. In course of time, this country, owing to its favorable climate, will become one of the principal centres for growing apples and grapes ; even now it exports a large quantity of wine into France.
The exhibitors of Russian fruits from the northern governments were very few, and from some there were no representatives In all the exhibits were met such wide spread and popular varieties as the Antonovka, Borovinka (Duchess), Titova, Aport (Alexander), Anis, etc. These typical kinds are known and distributed throughout the whole of Russia, and have reliable names, but other and less known varieties have numerous local name.s. The most beautiful and j)erfect apples were from Tula and Luga.
A large collection of apples were exported from the garden of Doctors Regr^ll and Kesselring. Fifty-three of these varieties were seedlings of Dr. Regell's own raising. The fruits were small and poorly colored, and would not tempt anyone to go into fruit growing in the climate of St. Petersburg. From such a prominent pomologist as Dr. Regell, we were really expecting something better.
The following are some of the Russian fruits, among those exhibited, which I con- sider worthy of mention :
1. From the government of Riasan there were three beautifully colored seedlings of the type of the Crimean Synap, and of the true Chernigov. In your country, and almost everywhere abroad, this apple is known as I'.orovinka (Duchess.) These apples differ in this respect that the Borovinka is much supt-rior to the Chernigov.
2. From the sanu; government a kind of Anis, the calyx of which is closed entirely.
3. From the Kasan some new local varieties, aniong th in a good-sizod Sil)erian crab.
4. FVom Chernigov a winter apple, Woloshka, of good quality, resembling Titovka. 5. From St. Petersburg government Aport liiepchatz, a special kind of Aport
(Alexander) ; Meila, a new sort ; two varieties of Stone Antonovka one an oblon:,' and the other Hat. Bt sides these, there are exhibited a n-d autumn i)lum, growing freely without winter protection.
Th(^ wiiole exhiljition was of no special use to Russian horticulture, ex';ei)ting to the exhibitors themselves, who received a large number of rewards.
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The earnest fruit growers expected thit Vjy means of puch a large collection of Rus- sian apples from the whole of Rijssia, it would be possible to establish, once for all, a correct nomenclature, and thereby put an end to the chaos of names given them at the whim of gardeners ; but the Im]) rial S )ciety of Horticulture, upon which rests the res- ponsibility of conducting its provincial divisions, did not stir up th's irap:)rfant qupstion. It is therefore set at one side, possibly for a long time, and in consequence nobody is in abetter position than before to judge of the most suitable kinds for eich g >vern'nent of this empire with respect to the hardiness" and other qualities of the several varieties, a thing which is of the utmost importance to our country.
XII. Uriuck Apricot.
In the Russian prodnces of Central Asia, Bokhara, Khivx, Tutk(stan, and even as far as the boundary line of China, is met, both in the wild and the cuUivated state, a variety of apricot, known locally as Uriuck. As I am better acquainted with the Sem- irechensk.'ija district, with its principal town Vjerny, than the other districts in Asia, I will, therefore, make some observations on this apricoi as grown in that locality. I think it necessary to observe that Vjerny and its suburbs have a climate subject to great drouth in Slimmer and extremely cold north-west winds in the winter, and frequently these are very sharp charges from heat to cold.
The Uriuck apricot is growing at Vjerny in wild situations in the woods, where there are still to be found very old trees which endured the severe winter of 1877. They have thick trunks about one meter in diameter, with low, broad, but roundish, heads. But such giants are only left in protected places. The cultivated Uriuck is grown in the gardens of Vjerny, as also in other places in Asia, entirely from seeds. Previous to the occupat-on of this country by Russia, the Uriuck was the chief fruit grown in local gardens. Now the inlanders have learned from the Russian people how to grow other varieies of fruit also, especially the popular Alexander apple. They sow the seeds of the Uriuck directly in the place where they wish the trees to <;row, usually in the time of the season when fresh gathered from the fruit, spring planting not being so favorable. The Uriuck does not bear transplanting well, because the trees thereby beco-.ne more bushy and liable to injury from gumming. As soon as the stone opens, it sends out long, vertical roots, which take hold deep down in the ground and supply the plant with water duriiig the extreme heat of the summer. The seedling so:)n grows up, if thi re is sufficient moistiure, and throws out lateral twigs on the lower pirt of the trunk. The seedling should be pruned in the second or third year, or else these lateral twigs dry up and render the trunk unsightly. In the third year the .seedling usually blooms for the first time, the flowers being small, white, or rose-colored, and in the fourth yenr it bears fruit. The Uriuck blooms earlier than other fruit trees and sheds its bloom sooner. The time of ripening of the Uriuck at Vjerny begins in July ; the wild variety in the mountain ripens later. The color of the Uriuck is orange yellow, blushed on sunny side, though not always. In the ripe fruit the stone parts freely from the flesh. In taste, some are sweet, juicy and aromatic, not inferior to our apricots, others are inferior in quality.
There are many varieties of Uriuck which, in general terms, may be divided into wild and cultivated. Usually the wild Uriuck bears a small fruit, oftener round than •oval. The color of this is dark green ; the kernel of the stone is sweet or bitter in taste. The cultivated, or improved varieties of Uriuck are a larger fruit, often oblong, leaf lighter, but the kernel of the stone is not always sweet, occasionally it also is bitter.
It is the general opinion that the best sugar Uriuck grows in Vjerny. being brought there by the Sartes. These are a people of ordinary intelligence, occupying the lovely fruit-growing and kitchen-garden district. They'have also very good vegetables, especially melons. The Sirt^s brought the sugar Uriuck, from South Turkestan. It is a variety much resembling that grown in our European gardens. There are also many other varieties of Uriuck. but there is no great difference between them. They are sold under the name of gargens, where they were raised. In China, they are growing several
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varieties — but chiefly four, two early and small kinds, known as the Kandak XJriuck and Khasake Uriuck, white and two late, large, very delicate kiuds, Pivande Uriuck and Pchar Uriuck (yellow with rose blush).
In the outskirts of Vjerny we still meet occasionally with the Black Uriuck (Prunus Armenica), which grows at the town of Djargent, situated at farthest border toward China. The trees bear large fruit, almost round and almost entirely brown in color, The stone is not free. In taste it resembles a plum more than an apricot.
The people living in the inland use the Uriuck fresh and dry it for winter. The Russian ladies cook the Uriuck green in su^ar until the st«ne is soft, and in such a state it is also pleasant to the taste. The Bucharians dry a great quantity of the Uriuck apri- cots in the sun, and their trade in this article is large. It is brought on the markets from Northern Siberia and from the governments bordering on the Volga. It is possible to buy dried Uriuck even in the market at Moscow.
But, as a garden tree about Vjerny and the outskirts, the Uriuck is the favorite, on account of its early growth, and its merits for cooking, for which purpose it is largely grown. The wood of the Uriuck is also valuable as a material for wood work. Thing's made from it are very V>eautiful, but very heavy.
With regard to the hardiness, a Russian officer who lives in China, P. Alexanderovsk writes, speaking of its hardiness. Ho says : "In the years 1888 and 1889 heavy frosts continued for about two months, from the middle of December until the middle of February. Some days it was-37F., occasionally it was + oF. to -2F. In February a south wind blew and the thermometer rose one or two degrees. Afterwards it soon fell to -13F. Notwithstanding such severe changes, only the old trees of the Uriuck were injured, and this not everywhere. Young trees came out all right, just the same as if there had been mild weather. Rich people living inland had no crop, l)ut the poor had
The Uriick apuicot.
every tree full of fruit, and early varieties are veiy heavily laden, At first view, this is difficult to explain, l)ut the fact is that riches and poverty are measured in China by the quantity of water controllod. Rich people watered their grounds during the whole sum- mer, but the |)Oor watered theirs very little on account of the scarcity. I am inclined to think that it is almost certain that the luxurant growth caused by the frequent waterings was the cause of their failure to the fruit."
I shall be much pleased if the P>uit Grower's Association of Ontario, of which I have the honor to be a member, will call public attention to this u.>^eful fruit. It will l)e a gratification to me to see the time when the Uriuck apricot will occupy in the orchards and gardens in your country, a place along with the other highly prized novelties. I send some pits of the Uriuck apricot. The illustration accompanying this article repre- sents the fruit of medium size, and |»its of various soits.
XIII. SoMK IIahhv Pkars.
In the gardens of northern Russia the cultivation of pears without protection is very diflicult, indeed, almost imp08sil)le, with the exception of a few varieties. From this it may be understood why our northern gardeners are so much interested in all
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hardy pears, without very much lefererce lo the qualily. Cn this acccunt I gave a list of foreign pears vhichgiovv fuelj willcut piotfction as stardaids in noith-westem Eussia ard Poland. Of couise the seedlings on -wLich tkey are grafted increase their lardiEe!^s. The best wild pear, to he used as fctock for these jeais, is Tcikovitta, \\hich is' not affected by the cold even north of Moscow. It is a strong, upright grower.
Dr. Grell, one cf cur jcmolcgitt.o, who has established in Moscow an acclimated garden where he is growing foreign and tender pears, grafted on the root of Crataegus Oxya- cantha and Sorhus Aucvparia, and where he is endeavoring to .'tliow that this method of
Long Pkak.
BUKKRE ROMAIX.
treatment has great possibilities for gardening ^in the north. So far he has received no positive results.
The following is a list^of some haidy and excellent foreign varieties'of^'pears growing in Russia.
1. Pana (Polish name) Krasaoka' (Beauty, Russian name). In^Geimany it is called Langbirne ; in France, Vermilion Estranguillon. German pomologists describe it as being of Swiss origin. It is very widely cultivated, growing as much as two
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thousand feet above the surface of the ocean. Judging by the old trees which I have seen this variety has been known long in Russia, growing principally in the western governments and Poland. In form the fruit is long and of a peculiar shape. The skin is lemon yellow with a blush on the sunny side, which is sometimes lacking. The flesh is white, very juicy, but not buttery, sweet and agreeable, ripening in the end of August or the beginning of September, and if picked early will keep a couple of weeks. It is principally good for eatincj, and also useful for drying or perry. The tree grows to a large size with straight branches and is productive in good L,T0und. In the north- western governments I never knew of this pear being winter killed at any time, and ic even endures the cold in Chernigov and Kirsk, where it is being widely distributed. I hear that it is succeeding in Moscow, and I suppose it will succeed in Canada, but I do not wish at present to place it in the hands of your large commercial nurseries.
2. Red Panna, Princess, Beautiful girl in Russia ; Rjmishe Schmalgbirne in Ger- many ; Beurre Romain in France. It is of unknown origin. In western Europe all the markets are full of it, although it cannot be called first-class and buttery,
.SlA TSK I'KAli.
beurri, as the French say. The flesh is agreeably sweet, a little gritty when ripe and soon becomes mealy. The color of the skin is yellow, with red side, on which there are little rod stripes The tree is not as large as the former sort, but give" a good crop annually. In north-western Russia it winters well, and is grown in many gardens of central Russia. ■'j^
.3. White Doyenne. Of this pear I shall say little as it is well known. It is con- sidered hardy in Rus.sia and is widely distributed in Poland. Near Riga there was oriei- nated a seedling which was named by gardeners there Beurre blanc de Livonie, and iu
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quality and shape it resembles its parent. This variety is remarkably hardy, and for this reason I call the particular attention of Canadian fruit growers to it. It is hardy as a standard, without any protection in Kirsk, Orel, Tambov and Voronfj. The winter of 1888 was very severe without snow, the thermometer reaching 40" below zero, F., injur- ing even the hardy Eessemianka, but the Beurre de Livonie was uninjured. The tree is a moderate gvower ; the buds are grouped on the erds of the twigs in clusters of five, so that the tree is very beautiful when in fruit. The fruit does not drop from the tree fven when ripe. Altogether this tree combines so many excellent qualities that it will be one of the most highly valued in northern Canada.
4. Slutsk. This received its name from Slutsk in Minsk government, near "which place it grows in large quantities. Its origin is unknown. Probably it is an acclimatized French variety, or a seedling of some foreign table pear. The fruit is of medium size, variable in form ; the skin is green with carmine stripes on sunny side
Liegel's Winter Paab.
when taken from the tree, yellowing when ripe. The flesh is juicy, white, delicious. The fruit is good for use at the end of October, and keeps till April. The form of the tree is characteristic, growing very upright in conical form, with thick almost vertical blanches. The trees grow very large and bear annually. In Chernigov it endures the cold without protection. Fiuit growers in Russia are paying special attention to this new and comparatively little kno-wn variety.
5. Beurre Blumenbach (Soldat laboureur). This variety is large, excellent in taste, and ripens late in the autumn. It is an annual bearer and a very productive pear and very hardy. I have old trees which are perfectly healthy.
6. Flemish Beauty (Fondante de bois). This is usually counted very haidy] at 22*^ be- low zero, F., of cold the tree does not suffer. I know thp.t positively, but perhaps it might
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endure more frost than that. This variety is now so largely grown in Russia that it no longer brings its former high price. My trees do not produce fruit in the same quantity every year. In quality they are variable. JBeurre BlumenbAch is a better pear and more productive.
7. Nina (Elizabeth de Van Mons, Manning's Elizabeth Lsuire de Jelles). One of our best varieties of sumnior pears ; yellow, blood red on sunny side, melting, of excellent agreeably sweet taste. This variety ripens in August and keeps a couple of weeks. The tree is not large, but is productive and hardy, enduring the climate of Kersk and Chernigov; good variety for market ; very beautiful and delicious, but the tree is not very widely distributed.
8. Liegel's Winter Butter Pear (Supreme Coloma Kopertsche). This variety is commended by the German Pomological Society. It is very hardy and suitable for com- mercial orchards. The fruit is large, greenish yellow, somewhat battery and agreeable mushy taste. It keeps until January. The tree is pyramidal and an annual bearer. The ruit, noLwithstauding its size, does not drop early. Foraierly Moscow imported a large quantity of this fruit, but now it is grown widely in western and northern Russia and in Poland, at l.'oon. The young twigs endure iS""^ below zero, F. This pear, which is highly prized in Europe, I do not notice in your American or Canadian catalogues.
Descriptions of other hardy varieties of Russian pears will follow. Scions of these which I have here described I have forwarded to you.
XIV. WiNNlTZA RaMBOUR.
(Sent to Canada under the name of Niemetz' Winter Rambour )
The tree is of uncertain origin. T found it in a garden which I purchased some time ago and Russian pomologists think it is a new variety cf the class Rambour, and gave it the name of the place where it was found
The fruit is roundish, ribbed at the cavity, light yellow with a slight blush, often without it, or with only a rose stripe. Flesh almost white, vrry hrni, sub-acid, moder- ately juicy and of an agreeable Havor. The seed vessel is very small compared with the size of the fruit. The fruit ripens in October and keeps till January in perfect condition.
The tree is spreading, pyramidal in form, an annual beaier. In size and weight it is one of the largest apples in the world. I have frequently had fruit as much as 14 centi- meters in diameter and 2\ to 2j, pounds in weight. It is difficult to grow such large fruit on a standard tree and for this reason I propose to grow it in the dwarf form on which it reaches a larger size.
It is a very suitable kind for e.xhibition, but for the table it is not so desirable.
XV. LrriiUAMA.v Putin.
This apple has been a long time in Pussia, but, notwitiistanding it.s excellent quality, it was for a long time una|ipreciated. Now our new society of Ixussiin fruit growers, with its president, Oraml Duke Nikolaus, cousin of the Emperor, drew attention to tliii excellent variety and made an exact description of it, giving its true value. I send you scions of this apple under the name of Tiiol apple (see Canadian Horticulturist, ISDO, page 190) It i.s also called (Ilogicrnoka in I'oland, Hungarian Rosemarine, Tirolka, etc., but the Russian Fruit Cirowcrs' Association dete»-niined to name it Pippin of Lithuania, as this apple is grown there; in large quantities, and from there has \)vvu distributed into other parts of Russia. It is supposerl that this kind occasionally grows true from seeds of the Tirol Ro.semarine, whili? others conlirm that this is impossilde.
The descrijition of the fruit is as follow.s : Fruit large on young trees and of medium fize on old ones, irregular, oblate ; in shade it is yellow, even almost white, on sunny side it is beautifully painted with a carmine l)l'ish, and generally is a beautiful apple to I)e hold ; flesh white, juicy, tender and highly (Uvored. The Iruit in quality i-< n<;t inferior
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to that of the Rosemarine apple that is brought from South Tirol into Petersburg and Moscow and which is bought at a high price. It ripens in September and keeps till January in a good cellar, and even longer. The fruit is easily knocked oft" by the wind before it is ripe, and so find their place on the markets early in the season, since they color before they are ripe and have a good flavor and soon become in good condition for eating.
While young the tree grows rapidly, but does not live to a great age. It is an early fruit bearer. The leaf is of a grizzly green color and so characteristic that it is easily recognized by this and by the form of the tree. I consider the Lithuanian Pippin the best Russian apple .in flavor and very valuable for the amateur's garden, but as a shipping sort is less suitable on account of its tender bkin that demands very careful packing for transportation.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FKUIT DURING THE SUMMER OF 1892. By James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.
Although there have been no outbreaks of injurious insects during the past sum- mer, which demand special mention, still there are a few items which it seems to me are of snflicient interest to fruit growers to be brought before the members of the Association on the present occasion.
Spraying ivith Paris Green. The experience of the past season have proved again the exti'eme value of this insecticide, and the safety with which it can be used when ordinary precautions are taken. With the assistance of the Editor of the Canadian Ilor- ticulturist and Mr. F. T. Shutt, who analyzed carefully some fruit which had been sprayed in the manner and with the mixture of the strength recommended by entomolo- gists, it was proved that the statement made in some of the newspapers that sprayed apples were dangerous for use, was quite untrue. Not only was it proved scientifically by chemical analysis, but common sense shows that these statements are absurd, and the fact that the English market has in no way been affected, demonstrates that this view is also taken in England, whence these false reports emanated. I will now draw attention to the following tacts. One pound of Paris green to 200 gallons of water is the strongest mixture which needs ever to be used. This quantity of water is sufficient to spray a oreat many trees — a tree of the ordinary size takes from one to three gallons — and these trees bear many hundreds of apples and thousands of leaves, so that there would be only a very minute quantity of poison on each fruit. Even supposing soluble arsenic were used and every apple were covered with it, none could get into the apples. At the time apple trees are sprayed, the fruit is very small, indeed, hardly formed, and is then pro- tected from anything falling on it hy a thick covering of dov:n and the spreading lobes of the calyx. In spraying, the liquid is applied as a very fine mist; most of this falls on the foliage ; but some— a minute quantity — falls into the open calyx, where the eggs of the codling moth are laid. It is an infinitesimal quantity, yet it is sufficient to destroy the insect if it be there, as frequent experiments have shown us. As to the time of spray- ing— this need never be done while the trees are in flower. The proper time is after the petals have fallen.
Spraying with Paris green is a useful remedy against all insects which attack the i!olia<^e, and it has been lately proved that a small quantity of milk of lime added to the mixture materially reduces its corrosive effects upon vegetation.
The Canker-ioorms. These are the caterpillars of two small moths which have been complained of in some localities. Last spring they were very abundant abDut Ottawa, but were not so injurious in orchards as in the surrounding woods, where they attacked particularly ashes and basswoods. The best remedy is undoubtedly spraying with Paris green.
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Th» Eye-spotted Bud-moth. This has been very destructive in orchards for some years. Probably the best remedy is spraying with Paris green very early in the sprino', just after the buds burst, but before the flowers open. The young caterpillars pass the winter upon the twigs of the apple trees, protected by a silken case.
The Apple-leaf Bucculatrix. (Bucculatrix pomifoliella.) This insect is reported in large numbers from St. Catharines, where they occurred on apple and peach trees. The white elongated ribbed cocoons may be found upon the bark during the winter. The moths emerge from these in the spring, and the eggs are laid on the leaves in May. When the caterpillars are numerous they frequently do a good deal of harm, but they sel- dom remain long in any one locality. Spraying with Paris green in June is ihe best remedy.
The Fall Web-worm was one of the most noticeable orchard pests of the year. Jt did not, however, confine its attacks by any means to fruit trees. The eggs are laid in clusters upon the leaves of a great many different kinds of shrubs and trees in July. The eggs soon hatch, and the young caterpillars at once begin to spin a protecting web. They grow rapidly and remain almost entirely in their tent until just before they attain full- growth, the web being enlarged as they develop. The webs are conspicuous objects from the very first. From the social habits of the caterpillars a whole colony is easily de- stroyed by cutting off the nests and trampling them underfoot.
Fear-leaf Blister Mite. (Phytoptus pyri.) An insect Avhich is giving a considerable amount of trouble in Canada at the present time is the Pear-leaf Blister Mite. It is however, so extremely small that few people at first recognize the injury as due to the attacks of an insect, and in nearly every instance the blistered leaves have been sent in as specimens of a fungous attack. The mites, which are hardly visible with the naked eye, emerge from the scales of the leaf-bud early in spring and attack the tissues of the unfolding leaves. The blisters soon begin to show as small red spots, each of which has a small central hole on the lower side of the leaf The eggs are laid inside these blisters, and the young escaping through the central opening at once form new galls, until some- times the greater part of most of the leaves is rendered unfit to perform its functions. When mature the galls are brown and spongy in texture, and are raised perceptibly above the surface of the leaf. Before the leaves fall, the mites leave the galls and secrete themselves beneath the scales of the winter buds, where they remain throughout the winter. As a remedy, kerosene emulsion seems to be the only substance which up to the present time has given any promising results. Mr. M. V. Slingerland, of Cornell University, treated two lots of trees, one with pure coal oil, another with kerosene emulsion, containing 20% of kerosene, and then compared these with an untreated tree. In the sprin'^ the mites appeared in force on the check tree — but there were hardly any on the treated trees. Tho.se treated with kerosene emulsion were uninjured, but those with the pure coal oil were perceptibly injured.
Imported Currant ^aw-fly. {Nematiis ribesii.) The currant worm has this year received a severe check at Ottawa from a minute parasite belonging to the genus Tricko- granima. Many years ago Dr. Lintner, of New York State, bred one of the.se minute insects from the eggs of the Imported Currant Saw-fly ; but from that time on, it had been a rare insect. This year, however, another species was found at Ottawa in considerable numbers. It may be well for fruit-growers to remember that when eggs of the saw-fly are attacked they turn black and shining. If, therefore, any of these are observed on the leaves, they should be carefully preserved, .so that the beneficial parasites may in- crease. Species of the same useful genus also did good service in destroying the eggs of a destructive saw-fly on willows in the botanic garden at the Experimental Farm, and also of another pest of the garden, the Zebra caterpillar {Mmm'stra pictd.) Thousands of specimens were bred from the cgg-clustors of this last insect.
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SHEEP AS ASSISTANTS TO THE APPLE GROWER.
An address given at Grimsby Park, before the fruit growers and farmers of Ontario, by J. S. Woodward, Lockport, N.Y., by special request of the Association.
Apple (/rowing is one of the most important branches of horticulture in our country and yours. There is no way in which the same amount of land will yield the same amount of human food as by planting an apple tree upon it ; and there is no food that is better for mankind than the apple. Consequently, it is to you and to us one of the most important branches, not only of hordculture, bat of farm husbandry.
My theme suggests, first, that the apple grower is in trouble and needs assistance. Is it true, or is it not 1 Nine tenths of the orchards that are planted nowadays are planted on old soil. Not content with that, the orchardist continues to crop them year after year, removing crops of apples and other products.
Now, in doing this, he has taken from the land the elements that are necessary to the production of apples. One hundred barrels of apples take away thirteen pounds of ni^rowen, seven pounds of phosphoric acid and seventeen pounds of potash, and no part of this is ever returned to the la ad from which it was taken. And that is not the worst, because the poorer the fruit, the more of these elements do you take away. They exist mostly in cores, stems and seeds — the flesh of the fruit is almost all water, so the poorer the fruit the larger the waste of these elements. The leaves take more of these three elements than the fruit; and the leaves are nearly all blown away, so that no portion of these manurial elements go back to the tree.
In coming along in the train this morning, instead of the rank, strong growth and thick dark-colored leaves which indicate health, I noticed in so many places that the leaves were small and yellow, showing that something is lacking. Worse than that, a lar^e part of the orchards were growing grass and hay. The trouble is, men are too avaricious. They have cropped their orchards, removing crops of grain, grass or vege- tables and crops of fruit, and returning very little, if any, manure to the ground to re- place what has been taken away, thus literally starving the orchards to death. Years ago we expected a crop at least every two years ; now we are happy if we get a crop once in four or five years, and the fruit is diseased and eaten up by insects. Sarely the apple grower needs assistance. From what I have said you can easily see that the greatest need in the orchard is fertility in the soil. The question is, how shall we give it. How can we manage to get back the fertility which has been taken away from year to year] We can make the tree healthy and productive by the application of commercial fertil- izers, but the question is, can we afford to do it 1 Every ton of commercial fertilizers bought mortgages our crop to the extent of the cost of it
There is nothing better for the orchard than the ordinary stable manure ; but can we afford to apply even this, if we have to buy it? If we buy stable manure we just as surely mortgage the prospective crops, and before we can get any profit we must pay the mortgage. Is there not a better way 1 We shall see.
There is another principle involved, and that is, that two bodies cannot occupy the same space at the same time. This is true in the orchard. We cannot grow two crops in our orchard at the same time. As the result of cropping it with grass, the hay robs the trees, and they succumb to the evil influences of the grass. Either cut down the trees and crop the land with something else, or else keep ofi" the other crops and devote the whole to apples. Apples and other crops cannot be profitably grown upon the same field at the same time.
If an orchard be kept in complete and thorough cultivation, it is too expensive. If we attempt to keep the weeds cut down, that, too, is expensive ; so you see we are in a dilemma. Sheep, if properly kept in the orchard, will keep down the weeds and grass, eat the fallen apples and the sprouts, and add very materially to the fertility as well.
Orchards are continuously over-run with insects, which are multiplying on every hand, and are more destructive than ever. Among them are the caterpillar, codling moth, maggot, army worm, borer, etc. We have on our hands a very persistent fight. Py ufcing the spraying pump with insecticides and fungicides, we can subdue many of
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them, but there is one little fellow that bores through the fruit right and left, which we cannot reach by spraying. I allude to the apple maggot. The only way with this is to destroy the fallen apples as soon as they drop. Hqw are we to do it ? If we pick them up, that is expensive, and pigs are too sleepy. Here the apple grower has no better assistants than sheep. How to use the sheep to the best advantage is what we want to know. There is no use of putting twenty five sheep into a ten acre orchard, expecting them to eat all the weeds, all the sprouts and all the fallen apples. They could not do it if they would. Put in not less than one hundred sheep. Put in at least twice as many as the lot will pasture, and then coax them to work for you. Sheep require a large variety of food, and if you want the sneep to eat the grass and fallen apples, etc., all of which are very carbonaceous, you must hire them to do it by giving such food as will balance the ration ; feed them plenty of nitrogenous food and they will work for vou faithfully and keep your orchard in the best possible condition.
"What shall we feed them ? It costs 63 a week to hire pasture for one hundred sheep. Put one hundred sheep in a ten acre orchard, and with the 83 buy two hundred and fifty pounds of bran, and in addition, one hundred pounds of new process linseed meal. Feed the one hundred sheep fifty pounds of this each day, which is about one hundred quarts — a very liberal feed for them, and they will thrive wonderfully and do all I have said.
By this means I accomplish these three objects. Those sheep are the best insecti- cides I evtr had as against the codling moth and the apple mii^got. They eat every sprout, every weed and every fallen apple, and eat the grass down like a road-side, and do all that at a price less than that at which I could hire pasture for them, and they add greatly to its fertility. Let us see what I am doing in the way of fertilizing. Two hun- dred and fifty pounds of bran, according to the experiment stations, contain of nitrof^en, potash and phosphoric acid, about SI. 63 worth; one hundred pounds of new process linseed meal contains of those three elements^a little over $1.00 worth, so that I am getting in my orchard, value in manure that is equivalent to $2.63. But you say, that costs money ; but it would cost me §3 00 to get the sheep pastured, so I am here getting the equivalent keeping for 37 cents, or, I am getting this amount of fertility for nothing. Now if I should put just enough sheep in my orchard to keep it eaten down, and so that the orchard would support them and keep them thriving, do you not see that I would not add any fertility to the ground]
I want to enrich my ground and crowd in those sheep and feed them as I have said. It costs 37 cents a week for what the sheep do for me in the way of putting my orchard in the best bearing condition. Look at what I am doing for the season.
Two hundred and fifty pounds of bran per week for twenty weeks make 5,000 pounds, or two and a-half tons ; one hundred pounds new process linseed meal for twenty weeks make one ton, and at the figures I have given you, that two and a-half tons of bran con- tains one hundred and eighteen pounds of nitrogen, one hundred and fifty pounds of phosphoric acid and eighty pounds of potash ; the ton of new process linseed meal con- tains one hundred and eight pounds of nitrogen, thirty-seven pounds of phosphoric acid and thirty-seven pounds of potash, making an ai^gregate of two hundred and twenty-six pounds of nitrogen, one hundred and eighty-seven pounds phosphoric acid, and one hun- dred and "sixteen pounds potash, worth in the market .$5-4.57. If I counted the pas- turage of the sheep the same as I would have to pay for it, .$60.00, at the expense of $5.43, I get all that manure \alue in addition to the work done by the sheep.
1 have said that one hundred barrels of apples contain thirteen pounds of nitrogen. Here we have nitrogen enough for thirty-seven hundreil barrels ; one hundred barrels contain seven pounds of phosphoric acid ; here we have enough for twenty-eight hundred barrels. One hundred barrels contain about seventeen pounds of potash ; here we have potash enough for six hundred barrels, and all this at the expense of only $5.43. And all this beyond having all the assistance from the sheep I have indicated.
I have an orchard that has not l)een plowed for seventeen years, which is remarkably healthy, and it makes an average annual growth of full fifteen inches on the limb.s. The leaves are dark green and thick — in short, it is the picture of health, and I attribute its good appearance, health and productiveness to my manner of over-stocking it with sheep.
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I am asked, how I keep the sheep from gnawing and injuring the trees 1 This is a pertinent question. Sheep should have plenty of water. They first learn to gnaw trees for the want of drink, but after the habit is once formed, like all bad habits, it sticks. But the trees can be protected by the use of what is called " chicken wire," simply wire cloth with meshes from one and a-half to two inches in diameter. Use that which is three or four feet wide. Cut pieces long enough to go very loosely about the trees, twisting the ends of the wire together. Where this is applied the sheep will not even rub agvinst the trees. We want full crops of apples. We want good apples, free from worms and scab, and in order to get these we must restore the fertility of which we have robbed our orchards. To do all this we can have no more efficient assistants than the sheep.
There is no danger of getting our orchards too rich. In addition to the methods for enriching them which I have indicated, we should aim to make all the manure in winter which we can, which should be applied at least every second year. Here, again, sheep will be found our most available assistants. By the proper selection of stock, proper quarters and by feeding proper food — those rich in plant elements — you cannot fail in making large quantities of manure, and that of the very best kind for our orchards.
So I close by saying long live the sheep. May their numbers in the apple growers' hands steadily increase.
MERCURIC CHLORIDE, AS AN INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE. By Frank T. Shutt, M.A.
Some few months ago the Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist forwarded to the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, a letter from one of his correspondents who asked of ■what value this chemical was as an insecticide and fungicide 1 We had had no^exparience with it, nor could any literature on the subject be found, with a view, therefore, of ob- taining an answer to the question a series of experiments were inaugurated, the results of which are here given. These experiments have necessarily been of a preliminary cha- racter but they have given some interesting results, and serve to indicate the direction of future work. One of the eseental characteristics of a successful fungicide or insecticide is that it shall not be injurious to the foliage to which it is applied. The first step, there- fore was to investigate the effect of solutions of corrosive sublimate of difierent strengths on the foliage of certain plants and trees.
Mercuric Chloride is a white crystalline salt, soluble in about fourteen, times its weif^ht of cold water. In its physiological action it is irritant, corrosive and highly poisonous. These properties would lead us to suppose that solutions approaching satu- ration would be highly injurious to foliage as well as destructive to insect life. It is an antiseptic of great value and its well known power in preserving animal tissues from the orowth of moulds and bacteria would suggest it as a useful agent in destroying or pi-e- venting the development of parasitic fungi.
Solutions of two strengths were made and experimented with, A. 1 part of corrosive sublimate to 1000 parts of water by weight (3| drm. to 1 gall.) ; B, 1 part of corrosive sublimate to 1000 parts of water by weight (1^ drm. to 1 gall.
First Series of Experiments.
The following plants were selected : Hydrangea, Abutilon, Coleus, Geranium and Fuchsia, which at the time of experiment, were in the green-house. An atomizer which made the solution as fine as mist was employed for the spraying.
Hydrangea sprayed with solution A. Shortly after drying it was noticed that both leaves and flowers were becoming brown. The sprayed parts soon shrivelled and died, presenting in the course of a few days a burnt and scorched appearance. Solution B was then tried, on drying from the firat application no injury was apparent, the plant.
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was then sprayed a second time, the foliage in the interim not having been watered. Patches of small brown spots now appeared on the leaves a short time after drying, the leaf of the sprayed was not, however, visibly affe«ted.
A BUTILON, sprayed with solution A. Small brown patches appeared after second spraying, but the vitality of the leaves appeared to be unimpaired. With solution B. no injury could be detected until about one week after second spraying (ten days after first application,) when a few brown film-like spots appeared, otherwise the leaves to be healthy and vigorous.
OoLEUs, sprayed with solution A. The leaves soon showed signs of scorching the injury extending to the destruction of all the cell substance. Death of the treated leaves and their falling off soon followed With solution B, the leaf was injured by the first application though not seriously. After the second spraying at an interval of three days the injurious effect of the corrosive sublimate was more apparent and finally the sprayed parts died.
Geraxium, with solution A. Almost immediately on drying, the foliage became brown as if the leaves had been badly scorched. The leaf shrivelled, died and dropped in the course of a week. With solution B very little injury appeared at first, but after the second application the injury was most marked. The sprayed foliage eventually died and dropped.
Fuchsia, Sprayed with solution A. Very slight injury if any could be detected, even after several spiayings. With solution B, the leaves appeared perfectly healthy and normal after repeated applications.
Second Series of Experiments.
The eff'ect of the trial solutions was then ascertained on the foliage of certain fruit trees as follows, apple, pear, plum and cherry. These were all young trees from 4 to 6 feet high and were in nursery rows. They were all sprayed twice with both solutions (A and B,) an interval of three days intervening. No injury to the foliage resulted in any case.
Third Series^ of Experiments — as an insecticide.
A clover plant infested with aphides was sprayed with solution A. The aphides dropped to the ground, in a short time, however, it was noticed that most of them were re-ascending, apparently none the worse for the spraying. Unfortunately the plant at this juncture met with an accident that terminated the experiment. As the thin film of poison would lie on the surface of the leaves we should expect it to be most efficacious in the case of those insects that eat away the substance of the leaf. To those like the plant lice just cited, that pierce the epidermis and suck the juice it could only act as irri- tant (perhaps to the extent of destroying) at the time of spraying. A colony of mealy bugs was sprayed several times but only succumbed after prolonged treatment Xo ex- periments have as yet been made to test the efficacy of corrosive sublimate directly as a fungicide, a suitable opportunity not having offered itself.
Conclusions. With the limited data at our command it is not advisable to speak too definitely as to the future usefulness of this compound as an insecticide and fungicide. Some inferences however, may, I think, saf<'ly be dr.iwn. Tlie foliagti of dilferent plants evidently varies widely in its ability to withstand the corrosive action of this compound A solution which is very injurious to one plant is often quite harmless to another. The green- house plants with one exception, wereall affected by solution B(though somenot disastrously 80,) while the fruit-tree foliage was uninjured. From the properties of this salt (eorrosive sublimate) and the result of work here given, I am not hopeful for its succesa as an in- secticide. I do not think it can safely be applied in solutions sufficiently strong to act in this role. I am more sanguine for its usefulness as a fungicide, and future experiments may show that solutions even more dilute than B. may be used to advantage in checking or destroying fungus life.
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A. 1893
NEW RASPBERRIES.
By John Oraig, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.
In introducing this subject Mr. Oraig said that •' Few of the many new varieties placed on the market within the last five years possess merit over those already in culti- vation. Out of a large number tested at the Experimental Farm and which I have ob- served growing elsewhere, I will mention a few, some of which are decidedly promising, and others which need further trial before a correct estimate of their value can be arrived at.
Thompson's Early. Ripe the second week in June; medium size, round, bright red, fairly firm, attractive. Its earliness seems to be its principal good point. Although hardy it has not been productive.
Columbia. T have not fruited this at Ottawa, and speak of it as seen growing at the N. Y. Experiment Station at Geneva, where I was very mu^h impressed with the vigor of the plant, quality and size of the fruit. It has also received favorable commen- dation at the hands of the able editor of the Rural New Yorker. It is believed to be a cross between the Cuthbert and Gregg, and is intermediate in many characteristics, the fruit being purple and striking root from the tips.* It therefore is of the Shaffer type.
* Many crosnes of this kind have frmited at the Experimental Farm, has been purple in color. J. C.
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56 Victoria. Sessional Tapers (No. 18). A. 1893
but the berry is firmer and of better quality, and I am told is a great bearer. This variety originated with Mr. J. T. Thompson, of Oneida, N. Y., who controls the stock at present I believe.
