Covernmeat 1 Publications

I

SESSIONAL PAPERS.

VOL. XXII -PART V.

FOURTH SESSION OF SIXTH LEGISLATURE

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.

SESSION 1890

TORONTO:

PRINTED FOR LUD. K. CAMERON, QUEEN'S PRINTER. BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT ST. WEST.

1890.

i ©91367

53 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

LIST OF SESSIONAL PAPERS.

All RANGED ALPHABETICALLY.

Title.

Accounts {Dominion and the Provinces)

Accounts, Public

Agricultural and Arts, Report . .

Agricultural College, Report

Agricultural and Experimental Union, Report

Agricultural Societies, Analysis

Ardagb, Judge, commutation

Asylums, Report

Bail, recognizances of

Ballot at School Elections

Beekeepers' Association, Report

Hi-lingual teaching

Births, Marriages and Deaths, Report

Blind Institute, Report

Uorron's Report

Canada Temperance Act, where in force

Canadian Institute, Report {part of)

Central Prison contracts

Common Gaols, Report

Crown Lands, Report

Custody of Title Deeds Act

Dairy and Creamery Association, Report

Deaf and Dumb Institute, Report

Departmental Reports, when presented

Division Courts, Report

Dogs, Act in force

Drainage, Tile

Dundas and Waterloo Macadamized Road

Eden, John, claim of

Education, Report

do publicatior f Text Books

do language in e Schools

do regulations, trench and German Schools

do orders 1 !ou cil re Department

do regulati o by Department

No.

Remarks.

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53 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

Title.

Education, superannuation Fund

do study of English

bi-lingual teaching

text book history

case to Judges

correspondence, French Schools

Elgin House of Industry, Eeport

Entomological Society, Report

Estimates

do do do do

Factories, Report

Fines and Penalties remitted . . , French Schools. See Education, Fruit Growers, Report ,

Gaols and Prisons, Report

German Schools. See Education.

Gosnell vs. Swarthout

Grand River Navigation Co'y . . .

Health, Report . . Hospitals, Report

Immigration, Report

Industries, Bureau of, Report , Insurance, Report

Judicature Act, commutation

Killarney, amount expended , do licenses granted. .

Legal Offices, Report

Legislative Assembly, convening of

Magdalen Asylums, Report

Mechanics' Institutes, Report [part of) ,

Mercer Estate

Municipal Debentures

Municipal Indebtedness

Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Farm, Report , Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union, Report ,

Ontario and Rainy River Railway papers

Ontario Shops Regulation Act, By-laws

Orphan Asylums, Report ,

Ottawa and Parry Sound Railway papers

Pine Trees, dues on

Police Magistrates, appointment . Poor and Indigent Persons, relief Poultry Associations, Report . . .

of

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.")3 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

Title.

Poultry and Pet Stock, Report

Practical Science, Keport (part of)

Prisons, Report

Provincial Revenue

Public Accounts

Public Lands Act, grants under

Public Works, Report

Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park, Report.

Railway Aid Certificates

do Papers

Receipts and Expenditures

Recognizances of Bail

Reformatories, Report

Refuge Houses of, Report

Registrars, Fees of

Registry Offices, Report

Revenue, Provincial

Scientific Societies (part of)

Scott Act, where in force

Secretary and Registrar, Report

Sheep Act, where in force

Sheep Breeders' Association, Report

Shops Regulation Act, By-laws

Spencer, W. H., appointment of

Statutes Revised, distribution

Sugar Beet, Report on

Superannuation

Surrogate Court, commutation of fees

Tavern and Shop Licenses, Report

Temperance Act, where in force

Text Books, publication

Tile Drainage

Timber Dues

Title Deeds Act, filings under

Titles, Master of, Report

Toronto General Trusts Co'y, Report

Toronto Registry Office, disbursements

Toronto University, debentures issued

do biological building . . .

do students attending

do residence

do report (part of) ,

do bursar's statement

Upper Canada College, Report (part of) . . ,

do Bursar's statement . . .

Upper Canada Improvement Fund

5

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53 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

LIST OF SESSIONAL PAPERS.

Arranged in Numerical Order, with their titles at full length ; the Dates when Ordered and when Presented to the Legislature ; the name of the Member who moved for the same, and whether Ordered to he Printed or not.

No. 1.

No. 2

No. 3 . .

No. 4 . .

No. 5 . .

No. G . .

No.

CONTENTS PART I.

Return to an Order of trie House of the sixth day of March, 1889, shewing the names of all publishers of Public School text books, with the respective books published by them and the prices thereof. Also, for copies of all correspondence by or with the Minister of Education or any officer of his Department respecting the price or publication of Public School text books, subsequent to that already brought down. Presented to the Legislature, 4th February, 1890. — Mr. Preston. (Printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of the eleventh day of March, 1889, shewing the number and location of Public Schools in Ontario in which any lan- guage other than English is used in the work of teaching, either wholly or in part. A list of text books in any language other than English used in such schools. The total number of scholars attending each of such schools. The number of scholars in each of such schools using text books in any language other than English. The number of teachers in such schools who cannot use the English language in teaching. Presented to the Legislature, 4th February, 1890. — Mr. Craig. (Printed.)

Report of the Inspector of Insurance for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 3rd February, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Registrar-General, relating to the Registration of Births, Mar- riages and Deaths for the year 1888. Presented to the Legislature, 7th February, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 7th April, 1890. (Printed.)

CONTENTS PART II

Report of the Minister of Education for the year 1889, with the Statistics of 1888, in which is included the Reports of Mechanics' Institutes, Scientific Societies, Toronto University, School of Practical Science and Upper Canada College. Presented to the Legislature, 6th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Regulations and Correspondence relating to French and German Schools in the Province of Ontario. Presented to the Legislature, 31st January, 1890. {Printed.)

7

53 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

No. 8, No. 9, No. 10

CONTENTS PART III.

Report of the Council of the Agricultural and Arts Association for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 13th February, 1890. (Printed.)

Report on the working of the Tavern and Shop Licenses Acts for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 6th February, 1890. (Printed.)

Report upon the Asylums for the Insane and Idiotic, for the year ending 30th September 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 28th February, 1890. (Printed. )

No. 11 . .[Report upon the Common Gaols, Prisons and Reformatories for the year end- ing 30th September, 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 3rd March, 1890, (Printed. )

No. 12.

No. 13,

No. H,

No. 15,

No. 16.

No. 17,

No. 18,

No. 19

No. 20,

No. 21

CONTENTS PART IV.

Report upon the Institution for the Instruction and Education of the Deaf and Dumb, Belleville, for the year ending 30th September, 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 31st January 1890. (Printed.)

Report upon the Institution for the Education and Instruction of the Blind, Brantford, for the year ending 30th September, 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 31st January, 1890. (Printed.)

Report upon the Hospitals of the Province, for the year ending 30th Septem- ber, 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 12th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Report upon the Houses of Refuge and Orphan and Magdalen Asylums for the year ending 30th September, 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 20th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Bursar's Statement of Cash Transactions of the Upper Canada College for the vear ending 30th June, 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 18th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Entomological Society for Ontai-io, for the year 1889. Pre- sented to the Legislature, 31st March, 1890. {Printed.)

Public Accounts of the Province for the year 1889. Presented to the Legis- lature, 11th February, 1890. (Printed.)

CONTENTS PART V.

Estimates for the service of the Province until the Estimates for the year are finally passed. Presented 4th February, 1890. (Not Printed.) Esti- mates for the year 1890. Presented 12th February, 1890. (Printed.) Estimates for the service of the Province, until the estimates for the year are finally passed. Presented 10th March, 1890. (Not Printed.) Supple- mentary Estimates for the year 1890. Presented 3rd April, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Fruit Growers' Association for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 24th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Commissioner of Public Works for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 18th February, 1890. (Printed.)

53 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

Report of the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 12th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Department of Immigration for the year 1889. Presented to

the Legislature, 7th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 24th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Statement as to the disposal of the Revised Statutes of Ontario for the year

1889. Presented to the Legislature, 3rd February, 1890. (Not Printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of the eighteenth day of March, 1

shewing the number of documents tiled under the '"Custody of Title Deeds Act" up to the first day of January, 1889, and the amount of fees received. And shewing also, the amount paid in each Registration Divi- sion for the necessary books as required under the Act. Presented to the Legislature, 4th February, 1890. — Mr. Wood, (Hastings.) (Not Printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of the 18th day of March, 1889, shewing the Township Municipalities in which the Act to impose a tax on Dogs and for the Protection of Sheep is in force ; the number of dogs assessed in such municipalities ; the number of sheep killed and injured, and the amount paid for the same by such municipalities for the years 1886, 18S7 and 1888 respectively. Also, shewing the municipalities in which a by- law is in force for the assessment of dogs without providing for damages to sheep, and the number of dogs so assessed for the above years, res- pectively. Presented to the Legislature, 4th February, 1890. — Mr. Dryden. (Printed.)

CONTENTS PART VI.

Extracts and Statements respecting Bi-lingual teaching in Great Britain, the United States and Canada. Presented to the Legislature 17th February,

1890. (Printed.)

Orders in Council, made in the year 1889 under the Revised Statutes of Ontario, 1887, Cap. 224, respecting the Education Department. Presented to the Legislature 6th February, 1890. (Not printed.)

Regulations made or revised by the Department of Education during the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature 6th February, 1*90. (Not printed.)

Statement of the Returns made by Municipalities under the Tile, Stone, and Timber Drainage Act, R. S. 6., 1887, Cap. 39, for the year 1889. Pre- sented to the Legisluture 6th February, 1890. (Not print

Statement of the affairs of the Toronto General Trusts Company under the provisions of 35 Vic, Cap. 83, Sec. 13. Presented to the Legislature 6th February, 1890. (Not printed)

Return to an Order of the House of the thirteenth day of March, 1889, shew- ing in detail the number of Public School teachers who have accepted the terms heretofore imposed in regard to the Superannuation Fund and have withdrawn one-half of the amount paid in. The number of teachers who

53 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

No. 34

No. 35. No. 36. No. 37.

No. 38.

No. 39.

No. 40.

No. 41

No. 42

have not accepted the terms, and shewing to what purposes the sums not already withdrawn are devoted, or how funded. Presented to the Legisla- ture 7 th February, 1890. Mr. Ely the. (Printed.)

Copy of a Minute of the Department of Education respecting the study of English in those schools in which the French or German language prevails. Presented to the Legislature 11th February, 1890. (Not printed.)

Report of the Inspectors of Factories for the year 18S9. Legislature 14th February, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Inspector of Legal Offices for the year 1889. Legislature, 3rd April, 1890. (Printed.)

Presented to the

Presented to the

.Supplementary Return to an Order of the House of the fourth day of February,

1889, shewing the amount paid out from municipal funds, either by direct grants or remission of taxes, in each city, town, village or rural munici- pality in the Province of Ontario during 1887 or 1888, for the relief of poor and indigent persons, but not including any sum paid for the support of a House of Industry or similar institution ; the number of indigents a permanent charge upon any municipality in 1887 and 1888, and the number of such indigents who received temporary aid from municipal funds in 1887 and 1888. Presented to the Legislature 18th February,

1890. Mr. Clarke (Wellington.) (Printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of the twenty-fifth day of February, 1889, shewing the name of the municipalities which have passed by-laws under the authority of the " Ontario Shops Regulation Act," distinguishing between cases where such by-laws were passed without petitions in favour thereof. And shewing also, the date of the passing of each such by-law ; the class or classes of shops to which each such by-law applied ; the hour at, and the period of the year during which the respective classes of shops were by the by-law required to be closed, and which of such by-laws have been repealed. Presented to the Legislature 18th February, 1890. Mr. Morgan. (Printed.)

Analysis of Reports of County, Township and Horticultural Societies for the year 1888. Presented to the Legislature 20th February, 1890. (Not printed.)

A brief history of Public and High School Text-Books authorized for the Pro- vince of Ontario, 1846-1889. Presented to the Legislature 26th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Inspector of the Elgin House of Industry for the year 1889. Presented to* the Legislature 20th February, 1890. (Not printed.)

Copy of an agreement between the Inspector of Prisons and Public Charities and H. A. Nelson & Sons, relative to the manufacture of brooms at the Central Prison. Also, of Order in Council approved by His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor, the fifteenth day of June, A.D. 1889, authorizing the said agreement. Also, of agreement between the Inspector of Prisons and Public Charities and the Brandon Manufacturing Company of Toronto (Limited), relative to the manufacture of wooden ware at the Central Prison. Also, of Order in Council approved by His Honour the Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, the thirty -first day of December, A.D, 1889, authorizing the said agreement. Presented to the Legislature 11th March, 1890. (Printed.)

10 "

53 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

No. 43

No. 44.

No. 45..

No. 46

No. 47

No. 48

No. 49.

Return to an Order of the House of the tenth day of February, 1890, shewing a copy of the Case submitted by the Minister of Education for the opinion of the Judges of the Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice, as to the true construction of certain provisions of the Public School Act relating to Separate School supporters. Also, the answers given by the Judges to the questions submitted by the Case. Presented to the Legisla- ture 24th February, 1890. Mr. Meredith. (Printed.)

Copy of an Order in Council increasing the commutation of the Surrogate Court fees payable to His Honour Judge Ardagh. Presented to the Legislature 25th February, 1890. (Printed.)

Return to an Address to His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor, of the nine- teenth day of February, 1890, praying that he will cause to be laid before the House, a copy of the Order in Council appointing W. H. Spencer Police Magistrate for parts of the Districts of Muskoka and Parry Sound, and fixing his salary or emolument, and of the Commission issued to him as such Police Magistrate. Presented to the Legislature 25th February, 1890. Mr. Marter. (Printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of the twenty-first day of February, 1890, shewing the amount of disbursements connected with the Registrar of Deeds office in the City of Toronto for the year 1889, as follows : — (a) To the City of Toronto, (b) To the Deputy Registrar, (c) To other clerks and assistants. (</) For other purposes. Also, shewing the gross earnings of the Registrar for the year 1889, and the total amount received by the Registrar for his personal use ; and also a statement of the expenditure, if any, rendered necessary in consequence of the creation of the second Registrar for the City of Toronto, together with a copy of the report of any committee, or sub-committee of the Council of the City of Toronto shewing the necessity for new buildings for the accommodation of the registry officers, books, papers, documents and like matter relating to said city. Presented to the Legislature 28th February, 1890. Mr. H. E. Clarke (Toronto.) (Printed.)

Bursar's statement of cash transactions of the University of Toronto for the year ending 30th June, 1889. Presented to the Legislature 3rd March, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of Robert H. Lawder upon the cultivation of the sugar beet in Ontario. Presented to the Legislature 4th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Dairy and Creamery Association of the Province for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature 4th March, 1890. (Printed.)

No. 50 . . Report of the Sheep Breeders' Association of Ontario for the year 1889. sented to the Legislature 5th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Pre-

No. 51 . . Statement of the Returns forwarded to the office of the Provincial Secretary of all the fees and emoluments received by the Registrars of Ontario for the year 1889, made in accordance with the provisions of R. S. O., 1887, Cap. 114, Sec. 100, with which are contrasted receipts of the same nature in 1887 and 1888. Presented to the Legislature 5th March, 1890. (Printed.)

No. 52.. Return to an Order of the House of the nineteenth day of February, 1890, shewing the number and designation of School Boards in the cities, towns and incorporated villages in Ontario which have adopted the use of the

11

53 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

ballot at annual school elections under section 103 of chapter 225 R. S. 0., with the number of School 15oards in cities, towns and villages which have not adopted the ballot for such purposes. Presented to the Legislature 5th March, 1890. Mr. Clarke (Wellington.) (Printed.)

No. 53 . . Papers and Correspondence respecting French Schools. Presented to the Legis- lature 6th March, 1890. (Printed.)

No. 54. . Return to an Order of the House of the twenty-eighth clay of February, 1890, shewing in detail the amount, if any, paid out by the Crown on behalf of lots 83 and 84 in the 3rd concession south-west Toronto and Sydenham road, being a portion of the Mercer estate ; also, shewing the amounts received for the sale of the same, and copies of all correspondence relating thereto. Presented to the Legislature 10th March, 1890. Mr. Blythe. (Not printed.)

No. 55. . Return to an Order of the House of the twenty-eighth day of February, 1890, specifying the amount of debentures issued on the credit of the permanent fund of the University of Toronto under the authority of section 5 of chapter 231, R. S. O., the amount realized by the sale of such debentures and the buildings, for the erection or alteration of which the money thus raised has been appropriated, with the estimated cost of the work done, or to be done, on each building. Presented to the Legislature 11th March, 1890. Mr. Baljour. (Printed.)

No. 56..

No. 57.

No. 58

No. 59

Return to an Address to His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor of the twenty- eighth day of Februarj7, 1890, praying that he will cause to be laid before the House a Return of a copy of the Order in Council authorizing the erection of the building known as the Biological Building in connection with the University of Toronto. Also, of any resolutions, recommenda- tions or memorials from the Senate or Board of Trustees, asking for the appropriation of money for this purpose out of the permanent fund of the University, and of any contract that may have been let for additions to the building not yet completed. Presented to the Legislature 11th March, 1890. Mr. Balfour. (Printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of the twenty-eighth day of February, 1890, shewing the total attendance of students matriculated and non-matriculated of each sex in University College from 1880 to 1890 inclusive. The number of graduates who have during each of these years lived in the College residence. The number of graduates who retained their rooms in residence during 1888, 1889 and 1890. The receipts and expenditures for the year 1888 and 1889, including list of water, fuel and gas and what proportion of the interior of the building is devoted to residence purposes. Presented to the Legislature 11th March, 1890. Mr. Wood, (Hastings.) (Printed.)

Statement of Returns transmitted by Municipal Councils to the office of the Provincial Secretary of the several debts of the corporation as they stood on the 31st day December, 1889, in accordance with the provisions of Section 382, Cap. 184, R. S. O., 1887. Presented to the Legislature 11th March, 1890. (Not printed.)

Statement of Returns transmitted by Municipal Corporations to the office of the Provincial Secretary of the debentures issued by them up to the 31st day of December, 1889, in accordance with the provisions of Section 5,

12

53 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

No. 60.

No. 61

Cap. 186, R.S.O., 1887. (Not printed.)

Presented to the Legislature 11th March, 1890.

No. 62 No. 63 No. 64.

No. 65

No. 66.

No. 67.

Xo. 68,

Return to an Order of the House of the third day of March, 1890, shewing the amount expended in the year 1883, in Killarney out of the appropriation for Colonization Roads, with the dates and items, and persons to whom, and purposes for which the moneys were expended. Presented to the Legislature 12th March, 1890. Mr. Monk. (Not printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of twenty-eighth day of February, 1890, respecting the claim of John Eden, of Aylmer, for work done in digging wells by direction of Coroner McLay in connection with the enquiry made by him as to the death of one Gilford Williams, who was supposed to have been murdered, and for a statement in detail of all expenditure incurred in connection with the said enquiry, shewing the persons to whom any moneys were paid, and the dates when and the purposes for which the same were paid or expended. Presented to the Legislature 11th March, 1890. Mr. Meredith. (Not printed.)

Report of the Inspector of Division Courts for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature 14th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Inspector of Registry Offices for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature Hth March, 1890. (Printed.)

Return (in part) to an Order of the House of the fifth day of February, 1890, giving the dates, number of acres, location or other description of each Free Grant made since the first day of July, 1857, under the authority of section thirteen of " The Public Lands Act," or the like section in force from time to time, with the names of the persons or corporations to whom each of these grants were made, with the purposes for which they were made. Also, all correspondence respecting these grants or any other grants applied for under the said section during the said period. Presented to the Legislature 19th March, 1890. Mr. Cteighton. (Printed.)

Report of the Commissioners for Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature 20th March, 1890. {Printed.)

Correspondence relative to the Accounts between the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec and the Dominion of Canada. Presented to the Legislature 20th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of the twenty-eighth day of February, 1890, shewing the number of Counties in the Province of Ontario, in which the Temperance Act of 1878 was in force on the first day of May, 1885. The number of County Councils to which it was submitted, prior to the first day of May, 1887, a Resolution affirming the expediency of the appoint- ment of a salaried Police Magistrate, in compliance with 18 Vic, Cap. 17, Sec. 1. The names of the Counties in which such resolution was carried. The names of the Counties in which such resolution was lost. Also, number of Counties in which Police Magistrates were appointed under 50 Vic, Cap. Ill, Sec. 1. Presented to the Legislature 20th March, 1890. Mr. McLaughlin. (Printed.)

Return to an Address to His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor of the nine- teenth day of February, 1890, praying that he will cause to be laid before the House a Return of all cases in which fines or penalties imposed by

13

">3 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

any Court have been remitted, or proceedings for the recovery of them have l>een stayed bj the action of the Executive Government, or any member thereof, and of all cases in which persons liable upon recognizances of Bail have been released from liability or the proceedings against them have been stayed by the like action, with the reasons for the action taken in each case and also for copies of all Orders in Council relating to the said matters. Such Return to include the year 1873 and to continue down to the present time. Presented to the Legislature 24th March, 1890. Mr. French. (Printed.)

No. 69..

No. 70

No. 71..

No. 72

No. 73,

No. 74.

Report of the Master of Titles for the City of Toronto and County of York, under the Land Titles' Act for 1889. Also, Return of Fees received by the Master. Presented to the Legislature 25th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of the eleventh day of February, 1890, shew- ing the dates in each year from 1884 to 1889, both inclusive, on which the Legislative Assembly of Ontario was convened and prorogued respectively. The dates during each Session of the Legislative Assembly on which all the several reports printed by order of the Legislative Assembly were presented during the same years. Presented to the Legislature 26th March, 1890. Mr. Clancy. (Not printed.)

Return to an Address to His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor, of the twenty- first day of March, 1890, praying that he will cause to be laid before the House a Return of copies of any correspondence between the Ontario and Dominion Governments, or between the former and any Corporation or person, relating to the ownership, sale or lease of the Dundas and Waterloo macadamized road, together with copies of any papers in the possession of the Government relating thereto, subsequent to that already brought down in the year 1886. Presented to the Legislature 26th March, 1890. Mr. McMahon. (Not printed.)

CONTENTS PART VII.

Report of the Provincial Board of Health for the year 1889. Legislature 28th March, 1890. (Printed.)

Presented to the

Return to an Order of the House of the twelfth day of March, 1890, of a copy of the Judgment pronounced by the Honourable Mr. Justice Robertson, in an action in the High Court of Justice, wherein John J. Gosnell is plaintiff and Isaac Swarthout and others are defendants, and copies of all correspondence between the License Commissioners for the East Riding of the County of Kent, and the Provincial Secretary or any other member or officer of the Government on the subject of the granting of the licenses which were in question in the said action. Also, copies of all minutes of the Commissioners, with regard to the granting of said licenses, and all reports relating thereto. Presented to the Legislature 28th March, 1890. Mr. Meredith. (Printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of the nineteenth day of February, 1890, shewing what applications have been made for payments out of the Con- solidated Revenue under the provisions of Section 4 of Chapter 4, 43 Victoria, in respect of the dues on pine trees. Also, shewing what is the aggregate sum which, up to the first day of February last, the patentees of lands, subject to the provisions of the Act, are entitled to receive out of the dues collected on pine trees cut after the date of their patents. Presented to the Legislature 28th March, 1890. Mr. Marte.r. (Printed.)

U

53 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

No. 75

No. 76

No. 77

No. 78.

No. 79.

No.

80

No.

81

No.

82

No.

83

No. 84

No. 85

Return to an Address to His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor of the twenty- tirst day of March, 1890, praying that he will cause to be laid before the House, copies of any papers, memorials or petitions addressed to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, or to any member of the Government, since the late partial destruction of the Provincial University building, for or against the maintenance of a residence in connection with that institution. Presented to the Legislature 31st March, 1890. Mr. Balfour. (Not printed.)

Report of the Poultry Association of Ontario for the year 1889. the Legislature 31st March, 1890. (Printed.)

Presented to

Report of the Eastern Ontario Poultry and Pet Stock Association for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature 31st March, 1890. (Printed.)

Report of the Ontario Bee-keepers' Association for the year 1889. to the Legislature 31st March, 1890. (Printed.)

Presented

Return to an Address to His Honour the Lieutenant-Governer of the twenty- first day of March, 1890, praying that he will cause to be laid before the House a copy of a Petition presented to His Honour the Lieutenant- Governor from the Municipal Corporation of the Village of Cayuga, relat- ing to the Grand River Navigation Company. Also, for a copy of all correspondence relating thereto. Presented to the Legislature 31st March, 1890. Mr. II ar court. (Printed.)

Report of the Bureau of Industries for the year 1889. Legislature 1st April, 1890. (Printed.)

Presented to the

Papers and Documents relating to the Ontario and Rainy River Railway Company and the Ottawa and Parry Sound Railway Company. Presented to the Legislature 2nd April, 1890. (Printed.)

Documents and papers relating to the Upper Canada Improvement Fund. Presented to the Legislature 2nd April, 1890. (Printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of the fifth day of March, 1890, shewing in tabulated form a statement of Provincial Revenue from all sources, for each year since Confederation to the close of 1889, specifying such annual receipts under the various headings used in the Public Accounts of the Province. A similar statement of Provincial expenditure during the same period. Presented to the Legislature 2nd April, 1890. Mr. Clarke, (Wellington.) (Printed.)

Report of the Secretary and Registrar of the Province for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature 2nd April, 1890. (Printed.)

Return to an Order of the House of the fifth day of March, 1890, shewing the amount still to be paid on Railway Aid Certificates issued by the Province, with the dates when the same became due and payable. Also, shewing the amounts of Annuity Certificates issued by the Province with the dates when they become due and payable. Also, an Estimate of the present value of the said Railway Aid Certificates and Annuity Certificates respec- tively. Also, specifying the amount to be paid on account of principal and interest respectively in each year during the currency of said Certificates. Presented to the Legislature 2nd April, 1890. Mr. Balfour. {Printed.)

15

53 Victoria.

List of Sessional Papers.

A. 1890

No. 86,

Return to an Order of the House of the twenty-eighth day of February, 1890, shewing the number of Shop and Tavern Licenses granted to persons resident in Killarney in each of the years 1888 and 1889 and the names of the persons to whom they were respectively granted. Also, for copies of all petitions for or against the granting of such licenses or any of them, and of all correspondence between the head, or any officer of the License Branch of the Department of the Provincial Secretary, and any other person on the subject of the granting or working of such licenses, or any of them, and shewing also, the population of Killarney during the same years. Presented to the Legislature 2nd April, 1890. Mr. Meacham. (Not printeA.)

No. 87..,

Report of E. B. Borron, upon the resources of the northerly part of the Province of Ontario and his explorations therein. Presented to the Legislature 7th April, 1890. (Printed.)

16

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 19). A. 1890

ESTIMATES

OF THE

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO

FOR THE

FINANCIAL YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER,

1890.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

TORONTO: PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST,

1890.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

SUMMARY

Of the Estimated Expenditure of the Province of Ontario for the Financial Year

ending 31st December, 1890.

No.

l.

SERVICES.

Civil Government.

II. I Legislation

III. Administration of Justice

IV. i Education.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

Public Institutions Maintenance

Immigration

Agriculture

Hospitals and Charities

XI.

XII. XIII. XIV.

XV. XVI.

Maintenance and Repairs of Government and De- partmental Buildings

Public Buildings

(1) Repairs

(2) Capital Account

Public Works

(1) Repairs

(2) Capital Account

Colonization Roads

16

17

To bk Voted

For Current Expenditure

$ cts. 215,556 66 121,400 00 373,278 00 608,697 81 798,243 16 5,800 00 130,478 00 125,579 67

63,436 73 91,916 59

On Capital For othw Account. purposes.

$ cts.

$ --..

18,500 00

Charges on Crown Lands 52

Refund Account j 52

Miscellaneous Expenditure 5 I

Unforeseen and Unprovided 54

115,900 00

110,050 24 50,000 00

434,518 39

21,300 00 110,150 00

25,249 04

Total I ... - 2,828,836 86 I 565,968 39

25,249 04

1. Current Expenditure for 1890.

2,828,836 86

2. On Capital Account i 565,968 39

3. Other purposes

Amount of Estimates.

25,249 04

3,420,054 2©

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1H90

ESTIMATES OF EXPENDITURE

OF THE

PROVINCE OF ONT A llli >

FOR THE YEAR 1890.

I.— CIVIL GOVERNMENT.

To be voted per Statement (A) §215,556 66

No. ot Vote.

To Salaries and Contingencies of the follov:inri Departments and Offices.

Government House

Lieutenant-Governor's Office.

1889.

Executive Council and Attorney General's De- partment

Department of Education

Crown Lands I

6 I •' Public Works

7 Treasury Department

8 i Public Institutions

9 I Department of Agriculture ,

10 Department of Immigration

11 Provincial Secretary's Department

12 Provincial Board of Health

13 Miscellaneous

$ cts.

1,950 00 3,980 00

17,280 00 21,250 00 49,300 00 19,400 00 20,300 00 10,150 00 24,500 00

1,600 00 25,760 00

6,975 00 10,700 00

1890

Compared with Estimates of 1889.

213,145 00

1,950 00 3,980 00 |

18,316 66 18,850 00 48,950 00

20,300 00 20,525 00 10,000 00 24,225 00

1,600 00 27,610 00

7,050 00

12,200 00

215,556 66

Increase. Decrease

1,036 66

90C 00 225 00

1,850 00

75 00

1,500 00

8 etc

2,400 00 350 00

150 00

275 00

5,586 66

3,175 0Q

;">3 Victoria

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1SSC

I.— CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SB RVICE.

Attorney-General and Premier

Clerk of Executive Council and Deputy Attorney-General.

Law Secretary of Department

Clerk and Premier's Secretary

Assistant Clerk of Executive Council

Clerk and Shorthand-writer

Clerk

Clerk

Messenger

Arrears for 1889 .

Expenses. F£emanfcPer } half only charged in 1889.

Contingencies

Details.

Government House

Expenses.

Gardener and Caretaker

Fireman and Assistant Gardener

Assistant Gardeners

Lieutenant-Governor's Office.

Salaries.

Official Secretary

Private Secretary

Messenger

Expenses. Contingencies

Executive Council and Attorney-General's Department Salaries.

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

$ cts.

500 00 550 00 900 00

1890

1,950 00

1,200 00 800 00 480 00

1,500 00 3,980 00

5,000 00 3,000 00

800 00 1,600 00 1,450 00 1,000 00

750 00 !

700 00

350 00

§500 00 I 400 00 f

Education Department. Salaries.

Minister of Education

(Deputy Minister

^Secretary

i Chief Clerk and Accountant. [Clerk

430 00

2,200 00 2,200 00 17,280 00 18,316 66

4,000 00 3,000 00 2,200 00 1,400 00 1,250 00 1,200 00 1,200 00

33 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 18^0

L— CIVIL GOVERNMENT— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

Education Department— Continued.

Salaries.

Clerk

Junior Clerk .

Clerk and Messenger

Caretaker, including all allowances for cleaning offices, museum, etc. . .

Expenses.

[Postage

.Printing, paper for circulars and blanks

Office stationery and account books •••.

j Books, periodicals, papers, law and other reports, and advertising

[Contingencies

[Travailing anrl nt>hpr expenses

Obown Lands Dkpaktmknt. Salaries.

; Commissioner

j Assistant Commissioner. . . .

ILaw Clerk

Shortliand writer and Clerk.

Land Sales and Free Grants : —

Chief Clerk

Clerk

S"Arveyi>. Patents and Boads : —

Chief Clerk. Surveys

'" Draughtsman

Patents

Clerk

Superintendent, Colonization Roads Clerk

.Woods and Forests: — Chief Clerk

Clerk.

\ Accounts : —

Accountant and Book-Keeper. Clerk

Registrar

? cts.

1,000 00 1,000 00 750 00 700 00 600 00 600 00 500 00

19,400 00

550 00 500 00 300 00 150 00 150 00 200 00

21,250 00

4,000 00 2,800 00 2,000 00 1,200 00

1,900 00

1,300 00

900 00

750 00

700 00

1,900 00 1,200 00 1,400 00 1,200 00

950 00 1,900 00 1,150 00

800 00

2,000 00 1,350 00 1 250 00 l^OOO 00 860 00 700 00

1,700 00

1,400 00

860 00

950 00

l.r.,K. 00

1890

1,100 00 1,100 00 750 00 700 00 650 00 650 00 500 00

17,000 00

550 00 500 00 300 00 150 00 150 00 200 00

18,850 00

4,000 00 2,800 00 2,000 00 1,250 00

1,900 00

1,300 00

V)50 00

750 00

750 00

1,900 00 1,200 00 1,400 00 1,200 00 1,000 00 1,900 00 1,150 00 850 00

1,650 00

1,350 00

1,100 00

950 00

•S00 00

700 00

1,700 00

1,400 00

900 00

950 00

1,600 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

I.— CIVIL GOVERNMENT— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Crown Lands Department- Continued.

Expenses.

Housekeeper

Fireman

Clerk and Messenger

Night Watchman

Contingencies

Pcblic Works Department. Salaries.

Commissioner

Architect

Engineer

Secretary, Public Works

Accountant and Law Clerk

Architectural Draughtsman ,

Engineering

Assistant Architectural Draughtsman

Assistant Engineering Draughtsman (estimate of last year for only 9

months) ,

First Clerk and Shorthand Writer

Clerk and paymaster of outlying works

Messenger

Salaries and Expenses.

Expenses. Contingencies . '

Treasury Departmeet.

Salaries.

Treasurer

Assistant Treasurer

Chief Clerk

Clerk and Shorthand Writer.

Clerk and Cashier

Clerk

I Messenger

Audit Branch.

Auditor

Book-keeper. Clerk

Contingencies.

Expenses.

Housekeeper (half charged under Provincial Secretary's Department).

Fireman (half charged under Provincial Secretary's Department)

Contingencies

1889.

500 00 550 00 550 00 500 00 7,500 00

49,300 00

4,000 00 2,400 00 1,900 00 2,000 00 1,100 00 1,200 00 1.100 00 850 00

600 00

1,000 00

900 00

550 00

1,800 00

19,400 00

1890

500 00 500 00 550 00 .500 00

r,50o oo

48,950 00

4,000 00

2,200 00

1,300 00

1,200 00

1.000 00

900 00

650 00

300 00

2,400 00

1,300 00

800 00

800 00

800 00

200 00

250 00

2,200 00

20,300 00

4,000 00 2,400 00 2,000 00 2,100 00 1,200 00 1,300 00 1,200 00 950 00

800 03

1,050 00

950 00

550 00

1,800 00 20,300 00

4,000 00

2,200 00

1,300 00

1,250 00

1,100 00

950 00

650 00

325 00

2,400 00

1.400 00

850 00

850 00

800 00

200 00

250 00

2,000 00

20,525 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

I.— CIVIL GOVERNMENT— Continued.

SERVICE.

Public Institutions.

Salaries.

Two inspectors . . .

Chief Clerk

Clerk

Shorthand writer. Messenger, youth.

Expenses.

Travelling

Postage and telegraph S500 00

Printing 500 00

Stationery 300 00

Contingencies 150 00

Department of Agriculture.

Minister

Deputy Minister and Secretary of Bureau of Industries.

\ 3a ist .uit Secretary

Clerk

" and shorthand writer

Half wages to Messenger and Fireman (half to Board of Health)

EXPBN8B8.

Contingencies

Begistrar-Oi m raVs Branch. Salaries.

First Clerk Second " Clerk

For supply of blank forms to Postmaster

Indices

iSchedule-s, slips ami circulars

(Stationery and printing

! Pi tstage

■ Express charges ,

Travelling- expenses inspecting District Registrars. iBinding returns, two years

Contingencies

Salaries and expense*.

1889.

4,400 00

1,400 00

1,000 00

950 00

300 00

900 00

1,200 00

1890

4,400 00'

1,200 00

1.000 00

750 00

300 00

900 00

1,450 00

10,150 00

4,000 00

2,200 00

1,650 00

1,100 00

850 00

850 00

800 00

S00 00

050 00

425 00

10,000 00

13,325 00 1,250 00

4,000 0C

2,200 00

1.(550 00

1,100 00

850 00

850 00

800 00

800 00

700 00

250 0O

13,200 00- 1,250 00-

14,575 00 ■

14,450 00

1,400 00

1,400 0C>

1,000 00

1,000 00

900 00

90Q0O

900 00

900' 00

900 00

900 00

800 00

800 0O

650 00

«o oc

300 00

300 0O

200 00

200 0G>

1,400 00

1,400 00-

400 00

400 00

250 00

250 0C<

25 00

25 00

500 00

500 00-

150 00

150 00

150 OO'

9,925 00

9,775 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

I.— CIVIL GOVERNMENT— Continued.

No. of Vote. ''

SERVICE.

Immigration Department.

Secretary and Intelligence Officer Contingencies

Salaries and expenses.

1889.

1890

li i

Provincia Secretary's Department. Salaries.

Secretary and Registrar .

Assistant Secretary

Clerk ,

Deputy Registrar. Clerk

'Shorthand writer

Clerk and shorthand writer (heretofore paid out of contingencies)

Engrossing Clerk

Messenger

Expenses.

Housekeeper (half charged to Treasury Department). Fireman " " "

Printing and binding

Stationery

Postage and telegraph

Contingencies

License and Administration of Justice Accounts Branch.

(salaries.

First Officer

Accountant, License Branch

Provincial Inspector and Accountant

Provincial Inspector (heretofore paid out of appropriation re Scott Act).

Clerk

Clerk

-Clerk

Expenses.

iStationery §300 00

I Postage and telegraph 300 00

iSundries 50 00

S cts.

1,300 00 3C0 00

I cts.

1,300 00 300 00

1,000 00 !l 1,600 00

4,000 00 2,200 00 1,150 00 1,000 00

950 00 I

1,400 00 |

900 00

850 00

1,200 00

65000 450 00

200 00 260 00 800 00 ' 800 00 750 00 650 00

18,210 00

1,900 00 1,400 00 1,400 00

1,30000 900 00

4,000 00

2,200 00

1,150 00

1,100 00

950 00

1,400 00

900 00

850 00

1,200 00

650 00

650 00

450 00

200 00 260 00 800 00 800 00 750 00 650 00

18,960 00

1,900 00

1,400 00 1,400 00 1,350 00 950 00 1,000 00

Provincial Board of Health.

Chairman

Secretary

First Clerk

Second "

Printing, binding, stationery, etc

Per diem allowance of members of Board when attending meetings of

Council and Committees

Travelling expenses of members of Hoard and Secretary

Half wages of Messenger and Fireman (half to Bureau of Statistics). . .

10

650 00 ;

650 00

7,550 00

8,650 00

400 00

1,750 00

900 00

800 00

1,300 00 I

400 00

2,000 00

900 00

800 00

1,300 00

! 800 00 600 00 425 00

800 00 600 00 250 00

6,975 00

7,050 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

I.— CIVIL G< iVERNMENT— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Salaries and expenses.

1889.

1890

13

Miscellaneous.

|Cost of Official Gazette

Queen's Printer's Salary

I Assistant Queen's Printer

Contingencies, including stationery, postage, etc

Inspector of Registry Offices

Travelling expenses

Inspector of Insurance \ Repaid by Insurance

>Tr* • \ I Companies

Contingencies J '

Clerk for special services re investigations

3,000 00 1,300 00 1,000 00

100 00 1,500 00

400 00 2,200 00

700 00

500 00

10,700 00

3.000 00 1,300 00 1,000 00

100 00 1,500 00

400 00 2.200 00

700 00

500 00 1,500 00

12,200 00

II.— LEGISLATION.

To be voted per Statement (A) $121,400 00

No. of Vote.

A.

1889.

1890

Compared with Estimates of 1889.

Increase.

Decrease.

14

$ cts. 121,550 00

121,400 00

S cts.

8 cts. 150 00

11

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

II.— LEGISLATION— Continued.

No. of Vote

11

SERVICE.

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

Details.

Salaries.

Mr. Speaker's salary

Clerk of the House, salary

Clerk Assistant and Clerk of Routine

Law Clerk

Clerk and Postmaster

Librarian

Assistant Librarian

Accountant of the House and Stationery Clerk (also Queen's Printer).

Sergeant-at- Arms

Housekeeper and Chief Messenger

Five Messengers

Fireman

Night Watchman

Sessional Clerks, Writers, Messengers and Pages

Expenses.

Postages and Cost of House Post Office

Stationery, including printing paper, printing and binding

Printing Bills and distributing Statutes

Library, for books and binding, etc

Printing and Binding Library Catalogue

Indemnity to Members, including mileage

Subscription to newspapers and periodicals

Contingencies

cts.

1,250 00

1,800 00

1,400 00

1,000 00 j

1,000 00

1,600 00

750 00

400 00

600 00

600 00

2,500 00

450 00

500 00

10,000 00

3,200 00 25,000 00 4,000 00 3,000 00 1,500 00 57,000 00 1,000 00 3,000 00

121,550 00

ISiK)

£ cts.

1,250 00

1,800 00

1.400 00

400 00-

1,000 00

1.600 00

750 00

400 00

600 00

700 00

2,550 00

450 00

500 00

10,000 00'

3,500 00 25,000 00 4,000 00 3,000 00 1,500 00 56,000 00 1,000 00 4,000 00

121,400 00

III.— ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.

To be voted per Statement (A) $373,278 00.

No. of Vote.

IS

16 17

Supreme Court of Judicature

Surrogate Judges and Local Masters . . . Miscellaneous Criminal and Civil Justice

12

1889.

$ cts.

56,331 00

25,535 51

287,900 00

369,766 51

1890

$ cts.

56,083 00

24,385 00

292,810 00

373,278 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

III.— ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE— Continued.

JNo. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

1890

15

Details.

Supreme Court of Judicature.

Allowance? to Judges as Heir and Devisee Commissioners.

Registrar of Supreme Court and Court of Appeal

Contingencies, printing, etc ,

Master in Chambers

Clerk

Assistant Clerk. Entering Clerk. Contingencies . .

Master in Ordinary

ChiefClerk

Shorthand writer

(This is besides certain fees, and an allowance as reporter to

Judges on Circuit)

Contingencies

Two Taxing Officers

("Salaries in Accountant's office, as regulated by the Court and borne "i < by General Interest Account out of surplus interest (Suitor's Fund) >

( are as follows

Chief Clerk 2,000 00

Second " 1,000 00

Third " 95000

Fourth " 500 00

Fifth " 550 00

5,000 00

I In addition to the foregoing there are also the following sums paid out [of the surplus interest, viz. :

I Accountant (Registrar Chancery Division) 400 00

iRetfistrar of the ({. B D 500 00

lOfficial Guardian 1.700 00

F. W. Harcourt 200 00

[Contingencies of the office, say 500 00

COUBT OF APPEAL.

Clerk

Usher ami Messenger.

'Judge's Library

i Contingencies

Hk;h Court.

fClerk of the Process and the Heir and the Devisee Commission.

Clerk in his office

Contingencies

IClerk of Assize

Contingencies

\Procfdun ami Judgment Rooks for outer office

lo

$ cts.

6,000 00

2,000 00

200 00

3,800 00 1,200 00

700 00 350 00

3,800 00

1,450 00

800 00

200 00 3,400 00

800 00 600 00 100 00 430 00

2,000 00 950 00

50 00 1,050 00

50 00 1,500 00

6,000 00

2,000 00

300 00

4,000 00

1,200 00

700 00

550 00

350 00

3,800 00

1,500 00

800 00

200 00 3,400 00

800 00 600 00 100 00 430 00

2,000 00

950 00

50 00

1,100 00

50 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (]Xo. 19).

A. 1^90

III.— ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.— Continu, d.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Chancery Division.

Registrar and Judgment Clerk

{The Registrar has also 9400 from the Suitor's Fund.)

Assistant Registrar and Judgment Clerk

Entering Clerk

Clerk of Records and Writs

Clerk in Records Office

Youth (clerk last year)

Usher.

Messenger and Housekeeper

Assistant

Judges' Library

Surrogate Clerk

Clerk in Surrogate Office

Contingencies

Contingencies for office of Registrar and Clerk of Records and Writs. . .

Queen's Bench Division.

Registrar (The Registrar has also $500 from Suitor's Fund

Clerk

Housekeeper and Messenger

Two Assistants

Usher and Crier

Message Youth

Judge's Library

Messenger for Judges

Contingencies

Common Pleas Division.

Registrar of the Crown and Pleas

Clerk

Second Clerk

Usher and Messenger

Judge's Library

Contingencies

Surrogate Judges and Local Masters.

Allowances payable to Judges of Surrogate upon commutation of fees. . Junior Judge of County of York, allowance out of Receipts from Surro- gate fees

Allowance to Local Masters on commutation of their fees

Miscellaneous Criminal and Civil Justice.

Crown Counsel prosecutions

Administration of Criminal Justice

Inspector of Offices under Judicature Act

Clerk and Shorthand Writer

Travelling and other expenses

Inspector of Division Courts

Clerk

do

14

Salaries and Expenses.

1889 1890

$ cts.]

2,100 00 i

1,600 00 ! 750 00

1.450 10 750 00 550 00 600 00 i 400 00 i 250 00 | 200 00

2,000 00 | 650 00 I 20 00 I 750 00

2,000 00 1,400 00 950 00 700 00 600 00 588 00 160 00 208 00 100 00

450 00

2,500 00 1,200 00 800 00 575 00 100 00 500 00

56,331 00

12,022 34

666 00 1

666 00

12,847 17 J

13,268 00

25,535 51 !

24,385 00

10,000 00

10,000 00

145,000 00 1

145,000 00

2,500 00 1

2,500 00

900 00 1

950 00

600 00

600 00

1,700 00 !

1.800 00

950 00

1 950 00

950 00

1,000 00

2.100 00

1.600 00 750 00

1,600 00 .S00 00 300 00 600 00 400 00 250 00 200 00

2.000 00

650 00

20 00

750 00

2,000 00 1.400 00 950 00 700 00 600 00 588 00 160 00 160 00 100 00 450 00 500 00

2,500 00 1,200 00 800 00 575 00 100 00 500 00

56,083 00

10,451 00

i3 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

III.— ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Salaries and expenses.

1889.

180O

Miscellaneous Criminal and Civil Justice— Continued.

Travelling expenses and contingencies

Salaries, Provincial Detectives

Special services

To pay Sheriffs, Criers and Constables in attending Courts of Chancery and County Courts, Deputy Clerks of the Crown and Pleas attend ing Assizes, and their postages, etc

Seals and other contingencies

Litigation of Constitutional questions

Expenses of County Judges in grouped Counties

Judges travelling expenses re Ditches and Water Courses Act

S cts.

1,050 00 2,900 00 2,000 00

108,550 00

$ cts .

1,050 00 2,900 00 2,000 00

168,750 00

6,000 00

300 00

12,00c." 00

1.200 00 j

'500 00

20,000 00

Deputy Clerks of the Crown

" as Local Registrars

Land Titles Office.

Masters of Titles

Chief Clerk

Clerk

do

do :

Youth

Temporary assistance, if required

Registers and Index Books

Stationery and contingencies

Additional iron shelving and furniture.

The f< 1 1 /•' •' < " ,1 since tht < stablishment of the office are as follows : In 1885 and 1886 together, 9ifiB6.lt ; in 1SS7, $4,307.61 ; in 18X8, -$5,855.70; in 1S89, S10,119.7S. In consequence of the great increase of business 'lur- ing last year, clerical assistance, in addition to what was provided for in \the estimates for this office, had to be procured at a cost of $1,033.88, paid out of the vote for unforeseen items.

Offices of Local Masters in the Districts.

Salaries of Local Masters Arrears, 18SS

To be distributed as follows : —

Master at Sault Ste. Marie $500 00

do Parry Sound 500 00

do Bracebridge 300 00

do Pt. Arthur 250 00

do North Bay 200 00

Registry and Index Books . .

Pornis and other contingencies

Travelling expenses

17,200 00 5,500 00

22,700 00

6,000 0O

300 00

12,000 00

1,200 00

500 00

20,000 00

17,200 00 5,500 00

22,700 00

3,600 00 850 00 750 00 Taken out of unforeseen & unprovid- ed $1,033.88.

300 00

5,500 00

,750 00 350 00

400 00 150 00

2,650 00

3,800 00

1,000 00

800 00

800 00

700 00-

260 00-

600 00

500 00

100 00

100 00

8,660 00

1,750 0CV

301/ 0i> 400 00 150 0O

2,600 00

15

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

III.— ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SEKVIC E.

Salaries and expenses. 1889. 1890

'7

District of Atgoma.

Sheriff's salary

Registrar's safari/

Clerk of the Peace and District Attorney .

Clerk of the District Court

Magistrate at Sudbury

Magistrate at Saul t

Magistrate at Chapleau

AdministBation of Justice, etc

District of Thunder Bay.

Sheriff's salary

House, fuel ani light

Chief Constable

Police Magistrate at Port Arthur

Travelling expenses of Police Magistrate on line between Port Arthur

and Rat Portage, for 1888 and 1889

Administration of Justice, etc

District of Rainy River.

Stipendiary/Magistrate, salary

Sheriff

Registrar and Clerk of District Court

Safe for Registry office -(Registry safe transferred to Sheriff's office) Administration of Justice, etc

District of Nipissing.

Stipendiary Magistrate for Southern Nipissing, salary .

Northern Nipissing, salary..

Administration of Justice, including travelling expenses

Distriet of Muskoka and Parry Sound.

Stipendiary Magistrate, Parry Sound . . . Stipendiary Magistrate, Muskoka, salary

Sheriff ( Muskoka), salary

do (Parry Sound), salary

Clerk, District Court

Deputy Clerk, (Bracebridge)

Administration of Justice, etc

Provisional County of Haliburton. Administration of Justice

8 cts.

1,400 00

800 00

800 00

600 00

1.400 00

1,400 00

1,400 00

10,500 00

18,300 00

1,000 00 250 00 400 00 K00 00

400 00 7,200 00

10,050 00

1,600 00 I

1,000 00 ]

650 00

300 00 I

7,500 00 |

11,050 00

1,600 00 1,200 00 4,600 00

7,400 00

1,800 00

1,800 00

500 00

500 00

600 00

300 00

3,700 00

9,200 00

150 00

150 00

1—

16

53 Victoria

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.— Contin »<■<(.

No. of

SERVICE.

Salaries and expenses.

Vote.

1889.

1890

17

District of Manitoulin.

$ cts.

2,000 00 500 00

250 00 400 00

3,150 00

1.200 00 6,000 00 2,000 00

9,200 00

• S cts.

2,000 00 500 00

250 00 400 00

3,150 00

1,200 00 5,800 00 2,000 00

Salary of Registrar of Deeds and Master of Titles, Manitoulin

Salary of Clerk of District Court and Surrogate Court, Manitoulin

Salary of County Attorney and Clerk of the Peace, Manitoulin Island.

Provincial Police on Niagara and Detroit Rivers. Salary of Police Magistrate on Niagara River

Administration of Justice do

do Detroit River

9,000 00

IV.— EDUCATION.

To be voted per Statement (A).

,097 81

No. of Vote.

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

1889

1890

j Public and Separate Schools

[Schools in new and poor Townships

1 Model Schools

Teachers' Institutes

i High Schools and Collegiate Institutes

|Training Institutes

Inspection of Normal, High, Model, and Public and Separate Schools

Departmental Examinations

Normal and Model Schools, ^Toronto

Normal Schools, Ottawa

Museum and Library, etc

School of Practical Science

Mechanics' Institutes, Art Schools, Literary and Scientific

Miscellaneous

Superannuated Teachers

$ cts.

240,000 00 25,000 00

8,700 00

2,900 00 97,000 00

2,100 00 50,950 00

8,200 00 21,060 00 20,390 00

4,950 00

8,522 00 38,500 00

2,500 00 59,300 00

590,072 00

$ cts.

241,413 81

25,000 00

9,300 00

2.X00 00

100,000 00

2,500 00

52,200 00

12.400 00

22,310 00

20,940 00

5,260 00

9,574 00

43,200 00

2,500 00

59,800 00

608,697 81

2 (ES.)

17

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1*90

EDUCATION— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Salaries and Expenses.

1889

1890

Details.

18 Public and Sep abate Schools

Add from Municipalities Fund.

Schools in- sew and poob Townships and Unobgani/.kd Tebbitory

58 Model Schools (including §600.00 for Training School for French Teachers)

Teachebs' Institutes, including Pbovincial

119 High Schools and Collegiate Institutes, including special to Port Arthur, §500, (115 in 1889)

5 Tbaining Institutes

Expenses, Printing, etc

Inspection ok Nobmal, High, Model, Public and Separate Schools.

5,800 Public Schools at $o, (including Model Schools)

Inspector of Model Schools and Director of Teachers' Institutes

Two Inspectors of High Schools

Inspector of County Model Schools

Two Inspectors of Separate Schools

Two Inspectors of Schools in Algoma, Parry Sound and Nipissing

School Inspection, Muskoka j

Travelling expenses (eight Inspectors)

Proportion of Payments to Inspectors in the Districts, vis. : (1) Halibur- ton and Muskoka, and (2) the Northern parts of the Counties of Victoria, Peterborough, Hastings, Addington and Renfrew

Stationery, postage, printing paper, and incidentals

Arrears, Public School Inspectors (1889)

S cts. 240,000 00

Departmental Examinations.

25,000 CO

8,700 00

2,900 00

97,000 00

2,000 00 100 00

2,100 00

29,000 00 2,600 00 5,000 00 1,750 00 3,400 00 3,000 00

3,200 00

1,100 00 1,900 00

Central Committee of Examiners

Sub Examiners for reading the answers of Candidates for 2nd and 3rd Class Certificates, the estimated number being 5,000 (to be re-im- bursed from fees) ,

Clerk

Postage, stationery and incidentals

Confidential printing of examination papers : —

(1) New Type

(2) Ink, fire, light, water, and incidentals

(3) Paper for printing envelopes, etc

(4) Salary of printer and assistant

50,950 00

1,100 00

§ cts.

240,000 00" 1,413 81

241,413 81 25,000 00

9,300 00

2,300 00

100,000 00

2,000 00 500 00

2,500 00

1 29,500 00

1 2,600 00

5,000 00

1,750 00

3,400 00

3,000 00

3,200 00

1,100 00

1,900 00

750 00

52,200 00

1,100 00

4.000 00 700 00 500 00

8,200 00 700 00 500 00

100 00 100 00 800 00 900 00

100 00 100 00 800 00 900 00

8,200 00

12,400 00

18

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

1 V.— EDUCATION— Contin \u&.

No. of Vote.

86

SERVICE.

Salaries and Expense*.

Nokm.u and Model Schools, Toronto. Salaries

27

The Principal

Second Master

Drawing Master

French Teacher

Mu.-ic Muster

I >rill and < iymnastic Master

Head Master of Boys' Model School

First Assistant "

Second "

Third " "

Fourth " "

Head Mistress of Girls" Model School

First Assistant "

Second "

Third "

Fourth "

ITeacher of Kindergartpn

Assistant Teacher of Kindergarten

Head Gardener (including 8250 in lieu of House).

Assistant Gardener

First Engineer, including §200 for house and fuel.

Second "

,Third "

Janitor of Normal School, including cleaning . . . " Boys' Model School "

Girls'

Expense*.

Text and reference book for Masters, and reading-room for Students . .

Stationery, chemicals and contingencies

Text Books for Model School pupils

Supplies for Kindergarten

Normal and Model Schools, Ottawa. Salaries.

The Principal

Second Master

Drawing Master

French Master

Music Master

Clerk and Accountant

Drill and Gymnastic Master

Head Master of Boys' Model School

First Assistant

Second "

Third " "

Head Mistress of Girls' Model School

First Assistant

Second " "

Third " '•

First Engineer and Gardener

Second " "

'Laborer on Groundg

iJanitor, Normal School, •alary with allowance for eloaning

19

1889.