Heebner. Is a large red berry of the Claik and Hornet type. In quality it is Al, but not firm enough for distant shipment. It has been on trial at Ottawa for the past four years, having been introduced by Mr. Hilborn, (now of Leamington), in 18S8. The cane is not quite as hardy as Cuthbert, but the fine quality of the fruit should give it a place in amateur collections: It is fairly productive.
Herstine. Is another variety which can be recommended for home culture, but is not sufficiently vigorous and productive for market. It is also deficient in pollen and incom- plete fertilization is occasionally noticed.
Hansell. As an early market variety I am inclined to think that this variety has been underrated. It ripens with or before the earliest, and continues giving fair pickings throughout the raspberry season. The berry is of medium size, firm and attractive, brig^lt color and of fair quality. The past two years it has yielded better than Turner, which it equals in hardiness. It needs high culture.
Recommended for the Market.
i Hansell. — Very early. Red < Marlboro'. — Hardy, attractive, poor quality.
( Cuthbert. — Fairly hardy, productive, firm, late, good quality. Purple. — Shaffer. Specially valuable for canning.
( Mammoth Cluster. — Eirly. Black Caps - Hilborn. — Medium early, productive.
( G^regg. — Late. Yellow. — Golden Queen. Good quality.
Recommended for Uom,e Use.
/ Turner. — Early, hardy, good quality. P , J Heebner. — Medium, needs protection, fine quality. ^^^ \ Hornet.— Late,
( Cuthbert. — Good quality, fairly productive.
Purple : Columbia. — New, promising.
i Doolittle.
Black Cap J Hilborn.
I Gregg. Yellow : Brinckles Orange, or Golden Queen. Must be protected in winter, ■ucceeds in the north.
NOTES RESPECTING NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT.
By Tiios. Beall, Lindsay, O.vt.
For many years pist the business of introducing new fruits or varieties of fruits has been pursued by many persons and by different methods. Every kind of fruit has been the subject of investigation, and great results have followed.
Grapes, perhaps, stand first in order. Fifty years ago the Isabella, the Clinton, and two or three others, now l&ss known, were about all that were then grown in this Pro- vince. Now, a hundred or more varieties are successfully grown in Central Ontario, most of which are better in quality and many of them ripens their fruit from twenty to forty days earlier in the season.
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The varieties of strawberries have increased to a wonderful extent within the past ten or fifteen years. Almost any number of varieties may now be obtained and all of good quality.
With currants, the recent introductions, are few in number, most of which are larger in size, and therefore, are better market varieties, although the quality is generally inferior.
There are many varieties of raspberries of recent introduction, most of which are wanting in one or more of the essential points necessary to establish a lasting reputation, viz., color, size, quality, and hardiness.
The number of pears introduced within the past few years is large, but it is doubtful if a half-dozen of the newer varieties can be named having the necessary qualities which will procure for them favorable recognition ten or fifteen years hence.
Apples — our staple fruit — extraordinary efforts have been made during the last few years to improve this kind of fruit, but with less encouraging results than with other kinds. Perhaps if we enquire carefully into the cause of this comparative failure to improve winter apples some useful lessons may be gained.
New varieties are the results of cross-breeding and this is accomplished in two ways, "^naturally " and "artificially." It is said to be "natural" when done without human assistance, and '* artificial " when the operation is controlled by human skill.
Russia and other parts of Northern Europe seem to present the best field for those who hope to find better winter apples, and apples better suited to this climate from the results of natural cross-fertilization. Yet, notwithstanding the enormous expenditure of time and money in this pursuit during the last twenty or thirty years, but little has been added to our stock of winter varieties. Nothing, in fact, superior or even equal to those we already have has been found.
The comparatively few workers in the field of artificial cross-breeding — persons who are working only for the furtherance of science and for the general welfare of our people (and without governmental aid) are meeting with much greater promise of success. Indeed, it is quite probable the time will soon arrive when artificial impregnation will be resorted to altogether for the improvement of most of our fruits. The artificial process, when conducted with intelligence and with a fair knowledge of the philological peculiar- ities of vegetable life has many advantages over the natural process, inasmuch as it enables us to bring to the aid of nature all the advantages of modern science.
It we look for a moment at the life history of the winter apples in the list recom- mended by the Fruit. Growers' Association, for profit in the several Districts of Ontario, it seems evident that improvement in varieties of apples (and all other fruits) can be accomplished by artificial cross-breeding with almost absolute certainty ; while searching for chance seedlings, superior in quality to our own winter fruit, in Russia or any other Northern European country is a very uncertain and exceedingly expensive business.
The list of winter apples referred to contains only fifteen varieties. Two of these, La'Rue and Cranberry Pippin, are natives of the State of New York ; one — Pewaukee, of ^Wisconsin ; three — Golden Russet, Blenheim and Ribston, of England; one — Ben Davis, of Kentucky ; two — Tolman Sweet and R. I. Greening, of Rhode Island ; one — Edgar's Red Streak, of Illinois ; one — Red Canada, of one of the Eastern States; one — Scott's Winter — (?); two — Baldwin and Hubbardstone's Nonsuch, of Massa- chusetts; one — Ontario, of this Province. All of these, I believe with one exception, the "Ontario," were chance seedlings, and were discovered in th^ localities named. Not one of them is from Russia or any other country further north than England.
The •' Ontario " was produced by the late Chas. Arnold, of Paris, Ont., and was the result of artificial fertilization while endeavoring to establish his theory, " that any desired quality can be obtained in any kind of fruit by judicious cross-breeding.
To test this theory, Mr. Arnold undertook to produce a variety of apple, combining the color, the quality and the fruitfulness of the Northern Spy (a chance seedling found in New York State) with the eai'ly bearing peculiarity of the Wagener (another York chance seedling.) The result — the production of the " Ontario '' — was one of the greatest
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triumphs of modern horticultural research, and establishes the fact beyond doubt that the true road to success in the improvement of our fruits is in artificial cross-breeding, aided by a thorough knowledge of the principles of vegetable philology.
It may, therefore, be seen that it is unwise to search for varieties of winter apples superior to those we have, in the Northern countries of Europe. But, summer apples of better quality may be looked for with greater prospect of success in the North than in the South. Our three best summer apples — varieties that are successfully grown in every district in Ontario — Duchess of Oldenburgh, Yellow Transparent and Red Astrachan are each of northern origin. The first two from Russia and the last from Sweden, from whence it was imported into England in 1816.
All things seem to point to the fact that real improvement in the quality and in the commercial value of our fruit, must be accomplished by artificial hybridization and cross- breeding. The few persons who have been engaged in this pursuit have, in most cases, given the most valuable portion of their life-time to this most attractive branch of horti- cultural science almost without a hope of pecuniary reward. Simply a labor of love.
Would it not, therefore, be well to take some steps for placing scientific cross-fertiliz- ation more prominently before our people by sowing the necessity for its pursuit? And at the same time to devise means whereby some substantial remuneration could be obtained by or for those who succeed in producing new varieties of acknowledged superior excellence 1
Successful results in cross-breeding are rare, because the conditions of success are not sufliciently known, and also because of the length of time often required for development. Sometimes, indeed, an average lifetime is not enough to test the results of operation's performed in early life. Mr. Arnold lived long enough to know that the " Ontario ' apple would eventually take first place in public estimation, but not long enough to see it reach that point. The late Mr. P. 0. Dempsey gave the greater portion of his valuable lifetime to this subject, but, unfortunately for the interests of pomology he, too, has been cut off in the midst of his work and before the public could have an opportunity of pro- nouncing on the vale of his very extensive operations in hybridization and cross-breeding. A few persons only know anything of the extent of his operations or who can have any conception of the vast gain to our horticultural wealth which will almost certainly result from his life work.
Under existing circumstances, therefore, we can scarcely hope for that development of the science of cross-breeding which its importauce to pomology demands. But if students in this branch of science were assured that extraordinary^ success would meet with corresponding reward, men in early life having the necessary educational training would engage in this pursuit, and pomology and horticulture would soon be elevated to that position in the scale of natural science to which its importance deserves.
The present system is marked neither by justice to the operators or by common hon- esty on the part of the people. The work of a man's lifetime is now appropriated by the commonwealth greatly to its advantage, while the producer of this source of wealth is treated with utter neglect. Any person producing a new machine, instruoient or process, although it may not have cost one hour's thought, can secure a fair share of tht> profit arising from its use for his own benefit, while the producer of a new variety of fruit which may greatly enrich a nation cannot legally secure for himself or his family and financial benefit whatever.
Many costly tributes have been presented, or pensions given by the State as tokens of gratitude in recognition of meritorious deeds much less deserving of public gratitude than those rendered by Arnold or Dempsey.
If a respectaVjle gratuity were now presented to the family of the late Mr. .Vrnold for his successful efforts in hybridizing and cro.ss-breoding and provision made for recognition of similar service to others when the suner-excellence of their products may be established beyond doubt, it would, in my opinion, bo a satisfactory answer to the question so often asked, " How may our young lu'-n be induced to take a greater interest in fruit-growing for profic?"
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MY GARDEN.
By Rev. W. II. Porter, M.A., Brantford.
It is small ; but it is wonderful what a little spot will produce by good cultivation. Indeed, the very idea of a garden is, ordinary land under special cultivation. A young friend in Nova Scotia wrote me once, that he had iust got where he experienced a joy and luxury in farming, by having a few acres so well cultivated as to produce more than large farms around him.
Rev. Dr. Goodspeed's garden in Toronto, is a wonderful illustration of what, by proper cultivation, a little plot can be made to do.
And so it is with som« denominations of Christians, such as the Moravians, who remind one of the description of Joseph, a vine hanging over the wall. A small denom- ination, but sending out more missionaries into the world than any other.
So with some churches, like the little Plattsville Baptist Church, that does more & great deal for the support and spread of the gospel than many large, and even wealthy churches.
So, too, with institutions of learning. Some comparatively small and obscure ones, like Acadia College in Nova Scotia send out more strongly developed men intellectually and morally than many large and well endowed universities.
And BO, too, with individuals. As the old lady said of her garden, " Yes, its small, but it's deep — even to the heart of the earth. And it's high, as the very zenith of heaven."
And thus some lives, hemmed in to narrow spheres, it may be, rooting deep, grow high, and like Bunyan in Bedford jail, John, on the Isle of Patmos, or, the mothers of Augustine, Wesley and Spurgeon, send out their boughs and fruits to earth's and time's utmost limits. Such may be the case even with poor soil to begin with.
A merchant in St. John, N.B , took up a piece of rocky wooded swamp, and by underdraining, manuring and cultivating it well, he not only out-did, but astounded all the surrounding farmers. How true has this been in the intellectual, moral and spiritual world. By proper cultivation, some of the lowest castes in India are becoming superior to the high castes, and cannibal races are ranking with civilized nations.
Take an individual case, one of the most hopeless, such as Laura Bridgman. Blind, deaf and dumb, shut out seemingly from any possible enlightenment. And yet by per- sistent and skilful effort anu cultivation, she became a very intelligent and useful woman.
The garden is my garden, and being mine gives me a great deal more interest in it, interest in properly cultivating and fencing it. I find that leaving my garden un- protected may cause more ruin in one hour, than could be repaired in a whole season. " Take us the foxes, the little foxes, that spoil the vines, for our vines are tender, and have tender grapes." Often the more small and unnoticeable the enemy to the garden, the more dangerous. Such as the insect gnawing at the root or heart of the plant, unnoticed, or those that assume the very color or form of the plant, in order to feed upon it unde- tected. Plausible errors and virtuous sins, so to speak, are often the most fatal destroy- ers.
I notice too, that however rich the soil in my garden, the flowers, fruits and vege- tables have to be sown, or planted, and cultivated, but the weeds need no such labor or attention. They grow unsolicited and uncared for, and even when eradicated, again and again, will reappear, of the selfsame character. The cultivation of good and the opposi- tion to evil, seem to be necessarily constant and continuous.
One thing more, among many that I shall not take time further to notice, in the cultivation of my garden, is, that the time to eradicate the weeds by pulling them out by the roots, is, after a good moistening, mellowing shower. Evils that seem ineradicable, or only to be broken off, immediately to spring up again, like tobacco using, or drinking. or other unconquerable habits, are often easily overcome, when the heart has been soft- ened by God's grace and Spirit. After all, God and man are the two great factors in gardening.
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THE PROBLEM OF OUR TIME— ITS DISCOVERY AND ITS SOLUTION.
By B. Gott, Arkona.
Young men who attempt to enter upon life's arduous duties without any well set carefully marked and thoroughly thought-out plans, or aii s or objects of their life are scarcely ever a pronounced success. In order to have the satisfaction, the solidity and the growth in their work that is so desirable and that will help to make them goo J and efficient workers in their calling it is necessary that thf^ir course should be well and definitely marked out for them or by them before hand, and then that th^y aim steadily, con- stantly and persistently towards that high and honorable purpose. In short, they must have a well devised plan in their life, and then hoard all their varied energies and efforts to the working out that plan to the very end. In ord^r to effect this kind of brilliant success, it is further necessary that their efforts should be properly con centrated upon and in the direction of the one idea, and the one great purpose that they have set up as a mark to aim at. This quality will give them steadiness of effort and solidity of purpose and will help to produce in them that one great want of the present time, viz., " accomplished specialists."
Negatively we notice that not so much a lack of energy is the great fault of our time and people as is a shameful and deplorable wasting of energy, and that to a fearful extent. I need not attempt to particularize, for you know that there is amongst our young men especially a most lamentable amount of liap-hazard, loose, dis- connected or evaporated eflort that never tells anything on the pages of history or in helping on the individual resources. It is simply life that is the most precious of all bestowccents frittered away and to all good purposes lost for ever. No object, no aim, no high and honorable ambition in life ; nothing definite or substantial attained ! What a contemplation ! And yet it is most certainly true in our time of many a young man and many an older one too. Especially is this contemplation sad in view of the amount of work to be done on every side, the number of open avenues temptingly inviting us in, and the number of callings and businesses beckoning us to follow and succeed. Amongst the many great problems of life and the numerous questions that so deeply agitate mm we think we have one here in the peaceful, lovely fields of horticulture, on^ tha*-. oH trs the most brilliant prospects, the sweetest and most allu-ing labors and the most tempting substantial rewards to satisfy the desires, the purpose and the aims of any young life that we know of in our time. To discover this problem and to effectually solve it is an object worthy of the most exalted and the most cultivated ideal.
Practically we will now first attempt the'statement of the problem and. lastly, as briefly as possible, set ourselves to the solving it. It is : To pro'liice the ijreatesf possihle amount of the bent and highest excellence cf growth from the least possible siirfac of soil is the greatest probh-m of our tim". The surest way to discover this question is by hard, persistent study, aided and assisted by life's most potent forces. It is in this line of work of ours that the discovery must be made and cannot be attained by mere listless squandering of our time or abilities or the criminally wasting the precious opp )rtunitie8 that more or less come to us all. Its solution consists in the realizition to the fullest possible extent of this grand idea in connection with our business as " FruitCtrowers " in thig country. To help to do this it will be necessary to proceed ti) some calculations bearing upon the question built partly upon actually experienced results. To help further to do this in something like a definite form it will be necessary to take a plot of grouml of not one hundred acres or of ten acres, but of only five acres, as a foundation upon which to work, and one will see what can or could be done with this fertile plot of five acres o Canadian soil. Could the much quoted author of " Tni acres enough " be now induced to revisit our common earth how greatly would he find this whole programme ch inged as he would be led to exclaim, " Truly, this is another era." In laying out onr plot which must be supposed to be well and properly fenced by post and wire, but not by live hed^f'S or live trees on the inside, to draw anything from the supporting forces of tlw soil of the plot itself and the whole must bo in the best of " tilth " and thoroughly in order.
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In the first place then we will advise one acre, viz., 1:3,560 sqiare feet, tD be planted to strawberries, four feet by one, or 10,890 plants in the spring of the young year, and by the next fall the growth will be most surprising to all and fit on the next season to bear a full crop of the most beautiful and delicious of fruits. About this space after the most slipshod and careless method of management has produced to our knowledge the past season 2,000 quarts at an average of 5 cents, or $100, and by little effort in good culture and proper fertilization it might very easily be doubled or even better and then not thought to be noticeably large or surprising.
It must, however, at the outset be presumed that good and even high fertilization is applied to this whole S3'stem of this sort of adv(xnced Hortkidture in order to realize the results here indicated, otherwise the whole matter in the highest and best sense will be little less than failure. With high culture and high scientific fertilization what do we know about the possible products of our almost inexhaustible Canadian soils ? As yet scarcely anything whatever. The whole secret being as it were locked up and never has been inspected by rude and vulgar ken. Only bring the profound and accurate knowledge of our modern scientists to bear upon this question of soil production and properly apply the results of their mature investigations in thoughtful attentive practice, and who can tell what mysteries may yet be revealed along this line ? It may be things to astonish us and our children and almost upset our ordinary credence. Is it practical 1 Can it be done? you ask. We fully believe it is, and can be done by any ordinary workman fit for the calling and who is intent on the purpose. Perhaps some of you have already seen " Henderson's Market Gardening " and other works of his of great value and that give in full some of the modes, processes and results of tillage in the market gardens in and around the city of New York and other large cities of the neighboring Union ? These popular books of this author have done much to open our eyes to the great problems of soil, production and its permanent results. Let something of this sort be applied to one acre of our strawberries of almost any variety and who amongst us can now say defin- itely what the product would amount to ? Not that we would here and now advocate the popular fallacy of unlimited product or that of over-fertilization ; not at all. We believe fully that there is a limit to all forms of production in all climes, but we also believe that as yet very few of us properly know what it is. With us and in our experi- ences the whole matter is yet in its infancy and absolutely undeveloped to the eyes of men. Could we only become acquainted with the modes of culture and systems adopted in older and more thickly populated lands of the " Eastern World," as for instance China and Japan it would most likely do much in helping us forward in the realization of this very important practical idea. It may be so even amongst us shortly, but hardly in our day.
But to our plot again. We will further plant one acre of pears, 16 by 16 ft., or 170 trees and the whole filled in with gooseberries and currants in about equal quantities that is about half an acre of each fruit. These will be planted 4 by 3 ft. or 3,630 plants, as the pears will not for some years take all the ground to themselves, and the whole kept well pruned and cultivated. Next we would plant one acre of peaches and plums in equal quantities, 10 by 15 ft., or say 300 trees, where these fruits are sure to do well ; and the whole of this space planted agt.in with raspberries, 4 by 3 ft.=3,630 plants. The products of these two acres cannot now be properly approached, but with the culture and fertilization we have assumed they would doubtless give a good account on the day of reckoning up the profits. We will next have an acre of apples, 30 by 30 ft., say 50 trees, and the whole of this acre planted with blackberries, 4 by 3 ft., or 3,030 plants. Perhaps some ot you here may think that this is rather close planting to be profitable and so object 1 But the great idea is not to gorge and crowd the land by over thick plant- ing but to attain the largest and best production from a given space. It is the largest possible quantity of the most perfect samples of their kind that we must rely upon for our final re-ults, but at the same time it must be constantly borne in mind that this cannot be done unless the plants are not only on the ground but properly supported and develop- ed. The (piestion of how many plants a piece of ground will properly carry must be decided by actual trial. This whole consideration is the great problem of the age, and must be carefully and accurately worked out on these lines, and we believe it can and
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will be done after this desiga and accoriing to this plan. But on our rem lining acre as the most promising of all fruits we would most decidedly wish to be planted with yrape vines, 12 by 8 ft., or say 460 plants, and these after a few years good growth and in full bearing will at a very moderate calculation yield 20 pounds of fruit per plant, or 9,200 pounds. But 9,200 pounds of grapes at 2ic. per pound are worth 8230. But our plot of one acre contains 43,560 square ft., the square root of which is 2 08 ^ ft. and this measured by 12 ft. the distance apart of the trellises gives 17 trellises. But between tht-se 17 trell- ises may be planted 17 rows of Red Currants, 4 ft. apart=900 currant bushes. These at an average of 5 quarts per bush, mean 4,500 quarts at 3c. each=$135. But 8135 plus 8230 for grapes makes $365 as the whole amount of product of one acre of our rich and fertile soil.
Now I will not attempt to sum up the entire product of every acre thus of our five acre plot. I am sure you will gladly and carefully work this out, every man for yourselves in your own individual experiences, but I am persuaded and can testify if required that here is a line of work that can be made adequate to occupy the attention and employ the b^st energy of the men of our age both young and old. Aside from this there is scarcely any problem of our time that is so important in its practical bearing upon this age and upon the ages yet to come for all time.
May the appreciated and timely labors of this Association of Canadian Fruit Growers as it has in the past, yet much more in the near future, more sensibly and materi- ally help to work out a problem so very influential and so deeply concerning the whole pop- ulation of this young and growing country and through them the whole race of sensitive living men.
FERTILIZERS FOR THE ORCHARD AND GARDEN. By T. G. Raynor, Rosehall.
This is a very important subject to both the orchardist and gardener, for it has to do with the home end of his business. The wise application of fertilizers may often lower the cost of production to an extent as will greatly increase the profits, or at least make a margin on some products which have not paid the producer very well in the past. We all want to make a protit on what we grow, and the larger it is the more gratifying.
From a practical standpoint many of you know much more about this subject than 1 do. It is not then with a view of telling you something new that I have prepaied this paper, but my object is more to excite discussion which Riay be of protit to all.
In discussing fertilizers every one should form an acquaintance with three simple elements, called in agricultural science, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and pjtash, which are found in all fertile soils.
Of these three elements nitrogen is most expensive and most likely to escape from our grasp, both in its m magement and application. It occurs in all vegetable and animal composition, and in many of the salts occurring in nature, as nitrate of soda, etc. Phosphoric acid is found to a considerable extent in the bones of animals and as a mineral in the form of apatite. Potash, the least expensive of the three, is found largely in the comj)osition of wood ashes.
The productiveness of our soils depends upon the (juantity of these three elements present in them. If any one of the three ha absent or not present in sutlijient quintities for the development of any particular crop, by so much is that soil said to be unpro- ductive.
There are two things to guide us in the use of fertilizers, (1) the nature and condi- tions of the soil and (2) the kind of crop grown. Soils vary much in c jinposition, from light leachy ones to very heavy ones. Tnus it is evident that we should understand their powers for retaining these three elements, to some extent at least, in applying
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fertilizers. A knowledge also of the composition of the crop grown is indispensable with regard to its behaviour towards them inoider that there ro ay be no great waste in the appli- cation of the fertilizer. For example, the potato takes from the soil a considerable quaniicy, then by applying a potash fertilizer we may greatly increase the yield of potatoes. Now if we had applied large quantities of phosphoric acid we might not realize any iniTease in the quantity of potatoes produced and we would naturally con- clude that we had made a mistake as well as sustained a loss.
There are three classes of fertilizers at our disposal. I refer to (1) green manures, (2) general manures, and (3) special fertilizers. For light and heavy soils green manures are very valuable, as they increase the power of a light soil to hold manurial ingredients, which might otherwise leach away, and they greatly improve the texture of a heavy soil, making it open and friable. Green manures are useful in orchards, to keep down weeds, to keep the soil, if h<-avy, open, and at the same time add to its fertility. They m"ay be pastured and thus become a double source of profit. Any large leafed plant which will grow quickly and draws most of its nutriment from the atmosphere or sub- soil, as red clover, buckwheat, etc., are suitable for green manuring.
By general manures, 1 mean those which contain the three elements referred to above. They contain other elements of plant food as well. Farmyard manure and compost come under this head. If we could produce, or even buy enough of this class of manure, we would have no ditEculty in making and keeping our soils very productive.
Most of us realize the value of a compost heap, but how few, comparatively speaking, make them. By throwing in a heap all the vegetable and animal waste products, occurring around our homes, together with some farmyard manure, which, when well mixed makes for us a cheap and rich manure, especially for the garden. In gather- ing up the refuse vegetable matter, etc., we remove a suitable hiding place for many injurious insects as well as destroy many which have already taken refuge there.
The third class of manures, of which we spoke, are ciUed special or artificial ferti- lizers, that is, they contain some one or two of the three elements to which I referred. There are very many of this class of fertilizers mmufactured and used at the present time.
Where we require more fertilizing material than we havj at hind, there the special fertilizer comes readily in play. They are invaluable to the market gardener. In some cases, however, they should be used with caution, if we are to realize a proti.t from their use. By experimenting with our soil we may learn of which of the three elements it has the most need, and this will guide us in the kind of fertilizer to apply. A know- ledofe of what the crop to be grown requires will also be a help. Just here a word of caution may be necessary for some. Certain classes of fertilizers should be purchased subject to a chemical analysis by a competent and disinterested person. Sd many have have been defrauded in the past that this step is almost necessary. On the other hand it may also prevent a fertilizer from being unjustly condemned.
in a paper of this kind it would be folly to give the composition and value of the many special fertilizers now offered for sale. I can only suggest general principles and leave the particulars to be brought out in the discussion.
Generally speaking I would apply nitrogenous manures or fertilizers containing nitrogen, as sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, or guano, to crops or trees where vigorous growth is the object ; phosphoric acid in the form of superphosphates, bone ash, bone meal, or apatite, etc., where fruit or fully developed seed is required ; and potash fertilizers, as wood ashes, or kainit, are very useful in growing crops which store up considerable starch in their growth. It is needless to remind the fruit grower these days of the value of wood ashes as a fertilizer and insecticide for the orchard and garden. It pays to use all the wood ashes made at our own homes and frequently to buy from our neighbors, who offer them for sale. If we expect to grow paying crops of fruit and vegetables we must supply the elements of growth and development to those soils which are being repeatedly cropped.
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REPORT OF THE FRUIT OKOP FOR 1892— THE COUNTY OF LAMBTON.
By B. Gott, Arkona.
Believing that a report of our fruit crop may be both profitable and interesting to others, I attempt, as briefly as possible, to offer ours for 1892. In the first place I may say that we have had a very peculiar season in three or four particulars. (1) Contrary to what we expect usually to take place, we had this year little or no frosts late in May or again early in September, and the consequence is we have had a far longer season than usual. (2) The great extremes in the rainfalls, it being very heavy in June and July and scarcely any for many weeks after. (3) The early and very severe attack of fungus upon the leaves and fruits of our trees and other damaging influences caus- ing us severe injury and great loss. In consequence of this attack our pears and apples in many cases were almost a total ruin, the damage falling on pears the heaviest upon Flemish Beauty ; and upon apples, the heaviest upon Early Harvest, Snow and Northern Spy. (4) It has been noted for one of the most beautiful, charming and enjoy- able Octobers ii our remembrance. We are thankful for all favors.
Strawberries and raspberries of almost all sorts were this year the finest and most abundant ever seen in this county. They were the most admirable in quality and beautiful in form and color, and to the grower or buyer all that could be desired. The sorts of the first fruit mostly used here this season were Crescent Seedling, Wilson, Captain Jack, Daniel Boone, Manchester, Bubach No. 5, Jessie, Sharpless, James Vick and Eureka. All were good, but the three or four last named were extra fine and beautiful.
Of raspberries, Cuthbert is the one sort having the most good qualities and conse- <juently most to be depended upon for a good satisfactory and splendid crop. Besides which, however, we use Turner, Highland Hardy, Shaffer, Marlboro, Golden Qaeen, Hilborn, Souhegan and Gregg and some others not so noted.
Never was any sable queen decked out in her most beautiful gems so gorgeous as were our blackberry bushes this season, for whole acres of plantation the sight was the most astonishing of the kind, of anything ever seen here. The fruit in the greatest abundance was without a fault, and grandly filled an empty niche just at the proper time. The one sort standing high above all others here for market planting is the Snyder, which hat more good qualities than any other to far tried.
Currants of all colors were good and very plentiful, but it is surprising what a quantity of these fruits the markets can be induced to take and use. For some purposes nothing can be substituted, and therefore we must seek by the best means to perfect our currants for these purposes. The sorts used are for Red : Raby Castle, Red Dutch, Cherry and Fay's. For White : White Grape and White Dutch ; and for Black : Black English and Black Naples. Nothing new appears in these lines to merit special mention.
Mulberries and Dewberries, although much lauded and much written about, are as yet amongst the doubtful investments. Neither Russian mulberries or the most approved dewberries have ever returned in this county the interest of the outlay.
With gooseberries it i.s quite different, and the crop this year was very large and varied. The quality was fine, and the market good. The sorts mostly used are Houghton, American Seedling and Downing, with some Smith's Improved. But if wo we could grow the Pearl, as [ saw it growing this summer in the eastern counties, it would at once be generally adopted.
Apricots are another doubtful investment. The Russian sorts have been extensively planted hero and for some time, but I have yet to hear of the production of a single sample of their much and eagerly desired fruit. If we could only get them what would we care about the loss of the peach or plum either. But it appears it is not at the present at any rate so to hv>. Climatic conditions utterly and totally forlnd it and who can strive against fate "i Not one.
The old Kentish Red cherry, so old and familiarly used for so many years, is now
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almost extinct in the county. How ? By the fearful spread and ravages of ** black- knot " in every part of this whole country.
English, Russian and other sorts have been tried, but to no satisfaction or practical results. This is to be much regretted.
The plum crop in the county wherever the trees were properly cared for and healthy was good, and the fruit was very fine indeed, but this condition was very scarce and hard to be found. But we have not yet given up all hope in plum raising, and many of our people are seen now planting out largely wherever good and favorable places are found and can be procured, and some are planting the Western sorts. The ever popular Lombard is now mostly relied upon with the Green Gages, but besides these not many others.
Not many quinces are grown, but the sample this season was extra fine indeed. As, however, people in general do not know their proper place in our economies not many are called for. The Orange quince is about the only sort.
No improved nuts are attempted. Our reliance being solely upon the products of our forests, and this year not many of these.
Pears were a most disappointing and abundant crop as not many were expected early in the season. But on account of the early blight many of them, especially Flemish Beauty and Seckel, were malformed and disfigured by an unnaturally rus- setty skin that they were scarcely recognizable and almost worthless. Some sorts on the contrary were very fair and even good, as mostly Clapp's Favorite and Bartlett. Other sorts used are Onondaga, Louise, Howell and Angouleme and some others.
The apple crop was small and sample ill-formed. It was one of the most despicable apple crops ever had in the county, and of the least value. The cause of this was the fungus blight falling early. The sorts used include almost everything on the lists, but for real valuable continued satisfaction and results nothing has yet superseded the old standard sorts, viz, Baldwin, Ehode Island Greening, Northern Spy, Ben Davis, and King of Tompkins.
The grape is a fruit in which we are deeply interested. The crop this year was one of the finest and most beautiful ever seen in the county. The sample was fine, the berry and bunch large and good and the ripening perfect, while the quality was all that could be desired. This fruit is receiving increasing attention and is really very popular, and it returns well for all labor, time and skill bestowed upon it. Con- cord is i)opular everywhere and everybody knows it. The other sorts used are Hart- ford, Moore's Early, Worden, Pocklington, Niagara, Prentiss, Brighton, Delaware, Salem, Wilder, Agawam, Lady, Jessica, Champion, Herbert, lona and others.
I would like to add a word in conclusion that will bear upon this whole question of successful fruit production in this county. I am becoming more and more thoroughly convinced that amid our climatic conditions and our soil adaptedness we must resort to practical artificial means for protection, and that protection must come to us as fruit growers in the form of fine spray containing a solution of some arsenic compound held and finely applied entirely over the mass of our fruit trees and bushes and even our vineyards as well. This is felt to be a very unfortunate conclusion that we deeply regret, but it is a result that is becoming more and more apparent, and to ensure safety and satisfaction is a necessity, as our climate is changing rapidly, more and more to the severe. Whatever troubles after generations may have in this matter we do not at present know, but we are suflSciently alive to our own troubles and we can think of nothing by which we can defend ourselves but something in this line.
LETTUCE GROWING UNDER GLASS.
It may be news to many that the conditions are so unlike in the east and west that the business of forcing vegetables in greenhouses, although quite profitable in the first named section, has not been found to pay in the latter.
The large cities of the east afford a better market than western states, and southern competition is more keenly felt in the latter. Near large eastern cities head lettuce is
128
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
grown exclusively, tomatoes and cucumbers are forced in midwinter, but to follow the same course here would be to court fai'ure. Head lettuce cannot be grown so cheaply as varieties that do not form heads, but there is no better demand in western cities forthe formar than for the latter. Tomatoes and cucumbers are difficult to force in midwinter, and the prices that may be obtained for them here at that season of the year, are not sufficient to pay the cost of production.
In spite of these drawbacks recent developments show that the business may be carried on profitably in the Western States.
The introduction of the Grand Rapids lettuce may be said to mark the commence- ment of new era in lettuce growing. It is less subject to disease and can be grown more cheaply than any of the heading sorts, which are looked upon as standards in the East, The ditference between it and the varieties is so marked that by its cultivation the profits may be nearly or quite doubled. This alone is a great advance, but after three years experimenting with sub-irrigation the Ohio station has found that the lettuce crop may by this means be nearly doubled.
This places the lettuce grower in a much better position than before; in fact, lettuce forcing in greenhouses is now a profitable business, whereas it was in danger of bein^r abandoned in many parts of the country.
This is a matter about which tariff reformers will not have much to say, as tariff has nothing to do with the matter. Over production in one section nearly destroyed a growing industry in another, but the discovery of a variety and the application of an old device in a new manner, has saved a business which is likely to become one of ^reat importance.
There is no reason why vegetable culture under glass should not now become of equal importance with floriculture, and this means many thousands of dollars annually added to our productive resources.
Sub irrigation was first used with lettuce in order to avoid watering the foliat^e, thus preventing the much dreaded lettuce rot. It was found that the lettuce grew much better by this method of watering than when water was applied to the surface of the soil. Operations were then enlarged, until entire houses are now supplied with water in this manner. In order to operate the plan successfully water tight benches are erected. These may be made in various ways, but matched flooring laid in white lead answers very well. Drain tile are laid on these benches 2i- feet apart and covered with soil. Water- ing is accomplished by pouring into the ends of the tile, where a T joint is laid, for con- venience.
Some later experiments show that the same principle may be extended successfully, beginning as soon as the seed is sown. The seed is sown in shallow lioxes with slatted bottoms. A convenience size is 16x24 inches and two inches deep. Lith is used for the bottoms, and is laid close together, which allows the water to pass through, but. prevents the soil falling out. These boxf s, or flats are filled with soil and the seed sown in very shallow marks made on the .•surface of the soil. Covering may be done with the tinkers or a board, aud the whole surface pressed down firmly with a block No water is applied to the surface of the soil, but the boxes are placed in a shallow vat in which is a small quantity of water. These seed boxes are allowed to remain in the vat until the soil i.s quite well soaked, then taken ouc and placed in a warm part of the house. Tiie seed germinates very (juickly and certainly by this method, hence should not l)e sown so thickly as when surface watering is practiced. When large enou;,'h the young plants are trans- planted into flats of the same size as abovi' named, and watering is done in the same manner. Labor is saved by following this method, although tin- contrary may snem to ba true. That is l)ecause watering need be done less frctpifnlly than l)y the old method but even if such* were not the cas«( the results justify the adoption of the new method.
Both radishes and cucuml)ers flourish under the same treatment, although they are not benefitted to such an extent as lettuce. Tomatoes respond less than any other crop, but they show suflicient g-iin to pay for fitting up the house for sub irrigation.
Experience has shown that a sub irrigation plant pays for itsetf in one season, or one hundred per cent, on the investment, i'he estimate is for greenhouse crop in gen, eral, but for lettuce alone the profit is greater.
9 (F.G.) 129
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
In a previous bulletin tomato-culture after lettuce was given in detail, but there are other crops which may be grown with profit, such as radishes, cucumbers and parsley. Under the benches the space may be used for mnshrooms, dandelion, pie plant and asparagus. The mushroom crop is about as profitable as any that can be grown, and yet it requires no light. It has the advantage^ also, of not being produced so largely in the South as other crops, heuce competition is not to be feared.
In view of the facts that have been stated it is evident that an important industry may now be built up. If such a thing is not done it will be because gardeners do not take advantao-e of the situation. The business ought to be encouraged, for whatever is done in this line means just that much added to our productive capacity. — Ohio Experi- ment Station.
TOMATOES AS A GEEENHOUSE CROP.
In the eastern states tomatoes are often forced in midwinter, at which time they Wine fancy prices in the large cities. A higher temperature is required to force toma- toes than most other crops, artificial pollersization must be practiced, and great care taken to keep the plants free from disease. These items reduce the profits very materially, and renders this business quite uncertain except near large cities.
The Ohio Experiment Station has found that there is more profit in keeping the houses filled with lettuce during the greater part of the winter and holding back toma toes for a spring and early summer greenhouse crop.
Lettuce is not a profitable greenhouse crop later than April, but tomatoes flourish in the houses during the spring and early summer months much better than in winter. The crop is mostlv gathered during May and June, at which time 16 to 20 cents per pound is realized.
This is less than half the price paid in winter, but owing to decreased cost of pro- duction and greater demand, there is more profit in a spring than a winter crop.
In order to have plants ready to fill the houses as soon as the last crop of lettuce is out, tomato seed is sown about the last week in December. Seed is sown in shallow boxes, not having more than two inches depth of soil. As tomatoes require considerable heat, these seed boxes should be kept in a warm part of the greenhouse.