S cts.

2,250 00

1,900 00

1,000 00

150 00

800 00

300 00

1,400 00

1,000 00

850 00

650 00

1S9G

1,000 00 800 00 700 00 650 00 650 00 800 00 480 00 660 00 400 00 410 00 400 00 400 00 510 00 400 00 400 00

18,960 00

200 00

1,150 00

600 00

150 00

21,060 00

$ cts.

2,400 00 2,000 CO 1,000 00 150 00 800 00 300 00 1,400 00 1,100 00 850 00 650 00 650 00 1,000 00 850 00 700 00 650 00 650 00 K00 00 4X0 00 660 00 400 00 610 00 400 00 400 00 510 00 400 00 400 00

20,210 00

200 00

1,150 00

600 00

150 00

22,310 00

2,250 00

2,100 00

1,900 00

2,000 00

800 00

800 00

150 00

150 00

800 00

800 00

600 00

600 00

300 00

300 00

1,400 00

1,400 00

1,000 00

1,100 00

1,000 00

650 00

6.50 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

800 00

850 00

700 00

700 00

650 00

650 00

600 00

600 00

450 00

450 00

400 00

400 00

510 00

510 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

IV.— EDUCATION.— Contin ued.

No. of Vote

SERVICE.

Normal and Model Schools, Ottawa — Continued.

Salaries — Continued.

Janitor, Boys' Model School, salary

Girls' " "

Teacher of Kindergarten

Assistant Teacher of Kindergarten

Night Watchman

Expenses.

Text and reference books for masters, and reading room for students

Stationery, chemicals and supplies

Text Books for Model School pupils

Supplies for Kindergarten

Library.

Salaries and Expenses.

Superintendent Mechanics' Institute (transferred to Mechanics Institute

Account)

Clerk and Messenger (transferred to Mechanics' Institute Account)

Librarian and Historiographer

Assistant Librarian

Clerk

Postage and stationery

Incidentals and purchases

binding books and periodicals

Educational and technical books for reference

Binding pamphlets, Library

Unpaid Accounts, 1889

Salaries and expenses.

1889.

$ cts.

400 00 400 00 800 00 480 00 400 00

200 00

1,150 00

600 00

150 00

20,390 00

1,700 00 600 00

School of Practical Science.

Salaries and Expenses.

Professor in Engineering

Professor of Applied Chemistry

Lecturer in Surveying

Lecturer in Architecture, one quarter's salary

Demonstrator in Engineering do

Engineer do

Fellow in Engineering Department

Fellow in Chemistry

Secretary

Attendant on Professor of Chemistry

Chemicals and other materials

Supplies for Physical Laboratory.

Printing, advertising, postage, stationery, binding and incidentals ,

Telephone

Caretaker, including allowance for house

500 00 500 00 100 00 650 00 200 00 500 00 200 00

4,950 00

2,500 00 1,500 00 1,000 00

500 00

500 00

100 00

72 00

1,100 00

450 00

50 00

750 00

8,522 00

1890

cts.

400 00 400 00 800 00 480 00 400 00

200 00

1,150 00

600 00

150 00

20,940 00

2,000 00 500 00 500 00 100 00 650 00 200 00 500 00 200 00 610 00

5,260 00

2,500 00 1,500 00 1,200 00 300 00 300 00 180 00 500 00 500 00

144 00 1,100 00 100 00 450 00 50 00 750 00

9,574 00

20

53 Victoria,

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

I V.— EDUCATION— Concluded.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

1 89<>

30

31

32

Mechanics' Institutes, Akt Schools, Literary and Scientific.

Superintendent Mechanics' Institutes (transferred from library). Clerk do do

207 Mechanics' Institutes (178 in 1889)

Art Examinations

Ontario Society of Artists

Eight Art Schools (7 in 1889)

Aid to Canadian Institute, Toronto

" Institut Canadien, Ottawa

" Ottawa Li Wary and Scientific Society

" Hamilton Literary Institute

Miscellaneous.

For cost of Minister's Report

School Registers

School Act to be sold to Trustees, etc Miueum

Superannuated Public and High School Teachers.

Annual retiring allowance to Teachers and Inspectors

Medical examination fees, printing paper and incidentals.

$ cts.

32,000 00

1,200 00

500 00

2,800 00

1,000 CO

300 00

300 00

400 00

38,500 00

500 00

1,000 00 1,000 00

2,500 00

59,000 00 300 00

$ cts.

1,700 00

(500 00

34,000 00

1,200 00

500 00

3,200 00

1,000 00 300 00 300 00 400 00

43,200 00

500 00

1,000 00

500 00

500 00

2,500 00

59,500 00 300 00

59,300 00 I 59,800 00

21

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 189o

V.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE.

To be voted per Statement (A) $798,243.16

No. of Vote

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Voted for 1889.

To be voted for

1890

Compared with estimate of 1889.

Increase. Decrease

Asylum for Insane, Toronto

Mimico Branch

Asylum for Insane, London

" " Kingston .

Hamilton

" Idiots, Orillia

Central Prison, Toronto

Ontario Reformatory for Boys,Penetanguishene Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, Belleville . .

" Blind, Brantford

Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women and

Refuge for Girls, Toronto

$ cts.

103,157 00 5,530 00

127,354 00 87,505 00

118,967 00 49,657 00 94,995 00 42,210 00 40,727 16 34,866 00

31,526 00

736,494 16

$ cts.

101,453 00 24,482 00

134,452 00 90,693 00

131,257 00 47,657 00

116,395 00 41,850 00 42,427 16 35,901 00

31,676 00

798,243 16

$ cts.

18,952 00 7,098 00 3,188 00

12,290 00

21,400 00

1,700 00 1,035 00

150 00

65,813 00

$ cts. 1,704 00

2,000 00 360 00

4,064 00

No. of

SERVICES.

Salaries and Expenses.

Vote.

1889. $ cts.

2,000 00 1,100 00 |

800 00 1,400 00 800 00 | 750 00 1 800 00 1 700 00 740 00 792 00 300 00 625 0C 1,150 00 400 00 300 00 264 00 400 00 216 00 625 00 652 00 240 00 756 00 2,388 00 4,080 00 575 00

1890

3B

Details.

Asylum kor Insane, Toronto.

(For 710 patients.)

Salaries.

No. of Officers and Employes. 1

i

$ cts. 2,000 00

1

1

1,100 00 800 00

1 .. . . 1

1 |

1,400 00 800 00 750 00

1

1

800 00 600 00

Engineer

1

740 00

3

815 00

Bricklayer and Mason

1

1

300 00 625 00

2

1,150 00

1

1

400 00 300 00

1

275 00

1

1

400 00 216 00

Tailor

1

2

625 00 652 00

Night Watchers

1

4

240 00 1,008 00

8

2,388 00

18

1

4,320 00 575 00

22

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

V.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE— Continued.

No. of: Vote.

SERVICE.

33

:\A

Asylum for the Insane, Toronto— Continued.

Salaries and Expenses.

18S9.

1890

Females.

Matron

Assistant Matron. Chief Attendants. lOrdinary " iNight

'Cooks

Laundresses

Housemaids

Seamstress

I >:tirymaid

No. of Officers

and Employes.

1

1 6 20 4 5 6 4 1 1

105

Expenses.

Medicine and Medical comforts.

lEuel

I Butchers' meat, fish and fowl

Flour, meal, etc

3 Butter

i las and oil

|\Vater supply

.(Groceries

Fruit and vegetables

JBedding, clothing and shoes

Furniture and furnishings

'Laundry, soap and cleaning . . .

Farm, feed and fodder

Miscellaneous

Repairs and alterations

Printing, postage and stationery .

S cts.

450 00 250 00 996 00 ,000 00 I 450 00 684 00 J 576 00 ! 396 00 132 CO 120 00

29,907 00

Mimico Branch. ( For 240 patients. )

Salaries.

(First Assistant Physician

(Steward and Storekeeper

i Engineer

(Firemen

Male Supervisors

Male Attendants

Male Attendants and Cooks. . . Officers's Cook and Housemaid

Nignt Watch

Female Supervisor ...

Female Attendants .

C<".k

No. of Officers

and Employes.

1

1 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 1

21

Expenses.

Medicine and medical comforts

Fuel

Butchers' meat, fish and fowl

r, meal, etc

23

550 00

11,400 00

15,000 00

6,500 00

4,000 00

2,500 00

6,000 00

9,000 00

2,500 00

5.000 00

1,500 00

1,200 00

4,000 00

900 00

2,500 00

700 00

103,157 00

288 00 240 00 240 00

162 00 150 00 ! 150 00 I

1,230 00

40 00

810 00

1,100 00

450 00

S cts.

500 00 300 00 996 00 3,000 00 600 00 684 00 696 00 396 00 132 00 120 00

30,703 00

550 00

11,400 00

15,000 00

6,500 00

4,000 00

2,500 00

3,000 00

9,500 00

2,500 00

5,000 00

1,500 00

1,200 00

4,000 00

900 00

2,500 00

700 00

101,453 00

1,000 00 3fi0 00 600 00 528 00

1,152 00 720 00 7-'0 00 150 00 240 00 162 00 450 00 150 00

6,232 00

150 00 2,500 00 3,500 00 1,800 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. Ih90

V.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE— Continued.

No. of Vote. I

SERVICE

Tnsane Asylum, Toronto (Mimico Branch) — Continued.

Sal, i rira — Continued.

Butter

Gas and oil

Groceries

Fruit and vegetables

Bedding, Clothing and Shoes . . .

Farm Feed and Fodder

Printing, postage and stationery

Laundry, soap, etc

Miscellaneous

Asylum for the Insane, London. (For 950 patients).

Salaries.

Medical Superintendent

Fir^t Assistant Physician

Second "

Third "

Bursar :

Bursar's Clerk

Storekeeper

Assistant Storekeeper

Engineer

Assistant Engineer

St >kers .

Bricklayer and Plasterer

Carpente~s

Tailor

t iardener

Assistant Gardener

Butcher

Yardman

Porter and Messenger

Baker

Assistant Baker

Farmer

Assistant Farmer

Ploughmen 2

Chief Attendants 3

Supervisors 7

Ordinary Male Attendants 30

Cowman 1

Laundryman 1

No. of Officers and Employes

1

1

1

1

1 • 1

1

1

1

1

Females.

Matron

Assistant Matron Chief Attendant . . Nurse

Supervisors

Ordinary Female Attendants

Night Attendants

Cooks and Assistant Cooks . .

Laundresses

Housemaids

Dairymaid

Seamstress

Portress

1 1 11

1 6V

24 | 3J 5 4 9 1 1 1

132

Salaries and Expen>e>.

1889

300 00 180 00 650 00 180 00

90 00 500 00

5,530 00

2,000 00 I

1,100 00

1.000 00

700 00

1,400 00

800 00

800 00

eoo oo

740 00 400 00

1,296 00 600 00

1,050 00 460 00 450 00 240 00 240 00 216 00 216 00 400 00 216 00 600 00

432 00 936 00 1,884 00 6,720 00 216 00 240 00

500 00 300 00

5,098 00

672 00 480 00 1,932 00 120 00 120 00 120 00

35,294 00

1,000 00

2.600 00

500 00

2.250 00

1,500 00

150 00

300 00

1,000 00

24,482 00

2,000 00

1,100 00

1,000 00

750 00

1.400 00

800 00

800 00

COO 00

740 00

400 00

1,776 00

600 00

1,050 00

460 00

450 00

240 00

240 00

216 00

216 00

400 00

216 00

600 00

360 00

432 00

936 00

1,884 00

7,200 00

216 00

240 00

500 00

300 00

5,586 00

672 00

480 00

1,032 00

120 00

120 00

120 00

36,252 00

24

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

V. —PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE— Continued

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Salaries and Em

Asylum for thk Insane, London— Continued.

Espenses.

Medicines and medical comforts

Fuel

Butchers' meat, fish and fowl . . .

Flour

Butter

Gas and oil

Groceries

Fruit and vegetables

Bedding, clothing and shoes

Furniture and furnishings

Laundry, soap and cleaning

Farm, feed and fodder

I Miscellaneous

tl - and alterations

Printing, postage and stationery

600 00

15,000 00

14,400 00

8,500 00

11,C00 00 1,000 OC

15.000 00 3,000 00 1,200 00 5,000 00 1,500 0<J 5,000 00 1,100 00

700 00 15,500 00

15,000 00 8,500 00 7,500 00

12,000 00 1,000 00

15,500 00 3,500 00 2,000 00 5,000 00 2,000 00 6,000 00 1,000 00

VSTLUH FOR THK INSANE. KINGSTON.

(For 672 Patients.)

ries.

Medical Superintendent

Assistant Physician

Second Assistant Physician

Bursar

Clerk

Steward

eper

Engineei

t Engineer

Carpenter

Baker

Tailor

Attendant Tradesman 3

Supervisors 9

< hrdinary Attendants 11

Night Watches 2

Farmer

Gardene.

Butcher

Stokers

oan

Laundryman

Stableman and Messenger

134,452 00

No. of Officers

and Employes,

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

26

1 1

1 2

i l

i

Females.

Matron 1

Assistant Matron 1

Trained nurse for Infirmary 1

Seamstress 1

Supervisors 7 I

Attendants 16 V 24

Night Watchers 1 j

P' irteress 1

Cook* 3

Laundresses 2

Servants, Dairymaid, etc 3

82

2,000 oo ;

2,000 (K?

1,100 00

1,100 00

750 00 :

MX) 00

1,300 00 ;

1,300 00

700 00

800 00

600 00 1

600 00

700 00

700 00

740 00

740 00

300 00

300 00>

500 00

500 00'

400 00

400 00

500 00

500 00

,516 00

360 00 !

400 00 |

240 00 !

425 00 !

360 00 |

240 00 |

216 00 ;i

450 00 250 00 210 09

120 00

3,624 00

120 00 40S 00 264 00 312 00

7,458 00

400 00 400 00 240 00 425 00 360 00 240 00 216 00

450 00 250 00 210 00 120 00

3,732 00

120 00 408 00 264 00 312 00

25,105 00 25,343 00

25

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1>90

V.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE— Conti nued.

No. of

s ERVICE.

37

Asylum fob the Insane, Kingston — Continued.

Expenses.

Medicines

Butchers' meat, fish and fowl. Butter

Flour

Fuel :

Gas and oil

Gro jeries

Fruit and vegetables

Bedding' clothing and shoes

Furniture and furnishings

Laundry, soap and cleaning

Printing, postage and stationery.

Farm, feed and fodder

Repairs

(Miscellaneous

ASLLUH FOR THE INSANE, HAMILTON.

(For 900 Patients.)

Salaries.

Medical Superintendent

Assistant Physician

Second Assistant Physician (in new building.

Third do

Bursar

Bursar's Clerk

Storekeeper .

Engineer

Assistant Engineer

Stokers

iCarpenters

iBaker

IGardener

'■■ Assistant in store

I Porter and Gatekeeper

iChief Attendant

Night Watch, Chief

do

No. of Officers and Employes.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

5

2

1

1

1 . ...

1

1

1

2

i Ordinary Male Attendants 28

Tailor

Farmer

Butcher and Yardman

Ploughman

Messenger and Stableman

barm hand

Laundryman'

Shoemaker

* Cowman'

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

1890

I ets.

| ets.

500 00

600 00

12,500 00

12,500 00

3,600 00

3,600 00

7,000 00

7,000 00

10,500 00

11,500 00

1,100 00

1,000 00

! 8,000 00

8,200 00

1,600 00

2,000 00

6,000 00

6,000 00

1,700 00

1,750 00

1.000 00

1,100 00

1,000 00 1

1,100 CO

! 4,000 oo !

4,000 00

2,400 00 !

3,000 00

1,500 00 1

2,000 00

87,505 00 !

90,693 00

. i 2,000 00

2,000 00

1,150 00

1,150 00

900 00

900 00

800 00

700 00

1,300 00

1,400 00

800 00 !

800 00

750 00

750 00

650 00

650 00

240 00

240 00

1,440 00

1,200 00

1 1,050 00

1,050 00

450 00

450 00

500 00 j

500 00

580 00 '

600 00

250 00

250 00

300 00

300 00

365 00

365 00

480 00

480 00

6,972 00

6,972 00

450 00

450 00

550 00

550 00

240 00

240 00

240 00

240 00

240 00

240 00

180 00

180 00

240 00

240 00

300 00

300 00

180 00

1 180 00

26

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 10).

A. 1SS0

V.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE.— Continued.

Ho. of. Vote, i

SERVICE.

38

ASYLUM fur the Insane, Hamilton— Continual.

Females.

Matron 1

A--.i-r.int Matron 1

Chief Attendant 1

Supervisors 9

I Ordinary Female Attendants 17

.Night Watchers 3

Ci»'ks 5

■iLaundr>->->< 3

! Housemaids 4

; Seamstres&es 2

Expenses.

107

Medicines and medical comforts.

Fuel

I Butchers' meat, fish and fowl . . . ■|Flour, bread, etc

Butter

I Gas and oil.

I Groceries

Fruit and vegetables

Bedding, clothing and shoes

Laundry, soap and cleaning

Furniture and furnishings

I Farm, feed and fodder

Repairs and alterations

Miscellaneous, including rents, etc. I Water supply

Printing, postage and stationery . .

Asylum fob Idiots. Orillia.

For 375 Patients.

Salaries.

iMedical Superintendent

Bursar

(Storekeeper

Engineers

Gardener

Chief Attendant

INight Watchers

lOrdinary Male Attendants

M --;enger, Porter and Stable-keeper

i Carpenter Farmer ... Stokers

No. of Officers

and Emploves 1

Voted for

1889.

500 00 300 00 250 00 1,566 00 2,400 00 360 00 I 648 00 ! 384 00 I 444 00 l 268 00 i

30,117 00

500 00 17,000 00 15,000 00 6,600 00 5,250 00 2,800 00 12,500 00 1,800 00 8,000 00 1,700 00 2,600 00 5,000 00 4,C00 00 3,000 00 1,500 00 1,000 00

1890

§ e.

500 00

300 00

250 00

1,566 00

2,550 00

450 00

648 00

384 00

444 00

288 00

30,757 00

600 00

17,500 00

17,000 00

8,000 00

7,000 00

3,000 00

14,500 00

1,800 00

118,967 00

1,600 00

1,100 00 700 00

1,100 00 300 00 300 00 845 00

1.440 00

• 00

500 CXi

450 00

960 00

9,200 00 2,000 00 2,000 00 7,000 00 4,500 00 3,500 00 1,700 00 1,200 00

131,257 00

1,600 00

1,000 00

700 00

1,000 00

300 00

300 00

1,440 00 480 00 500 00 450 00 960 00

27

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 10).

A. 1890

V.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE.— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

1890

Asylum for Idiots, Orillia— Continued.

Females.

Matron 1

Assistant Matron at new buildings 1

Teachers for feeble-minded children 3

Ordinary Female Attendants 9

Night Attendants 2

Cooks 4

Laundresses 2

Housemaids 7

Seamstresses 2

55

Expenses.

Medicine and medical comforts .

Fuel

[ Butchers' meat, fish and fowl . . .

Flour, bread, etc

Butter

Gas and oil

Groceries

Fruit and vegetables

Bedding, clothing and shoes

Laundry, soap and cleaning

Furniture and furnishings

Farm, feed and fodder

Repairs

Miscellaneous

Printing, postage and stationery

Central Prison, Toronto. For 385 Prisoners. Salaries.

No. of Officers and Employes. 1

Warden

Deputy Warden 1

Bursar 1

Physician 1

Clerk and Prison Librarian 1

Steward and Storekeeper 1

Clerk (one-half charged to Industrial Department)

Guards..^ 28

Engineer \ 1

Baker 1

36

Expenses.

Hospital expenses and medicines

Butchers' meat and fish

Flour, bread and meal

Groceries

Bedding, clothing and shoes

28

S cts.

450 00 300 00 650 00 1,350 00 300 00 528 00 264 00 840 00 300 00

100

11.000

3; 300

4,400

1,900

600 2,700 1.200 3,500 1.000

900 1,500 1,050 1,300

450

14,757 00

49,657 00

2,000 00

1,400 00

1,300 00

1,000 00

850 00

800 00

400 00

12,825 00

890 00

500 00

* cts.

450 00 300 00 850 00 1,350 00 300 00 52* 00 264 00 840 00 300 CO

14,757 00

100 00

10,000 00

3.500 00

3,800 00

2,000 00

600 00 2,8C0 00 1,200 00 3,000 00 1.C00 00

600 00 V00 00 1,100 CO 1,000 00

400 00

47,657 00

21,965 00

300 00 8,500 00 5,000 00 4,000 00 5,000 00

2.000 00

1,400 00

1,300 00

1,000 00

850 00

800 00

400 00

12,825 00

890 00

600 00

22,065 00

500 00 8,500 00 5,500 00 5.000 00 6,000 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

V.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE.— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE,

Central Prison, Toronto— Continued. Expenses— Continued.

Fuel

Gas and oil

Water supply

Laundry, soap and cleaning

Stationery, advertising, printing and postage

Library, schools and expenses of religious services.

Furniture and furnishings

Stable, forage, etc

Grounds

Repairs, etc

Unenumerated

Industrial (Department. Salaries.

Clerk (one-half charged to Maintenance)

Shoemaker

Tailor

Foremen and Instructors

Night Watch

Material

No. of Officers I

and Employe's. '

1

1 1

10 1

it;

Ontario Reformatory for Boys, Penetanguishene.

For 235 Inmates. Salaries.

Superintendent

Assistant Superintendent

Bursar

Surgeon

Chaplains

Steward and Storekeeper

Chief Guard (for night duty)

School Teachers

Carpenter Instructor

Engineer

Baker and Cook

Instructors in shoe and tailor shop

Farmer

Gardener

Ordinary Guards

Night Guards

Guard at out-buildings

Gate-keeper

Organists

No. of Officers and Employes.

1

1

1

1

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

Females.

Matron

Laundress, etc.

1 29

$ cts.

5,200 00 1,000 00 6,000 00 2,000 00

550 00 1,000 00 1,050 00 2,000 00

450 00 1,600 00 2,000 00

67,615 00

400 00 600 00 600 00 4,830 00 450 00 20,500 00

1,600 00 900 00 850 00 700 00

1,200 00 800 00 500 00

1,650 00 600 00 600 00 450 00

1,150 00 450 00 400 00

1,700 00

2,000 00 400 00 400 00 160 00

400 00

16,910 00

1890

94,995 00

$ cts.

5,200 00 1,100 00 3,000 00 2,000 00 550 00 1,000 00

1,000 00

2,000 00

450 00

1,600 00

2,000 00

67,465 00

400 00

600 00

600 00

9,880 00

450 00

37,000 00

116,395 00

1,600 00

950 00

900 00

700 00

1,200 00

800 00

500 00

1,660 00

600 00

600 00

450 00

1,150 00

450 00

400 00

1,700 00

2,000 00

400 00

400 00

160 00

240 00

16,850 00

29

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

V.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Ontario Rekqrmatort for Boys, Penetaniuishene.— Contained. Expenses.

Rations

Clothing

Farm, farm stock and stables

Hospital

Library and schools

Fuel

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

Clt- aning, light and laundry

Furniture, tools and shop fixtures

Workshops, tools and fixtures

Repairs, ordinary

Incidentals (recaptures, freight, rent, etc)

Postage and stationery

Horse and buggy for superintendent

Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, Belleville.

For 250 pupils.

Salaries. No. of Officers

and Employes,

Superintendent

Physician 1

Bursar ■. 1

Matron and Housekeeper 1

Teachers 14

iStorekeeper and Clerk 1

Engineer 1

Stoker

Farmer

Teamster .

Gardener

Baker

Xight Watchman

Carpenter and Assistant

Shoemaker

Messenger

Cook

Small Boy's and Girls' Nurses 2

Maid, Laundresses and Cook's Assistant 12

Supervisor of Boys 1

Assistant Supervisor of Boys 1

Seamstress and Supervisor of Girls 1

48

Expenses.

Medicines and Medical Comforts Butchers' meat, fish and fowl

Flour

Butter

Groceries

Fruit and vegetables

Bedding, clothing and shoes

Fuel

1890

6,000 00

5,500 00

2,200 00

300 00

700 00

3,500 00

1,200 00

900 00

400 00

1,500 00

2,200 00

600 00

300 00

42,210 00

1,600 00 650 00 850 00 400 00

8,579 16 600 00 600 00 300 00 400 00 216 00 300 00 425 00 300 00 700 00 550 00 168 00 168 00 240 00 I

1,356 00 ' 550 00 ' 300 00 300 00

6,000 00

5,500 00

2,200 00

300 00

700 00

3,500 00

1,200 00

900 00

400 00

1,500 00

2,200 00

600 00

41,850 00

19,552 16

125 00 3,600 00 2,200 00 2,100 00 2.000 00 500 00 900 00 3.700 00

1,600 00 650 00 850 00 400 00

8,579 16- 600 00 600 00 300 00 400 00 216 00 300 00 425 00 300 OO 750 00 550 00 168 00 168 00 240 00

1,356 00 550 00 300 00 300 00

19,602 16

175 00 3,900 00 2,200 00 2,300 00 2,500 00 500 00 900 00 3,700 00

30

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 18P0

V.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE— Cord m

SERVICE.

Institttk fob THE Deak and Dumb, Belleville —Continued.

Expenses. —Continued.

Gas and oil

Laundry, soap and cleaning

Furniture and furnishings

Farm, feed and fodder

Repairs and alterations •

Advertising, printing, stationery and postage

Books, apparatus and appliances

Unenumerated

Salaries and Expenses.

1889. • 1890.

[nbtitution for the Blind, Bkantford. (For 150 ; pupils.)

No. of Officers

and Employes

1

Salaries.

Principal

Physician 1

Bursar 1

Matron 1

Teachers 15

Trade Instructor 1

Visitors' Attendant 1

Carpenter 1

Engineer 1

Assistant Engineer 1

Fireman in winter and farm hand in summer 1

Gardener 1

Teamster 1

Porter and Messenger 1

Cook and Baker 2

Cook's Assistant 1

Maids 10

Laundress 1

Laundress's Assistants 2

Nurses 3

Night Watchman 1

Temporary Assistance, including extra farm hands in

summer

48 Expenses.

Medicine and medical comforts

Butchers' meat, fish and fowl

Flour, bread, etc •

Butter

General groceries

Fruit and vegetables

Bedding, clothing and shoes

Fuel

(Ja>, oil and candles

Laundry, soap and cleaning

Furniture and furnishings

Farm, feed and fodder

Repairs and alterations

Advertising, printing, stationery and postage

Books, apparatus and appliances

Unenumerated

$ cts. |

1,200 00 400 00 600 00 700 00 900 00 650 00 600 00

1,000 00

40,727 16

1,600 00 600 00 900 00 400 00 6,296 00 1,100 00 156 00 424 00 600 00 500 00 276 00 400 00 288 00 240 00 568 00 120 00 984 00 168 00 216 00 380 00 300 00

350 00

16,866 00

100 00

3,100 00

1,100 00

1,100 00

2,000 00

300 00

500 00

3,800 00

1,200 00

300 00

400 00

900 00

500 00

600 00

1,000 CO

1,000 00

34,866 00

1,200 00 400 CO 600 00 700 00 !t00 00 750 00 600 00

1,500 00

4 2, 427 16

1,600 00 600 00 900 00 400 00 6,575 00 1,100 00 156 00 424 00 600 00 500 00 276 00 400 00 288 00 216 00 568 00 120 00 984 00 168 00 216 00 410 00 300 00

350 00

17,151 00

150 00

3,100 00

1,100 00

1,200 00

2,000 00

300 00

500 00

3,800 00

1,200 00

300 00

500 00

900 00

600 00

600 00

1,100 00

1,400 00

35,901 00

31

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

V.— PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE.— Concluded.

No. of Vote

13

SERVICE.

Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Females and Refuge for Girls, Toronto.

(For 170 inmates. Salarux.

No. and

Superintendent ,

Deputy Superintendent

Secretary ....

Physician

| Bursar and Storekeeper

Teacher and Housekeeper for Refuge .

Instructors

Attendants

Gatekeeper and Visitors' Attendant . .

Ccok and Baker

Chief Attendant

Maid

Engineer

Assistant Engineer

Night Watch

" females

Messenger

Outside Night Watch

Gardener

Expenses.

Hospital expenses and medicines Butchers' meat and fish .........

Flour, bread and meal

Groceries

Bedding, clothing and shoes. . . . Fuel

Gas and oil

Laundry, soap, cleaning and water. . Stationery, advertising, postage, etc.

Library, schools and lectures

Furniture and furnishings

Grounds and garden

Repairs

Unenumerated

For manufacturing operations

Feed and forage

of Officers Employes

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

8

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

28

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

$ cts.

900 00 600 00 300 00 800 00 800 00 500 00 700 00 1,380 00 120 00 168 00 200 00 108 00 600 00 500 00 400 00 200 00 400 00 400 00 400 00

1890

9,476 00

250 00

2,400 00

1,600 00

3,500 00

2,100 00

3,500 00

800 00

2,200 00

400 00

500 00

600 00

800 00

400 00

1,200 00

1,500 00

300 00

31,526 00

% cts.

1,000 00 600 00 300 00 800 00 800 00 550 00 700 00

1,380 00 120 00 168 00 200 00 108 00 600 00 500 00 400 00 200 00 400 00 400 00 400 00

9,626 00

250 00

2,400 00

1,600 00

3,500 00

2,100 00

3,500 00

800 00

2,200 00

400 00

500 00

600 00

800 00

400 00

1,200 00

1,500 00

300 00

31,676 00

32

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

VI.— IMMIGRATION.

To be voted per Statement (A) $5,800 00

No. of Vote.

1889.

1890

i Agencies in Europe

44 | Agencies in Ontario

i Allowance for maps, circulars and literature. Incidtntals

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

$ cts.

3,900 00 550 00

1,600 00 800 00

6,850 00

$ cts.

3,900 00 600 00

1,300 00

5,S00 00

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

1890

44

Details. Agencies in Europe.

Agent in Liverpool

Clerk

Travelling expenses

Printing and contingencies

Office rent and expenses, including fuel, stationery, etc.

Agencies in Ontario. Allowance for constable at railway station and sheds.

$ cts.

2,000 00 240 00 500 00 500 00 660 00

3,900 00

550 00 550 00

$ cts.

2,000 00 240 00 500 00 500 00 660 00

3,900 00

600 00 600 00

3 I FN |

33

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A 1890

VII.— AGRICULTURE.

To be voted per Statement (A) $130,47<S 00.

Ko. of Vote

45

Agriculture .

1889.

f cts.

144,017 00

1890.

$ Cts.

130,478 00

No. of Vote.

4.-)

SERVICE.

Details. (a) Agriculture.

Electoral Division Societies, 86 at §700

lat 550

" 4 at 350

' ' Outlying Districts

Fruit Growers' Association

Entomological Society

Dairymen's Associations

Agricultural and Arts Associations

Ontario Experimental Union

Ontario Creamery Association

Poultry Associations

Beekeepers' Association '.

Travelling expenses of Professors and Lecturers attending Farmers' Institutes

Farmers' Institutes, a grant of S25 to one Institute in each Electoral District, on condition that an equal sum be granted by the County Council, and on such further conditions as may be imposed by regu- lations of Commissioner of Agriculture

Provincial Institute

For sundry services in connection with Agriculture and Arts— such as investigations of disease in animals and crops, and of ravages of insects ; printing reports, and for agricultural instruction, dairy products, travelling expenses and contingencies, not otherwise pro- vided for

Forestry

Tree-planting— Bonus to Municipalities under 46 Vic, chap. 36

Bureau ok Statistics.

Printing, stationery, postage, and collection of labour and mining statistics, etc

Ontario Agricultural College.

(130 Students.)

(o) Salaries and Wages.

President, etc

Professor of Agriculture and Farm Superintendent .

34

Salaries and Expenses.

188&.

$ cts.

60,200 00

550 00

1,400 00

2,000 00

1,800 00

1,000 00

4,000 00

10,000 00

200 00

1.5C0 00

900 00

500 00

1,500 00

2,000 00 850 00

4,500 00 2,000 00 1,000 00

6,500 00

102,400 00

2,000 00 2,000 00

1890

$ cts.

60,200 00

550 00

1,400 00

2,000 00

1,800 00

1,000 00

4,000 00

6,000 00

200 00

1,500 00

900 00

500 00

1,500 00

2,000 00 1,500 00

4,500 00 2,000 00 1.000 00

5,000 00

97,550 00

2,000 00 2.000 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

VII.— AGRICULTURE.— Concluded.

No. of Vote

V

SERVICE.

Ontario Ar.Kirui.TLKAL College and Experimental Farm— Continuid.

(a) Salaries and Wages.

Professor of Chemistry

" Geology and Natural History

" Veterinary Science (part time)

" Dairy Husbandry

Mathematical and Assistant Resident Master

Instructor in Drill and Gymnastics (part time).

Bursar

Shorthand writer and tutor

Physician

Matron and Housekeeper

Engineer

Assistant Engineer for 4 months (6 months in 1889);

Stoker, 8 months (6 months in 1889)

Janitor and Messenger

Night Watchman and Assistant in looking after Students in Boarding

house for nine months

Temporary assistance

(6) Expenses of Boarding house.

Meat, tish and fowl

Bread and biscuit

Groceries, butter and fruit

Laundry, soap and cleaning

Women servants for boarding-house— Cooks, laundresses, etc.

Advertising, printing, postage and stationery

Maintenance of chemicals, apparatus, etc

Library (books, papers and periodicals)

Medals

Unenumerated

Less estimated revenue

II. — Experimental Farm.

(a) Farm Proper.

Permanent improvements— fencing, etc

carpenter work

Farm maintenance —

Salaries and wages 2,378 00

Livestock 7,500 00

Maintenance of stock 2,900 00

- 500 00

Manure 250 00

Binding twine 60 00

Repairs, etc., — lumber, blacksmithing,

implements and harness repairs 800 00

Furniture and furnishings— pails, baskets,

I brooms, brushes, farm tools, etc 100 00

Implements

2,900 00

1,100 00

300 00

250 00

50 00

450 00

100 00 200 00

Voted for

1889.

S cts.

1,500 00 1,500 00 800 00 2,000 00 900 00 150 00 900 00 300 00 300 00 400 00 700 00 210 00 120 00 240 00

■j-2:< 00 100 oc

1890

14,345 00

4,000 00 800 00

4,000 00 300 00

1,700 oo ;

800 00 I

250 00 j

300 00 |

100 00 i 700 00

1,000 00

1,600 00

800 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

150 00

950 00

400 00

300 00

400 00

700 00

144 00

176 00

240 00

225 00 100 00

27,295 00 6,310 00

20,985 00

600 00

13,785 00

4,000 00 800 00

4,000 00 300 00

1,700 00 800 00 250 00 300 00 100 00 700 00

26,736 00

6,300 00

20,435 00

500 00 200 00

35

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

VII.— AGRICULT URE.— Concluded.

ISto. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Voted for

1889.

1890.

II. — Experimental Farm. — Continued.

(a) Farm proper. Advertising, printing, postage and station-

250 00

35 00

200 00

S cts. 12,738 00

$ cts.

50 00 200 00

1

lb) Experiments.

Experimental Plots and feeding — Salaries and wages —

14,738 00 2,000 00

5,835 00 2,600 00

3,235 00

600 00 100 00 100 00

800 00 150 00 500 00

45

13,338 00

•

1,720 00 1,500 00

3,935 00

800 00

400 00

150 00

270 00

50 00

50 00

1,450 00

150 00 130 00 300 00 100 00 50 00 50 00 450 00 100 00 200 00

Live stock for experimental feeding

Printing, postage and stationery

2,980 00

Experimental Dairy —

450 00 33b" 00 525 00

600 00 300 00

Labor for cultivation of corn, etc

4oo 66

150 00 50 00 30 00

100 00

Furniture, furnishings, repairs, etc

Laboratory expenses— for analyses, etc

50 00

100 00

3» 00

1,630 00 400 00

(c) Gardent Laivn, etc. Salaries and Wages-

500 00 420 00

210 00 240 00 840 00

500 00 420 00

288 00

240 00

1,000 00

l

1,230 00

Assistant Gardener, 8 months (6 months

2,210 00

2,448 00

3fi

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

VII.— AGRICULTURE.— Gonti nued.

No. of

SERVICE.

Voted for.

Vote.

1889. ,

1890

II.— Experimental Farm.— Continued.

(c) Garden, Farm, Etc. Manure and fertilizers 100 00 100 00

S cts.

1

2,600 00 1,474 00

$ cts.

Seeds, bulbs, plants, trees, etc 160 00 250 00

Furniture, furnishings, repairs, etc. (including

flower pots and implements) 80 00 100 00

Fuel, light, etc 50 00 30 00

2,948 00

(d) Instruction. Salaries and Wages —

Farm Foreman (part salary) 300 00 400 00

Gardener (part salary) 200 00 200 00

Carpenter (part salary) 500 00 400 00

Instructor (part salary) 9!) 00 125 00

1,199 00 1,224 00

Lumber, nails, oil, paint, etc., for practice. . . . 200 00 100 00

Furniture and furnishings, tools, etc 50 00 50 00

Fuel 25 00 26 00 i

1,400 00

i Vote for 1889

20,632 00

l

12,493 001

V III.— HOSPITALS AND CHARITIES.

To be voted per Statement (A) SI 25,579.67.

Vote

A.

For Hospitals and Institutions mentioned in Schedule "A" of Statute .

JFor Institutions, Schedule " B "

I . ". . " 'C"

For printing, stationery and other contingencies connected with above Institutions

Total

1889.

67.294 50

■J 10 61

17,723 55

300 00

120,528 66

1890

68,661

39,143 23 17,579 98

300 00

125,679 67

37

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

IX.— MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS OF GOVERNMENT AND DEPARTMENTAL BUILDINGS.

To be voted per Statement (A) SG3,436 73.

No. of Vote.

Government House

Parliament Buildings— Main Building. West Wing. . . . East Wing

Education Department — (Normal School Building) .

Rented premises, Simcoe Street . . . .

" Wellington Street

Miscellaneous

Normal School, Ottawa

School of Practical Science

Agricultural College

Agricultural Hall

Osgoode Hall

Details,

Government Hocsk.

Water

Gas

Fuel

Repairs ,

Furnishings

Planting and plants

Contingencies (clearing away snow, carting ashes, etc.) Unpaid water account (arrears)

Parliament Buildings.— Main Building.

Repairs and furniture

Fuel

Gas and other lighting

Water

Unpaid water account (arrears)

Parliament Buildings, West Wing.— Crown Lands Department,

Repairs and furniture

Fuel

Water

Unpaid water account (arrears)

1890

9,674 05 2,741 00 1,550 00 3,094 00 3,350 00 1,200 00 5,950 00 650 00 9,337 55

64,140 66

S cts. 8,057 12

10,445 82 3,345 80 4,595 80

9,300 79 2,700 00 1,550 00 3,094 00 3,350 00 1,200 00 6,150 00 650 00 8,997 40

63,436 73

650 00

650 00

1,350 00

1,350 00

2,200 00

2,200 00

1,500 00

1,500 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

500 00

500 00

300 00

300 00

654 31

557 12

8,154 31

8,057 12

6,000 00

6,000 00

1,600 00

1,600 00

1,700 00

1,700 00

GOO 00

600 00

563 25

545 82

10,463 25

10,445 82

1,600 00

1,600 00

700 00 1

700 00

500 00 1

500 00

563 25 1

545 80

3,363 25

3,345 80

38

f>^ Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 18SJ0

IX -MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS OF GOVERNMENT AND DEPARTMENTAL BUILDINGS— Continued.

No. oi

SERVICE.

52

54

50

Details.

East Wing. — Treasury Department akd Secretary and Registrar's Department.

Repairs and furniture

Fuel

'Water

Gae

Unpaid water account (arrears).

Educational Department.— Normal and Model Schools, Toronto

Furniture and furnishings

Expenses of grounds

Fuel and light

Water

Repairs, including museum, etc .

Carpenter, (formerly paid out of contingencies). Unpaid water account (arrears)

Rented Premises, Simcoe Street.— Attorney-General": Department, etc.

J Fuel, gas and water

'Rent

Repairs and furniture

\Unpaid water account [arrears).

Expenses.

1889.

1890.

$ cts.

2,500 00 750 00 500 00 300 00 563 25

4,613 25

1,500 00

800 00

3,800 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

600 00

974 05

9,674 05

800 00

1,200 00

700 00

41 00

2,741 00

Rented Premises on Wellington Street.— Public Works Depart- ment.

Fue1, gas and water I|

Kent

Repairs and furniture

Caretaking, etc., Departmental Buildings

• d fitting* to building, removal, etc

cts

2,500 00 750 00 500 00 300 00 545 80

4,595 80

1,500 00

800 CO

3,800 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

600 00

600 79

9,300 79

800 00

1,200 00

700 00

2,700 00

Mi-< BLLANEOUB.

(General Clerk of Works and Repairs for Public Institutions.

iter (engaged in Government buddings)

Plumber and Assistant (engaged in Government buildings) . .

Normal School, Ottawa.

400 00 600 00 350 00 200 00

1,550 00

Expenses of grounds. .

Fuel and light

Water

Repairs and furniture

1,200 00

720 00

1,174 00

3,094 00

400 00 600 00 350 00 200 00

1,550 00

1,200 00

720 00

1,174 00

3,094 00

400 00 1,600 00 'I f.00 00 i1 750 00

3,350 00

400 00

1,600 00

600 00

750 00

3,350 00

39

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

IX.— MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS OF GOVERNMENT AND DEPARTMENTAL BUILDINGS— Concluded.

No. of

SERVICE.

Expe

nses.

Vote.

1 1889.

1890

56

Details.

School of Practical Science. Gas

$ cts.

150 00 500 00 100 00 450 00

$ cts, 150 00

Fuel

500 00

Repairs and furniture

100 00 450 00

Agricultural College. Furniture and furnishings

1,200 00

1,200 00

57

600 00

600 00

3,000 00

1,100 00

1 650 00

|

600 00

Fuel

600 00 3,000 00 1,100 00

Light

650 0O 200 00

Agricultural Hall. Fuel and light

5,950 00

6,150 00

58

650 00

650 00

Osgoode Hall. Fuel and light

650 00

650 00

59

5,000 00 1,140 00

500 00 2,000 00

697 55

5,000 00

1,140 00

500 00

2,000 00

357 40

9,337 55

8,997 40

40

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

X— PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

To be voted per Statement (A) $5 26,434,98.

No. of Vote.

Asylum for the Insane, Toronto

Mimico Cottages

Asylum for the Insane, London

" " Hamilton

" " Kingston

Branch Asylum, Kingston

Asylum for Idiots, Orillia

Provincial Reformatory, Penetanguishene

Reformatory for Females, Toronto

Central Prison, Toronto

Deaf and Dumb Institute, Belleville

Blind Institute, Brantford

Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, Guelph

Education Department and Normal and Model School, Toronto.

Normal School, Ottawa

School of Practical Science, Toronto

Osgoode Hall, Toronto

Government House, Toronto

Algoma District

Thunder Bay District

Muskoka District

Parry Sound District

Nipissing District

Rainy River District

Miscellaneous

bb included in above

Expenditure on capital account (new) Expenditure for repairs

1890

Re- vote esti- mated.

$ cts. 600 00

30,000 00

1,150 00

3,273 53

1,575 33

200 00

15,817 73

300 00

1,000 00

300 00

New Vote.

300 00

800 00 23,000 00 i

(iOO 00

1,000 00

$ cts. 6,410 00

154,404 00

17,651 89

20,550 00

4,298 00

124,500 00

6,250 00 2,465 00 '•,400 00 8,730 00 5,209 50 5,250 00> 4,500 00 5,200 00 37,200 00 4,000 00 3,000 00 6,600 00 1,800 00 2,400 00 3,200 00 1,000 00

91,916 59

91,916 59 402,373 39

32,145 00 526,434 98 !

500 00 434,518 39

41

Voted for 1889.

581,248 67

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

X.— PUBLIC BUILDINGS— Continued,

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Details.

Asylum for Insane, Toronto.

General repair* drains, etc,, re-vote

[Furniture and furnishings (Inspector)

i Carpenters' material

Paints and oils

I New boilers and Engineers' and Masons' material

Mimico Cottages.

Re- vote of unexpended balance

To complete cottages, roads, etc

Houses for engineer and farmer

Cow stable and new piggery (re-vote)

Driving house and removal of barn

Furniture and furnishings for two new cottages and for Executive Build- ing, Surgery, etc. (Inspector)

Farm stock and implements

Drainage and fencing

Trees and shrubs

Additions to sheds, etc

Fittings for laundry

Cooking appliances and fittings

Asylum for Insane, London.

Repairs to roofs of buildings, painting, etc

Duplicate pumps for water supply

Alterations for central boiler house

Six new steel boilers, alteration of steam heating

Furniture and furnishings (Inspector)

100 iron bedsteads (Inspector) re-vote

Books for library and pictures (Inspector) re- vote

25.000 feet of birch flooring do

Material to repair outside fence, also lathe (Inspector). I do to reconstruct ends of halls, etc. do

Asylum for Insane, Hamilton.

Re-vote of unexpended balance, steam heating, etc

do for additional drainage

( General repairs, drains, etc

Furniture and furnishings (inspector) re- vote

Barn, stable and piggeries do

Root house and coal shed do

Refrigerator, fencing and draining (Inspector)

Material for floor in female basement "

One carriage and local telephone "

Altering drying rooms at main building "

Improvement of grounds, tree planting, tiles, etc., (Inspector)

S cts.

600 00

2,740 00

1,260 00

710 00

1,700 00

37,000 00

135,000 00

3,000 00

2,000 00

1,600 00

6,554 00

640 00

1,710 00

100 00

1,000 00

3,000 00

1,800 00

3,000 00

2,000 00

4,000 00

6,000 00

936 89

850 00

300 00

925 00

185 00

605 00

2,000 00

7.500 00

1,000 00

1,273 53

5,000 00

3,000 00

1.000 00

600 00

300 00

1,000 00

1,150 00

23,823 53

42

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

X.— PUBLIC BUILDINGS— CWirc //.-,/.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Asylum for Idiots, Orillia.

General repairs, drains, etc. (oil building) re-vote. . . . ! Re-vote of unexpended balance, main front building.

]To complete buildings, steam heating, etc

New driving shed, outbuildings, re-vote

Hay and straw barn (Public Works)

Storekeeper's house

Furniture and furnishings (Inspector) re-vote

Oil tank for new gas works and fencing

To be voted for 1890.

DftTAUA.— Continued.

Asylum for Insane, Kingston

Re-vote of unexpended balance, pointing, etc

General repairs, drains, etc

Furniture ami furnishings (Inspector) re-vote

do do do

Drying room and dumb waiters do

Farm and garden do

Branch Asylum, Kingston. General repairs, drains, etc., re- vote

S cts.

300 00

500 00

1,275 33

1,423 00

1,800 00

575 00

cts.

200 00

5,873 33

200 00

Reformatory for Boys, Penetanguishene

General repairs, drains, etc, re-vote

To complete addition to engine house, filter, etc

Furniture and furnishings (Inspector)

Reconstruction of wharf do

Enlargement of school rooms do

Removal of cells

New bake shop and oven, sheds and stables

New roof for engine room and blacksmith shop

New cooking: boilers

Material for repairing guards' houses

Pair of Horses

Reformatory for Females, Toronto.

General repairs, drains, etc, re- vote

Re vote of unexpended balance for alterations, etc

Furniture and furnishings (Inspector)

Re-constructing lift in centre building (Inspector)

Repairing drying room and new floor in laundry (Inspector).

Painting front fence

Repairs

Ci ntral Prison, Toronto.

General repairs, drains, etc, re-vote

|General repairs, drains, etc

|To complete extension of South shop

I Making road to brickyard

Machinery for South shop, driving belt, shafting and fittings. ■ Machinery for North shop

300 00

13,800 00

122,000 00

noo oo

500 00

1,500 00

817 73

500 00

140,317 73

300 00

1,200 00

400 00

650 00

350 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

300 00

300 00

750 00

300 00

6,550 CO

400 00

600 10

690 00

400 00

800 00

300 00

275 00

3,465 00

300 00

1,000 00

3,000 00

1,000 00

3,550 00

850 00

9 70ft on

43

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

X.— PUBLIC BUILDINGS— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Details. — Continual

Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, Belleville

General repairs, drains, etc

To complete addition, for refrigerator, etc

Fiirniture and furnishings (Inspector)

One steam boiler 20 horse power and engine (Inspector). . . Repainting outside woodwork of buildings do

Rebuilding brick wall of boy's w. c. do ... .

Repairing steam pipes in main building do . . .

Lumber flooring, paints and oils

Steam kettles, etc., for kitchen

Educational Department— charts, books, etc

Garden and grounds

Engineer's Department

Institution for the Blind, Brantford

General repairs, drains, etc., re- vote

Reconstruction of drains and tank house

Water supply for fire protection, and hydrants

Furniture and furnishings (Inspector)

Educational appliances .

Repairs and alterations

Grounds and walks

To be voted for 1890

Agricultural College, Gfuelph.

General repairs, drainage, etc

To complete new farm buildings, sewerage, etc .

Wagon and wood shed

Furniture and furnishings

Educational Department, Normal and Model Schools, Toronto

General repairs, drains, etc

New conservatory

Furniture and furnishings

Normal School, Ottawa.

General repairs, painting, drains, etc., re-vote

Repairs to roofs, fences, planking, etc

Furniture and furnishings

New water closets in front building

School of Practical Science, Toronto.

General repairs, painting, drains, etc., re-vote

Re-vote of unexpended balance, addition to building, re-vote

Steam heating for addition and main building

Additional storeys to wings of do

Furniture and furnishings

Apparatus and equipment of physical laboratory

Models, drawings, and surveying instruments

44

S cts.

400 00

200 00

1,200 00

1,500 00

800 00

200 00

1,500 00

1,000 00

700 00

650 00

350 00

230 00

300 0D 1,500 00 2,000' 00 242 50 500 00 605 00 362 00

400 00

4,200 00

250 00

400 00

2,000 00

2,000 00

500 00

800 00

3,700 00

500 00

1,000 00

1,000 00 25,000 00 15,000 00

4,000 00

2,000 00 15,000 00

1,200 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

X.— PUBLIC BUILDINGS— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

Details. — Continued.

Osgoode Hall, Toronto.

General repairs, painting, drains, etc

Reconstruction of plumbing, w. c's., etc Furniture and furnishings

Government House, Toronto. General repairs, painting, furniture, etc

Algoma District.

Repairs and furniture, gaols and lock-ups

To complete addition to gaol, Sault Ste. Marie.

Fence round gaol yards

To complete court room, Gore Bay

Lock-up, St. Joseph Island

Thunder Bay District.

Repairs and furniture, gaols and lock-ups

Boring in well for water supply, Fort William. Hot water apparatus, gaol, Port Arthur

Muskoka District.

Repairs and furniture, lock-ups, etc., revote.. Addition to lock-up at Bracebridge

Parry Sound District.

Repairs ami furniture, lock-ups, etc... Furniture for court room, Parry Sound

Lock-up at Byng Inlel

do French River

.}, '.pi.it.ii:.-, D:;irici.

Repairs and furniture, lock-ups, etc

jTo complete addition to lock-up, Sudbury.

Rainy Rivt r District.

Repairs and furniture lock-up, re-vote

Addition to fences, double sashes, etc., re-vote.

Miscellaneous.

Repairs to Brock's monument do fences round grounds .

To be voted for 1890.

$ cts.

2,000 00

1,500 00

500 00

3,000 00

1,000 00 1,000 00 2,500 00 1,500 00 600 00

500 00 500 00 800 00

600 00 2,400 00

500 00

1,500 00

600 00

600 00

500 00 500 00

500 00 500 00

200 00 300 00

S cts.

4,000 00

3,000 00

6,600 00

1,800 00

3,000 00

3,200 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

500 00

45

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

XL— PUBLIC WORKS.

To be voted per Statement (A) $39,800 00.

No. of Vote.

Public Works.

1890

S cts. 39,800 00

SERVI CE.

Mary's and Fairy Lakes Works :

For partial renewal and reconstruction of Lock To dredge channel below Lock

Muskoka Lakes Works :

To improve channel from Indian River to Lake Rosseau. To extend and improve cribwork at Pt. Carling

3. Maganetewan Works :

To meet outstanding lock works accounts .

4. Gull and Burnt River Works :

To construct dam and slide at outlet of Pine Lake.

6. To construct dam at outlet of Missisicua Lake

Re. vote.

7. To meet one-fourth of the cost of proposed bridge and approaches thereto across the Ottawa River at the outlet of Lake Temis- camingue on condition that one-half of such cost is provided for by the Dominion of Canada and the remainder by the Province of Quebec, and that the Province of Ontario shall not in any event be called upon to pay more than the sum now appropri- ated, and that the plans for and construction of the bridge are approved of by the Commissioner of Public Works

8. Re- vote of amount to aid in dredging and removing obstructions in Muskrat River, on condition that the additional expenditure necessary to fully complete the work is provided for by the Townships of Westmeath, Ross, Bromley and Stafford

9. To aid cost of construction of Lake Scugog Flats road (original allow- ance having been flooded by erection of Public Works)

10. Maintenance Locks, Dams and Bridges

11. Surveys, Inspections, Arbitrations and Awards and Charges not otherwise provided for ,

12. Superintendent Locks, Dams and Bridges

13. Lockmasters', Caretakers' and Bridge-tenders' salaries.

Summary.

Re-vote included in above

Expenditure on capital account (new). . . . " for repairs and maintenance.

46

$ cts.

400 00

New Vote.

4,000 00

1,000 00

5,400 00

5,400 00 15,900 00 18,500 00

39,800 00

S cts.

7,000 00 1,000 00

700 00 500 00

2,000 00 5,200 00

1,500 00 7,500 00

5,000 00

1,200 00

2,800 00

34,400 00

Voted for 1889

33,759 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

XII.— COLONIZATION ROADS.

To be voted per Statement $110,150 00

Mb. of

Vote.

A.

86

North Division . . . West Division. . . .

East Division

General Purposes.

To be Voted for

1890.

§ c. 22,900 00

24,050 00

37,700 00

25,500 00

110,150 00

No. of Vote.

SERVICE

North Division.

Algoma and Spanish River Road — to construct

Bruce Mines and Port Lock Road — to repair

Bruce Mines Station Road— to construct one and a quarter mile.

Cockburn Island Roads — repairs

Coyne's Road— general repairs

Desert Lake Road— to construct from Bruce Mines northward. . .

Echo Bay Station Road — to construct

Galbraith Road— to continue

Korah Road— construction

Manitoulin Island Roads

Missiesaga Road — repairs

Murrillo Road — to repair, Municipality of Shuniah to contribute equal amount

Oliver township Roads— repairs

Port Lock and Port Finlay Road — to repair

Port Finlay Road —repairs

Rabbit Mountain and Whitefish Lake Road— to complete and repair.

Rainy River Road — general improvement of

Rat Portage and Rainy River Road— to extend

|Rat Portage and Keewatin Road — to grade and improve.

47

To be Voted for

1890.

1,000 00

500 00

250 00

500 00

500 00

800 00

500 00

400 00

400 00

4,000 00

500 00

800 00

500 00

400 00

500 00

800 00

3,000 00

2,000 00

500 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

X II.— COLON IZATION ROADS.— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

North Division — Continued.

Sable River Bridge — near Massey Station

St. Joseph Island Roads

Spanish River Road — to continue to Massey Station

VanKoughnet Road— to continue

Walford and.Shedden Road— to construct

Whitefish and Arrow Lake Road — to construct between lakes.

To be voted for

1890.

West Division.

Ah-mic Lake Road— to repair

Bordeau Road— to construct on side line between lots 30 and 31, through concession 1 to 4 in Ryerson

Cardwell Junction Road — to repair between Novar and Ilf racombe . . .

Croft Road— repairs, and to open road between lots 25 and 2G, Hagerman

Denville Swamp Road —to construct westward

Distress River Road — repairs between Rosseau and Nipissing and Mus- koka Roads

Draper Bridge —to renew

Eagle Lake Road— repairs between Upland's and South River

East River Bridge — balance

Hillside Road— to open

Hims worth Road— to extend eastward from Powassan

| Junction No. 2 Road— to repair between Northern road and Edgington.

Longford and Oakley T. L. Road — to open about five miles

McDougall Road —repairs

McKellar Centre Road — repairs

Magnetawan River Bridge— between concessions 12 and 13, Armour

Mills Road — repairs from Northern Road

Mills and Wilson Road— to extend eastward

Muskoka Road — to extend northward ,

Muskoka and Bobcaygeon Road— to open between Dwight and Bob- caygeon Road

Musquosh Bridge — to renew

Northern Road — to complete repairs to Golden Valley Road, with repairs on south end of the latter road ,

$ cts.

800 00

1,000 00

500 00

750 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

500 00 500 00

500 00

800 00

600 00

500 00

1,600 00

500 00

400 00

200 00

1,000 00

500 00

750 00

500 00

500 00

800 00

500 00

500 00

500 00

500 00

800 00

500 00

4S

53 Victoria.

Sessional Tapers (No. 19).

A, 1890

XII— COLONIZATION ROADS.— Gonfm tied.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

To be voted for

1890,

86

West Division — Contin ued.

cts.

S cts.

500 00 750 00

750 00

North-West Road— to continue repairs northward

Oakley 25 and 26 Side Line Road — to open from north boundary of

800 00 300 00

Orange Valley Road — to complete to Broadbents Mill

Parry Sound Road — bridge renewals and repairs

2,000 00

Pringle Road— to construct from Golden Valley Road northward. .

500 00

Rosseau and Nipissing Road— to repair bridges between Spence aDd

500 00 800 00

Ryerson Centre Road — to bridge Stony Creek and farm approaches.

South Bay Road— to construct between Nipissing Village and Campbell's

600 00 500 00 400 00 500 00 1.000 00

Surprise Lake Road — repairs and extension

Trout Creek Bridge— between lots 30 and 31 con. 2, Himsworth. .

Watt 4 and 5 con. Road — repairs from Ufford eastward . . .

Westphalia Road — to repair western portion

Whitestone Valley Road — to repair and extend

700 00

24,050 00

East Division.

Addington Road — to repair from Cloyne northward

1,500 00

Alice 5 and 6, Side Line road — to open from con. 10 northward.

400 00 400 00

Alice 12 and 13 con. Road— to repair from lot 25 westward. . . .

Allsaw Road— to improve road in Minden chopped out by Council

500 00

Barrie Road— repairs in Barrie Township

500 00

Barrie Bog Road — to repair in Eraser

400 00 800 00

Bobcaygeon Road— to repair north of Peterson Road from lot 14 to lot 30 con. A, and repairs south of Kinmount, $400

Bonfield and Callender Road

1,000 00 400 00 500 00

700 00 500 00

Burleigh Road — repairs

Booth Road

Buckhorn Road— repairs in Cavendish 8500, and to repair southerly por- tion conditional upon grants of 8100 from each, the County of Peter- borough and Township of Smith, 8200

Callender and North Bay Road to continue west

4 (es.) 49

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

XII.— COLONIZATION HO ADS.— Continued.

No. of Vote.

SERVICE.

East Division — Continued.

Calvin Road— (7th con.)

Chandos Road — repairs

Clare River Bridge — towards renewal

Denbigh Road — to repair from Addington Road to Hyde's Chute Bridge.

Devil's Lake Road — from Monck Road south as may be located

Eganville and Killaloe Road — three miles of repairs

Ferguson Lake Road — to repair six miles with repair of Constant Creek Bridge ....

Ferris and Bonfield Road

Frontenac Road— repairs between Cole Lake and Plevna

Galway and Cavendish Road— to continue East to Buckhorn Road

Golden Lake Road — to open between lots 5 and 6 from line between con cessions 8 and 9, South ^Algona, Southward

Hagarty 2nd and 3rd Concession Line Road— to open from lot 25, West ward

Hagarty and Brudenel Road —repairs

Hardwood Bog Road— to improve in Township of Bedford

Hurd's Creek Bridge on Eganvdle and Foy Road—to renew

Kennebec Road— to repair from Floating Bridge, Westward

Lavant Road— to complete repairs as set forth in petition

Mattawa and Temiscamingue Road— to continue improvement of

Mattawa and Callender Road— to continue repairs Westward

Methuen Road — repairs

Mississippi Road— to repair from Addington Road West through Ashby. .

Minden and Gelert Station Road— repairs . .

Monck Road— repairs West of Uphill with bridge repairs

Monmouth and Glamorgan Town Line Road— to improve from Monck Road, Northward

North Algona and Wilberforce Town Line Road— to continue North from Concession 21, Wilberforce

North Bay and Widdifield Road— to continue Northward and improve.

Palmer Rapids Road — to repair to Peterson Road

Pandash Lake Road — in Cardiff to improve

Papineau 12th and 13th Concession Road — to construct between lots 21 and 35

To be voted for

1890

$ cts.

500 00

400 00

800 00

500 00

400 00

500 00

500 00

1,000 00

1,000 00

800 00

400 00

500 00

500 00

400 00 300 00 500 00 500 00 1,000 00 500 00 300 00 500 00 400 00 550 00

300 00

500 00

1,000 00

500 00

500 00

500 00

50

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

XII.— COLONIZATION ROADS.— Concluded.

No. of Vote

SERVICE.

East Division —Continued.

Penage Lake Road from Whitefish Lake StatioD, C. P. Railway — to assist in opening and bridging Vermillion River

Pembroke and Mattawa Roads— repairs in Rolph and Head

Petewawa and Alice Road — to open from lot 1 to lot 9

Peterson Road — to repair from McGarvy's Creek in Herschel, westward.

Perrault Settlement Road — to improve

Peith Road — to complete in North Crosby

Reid Road — Galway — conditional that the County of Peterborough grants $100, and Municipality of Galway $50

Ross and Bromley — town line road to complete

Rolph Road — to construct from south town line of Rolph, northward, between lots 10 and 11

Rolph and Buchanan Town Line Road— between Wylie Station and Ottawa River <

Ryde Road— to complete opening and improvement to Head River

Snake River Bridge — on line between lots 21 and 22, Bromley

South Algona 5th Con. Road— from lot 23, westward

Stafford 6 and 7 side line Road— to complete to 5th concession

Sturgeon Falls Road — to continue westward

Sudbury Road — to continue westward

Sudbury and Blezard Road — to open

Sydenham and Bedford Road — repairs in Frontenac

Waugh Road — to complete from lot 6 to south boundary of Anson Trout Lake Junction Road— to continue

Westmeath Road — between concessions 1 and 2 Coulonge Front, towards opening

Widdifield and Phelps Road — to continue east between con. A. and B. York River Bridge — on Monck road in Bancroft — renewal of

General Purposes.

New short roads and repairs

Inspection

To pay balances of 1889

To be voted for

1890

$ cts.

1,000 00 800 00 400 00 500 00 400 00 200 00

200 00 400 00

400 00

400 00

500 00

350 00

500 00

400 00

1,500 00

1,500 00

1,000 00

800 00

500 00

800 00

300 00 500 00 700 00

20,000 00

5,000 00

500 00

$ cts.

37,700 00

25,500 00

51

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

XIII.— CHARGES ON CROWN LANDS.

To be voted per Statement (A) $115,900 00

No. of Vote

87

Expenditure on account of Crown Lands.

1889.

1890

$ cts. I 112,900 00 115,900 00

No. of Vote

87

SERVICE.

Details.

Board of Surveyors

Agents' salaries and disbursements

Forest ranging, inspection of timber limits and fire protection

Fire ranging

Special timber inspection

Exploration and location of timber in N. W. Territory

Note. — Half the appropriation for fire ranging and the whole of the

amount taken for special timber inspection will be refunded by the

licensees.

Surveys.

Townships in new districts

Maps •.••:•••. -. :■ •

Survey of limits in Huron and Ottawa territory, chargeable against holders

Salaries and Expenses.

1889.

$ cts.

400 00

25,000 00

25,000 00

15,000 00

3,000 00

5,000 00

35,000 00 2,000 00

2,500 00

112,900 00

1890.

$ cts.

400 00

32,500 00

25,000 00

15,500 00

3,000 00

35,000 00 2,000 00

2,500 00

115,900 00

XIV.— REFUND ACCOUNT.

To be voted per Statement (A) $25,249 04

No. of

A.

1889.

1890.

Compared with Estimates of 1889.

Vote.

Increase.

Decrease.

88

$ cts.

2,000 00

16,500 00

4,305 62

2,752 04

$ cts.

2,000 00

18,500 00

1,764 07

2,984 97

$ cts.

$ cts.

89

2,000 00

90

91

232 93

2,541 55

25,557 66

25,249 04

2,232 93

2,541 55

52

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

XIV.— REFUND ACCOUNT.— Concluded.

No. ofl Vote

SERVICE.

Education. Account of ^ contribution to Superannuation Fund, withdrawn.

Crown Lands.

For payment made to the credit of the Department on account of uncom- pleted purchase, and afterwards returned to proposed purchasers on purchase not being carried out

For two per cent, of timber dues, payable to municipalities for timber cut on road allowance

Refund to settlers under the amendment to the Free Grants' Act of 1880.

Municipalities' Fund.

Amount collected in 1889 3,972 34

Less 20 per cent, commission 794 46

Vide Stat. Can. 18 Vic. c. 2, and 19 Vic. c. 16.

3,177 88 To be added to grant to Public and Separate Schools

(50 V. chap. 5) . 1,413 81

To pay Widows' Pensions for 1889

Land Improvement Fund.

Moneys collected from sale of CrowTi Lands, subject to the Land Improvement Fund, for the year ending 31st

December, 1889 2,848 33

Less 6 per cent, for cost of collection and management. 170 90

Less 4-5, leaving 1-5 to the Land Improvement Fund, Vide Stat. Can. 16 Vic. c. 159, and Con. Stat. Can. c. .

2,677 43 2, 141 96

Moneys collected from the sale of Common School Lands, subject to the Land Improvem ent Fund, for the year

ending 31st December, 1889 10,423 36

Less 6 per cent, for collection and management... 025 40

9,797 96

To be distributed as follows : —

4, to Land Im provement Fund 2,449 49

£ to be added to Common School Fund 7,348 47

To be voted for

1890.

S cts. $ cts.

2,000 00

7,500 CO

6,000 00 5,000 00

1,764 07

18,500 00

1,764 07

535 48

9,449 49

2.984 97 25,249 04

5 (ES.)

53

3 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

XV.— MISCELLANEOUS EXPENDITURE.

To be voted per Statement (A) $110,050 24

No. of Vote

92

To cover expenses of collection of revenue for law stamps and licenses

To cover expenses re Canada Temperance Act

Industrial School, Mimico

Marriage licenses . . ."

Ontario Rifle Association

Ontario Artillery Association

Expenses, elections

Voters' lists .

Gratuities

Gratuity to Chas. Gibbs on retirement from ill health after 14 years service do G. B. Cowper, chief clerk Woods and Forests Branch, re- tiring allowance after 32 years' service.

In aid of archselogical researches in Ontario

Telephone services

Removal of patients

Prisoners' Aid Society

Sanitary Investigations and Health Conferences

Outbreak of Epidemics

University College, Ladies' Department

Grant to V accine Farm

Factories' Act : —

Salaries 3,000 00

Expenses 1,500 00

For printing the unrepealed General Acts contained in Revised Statutes

1889.

$ cts.

1,700 00 6,000 00 1,500 00

500 00 1,000 00

500 00

1,000 00

2,000 00

11,400 00

1,000 00 1,300 00 6,000 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 1,000 00 500 00 250 00

4,500 00 1,000 00

43,150 00

1890

$ cts.

2,000 00 3,000 00 2,500 00

500 00 1,000 00

500 00

70,000 00

2,000 00

5,000 00

933 24

5,367 00

1,000 00

1,300 00

6,000 00

1,000 00

500 00

1,500 00

500 00

250 00

4,500 00 700 00

110,050 24

XVI— UNFORESEEN AND UNPROVIDED.

To be voted per Statement (A) $50,000 00

No. of Vote.

93

To meet unforeseen and unprovided expenses

1889.

$ cts. 50,000 00

1890

$ cts. 50,000 00

54

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 19).

A. 1890

SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATES.

180O.

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.

Attorney-General's Office . New caligraph

Crown Lands Department — Woods and Forests Branch : —

Five months' salary to G. B. Cowper

Additional Clerk

Inspection of Public Institutions : —

Clerk (to cover amount understated in Estimates). Additional Clerk and Shorthand Writer (10 months)

Department of Agriculture- —

Fireman, Agricultural Hall (7 months)

Additional to two clerks — Bureau of Industries

$102 00

833 30 700 00

50 00

500 00

350 00 100 00

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.

Salaries of Court Reporters 810,700 00

To complete Supreme Court Judges' Library 3^000 00

Towards outer Counties' libraries (Circuit and County Judges) 1,000 00

Judge Ardagh's commutation, increase (10 months) under Order in Council 88 :;7

Increase to salary of Inspector of Legal Offices f< >r W90 in lieu of all fees as Referee 250 00 Increase to salary of Referee in Office of Master in Ordinary, in lieu of all fees as

Referee . 100 00

Increase to salary of Assistant Clerk in Office of Master in Chambers (correcting

mistake) 100 00

Salary of District Attorney, Muskoka and Parry Sound 400 00

Police Magistrate, part Muskoka and Parry Sound, salary and travelling ex- penses for 1890 600 00

Administration of Justice in Muskoka and Parry Sound, additional vote 3,000 00

Township of Ancaster towards their costs re indictment for a road obstruction and

being amount of fine received by Provincial Treasury in respect thereof 400 00

John Cousins, Police Magistrate, District of Thunder Bay, for travelling expenses

in 1888 and 1889, revote 200 00

do for 1890 100 00

W. H. McKay, formerly Chief Constable and now Gaoler at Rat Portage, arrears,

in lieu of rent 500 00

EDUCATION.

Poor Schools— additional grant .

10,000 00

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS MAINTENANCE.

Hamilton Asylum:—

Addition to salary, Tailor $40 00

Central Prison:—

Water supply, unpaid accounts 1889 5,000 00

V

AGRICULTURE.

Dominion Sheep Breeders' Association "0 00

Ontario Beekeepers' Asn n-iation, to enforce Act 400 00

Agricultural College— additional for Experimental Dairy 450 00

HOSPITALS AND CHARITIES.

Aid to Nicholl's Hospital, Peterborough $679 20

Aid to "Haven," Toronto 32s 74

Aid to General Hospital, Brockville 391 20

2,635 30

20,338 37

10,000 00

5,040 00

1,100 00

1,399 14

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 19). A. 1890

PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

Toronto Asylum .

Repairs to ontoide brick wall, portions facing King and Queen

streets (Rj-vute of $350) §500 00

London Asylum .

Additional pipes and hydrants, fire protection $400 00

New piggery aii'l water supply to same 1,000 00

To secure right to use for London Asylum purposes any system

of drain >ge obstructed by city of London in connection

with CarlingV Creek or otherwise 10,000 00

Unpaid ace m-its f>r Alterations in 1889 1,169 34

Furniture and furnishings for new dormitories, unpaid accounts,

1889 1,939 60

Hot air furnace, Bursar's house 162 00

14,670 94

Kingston Asylum:

New gas works 2,000 00

Asylum for Insane, Hamilton :

Iron pipes and hydrants, fire protection 3,200 00

Hot air apparatus and gas fixtures, Bursar's house 244 00

Orillia Asylum :

New gas works $2,000 00

3,444 00

2,000 00 Institution for the Blind, Brantford :

Re-vote, improvement of drainage 2,000 00

Central Prison :

Additional fittings and machinery for south shop 1,500 00

Reformatory for Boys :

Purchase of additional land adjoining the institution 1,500 00

Educational Department, Normal and Model. Schools, Toronto :

Re-vote, reconstruction of steam heating, three new boilers 3,000 00

Agricultural College :

Machinery and appliances for laundry 700 00

Registry Office, Minden :

Repairs 100 00

PUBLIC WORKS.

To meet outstanding claims re Maganetawan Lock $200 00

Further aid to Nation River improvements (contribution thereto being also made

by the Dominion) 3,000 00

To aid in deepening and removing obstructions from channel in River Beaudette 1,500 00 Scugog River improvement — to remove obstructions in channel of river between

head of presemt improvements and Lindsay Lock 5,000 00

Repairs to guide piers at Young's Point Lock 300 00

Mississippi River improvement — to remove rock obstruction in channel of river

below Carleton Place 1,500 00

COLONIZATION ROADS.

Burk's Falls Roads — to extend eastward $800 00

Current River and Six-Mile Creek Bridges — contributions towards renewal, the

Council undertaking to provide remainder 550 00

Clare River Bridge— conditional that the Municipalities proyide the balance

required to complete renewal (estimated cost,'$3,000) 700 00

Combermere Bridge— to cemplete renewal 900 00

Eau Claire River Bridge and Road 500 00

Keewatin Bridge — over Portage Bay 4,500 00

Mississaga Bridge (Township of Wells)— to construct 2,500 00

Parkinson Road — to continue 800 00

Rat Portage and Keewatin Road — a further grant, conditional upon the Munici- palities contributing an equal amount 500 00

St . Joseph Island Bridge— conditional on Dominion Government granting an

equal sum : 5,000 00

Severn River Bridge— one-third cost of renewal, the Counties of Simcoe and On- tario paying balance 430 00

Slate River Valley Road 600 00

Sudbury and White Fish Lake Road 1,000 00

Moumouth Junction Road 800 00

North Bay and Trout Lake Road 400 00

31,414 94

11,500 00

19,980 00

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 19). A. 1890

CHARGES ON CROWN LANDS.

Forest ranging in new territory $5,000 00

Additional contingencies to cover in part cost of Returns 1,250 00

MISCELLANEOUS.

Retiring allowance to John Morphy 54,000 00

Inspection of mines, travelling expenses, etc., (temporary) 1,200 00

Gratuity to widow of L. T. Greene, late teacher in the Institute for the Blind, Belleville

Allowance to the family of H. A. Semple, clerk at Osgoode Hall

Allowance to Geo. Angus for furniture destroyed by fire, London Asylum

Retiring allowance to Mrs. Caroline Fitzgerald, late Matron, Reformatory for Boys

Peter Crambfor property stolen and not recovered, the offender having been after- wards discovered through Mr. Cramb's services, and the bad having paid a larger sum in forfeiture of bond

Costs incurred in Scott Act case, Jones vs. Grace and Rogers

Capt. Kelly, Penetanguishene, further allowance

Victoria Industrial School

Printing Legal Titles Acts (1,000) . .

Mining commission — to cover unpaid accounts

6,250 00

1,666 60

850 00

50 00

46(3 66

200 00

431 77

400 00

6,000 00

216 00

500 00

15.981 03

$125,638 78

To defray expenses of Legislation, Public Institutions' Maintenance, and for salaries of the officers of the Government and Civil Service, for the month of January, 1891 $80,000 00

WM. 'H. MILLS.

President 1868-1869.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 20).

A. 1890

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION

OF ONTARIO.

IQQ

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

TORONTO : PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST,

1890.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

CONTENTS.

PA OR.

Letter of Transmission t.

List (if Officers yi.

Annual Meeting vii.

Treasurer's Report viii.

Report of New Fruits, by the Secretary ix.

The President's Address. A. McD. Allan xii.

The Winter Meeting 1

Russian Fruit Trees. What of them .' 1>. W. Beadle, St. Catharines 1

Apple Growing in < Ontario. Thomas Beall, Lindsay 4

Black Heart 11

Horticultural Specialties for the Canadian Farmer. The Secretary 11

Cold Storage 16

Forestry. .1. C. Chapais, St. Denis, Que 19

Forestry Abroad and at Borne. I J. W. Phipps, Toronto 21

Forestry in India. R. S. Dodds, Hyderabad, India 29

Apple Growing and exportation 31

Fusicladium 36

Marketing Fruits 37

Chrysanthemum Growing 39

Gardens in Cities 4l

Russian i j >ric< >t 43

Want of Taste for Horticulture among Farmers. A. M. Smith, St. Catharines 43

Fertilisation of Plants, lief. J. H. fanton, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.. 45

Birds i rsefn] and Injurious in Horticulture. T. Mcllwraith, Hamilton 50

Growth and Marketing of Grapes. E. D. Smith. Winona o^

Experience in Fruit Garden for Home Use. T. H. Race. Mitchell 63

Varieties of Plums for Home Use and Marker. Geo. Cline, Winona 66

* Discussion on Mr Cline's paper 71

Report of Fruit at Hamilton Meeting 73

Resolutions at Hamilton 68

The Summer Meeting 69

Grapes for Heine Use, Methods of Culture, etc. M. Pettit, Winona <i9

.Judging Fruit at Fairs. Thos. Beall, Lindsay 7*

Cultivation of the Currant for Home Use and Market. T. H. Race, Mitchell 85

The Currant fur Market. P. C. Dempsey, Trenton *7

Apples for Market. A. McD. Allan, Goderich 91

Best three Varieties of Strawberries for Home and Foreign Market 96

Gooseberries. P. E. Bucke. Ottawa 103

Report of Fruit at Summer Meeting 108

Fruit OrowinLC in Niagara District. A. M. Smith, St. Catharine- 11U

Co-operation between the Fruit Growers' Association and Farmers' Institutes 113

Spraying with Arsenites. Prof. A. J. Cook 115

Forestry. Dr. J. W. Beall, Michigan Agricultural College 119

Statutory Provisions 123

Agricultural Divisions 123

Constitution of the Association 123

Bydaws 12-*

Index 12i

' This matter should have followed on page 6S.

53 Victoria

Sessional Papers (No. 20).

A. 1890

TWENTY-FIKST ANNUAL REPOKT

OF THE

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO,

18 8 9.

To the Hon. Charles Drury, Minister of Agriculture :

Sib, — I have the honor of submitting to you the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, in which you will Hi id a carefully prepared report of the important papers and discussions on fruit culture, floriculture and forestry. which were taken up at our Winter Meeting in the City of Hamilton, and our Summer Meeting in the Town of Seaforth. It also contains an account of the Annual Meeting at Windsor, the president's annual address, and the officers for the year 1890.

You will be pleased to find that the plans proposed for the increased usefulness of our Association are being carried out. Arrangements have been made to send out eleven of our directors to speak at Farmers' Institutes on the subjects connected with fruit culture and forestry, and it is hoped that in this way this important industry will receive a real encouragement.

The Canadian Horticulturist has been enlarged and improved, and during the com fruit season it is proposed to send out a supplement in the shape of a weekly bulletin: giving reports of both home and foreign markets.

Hoping that our work may receive your hearty approval,

I am, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

Grimsby, Ont., Dec, 1889.

L. WOOLVERTON,

Secretary.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

OFFICERS FOR 1890.

President : A. M. Smith St. Catharines.

Vice-President : J. A. Morton Wingham

Secretary-Treasurer and Editor :

Linus Woolverton, M. A Grimsby.

Directors :

Agricultural Division No. 1 John Croil, Aultsville, Ont.

Agricultural Division No. 2 P. E. Bucke, Ottawa, Ont.

Agricultural Division No. 3 D. Nichol, Oataraqui, Ont.

Agricultural Division No. 4 P. C. Denipsey, Trenton.

Agricultural Division No. 5 Thos. Beall, Lindsay, Ont.

Agricultural Division No. 6 W. E. Wellington, Toronto, Ont.

Agricultural Division No. 7 M. Pettit, Winona, Out.

Agricultural Division No. 8 A. H. Pettit, Grimsby.

Agricultural Division No. 9 J. K. McMichael, Waterford, Ont.

Agricultural Division No. 10 A. McD. Allan, Goderich, Ont.

Agricultural Division No. 11 T. H. Race, Mitchell, Ont.

Agricultural Division No. 12 N. J. Clinton, Windsor, Ont.

Agricultural Division No. 13 G. C. Caston, Craighurst, Ont.

Auditors :

James Goldie Guelph.

J. M, Denton London.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20.) A. 1890

THE ANNUAL MEETING.

The annual meeting of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario was held in the Music Hall, Windsor, on Tuesday, the 10th December, 1889, at 8 o'clock p.m.

The President, A. McD. Allan, occupied the chair.

The minutes of the last annual meeting was read by the Secretary, and approved.

The Treasurer's report, duly audited, was read by the Secretary-Treasurer and adopted.

i >n motion of Mr. J. M. Denton, London, seconded by Mr. Thomas Beall, Lindsay, it was resolved that since it is desirable that the Treasurer's report end on December 1st instead of September 1st, therefore that two auditors be appointed to audit the accounts of the Secretary-Treasurer from September 1st, 1889, to December 1st, 1889.

The President then appointed Messrs. Win. Saunders, of Ottawa, and James Goldie, of Guelph, as auditors for this purpose.

The President read his annual address, which received the closest attention.

Mr. A. McNeill, Windsor, said that several points in the address should be noticed, for instance, the study of horticulture in our public schools. He thought the Association should express itself in favor of this study being introduced into the schools.

The Secretary stated that a letter had been received from the Minister of Education and read at the Hamilton meeting, to the effect that a book was in preparation for use in the schools which would take up the subjects of both agriculture and horticulture.

Mr. N. J. Clinton, Windsor, said that he once attended a school in which a book on agriculture was introduced, but it took the shape of agricultural chemistry. Such a book is too deep for public schools, and would be more suitable in a high school.

Mr. T. H. Race, of Mitchell, was of the opinion that the best place in which to teach the children horticulture, was in the garden at home. At one time he was in the habit of giving away the surplus fruit of his garden, but of late he had given his children the privilege of gathering and marketing both fruits and flowers, and sharing the profits. By such means, he thought, the subject could be taught much more effectively than by introducing a text book into our schools, whose list of subjects is already overcrowded.

On motion, a committee consisting of A. M. Smith, J, A. Morton and Prof. Saunders was appointed by the chairman to prepare an obituary notice of the Rev. R. Burnet.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 20).

A. 1890

The following resolution was presented by them and was adopted unanimously by the Association. :

Resolved, that we the officers and members of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario have learned with deep regret of the death of the Rev. R. Burnet, one of the former Presidents of this Association, who during his term of office manifested such zeal in advancing the welfare of our organisation. By his enthusiastic advocacy of the fruit interests of this province, he did much to stimulate fruit culture, while his uniform urbanity and genial bearing in the chair, won him the esteem of all.

We tender our sincere sympathies to his widow and family in their bereavement.

Resolved, that the Secretary be requested to transmit a copy of the above resolutions to the widow of our late lamented President.

J. A. MORTON, A. M. SMITH, WM. SAUNDERS.

The nominating committee presented their report, recommending the following elections, viz. :— President, A. M. Smith; Vice-President, J. A. Morton; Director*. John Croil, P. E. Bucke, D. Nichol, P. C. Dempsey, Thos. Beall, W. E. Wellington, M. Pettit, A. H. Pettit, J. K. Mc Michael, A. McD. Allan, T. H. Race, N. J. Clinton, G. C. Caston ; Auditors, James Goldie, J. M. Denton. After the names had been voted upon seriatim the report was adopted.

At a meeting of the Directors, held subsequent to the election, L. Woolverton, of Grimsby, was re-appointed secretary- treasurer and editor of the Canadian Horticulturist.

A fruit committee was appointed by the chair, consisting of A. H. Pettit, A. McD. Allan, and W. W. Hillborn.

TREASURER'S REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1888-9.

Receipts.

$ c.

Expenditure.

$ c.

665 04

2,004 75

200 44

IS 20

1,800 00

50 00

75 00

Plant distribution

315 08

Directors' meetings, and Farmers'

331 37

Chromo lithographs

156 19

267 95

Government allowances for engraving. . Sale of stock in Beadie Nursery Co

103 30

Audit 18S7-8 :

20 00 106 36

2 00 117 60

88 23

Caretaker at annual meeting

Salary secretary-treasurer, editor

3 70

1,445 75

52 25

800 00

19 75

61 79

922 20

S4,813 52

$4,813 52

To the President and Directors of the Fruit Growers' Association :

Gentlemen — We, the undersigned auditors, have gone carefully over the Treasurer's account for the year 1888-9, have compared the vouchers with the items of expenditure,

viii.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 20).

A. 1890

and find them correct, showing receipts amounting to $1,813 52, and an cxpenpiture of $3,891.32, showing a balance in the hands of the Treasurer of $922.20. We desire to express our appreciation of the systematic manner in which the Treasurer had prepared his statement for our inspection, and the uniform courtesy with which he gave every information asked for by your auditors.

Jas. Goldie, | A ,.A

Nicholas Awrey. } Audlt°rs-

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT FROM SEPT. 1st TO DEC. 1st,

Receipts.

i c.

Expenditure.

8 c

Membi rs' fees, September, October and

922 20

108 00

73 80

i; 79 81.110 79

20 25 3 00

403 94

Advertisements, September, October

Plant distribution

5 70

Russian exchange

29 00

Back Nos. and bound rolum< -.

tember, ( >ct<>UT anil November

5 00

( Jommissions

12 50

Audit

20 00

6 77

Postage and telegrams

9 28

Printing and stationery

23 19

Salary secretary-treasurer, editor and

10 30 225 00

Stenographer

105 00

Balance in hand,

231 86

1,110 79

To the President and Directors of the Fruit Growers' Association:

We, the undersigned committee appointed to audit the receipts and disbursements of the Secretary-Treasurer from the first September to the 1st Deoember, 1889, beg to present the following report :

We have examined the vouchers, compared them with the items of expenditure, and find thi-ni correct, showing receipts amounting ' '. and an expenditure of 8878.93,

showing a balance in the hands of the Treasurer on the 4th day of December, of $231.86.

Jas. Goldie, Wm. Saunders.

Auditors.

KKPORT ON NEW FRUITS.

The secretary read a report of Xew Fruits which had been received by him during the past two seasons as follows :

I think it is very important that a careful record be kept by this asssociation of all new fruits that are originated in Ontario, and so soon as any one is found to possess sufficient merit to deserve a place among our older varieties, that some steps be taken to encourage its propagation for the general good. I would be in favor of the appointment

ix.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

of a fruit committee of three practical ,n in, whose experience combined would cover the different varieties of fruits pretty fully, to whom your secretary could send samples of fruits in their season as ihey are sent into him, and who should report through him to this Association regarding the same.

During the last two seasons several new fruits have been sent into me, and in order to present some account of them to you I have prepared this paper.

Apples. — Reany's Seedling is an apple that impressed me rather favorably. It was grown by Mr. S. Reany, a few miles from Port Elgin, who exhibited it at some of the local fairs, where it attracted the attention of Mr. J. H. Wismer, of Port Elgin, and he sent me a sample for my opinion. It is a fall apple of good quality for the table, and may be thus described :

Fruit above medium size, almost round. Skin smooth, slightly uneven. Color, rich golden yellow, sprinkled moderately with small grey and light dots. Stalk three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a funnel-shaped, slightly russetted cavity. Basin abrupt, even. Calyx partially open. Flesh yellow, fine grained, juicy, with sprightly, vinous flavor. Core small. Quality very good to best.

Keanes Seedling is a beautiful dessert apple which was figured in the Canadian Horticulturist^ Vol. xi, page 28-1. The original tree grows about four miles north of the town of Orillia, on the farm of Mr. James Keane, and is a chance seedling of about twenty years of age. Mr. T. Williams, of Orillia, who sent the samples to me, says it has borne every year for the last nine years most abundantly.

At first sight this apple has much the general appearance of Gravenstein, but is below average size, and struck me favorably as a commendable autumn dessert apple. It is below medium size, of even form, roundish oblate, with closed calyx in a corrugated basin. The skin is shaded, splashed and striped with bright crimson, which is deepest on the sunny side. The flesh is white, crisp, fine grained, juicy, and of a rich, aromatic flavor.

Morse's Seedling Harvest apple was sent me by Mr. S. P. Morse, of Milton, who says it ripens with the old Early Harvest, averages larger in size, and is perfectly free from leaf blight, or apple scab. The skin is very smooth, with obscure whitish dots ; stem, short, stout, and set in an irregular cavity; calyx closed, set in a round regular basin ; flesh, white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. It is an apple that seems to possess especial merit as an early cooking apple.

Two seedling apples were reported on by Mr. Wm. Saunders, in the Canadian Horticulturist, Vol. xi, page 13, and I append his description of them.

Robson's Seedling, grown by Mr. T. C. Robson, Minden, Ont.

Size above medium ; form, oblate; color, greenish yellow, streaked and splashed with red; stem, slight and short, with a deep smooth cavity; calyx, open ; basin, rather deep and slightly ribbed ; flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained and moderately juicy, with a faint aroma and a mild pleasant flavor ; core, rather large. A fair dessert apple and a good cooker. Its size and appearance would make it a desirable apple for the north. From its form, color and flavor it is probably a seedling of Duchess of Oldenburg. Season, October and November.

Robertson's Seedling, grown by Mr. F. M. Robertson, Minden, Ont.

Medium size, 2g inch by 2J inch; form, oblate conic: color, greenish yellow, more or less splashed and dotted with dull red ; stalk, short and slight ; cavity, rather shallow ; calyx, small, closed and shallow, with the basin strongly ribbed ; flesh, nearly white, firm, grained, juicy and crisp ; sub-acid, not high-flavored, but a pleasant eating apple and a good cooker ; core, medium size. It is the type of Duchess of Oldenburg, but smaller in size and later in season. Ripe in November.

Plums. — The Owen Sound Beauty was sent to me by Mr. R. Trotter, of Owen Sound, who says he believes it is a seedling which has been propagated by suckers in that neigh- borhood for the last twenty-five years. The tree, he says, is a rapid healthy grower, with thick broad leaves. If this plum is a good bearer it will be a most desirable one for the commercial orchard, both on account of its excellence as a dessert plum and its lateness of ripening.

The fruit may be described as large, nearly globular. Skin, brownish purple with a thick blue bloom on the sunny side, dotted with numerous fawn-colored specks. Suture distinct, dividing the plum into unequal parts. Flesh, orange, very juicy, rich and excellent ; separates freely from the stone. Very good. September.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

The same gentleman also sent me three fine plums on the 3rd of September last, and which for convenience I will refer to as Xos. 1. 2 and 3.

No. 1 has been grown about Owen Sound for many years from sprouts without name, and is supposed to be a seedling. It is a very fine dark colored plum, obovate, with a broad shallow suture half round; stalk curved, surrounded with a peculiar ring, very good in quality. It much resembles Bradshaw, from which it may be a seedling. Mr. Trotter proposes to call it " Lady Grey."

No. 2 is a seedling from Duam ;s Purple, a clingstone, with greenish flesh and rather poor quality, and under medium size. The tree is a good bearer and quite hardy.

No. -j is a seedling from Smith's Orleans. It is a semi-cling of yellowish flesh and very good quality: in size, above medium; and the tree is a very healthy grower, said to be free from black-knot. The foliage is very dense, the leaves are thick, dark green and leathery. It is a most abundant bearer.

The Early Green was sent me by Mr. W. Holton, of Hamilton, and seemed to me to oe a most valuable seedling. An outline sketch of this plum appeared in our journal, "Vol. xi, page 265, which, however, shows it rather under size. It is a delicious plum of most excellent quality, of medium size, roundish in form, with a delicate skin marbled in two shades of green; the pit is small and free. The stem is delicate and about three- quart pis of an inch long. The g'eut point which makes it especially valuable is its time of ripening. The sample came to hand on the 3rd of August, and was then in prime eating condition.

Peaches. — I have little to report to you under this head. Mr. A. M. Smith, of St. Catharines, sent me a seedling of his which on account of its time of ripening is worthy of notice. He calls it /Smith's Extra Late.. The sample came to hand on the first of October, and on measurement I found it to be about eight inches in circumference, a fine large yellow flesh and yellow-skinned peach of good quality, and a perfect free- stone.

Another seedling was sent me from Chatham by Mr. J. L. Scott, a magnificent peaeh. equalling, if not surpassing the Early Crawford in quality, and also resembling that popular variety in size and beauty of appearance. The skin is yellow with an exquisitely beautiful red cheek ; flesh, yellow, rich, juicy and melting, and free from the atone ; well worthy of propagation. Its season of ripening is about the middle of September.

I

Small Fruits. — The /Karl Gooseberry is a seedling of Prof. Saunders, raised by crossing Downing with an English variety known as Ashton's Seedling. It has been now fairly well tested, and is worthy of especial notice because of (1) its good quality, (2) its '■'<) its great productiveness, and (4) its freedom from mildew. 1 saw a row of some fifty bushels at Port Dalhousie, on Mr. Smith's grounds there, and every one of them was a surprise on account of the number of berries to the inch of wood, and all of them much larger than the Downing.

Crosby's Seedling is a fine red gooseberry, samples of which were sent me in 1888 by Mr. A. Reeve, of Highland Creek. He says it was raised by M. L. Crosby of the town- ship of Markham, about eight years ago. Fruit very large, roundish, slightly oval ; skin, smooth, thin, very dark red, with veins of a lighter red, mostly dotted with small grey dots; stem stout, calyx prominent, quality excellent. The only question concerning this berry is whether its present freedom from mildew is constant or not. It has so much the appearance of the genuine English varieties, that one cannot help being a little fearful of this point.

Th" King Conn, or Autocrat, has been so well brought before you in other ways, that I do not think it necessary to speak of it here. Nor need I speak of the Northern Light Grape which is also well introduced to your notice in our Annual Reports.

xi.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

I have now completed my list, and hope that out of it may come some fruits that will prove worthy of general cultivation. It is, I think, an important feature of our work to improve the varieties of fruits, both in the interest of the grower ami of the consumer, ami I do not think we should be hindered from giving our honest opinion of a new fruit, because it may help to make rich the originator or the introducer; nor should we hesitate to condemn a poor thing for any personal reasons of friendship to the introducer.

L. WOOLVERTON.

Prof. Wm. Saunders (Ottawa). — I am glad the subject has been brought forward by the Secretary. Some of the new fruits that have been brought before us of lite have great promise; but some of them may succeed in some parts and not in others. I think it is of very great importance to the fruit growers of our country to know just what is being done in this direction. I may add that I hope fruit growers will use the experi- mental farms in testing new fruits. I assure you that every precaution will be taken to keep the fruits from becoming public property.

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

Once more we have met together to render an account of our stewardship for the year, and in council to call from our various experiences such information as combined wisdom concludes to be important, as well as for the advancement of horticulture and the general benefit of our country. Nay, if we possess the true spirit of our profession, our aim will be to reach out to humanity with a desire to do good to our feilow man by up- holding whatever store of knowledge we may have been able to extract from Nature's great storehouse of horticultural treasures. We are inspired into effort when we observe the good results of the labors of those who have gone before us ; but still the fieM of research grows wider. The deeper we dig into the horticultural mine the clearer we see our own imperfections, and yet how keenly interest grows in the glorious study. There was a time when organizations such as ours were looked upon by an ungenerous public as a species of ring, working only for individual benefit ; but with the spreading of interests, the dissemination of our discussions, and the unswerving persistence, generosity and honesty in principle ot our pioneers in horticulture, to-day we find an appreciative audience. Other organizations with similar interests are working in lull sympathy with us. Hand in hand we travel with our elder sister agriculture, and so interesting are the consultations we have had together that individual interest gives place to a feeling of duty to our country and interest in a general welfare.

But it is not enough that the agriculturist and horticulturist should foster an interest in our studies — the field is much wider and must include all kinds and conditions of humanity. But how shall we reach the masses ? We must look to the rising generation, and in order to reach them we press for a place in common schools, that practical as well as theoretical horticulture may form a branch in the training of children. Our claim, too, is not based alone upon the money value to be reaped in after years from a knowledge of and interest in this subject ; we aim higher and crave a hearing from our educational promoters as well as the public. Upon the grounds of morality and social purity in their widest sense, we appeal to a Christian people that in the early training of children the kindling of an interest in nature's charm and treasures will lead the young mind to deeper investigation, and through this channel be led to a contemplation of our great Creator. In itself the study is elevating, refining and pure ; we do not see the rough element of the human family taking to flowers ; even in the lower walks of life we find those whose tastes are centered in the garden or forest flowers. Find such a man and we see an enchanted home, a kind and loving husband and father, and one whose S}mpathiei are good and pure, whose children will live to bless him. It cannot be looked

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

upon, therefore, as unreasonable if we request a higher recognition at the hands of our Government in the best interest of our children, by insisting that the study of agricul- ture and horticulture be placed in the common school curriculum. By the present system our brightest boys are systematically ed. mated away from interest in rural pursuits, so that now the chief industries of Canada lie languishing for the want of intelligent atten- tion by an educated yeomanry, \vherea3 professions of all kinds are crowded to excess. Everything is done to give prominence to the so-called "learned professions,"1 which in itself is right enough ; but why neglect entirely the foundation and backbone of all interests — the arts of agriculture and horticulture? Ate they so degraded as to he bereath the ken of educated humanity t Surely it is a feeling long since dead that the tiller of the soil should be recognized as a sort of machine, a clodhopper, a necessary evil, one whose avocation should compel him to hold down the head and remain an outcast from cultivated society. The true aim of education is to lit the pupil for some sphere of use- fulness. A grave responsibility rests upon our legislators for so long neglecting, from an educational point of view, this, the greatest economic science in our country, and until this study is placed, as it should be, prominently in our common school system, justice cannot be complete.

The season of 1889 will long be remembered by fruit growers. The unusual and widespread frosts of May, while vine, plant, bush and tree were in bloom, did its work of destruction so thoroughly that in most sections nothing wis left to mature into fruit. In some favored sections the blossom was either not far enough advanced to kill, or the fruit formed and so beyond injury from such a degree of frost. Generally speaking the raspberry crop was fairly abundant, but other small fruits were in most sections less than half a crop. The grape escaped better along the Niagara peninsula, especially that portion between the lake and mountain range, and in the water fronts of Essex, than in any other section. Pears and plums yielded enough to satisfy home demand generally in the western put of the province ; but the apple crop was confined chiefly to the coun- ties of Kent, Essex, Elgin and Lambton. The loss of the apple crop to this province is a large one, but still we find some grains of comfort that we hope may encourage growers to persevere and put forth greater efforts in the future. While we feel the financial loss here, the consumers in foreign markets feel more keenly than we can the loss of this luxury which they have learned to appreciate more and more every year. Prices have advanced materially, and we observe that this season there is a much greater difference on British markets between prices of Canadian apples and the apples of other countries ; that difference being in favor of ours. What fruit has been shipped is better culled and packed than in past years, and as a Jesuit our reputation for a genuine article is better. Then, again, there is a change working throughout British markets in favor of the best flavored fruit rather than highly-colored specimens. The Rhode Island Greening that a few years ago had to be sold at a loss, generally on account of color, is now coming inio favor. It realises about the same price as the Baldwin this year, with a tendency, I be- lieve, to take its proper place in public esteem several points ahead of the Baldwin; intrinsic worth is sure to come to the front. Is it not reasonable to expect that the codlin moth has been materially diminished by the absence of the apple crop, and that next year we may hope for much less damage by that orchard pest? This must not deter growers, however, from using means to eradicate the pest entirely. Orchards have had in most instances a much needed rest, and if we can arouse growers now to give proper attention to their orchards in the way of cultivation, manuring, trimming and keeping clean, it is reasonable to look forward to a new era in fruit culture. We have an opportunity now, bought dearly it is true, but if we take advantage of it the results will be most encourag- ing I am sure. To produce clean, large, high-flavored fruit, we must see to it that the soil is kept in good heart, that those substances required to produce such a crop are returned regularly and systematically to the soil. If this is attended to we will succeed ; if not, failure stares us in the face.

The carrying companies are still to blame for much of the loss on fruits shipped. We can still charge them with rough handling, lack of proper accommodation, and often ■luch delay in transit. The shipments of last spring bear abundant evidence of this. By

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

way of a practical illustration I will give one out ot many instances coming directly under my own notice. A shipper at London, Ontario, sold two hundred barrels of choice apples to a firm in Covent Garden, London, England. This cargo I carefully inspected both before and after the fruit was packed, and I can testify to the fact that the fruit was choice in sample and varieties, and in splendid condition for shipping. Every possible precaution was taken, and the most positive instructions given to the Grand Trunk rail- way agent at London, Ontario, as to handling, accommodation and despatch, with a re- quest also that these instructions should be sent forward to the agents of the ship. Mark the result : The goods were nearly a month on the way. I quote the report of the Covent Garden firm, Messrs. Pankhurst cV; Co. :

" When our man arrived at the ship a barge was alongside taking off the steaming dung quite a yard and a-half high on the deck, and immediately over the apples. Of course he knew what to expect, arid sure enough when the apples came from below they were half full of juice. It astonishes us that the ship- ping company, in their own interest, are not more particular, as these were too full of water to go into the dock shed, but stood on the quay literally swimming in their own juice. We enclose a copy of claim we sent in to the company ; also their reply." The claim referred to is made up thus : — '

Cost of apples ....

Freight on them Dock dues -

Making a total of The sales were

110 barrels, sold at 1/0 30 " "2/6

10 '• " 3/0

10 " " 3/3

40 " waste

Total sales Leaving as loss the balance

To this claim the Allan Brothers & Co. replied that they could not see why the ships should be held responsible, and could only attribute the loss to natural decay ! It certainly was most natural that the fruit should decay under such circumstances. The Grand Trunk also denied all liability for negligence. Results similar to this are, I regret to know, but too common, especially where fruit goes forward on London boats from Montreal and New York.

I am glad to be able to report quite a different state of matters, so far as I have per- sonal experience and have heard the same from others regarding shipments by the Beaver line of steamers. In three ships of this line special apartments, supplied with atmospheric blast, are used for fruit, and I understand they will not carry fruit at all excepting what they can thus accommodate. As a result 1 have not been able to trace any complaints against this line for bad handling or damagedcfruit. On the contrary, all reports I have received have been most complimentary, and my own experience fully corroborates these reports. If other companies do not give equally good accommodation, shippers must, in their own interests, seek the channel where they are protected from loss. . There is no reason why the other lines should not supply special cold chambers for fruits ; indeed there is no encouragement to widen the orchard area unless such accommodation is supplied liberally. I am sure horticulturists throughout the Dominion will be pleased to know that a con- vention of horticulturists, experts from every province, has been called to meet in Ottawa in February, for the purpose of discussing the present situation, and advising possible means for a more perfect development of our interests. The Dominion Govern- ment has acted generously in appropriating a sum of money towards the expenses of this gathering, and a lull programme of the subjects for discussion is being prepared under the direction of the Minister of Agriculture. I trust a large delegation from this province will be present.

It has been my privilege lately to examine a newly-patented fruit package known as the " Kerr Ventilated Barrel," specimens of which I have requested the owners to have at our meeeting. From a careful examination of this package I feel satisfied it

£ s.

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-

80 0

0

-

- 36 15

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2 6

8

£119 1

8

5

10

0

3

15

0

1

10

0

1

12

6

£12 7

-

-

i

£106 14

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

possesses several points of superiority over the ordinary barrel for the shipping of apples. The inventor has evidently followed the generally expressed desire tor ventilation, and in this particular has succeeded beyond dispute. Time was when, although it was con- si I ered ne essary to have perfect ventilation in the apartment where fruit was stored, either at home or in transit to market, it was looked upon as necessary to have the barrels containing such fruit as close as poss.ble. It appears reasonable that if ventilation is valuable in the storing department, it must be equally valuable in the packages them- selves, and experience has borne this out as a fact, providing the fruit is in proper con- dition for shipping at all. It is quite unnatural to confine the fruit from a circulation of pure air, and it cannot but be injurious to the fruit when air is confined in the barrel with it until it becomes foul. It is well-known that if we store fruit in an ice-house or pit it will keep well for a time, but so soon as it is exposed to the air decay sets rapidly in, whereas if such fruit had been stored in a more natural atmosphere it would keep longer and retain flavor more perfectly. With the Kerr barrel a packer cannot hide poor fruit so easily in the middle of the package as the sample can be seen from top to bottom through the openings between staves. It is also said to be lighter than the ordinary apple barrel which might make a slight saving in freight. From the method of construction it can be made any size to suit trade, and the cost will vary according to size. Being made entirely by machinery, I persume it can be placed on the market for something less than the ordinary barrel. The staves can be cue of such thickness as may be necessary to give Sufficient strength to avoid material damage by pressure when piled in tiers in a vessel hold. It also seems to me that the damage caused ordinarily by the shunting of cars and running vessel shoots may be largely overcome with this barrel, as there is more " give " to it than in the ordinal y barrel when striking upon the top or bottom edges. I believe a cari^o of apples packed in these barrels, shipped in cars and vessel apartments well ven- tilated, should arrive in liritain in a perfect condition, and certainly the British broker could not truthfully return an account of sales classifying any as wet. A purchaser could see the sample fairly well without opening, and would naturally feel greater confidence in purchasing such fruits on sight. As this barrel can be made as easily with or without bilge, 1 feel anxious to have it tested in all forms, lor after all there is nothing so convinc- ing as actual test.

Members of this association will remember seeing some months ago the prospectus of the " Empire Produce Co." enclosed in the Horticulturist. The object of this com- pany is to act as brokers and commission agents for the growers of fruit and general farm and dairy products, disposing of the same to the legitimate cash buyers who sell direct to consumers both in the markets of Canada and Britain.

I think we are all agreed that it is unsatisfactory to consign goods to commission men who are also retail dealers or speculators. Self interests under such circumstances must clash with that of the client. We often hear complaints of bad returns, and insinuations thai particular consignments of fruit must have been turned into the commission men's own stock instead of being sold in fair and open competition. Working under such a charter as this company has, no such doubts can exist. The company cannot buy a cent's worth on its own account. Its books will be audited and always open to prove the bona fides of returns. The precise mode of selling has not yet been decided upon, and I am authorized to ask for advice from this Association on this point, as well as other points that may occur to growers and shippers touching our interests. There is one important reform that this company will endeavor to bring about in time for next season's business, namely, the earlier daily arrival of fruit for sale in local city markets. It appears that the trade, particularly in Toronto, is greatly inconvenienced by uncertain and late arrival. The co-operation of both growers and dealers is invited to secure suit- able railway and steamboat accommodation, so that goods may reach their destination at an early hour in the day. I desire members of this Association, as well as others in- terested, to speak out now plainly, and by advice to assist in placing this most important branch of trade upon a better footing than it has heretofore been. Personally, I have taken a deep interest in this scheme, believing that it is in the interest of producers, and that therefore it will prove to be a strong factor in advancing our industry by the obtain-

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

ing of prices in accordance with the brands, by assisting to regulate as well as to create brands, and by inspiring more confidence in the growers and shippers here, as well as the dealers and consumers in foreign markets. There is abundant room for such a company to work, also in opening out new markets and introducing into foreign markets fruits that at present are grown only for local markets.

Our Provincial Government has materially strengthened our hands by opening a place for our experts at farmer's institutes, where we are able to reach a class who otherwise paid little if any attention to fruits. If we can succeed in convincing fruit growers, large and small, that it is as necessary to produce the finest samples in order to make money as it is to breed the best animals, or clean thoroughly so as to bring to market the best sample of grain to command the highest prices, then we will have accom- plished a great end. Probably few, if any, will deny this, but it seems difficult to get producers schooled up to that point where they will act in everything up to the " golden rule " in its strictest sense. It is an easy matter for a man dishonestly inclined to practice a fraud upon his customer by placing poor fruit in the bottom or middle of the package. It also often seems to be a difficult thing for a man who may have a deservedly good name for honesty in general business matters, to attempt to pack apples for fear the finest samples should rise to the top and inferior fruit settle into the heart of the package . But notwithstanding, every drawback advancement is the order of the day in horticul- ural circles.

Since our last annual meeting death has removed from our ranks one who often addressed us from the President's chair ; one whose devotion to practical horticulture was remarkable, and whose enthusiasm was inspiring, in language forcible, pure and practical, stern in good principle and Christain worth, and in example becoming his high calling. We mourn our loss in the death of the Rev. Robert, Burnet.

ALEX. McD. ALLAN.

P. C. DEMPSEY,

President 1880-1882.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

THE WINTER MEETING.

The Winter Meeting of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association was held in the Court House, Hamilton, on Wednesday and Thursday, the 20th and 21st of February, 1889. The President, Mr. A. McD. Allan, called the meeting to order about ten o'clock

a.m.

RUSSIAN FRUIT TREES, WHAT OF THEM?

The following paper was contributed to the Winter Meeting, at Hamilton, by .Mr. D. W. Beadle, of St. Catharines :

Some few years ago the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario became convinced that if our brethren of the "cold north" were ever to enjoy the pleasure of raisin" their own fruit, they must be supplied with trees much more hardy than those that formed the orchards of Southern Ontario. These had been planted by many who were anxious to have in their more northern homes the fruits that we here enjoy, but their labor ended only in disappointment. Our fruit trees were found to be unable to endure the severe cold of that climate. At the same time our brothers in Quebec, and our cousins in the north-western United States had become convinced of the same truth. The Government of the United States had undertaken to meet this need of their north- western states by importing scions from northern Russia, and this naturally turned attention to that country as a probable source from whence to obtain a race of fruit- bearing trees sufficiently hardy to flourish in our cold north land. Mr. Chas. Gibb, an enthusiastic cultivator of fruits, residing at Abbotsford, Quebec, learning that Professor J. L. Budd, of the Agricultural College of the state of Iowa, intended visiting northern Russia for the purpose of ascertaining whether the fruit trees of that country were likely to supply the want of American north-land settlers, arranged with the professor to accompany him in his Russian tour. After his return. Mr. Gibb very generously com- municated to the officers of this Association the information he had acquired during his visit to Russia ; and they, being convinced that many of the Russian fruit3 would thrive in our cold section?, at once set about importing from north-eastern Kussia those varieties which Messrs. Gibb and Budd had found yielding abundant fruit in a climate that in both its summer heat and winter's cold, closely resembled that of our more northern latitudes.

From the importations made by our Association and those made by Professor Budd and likewise the importation made by the United States Government, trees have been propagated and disseminated, and the inquiry now is, what is the result '!

Are the Russian fruit trees proving to be what was expected ? Do they endure the climate of the cold north-land of America, and do they bear fruit of such quality as to make them desirable ?

Unfortunately the planting and care of these trees in Canada has not been con- ducted in such a manner nor for such a length of time as to enable me to point to results in our own northern regions. It becomes necessary, therefore, to draw upon the experi- ments that have been conducted at the stations of northern Iowa, and gather what infor- mation can be gleaned from planters in the Province of Quebec, and in northern Ver- mont just on the border of our sister Province.

First, then, let us look at the apples. The limits of such a paper will not admit of an exhaustive examination of the varieties that have been imported, and are bein^ tried in various sections, even if I were competent for the task. I shall only venture to name a few, and chiefly those that give evidence of being worthy of attention from Cana- dian planters.

The Duchess of Oldenburg is already well and favorably known. The bare mention of this favorite autumn apple is sutficient. 1 (F.G.)