Soon after the plants have formed the second leaves they should be transplanted. For this purpose the same kind of shallow boxes are used as before, and in these the young plants are set about two inches apart each way. If kept growing nicely the plants will begin to crowd each other in three or four weeks, when they should be again transplanted. This time they are to be set about four inches apart each way. The same kind of boxes may be used as before, but greater care must be taken to keep the plants watered than when younger, as more water is required because of the greater amount of foliage. During all stages of growth in which the plants are kept in boxes or fliits, a good method of watering is to place the boxes of plants in a shallow vat, holdincr a small quantity of water. If these plant boxes have slatted bottoms as they should have, the water soaks up evenly through the soil, and in a more thorough and satisfactory manner than when surface watering is ])racticed. The only precautions that need be observed in following this method is not to water until the plants require it, and not to keep them soaking after the soil is fairly wet. If desired, the plants may be set in four inch pots or in lai-ge beds at the second transplanting, instead of into boxes, but the latter plan has some advantages over the others.
Early in March the plants ought to be a foot or more in height, and just coming into bloom. They are then ready to set in permanent beds for fruiting.
These beds should contain about six inches of soil. The plants are set about 20 inches apart each way, and in order to occupy the ground fully lettuce plant are set between. As soon as the lettuce is cut the tomato, plants are given the whole space. The soil should be stirred frequently, and it is advisable to mulch the surface with half-rotted manure. An important part of the care of the crop consists in pruning and training. The plants must be tied to some support and the tying must be repeated as often as required, as the plants increase in height Stakes may be used for support, or strings may be tied to the rafters, and the lower and fastened to short stakes driven near the plants and the plants tied to these strings. The side shoots near the base of the
130
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A 1893
plants must be removed as they appear and the plants kept trained to single stalks, or if preferred two shoots may be allowed to start from each plant, but in any case the surplus suckers must be removed as they appear. This pruning hastens maturity and makes it possible to grow the plants within the narrow limits named. It is not neces- sary to remove any foliage, unless it becomes diseased, in which case it is better oft' than on, as it does no good, besides it is unsightly and serves to spread the disease.
As before stated tomato plants are less subject to disease late iu the season than early, but the best preventive of disease is good care so as to keep the plants growing thriftily. A fair crop when grown in this manner is about live pounds per plant.
This cannot be rated as a highly profitable greenhouse crop, but when it is con- sidered that it is grown at a time when the houses would otherwise remain idle the reason for growing it is apparent.
Concerning varieties but little need be said. Almost any smooth-fruited sort is suitable for the purpose. The extra early varieties are too rough and irregular for the purpose, as their close pruning seems to uiak« the defect still more prominent. Acme Favorite and Beauty are very satisfactory. Dwarf Champion does very well, but is less fruitful than the above, and is more difficult to prune, its earliness is its chief merit. A method of growing early tomatoes out of doors to succeed the greenhouse crop vs'ill be given at another time. — Ohio Experiment Station.
HEDGES. By D. Nicol, Oataraqui, Oxt.
Having lately seen many scrub brush skeletons of what had at some time been intended for hedges, I feel inclined to speak on this subject. I have seen hundreds of rods of privet, buckthorn, honey locust, and other hedges, so-called, which served no purpose except to mar the natural beauty of the grounds on which they were ekin^ out a miserable existence. A thrifty, well-kepc hedge is an object of beauty, which may be useful as well as ornamental. There are, however, few of such to be seen. They can be grown only under favorable conditions.
I would not ho. understood as recommending the general adoption of hedge fences, because I am sure they would not give general satisfaction. To keep them in "oy^i order, the annual amount of labor necessary at a busy time of the year is greater than most farmers could aflbrd ; consequently they are very likely to be neglected, but there are places in which hedges are more desirable than any other kind of fence.
Between villa lots, I have seen stone ns alls erected and crowned with sharp cuttin" glass of broken ale bottles, while a formidable hedge would liave served the i>ur|>ose better, at less expense, without giving the gaol-yard appearance.
Back yards are enclcsed with high board fences which need to be removed every tenth year, while a good heilge would screen the view of everything oljjcctioiiable to hipht — be more healthful, and would last more than a man's lifetime, besides adding to, instead of detx'acting from, the beauty of a homestead.
I cannot here enter into details, but witli a view of assisting encjuirers, would uieu- tion some essentinls. In tlie first pla.-e, the hedge plant must be adapted to the climate, soil and locality in which it is to be grown. J do not know of any kind of tn e or shrub which will evtr form a good hedge under the shade of large tree.s. Some kinds may do fairly well where only partially shaded, but there cau be no dense foliage hedges with- out the free access of sunlight and air from morning till night.
Sometimes hedges are planted close to a board fence, with a view of having the fence taken away, but in every instance this scheme has proved a failuie, because the sun and air were partially excludetl from one side of the hedge.
It is quite possible to havu a fairly gooil hedge grow along side of a wire fence, and, in the country south of us, the Osage orange is now commonly used for that purpose ; but it is too tender for the greater part of Canada.
A question very often asked is : What kind of tree or siiriib makew the best hedge 1 No one who has had much experience with hedges would say that any -jne kind is the best under all circumstances.
131
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No 13). A. 1893
For an ornamental hedge, I would unhesitatingly recommend the American Arbor vitse. It endures close trimming well, and can be kept in neat and tidy dimensions for a greater length of time than any tree that I know of. I know of some hedges of it which are in good condition twenty eight years after planting, and they are less than three feet high. It is never infested with injurious insects; intense frost does not hurt it ; and dry, hot weather seems to be congenial to it. In this respect, it is perhaps the hardiest tree which grows in Canada or elsewhere. That may be the reason why it was given the name " Tree of life." In its native state it is found growing on dry, rocky hills, and also in water-soaked muck swamps. It thrives on almost any kind of soil, and lives to a great age, yet it is not suitable for any formidable hedge fence. It will not endure bruising or crushing by animals rubbing against it, especially when it is in a frozen state, and cattle seem to have a singular fondness for doing that very thing.
The common barberry being very prickly, is given a wide berth by animals of all kinds. The most enduring hedge-fence I have seen was of this shrub. It thrives well on any soil which is not of a poor, cold, or wet nature. It grows closely, and by annual trimming it is easily kept in any desirable size or shape, soon forming a hog-proof fence that will last for generations. The common barberry is easily propagated, sold cheaply by nurserymen, and has few insect enemies. The purple-leaved barberry, although less robust, is quite as hardy and more ornamental. It is said that barberry hedges breed rust on wheat. I have never seen any satisfactory evidence to that effect, and think the evil is wholly imaginary.
The hawthorn, which is commonly used for hedge fences on the British Isles, does not thrive well here ; several kinds of aphides attack and generally destroy it. Our native thorn is of too slow growth. The Buckthorn, which is no relation of any of the other thorns, is quite as hardy, makes a compact hedge when skilfully trimmed. No insects infest its leaves, and mice will not girdle its bark.
Where rapid growth of a shelter hedge is desired the Norway spruce is particularly well adapted. It is quite as hardy as our native white spruce, and is of much more robust oTowth, and can be successfully transplanted when of large size. The hemlock spruce makes a beautiful hedge while young, but its lower branches soon die, leaving the hed<^e bare at the bottom, and much trimming shortens its life, hence it is not well adapted for the purpose.
The honey locust is sometimes planted for shelter hedges, but on account of its excessive tendency to send out suckers a great distance from its trunk, I would discour- age its use ; yet, it is not as objectionable in this respect as the Chinese abele, which should never be planted where any other tree will grow.
There is no lack of variety of plants suitable for ornamental hedges. The Japan quince (three varieties), makes an excellent hedge where the climate is not too severe.
The Tartarian honi^ysuckle (of four varieties), is quite hardy. It makes a superb hedge, and so does the Persian lilac, and seveial varieties of shrubby spirse ; also, mock oran<^e and viburnum. The privet is not quite hardy enough for all parts of Ontario, but where the climate is favorable it makes a compact, neat hedge. The mulberry is also now planted for hedges in favorable climates.
If I were to speak of tree shelters on prairie and other rich flat lands, where quick growth is especially desirable, I would recommend the poplars and several varieties of the willow, but for making formidable hedge fences they have not proved satisfactory. About twenty years ago many thousands of dollars was extracted from the Ontario farm- ers throuf^h the white willow swindle. A company of scamps from Michigan recom- mended it as being the grandest thing for hedges ever discovered. It was purchased and planted extensively throughout the country, and now all that remains to be sef^n of it is some rows of widespreading clusters of very ugly trees. Yet, I dare say some credulous farmers will again be humbugged in the same way -by the yellow or black willow, both of which are nearly as worthless for hedge purposes as the so-called white willow, I will not, however, occupy your time discussing hedge frauds on the farming community, but would merely remark that intending hedge planters should in some measure be guided by the experience of others.
132
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1. '3). A. 1803
APPENDIX II.
REPORTS FROM AFFILIATED ASSOCIATIONS, 1892.
BURLINGTON HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION.
"We have to report a fairly satisfactory year for the Society. Several new members have been added, the interest is sustained, and our work is having a decidedly beneficial effect upon the members. Instead of working at random as is largely the case when an individual relies entirely upon his own resources, the collective information of the entire society becomes his property with useful and practical results. We find that personal in- quiry is stimulated, new zest given to our efforts in growing fruit, we are enabled to work more intelligently and methodically, and are better able to explain the reason of a given line of action. It is ditficult to place a money value on the benefits derived from such an association, but there is a financial gain which more than amply repays our time and efforts.
At the instance of the Superintendent of Fruit for Ontario, Mr. A. H Pettit of Grimsby, several members of the Association shipped to him baskets and kegs of choice fruit for the Columbian Exposition at Chicago It might also be mentioned that this Association was awarded first prize on the best display of fruits at the Toronto Ex- hibition.
For the past three years the members of the Association have made a practice of taking an annual outing, early in the month of September. The fruit plantations in the neighborhood of Burlington were the first visited, then those of the Grimsby district, and this year, the orchards of Oakville and Lockport, N. Y. We find these outings interest- ing, exhilarating, instructive and certainly useful.
The following is a brief synopsis of some of the jiapers and addresses delivered at the meetings of the Association: "Soils and situations for the larger fruits," by the Secretary, Mr. A. W. Peart. He is of the opinion that deep loams of clay or sand, with a clay or shale sub-soil are the best adapted for fruits. Light, sandy soils, as well as heavy clay are not suitable, the former are too |)orous, while the latter are too adhesive. Shallow soils resting on rock are also unsuitable, as well as alluvial deposits, \Yliich give a rank but tender growth of wood. Soils for fruit purposes should be well drained, if not naturally, by artificial means. Trees, vines and plants on wet soils do not thrive, the former are stunted, immature, and soon die, while the latter are continually cut down by late spring frosts. This district is highly favoured, the lake modifies our climate, while the mountain on the west an<l north-we.st sides is a valuable protection. In pears and grapes, especially, we should produce an article superfine in quality.
A supplement to this paper was given by Mr. Jos. Lindi.ky, "Soils and situations for small fruits." For gooseberries and led currants he prefers a sandy loHm, but con- siders alluvial deposits or clay loams also good. For strawberries heavy sandy loam, in- clined to be (lamp, but not wet ; blackberries, also, require a similar soil.
Mr. W. V. Hopkins gave a paper on "Soil Fertilizers." Ho thinks that stable manure well decomposed is the best, it being a perfect manure. Hr has tiied land plas- ter on manure heaps and found that it prevented the escape of ammonia. Phosphoric acid and potash are very necessary for fruits and may be applied, either in the form of unleached hard wood ashes or phosphates. One of the very best fertilizers, however, lies in thoroughly cultivating plants, vines and trees, and thus make use of the food elements that nature has placed in the .soil.
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
The following are a few of the questions asked :
What is the cheapest and best way of protecting trees from mice 1 A. The practice of banking trees is not only expensive but ineffectual, as the mice will run up the bank and girdle the trees. Clean cultivation is the best preventive, but is not always practic- able. Where a man has a great many acres of young fruit trees, it is impossible to grow hoed crops on all the ground, summer fallowing would be a waste of land, and grain or grass must necessarily be grown in some measure. Tar paper sometimes blisters the trees, thereby stunting their growth, but we believe this is due to its fitting the trunk too tightly. It should be tied on loosely and removed early in the spring, and, in spite of its blistering tendencies, is the cheapest and best preventitive. A new tar paper» that is tar sandwiched between papers, is being tried here this winter for the first time. It is thou,«ht that it cannot blister the tree, the only question being whether there is sufficient tar in it to deter the mice.
A question as to when native plum trees, planted in a standard plum orchard with the objpct of top grafting them, should be so treated, was answered by the Vice-President, Mr. J. S. Freeman, who thought they should be grafted as early as possible after the first season.
Officers.
The following are the officers of the Association for th>i year 1893 :
President : Geo. E. Fisher, Freeman P.O.
Vice-President : J. S. Freeman, Freeman P.O.
Secetary-Treasurer : A. W. Peart, Freeman P.O.
Assistant-Secretary : Geo. N. Peer, Freeman P.O.
Directo'-s: Apples, E. Peart; Grapes, C. X. Dynes; Small Fruits, W. V. Hopkins; Pears and Peaches, Dr. Zimmerman ; Plums, W. F. W. Fisher ; Vegetables, H. Williams ; Shipping, Joa.
LiNDLEY.
Entertainment Committee : President, Vice-President, Secretary-Treasurer. Auditors: C. N. Dynes and Geo. N. Peek.
Report of Fruits.
While in our locality, this has been a good season for the growth of wood, which is going into winter well matured, it has been generally unfavorable for fruit, the wet weather of May and June causing undue development of fungoid growth, thereby seriously impairing the quality of peais and apples, of which the yields were large. There were scarcely any plums, due probably to the heavy crop of last year. The peach crop was nil, the buds being frozen during winter. Cherries were few, owing, it is thought, to imperfect fertilization, the weather being wet and cold during the blossoming season. Grapes were a light crop. A few of the more tender varieties were frozen in the winter, while manv were so late in ripening as to be practically useless. Some vineyards on thoroughly drained soil gave a heavy crop of fine quality. Raspberries and blackberries were a light crop. Some of the varieties, notably the Outhbert, suffered seriously from frost during winter. The strawberry crop was fair, but of inferior quality, small and sour, due, we think, to imperfect fertilization and protracted wet weather. Red currants were a light crnp ; black currants a heavy crop, the quality of both being good. Goose- berries were a fine crop and were unusually free from mildew. Quinces, a full crop, althoush relatively few are grown in this locality. The acreage of fruit plantations has been largely increased during the past year, especially in the direction of pears and plums. Generally speaking, the crop of vegetables was fair, tomatoes heavy, radi.shes, table car- rots and beets unusually good, onions and cauliflower good, cabbage and celery light. Melons were a good crop but poor in quality, potatoes a light crop and badly effected by the rot. — Geo. E. Fisher, President.
IVA
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
BRANT COUNTY FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.
This Society was formed in 1890. The fruit growers of Brant county were desirous of uniting for two principal reasons, first, that we might discuss subjects of general in- terest to the fruit grower, and thereby benefit by each others experience, and, second, to send one of our members to the northern markets to open up places that we might safely St.nd vjur surplus fruit and thereby save money. In former years each man went himself and the expense was much heavier than the expense of one man.
During the two years of our existence we have held three and four open raeetingd, during the winter season, and as many more society meetings, which have been very helpful to successful fruit growing. We have averaged a membership of over fifty. Mr. Thos, A. Ivey was President for two years, and was a very able president.
Officers. The present year, at the annual meeting, we elected the following officers :
President : J. R. Howell.
Vice-President : A. Dawson.
SecrctarihTreasurrr : E. M. Lee.
Directors : David Greig, Cainsville, JoHX Carnte, Paris, Simon Chapin, Brantford, H. J. Bryan, Mohawk, A. B. Lee, Northfield Centre, Ja.s. Miller, Paris, Thos. A. Ivey, Brantford, D. West- BROOKE, Cainsville, Charles Grantham, Cainsville.
The Treasurer's report showed the Society to be in good position, with a small bal- ance on hand. As the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association have held their winter meet- ing for 1892 in our county, we have received a new impetus for the year. Should the papers given during the next year be as good as the last year, we will preserve and send to the Ontario Association, to the Horticulturist for publication, or hold over for the annual report, as may be thought advisable by our superiors.
The county of Brant is noted for its large apple orchards, and the "quality not sur- passed in the Province. Pears and plums are not so largely grown, but cati be grown very successfully, especially in the northern portion of the county. Strawberries and raspberries are very largely grown in all parts of the county, and also tomatoes. But the surplus of tomatoes, as well as strawberries and raspberries, is so heavy that, unless some one should start a canning factory, in a few years many will be compelled to drop out of these kinds of fruit.
D. M, Lee,
Secretarv.
PETERBOROUGH FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. The annual meeting was held on the 3rd of February, 1892. Offioefs Elected for 1892.
Frcsidint : Okorgh Hilliaro.* Srcrflart/ : E. B. Edward.h.
Committrc : .L\MEs MiiiDLKTON. J. ;JiiE.s, Fred. Stknson, .Tames McKiiumN an<l G. M. Rookr, in addition to the President iind Secretary.
The Treasurer's statement showed receipts for the year 65.3, and a balance on hand at the clo.se of the year of .$160.
]\Ir. Craig, Horticulturist of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, was present and addressed the meeting on the work of the Experimental Ferm, giving the results of his experience in testing new varieties of fruit trees, etc. A long discussion followed, in
* Since drr^nspd. 13.)
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
which several members took part, and Mr. Craig answered many questions put to him with regard to the varied difficulties and doubts that the members had experienced. At the afternoon session Mr. A. M. Smith, of St. Catharines, addressed the meeting on the subject of " The Culture of Small Fruits," and this as well was followed by an interesting and useful discussion.
Mr. Gilbert, of the Central Experimental Farm, gave an address on the question of raising poultry in connection with fruit growing, pointing out the advantage to be derived from the manure and the removal of the insect enemies.
Mr. Craig delivered a further address on the jiiubject of " Producing Fruit of the Finest Quality," pointing out amongst other things the necessity of thinning apples and of careful grading.
136
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 18).
A. 189;i
APPENDIX III.
CATALOGUE OF FRUITS— APPLES.
FOR USi^J OF JUDGES AT EXHIBITIONS.
Explanatory Note.— In the plan of rating, all varieties are supposed to be perfect specimens; then the best varieties under each of three or four heads are rated at ten, and all the more or less inferior varieties by some figure less than ten. It frequently happens, however, even with the best varieties, that imperfect samples are exhibited. In such cases all values given in the Catalogue must be i educed one or more points each, for (1) lack of color, (2) undersize, (3) uneveness of size on plate, (4) wormy, scabby or illshapen specimens, (5) lack of stem or calyx, (6) polished fruits, i.e., having bloom wiped off, or for any other thing which tends to change the natural appearance of the fruit.
The column " Total Value" is for use when prizes are offered for fruits without designating the pur- pose for which such fruits may be required.
Name.
Alexander
American Golden Russet
American Summer Pearmain .
Arnold's Beauty
American Pippin
Adam's Pearmain
Autumn Strawberry
Bailey Sweet
Baldwin
Beauty of Kent
Ben Davis
Benoni
Belm.nt
Blenheim Pippin
Blue Pearmain
Bottle Greening
Boura.ssa
Cabashea
Canada Baldwin
Canada Reinette
Cayuga Red Streak
Chenango Strawberry
Colvert
Cornish Gilliflower
Cox'a t)range Pippin
Cranberry Pippin
Cellini . ...
Domine
Drap d'Or
Detroit Black
Duchess of Oldenburgh
l>yer
Early Harvest
Early .loe
Early Strawberry
Edgar's Red Streak
Ella
Esopus Spitzenburg } W
Fallawater
Fall .Jenetting
Fall Orange
Fall Pippin
Flushing Spitzenburg . . Fameuse
|
Quality. |
Commercial value. |
||||
|
Total |
|||||
|
De?sert. |
Cooking. |
Home market. |
Foreign market. |
Value. |
|
|
A |
9 |
9 |
10 |
28 |
|
|
W |
9 |
8 |
8 |
9 |
34 |
|
S w |
3 5 |
1 2 |
2 2 |
G |
|
|
3 |
12 |
||||
|
w |
5 |
8 |
3 |
5 |
21 |
|
w |
8 |
8 |
7 |
7 |
30 |
|
A |
5 |
1 |
2 |
F, |
13 |
|
W |
2 |
8 |
1 |
3 |
14 |
|
W |
2 |
5 |
7 |
8 |
22 |
|
A |
8 |
8 |
7 |
23 |
|
|
W |
1 |
8 |
9 |
19 |
|
|
S w |
10 3 |
1 4 |
6 "■ |
11 |
|
|
6 |
19 |
||||
|
w |
6 |
7 |
9 |
10 |
32 |
|
w |
6 |
G |
8 |
8 |
28 |
|
w |
6 |
7 |
2 |
4 |
19 |
|
w |
5 |
4 |
3 |
6 |
18 |
|
w |
2 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
26 |
|
w |
G |
8 |
8 |
9 |
31 |
|
w |
4 |
8 |
5 |
7 |
24 |
|
A |
2 |
8 |
7 |
8 |
25 |
|
A |
8 |
3 |
7 |
18 |
|
|
A |
1 |
9 |
7 |
8 |
2.5 |
|
W A |
1 9 |
1 7 |
2 10 |
4 |
|
|
3 |
29 |
||||
|
W |
7 |
8 |
8 |
8 |
31 |
|
W |
2 |
8 |
7 |
G |
23 |
|
W |
5 |
7 |
6 7 |
25 |
|
|
A |
2 |
6 |
3 |
6 |
16 |
|
A |
4 |
2 |
4 |
10 |
|
|
S |
2 • |
10 |
10 |
10 |
32 |
|
A |
7 9 8 8 |
3 3 2 |
3 9 3 7 |
||
|
S S s |
21 |
||||
|
14 |
|||||
|
17 |
|||||
|
w |
5 |
7 |
7 |
8 |
27 |
|
w |
2 |
4 |
3 |
6 |
14 |
|
w |
9 |
7 |
9 |
10 |
36 |
|
w |
7 |
8 |
8 |
9 |
32 |
|
A |
3 |
7 |
. 7 |
7 |
24 |
|
A |
4 |
7 |
6 |
3 |
20 |
|
A |
G |
8 |
7 |
1 |
28 |
|
W |
(i |
6 |
0 |
7 |
2.1 |
|
A |
9 |
6 |
9 |
8 |
31 |
NoTK.— In the first column the letter S denotes summer, A autumn and W winter.
137
bi) Victoria,
Sessional Papers (No. 13).
A. 1&&:)
CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.— APPLES.- Con^mMccZ.
|
Season. |
Quality. |
Commercial value. |
Total |
|||
|
Name. |
Dessert. |
Cooking. |
Home market. |
Foreign, market. |
Value. |
|
|
Fall Queen (See Haas) |
||||||
|
Gloria Mundi |
W W A A A W W A S A A W W s A A W A A W W A W A A W A A W A W W w w A w A A A W W W W w w w w A W- s A W A A |
.... ^.... 2 2 9 9 9 5 6 2 6 7 5 |
8 7 4 7 9 4 2 7 5 8 8 8 5 |
8 8 1 7 10 6 6 7 5 7 7 8 4 |
8 9 "io "'" 8 7 6 .... ^ .. 7 8 6 |
22 |
|
Golden Russet (English) Golden Sweet |
32 7 |
|||||
|
Grand Sultan |
||||||
|
Gravenstein Green Newton Pippin Grimes' Golden Haas (See Fall Queen) Hawley Hawthornden Holland Pippin Hubbardston Nonsuch |
38 27 24 25 16 24 28 31 |
|||||
|
Hurlbut Irish Peach |
20 |
|||||
|
Jeffries |
7 1 9 |
6 3 7 8 9 10 |
6 1 7 8 6 10 1 5 4 6 7 |
7 8"" 8 7 10 9 7 5 7 6 |
26 |
|
|
•Jersey Sweeting |
5 |
|||||
|
Jonathan |
31 |
|||||
|
Kentish Fillbasket |
24 |
|||||
|
Keswick Codlin |
1 8 9 7 5 3 2 |
23 |
||||
|
King of Tompkins County Lady |
38 19 |
|||||
|
Late Strawberry |
5 7 8 9 8 |
24 |
||||
|
Lawver |
21 |
|||||
|
LordSuffield |
24 |
|||||
|
Lord Duncan |
24 |
|||||
|
London Pippin |
||||||
|
Lowell |
5 |
7 |
4 5 10 7 6 5 7 7 6 6 2 6 10 7 10 6 7 8 |
|||
|
Lord Burleigh |
2 1 3 4 |
9 9 7 7 |
'5'""' 8 8 7 8 8 5 7 6 |
16 |
||
|
La Rue |
25 |
|||||
|
Maiden's Blush Mann |
25 25 |
|||||
|
Magog Red Streak |
3 7 ■ 6 j 7 8 8 |
22 |
||||
|
Mcintosh Red |
28 |
|||||
|
Melon |
31 |
|||||
|
Minister |
4 6 8 1 7 8 9 9 7 5 4 |
6 8 7 3 8 10 9 10 7 7 8 |
21 |
|||
|
Monmouth Pippin |
27 |
|||||
|
Mother , Munson Sweet |
27 6 |
|||||
|
Newtown Spitzenburg Northern Spy |
7 10 10 10 s 8 8 |
26 38 |
||||
|
Newton Pippin |
35 |
|||||
|
Ontario |
39 |
|||||
|
Peck's Pleasant |
28 |
|||||
|
Pennock Pewaukee |
27 28 |
|||||
|
Phcenix |
4 9 10 5 4 7 9 10 |
7 |
7 5 6 5 6 6 5 8 1 4 |
8 7 8 3 7 5 8 |
26 |
|
|
Pomme Grise |
21 |
|||||
|
Pomme Grise d'Or |
24 |
|||||
|
Porter |
4 5 6 9 7 4 6 |
17 ' |
||||
|
Priestly |
22 |
|||||
|
Primate |
19 |
|||||
|
Prenzea |
28 |
|||||
|
33 |
||||||
|
0 |
||||||
|
Pumpkin Russet |
1 |
5 |
16 |
|||
|
A W S A W A W A W |
5 4 5 2 6 6 5 |
1 5 7 4 6 8 6 |
2 3 8 2 7 7 7 |
5 5 |
13 |
|
|
Rawles Janet |
17 |
|||||
|
20 |
||||||
|
Red Belle-fleur |
8 |
|||||
|
8 7 7 ■■"8 |
27 |
|||||
|
Red Cathead |
28 |
|||||
|
Red Russet |
25 |
|||||
|
8 |
io |
8 |
34 |
138
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 13).
A. 1893
CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. -APPLES.-CW^tnuc.i.
Name.
Season.
Quality.
Commercial value.
Dessert. Cooking.
I Home ; market.
Ribston Pippin
Roxbury Russet
Scarlet Pearmain
Shiawassee Beauty
Smith's Cider
Smokehouse .
Sops of Wine
St. Lawrenoe
Stump
Summer Hose
Swaar
Swazie Pomme Grise (See Pomme Grise
d'Or)
Stark -
Snow (Sec Fameuse)
Talman Sweet
Tetof.sky
Trenton
Twenty Ounce (Sec Cayuga Red Streak. .
Vadevere
Wagener
Wallbridge [See Edgar's Red Streak ....
Wealthy .
Westfield Seek-no-Further
White Astracan
William's Favorite
Wine Sap
Wine
Yellow Belle-fleur
Yellow Transparent
W W A A W A S A A S W
w
w
s
A A
w
w w
s w w w
w
s
10
2
1
10
Foreign market.
10 9 6
Total
Valu.
22 1!)
G 19
9 31 16 16 14
19
20
7
33
21 28
32 29 4 23 11 30 25 19
GRAPES.
( Tills list is subject to revision each year.)
Varieties.
Color.
Aijawam (Rog. 15' Alhn'< Hybrid . .
Amber <^ueen
Amljer
Amiiiia (Rog. 39)
Ann Arbor
August Giant
Atigusta
l>arry (liog. 43). . .
Brighton
Black Kaglfi
Black Pearl
liurnett
Canada
Catawba
Champion
R W R R B W B B B R B
r. p.
B R B
Season.
L M M L M
]•:
M M M E L L Al M L £
Quality for tabl<^.
Ship'g value.
10
Market value.
Total.
Li.ST OF Abbreviations :— R red, W whito, B black, L latp, K early, and M MHium.
139
27
11
13
0
|
10 |
(i |
24 |
|
0 |
3 |
8 |
|
T |
3 |
5 |
|
1 '•' |
r. |
20 |
|
c. |
8 |
23 |
|
3 |
'> |
t> |
|
3 |
2 |
C. |
|
5 |
4 |
14 |
|
3 |
1 |
t> |
|
8 |
H |
25 |
|
5 |
5 |
" |
5Q Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 13).
A. 1893
CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.— GRAPES.-Coniinwerf.
Varieties.
Clinton ,
Concord ,
Cottage
•Creveling
Croton
Cynthiana
•Courtland
Delaware ,
Diana . . . .'
Duchess
Dracut Amber
Eaton ,
Early Dawn
Elvira ,
Empire State
Early Ohio
Eumelan
Eldorado
Etta
Early Victor
Essex (Rog. 41)
Faith
Florence
Goethe (Rog. 1)
Gaertner (Rog. 14)
Hartford
Herbert (Rog. 14)
Highland
Hayes
Herbemont
lona
Isabella . .
Ives
Israella
Janesville
Jessica
Jefferson
Jewell
Lady
Lady Washington
Lindley (Rog. 9)
Massasoit (Rog. 3)
Martha
Merriraac (Rog. 49) ...
Moore's Early
Meyer
Mills
Moore's Diamond.
Marion
Niagara
Noah '
Norton
Northern Muscadine. . .
Oneida
Ontario
Othello (Arnold's No. 1)
Perkins
Pocklington
Prentiss
Poughkeepsie Red
Pearl
Rebecca
Requa (Rog. 28)
Rentz
Rockingham
Roger No. 17
Pvoger No. 32
|
Color. |
Season. |
|
B |
L |
|
B |
M |
|
B |
E |
|
B |
E |
|
W |
E |
|
B |
L |
|
B |
E |
|
R |
E |
|
R |
L |
|
W |
L |
|
R |
E |
|
B |
M |
|
B |
M |
|
W |
L |
|
W |
L |
|
B |
E |
|
B |
E |
|
W |
M |
|
W |
L |
|
B |
E |
|
B |
L |
|
W |
E |
|
B |
E |
|
R |
L |
|
R |
M |
|
B |
E |
|
B |
M |
|
B |
L |
|
W |
M |
|
B |
L |
|
R |
L |
|
B |
L |
|
B |
E |
|
B |
L |
|
B |
E |
|
W |
E |
|
R |
L |
|
B |
M |
|
W |
E |
|
W |
L |
|
R |
E |
|
R |
E |
|
W |
M |
|
B |
L |
|
B |
E |
|
R |
E |
|
B |
M |
|
W |
E |
|
B |
L |
|
W |
M |
|
W |
L |
|
B |
L |
|
R |
M |
|
R |
M |
|
B |
M |
|
B |
L |
|
R |
E |
|
W |
M |
|
W |
L |
|
W |
E |
|
R |
L |
|
W |
M |
|
R |
M |
|
B |
M |
|
B |
M |
|
B |
M |
|
R |
L |
Quality for table.
7 5 6 4 1 2 10 6 1 1 7 6 1 3 3 6 7 2 5 3 2 2
3 2 3 2 5 6 4 7 3 10 6 6 7 7 7 6 7 1 8 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 6 5 6 1 8 7 1 7 6 3
Ship'g value.
Market value.
Total.
7 21 14 15 10
4 12 26 21 14 14 15 14
4 11 14 15 14
9 12 16
7
7 18 20 14 21
9 10
6 21 16 12 13
8 15 15 10 15 11 28 15 14 22 22 23 16 21
7 22
9
8 14
9 10
7 14 18 16 19
4 16 22 25 21 18 16
140
56 Victoria,
Sessional Papers (No. 13).
A. 1893
CATALOGUE OF FRUITS. -GRAPES. -Contuiuet/.
Varieties.
Roger No. 33
Rofjer No. 11
Salem (Rog. 22)
Sanasqua
Secretary
Telegraph
Transparent
Triumph
Taylor
Ulster Prolific
Union Village (See Ontario)
Vergennes
Victor (Sec Early Victor) . . .
Walter
Worden
White Ann Arbor
Wilder (R.>g. 4)
Wyoming Red
Woodruff Red
Color.
B B R B B B W W \V R
R
R B W B R R
Season.
M M M L U M L L L M
M E E M E M
Quality for table.
Ship'g value.
Market
value.
10
TotaL
18 22 2t
1&
10
11
6
7
7
14
20 21 12 25 18 15
PEARS.
|
Varieties. |
Dessert. |
Home market. |
Total. |
|
Summer. Ananas d' Et^ |
5 8 7 8 7 6 6 6 7 8 8 4 9 10 9 8 7 4 6 8 8 (> 8 |
7 10 8 9 8 4 6 6 6 6 6 7 (5 4 8 8 6 S 6 7 8 9 |
12 |
|
Bartlett |
18 |
||
|
Beurre GifTard |
15 |
||
|
Brandvwine |
17 |
||
|
Clapi^'s Favorite |
15 |
||
|
Dearbf)rn |
10 |
||
|
TJoyenne d'Kte |
12 |
||
|
Kirklan<l |
12 |
||
|
Manning's Elizabeth |
13 |
||
|
Osband s S'linmer .% ■ |
14 |
||
|
Petite Marguurite |
14 |
||
|
Souvenir des C-mgres |
11 |
||
|
Tyson |
15 |
||
|
Autumn. Belle Lunrati ve |
14 |
||
|
Beurre Rf'sc |
17 |
||
|
Beurre Hardy |
1& |
||
|
Beurre Sujierfine |
13 |
||
|
Buffam |
8 |
||
|
Doyenne Bonssock Doyenne Grey |
14 14 |
||
|
Doj'enne White |
15 |
||
|
T>uchesa d'Angouletne Flemi!<h I'eauty *. |
14 17 |
||
|
l''rederick Clapp |
|||
|
Howell |
I 5 10 9 4 8 8 |
9 6 6 G 9 6 8 6 |
1(> |
|
8 |
|||
|
Louise Bonne |
11 |
||
|
Seckel |
16 |
||
|
18 |
|||
|
10 |
|||
|
1 16 |
|||
|
Doyenp". de Cornice |
' 14 |
14L
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 13)
A. 1893
CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.— PEARS.- Co7!<tnuerf.
Varieties.
Winter.
Anjou
Beurre Gris d'Hiver .
Clairgeau
Dempsey
Dana's Hovey
Diel..
Glout Morceau
; loodale
^ones
Josephine de Malines
Lawrence
Mount Vernon
Reeder
Vicar
Winter Nelis
Doyenne
Prest Druard
Dessert.
10 4 4
Home market.
Total.
19
9
12
11 16 16
8.
16 15 11
5 16
DISTRICT FRUIT LIST.— APPLES.
Shoiciiig the varieties considered most desirable for 2)lantinq in the various Agricultural Districts in
Ontario.
S'ammer.- iutimub. IV inter. -
District No. 1. — Stormont, Duiidas, Glengarry, Pre.5cott and Cornwall. -Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburgh. —Alexander, Fameuse, Gideon, >t. Lawrence -LaRue, Pewaukee, Golden Russet, Ben Davis, Talman Sweet.
DisTKiCT No. 2.— Lanark, Renfrew, City of Ottawa, Carleton and Russell, Slimmer. — YelltAV Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburgh. Autumn.-— A\6xa,ndei\ Montreal Peach, Wealthy and Haas. Wilder. Pewaukee, Golden Russet, Scott's Winter, Talman Sweet and Edgar's Bed streak.
District No
Hummer. Aidumn. Witder.-
DlSTKICT No.
Summer. - Aidumn. W inter. -
District No.
iSummer. Atdumn. Wilder.-
District No
Summer. Autiimn. Wi}der.-
3. — Frontejiac, City of Kingston, Leeds, Grenville and Brockville.
Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburgh and Red Astrachan.
-Alexander, Wealthy and St. Lawrence.
Golden Russett, Pewaukee, LaRue, Ben Davis and Red Canada.
4.— Hastings, Prince Edward, Lennox and Addington. -Yellow Transparent and Duchess of Oldenburgh. -Alexander, Trenton, Gravenstein and Wealthy. Ontario, Hubbardson's Nonsuch, Pewaukee, Ben Davis and Cranberry Pippin.
5. Durham, Northumberland, Peterboro', Victoria and Haliburton.
— Y'ellow Transparent and Duchess of Oldenburgh. -Alexander, Colvert, St. Lawrence and (^raven-stein. Ontario, Hubbardson's Nonsuch, Pewaukee, Ben Davis and Blenheim Pippin.
6.— Y^ork, Ontario, Peel, Cardwell and City of Toronto -Y'ellow Transparent and Duchess of Oldenburgh. ^ -Alexander, Gravenstein, Red Beitigheinier and Wealthy.
Golden Russet, Pewaukee, Ontario, Ben Davis and Hubbardson's Nonsuch.
142
56 VictorLa. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1S93
District No. 7. —Wellington, Waterloo, Wentworth, Halton, Dufferin and City of Hamilton. Summer. — Yellow Transparent. Red Astrachan and Duchess of Uldenburgh. Autiimn. — Gravenstein, Culvert and Wealthy. Winter. — (^olden Russet, Ontario, Blenheim Pippin, Baldwin and Cranberry Pippin.
District No. 8. — Lincoln, Welland, flaldimand and Monck.
Summer. — Duchess trf Oklenburgh and Hed Astraclian,
Autumn. — Gravenstein, Ribston Pippin and Wealthy.
Winter. — Blenheim Pippin, Ontario, Princess Louise, Golden Russet and Cranberry Pippin.
District No. 9.— Elgin, Essex, Oxford and Norfolk.
Summer. — Duchess of Oldenburgh and Red Astrachan.
Autiimn. — Gravenstein, Twenty Ounce and Fall Pippin.
Winter. — B euheim, Pippin, Ont irio, Baldwin, R. 1. Greening and Golden Russet.
District No. 10. — Huron, Bruce and Grey.
Summer. — Yellow Transparent and Duchess of Oldenburgh.
Atitumn. — Gravenstein, Wealthy and Colvert.
Winter. — Pewaukee, Ontario, Baldwin, Hubbardston's Nonsuch and Cranberry Pippin.
District No. 11. — Middlesex. Perth and City of London.
Summer. — Duchess of Oldenburgh and Yellow Transparent. Autumn. — Gravenstein. Colvert, Alexander and Fall Pijjpin.
Winter. — Golden Russet, Ribston Pippin, Ontario, Hubbardston's Nonsuch and Cranberry Pippin.
District No. 12. — Essex, Kent and Lambton.
Summer. — Yellow Transparent and Duchess of Oldenburgh.
yl wfumn. ^Gravenstiiu. Clienango. Strawberry, Wealthy and Lowell.
Wmter. — Ontario, Blenheim i ippin, Baldwin, P. I. Greening and Golden Russet.
District No. 13. — Algoma, Simcoe, Muskoka and Parry Sound.
Summer. — Duchess of 01denburi,'h and Yellow Transparent. Antuinn. — Alexanaer. Colvert, Red Beitigheimer and St. Lawrence. Wi)tter. — Pewaukee, Golden Russet, Scott's Winter, LaRue and Wealthy.
DISTRICT FKUIT LIST.— GRAPES.
District No. 1 :
Bla k. — Champion. Worden, Early Victor, Moore's Early. Bill. — be aware, Lindle}' Moyur, ^^'yoMlillg Red. White. — Elditrado, Niagara, Jessica, Vergoiines.
District No. 2 :
Bluik. — Barry, eg. 17, Herbert, Moore's Early, Worden. iiVv/. — Delaware, (Jartnur, Norwood, A'ergennes, Lindlej'. Wliiti'. — l)uches.s Kensingtcm, Moore's Duunoij^d, Lady.
Di.sTRK t No. 3 :
Black. — Cliampion, Moore's Early, Worden, Hartford.
lieil. — Liiidley, Brigliton, Dclawaie.
While. — Moore's Diamond, JeB!}ica, Eldorado.
District No. 4 :
Bliii-k.— Worden, Moore's Early, Farly Victor. J\ii(. — \N yoming lied, Delaware, Moyi-r. White. — Jessica, Moore's iJiamond, Niagara.
143
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 13). A. 1893
District No, 5 :
Black. — Champion, Worden, "Wilder.
i?^cZ.— Brighton, Delaware, Salem, Lindley, Agawam.
White. — Niagara.
District No. 6 :
Black. — Worden, Moore's Early, Champion.
Red. — Brighton, Lindley, Delaware, Wyoming Red.
White. — Jessica, Niagara.
District No. 7 :
Black. — Concord, Worden, Kog. 4 — 44, Moore's Early. Red. — Rog. 9 — 15, Vergennes, Delaware, Brighton. White. — Niagara, Moore's Diamond.
North Lake District :
Black. — Champion, Worden, Rog. 4, Moore's Early.
Red. — Wyoming Red, Salem, Rog. 9, Delaware, Brighton.
White. — Jessica, Lady, Niagara.
District No. 8 :
Black. — Concord, Worden, Rog. 44, Moore's Early. Red. — Rog. 9 — 15, Vergennes, Delaware, Brighton. White. — Niagara, Moore's Diamond, Pocklington.
District No. 9 :
Black. — Worden, Concord, Rog. 4 — 44, Moore's Early. Bed. — Delaware, Lindley, Agawam, Brighton. TtHiite. — Niagara, Pocklington.
District No. 10 :
Black. — Concord, Moore's Early, Worden. jRed. —Brighton, Delaware, Lindley. White. — Niagara, Lady.
Lake Shore Division :
Black. — Concord, Worden, Moore's Early, Barry. Bed —Agawam, Brighton, Lindley. Willie. — Niagara, Lady.
District No. 11 :
Black. — Concord, Worden, Rog. 19, Rog. 4. Red.. — Rog. 9 — 15, Brighton, Delaware. White. — Niagara, Moore's Diamond, Jessica.
District No. 12 :
Black. — Concord, Worden, Moore's Early, Hartford. iJed— Delaware, Walter, Rog. 15—22, Brighton. White. — Niagara, Prentiss, Lady.
District No. 13 :
Black. — Worden, Moore's Early, Ch^pion. Red. — Delaware, Lindley, Wyoming Red. White. — Jessica, Moore's Diamond, Lady.
In compiling the foregoing Grape Lists we have consulted the Directors, as well as the lead- ing fruit growers throughout the several Districts. We have also tried to frame the lists so as to advise the planthig of such varieties as bear the highest general points for each District for hardiness, productiveness, etc., shipping quality of fruit, and commercial values.
G. W. Cline, Chairman, of Committee. 144
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A. 1893
PUBLIC ACCOUNTS
OF THE
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO
FOR THE
YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER,
1892.
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.
vF L2 -'UK ~^\ jp^
— ^,
TORONTO: PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, G8 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST.
1893.
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
To His Honour the Honourable G. A- Kirkpatkick,
Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario :
May it Please Your Honour :
The undersigned has the honour to present to your Honour the Public Accounts of the Province of Ontario for the year ending 31st December, 1892.
Respectfully submitted,
RIOHARD HARCOURT,
Treasurer.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, March 10th, 1893.
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A 1893
PROVINCIAL AUDITOR'S REPORT
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, March 30tli, 1893.
To Hon. Eichabd Harcourt,
Treasunr of Ontario :
I have the honor to present to you the Public Accounts for the year 1892.
For the infoircaticn of the Legislative Assembly, I beg to submit the following Departmental E( ports and Treasury Board Orders with reference to overdrafts of appro- priations under Schedule *' A " of the Supply Bill.
Educaticn— Superannuated Teachers $3,000 00
Education Department,
Toronto, June 10th, 1892.
The undersigned respectfully reports to His Honor, the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That the sum appropriated for the sub-service of " Superannuated Teachers '' is exhausted, and as it is necessary that the allowances of worn- out teachers should be all paid without delay, the undersigned respectfully recommends that authority be given under the Act 49 Vict., Cap. 4, Sec. 20, for appropriating a further sum of ^3,000 to meet the payment of present schedule for $1,237.25, and an approximate estimate of allowances still due.
The amount asked for, above present schedule, to be placed to the credit of the Provincial Treasurer to meet future payments during year, as required.
(Sgd.) G. W. ROSS,
Minister of Education.
56 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, June. 14th, 1892.
Sir, — I beg to forward herewith fcr the approval of the Treasury Board, an application from the Education Department for a warrant for ^3,000, in favor of the Hon. the Provincial Treasurer, to meet payments which it will be necessary to make in excess of the appropriation for " Superannuated Teachers."
Cheques will be issued under the above warrant as approved certifi- ficates are received from the Department of Education.
Your obedient servant,
(Sgd.) C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor. The Clerk,
Treasury Board.
Minutes of the Treasury Board on Matters Referred to them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report of the Honorable the Minister of Education, dated the 14th day of June, A.D. 1892, the Treasury Board doth hereby, under the provisions of R. S. 0., Cap. 21, S^.c. 20, authorize the issue of a warrant for the sum of three thousand dollars (.$3,000), in favour of the Honorable the Treasurer to meet certain payments now due, and payable to Superannuated Teachers, amounting to the sum of one thousand two hundred and thirty-seven dollars and twenty-five cents ^1,237.25), and such other payments as may from time to time become due and payable, and that cheques be issued to the proper persons upon receipt of approved certificates from the Education Department.
Certified,
J. LONSDALE OAPREOL,
Clerk, Treasury Board. The Honorable,
The Treasurer.
vi
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
Education— Superannuated Teachers $732 CO
Department of Educatiox,
ToROKTO, August 16th, 1892.
The undersigned respectfully reports to His Honor, the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That the sum appropriated for the sub-service of " Superannuated Teachers " is exhausted, and as it is necessary that the allowances of worn- out teachers should all be paid without delay, the undersigned respectfully recommends that authority be given under the Act 49 Vict., Cap. 4, Sec. 20, for appropriating a further sum of $732, to meet the payment of the accompanying schedule of unpaid claims.
(Sgd.) G. W. ROSS,
Minister of Education.
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, August 20th, 1892.
Sir, — I beg to enclose herewith an application from the Education Department, for payment under authority of 49 Vict., Cap. 4, Sec. 20, of further allowances to Superannuated Teachers amounting to seven hundred and thirty-two dollars.
The schedule referred to in the Minister's Report, is filed in this office.
Your obedient servant,
C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor. The Clerk,
Treasury Board.
Minutes of the Treasury Board on Matters Referred to them for
Consideration.
Upon con.sideration of a report of the Honorable the Minister of Education, dated the 16th day of August, A.D. 1892, the Treasury Board doth hereby, under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap. 21, R. S. O., 1887,
vii
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
authorize the issue of a warrant for the sum o£ seven hundred and thirty- two dollars ($732), in favour of the Honourable the Treasurer, for the pay- ment of certain allowances to Superannuated Teachers, the appropriation for such service, having become exhausted. Certified,
J. R. CAETWRIGHT,
for Clerk, Treasury Board. The Honourable,
The Treasurer.
Education— Departmental Examinations $2,694 97
Department of Education,
Toronto, September 23rd, 1892.
The undersigned respectfully reports to His Honor, the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That the sum appropriated for the sub-service of " Departmental Examinations " is insufficient for the current year, and that after providing for payment of salaries to end of year, necessary printing, and for the services of Associate Examiners^now reading Candidates' Appeals, a further amount of f 2,694,97 is required for this sub-service.
The undersigned therefore respectfully recommends that authority be given under the Act 49 Vict., Cap. 4, Sec. 20, for appropriating a further sum of $2,694.97, to be placed to credit of the Honorable Provincial Treasurer, to meet the deficiency as per accompanying schedules. (Sgd.) K. HARCOURT,
Acting Minister of Education.
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, September 23rd, 1892.
Sir, — I beg to enclose herewith for approval of Treasury Board, a recommendation from the Education Department, for payment of accounts amounting to $2,694.97 and chargeable to " Departmental Examinations."
The schedules referred to in the report of the acting Minister of Edu- cation, are fyled in this office. They shew payments due Examiners amounting to the above-mentioned sum.
Your obedient servant,
C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor. The Clerk,
Treasury Board.
viii
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
Minute of the Treasury Board on Matters Referred to them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report of the Honorable Mr. Harcourt, act- ing Minister of Education, dated the 19th day of September, A.D. 1892, the Treasury Board doth hereby, under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap, 21, R. S, 0. 1887, authorize the issue of a warrant for the sum of two thousand six hundred and ninety-four dollars and ninety-seven cents ($2,694.97) in favor of the Honorable the Treasurer, for the payment of accounts, charge- able to " Departmental Examinations," the appropriation for such service having become exhausted.
Certified,
J. R. CARTWRIGHT,
for Clerk, Treasury Board.
Legislation— Stationery, Printing and Binding $5,000 00
Queen's Printer's Office,
Toronto, September 26th, 1892.
The undersigned respectfully reports to His Honor the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That the appropriation for Legislative Printing and Binding has been exhausted. That this is due to the extra amount of printing necessary in connection with the Legislation of last session. The Sessional Statutes are more than douV>le the usual size ; a large special edition of the Consoli- dated Municipal and Assessment Act was is.sued, and the Private Bills were unusually numerous.
The undersigned therefore requests that authority be given the Honorable the Provincial Treasurer under the Act R. S. O. 1887, Cap. 21, Sec. 20, to pay the certificate, viz : .?;'), 000.
Your obedient servant,
L. K. CAMERON,
Queen's Printer.
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 189S
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, September 27th, 1892.
Sir, — I beg to enclose herewith for the approval of the Treasury
Board, a recommendation from the Queen's Printer, for payment of the
sum of five thousand dollars ($5,000) to Messrs. Warwick & Sons, on
account of contract for printing and binding.
Your obedient servant,
C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor. The Clerk,
Treasury Board.
Minute of the Treasury Board on Matters Referred to them for
oonsideration.
Upon consideration of a report of the Queen's Printer, approved by the Honorable the Treasurer, dated the 26th day of September, A.D. 1892, the Treasury Board doth hereby, under the provisions of Sec. 20, Ohap. 21, R. S. O. 1887, authorize the issue of a warrant for the sum of five thousand dollars (.$5,000) in favour of the Honourable the Treasurer, to pay accounts for printing in connection with legislation, the appropriation for such service haying become exhausted.
Certified,
J. L. CAPREOL,
Clerk Treasury Board. The Honourable.
The Treasurer.
Public Buildings— Deaf and Dumb Institute $566 58
Department of Public Works. Toronto, November 23rd, 1892. The undersigned respectfully reports to His Honour, the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That the capital account appropriations for the Belleville Institute for the Deaf and Dumb is exhausted, and the following accounts for the reconstruction of its steam-heating appliances, etc., are unpaid, namely :
James Morrison & Co., Toronto S200 84
Poole & Co., Toronto 310 83
Malcolm Moon, Belleville 46 00
Thomas Hanley, ', 8 91
Total $566 58
X
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No 14). A. 1893
The undersigned therefore recommends that authority be given under the Act R. S. 0. 1887, Cap. 21, Sec. 20, for cheques to issue in favor of the said parties for the amount of their several accounts as hereto attached.
(Sgd) C. F. FRASER,
Commissioner.
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, November 26th, 1892.
Sir, — I beg to enclose herewith for the approval of the Treasury Board, a recommendation from the Public Works Department for pay- ments] in excess of the capital appropriation for the Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Belleville, amounting to $566.58.
Your obedient servant,
0. H. SPROULE.
Provincial Auditor. Thb Clerk.
Treasury Board.
Minute of the Treasury Board on Matters Referred to them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report from the Honorable the Commissioner of Public Works, dated the 23rd day of November, A.D 1892, the Treasury doth hereby, under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap. 21, R. S. 0. 1887, recommend that a warrant for the sum of five hundred and sixty -six dollars and fifty-eight cents (S566.58) be issued in favor of the Honor- able the Treasurer to enable him to pay tlie following accounts in connec- tion with the Institution for the Deaf and Duml), Belleville, the capital appropriation for said Institution having become exhausted :
James Morrison, Toronto S200 84
Poole cfe Co., Toronto 310 83
Malcolm Moon, Belleville 46 00
Thomas Hanley, " 8 91
Total .S5G6 58
Certified,
J. L. CAPREOL,
Clerk, Treasury Board. The Honorable
The Treasurer.
xi
56 Victoria. Sessional Pjipers (No. 14). A. 1893
Public Buildings— Deaf and Dumb Institute $1,090 06
Repairs and Maintenance— School Practical Science 872 01
Department op Public Works. Toronto, November 7th, 1892.
The undersigned respectfully reports to His Honor the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That the capital appropriation for the Institute for Deaf and Dumb, Belleville, is exhausted and the following accounts are unpaid :
J. Forin's certificate $ 450 00
W. J. Smith's " 104 00
Accounts with abstract as hereunto attached . . 536 06
Total $1,090 06
That the School of Practical Science Repairs and Maintenance appro- priation alsD is exhausted and the following amounts are unpaid :
Elias Rogers & Oo., as per account now with Auditor $854 01
Sundry accounts for advertising, " " 18 00
Total S872 01
The undersigned therefore recommends that authority be given under
the Act R. S. 0. 1887, Cap. 21, Sec. 20, for cheques to issue in favour of
the above-named services for the said sum of $1,090.06, and $872,01
respectively.
(Sgd) C. F. FRASER,
Commissioner.
Provincial Auditor's Office.
Toronto, November 26th, 1892.
Sir, — I beg to enclose for the approval of the Treasury Board, a recommendation from the Public Works Department for payment in excess of appropriations as follows :
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, Belleville — capital account. .$1,090 06 School of Practical Science; Repairs and Maintenance 872 01
Total $1,962 07
Your obedient servant,
G. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor. The Clerk,
Treasury Board.
xii
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. l-t). A. 1893
Minute of the Treasury Board on Matters Referred to them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report of the Honorable, the Commissioner of Public Works, dated the 7th day of November, A.D, 1892, the Treasury Board doth hereby, under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap. 21, R. S. O. 1887, recommend that a warrant for the sum of one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-two dollars and seven cents (1,962.07) be issued in favor of the Honorable the Treasurer to enable him to pay certain accounts in connec- tion with the following Institutions, the appropriations for same having become exhausted :
Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Belleville — capital account. . . .$1,090 06 School of Practical Science — Repairs and Maintenance 872 01
Total $1,962 07
Certified,
J. L. OAPREOL,
Clerk Treasury Board. The Honorable,
The Treasurer,
Public Institutions Maintenance— Mimico Asylum $1,693 09
Inspector of Asylum's Office
Toronto, November 24th, 1892.
Sir, — An expenditure for fuel has necessarily been made for supplying the branch cottages at Mimico in excess of the estimated amount for the year.
This expenditure has exhausted the appropriation on mamtenance account, leaving a balance in the current monthly accounts of 61,693.09 unprovided for.
Will you be good enough to submit this report to the Treasury Board with a view of obtaining authority for payment of the overdraft.
Your obedient servant,
R. CHRISTIE,
Inspector. C. H. Sproule, Esq., Provincial Auditor.
xiii
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, November 26th, 1892.
Sir, — I beg to enclose herewith for approval of the Treasury Board a recommendation from Mr. Inspector Christie for payment of accounts re Mimico Lunatic Asylum.
If overdraft is allowed cheqae should issue in favor of Bursar, to
enable him to complete payment of accounts incurred for the month ended
the 15th instant.
Your obedient servant,
0. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor. The Clerk,
Treasury Board.
Minute op the Treasurf Board on Matters Referred to them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report of Mr. Christie, Inspector of Asylums, dated the 24th day of November, A.D. 1892, the Treasury Board dcth hereby, under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap. 21, R. S. O. 1887, recommend that a warrant for the sum of one thousand, six hundred and ninety-three dollars and nine cents (SI, 693.09) be issued in favor of James Corcoran, Bursar of Mimico Asylum, to enable him to com- plete payment of accounts in connection with said Asylum incurred for month ending 15th November, instant, the appropriation for maintenance thereof having becooie exhausted.
Certified,
J. L. CAPREOL,
Clerk, Treasury Board.
The Honorable,
The Treasurer.
Education.— School of Practical Science $700 00
" Superannuated Teachers 237 50
Department of Education,
Toronto, December 6th, 1892.
The undersic^ned respectively reports to His Honor the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That by an evident inadvertence the " Legisktive Supply Bill," grant- ing a total of $15,770 for salaries aud expenses of School of Practical Science does not include all the items named under this service on page 20
XIV
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
of the estimates, by a difference of S700. As it is necessary that all the salaries of the staff and assistants, as well as the accounts incurred for expenses, should be paid this year, the undersigned respectfully recom- mends that authority be given, under the Act, 49 Vict,, Cap. 4, Sec. 20, for appropriating a furtlier sum of 8700 to supply the deficiency causedby the clerical error aforesaid.
The undersigned also reports that there is a deficiency of S237.50 to meet the claims of the year, under sub-service of " Superannuated Teachers," and he further recommends that the sum of 8237.50 be appropriated under the Act above named to pay the claims enumerated in the accompanying schedule.
Iv'espectfully submitted,
(Sgd) R HAROOURT,
Acting Minister of Education.
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, December 9th, 1892.
Sir, — I beg to enclose a recommendation from the Education Depart- ment for the payment of accounts in excess of appropriations, under the Supply Bill as follows :
Education — School Practical Science .$700 00
" Superannuated Teachers 237 50
Total .$937 50
Your obedient servant,
0. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor. The Olekk,
Treasury IJoard.
Minute of tub Treasurv Board on Matters Referred to them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report of the Hon. Mr. Harcourt, Acting Minister of Education, dated the 6th day of December, A.D. 1892, the Treasury Board doth hereby, under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap. 21, R. S. O. 1887, recommend that a warrant for the sum of nine hundred and thirty-seven dollars and fifty cents ($937.50) be issued in favor of the
XV
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
Honorable the Treasurer, to enable him to pay the accounts mentioned in the schedules attached to the Minister's report, the following appropriations to which accounts are chargeable having become exhausted :
Education — School Practical Science §700 00
" Superannuated Teachers 237 50
Total §&37 50
Certified,
J. L. CAPREOL,
Clerk, Treasury Boar<J. The Honorable,
The Treasurer.
Public Buildings.— Deaf and Dumb Institute $544 65
Department of Public Works,
Toronto, December 10th 1892.
The undersigned respectfully reports to His Honor the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That the Capital Account appropriation for the Deaf and Damb Institute, Belleville is exhausted, and the following accounts for the reconstruction of bakery and dormitories are unpaid, viz.: —
The E. (k C. Gurney Company, Toronto .$15 27
Frank Dolan, Belleville 156 63
John Forin, (final certificate) Belleville 372 75
Total $544 65
The undersigned therefore recommends that authority be given under the Act B. S. 0., 1887, Cap. 21, Sec. 20, for cheques to issue in favor of the said parties for the amounts of their several accounts, as hereto attached.
(Sd) C. F. FRASER,
Commissioner Public Works.
xvi
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, December 12th, 1892.
Sir, — I beg to enclose herewith for the approval of the Treasury Board, a recommendation from the Department of Public Works, for pay- ment of accounts, m excess of the appropriation for the Deaf and Dumb Institute Capital Account, amounting to S544.65.
Your obedient servant,
(Sd) C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor.
The Clerk,
Treasury Board.
Minute of the Treasury Board on Matters Referred to them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report of the Honorable the Commissioner of Public Works, dated the 10th day of December, A.D. 1892, the Treasury Board doth hereby, under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap. 21., R. S. O., 1887, reccmmend that a warrant for the sum of five hundred and forty- four dollars and sixty-five cents (S544.65) be issued in favor of the Honorable, the Treasurer, for the payment of the following accounts in conneciion with the Deaf and Dumb Institution, Belleville, chargeable to the Capital Account appropriation, for said institution, which has become exhausted.
E. i C. Gurney Company, Toronto 615 27
Frank Dolan, Belleville. 156 63
John Forin, Belleville .372 75
Total .S5-14 65
Certified,
The Honorable,
The Treasurer.
J. L. CAPREOL,
Clerk Treasury Board.
Legislation.— Stationery Printing and Binding $2,000 00
2* (p.A.) xvii
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
Queen's Printer's Office,
Toronto, December 27th 1892.
The undersigned respectfully reports to His Honor the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That the appropriation for Legislative Printing and Binding has been exhausted. That this is due to the extra amount of printing necessary in connection with the legislation of last session.
The sessional statutes are more than double the usual size ; a large special edition of the Consolidated Municipal and Assessment Act was issued, and the Private Bills were unusually numerous.
The undersigned therefore requests that authority be given the Honor- able the Provincial Treasurer under the Act R. S. O., 1887, Cap. 21. Sec, 20, to pay to Messrs. Warwick & Sons, the amount named in the accompany- ing certificate, viz. — §2,000.
(Sd) L. K. CAMERON,
Queen's Printer.
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, December 30th 1892.
Sir, — I beg to enclose herewith a recommendation from the Queen's
Printer, for payment to Messrs. Warwick & Sons, under authority of 49 Vict.,
Cap. 4., Sec. 20, of the sum of two thousand dollars, being on account of
their contract for printing and binding.
Your obedient servant,
C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor. The Clerk,
Treasury Board.
Minute of the Treasury Board on Matters Referred to Them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report of the Honorable the Treasurer, dated the 27th day of December, A.D., 1892, the Treasury Board doth hereby, under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap. 21, R. S. O., 1887, authorize the issue of a warrant for the sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000), in favor of Messrs, Warwick & Sons, contractors for the Parliamentary printing, as per certificate of the Clerk of the Committee on printing, the appropriation for '* Legislative Printing and Binding " having become exhausted.
Certified,
J. L. CAPREOL,
Clerk Treasury Board. The Honorable,
The Treasurer.
xviii
66 Victoria.
Sessional Papeis (No. 14).
A. 1893
Public Institutions Maintenance— Mimico Asylum $4,997 83
Inspectok of Asylums' Office
Toronto, 24:th December 1892.
Sir, — I beg to report an overdraft, amounting to the sum of 6J:,997.83 required to pay the outstanding accounts due for the Maintenance of the Branch Asylum cottages at Mimico, for December.
In view of my previous statement as the expenditure for fuel being the cause of the increased amount required, I beg to recommend the issue of a Treasury Board "Warrant, under R. S. 0., 1887, Cap. 21, Sec. 20, for the above-named amount.
Your obedient servant,
(Sd) E. CHRISTIE.
Inspector.
0. H. Sproule, Esq., Provincial Auditor.
Provincial Additor's Office, « Toronto, December 30th, 1892.
Sir, — I beg to enclose herewith for,the approval of the Treasury Board, a recommendation from Mr.^Inspector Ohristie, for payment of accounts in excess of the appropriation for the Maintenance of the Asylum at Mimico, amounting to §4,997.83.
Your obedient servant,
The Clkrk,
Treasury Board.
(Sd.) C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor.
Minute of the Treasury Board on Matters Referred to them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report of Mr. Inspector Christie, dated the 24th day of December A. D., 1892, the Treasury Board doth hereby under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap. 21, R. S. O., 1887, authorize the issue of a war-
xix
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
lant for the sum of four thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven dollars and eighty-three cents, (4,997.83) in favor of the Honorable the Treasurer, for the payment of outstanding accounts for the month of December, in con- nection with the Maintenance of the Branch Asylum cottages, Mimico, the appropriation for such service having become exhausted.
Certified,
J. L. CAPREOL,
Clerk, Treasury Board.
The Honorable,
The Treasurer,
Repairs and Maintenance— Agricultural Oollege $733 48
Department of Agriculture,
Toronto, December 30th, 1892.
The undersigned respectfully reports to His Honor the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That owing to the increased price of ooal, and to the fact that nothing was included in the Estimates to provide for the heating of the new gym- nasium at the Ontario Agricultural College, for the months of November and December, the appropiiation for "Maintenance" is insufficient, and that outstanding accounts still remain upaid to the amount of $733.48; The undei signed respectfully recommends that authority be given under the Act, 49 Vict. Cap. 4, sec, 20, for appropriating a further sum sufficient to meet the deficiency.
Respectfully submitted, (Sd) JOHN DRYDEN,
Minister of Agriculture.
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, December 31st, 1892. giK^ 1 beg to enclose herewith a recommendation from the Honor- able the Minister of Agriculture, for payment of accounts in excess of the appropriation for repairs and Maintenance of buildings, Agricultural Col- lege, amounting to ^733.48.
Your obedient servant,
C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor. The Clerk,
Treasury Board,
XX
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14 ) A. 1893
Minute of the Treasury Board ox Matters Referred to Them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report of the Honourable the Minister of Agriculture, dated the 30th day of December, A.D. 1892, the Treasury Board doth hereby under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap. 21, R.S.O., 1887, authorize the issue of a warrant for the sum of seven hundred and thirty- three dollars and forty-eight cents ($733.48), in favor of the Honorable the Treasurer, for the payment of outstanding accounts in connection with the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, the appropriation for " Mainten- ance " of said Institution having boco-ne exhausted.
Certified,
J. L. CAPREOL,
Clerk Treasury Board. The Honorable
The Treasurer.
Repairs and Maintenance —Agricultural College $163 69
Department of Agriculture,
Toronto, December 30th, 1892.
The undersigned respectfully reports to His Honor the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That the sum appropriated for the Maintenance of Public Buildings at the Ontario Agricultural College is insuthcient for the current year ; and that as accounts for gas, etc. still ?emain unpaid to the extent of $163.69, the undersigned respectfully recommends that authority be given under the Act 49 Vict., Cap. 4, Sec. 20, for appropriating a further sum to meet this deficiency.
Respectfully submitted,
(Sd) JOHN DRYDKN,
Minister of Agriculture, xxi
56 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
Provincial Auditor's Office, Toronto, January 17th, 1893.
Sir, — I beg to enclose herewith an application from the Department of Agriculture for authority for the payment of accounts in excess of the appropriation for " Agricultural College Repairs " account, amounting to S163.69.
The warrant should be made in favor of the Honorable the Pro- vincial Treasurer.
Your obedient servant,
0. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor. The Olerk,
Treasury Board.
Minute of the Treasury Board on Matters Referred to Them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report of the Honorable the Minister of Agriculture, dated the 30th day of December, A.D., 1892, the Treasury Board doth hereby under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap. 21, R.S.O., 1887, recommend that a warrant for the sum of one hundred and sixty-three dol- lars and sixty-nine cents ($163.69) be issued in favor of the Honorable the Treasurer, to pay accounts for gas, etc., for the Ontario Agricultural College, the appropriation for " Maintenance " of said Institution having become exhausted.
Certified,
J. L. OAPREOL,
Olerk Treasury Board. The Honorable
The Treasurer.
Repairs and Maintenance— Government House $1,656 43
xxii
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1S93
Department of Public Works,
Toronto, 1st January, 1893. The undersigned respectfully reports to His Honor the Lieutenant- Governor in Council :
That the Government House " Maintenance and Repairs " appropria- tion for the year 1892 is exhausted, and the following named accounts have not been paid, viz. :
John'Catto & Sons $ 141 80
W. Junor 52 03
tjlover Harrison Estate 12 63
Eyrie Bros 58 75
J. E. Ellis <fe Co. (Ltd.) 511 25
W. Milligan 879 97
Total 81,656 43
The undersigned therefore recommends that the requisite authority be given under the Act R.S.O., 1887, Cap. 21, Sec. 20, for cheques to i.ssue for the said several parties above-named for the amounts of their respective accounts.
(Sd) C. F. ERASER,
Commissioner Public Works.
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, January 18th, 1893. Sir, — T beg to enclose herewith, for the approval of the Treasury Board, a recommendation from the Department of Public Works for pay- ment of accounts in excess of the appropriation for " Repairs and Main- tenance," Government House, amounting to sixteen hundred and fifty-six dollars and forty-three cents (.$1,650.43).
Your obedient servant,
C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor. The Clerk,
Treasury Board.
xxiii
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
Minute of the Treasury Board on Matters Referred to Them for
Consideration.
Upon consideration of a report of the Honorable the Oonimissioner of Public Works, dated the 1st day of January, A.D. 1893, the Treasury Board doth hereby under the provisions of Sec. 20, Cap. 21, R.S.O., 1887, recommend that a warrant for the sum of one thousand six hundred and fifty-six dollars and forty-three cents (.$1,656.43) be issued in favor of the Honorable the Treasurer for the payment of the following accounts, charge- able to the appropriation " Repairs and Maintenance," Government House, which has become exhausted.
William Milligan ^ 879 97
J. Oatto & Son 141 80
W. Junor 52 03
Glover Harrison Estate 12 63
Ryrie Bros 58 75
J. E. Ellis (k Co 511 25
$1,656 43 Certified,
J. E. CAPREOL,
Clerk Treasury Board. The Honorable,
The Treasurer.
Total expenditure under authority of 49 Vic
Cap. 4, Sec. 20 - $26,682 29
RECAPITLTLATION.
Legislation $7,000 00
Education 7.364 47
Public Institutions Maintenance — 6,690 92
Repairs and Maintenance 3,425 61
Public Buildings 2,201 29
$26,682 29
XXIV
56 Victoria. SessioDal Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
U^TAUTHORIZED EXPENDITURES.
Civil Govei nment :
Education Department $ 26 43
Legislation 997 76
Administration of Justice :
Supreme Court of Judicature 1,918 21
Education :
Departmental Examinations 55 04
Normal and Model Schools, Toronto 1 1 93
School Practical Science 31 23
Miscellaneous 501 43
Repairs and Maintenance :
Miscellaneous 491 00
School Practical Science 18 11
Public Buildings :
Deaf and Dumb Institute 1, 172 56
School Practical Science 8 97
Refunds :
Miscellaneous 1 6 80
$5,249 47
Total overdrafts of appropriations— under
Schedule "A" of Supply Bill {See statemant
folio 33-3.) $31,93176
SPECIAL WARRANTS ISSUED UNDER AUTHORITY OF 49 VICT. CAP. 4, SEC. 9, SUB-SEC. 2, TO MEET NECESSARY EXPENDITURES DURING MARCH AND APRIL.
Ccpy of an Order in Council approved by His Honor the Lieu- tenant-Governor, the 9th day of February, A.D. 189.3.
Having regard to- the provisions of sub-section 2 of section 9 of the Revised Statute, chaptered 21, entitled " An Act to provide for the better auditing of the Public Accounts of the Province," whereby it is enacted among other things that when the Legislature is not in session any occa- sion arises when an expenditure not foreseen or provided for by the Legis-
XXV
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A. 1893
lature is' urgently and immediately required for the public service, then upon the report of the Treasurer that there is no Legislative provision, and of the Minister having the charge of the service in question, that the necessity is urgent, 3'our honor in council may order a special warrant to be prepared for the issue of the amount estimated to be required, which shall be placed by the Treasurer to a special account against which cheques may issue from time to time in the usual form, as they may be required, and upon consideration of the report of the Honorable the Commissioner of Public Works, dated 3rd February, 1893, stating that the Xew Parlia- ment Buildings, cannot for some weeks to come, be sufficiently completed to allow of there being held therein the approaching annual session of the Legislative Assembly of the Province, and in order to allow of the said session being so held in said buildings, it is urgently and immediately necessary that the sum of fifty-five ^thousand dollars (^55,000) should be provided for the furnishing and fitting up of the same, also the report of the Honorable the Provincial Secretary of 3rd idem, wherein he states that the sum of one hundred and forty thousand dollars ($140,000) is required for supplies for the Maintenance of the Public Institutions of the Province, and also the report of the Honorable the Treasurer of the same date, representing that the sum of thirty-five thousand dollars is required for departmental pay lists, and twenty thousand dollars for the purposes of legislation, and setting forth further that in the absence of any legislative provision for the sums necessary to meet said services (the necessity for payment being urgent) and in pursuance of the said sub-section of the said Act a special warrant should be prepared and signed by Your Honor authorizing the issue and appropriation out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund of the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($250,000) to be placed by the Treasurer to a Special Account, the Committee of Council advise that a special warrant for the said sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars be issued by Your Honor to be placed by the Treasurer to a Special Account, against which cheques may be issued from time to time, as may required, for the payment of expenditures in connection with the services above specified.
Certified,
J. LONSDALE CAPREOL.
Assistant Clerk Executive Council.
Copy of Order in Council approved by His Honor the Lieutenant- Governor the 15th day of March, A.D. 1893.
Referring to the Order in Council of 9th February, 1893, authorizing the issue of a special warrant for the sum of two hundred and fifty thou- sand dollars ($250,000) on account of the Maintenance of Public Institutions
xxvi
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14). A 1893
of the Province, Civil Government, Legislation and Parliament Buildings, and upon consideration of the reports of the Honorable the Minister of Education, the Honorable the Provincial Secretary, and the Honorable the Minister of Agriculture, dated respectively 14th March, 1893 ; also the report of the Honorable the Treasurer wherein he states that the said special warrant has been exhausted, and that a further sum of two hundred thousand dollars ($200,000) is urgently and immediately required to meet the following necessary expenditures, namely : —
Regular Departmental pay lists (average monthly). .$35,000 Public Institutions, Ordinary Maintenance, (accounts
average) 70,000
Legislation, advance re Sessional expenses 20,000
Administration of Justice, sundry necessary expendi- tures 10,000
Education, sundry necessary expenditures 10,000
Agriculture " " 10,000
Miscellaneous Services, sundry necessary expenditures 45,000
The Committee of Council advise that in pursuance of sub-section 2 of section 9, cap. 21, R.S.O., a further special warrant for the said sum of two hundred thousand dollars be issued in favor of the Honorable the Treasurer, to be placed by him to a Special Account, against which cheques may be issued from time to time in the usual form as they are required to meet the necessary payments aforesaid.
Certified,
J. LONSDALE CAPREOL,
Assistant Clerk Executive Council.
Statements of the expenditure under above warrants will be prepared and presented early in the approaching Session.
Respectfully submitted,
C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor.
xxvu
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A. 1893
CONTENTS.
MISCELLANEOUS STATEMENTS.
Page.
Receipts and Payments 2
Balance of Open Accounts G
Consolidated Eevenue Fund 9
Investment Account 10
Intekest on Investments 11
Pagb.
Law Stamp Revenue 12
Education Department Revenue 13
Algoma Taxes Revenue 14
Casual Revenue 17
Stationeky Office I'.i
EXPENDITURE STATEMENTS.
Administration of Justice : Page.
Supreme Court of Judicature 55
Court of Appeal 5G
High Court 57
Chaucery Invision 57
Queen's Bench Division 58
Couiniou Pkas Division 59
Surrogate Judges and Local Masters 59
Crown Counsel Prosecutions GO
General Administration of Justice
in Counties 63
Special ^ervices 71
Leputy Cleiks of the Crown and
Pleas 75
Local Registrars 77
District of Algoma 79
do Thunder Bay 80
do Piainy River 80
do Nipiasing 81
do Parry Sound 81
do Mu.-koka Hi
do Manitoulin 82
do Haliburton 82
Provincial Police 82
Sheriffs' Fees, etc 72
Seals and otlier contingencies 74
Inspection, Division Courts 71
do Offices under Judicature
Act 71
Shorthand Reporters 75
Con.stitutional Questions 74
Groupe«l Counties 75
Land Titles Uftice 77
Local Masters of Titles 78
Dit lies and Water Courses Act. ... 75
County Law Associations 76
Drainage Act 78
Agriculture : Page.