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

The Yellow Transparent has also won for itself golden opinions. Mr. Simon Roy, of Berlin, writes to me that he wishes he had planted a dozen trees of it instead of two. Mr. Chas. Gibb speaking of it at a late meeting of the Montreal Horticultural Society, says that he expects it will be largely planted in the Province of Quebec because of the hardiness of the tree, its early and abundant bearing, the even size of the fruit, its fair quality and extreme earliness. At the same meeting Mr. John Craig said it needs no commendation, it is a favorite wherever tried. Dr. Hoskins residing in Northern Ver- mont near latitude 45, says the tree is productive, the fruit full medium in size, when dead ripe hardly inferior to Early Harvest, and always as smooth and fair as turned ivory.

The tree of the Hibernal variety is more hardy than the well-known Duchess of Oldenburg. The fruit is large, handsomely colored, ripening late in the autumn, and when grown far enough to the northward will keep until midwinter. In speaking of this apple together with Antonovka, Titovka and other Russian varieties, Mr. A. \V. Sias, of Rochester, Minnesota, about latitude 45, says : " We are getting more large and fine fruit at the present time in Minnesota from trees of Russian origin than from all others."

Antonovka is perfectly hardy, has fruited in Northern Wisconsin and is described as resembling a very large Grimes Golden, only more oblong ; and when ripe of a light golden color ; ripens there in February and March.

Switzer is more hardy than the Fanieuse or Snow apple; the fruit resembles the Snow apple in form and color, is juicy, tender in flesh, sub-acid, an excellent dessert apple. The late Chas. Downing said that it was a valuable fruit both for home use and for market.

Longfield has been fruited by Mr. Tuttle, of Northern Wisconsin, who says that the finding of this one variety is worth to him all the labor and expense he has had in test- ing Russian apples. Dr. Hoskins, of Vermont, mentions it among the fine dessert apples. It has fruited in my own grounds, for the tree bears young and abundantly. The apples were of good size, prettily colored and of good quality, ripening here in autumn.

Borovinka resembles the Duchess of Oldenburg in size, form and coloring, but is finer in flesh, less acid and better as an eating apple. Professor Budd says that the tree is a true Ironclad, and an early and abundant bearer. It ripens about a month later than the Oldenburg.

Saccharine has fruited in Iowa, and proved to be a very richly colored apple of medium size, exceedingly sweet and ripening in the latter part of September.

Enormous is very large in size, somewhat like the Alexander in form, and covered with red stripes. The tree is very hardy, and Professor Budd says the apple is surpris- ingly good for so large a fruit.

I will not weary you with a further description. These will suffice to show you that there is great variety among the Russian apples that have been imported and fruited in America, and that there is among them apples of excellent dessert quality, handsome in appearance, of large size, and extending over a long period in their time of ripening. The Hon. R. P. Speer, Director of the Iowa Experiment Station, had a bearing orchard of 1,500 trees, consisting mainly of Wal bridge, Fameuse, Talmau Sweet, St. Lawrence and Pewaukee. The winter of 1884-5 ruined it, so that there were no sound trees in it save the Whitney Crab, the Wealthy and the Russian trees. Such is his testimony to hardiness of these trees in an extremely cold and trying climate. Dr. Hoskins of Northern Vermont says that he has over a hundred varieties of Russian apples growing, many of them sixteen years planted, and that one thing has been demonstrated to his satisfaction, and that is that as a class these Russian apple trees are very much more hardy as against the winter's cold than those previously grown on this continent. Besides this he claims that in productiveness, size, and beauty they are more than a match for those varieties which we have received from Wescern Europe and those of our seedlings derived from them and quite as large a proportion of them that will rank as of dessert quality. Such is the testimony which we have with regard to the Russian apples, testi- mony from gentlemen whose statements and opinions command respect ; and therefore it

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

seems to me that we are encouraged thereby to extend our planting of these Russian apple trees, in the firm persuasion that out of them we will eventually obtain varieties that will gladden the hearts and homes of the dwellers in our most extreme North-land.

Further, it is my conviction that we are also to obtain from this source no mean collection of pears that will thrive at least as far north as latitude 44. Professor Budd states that he found pear trees in Russia growing as street trees where the winters are so severe that the Duchess of Oldenburg will not endure the winter, and where the thermo- meter goes down, down to fifty below zero, and that with but scanty snowfall. Since his return he has imported scions of some of these, and having propagated and disse- minated them, now gives us the results of his experiments. He says that Bessemianka, planted on dry soils and sufficiently deep to protect the tender seedling roots on which we are obliged to graft, is doing well so far north as the 44th parallel ; that the fruit is of medium size, nearly seedless, tender in flesh, juicy, mildly snb-acid, almost buttery, and very satisfactory for dessert use. Ripe in September.

Gakovska, he thinks, will be hardy enough to plant as a street tree in North Iowa, having never heard of any injury to the trees by winter's cold or summer's heat. The fruit is large and handsome, valuable mainly for cooking, for which use he says it is not excelled.

Autumn Bergamont he ranks in hardiness with Bessemianka, says the fruit is small to medium, nearly sweet, very juicy, and good for dessert use.

In additiou to these the Professor mentions Kriskaya Victorina, and Medviedevka as line hardy trees that have not yet borne fruit in this country, but which are highly commended by Russian pomologists. The Early Bergamont, Plat Bergamont and Sac- charine he says are fully as hardy as the Wealthy apple.

I cannot close without saying a few words about the Russian cherries. Por our knowledge of these we are greatly indebted to Professor Budd. Although some of them have fruited with me, yet that fact is no evidence of their being sufficiently hardy either in tree or fruit-bud to be of value in those parts of the country where the Early Rich- mond and English Morello fail. From Professor Budd I learn that young cherry trees which he imported in the spring of 1883 have had very hard usage, having been fully exposed to the recent test summers and winters which literally killed out the trees, young and old, of the grade of hardiness of Early Richmond and English Morello, and have in addition been most unmercifully cut for scions in autumn and for buds in summer. Yet, notwithstanding this, many of them have proven to be as hardy in tree and fruit bud as the native wild plums, and although during the season of blooming in the spring of 1888, they were visited with severe frosts, yet twenty or more sorts fruited, some of them very heavily. I will name some of the varieties that he mentions, those that seem to me most worthy of our attention.

Professor Budd says that Late Amarelle trees from Ave to six feet in height were, this past season, bending with weight of the fruit ; and that, notwithstanding the severe spiing frost when in blossom. The fruit is medium to large in size, dark purple when ripe, which was about the 20th July.

dow Amarelle, so called from the mirror-like reflection from the shining skin, resembles the Late Amarelle in size, quality and season of fruit. The trees were also laden with cherries the past season.

King's Amarelle ripens with Early Richmond, has white flesh, juice slightly red when fully ripe, pit very small.

Orel is of the Vladimir family, of dwarf habit, coming into bearing when the trees arc only from three to four feet high. Fruit larger than Montmorency, nearly black when ripe and very mild sub-acid flavor. I have no doubt but that this will be a valuable sort in our very cold north-land. *

Bessarabian, fruit large, dark red, firm flesh, very mildly sub-acid when ripe. Tree exceedingly hardy.

Professor Budd says the Sklanka tree is as hardy as the Manitoba maple. Fruit large, flesh yellow, Arm, very mildly and refreshingly sub-acid, pit very small, season of the Montmorency.

These are a few of the varieties which Professor Budd has found to be hardy, pro- ductive, and valuable. He advises that the cherry trees also be planted from four to

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

six inches deeper than they stood in the nursery, because of the tenderness of the maz- zard or mahaleb stocks upon which we are as yet compelled to work them. When thus planted roots will be thrown out above the bud in two or three years, so that if the stock upon which it is worked should perish after that, its loss would not be material. He also advises heading the trees low, experience having been shown that sometimes the trunk will be seriously injured when exposed while the twigs show no discoloration whatever. In the Volga region the cherry is grown altogether in bush form, with several stems, like the currant or gooseberry. For nursery propagation the Professor advises most strongly root grafting the cherry, setting the grafts down to the top bud of the scion so as to favor the early emission of roots from the scion.

APPLE GROWING IN ONTARIO.

Mr. Beall, of Lindsay, read the following paper : During the past ten years I have frequently endeavored to induce this Association to prepare a list of apple trees suitable for cultivation throughout the central and northern portions of this province. Such a list of varieties, if published in the annual report and corrected from year to year, or from time to time as might be required, thereby carrying with it the sanction and approval of the Fruit Grower's Association of Ontario, would be regarded by the public generally as a reliable list ; something that could be depended on ; and would do much towards giving intending purchasers of apple trees that information which is in greater requisi- tion than any other, and hundreds of thousands of dollars might thereby anually be saved which is now paid for unsuitable stock forced on them by the peddlers ; a class of gentry much more remarkable for the amount of "cheek " they possess, than for their knowledge of pomology — persons who profess to have all knowledge of the subject, but who generally know less what varieties would be suitable to the condition of the soil, climate and situation of any «iven locality than the intending purchaser.

My etforts in this direction were always met by the objection that the labor and expense of preparing such a list was too great for our Association to undertake at present. The necessity and desirability of the work proposed was generally admitted. I was therefore surprised to see in the Canadian Horticulturalist of October last, page 220, that the work which had been for so many years regarded as being too laborious and too expensive to be undertaken by the directorate had at last been completed and published. Now, although it was gratifying to find that the work I had so long advocated had been accomplished at last, I must say that the work as executed did not meet with my approbation, and I venture to assert, sir, that it does not meet your approbation or the approval of any other person in this hall. But, I may be mistaken. I will therefore read the list so that all may judge of its suitability to that portion of Ontario north of Southern Ontario*

" A List of Hardy Apples for the Cold North — For summer : Yellow Transparent, Tetofsky. For autumn : Duchess of Oldenburgh, Alexander, McMahon's White, St. Lawrence, Switzer. For winter : Wealthy, Scott's Winter, Macintosh Red, Fameuse, Bethel of Vermont."

Let us look for a moment at these varieties separately. For summer : 1st. " Yellow Transparent." A new apple, but little known. Spoken favorably of by many ; I hope its present reputation may be established after a lengthened trial. 2nd. "Tetofsky." The most worthless apple ever introduced for cultivation in this province.

For autumn — 1st. " Duchess of Oldenburgh." This is one of the best and most profitable of our early apples. But, is it an autumn variety 1 I prefer calling it a summer apple. 2nd, " Alexander." Very good. 3rd. " McMahon's White." A new variety owned by Mr. A. L. Hatch, a nurseryman of Ithaca, Wisconsin. This apple

*By consulting the article referred to, it will be seen that the list was not intended for Central Ontario, but only for "The Cold North," by which we understand such parts as are subject to a temperature of 4(T below zero. The list was prepared by a gentleman of ripe experiences in hardy fruits, Dr. Hoskins of Newport, Vt., and for the section of country for which it is intended we doubt if the list could be improved upon. — Secretary.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

was admitted to the trial or second class list of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society in 1885. It might be interesting to learn what means Dr. Hoskins of Vermont — the gentleman to whom we are indebted for the preparation of this list — took to ascertain the suitability of this variety to Central and Northern Ontario where the soil and the climate are so totally unlike that of Wisconsin.* 4th. " St. Lawrence." A first class apple, and, one worthy of more extensive cultivation. 5th. " Switzer." A variety but little known.

For winter — 1st. "Wealthy." An apple that is, and probably will be, extensively cultivated for some time to come in this province, yet I think it ought not to be classed as a winter variety. It may be kept a little longer than the Fameuse but it loses its ilavor earlier. 2nd. " Scott's Winter." A variety but little known in this country. 3rd. " Mcintosh Red." A good apple where it can be grown, but one that has so many poor qualities when removed from where it originated that it is not likely to be used extensively. 4th. " Fameuse." A favorite everywhere, but should be classed as Downing classes it ; an autumn apple. 5th. " Bethel of Vermont." An unknown variety here.

Of the twelve varieties named five or perhaps six are of first-class quality and can be as generally grown in Southern as in Central or Northern Ontario. The reasons why other varieties, of equal or greater excellence, such as the " The Baldwin, Greening and Northern Spy " should have been excluded from the list, and claimed as being suitable only for Southern Ontario cannot here be given.

That the apple growers of Southern Ontario have not a monopoly of the more excellent winter varieties, and that such varieties are not, as stated " wholly unfitted " to more northern localities is fully proven by the samples now on the tables, one of which, Northern Spy No. 2, was grown by James Endicott ten miles north of Lindsay, a district not noted for greater excellence of its fruit products than many other places much further north. The other Northern Spy, The Bellefleur; the large red apple, name unknown, was grown in my own orchard. The R. I. Greening by Jas. Emerson, South Mariposa, and the Russet by Mr. Taylor of the same place.

Mr. Croil reports many good varieties of apples grown in the Eastern Townships of Ontario. Mr. Wright of Renfrew reports good varieties in his district. Professor Saunders when visiting the Agricultural Show at Pembroke last autumn, noted many, " ten or twelve " excellent varieties of apples on the tables on that occasion, and saw abundant evidence to show that, with a little more knowledge and experience, many of the finer varieties may be successfully grown in that locality. In the neighborhood of Orillia and Barrie, and also of Collingwood and Owen Sound and other points along the shores of the Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, many of the finest fruits in the province are produced.

That apple growing is successful at these so called extreme northern portions of the province is only what should be reasonably expected when the soil and situation is con- sidered, and especially so when the summer climate is compared with that of certain well known localities in Europe, where apple culture is successful.

The mean temperature of Berlin, about 600 miles further north than Toronto, for the three summer months is G4.5° Fah. Munich, about 300 miles further north than Toronto 63.6°. Paris, about 350 miles further north than Toronto 64.5°. Each place, it will be observed, has an average of mean summer temperature under 65°.

Now, if we trace the summer isotherm of G5° of mean temperature from Nova Scotia westward, we shall have a better idea of how far to the north apples may be successfully cultivated.

Starting from Halifax north lat. 44.40° it takes a course a little north of west across the Bay of Fundy and State of Maine to the north-east corner of Vermont, where it crosses the 45th parallel of north lat. and enters the Province of Quebec ; then passing still more to the north crosses the St. Lawrence river at Montreal, and passes near, but a little south of the city of Ottawa, and soon after again touches the 45th parallel and continuing on that line through the English Land Company's settlement in the County of Haliburton, thence a little more northerly crossing the Georgian Bay and running «'length-

*Dr. Hoskins' experiments have been made in Northern Vermont. — Secretary.

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53 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

wise of the Great Manitoulin Island, passing just south of the Sault Ste. Marie and along near the southern shore of Lake Superior, and from thence on through the state of Wisconsin, on its western course. The portion of Ontario south of this line contains a greater area suitable for fruit growing — apples, pears, plums and grapes — than can be found in the whole of Europe. Climate, however, depends as much on altitude as on latitude, and here again but little difference exists between the altitude of Europe and Ontario.

But the isothermal line of 65° of mean summer temperature does not mark the north- ern limit of apple culture. There is good reason to believe that apples may be grown where the sugar maple thrives, and certainly as far north as the northern limit of basswood growth ; an acquaintance of mine has a good bearing orchard several miles north of Sault Ste. Marie. The isotherm of 65° before referred to, passes through the Township of Minden, about 120 miles further north than Toronto, where the apples were grown which were referred to on page 13 of the Canadian Horticulturist for January last. Two years ago I exhibited seedling apples at our autumn meeting which had been grown north of Minden, which were as large and as well colored as the " Alexander." The town of Pembroke visited by Professor Saunders last autumn, where he found such excellent apples, is about 170 miles further north than the city of Toronto.

If a few varieties of apple trees can thus be grown so far north under the present system of obtaining supplies, when all scientific or expert knowledge is ignored, and when thoughtlessness and personal greed seems to be the guiding motives, what may be expected when more thoughtful, but simple and more common sense plans shall prevail f I believe the time is not far distant when most of our best varieties may be grown wherever basswood flourishes, which is about 100 miles north of the isothermal line mentioned, provided seedling trees be grown from seeds procured from apples from the nearest point where healthy trees exist ; varieties need not be considered, healthiness of the tree from which the seeds are obtained must be the only standard. Seedling trees thus produced should be planted out in the ordinary orchard where they are to remain, when two years old, in thoroughly prepared soil, and top-grafted with the varieties required as soon as a good root growth is obtained. By such a plan no tree need be out of the ground for an hour. An orchard will be secured in this manner for less than one- tenth the cost incurred by the present absurd system of procuring budded or grafted trees six or eight feet high from nurseries situated from 100 to 200 miles south, and where the soil and climate are altogether different ; and especially when the trees have been out of the ground for six or seven months as is usually the case.

I venture once more to press upon this Association the necessity of preparing and publishing a list of apple trees suitable to the requirements of the principle apple-produc- ing sections in Central and Northern Ontario. I do this because — as far as my experience goes — this information is required above every other thing in relation to this subject by the whole farming community. Publishing a list of varieties prepared by a gentleman of Vermont, who can have had but little practical knowledge of the requirements of this, the greater portion of Ontario, even when assisted by Wisconsin nurseryman, and especially when it contains so many absurdities, will not satisfy the farmers of Ontario who are taxed for the support of this Association and have a right to expect, and do claim the publication of such lists as are referred to, and also that they be prepared by the best practical talent at the command of this Association.

The following list of apples as suitable for growing in Central and Northern portions of cultivated Ontario, is submitted for the consideration of any person or committee which may be appointed by this Association to prepare such a list :

For summer : Red Astrachan, Yellow Transparent. For autumn : Duchess of Oldenburgh, St. Lawrence, Alexander, Fameuse, Haas, Colvert. For winter : Yellow Bellefleur, Ontario, Wealthy, Northern Spy, Golden Russet, Ben Davis, Canada Red, R. I. Greening. And the following I would recommend to farmers and others who wish to grow apples for their own family use only, viz. : Red Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenburgh, St. Lawrence, Colvert, Fameuse, Yellow Bellefleur, Ontario, Golden Russet. This list will furnish a continuous supply of apples from the middle of August to the middle of the following April.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

The Secretary — I would take exception to the yellow Bellflower, both for market and home use. I have had most unsatisfactory experience for many years. It is a most unreliable bearer and you cannot depend on its form or size. It should not be com- mended, unless it grows better in northern Ontario than in southern Ontario.

Mr. A. Morris (Fonthill) — What the secretary says is true of the Niagara district ; but north of lake Ontario it is one of the best apples that grows. Mr. Deall's list does not give enough winter varieties for the northern sectioD. I would add Seek-no-further, Tolman Sweets, St. Lawrence, and I think the Mann would stand the climate as far as Lindsay; and for the extreme north the new rough apple called Anifl, which grows in Russia six hundred miles further north than Quebec. It has fruited with us on small trees, and the quality and size resemble Rhode Island Greening. Jn regard to seedlings, the bulk of them that are grown from seed will be tender. There are only a few that are any hardier than the ordinary run of apples, so there is nothing to gain in growing them as hardy stock to top-graft. Another objection to them is that some are slow-growing, and if you graft a fast-growing top on that it never makes as good a fruit as a top grafted or budded tree.

Mr. Beall — A friend of mine had a yellow Bellflower in his orchard, and liked it ■very much. He top-grafted three other trees. Two of these trees — quite young — bore smaller apples ; the third bore, and continues to bear apples more than double the size of the original or either of the other two. My opinion is that there was some influence from the stock. They have been ruled out at fairs as not being the same apple, although the scions came from the same tree.

Mr. P. C. Dempsey (Trenton) — The Cellini is a very superior, very productive, beautiful apple, and with me it is quite as hardy as the Duchess of Oldenburg. They mature in October, usually. I took a yellow Bellflower tree, sawed the top off, and put Ben Davis on, but the Davis was perfectly worthless, aud I concluded that the Bellflower was no good to graft other varieties on ; but the Belltlowers produced on the tree when the Ben Davis was growing on it were very superior and attained enormous size ; so we sawed off the Ben Davis, and finally sawed down the tree. (Laughter.) Can anyone explain why this was the case ! The Bellflower, in all places I have seen it growing, to all appearance will produce superior fruit one year, then for three or four years perfectly discouraging, then again give a nice crop. It is a poor apple — not a nice color, and does not open up in good shape. We want a red apple. The La Rue is found in the eastern portion of our Province. Many of them get as large as a large King, and very pretty indeed, I have never seen them growing, but you will find them in all the eastern exhibitions. I believe the best apple seedling cultivated to-day is the Trenton. (Hear, hear.) I have fruited it for six years, and have not seen one killed during the whole time. It is not a winter apple; it comes just a little ahead of the Snow. It is a seedling of the Golden Russet. It is prettier than the Snow. It is a delicious melting, crispy apple. It is destined to take a high place if it succeeds in other sections as well as in ours. There is only one nursery firm has it— -the Beadle firm.

Mr. John" Watson (Dixie) — I have been an apple raiser and buyer for twenty years, and can endorse all the secretary said about the Bellflower. You can'-t grow it on clay land. Wherever you get a good Bellflower it is on a warm sandy loam.

The Secretary — I have a sandy loam, and it does not succeed there.

Mr. Caston (Oraighurst) — In Simcoe county, particularly in the northern part of it, the Northern Spy is no use. You have to wait about sixteen years for fruit ; and as soon as it begins to bear it begins to die. The Greening is no use at all in Simcoe. Seek- no-further does very well. It is a good keeper, but not much of a bearer. Tolman Sweet will keep as long as most of our apples except the Russet, and is as hardy as the Duchess. You can't get any variety for top-grafting better than the Tolman Sweet. The Alexander is generally classed as a fall apple. I think it will keep about as long as the Wealthy. It is one of the hardiest and best bearers we have in our section. Two years ago the St. Lawrence spotted so badly that it was of no use. They spoiled on the tree. They

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

were subject to the fungus spot, and very deeply cracked. It is a poor keeper. Its season is so short that it is almost worthless. The fewer fall varieties we plant the better — (hear, hear) — because the equinox generally makes enough " fall " apples without planting fall varieties. (Laughter.) The Wealthy is new in our section, but from what I have seen of it I class it very hardy — almost next t'o the Duchess and Tolman Sweet : it is an early bearer and the fruit does not incline to spot, but it is inclined to drop from the trees. The Scott's Winter seemed to do very well in our section. I recommend the American Golden Russet as the very best winter apple we have. It is. the best bearer, and perfectly hardy.

Mr. Dempsey — What about the Ben Davis 1

Mr. Castost — I lost most of mine in the winter of 1884-5, but with that exception it stood the climate very well. That was an exceptional winter. I find the Ben Davis grafted on seedlings produces wonderful specimens that are very good. Years ago, when the nurserymen first sent agents out, the King of Tompkins was very largely planted. I do not know of a single specimen now that is living in our neighborhood. Of course a few miles make a great difference in some parts of Ontario. A certain variety will thrive in the south end of the county of Simcoe that will not thrive in the north ; and yet go a little further towards the north-west, close to the mountain near Meaford, and they can grow the peaches where we cannot grow the Rhode Island Greening. The Red Pound I would recommend for the older portions of Ontario. It bears young and regular, is not very subject to spots, keeps well till February or even March, good for eating, and for cooking cannot be beaten.

Mr. Dempsey — I believe the Red Pound, Baxter and La Rue are ail the same apple.

Mr. Holden — I have the Red Pound and the Baxter in Barrie. There is a very great resemblance between the two. The Baxter inclines to spot badly with me. The Red Pound that I received from a friend near Barrie seemed to be a very clean and handsome apple. I think for that part of the country it ought to be a very hardy variety, which I don't think the Baxter is.

Mr. T. H. Race (Mitchell) — I have never found in the Colvert any quality to recommend it to farmers or any other class. Buyers coming into Perth county found two-thirds of the apples grown by the farmers were of this variety, and they would not touch them. They objected that they were poor keepers, and they had small spots early in the season. If the apple industry is to be profitable we must get the farmers to con- fine their varieties to two or three, or four or five, and only those that will stand ship- ping and will keep ; and we will have to try to protect them from the nursery jobbers. The reason the Colvert is so common with us is that it is a free grower and is cheaper than almost any other that the jobbers can get hold of. They will go to the farmers and either recommend it, or sell them other varieties and put in this tree, and the farmer finds that instead of the apples he has ordered the great majority will turn out Col verts. The same might be said of the Tolman Sweet. I value that apple very highly ; it is an excellent packer, but a free grower, and a handsome tree when young ; and many farmers have been imposed on on that account. I know a dozen farmers that claim they did not order these trees, and that they have been imposed upon by nursery jobbers.

Mr. A. H. Pettit (Grimsby) — There is no demand for Tolman Sweet and Yellow Bellflower in our section, even if well grown. I don't think there is an apple for export that there is much more money in than the Colvert, if properly handled. They are clean and smooth, bear well — in fact, extra well — and always command a good price in the early markets in the Old Couutry — at least I have always found it so. The North- ern Spy cannot be excelled in the southern portion of Ontario ; and if our northern climate will just leave us with a few of these choice varieties 1 think we will grow them and make them very profitable. The King of Tompkins County we find very profitable in our section. It bears and grows very well.

Mr. Caston — The farther north an apple is grown the better it will be in quality, and the longer it will keep. I find a difference in the soil. Apples grown on a warm

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Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

sandy loam have a better flavor than those grown on a clay soil. The Duchess of Olden burg comes to greater perfection in Simcoe county, or any place far north. The farther north you can grow it the better. There is a variety that has not been mentioned — the iPewaukee. I cannot speak positively it regard to it, because it is young.

Mr. Dempsry — If I were going to grow extensively I would start the list with Duchess of Oldenburg ; I have seen a greater amount of money taken from it than any other. Next to that is the Col vert. A man in our section sold -$400 worth of 'Col verts from an acre : but he did not get that next year. It was an exceptional crop, and he handled them right, and sent them to the English market, and they brought a fancy price. I would not put the Colvert in my list for central Ontario ; but for us I would plant Trenton next to Duchess to fill the gap, and you might depend upon a fancy price. I would then plant Fameuse and Wealthy — the two come in about together with us, and they both command good price. We got more money for Fameuse than any other variety this year. For winter we have nothing to compare with the Ben Davis, that we have tried to any great extent. The Pewaukee is as pretty as the King with us. It will produce two barrels to one King and fetch just as much. I don't think I could recommend any apple higher than the Pewaukee. I don't think there is much money in Golden Russets of late years. There is a lot of picking to the bushel, and with us the tree is liable to canker, gum-scald, and pass away something like the Northern Spy ; still they are a hardier tree than the Spy. Any man that has nigs or cows cannot grow any fruit for them cheaper than Tolman Sweets. I don't object to them ground up in the hay. The Tolmans are also good for cider.

Dr. Buhoess (Hamilton) — It seems to me the only practical plan that would be of benefit to growers of apples would be for this society to publish a list of apples suitable for each county. It would cost very little more than the other plan — drawing the data from actual growers in those counties, and if necessary draw a distinction between those grown for market and for home consumption.

The President — There is no such thing as a division of varieties for northern* central and southern Ontario. It is purely a local matter. If we are going to get a correct list we must go to each section and get the list from the actual growers in that section. You will find a difference in the growth and productiveness of fruits in a very few miles. It has always appeared to me as a purely local matter, and as a matter very largely of experiment in the different sections. You have not only to consider heat and cold, but there is the grower himself — how is he going to cultivate that land ? What kind of soil is it ? is it drained or undrained ? and what is he himself as a fruit-grower t does he understand anything about it or does he not 1 If he understands fruit-growing, are his principles proper, and will he carry them out 1 It is a very difficult matter for any body of men to sic down and attempt to frame a list for any particular section, and I think the more the matter is discussed the clearer we will all see that. The Colvert is just an instance of this point. In some sections we find it very profitable, in others they think nothing of it. In my opinion it is not an apple that I would care to keep for my own use, or that is esteemed as a local apple ; but for export it stands high ; it comes in at a season when prices are usually fair to good : it is a good producer, and you can generally rely on a very good crop. The matter of selection by seedlings is one that I have always taken a good deal of interest in. and always felt like encourai;i::_: In the Algoma district they are talking that matter up very strongly. Their idea is to get the seeds of the best varieties, and by planting those seeds produce apples for their own use. I visited an orchard of that description. They had about thirty trees in the orchard, and about twenty trees in the field bearing. The crop was a grand one. It was about eight miles from Sault Ste Marie. Some of them looked very superior. They were mostly late varieties of seedlings, whereas they had Northern Spy, American Golden Russet, Ben Davis. The trees themselves looked very well then ; but as the orchardist himself told me, some of them would kill back a little in the winter. Some of them would escape ; but he nipped the wood back towards the end of the growing season for the purpose of preserving. However, they seem to have great faith in the production of apples in a cold section like that from seedlings. The Yellow Bellflower I do not care to

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

grow in my section, because it is so very variable. Sometimes you would get very tine; specimens, but as a general rule the crop is indifferent, and they bear so much on the tips the tree is after a while very much out of shape ; but for sections where it will succeed, and other varieties will not, it is a good apple; and the best apple for sectioni of that sort is the apple that will succeed in all, independent of quality or flavor. II they cannot produce an apple of the highest flavor, if they can produce one of medium flavor, then that is the best for that section ; there is no use in attempting anything else1 — you are losing time. I believe we have come down to a time when we must look at these matters as specialties, and grow those varieties in the various sections to the highest, state of perfection.

Mr. Wellington (Toronto) — I understand this to be a discussion of varieties fitted for the central and northern portions of Canada. Now, while the Oolvert and King, anc certain other varieties that have been mentioned, may do well in the south, we should not drag them into this discussion at all, because a great many may think, from favorable ! remarks made, that they may be suitable for those sections. I would also protest against ' the list as furnished by Mr. Beall going out as being endorsed by this society. The fact of the Rhode Island Greening succeeding with one or two men near Lindsay is no data to go by to show that it is a hardy variety. We all know to the contrary, and if we . allow that variety to stand in his list unchallenged, a great many people, taking our report, may plant a variety only to meet with misfortune. Many varieties named are very good, but there are other varieties that have been sufficiently tested that are better for northern sections. I do not speak of the south, where you can grow the Northern Spy, and the King, and the more tender varieties, but I speak of the central and northern sections. Your remarks I fully concur in regarding the selection of varieties for localities. It must be tested there, and we must go by the actual experience of certain sections. We want a list that wi!l stand generally. We can give a list that have been tested and proved hardy. The Magog Redstreak, Scott's Winter, and Longfield and Anis are varieties that are certainly hardy. They are as hardy, if not hardier, than the Duchess, and that is the class we must recommend for the north, if we undertake to recommend. The Tetofsky Mr. Beall classes as worthless. I object to that. It is a valuable apple in the north. It is a good cooker, and is hardy. It will stand where the Red Astracan will not stand. For that reason it should not be set down as worthless. Yellow Transparent is certainly good, but the great trouble is that it will overbear, and unless thinned out it will disappoint on account of its size. That is the experience of those who have raised it. Dr. Hoskins, of Vermont, I consider an authority on hardy varieties. He has tested them as thoroughly as anyone living in a cold section, and the varieties I have named are varieties that he has thoroughly tested, and that he recommends. I have seen them tested, and seen the fruit from them grown in our own section, and I believe that they are very desirable varieties for the northern section.

The Secretary moved, seconded by A. M. Smith, that a committee be appointed by the chair to make out a list of desirable fruits for cultivation in each county in Ontario.

The President thought that committee would have a hard job. He thought the work could be done best by local men, who have had experience in the various townships.

The Secretary — I will not press the resolution.

Mr. A. H. Pettit — I suggest that it be divided into three sections — north-eastern, north-western, and southern Ontario, and that a committee be appointed to recommend four best varieties for summer, four best for autumn, and eight best for winter, and that they report at the next meeting. (Hear, hear.)

The President — That is in the right direction, but go a little further. I would suggest that this committee should frame a list, after taking evidence in the various counties as to the varieties. Confine the division to counties in the meantime, and per- haps after a while we can come down a little lower.

Mr. Mokden — The county farmers' institutes could do something in the matter.

Mr. J. A. Morton (Wingham) then moved the following motion, seconded by Mr. Woolverton, that the matter of the preparation of lists of apples for cultivation in this province be referred to a committee consisting of the directorate.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

BLACK HEART.

WHAT VARIETIES ARK MOST SUBJECT TO IT, AND IIOW CAN IT BE PREVENTED?

Mr. Morris — The varieties most subject to it are those that are most tender. [ have seen it in all varieties in different parts of the country. I account for it by a very severe winter, which freezes the sap in the trees, and when they get a little aged it turns black, f have seen whole nurseries ruined by trimming young trees iu the winter time — cutting the limbs off close to the stem. That part freezes there, and kills the wood to the heart, and that will extend downwards the next summer. Perhaps the black sap will ooze out of that and run down the body of the tree, and the tree may be easily detected by the bark being dark from this sap.

Mr. E. Morden — All the farmers in our section are pruning in the winter, and I have not heard any tomplaint.

Mr. Morris — I don't think it would injure large trees much to cut off small limbsi but lanje limbs it would. I have noticed trees sent out by nurseries that have not been properly grown, quite brushy up the stem. That brush being cut off just before being sent out, the tree when planted by the farmer would not make much growth for a year or two, and the winter winds would turn that tree black-heart and kill it, although quite healthy when it left the nursery.

Mr Morden — Do they prune trees in winter in Perth or the Collingwood district 1

The President — They generally, I think, in our section begin pruning in March.

Mr. Uartlf.tt (London) — Pruning in winter caused destruction of a nursery in London of fifteen or twenty acres.

Mr. Morris — I was there when the men were trimming the trees. They had a fire in a shed to warm themselves by. I told the young man he was ruining his stock, but he laughed at me, said his father and grandfather had been nurserymen all their lives, and they knew. I visited that nursery the next fall, and found all the trees black- hearted.

Mr. Caston — Black-heart is not so likely in the Duchess of Oldenburg on account of the close wood. I found trees I pruned in February bled all the next summer, even though I tried grafting wax. Trees pruned in June never bleed.

Mr. Morton — There would not be the same tendency in thoroughly ripened wood that there would be in trees consisting of half- seasoned wood, because the amount of moisture is greater and the matured cells form a better conduit pipe for the sap.

The Skcketary — I do not see any objection in southern Ontario to pruning in winter in mild weather, when the wood is not frozen if the wound is immediately pro- tected in some way from the influences of the atmosphere. That is not so necessary in June, because it will grow over before the part becomes dried out.

Mr. Morris — In June the bark is very subject to become loose. You cannot step on a limb or put a ladder on a limb but what it will loosen the bark from the tree, and ■do a great deal of damage. That is the danger of June pruning.

HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTIES FOR THE CANADIAN FARMER.

The following paper on this subject was read by Mr. Woolverton, Secretary of the Association : —

This is an age of specialties. The time was in the history of our country when every farmer had of necesssity to be a "Jack-of- all-trades." He was an agriculturist in the broadest sense of the term. Every variety of produce that was needed, either lor his family or for his stock, was grown in his own fields. He bought no fertilizers for his soil

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

but depended wholly for his supply upon the annual clearing of his barnyard, be the stock sufficient for his crops or insufficient. He was a horticulturist, giving high culture to a small garden near the house, in which grew both the vegetables for the kitchen and the flowers for the parlor table. He was an apiarist and kept several hives of bees to furnish his own table with honey, and occasionally to furnish a surplus for the market. He was a dairyman and a stock breeder, having always a comfortable supply of butter and milk for home uses, and as much for market as, united with the eggs from his poultry department, could be exchanged for the prints and ribbons necessary for the adornment of his wife and daughters. He was also a carpenter, and when a new barn was needed he hewed the timber, constructed the frame, shingled the roof, and completed the build- ing. He was a wagon and sleigh maker, and many an hour of winter leisure was well spent in making a woodsleigh, or in repairing his wagon. He made his own ropes, he tanned his own cow-skins, he made his own brine and butter tub3, he patched his own boots, and he even ground his own flour. In short the Canadian farmer of a hundred years ago knew little of the advantages of division of labor, but found it absolutely neces- sary to know a little about all the branches of work.

But now the circumstances have wholly changed. We have advanced in wealth and in culture. Specialties rule. A man of to-day must be a devotee of one idea if he would succeed. The post-office is no longer combined with the grocery, and the shoemaker has removed his bench from the dry-goods store.

Agriculture is the wide word ; horticulture the narrow one. The former refers to- the Held, to the broad acres devoted to grain or stock ; the latter to the garden, with its fruits, its flowers and its vegetables. So extended, however, has the culture of these become in the more favored portions of Ontario, that the word horticulture has become in some parts almost co-extensive with that of agriculture, and several large sections of the country are competing with each other for the title of "The Garden of Canada."

The aim of the writer of this paper is to indicate the pathway to practical success for the agriculturist who wishes to take up some horticultural specialty, and to engage for profit more or less, according to his means, in the culture of some kind of fruit, flower or vegetable in addition to his ordinary round of farm work. This he may do judiciously and make it serve his best interests ; and in like manner might the fruit grower do a certain amount of farming, and make it serve to advance the profits of his proper busi- ness. But it is by no means necessary that the fruit grower should be also a farmer, nor that the farmer should also be a fruit grower, any more than it is essential to his success that he be a shoemaker, or a blacksmith. The day is passed when a man can profitably engage in many lines. Each of the subdivisions named above has grown into a science. Books and papers innumerable, written by men of practical experience, are now published on stock breeding, bee culture, horticulture, etc. Men are finding out in this year of 1889 that they must make a special study of that line of avocation which they intend to- pursue, or others will surely surpass them in it. It has now become just as necessary for the gardener or the fruit grower to be trained to his profession if he would succeed as it is for the doctor or for the lawyer. I do not mean that he should be trained by the study of books alone, but by the study of books and journals relating to his life work, united with constant daily practical experience, under the guidance, if possible, of one who is himself a professional. In this way only can a man hope speedily to gain the acquirements needed for success. If it is too late in life for a man to become thus equipped himself, by all means have the boys thus prepared for their life work. The plan of living out for a year or two with a gardener, or a fruit grower, a stock breeder, or if he can afford it, at such a place as the Ontario Agricultural College, until the young man has learned the best methods of doing each thing, cannot be too highly commended.

At all events the time has come when our Canadian farmers must leave the old ruts if they would prosper, and turn their attention and thoughts and study to some one special branch. I do not say that horticulture surpasses every other and that it is the most profitable of any, but to me it is a charming pursuit, and I have faith in it as a reliable source of income, providing it is pursued with the same determination as that which characterises men in other lines of business.

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A good apple orchard pays the farmer. But, says one, I know a farmer right there at Grimsby who cut down a good apple orchard only last winter. True enough, but did you never know of a man giving up stock breeding or bee farming in disgust? There are always men to be found who grow impatient and give up, just at the point where they are within reach of success.

I do not think that we, as members of this Association, should go about the country advising farmers generally to plant out their farms to apple orchards, or even to plant large commercial orchards. The expense connected with raising a large apple orchard to bearing size is far greater than some people are willing to admit. A writer in Popular gardening figures out very carefully on paper the cost and value of an apple orchard and makes out that one acre would bring $3 1 3. 1 5 over expenses during the tirst ten years. He plants 100 trees per acre, and by seeding down to clover estimates his expense for cultivation during the ten years at about 810. He placed the cost of the annual pruning at 50 cents and the rent at $50 per annum, considering that three-quarters of the acre ■may be profitable cropped. Now if any one here has cleared 8300 per acre from bis apple orchard during the first ten years, I think he is a notable exception. My apple trees may be stubborn, but they seldom bear any fruit worth gathering before they reach the age of ten years, and my Northern Spy orchard is seventeen years old and it is only •during the last two years that it has yielded me any returns worth sneaking of. Bald- wins and Greenings may, under exceptional circumstances, yield some returns within ten years, but even these varieties do not as a rule, and indeed should not, because for the first ten years after planting the orchard should be encouraged by frequent cultivation and manuring, to make as much wood as possible and not be expected to bear fruit. Neither do I think that we are wise, as members of this organisation, which holds so high a position in our land, and whose utterances are looked upon as worthy of public ■confidence, in following the habit of many who now-a-days picture only the bright side of fruit culture, giving glowing statements of its profits and concealing its losses. I am prepared to make free confession here to day of both sides with regard to my apples f ■can show fancy figures received from my shipments as good as anybody's. I have here account sales of my apples sold in 1887 and 1888, from which you can see that my choice •Gravenstein and Kings have sold in London, England, as high as 85 and $6 per barrel. And I can tell you of further tine sales that so encouraged me that last season I shipped my whole crop, some twelve hundred barrels, to that market ; but the last sales took all the gilt otf the season's business, for they reached the metropolis when the market was glutted and one car load was sold for the freight ; another, containing russets and other prime varieties, sold so badly that a claim was made upon me from my English salesman of •$35. The provoking part of all was that a week after mine were sold at 81.50 to $2, or about the amount of the charges, prices suddenly jumped to 83 and 8-i. Now I have no doubt many others here present can relate a story of similar unfortunate experiences. Mr. .). B. OsKorne, of Beamsville, once shipped 1,300 barrels of apples to England and lost 81,300 on them; and a neighbor of mine. Mr. C. S. Xelles, shipped all his prime winter apples to London, England, last December, packing carefully and well, and might as well have tossed them over the bank in lake Ontario. Let us speak out, gentlemen, on these points. Confess our failures. Men in other lines of business do not talk con- stantly about their enormous profits, it would not be politic : and if we are found con- stantly magnifying the profits of fruit culture, we will be placing ourselves in a false position before the public ; they will get the idea that we are nurserymen who have fruit trees to sell, instead of fruit growers who have fruit to sell.

But does all this discouragement frighten us out of our business '? By no means ; for while it is unwise to advise everyone to rush into apple culture for profit, the specialist would be a fool who would give up because of one or two season's failure. And I think also that the farmer who has a good orchard of tine varieties, just in bearing condition and who is disgusted because of the difficulties and low price of apples, and who cuts down such an orchard and grubs it out for the purpose of devoting the ground to some farm crops, is assuredly " penny wise and pound foolish." He is throwing away invested ■capital and reducing the value of that land from 8100 to 8200 per acre. Why an apple

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orchard of twenty years standing, of productive varieties, will surely average one hundred barrels per annum, and most farmers can sell these at home at $1 per barrel for the fruit. What else would yield that sum ] This is not more than the acre should produce when you consider the time and expense that has been put upon that orchard to bring it to its- present condition.

But many will say, " My apple orchard does not yield that amount of fruit." No, probably not ; unless you are making it a specialty. Nothing pays, now-a-days, without special care. An apple orchard, neglected, certainly does not pay. How could it yield crop after crop without culture, without manure, and withal, receiving in place of judi- cious pruning, an annual butchering with the saw and the axe. Would any crop pay under similar treatment ?

The apple needs potash. It is year after year extracting this element from the ground, and, if you do not supply, and other fertilizers besides, such as phosphoric acid, nitrates and lime, according to the requirements of the soil, the orchard will soon cease to bear fruit in any quantity, or of any degree of excellence. One-half of our Canadian orchards are starving to death. No farmer would expect a good crop of wheat or pota- toes, without the. use of manure ; why then does he expect fine apples without it, and cut down his trees because, neglected, they will not do what no other crop could do 1 Do you advise cultivating an apple orchard 1 asked some one. You may as well ask a farmer " Do you advise cultivating your corn crop 1 Unless your orchard is vigorous and presents a healthy dark green foliage, by all means work it up, plowing the ground shallow so as to disturb the roots as little as possible, sowing to buckwheat, or keep the ground cul- tivated any way until you have developed a good healthy growth of the trees. Then you may seed down for a few years at a time. The orchard must have special care, and if a man has not time to give it special care, he may as well be rid of it.. Insects must be fought. Large numbers of orchards in this Niagara peninsula are infested with the oyster- shell bark louse, an insect so small that it passes unnoticed ; it hides itself under its shell, and there seeks the health and fruitfulness out of the trees. The writer has experimented with soapsods, kerosene, caustic soda, washing soda. The latter is the most economical. A strong solution may be made in a barrel, and about the first of June the trunks and as much more of the trees as appears to be affected, must be thoroughly washed with the solution at which time the insects are almost microscopic in size, not yet covered by the scale, and are ver^ easily destroyed.

The Codling moth must be fought, and conquered with Paris green, hence this insect will destroy one-third of the finest of the crop ; and the Canker worm may be destroyed with the same preparation. The mice must be guarded against every fall and winter, the tent caterpillar must be hunted out and diligently destroyed, and many other important precautions thoughtfully attended to.

And after all, when at last a bountiful crop rewards such patient labor, the same careful attention must be paid to the matter of gathering and marketing, or else all previous industry will lose its reward. Eternal vigilance is the price of success. It pays to use a good ladder, and a swing handle basket with a hook attached, and to gather every good apple with a gentle grasp of the hand, taking care that not even finger marks shall show upon the fruit when housed. It pays to spend time enough over the packing to look at every single apple and to properly assort them into at least three grades. It pays to pack carefully the finest in clean new barrels, lining head and tail end with white paper, and then the grower may hopefully consign his crop to some honorable and responsible salesman. But failing in all this careful attention, is it any wonder that many of our farmers, who find poor sale for the scrubby products of an uncared for orchard, should declare apple culture unprofitable.

I should include, among my remarks on apple culture, the importance of a judicious selection of varieties. The Early Harvest, the Fall Pippin, the Rambo, and the Snow, are subject to the spot. The Spitzenburg no longer produce a crop with any certainty ; therefore discard these varieties in southern Ontario and plant Yellow Transparent, Red

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A 1890

Astracan, Duchess of Oldenburg, Gravenstein, Cranberry Pippin, Baldwin, Spy, King, Roxbury and Golden Russets. Such varieties as these will pay for the most careful attention, and not prove a source of disappointment as the other varieties have done of late in so many instances.

Strawberry culture frequently pays the agriculturist, but not unless he has the time and the means to give it more than ordinary attention. Many a man has already more irons in the fire than he can attend to, and he will surely get burned with one of them, if not with several. But, given the conditions necessary, and success will surely follow. They are such as, a good rich loam soil ; plenty of nitrogenous manure from the barnyard in the autumn — the late Mr. E. P. Roe advised 60 tons per acre ; a mulch of straw in December as soon as the ground is frozen ; constant cultivation all summer, both before and after fruiting season ; and careful gathering and marketing. Now if any agriculturist is pre- pared to make a specialty of strawberry culture in this way, let him try the Crescent, the Wilson, and the Sharpless, and go to work with confidence, and he will succeed. Four and five thousand quarts per acre are reported as among the possibilities, especially with Crescents fertilized with Captain Jack.

The same advice maytbe given with reference to the culture of raspberries and black- berries. Crown as many people grow them, without sufficient cultivation, without manure, without pruning, they cost more than they come to. Any specialty which the agriculturist undertakes beyond what he has time, money, and knowledge to care for in the best manner, will prove an eyesore to him, and a certain loss. The beery patch, of which one-half the produce is thistles, and which is inseparable on account of numerous unpruned straggling branches is a disgrace ; but our experience is that where a plantation of Cuthbert red, or Cregg black raspberries, or Kittatinny blackberries, has received proper treatment and attention, there is money in them, even at the low prices lately prevailing. The day is passed when we could get from 17 to 23 cents per quart for our large Kittatinny berries, and from 15 to 20 cents for red raspberries. A fortune might have been made out of them in those days ; but even no-v good returns may be counted upon by giving them careful and thorough culture.

A fine specialty in the horticultural line is the currant. " Bah," says some one, "the worm! it will destroy the bushes." My friend, that is one reason for planting them freely — you will have less competition. Plant an acre of such varieties as the Cherry and Fay's Prolific, on good rich clay loam well drained ; give them the best of cultivation and manure as you would for a good crop of potatoes ; prune back in spring one-third of the last year's growth to induce branching, and to keep the stems stocky ; give a good sprinkling of hellebore and water whenever the currant worm appears ; and 3hip your crop to market in twelve-quart baskets or strawberry crates, and you will succeed.

In short, our country has advanced beyond the time when it pays to be a Jack-of- all-trades Our agricultural friends must now be specialists — they must in short be pro- fessionals in the lines they pursue. Division of labor must be more and more the habit of the age among our farmers. The rule must be, not to follow in the line of one's neighbor, and do just what he does, so that when one man devotes his attention to some specialty, every other man in the section rushes into the same thing until there is a sur- plus of that article, and no profit in it ; but on the other hand, to chose each a separate line of his own, and to persevere in it. Let him make a study of his subject, reauing those books and magazines which treat of it, talking with those who have experience, and in this way let him pursue with confidence his chosen line of work.

Thus, I am convinced, shall days of greater prosperity dawn upon our agricultural community, and less hardship result to our country at large from a general failure of any one department of industry.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

On assembling in the afternoon, the question box was opened and the following subjects considered, viz.:

A NEW FUNGUS.

Q — Has any member present noticed a disease in the suckers of the Northern Spy?

Mr. A. W. Peart (Nelson) — I have just cut off some suckers that were covered with blisters — like spots of yellowish tint. Later on they seem to take on a darker color, more like the wood. [Mr. Peart produced the suckers].

PLANTING PEARS.

Q — Would it be wise to plant pears on a gravel loam rich and abundant in organic matter, with a sub-soil also of gravel containing large quantities of soil to a depth vary- ing from five to eleven feet, based in the first place upon rock and next upon clay 1 The field does not require even surface drainage. If not wise, why 1

Mr. Dempsey — There are pears that succeed in such soil. It is necessary that we should grow them and cut the top root; but by thoroughly manuring them we have succeeded. This year we have succeeded with Beurre Hardy. "We grow very nice Bartletts on soil like that. It does not do for us to neglect the manure every year, and thorough cultivation ; and we want to be very cautious about the roots going too far down.

Prof. Saunders — I have had experience with both kinds of soil, and I found that pears planted on lighter soil — not as good as described in the question — had less blight than those on the heavier soil, and I thought they did as well as regards fruiting. That disease which Mr. Peart has brought specimens of is something quite new to me. It is evidently a fungus growth, and in cutting through one of the black spots it is clearly to be seen that the ramifications of the fungus in striking into the substance of the bark has caused tb e death of the bark immediately under where the spot occurs, and that the older spots have under them the previously healthy bark completely withered and perished. If such a disease as that were to be very prevalent on any of our trees it would certainly seriously interfere with their growth and productiveness ; because trees with the bark so injured, and with so many dead spots as these twigs have, would not be able to carry on their functions properly and mature their fruit. I know nothing about the disease, and could not suggest any remedy. I would be happy to take samples with me.

Mr. Peart — The other apples in the orchard are not affected in this way at all. In my neighbors' orchards I found some places diseased, but not to any great extent.

The President — Has it been confined to the one variety in your orchard 1

Mr. Peart — I can say that, and the trees themselves are healthy, vigorous trees ; it does not seem to affect them.

COLD STORAGE.

Q — Is the cold storage of fruit and vegetables fully worked * How is the tempera- ture best regulated in the storehouse 1

The Secretary — Very little experience has been had in cold storage in Ontario. It is done a good deal in the United States, and I believe there is a process by the use of anhydrous ammonia, by which cold storage is better effected than by any other means yet tried.

Mr. Rice (Port Huron, Mich.) — In Wayne county, N. Y., they practice it a good deal, and they do not approve of ice in the cold storage of apples. The idea seems to be to put your apples in a shed and keep them as cool as possible, and have it arranged to admit the cold air at night. If it is too cool, shut it. off. They prefer about 28 to 30 degrees if they can keep it at that point.

Mr. Dempsey— I have known Flemish Beauty pears kept perfectly till Christmas in an ice apartment formed with boards in an ordinary cellar ; but when parties opened the

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door connected with the furnace room all were spoiled. We have had no difficulty in keeping fruits any length of time, but they perished as soon as we took them out ; so we abandoned keeping with ice. A gentleman in Michigan, named Baldwin, succeeded in keeping Duchess of Oldenburg apples nicely till July in a building above ground, sawdust walls, a confined air chamber between the two sawdust walls, or one mi"ht be a paper wall. When sawdust was difficult to get he used straw only much thicker. He had treble doors and windows, which he would throw open on opposite sides of the build- ing on cold nights, and reduce the temperature to 25 degrees if possible, and then he closed the doors and depended on the cold air remaining, by having the apartment as perfectly sealed as possible. A temperature of 40 degrees he told me was quite sufficient so long as it was even.

Mr. Gouinlock — We opened thirty barrels last week and they are keeping very well, in I). D. Wilson's ice storehouse where he keeps his eggs. Two years ago my son- iu-law kept six hundred barrels till spring, and only lost twelve barrels. We have some there now and they seem to be keeping well.

The President — Where there is ice storage the fruit seems to decay very rapidly when it is taken out of that storage.

Mr. A. M. Smith (St. Catharines) — At the horticultural meeting in Rochester, N. Y., a short time ago, this matter was discussed, and a building was described such as Mr. Dempsey mentions ; and from those buildings, leading out underground some eight or ten feet, either on to a side hill or into the wall, were some six or eight inch pipe to let the air in, after being reduced to the natural temperature of earth ; and then there were ventilators to let it out or to create a draft, if necessary, to draw it in, and these could be shut off or opened. Fruit can be kept in that way nearly as well as on ice, and it did not perish as quickly when exposed to the air.

Mr. Rice — The objection to that is that the sawdust produces dry rot in the building, and our people prefer to use paper and make separate air chambers. Then the draft through the ground does not give sufficient cold, so that whenever the nights are colder than the air would be coming through the ground, it is better to open the doors to give ventilation. Forty-eight degrees is the degree they get by the air coming through the ground ; and then the pipes were not considered large enough for giving sufficient ventilation.

Prof. Saunders — At a recent meeting in Wolfville a number of samples were brought which showed that a fungus or black growth had developed at a furious rate on apples after they had been barreled in a cellar. It was due no doubt to the presence of moisture, with a sufficiently high temperature to promote fungus growing. Apples shipped from Nova Scotia this year have been returned as almost absolutely worthless, because the spots have grown to such an extent that they have been disfigured so as to be unmarketable ; and in connection with this apple spot or fungus another mould has shown itself so as to make the apple more unsightly.

Mr. A. M. Smith — We frequently found in packing among Snow apples and some- times Northern Spies, that the spots were enlarging, and another fungus made its appear- ance in the form of a white mould, and the apples soon decayed.

Mr. Alexander (Hamilton) — I had some Pippins affected in the way Prof. Saun- ders speaks of — each apple having a dozen or score of black spots. The cellar was per- fectly dry, but I put it down to the high temperature — 50 degrees sometimes.

The Secretary — If the apple-spot spreads after the fruit is packed, it is very important for us to know it, so that we may the more carefully keep out the affected ones. I had not thought of the possibility of sound apples being affected after they were put away, but I have seen it said within a few days, by a scientist, that the spores of this fungus would germinate and spread the disease, even after the fruit is packed away in the cellar.

Prof. Saunders — In Nova Scotia a gentleman brought samples of apples that had been binned and barreled, and you could see very small spots on those that had been

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

kept in bins ; and on those that had been kept in barrels these spots appeared greatly enlarged. It seemed to be a development of the fungus growth that had begun in the apple — the spots not being any larger than pin heads, or perhaps not as lar^e as that. I think this difficulty could be got over by fruit growers putting their apples either in barrels or bins under the effect of sulphurous acid gas, which could be made very easily in the cellar, and that would permeate and kill the fungus that was on the apple, and I think prevent the spreading of it. It is a remedy so easily applied that any one could try it.

Mr. Morton — Have you any data whereby you could fix the temperature at which the fungus would not grow 1

Prof. Saunders — No.

THE BAKER GERMAN PRUNE.

Q — Does any member know anything of a plum or prune called the Baker, said to- be successfully grown near Collingwood 1

The Secretary — At our meeting last July at Collingwood we found we were in a great plum country, and this plum was shown to us. It is simply a variety of the German prune which has been propagated from seed, and is grown very largely in that vicinity, and they consider it one of the best prunes that they have met with. It was highly commended and noticed in our report, but I do not think any of our nurserymen have propagated it.

The President — There was some fruit of it sent, after ripening, to me, and the quality was superior to the German prune. Growers told us that they make more money out of that local plum than anything else on the list that they have, and they have most of our varieties.