Electoral Division Societies 208
Grants to Associations 211
Agricultural College 218
Experimental Farm 222
Incidentals 215
Farmers' Institutes 212
Bureau of Statistics 217
Forestry 21G
Tree Planting 21U
Annviiies 32i'
Civil Government :
Government House 23
Lieutenant-Governor's Office 23
Attorney-General's Department .... 24
Education do .... 25
Crown Lands do .... 27
Bureau of Mines 31
Public Works Department 32
Treasurj' do 33
Provincial Auditor"? Office 35
Department of Agriculture 40
Secretary- and Registrar's Depart- ment 37
Registrar-General's Branch 42
License do 3G
Public Institutions Office 39
Immiirration do 43
Official <i,tz,tt>- 45
Queen's Printer 45
Board of Health 44
Insurance Brancli 4G
Inspection of Registry Offices 4!!
Special Services re Investigations. . 47
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A. 1893
Page. Colonization Roads 283
Crown Lands :
Board of Surveyors 289
Agents' Salaries 289
Forest Ea))giug 291
Fire Ranging 292
Cullers' Act 295
Quebec A genc)^ ...... = 296
Ottawa do 296
Forest Ranging in New Territory. . 275
Surveys 296
Miscellaneous 297
Drainage Debentures (Municipal).
320
Drainage, Tile 321
Education :
Public Schools 84
Separate do 96
Poor do 102
Kindergarten Schools 110
Night do Ill
P. S. Leaving Examinations Ill
Model Schools 115
Teachers' Institutes 117
Inspection, Public and Separate
Schools 121
High Schools 112
Training District Teachers 117
French-Ent^lish Training School . . 117
Ontario School of Pedagogy ...... 119
Inspection of Normal, High and
Model Schools 121
Departmental Examinations 124
Normal and Model Schools, Toronto 130
do Ottawa 132
Library 133
School of Practical Science 135
Mechanics' Institutes 137
Art Schools Examinations, etc .... 143
Literary and Scientific 144
Superannuated Teachers 145
Miscellaneous 145
Hospitals and Charities 234
Immigration :
Agencies in Europe 207
do Ontario , 207
Incidentals 207
Land Improvement Fund (Special). . . . 321
Legislation :
OJ0Bcial Salaries 47
Sessional Writers, Messengers,
Pages, etc 48
Page.
Legislation — Continued.
Postages and Cost of House Post
Office , 51
Stationery, Printing and Binding,. 51 Printing Bills and Distributing Sta- tutes 51
Library 51
Indemnity to Members 53
Expenses 53
Miscellaneous :
Charges on Revenue. .... 304
Marriage Licenses 30.5
Ontario Rifig Association 305
Artillery Association 305
Expenses of Elections ... 305
Voters' Lists 306
Gratuities ' 307
Industrial School, Mimico 305
Archfeological Researches 307
Telephone Service 307
Removal of Patients 307
Prisoners' Aid Society 308
Vaccine Farm 309
Sanitary Investigations 308
Outbreak of Epidemics 309
University College (Ladies' Depart- ment) 295
Facco] ies' Act 296
Drainage Commission 310
Arbitration Canada and Quebec .... 309
Dominion Teachers' Association . . . 311
Canadian IViilitary Institute 311
Columbia Exhibition 311
Removal to New Parliament Build- ings 313
Fish and Game Wardens 314
Costs Sharpe i: Lakefield Lumber
Co 315
Destruction of Wolves 315
Centenary Celebration 315
Dehorning Commission 315
Imjjerial institute Exhibit 310
Unprovided Items 316
New Parliament Buildings 322
Public Institutions Maintenance :
Asylum for the Insane, Toronto .... 146
do Mimico .... 151
do London .... 156
do Kingston. . . 163
do Hamilton . . 168
do Idiots, Orillia 173
Central I'rison , . . 178
Central Prison Industries 182
Reformatory for Boys 185
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 190
do Blind 195
Mercer Reformatory 202
XXX
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A. 1893
Page. Public Buildings :
Asylum for Insane, Toronto 25'4
do do Mimi^o 255
do Eastern Ontario 257
do Insane, Loudon 258
do do Kingston 200
do do Hamilton .... 259
do Idiots, Orillia 201
Reformatory for Boj-s 202
Mercer Reformatory 263
Central Prison 203
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 205
do Blind 267
Agricultural College 267
Education Dept. and Normal School 269
Normal bJchool, Ottawa 270
School of Practical Science 270
OsgoLde Hall 272
District of Algoma 273
do Thunder Bay 274
do Rainy River 275
do Muskoka 274
<lo Parry Sound 275
do Nipissing 275
Public Works :
Maganetawan Works 270
Peninsula Creek Improvement .... 277
Balsam River Works 278
Mi3sissi(iuia Lake Dam 278
Gull and Burnt River Wc rks 278
Page.
Public Wokks — Cuntimied.
Landing Pier, Port Elgin 279
Nation River Improvement i;79
Maintenance, Locks, Dams, etc. . . . 279
Surveys, Inspections, etc 282
Lockmasters' Salaries 279
Repunds :
Education 298
( rown Lands 298
Municipalities Fund 303
Land Improvement Fund 303
Miscellaneous 304
Railway Subsidy Fund 317
Repairs and Maintenance, Govern- ment Departmental Buildings.
Government House 2.38
Parliament Buildings 239
Educational Buildings 242
Simcce Street Premises 245
Wellington Street Premises 246
Miscellaneous 247
Normal School, Ottawa 247
School of Practical Science 248
Agricultural College 249
Osgoode Hall 251
Agricultural Hall 251
University of Toronto 321
XXXI
66 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 14,) A. 1893
MISCELLANEOUS STATEMENTS.
3* ^P.A.)
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Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A. 1893
No. 6. LAW STAMPS.
Statement of Revenue received oa account of Law Stamps during the year ended
.31st December, 1892.
COUNTY.
Brant
Bruce
Carleton
Dufferin ......
Elgin
Essex
Froutenac
Grey
Haldimand
Halton
Hastings
Huron
Kent
Lambton
Lanark
Leeds and Grenville
Lincoln
Lennox and Addington
Middlesex
Norfolk .
Northumberland and Durham
Ontario
Oxford
Peel
Perth
Peterborough
Prc-scott and Russell
Prince Edward
do
Renfrew J. H
Simcoe
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
Victoria
Waterloo
Welland
do ..
Wellington
Weutworth
Toronto City
do
York
Algoma District
Muskoka do
Parry Sound District
Thunder Bay do
DISTRIBUTOR.
G. R. VanNorman .
Thcmas Dixon ,
Robert Lees
Thomas Bowles. . . . John Farley
F. E Marcon
B. M. Britvon
A. Frost
J. R. Martin
T. It. Matheson
G. E. Henderson. . ,
D. McDonald
Jas. Holmes
J. P. Bucke
C. Rice
S. Reynolds
J. McKeown
A. L. Morden .... C. Hutchinson . . .
C. C. Rapslje
J. W. Kerr
J. E. Farewell ....
F. R. Ball
W. H. McFadden
J. Idington
R. E. Wood
J. Fraser
P. Low
J. R. Brown
]SIetcalfe . . .
J. R. Cotter
J. Dingwall
J. R. McNeillie . . W. H. Bowlby . . . L. D. Raymond. . .
T. D. Cowper
H . W . Peterson . .
John f'rerar
J . G Brown
James Fleming . . W. W. Baldwin . .
J. J. Kehoe
I. Huber
R. H. Stewart ... A. R. Lewis
Amount.
Total ! $91,617 56
2,013 25 1,491 .50 5,662 95 380 00 1,007 70 1,045 00 1,805 00
826 50
289 75
214 70 2,860 00 2,546 00 2,042 50
812 25
621 30 1,159 00 1,111 50
855 00 3,600 50
452 25 1,914 25 1,068 75
810 00 1,520 00 1,404 10
617 50 95 00
472 15 47 50
698 50 1,720 45 1,140 00 1,235 02 1,900 00
190 00
594 95
333 25 3,676 50 3,291 75
556 70 37,000 00
142 50 45 00 49 50
297 54
C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor.
Provincial Auditor's Office, Toronto, March 10th, 189.3.
12
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Sessional Papers (No. 14).
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Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A. 189 3
No. 8.
TAXES ON PATENTED LANDS.
Statement shewing the several amounts received by the Treasurer of Ontario on account of Taxes on Patented Lands in the District of Algoma, for the year ended 31st December, 1892.
FROM WHOM RECEIVED.
Aikins, J. C
Allison, D. W
Allan, W. A
Armstrong, W
Alg'-ma Nickel Co
Allison, Mrs
Austin, W. A
Ball, H. G
Bliss, A. P
Brown, J. 0
Barnet & Russell
Banks, vV. H
B(.w!ing, S. J
Bruce, A. C
Bradley, A. W
Birswanper, H. P. . . . Beaver M. & M. Co. .
Brewst.f-r, C. E
Birch, R,
Bevan, S. L
Beatty&Co
Ballentine, S. L ...
Bowden, J
Crompton F
Canadian Copper Co.
C. P. R. Co
Clenni>vv, F
Campbell, C
Crombie, D. B
Crawford. Sir C
Cassels, C
Cock burn, Mrs
Candler Bros
Cochrane, J. C. T. . . . Crane & Baird . Collins' Inlet L. Co. .
Crean. F. C
Cl.iugher, T. R
Cook Bros. L. Co. . .
Denison M Co
Davidson, J
Downs, N. C
Duncan, Clarke S. C.
Dunstan, G . . .
Dawson, J. P
Dei-champs, P
DeJaniere & Co
Delaney, T
Daniels, J. C
De Graff, J. H
Davie-, T
Easterbrook, T
Eschweiler, C. F . . . .
Eyre, E. H
Ebmer, A ,
Elgin L. M. Co
Ellis, Mrs
Frood, T
SERVICE.
On
account of taxes, do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do
Carried fonoard.
14)
14 78
109 87 26 29
6 84 5 31 1 38 1 90 11 56 5 76
3 98 22 67
8 30
1 60
16 05
4 52 1 60
26 21
1 59
2 10 4 79
134 40
56 33
92 03
4 22
171 74
110 17
1 76
3 52 13 92
4 80
4 81 76
3 08
5 61 32 53
2 00 72
12 62
15 21
13 84
16 96 1 61
4 74 15 96 58 73
1 32
6 21 15 66
4 00 G 01
17 49
2 00 8 69
3 95
6 72
7 62 14
26 22
1,165 10
o6 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A 1893
No. 8. TAXES ON PATENTED LA^DS.— Continued.
FROM WHOM RECEIVED.
Fraser, J
Fraser, J. A
Fabiai), W. J
Frause W. J
Felt, B. F ... .. Fergusdii & Brian . .
Flett & Co
Graham, G. A
Gamble & Dunn
Gurafski, 0
Geehell, M. T
Gilbert, G. K
Griffiths, S
Gordon, A
Goodell, R. P
Graham & Co
Graves, C. H
Grant, J. G
Hunter, \V. H
Harvey, J
Holmes & Gregory . . .
Heron, R
Hunter, J. C
Hamilton, C. H. . .
Harnjan, < r. F
Harkley, R ,
Hedstrom, E. L
Harris, T. L
Higgiiisun & Co
Hartman, (). C
HardJHty, J
Ince, T. H.
Jonson, U'illiam
Jone.s, A. K
Jackson, D. jr
Krauy^e, C. H
Krause, H. C
Kaii-er, S. P
Kerr, J. L
Keith, G. K
Long, T
Leniiievilie, J
Lailey I'^state
LenKlie, .J
Leaslie, W
r.ye, H
Lockerby, I). L. . . Ijewi.s & liatigworthy
Mercer & Co
Mutcbmore & Co
AFachin, Rev. C. J
Micklc, H. W
Messer, A
Mingave. VV. R
M')88 & Co
Martin, R ...
McCharles, A
Mcliari'n, I'
McArtliur, J
McCuaig, C. .1
Mcintosh, H. P
Mcl'herm.n, W. D.... McDonald, J. C
SERVICE.
Brought forward .
On
account of taxes.
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do di> do do do do do do do do do do do do
1,165 10
1 65 3 70 9 55
47 34 3 00 6 09
18 92
67 67
5 76
57
1 84
18 77 3 20
|
1 3 74 |
|
1 76 |
|
! 2 10 |
|
6 18 |
|
4 75 |
|
5 42 |
|
2 81 |
|
24 28 |
|
4 54 |
|
20 55 |
|
I 65 |
|
42 |
|
60 |
|
2 26 |
|
66 |
|
111 19 |
|
2 64 |
|
14 88 |
|
6 76 |
|
3 86 |
|
17 01 |
|
6 94 |
|
5 62 |
|
2 58 |
|
14 49 |
|
1 47 |
|
3 12 |
|
5 45 |
|
3 26 |
|
7 47 |
|
1 60 |
|
5 22 |
|
24 83 |
|
7 59 |
|
117 42 |
|
8 49 |
|
3 69 |
|
14 29 |
|
2 81 |
|
80 |
|
23 21 |
|
5 42 |
|
3 49 |
|
8 87 |
|
6 12 |
|
I JO |
|
8 42 |
|
8 «l |
|
8 76 |
|
1 47 |
Carried forward . 15
1,903 32
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A. 1893
No. 8. TAXES ON PATENTED LANDS.— Concluded.
FROM WHOM RECEIVED.
McGee, J. C
McCuaig & Co
Mc Arthur Bros
McRae, P
Nairn, T. B
Newmann, M
Nason, W. Estate . . .
Newman, F
Nesbitt, E. R
Nason, J
O'Reilly, J. E
Pack, G
Palmer, J. C
Peden, W
Pardee & Garvey . . .
Paine, F. W
Petrie, A. M
Piatt, J. M
Phillips, T. C
Parsons, J
Pickards, H. L
Perkins & Eraser . . .
Petry, W. G
Piatt, S
Pack & Woods
Parkhurst, A. G. . . .
Quiglpy, M
Quinn, J. J
Roberts, D. E
Reeves, S. T
Rogers, F
Ramsden, F. J
Smith, Goldwin
Saltonstall, F. G
Secord, H. C.
Shaw, G. A
Schilling, E
Thomson, D. C
Thomson, Rev. C. E.
Turner, H. A
Teeple A. V
Thurston, C. B
Turner, William . . . .
VanSickle, J. F
Vickers, J. J
Walsh, M
White, J. L
Wideman, J
Wieland, F. W
Waterloo, A. C
Ware, G. T
Wink & Cameron . . .
Wiley, A. W
Williams, J , .
Walton, A. M
Young, A. H
Y . 1 Mining Co
Deeds
Total
|
SERVICE. |
$ c. |
|
Brought forward On account of taxes |
1,903 32 26 92 |
|
do |
7 66 |
|
do do |
120 20 3 17 |
|
do |
11 25 |
|
do |
5 .58 |
|
do |
20 li |
|
do |
7 41 |
|
do |
3 68 |
|
do |
20 11 |
|
do |
4 83 |
|
do do |
1 07 5 27 |
|
do |
1 06 |
|
do |
29 66 |
|
do |
5 81 |
|
do |
1 47 |
|
do |
5 89 |
|
do |
1 95 |
|
do |
3 70 |
|
do |
14 67 |
|
do |
2 68 |
|
do |
53 08 |
|
do |
15 10 |
|
do |
5 95 |
|
do |
74 |
|
do |
96 |
|
do |
3 20 |
|
do |
2 65 |
|
do |
246 36 |
|
do do do |
33 01 5 25 ] 60 |
|
do |
9 67 |
|
do |
23 68 |
|
do |
27 73 |
|
do |
1 60 |
|
do |
23 44 |
|
do |
1 91 |
|
do |
3 12 |
|
do do |
1 84 3 36 |
|
do |
1,303 23 3 70 |
|
do |
|
|
do |
23 68 |
|
do |
7 57 |
|
do |
1 10 |
|
do |
1 15 |
|
do |
1 66 |
|
do do |
35 18 5 38 |
|
do |
7 68 |
|
do |
7 88 |
|
do do do |
2 81 14 82 3 12 |
|
do do |
6 87 75 00 |
4,172 55'
I'rovincial Auditoe's Office, Toronto, March lOth.
1893.
C. H. SPROULE,
Provincial Auditor.
16
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A. 1893
No. 9.
CASUAL REVENUE.
Statement of Casual IIevenl'e, received by the Treasurer of the I'rovince of Ontario during the year ended Slst December, 1892.
Provincial Secretary's I'artment
Provincial Registrar's office.
Registrar-General's office ,
A. McNaughton, P.M., Sud- bury
A. G. Hill, P.M., Niagara
Falls
Wm. Wilson, J. P., Fitzroy G. Price, J.P., Owoii Sound J. Bethune, J. P., Inter- national bridge
W.A. Quibell, P.M. .Sudbury J. Tissiman, P.M., Chatham County Attorney, Brant ..
do Bruce . .
do Carleton...
do Eshex
do H.-vldiniand
d(. Hivlton.....
do Huron
do Lincoln , . .
do Middlesex .
do Muskokaand
Parry Sound j
do NorthuniVx;rland | and Durham |
do Ontiirio
do Simcoe
do Thunder Bay
do Victoria ....
do Waterloo . . .
do Wellington..
do York
49 Ccmmisslons under Great Seal (c S13 00;
70
do Notaries Public, (<i
8 00
90 .Judicial Notarial Certificates, (a 1 OOj
6 Pas^sports,
1 Subpoena . .
13 Surrogate Court Certificates,
3 County do
14 Superior do
4 Declaration:^,
2 Land Grants,
7 Orders in-Council,
1 Change of pame
Searches, etc
Charters of Incorporation ..... Maniage Licenses
(a
1 OOi
(a 2 001
(a 2 fiOl
(a 4 OOi
Xa .5 OOI
Cd> 20 OOI
(a 12 00
4 Exemplifications of I'atents, (a
35 Certified copies of do fg
4 Certificate.s do (q
122 Searches and extracts, (a
9 Special copies, (^
84 Certificates of Birth, (a.
38 dc Marriage, (<j
74 do Death, 4
8 251
2 50
50;
25
2 5o:
50 50 50
Fines and Forfeiture^
do do do
d.. do do do do do do d:> do do do do
do
do do do do do do
do
do
|
S c. |
|
637 00 |
|
5G0 00 |
|
90 00 |
|
6 00 |
|
1 GO |
|
26 00 |
|
7 50 |
|
56 00 |
|
20 00 |
|
40 00 |
|
84 00 |
|
12 CO |
|
34 40 |
|
6,780 00 |
|
2,853 60 |
|
33 00 |
|
87 50 |
|
2 GO |
|
30 50 |
|
22 50 |
|
42 00 |
|
19 00 |
|
74 00 |
|
27 50 |
|
288 03 |
|
1 00 |
|
2 50 |
|
17 50 |
|
289 85 |
|
100 00 |
|
48 00 |
|
58 .56 |
|
46 47 |
|
27 73 |
|
95 00 |
|
28 85 |
|
6 76 |
|
213 12 |
|
24 00 |
70 80
24 00 5 70 4 60 3 78
1 00
2 00 1 92
102 91
Carried forward.
1,556 58
11,207 50
175 .50
135 OO
11,518 00
4 (P.A.)
17
56 Victoria,.
Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A. 1893
No. 9. CASUAL nWiE^'UE.— Concluded.
FROM WHOM RECEIVED.
SERVICE.
Brought forward.
Sundry personb ,
Sheriff Carney, Sault Ste.
Marie
R. H. Stewart, Parry Sound J. Meek, Port Arthur
J. Gordon Brown, Toronto S. H. Ghent, Hamilton
Division Court Clerks
Insurance Companies
do and agents Insurance Companies
Fines under Game Laws
•Jury Fees do do
Surrogate Fees do
Fees
Fees under Ontario Insurance Act
do Insurance Corporations' Act, 1S92 . Assessments
Registrars Toronto and York W. McCrea, L.M.T., Sault
Ste. Marie
W.Doran, L.M.T., North Bay P. McGurry, do Parry S'nd J. E Lount, do Bracebridge J. M. Munro, do Port Arthur
Surplus Fees re Land Titles Office .
Fees. do do do do
Warwick & Sons
Clerk Legislative Assembly . L. K. Cameron, Queen's
Printer
Jno. Notman
Official Gazette. Private Bills . .
Estate Sir Daniel Wilson do T. M. Hammond., do W. Hickling
Sale of Statutes . do
Succession duty
do
do
County Treasurers
Sundry persons,..
do
J, L. Hughes.
Sudbury Star ,
Dept. of Education.
Sundry municipalities
W. A. Quibell, P.M., Sud- bury
do
Removal of Lunatics and Prisoners .
Shooting licenses
Fishing licenses
S c.
$ c.
1,556 58 I 11,518 00
189 92
25 04
3 00
4 50
3,558 00 379 10
825 00
12,996 84
2,769 01
Refund of unexpected balance re National Edu
cational Association
Refund subscription
Forfeited grant 8 and 11 Amaranth, 1891
Dundas and Waterloo Road Debentui-es.
Rent gaol ground. Prison labor . . , ,
Total.
1,092 41
462 55 108 10 189 55 131 10 259 70
1,904 85 494 46
100 00 200 00 458 53
1,375 25 484 00
79 33
1 00
100 00
8 00 10 30
1,779 04
3,937 10 8,666 19
16,590 85
2,243 41 7,191 30 5,755 12
2,399 31
758 53 5,260 30
1,859 25
180 33 2,100 00
18 30
70,257 03
Provincial Auditor's Office,
Toronto, March 10th, 1893.
H. SPROULE, Provincial Auditor.
18
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A. 1893
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Sessional Papers (No. 14).
A. 1893
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EXPENDITURE STATEMENTS.
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Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1803
ESTIMATES
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO
YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBEli,
1893.
thliSTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEM HLY.
T on UN T 0 : PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST.
1893.
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15)
A. 1893
SUMMaRT
T
Of the Estimated Expenditure of the Province of Ontario for the Financial Year endinj
31st December, 1893.
No.
SERVICES.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
Civil Government
Legislation
Administration of Justice ......
Education
Public Institutions Maintenance
Immigration
Agriculture
Hospitals and Charities
To be Voted.
For Current Expenditure.
Maintenance and Repair.s of Government and Departmental Buildings
Public Buildings
(1) Repairs
(2) Capital Account
Public Works
(1) Repairs
(2) Capital Account. . .
Colonization Roads
Charged on Crown Lands . . .
Refund Account
Miscellaneous Expenditure. . Unforeseen and Unprovided
Total
1. Current Expenditure for 181)3.
2. On Capital Account
3. ( »thcr purposes
Amount of Estimates
5 1
12 I
is!
17 !
22
33
34
37
38 40
On Capital Account.
45
? ct 248,975 00
121,700 00
400,702 00
668,746 55
783,614 00
8,160 00
176,837 00
164,949 34
71,480 00
IS.a.SO 00
1.5,100 00
46
51 I i2:),:«)9 00
94,620 00
50,000 00
2,946,522 89
476,316 00
18,495 00 95,350 00
590,161 00
For other purposes.
etc
2:1,501 1*
23.501 15
2,94.'),522 89
690,161 00
23,501 16
3,559,185 04
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
ESTIMATES OF EXPENDITURE
OF THE
PEOYINCE OF ONTAEIO
FOR THE YEAR 1893.
L— CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
To be voted per Statement (A) $248,975 00
tio. of Vote.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8
10 11 12 13 14
1892.
To -Salarien and Contingencies of the followinyl Departments and Officers.
Government House
Lieutenant-Governor's Office .
Executive Council and Attorney-General's De- partment
Department of Education
" Crown Lands .'
Public Works
Treasury Department ,
Provincial Board of Healtli .
Provincial Secretary's Department •
Public Institutions
Insurance Branch I
Department of Agriculture
Department of Immigration
Miscellaneous
$ cts. 1,950 GO 3,980 00
20,300 00 19,150 00 58,180 00 20,900 00 43,210 00
8,350 00 19,635 00 11,775 00
5,700 00 16,850 00
1,650 00
9,450 00 240,080 00
1893.
Compared with Estimatss of 1892.
9 cts. 1,950 00 3,980 CO
20,650 00 19,950 00 68,600 00 21,650 00 I 42,515 00 I
8,350 00 i 19,755 00 I 15,625 00
6,100 00 i 18,400 00
1,S00 00
9,(M50 00
248,976 00
Increase.
350 00 800 00 420 00 750 00
120 00 3,850 00
400 00 2.650 00
160 00
200 00
Decrease.
695 00
9,590 00
696 00
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
I— .CI VIL GOYERl^ME^T.—Contirmed.
No. of Vote.
SERVICE,
Details, gotkenmknt hoxjsk.
Expenfics
Gardener and Caretaker
Fireman and Assistant Gardener
Assistant Gardeners ...
LiKCTKNANT- Governor's Office. Salaries .
Official Secretary . Private Secretary Messenger
Expenses!.
Contingencies
Executive Council and Attorney-General's Department.
Salaries .
Attorney General and Premier
Clerk of Executive Council and Deputj' Attorney-General.
Law Secretary of Department
Clerk and Premier's Secretary
Assistant Clerk of Executive Council
Clerk and Shorthand-writer
Clerk
Clerk
Messenger ,
Salaries and Expenses.
Expenses.
Messenger and Caretaker in charge of office, cleaning, etc .
Fireman
Conti agencies
Furniture, shelving, typewriter, etc
Education Department.
Salarits.
Minister of Education
Deputy Minister
Chief Olerk and Accountant
Clerk and Minister's Secretary
6
1892.
$ cts.
1893
500 00 550 00 900 00
1,950 00
1.200 00 800 CO 480 00
1,500 00 3,980 00
550 00
400 00
2,300 00
20,300 00
4,000 00 2,200 00 1,600 00 1,.SOO 00 1,250 00 1,250 00
cts.
.■>oo oo
550 OO 900 00
1,950 00
1,200 00 800 00 480 00
1,500 00
3,980 00
|
7,000 00 |
7,000 00 |
|
3,000 00 |
3,000 00 |
|
800 00 |
800 00 |
|
1,750 00 |
1,750 00 |
|
1,550 00 |
1,600 OO |
|
1,150 00 |
1,250 OO |
|
850 00 |
900 00 |
|
550 00 |
650 00 |
|
400 00 |
400 OO |
600 GO
2,300 00 400 00
20,650 00
4,000 OO 2,800 00 1,600 00 1,3.50 00 1,300 OO 1,300 IX>
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15;.
A. 1893
I._CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— (7on«mM«cZ.
SERVICE.
Clerk
Education Dkfaktuzi^t— Continued. Salaries.
Salaries and Expenses.
1892.
Junior Clerk . . .
Clerk and Messenger
Stenographer
Caretaker, including all allowances for cleaning office, museum, etc
Expenses.
Postage
Printing, paper for circulars and blanks
Office stationery and account books ....
Book?, periodicals, papers, law and other reports, and advertising. .
Contingencies
Travelling and other expenses
Crown Lands Department. Salaries.
Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Law Clerk
Clerk and Commissioner's Secretary $1,250 00
do Inspector of Agencies, formerly under Inspec tion of Agencies 150 00
1,100 00 1,100 00 750 00 750 00 750 00 700 00
500 00
550 00 oOO 00 300 00 200 00 150 00 200 00
iy^i50 00
Land Sales and Free Grants: —
Chief Clerk
Clerk
Surveys, Patents and Roads . Director of Surveys. . . .
Draughtsman
Clerk of Patents
Clerk
Sup>erintendent, Colonization Roads Clerk
4,000 00 2,800 00 2,000 00 1,250 00
1893.
1,100 00 1,100 00 ^00 00 800 00 750 00 750 00 400 00 500 00
550 00 500 00 300 00 200 00 150 00 200 00
19,950 00
4,000 00 2,800 00 2,000 00
1,400 00
|
1,900 00 |
l.'.KX) 00 |
|
1,400 00 |
1,400 00 |
|
950 00 |
950 00 |
|
750 00 |
»W 00 |
|
700 00 |
750 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
2,000 00 |
|
1.30C 00 |
1,.SOO 00 |
|
1.400 00 |
1,400 00 |
|
1.2.50 00 |
i.2r.o 00 |
|
1,000 0<» |
1,000 00 |
|
l.'.tOO 00 |
1.900 00 |
|
1.150 00 |
1,1.50 00 |
|
S50 00 |
850 00 |
Woods and Forests .- —
Chief Clerk
Clerk .,
Accounts : —
Accotmtant and Book-keeper
Clerk
Registrar (former Registrar $1,000)
1,<V>0 00
l.:<60 00
I.IOO 00
9.50 00
850 00
850 00
1,000 00
1,800 00 1.200 00 850 00 1,100 00 l..')00 00
40,800 00
|
1,750 00 |
|
1,400 00 |
|
1.100 00 |
|
9.50 00 |
|
sr>o tx) |
|
850 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
|
1,.S00 00 |
|
1,200 00 |
|
8.50 00 |
|
1.100 00 |
|
1,.500 00 |
|
41,200 00 |
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1891
I.— CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Con/mwe(/.
No. of Vote.
SERVICE.
Crown Lands Depaetmknt. — Continued.
Bureau of Minks. Salaries.
Director of Mines
Secretary of Bureau and Shorthand Writer Inspector
Expenses.
Printing and Stationery.
Books . -
Travelling expenses
Postage and telegrams . . Sundries
Messenger and Caretaker in charge of office cleaning, etc
Fireman
Messenger and te lephone boy
Niijht Watchman
Contingencies
Furniture and furnishings
Typevjriter
Public Works Department. Salaries.
Commissioner
Architect
Engtaeer
Secretary, Public Works
Accountant and Law Clerk
Architectural Draughtsman
Engineering "
Assistant Architectural Draughtsman
Assistant Kngineering Draughtsman
First Clerk and Shorthand Writer
Clerk and Paymaster of outlying works
Messenger and Caretaker in charge of office cleaning, etc
Expenses.
Contingencies
Salaries and Expenses.
1892.
1893
CtS. I
2,.500 00
1,300 00
750 00
4,550 00
250 00 100 00 600 00 150 00 150 00
5,800 00
500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 9,500 00
4,000 00 2,400 00 2,000 00 2,100 00 1,250 00 1,350 00 1,300 00 1,000 00 1,050 00 1,100 00 1,000 00 5.?0 00
1,800 00
2,500 00
1,400 00
750 00
4,650 00
250 00 100 00 600 00 250 00 150 00
|
6,000 00 |
|
600 00 |
|
300 00 ""8,5o6'66' 2,000 00 |
|
58,600 00 |
Treasury Department.
Salaries .
Treasurer
Assistant Treasurer
Chief Clerk
Minister's Secretary and Clerk of Algoma Taxes.
Clerk and Cashier
Clerk
Messenger and Clerk
8
4,000 00 2,500 00 2,100 00 2,2< 0 00 1,300 00 1,400 00 1,350 00 1,050 00 ],100 00 1,200 00 1,050 00 600 00
1,800 00
|
20,900 00 |
21,6.50 00 |
|
4,000 00 |
4,000 00 |
|
2,200 00 |
2,300 00 |
|
1,350 00 |
1,350 00 |
|
1,550 00 |
1,550 00 |
|
1,100 00 |
1,150 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
1,000 00 |
|
750 00 |
750 00 |
|
375 00 |
•400 00 |
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1S93
I.— CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— CoTi^inwec/.
No. f.f
Vote.
SERVICE,
Salaries and
1892.
Treasury Department— Con i/wHerf.
Auditor
Book-keeper . Clerk
Audit Branch.
Contingencies
Exptnses.
Messenger and Caretaker in charge of oflBce cleaning, etc
firiiaan (half charged under Provincial Secretary's Department) .
Contingencies
Typewriter
licensk and administration of justice accounts branch.
License Branch.
Salaries.
First Officer
Provincial Inspector and Accountant
Provincial Inspector (heretofore paid out of appropriation re Scott Act).
Assistant Accountant
Clerk
Mehsenger (Youth)
Administration of* Justice Accounts Branch.
Salaries.
Clerk
Expenses.
Stationery §300 00
Postage and telegraph 300 00
Sundries 50 00
Registrar-General's Branch.
Salaries.
Deputy Registrar-General (also Secretary Board of Health).
InR[)ector
Clerk
i "
iClerk
Shorthand Writer, half time
Youth, messenger
Ejcprnses.
For supply of blank form<« to Postmaster
Indices
Scheduler, slips, circulars, stationery and jirinting
Postage and express charges
Travelling expenses inspecting District Registrars.
Contingencies
To bring up arrears of work ,
|
S cts. |
S cts. |
|
2,400 00 |
2,400 00 |
|
1,4.".0 00 |
1,.'>00 00 |
|
950 00 |
9.->0 00 |
|
9.i0 00 |
9:.0 00 |
|
800 00 |
soo 00 |
|
200 00 |
600 00 |
|
250 00 |
|
|
2,000 00 |
2,200 00 |
|
120 00 |
|
|
21,145 00 |
21,900 00 |
1,900 00 1.400 00 1,750 00 1,200 00 1,000 00
1,400 00
650 00
|
.500 00 |
|
1,200 00 |
|
90(1 00 |
|
fKX) 00 |
|
900 00 |
|
800 00 |
|
800 00 |
|
200 00 |
|
240 00 |
|
300 00 |
|
200 00 |
2.000 00 32f) 00 500 00 200 00
2,600 00
2,000 00 1,400 00 1,750 00 1,200 00 1,000 00 250 00
1,400 00
650 00
9,300 00 i 9,650 00
50C 00 1,200 00 900 00 5>00 00 900 00 800 00 800 00 200 00 240 00
300 00 200 00
2,000 00 325 00 500 00 200 00
1,000 00
12,465 00 10,966 00
66 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893-
L— CIYIL GOYEHl^ M'ENT— Continued.
No. of Vote.
10
SERVICE,
Salaries and Expenses.
Provincial Boaed op Health.
Chairman
Secretary
Laboratory Assistant
First Clerk
Second "
Printing, binding, stationery, etc
Per diem allowance of members of Board when attending meetings of
Council and Committees
Travelling expenses of members of Board and Secretary ...
Message and type-writing service
Rent of offices, sanitary analyses
Provincial Secretary's Department. SaJaries.
Secretary and Registrar.
Assistant Secretary
Clerk
Deputy Registrar. Clerk
Clerk and Minister's Secretary ,
Clerk and Shorthand Writer
Engrossing Clerk
Messenger and Caretaker in charge of office cleaning, etc Messenger and telephone boy
Expenses.
Housekeeper (half charged to Treasury Department)
Fireman " * ' ...
Printing and Binding
Stationery
Postage and telegraph
Comp eting set of Statutes from 1792 down, and binding (revote in part) Contingencies
Public Institutions.
Salaries.
Inspector of Asylums
Inspector of Prisons and Charities
Additional Inspector
Chief Clerk
Clerk and Shorthand Writer
Clerk
Clerk
Messenger, youth
Expenses.
Travelling
Postage and telegraph
[Printing
Stationery
File boxes, indices, etc Contingencies
1892.
$ eta.
400 00 2,000 00 1,100 00
9.50 00
800 00 1,200 00
700 00 600 00 400 00 200 00
8,350 00
4,000 00
2,200 00
1,200 00
1,100 CO
1,000 00
1,400 00
900 00
850 00
1,250 00
750 00
700 00
450 00
200 00 250 00 800 00 800 00 750 00 275 00 750 00
19,635 00
2,600 00 2,200 00
1,300 00
1,100 00
850 00
700 00
325 00
9,075 00
1.100 00 550 00 500 00 300 00
250 00
2,700 00
11,775, 00
1893
§ cts.-
400 00
2,000 00
1,100 00
950 00
800 00
1,200 00
700 00 600 00 400 00 200 00
8,350 00
4,000 00
2,300 CO
1,200 00
1,100 00
1,000 00
1,400 00
900 00
850 00
1,300 00
800 00
700 00
600 00
180 00
800 00
800 00
750 00
75 00
1,000 00
19,755 00
2,600 00
2,500 00
2,400 00
1,300 00
1,150 00
850 00
750 00
325 00
11,875 00
1,100 00 550 00 500 00 300 00 700 00 600 00
3,750 00
15,625 00
10
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 18i)3
j._CIVIL GOVERNMENT— Co»c/»rf^f/.
Ko. ofj
Vote.
11
12
13
14
s E R V I c p: .
Salarieii and Expenses.
I Salaries.
[Minister
Ut-puty Minister and Secretary of Bureau of Industries.
Assistant Secretary
Chief Clerk
; Clerk
" and Shorthand Writer
Minister's Seci etary
Messenger and caretaker in charge of office cleaning, etc
Fireman (4 months, 7 n;onths last year)
Vault fittings, shelving, etc
Expert Sfs.
Contingencies
IllUir.HATION DrPARTMKNT.
Secretary and Intelligence Officer. Contingencies
MiSCKI.I.ANBOUS.
Cost of Official Gazette
QTieen">< Printer's Salary
Assistant '.Queen's Printer
Me»v<mgpr
St'ick-taking
Contingencies, including stationery, postage, etc.
Inspector of K'>gistry Offices
Travelling expeiises
Clerk for special services re investigations
1892.
T ^ IS cts.
Insurance Branch. i
Inspector of Insurance and Registrar of Friendly Societies | 2,800 00
Assistant Registrar of Friendly Societies (part in 1892) I 600 00
Clerk ; 1 800 Ot>
Contingencies, including travelling ex])enses, printing, books, stationery!
files, and occasional services of »horthand writer stc I 1,500 00
( Receipts from Insurance Companies for license and ;
< statement fees S3,800 \ \
[ Receipts from Friendly Societies and insurance agents 12,850 (^
.?1C,G50J I 5,700 00
DErAKTMKSr OK AORICCLTCRE. I
1893.