NORTHERN OR SOUTHERN GROWN TREES.

Q — Is the climate of New York better for raising nursery stock than Ontario, to- such an extent that many Canadian nurserymen really import what they are selling ? Are such imported trees as long-lived as native growers 1

Mr. Morris — I claim that the climate of Niagara peninsula is fully as good for raising nursery stock as New York state : and nurserymen of Niagara district grow the bulk of what they sell. There is no nurseryman in Canada or the States that can grow all they sell, because they will run short in some varieties. The fashions change. There will be a run on a certain class of plants in four years that they are not expected to meet, and no matter how extensive the nursery they will have to buy to keep the assort- ment up.

Mr. Morden — There is a good deal of quackery in this matter. There is an idea abroad that it makes a vast difference as to the particular climate in which a tree is raised. My idea is that you get the best article from the place that is best suited to pro- duce it — it may be north, and it may be south. As a general rule, it is safe to get our stock in the same latitude as we wish to plant in. Sometimes we can get a better article grown south of us than any where else.

Prof. Saunders — Mr. Morden's doctrine may be safe for Niagara peninsula, but I think outside of that it would not be. Where climatic influences are unfavorable, it is very important that we get trees, grown from similar climates ; and if you take them north you want to get the trees grown as far north as possible ; and therefore Canadian- grown trees are very much better for the northern section of this Province than those that come from as far south as Rochester, although it may be admitted that trees may be grown easier there — grown with less cost to the nurseryman, where the climate and soil are favorable to that growth ; but to argue that we should go where the trees grow best for the tree that we want to grow best, is an argument that would not stand. For the Ottawa district the trees that grow best are the trees that have grown as far north as we can get them.

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Mr. Morris — To make healthy trees they must be grown while they are small, in a mild climate. Niagara peninsula is particularly adapted for uurseiies on that account. I have known nurseries started north of London failures nearly every time, from the trees becoming all black-hearted while they are young.

Mr. Rice — In Michigan we cannot grow apple trees when they are young without getting them black-hearted, even as far south as Toledo, but we go down to Rochester and get good healthy trees, and we can raise good orchards.

The Secretary — I got a 1,000 trees from Xenia, Ohio, once, and planted them in, Niagara district, and only about one-tenth grew well ; but they were entirely different from the Ontario trees. They were a long, succulent growth, and far more tender than those from our own raising.

Q. Do not nurserymen represent that their stock is home grown when they are- really imported 1

Mr. Morton — No.

The President — We might talk all the afternoon about this subject. It is not supposed that travelling agents are all honest. They are like the rest of humanity, and while 1 like to indulge in a little healthy abuse of a tree agent riww and then, 1 have a good deal of sympathy for them, because if it were not for them we would not be as advanced in the science of horticulture as we are. (Hear, hear.) They have introduced varieties into different sections that we never would have known anything about other- wise. As far as we have discovered, there is no respectable nurseryman that desires ta misrepresent, but these things will occur sometimes.

FORESTRY.

The following paper, contributed by I. C. Chapais, St. Denis, Quebec, was read :— <

In our Dominion of Canada some boldness is necessary to speak of forest preserva^ tion and restoration. In vain we show that countries once covered with forests aa luxuriant as ours are now suffering for want of firewood and timber; the settler who has yet his axe in hand. to fell the trees growing on the piece of land he intends to sow, answers us with a sneer. For him the tree is still an enemy, and you cannot make him believe that a day may come when he will regret having treated it too long as such. On the other hand, the lumber merchant who owns forest limits apparently inexhausible, wants to make a fortune as quickly as he can, and turns a deaf ear to economists who try to make him take forethought for the coming generation.

And yet many districts covered with forests thirty years ago contain now no more firewood nor timber. Very often even agriculture has derived no benefit whatever from a clearing of the trees so foolishly made, because it was made on land quite unfit for cultiva- tion now that the beneficial influence of the ashes of the wood burnt during the clearing ia no more available. I know whole regions which were cleared in that way by settlers who hxd to desert the land soon after, because it was worth nothing. Such districts would have been as many inexhaustible wood reserves for future generations, who during an almost endless period of time would find on them all the wood they want. To-day these same districts are quite useless in every respect.

As I am invited to set forth before you to-day my ideas on the forestry question I beg you to allow me to express the opinion that if we wish to be listened to by the farmer who is always prejudiced against ideas quite new to him, we must, for the present, speak only of what is the least apt to run counter to his prejudices. If this is admitted I think we must specially insist on what follows :

Let us request our Governments to give directions to their land surveyors chosen to fix the boundaries of the new townships opened every year to colonisation to point out with precision in their reports the regions unfit for agriculture, in order that they never be granted for agricultural purposes.

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Let us further urge that the wood reserves thus created, as well as the forest limits -e n ted for the manufacture of timber, be protected against a systematical and complete devastation to which they are subjected by too greedy limit owners, and against lire. Forests can be protected against the aforesaid devastation by enacting regulations to pre- vent the useless destruction of young trees and the ill-timed felling of trees not having yet reached their full growths. As to protection against fire, the most effectual would be the promulgation of a regulation to compel woodmen to free the land from boughs, chips, shavings, branches, and other wastage, which tend to increase in a very large proportion the number of bush fires. I know that this proposal will be called an impossibility, specially by woodmen ; but " the word impossible does not belong to the French language," said a famous French general, and I don't think it belongs any more to the English language.

As to the question of replanting in places where the forest has been destroyed blindly, it is still more difficult to interest the farmer about it than it is to speak to him of forest preservation and protection. His forestry education is yet too superficial to make him apt to understand that there is not only a benefit, but that it is a necessity to replant in denuded regions. In vain we mention the fact that there are foreign countries where, by the complete clearing of mountain slopes, fearful periodical floods are caused, which put under the obligation of being banked up the towns situated on the banks of rivers taking their rise on these slopes to prevent them from being overflowed. Such is the case for many towns situated on the river Loire, in France. We begin even to see the same occurrence in our own country. The river St. Lawrence is now subject to much more considerable floods than it was formerly, and we have to-day the sight of the town of Montreal protected by a dike, the same as the towns of France ; yet for us this is only the beginning. But all that is insufficient to convince the farmer that replanting is necessary.

Nevertheless, replanting is necessary. As I just said, the farmer egotistically says that he won't plant trees, the shade of which he will not enjoy. A good farmer told me once : " You want me to plant trees ; I am not green ; I would be dead a long time before the trees that I would plant now would be large enough to shade my grave." Vainly I tried to convince him that he was young enough to enjoy the fruit of his toil ; that trees grow quicker than it is generally believed. None so deaf as those who won't hear. Happily, there is another way of restoring forests, besides the mode of replanting which is so repugnant to the farmer. Almost always in the regions deprived of wood it is an easy matter to bring the land to produce by itself a good growth of trees. It is what I would call the natural restoration of forests, and please allow me to quote here a short part of a chapter I wrote on this subject four years ago in my book, The Canadian Forester's Illustrated Guide.

Extensive districts, loug cleared of their forest growth, frequently cover themselves again with wood, "if care is taken to aid nature in her operations. Generally speaking, plains and damp marshes, where a few wretched stunted trees show themselves here and there, are susceptible of this treatment. Drainage, by means of deep open ditches, of sufficient frequency to admit of the tree growing, if not of perfectly drying the land, is the o:ily thing necessary. The moment that this has been done a multitude of little trees will spring up, which were only waiting for this amelioration to show themselves, and the new growth is usually so prolific and so rapid that we should be inclined to call it spontaneous, did we not know how long seeds would lie dormant in the ground, until all things necessary for their growth were present. The sama thing occurs on certain hill-sides, where, protection being afforded against the teeth and hoofs of cattle, their hoary heads soon become crowned with a wreath of luxuriant verdure.

I must state that to-day this natural restoration is well understood by our farmers, and I can prove it by an example. The tourist who travels by the Intercolonial Railway from Quebec down to Rimouski, in the Province of Quebec, goes through a region of one hundred and eighty miles which forty years ago was far the greatest part in forest. This Forest has been felled, burnt, and has made place to numerous settlements. But the land forming the slope of the mountain's range at the bottom of which runs the railroad, right through the aforesaid region, having been found unfit for cultivation, has been left by itself to make a second growth of wood. The new trees have been thinned, well taken care of, kept uninjured from the teeth and feet of animals, and now, from Quebec to •Rimouski, if you travel through that region during the month of April, you will hear

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everywhere the gay French songs of A la claire Fontaine, En liou'aut ma boule, and Vive la Canadienne sung to the top of his voice by the young farmer making sugar in the fine maple bushes grown on the land once wrongfully deprived of its trees by his father. I dwelt, perhaps, too much on my subject, but I will offer as an excuse that it is so. wide and so attractive that I always find it difficult to be concise when I treat it. I hope, however, that I have not been too annoying.

FORESTRY ABROAD AND AT HOME.

Mr. R. W. Phipps, Clerk of Forestry for Ontario, addressed the convention as fol- lows : I have no doubt that you all who are so much interested in fruit growing are to a certain extent interested in general tree growing, which is a matter very similar, and which has a great bearing on the other. We will go for a moment into the consideration of first principles in this matter, and we will look at what have been the effects in other countries — for there is very little use in general speculation without we have some facts to go on. We find that in the Old World the whole basin of the Mediterranean, the countries bordering thereon — Syria, Palestine, and all those ancient countries which formerly produced such magnificent armies, which flourished so greatly — we find them to-day to a very great extent a desert. We ask the reason why principalities which formerly poured forth their legions could not produce a company. It is a waste of sand. It is a desert. We find but one reason, and that is, these countries have stripped the land of the forests which formeily in every direction embowered the soil. Nobody would Bake any objection to a proper clearing of forest, for farms are as necessary to us as any- thing else ; but in these examples which I am quoting they have cleared too much. They have cleared not only the arable Ian 1, fruitful for food, but they have cleared the side of the mountain ; they have cleared the useless swamp ; they have cleared the rocky preci- pice, which might well have been left in the trees with which nature planted it, ami which would forever, with their natural habits of reproduction, have continued themselves in strength and beauty. Had this been allowed, had the useless parts of the land — useless except for forest — been allowed to perpetuate themselves in forest, the fruitful soil would never have lost its fruitfulness, and never have ceased to yield its proper return. We find the contrary. We find in this country, where all has been cleared, that a very great proportion now is desolate and yields no longer that return which formerly it did. It yields no more the men, the oxen, the wheat, the great ships, the armies, the navies — nothing is there.

Now, applying the principles of science to this, we find the reason : that the tree, that the forest, that the grove, is necessary to give us the proper returns of the summer rain, of the spring showers, of the gentle influence of moisture over the land. To examine more minutely into this, perhaps we will spend a few minutes in considering the manner in which the tree joins with the atmosphere above in producing and perpetuating rain at the time when it is needed. I would ask you to consider with me, the moment that the tree draws its nourishment from the roots, and partly from the atmosphere, that that nourishment brought up from the roots is carried up by the very large amount of water which passes up to the leaves ; that this nourishment is there joined to the nourishment the atmosphere aff jr>ls, and then the food for the tree passes back to where it is needed, while the water which carried it up, which is the vehicle, passes away from the leaves — very little water going down to the roots again. From this cause we have the reason why forests sent up very large amounts of moisture to the air. The quantity has not been properly estimated as yet ; we cannot get at it exactly, but we know that a large forest is calculated to send up what is called millions of tons of water to the atmos- phere above in the shape of vapor. This vapor, being cool, as it necessarily is, being pro- duced in the forest which is always cool, passes into the clouds above, and joining with them there, the clouds above bringing each a stock of rain from the southern regions, from tlie equator, the junction of the two naturally occasions precipitation and occasions rain nearer or farther away. Now the very opposite of this takes place on a sandy desert, or a country covered with mere plowed land — a country destitute of herb-.

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age — because the atmosphere drawn up from these — the evaporation — is drier than the clouds above, and instead of occasioning precipitation by joining with the clouds above, it occasions the opposite, and if there be a cloud above it would dissipate it and change it into the atmosphere so that the cloud would not be seen. That is the result of the fact that the air holds, when heated, a certain amount of water, which when coll it c.mnot hold. When the cold air from below rises to the heated air above, the heated air above containing moisture, that moisture must to a certain extent fall out, that is, as we are well aware, precipitation.

Now, I would like to suggest to you what I have observed in my summer journey this year to England and through the Highlands. We are all aware that in England the fields will give forth, in grass and grain, a far superior return to what they do in Canada. I was astonished in hearing the average of grain and noticing the average of grass pro- duced by these English acres. It is something infinitely superior to ours. I passed through that country, going up and down through England and Scotland, and crossing the country again, till I should think I covered about two thousand miles in these exami- nations ; and everywhere I found that that country, being subdivided principally by hedges, and here and there always having a quantity of trees interspersing, and every here and there also a plantation or a pleasant little bit of wood or copse — I found that wherever I passed through that country it may be said to be sheltered ; and I take it that that shelter which they preserve there is the very thing which, joining their geographical position, gives them the large crops they enjoy.

I would give you my own experience to bear out this idea. Having been an old clearer of the forest myself for many years, and knowing many townships formerly with woods which are now in farms, I have invariably found that when we went to clear the forest the land was full of little rivers, springs, creeks — full of moisture. You could get water at two or three feet. Afterwards, when we had half cleared the forest, a good many small creeks had disappeared ; you would have to go down fifteen, perhaps twenty feet, for water ; and when we had cleared the township too much, or again, when leaving it to about one-tenth in wood, by that time I have known us have to go fifty or sixty feet for water ; our little saw-mills had long stopped ; and where we formerly had pleasant little creeks every here and there most of the summer, they were dry, sun-baked and muddy.

And then I will point out to you a remarkable thing which I have noticed in many parts, and which has a close bearing on our fruit growing ideas, and that is, that when at the first commencement of clearing we could plant a tree anywhere and it would grow, but when we cleared a good deal of the township we found that we might plant a good many trees along the roadside, and the ground seemed hard, its natural power of growth was gone, and we would lose a good many out of the trees we planted alone, where as formerly we would certainly not have lost one.

In going throughout England and Scotlind I went to three large forests — the Forest of Dean, the New Forest, and the Forest of Windsor. Now they are in England, where laud is dear, where land is valuable, every corner ; nevertheless they perpetuate these three large forests, having, as well as I remember, from 50,000 to 100,000 acres of forest in each. They will not cut them down. They are kept inviolable; and when you are in London, in the greatest metropolis in the world, surrounded on every side by noise of business and multiplicity of business atfairs, you are nevertheless within two hours of forests — two hours travel by railway — where you may wander for days and never imagine that there was such a thing as a town, or such a thing as a farm.

We pass on to Scotland again. There I found immense forests covering the country in all directions, and I found that the great Scottish hills, great barren wildernesses and precipices, are being continually covered to-day with young trees by the forests they are there planting in all directions, until, as you pass along by railway, you see the great mountain side — which you could notice has been a mountain side bleak and barren for centuries — you will see half of that covered with beautiful young trees perhaps two or three feet high. You go on through and you will find that they are taking great care of their forests, perpetuating them in all directions ; and they find profit in it.

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Now, I would give my experience in the border counties. Passing through the old border counties, both on the English and immediately on the Scottish border, we see immense bills there, large fields, great valleys — ^ery few farms, however; very few cattle; very few farm-houses — all apparently a barren wilderness; and the reason, one may very we: I see, is that long a^o they have cut down the trees ; you can see no trees there. When I was in the forest of Athole, talking to Mr. McGregor — he is the Duke's -chief forester there — he told me he could well remember having been engaged in planting for the Duke this twenty or thirty years ; that many of the pieces of land which he has planted were utterly barren. They grew nothing but heather, which was useless ; but •once he planted trees, and allowed them to grow for a few years, the heather was changed into grass, and plenty of good pasture existed where formerly nothing but black heather and barren rock was.

I went to Dr. Oleghorn, of St. Andrews, who was the chief forester of India for years. He gave me his Scottish experience. He says : " You must not suppose here that we grow timber because we can sell it. I can't sell my timber. I could go and buy cheaper at the saw-mill some timber brought from America. But I grow my trees and plant my forests because all the land adjacent there gives me a far better revenue, -either for plowed land or for grazing land ; because once it is sheltered, then vegetation begins."

Now, gentlemen, I compare that with the great stretches of land I pass through frequently in Canada, and I look over much of our country quite destitute of trees — a country where I once well remembered passing through a magnificent forest. I look over it all now, where I can hardly see a tree in sight, and [ think that this is much the reason why we now gain such small crops compared to the magnificent ones we formerly had. I remember, myself, in clearing one township, when that township was not one quarter cleared certainly we sent double away to market which now that township does, when it is quite cleared, because there was then a richness in the soil.

Now I shall pass from that topic a moment and mention something which may ■suggest the value of planting trees. Considering the scarcity of wood now — and I can tell you from my communications with many furniture makers and wood workers through- out the country, I have every reason to believe that good timber — valuable timber — is getting very scarce in all directions throughout Ontario, and that we have not in the forests in the rear that valuable reserve of timber which we formerly had in the place where we stand and all surrounding us ; it is not the same class of forest, and it will never give that class of timber. I am told by wood-workers that nothing in their idea, will pay so well as to plant some acres of valuable trees. If I were on a farm clear of its timber I should, the very first thing, plant a few acres across that farm, in a place where they would best shelter it, of good trees valuable for wood-working. Now, as you All know, those trees are expensive ; but there is a variety which are cheap and easy to grow. 1 would take our own maple — of course, as you are aware, the hard maple for the dry land, the soft for the wet ; and I would put four maple trees to every one of a more valuable nature for wood- working ; and I would leave a good tree in the centre, so that I might plant just enough very shortly to shade the land, and then as the trees grew up I should cultivate them for two or three years probably — not more — and then as they grew up I should be able to cut out my maples and use them for tire-wood or anything I liked, and I would have my centre trees growing up for valuable timber.

A great wood-working firm down to the east wrote me that they would be willing to pay for a farm covered with hickory from six inches up, or even six inches in the stem, a greater amount than they would pay for a whole crop of several townships near it, because that wood can hardly be got anywhere.

People speak of planting walnut as if they could get it immediately ; but that is a great mistake. There are other trees which they had better plant, Over in Illinois I saw a beautiful field of walnut, ten acres, forty years old. The owner considered it worth 6-00,000, but said: " It is not worth a penny to cut now; look at what I am cutting;" and he showed me what he was thinning — loys perhaps twelve inches through,

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but they were no good for walnut — they answered him very well for his bridges, his rough work about his farm. " You must wait," he said, " for twenty-five years more before you get large walnut trees that will give you the good boards you formerly got from the forest ; for forty years it is all young wood ; but when it gets to 60 or 65 years old then you get your great timber.

Now there is a sort of wood we can get in half that time — that is our own cherry, which will give us in thirty years a very good return.

There is a larch which I found largely planted in Scotland and England yields an excellent return ; and for our shade trees, for our wind-breaks, I may mention that I have gone through all this country, and I find nothing better than the Norway spruce ; but I would advise people to plant that around their orchards — not to attempt to cut it around too closely with their shears to make a hedge of it, because I have noticed it frequently turn brown and partially die. The spruce is really a tree, not a hedge plant ; and when it grows big enough to want to be a tree it does not want to be a hedge any more. I should suggest that that distinction be always observed.

I may mention, before I close, some things that have been suggested at farmers* institutes should be done. In the first place, as we all know, we have immense pine forests. The great difficulty with these was that when the lumberman went in it was rather his interest to cut down this forest, because if he cut down the mature trees aloner he would leave a quantity of rubbish, which would catch fire and burn down the young trees which he would like to preserve. Now, those fires were preventible, and were caused largely by people with pipes, by camp fires, by careless sportsmen and by different methods sometimes but very seldom by lightning. Now, we have in the Province of Ontario — and I believe of all the States and Provinces of North America we are the only one that has done anything of the sort — -we have in Ontario within the last two or three years cot out a company of " fire rangers " throughout the summer months, when there is danger of fire. These men are paid half by the Province and half by the lumbermen ; and wherever they see a smoke they travel towards it, put it out. If they find a camp that has left its fire, they put it out, follow up, and sometimes talk to the people ; sometimes, where they are obliged to, prosecute them. They leave word in all the villages, " If you set fire carelessly you will be prosecuted." They speak to farmers and say, " When you are going to burn fallow we want you to take some precautions ; we want you to warn your neighbors ; we want you to tell us " — or something of that sort. So, gentlemen, we are taking much more care of fires than we did two or three years ago. It costs the Government some thousands of dollars yearly, and the lumber- men as much ; but I see by this year's report that it is considered that last year alone they saved an immense amount of money, and I have no doubt they did ; for in my wanderings through the forest I have seen small fires, which had been left by campers three weeks before, burning yet, and quite ready, when the wind sprang up, to involve the forest in ruin. Ontario has taken a great step in advance in this matter. (Applause.)

It has also been advised by some of the farmers that large nurseries be established, as in Europe — in Prussia especially — where they give away seeds and young trees of certain quality, and thereby encourage farmers to plant them. Of course it is always understood that reasonable bonds would have to be entered into, to take care of these trees, and plant them properly.

The third course that has been suggested is that the Government, in giving out wild lands, should always require that the hill slopes must be retained in forests. I was talking to Mr. George Allan, of the Canada Company, and he says that now in their deeds they always compel the settlers to retain ten acres in every hundred perpetually in forest ; and I should like to observe that if that be done, a clause should necessarily be added that this be fenced, so that cattle be kept out ; for if cattle be allowed to go into the forest they will certainly in time destroy it. They will bite down the young trees, and after that is done it is only a question of a short time when they old ones will cease to grow.

Other methods have been suggested, to the effect that Government should give away seeds and trees. That is not so effective here as on the borders of sea coast, where

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there are great expanses of sand. I have found them, however, growing great forests by simply scatterings seed over sand or over grass fields. But there is another course sug- gested, and thit we have followed to a certain extent of late years — that is, that forestry literature, such as pamphlets, and letters in newspapers, should he promulgated through- out the country. That we have done for the last two or three years, and I think with very fair effect : so that I think we may say in forest preservation Ontario is as far in advance as any State or Province in North America ; and in some poiits to a con- siderable extent ahead of them. That is a gratifying consideration for us..

I believe every reasonable and thinking man among us must believe that the great need of Ontario is to have some better system — some more energetic steps taken — to preserve some portions of forest, and to plant more trees here and there. Now, there is no better way for this than for individuals here and there to add their voice to it, both in public and in the newspapers, and to agitate a system which was suggested by a great philanthropist in the United States — " If you wish to improve the course of tree planting," he said, " I should advise to do one great thing, and that is, to plant some trees." I think we should all add our voices, our influence in the press, our efforts in every direction, to advance this great object for this country. There is nothing will give it more benefit. There is nothing will add more to its agricultural power, to its stock of beautiful moisture ; and when I say that I may add — which means the same thing — that there is nothing will add more to its general wealth ; for countries have been impoverished by this simple method of destroying the forest ; and countries have been re-invested with their original wealth by the simple process of re-establishing the forest. That is the point I wish to press upon you to-day ; and I have no doubt you will agree with me ; and that I may depend upon ycur efforts to assist me in this great object. (Applause)

The President — What kind of forest trees are most profitable to grow on waste places ?

.Mr. Phitps — The Conifera, that is, the pine in its varieties, the fir, etc. The pine, if tolerably cultivated, will grow mostly anywhere. Ttien our own maple grows very well anywhere — always putting the hard maple on dry land, and the soft on wet. Then the ash in many localities will grow very well, and is a very valuable wood too. Of all others I think I should prefer the pine, and I do not know anything better than our own white pine.

[Mr. Phipps had to leave at this point to catch his train.]

.Mr. Morris — This matter is of greater importance to the country at present than fruit growing, and this society should take more interest in it. Hickory is so difficult to transplant that it could not be recommended for forestry. Norway spruce is a very nice tree for ornament, but not for forestry. The wild cherry is a much moie profitable tree to grow than the black walnut. The timber is worth almost as much, while the tree grows much faster and is not so poisonous to the soil or other trees in the neighborhood as walnut. One of the most valuable trees is the Catalpa Speciosa ; it is hardy ; grows well in Minnesota, and for fencing or posts is almost equal to cedar for lasting. We have two acres of Oatalpa ; they have been out about six years and will measure six to eight inches in diameter now. For near lake Ontario or the Niagara district the Tulip tree is recommended. It is verv valuable for carriage-makers — carriage boxes are made of it.

Mr. Morris — The Linden is also a very good tree. European larch is very rapid growing, and better for wind-bieaks or posts than spruce. The maples are too slow growing to be valuable. Catalpa is something like the sweet chestnut — you can cut it down as often as you like and it will sprout up from the root again, which is a great advantage. Elm 1 don't consider valuable, not even white elm ; I think these others are better.

Mr. Oastox — Pine is too slow-growing ; it takes it half a century to make a smart saw log, and then it is very rough. They do not reproduce themselves. You don't find the young ones among the larger ones. In our section you can scarcely see a single pine.

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We will soon have to import all the timber for buildings. They have struck into hemlock now, so that soon all the soft timber will be gone. Lumbermen strip the land, and don't pay taxes on it, and it has to be sold over again, and it brings very small returns. If the Government would take that land back again and make it Crown lauds, and plant it with timber it would pay in the long run. Butternut grows rapidly, and gives a valuable timber for furniture. The Catalpa is hardy, and seems to flourish north.

Mr. Morden — T have a good deal of faith in tree planting for shelter, and I believe before many years we will be able to use good land to produce timber. I believe it has its effects on the streams. But here is a nut for Mr. Phipps to crack : In the summer of 1887, right through the centre of this continent, from the Gulf of Mexico to Algoma, we had a drouth extending for mouths in the temperate region that atfected the crops very much. In the same summer, on the Atlantic seacoast and up the valley of the Mississippi, clear up Lo the North- West, where it is prairie for thousands of miles, we had abundance of rain. Now, if the forests are going to produce the rain, and if the prairies are going to banish the rain, how can we account for that 1 It sounds very well as a matter of theory, but I think it is a pretty large undertaking to make climate by planting trees. I think the chief benefit of the forests in this respect is their effect as wind-breaks. Would it not pay to plant cedar? They grow rapidly. It is not necessary to go to wet ground. They will grow nicely on dry ground. Cedar is a valuable timber, and I fancy before many years we will see it planted by the acre, as well as other varieties.

Prof. Saunders — Mr. Beall, what has been your experience in growing walnuts from seeds as to the size they attain in ten years ?

Mr. Beall — I should say in ten years they would be from five to six inches in diameter, and 12 to 15 feet high; that is from measurement of mine. I have about fifty trees, about 21 years since they came up, and they are from ten to sixteen inches in diameter and from 30 to 40 feet high. The diameter is reckoned from about two and a half feet above the ground.

Mr. James Goldie (Guelph) — Many parts of our country have been so denuded of the forests that it is suffering very much. The Government should be memorialized. When public land is sold there should be a reservation, either on each farm as it is sold off, or else reserve a portion of the public domain in small tracts through the country. That apparently, has never been taken into consideration by the Government.

Dr. Burgess — I have seen walnut timber cut, said to be about thirty years' growth, which cabinetmakers pronounced very fair for use.

The Secretary — There is here a specimen of black walnut, sent by Hon. Mr. Joly, of Quebec. It is eight years from the nut. There are also some seedlings here, sent to us to show what size seedlings would grow in one year.

The President — Have we anyone here who has planted an experimental plot of forest trees 1

Mr. Morris — We have planted about five acres in forestry, besides long lengths of strips around the borders, perhaps twenty feet wide. These strips are mixtures of trees, but the five acres contain Catalpa, American ash, and wild black cherry. I would recjmmend, in planting, that these trees be mixed, because the roots of some will go downward, while some will spread near the surface, and in that way they will occupy all the ground. Black cherry goes very well with black walnut. Trees are much more profitable than a farm crop would be if a person can wait ten or fifteen years.

Prof. Saunders — Mr. Phipps has given us an admirable address, and in a very practical manner pointed out methods by which tree-planting may be encouraged. He went too far, however, in saying that it would take 60 to 70 years to get a crop of black walnut trees that would be merchantable. I saw a grove in Champagne, 111., some years ago, which had been planted out twenty years ago, and they would go from 12 to 16 inches. 1 measured several, and I think they would have averaged 14 inches, taking them all around. I think if you add twenty years more to them they would be

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merchantable. About 18 years since I planted some black walnut, butternut, and hickory, and the last time I saw them the walnut and butternut had made fully twice the growth in the same time that the hickory had. It took three or lour years before the hickory seemed to do anything at all, and then the advancement was not at all rapid. They have a very long tap root, and they are exceedingly difficult to transplant and made to grow, even if you take them two years from seed. Last year in Ottawa we put out some 300 or 400 trees of that age, and I expect in the spring to find that at least two- thirds of them are dead. They were in a very doubtful state in the autumn. Yet the timber is very valuable, and we should not be easily discouraged, and if we could arrange to plant the nuts where the trees are to grow we could do a great deal better than by buying young seedlings and planting them out. The same remark would apply to the black walnut and butternut. Both of them we know to be valuable for timber, and also for the shelter they afford. We have had only two season's experience at Ottawa, but there are nuts that we planted the first season ; I noticed quite a difference between those that were transplanted on the new plantation and those that were planted in the original plot. They are nearly double the size where they were left, not transplanted ; and I feel certain that the trees that make so strong a start as they at the outset would make a much greater growth afterwards than we should anticipate when we see them at the end of two years. With regard to pines, the Scotch pine has impressed me more favorably as a tree likely to be useful as a timber tree for planting in this country than the white pine, for the reason that it seems to be a very rapid grower. I have had some Scotch pinn out for 15 or 16 years, and they have certainly made a larger growth than the Norway spruce in the same time, and I think if I were planting a plantation, looking forward to the wood principally, I should expect to get better results from the Norway pine than from the spruce — better, probably, than the white pine. I think there is no doubt that forests have a great influence on rainfall, and also that they have a consider- able influence in inducing local showers ; and yet it is a point that is very difficult to prove, and such circumstances as Mr. Morden advances show that there is no rule with- out an exception, and there are a great many exceptions in regard to this question of forests inducing rainfall. However, I think we may take it as a well established fact that land that is not influenced by trees — supposing the climate to be the same — does not, as a rule, get the same amount of rainfall that land will where it is adjacent to large bodies of wood. It is not fair to compare Ontario with the maritime provinces; for instance, on the Atlantic seaboard, where they have a large amount of evaporation from the ocean right at hand to give them an abundance of rainfall there. I would imagine they would have plenty of rainfall where they had trees around. The same is the case on the Pacific coast. There they have too much rain — almost every year too much rain, although they have their dry periods occasionally in the summer time, notwithstanding the enormous wood growth there is there. It shows it is a question it is not well to be too dogmatic about ; and there is another aspect of that question of evaporation which Mr. Phipps did not touch, and that is the enormous evaporation that goes on from a field of growing crop. It would be a difficult question to answer how far the evaporation from growing crops should be held to counterbalance the evaporation from trees ; but the question of shelter is a very important one, and I think that was very fairly put. Mr. Phipps said not to plant soft maples on high lands, but 1 have seen soft maples growing as fine on high, dry soils as in the wet soils. [A delegate — "Correct."] And although we c unmonly find the tree growing in wet lands, yet it stands transplanting on dry soil, and does very well. (Hear, hear.) And as a tree being particularly valuable for shelter I think we should not hesit ite to plant it on high land. Indeed, for shelter, I think it would make better shelter in summer, and more of it than the sugar maples, because it is a more rapid grower, and especially as it would attract the winds more fully on account of its growing of a more bushy form, and not generally grosving so high. At Ottawa we have accumulated about 100,000 forest trees, and these have been planted out, some in sheltered belts and some in plots. I was glad to hear that remark from Mr. Morris about planting mixed clumps rather than undertaking to grow any one particular kind of tree. That is the way with nature ; you find ten or twelve different trees in one clump. Those who have tested forestry in different parts of the world find

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that many varieties will grow better than a single variety. One reason is that some strike deep roots and some are shallow-rooted. Another reason — very important — is that all our forest trees are infected at times by insect enemies, and sometiux s you have seen trees entirely stripped of their leaves. As a rule, the insects that feed on one tree do not feed on another. If you have a tree stripped in that position where it is sheltered by surrounding trees, it is not apt to be so much injured as if surrounded by trees- stripped like itself; and in immunity from insects it is very important to have trees planted in mixed clumps. In Ottawa we have planted out across one end of the farm a number of clumps of trees, and it is proposed to continue it all across the end where we are planting the trees in clumps of one kind, a plan to which, as I have said, there are many objections ; but on the other side we are planting mixed clumps, so that we shall be able to demonstrate what the difference actually is, or the advantage of one plan over another by taking the measurements of the trees and by having these living examples to Bhow to farmers in the future. Having plenty of trees there, we shall be able to extend this forest planting in clumps and plots and hedges and belts in such a manner that in a few years we shall have some interesting objects to inspect. We have a farm at Indian Head, in the North-West Territories. There was not a tree or bush anywhere in sight when we took hold last spring. Twenty-thousand young forest trees, of some forty or fifty varieties, were sent up last spring, and were planted out, and most of them were doing well when I last heard. If anv fail I do not think we should give up the growing of those particular trees that fail from one experiment like that, because you all know it is a great advantage in planting tr< es in the shelter of other trees ; and in order to provide the conditions that are favorable for testing other trees, a large number of native trees are being grown on the same place from seed obtained last autumn of what is known as the Manitoba maple, the Negunda aceroides. From trees grown in Manitoba we raised something like 40,000 young trees, which will compare very favorably with this sample here of Catalpa one year old. The young trees would average a height of ten to twelve inches, and strong-rooted ] and with a start there of about 40,000 trees upon the farm we hope in a few years to get sufficient shelter to give other trees a good chance. Besides that, we have found a nursery plantation near Brandon where there was a number of these same trees from six to eight feet high, and we secured about a thousand of those and planted them out so as to make a greater show in the near future, so that the monotony of the farm may be broken in on, and to provide shelter for these other trees to be tested. The same course will be taken on the farm in Brandon, which was began last July. Then with a view to ascertaining how far the black walnut and butternut may be grown to advantage throughout the entire length of the Dominion, I am at present preparing for distribution of black walnuts and butternuts, somewhere about fifty bushels altogether, putting them up in small bags so that we can send those to some four or five hundred points in the Dominion, from Prince Edward Island to Van- couver, taking in the North-west Territories, and while it is not to be expected that these trees will succeed everywhere, yet we shall find, from the great diversities of climate, many localities where both will thrive. I was surprised to find the basswoods growing on the district of the Pembina mountains, a district they are not supposed to reach, and I also found them growing on the Riding mountains, a distance north of Winnipeg, and where basswood will succeed so well I don't see why butternut will not succeed, for it is supposed to be the hardiest.

Mr. Morris — Yes, considerably the hardiest.

Prof. Saunders — We know the butternut succeeds in Lindsay, and in Nova Scotia a few weeks ago we found it. I hope in a few years we shall have some good reports from this distribution we are now preparing to send out. It is a very difficult thing to make much impression upon a subject so vast and important as this in a year or two, but if we can once satisfy the people on the North-west plains that trees can be grown to advantage, there is enough energy in the people themselves to buy out almost all of the seeds that can be had, and plant them out with a view to beautifying their homes and modifying the climate, giving that shelter around their farms which is so desirable. We must depend on the people themselves more than our Government help, for whatever

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Government will enact in this matter, very little will result from it unless individuals put their shoulders to the wheel and help along the subject by planting trees, and plant- ing them plentifully themselves. (Applause.)

Mr. Weld — Will young walnut trees succeed by cutting the top off? will they re-bud and form trees 1 and will the horse-chestnut ?

Mr. Morris — The black walnut will sprout if it is not large, perhaps not over couple of inches. I would say the same as to the horse-chestnut, while the latter are small, say up to an inch at the bottom, there are generally buds near the surface, or below the surface, that will sprout. Of course after they get large, and these buds disap- pear, they will not sprout.

Mr. J. M. Pettit moved, seconded by Mr. A. D. Lee, That this Association do memorialize the Ontario Legislature, and urge upon them the necessity of enacting such laws as would encourage the protection of existing forests, and further assist farmers and others in planting shade trees and wind-breaks.

This resolution was carried unanimously.

FORESTRY IN INDIA.

The following paper was contributed by Mr. R. S. Dodds, Conservator of Forests in the territories of the Nizam of Hyderabad in India : —

For some years I held the appointment of Conservator of Forests in the territories of His Highness the Nizam of Hyderabad. Forest conservancy had been in existence about fifteen years previously, but the depirtment had been presided over by native element entirely, and, partly on this account and partly from a grasping wish to realise an unduly large revenue, the system introduced was lax aud unsatisfactory and the forests themselves were depleted to an alarming extent.

Apart from the destruction caused by the axe, each year many miles square of valu- able forest land were devastated by fire, which every year crept in and which when once fairly alight, it was almost impossible to extinguish. These tires were sometimes the result of accident, but more frequently they were set going by the nttives themselves so as to destroy the old dried-up grass and improve the village pasturage in the following year. The ashes of the burnt grass forming an excellent manure, and, stimulated by copious monsoon showers, bringing up a fresh succulent crop the following spring.

Besides the trees actually destroyed by fire, through the intense heat ma;iy others were gnarled and stunted in their growth, thus grettly lessening, if not totally destroying, their commercial value. In British India forest conservancy is carried to high perfection and although the working expenses are very high a large revenue over and above expendi- ture is realised each year from this source.

To minimise the loss from fire, in British India the more valuable forests are demar- cated and are protected most carefully. All access on any pretext is forbidden, except of course to departmental subordinates ; to check the ingress of fire a broad space a couple of hundred feet wide is cleared of undergrowth and all other combustible matter, right ronnd the limits of this demarcated forest — this is called a " fire line." To carry out this work, of course incurs considerable outlay, but it is found to pay.

By far the most useful and valuable timber in the forests of India is " Teak " (Tec- tyra grandis). but the demand for this has been so greit that at the present day it is rare to find a tree of exceptionally large growth. I remember seeing a table made of a single teak slab 8 feet in diameter ; such would now be simply unprocurable.

The other valuable timber trees are the " Deodar " (cedar of Lebanon). The habitat of this is principally on the Himalayan range. It is called the oak of India, the " Sal " (Shorea robusta) ; " Satin-wood" (Ohroroxi/lon swietenia), which gives a very ornamental -wood : " Black- wood " (Dalbergea latifolia) ; " Ebony " tree (Diospyrus melaiioxylon).

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These two last work up into very handsome furniture, and the fruit of the last named is greatly eaten by natives; " Unjun " (Hardwickia binata). The sap-wood of this is quite white but the heart, in a matured tree, is 8 to 10 inches in diameter, in color perfectly black and as hard as iron. The natives dislike cutting it down as it turns the edges of their axes. The " Dhamin" (Grewia elas'ica) : this is the lancewood of India and is very useful for gig-shafts, bows, etc.

Besides these there are the following economic trees, which are more useful for their products than for their timber : The " Babool" (Acacia arabica), which yields the firm, clear gum-arabic of commerce ; the " Kheir " (Acacia catechu), the bark of which gives a fast red dye and is used in tanning; the " Bael " (CEgle marmelos), which yieLJs an apple- looking fruit, the pulp of which is invaluable as a never failing specific in bowel com- plaints ; the " Mhowa" (Bassia latifolia), the fruit of which is greedily eaten by the natives in times of scarcity, its principal use however is in the preparation of an intoxi- cating liquor; the " Olibanuin " (Boswellia thurifera), this yields plentifully a fragrant gum-resin much used by the people ; the " Kaweet " (Feronia elephant um), fruit edible and slightly astringent; the " Mango " (Maugifera Indica), when well cultured, thia yields, in my opinion, the only fruit worth eating in India ; the " Serdi," or date palm, which supplies the " toddy " largely consumed all over India ; when fresh this toddy is harmless, but when fermented it is very intoxicating. By Europeans it is used instead of "barm" in bread-making. The "Tamarind," of which both the timber and fruit are much prized.

The two principal sacred trees of India are the Banyan and the Peepul ; the former has a wonderful manner of extending itsalf by dropping down roots from its branches which, entering the ground, take root, grow and in time throw out branches on their owd account. I saw a single tree which was capable of sheltering a regiment of soldiers !

I must not omit to refer to that giant grass the " Bamboo," which is to be found slim and slender, when it is very useful for basket-making ; also growing to the height of 70 to 80 feet with a diameter of 8 to 10 inches. These last are used for making rafts, for building-scaffolding, and, when split in two. for roofing houses of the commoner sort.. Of course these gigantic bamboos are hollow, otherwise when growing they could not support their own weight. As ducts for water for irrigation and other purposes these bamboos are also very useful, There is a small description of " male " bamboo (in contra- distinction to the " female," which is hollow,) which rarely exceeds three inches in diameter. This is used almost exclusively for spear shafts, useful in warfare and also when hog-hunting.

In the State of Hyderabad it was the custom to lease out the inferior timber in the forests yearly to the highest bidder. This was done by the revenue authorities in whose charge this inferior timber remained, but the anomaly existed that the better descriptions of timber, in the same forests, were under the care of the Forest department. Thus each forest had two masters, which we have the best authority for knowing is not a good arrangement. Too often the lessor of the inferior timber took up his contract as a cloak to cover thefts of the better sort. The Forest department in Hyderabad sold all timber standing, the cost of cutting and carting away falling on the purchaser. In British India a different and a better system prevailed : Government established timber depots at different places through the forests and held periodical sales.

The most popular and successful sales of this description were of Sandal-wood, which grows to great perfection on the Western Ghauts. The fragrance of this wood is well known. In Bombay the best billets of it are used for ornamental carving into card cases work boxes, glove boxes, etc., while the roots and the inferior sorts are readily bought by rich natives to be used when burning the dead bodies of their relatives.

One great drawback to successful forest conservancy in the independent native states of India is the great number of "jaghires" scattered over the country. These are grants of land which have been made over to certain individuals, in perpetuity, for various reasons; it may have been for meritorious services to the state, or it may have been on condition that a certain number of armed men were properly equipped and maintained

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for the public service ; anyhow these " jaghires" are regular stumbling-blocks to progress - criminals take refuge in them, and while within the boundaries are free from arre-t. Too often the officials are in league with thieves and grant certificates, falsely declaiing that timber has been cut in private forests which re.illy has been taken from government land.

As an effectual preventive of these malpractices I recommended His Highness' gov eminent to resume all forest 1 tnd in the various jaghires, paying the owners bv way of rental a sum annually, equal to the average of what had been realised in the ten years previously. They did not see, however, how to carry my suggestion into effect. The times were not ripe for such a boulversement. To do their duty thoroughly forest officers should be on tour eight months out of the twelve. Their duties take them into most dismal and deserted parts of the country, where the only living creatures met with were the denizens of the forest — wild beasts, and small tribes of people (Bheels, Gonds, etc.), in intellectual capacity only one degree higher. When the forester is a sportsman this loneliness is amply compensated for by the splendid shooting to be got — comprising all animals from the lordly tiger to the graceful gazelle. I cannot conclude this paper with- out paying a tribute of praise to His Highness the Nizam of Hyderabad and his govern- ment. His Highness has acquired a knowledge of English, and having been brought up under European tutelage has a taste for manly sports. He is quite an expert at driving a four-in-hand. In the administration of his country he has gathered round him men of genius and talent, conspicuous among whom is Nawab Moksin-al-mulk, and it is His Highness' earnest wish that all details of government should be assimilated as closelv as possible to the English model. We know that imitation is the sincerest form of flattery. As Conservator of Forests he has now got a European, lent to him by the British Gov- ernment, and who was specially selected on account of his industry and his superior knowledge of those details which go to the successful working of the Forest department. Improvements have been introduced but still much remains to be done, and it is only a question of time when the forests of the Hyderabad state will be on as s itisfactoiy a foot- ing as in any other province in India.

APPLE GROWING AND EXPORTATION.

Q. — Is apple-growing profitable'} Does it pay to export our apples ? What are the drawbacks to exportation I And as regards transportation of fruits to home and foreign markets, what complaints hive we to make against the railway, express and stea nboat companies ?

Mr. P. C. Dempsey — T fail to see why the prospect for apple growing is less bright than it was fifty years ago. Nearly fifty years ago my first marketing of apples was at five cents a bushel — and we thought th»- price very remunerative. It was mostly common fruit, and I have repeatedly gathered fifty bushels from a tree. To-day, upon the same soil, there is growing a finer quality of apple, and people seem to think if they only get a dollar a barrel — forty cents a bushel — they are doing nothing. If people could afford to grow apples at five cents fifty years ago, I fail to see why they are not profitable to- day at forty cents a bushel. The trouble is with ourselves. We make mistakes in selecting varieties. Apples can be can be grown at a profit for ten cents a bushel, if they are properly cultivated and productive varieties cultivated, and will pay better than any farm property, if they can be grown even at those low rates. Our submitting to low prices is our own fault. I have seen good varieties of apples, well sorted and well packed, in Ottawa in October, sold at 83 a barrel. I saw at the same time the same varieties of apples, that had been badly handled, badly sorted and badly packed, only bringing 81 a barrel. It is only a question of profit and loss, whether it would pay us to properly select our fruit, pack and ship nothing but the best. Again, by our selecting just the best, and sending no other to the market, we not only make a good profit, but we are constantly increasing the demand. I find, too, that the reputation of one person, spoils

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the reputation of an entire neighborhood. I will give you an actual fact, that I saw in Ottawa this winter. A gentleman was looking at some apples. He said — accompanying his remarks with some rather rough language — " There's the greatest set of schemers in the Niagara district that there is in the known world!" (Hear, hear, and laughter.) Well I wanted to kn i\v why. He replied, " Well, here were men employed at $1.50 a day to pick and pack apples ; they have no reason to defraud at all ; and I want to show you a lot of Kings I have got." He opened a barrel of Kings. I said : " My dear sir, you have no reason to complain." He said : " See there ! out of a carload, that is the first one I have found that was a King." He opened that ; what was that 1 It was a cull ! He opened another ; that was a cull — Rhode Island Greening — never been hand picked either, and very well seasoned with worms. He opened another ; it was Rox- borou«h Russet. And he never found another barrel of Kings in the lot? That man was disgusted with the stock. He had been defrauded, and he was laying it on the whole Niagara district. I saw another man in the fall. I had some pears then I was selling. This fellow was a good natured Frenchman. He asked me where I was from. I told him " Prinee Edward." "Well," says he, "In the County of Prince Edward, they are the greatest set of schemers that I ever saw." Well, it was quite a compliment, and he went on to show me where he was defrauded, and how he was defrauded, by some man from Prince Edward who had been packing fruit for him. I felt that upon a man who would perpetrate a fraud like that we could hardly inflict a remedy as severe as he deserved. Now, I know some parties that have realised some good results from their honest labor in years past. The lowest I have known one of them to sell their fruit at, even in the fall was $1.75 to $2.50 a barrel, delivered at the railway station. I fail to see why we can't all be honest in the packing of our fruit. (Hear, hear.) If we will all look well after the packing and selecting of oui own fruits ourselves, and not trust to a man that is liable to be fixed with a little whiskey or cider, or something of this sort, 1 fancy we will find some day that apple culture is more profitable than it has been this year. As to the over-production this year, I was reading a speech the other day by Mr. Barry, in which he says we have not had such an over-production for over twenty past ; that it only occurs in about once in twenty years. If that is the case we. have nothing to fear. Men in our section submit to a poor crop of barley nearly every year, and still go right on with their barley ; and some of those same men I find digging up their apple orchards this year, because they have not made it pay.

The Secretary — I don't think we would find much profit in apples at ten cents a bushel. When we count the expense of gathering, and of barrels and packing, we find even at the prices that we are averaging of late years, there are no very immense profits to speak of. I think we need a little caution in this matter I think we have been in the past speaking rather too highly of the profits of our business. We need a little moderation on this subject.

Mr. Dempsey — I would ask the Secretary if he thinks that common varieties of apples would not pay the producer at ten cents a bushel, to manufacture into cider ? It is not a question of profits that I was talking about, or large profits. The finer varieties of apples we cannot produce in such abundant crops. We cannot get forty or fifty bushels for example, from a single tree.

The Secretary — I don't think it would pay to plant an apple orchand, and wait ten or fifteen years for a crop, and then sell the crop, even for cider at ten cents a bushel. Of course if a man has an orchard and gets a very heavy bearing, it might pay him to take ten cents, rather than cut down the orchard.

Mr. Geo. E. Fisher (Burlington) — Is it allowable to put an apple having a worm hole in, no matter how small, or whether it be in the blossom end, or where it is ?

The Secretary — As No. 1 fruit I don't think it is.

A Delegate — Do you ship wormy apples at all ]

The Secretary — No, not as No. 1 fruit. I have shipped them as No. 2. I always, very carefully, and after a good deal of expense, separate all the apples that I ship into

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three grades. I make a class of " extras," that are large and highly colored. I mark them "extra selected," or xxxxx, that is my best grade. I do that with great care. I have a large packing table, and the apples are emptied out on it. I then have one person selecting out these 'extra selected" apples, which are put up in barrels by themselves. Then all the sound ordinary medium sized apples, that are free from scabs, or specks or worm holes — perfect apples, are packed carefully, and marked No. 1 grade. The third class is one I seldom ship. I am able generally to dispose of these in some, other way — either by evaporating, or trading them off with farmers who do not grow fruit, for ashes or fertilisers that I can use upon the orchard. But upon some occasions I have put up a third grade of apples to ship. I always very carefully mark them upon the head as second-class apples. All the fruit I ship I mark with my own name, and the grade, upon the head of the barrel.

Mr. Dempset — Don't you think it would be better for us if we never shipped No. 2 apples 1

The Secretary — Of course it helps to till up the market. In that way it is not profitable ; but I shipped No. 2 apples to Montreal a year ago this fall, and had them sold there — a car load — for SI. 90 a barrel ; and it is rather a temptation to ship them when you can get that money for them. Of course knotty, misshapen ones were not included in the No. 2. These are kept for stock feeding. I have never shipped mixed apples — never put a poor grade in the centre of the barrel — and I hope it is not the habit of any of the members of our association to do that.

Mr. Fisher — The explanation is very satisfactory to me, I am much obliged to you for it.

Mr. T. H. Race — The first thing to do is to educate the farmers up to growing only a few varieties that will stand shipping, and a sufficient quantity of those varieties to encourage buyers to go in. Then you want to encourage farmers to believe that if thev will do this, there will be a market at paying prices. The city papers deal very little with this fruit question. The Government should help this association more, so that it would be able to reach the farmers more fully and educate them on this question.

The President — A commissioner has gone to Britain to look into the question of their methods of handling fruit, making returns, etc. One of the largest and oldest houses in Liverpool has been perpetrating upon shippers what appears from the evidence we have to be a perfect fraud. There is also a case of the same sort in Glasgow. I am satisfied that their method of handling fruit stands as much against the interests of fruit growers in this country as anything I know of. The brokers there receive cargoes and sell immediately, without regard to market, or the division or selection of those fruits from that cargo for special markets. We have discovered also that they make false returns. A great many of those firms have pamphlets or lists published, giving sales. We have taken the precaution of employing persons to attend those sales, taking a note of the buyers of various cargoes, and the prices they buy at. On one cargo alone we find there is a shortage of a little over $2,000 as between the actual amount the fruit was sold at and the return made by the firm to the shipper. It is a very great evil, and it is a question how to overcome it. One method is to make it known over there that we know it, then we will alarm the markets there to a certain extent ; and as they are bound to get our fruit — for they want it, and must have our apples even if they pay a higher price than they pay any other country — then we will find that partits will come here and buy our fruit, were we can see that we are not imposed upon. Another evil is the freight rate on fruit ; it is too high. It is a clean freight, and one that all railways and steamship companies desire, The present rate averages about the value of the fruit as we, buy it. When you come to add that to the purchase price it makes the fruit expensive as landed over there. Yet it is difficult to know how to remedy this. It is a pretty hard thing to approach the railway and steamship companies under their present laws. We have tried to get reductions, but they absolutely refuse, on the ground that there is a law governing their rates. However, we know that they do break the law.

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Mr. A. H. Pettit — If we could get our markets in the Old Country in such a posi- tion that we could get confidence in the handling of them there, then our growers would become packers and shippers, and handle our fruits in the proper season. There is no- preparation for the apple season — no arrangement for handling them, and in a season like the last one, this is a very serious mistake. The shippers are certainly to blame for being behind hand and shipping their fruit when it should be in the cellar, and having Buch large quantities frozen in transportation. If our attention were devoted to picking, packing and handling and shipping our apples, instead of discussing varieties, it would be more profitable to apple growers.

The President — I always received the top market price — and sometimes consider- ably over — in being careful as to the purchase of my apples, in this way : I paid in proportion to the method that the grower adopted in producing the apples. Where T lound that the grower took a great deal of care with his orchard— fine, clean, healthy trees, not overloaded with fruit and therefore good samples, the soil in good heart, and all these circumstances perfect-— or as nearly perfect as we could find them — 1 always- gave that man the highest possible price I could afford. Thus, if I was paying SI a- barrel for Baldwins in an ordinary orchard, I would pay for the like of that SI. 25 a barrel. I found it paid to do so.

Mr. T. H. Race — I am to speak on fruit-growing before one or two farmers' insti- tutes within the next four or five weeks. Could I go before them with the authority of this association and tell them that there will be a probability anywhere within the near future that a market will be opened up for Canadian fruits whereby the farmer can sell his fruit at a paying price to himself '?

The President — I would not like to say that altogether. If we could only adopt some scale by which the grower would be responsible for the selection and packing of that fruit, there is no reason whatever why the grower himself should not foiward that fruit into the market. I don't care how that market may be glutted. Take this year, at the time it was glutted the most you would find an odd parcel now and then di awing a hi<*h price. You found, even at the worst season of the year, that fine, well-selected samples brought a good price. Everything depends on that. The trouble that shippers have had is that when they go into the orchards the grower is so anxious to get rid of every individual apple he has there that he uses his influence to force off all the fruit he can p ossibly get rid of from that orchard ; and a packer that is not thoroughly well pDsted. and working on a straight rule will be induced to take them. We must make both grower and packer responsible, and their remuneration must depend upon that responsibility.

Mr. Pettit — If our apples could be packed by each grower and shipped and sold at a price subject to the buyers' inspection at the wharf at Montreal, then, being pro- perly tried and found properly packed, there should be no risk in the handling of them further forward. If the buyer sees them on board the ship there is no risk to undergo. This plan would give us a satisfactory way of handling our fruit.

The President — I am satisfied it is quite possible. I know, from conversation and dealings with them, that there is a certain class of dealers from Britain that would pre- fer buying that way.

Mr. Caston — If the facilities and steamers were all right it would do to have an inspection at Montreal ; if not, it would be necessary to have the inspection on the other side. As to educating the farmers, the trouble is they don't come to our meetings or subscribe for our journal.

Mr. Dempsey — The way to educate the farmers is to reach their pockets, by the buyer refusing all varieties except such as the market requires. If the buyers could be induced to buy and pack nothing else but the very best varieties for shipping, the demand for our apples would increase so that half the quantity would fetch more money than the whole.

Mr. Rice (Port Huron, Mich.) — I attended the Western New York Horticultural Society, and heard the statement that Canadian apples brought more in foreign markets-

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 18S0<

than western New York apples. As western New York was always said to be ahead of the world, you may consider that you Canadians stand at the head of the world. (Hear, hear). Further, it was stated, oh the authority of that society, that western New York buyers marked their apples, in shipping to Europe, " Canadian apples." (Hear, hear). That is a fraud that might be avoided by putting your names, your town, and ev< rything on the head of the barrels.