$ cts.
2,800 00
1,000 00
800 00
1,500 00
6,100 00
4,000 00
2,200 00 i
1,700 00 I
1,250 00
900 00 I
900 00 I
900 00 I
1.000 00 900 00 500 00 350 00
4,000 00
2,200 00
1,700 00
1,350 00
900 00
900 00
900 00
700 00
1,000 00
900 00
(iOO 00
200 00
1,700 00
14,600 00 i 17,050 00
1,2.50 00
15,8.50 00
1,350 00
18,400 00
1,350 00 300 00
1,.500 00 300 00
1,6.50 00 I 1,800 00
|
3.000 00 ' |
3.000 00 |
|
1,400 00 : |
1,400 00 |
|
i.20(.> 00 ; |
1,200 00 |
|
50 00 ' |
r.0 00 |
|
200 00 1 |
200 00 |
|
100 00 1 |
IOO 00 |
|
1..500 00 |
1,500 00 |
|
400 00 |
400 00 |
|
1.600 00 |
1,800 00 |
9.460 00 I 9,650 00
11
5^) Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.5).
A. 1893
II.— LKGISLATION.
To be voted per Statemt-nt (A) $121,700 00
No. of| ^ote. I
1892.
15 Legislation
$ cts. 124,600 00
1893.
! Compared with Estimates of 1892.
$ cts. 121,700 00
Increase.
Decrease.
$ cts. I $ cts. 1 2,900 00
Salaries and Expenses,
No. of Vote.
15
SERVICE
Details. Salaries.
Mr. Speaker's salary
Clerk of the House, salary
One year's salary of late Clerk, Col. Gillmor ...
Clerk Assistant and Clerk of Routine
Law Clerk, former salary, $1,000
Clerk and Postmaster :
Librarian
Assistant Librarian _.
\ccountant of the House and Stationery Clerk (also Queen's Printer) .
Serg-eant-at-Arms ,
Housekeeper and Chief Messenger
Five Messengers
J^ircman. ■ ■ ■ ■ j Hereafter under maintenance of
" «f ^ Messenger V parliament Buildings
Nic/htwatchman )
Sessional Clerks, Writers, Messengers and Pages
Expenses.
Postage and Cost of House Post Office
Stationery, including printing paper, printing and binding
Printing Bills and distributing Statutes
Library, for books and binding, etc
Indemnity to Members, including mileage
Subscription to newspapers and periodicals
Contingencies
1892.
1893.
% cts.
1,250 00
1,800 CO
1,800 00
1,500 00
700 00
1,000 00
1,600 00
750 00
■100 00
600 00
700 00
2,550 00
450 00
500 00
500 00
11,000 CO
3,.'500 00 25,000 00 4,000 00 3,000 00 57,000 00 1,000 00 4,000 00
% eta.
1,500 00 1,800 00
1,.500 00 800 00
1,000 00
1,600 00 750 00 400 00 600 00 700 00
2,550 00
12.000 00
2,500 00 25,000 00 4,000 CO 3,000 00 57,000 CO 1,000 00 4,000 00
124,600 00 121,700 00
12
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A l^&y
III.— ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
T.) be voied per Sfcatement (A) $400,702.00
No. of' Vote. '
16 17 18
1892.
1893.
Supreme Court of Judicature
Surrogate Judges and Local Masters .... Miscellaneous Criminal and Civil Justice
$ cts.
56,758 00 I 25,560 00 ! 319,3.S1 67
$ cts.
56,756 00
23,61-2 00
320,334 00
401,699 67
400,702 00
No. of Vote.
SERVICE.
Salaries and ExpeneeB.
16
Dktails. Supreme Codkt ok Jiinic.*TURK.
Heir and Devisee Commissioners
Registrar of Supreme Court and Court of Appeal Contintfencies, printing, etc
Master in Chambers
Clerk
Assistant Clerk Entering Clerk Contingencies . .
Master in Ordinary
Chief Clerk . ...
Shorthand Writer
(Thi* is besides certain fees, and an allowance as reporter to Judges). Contingencies ,
Taxin/i officer pro tern
Taxing Orticers
•Junior Taxing Officer.-', benides commission re Shorthand Writer's Fund
CoruT OK Appk.m..
Clerk
Usher and Messenger. Judge's Library Contingenciei
Hic;n Cni II r.
Clerk of fhc ProcHH'< and of the Heir and Devisee Commission.
Clerk in his office .. .. ....
Printing writs, fonts, etc. (formerly paid out of general vote)
Contingencies
telerk of Assize
I Contingencies
13
1892.
1893.
|
$ cts. |
% cts. |
|
5,000 00 2,000 00 75 00 |
t),000 00 2,200 00 75 00 |
|
4.000 00 1,200 00 850 00 550 CO 350 00 |
3,000 GO 1,200 00 !IOO 00 550 00 350 00 |
|
3,900 00 1,800 00 800 00 |
3,900 00 1,800 00 800 00 |
|
200 00 |
200 00 |
|
800 00 1.900 00 |
1^900 00 |
1,700 00 I 1,700 00
'.150 00 600 00 100 00 180 00
1,400 00 1.000 00
.'VO 00
1.200 00
50 00
1,000 00 600 00 100 00 180 00
1,400 00-
1.000 oo'
300 00
50 00 1,200 00
50 00
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
III.— ADMINISTRATION OF JU8TI0E.— Continued.
No. of Vote.
16
17
18
Salaries and Expenses.
SERVICE.
16
Chancery Division.
Registrar and Judgment Clerk
{The Registrar has also '$600 from Suitor's Fund)
Assistant Registrar and J udgment Clerk
Entering Clerk
Clerk of Records and Writs
Clerk in Records Office
Cop.ving Clerk
Usher (and Stenographer)
jType-writing machine
] Messenger .
' Housekeeper
i Assistant
I Extra services pro tcm
: Judge's Library
;Surrogate Clerk
i Clerk in Surrogate OiEce
Contingencies
Contingencies for office of Registrar and Clerk of Records and Writs
I Queen's Bench Division.
Registrar (The Registrar has also SoOO from Suitor's Fee Fund).
I Clerk '
I " (former Clerk had 61,400) . .
Housekeeper and Messenger ;
Two Assistants
Message Youth
Judge's Library
Usljer and Messenger for Judges
Usher and Crier
Contingencies
Common Pleas Division.
Registrar (The Registrar has also -^200 from Suitor's Fund).
Travelling expenses . .
Clerk
Usher and Messenger.
Judge's Library . .
.Contingencies
Surrogate Judges, Local Masters, etc.
Allowances payable to Judges of Surrogate upon commutation of fees. Allowancf to Local Masters on commutation of their fees
Miscellaneous Criminal and Civil Justice.
Crown Counsel
Administration of Criminal Justice
Inspector of Legal Offices
Clerk and Shorthand Writer
Travelling and other exjienses
jSalaries., Provincial Detectives
I (-Ird Detective Uitt year was paid for nine months). Allowance for clothing do ..(Allowance made for two only last year) . jSpecial services
1892.
$ cts. 2,100 00
1,600 00 750 00
1,600 00 500 00 400 00 600 00
|
400 00 |
|
350 00 |
|
300 00 |
|
200 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
|
750 00 |
|
•iO 00 |
|
750 00 |
575 00 I 100 00 j 500 00 !
56,758 00 '
1893
2,100 00
1,600 00 750 00
1,600 00 550 00 450 00 500 00 120 00 400 00 300 00 300 00 400 00 200 00
2,000 00
750 00
20 00
750 00
|
2,000 00 |
2,000 00 |
|
],500 00 |
1,600 00 |
|
1,050 00 |
1,150 00 |
|
600 00 |
650 00 |
|
600 00 |
600 00 |
|
588 00 |
648 00 |
|
250 00 |
208 00 |
|
100 00 |
100 00 |
|
450 00 |
550 00 |
|
160 00 |
|
|
500 00 |
450 00 |
|
2, .500 00 |
2,500 00 |
|
110 00 |
110 00 |
|
1,800 00 |
1,300 00 |
|
900 00 |
950 00 |
|
520 00 |
12,292 00 1.S.268 00
25,560 00
10,000 00 155,000 00 2,800 00 1,000 00 800 00 3,750 00
150 00 2,000 00
175,500 00
56,756 00
11,344 00 12,268 00
23,612 00
10,000 00
155,000 CO
2,400 OO
1,050 00
700 00
4,000 00
225 00 2,000 00
175,376 OO
14
56 \^ictoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 151
A. 1893
III.— ADMINISTRATION OF JVST10E.—Conti7iued.
No. of Vote.
SERVICE.
SalarieH and Expenses.
1892
Division Coukts Inspection.
Inspecto#o{ Division Courts Clerk
Travelline expenses and CDutinsrencies. . (Receipts from fees, 1892, $6,865.06).
Miscellaneous Justice.
To pay Sheriffs, Criers and Constables in attending Courts of Chancery and County Courts, Deputy Clerks of the Cro%vn and Pleas attending Assizes, and their pDstages, etc
Seals and other contingencies ...
Litigation of Constitutional questions.
Expenses of County .Judg>^s in grouped Counties ,
Judge's tr'ivellipg expenses re I )itches and Watercourses Act
For employment of .Shorthand Reporters of evidence on trials at the Assizes and Election Courts
Towards outer Counties' Libraries (Circuit and County Judges)
$ cts.
1,800 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 1,050 00
1898
S cts.
1,8(0 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 1,200 00
4,850 00 i 5,000 00
Deputy Clerks of the Crown
as Local Registrars . Land Titles Office.
6,000 00
300 00
12.000 00
1,800 00 SCO 00
10,700 00 1,000 00
6,000 00 300 00
12,000 00
1,800 00
500 00
10,700 00 1,000 00
Master of Titles
Chief Clerk
Clerk
" {six months)
Youth
Registers and Index Books
Stationery and contingencies . . . .
Additional iron shelving and furniture
32,300 00
17,100 00 5,275 00
22,375 00
3,800 00 1.000 00 800 00 800 00 350 00 .300 00 200 00 100 00
The fees received since the establishment of the office are as follows: Jni 1885 and 1886 together, 9^,<J5G.1S ; in 1887, S4J(/}'.51 ; in 1888, 9.'>,8.55.?0 ;\ in 1889, 910,119.78 ; in 1890, 99,062 ; in 2891, 96,470.10 and in 1892, 94,863. 1
I Offices of Local Masteks of Titlbs in the Districts.
7,350 00
Master at Sault Ste. Marie *.
" Parry Sound
" Hracebridge
" Port .Vrthur
" North Bay
" Hat Portage
Registry and Index Hooks
KorniH acid other contingencies .
Tr.'ivelling expeiisfs
Kent of otlicf' at Sault Ste. Marie for 1893, and for ten months of 1892,
at ?•> a month
.Safe for office at Sault Ste. Marie
32,300 00
17,100 00 6,275 00
22,375 00
3,800 00
1,000 00
800 00
800 00
312 00 100 00 100 00 100 00
Dkainaor A(rr.
Salary of Referee
" Clerk and Shorthand Writer Expenses
1,037 45 687 55 475 10 670 00 S32 10
3f0 00 300 00 200 00
7.012 00
bVl 00 3!K) 00 3(14 00 718 00 45ti 00 200 00 300 00 600 00 200 00
1.M2 00 2.'>0 00
8,902 20 4,022 00
3,600 00 1.200 00 1,000 00
8,.-)(t0 00 1.200 00 1,000 00
6,700 00 I 6,700 00
15
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15)
A. 1893
III.— ADMINISTEATION OF J ViiTlGE.— Continued.
District of Algoraa
Sheriffs salary
Registrar's salary
Clerk (if the District Court . . .
Magi'^trate at Sudbury
Magistrate at Algoma Mills . Administration of Justice, etc
District of Thunder Bay.
f^herifif's salary
House, fuel and light
(;ierk of the District Court
Chief Coustable
Police Magistrate at Fort William and West including expenses
Tra veiling expenses .
Folice Magistrate at Port Arthur and East including expenses (last year's
\ ote was for expenses only)
Administration of Justice, etc
District of Rainy River.
|
1,400 00 800 00 f^OO 00 1,400 00 1,400 00 10,900 00 I |
1 400 00 80o 00 600 00 1,400 00 1,400 00 10,900 00 |
|
16,500 00 ] |
16,500 00 |
1,000 00 2.^0 00 450 00 400 00 800 00 200 CO
Stipendiary Magistrate, salary ... .
Sheriff.salary
Registrar and Clerk of District Court. Administration of Justice
District of Nipissing.
Stipendiary Magistrate for Southern Nipissing, salary. " " Northern Nipissing, salary. Administration of Justice, etc
District of Muskoka and Parry Sound.
Stipendiary Magistrate, Parry Sound'
Sheriff (Muskoka) salary
" (Parry Sound), salary
Clerk of ihe Peace and District Attorney, salary
Police Masis-trate, salary and travelling expenses
Clerk, District Court Parry Sound
Clerk ( Bracebridge)
Administration of Justice, etc
Provisional County of Halihurton,
I'olice Magi.'^trate foi Haliburton and parts north, including expenses. .\dmini.st ration of Justice
1,000 00 250 00 450 00 400 00
1,000 00
|
400 00 5,900 00 |
800 00 5,900 00 |
|
9,400 00 1.600 00 1,000 00 700 00 6,154 47 9,454 47 |
9,800 00 |
|
1,600 00 1,000 00 700 00 6,000 00 9,300 00 |
|
|
1,600 00 1,300 00 3,500 00 |
1,600 00 1,300 00 3,500 00 |
|
6,400 00 |
6,400 00 |
|
1,800 00 500 00 500 00 400 00 500 00 450 00 450 00 8,600 00 |
1,800 00 500 00 500 00 400 00 500 00 450 00 450 00 8,600 00 |
|
13,200 00 |
13,200 00 |
|
800 00 |
|
|
150 00 |
150 00 |
|
150 00
|
950 00 |
16
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No 15).
A. 1893
III.— ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.— Cowc/wrW.
|
"TJn nf |
Salaries aQ( |
Expeneee. |
|
|
Vote. |
SERVICE. |
i 1»92. 1893. 1 |
|
|
18 |
Ihstrtct oi Manituulin. Administration of Justice Salary of Kegistrar of Deeds and Master of Titles, Manitoulin Salary of Clerk f>f District Court and Surrogate Court, Manitoulin Island. Provincial Police on Niagara and Detroit Rivers. Salary »i Police Magistrate on Niagara River Administration of Justice " |
? cts. 2.000 00 500 00 300.00 |
$ ct*. 2,000 00 600 00 300 00 |
|
2,800 00 |
2,900 CO |
||
|
1,200 00 5,800 00 2,500 00 |
1.200 00 5,h00 00 |
||
|
" " Detroit River |
2,500 00 |
||
|
9,500 00 |
9,500 00 |
IV. —EDUCATION.
To be voted per Statement (A) S6(IS,7.46 55.
No. of' Vote.
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Gkants to School*;.
Public and Separate Schools
Schools in Unorg.anized Districts and Poor School!*
Kiiidt'r^,'arten Schools
N ijrht Schools ....
Public School Leaving Kxaminatiuns
High Schools and Collegiate Institutes ■
Model Schools
S(>ecial grant to French Training .School
" Public Schools ill unorgani/.tH] dictricts for training
District Teachers . .
Teachers' Institutes
Onturin yo/io'/ '/ Pcilnr/otfi/ (grant)
Inspection of Schools
Departmental Kxaminations
Ontario School of Pedagogy
Normal and Model Schools, Toronto
" Ottawa
Library juid Museum
School (»f Practical Science
Mechanics' Institutes, Art Schools, Literary and Scieiititic
MiKcellanoi'Us
Su!>n-iiiiiii:it< li :iii(i Public and High .S.Ihi..! I'.iuhirs
1892.
|
$ cts. j |
|
241.770 92 1 |
|
35,000 00 1 |
|
3.000 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
|
3,1*00 00 |
|
100.000 00 |
|
9,000 00 |
|
800 00 |
|
1,0<»0 00 |
•J.3CK) (H»
l.'.fMi 00
(t 00
0 00
•' (t 00
i.'ii 00
-'-'..;'.«) 00 r>,:v»o (X)
189.S
$ Ctk.
242,197 3J
36.000 00
4,286 25
1,518 00
3.000 00
100,000 00
9,150 00
800 CO
l.COO 00 2,400 00
58.300 00 l'.M5*i (O
6.7.*»0 00 -'3.M0 00 22.440 00
5,350 f/0 T^.'^i".'. 00
("O
• .....-, 00
656.026 92 668,746 55
•2 (Es.)
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
lY.— EDUCATION.— Conti7med.
No. of Vote.
SERVICE.
Salaries and Expenses
1892.
23 24
25
26 27
28 29 30
31
.32
Grants to Schools. Details.
19 iPUBLIC AND SePARATK SCHOOLS
lAdd from Municipalities Fund.
20 ■ Schools in Unorganized Districts and Poor Schools .
21 iKiNDEKGARTKN SCHOOLS, re-vote 1892, $1,286.25
22 i Night Schools, re-vote 1892, !
Public School Leaving Examinations
129 High Schools and Collegiate Institutes including special to t'ort Arthur and Gravenhursi (125 last year)
61 Model Schools (60 last year)
Special Grant to French-English Training School
Grant to 1'ublic Schools in Unorganized Districts for Training District Teachers
Teachers' Institutes -
Ontario School of Pedagoyp {arrears of 1891,
Inspection of Schools.
6,200 Public Schools (including Model Schools) 6,100 last year
Public Schools in cities and towns separated from county
Two Ins^tectors of High Schools
Two Inspectors of Separate Schools
Two Inspectors in Unorganized Districts
One Inspector of Model Schools
One Director of Teachers' Institutes
Allowance to Inspectors in Muskoka, Bruce and Hastings
Travelling expenses eight Inspectors (7 last year) . .
Stationery, postage and incidentals
$ cts.
240,000 00 1,776 92
241,776 92
35,000 00
3,000 00
1,000 00
3,000 00
100,000 00
9,000 00
800 00
1,000 00 2,300 00 1,500 00
1893
30,500 00 .Q,.500 00 5,000 00 3,400 00 8,000 00 1,850 00
Departmental Examinations.
Examiners f- r High School Entrance and Leaving, Normal and County
Model School exaniinavions (reimbursed by fees)
Stationery, postage and incidentals
Salary of Printer ■
Material for printing office and assistant
Salary of Clerk ;
Secretary Joint Board of Examiners
Ontario School of Pedagogy.
1,100 00 2,800 00 1,900 00
55,050 00
14,500 00 500 00 950 00 1,100 00 750 00 200 00
S cts.
240,000 00 2,197 oO
242,197 30
. 35,000 00
4,286 25
1,518 00
3,000 00
100,000 00
9,150 00
800 00
1,000 00 2,400 00
31,000 00 6,000 00 5,000 00 3,400 00 3,000 00 1,850 00 1,850 00 1,100 00 3,200 00 1,9C0 00
58,300 00
15,500 CO 500 00 950 00 1,100 00 800 00 300 00
18,000 00 1 19,150 00
Principal and Professor of Psychology . Lecturers on Methods .... Instructor in Reading and Elocution . . . Instructors in Stenography asnd Hygiene
In.^tructor in I >rill and Calisthenics
Printing and incidentals
|
3,000 00 500 00 400 CO 250 00 250 00 500 00 4,900 00 |
3,000 00 2,500 00 250 00 2..0 00 250 00 500 00 6,750 00 |
18
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. I»ii3
IV.— EDUCATION.— Co««tr/MP(/.
:s'o. ofj
Vote.'
SERVICE.
Normal and Model Schools, Tokonto.
.Salaries.
iThe Principal
(Second Master
iDrawing Master
I French Teacher
Music Teacher
Drill and Gymnastic Master
Head Master of Boys' Model School
Four Assistants "
Head Mistress of Girl's Model School
Four Assistants "
Teacher < f Kindergarten
Assistant Teacher of KiiiderKanen
Teacher of Rcadiiui and Elocution
Heafl Gardener (including $250 in lieu of house). .
Assistant Gardener
First Engineer, including $200 for house and fuel.
Second "
Third "
Janitor of Normal School, including cleai.ing . . .
" Boys' Model School "
Girls'
Salaries and Expenses'
1892.
I so: J
S Ct8.
2,500 00
2,000 00
800 00
150 00
900 00
530 00
1.500 00
3,650 00
1,100 00
2,950 00
900 00
480 00
300 00
660 00
400 00
610 00
400 00
400 00
510 00
400 00
400 00
21,540 00
Expcnso.
Text and refen^uce book for Masters, and reading-room for Students
Stationery, chemicals and contingencies
Text-books for Model 8ch<;ol pupils
Supplies for Kindergarten ...
NOKMAL AM) MODKL SCHOOLS, OTTAWA.
. Salaricn.
The Principal ....
Second Ma'-t«'r
hrawint? Masier...
Krench Teacher
Music Master
I /'UtIv and Accountant .....
I'rill and Gymnastic Master
Head Ma.fter of Hoys' Model School Three Assistants "
Heaci Mistrens of Girl's Mo<l.l Si li.. Three Assistants Teacher of Kindergaiten
Assistant Tf.'iclier of Kiiidfrt'ari. n
Tcurhcr of Iliailiivi (twl Klocution .
First Kntfine* r and (inniener
Second " "
Laborer <n ground't ..
Janitor, Normal School, salary with allowance for cleaning
" p. lys' Model School, salary ... .
" (Jirls' " " "
Night Watchman .
2.500 00 2.000 00
900 00 '
150 00 i
!KX) 00 '
(UX) 00 I
.^00 00 '
1,500 00 !
;<.o.")0 00
l.UX) 00 , •2.450 00 900 00 1 480 00
;:oo <)0
CliO (H) 4f)0 oO 4CH) no
510 00 400 00 400 00 400 00
cts.
2,500 00
2,000 00
850 OO
150 00
950 00
5:i0 00
1..500 00
3,700 00
l,l.-.0 00
3,150 00
850 00
480 00
660 00 400 00 610 00 400 00 400 00 510 00 400 00 400 00
21,5iX) 00
|
200 0«) l.OtK) 00 ! 600 00 : 150 00 1 |
200 00 1,000 00 600 00 150 00 |
|
23.490 00 ! |
23,540 00 |
2,500 00
2.000 00
9.50 00
150 00
9 0 00
600 00
;^H3 00
l.'OO U)
3.1.">0 00
i.ir 1 00
2.50'1 (H)
9:'ii 00
480 00
Cam 00 450 fX) 4110 00 510 00 41 0 00 400 00 400 LJ
lij
56 Victoria,
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
IV.— EDUCATION.— CW^mwec^.
No. of
Vote. I
S E R V I CE.
34
35
36
Normal and Model Schools, Ottawa— Continued.
I Expenses .
Text and reference books for masters, and reading room for students
Stationery, chemicals and supplies
Text-books for Model School pupils
Supplies for Kindergarten
Library and Museum. Salaries and Expenses.
Salaries and Expenses.
1892.
$ cts.
1893
$ cts
200 CC
1,150 00 I
600 00
150 00
22,390 00
200 00
1,150 00
600 00
150 00
22,440 00
Librarian and Historiographer
Assistant Librarian
Clerk
Postage and stationery
Incidentals and purchases
Binding books and periodicals
Educational and technical books for reference .
Binding pamphlets, Library
Museum
School of Practical Science. Salaries.
Professor in Engineering and Principal
" Applird Chemistry
" Metallurgy and Assaying
Lecturer in Surveymg
" Architecture
" Klectrical Engineering
" Sanitarij "
Fellow in Civil Engineering
" Mechanical " .
" Chemistry
" Metallurgy and Assaying (half year iu 1892)
' ' Surveying
Attendant in Chemistry
" Metallurgy ' " "
Caretaker, including allowance for house
Engineer
Fireman •
2,000 00 550 00 600 00 100 00 650 00 200 00 500 00 200 00 500 CO
5,300 00
Expenses
j Chemical Laboratory
lElectrical "
Assaying "
Physical " . .
Engineering "
Printing, advertising and incidentals
Telephone
Arrears, 1892
|
2,800 00 |
|
1,-500 00 |
|
1,800 00 |
|
1,200 00 |
|
1,200 00 |
|
1,200 00 |
|
1,200 00 |
|
500 00 |
2,000 00 550 00 650 00 100 00 650 00 200 00 500 00 200 00 500 00
5,350 00
2,800 00 1,500 00 1,800 00 1,400 00 1,400 00 1,400 00
250 00
20006' 200 00 750 00 720 00 400 00
14,420 00
500 00
500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 200 00 750 00 720 00 400 00
200 00
200 00
500 00
600 00
50 00
16,470 CO
15,370 00
600 00 500 00 400 00 200 CO 500 00 600 00 50 00 645 00
18,865 00
20
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15V
A. 1893
IV.— EDTJCATW^— Concluded.
No. of Vote.
37
38
39
S E R V I C K ,
Mechanics' Institutes. Aut Schools, Litbrart and Scientikic.
Superintendent Mechanics' Institutes. . iClerk
258 Mechanics' Institutes (242 in 1892).
j Art School Examinations
iOntario Society of Artists
lEight Art Schools
Canadian Institute, Toronto
ilnstitut Canadien, Ottawa
jOttawa Literary and Scientific Society
jHamilton Association
jAstrononiical Society, Toronto
Miscellaneous.
I For cost of Minister's Report
iSchool Registers
iSchool Act to be sold to Trustees, etc .
Superannuated Public and Hiuh School Teachers.
I I
I Annual Retiring allowance to Teachers and Inspectors
Medical pjxaniiuation fees, printing paper and incidentals
Salaries and Expenses.
1892.
$ cte.
.500 00 1 000 OC 1,000 00
1893.
.? cts.
|
1,700 00 |
1,700 00 |
|
650 00 |
70fi 00 |
|
41,000 00 |
42,000 00 |
|
1,200 00 |
1,200 00 |
|
500 00 |
500 00 |
|
3,200 00 |
3,200 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
1,000 00 |
|
400 00 |
400 00 |
|
400 00 |
400 00 |
|
400 00 |
400 00 |
|
200 00 |
|
|
50.450 00 |
51,700 00 |
2,500 00
59,500 00 300 00
59,800 00
500 GO
1,000 00
500 00
2,000 00
61,000 00 300 00
61,300 00
21
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers {^o. 15).
A. 1893
v.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE.
To be voted per Statement (A) $783,614 00
No. of Vote.
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Voted for 1892.
To be Voted for
1893
Compared with Estimate I of 1892.
Increase.
Asylum for Insane. Toronto
Mimico Branch
Asylum for Infsane, London
" " Kingnton
" " Hamilton
" Idiots, Oriliia
Central Prison, Toronto .
Ontario Reformatory for Boys,Penetanguishene Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, Belleville.
" " Blind, Brantford
Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women and Refuge for Girls, Toronto
|
S cts. |
|
100,442 00 |
|
67,1.58 00 |
|
130,990 00 |
|
79,672 00 |
|
123,857 00 |
|
65,002 00 |
|
122,800 00 |
|
3S,050 00 |
|
43,971 00 |
|
35,624 00 |
|
29,206 00 |
|
835,778 00 |
S cts.
99,961 00 73,168 00
1.30,328 00 80,273 00
115,921 00 62,261 00 75,145 00 37,350 00 45,419 00 35,432 00
28,356 00
|
§ cts. "'6,616 '66' |
|
601 00 |
|
""l'.448'6o' |
Decrease.
783,614 00
8,059 00
$ cts.
481 00
668 00
6,936 00
2,741 00
47,655 00
700 00
Ko. of Vote.
SERVICE,
40
Salaries and Expenses.
1892.
1893
Details.
Asylum for Insane, Toronto.
(For 710 patients.)
Salaries.
Medical Superintendent
Assistant " 1
Second Assistant 1
1 Bursar 1
' Bursar's Clerk 1
I Steward 1
Storekeeper 1
Assistant Storekeeper 1
Engineer • • • 1
Stokers 3
j Engine-driver for laundry 1
I Bricklayer and Mason 1
Carpenters 2
Gardener 1
Assi.-itant Gardener 1
Porter .... 1
Baker 1
Assistant Baker 1
Tailor , 1
Teamster 1
IS ight Watchers 4
Chief Attendants (8 in 1892) 9
Ordinary Male Attendants (19 in 1892) 18
Paintei' ai'.d .Jobber 1
Attendant tradesman 1
22
No. of Officers and Employees. 1
$ cts.
2,000 00
1,100 00
800 00
1,400 00
675 00
750 00
800 00
700 00
740 00
828 GO
300 00
625 00
1,150 00
400 00
300 00
275 00
400 00
216 00
600 00
240 CO
1,008 00
2,400 00
4,560 00
575 00
S cts.
2,000 00
1,000 00
800 00
],400 00
725 00
750 00
800 00
700 00
740 00
888 00
300 00
625 OO
1,150 00
400 00
300 00
276 00
400 00
250 00
KOO ('0
2-10 00
1,008 00
2,700 00
4,320 00
575 00
300 00
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15)
A. 1693
|
V._PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS |
MAINTENANCE.— |
Continued. |
||
|
No. of |
SERVICE. |
Salaries and Expenses. |
||
|
Vote. |
1892. |
1893 |
||
|
40 |
A.SYLUM FOR THE InSANH, TORONTO— Con<in«fd. No. of Officers Females. and Employees. Matron 1 |
.? cts. .500 00 300 00 1 996 00 3,150 00 600 00 67200 684 00 396 00 132 00 120 00 30,392 00 5.'0 00 10,400 00 15,000 00 6,500 00 3,500 00 2,500 00 2,800 00 9,500 00 4,000 00 4,500 00 1,500 00 1,200 00 4,000 00 900 00 2,500 00 700 00 |
S cts. 500 00 300 00 |
|
|
Chief Attendants . |
. ... 6 |
996 00 |
||
|
Ordinary " |
21 |
.S,1.50 00 |
||
|
Night ^ " Trained Nurse |
4 ... 1 ... |
tiOO 00 210 00 |
||
|
Cooks Laundresses Housemaids . . Seamstress |
5 6 4 1 |
708 00 804 00 444 00 132 00 |
||
|
Dairymaid Expenses. Medicine and Medical comforts |
1 107 |
120 00 |
||
|
31,211 00 650 00 |
||||
|
Fuel |
10,000 00 |
|||
|
Butchers" meat, fish and fowl |
■•_•;■ ■:••;■••• |
14,000 00 |
||
|
Flour, m^al, etc .... |
6,000 00 |
|||
|
Butter |
4,000 00 |
|||
|
Gas and Oil |
3,000 00 |
|||
|
Water Supply |
3,000 00 |
|||
|
Groceries |
9,500 00 |
|||
|
Fruit and vegetables Bedding, clothing and shoes Furniture and furnishings Farm, feed and fodder |
3,500 00 4.500 00 1,500 00 1,500 CO 3,500 00 |
|||
|
900 00 |
||||
|
Repairs and alterations |
2,500 00 |
|||
|
700 00 |
||||
|
41 |
Mi M ICO Branch. (For 560 patients.) ISularks. Assistant Suijerintendent Bursar |
No. of Officers and Employees. |
100,442 00 |
99,961 00 |
|
1,400 00 800 00 1,000 00
|
1,400 OO ItOO 00 1,000 00 |
|||
|
Storekeeper |
600 00 |
|||
|
Steward |
500 00 052 00 500 00 300 00 300 00 240 00 500 00 n4 00 40O 00 720 00 1,440 00 2,640 00 'MHO 00 240 00 210 00 350'66" 250 00 810 00 1,800 00 3(i0 00 .SOO 00 408 00 "" 264 '66' 16,858 00 500 00 i 13,0<i0 00 |
500 00 702 00 |
||
|
Engineer at ]iun.p house |
J , |
.500 00 |
||
|
H50 00 |
||||
|
Electrician |
;{Oo 00 |
|||
|
Carpenter Jobber and Carpenter . |
240 00 500 00 |
|||
|
1>0 00 |
||||
|
Baker Firemen |
no 00 7 JO 00 |
|||
|
Male Supervisors |
......... 11 '.'..'. |
i.no 00 |
||
|
Male .Attendants G ardener |
2.640 00 300 00 |
|||
|
Night Watclies (only 1 in 1892) Messenger . ... Lauiidryman Matrnn |
480 00 •1\0 00 21U 00 1 ;>5o 00 |
|||
|
Assistant Matron Su|)ervi.'<<irs |
•J50 00 SIO 00 |
|||
|
Launilres.^(!H (3 in 1892) Niglit Watches Cooks |
12 2 2 3 |
l.SOO 00 •<;j 00 :iyo 00 132 00 |
||
|
3(i(i 00 ! 120 00 |
||||
|
Expemrt, Medicine .ind medical comforti^ . |
67 |
" 18,318 00 550 00 |
||
|
Fuel |
13,000 00 |
23
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 5 893
y.— PUBLIC IMSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE.— Con^wwerf.
No. of Vote.
SERVICE.
Insane Asylum, Toronto (Mimico Buauch)— Continued.
Expenses- Butcher's meat, fish and fowl
Flour, meal, etc
Butter . .
Lighting
Groceries
Fruit and vegetables
Bedding, clothing and shoes
Furniture and furnishings
Farm feed and fodder
Printing, postage and stationery. . .
Laundry, soap, etc
Miscellaneous
Repairs and alterations
-Continued.
Asylum for the Insane, London.
(For 1,008 patients.) jj^. of Officers
Salaries. and Employees,
Medical Superintendent , 1
First A.ssistant Physician 1
Second " 1
Third " 1
i Bursar 1
iBur.sar's Clerk 1
jStorekeeper 1
Assistant Storekeeper 1
Engineer 1
Assistant Engineer 1
2nd do 1
Stokers 7
Bricklayer and Plasterer 1
Carpenters 2
Tailor 1
Gardener 1
Assistant Gardener 1
Butcher ... 1
Yard man 1
Porter and Messenger 1
Baker 1
Assistant Baker 1
Farmer ]
Assistant Farmer 1
Ploughmen 2
Chief Attendants 3
Supervisors 8
Ordinary Male Attendants (30 in 1892) 32
Cowman 1
Laundryman 1
Females,
Matron 1
Assistant Matron 1
Chief Attendant 1 "I
Nurse 1 |
Supervisors 6 J-
Ordinary Female Attendants 24 |
Night Attendants 3 J
Cooks and Assistant Cooks 5
Laundresses 4
Housemaids (9 in 1892) 10
Dairymaid 1
Seamstresses (only 1 in 1892) 2
Portress, type writer, etc 1
138
Salaries and Expenses.
1892.
$ cts.
10,000 00 5, coo 00 2,400 00
700 00 7,000 00 1,500 00 5,000 00 1,200 00 1,.500 00
300 00
700 00 1,000 00
500 00
1893.
8 cts.
12,000 00 4,500 00 2,500 00
700 00 6,800 00 1,500 00 4,000 00 3,500 00 2,000 00
300 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 1,500 00
67,158 00
2,000 00
1,100 00
1,000 00
700 00
1,400 00
800 00
800 00
600 00
700 00
400 00
'i,776'o6' 600 00 1,050 00 460 00 450 00 300 00 240 00 216 00 216 00 400 00 216 00 600 00 360 00 432 00 936 00 2,148 00 7,260 00 216 00 240 00
500 00 300 00
5,586 00
660 00 564 00 1,032 00 j 120 00 I 144 00 144 00
73,168 00
2,000 00
1,100 00
1,000 00
750 00
1,400 00
800 00
800 00
600 00
740 00
400 00
300 00
1,776 00
600 00
1,050 00
460 00
450 00
300 00
240 00
216 00
216 00
400 00
216 00
600 00
360 00
432 00
936 00
2,148 00
7,440 00
216 00
240 00
500 00 300 00
5,578 00
696 00 564 00 1,152 00 120 00 288 00 144 00
36,666 00 I 37,528 00
24
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
v.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE.— Con<inwcv/.
No. of A'ote.
42
SEKVICE.
Asylum for the Insane, London— Con(in«c(i.
Expenses.
Medicine and medical comforts . . iFuel
Butchers' meat, fish and fowl. . . .
IFlour
i Butter
iGas and oil
[Groceries
jFruit and Vegetables
I Bedding, clothing and shoes . . . .
I Furniture and furnishings
; Laundry, soap and cleaning . . . . I Farm, feed and fodder
Miscellaneous.
'Repairs and alterations
Printing, postage and stationery.
43
Asylum fob the Insane, Kingston.
(For 550 Patients.)
Salaries.
No. of Officers and Employes.
Medical Superintendent . . .
Assistant Physician
Seond Assistant Physician.
Bursar
Clerk
Steward
Storekeeper
Engineer
Assistant Engineer
Carpenter
Baker
Tailor
Chief Attendant
Supervisors 7
Attendants
Night Watches
Farmer
Gardener
Butcher
Stokers
Assistant Gardener
Laundryman
Stableman and Messenger
'U
Fkmales.
Matron
Assistant Matron
Trained Nurse for Infirmary Seamstress
Supervisors 6 )
Attendants 13 )
Porteress
Cooks
Laundresses
Servants, Dairymaid, etc.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
23
1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Salaries and E.xpenses.
1892. ! 1893.
700 00 1.5,500 00 15,000 00 8,500 00 7,000 00 2, .500 00 11,000 00 600 00 16,500 00 3.500 00 2,000 00 4,500 00 i 2,000 00 ' 5,000 00 ! 1,000 00 I
cts.