Mr. J. M. Denton (London) — The Zavitz family in Lobo have planted, out 2,000' apple trees, and are going to plant out 2,000 more; and they hold that if they can get 25 cents a bag for their apples it will pay better than growing cereals. The English people will pay the price for an honest article, and I believe they would rather send their buyers here than run the risk of being deceived at Liverpool.

Mr. Patterson (Grimsby) — As a rule the barrels are very carelessly treated by the growers. They are left in the orchards exposed to frost and rain and sun, and they can't stand as well as those kept under cover. Shippers have told me that barrels that had been kept under cover reached England in much better condition, with fewer slackt^ than those apparently packed in the same manner sent at a later period. I divide my apples into three grades. No. 1 I ship myself, or sell to shippers. No. 2 I generally sell on the Hamilton market. No. 3 I feed to stock for fattening, or to milch cows. From experience in the last three years I cannot hnd that there is any difference between a bushel of apples fed to steers, and a bushel of turnips.

Mr. Ed. Smith (Winona), asked : Do you have any diameter as to Baldwins you also, is it correct that in England they are finding out they can grow apples of as good quality as ours *?

The President replied that the article referred to on English apples had been admitted to be a mistake. In the newspaper correspondence, apple growers in Kent, England, had admitted that they had given up growing varieties they formerly had grown largely, because Canadians grew the same varieties to a much higher degree of excellence. (Hear, hear). And after using every method in growing that they possibly could think of, and doing justice to their orchards in every way, they could not produce the fruit equal to ours. As to the quality of fruit, we judge by the quality of flavor very largely. An apple grown farther north has greater points of merit than the same variety grown farther south. The farther north you can grow an apple, the better it will be in points of merit, especially in quality. That is why Canadian fruit stands about three shillings a barrel higher than American in the English market, on clear points of merit. Our fruit arrives at English ports in much better condition than American fruit, notwithstanding bad packing and all that, because its intrinsic points of merit are much higher. It carries better ; it keeps longer in that climate than tbe American fruit.

Mr. Pettit — There is a little difference in the size of the barrel ?

The President — Yes ; I am more and more in favor of a smaller package than we have had ; and while 1 believe in a half barrel I am not altogether satisfied with it. I believe the day is coming when we will have something, perhaps not quite as large as the half barrel, that can be handled easier. I will acknowledge this, if you take a large lot of fruit of one grade, so many in ordinary size barrels and so many in half barrels, lay them open in the usual way that they exhibit them at the fruit markets, and you will at Once decide, by a casual observation, that the fruit in the half barrel is certainly one grade higher than the other. It is simply the size of the package has deceived you — nothing else ; and that may account to some extent for the fact that we get higher prices in smaller packages — but only to some extent.

The Secretary asked whether our apples were carefully inspected in England by buyers before purchasing 1

The President — The method in all the markets is very much the same. They will 8elect out a few barrels of each variety in the cargo and they will open the tops, and some- times, if they are suspicious in any way, they will dig down a little way. If they are

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

still suspicious they will close that up and open the other end. If they are still more suspicious, they will turn that out into a large basket or sack and see what the quality is all through. But they always exhibit some and allow buyers to go and handle them, dig down and see what the character is. The character of a shipper is soon found out. Yon will always notice the buyers going around with their note books, taking note of the brands ; and you will see buyers that will pay so much just to buy that brand right out. They will take that at sight. They will not require the agent to open that out. This shows the necessity of placing your brand on every barrel, and being very careful that your brand is correct. If you are perfectly honest and careful in that, I do not care how that market is quoted, you will get a price that will pay for apples that are shipped in good order.

Mr. Smith repeated his question as to standard size of Baldwins.

The President — I would place, as No. 1 of the Baldwins, the largest apples, high- colored and perfectly clean, without spot or a worm hole. You will find on the inside of the tree large Baldwins that are not high-colored. If you pick those at the proper season and let them lie on the ground for a certain time they may gain color and become No. 1, otherwise they are No. 2. Each apple should be handled in order to get No. 1, and it ■certainly pays for the time of selection to select and grade your fruit. You will find a difference in price between a select and a mixed brand which will pay admirably.

Mr. Smith — Where seven-eighths of the orchard are under size you would mark those "No. 2 V

The President. — Not necessarily No. 2. You can select some mark by which they will know them. I used to select small fruit and mark them as " XXX Dessert," and they were taken verv well that way ; they liked them, and I have often received a better price for my "XXX Dessert" than for my " XXXX Green."

The convention adjourned at six o'clock.

EXPERIENCE WITH THE FUNGUS FUSICLADIUM.

Mr. J. K. McMichael, Waterford, read the following paper on this subject :

In the spring of 1873 we planted a pear orchard, consisting of 100 Bartletts, 25 Fiemish Beauties, 6 each of Osband's Summer, Sheldon, Buffum, B^lle Lucrative, Clapp's Favorite; 4 of Belle D'Anjou and 2 of Seckel. The trees were remarkably thrifcy, and it required a great deal of pruning to keep them in a proper shape. The fruit was all that could be expected, being large and well developed. A number of the trees suffered severely with the fire blight, but the orchard in general was prospering until the spring of 1881 when it was attacked by this fungus. This disease apparently commenced at the east end of the orchard on the Flemish Beauties, entirely destroying the fruit for that season, and for the five following years there was not a perfect sample of fruit on any of the trees. Upon the Bartletts the first year the malady was not quite so fatal to the fruit, but each succeeding year it grew worse until, in beholding the orchard you would be reminded of a lot of neglected natural fruit apple trees which had been left in the sod for fifty years. All of the other varieties were more or less affected. We experimented with ashes, sulphur, copperas, an emulsion of soap, balsam and kerosene, etc., but none of these remedies were satisfactory. In the spring of 1887, as soon as the buds began to swell, we applied hypo-sulphite of soda and repeated the application every two weeks until the fruit was about half grown. The sulphite was prepared by pouring it in a large kettle of hot water to dissolve and then diluted with ten gallons of water to one pound of the sulphite and showered on the trees with a force pump, hose and sprayer. The fall of 1837 the Flemish Beauties were fine and well developed and free from scab. The Bartlett trees made a fair growth and had on a small crop of fruit free from spot. Last spring we applied the sulphite as the buds commenced to develop and then did not

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

give another application until the fruit was nearly as large as hickory nuts. At that time the fundus was well developed on about half of the fruit, but was not very noticeable on the leaves. We immediately gave a heavy showering of the sulphite and another in a week. Apparently there was no further development of the disease and we picked a large crop of fruit, about half of which was a fair sample of first-class fruit.

The Secretary — I have used the same formula viz : One pound of hyposulphite of soda to ten gallons of water ; but both the two years in which I applied it to my Early Harvest apple trees the fruit was mostly clean whether sprayed or not.

Mr. Dempset (Trenton) — Two years ago we were bothered with fungus spots on our- pear^, but last year it failed to make an appearance.

Mr. McMichael — For six years in succession the fungus was very bad each year on the Flemish Beauties especially. I put the solution on at the beginning of the season, then I did not put it on for six or seven weeks, then I applied it very strong, so that the leaves were browning up with it, and I did not see any further development of it that year ; but other years the fungus went on growing till the leaves and fruit were spoiled.

The Secretary — Mr. F. L. Scribner has a most exhaustive article on the fusicladium in one of the last reports of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, and he proposes a copper solution as a remedy. He thinks that eau celeste would be even more effective than hyposulphite of soda. We should begin applying it before ever the buds begin to develop. The spores, it seems, remain alive through the winter upon even the scales of the buds, and upon the young wood ; and in order to prevent its appearance on the fruit, the apple-tree should be sprayed early in the spring before the leaves have developed at all — the first application should be made then. Then, again, when the fruit is quite small ; when the very first beginnings of the fungus spot are observable.

Mr. Morton' (Wingham) — Hyposulphite will act on a fungus that grows on the human skin when no other sulphite that I know of will affect it.

Mr. Dempsey — I find it is very little use to apply any remedy if the fruit has got the size of an ordinary thimble.

Mr. Geo. E. Fisher (Freeman) — How can you account for an orchard of thrifty trees on very good land being attacked by this fungus while other orchards escape wholly ? We had that occur in our neighborhood.

Mr. Dempsey — I have seen that in my orchard this year.

Mr. Morton — Would a remedy that would kill one fungus kill others 1

Mr. Dempsey — Said he had found sulphate of iron effectual when applied early.

Prof. Saundkrs — Both these substances are antiseptics, and would destroy the life of all those very low forms of vegetation which are known as fungus growths. Sulphate of iron is not as effectual as sulphate of copper on the grape fungus. If a solution of hyposulphite of soda answers every purpose, I think it is a little cheaper than the sulphate of copper, and it is not poisonous or injurious in any way, There would not be any taste from its use at all — in fact it is decomposed to a large extent by the action of the sun, and the sulphurous acid is eliminated during the process, and that is the reason it is effectual.

MARKETING FRUITS.

Q. Is it not time for the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario to take up the question of marketing our fruits 1 Would it be wise to have a fruit inspector appointed, or what means could be adopted to induce growers to put up good, straight, honest packages of fruit I Could not the members of this Association act unitedly in marketing fruit through its own agents, instead of dealing with commission men, who often make more than the growers ?

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S3 Victoria. ^Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

Mr. Dempsey — If you have a good article, go with it yourself, and sell it yourself, and then you will know you have got all that the fruit brought.

Mr. E. 1>. Smith (Winona) — Even if we wish we cannot avoid supporting the commission men, for they have the market in their own hands, and it is impossible for the grower to go there himself or to send some one there to do it for him. The only practical way now is to not encourage commission merchants in those places where they are not already established. In New York they are passing a law that each commission man must report to the man for whom he sells the fruit, as a check on the honesty of the commission man. We want to get into the habit of handling our fruit at both ends of the string.

Mr. Dempsey — Growers might send one of themselves to attend to the selling. I have gone into markets a total stranger and sold fruit just as well as the commission men. They will try to boycott us at first, but almost invaribly they will come out at the worst end.

Mr. Morden (Niagara Falls) — Fruit growers make a mistake when they patronise men that speculate in fruit, or retail it. A large proportion of those commission men are absolutely without any commercial rating. If we could know the rating of these men, and then ship only to reliable men we should meet with less disaster.

The Secretary — The difficulty is to find men who are purely commission men. 1 have dealt with some who represented themselves as such, but when the temptation came they would buy for themselves. I shipped fifty barrels of Bartletts to Montreal once when prices where $8 and 610 a barrel ; and after waiting a long, long time I got leturns at $2 and $3 a barrel. It is very evident that they had been held over until the market had been eased — until these commission men had sold the stock they had purchased. In shipping to cities we should select some one house and ship continuously to it ; because if we ship to many we have our own fruit bidding against itself ; and I think one house regularly patronised will look more closely to our interests, than if we shipped to several.

The President — The matter can be settled in markets near at hand by sending a man to watch over the circumstances and look after the commercial standing of the different firms. In England some of the commission men are actually partners in business with fruit dealers, and our agent actually stands there selling our fruit to his own partners. He may be in silent partnership with half a dozen firms ; he may be selling our fruit to himself. They will try to boycott any mail the fruit growers send. In Covent Garden they tried to boycott me, and wrote me down in newspapers in every way. But still a man with some sharpness and persistence about him, going in there, will succeed in spite ot all that, aiid they are afraid of any one breaking up their system of the commission man selling to the wholesale dealer, and he 10 the retailer, and he to the consumer. That s\ stein has been broken through prettv well now ; but no doubt it worked ruin to our profits — there had to be too many profits before reaching the consumer. I believe that proper men, going over there and persisting and selling in the face of the commission men, would tend to break that system down one way or the other. I tried to break it down for the purpose of compelling these men to buy our fruit here free on board, so that we would be face to face and know how to deal ; and it would pay us better, I consider, to sell on a small margin here, so that we would know where we stood, rather than run the risks such as they are now.

Mr. E. D. Smith — Is it possible for a good man to go to the Old Country a month or two in advance of the season and take orders for apples 1

The President — I sold cargoes in advance to a man I had known years before, at 32 shillings, guaranteed brands ; but except in isolated cases I found it a very difficult thing to do that. They wanted to see the fruit first. They were suspicious. It was all very we'l to guarantee the brand, but they would rather see it. We might be very honest, but they wanted to look after us a little.

Mr. Goldie (Guelph) — la fruit all cash when you sell there 1

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S3 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 18^0

The PRESIDENT— It is all cash to the shipper; but they sell on credit to some extent. Of course we lose on that. The commission men who sell our cargoes give a month to three months' credit. That is a point against us again. We should try and pass by some of these middlemen. Where I made the best sales I made them direct to the retail dealers. I had no trouble in large cities in selling direct to the retail dealer 500 and 1,000 bands; and if I dealt fairly with him on one cargo, and gave him a brand that came up to the representation, I was perfectly prepared to sell to him again. That is why I impress on you to establish a brand and be particularly careful that you are never under that brand. Let it be a little better than your representations, if possible, but never under. Once they have established confidence in you they will buy here free ■on board ; they are willing to trust you then because they have tested you.

Mr. A. Alexander (Hamilton) — In a conference of fruit growers held in Crysta' Palace, London, last September, this point was taken by Mr. Rivers — son of the celebrated ICr. llivers--that the fruit should be graded in three classes: choice, fine and ordinary. Thev referred to the brands on butter, and the confidence they gave dealers at a distance in ordering. The members of this association should come to some understanding about ■lis matter of branding. The dealers and merchants who sell the fruit will then know ■Xactly what they are getting when they order, and by the publishing of fruit lists and prices they kno v exactly what the prices are. Then, would it not lie possible for our fruit growers to have some co-operative agency in one or two of the principal centres in Britain where this fruit might be sent, with this brand upon it — put under the supervi- sion of an inspector appointed for the purpose? The fruit-growing interest of Ontario is of suthcient importance for this association, even if they asked Government aid for it, to have tr.ree or four inspectors to brand fruit as marked by the growers. At a conference held in Cheswick in connection with the Royal Horticultural Society nearly all came to the same conclusion in reference to this matter of fruit. As to farmers growing too many varieties, they suggested that the farmers or growers should coml ine and furnish the same kind of apple, so that it would be worth while for buyers to go into the district and buy. Let every grower be his own inspector, like Mr. Woolverton, until others are appointed, and brand their fruit so as to inspire confidence of British buyers.

Mr. Dempset — We never need fear English competition, because the varieties of apples they are compelled to grow in their orchards are, strictly speaking, the most hardy varieties, and generally the variety that is inferior in quality, and they calculate

•vent Garden market about a shilling a bushel. The high prices — eight to ten shillings— are generally for apples grown in gentlemen's gardens by their gardeners. 1 have seen English apples sold for one shilling a bushel, and ours right beside them sell- ing for J I shillings a barrel. The English buyers admit the great superiority of our fruit ov er theirs.

Mr. Samuel Biuggs (Hamilton) — I was over in England at the time of the < 'olonia Exhibition, and I don't think the English people were more astonished at anything tha we showed than the fruit. Mr. White, of Covent Garden, a commission agent, told me* " I must tell you one thing, that you Canadians and Americans make a great mistake in sending fruit over here sometimes. We can't depend on it. Sometimes we get a good lot; sometimes we get a very inferior lot. If we could only impress on the ship]. Canada not to send anything over here but good, first class, A 1, we could always get go »d prices for it, and there would be no difficulty in .selling any quantity."

CHRYSANTHEMUM GROWING.

Mr. J. A. Morton (Wingham) gave the following address :

In the absence of the gentleman whose name appears on the programme in connec- tion with this subject. I feel constrained to make a few remarks; not that the subject will be better treated by me, but in the hope that in the relation of my experience some hints of use to those who may have attended this evening's session in the expecta-

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53 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1800

tion of hearing something upon this topic may be gleaned. My experience has not been that of invariable success, and the "rocks upon which 1 have split" as well as the suc- cess that has attended my efforts I shall endeavor to point out, as what not to do is as essential to knosv as what to do. The matter will be treated from the standpoint of the amateur possessed of but few appliances for special propagation of plants, and the chrysanthemum of which I speak is the perennial sort, not the annual one.

Cuttings can be made from February till April — good healthy shoots about two inches long. Division of the roots is not so good ; strike the cuttings in wet sand with a gentle bottom heat. For the purpose of striking cuttings of various plants I erected in the spring of 1888 a hot-bed greenhouse substantially according to the plan illus- trated in the Canadian Horticulturist of 1888, page 52. We prefer, however, the building not so high ; 3 feet 6 inches suits us better. Previous to building the hot-bed greenhouse cuttings were struck in the dwelling house which answered very well. Care should be taken that the sand does not become dry. Just as soon as the cuttings have sent out roots of half an inch long, pot into 2-inch pots using ordinary potting soil. It is better to pot cuttings when roots are less than half an inch long than to leave them until they have grown much longer. To such as cannot be bothered with the preparation of the regulation potting soil, I would say use ordinary clay loam garden soil, mixing therewith one-third good well rotted manure, and one-third gritty sand ; this makes a good substitute for potting soil. The after treatment of the young plants consists in pinching back the shoots to induce a branching habit of growth ; you will find some varieties, such as the Japanese, are more inclined to an upright habit of growth than are others, such as the Chinese varieties. Never let the plants suffer from drouth, and shift into larger pots as their roots fill the ones they are in, not allowing them to become pot- bound. Pinching back should not be continued later than the middle of July. Af-.er that the plant should be allowed to prepare for the formation of its flower buds at wilL Some plant out in the garden when danger of frost is past, taking the plants up in the fall. Others keep them growing in pots set out in the garden, and a third way is to keep them in the greenhouse throughout the summer. After a trial of all three ways, I use the last one, having better success that way than with either of the others. The princi- pal objection I found to the first way is the check which the plants necessarily receive upon being taken up in the fall. The fault found to the second plan is the liability of the plants to dry out in the pots, even when bedded in the soil, and the black aphis is a. much more troublesome pest, and more difficult to control when the plants are out of doors than when they are under cover. But whichever plan you adopt the plants should have plenty of sunlight. They enjoy it, and it is essential to their vigor and health. The aphis and allowing the plants to wilt for want of water were the causes of a failure- of bloom one year. I had only four flowers from about a dozen plants, and none of those flowers would be exhibited at a chrysanthemum show. Not very encouraging that, was it 1 The plants must be taken under cover before there is any danger of frost. A low temperature approaching the freezing point will materially affect the flower buds. One year my plants were fine, noble specimens of vegetation, with many flower buds formed, and were a source of self-congratulation to me, but alas, through inattention to the temperature of one evening late in fall, or laziness, I am not sure which, these plants of promise, although under the light cover of a protecting shade, received a check from a light frost, with the result of many stunted and imperfect flowers. The plant itself will recover from a pretty hard freezing, but buds and bloom will not stand even a light frost.

To cbtain extra large show flowers, pinch off all the buds but the terminal one on each shoot, and you will be surprised at the results if your plants are well fed. Manure- water twice a week gives good effects. Cow manure is recommended in preference to either horse or fowl manure, as being safer to use ; not so much danger of an overdose.

What varieties to grow will be left to your own judgment. There are now so many good ones in the plant catalogues of dealers, and so many of real merit being added each year, that you can hardly go astray in an intelligent selection.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

If the flowers are cut as they are fully expanded, or a little before, th^y can be kept in water in a cool place three weeks or more, which is much longer than they would remain in perfection if left on the plant.

The only insect pest which is troublesome is the aphis. Tobacco smoke is the most effective remedy. A handful or two of tobacco stems placed over live coals in some con- fined place wh<are the infected plants are will do the business. Before my hot-bed greenhouse was built, I used a very large packing case as a smoke house. By papering inside, and with a close fitting lid it was made smoke tight. In this the plants were placed, and through a small hole in the top enough smoke could be blown through the stein of a tobacco pipe — the reverse way in which smoking is usually practised — to destroy the enemy. Leave the plants there two or three hours before removing them.

If any of you ladies do not smoke, and cannot get some one to do it for you a» directed, use in the same manner, instead of tobacco smoke, pyrethrum powder, or better still, Bubach, blown in by a small powder gun such as is in common use. Syringing with strong tobacco water is also effective, and I have used coal oil emulsion with advan- tage. Other insect destroyers could be mentioned, but I have mentioned enough for choice.

The parts pinched off' in June, or even July, can be placed in a box of light rich soil, two inches apart each way; they will strike readily, and make fine individual bloom.

Mr. MoRDBK — You can make a water solution from burned tobacco or Scotch snuff and apply it without the difficulty of the smoke in the room. Pyrethrum is also a good insecticide, but not so efficient in its action as tobacco smoke. The tiouble with it is that it loses its efficacy by keeping.

Mr. Morton — I tried Myrtle Navy smoking tobacco. I boiled it.

Prof. Saunders — I am afraid you spoiled it. Nicotine is very volatile. There is one thing about tobacco water, and that is in distributing it over the whole plant. It does not permeate the plant as smoke does ; but I believe if water is sufficiently strong and made from as good tobacco as you can get, and not boiled but infused, it would kill the insects as well as smoke. It should be applied in a spray.

WORDS OF GREETING.

The President introduced Sheriff McKellar, who greeted the association. He said he had been brought up on a farm, and had worked his way up till now he occupied the position of — hangman. (Laughter.) He was glad to see the importance of fruit and agriculture recognized by the appointment of a member of the Government to look after their interests. When he was in parliament he opposed the opening of the House in the fall, as it would interfere with the farmers fall plowing. He was laughed at through- out the country, but the point was carried. There are too many lawyers in the Legisla- lature. He would like to see more farmers there.

GARDENS IN CITIES AND SMALL SPACES.

In the absence of Dr. W. C. Adams, of Toronto, who was to have given a paper on "What can be done with a city garden of say 20 feet square in producing supplies for a family ? "

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

Mr. Thomas Bengough (Toronto), having been a near neighbor to Dr. Adams, told about his garden a few feet square, wherein the doctor grew squashes, pumpkins, grapes, tomatoes, lettuce, and other supplies His vines were trained " up a tree" that grew in the yard, and the novel sight was shown of big yellow pumpkins among the branches of a poplar. The squashes were trained along the fence, and supports were nailed on when the vegetables grew large enough to require them. Dr. Adams had carried out suitable plans in his new premises, and two years ago grew sufficient in one season not only to furnish his family but to net about $30 in addition.

Mr. Dempsey had seen a little spot where pumpkins were planted, which ran on a wood pile, and some of them weighed a hundred pounds, He himself had taken seven- teen bushels of onions off seventeen feet square — a bushel from each foot. A man could take off twenty feet square a crop of lettuce, of radishes, of cucumbers and a great many other things before the snow was off the ground, just by having some convenient glass and a stove. It is surprising how much could be grown off twenty feet square by the time you occupied the ground all the year.

Mr. Morden — You could get on a hundred acres about 10,000 pieces of such land* That will keep about 10,000 families and make 63,000 besides. All that can be done in one year.

The President — There are many spots in cities — especially in front of the house — that might be beautified, and give the children an interest in growing plants. It would be very interesting for people engaged in commercial pursuits to indulge an hour now and then in a little spot of ground. They would be benefited in every way. There is something particularly refining in the cultivation of the soil for any purpose.

Mr. Dempsey — What I am worth to-day I made off three acres of my farm — and I have supported my family and lived pretty well, and paid some other folks' debts. I have seen on a small spot — I won't say it was 20 feet square — a crop of grapes carefully cultivated, something immense, on the east wall, and on the west wall the most magniti- cent apricots and peaches that I ever saw. You could nearly fill a peach basket at one scraping down — they were so thickly 89t on a tree that was trained against the wall. You can grow very nice pears against a southern wall with a northern exposure ; and there are some fruits that will grow on a northern exposure. Then that leaves the whole of the ground free for the plants. I have sold four dozen peaches at ten cents each that were grown in a ten-inch pot. Now, figure out the inches if you like. (Laughter.)

Pi of. Saunders — I had a garden plot 66 by 110 feet, on which I put 120 fruit trees, and grape vines along the borders and around the fences, and strawberry vines about three feet from the grapes, bordering two paths, and I carried on that garden for 17 or 18 years, and in that time got an immense quantity of fruit off it. I might have realised a good deal more than 630 a year from the pears I got from those trees. I began by plant- ing them out about eight feet apart each way, and as the trees grew large if they did not die I had to cut them out here and there so as to make room. I have had as much as l-k to 2 bushels of plums off these trees — had to prop them up in all directions. I can cor- roborate all that has been said abcut getting a great deal off a small piece of land. No matter how small the piece is, by a little ingenuity and management you can make it useful, and make it contribute to your comfort and happiness.

Mr. Denton — It is true that many people make more money out of their gardens than other people do out of their farms. (

Mr. Rice — In Rochester I noticed a Dutchman growing grapes up his house. The firm of Curtis Brothers, of Rochester, paid to a man 081 for the fruit of two cherry trees in front of his house. The man paid $1,000 for the lot with the trees on, and this $81 constituted the last dollars of $1,000 that the firm had paid to that man for the fruit off those two trees. (Applause.)

The meeting adjourned at 10:15 p.m.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A 1890

SECOND DAY.

The Secretary read a letter from the honorable the Minister of Education, referr- ing to resolution passed by this association at Ottawa respecting the study of horticul- ture in public schools :

HORTICULTURE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

The Secretary read several letters, received since the last session, among which was the following from the Minister of Education : —

My Dear Sir. — I beg to acknowledge the receipt of a copy of certain resolutions adopted by the Directors of the Fruit Grower's Association of Ontario, respecting the study of Horticulture in our Public Schools. In the new text-book on Agriculture, which is in course of preparation by Principal Mills, of the Model Farm, I expect that the Subject of Hoiticulture will be discussed, and as the book is intended for the Public Is, the study of this subject will be systematically taken up throughout the Province. By moms of " Arbor Day " established three years ago, we are cultivating native plants and ornamental trees in all the school grounds. From the reports received by my Department we have planted already 73,000 trees. I shall consider what is prudent to do in regard to the question respecting first class teachers.

Yours truly,

GEO. W. ROSS. L. Woolvertox, Esq.,

Secretary Fruit Growers' Association, Grimsby.

THE RUSSIAN APRICOT.

0 — Would some one give his experience in regard to the fruiting of the Russian

apricot ?

Mr. Wellington — The apricot is one of the handsomest lawn trees that has ever been put out. It is perfectly hardy, as I know from experiment. Some of the seedlings that have been put out have borne good fruit. Nurserymen are offering some half dozen varieties that have been tested, and that really bear good fruit. One is named after Prof. Budd ; and people who know him know that he would not countenance anything that was not reliable. You cannot depend on the seedlings any more than you can on the seedlings of any other fruit ; but if a man does not get good fruit from a seedling apri- cot he has certainly got a very tine ornamental tree, and one that will stand this climate well.

WANT OF A TASTE FOR AND KNOWLEDGE OF HORTICULTURE AMONG

FARMERS.

Mr. A. M. Smith read the following paper :

Mn. President and Gentlemen. — One would naturally suppose that if there was one class above another that would be interested in horticulture and its pursuits it w.iuld be the tdlers of the soil — our farmers — surrounded as they are by the beauties of nature, trees, plants, fruits and flowers ; that these would be a constant study for them and that they would seek to develop them and bring out all of their beauty and utility. But I am sorry to say that any one familiar with Canadian farming will have to acknowledge that this is not the case — but that Canadian farmers as a rule (I know there are some honorable exceptions) are far behind our professional men and even our tradesmen or

43

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1880

mechanics in their interest in and knowledge of horticulture. I need only to refer you to our annual list of membership to show you that more than one-half of the members of our association belong to towns and cities instead of being farmers, and if you need any further proof of my assertion I might take you around among the farmers of the country and let you see their surroundings. The trees, shrubs and plants on their farms (or the want of them) — their neglected orchards and fruit gardens. Their unmown lawns covered with burdocks, Canada thistles and other noxious weeds, ornamented witb chicken coops, wood piles and broken down farming implements, instead of trees, shrubs and flowers, and compare them with the gardens, trees and lawns in our towns and cities. Our farmers, as I have intimated, have all the surroundings that should induce them to have a taste for horticulture and all the advantages for cultivating it ; but how seldom do they improve them. Take the opportunity of selecting a building site and the advan- tages for laying out lawns, planting trees and shrubbery, and making home attractive in general, to say nothing of fruit growing, that farmers have, and how do they improve them % Are the best sites selected % Are the standing forest trees, if there are any, so left as to present the finest aspect ? Are other trees planted with the same end in view % Are lawns laid out and carefully kept 1 Are other farm buildings located so as to make the least obstruction to the views from the dwelling 1 A majority of our farm houses in Canada look as though they had been built so as to be as close to the barns and pigpens as possible, instead of being located so as to command the finest views and prospects,, and the approaches to them are oftener through narrow lanes and barnyards, covered with their accumulations of filth, than they are through fine avenues of trees or over grass covered lawns, decked with flowers and foliage, and as for conservatories or even plants and window gardening, which brighten so many homes in towns and cities, how little of them do you see among farmers ! And come down to the growing of fruits,. even for home consumption. I will venture the assertion that the majority of town and city people who are in as good circumstances financially as farmers, are better supplied ■with the fruits of our country than the majority of farmers are themselves, though they have every facility for growing them. Why it is that farmers do not supply themselves with these luxuries, when they can so easily do so, I could never uuderstand. Take the farmers of Ontario as a whole and there is not over one in fifty, I will venture to say, who grows strawberries and raspberries enough for their own consumption — and what is there to hinder them 1 They will grow readily in any part of the province ; and further, there is not one farm in fifty outside of the Niagara district that has a grape vine on it except it may be a wild one, and the same might be said of plums and pears and some of the other fine fiuits. I know a man, right over here in the county of Haldimand, who has recently gone to growing grapes and pease, and he told me a few days ago that his best market for his fruit was right around among the farmers in his own neighborhood j and there is no better soil and climate for growing these fruits in Canada than theie is in that locality. Is it any wonder that any community, who are so blind to their own interest, are badly afflicted with polities'? Take forestry. How little judgment and foresight has been exercised by the farmers in removing the forests from their farms or in planting out forest trees. Tree after tree has been cut down indiscriminately, no attention being paid to wind breaks being left or shade for the flocks and herds on the farm, or in replanting these where needed, to say nothing of preserving the beauty of the landscape ; until to-day the winter winds are sweeping over vast sections of our country which are almost treeless, removing the snow from the white fields and straw- berry beds — where there are any — and from the roots of other plants and trees — robbing them of their natural covering and protection, letting the frost in to destroy their roots, pinchino' and blasting the fruit buds, sweeping through the barnyards among the shiver- in" cattle, penetrating the dwellings of the farmers themselves, necessitating an extra supply of fuel (which they find is now getting scarce) and the putting on of extra storm doors blinds and windows. Ts it any wonder that the boys, and girls, too, want to leave the farm and get into the city, out of the wind in the winter time, or that the extra attractions of fine trees and lawns, fruits and flowers, should entice them to stay there in the summer. It seems to me if farmers want to solve the great problem which we hear so much discussed, " How to keep the boys on the farm," that they have got to go>

44

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

to work and make their farms and farming more attractive; that they must make their farms something more than mills to grind out dollars and cents ; that they must interest their children in the products of the farm and in the beauties of nature around them t that they must give them trees, plants, fruits, and flowers to cultivate, and teach them how to adorn and beautify their homes and make them attractive. Make them to feel that they have an ownership and interest in these things. I believe that every true Canadian, whether he be a farmer or not, has an interest in this subject — for the wealth, yea, the very existence of our nation, depends upon the products of the soil and if our farms and farming becomes so unattractive that our young men can not endure to stay upon the land and till it, what is to become of us as a nation? I am glad to see that our Minister of Agriculture has taken an interest in horticulture among farmers and sent out missionaries to the farmers' institutes throughout the Province to discuss and agitate this subject. I should now like to see our Minister of Education take this matter up What is there to hinder the introduction of text books into our common schools teaching the principles of horticulture in connection with botany and chemistry? Would not a knowledge of the construction of plants and flowers and how to hybridize and produce new varieties of fruits and grains, how to propigate from cutting and bud and grait trees, be as interesting and useful to farmers' sons as a knowledge of ancient history, or geo- graphy or algebra would ? I doubt if there is one farmer or his sons in one hundred that knows anything ab >ut these simple principles ; yet how useful they would be to them and what an incentive they might become to the young farmer to develop and bring out the fruit and other resources of the country, besides interesting him in and attracting him to the labors of the farm, and I am not so sure that these studies might add some- thing to the knowledge of some of the students in our higher schools, who, though their heads may be filled with Greek and Latin, don't know all there is to be learned between the house and barn yet. I have not introduced this subject to cast any reflections on farmers, but with a sincere desire to awaken them to a realization of their own interests and responsibilities and a hope that they may in the future become more interested in horticulture.

Mr. Morden thought the farmers' lawns and surroundings would compare with those of other people. (Hear, hear). He had never failed to visit a town in Canada or the United States that he was not disgusted with the surroundings of human habitations. It ■ a great astonishment that people will live with those surroundings. It is a common thing in our towns to find the vilest weeds growing in the streets and yards. If wa could reach the city people as well as the farmers it would be very desirable indeed.

FERTILIZATION OF PLANTS.

Prof. Paxtox gave the following address :

1. Definition. — Fertilization may be defined, as the process by which a plant lias the pollen of the stamens, applied to the stigma of the pistil, so that the elements which it contains, reach the ovule in the ovary, and so influence it that it becomes a seed containing an embryo.

2. The Parts of a Flower.— To understand this process, we require to know something about the parts of a flower. These are : the outside whorl of leaf-like Structures termed the Calyx ; its parts are called Sepals, and as a general thing, the-e are colored green. The next whorl is called the Corolla, and the separate parts Petals, and are usually colored.

It is possible for a plant to produce seed without either of .these, and hence the Calyx and Corolla are sometimes spoken of as the non-essential organs, in Contrast with the Stamens and Pistils, without which it is impossible for a plant to produce seed, and hence the term essential organs applied to them. Stamens are usually distinguished by having a slender thread-like stalk, the filament, on

45

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

the upper end of which is a round or oval body called the Anther, which contains- the pollen grains; Under the microscope pollen grains present a great rariety in form and general appearance, though to the naked eye pollen appears like dust. Some are perfectly round, others oval, some smooth, others rough. >So marked is the difference in the pollen grains of plants, that an experienced observer can identify the plant by merely seeing some of the pollen. Few species show a more beautiful form than the Cuphaea (cigar plant). A close examination of a pollen grain shows that it is composed of two coats, an outside covering (extine) and inside of that another coat (intine), and yet the whole microscopic. Conse- quently whatever contents are inside of these must be of an exceedingly minute character.

The pistil usually occupies the central portion of the flower, like the sta- mens, there may be several on the same flower.

The upper part, usually more or less sticky, is called the Stigma, from that down, especially where slender, is the style, and the enlarged portion at the base is the ovary ; in this you find the unfertilized ovules, which, after fertilization has taken place, become seeds. Now an ovule, under the microscope, shows several structures ; the central portion nucleus (better nucellus because we have the term nucleus applied to a structure in the cells of plants), a part of this develops into the embryo sac, and a portion of this, exceedingly small, forms the embryonal vesicle, which becomes a very important factor in fertilization for here, after that process takes place, the embiyo is developed.

The nucellus is surrounded by two coats ; at one place there is an opening- between them known as the micropyle — the use of which will be referred to afterwards.

3. The process of Fertilization. — The pollen grains reach the stigma of the pistil, and soon after the outer coat of the pollen bursts, and the inner develops a tube, which begins to penetrate its way down through the style, and finally reaches the embryonal vesicle of the ovule, by passing through a small opening (micropyle) between the coats of the ovule. You will remember I spoke of the ovule as consisting of nucellus, embryo .cac, and embryonal vesicle, the last a very minute portion ; but when it is reached by the pollen tube, which lies alongside of it, an interchange of elements takes place, and the process of fertilization is. effected. At once changes commence in the ovule, and it develops into a seed possessing an embryo.

Sometimes the pollen of a flower fertilizes its own ovules, and, in fact, this was once thought to be the regular way ; but close observation and thorough investigation seems to show that this is more exceptional than otherwise. Experi- ence seems to indicate that plants fertilized in tnis way, are likely to produce weakly plants from their seeds. This method is known as self-fertilization. Where pollen fertilizes the pistils of others flowers of the same species, the term cross fertilization is applied. In such cases seeds are produce*!, which give rise to strong, healthy, vigorous plants. Viola (violet), oxalis (sorrel), stellaria (chick- weed), euphrasia (eyebright), are some examples of the few, that seem to be favorable to self-fertilization.

If cross-fertilization seems to be the common method adopted by nature, there must be some means by which pollen is transferred to the pistils of plants. The study of this becomes one of the most fascinating pages in botany. Time will not permit me to enter this interesting field further than to throw out a hint or two that may lead readers to follow up the subject when opportunity presents itself.

46

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 18&0

4. Aids to Fertilization. — The following aids to fertilization maybe referred to lie re :

(1) Wind. Such plants are usually crowded together, (grasses) unattrac- tive, and some bloom before the leaves appear (soit-maple).

(2) Insects. Flowers aided in this way possess attractive colors, perfume, and supply shelter in some cases*, and food (honey) in others.

(3) Birds. Especially in the case of the humming-bird.

(4) Water. This is in the case of some water plants whose pistillate flowers are in the upper part and float above, while the staminate are below. At the proper time the. staminate ripen, rise to the surface and bear pollen to the pistil- late through the agency of currents.

5. Nature of Flowers. — We shall now examine the form and nature of flowers, and see to what extent they seem favorable to cross-fertilization.

(1) Monoecious flowers. These have the staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant. Staminate refers to those bearing stamens and pistillate to those with pistils. In some cases they are near each other, while in others (Indian corn) far apart. Good examples of monoecious flowers are seen in the begonia, corn and pumpkin. Many a one looking forward to securing a tine <rop of pump- kins, has been much disappointed to tind autumn come without the golden fruit. Had he examined the plants in Mower, he would have seen that they were nearly all staminate flowers and hence useless to bear fruit. No plant is more liable to cross than corn, no doubt on account of its wealth in pollen and the elevated position it occupies at the summit of the stalk, while the silken threads (portions of the pistil), indicate the pistillate flowers below. It would seem that monoecious plants are naturally to a considerable extent favorable to cross-fertilization.

(2) Dioecious. In this group you have some plants on which all the flowers are staminate, and others on which all are pistillate, consequently the source of pollen (stamens) is much removed from the pistils, and it would seem that cross- fertilization must take place. Willows, poplars, and often in the soft maple we see trees of this character ; some with none but staminate, others pistillate flowers.

(3) Hermaphrodite. Here we have flowers each having stamens and pistils, and apparently fitted for self-fertilization, but even in this case you will observe conditions that seem adapted to prevent self-fertilization and be favorable to cross-fertilization.

(a) Dimorphic flowers are such that the stamens are much longer than the pistils, or the reverse, and consequently not well adapted to supply the pollen oi a flower to its own pistil. Examples : Primula (primrose), Sinum (flax), Mitchella (partridge berry) and Houstonia.

(o) Dichogamous flowers have the stamens of a flower ripen before the pistils of the same, or the pistils ripen before the stamens. Examples of Prot ni<lmu8r those on which the stamens are matured before the pistils, and consequently the pollen of such can only be of use in fertilizing the pistils of other flowers mature at that time : — Campanula (bell), Gentiana (gentians), Verbena, Lobelia, Epilo- biun (willow-herb) and flowers in the orders Composites and Umb>dliferse. Protoyynoibs, those in which pistils mature first : Plantago (plantain), Scrophu- laria (knotted figwort), Anthoxanthenum (sweet vernal grass), the interesting plant Aristolochia and the apple.

47

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

(c) Herkogamous flowers, those in which there is a peculiarity in form or structure favorable to the prevention of self-fertilization to a great extent. This strange modification is especially seen in what are known as papilionaceous (from resemblance to a butterfly), flowers common in the order Leguminosae (bean family). Wistaria, Robinia (locust), Apios (ground-nut), Phaseolus (beam), all have such peculiar corollas, that when an insect alights upon them to proceed in search of nectar, it receives a blow on the underside of its body from the pistil, which comes up in advance of the stamens and receives any pollen the insect may have about it collected from other flowers, and at the same time this pistil throws on to the insect pollen of that flower which has been prevented from reaching the stigma, by a collection of hair-like structures arranged on the style of the pistil. Thus we see a wonderful arrangement to aid in transferring pollen of one flower to that of another. In Kalmia (American laurel) and Berberis (barberry) we find the anthers of the stamens bent back into pockets on the petals, but the moment an insect alights on the flower, if the stamens are matured, they spring and fire the pollen upon the insect. This it is likely to carry away to other plants. The Iris (flag), and very many of the Orchids also show won- derful structures in their flowers, which seem to indicate that these modifications are for the purpose of favoring cross-fertilization.

6. Practical results from a study of Fertilization. — (1) It explains the innumerable varieties of plants in nature. (2) Becomes of practical value in developing new varieties by art, and enables man to obtain innumerable kinds of fruit, grain and flowers.

Fertilization of varieties gives rise to crosses, the seeds of which are fertile, while that of species gives hybrids of which the fertility of the seeds cannot be relied upon.

In hybridization the term generally applied to the process of crossing plants experience indicates : —

(a) That the characters of the new plant follow the nature of the plant in which the pistil was used.

(b) That the characters of the fruit follow those of the plant from which the pollen was taken.

In other words, if you wish a change in fruit use pollen from a better fruit- bearing plant, but if you want a better plant, use the pistil on a vigoroms healthy tree, etc.

Some have suceeded in developing strange forms by hybridization, e.g., a cross between pear and apple, giving rise to a tree which bore fruit, to which the name " What is it " may be well applied. Mr. Dempsey, well known to fruit- growers, succeeded in doing this.

Hybrid plants are not likely to revert, but if you take the seeds of such and sow them, they will likely give you innumerable varieties, and in some cases revert to the original.

Such are some of the teachings of science regarding this exceedingly attrac- tive page in plant life, from which not only a wealth of interesting information has been gleaned, but also an immense profit derived from the practical adapta- tion of them in the pursuit of horticulture. We see this very markedly in our beautiful flowers, our varied fruits and valuable grains, and no doubt as the years roll on this inviting field will be worked by investigators, who will add more brilliant results to those already attained.

48

Sessional Tapers (No. 20). A. 1^90

Prof. Saitndi rs. — A great many farmers seem to be in darkness as to fertili- sation. O.ie day ;t fanner, kn iwing I kepi bees, saul: " We will never i>e able to produce a crop <»f buckwneal so long as bees are allowed to be kept in the jgountry : they invariably, by visiting the flowers, destroy them, and the result is *e g-t no grain" (Laughter) Tnese principles ought to be understood by bvery lady particularly. Our flowers and vegetables can be wonderfully Improved l»y assisting nature. If differ -nt varieties of cab ., for example,

are planted together they sp »il the whole affair, because the pollen is carried from one to the other, and the result is a bad mixture. 1 would like to hear the result of Mr. Dempsey s crossing between the apple and the pear.

Mr. DEMPSKY. — The seeds were failures, and the who e thing was a miserable Failure. The whole interior of the fruit would be black and rotten. There would be nothing but a shell. The apple was the pistillate plant in that case.

Prof. Saundkhs — One of the laws of fertilization is that in almost every Insl ii. ce the plani used as the in.de — that is, from which the pollen is collected — lias the power of impressing its characteristics on the female in regard to the form and character and color of the fruit or seed or flower ; whereas the charac- teristics of the plant itself — its tigure ami method of growth, ami habits of propagating, are usually in the hybrid — they usually loliow those that are possessed by the female form. I made a cross some years ago which illustrates this aw. Taking a Clinton grape as the female, ana the Buckland .Sweet W-it' r— a laTge white grape growing under glass — as the male, the result resem- bled the Clinton in form, character and appearance, toliage aud growth, but the fruit wis a largi . lo se bunc i of white grapes very much resembling the Ijuck- Huid in form, and ;o some extent in character, but possessing moie or less of the acidity of the Clinton. 1 might cite from another class of experiments on the raspberry, where the A lelaide Black Cap was taken as tne female and the Philadelphia as the male. In one instance the plant propagates from tips, in the other from the suckers. Tne hybrids all propagated lrom the tips, although tli<-v did not propagate so readily as the female plant did, or so invariably. Occasionally a sucker would be sent Up, which was a very rare tlnii"-, showing that the law with regard to the characteristics which the female plant has is about as strongly impressed in nature as tne contrary Jaw that the male affects the fruit. 1 cite these instances as one showing the operation of the law on bne si le, and the other on the other side. Hybridization cannot be accomplished widiout a great deal of care. People have succeeded occasionally by tying a branch of one sort in among the flowers of another variety and intermingling and then showing those seeds as hybridized seeds. There may be a few instances of hybridization occurring in that way, nut they never can be calculated on with certun y, because you are never sure whether hybridization has taken place or not. In crossing such Mowers as the grape, where the stigma is very teuuer and eadlv injured by the Hue forceps tuac you use to tear otf the corolla and the Calyx, \ ou will find that the flower will he injured in nineteen cases out of twenty. Ln one of the old reports of the association 1 published my failures in hybridization, and any one will see that out ol thousands ol trials there were very fow su esses, by persevering you can get resu.ts that will be satisfactory to \ ou an 1 a benefit to the community ; aud tins process is benehcial no-, only in the immediate results you get from a good cross, but by sowing the seed obtained from these < rosse*. A starting point is obtained in a case of that kind tnat has hen compared to the wheel of a cart — the hybiid being the starting point. Your varieties extend in different directions, one upwards and one downwards, aud one sideways and one be.ow ; and you have varieties that run back to the

4 (F.G.I 49

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (to. 20).

A. 18^0*

original wild stock, and other varieties that >v some mysterious process have added to them virtues and qualities which either of the original parents con- tained : and you have a starting point from wich there is no calculating what the results will be, because the continuity of tture being once rudely broken in on by this process of crosses, the tendency t< variation is increased, so that by continuing the varieties we have we might prince as good results as by hybrids. In wheat, barley and oats it does not seem as ? the agency of insects comes in at all. The grains appear in every case t -fertilized, and hence I do not

think there is any likelihood of new varieties f wheat or bailey or oats being obtained by cross-fertilization in nature, uress it be by accident, where, for instance, a grasshopper or some predacious in ct may have eaten away a part of the enclosure surrounding the essential the plant, and thus exposed

them in a way that the wind or insects could my the pollen from one to the other. In that class of plants we can only ook for useful results by artificial impregnation. I have succeeded in securi: 25 or 30 grains of hybridized cereals to start with this year, the growth of hich will be watched with a good deal of interest to see what tendency they d< elop, and how far they combine the qualities of the two useful species which has been aimed to combine. Mr. Hilborn, my assistant at the Experimental F n, has succeeded in making quite a number of crosses with raspberries with d (rent varieties, and also in some other departments of the same line ; and I thik a very important feature of the farm will be the origination of new varietu by both hybridization and cross- fertilization as well as by selection.

Prof. Panton. — Do you find that thos< hybrid raspberries of yours are reverting back to the black in flavor ?

Prof. Saunders. — Not the plants them? ves, or tl roots or tips of those that have been prod and raising another generation, they sprou' black, and some red, so that I have goo ' best of these we may multiply varied rapidity than we could hope to get the

on, ami its

BIRDS USEFUL AND IN J

Mr. T. McIlraith (Hamilton) re;.

Although I have^i^ I with inter been issued by this which has attended have not hitherto be< that I consider it an work in the Province, your secretary to be pfl

I do not come as a J flowering shrubs near I years I have consigned Last fall I sent a barrel shire, which seemed at t course the receipt was quantities of apples • anc fruit for the table as the Go and other sorts which the I

struck from the

seed of those,

white, some

seed of the

uch greate

/TURK

om time t< «n of the l of nev ne, thf eh an i tht

53 Victoria.

Sessiona pers (]STo. 20).

A. 1890

I have come, sir, to say a few woods and orchards, and their eco and gardener.

With one exception I am glad that one exception I need sc know, is not a native of the count) climatic and other conditions and has increased at a rate for other bird.

In Canada there has been no c increase and habits, but in the depredations first attracted nor reports of its operations in ex- opinion that it now effects pr> grower and gardener to a great- and increase renders it impossible

Among the direct charges bro'. is that of visiting the orchard in eating out the germs, of the fruif apple, currant, grape being all -

Later in the season, its visits for it attacks lettuce, peas, beets, n they appear above the surfa< devoured before it has had tiro injury thus sustained, that in i Qcessary to cover their garden Idie crops. As the season ad'

ten, large quan/;

l}f\< Of

appl-

berries are c^F

on the ^B

some l<fl

the .

to confl

rofit

a l^^B

ye tri

s in pap

iundre<

? hi

rent

■ in

qnali

^ai

ral s

lb

who

m:u

ano

9 about our birds, the native birds of our c relations with the farmer, fruit grower

able to speak of them all as friends, and is the English sparrow. This, as we all. t an imported species which rinding herb its wants, has made up its mind to stay, we find no parallel in the history of any

ted action towards getting statistics of its tates. where it first settled and wher its overnment has at great expense obta ■ where it has settled. All concur in the dally the interests of the farmer, fruit than nnj other bird, while its rapid spread, diet where the evil is to end.

against the sparrow by the fruit growers irly spring and doing serious injury by s ; the peach, pear, plum, apricot, cherry

e vegetable garden are equally disastrous, js, cabbages and cauliflowers as soon as ven the seed has been taken up and jrminate. So great, indeed, has been the lities the market gardeners have found it h netting to prevent the total destruction he ripe fruit is attacked, and besides what ars, peaches, plums, tomatoes, grapes and )les pecked in the sides, causing the fruit branches.

industry once flourished, it is no longer

count of the sparrow pest, though some

I o save their crops by enclosing the ripen-

en sent in to the Department of Agricul-

m firming the truth of the foregoino- state-

ble to shew that the farmer does not

t of these may be summed up in the words

•avith the collection of evidence: —

• arrow is to the fruit grower and vegetable rducer of cereals is still greater.

3 it prefers populous cities and places of u anticipation of the harvest season, it the cities anfjg ^s moves off into the

option and waste trts of the country is nilky state, as well as rain it scatters upon the reported where in place lered."

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 18ViO

original wild stock, and otlier varieties that by some mysterious process have added to them virtues and qualities which neither of the original parents con- tained ; and you hive a starling point from which there is no calculating what the results will be, because the continuity of nature being once rudely broken in on by this process of crosses, the tendency to variation is increased, so that by continuing the varieties we have we might produce as good results as by hybrids. In wheat, barley and oats it does not seem as if the agency of insects comes in at all. The grains appear in every case to be self-fertilized, and hence I do not think there is any likelihood of new varieties of wheat or bailey or oats being obtained by cross-fertilization in nature, unless it be by accident, where, for instance, a grasshopper or some predacious insect may have eaten away a part of the enclosure surrounding the essential organs of the plant, and thus exposed them in a way that the wind or insects could carry the pollen from one to the other. In that class of plants we can only look for useful result* by artificial impregnation. I have succeeded in securing 2o or 30 grains of hybridized cereals to start with this year, the growth of which will be watched with a good deal of interest to see what tendency they develop, and how far they com bine the qualities of the two useful species which it has been aimed to combine. Mr. Hilborn, my assistant at the Experimental Farm, has succeeded in making quite a number of crosses with raspberries with different varieties, and also in some other departments of the same line ; and I think a very important feature of the farm will be the origination of new varieties by both hybridization and cross- fertilization as well as by selection.

Prof. Panton. — Do you find that those hybrid raspberries of yours are reverting back to the black in flavor ?

Prof. Saunders. — Not the plants themselves, or the plants struck from the roots or tips of those that have been produced ; but sowing the seed of tho.se> and raisino another generation, they sprout in every direction, some white, some black, and some red, so that I have good hopes that by sowing the seed of the best of these we may multiply varieties of a useful character with much greater rapidity than we could hope to get them in any other way.

BIRDS USEFUL AND INJURIOUS IN HORTICULTURE.

Mr. T. McIlraith (Hamilton) read the following paper :

Although I have read with interest the reports which have from time to time been issued by this Association, and have heard with satisfaction of the success which has attended the efforts of its members in the production of new fruit, I have not hitherto been present at any of the meetings. Permit me, then, to say, that I consider it an honor to meet with those who are doing such an important work in the Province, and I had much pleasure in complying with the request of your secretary to be present on this occassion.

I do not come as a fruit grower, although I have fruit trees, and many native flowering shrubs near my home, nor yet as a fruit dealer, although for several years I have consigned an annual shipment of apples to friends in the old country. Last fall I sent a barrel of this fruit, grown near Hamilton, to a friend in Devon- shire, which seemed at the time to be like sending coals to Newcastle, but in due course the receipt was acknowledged with the remark that " they grew large quantities of apples- and made good cider in Devonshire, but produced no such fruit for the table as the Golden Russet, King of Tomkins County, Seek-no-farther, and other sorts which the barrel contained."

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1^90

I have come, sir, to say a few words about our birds, the native birds of our woods and orchards, and their economic relations with the farmer, fruit grower and gardener.

With one exception I am glad to be able to speak of them all as friends, and that one exception I need scarcely say is the English Sparrow. This, as we all know, is not a native of the country, but an imported species which rinding hero climatic and other conditions suited to its wants, has made up its mind to stay and has increased at a rate for which we find no parallel in the history of any other bird.

In Canada there lias been no concerted action towards getting statistics of' its increase and habits, but in the United States, where it first settled and where its depredations first attracted notice, the government has at great expense obtain* I rep 'its of its operations in every State where it has settled. All concur in the opinion that it now effects prejudicially the interests of the farmer, fruit grower and gardener to a greater extent than any other bird, while its rapid spj cad and increase renders it impossible to predict where the evil is to end.

Among the direct charges brought against the sparrow by the fruit growers is that of visiting the orchard in the early spring and doing serious injury by eating out the germs, of the fruit buds ; the peach, pear, plum, apricot, cherry, Apple, currant, grape being all sufferers.

Later in the season, its visits to the vegetable garden are equally disastrous, for it attacks lettuce, peas, beets, radishes, cabbages and cauliflowers as soon as they appear above the surface, and even the seed has been taken up and devoured before it has had time to germinate. So great, indeed, has been the injury thus sustained, that in many localities the market gardeners have found it necessary to cover their garden beds with netting to prevent the total destruction of the crops. As the season advances the ripe fruit is attacked, and besides what is eaten, large quantities of apples, pears, peaches, plums, tomatoes, grapes and strawberries are destroyed by having holes pecked in the sides, causino- the fruit to drop on the ground or decay on the branches.

In some locdities where the grape industry once flourished, it is no lonoer possible to continue it with profit on account of the sparrow pest, though some growers, as a last resource, have tried to save their crops by enclosing the ripen- in^ clusters in paper bags.

While hundreds of reports have been sent in to the Department of Agricul- ture from different points in the union confirming the truth of the foregoing state- ment, others equally numerous are available to shew that the farmer does not escape the general scourge. The purport of these may be summed up in the words of Mr. Hoadly, who has been intrusted with the collection of evidence: —

"Annoying and injurious as the sparrow is to the fruit grower and vegetable gardener, the loss it indicts on the producer of cereals is still greater.

Though for its permanent residence it prefers populous cities and places of abundant traffic ami commotiou, still, in anticipation of the harvest season it gathers in enormous flocks, and leaving the cities and towns moves off into the surrounding country to feed upon the ripening grain. Its consumption and waste of orn, wheat, oats, rye, barley and buek wheat in many parts of the countr\- is enormous. It feeds on the kernel when it is in the soft, milky state, as well as when it has matured and hardened, and in fields of ripe grain it scatters upon the ground even more than it consumes. Instances have been reported where in place, of a full or fair crop, only the straw remained to be gathered."

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Besides the foregoing dir ct injuries chargeable to 'lie spurovv, it indirectly 'causes considerable loss by driving away our native biids.

Before the advent of the sparrow the insect pests in the garden and orchard were fairly kept in check, being sought for as food by such birds as the robin, cat- bird, blue bird, s >ng sparrow, b >use-wre i, yellow bird, oriole, vireo, phaebe, purple mirtin and white-bellieil swallow. Allot' these have now been either entirely driven away from their former haunts, or reiuiiu in greatly reduced numbers under perpetual annoyance. The sparrows hive in my bitter family quarrels am >ng themselves, b it sh mid a bird of a different species appear upon the scene, it is astonis ung to see how quickly they lay aside their own disputes and unite in driving off the stranger.

The robin, from its large siz ; an I c mrageous nature, holds his own against the sparrows, better perhaps than any of the other birds named, but even its eggs •and young are so n jtimes attacked and destroyed by this merciless marauder.

The purple martin, with care still has a footing on the cornice beneath the projecting roofs of a few of our city building-, but shoul J a pair seek to make their hone in a garden box, as fonnii'iy, tuey have a ontiuuil ti^ht for the occupation, and have even been known to be overpowered by numbers and ki.led in defence of their home.

Our native birds being thus driven off, the insects are allowed to riot "unchecked among the bu Is m the garden and orchard, and do far more injury now than they could have done while their numbers were reuuced by the birds.

On the first appearance of the sparrow among us, it was treated with great kindness and consideration.

The city council of Hamilton, with characteristic benevolence, elected a com- modious house for it in the centre of the city, and for a time it was fed daily. Now the feeling toward them has changed everywhere, and the most impoitant -consideration is, how to diminish their numbers, or if possible to get nd oi them -altogether. Dr. Fisher, of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, recom- mends poisoning in a variety of ways — by str\ chnine, arsenic, conoshe sublimate, nux vomica, etc. Tni- plan has been tried at the ex, erimental iauu at Ottawa, but has not been <piit'j successful, for the sparrows are cunning, observant birds, ■endowed with more wisdom than some bipeds of a higher class. Snou.d one of their number be observed to stagger, or be otherwise affected by what they are mating, the feast is stopped at once and not again resumed. On this account, a slowpoisou is recommended which will not take effect till some time atter the birds have left the feeding ground.

The sparrows have not yet appeared in Canada in such numbers as they have done farther south, but even here they a>e on the increase, and with tne foiegoing facts in view, it becomes a question whether this Association should not take some steps to abate the sparrow nuisance before it gets entirely beyond control.

The history of the sparrow has become so impoitant from its unprecedented increase and sp-ead over such a vast territory, together with the extent of its rava<*es wherever it has settled, that liv^v, sums of money have been expended in gaining information which enables us. to speak of its habits with some decree of ■certainty. But when we tuin to consider the economic relations of our old garden friends with whose appearance we are most familiar, we have to impure into the nature of their fond, and on this subject our knowledge is so far iroin complete that any conclusions arrived at must be considered as only approximate.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1M0

Much has been said in a general way, by all writers on ornithology, about

certain species of hinls living on insects, and certain other species living on see. is; .but we lnve mam that change their diet act ison of the year, and

it cannot properly be included in either < roups. Another impoitantcon-

lsidera|i"Ji i-, to determine whether the insec's destroyed by the birds are injurious or beneticial in farm or garden. Even on this point there is sstill some difference of opinion in regard to ill" true position of certain species.

Among the seed eaters, similar difficulties occur, as many birds are known to feed freely on whatever suiial le seeds are available, without considering whether- tliev sire nexious to the farmer or not. In this way si bird may, during one part of i he season, be doin'jf the farmer good service, and at smother he may be doing injure in si corresponding degree. In this connection I would mention the csise of the bob-o-link, which, while with us, lives almost entirely on insects, and is con- sidered highly beneficial, but when in vast Hocks it reaches the rice fie ds in the south, it annually entails a loss of thousands, if not of millions, of dollars on the planters, by the destruction of the crops. With the foregoing facts in view, it will be seen how nearly impossible it is, in the present state of our knowledge, to. form anything like a positive idea of the economic value of our birds ; but we know enough of the habits of many of the species to believe that the balance for good is in their favor, and so let us protect and encourage them as far as in our power.

Among our garden birds, no one is better known than the robin, and a cheer- ful, joyous fellow he is. turning his bright red breast to the east in the early spring ■norning, and hailing the rising sun with his Jwarty if not very musical ditty. Fhat be is fond of fruit cannot be disputed, and heisagood judge, taking only the finest; of the cherries, but he is also known to destroy large numbers of cutworms, caterpillars, grubs and beetles, whose ravages might have far exceeded his own.

JO CO

Dr. King of River Falls, who has, at the request of the State of Wisconsin, prepared the most exhaustive report I know of on the food of birds, says regard- ing the robin : — "In its method of obtaining food, and in the situation from which its food is gleaned, the robin performs a very important work, and one for which few other birds are so well adapted. So important is this work, that the small quantity of fruit it consumes is but a stingy compensation for the ser- vices which it renders, and I know of no bird whose greater abundance is likely to prove of more service to the country. Its eminently terrestrial habits, its fond- ness for larva? of various kinds, its ability to obtain those which are hidden beneath the turf", give it a usefulness in destroying cutworms in the larval state which no other bird possesses in the samedegree, and for this feature of its econ-. otny alone, its greater abundance should be encouraged."

Another familiar garden bird, now less numerous than formerly, is the cat- bird, which, like the robin, is a member of the thrush family ; and it, too, delights in the society of m;ui. It i.s not so much a city bird as the robin, neither is it found in the heavily timbered woods. Its choice of a residence is in the garden of our suburban villas, or near a log house on the edge of a clearing. Jji such places its lithe, handsome form may be seen gliding among the shrubbery, and its, nch melodious notes, when heard morning and evening, are often mistaken for those of the brown thrush. Its food consists largely of insects, and in the season it also take- the berries of our wild and cultivated bushes, but a careful examina- tion has shewn that the balance of work done has been in favor of the gardener^ so by all means give the cat-bird the benefit, and encourage his presence in the. garden, where his lively manners are always interesting.

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The Baltimore oriole is the most gaily attired of all our garden songsters, and none build a more artistic nest. About the middle of the first week in May, the clear tiute like notes of the male are heard for the first time in the garden in the early morning, the journey from the south having been performed by short stages during the night. A few days afterwards the females arrive, and soon the pair are seen busily engaged weaving their curious purse-like nest, which is usually suspended from the drooping branch of an elm, or other suitable tree. It is a pleasing sight to see the glowing colors of this bird shewn against a background of A >rway spruce, and no one of our feathered tribes more cpuickly attracts the notice of strangers, but it is charged with visiting the orchard to the injury of the fruit.

The food of the oriole, however, consists largely of insects, and it is known to take many of the injurious forms which other birds do not care for. As an instance of this, it has been seen to put its head through the web of the tent caterpillar, and remove the inmates. It is also known to feed freely on the insect known as leaf rollers, as many as twenty-five having been taken from the stomach of one oriole. It thus takes a high stand among beneficial birds, and should be protected accordingly.

The American goldfinch is another of our most showy birds. It resides with us throughout the year but los^s its gay colors during the winter and is therefore less noticed during that season. It is very abundant and is generally distributed in all open places, feeding almost exclusivel}' on the seeds of noxious weeds, such as the dandelion, burdock, fox-tail grass, etc. For the consumption of the seeds •of the Canada thistle alone it is entitled to our protection and I think it is seldom molested.

The case of the crow is one which requires consideration, and I have no official report on it to refer to. Many writers give it credit for doing great good in the destruction of caterpillars, grubs, beetles, etc., which it picks up while fol- lowing the plow. No doubt it eats these as it will eat anything else that is eat- able, but it also does great havoc by pulling up and devouring the sprouting corn.

In the opinion of many observers it destroys more young chickens, ducklings, goslings etc., than all the hawks and owls put together. It is known to rob the nests of small birds, taking the eggs and even tearing out and devouring the callon young.

1 would strongly urge those who have opportunity to do so, to observe and take notes on the habit of the crow and to let him have his true position as the evidence may direct.

The woodpeckers as a class deserve our protection on account of the service they render in the destruction of the wood-boring grubs and other noxious insects which infest our fruit and forest trees. They all take a little fruit now and then by way of a relish but the true feeding ground of the woodpecker is among the timber. The yellow bellied speeies, a bird of handsome plumage, is the one which makes those horizontal rows of holes which we see around the trunks of the trets. In some sections where trees are scarce it is said that those holes are so numerous and so close together that the tree becomes girdled and dies in conse- quence, but no instance of this kind has come under my notice. I believe that tiie holes are drilled to allow the birds to feed on the saccharine fluid which exudes from them. So far as I have noticed the tree is not thereby in any way injured

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

Perhaps there is no class of birds regarding whose habit so much misappre- hension exists as the hawks and owls. Every man or boy who could handle a gun used to think he had accomplished a feat when he succeded in killing one of those birds, but the subject has been taken up in earnest by the Department of Agriculture at Washington and we are likely soon to know all that can be known regarding their food. Dr. A. K. Fisher, assistant ornithologist of the department who has instructions to make an exhaustive report on the subject, has kindly sent me some sheets which have been published in advance. Already several hundred of the birds have been sacrificed to give an opportunity of examining the contents of their stomachs and the results shew largely in favor of the birds, some of which rarely if ever touch poultry, while they render incalculable service to the farmer by the destruction of innumerable rats, mice and other small mammals.

Of the large owls the one we most frequently see or hear about is the great horned owl Rubo Virginianus. It is the strongest ami most fierce and daring <>f •all the family, and at times is very destructive to poultry. If one of those birds gets into the habit of visiting the farm buildings and taking the chickens, means should be taken to stop proceedings at once or it will return night after night and take the s;>oil as long as it lasts. The species is not very numerous and man}- individuals never come near the poultry but spend their lives in the soli- tude of the woods where they feast on ruffed grouse, rabbits, and other small mammals.

The long and short eared owls which we see skimming noiselessly over the meadows in the dusk of the evening feed almost entirely on mice and are there- fore true friends of the farmer. Out of forty-five stomachs of this species which were examined four contained small birds, thirty-four mice, three other mammals, seven insects, and six were empty.

Much the same may be said in regard to the barred owl, though strange to say in the stomachs of two individuals of this species were found remainsol theiT near relative the screech owl, and in another those of the saw-whet, but of thirty- seven stomachs examined sixteen contained mice while the others contained frogs, insects and crawfish.

The little screech owl which is often very common in the barns during the winter has a record which shews it to be well entitled to protection as one of the best friends of the farmer. Of ninety-four stomachs of this species examined one contained poultry, twenty small birds, forty-one mice, thirty-five insects, and several it is to be regretted were empty.

The saw- whet owl is smaller than the pre< is without the ear

tufts and by no means as common n> the preceding. Of this species the stomachs of only six were examined and all contained m ce.

The marsh hawk, slender in form with long pointed wings, dark brown above lighter below, is often seen sai ing over marshes and wet meadows. Of foi y-six stomachs of this species examined live contained poultn me birds, five small

birds, twenty-four mice, nine other mamm -. <■ _;ht insects, three re • tii-s and one was empty. Tin' large consumption of mice by this species bespeaks for it the protection of the farmer, but it is often needlessly killed by the gunner while he is watching lor ducks.

The two following species which resemble each other in color but differ in size are the most destructive to poultry and small birds of all the hawks. They are both quite common, mostly in spring and fall, and excite the admiration of those who are fond of witnessing active exhibitions of bird life by the dexterity

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 18f 0

they show in capturing their prey. The sharp shinned hawk is the smaller of the two. The t;iil i-> long, the legs slender, and the claws extren ely sharp, lie is a terror to small birds, whose head he frequently takes off with a jerk at short notice, but is too light to do much misc >u Ji he does

sometimes make the attempt. Of Forty-eight stomachs examined two contained poultry, thirty-five small birds, four mice, two insects, and ten w< re empty.

The other one of the pair referred to is Cooper's hawk. It resembles the preceding one in appearance but is a larger, stronger bird and mo e injurious in proportion This is the one which doe- most mi-c' ief among the poultry and truly deserves the name of hen hawk, though that title is often applied to other comparatively harmless species.

Some hawks have the habit of sailing high overhead in wide circles carefully scanning the landscape below with eyes which can readily be changed from a telescope to a microscope, but the species we are describing skims noiselessly along in the shade of a fence or row of bushes and pounces with inconceivable velocity on anything suitable which comes in its way. Of forty-six stomachs- examined fifteen contained poultry or <zame birds, seventeen other birds, one mice, one frog, one lizard, two insects and eleven were empty.

The reVl-tailed hawk, from its large size and grand soaring flight, is well known throughout the country. It is the one usually spoken of as the hen hawk and has always been charged with carrying off poultry. On this account a more exhaustive examination has been made of this species than of any other, no fewer than 311 stomachs having been dissected. The result has shown that of all that large numher only twenty-nine had. partaken of poultry, while 203 had mice, the others having used insects and reptiles, while a few were empty. I look on this as the most valuable result in the whole examination, removing as it does the stigma from a bird which has always been persecuted as a robber of the roost, and placing it in its true position as a friend to the farmer to whom it renders great service in the destruction of so many mice.

The red shouldered hawk resembles the preceding in general appearance and its habits are similar. It is quite common in southern Ontario where it is known as one of the hen hawks. That it does scoop up a chicken now and then cannot be doubted, yet the examinan'on of 102 stomachs showed that only one contained poultry, while sixty-one had taken mice, twenty other mammals, forty insects, fifteen reptile-, and a few had used a mixed diet of earth worms, crawfish, etc.

There are many other species of bird which well deserve notice, but I have already occupied much of your valuable time and will now draw to a close. On reviewing the subject generally I would recommend that means be taken at once to check the increase of the English sparrow, but all other ^mall birds I think • are entitled to protection, the balance of their influence being for good and there- fore the more we have of them the better. Of the two hawks most destructive to poultry and small birds (viz., Coopers and the sharp shinned), lean only say that they are natives, and may in some way not known to us. .prevent the undue inc ease of certain species of small birds, thus maintaining the balance of power in the economy of nature, though I must admit that I think their presence could well be spared, unless they could be trained to confine their attention to the Eug'i-h sparrows.

The gTeat horned owl should be kept in check as indicated, and the crow may well be left in the hands of the farmer who is most affected by his opera- tions.

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I have only further to say that I have at home mounted specimens of all the birds I have been describing which I will be pleased to Bhewto any of the mem- bers who may find time to pay me a visit at Cairnbrae.

Mr. E. D. Smith suggested that the Government be urged to take steps to destroy the sparrow. The robin is terribly destructive to the crops, so that we lose mole than we gain. We subdue them bytaking their nests, destroying their jfroung, and 1 iter on shooting them.

The Secretary moved, seconded by Mr. E. D. Smith, that Prof. Saunders, Mr. Mcllraith and Mr. 1) nton be a committee to prepare a resolution addn ased to the Minister of Agriculture asking legislation regarding u.-eful and injurious biras.

Mr. GoLDIE (Guelph) said it was true the sparrow was an immigrant, but it was neither a pauper nor a lunatic. Around his residence he had 500 or 1,000, and he had never yet seen the first injury they had done to either fruits or vegetables or buds, and he knew they destroyed more insects than any other bird. He believed he was the first person to introduce the sparrows to this country. (Laughter.) His friends in the United S ates told him not to tell this, lest he should get into trouble and suffer lynching. (Laughter.) He could imagine that further south they might do a great deal of injury, but he could not see the injury they would do in any part of Canada, or else they must differ very much from their habits around Guelph. The tent caterpillar is a thing of the past in gardens and orchards around Guelph. He had often seen the sparrows picking the eggs off the branches, and on lanes and roadsides he had seen them frequently destroying insects, and they would catch some moths and butterflies e\en on the wing. He had never seen them take the buds of trees, either in I nd or here. He had no doubt the purple finch was the bird that often did

the damage the sparrow was blamed for. He had no doubt if there were any oats in the vicinity of the town the sparrows frequented they would take a few

- of the grain around the edge of the field ; but in the wheat or grain fields they are not destined to do much damage. He thought the winter destroyed so many of them that we need not fear their great increase.

Mr. Wm. Orr though: the sparrow was most destructive and dirty, befouling harness, carriages, etc.

Mr. GoLDIE — That is the only thing I would have against them. I admit that they are \ ery dirty.

Prof. Saunders— We have found sparrows do a great deal of damage to our experimental plots of grain, both in the field and after it has been put in the barn, before it is threshed. Poisoning had heen successful to a considerable extent by this method. Cover grains of wheat with a mixture of mucilage and water, and while wet cover these -rains with arnica, mix the grains with chaff so as to overcome the acute' perception of the birds.

Mr. McIlraith— -In the Old Country my recollection is that the sparrows betake themselves to the oat fields. Such is their custom in the United States

Dr. Burgess— The best way to '^t rid of the sparrows is to destroy the Von will have to do this two or three times a year. I know sparrows will destroy fruit buds and fruit, but the main charge I bring against them is that they destroy our native birds and our buildii

The resolution was carried unanimously, and the association adjourned for lunch till 2. SO p.m.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1S9C

GROWTH AND MARKETING OF GRAPES.

Mr. E. D. Smith (Winona) — There is plenty of room to extend the market (1) by getting earlier grapes of good quality. We ought to have a grape as early as the Champion and as good as the Wor len in every respect. If we had that we could double our plantations. (2) At the end of the season by preserving grapes. (3) By putting on the market nothing but grapes of the very best quality. (4) By teaching the consuming population the good uses of grapes, both as food and medicine. Very little is known about that at present. The Champion is a strong grower, prolific in yield, good hardy vine, good leaf, and comes earlier than any- thing we have. There is a fortune for some man who will bring the right early grape before the public and handle it well. The first good grape we have is the Worden, which is at least ten days later than the Champion. The best ten days in the season for selling grapes is far more than lost, because it is occupied by a grape which destroys the sale of other grapes, being so poor. The season is partly occupied by Moore's Early, but it does not yield in sufficient quantity to compete with the Champion. We must have a grape good enough in all its points to drive the Champion out. Moyer's Seedling is not known well enough yet to pronounce positively as to all its good points. It is sweet, good flavor, and early. I think about as early as the Champion. But that is a red grape, and even if successful and as good, it may not drive the Champion out. Our thanks are due to the men who have experimented so largely in hybridization. Com- mercial growers have not the time, and we should be thankful we have men who have time to produce a variety of grapes. With better systems of preserving, grapes could be sold till May, and the time when strawberries come in. The best keeper I find is the Salem ; but it has other qualities that do not recommend it to the commercial grower, though it is of an exceedingly good quality, fairly good yield, and handsome to look at. The great objection is the weakness of the leaf; that is the great objection, unless it can be overcome by the French mixtures. The principal one is the Bordeaux mixture. I applied it in a liquid form with a whisk. I have seen some Salem grapes packed in cork dust that are to-day as sound as when they were picked. The Vergennes do not keep as well as the Salem, nor do either of the Rogers, 3 and 4. A gentleman in Ottawa told me that he believed a thousand kegs containing fifty pounds each of the Malaga grapes were sold there every season. If that proportion is sold in other cities it would require a good many acres to raise that amount. I believe we will occupy this field one day with grapes of our own. I presume there are at least one hundred acres in the market already established. Until the Champion can be driven out by grapes of better quality it will be grown. No doubt there has been money in it ; it produees so abundantly. The consumer comes along and gets a taste of this grape when it is put on the market. It is green all the time ; it is bad to eat, until the Concord is put on the market, which is put on green because it is thought it will take the place of the Champion. And so we have a succession of poor green grapes in the beginning of the season, which is unsatisfactory. We must remember that the most of grapes are sold in live cent packages. A clerk or mechanic comes along and buys those grapes and finds them sour, and says : " I guess I will wait till grapes get better." He does not know tne difference between Concord and Champion. He waits a week. That consumer is out of the market for a week or ten days ; and perhaps he comes to try it again and gets some ^reen Concords, and he is disgusted again ; and that consumer is thrown off the market for the best three weeks of the season I believe if we had no Champion grapes and every grape that was put on the market was good quality, three years after this we could sell three times as many

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grapes as we do, and get as good a price for them. People strip their vines and put everything in the basket, and the retail dealer is disgusted, and the customer is disgusted. Selling grapes is like selling whisky or wine ; they make it in such a shape that people are enticed to take some more. So I say we must put our grapes on the market in the very best possible shape, and only grow those or the very best quality. If we do that we can grow an enormous quantity of them, for we have an enormous market to supply. It is well known that to day very few grapes are known, except for fermented wine and for eating out of hand. Those who have tried them know that all varieties of grapes are as good as any fruit when sealed, and many think them better ; and yet there is not one con- sumer in rive hun lied who knows how to do them up. Thousands of people would like to have some unfermented wine, but don't know how to make it ; and thousands of people do not know the medicinal value of grapes. The young fellows are weighing themselves often in the fall, and they often find that in the fall they gain from ten to fifteen pounds. (Hear, hear, and laughter) That goes to show they must lie of great value as medicine. Besides, we have the old grape cures in the old world, where people are dieted on grapes alone. They are started on one pound, and after they get accustomed to it they get so that they can use twelve pounds a day. (Hear, hear.) If we could show people the medi- cinal value of grapes we could dispose of a great many more. The fruit growers of Winona a few years ago struck off 100,000 copies of recipes for different ways of using grapes, and those were distributed to our customers in the cities; and I have been repeatedly asked for more of these for succeeding years, so it appears they were used. The way most of them did was to put one in each basket. I think the better way is, if you can get the person you are dealing with to take the matter up, and make it char to his mind that it will be to his advantage as well as yours for him to distribute them in advance. At the beginning of the season I think it would be more use.

A DELEGATE — What size package do you recommend ?

Mr. Smith — It is better for us to adopt a uniform package, holding ten pounds, basket included. We would get better terms for our grapes than if larger baskets are used. Commission men in Toronto and Montreal object to handling more baskets, but they acknowledge that they would fetch half a cent a pound more than they will in 20-pound baskets. Besides, a great many grapes in the bottom of the basket are always bruised and wasted to the retailer. They are sending a great many Catawbas from the States in 4-pound baskets. In New York and Philadelphia they hold from 8 to 10 lb.

Mi. Goldie — Do you take them off the bunch ? A. Most of our varieties tear so much that it would injure them that way.

Prof. SAUNDERS — In cooking them do you pop the seeds out ? A. Yes.

Delegate — Will they succeed as well on sandy soil ?

Mr. Smith — Slow, feeble growers will do better on rich sand than en clay, while strong, thrifty growers will do better on deep, strong land. On sandy soil wood ashes is the best fertiliser. Bone dust is good

Q. Should you plant out a one-year old or a two-year old ? A. I would prefer a real strong thrifty one-year old to a two-year old. A one-year old Moore's Early beat Worden's considerably in growth on the same soil.

Q. How to put a veto on shipping grapes before they are ripe ?

The SECRETaRY — The city health inspector should look after green grapes and confiscate them.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 18£0

Q. Have you ever tried "ringing" grapes to get them ripe early for the market ■ A. No.

The Secretary — This h is been practised quite Frequently for the fairs, in order to get large graphs to take prizes. It is practised about the « • i t \ of Hamil- ton, I think, for that purpose. In Massachusetts, about the city of Concord, it has been practised largely lor market purposes. An owner of a large vineyard there has b>*en experimenting. He "ringed" half the vineyard l>y twisting little pieces of wire about the branches that were to be cut off that fall ; and it is stal l that the Concord grapes were ripened early enough to bring them in competition with the Worden in the mark* b.

Mr. A. M. Smith — Formerly our provincial prize list had a clause in, exclud- ing "ringed " grapes from competition with those that were not ringed. I think this ought to ')e introduced into all rules of our agricultural and horticultural associations. It is entirely unfair for ringed grapes to compete with those in their natural condition. People who go to fairs to select varieties, see those ringed grapes, and not getting a change to taste ohem, order those varieties, and wlmn they come to compare them, say : "That is not the grapes I saw for the Salem or Agawam." As an educator of the public this grape is wrong to be shown in that way. .But there is a separate class, like fat cattle ; if they are to he shown wherever I am a judge I exclude them, and give a prize for quality instead of size.

A. M. Pettit — Last year at the Hamilton fair, we consulted the directors and they told us to judge by flavor entirely, and the protests came in t ick and fast. We had a hearing More the president and committee of that department, and they sustained our judgment. All judges at fairs should do the same. If the grape growers of the country should ring their grapes, it would reduce the consumption of the fruit to a very great extent, to put these weak, flavorless o-rapes upon the market. If we could grow the beautiful little Delaware as large as the Roger 15, it would not be the Delaware ; and that is the case with many other varieties.

The President — The matter of ringed fruit rests with the judges at exhibi- tions altogether. It is very easy to telT ringed fruit by the lack of flavor, its watery, insipid taste. Judges should judge by flavor and throw them out.

Mr. Dempsey — I always judge from quality in grapes. I have competed against those that were ringed, but I never ring grapes, though I have stimulated the vine by using scissors and thumb and ringer for pinching them ; and invariably I have heen satisfied with the result. We should encourage people to resist by any honest means the stimulating of fancy growths of fruits for exhibitions; or if we cannot do that, have separate prizes for ringed grapes. This is not the only evil, however: I have known cases of people sending to Quebec and to the United States for samples of fruit to exhibit at fairs as their own.

Mr. Stipe (Hamilton) — Should we not raise grapes for commercial use instead of quality? This Association would be doing a kindness to the grape growers by encouraging some principle of bringing the grape sooner into perfection, and I believe this ringing process will do it, and by that means we get a bigger price, and that is all we care for — the money. (Lauyhter.)

Mr. E. D. Smith — I have seen vines that were ringed pretty regularly, and the result was that the vineyards were ruined.

Mr. Stipe — I can't agree with that. I believe a man can ring a grape, grow a cane every year, and produce the same amount of fruit, and have it in the market so early that he will beat others.

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Mr. S. Burneb (Hamilton) — I ring all my grapes, and it pays me to do it, and that is why I do it. Lasi season 1 produced a little over three tons from live acres. I crop the ground with vegetables as it' the grapes were not there. The vini's would probably cover an acre it" they were planted alone. Theyare lingers. Id has 'lone no injury to the vines, but you must grow new wood every season to provide your crop for tin.' next. If you ring the wood that produced this season and make no provision for the next, you would be minus a crop. As long as it pays me I think 1 will ring them.

A Delegate— What about the flavor ?

Mr. BURNER— I don't possess that nice sense of palate that some of mv friends do. In some seasons they will be watery,but in a cold late season I get the most benefit of the tinging. You get color into them, and a good looking thing in a basket, and 'ike everything else, the best looking thing will bring the best price. I had o00 heaiiug vines, and 180 more to come into bearing this year. I have them in rows, twelve feet apart each way.

The PRESIDENT — How do you find the ringing affects the shipping and keep- ing qualities '

Mr. BURNER— I don't know anything about that because I get rid of them as quick as I can I find that the early bird gets the worm. There is a lot of work about this ringing process, and that does not suit the fruit growers. (Laugh- ter). I strip the bark not less than an inch in width. Anything much less thin that is not of much effect. Some I have taken off before the grape was in bloom to make the grape set better, but thev are generally about the size of pears before I got at them — in July generally. The ringing makes them four times as large as anybody else's.

The SECRETARY — While we may condemn ringing for exhibition purposes the question comes, is it not likely to be a profitable thing for us to do for marketing them by increasing the size and getting into the m irket earlier. Mr. Barry, the Presidenl of the X. V. Horticultural Society, boldly denounced the ring- ing of grapes on the score of loss of quality, and in the face of these differences of opinion it will require further experiment before we can be very positive.

The Secretary read the following extract from one uf the bulletins of the Agricultural Experiment Stations in Massachusetts : —

" Cutting rings of bark from the canes of the grape vine to hapten the tim* of ripening has been practised mora or less for m my years to prepare large specimens for exhibition, but only for ihe few years past has it been practised to hasten the crop for market.

'• In a series of experiments made in tne college vineyard in 1 877 and 1878, and recorded in the Report of the Hoard of Agriculture of Miss. LS7S and 1879, it was found that rem tving a ring ol bark early in July, quarter of an inch wide, resulted in hastening the time of ripening from one t > two weeks.

"It was also concluded from very careful tests male at the time that the increased size and early maturity was not at th< expt tun of V<< quality, and that as far as could be determine atth it time, and which further observations have confirmed, that the vines are not materially injured i»y the girdling.

" Girdling ha* been practised in the college vineyard nine or less every year itince with favorable results ; the canes tli a are to be cut away at the fall pruning only have been girdled to avoid any possibility of injury to vine or rout from stopping the downward tl -w of sap by the girdle.

" Some seasons tile resU ts of this practice nave been more marked than in others, but ce-ierally the increased pi ice obtained for the early frmr has much more than pa d expenses of t id wo.k, and in seasons of early fr at, to which many sections of New England are liable, it has made the difference between total failure and fair profit.

"To save expense in the work for the past two years the girdling has been done by twisting a v ire very firmly about the canes the la>t of .June above tne point where the cane is to be cut away at the fail pruuing.

" Ah iut No. 20 wire baa been foun I best, and results obtained have beau ir.oro satisfactory wncu the wires were put on the last of June or early1 in July and twiste i very firmly about the oane.

" While we have no proof that the vines are in any w iv injured i notwh hst n lni/ l hat we have mails very careful observations for many years), we would not advise girding the entire kine, but would treat only those canes t < • > •■ cut away at the fall pruning, and would leave about one-half of the vine to grow to a natural condition.

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Mr. Hilrorn — I think it is that stimulating to the large size that gives them the poor quality — no matter how you do it.

Mr. Stipe— Rogers' forty-three comes in nearly as early as the Champion when it is ringed.

The President — There is a great deal of ringing going on. We can under- stand that a purchaser would select the finest-looking grapes. For general market purposes ringed grapes would not keep long enough to meet the market. It does n >t s< ind to reason that they will bear shipment so well as those that are not ringed.

Mr. Burner — I ship to Montreal and they are all right enough. I have some in my cellar now pretty nearly as well preserved as those on the table here — all ringed.

Mr. A. M. Smith — If ringed grapes are of poorer quality, then the large grapes will come to be suspected on account of poorer quality, and then the smaller grapes would get the better price.

Mr. Wesley Smith (Winona) — I would like to hear Mr. Smith speak of the best varieties.

Mr. E. D. Smith — Among the reds I would prefer the Lindley ; it is earliest to ripen, yields well, grows well, has a good leaf and hangs on to the end of the season, and it will keep reasonably well — not so well as the Salem. Among the blacks the Worden is king, but it will not keep, it cracks and must be marketed in a short season. For the balance of the season the Concord for commercial purposes would fill the bill better than any I know. For a large fine grape Rogers 43 and 44 succeeds best with me. For white, Niagara is acknowledged to be "the queen, but, unlike the Concord, it will not succeed in all soils and all situations It must not be planted in an exposed position where it is liable to be killed with the rot ; that is its weak point, but it has no other. The roots must he sheltered.

Prof. Saunders — What do you think of the Early Victor ?

Mr. Smith — Very good grape. Not so early as the Champion and therefore not early enough to crowd it out. It does not come up to the standard in bearing.

Mr. Carpenter — For blacks I would say Roger 41, Concord, Worden, Roger's 43, 44, and also I tlvnk Roger 39, which we find very good after testing. For red I would put Ro.uer 9, 15 and Delaware. I don't approve of the Salem very much— our vines seem to be going back the last two or three years. The grapes are very tender in the skin, and unless we watch closely we lose one-third to half a crop on some vines. For white I suggest Niagara and Pocklington, which is hardy. I would rather use fertilizers than barnyard manure, from results I have seen. I picked last year forty-five or fifty pounds of Roger's 9 off several vines in a poor spot that had not manure for fifteen years. I use the superphosphate from Brodie & Harvie, Smith's Falls, from 300 to 400 pounds to the acre for grapes ; for field culture about 200 pounds to the acre every year.

Mr. F. W. Fearman (Hamilton)— I am probably the oldest grape grower in the room. I wrote a ppper forty years ago, before this Association was started. The subject was : " Grape Growing on five acres." I said in the paper that in a few years there would be a large number in the Niagara district growing grapes and supplying the northern part of this country. I find my prediction verified this afternoon. We had at that time only three grapes— the Isabella, Clinton and Catawba. Some Americans wTere anxious that we should grow the old Fox grape, and a few of us did ; and I find very little difference between the smell of

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

them and of a skunk. (Laughter). You could smell them from forty to fifty feet away from the waggon. (Laughter). I think .sometimes that the Niagara grape was originated somewhere near the Fox grape-— not to the same extent, but it has the same odor exactly. I have a small vineyard and have exceedingly great success in growing the Rogers grape on long wires. 1 have vines fifty feet long and Loaded from one end to the other. There is no difficulty in cultivating the ground between the vines that are grown in that way, probably twenty feet apart. Those vines will bear if run wherever you like— up the chimney of a hou^e. My Salems are gradually giving way. After a number of years they seem to fail. I am very much pleased to see the interest in fruit culture.

Mr. Pettit suggested that Mr. Fearinan's paper be published in our annual report.

EXPERIENCE IN A FRUIT GARDEN FOR HOME USE.

Mr. T. H. Race (Mitchell) read the following paper : —

The garden is a chosen spot of earth. The word garden, in a scriptural sense, is synonymous with that of paradise, and is suggestive of peace, plenty, beauty and enjoyment. . The very first record we have of man, associated him with the garden. Man in his primeval state, innocent and holy, was placed in a garden. It was chosen for him as a habitation, a spot in harmony with the per- fection of his intellectual and moral nature, and of its fruits he was recommended to eat. When man fell he was driven from the portals of his paradise, with its fruits and flowers, prepared for him ; but though he degenerated through disobe- dience it remained still in the ordination of the Creator that through toil and the sweat of his brow, man should make the garden a chosen and a fruitful spot for himself, yielding fruit to gratify his appetite, and flowers, with their sweet per- fume, to delight his eye and gratify his sense. It is suggestive to note the divine estimate of the garden, for we find it recorded in holy writ, as a mark of God's favor to man, that he shall be given honey out of the garden, and vineyards shall be converted out of the wilderness for an inheritance. Solomon went down into the garden of the nuts to see the plants of the valley, and to ^ee whether the vines flourished, and he said, "I made me gardens and orchards, and I planted trees in them of all kinds of fruits,'' and Solomon was wiser in his day and aen- eration than most men. Jeremiah recommended the captive people to plant gardens and eat the fruit of them ; and the very last view we are given of man in the closing chapters of Revelation, is associated with the garden, as the home of our pertected and sanctified humanity. "To him that overcometh will I ijrant to eat of the tree of life which is in the midst of the paradise, or garden of God." Agriculture is the most innocent, most primeval and delightful of all forms of industry, and the garden is the very acme, the perfection of agriculture, and is associated with the first and the last views of human happiness and peace.

The subject, then, you will perceive, is a noble and exalted one. But while man in his purity was given the garden as a spot of beauty and attractiveness and the fruits thereof to eat without toil or effort on his part ; in his degenerate state the garden must be made by him, and will yield its fruits only as a reward for his labor. God made the garden for Adam, but Solomon, as he tells us, had to make the garden for himself. Under these circumstances the great question with man is, does it pay to garden ? How often do we hear it remarked by men of every class, " It does not pay ine to bother with a garden ; I can buy all the

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fruit and such like things that I need cheaper than I could grow them for myself."

And how often I am asked the question myself, does it pay you to keep a garden and spend the time in it that you do? The only reply to remarks and questions of this kind, is that much depends on the individual, and the purpose he has in living. Life is made up of its incidents with intermingling responsibilities and pleasures, and it is not all of life to live for til thy lucre, or that which will buy bread and raiment; literally speaking, it would not pay a man to garden who lives for such a purpose with such an aim only in view. What would be labor and loss of time to one man is pleasure and recreation to another. It was said but a year or two ago, by a member of this society, that in order to have a beauti- ful rose in your garden, it was necessary to have a beautiful rose in your heart. So it may be said of the garden, in order to have a handsome and beautiful garden on your premises, it is necessary to have a garden in your heart. Love makes labor light, and love will remove every obstacle that comes in its way for the accomplishment of its dreams.

Such has been my experience in the garden. Xo disappointment has ever for an hour subdued ruy love for the work, or my ambition to produce a fruit or a flower to come up to my ideal. Hence to labor in the garden is to me a recrea- tion and a source of joy and pleasure. If I were to consider the time. 1 have spent in the garden, and the money that I have expended in its cultivation, and calculate the return in mere dollars and cents, I might say as many do, that it does not pay to garden ; but when I consider the life-renewing recreations, and the pleasure that it affords me in its cultivation, the satisfaction it brings me to gather the fruit that it yields, and to eat of that fruit at my own table with my family and friends, I realize that if it be the pleasing incidents, the gratification of natural appetite, and the pleasant associations of life that make life worth living, gardening pays.

I turned my attention more especially to fruit gardening about eight years ao-0, and since that time my experience has not been without its disappointments. I made many mistakes, and among the greatest I may mention that of running after high priced and highly lauded novelties. I never refused a friend or a neighbor a root or a cutting of anything I had, no matter what it cost me, so that my novelties, even though they proved to possess merit, rarely yielded me any- thing till after all my friends had been supplied, and the novelty had become a common thing. I can recommend it as a safe rule, for all amateur gardeners to adopt — avoid high-priced novelties.

My present garden consists of about a half acre of ground, a portion of this is in lawn and rose beds, and the whole is enclosed on the east, north and west by a high close board fence. All about this fence I have planted one dozen Gregg, one half dozen each Soughegan, Tyler and Hilborn black caps ; one d> zen Shaffer's Colossal, and a strip of Cuthbert and Turner raspberries. I have the black and the Shaffers planted six feet apart and held to the fence with cord stretched from post to post, and between the bushes 1 spread, every second year, a large panful of unleached ashes, spading the ground lightly before putting them on. The Grecro* 1 bend down every winter, and keep them to the ground by pbacing sticks of firewood on the tips. I never had a picking from them until I did this, as they would kill to the snow every winter. The Cuthbert I have had to treat in the same way, and, on account of their tenderness and their trouble, I am now replacing them with the Marlboro and Golden Queen. I never allow more than four shoots of the Gregg to grow, and these I nip off when about three feet high, and encourage a growth of laterals. To allow more than four shoots to grow will only take substance away from the maturing fruit.

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I have two rows of gooseberries running east and west through the centre of my garden, containing nearly one hundred bushes, and two rows also of currants, containing a like number of bushes, the latter comprising the Fay's Prolific, Cherry, Moore's Ruby and White Grape. Beth currants and gooseberries are planted rive feet apart in the rows, with plenty of space between the latter for a grassy walk. I trim out and tie up in the fall and keep the bushes as erect as possible without using frames, and fertilize with ashes every second year. While Others have complained about the mildew affecting their gooseberries I have never seen a sign of such a thing among min ■ : this I attribute largely, if not in whole, to the free use of ashes, together with the free circulation of air and exposure to plenty of sunlight. To protect from the ravages of the currant worm I use white hellebore dusted on in the evening or morning by means of a common glass tum- bler and a piece of book muslin. If the bottom is broken off the tumbler all the better, and with this simple and convenient arrangement two hundred bushes can be gone over easily in less than an hour. About one eighth of an acre I keep in strawberries, and the rows of bushes running through the centre of my garden serve as a snow drift to give the former winter protection.

In strawberry culture 1 adhere chiefly to the hill system, making the rows two and a half feet apart and the plants eighteen inches in the rowT. Before planting I enrich the ground with stable manure, and after the second year I apply a heavy coat of ashes between the rows. These ashes serve a fourfold purpose; they keep the ground clean, they help to retain the moisture, they supply the soil with the necessary ingredients to produce an abundance of rich berries, and they drive out that abominable pest, the white grub. I plant in both spring and fall, but for a home garden I prefer the latter, after taking off a crop of early potatoes. When planting in the fall I find it always safest to litter the patch, before the snow comes, with fresh manure from the horse stable. Two years ago I had a matted patch of three years standing (Sharpless and Cherry mixed), and to experiment with ashes as a fertilizer I marked the patch, in the fall, into two feet strips, and spaded up each alternate strip. Along the centre of the two feet strips of vines I scattered a row of ashes until they spread at the bottom over a space of six inches in width. Of course these ashes killed every plant they covered, but the effect on the vines on each side was most satisfai tory. The drouth seemed to have little effect on them, while those in the hill patches were complete]}' dried up. I place great value on ashes as a fertilizer for small •fruits, but for general garden culture there is nothing to compare with stable manure. Next to watching his fruits maturing, and picking them in their lus- cious ripeness, there is nothing that so delights the gardener's heart as to turn up a rank mellow sod teeming with earth worms, and nothing will produce this con- dition of soil equal to stable manure. With plenty of stable manure worked into tiie soil, plenty of ashes used as a top dressing, and with the soil kept free from weeds, other things being equal, the labors of the planter and gardener will be rewarded with fruit in rich abundance.

Mr. Jarvis. — When and wThere can potted strawberries be obtained, and when is the proper time to set them out ; and can an amateur like myself plant them out himself ?

Mr. Morden. — The system hinted at is the hill system. The potted plants ■can be got by sinking the pot under the runner as it passes out. The pot can

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

shortly be removed with the potted plant. Any nurseryman would be able to furnish the plants if there was a demand. The runner will start perhaps in June. Sink your pots in July. Make the earth very rich in the pot.

Mr. Jar vis. — What is the best thing to eradicate the insects that attack the roses ?

Mr. Race. — Every Saturday night I applied soap suds, forced underneath with a force pump as the aphis gets under the leaves ; and I had no trouble. I never had better bloom or liner growth. I used to try tobacco water.

SMALL FRUITS.

What Varieties of Strawberries, Currants, Raspberries and Blackberries should be planted for home use.

Mr. W. W. Hilborn here read a valuable paper on this subject, which, unfortunately has been mislaid.

A Delegate. — Have you fruited any of Mr. Saunders' blackberries ?

Mr. Hilborn. — Yes, a number. Some of them were an improvement on Lees' Prolific. I don't know that any were an improvement on the Champion. The weather last season was too dry for judging.

Mr. Caston. — How does the Hilborn raspberry compare with the Gregg ?

Mr. Hilborn. — It is scarcely as large in size, but hardier and of better

quality.

VARIETIES OF PLUMS FOR HOME USE AND MARKET.

Mr. Geo. Cline (Winona) read the following paper :

A few Facts on Planting and Growing of Plums for Table or Market at

Grimsby, from Experience.

In giving my views on the growing of plums, I will only give these that are valuable for market, but still are good enough for home use for any person. A good list for market purposes as also for shipping are : Lombard, German Prune, Washington, Yellow Egg, Imperial Gage, Reine Claude, Coe's Golden Drop, Quackenbos, Niagara, Smith's Orleans, Duane's Purple, Pond's Seedling, Glass' Seedling, Bradshaw, Lawson's Golden Gage, General Hand, Victoria, French Prune. These for an orchard of 500 or 1,000 trees, I would divide about equally. For an orchard of 100 trees I would plant as -follows : — Washington, Niagara, Lombard, Glass' Seedling, Yellow Egg, Reine Claude, Coe's Golden Drop, being very productive varieties for the number of trees, and the quality is good enough for either table, cooking or market ; all of these I have found perfectly hardy and good bearers, good shippers and selling at highest prices. There are several plums claimed to be curculio proof, but I have none entirely free. There are

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some that seem more free than others from curculio, such as Smith's Orleans, Columbia, Lombard. I rind one of the great secrets of profitable plum growing is to plant the best kinds, give them good cultivation and plenty of fertilizing material to keep good growth in the trees; good cultivation and fertilizers being an enemy to the destructive diseases as black knot and rot. Even the curculio- dislikes cultivation, grass and weeds being a hotbed for the insect, while neglect of cultivation is death to profitable culture. Constant bearing of our best quality of budded plums is very weakening and shortens the life of the tree. I also find that the stock that plums are budded on have great influence in the growth of the trees as also on the size of the fruit and ripening of the fruit in a very dry season. The Myrobolan or the French stock grows on trees about double the size of the Canadian wild plum stock, and also there are no suckers from the Myrobolan stock, while the Canadian wrild plum throws up- suckers from every root near the top of ground, wherever touched by plow or harrow, making it impossible to keep an orchard in any kind of condition ■ also the suckers take away the strength from the tree and fruit, and in a very dry season the leaves wither and drop, leaving the fruit unripened and bitter consequently unsaleable and worthless, Therefore, for this section, plant trees budded in the French stock.

The greatest trouble in growing plums is the black knot, which I believe is spreading very rapidly in the northern and western part of Ontario. The only remedy that I know of is to be on the lookout for it the latter part of July and first of August, cutting out all found, as that is the time the knots are formed; all escaping notice then, to be cut off at once after the leaves drop in autumn. I also recommend good cultivation and plenty of fertilizers, which have an abundance of phosphoric acid and potash in the analysis, such as Brodie & Harvie's, of Smith's Falls, fruit tree fertilizer, which is complete for fruit trees of all kinds as well as grape vines, and of which I use several tons yearly. The knot in my orchard is very much less than three or fou* years a<?o, and I think it is entirely due to the use of the fertilizer, good cultivation and cutting knots off as fast as I find them.

The rot is also very destructive in some seasons, more especially in very warm, foggy weather. Such weather being peculiarly adapted to the spreading of that disease, and the fruit should be watched very closely at that time, and be picked off at once if attacked by rot, as the rot spreads very rapidly. One plum in a cluster, attacked by rot on one morning, may spread to the whole cluster before the next morning. The rot is caused I think by fungus growth striking the plum where stung by the curculio.

In marketing plums, a great mistake is made by picking all the plums from one tree at one picking and before they are ripened enough to be picked. Plums should not be picked green, and one variety will generally keep steady packino- for a week or ten days, by just picking those that are ripened enough for shipping or market ; and sell at very much better prices than picked in the o-reen state.

My remedy for exterminating the curculio is to use a solution of Paris green and water, 'A oz. of Paris green to 40 galls, water and keep well mixed, spraying the mixture on the trees with a force pump mounted on a barrel in a wagon, spraying three or four times during the season ; the first time just before the blossom is all gone, and again at intervals of a week or ten days, as the weather may be showery or otherwise ; heavy rains washing a certain percentage off.

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In conclusion I would like to impress upon the minds of all present that my list of plums given may not do to plant in all parts of Ontario, that they may not be all entirely hard}' or as productive on all soils as in mine- I think all those among you who are in any way experienced in growing fruits will agree with me that fruits do not grow the same, neither produce the same in different soils and in different localities. Even at the short distance of one mile, or less, the change is quite marked in the quality of fruit, the growth of tree or vine, as also the productiveness. The list of plums that are really good plums is quite larc^e. I am growing some thirty barrels, but as plums for profit I would not advise planting them. I find experience is the best teacher for planters, and the lesson is not to plant largely until you know just what is most suitable for your own particular soil.

RESOLUTIONS.

Moved by J. A. Morton, seconded by John Croil, That the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario desire to express their appreciation of the kind attentions and courtesies extended to them by the Press of the city— Carried.

Moved by P. C. Dempsey, seconded by M. Pettit, That the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario feel themselves under obligation to the County Council of the County of Wentworth, for the kind use of the Court House and rooms afforded them ; and that the thanks of this Association be tendered the Council for their courtesy, and that a copy of the resolution be conveyed them through the County Clerk — Carried.

Moved by J. A. Morton, seconded by Secy. Woolverton, That the matter of the preparation of lists of apples for cultivation in this Province, be referred to a committee consisting of the Directorate— Carried.

Moved by M. Pettit, seconded by A. D. Lee, Resolved, that this Association do memoralise the Ontario Legislature, and urge upon them the necessity of enacting such laws as would encourage the pro tection of existing forests, and further assist farmers and others in planting shade trees as wind-breaks — Carried.

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WM. SAUNDERS,

President 1882-1885.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

SUMMEE MEETING.

The Association held its Summer Meeting at Cardno's Hall. Seal'orth, or* Wednesday and Thursday, July 3rd and 4th, 1889.

In the forenoon the delegates were driven to the residence of Mr. Robert Gouinlock, where his grapery and farm were inspected. After lunch the delegates met in the hall.

President Allan appointed the following Committees :

On Fruit— T. H. Race, Mitchell ; A. H. Pettit, Grimsby,

On Lists of Fruit— P. C. Dempsey, Trenton ; Thos. Beall, Lindsay ; P. E, Bucke, Ottawa.

Mr. M. Pettit, of Winona, read the following essay on

GRAPES FOR HOME USE, METHODS OF CULTURE, ETC.

The vine besides furnishing such delicious fruit, adds greatly to the attrac- tiveness of home, even the name " vine-covered cottage " or " vine-clad hills " suggests that which once possessed can never be forgotten. The inhabitants of the vine districts of Europe plant vines wherever they go, you can almost pick out their homes here in our country.

The value of the grape and the ease with which it can be propagated, are two points not yet well understood by the farmers of our country.

No fruit is more refreshing and none more healthful. Howt much is it worth to have all of the grapes one wants for himself, his family and his friends, for even three months of the year, and is within the reach of nearly every man who owns an acre of land in Ontario. Some parts of the country are so favorable to this industry that success comes almost without an effort, but people are slow to learn that it maybe carried on successfully almost anywhere. To profitably grow grapes for market only a few varieties are required, and to name those varieties suitable to all locations .is a difficult question, as a slight difference in location, soil or culture will produce results so widely different.

The culture of no fruit perhaps gives rise to a greater variety of opinions than that of the vine. For this reason it is safer for those who intend planting to find which varieties succeed best in their own locality.

However, for market I would select the following varieties in the proportion to 1,00'J vines : 100 Worden, 200 Concord, 100 Wilder, 200 Liudley, 200 Agawam and 200 Niagara.

Some may say, why are Delaware, Brighton, Salem, Moore's Early, or Pock- lington, not included for the following reasons : Lindley will produce more to the acre than the Delaware, ripens at the same time and is more saleable, it will pro- duce as much as the Brighton, and improve by hanging when fully ripe, while the Brighton fails in both color and flavor.

The Lindley and the Agawam fills the place of Salem in the market, are as productive, and not as subject to mildew, or liable to burst with rain. Moored

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

Early can only be made to produce one-third of as much as Word en, and is not as •good in flavor. Niagara fills the place of Pocklington in the market and is more productive.

There is little profit in testing new varieties, let others do it for you. We frequently hear the remark, that grapes can be profitably grown at one cent per lb. This entirely depends on the cost of production, which is a very important .question with the grape growers, as we must admit that the days of strong demand and high prices are past, that the market is frequently overstocked, and prices rule very low. To profitably meet this it is important that we should carefully .consider the cost of production.

If we get 3 cents per lb. for a crop and it costs 2£ cents per lb. to grow and market them, there is little more than amusement in the business, but if we reduce the cost of production 1 cent per lb. that would give $30 per ton clear profit.

Grapes like all other fruit, can be produced at less expense on soil that is .easily cultivated. This makes the selection of a site for a vinevard important, when we consider the fact that the soil will be cultivated constantly for 30 or 40 years. Hill sides should be avoided or any situation that has much descent, as the yearly waste of the continually cultivated land will carry away the surfaee soil from the high points and deposit it at the bottom where it is least needed. Cultivation that is generally given to secure a good crop of corn or potatoes will place the soil in a suitable condition for planting grape vines. When preparing to plant make a trench where each row is to be placed, by ploughing two furrows -throwing one each way, in the bottom of this trench make a deep furrow with a subsoil plough or what will answer as well, take the mouldboard off of an ordi- nary plough. Then plant two varieties in the same rows, a red and a black, or a white and red, or an early and late variety, six or seven feet apart in the row. By so doiug, at the end of five years, when we will know much more about the market for grapes, you can have the privilege of choosing which variety you will keep and cut out the other when it has amply repaid you for the very little •extra expense, as no more land, cultivation or trellising is required.

Do not place any manure or other fertilizer in contact or near the roots, -thousands of vines are killed each season by doing so. After placing a few inches of fine soil about the roots tread it firmly, then mote earth and tread again ; this firming the soil in planting is of vital importance.

After planting give good clean cultivation ; for cleaning and mellowing the soil, no implement answers better than a gang plough with about 2 feet long bar *)f iron bolted on the plough-head and braced from each side filled with holes so the clevis can be set to plough to or from the vines. By using short whiffletrees nearly all of the ground ean be stirred.

Plough well to the vines not later than August so the earth will become well settled to protect the roots from frost during winter. Allow no brush, rubbish, prunings, or anything of that description to accumulate about or near the vine- yard. By burning everything of this kind you will keep your vineyard free from thrip and other injurious insects.

The question of pruning is a very unsatisfactory one to discuss on paper, no rules can be laid down that will profitably apply in all cases. So much depends .on the strength of the vine, the age, variety, amount of vitality, whether it has carried a heavy crop the previous season or a light one, strength of soil, etc. As .-a rule too much wood is left. It is common to err in this direction ; the haste to get fruit quickly and plenty of it, are the chief causes of many a failure ; vines are .-allowed to overbear especially when young. The demands of the fruit exceed the

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ability of the vine to supply them. The consequence is the fruit is late in ripen- ing and a poor sample. The bearing canes for the next season's crop are not ripened nor the fruit buds matured, and it requires a year to recuperate.

Whoever attempts to eonfine the growth to some particular system does so at a loss. Systems may answer for a garden, but in growing grapes for market, prune out the poorest wood and save the best wherever it may be found. The more I look about and see the results of different systems of pruning the more I become convinced there is no science required, but simply to cut away enough of the vine to prevent overloading, leaving enough well matured bearing-wood to carry a fair crop, which on an average vine at full bearing is from 50 to 60 buds on the wood of the previous season's growth. To do this properly requires some experience joined with common sense.

In concluding I would say that I am of the opinion that if the people of our country could be induced to grow and eat more grapes, make and drink plenty of pure home made grape wine, it would be a greater step in the way of advancing temperance than the Scott Act or any other legislation can bring about.

In answer to questions, Mr. Cline stated that he did not think the Lawrence plum was so good as some others. The Niagara is a little earlier than the Bradshaw's. The General Hand is a very profitable plum. The trees will run from six to ten baskets each every year. The McLaughlin is a very fine plum, but not sufficiently so for a cropper. The curculio is decreasing with me. Paris green is my cure. Moore's Arctic ought to very far north where they can't grow anything else It is nowhere compared with the Lombard. Referring to a recent article in the Horticulturist, he said, a pound of Paris green to a hundred gallons of water was too strong, and would destroy the foliage of the trees.

Mr. A. M. Smith. — The Munro Egg escaped the black knot entirely. It might be valuable for sections where the black knot is found.

Prof. SAUNDERS. — If Paris green is not kept agitated it might destroy the 3, even by using four ounces to a barrel of forty gallons, it gets so strong. Mr. E. D. Smith. — I can corroborate what Mr. Cline says.

Mr. RlCE. — Prof. Cook, of our university, has made very exhaustive experi- ments in spraying trees, and says London purple is much better than Paris green, without the danger of killing the leaves, unless you get it too strong, He recommends half a pound to a hundred gallons of water. He says the bees are the best friends of the horticulturist, and the spray is not to be used till the trees- kre so far out of blossom that the bees have left them. Mr. Willard, of Geneva, recommends planting plum trees in the apple orchard, because the curculio likes the plum better than the apple. Fruit growers would thus concentrate the curculio so as to fight him right on his own ground.