700 00
15,000 00
10,000 00
7,. 500 00
7,000 00
3,000 00
12,000 00
600 00
13.000 00
4,000 00
2,000 00
4,000 00
2,000 00
5,000 00
1,000 00
130,906 00 ! 130.328 00
2,000 00 1,100 00 750 00 1,300 00 800 00 600 00 700 00 740 00 300 00 .500 00 400 00 500 00
7.036 00
400 00 400 00 240 00 425 00 360 00 240 00 216 00
4:50 00 27.5 00
2.000 00 1,100 00 800 00 1,.S00 00 800 00 600 00 750 00 740 00 300 00 5.-)0 00 450 00 500 00 .336 00
7.700 00
400 00 400 00 240 00 425 00 400 00 240 00 216 00
500 00 .300 00
|
210 00 120 00 |
210 00 120 00 |
|
2.982 00 |
2.832 00 |
|
i 120 00 4as 00 264 00 336 00 |
120 00 .300 00 276 00 468 00 |
|
24.172 00 |
25,373 00 |
2.5
56 Vjctoria.
Sessional PaperG (No. 15)
A. 1»93
v.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE. -Continued.
No. of Vote.
SERVICE.
Asylum for the Insane, Kingston— Ccm^mMcc?.
Expenses.
Medicines
Butchers' meat, fish and fowl
Butter
Flour, bread, etc
Fuel
Gas and oil
Groceries
Fruit and vegetables
Bedaing, clothing and shoes
Furniture and furnishings
Laundry, soap and cleaning
Printing, postage and stationery
Farm, feed and fodder
Repairs
Miscellaneous
Unpaid rent of Rcc/iopolis College
Asylum for the Insane, Hamilton.
Salaries and Expenses.
1892. 1893.
(For 950 patients.)
Salaries.
No. of Officers and Employes,
Medical Superintendent
Assistant I'liysician
Second Assistant Physician (in new building)
Third do
Bursar
Bursar's Clerk
Storekeeper
Engineer
Assistant Engineer
Stokers
Carpenters .»*
Baker
Gardener
Assistant in store . . .
Porter and Gatekeeper
Chief Attendant
Night Watch, Chief
do
Male Attendants (28 in 1892). Tailor
Farmer
Butcher
Ploughman
Messenger and Stableman.
Yardman
Farm hand
Laandryman
Shoemaker
Cowman '
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
|
$ cts. |
$ CtB;. |
|
600 00 |
600 00- |
|
10,000 00 |
10,000 00 |
|
3,000 00 |
3,000 00 |
|
5,500 00 |
5,500 00 |
|
11,000 00 |
11,000 00 |
|
800 00 |
800 00 |
|
7,500 00 |
7,500 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
1,500 00 |
|
4, .500 00 |
4,500 00 |
|
1,200 00 |
1,200 00 |
|
900 00 |
1,200 00 |
|
900 00 |
900 00 |
|
2,500 00 |
3,000 00 |
|
2,400 00 |
2,400 00 |
|
1,500 00 |
1,800 00 |
|
1,200 00 |
|
|
79,672 00 |
80,273 GO |
|
2,000 00 |
2,000 00 |
|
1,100 00 |
1,100 00 |
|
900 00 |
1,000 00 |
|
800 00 |
800 00 |
|
1,400 00 |
1,400 00 |
|
800 00 |
800 00 |
|
800 00 |
800 00 |
|
650 00 |
700 00 |
|
300 00 |
350 00 |
|
1,200 00 |
1,200 00 |
|
1,050 00 |
1,050 00 |
|
450 00 |
450 00 |
|
500 00 |
500 00 |
|
600 00 |
600 00 |
|
250 00 |
250 00 |
|
300 00 |
300 OO |
|
365 00 |
363 00 |
|
480 00 |
480 00 |
|
6,972 00 |
7,416 00 |
|
500 00 |
500 00 |
|
600 00 |
600 00 |
|
240 00 |
240 00 |
|
240 00 |
IMO 00 |
|
240 00 |
240 00 |
|
240 00 |
240 00 |
|
180 00 |
180 00 |
|
300 00 |
300 00 |
|
300 00 |
300 00 |
|
180 00 |
180 00 |
26
56 Victoria
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A 1S93
V— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE.— Co/i^mM^t/.
Ko. of Vote.
SERVICE,
Salaries ard Expenses.
ASTLUM KOR THE I.N'SANK, HAMILTON -Con^iHMftf.
Females.
Matron
Assistant Mivtron
S;^cond Assistant Matron
Chipf Attendant
Supervisors (9 in 1892)
Ordinary Female Attendants (17 in 1892)
Night Watchers
Cooks
Laundresses
Housemaids
Seamstresses
No. of Officers and Employes.
1
1
1
1
10 IS
3
5
3
4
2
113
Expenses.
Medicines and medical c >mforts. . .
Fuel
Butcher's meat, fish and fowl
Flour, bread, etc
Butter
Gas and oil
Groceries
Fruit and vepetaMes
Bedding, clothing and shoes
Laundry, soap and cleaning
Furniture and furnishings
! Farm, feed and fodder
iRwjiairs and alterations
IMiccellaneous, including rents, etc
I Water supply
Printing, postage and stationery . .
AsvLiM Kou IniOT.s, Orillia.
(For 525 patients.)
Salaries.
1892.
1893
.500 00 300 00
Medicil .Superintendent
Assistant Physician
Bursar
Storekeeper
Enguieers
Gardener ,
Bak.-r
Chief Attendant
Night Watchers . .
Ordinary Male attendants (S in 1892) Messfngpr, Porter and Stable-keeper
Carpenter
Farmer
Stokers
Nc\ of Officers and Kniploy<^«.
1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1
<)
260 00 1,566 00 2,560 00 450 00 888 00 384 00 444 00 288 00
31,557 00
iMX) 00 17,r.00 00 15,500 00 8,000 00 7.000 00 3,000 00 14,500 00 1,800 00 8,000 00 2,000 00 2.000 00 1,500 00 8,600 00 3,500 00 1,700 00 1,200 00
122,857 00
1,800 00
1,100 00 700 00
1,400 00 800 00
:iOO V)o
60.". 00 1,920 00
4sn fX)
.M i< I 1 0 '.Mill U(J
cts.
500 00 300 00 240 00 250 00 1J40 00 2,700 00 450 00 7.S2 00 396 00 444 00 288 00
32,621 00
600 00 15,000 00 15,r.00 00 7,000 00 6,000 00 3,000 00 13,000 00 1,000 00 7,000 00 2,000 00 2,000 00 l.rSOO (.0 8,500 00 3,500 00 1,700 00 1,000 00
115,«2l (pO
1,800 00 500 00
1.300 00 750 CO
1,(50 00
;<oo 00
400 00 300 00 (i05 00 2,160 00 4S0 00 .■>ftO 00 4.'-)0 00 480 00
27
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
v.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIOI^S MAINTENANCE.- Con^mwet/.
No. of Vote.
SERiVICE,
Salaries and Expenses.
Asylum for Idiots, Orillia— Continued.
Females.
Matron
I Assistant Matron ,
iTeachers for feeble-minded children, (one additional).
Ordir.ary Female Attendants
JNight Attendants , . ......
. Cooks ....
' Laundresses ....
Housemaids
Seamstresses
Dairymaid
No. of Officers and Employes,
1 1 6 9 2 2 3
Expenses.
62
Medicine and medical comforts. .
Fuel
Butchers' meat, fish and fowl
Flour, bread, etc
Butter
Gas and oil
Groceries
Fruit and vegetables
Bedding, clothing and shoes
Laundry, soap and cleaning
Furiiture and furnishings
Farm, feed and fodder
Repairs
Miscellaneous
Printing, postage and stationery
Central Prison, Toronto.
(For 345 Prisoners.)
Salaries.
Warden
Deputy Warden
Bursar
j Physician
: Clerk and Prison Librarian
jStevvard and Storekeeper
Clerk (one-half charged to Industrial Department).
Guards
Engineer
Baker
No. of Officers and Employes
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 1 1
31
Expenses.
Hospital expenses and medicines
Butchers' meat and fish
Flour, bread and meal
Groceries
Bedding, clothing and shoes
1892.
1893.
450 00 300 00
1,550 00 !
1,950 00 I
300 00 i
528 00 I
264 00 I
1,080 00 I
300 00 !
120 00 I
450 00 300 00 1,850 00 1,350 00 300 00 288 00 396 00 912 00 300 00 120 00
|
17,357 CO |
17,741 00 |
|
120 00 |
120 00 |
|
15,500 00 |
14,500 00 |
|
5,000 00 |
5,000 00 |
|
5,500 00 |
4,000 00 |
|
2,500 00 |
3,000 00 |
|
600 00 |
COO 00 |
|
4,0C0 00 |
3,500 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
1,500 00 |
|
4,000 00 |
4,000 00 |
|
1,200 00 |
1,200 00 |
|
1,250 00 |
1,250 00 |
|
2.125 00 |
2,000 00 |
|
1,600 00 |
1,600 00 |
|
1,500 00 |
1,500 00 |
|
750 CO |
750 00 |
|
65,002 00 |
62,261 00 |
2,000 00
1,400 00
1,300 00
1,000 00
850 00
800 00
400 00
11,200 09
890 00
600 00
2,000 00
1,400 00
1,300 00
1,000 00
850 00
800 00
400 00
11,225 00
950 00
650 00
20,440 00
20,575 00
|
400 00 |
450 00 |
|
8,500 00 |
6,500 09 |
|
5,500 00 |
5,000 06 |
|
5,000 00 |
4,000 09 |
|
6,000 00 |
5,000 09 |
28
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
A^— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE— (7on<mw«</.
KO. of;
Vote. !
46
SERVICE.
47
Ce.ntral Prison, Toronto— Conlinued. Expenses— Continued.
Tuel
Gas and oil
Water suppl}*
Laundry, soap and cle-^ninp
Stationery, advertising', printing and postage
Library, schools and expenses of religious services
Furniture and furnishings
Stable, forage, etc
Grounds
Repairs, etc
Unenumerated
Salaries and E.xpenses.
1892. I 1893.
$ cts.
6,000 00 I.IOO 00 2,000 Oa 2,003 00
550 00 1,000 00
800 00 1,200 00
450 00 1,600 00 2,000 00
64,540 00
Indv.stri.^i. Def.xrtme.nt.
Stilarits.
Book -keeper
Clerk (one-half charged to Maintenance)
•Shoemaker, without allowance for rent
Tailor do do
foreman and Instructors
Night Watch and Assistant Engineer
Material
For use 0/ patents, wire beds, ttr
No. of Othcers
and Employes.
1 ..'....
1 1 1
16 1
21
40U 00 800 00 800 00 9,850 00 600 00 45,000 00 810 00
122,800 00
Ontahio Rkkokm.\toky lOR Boys, Pk.nktanol'whknk. For 168 Inmates.
.^ala?
SuiJ*-rintendent
Assi.Htant Suijerintendent
Bursfir
.Surgeon
Chayilains
Srewiird and Storekeeper
Chief Ciu;ird (for night duty)
School Teachers
Car|)enter Instructor
Engineer
Baker and Cook
jlnHtroctiirs in shoe and tailor shop.
Farmer .
|( Janlener
|( )rdiiiary (t\iardrt
jNight (Jiiards
(luard at ourbuildings
i(iate-keeper
jOrganiHts
Fkmalkh.
Laundreiii", etc.
No. of Orticera and Employ^.
1 1 1
1 1
1
1
1
O
1 1 1
•J 1 1
29
1,800 00 950 00 «00 00 700 00
1,200 00 800 00 500 00
i.a'io 00
600 00
tUX) 00
4iW) 00
1,150 00
4."K) 00
400 00
1,700 00
1,600 00
400 00
400 00
UK) 00
240 00 16,650 00
6,300 00 1,300 00 1.000 00 2,S00 00
400 00 1,000 00
700 00 1,000 00
450 00 1.500 00 2,000 00
59,475 00
800 00 400 00 fOO 00 800 00 12.270 00 600 00
75,145 00
1,800 CO 950 CO 900 00 700 00
1,200 00 800 00 500 00
1,6.50 00 (KX) 00 600 00 450 00
1,1.50 00 450 00 4()0 00
1,7"A» 00
i,r)O0 00
»t)0 CtO 400 ('O ItM) 00
240 IN) 16,650 1(0
56 Victoi'ia.
Sessional Papers (No. lb).
A. l-t93
V— PUBLLO INSTITUTIONS MXINTENAI^OE.—Gontiaue'l
No. of Vote.
SERVICE.
Ontario Reformatory for Boys, Penetanguishene — Continued.
Expenses.
Ration.s
Clothingf
Farm, farm stock and stables
Ho!~pitai •.
Library and schools
fuel
Cleaning, light and laundry
Furniture, tuols and shop fixtures
Workshops, tools and fixtures
Ilepair.=!, ordinary
Incidentals (recaptures, freight, rent, etc)
Postage and .stationery, printing and adverti.siug.
Salaries and Expenses.
Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, Belleville. For 261 pupils.
Salaries.
Superintendent
I'hysician 1
Bursar 1
Marion and Liousekeeper 1
Teachers 15
Storekeeper and Cle- k 1
Enfriueer 1
Stoker 1
Farnif r 1
Teamster 1
Gardener 1
Baker 1
Night Watchman 1
Carpenter and Assistant 2
Shoemaker 1
Messenger 1
Cook 1
Small Boy's and Girl's Nurses ... 2
Maid, Laundresses and Cook's Assistant 12
Supt-rvisi"- of Boys 1
Printing Instructor and Assistant Supervisor of Boys 1
I Seamstress and Supervisor of Girls 1
49
No. of Officers and Employes 1
Expenses.
IMet.'icine ai)d Medical Comforts. Butchers' meat, fish and fowl
Flour
Butter
Groceries
Fruit and vegetables
Bedding, clothing and shoes. Fuel
1892.
1893.
|
5,800 00 |
5,0C0 00 |
|
1,600 00 |
5,000 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
1,800 00 |
|
100 00 |
150 00 |
|
400 00 |
350 00 |
|
3,000 00 |
3,000 00 |
|
500 00 |
300 00 |
|
800 00 |
900 00 |
|
300 00 |
300 00 |
|
1,500 00 |
1,500 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
2,000 00 |
|
400 00 |
4C0 OO |
|
38,050 GO |
37,350 00 |
1,800 CO I 650 00 I 850 00 I 450 00
9, ICO CO 650 00 600 00 300 00
4ao 00
240 00 300 00 42i 00 300 00 7.50 0^ 550 00 192 00 168 00 240 00 1,356 00 550 00 550 00 300 00
20,721 00
1,800 00
650 00
850 00
450 00
9,240 00
600 CO 600 -.0
300 00
400 CO
240 00
300 00
425 00
300 GO
760 00
550 00
192 00
1(^8 00
288 00
1,356 00
360 00
500 00
300 00
20,619 00
|
200 00 |
200 00 |
|
4,200 00 |
4,200 00 |
|
2,200 00 |
2.200 00 |
|
2,300 00 |
2.500 00 |
|
2,500 00 |
2,300 00 |
|
500 00 |
.500 00 |
|
900 00 |
700 00 |
|
3.800 00 |
4,300 00 |
30
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
v.— PUBLIC I^'STITUTIO^^S MAINTENANCE— Con<mwc.?.
No. of Vote.
48
49
SERVICE.
I Institute for De.^f and Dumb, Belleville— Co>i^iHuct/,
I Expenses — Continued.
Gas and oil
I l^aundry, soap and cleaning
I Furniture and furnishings
(Farm, feed and fodder
iRepair.s and alterations .
I Advertising, printinfr, stationery and postage
lBoi>k.«, apparatus and appliances
I Unenumerated
i Sewage w<<rks, chemicals
; Water supply under contract
Institltion for the Blind, Brantfokd. (For 130 pupils.)
Salaries,
Princi pal
Physician 1
Bursar 1
Matron 1
Teachers (16 in 1892) 15
No. of Officers
and Employes
1
Trade Instructor
Visitors' attendant
Carpenter
Engineer .
Assistant Engineer
Fireman in winter and farm hand in summer
< Jardener
Farmer and Teamster
Piirier and Messenger
Cook and Baker
Cook's Assistant. ... ' ' ' '
Maids
Laundress
Laundress' Assistant
NursfS
Nightwatchman
Ttmporary assistan.;e. including extra farm bandsin summer
I Medicine and medical comforts. (Butcher's meat, fi.'h aud fowl. . .
iFlour, bieai, etc .
iButter
j(ieneral groceries
I Fruit and vegetables
Bedding, clothing and shoes. . . . iFuel :
Expenses.
48
Salaries and Experses.
1892.
1,200 00 400 00 600 00 700 00 900 00 650 00 700 00
1,500 00
1893.
1,1.50 00 500 00 600 00 700 00 900 00 fi50 00 700 00
1,500 00 .SOO 00 900 00
43,971 00
45,419 00
1,800 00 600 00 900 00 ; 400 00 ! 7,000 00 1 1,100 00 I 156 to j 424 00 600 00 500 00 300 00 I 400 00 312 00 ' 216 00 ; 568 00 120 00 984 00 168 00 216 00 j 410 CO 350 00 300 00
1,800 CO 600 00 900 00 400 00 6,4."i0 00 1,100 00 156 00 424 00 600 00 500 00 300 00 400 00 MJ 00
21 1; 00 :.6s 00
120 00 972 00 IC.s 00 2!(i 00 410 00 350 00 300 00
17,824 00 I 17.262 00
Kias, {)il and candleH
'Laundry, snap and cleaning
I Furniture and furnishings
Farm, f^ed und fodder
Repairs and alterations
I Advertising, printing, stationery and postage
Books, api'aratus and upplianceH . .
jUnenuin-Tated
I'upds hittings at the churches
.Rent for water liydrnnts
31
200 00
.S,200 00
1,000 00
1,100 00
2,000 CO
300 00
700 00
3,000 00
1.100 00
800 00
600 00
800 00
600 00
600 10
1.000 00
1,400 00
36,624 00
2C0 00
3.000 00 1,00)1 (0 1 , 1 1 0 00
2.001 p (O
:>«'' 00
7("> lO
3,1.^) 00
l.Oi'O 00
31111 00
.^'•O (X)
.'■oO 00
6<K» 00
6 0 00
l.OfH) 00
l.O*^! 00
2ti0 00
UK) 00
35,432 00
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 181)3
v.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE— ConcZWerf.
No. of Vote,
50
SERVICE.
Salaries and Ex pen ses.
1892.
Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Females and Refuge for Girls, Toronto.
(For 121 inmates.) Salaries
Superintendent
Deputy Superintendent
Secretary
Physician
Bursar and Storekeeper
Teacher and Housekeeper for Refugee
Attendants and servants
Engineer
Assistant Engineer
Night Watch
Messenger
Outside Night Watch . .
Gardener
No. of Officers
and Employes
1
1 1 1 1 1 14 1 1 1 1 1 1
26
Expenses.
Hospital expenses and medicines
Butchers' meat and fish
Flour, bread and meal
Groceries
Bedding, clothing and shoes. . . . Fuel
cts.
1,000 00 600 00 350 00 800 00 900 00 550 00
2,356 00 600 00 500 00 400 00 400 00 400 00 400 00
Gas and oil
Laundry, soap, cleaning and water . . Stationery, advertising, postage, etc.
Library, schools and lectures
Furniture and furnishings
Grounds and garden
Repair
Uneniimerated
For manufacturing operations Feed and forage
9,256 00
•200 00
2,000 00
1.500 00
3,500 00
2,000 00
3,000 00
600 00
1,600 00
350 00
400 00
600 00
800 00
400 00
1.200 00
1,500 00
300 00
1893.
cts.
1,000 OO 600 00 350 00 800 00 900 OO 550 00
2,356 00 600 00 500 00 400 00 400 00 400 00 450 00
9,306 00
200 00
1,650 00
1,400 00
3,600 00
1,600 00
3,000 00
600 00
1,600 00
300 00
400 00
600 00
800 00
400 00
1,200 00
1,500 00
300 00
29,206 00 28,356 00
32
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. lb9S
VI.— IMMIGRATION.
To be voted per Statement (A) $8,160.00.
No. of Vote.
51
Agencies in Europe
Agencies in Ontario
Allowance for maps, circulars and literature . To encourage new settlers on Rainy River . . . Incidentals
No. of Vote.
51
SERVICE.
Details.
Agencies in Ecbofk.
Agent in Liverpool
Clerk .
Travelling expenses
Printing and contingencies
Office rent and expenses, including fuel, stationery, etc
AoEMCiES IN Ontario.
Allowance for constable at railway station and shed . Clerk (heretofore charged to Vontiuyenciis)
1892.
S cts.
4,400 00 600 00 2,000 00 1,000 00 2,000 00
1893.
$ cts
4,560 00
1,400 00
200 00
iz.ooooo'
10,000 00 I 8,160 00
Salaries and Expenses
1892.
1893.
2,000 00 240 00 500 00
1,000 00 660 00
600 00 600 00
S ,cts.
2,000 00 400 00 500 00
1,000 00 660 00
4,400 00 i 4,. 560 Ou
600 00 800 00
1,400 00
3 (ES.)
38
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
VII.— AGRICULTURE.
To be voted per Statement (A) $176,«37.00.
(a) Agriculture.
Electoral Division Societies, 87 at §700 (86 in 1891)
" 1 at 550
" 4 at 350
" Outlying Districts
I Additional grant to 87 Electoral District Societies
Fruit Grower's Association
Entomological Society
Dairymen's Associations
Agricultural and Arts Association
I Dominion Sheep-Breeder's Association
Swine-Breeder's Association
Ontario Experimental Union
Ontario Creameries Association
Poultry Associations
Beekeeper's Association and inspection —
Travelling expenses of Professors attending Farmers' Institutes, conven- tions, etc ...
Travelling expenses and allowances for other Lecturers at Farmer's Insti tutes
Farmers' Institutes, a grant of §25 to one Institute in each Electoral District, on condition that an equal sum be granted by the County Council, and on such further conditions as may be imposed by regu- lations of Commissioner of Agriculture
Provincial Institute
For sundry services in connection with Agriculture and Arts — such as investigations of disease in animals and crops, and of ravages of insects ; printing and distributing reports and bulletins, and for agricultural instruction, dairy products, travelling expenses and con tingencies, not otherwise provided for
Forestry
Tree-planting— Bonus to Municipalities under 46 Vic, chap. 36
S cts.
BuRK.\u OF Statistics. Printing, stationery, postage, and collection of statistics .
Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Farm. (130 Students). /. College. — (a) Salaries and Wages.
President
Professor of Agriculture and Farm Superintendent.
34
|
60,900 00 |
60,900 00 |
|
550 00 |
550 00 |
|
1,400 00 |
1,400 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
2,000 00 |
|
8,700 00 |
8,700 00 |
|
1,800 00 |
1,800 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
1,000 00 |
|
5,500 00 |
5,500 00 |
|
5,500 00 |
5,800 00 |
|
300 00 |
300 00 |
|
300 00 |
300 00 |
|
400 00 |
650 00 |
|
1,500 00 |
2,000 CO |
|
1,300 00 |
1,300 00 |
|
1,100 00 |
1,100 00 |
|
800 00 |
1,000 00 |
|
1,800 00 |
2,500 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
2,200 00 |
|
1,600 00 |
1,200 00 |
|
8,000 00 |
9,000 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
2,000 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
1,000 00 |
|
6,500 00 |
6,500 00 |
|
115,950 00 |
118,700 00 |
2,000 00 2,000 00
2,000 00 2,000 00
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15.)
A. 1893
YIL—AGRICVLTURE.— Continued.
Ho. of Vote.
SERVICE.
Voted for.
1892.
Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm. — Continued.l (a) Salaries and Wages.
Professor of Chemistry
" Geology and Natural History
* ' Dairy Husbandry .
" Veterinary Science (part time)
Mathematical and .Assistant Resident Master
Assistant in the Uefiartment of Chemistry
Assistant in Department of Natural History, Librarian, etc.
Instructor in Drill and Gymnastics (part time)
Bursar
.Shorthand writer and tutor : .
Physician
ISfetron and Housekeeper
Engineer
Stokers
S cts.
1,500 00 1,800 00 1,300 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 850 00
Janit<^r and Messenger
Night Watchman and Assistant in lookinj? after Students in Boarding- house (nine months in 1892 ; 12 months in 1893)
Temporary assistance
Summer course of lectures for Public School Teachers
200 00 950 00 500 00 300 00 400 00 800 00 432 00 288 00
225 00 100 00
1893.
* cts.
1,600 00
1,800 00
1,400 00
800 00
1,000 00
900 00
o(»0 00
300 00
1,000 00
GOO 00
300 00
400 00
800 00
432 00
300 00
300 00 100 00 500 00
(6) Expenses of Boarding Bouse.
Meat, fish and fowl
Bread and biscuit
Groceries, butter and fruit
Laundry, soap and cleaning
Women servants for boarding-house — Cooks, laundresses, etc.
Advertising, printing, postage and stationery
Maintenance of chemical and botanical laboratories
Library (books, papers and periodicals)
Medals
Unenumerated
Less estimated revenue
II.— Experimental Farm. (a) Farm Proper.
1. Permanent improvements — fencing, under-d
court, etc
2. Farm maintenance — ? c. Salary of Farm Forem:in (S400 for instruction) 8.'i0 00
Herdtman (.'?150 for instruction) 500 00
Assistant herdsman 300 00
Wages 3,005 00
Hire of horse labor 100 00
Live stock 4,012 00
Maintenance of stock 4,950 00
Seed 210 00
Manure (fertilizers) 100 00
Binding twine 50 (X)
Repairs and alterations 372 00
Furniture and furnishings 2.">0 00
Tools and iniplenients 340 00
lAdverti.sing, printing, postage and stationery .. 5:m> 00
Fuel, light, etc 250 (H)
Contingencies 500 00
raining, paving sheep
8 c.
850 00
500 00
3(i0 00
2,814 00
2,000 '66
2,240 00
240 00
CO 00
M 00
450 00
2.50 00
4K0 00
500 00
2.'>0 00
5C0 00
15,645 00
4,000 00 800 00
4,000 0» 300 00
1,700 00 800 00 300 00 300 00 100 00 700 CO
28,;; 45 00 6,000 00
23,645 00
3,586 00
Less estimated revenue.
16,349 00 11,544 00 K.OOO 00 6,000 00
S.349 00
ll,9:i5 00
17.032 00
4,000 00
800 00
4,500 00
300 00
1,.S00 00
IKK) 00
4.50 00
300 00
100 00
700 GO
30,882 00 6,000 00
24,882 00
1,038 00
5,544 00 6,582 00
35
56 Victoria,
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
VII.— AGEICULTUEE. — Continued.
— Continued.
(6) Experiments. j Salaries and wages —
Experimentalist
Experimental Foreman (9 months)
Experimental feeder
Assistant experimental feeder
Head Teamster ($120 chargeable to farm
and $100 to instruction)
Teamster (7 months in 1892)
2 regular laborers
1 laborer (4 months) . . . ;
Additional labor
1,200 00 420 00 450 00
210 00 600 00
Seeds - ...
Manure and special fertilizers
Stock for feeding
Furniture, furnishing and repairing Printing, postage and stationery . . .
Implements
Feed and fodder
F xhibitions
Contingencies
1,045 00
3,925 00
400 00 175 00 350 00 400 00 125 00 415 00 50 00 50 00 250 00
III.— Experimental Dairy.
(a) Maintenance.
Salary of assistant — to make butter, instruct
students, etc
Laborers for milking and feeding stock, etc
Temporary assistance
500 00 460 00 150 00
Purchase of cows and pigs
Feed for do do
Furniture, furnishing and repairs
Laboratory expenses, gas, chemicals, etc
Advertising, printing, postage and stationery Fuel
1,000 00
900 00
200 00
50 00
150 00
Contingencies
140 00
Less estimated revenue .
3,550 00 1,000 OO
(6) Special Dairy School.
Wages of Instructors
Purchase of milk
Dairy appliances — butter extractor, Babcock tester, oil test- churn, 100 large milk cans, etc
$ c.
1,300 00 300 00 450 00 360 00
420 00 300 00 625 00 128 00 800 00
4,683 00
400 00
250 00
60 00
400 00
175 00
414 00
50 00
50 00
100 00
600 00 660 00 100 00
1,110 00 1,360 00
1,000 00 1,000 00 300 00 50 00 150 00 200 00 200 00
4,260 00 1,260 00
Less estimated revenue
(c) Capital Account.
Dairy appliances— for fitting up new butter and cheese rooms, extractor, accumulator, sepa- rator, curd mill, vats, etc 1,200 00
Expenses re travelling dairy 5,600 00
36
700 00 4.500 00
1,000 00
6,200 00 2,200 00
$ cts.
§ cts.
5,600 00
6,140 00
6,582 00
2,550 00
3,000 oa
6,800 00
4,000 00
5,600 00
56 "Victoria.
Sessional Papeis (No. 15).
A. 1893
Yll.— AGHIGJJLTV RE.— Coticluded.
|
SERVICE. |
Voted for. |
||
|
No. of Vote. |
1892. |
1893. |
|
|
52 |
IV.— PorLTRY Department. Salary of Manager 600 00 600 00 |
S cts. 900 00 5,075 00 1,600 00 |
$ cts. |
|
Furnishings, boiler, utensils, etc 100 00 100 00 Feed, etc 200 00 200 00 |
|||
|
900 00 |
|||
|
v.— NcRSERT, Forest Tree Plantation, Orchard, Arboretlm, Vine- yard, Vegetable Garden and Lawn (63 acres). Lecturer and Instructor in horticulture 800 00 Head Gardener 700 00 550 00 Assistant Gardener 480 00 500 00 |
|||
|
Assistant Gardener (8 months in 1891) 6 months . 240 00 |
|||
|
A.s8i-,tant Gardener 380 00 380 00 Teamster 325 00 336 00 |
|||
|
Laborers 1,350 00 1,350 00 Manure 150 00 100 00 Trees, seeds, bulbs and plants 550 00 300 00 |
|||
|
Furnishings, implements, tools, flower pots and repairs 350 00 250 00 |
|||
|
Fuel and light 450 00 550 00 Contingencies 100 00 100 00 |
5,216 00 |
||
|
VI.— Mechanical Department. Salary of foreman 700 00 700 00 |
|||
|
Extra carpenter for erection of buildings, etc. . 600 00 600 00 |
|||
|
Fuel and light 25 00 25 CO |
1.375 00 |
||
|
35,000 00 |
33,255 00 |
VIII.— HOSPITALS AND CHARITIES.
To be voted per Statement (A) $164,949 34.
53 |For Hospitals and InHtitutes mentioned in Schedule " A " of Statute. . . For Institutions, Schedule '" B "
"C"
For printing, stationery and other contingencies connected with aboTe Institutes
Total
89.002 :iO 4:>,h:^ 04 16,563 19
.SCO 00
151,715 73
!»9,;tf)5 35 .f^O.liCi 83 16,158 16
300 00
164,949 .34
37
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
IX.— MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS OF GOVERNMENT AND DEPARTMENTAL BUILDINGS.
To be voted per Statement (A) $71,480 00
No. of Vote.
54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
1892
1893
Government House
Old Parliament Buildings
New Parliament and Departmental Buildings . . . . Education Department (Normal School Building)
Miscellaneous
Normal School, Ottawa
School of Practical Science
Agricultural College
Osgoode Hall
Rented premises, Simcoe and Wellington Streets
Agricultural Hall
S cts. 7,500 00
14,750 00 9,200 00 ! 3,208 00 3,350 00 2,000 00 6,350 00 8,640 00 4,250 00 650 00
59,898 00
$ cts. 7,500 00 1,200 00 28,180 00 9,200 00 3,260 00 3,750 00 3,000 00 6,750 00 8,640 00
71,480 00
No. of Vote.
SERVICE.
54
Details. Government House.
Water .
55
56
Gas
Fuel .
Repairs
Furnishings
Plantin g and plants
Contingencies ^clearing away snow, carting ashes, etc.)
Old Parliament Buildings.
Fuel, light and water for Immigration Office, caretaker, etc., repairs, snow clearing, care of grounds, etc
New Parliament and Departmental Buildings.
Old Parliament Buildings, including East and
West
Estimates, 1892,
Wtngs
Estimates, 1892, Rented premises, Simcoe and Wellington Streets
" 1892, " Department of Agriculture
Note. — Estimates of 1892 for Legislation also provide SI, 450 for Night Watchman, Messenger and Fireman. See items under head of " Legis- lation."
Water
Electric power, and electric and other lighting
Fuel (in part used in 1892)
Supplies, tools, etc., for engine room, boiler house, etc
Engineer in charge of steam-heating, ventilating and electric plant
machinery, etc (also inspector of boilers in Provincial Institutions) . .
Assistant engineer and steam-fitter
Firemen in boiler room (3)
Pa>senger elevator attendants (2)
Hall Porters and Messengers, in charge of main entrances, public cor- ridors, etc. (4)
Repairs, care-takers of grounds and sidewalks, snow clearing, scrubbing,
and general cleaning of buildings, ecc
Salaries and Expenses.
1892
§ cts.
650 00 1,350 00 2,200 00 1,500 00 1,000 00 500 00 300 00
7,500 00
1893
$ cts.
650 00 1.350 00 2,200 00 1,500 00 1,000 00 500 00 300 00
7,500 00
1,200 00
1,200 00
14,750 00 j
4,250 00 I
650 00 i
38
19,650 00
1,200 00
2,500 00
11,500 00
600 00
1,200 00
720 00
1,620 00
840 00
2,000 00
6,000 00
28,180 00
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
IX.— MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS OF GOVERNMENT AND DEPART- MENTAL BVILB^GS.— Concluded.
No.of' Vote. '
SERVICE.
Salaries and Expenses.
1892.
1893
57
58
60
61
fi2
Details. — Continued. Education Department, Normal and Model Schools, Toronto.
Furniture and furnishings
Expenses of grounds
Fuel and light
Water
Elepairs, including museum, etc
Carpenter (formerly paid out of contingencies) .
Mtgcellaneous.
General Clerk of Works and repairs to Public Institutions.
Cvpenter (engaged in Government Buildings)
Plumber and assistant do
Normal School, Ottawa.
Expenses of grounds
Fuel and light
Water
Repairs, furniture and incidentals
School of Practical Science.
Gas
Fuel
Water
Electrical current for power, etc . . Repairs, furniture and incidfntals
Agricultural College.
Furniture and furnishings Repairs and alterations. . . .
Fuel
Light
Water
Sewage disposal
Otgoode Hall.
iFuel and light
Salaries of engineer and fireman.
Water
! Repairs and furniture ,
S cts.
2,000 00 800 00 .^,800 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 600 00
9,200 00
S cts.
2,000 00 800 00 3,800 00 1.000 00 1,000 00 600 00
9,200 00
1,200 00 720 00
1,288 00
1,200 00
720 00
1,34C 00
3,208 00
400 00
1,600 00
600 00
7."iO 00
3,3o0 00
200 00
1,000 00
200 00
3,200 00
400 00
2,000 CO
600 00
750 00
600 00
3,7.tO 00
350 00 1,500 00 250 00 100 00 800 00
|
2,000 00 |
.3,000 00 |
|
600 00 (»0 00 3,200 00 1,100 00 6.')0 00 200 00 |
700 00 700 00 3,400 00 1,100 00 fm 00 200 00 |
6,3.".0 00
.^.OOO 00 1,140 00
500 no
2,000 00
fi.7.'.0 00
5.000 00
1,140 00
600 00
2.000 00
8,640 00 I 8,640 00
39
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 18i<3
X.— PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
To be voted per Statement (A) $491,646.00.
No, ofl Vote.
Asylum for the Insane, Toronto ,
" Mimico
" Brockville
' ' London
" Hamilton
" Kingston
Asylum for Idiots, Orillia
Reformatory for Boys, Veuetanguishene
" Females
Central Prison, Toronto
Deaf and Dumb Institute, Belleville
Blind Institute, Brantford
Agricultural College, Guelph -
Education Department, Normal and Model Schools, Toronto
Normal School, Ottawa
School of Practical Science, Toronto
1893.
Revote estimated.
79|Osgoode Hall, Toronto.
Government House, Toronto
New Parliament and Departmental Buildings. Algoma District
Thunder Bay Muskoka Parry Sound Nipissing Rainy River Miscellaneous
Revotes included in above
Expenditure on capital account (new). " repairs
Total estimate for 1893.
(Voted for 1892, $430,466.)
.300 00
700 00
49,500 00
5,700 00
1,100 00
2,800 00
400 00
500 00
150 00
500 00
500 00 2,100 00 1,800 00
New Vote.
3,000 00
600 00 500 00 900 00 600 00 2,400 00 600 00 200 00
74,850 00
74.850 00
401,466 00
15,330 00
491,646 00
$ cts.
7,245 00
17,780 00
100,000 00
20,835 00
26,600 00
11,850 00
3,700 00
6,105 00
2,495 00
63,090 00
15,055 00
•1,530 00
15,500 00
1,000 00
6,000 00
13,720 00
500 00
5,000 00
87,891 00
1,900 00
1,300 00
700 00
1,000 00
2,100 00
3,900 00
416,796 00
:No. of Vote.
SERVICE.
To be voted for
1893
63
Dktails.
Asylum for Insane, Toronto,
General repairs, drains, etc
Furniture and furnishings (Inspector), partly revote
Library
Garden, grounds and stables
Engineer's and Carpenter's Departments
Paints, oils, etc
40
$ cts.
|
500 00 |
|
3,714 00 |
|
175 00 |
|
536 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
|
620 00 |
$ cts.
7,545 00
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15)
A. 1893
X.— PUBLIC BUILDINGS.— Con^mwerf.
No. of "Vote.
64
SERVICE.
Details. — Continued. Asylum for Insane, Miniico.
65
6rt
General repairs, drains, etc
Filter-house and polarite, sewage disposal.
Auxiliary electric plant, steam boiler, engine and dynamos
Storm-sashes for refractory cottages and main building
Root-house, and addition to cow-stables, farm buildings
Furniture and furnishings, to complete cottages (Inspector)
Material for hot-water heating, refractory cottages
Wire guards for s^tairways
Telephone system ...
Washing machine for laundry
Greenhouse
Engineer's Department (partly i-evote)
Paints and oils
Carpenter's supplies (partly revote) . .
Asylum for Insane, Brockville.
Revote of part of unexpended balance
Further amount required for this year's operations
Asylum fcr Insane, London.
67
Revote of part of unexpended balance
New cast-iron sewage discharge pipe
Repairs to roofs and eaves of cottages
Steam-heating and radiators, dining-room annexes
Material for heating Superintendent's house with hot water
Addition to rear of Bur.sar's house
" boiler-house and coal-shed, north building
Building porch at tront door, north building
Furniture and furnishings (Inspector), partly revote
Materials for glass partitions, hard wo id flooring, fence*, etc
Gravel for repairing road.s, repairs to closets. Engineer's house, etc
Material to complete farm buildings on new site
Engine, boiler, cutting-box, etc., for silo
68
Asylum for Insane, Hamilton.
To complete dining-room annexes, covered ways, etc
Hot- water boilers and apparatus for "
Alteration of old dining-room to dormitories
Repairs to underground water-tanks, and new coal shed
Enlargement of water pi[>es, main building, fire protection
New portico and steps, main buiMing
Addition to Superintendent's house, completing stone cottage, etc
Workshop for Engineer, rebuilding ice-house (revote)
Furniture and furnishings (Inspector)
Telephone service (revote)
Library
Purchase of Andrew's property (revote in part)
Asyluvi for Insane, Kingston.
Revote of unexpended balance
Infirmary building, 20 patients (with asylum labor)
Repairs to Laundry roof
Newcoiirt farm buildings
Furniture ami furiii»hingH (Inspector)
Material for bath and storeroom, Newcourt, and telephone
do repairs on the Walkcm projierty
Baking oven and elfvator for Laundry (partly re vote)
Flooring for centre building, material for roothouse, etc
To be voted for
1893.
$ cts.
500 00
5,500 00
3,000 00
1,000 00
2,000 00
1,750 00
1,400 00
300 00
500 00
200 00
730 00
550 00
500 00
550 00
49,500 00 100,000 00
5,700 00 ],G00 00 1,800 00 2,400 00
800 00 1,200 00 I 1,000 00
300 00 3,680 00 2,005 00
350 00 4,935 00
765 00
5,500 00
4,I;00 00
1,800 00
1,300 00
600 00
400 00
800 CO
M.^ 00
3, .500 00
250 00
200 00
8,000 00
2,3.')0 00 8.000 00 71>0 00 1,000 00 550 00 350 00 300 00 550 00 800 00
$ Ota.
18,480 00
149,.500 00
26.535 00
27,700 00
14,650 00
41
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
X.— PUBLIC BUILDINGS.— Cow^mzted
No. of Vote.
69
70
71
72
73
SERVICE.
To be voted for
1893.
Details.— Continued.
Asylum for Idiots, Orillia.
Revote of unexpended balance
Addition to farm buildings
Furniture and furnishings (Inspector)
Farm stock and implements
Garden and grounds
Wire guards
Reformatory for Boys, Penetanguishene.
Re- vote of unexpended balance
Furniture and furnishings (Inspector) .
New ice-house, addition to root-house, fencing, etc
New roofs for playroom and guards' houses, painting, etc Repairs to Corliss engine, and tools for blacksmith shop. .
Sewing machine and refrigerator
To purchase stock, sheep, harness, etc
Garden and grounds, planking for sidewalks, etc
Putting in electric light and water for all purposes
Reformatory for Females.
Revote of unexpended balance
Furniture and furnishings (Inspector) . .
Finishing repairs to greenhouse and sewer
Sheeting ceilings in corridors
Reconstructing drying room and repairs to floor
Repairing refrigerator, water closet for children, etc.
RelDuilding furnaces, sidewalk and fences
Labor hardware, etc., for repairs
Central Prison, Toronto.
Revote of unexpended balance
Cordage shop— 1 breaker, 26 jennies, and 6 balling machines.
Rope-former, calendar, head tow card, dusting machine, etc
LumV.er and other material for roofing, etc., broom shop
North shop — sticker and two self-feeding frames
Machine shop —drilling machine and elevator .
Slating roofs of hardware and broom shop
South shop — 2 benches, 4 steam boilers, waste card, etc
Renewing gas pipes and worn out pipes
Iron pipe for well, 1,500 feet
Electric alarm, general repairs, new piggery, etc
Removing old Hospital and utilizing material for houses
Re!!toration of north shop partially destroyed by fire
Machinery, line shafting pulleys and belting, including repairs to
damaged machinery
Automatic sprinklers in the several workshops of prison
cts. I $ eta.
400 00 1,000 00
800 00
700 00 1,000 00
200 00
Deaf and Dumb Institute, Belleville.
To complete sewage disposal works
Isolated Hospital and furnishings ...
Barn for stock, roots and hay, new piggery, etc
Completion of steam heating, grates, etc •.
Furniture and furnishings (Inspector)
Books for library, etc
Lumber for flooring, paints and oils, plastering, etc
Re-arranging and repairing rooms over kitchen, etc
Engineer's Department, branches for hose, dies, tools, etc . Garden and grounds, fencing, gravel for roads, etc
|
500 00 |
|
750 00 |
|
700 00 |
|
1,800 00 |
|
350 00 |
|
165 00 |
|
240 00 |
|
100 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
|
150 00 |
|
657 50 |
|
400 00 |
|
300 00 |
|
277 50 |
|
370 00 |
|
190 00 |
|
300 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
12,300 00 |
|
8,160 00 |
|
5,200 00 |
|
750 00 |
|
480 00 |
|
2,-550 00 |
|
4,350 00 |
|
4,500 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
|
3,300 00 |
|
1,500 00 |
|
5,000 00 |
|
10,500 00 |
|
3,500 00 |
1,600 00 I 4,000 00 I 3,000 00 1,500 00 I 950 00 I 300 00 i 1,000 00 1,000 00 805 00 900 00
4,100 GO
6,605 00"
2,645 00
63,590 00
15,055 OO
42
66 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
X.— PUBLIC BUILDINGS,— Conau»''rf.
To be voted for
1893
Blind Institute, Brantford.
Revote of unexpended balance
Furniture and furnishings (Inspector)
Repairs and alterations, hardwood floors, etc Garden and grounds, for one team, etc .
Agric'iltural College, Guelph.
Revote of unexpended balance
Completion of Convocation Hall, green houses, etc . . . .
Furniture and furnishings
Siiecial apparatus for Chemical Laboratory j
Engine, steam pump, sewage tank, etc., Tlairy School
Materials, labour, etc., completion of Dairy stables
do enlargement of Dairy building
do houses for foreman, cattleman, etc
do for poultry buildings, fencing of yards, etc
Ednration Department, Normal and Model Schooh Toronto.
Revote of une.xpended balance General repairs, drains, etc . . Furniture and furnishings
Normal School, Ottawa.
To complete additions, furniture for Class rooms, etc
General repairs, drains, etc
Furniture and furnishings
School of Practical Seifnee, Toronto.
General repairs, drains, etc
Two new steam boilers and fittings, steam heating
Furniture and furnishings
Deafer inp ceilings for six lecture rooms
New fiirnittire, ae-ks, tables, cases, etc., for rooms
C;wting-", valves and electric wiring, engineering laboratory Fitting and ai>pliances for Engineering Laboratory
do do Applied Cht-mistry Laboratory. . .
do do Assaying and Mcrallurgy
Surveying and astronomical instruments
Fitting anil appliances fur electrical laboratory
Architecture and sanitary models
Osfjriodc Hall, Toronto.
|
S cts. |
|
500 00 |
|
530 00 |
|
460 00 |
|
.510 00 1 |
|
2,100 00 |
|
5,000 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
1,500 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
|
2,500 00 |
|
2,500 00 |
|
2,000 00 |
|
1,S00 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
3,500 00 |
|
2.000 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
|
l.SOO 00 |
|
r>o(> 00 |
|
400 00 1 |
|
.-.00 00 |
|
120 00 |
|
l.'.KK) 00 |
|
1.2(!0 00 |
|
:<,ooo 00 |
|
SOO 00 |
|
1.500 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
|
j |
Revote of unexpended balance Furniture and furnishings
3,000 00 •.00 00
$ cts.
2,030 00
17,fi00 00
2.800 00
6.000 00
4.3
13,720 00
3,600 00
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15)
A. 1893
X.— PUBLIC BVJ'LDl'NGS.— Concluded.
No. of Vote.
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
SERVICE.
Details. — Continued,
(Government House, Toronto.
Refitting apartments, new furniture and furnishings
Equipment, Furnishinq and Fitting up of New Parliament and Depart- mental Buildings, Laying out of Grounds, etc.
To complete combination electric and gas light fittings
Metal fyles, pigeon holes, etc., for vaults
To complete electric engines and elevators -
Venetian blinds for windows
Book stacks, tables, reading desks, hat and coat racks, counters, shelv- ing, carpets, matting, linoleum and general furniture, furnishings, fittings, etc., for Post OflBce, Library, Legislative Chamber, Reading Room, Coat Room, Queen's Printer's and other offices. Speaker's apartments, Committee Rooms, Reception Room, Dining Room, Smoking Room, public corridors, etc
Completion of electric light and power wiring, etc
Laying out of grounds, completion of roads, pavements, concreting, etc.
Algoma District.
To be voted for
1893.
S cts.
5,000 00
Revote, lock-up, Saint Joseph's Island
Repairs and furniture, lock-ups, etc
Addition to lock-up. Little Current, for residence.
Thunder Bay District.
23,611 00 8,300 00
14,480 00 3,500 00
20,000 00
3,000 00
15.000 00
Revote of unexpended balance
Repairs and furniture, lock-ups, etc
Fence around female yards, eraol, Port Arthur
Hot-air furnace for lock-up, Fort William, hose, etc.
Muskoka District.
Revote of unexpended balance
For court-room, lock-up, Baysville (contribution) Repairs and furniture, lock-ups
Parry Sound District.
Revote, lock-up, Byng Inlet
Hot-air furnace for court room, etc.. Parry Sound Repairs and furniture, lock-ups
Nipissing District.
600 00
400 00
1,.500 00
500 00 400 00 400 00 500 00
900 00 300 00 400 00
600 00 600 00 400 00
Revote of unexpended balance
For new lock-up at Webwood _.
For fencing at Sudbury, materials (with prison labor) Woodshed and workshop at North Bay
2,400 00
1,500 00
500 00
100 00
Rainy River District.
Revote of uuexpended balance
Addition to lock-up, Rat Portage
Hot-air furnace for court room. Rat Portage
IFences enclosing yards for prisoners
'.Repairs and furniture, lock-ups, etc
Miscellaneous. Repairs to Brock's monument, Caretaker's house, etc. (revote)
44
$ cts.
5,000 00
87,891 00
2,500 00
1,800 00
1,600 00
1,600 00
4,500 00
4,500 CO
200 00
56 Victoria.
Sessioual Papers (No. 1
A 1893
XI.— PUBLIC WORKS.
To be voted per Statement (A) §33,595.00.
No. of. Vote.
89 I Public Works
1893.
S cts. 33,.595 00
No.
89
SERVICE.
1. Maymtaiuan River Improvement :
To dredge Channel below Burk's Falls I
Re- vote.
2. Finishing wharf at SouthamptoQ on Saugeen River ; contribution to.
3. Misainsippi River Improvement :
To remove rock obstruction in channel of river in Township of Dalhousie
4. To meet one-fourth of the cost of proposed bridge and approaches thereto across the Ottawa River, at the outlet of Lake Temis- camingue, on condition that one-half of such cost is provided for by the Dominion fif Canada, and the reniainder by tne Province of 'Quebec, and that the Province of Ontario shall net in any event be called upon to pay more than the sum now appropriated, and that the plans for and construction of the bridge are approved of by the Commissioner of Public Works
6. Muskeika River Works :
To dredge Channel at mouth of river
6. Gull and Burnt River Works :
To re-construct Horse Shoe and Hall's Lake Dams, and construct apron at foot of Racketty Creek Slide
7. Maintenance Locks, Dams and Bridges, etc
§ cts. 2,695 00
800 00
2,000 00
New Vote,
3 cts.
4,000 00
8. Surveys, InsiJections, Arbitrations and Awards and Charges not otherwise provided for
9. Suiwrintendent Locks, Dams and Bridges
10. Lockmasters,' Caretakers' and Bridge-tenders' salaries.
Slmmaky.
Re-vote included in above
Expenditure on Capital Account (new)
" for repairs and Maintenance
Total Estimate for 1893
(Total voted for 1892, $30,978.00.)
9,495 00
4,000 00
6,400 00 4,600 00
5,000 00
1,200 00
2,900 00
24,100 00
9,495 00
9,000 00
15.100 00
33,595 00
45
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
XII.— COLONIZATION ROADS.
To be voted per Statement (A.) 895,350.00.
No. of Vote,
50
To be voted for
1893
North Division . . West Division . . .
East Division
General Purposes
I $ cts.
14,600 00
18,400 00
35,350 00
27,000 00
f cts.
95,350 00
No. of Vote.
S E K V T C E.
To be voted for
1893
90
North Division.
Barwiek and Dobie Road— to extend from town line between Barwick and Roseberry into Dobie
Batchewaning Road — repairs
Cciffin Road — to improve from Ottertail northward, and to ma.ke neces- sary deviations
Crozier and Lash Road — to open from corner of sections 3 and 10, Crozierl west
Grand Portage Road — to continue repairs |
Honora Bay Road — to complete
$ cts. 750 00 750 00
1,250 00
1,800 00
$ cts
Larchwood Road — to extend southward towards Whitefish Road, to north boundary of Denison, $1,500, and to bridge Vermillion River on same road (estimated cost)
Patton Road — to extend through Patton. Rainy River Road— repairs
Spanish River Road — to open as a winter road between Massey and Weobwood ".
Webbwood Road— to continue repairs towards McGlander's Lake
I
White River Bridge, on Parkinson Road, in township of Parkinson, to: finisli I
Woodyatt Road— from Rainy River Road north to intersect Crozier and Lash roads
46
|
500 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
2,300 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
|
750 00 |
|
2,500 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
14,600 00
56 Victoria.
SessioDal Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
XII.— COLONIZATION nO ADS— Continued.
90
West Division.
Bear Lake Road — to continue southward to railway
Bethune Five Side Line Road— to open through concessions 10 to 12, and extend along 12th Concession ; also to fix bridge at north end of Bear Lake
Bracebridge Bridge— revote
Carling Road— repairs
Chapman and Strong Town Line Road — between Distress River road and Denville Swamp road
Commanda Lake Road — general repairs
DenviUe Swamp Road — to continue
East River Bridge, on Muskoka Road in Cbafifey — to renew.
Kearney No. 1. Road — to improve to Beaver Lake
Lake Shore and Dane's Road— repairs
Machar 12 and 13 concession Road — to open from lot 4, east, to G. T, Railway !
Maganetwan Road —to continue repairs from end of previous'improvements
I Muskoka Road— to produce northward towards Alsace Road via 15 side I road of Gurd
I Muskoka and Bobcaygeon Road — to complete to Dorset, §600, and to I repair generally, $1,000
iNipiasing Road— to repair between Callender and Nipissing.
North Card well Road — to complete opening between Lots 9 and 16, in couM. 2 and 3, Monteith
Northern Road — repairs lietween Parry Sound and Dunchurch, $1,250, and t.) repair between Dunchurch and Glenila, with repairs on Ah-uiic Harbour road, $1,000
:Rainy Lake Road — to open on weat side of Rainy Lake, in McMurrich
and Ryerson |
I I
jRosseau and Nipissing Road— to repair from lot 40 to lot 04, Spence, , including the repair of two bridges south of Spence
' Ryde Centre Road — repairs
;Strong 12th Con. R«ad— 1<> improve hill and road near lot 27, conditional that th] townHhip <>f Strong supplements grant with .?150
'Strong and Machar 25 Side Line R-md— to oi>en to Eagle Lake road, andj I improve the latter
I _ '
I Westphalia Road — to complete in Gind I
$ cts.
900 00
500 00
2,000 00
400 00
000 00 1,000 00 500 00 900 00 500 00 500 00
1,000 00 GOO 00
500 00
1,600 00 500 00
500 00
2,250 00
750 GO
760 00 300 00
360 00
I 500 00
1,000 00
$ Ctd.
IS, 400 00
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1895
XII. —COLONIZATION 'ROAT>S— Continued.
No. of Vote.
SERVICE.
East Division.
Abinger and Miller Town Line Road — to complete opening
Addington Road — t j repair south of Kaladar
Addington Road — extension northward
Alice 20 and 21 Side Line Road— to open through concessions 11 and 12 . .
Alice 8 and 9 Con. Road — to open from lot 10, westward
Anstruther Road— repairs
Barrie Road— repairs east of Addington road
Barry Bay Road — to improve in Alice
iBonfield and Calvin town line Road — to open from railway, southward. .
iBonfield 25 and 26 side line Road— to open out through concessions 8 to 12, on or near above side road
Booth Road — to continue construction
Bromley and Stafford town line Road— to open from lot 1, con. 1, to con. 5, Stafford
Buckhorn Road— between Buckhorn and Scott's Mills, in Harvey— con- ditional upon Co, grant of $100 and grant by Harvey $50
Buckhorn Road— to continue north from lot 17, cons. 10 and 11, Caven- dish towards Monck road
Burleigh Road — repairs north and south of Apsley
Cavendish Road — repairs in Galway and Cavendish
Calvin and Papineau town line Road— through cons. 3 and 4
Chandos Roads — repairs
Clarendon Branch Road, in Clarendon — repairs
Cruse Road — to repair from Levant road to Trout Lake and Folger road
Ferris Road to continue to North Bay Road
Flinton Road, Kaladar — to repair from Flinton south-westerly
Galway and Cavendish Road
Galway 4 and 5 Con. Road — to construct from Bobcaygeon Road east to lot 19
Golden Ijake Road — to repair westward from lot 3, North Algona
Hagarty 5 and 6 Side Line Road — to repair through cons. 6 to 12, $400, and repairs from 4th con. line.
Hastings Road — repairs north of Bancroft . Hydee Chute and Sanson Road
To be voted for
1893
$ cts. 500 00 500 00 400 00 600 00 400 00 400 00 400 00 I 400 00 500 00 1
600 00
|
400 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
200 00 |
|
750 00 |
|
800 00 |
|
600 00 |
|
300 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
800 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
800 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
|
600 OC |
CtS-
48
56 Victoria.
Sessional Piipers (No. 16).
A. 1893
XII— COLONIZATION ROADS.— Continiied.
East Division— Continued.
Mattawa and Callecder Road- repairs and extension
Mattawa 12 and 13 con. Road . .
McKim and Neelon 4 and 5 con. Road — to repair and continue. Methuen Road — repairs south of Chandos
Mississippi and Hastings Junction Road Bridge, in Dungannon, over York Kiver, on road from L'Amable northward
Mississippi Branch Bridge, on Mississippi Road — to renew. Monteagle Road — to complete
Nogey's Creek Road— to continue to Galway boundary, between cons. 17 and 18, Harvey
North Harvey Road— to complete through cons. 5 and 6. North Bay and Widdifield Road— repairs
North Algona 5 and 6 Side Line Road— to open through cons. 4 to 7 in clu^ve
Nosbonsing Road — to construct in two sections. Xosbonsing and ThomcIifTe Road — to continue.
Obo and Olden Road — south of Sharbot Lake— to open conditional that each Municipality interested grants §150
Opeougo Road — repairs west^of D'Acre
Ottawa River Road — to complete opening
Papineau 12 and 13 con. Road — to open
Pembroke and Mattawa Road — to repair in Township Maria . Petewawa 6 and 7 con. Road— from lot'lO to lot 15
I'errault Settlement Road— to connect with Foy Road and repair the latter .'
Powassan and Callender Road
Kadcliffe and Brudenell Town Line Road — repairs
Reid Road, in Galway — conditional ujKjn County grant, $100 and united Townsnips of Galway and Cavendish, $50
Rideau Lake Road — to o|H;n on west side of Rideau Ijake, conditional upon an equal grant fro;ii Munici])ality
Rolph Road -to open from bridge at Des Joachim to C. P. Railway . .
Round Lake Rt)ad, in Belmont — conditional uiwii County grant of $100j and from imited Townships of Belmont and Methuen $50
Scott Road - repairs
Shield's Pit Road— to reiwiir between Ruther Glen and Eau Claire . South Caldwell Roa<l to open from Veuve River Bridge, southward A. ivii \ AQ
|
$ cts. |
|
600 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
300 GO |
|
700 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
1.000 00 |
|
750 00 |
|
300 00 |
|
600 00 |
|
300 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
600 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
600 00 |
|
1.000 00 |
|
600 00 |
200 00
600 00 600 00
200 00 300 00 500 00 500 00
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
XII.— COLONIZATION BO ADS. —Concluded.
No, of Vote.
90
SERVICE
East Division. — Concluded.
South Buckhorn and South Burleigh Roads — Provided County grants $75 and Township of Smith $76
Sudbury and Blezard Road — to further improve north portion .
Sudbury Road — repairs west of Murray Mine
Sudbury and Neelon Road — to continue towards Wahnapitae . .
Sturgeon River Road — to continue
Swamp Road, in Portland — to raise about IJ mile in length, conditional; that Municipality grants
Trafford and Tamworth Road — to continue repairs begun last season I
Wahnapitae Road— to improve and extend !
West Mountain Road — repairs in Brougham
Wilberforce 12 and 13 side Line Road — to complete in 22nd Concession . . |
I Wisawasa Road — to open
General Purposes.
New Short Roads and repairs
Inspection
To pay balances of 1892
To be voted for
1893.
150 00
|
600 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
|
500 00 |
|
600 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
1,000 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
500 00 |
500 00
20,000 00 6,000 00 1,000 00
35,350 00
27,000 00
50
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 16).
A. 1898
XUl.— CHARGES ON CROWN LANDS.
To be voted per Statement (A) ;&125,309 00.
No. of Vote.
1892.
91 Expenditure on account of Crown Lands.
1893
$
135,209 00, 125,3C9 00
I
No. of Vote,
91
SERVICE.
Dbtails.
Board jf Surveyors
Agents' aalarien and disbursements
Forest ranging, inspection of timber limits
Fire ranfj;ing
Special timber inspection
Cullers' Act
Inspection of agencies
Fishery service and overseers
Note. — Half the appropriation for fire ranging and the whole of the
amount taken for special timber inspection will be refunded by the
licensees.
Crown Timbkr Agkncy, Qdebbc.
Agent's salary 91,400 00
Messenger and Caretaker 100 00
Contingencies : Rent .... Sundries .'
$125 00 126 00
Salaries and Expenses.
Ckown Timber Agkncy, Ottawa.
Agent's salary $1,200 00
iCIerk " 900 00
Surveyor's fees 300 00
Contingencies :
Rent
Fuel .
Travelling expenses
Postage
Sundries
Caretaking, etc
|
$400 00 |
|
100 00 |
|
100 00 |
|
100 00 |
|
60 00 |
|
109 00 |
1892.
|
400 00 |
160 00 |
|
28,500 00 |
28,500 00 |
|
25,000 00 |
25,000 00 |
|
27,000 00 |
18,000 00 |
|
3,000 00 |
.S,000 00 |
|
500 00 |
500 00 |
|
150 00 |
|
|
1,000 00 |
l.«>50 00 |
1.800 00
260 00
3,2.')0 00
1893
1,500 00
260 00
2,400 00
K.'>9 00
.V>9 00
61
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
XIII.— CHARGES ON CROWN LAIRDS— Concluded.
No. of Vote.
91
SERVICE.
Details — Continued.
Surveys.
Townships in new districts
Maps
Survey of limits in Huron and Ottawa territory, chargeable against holders
Miscellaneous.
Refund to holders of timber limits or parts thereof, heretofore sold by the Province and taken by the Government of Canada as part of Whitefifeh Indian Reserve (estimated). Part re- vote
Salaries and Expenses.
1892.
1893.
$ c.
35,000 00 35,000 00 2,000 00
2,000 00 2,500 00
4,000 00
135,209 00
2,500 00
4,000 00 125,309 00
XIV.— REFUND ACCOUNT.
To be voted per Statement (A) .$23,501 15.
No. of Vote.
92 93 94 95
1892.
1893.
Compared with Estimates of 1892.
Increase. Decrease,
Education | 1,000 00
Crown Lands j 18,500 00
Municipalities Fund ! i^'^^^ ^q
Laud Improvement Fund 2,155 89
1,000 00
18,500 00
1,459 92
2,541 23
23,115 81
23,501 15
385 34 385 34
No. of Vote.
SERVICE,
92
93
Education.
To pay withdrawals from Superannuation Fund
Ckown Lands.
For payment made to the credit of the Department on account of un- completed purchases, and afterwards returned to proposed purchasers on purchases not being canied out _ .
For two per cent, of timber dues payable to municipalities for timber cut on road allowance ■ » ' ' " V t ooA"
Refund to settlers under the amendment to the Free Grants Act of 1880.
52
To be Voted for
1893.
$ c. 1,000 00
7,.500 00
6,000 00 5,000 00 i 18,500 00
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
XIV.— REFUND AOCOV:ST— Concluded.
No. of Vote.
94
95
SERVICE.
Municipalities' Fond.
Amount collected in 1892 4,571 52
Less 20 per cent, commission 914 30
Vide Stat. Can. 18 Vict, c. 2, and 19 Vict. c. 16.
3,657 22 To be added to grant to Public and Separate Schools
(50 Vict. chap. 5) 2,197 30
To pay Widows Pensions for 1893
Land Improvement Fond.
Moneys collected from sale of Crown Lands, subject to the Land Improvement Fund, for the year ending 3l8t
December, 1892 1, .551 60
Less 6 per cent, for cost of collection and management. . 93 10
1,458 50
5 to the Land Improvement Fund 291 70
Vide Stat. Can. 16 Vict. c. 157, and Con. Stat. Can. c. 26
Moneys collected from the sale of Common School Lands, subject to the Land Improvement Fund, for the year
ending 31st. December, 1892 9,374 %
Less 6 per cent, for collection and management 562 50
8,812 46 To be distributed as follows :
i to Land Improvement'Fund 2,203 11
Moneys collected from the sale of Grammar School Lands, subject to the Land Improvement Fund, for the year
ending 31st December, 1892 . 197 55
Less 6 per cent, for collection and management 11 85
185 70 To be distributed at* follows :
i to Land Improvement Fund 46 42
To be Voted for
1893
1,459 92
•J91 70
2,203 11
46 42
1,459 92
2,541 23 23,501 15
5 (ES.)
53
66 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
XV.— MISCELLANEOUS.
To be voted per Statement (A)
5,120 00.
No. of Vote.
96
To cover expenses of collection of revenue for law stamps and licenses.
Industrial School, Mimico
Marriage licenses
Ontario Rifle Association
Ontario Artillery Association
Expenses, elections
Voters' lists
Gratuities
Gratuity to Mrs. Notman, widow of John Notnian, late Queen's Printer
" D. B. Clark, Taxing Master, Osgoude Hall
" H. (S. Crewe, late Inspector Vital Statistics
" widow of Robert McCallum, Engineer
Special grant to George Smith, injured in public service
In aid of archeeological researches in Ontario
Telephone services -
Removal of patients
Prisoners' Aid Society
Sanitary Investigations and,' Health Conferences
Special Inspection of Towns and Villages for prevention of cholera. . . .
Outbreak of Epidemics
University College, Ladies' Department
Grant to Vaccine Farm
Factories' Act : —
Salaries
Expenses
1892.
$ cts.
2,000 00 3,500 00
500 00 1,000 00
500 00 6,000 00 2,700 00 5,000 00 2,500 00 2,000 00 2,000 00
680 00
200 00 1,000 00 1,300 00 7,500 00 1,000 00
500 00
To cover expenses of arbitration with Canada and Quebec
Drainage Commission
Exhibit for Imperial Institute
Dominion Teachers' Association
Canadian Military Institute, for printing historical papers ]
Columbian Exhibition at Chicago in part :
Removal of office furniture, library, etc , to new buildings (revote)
Fitting up new library
Pamphlet on dairying, 20,000 copies (partly furnished in 1892)
Cost of agricultural examination B. S. A., including arrears for
past 5 years (arrears $1,400)
Game Inspection per Statute - . • ■
Travelling and other expenses in connection vdth fish and game protection
Other items voted for 1892, including Supplcmentaries
School of Mining and Agriculture at Kingston : —
Mining
Agriculture
Contribution towards expenses of Algoma development
To cover costs of defence of action, Ross vs. Bucke
1,500 00 500 00 250 00
3,000 00 1,500 00
10,000 00
3,000 00
1,500 00
500 00
100 00
15,000 00
5,000 00
2,000 00
1,200 00 I 800 00 77,975 00
163,705 00
XVL— UNFORESEEN AND UNPROVIDED.
To be voted per Statement (A).
$50,000 00.
No. of Vote.
97
1892.
To meet unforeseen and unprovided expenses
$ cts. 50,000 00
54>
56 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 15).
A. 1893
SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATES
1893
96 CIVIL GOVERNMENT.
Crown Lakds 'Departmkst— Bcbkau ok Mines :
Advprtising S200 OP
Expenses collecting informaticn for Report on Gold Mining Districts 300 00
Case for samples of ores and minerals 50 00
S550 00
Crown Lands Department, Kxpenses.
To pay for services in making Parliamentary Returns 1,000 00
Inspection of Public Institutions :
Jas. Noxon, for services from 1st October to Slst December, 1892 ftOO 00
97 LEGISLATION.
Additional to salary of Assistant Librarian (omission in Estimates) ICO 00
To cover arrears of binding periodicals for library (revote) 2,000 00
98 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
OsGOODE Hall :
Omission in ap])ropriation f jr Local Master of Titles, Port Arthur 100 00
House-keeper, (Queen's Pencil Divii<ion (uniissioii in Er*timates) 50 00
Omission in salary of Senior Taxing Officer 100 00
(The>)e two items make salaries same as last year.)
Caligraph for Common Pleas Division _ 147 50
Addition to coDtingencics for SteuograplHT fur .Indges (omitted in Estimates) 200 00
Chanikky Division :—
S.-c«.nd Cl.-rk in Swrrogat.- Otficr 500 00
Salary. Clf-rk of the Peace and District-Attorney, Sault Ste. Marie (omission
in estimates) ^"00 00
2,150 00
2,100 00
l,8'.t7 r»o
99
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE.
Toronto Asylum, additional to salary. Assistant Su|)erintendeiit (omission in
estimates) ?100 00
Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, lielleville, SuiHTvisor of Hoys I'M Ou
I'rinting Ir.btructor and Assistant Su|)ervi«(pr of Boys 50 00
MO 00
(These items are tu correct eiror in estimati^s, and make their salaries the same as la«t year.)
56 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 15). A. 1898
100 AGRICULTURE.
Additional grant 1 1 Sheep and Swine Breeders' Associations 800 00
Grant toa(iditional Agricultural Societies, Parry Sound, Nipissing, Manitoulin 2,400 00
101 HOSPITALS AND CHARITIES.
The Haven and Prison Gate Home, Toronto ; (omission in estimates) 117 GO
County of Oxford House of Refuge 4,000 00
102 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
Old Parliament Buildings :
To meet accounts for services prior to 1893, in respect of fuel, light, furnish- ings, repairs, snow cleaning, etc 2,600 00
New Parliament Buildings :
(a) Night Watchmen (two) 1,080 00
(6) To cover accounts for water, light, etc., for 1892 1,550 00
(«) Additional for repairs and renewals of old furniture 2,500 00
103 PUBLIC BUILDINGS
New Parliament and Departmental Buildings :
(a) Revote of uaexpeaded balance of appropriation of 1892 for equipment, fur-
nishing and tittiag up of buildings and laying oat of grounds, etc $17,200 00
(b) Patent do jr checks for interior office doors, etc 1,500 00
(«) Hose, etc., for grounds and for fire purposes 2,000 00
Toronto Asylum :
Addition to infirmary on male side 800 00
Furnishings for infirmary, female sid* 355 00
Kingston Astlum :
Furnishings for new infirmary 850 00
KkFORMA TORY FOR FEMALES :
Sheeting for ceilings, repairs, ete 600 00
Deaf and Dumb Institute :
New hot water boiler 200 00
OsGOODE Hall :
Reconstruction of drainage, sanitary and ventilation arrangements 5,000 00
Government House :
Equipment, furnishings, tittings, etc 3,000 00
School ok Practical Science :
Part cost of repair and renewal of roadway (remainder of cost to be borne bv
Toronto University) ". 200 00
Agricultural College :
Additional material and labor for Dairy Building at 0. A,C 3,500 00
MusKOKA District :
Enlargement of the Office of Registrar and Local Master of Titles at Brace- bridge 500 00
3,200 00
4,117 00
7,7S0 00
35,605 00
59 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 15). A. 1893
104 COLONIZATION ROADS.
Basswood Lake Road, to repair ia Gladstone, Day and Wells S600 00
Bridge repairs, West Algoma, to repiir damages by recent floods to Kaministi-
•liiui. Point De Meuron and other bridges
Buck Lake Brids^e, south of Devil Lake in Bedford, tj renew, estimated cost
Clare River Briilge, to complete a|)proaches
Card well Road, to make necessary deviations
Draper and Ryde Town-line Road, to complete
Gurd and Hirasworth Town line Road, with certain repairs on Westphalia
Road
Indian Peninsula lloads
Lavant Branch Road, to connect ^vith Main Road in Darling
McDougall and Folej- Road, to complete opening
Maganetawan Bridge, to build, municipality of Perry to furnish balance to
complete. Ri-vote
Neighic Lake Bridge, to connect main roads in Township of Croft
North Methuen Road
Oliver Township Roads
( >aimet and Rl;u?k Bay Road, to improve north and south of railway
I'.ilmer Rapids and Rockingham Road, repairs in Township of Radcliffe
Pigeon River Road, to improve from Point De Meuron and make necessary
deviations
Rabbit Mountain and Whitefish Lake Road
Rat Portage Road, three miles north of town
Slate River Valley Road, to extend
South River Bridge, at Cutchies' Narrows, about lot 12, concession 13, Joly. Stephenson Town.-hip Roads, to make deviations on Stisted and Brunei
Roads, and a spur to connect two leadmg roads
Stone Dam Road, to complete to mills near Verona
Sinclair Road repairs in Sinclair Township
Sudbury and Whitefish Road, to continue
|
2,500 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
200 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
cm 00 |
|
550 00 |
|
2,100 00 |
|
600 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
,300 00 |
|
800 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
600 00 |
|
600 00 |
|
400 00 |
|
1,500 00 |
|
600 00 |
|
7.^0 00 |
|
iOO 00 |
|
.500 00 |
|
flOO 00 |
|
200 00 |
|
600 00 |
|
500 00 |
17,100 00
105 CHARGES ON CROWN LANDS.
Additional on account of fire ranging , $6,000 00
106 MISCELLANEOUS.
Gratuity to Mrs. Harriet Davidson, late attendant at Kingston Asylum $185 00
Gratuity to Mrs. .John C»merford, wife of late assistant storekeeper at Hainil-
" ilton Asylum .100 00
Gratuity to R. Stevenson, stoker and watchman. Institute for the Deaf and
Dumb 466 66
Gratuity to J>)hn Nolan, night-watchman, Mercer Reformatory 300 00
Gratuity to (iiUx-rt Harili-y. guard at C'-ntral Prison 600 00
Gratuity to Wni. Moore Kelley (additional) 500 00
James Forsyth, late gardener at O.A.C., retiring allowance 700 00
Indu-trial School 3,000 00
-Mining Schi>ol, Port A rthur (re- vote) .5,000 00
Addition to approjiriation for enforcement of (Jami- Laws SOO 00
Expenses under Children's Act, including Superintendent's salary, travel- ling e.\i>enses, etc 1 ,.'')00 00
To pay bounty, destruction of wolves 500 00
To Solicitor, Treasiiry Department, re perviccs under Succession Duties
Act .. ^ 1.000 00
Tu build a slide, dam and piers at the Hieh Falls, near the mouth of the Pigeon River, Distriet of Thunder Bay, in iwjcord.'vnce with one of the
conditions of the timber s.ile of l«i>0 7,500 00
Algonquin Park, Sujierinteiident, rangers, erection of log houses, jturchase of
canoes, labor and materials, etc H,itO0 00
World's Columbian Kxposition. — expenses of maintaining Ontario exhibit, etc. .57,000 00 Towards expenses of Patrick Heffernan, the prosrcutur re Bruce shrievalty,
same to ht- accepted in full of all claims ^ . . . . 400 Ot)
83,2.31 tW
162,471 16
107 To defray expense-* of Lugislaiinn, Public Institutions .Mainti-niini-', iind (or
salaries of the olhcers of the Government and Civil Service for ttu-
month of .January, 18!M $80,000 00
0
2 4 29'^
BINDING SECl. N0V22 :Jfi7