Mr. Patterson. — After experiments with Paris green on apple trees, beginning ■with five ounces to forty gallons of water, I found that three ounce- answered better than a larger quantity, by constant stirring. It might possibly be reduced still more. It is a decided benefit to apples. I have experimented by spraying half the orchard and leaving the other half unsprayed, and I have found there is at least fifty per cent, difference in quality and quantity in favor of the Paris green. I have not found the slightest danger, I have had cattle pasturing in the orchard a week after spraying without the slightest ill effect. I used hyposulphite of soda along with Paris green, putting eight ounces of the hyposulphite to forty gallons of water, and that year I had no apple spot at all ; but it was not general in our part of the country, and I can't say it was entirely owing to the hyposulphite.

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Prof. Saunders. — I would not recommend London purple as a substitute for Paris green, for the latter is of more uniform strength, while I have found a difference of more than half in the arsenic contained London purple. Further, the arsenic is in a more soluble condition than it is in Paris green.

Mr. Beall. — I think the difficulty often is in using too little water. I always use half a teaspoonful to a pail of water ; not more than half an ounce to a pail. Prof. Saunders. — That would be half a pound to a barrel.

Mr. Porter.— What is the earliest time that it is safe to put Paris green on the blossom ?

The Secretary. — Within a week after the fall of the blossom. There is no> necessity to spray apple trees with Paris green while they are still in bloom. After the blossom has fallen it is quite early enough, and then we are quite safe from injuring the bees. I believe plums might be sprayed even before the blossom is out, as it is the parent curculio we want to destroy. So that in both instances we can apply the Paris green without danger to the bees.

Prof. Saunders. — I should not agree with the secretary in applying Paris green to the plum before it blossoms. In the first place it has not yet been shown how Paris green acts upon the curculio in the case of the plum ; whether it kills the curculio or deters it from operating on the trees, from the fact of containing something that the curculio objects to. It is believed that insects have a sense analogous to smell, and that they were attracted by some odor or exhalation from the plant which leads them to travel in that direction till they find a food plant. In that case it may be that the curculio is not destroyed by the Paris green, but merely deterred from the trees that have this protective coating. Did you ever find the curculio killed from the spray of Paris green on the plum trees ?

The Secretary. — I have it from very good authority, that it is the curculio* itself that we wish to destroy, and that by spraying the leaves of the tree upon which he feeds he is destroyed.

Prof. Saunders. — In my experience the curculio does not feed much at that particular time. I have occasionally found punctures on the leaves, but I never found them to be eaten to any great extent. Their jaws are not mandibles. If they eat anything it is by sucking the leaves; and I think the probability of their eating the leaves is very remote. I think it is sufficient to spray the Paris green just as soon as the young fruit begins to show. They begin to operate very quickly on the fruit, butnot before it is large enough to be seen as a newly- formed fruit. I have never seen anything to lead me to suppose that the curculio acted on the blossom before the bloom was formed.

Mr. McMichael. — Would there be any chemical affinity in mixing sulphate of soda and Paris green, and destroying the fungus and the codling moth at the same time ?

Prof. Saunders. — I could not speak of that positively ; but my impression is that the hyposulphite would not effect the strength of the Paris green solution in any way or make it more soluble. A little ammonia will make Paris green more soluble, and make it very injurious I should think, to vegetable tissues.

Mr. Patterson. — I have used both the hypo-sulphite and the green in the same barrel, and I found the Paris green acted as well as it has ever acted with me ; and that year I had no apple spot, I cannot altogether attribute it to the hyposulphite. I have had greater success when I sprayed the earlier apples a few days earlier than late varieties. Select the time just after the apple is formed,

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as long as the apple is upright. In a short time it will turn down. You cannot have such good results after that period as before. Where you have the time it is advisable to spray your orchard twice.

The Secretary. — 1 have just remembered my authority for spraying the plum before it blossomed — it was Henry Comstock. It accords with my own experience, because in those seasons where 1 have applied the Paris green to the plum trees early there has been success, and where it has been delayed until after the young plums were formed, there has hern failure.

Prof. SAUNDERS. — It does not seem to be a matter of any importance except as touching upon that bee question.

After some words of congratulation from Mr. Rice, of Michigan. Sheriff RfcKellai was called in by the President to say a few parting words. He expressed his great pleasure at being present. Referring to the presence of Mr. Rice, he said Canada would like to annex the Unite. 1 States, and take in such men He wished for freer tra le between the two countries. We have no reason to fear competition with them in fruit : but besides that, they are our own kith and kin. and the closer our relations the better for u* financially and otherwise. Instead of putting up barriers against one another we should cultivate the most friendly relations. Intercourse has done a great deal to remove prejudice. He had spent last winter in Florida, and he brought with him some specimen.-, of the products of that country. [The Sheriff exhibited some curious specimens, chief among winch was the material used for building, being a peculiar mixture of gravel and shells, which grows on the seashore.]

Mr. P. C. DEMPSET moved, seconded by Mr. Petti t, that the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario feel themselves- under obligation to the County Council of the County of Wentworth for the kind use of the rooms afforded them ; and that the kind thanks of this Association be tendered the < !ounty C uracil ; and that a copy of this resolution be sent them through the Cmnty Clerk. Carrie).

After thanks to the press, moved by Mr. Morton, seconded by Mr. Croil, the. convention adjourned at six o'clock.

REPORT OF FRUIT EXHIBITED AT HAMILTON MEETING.

Your Committee have to report th ft they have examined with a good deal of satisfaction the following- list of fruits namely:— Good specimens well preserved of the Baldwin, Seek no Further, Wagner, Canadian Red. Greenings, Bourassa, Northern Spy, Blue Peannain, Vaudevere, Mann, Cooper's Market, Cranberry Pippin, Red Mackintosh. Golden Russet, Bellflower, Red Pound, Pewankee King, Ben Davis, Blenheim Orange, Cayuga Redstreak, Ontario, Walbridge, Maiden's Blush, Alexander, Swaar, Fallawater, I Golden, Hastings, Tallman Sweet, Fall Pippin, Twenty-ounce, and Swayzie Pomme (iris We note with much pleasure that a number of the fall \aiieti~s have been kept until this date in a good state of preservation showing that the Beason of many of our fall varieties may be considerably extended by proper storage. Among the newer varieties P. C. Denrpa Trenton, shows a number, as follows: Adams1 Peannain, Bonum, Lord Burley, Golden Winter Pearmain, Hardadsturs1 Pippin, Start's Golden and Cellini. Of these, Lord Bui-ley is an apple of medium size, color red, with russett dots; quality good. Bonum, a small dessert apple, color dark red, with russet (tots ; texture fine, quality medium. Hardadsturs1 Pippin, size medium, color yellow, splashed with red ; quality medium. Start's (Jolden, small dessert apple, color yellow, of fine quality and handsome appearance. Cellini, an apple of fair appearance but poor quality. In addition to these apples, Mr. Dempeey shows a speciman of the Duchess de Bordeaux. This is a long-keeping variety and will not be in season till March.

A very excellent specimen of Golden Russet was shown by Mr. Taylor, grown in Mariposa. John Leonard shows a handsome specimen of seedling, not unlike King, but quality very poor. There is also a seedling from Humberstone township, county Welland, origin unknown ; a large apple somewhat like King, but of finer quality and a better keeper. The tree is said to be a strong grower and very produc- tive. L. Woolverton shows a collection of 15 varieties of apples, very fine specimans and all well kept.

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E. C Eearnside, of Hamilton, shows six varieties of the standard sorts, most of them fine specimens and well preserved. A very fine plate of Perry Russets was also shown by Mr. Holton, of Hamilton. A seedling shown by Joseph Dunn, of Orillia, is judged by your committee to be a seedling of the Fameuse. The apple is about the size of the Baldwin, more light colored, and in flavor distinctly Fameuse, and is worthy of being watched, and if found a good grower and productive, should be propagated. Three •varieties of grapes are shown by M. Pettit, of (rriinsby, Rogers No. 4, Salem and Vergennes. The first- named picked on October 1st and left in open baskets, retaining its flavor well and is but slightly shrivelled. Salem, picked September 5th, kept in open baskets, is as firm and plump as when picked, and in quality far ahead of the imported Spanish varieties. Vergennes is in an excellent state of preservation, •quality first-class.

All of which vour committee respectfully submit.

W. E. WELLINGTON, A. ALEXANDER, T. H. RACE.

Dr. Hanover. — Would you remove the vine in the fall from the trellis, and protect it with straw or other material 1

Mr. Pettit. — That entirely depends on the locality. In our section we leave them on the trellis all winter ; but in colder sections, where the wood winter kills, it would be necessary to put them down.

The President. — -What is your experience with summer pruning 1 Some people think it is necessary to cut back very heavily for the purpose of ripening the fruit, as they say.

Mr. Pettit. — I have practised it, and left the vines without, and I think there is very little difference. But where vines make very rapid growth, like Rogers 9, 3, and some of those, it is better, after they have made a growth of about three or four feet, to pinch the ends off. I don't think it advisable to go through and cut off much ; and some vineyards that are not touched at all with summer pruning yield just as well as those that are summer pruned. One thing that is very necessary, after vines have made a growth of a foot, or even less — varities that throw out a good many suckers from the old wood, like the Champion, or some very hard}- kinds, — to go through and break out a lot of these. Where the bud throws out two shoots, break out the weak one that comes out hack of the main bud. Thus you get a better sample of grapes, and nearly as much fruit.

Mr. Bucke. — Don't you find the new wood blows off a good deal if not tied ?

Mr. Pettit. — They soon catch hold if you hook the leaf on the wires. Where the bearing canes come straight up, then a heavy shower will break them down sometimes, especially the Niagara. For that reason we run Niagara canes hori- zontally on the wire instead of bringing them up straight.

The President. — Why have you in your vineyard only 100 Worden and 200 Concords, when the Worden is spoken of lately as being the more profitable grape — bringing a higher price than the Concord because it is sweeter, and because it is called for ?

Mr. Pettit. — The Worden is not nearly as good a shipper as the Concord- It bursts very easily ; and there is a good deal of complaint, in my experience, on account of its coming through in bad condition ; and it is not as long a keeper as the Concord — it gets very soft. Aside from that I think it would be more desirable. I get more per pound for the Worden than the Concord. I don't get as many pounds per vine. The Lindley is almost as early as the Worden.

Mr. Bucke. — In the Otrawa District we look upon the Brighton as the lead- ing grape — the bunches are so large and beautiful, and it is earlier than many. It would beat the Lindley every crop, for pounds.

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Mr. A. H. Pettit. — The Brighton succeeds very well with me on gravelly soil.

The President. — What varieties do best in this district ?

Mr. Gouinlock. — I find the Rogers the best. The Lindley and the Roger's 3 have the highest canes and show the most fruit.

Mr. BlJCKE. — Which grapes did you make best out of last year?

Mr. GoriXLOCK. — The Rogers.

Mr. Pettit — In any case there should not be more than forty or fifty buds on a vine that is full bearing, even supposing it had been bearing ten years.

Mr. Beall — It is very difficult to make people understand that the old vine should not have any more buds than a new vine.

Mr. Pettit. — Less if anything.

Mr. Beall. — The vine can only produce in proportion to the area of land it is on. You do not increase the space, and you should not increase the bud. Forty or fifty buds to the vine are enough to grow ten or fifteen tons to the acre if you have good luck.

Mr. Pettit. — Ten to fifteen tons to the acre are something: we hear of, but seldom see. When you get five tons to the acre you are getting a pretty good yield. Mr. Hogan, of Oakville, in his evidence before the Agricultural Com- mission, gave twelve tons to the acre, but it is something extraordinary if a man gets anything near ten tons, I should say.

A. H. Pettit. — How many tons to the acre do you call a good crop from your vines ?

Mr. Pettit. — I never measured the ground as it is planted, and scarcely know, but I' think ten by twelve requires something in the neighborhood of 430 odd vine<. Well, if you get an average of twenty pounds to the vine, you are getting all that you can grow on them. All that you are getting, as an average, over that, you are taking out of your next year's crop — unless you have got a very strong growing vineyard, a soil very suitable, and everything in that way.

A. H. Pettit. — If you plant ten by twelve and plant eight by seven, and rve forty buds, won't you double your crop ?

Mr Pettit — You might for a season or two, while the vineyard is quite young, get more to the acre, but you lose just that amount in a few years when your vines gel older. You can't produce so much with them close. The first vineyard I planted I put Concords nine feet apart, and a year or two ago we cut out every other one, I found they were not doing well, and I think I will get just as much from the same land from half the number of vines.

Mr. BuCKE. — How many buds do you leave on this year's wood after you prune in the fall, on each cane?

Mr. Pettit. — From four to eight.

Mr. Bucke. — In Ottawa we leave only two buds, and we get a good crop.

Mr Beall. — I had no intention of saying a man could grow ten or fifteen tons to the acre ; but I said that you had buds enough to yrow that much if you had good luck to do it ; but I don't think you will have the good luck. I don't think any man ever raised fifteen tons to the acre. The most I ever got was 35 pounds to the vine, some eight or ten vines in a row.

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Mr. Bucke. — There is nothing better than earth to protect vines in winter ; and we never use anything else in Ottawa. If any one will bury a potato in the ground in our climate, and put three or four inches of earth over it, in the spring he will find it has not been touched with the frost at all. If be took it up in the winter he would find it frozen solid, but the frost is taken out so gently in the spring that it does not injure the potato. So it is with the vine. If y >u put straw or anything of that sort on the vines there is also a danger of mice or animals of some kind.

Mr. Race. — Is not the snow sufficient of itself ?

Mr. Bucke. — No, it wants soil.

The Secretary. — I should think Mr. Pettit's mode of pruning, though it works very well in our section, where it is not necessary to lay vines down would not be so suitable where the vines have to be laid down.

Mr. Pettit. — No ; Mr. Beall's system would be better.

The President. — Will Mr. Beall explain his sj^stem ?

Mr. Beall. — I use only one arm. I cannot see there is anything gained in using two arms of a cane. They only reach half way to the next vine, if you have two arms, five feet each ; you get just as much wood with one arm ten feet.

The Secretary. — The extremities are not so near the root.

Mr. Beall. — That does not make so much difference, because when the vine is properly established you can grow the same quantity of fruit from end to end. I have satisfied myself that there is not the slightest necessity whatever to have the crop at the outer end of the vine ; you can have it evenly distributed from the base of the vine to the top ; and by growing one arm you have no trouble whatever in laying them down ; they are all laid down in a row, one following- the other right along. My man and myself can lay down and cover three hun- dred vines in a day. I stand on the body of the vine — that keeps the vine down ; and I have an ordinary lath four leet long with a crotch in the end, and I have only one arm, but on that arm there are often four or five or six oblique arms, but those have perhaps only six or eight buds on them ; these oblique arms are- renewed every year or two — sometimes there may not be more than three or four on, but those will all follow along the same line, reaching along the wire. The man will follow on, and throw a little clay on ; and I find the least possible quantity of clay succeeds the best. I do not care anything about covering the arm itself; it is only the young buds ; and that will keep down sufficient.

The Secretary. — You do not cut all those oblique branches back every year.

Mr. Beall. — Those are renewed at irregular periods ; sometimes I let them run two or three years. I do not think I let any of them grow more than three years, then on those of course I grow buds. I try not to have more than fifty buds on each vine ; and on the Niagara vine every bud should produce a pound of grapes ; that will be fifty pounds to the vine. I don't say I succeed in doing it very often. I think it can be done, but I am not clever enough.

The Secretary. — How far apart would you have these oblique branches on the main arm ?

Mr. Beall. — Sixteen or eighteen inches apart.

The Secretary. — And the main arm you run ten feet from the root ?

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 18S0

Mr. Bkall — The main arm would run nearly to the next cane, and then the last oblique branch would run away over the other cane. The first from the base would of course ran in the same direction, but under the other one. I never mutilate this main arm, except when I meet with an accident.

Mr. BlTCKE. — You pinned down the oblique branch to take its place ?

Mr. Beall. — No. If one should happen accidentally to be in the right place I will leave it. In pruning we should have two objects; one, to grow bearing cane for next year, and the other, tor bearing cane this year. We want always, in pruning, to look out for renewal canes, but not cut out the oblique arms that they protect. I would rather have a new cane any time than an old one.

The SECRETARY. — Have you ever tried the Knitfen system ?

Mr. Beall. — I consider this a combination of the Knitfen system and the Fuller system and every other system, because I adopt from every system. We have the spur system complete, then we have the renewal system complete.

Mr. Gouinlock. — How do you manage to cover the new wood ; or does it atand.

Mr. Beall. — No, it will all lie flat on the ground. The cane will twist over on its side. The cane of course is as large as my arm in some places. It requires very little clay ; your canes have got used to ii ; they are always growing in this oblique direction. The arm itself is grown on the lower wire altogether.

Mr. Pettit. — Very close to the ground ?

Mr. Beall. — Well, I would have the wires closer than I have mine. Mine are fifteen inches from the ground, and I fasten the oblique canes to the wires four or five inches — I find it is better, the nearer I can get them to the ground, so lon<; as the grapes do not touch the dirt.

Mr. Dempsey. — The renewal system and the spur system, it seems to me, are badly mixed with Mr. Bead's explanation. With the spur system properly understood I have grown vines fifteen leet long, and produced fruit just as even at the base as at the extremity. There is no difficulty in doing it with the spur system. Every man producing grapes under glass is adopting the spur system. They prune the vine clean, and depend on the doimant eyes that are rif'ht at the ba^e of each bearing shoot, for the next year's crop; and those vines are invariably grown at an angle of 4"», so that they are easily laid down and raised up; and in the spring of the \ ear, when you have discovered the place that appears to be slowest about starting the vine, you raise that portion and lower the rest of it. If the extreme end of the vine has taken to throwing out shoots vigorously, bring that close to the ground, and raise it where the shoots are not eoming out vigorously ; and then you cause the whole vine — to use a grape- growers term— to '" break " evenly. In combining the renewal system — from which we invariably get be ter bunches than by any other system that ever I saw — with the spur system, and leaving little shoots only about from four to six inches long, containing one bunch, clear from the base, and we can continue to renew that little spur, and we can maintain those old buds for years, for an in- definite period if you like. I have had them four inches in diameter and fifteen feet long, and kept on right year after year for twenty years, producing a good crop of fruit every \ ear, and breaking even from one end to the other, where we had uot only to bend them around, but to twist them clear around once to get them down The very system we practice under glass for cultivating grapes will do out of doors, but I like Mr. Pettit's system of pruning on two wires from the

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horizontal arms running alone: both ways, or one way, if you like. We practice that because it saves a very large amount of labor in the summer. Going over a few acres of grapes where you have to raise them to cause them to break even, causes extra labor and expense. We can raise up shoots from the ground and strip clear till we raise them to the wires, and have one to run to the right and one to the left, and two branches to the first wire about two and a half feet high, and two branches to the top wire about five feet high. The advantage of this system is that the fruit and the weight of the branch bends them over so that they are inverted, and saves a great deal of pinching.

JUDGING FRUITS AT FAIRS.

Mr. Thomas Beall, of Lindsay, read the following paper upon this subject :

How Best to Secure Uniformity and Fairness in the Award of Prizes at Fairs.

There are several obstacles to be overcome before this most desirable object may be attained. Most of the Boards of Directors of our Agricultural Societies regard the exhi- bition of fruit at their exhibitions as a matter of the least importance. Indeed it is gen- erally tolerated only because public opinion demands it, therefore the preparation of the prize list and the appointment of judges, the two most important matters in connection with this department of their exhibition, receive but little care or intelligent thought from them. "Uniformity and fairness" can scarcely be expected at any exhibition where such views are held.

The prize list for the numerous township and county exhibitions throughout the Province are all similar in character, almost the only difference being they are made longer or shorter to suit the amount of funds assigned to this department by each society. One of these lists is now before me from which I will take a few lines. " Best assort- ment of apples, not more than twelve varieties, five of each," but it is not stated whether they are to be summer, autumn or winter varieties. After giving a number of varieties of autumn apples I find " any other variety of fall apples," but there is no hint given whether they are required for dessert or for culinary purposes. A number of winter varieties are then named, concluding with " any other variety of winter apples." And again there is no indication as to the purpose for which they are required, whether for culinary use or for the home or foreign market. " Uniformity and fairness in the award of prizes " can hardly be expected under such circumstances.

With reference to the appointment of judges in this department the idea generally prevails with boards of directors that anyone can judge which of a half-a-dozen plates of apples of the same variety is the best, and as this is all that is required of judges (as they suppose) they cannot be induced to give the subject further consideration, therefore " any one " is chosen for that purpose. The result of such carelessness in conducting a fruit exhibition becomes fully apparent when the judges have completed their work and the public — the exhibitors and their friends — are admitted to the " show." The public, in the aggregate, are pretty good judges of a fruit show and they are not backward in giving their opinions freely when gross errors have been made. The blame is invariably placed on the judges, where, no doubt, it often belongs, but not always, for the wording of the prize list is often so ambiguous that the cleverest expert might be nearly as far astray.

A few instances which have come under my own observation will show how uncertain an exhibitor must feel as to his chances for obtaining prizes. Prizes were offered for " Swayzie Pomme Gris." Many plates were exhibited purporting to be of that variety, but all, with one exception, were little, half-developed Golden Russets which were awarded the first, second and third prizes between them. There was one plate, however, of Swayzie

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Pomme Gris on the table, and they very good ones, but they were not awarded any pi ize_ Prizes were offered for " Grimes' Golden." Two plates of that variety were on the table, one of which, an excellent sample, was awarded third prize, the other plate got nothing The first and second prizes were awarded to plates not of that variety. At another exhibition the first prize for "any other variety of winter apple " was given to a plate of Alexanders and the second to a well kept plate of Duchess of Oldenburgh. There is much difference of opinion respecting the " season " of this variety. The judges in this case, who were three in number, declared it to be a winter variety ; perhaps they were right. The list also called for " dessert apples for winter use." There could be no mis- taking the wording of the prize list in this case. On the tables there was a very good display of winter apples. Competitors for these prizes: Golden Russets, Kings, West- field, Seek-no-further, Wagner, Northern Spy, Grime's Golden and others. Several of these may fairly be claimed as dessert apples, but the three prizes were awarded, first to Alexander, second to Pumpkin's Sweet, third to Colvert. Evidently the judges thought that if the largest apples on the tables were not the beat " dessert apples tor winter use " it was not their fault.

On another occasion a sort of sweepstake prize was offered for the " best plate of winter apples on the tables." Knowing this special prize was offered, I had some curiosity to know to what variety they bad awarded this prize and was much surprised to find it given to a plate of Tallman Sweets, specially so as there were many excellent varieties of winter apples on the table, notably some of the finest specimens of Golden Russets I had ever seen at any exhibition. Having an opportunity subsequently, I asked one of the judges why they had selected the " Tallman " as the best winter apple on the tables. His reply was, " because we believed the Tallman Sweet to be the best apple grown in this or in any other country." That answer was quite satisfactorv, of course.

At one exhibition where a prize of 810 was offered for the " best collection of apples, correctly named, five of each variety and not less than sixteen varieties," it was awarded to an exhibit consisting of some twenty or twenty-five varieties and all named, viz., nanus were attached to each variety. There were not more than ten tolerable specimens in this lot and only four of these correctly named. More than one-half of the lot were nondescript seedlings without sufficient merit to be allowed a place in any sensible man's orchard. One of the three or four lots competing contained sixteen varieties, and all, with one or two possible exceptions, correctly named. The varieties were good and the samples well grown. The judges evidently awarded the prize to the lot havin<* the largest number of names attached without regard to any other consideration. Can " uni- formity and fairness in the award of prizes " be expected under such management ?

But there can be no improvement in this respect as long as the present system of appointing three judges to act together in each division lasts. This system is bad in every resprct. The judging of fruits at exhibitions requires the best horticultural skill that can> be obtained. The idea which guides the boards of directors seems to be that by appoint- ing three persons, each having a very little knowdedge of the subject, the concentrated wisdom of the three is more than equal to that which may be obtained from one expert. But experience shows this is not the case. The judgment of the best of the three is often cancelled by the ignorance of the other two, and it frequently occurs that the most igno- rant one of the three, who generally has the stronger will, gets everything his own way. When some gross error is quietly pointed out to one of the judges the reply is almost invariably, " Oh, I knew it was wrong and would have had it otherwise but you know 1 was only one of three and the others were against me." If either of the other two are spoken to the reply Till be substantially the same. This system is unjust to exhibitors, to visitors and to all others concerned, and must be swept out of existence. Let the directorate appoint only one judge in each class or division and hold that one responsible for his work. Fewer mistakes will then be made and these more easily corrected.

The issuing of an intelligible prize list and the appointment of one expert judge onlv in each class will go tar towards securing " fairness " at our exhibitions, but " uniformity" m not be secured until the judges can be supplied with some uniform standard of quality for all purposes, for all our fruits wherever they may be grown, without regard to

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soil or situation ; and I would urge in the strongest terms that this association do at once cause to be prepared a catalogue of all such fruits as are generally grown in this province, and that it be so prepared that all the varieties, and of every kind,' are compared each with the other for all the purposes for which such fruits may be grown. It will require much labor to prepare surh a catalogue, hut the labor and time required should be no obstacle to prevent the work being thoroughly done. This Association is largely subsidized l>y the Ontario Government for the purpose of giving all possible assistance to the public in fruit culture. The public, therefore, have a right and do claim such a catalogue at the hands of this Association, and I have no hesitation in stating, from enquiries frequently made of me at exhibitions, that no other work which the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, can perform will be so acceptable to the tens of thous- ands of fruit exhibitors throughout the Province as the preparation of such a catalogue, for then obtaining prizes at exhibitions ■» ill no longer be regarded as a lottery, and exhibitors will soon learn that " uniformity and fairness in the awards of prizes " at our exhibitions has been secured.

Mr. Morton. — I think the strictures in regard to the judges are a little too stringent. We cannot draw the line absolutely and say what apple is a summer or fall, and what is a fall or winter apple. Some come so near the border-land that it is a matter of opinion how they should be classed. I was a judge at a fair where we gave the first prizes for the best six fall apples, and the best six winter apples, to two collections which both had King of Tompkins County in them. We began with summer and went to early winter ; and then we went from early winter till the conclusion of the season. We cannot fix the date in one locality as we can in another. A judge from the south cannot draw the line for a northern county, because he does not know when those fruits would mature in that section. I have known a judge at one fair call a fruit Primate apple, and at another fair he said it was not Primate. We are all liable to mistakes. I don't think those small foibles should be pointed out. The thing that should be -done is to o-et out a complete classified list. It would be useless repetition to divide the list into home and foreign. The same apple might be entered as home, foreign and dessert ; and there are some dessert that are good for cooking. The list would be rather bulky to divide it into those classes. Some move should be made so that judging could be done by some common standard.

A. H. Pettit. — There has to be wide scope allowed in judging. If all exhi- bitors were educated up to the one-judge system, and the prizes being given by points, it would give satisfaction ; but it would be years before we would dare undertake it so fine as laid out in the paper read.

Mr. Morton*. — I approve of the one-judge system. Being secretary of our fair, I took the fruit department into special charge, and got Mr. Allan, the president here, as judge, and we have had him ever since, though there was some kickincr at first. In the other departments we have not educated the people up to the one-judge system yet.

Mr. Race. — Don't you often find exhibitors who say that Mr. Allan does not "know anything about fruit ? (Laughter).

Mr. Morton. — Yes, and we find such in every branch. You find people telling you, you don't know how to run a newspaper.

Mr. A. H. Pettit. — If the judges could place on cards the value of fruit — their market value, and their value for production, and some points on which they base their judgment — why they discarded one and gave the prize to another — it would be a good thing.

The President. — If we as an association are to do as it is intended under the Act we are to do — educate the public in this matter — we must take a step in

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.advance. We have been standing too long in one spot. I am very thankful indeed to Mr. Beall for having the courage to write upon this subject. To a very large extent I agree with his paper. The system of judging has been terribly abused, not only in the east, but all over ; and all who have had any experience in judging fruits at our exhibitions must agree with what Mr. Beall has said. The difficulty of course is to find the remedy — to lay down the set of rules for our guidance. I believe in the first place, that our exhibitions have done a good deal of harm to fruit culture generally, by offering prizes for large collections — of apples, for instance. It has induced the growth of a large Dumber of varieties, that are quite unprofitable for home use or shipment. Then there certainly is an inducement to parties that are keen for prizes, to pick up a few varieties in the neighbors' orchards, if they have not enough in their own to make up the forty, or twenty, or ten varieties called for. We have often heard of such things being done. Men who are in the habit of judging at our leading fairs have tried to introduce judgment upon points, adopting a scale of one to ten, ten points con- stituting a perfect sample. The Bartlett pear, for example, would bear as a maximum ten. The Northern Spy apple, there might be a question as to it deserving the full ten for the perfect sample. What we mean by a perfect sample, is as to how it appears, both as to size, coloring, shape, etc. The only question that might detract from its ten points, would be its commercial value, it takes so many years to come into bearing ; but in judging on the ten points we take into consideration the healthfulness or growth of the tree, its bearing quality, its use. If we are judging for cooking alone, we judge it in that wav ; so for dessert ; and commercial value comes in where we look upon that particu- lar fruit for home and foreign markets. We must make a combination of these points of excellence in judging at our fairs, if we are to do justice to our duty and lead the public to cultivate those qualities they should. Planters going to an exhibition for information, and seeing the prize ticket on a collection of perhaps twenty varieties, will naturally conclude to plant out an orchard from that standard. If the judgment of the judges has been improper, it is a serious thing for that man. That collection might perhaps be largely summer and fall fruit ; and ten chances to one the commercial value is not there, simply because there is not a sufficient number of the standard winter fruit in that collection. The collection to be perfect, must extend over the longest possible season in that particular locality, and must contain fruit for dessert and for cookinf in the different seasons. Then it contains those varieties for the various seasons that have the highest commercial value. You will have to look also to each sample, and see that they are perfect and properly named. I believe judging on points is the quickest and easiest way to judge, whether it is one judge or three ; and the points awarded on each sample or each plate, should be written upon a lar«-e ticket, so that the owner can see what it is considered worth by the judo-e or judges. If a fruit is incorrectly named, and the judge knows what the name is he ought to change that ; and if that sample is in a collection, that collection is short one variety, if the lines are drawn very close. In our Goderich Horticul- tural Society, we drew the line closer from year to year, giving exhibitors notice and doing what we could to get them educated into the proper naming of their fruits, so that in a few years they could bring ten. twenty, yes forty varieties of apples correctly named. When we got them to that state of perfection, and found that there was a mistake, of course we cut out the improperly named sample, and the collection was short that variety. It is impossible to give one scale of points, so far «is seasons are concerned, for the whole Province. That will hare to be a local matter to a very large extent ; for you will find an apple that in one section is a summer apple, in another section is an early — or possibly a

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late — fall apple ; and on the other hand, you will find varieties vary very much,, a variety that here has no practical value in the local market, and is not esteemed for home use, in another section is esteemed highly, both for home use and home market. As to the one-judge system, I have advocated that for some time past ; in fact I have made up my mind several times not to act as judge at any of our fairs except alone. I want to be responsible for any mistakes three are that I make, and not blame it on the other fellows. It is almost universal — in the west as well as the east — to blame it on the other two.

Mr. Gouinlock. — I believe this one judge system will be the best, because a treat many just leave it to. one any way. If he is posted in the matter it is left to him, and he can get out of it by laying it on to the others if he has made a mistake.

Mr. Stewart. — I would favor the one judge system if the man is expert in the branch he judges in. I have seen less dissatisfaction with one judge than with three. Several of the local fairs here have appointed but one judge.

P. C. Dempsey. — I can fully endorse nearly everything Mr, Beall says. Our committees usually, more particularly in those great fairs- we have in some places, like to select judges on account of their social or political position being hio-h. Too often those men obtain the position because they can make the largest blow politically, and know the less about fruit, or anything else pertaining to the advancement of our country. (Laughter.) At one of our fairs, for the last fifteen years, there is always a prize offered for Beurre d'Anjou pears. They have always had the same two men judging, and they are both appointed on account of their high standing in life, and they are certainly, in their profession, very clever men. Invariably there is a Beurre d'Anjou on exhibition ; but the Howell pear got it. You could not get two pears as far apart in appearance. Those men awarded first prize for twenty varieties of apples to a collection containing several inferior local varieties unfit for home use or for market ; in fact, worth, commersially speaking, nothing ; while there were not less than ten superior collec- tions for them to step over. Where we will get a remedy for this I can't understand. I am enclined to blame newspaper men. Why don't the press come down on such affairs ? Why is it that in the fruit department we must have men that don't know anything about it — though the same committee would not appoint for the live stock department men who did not know a bull from a cow ? Our press are to blame, because they are afraid to come down on those men on account of their standing in life. The first time I ever acted as judge of fruits, a prize was offered for a Pomme d'Or apple. Neither of the other judges, both old men and o-ood judges, knew Pomme d'Or. It was ruled out. When the young man in charge of the department demanded of me why this was done, I told him there was no such thing in existence as Pomme d'Or apple ; that was only a synonym for another apple. I referred him for my authority to LeRoy's dictionary of Pomology. There has never been a prize offered on that variety since. The prizes for articles at many of our fairs are offered to please prominent men in the district who grow those things. In one case the Concord grape was left out, and a prize offered for the Isabella because a prominent man grew it. A greater difficulty than judging comes in in preparing the list ; it is prepared usually by men of little or no experience in fruit. I would much rather judge alone than with two others, because we usually have one of the two who is there judging for the first time, and we have to educate him out of thinking that he knows everything. The scale of points, as recommended by the President, involves a great deal of work, but the judge could get along in two-thirds of the time with the aid of a- clerk. I favor the single-judge system.

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Mr. Race. — The scale of points is good, but the gist of the remarks made amounts to this — educate the people. As a newspaper man I came down pretty hard on judges who did not understand their business ; and last fall I was frequently selected to go and till those places I had condemned. At one place, out of seventeen plates labelled Wealthy and Wallbridge, I cast out eleven that were Colvert.or Canada Red.. That resulted from dishonest agents who had gone through that section deceiving the people. This system of judging will have to be carried out till the people know one variety from another, and by adopting some universal scale of points, I think we will find the remedy for the many difficulties we have had in former years.

Mr. DEMPSET cited a case where a man deliberately "fooled" the judges, and chuckled over it. In such a case he thought the exhibitor should forfeit all his prize money.

M. Pettit. — Flavor should have greater prominence than size as an element in awarding prizes. At present the prizes often go the biggest articles, regardless of their quality,

Mr. Race. — At one of the fairs where I judged I set aside a very large sample of the Alexander and gave the preference to the Cayuga Red Streak ; and there was a great deal of fault found with me on account of the size and appearance of the Alexander. If we had had a scale of points we would have got out of the difficulty in that case. The Alexander has size and appearance, while the Cayuga Red Streak has quality, solidity and size. The people at the country fairs count too much on size.

A. II. PETTIT. — I would suggest that the prize cards be printed in this way : Commercial Value, 1 to 5 ; Productiveness, 1 to 5 ; Hardiness, 1 to 5 ; Perfection, of Growth, 1 to 10 ; correct nomenclature. Then every one would know exactly why the prize was awarded.

Mr. DEMPSEY. — That is a very important point indeed. We invariably take into consideration the market value, and this plan would show exactly what the value was. In judging fruit we need some character. Generally you will see the character developed in the skin ; but we cannot carry that point very far, particularly in judging plates. In judging at the Provincial Exhibition we must remember we are judging for the Province of Ontario. Fruit from Owen Sound would not have color, while that from the Niagara district would be mature and well-colored. It is not so at the country fairs.

Mr. BuCKE. — What is " commercial value ? " I have seen the Champion grape sold at a higher price than any other grape because it comes in early ; and I have seen the Alexander apple sold higher than any other because it is large and well-colored. Is " commercial value " the price we get for the fruit ?

Mr. Dempsey. — Last year the Golden Russet apple was worth just about half the expense of the barrelling, and the Alexander apple were clearing at the station at >2 a barrel. There was commercial value of the Alexander over the Golden Russet certainly. The commercial value of the Alexander is always high. The Twenty-ounce Pippin possesses a very high commercial value ; it keeps very well in winter. I have seen it kept away late this last winter, and commanding perhaps double what the Baldwins do. Now, the commercial value of the Baldwin stand- high on account of its appearance, but, certainly, it is a very poor cooker ; and who on earth wants to eat one ? So with the Ben Davis ; it is very high, and it is a fair cooker, but there is nobody that wants to eat it. So with pears. The Bartlett is the superior pear, but there are many varieties that I would rather eat that possess no commercial value whatever. The apple that stood highest this

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last year commercially with us was the Snow, because they were not spotted, and we got them off our hands before the market was thoroughly glutted with fruit ; and the result was a little profit. This does not always occur. Next year we may get as big prices for our winter fruit, but, invariably, any long-keeping apple stands high commercially.

Mr. Race. — You have given us to understand that the Alexander is a higher value than the Golden Russet ?

Mr. DEMPSEY. — Last year was an exceptional year.

Mr. Race. — If the Alexander will bring a higher price in the market than the Golden Russet, then that is to be the relative commercial value to these others.

Mr. Bucke. — I think the association should take the apple list and select five to ten varieties each of summer, fall and winter apples, and reject the whole list but those ten — let the others go to the wall. I do not think it is necessary to have more than ten apples for any one season. Then the judge should be governed by the consideration of the locality where he is judging. For instance, in North Hasting, where they cannot grow a Greening or a Baldwin, the Alexander would be entitled to five for commercial value, while the Greening and the Baldwin would not be entitled to anything. How are we going to get at the commercial value of apples to suit every part of the country unless we localize them, and it would entail a great amount of labour that would be perfectly useless when you got it done.

The President. — In judging of commercial value we look upon those varie- ties that are grown more generally, and that have, the country over, a more general reputation. Hence the number of those varieties is very few.

Mr. Race. — Let the market itself regulate the commercial value.

The Secretary. — It will be a valuable feature of our report for 1890, to have this discussion given broadcast over the country. If a good scale of points is pre- pared by this committee and approved by this association, it would be a most valuable thing to distribute to the different fair managers and secretaries through- out Ontario ; and I would suggest that it be printed separately, with this scale of points, and sent directly to the fair managers in Ontario, so that they may have the option of using it if they choose, and handing it to those who are to be judges. I think it is going to be a great step in advance in the management of our fairs. I would move that the following gentlemen be a committee to strike a scale of points : the President and Mr. Thomas Beall.

Mr. Dempsey seconded the motion.

Mr. Pettit suggested one committee on apples and another on pears, plums, peaches and grapes.

The Secretary. — Let the committee be a committee on apples and pears.

The President. — It is just as easy for the one committee to go over all the work, if those fruit lists that are now out were in and compiled, because we could tell pretty largely the fruits that are grown in the different districts. It is necessary to award points to the fruits grown in the different districts, and give them their general value in proportion to the district. Parties that are going to judge are going to judge according to the district they are going to plant in, and, of course, they are going to plant the varieties that have a large number of points. If we want to discredit a variety we give that variety a low standing, and the public are going to avoid that variety. I do not think the work of this committee can be done properly without the return of those statistics.

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Mr. Beall suggested that the committee have power to add to their number.

The Secretary. — I think we make a mistake if we make a large committee. If the scale of points is submitted to the Association for discussion before adop- tion, we will have an opportunity of modifying it as we choose.

The motion was then put and carried, constituting the President and Mr. Beall the committee.

CULTIVATION OF THE CURRANT FOR HOME USE AND

FOR MARKET.

Mr. T. H. Race. — I have given attention to the cultivation of currants for the last five or six years, and am persuaded the value of the currant for home purposes is not fully appreciated, in this section at all events. Three years ago one of our fruit men brought into town six baskets of currants, and had them standing at his door for several days unable to sell them, and I think he had to give some of them away. For the past two years 1 have had people coming from all parts of the county to see my currants. They talked so much about them that it created quite an interest in that section in connection with the cur- rant, as soon as it became known that we had them for sale. I have about a hundred bushes, and they averaged about five quarts to the bush. My children sold them for ten cents a quart, and were not able to supply one-half of the local demand. Now 1 am satisfied I could sell any quantity, far more than I could raise in my garden. My method has been to plant the bushes about five feet apart in a row. I find they do better where they have plenty of room and air and sunlight. Plant them far enough apart so that you can get in among them to keep the ground clean. I have trimmed them out every fall, cutting out the older wood; and every second year I have placed beneath them a very heavy coat of hardwood ashes unleached. I place great value on ashes as a fertilizer for all kinds of small fruits- The White Grape and the Cherry are the two standard varieties of currants. I have gone considerably into the culture of Fay's Prolific. There is no currant I have met with yet that will compare with it for the fir.-t and second years of bearing; but if you allow the wood to become older than the third year, 1 think you will find your currant very much decreased in size ; but if you keep the Fay's on two years wood I don't know that any currant will give you much more satisfaction. It is a currant that is very much admired, and it is from the production and the growTth of that currant that I created such an interest in my section of the country'. The first samples I had in my hand and showed them on the street, it was very hard to persuade the people that they were not some kind of grape, and many people refused to believe they were currants, because they had such a length of bunch and such a size of berry. However, on the whole, I could not say that the Fay's Prolific is on the whole a more profitable berry than the Cherry, nor is it as profitable a berry for home purposes as the White Grape, however, I do not think any collection would be complete without it. Another currant that I have cultivated during the past five years is Moore's Ruby. It is one that Stone & Wellington made a run on for some years. Its special value is its sweetness. I don't know that it is quite as heavy a bearer as the Cherry or the Fay's Prolific, but it is much more pleasant to eat off the bush. I have also grown the old Dutch Red ; that is a very good currant, and the Marseilles. But I confine myself now to the White Grape, the Fay's Prolific, the Moore's Ruby and the Cherry; and for home purposes I don't know any person who would require a better assortment ; and these properly

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cultivated and kept in good shape, without allowing them to grow too much to wood, any ordinary size bush will produce from foui to five quarts every year; they have done so with me. I am satisfied that the currant is of very much more value as a home fruit than has ever been supposed by the general public; and I am satisfied also that if a little more interest is given to it by members of this Association and recommended more to the public generally than they have done heretofore, that the currant is a fruit that will come into very general favor and ver}r general use.

Mr. MORTON. — -Does the Cherry currant bear well ?

Mr. Race. — It is a very good bearer. My soil is a clay loam.

The Secretary. — On a clay loam it will bear well ; on a light sand it will not.

Mr. BuckE. — Mr. Race has said nothing about the black currants.

Mr. Race. — I have just ten bushes of the black currants, Lee's Prolific and the Champion. I have not found that the black currant is profitable to cultivate for sale, and all that I could recommend would be for any household just to have enough bushes to supply their needs. The black currant is a very valuable fruit for family purposes, and I just grow enough for my own use.

Mr. Little. — In St. Mary's they are selling them by the bushel ; they are much thought of and sought after.

The President. — The general report of the market is that the market is fully stocked with the black currant.

The Secretary. — They are a great deal of trouble to pick, and you do not get a very heavy crop ; but I have been growing quite a large quantity of Black Naples, and I think at the price they bring they pay. You can get 12J cents and more per quart, or SI. 50 for a twelve quart basketful, and at that price, on rather a stiff soil, where they produce well, I think they pay a good profit. The heavy fruiting of my Cherry currants I attribute to the fact that I have been applying yearly wood ashes to the rows very freely. For home use I think Mr. Race is quite right in speaking highly of the White Grape. Of course if it were for market we would speak differently. He speaks of Fay's Prolific being a good bearer when it is kept back, so that there is young wood always formed. There is a verygreat advantage in keeping the currant wood heavily cut back. I cut back very heavily. I try to keep the old wood down and keep young wood springing up continually.

Mr. Morton. — What we call suckers, that grow up, will they bear the next year ?

The Secretary. — Yes.

Mr. Bucke. — The red currant bears on two year old wood, the black currant on one year old wood.

Mr. Morton. — I have found that the borer is worse in the Fay than any other currant.

The Secretary. — Keep the bushes well cut back and the borer would have no chance.

Mr. A. H. Pettit. — You speak of the White Grape for home use only. Why ?

The Secretary. — Because you cannot get any market for it. I cannot.

Mr. Collins. — I have had the Fay's for four 3>-ears, and have not been able to gather any crop from it. I have been able to gather from the Cherry currant. The soil is heavy clay.

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Mr. BUCKE. — I don't think anything can be too highly said of the currant. You can grow it in any section of Ontario, even at James's Bay. When I go past. a farmer's place and don't see currants, I don't think there is much soul about that man. Anybody can grow it. Keep it well cultivated, let no grass grow amongst it, and in two years you will have a good crop. It grows quickly. The hardiness of the currant, and the magnificent crop it gives under good cultivation, place it in the front rank of anything we have in the garden.

Mr. Little. — Except the strawberry.

Mr. Bucke. — I think the white currant with milk and sugar is as good a dish as any one can raise. There is no "off" year with the currant. List year we lost all our strawberries in Ottawa because of there being no snow.

Mr. Race. — I got my first Fay's Prolific some six years ago from the late E. P. Roe, and the second year every limb was bearing heavily. You will find some of Fay's Prolific that are weaker in the wood than some other currants, and I found even a difference in the Fay's itself.

THE CURRAXT FOR MARKET.

Mr. P. C. Dempsey. — We should understand what we want to grow it for before we select the location. If we want to produce a very early variety I prefer loamy land, warm land, sloping to the south, and we will have our currants ripen early, and the result is we have the first market. But for a late variety or pro- ducing our currants late, or enabling us to keep them late, we prefer a northern exposure and a nice clay loam if possible, a soil that requires under-draining. If we can preserve moisture four feet below the surface those currants will flourish, they will maintain their foliage till very late in the season, the result is we have our currants in the market after the market has been once supplied and the supplies have become exhausted, the result is about double what the early currants have brought. In point of culture I would endorse what has been said. Plant six feet one way by four the other. Give us plenty of room to cultivate in between them. I prefer the rows farther apart than five feet, and have them in a row. I prefer not too close pruning. We shorten them back and thin them out, but not as much as we did formerly. I found shortening them back had the effect of producing weakness in the crotch, even of Cherry currants. I grow for market almost exclusively, though we have other varieties, the Cherry currant and Versailles. I am unable yet to decide which I would have of the two; but we get more currants from the Versailles than we do from the Cherry, and the only difference I see is the Versailles is a longer bunch, and the berries on the •extreme end of the bunch are smaller than those at the base of the bunch, that is 4bout the only difference ; but we find that when they are thoroughly ripened people buy them for manufacture into jelly, and we sell three or four times as many currants by letting them thoroughly mature. We manage to maintain the foliage and keep our currnnts until they get perfectly ripe, dead ripe, on the bushes. The result is purchasers have more jelly, they have better flavored jelly, than they would to have them when they are only about half or two-thirds ripe.

Mr. McMlCHAEL. — We are growing currants upon a gravel ridge upon a southern slope. By putting on pretty heavily of ashes we have been suc-<-ssful with red currants. The black we were trying first upon very rich land, and we only succeeded in getting wood, but by growing on this land we are successful with black currants also.

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The Secretary. — I think it is a great mistake to grow the currant in the form that used to be recommended, the tree form, with only one main trunk, principally because of the currant borer. If one stem is affected by the borer,, your whole bush is gone, or if your bush is broken down in that way it is permanently injiu-ed. I think the far better way is to grow it in bush form and to allow quite a number of shoots, as many as you think it should carry, to spring from the ground ; but thin these out by cutting out the older ones, those that are psrhaps three or four years of age. Cut these out completely, and the young, vigorous shoots every spring cut back at least one-third, sometimes half, in order to encourage a constant growth of new wood. In this way I am sure I can get far more fruit than I used to under the old, more careless way of trying to keep the stems a greater length of time.

Mr. Bucke. — When you talk about cutting the bush back, you don't mean that you cut the branch out at the root ?

The Secretary. — I do both. I thin out the stems and I cut back the new growth fully one-third early in the spring, or else in the fall. That tends do form a large number of new shoots which give bearing wood the following year.

Mr. Dempsey— The saw fly is very easily managed if we take it in time, but it is surprising if we neglect it a few days how quick they will take the foliage off the currants. When the currant begins to come in blossom— before it is really in blossom— give the bushes a little shower of Paris green diluted. We can use it very weak. It takes very little to destroy those worms when they are first hatched. After a while now and then a leaf will appear perforated, and by' repeating the same process we can destroy them with Paris green while the cur- rants are not on the bushes. We want to maintain the foliage in the fall in order that the fruit buds mature properly for the crop of next year. That is one great reason why people do not have a crop the next year. When there is no foliage the currants are poor and lack juice, while the failure next year is certain.

Mr, Gouinlock— All that Mr. Dempsey has said refers to the raspberry bushes too. If you allow the worm to strip off the leaves you won't have any crop next year. Last year I used Paris green and this year I see nothing of the worm.

The Secretary— I do not like using Paris green on currants, but I always use the hellebore, applying it it in the powder form. It is much less trouble than to mix it with water to carry about, and if the bush is treated in time it is a very simple thing to check the worm. You will notice that the worm begins its oper- ations very low down, about the base of the bush, and if you are a little watchful you will observe a few leaves eaten down near the base of your bushes, and by a little examination you will see that the worms are beginning to work. I have a little sifter that has a handle and carries just what is convenient to carry in one hand, and the seive is fine in it, and by just opening the bush a little when damp, either after rain or after the dew has been heavy, then a little shake will distribute enough powder to poison the leaves sufficiently to thoroughly destroy those worms at the very beginning ; and if you do that your bush is saved, and it is very little trouble indeed. You can easily pass along from one bush to the other and sift enough along the lower part of the bush to prevent the worm from making any headway at all. If you let the worms get scattered over the branches it is a much more difficult task, and I suppose in a large plan- tation the best possible thing to use would be a spraying pump.

Mr. Race — I have never yet seen a less expensive or more convenient method of sprinkling bushes than the one I use. I just take a common glass tumbler. If

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the bottom is broken off so much the better. Fill that full of hellebore, draw a piece of book-muslin over it, take it by the bottom and go along, and you can sprinkle a hundred bushes with a very small quantity of hellebore in a very short time. I want to ask whether, if I moved the bushes in September after all the currants had been taken off, they would take hold and bear next year \

Mr. Dempsey- --September is the best month for striking cuttings, and if for striking cuttings why not for moving the whole bush ? I cannot see any advan- tage in applying the hellebore while the bushes are damp or applying it through a syringe. As I understand the way it acts upon the currant worm, they breathe through pores at their sides, and when the hellebore comes in contact with them they fall to the ground and they continue to grow less until they are fully exhausted in size or die that day. I have taken them when they had lost fully half their size from the effects of the hellebore and washed them a little in water and thrown them down, and they come to life and are just as lively as they ever were, and they will go back on the bush and eat the leaves again.

The Secretary — But if the leaves are poisoned when they come to eat them that will be a surer remedy.

Mr. Dempsey — But it does not take half as much. We mix the ordinary white hellebore with about five times its quantity of flour and we put on very little, and we treat them when the bushes are dry, and it is nicer to handle.

I-jUcke — Very often the currant bush will ripen before the end of the tt— that is to say before the frost comes, and the leaf will begin to turn a little yellow. Sometimes when the season is moist and cold that does not take place until after frost, but in a warm season often the currant bush gets ripe and the leaves begin to fall before the frost comes. As soon as you begin to see any leaves on the bush beginning to get yellow you can move your currant bushes, and the sooner you do it then the better, ami you will have a good crop the next spring.

Adjourned at five o'clock p.m. till eight o'clock.

EVENING SESSION.

The President introduced Mr. D. D. Wilson, the " Egg King of Canada," who gave an address of welcome.

Mr. WlLSON said he had been asked by His Worship the Mayor to welcome the delegates. He regretted that the storm had prevented man}' of the towns- people from attending. He touched on the various points of importance to fruit- growers—-the production of first-class fruit, the selection of fruit for different localities, getting it marketed in good condition, the best mode of keeping it in a perfect state for the greatest length of time, and the securing of the highest price. Every fruit grower who would be successful must read, must think, must reason out for himself. It has been said that the man who makes two blades of gra 38 grow where only one grew before is a public benefactor. Now, if this Association can educate only one man to grow twice the amount of fruit and of twice as good a quality as he has been producing in the past it might be said to be a public benefactor. We can all live and learn. Fruit culture has not reached perfection yet. The good book says : " As iron sharpeneth iron, so does the face of a man that of his friend ;" and in this way we can sharpen one another by having dis- cussions on certain topics where one man has given a great amount of thought to one line. Those who had come from a distance would come to the conclusion

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from what they had witnessed in the past few days and during to-day that if this locality could not produce anything else it could boast of a superabundance of rain. (Laughter).

The President replied : We are always pleased to visit the various sections of this Province in the interests of fruits and fruit culture, flowers and forestry. We all share with yourselves of the town the disappointment on account of the weather in having a small audience. Had matters been different in that respect we would have had a fine gathering. Being a resident of the county of Huron I feel personally as the residents of the town feel. In the matter of fruit culture our county stands well to the front, especially in apple culture. The statistics show that very clearly. Our Association has various objects in view in travelling over this Province. In holding meetings in various sections of the Province, wherever we are invited for the purpose of special discussion we like to confine those discussions to matters of special interest to those localities. We are coming to that age in this Province when we must study specialties. We cannot expect in every section of the Province to grow all the fruits and make a success as far as the market value is concerned. Many of those fruits we can grow as a specialty for family use, whereas we cannot produce them for market value. We have come to the point now where we must make a more perfect study and dwell more upon specialties. We find those who make most money in fruit culture are those who devote their time to something special in the culture and something that their particular climate and locality are adapted fcr. We do not claim that we have arrived at the stage of perfection. We try to reap what information we can in the various sections. We are alwaj's willing to give out what we have had of experience in our own sections, but at the same time we ask those living in the sections where we meet and in the various lines of culture to speak at the meet- ings, because this is the way we gain solid information. There is many a man that comes to our meetings, here as well as elsewhere, who thinks he knows noth- ing special that wTill be of general interest or of any use. That is a very great mistake. Sometimes the simplest remark dropped from the youngest amateur we may have in any one line of culture may redound to the very large benefit of us all. Our meetings are open to all, and we feel that the time has come when the ladies ought to take a deeper interest in the matter of fruit and fruit culture and especially in floriculture than they have in the past. For instance, at Farmers' Institutes I have made a special point of introducing the matter of ornamental gardening on a small scale, asking farmers to indulge more in that class of work than they have in the past. We believe the ladies on the farms— our farmers' wives— are hard worked ; they work harder than the farmers themselves now-a- days. The farmers have implements to save labor, whereas in the household there is not that advancement that there has been on the farm. The work is a repeti- tion, morning, noon and night. It is monotonous. We ask our farmers to indulge more in ornamental planting— to plant, for instance, ornamental trees, flower beds and ever}'thing of that sort ; and I believe that the cry that we hear over this Proviuce from end to end— the question asked so often, " Why do young men leave the farm ?"— would not be asked if matters of this sort were indulged in more generally, if home were made more pleasant and literature provided for young men and young women on the farm. I assure you that our Association, notwithstanding the inclement weather, feel satisfied because we find, as we always did, that we had good men with us, and as long as we know that the people themselves are satisfied, and feel that they are deriving some benefit, we are satisfied with our Association. (Applause).

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QUESTION DRAWER.

Q. — Is it advisable to use tanbark between the rows of strawberries to keep the weeds down, and also to keep the berries clean ? Is tanbark any good as a fertiliser ?

Mr. Little (Granton) — I have never used tanbark, but I have used well- rotted hardwood sawdust, and I have fonnd that by putting enough on it will keep down the weeds ; and another year I have used coal ashes, and that is just about one of the finest mulches that I can find for the strawberries. No weeds giow where they are, and in the spring when they get a good dressing of wood ashes they are there for two or three years, just with pulling a weed here and there.

The President — I am afraid tanbark would have the same effect as fresh saw lust would of souring the soil, and as a fertiliser I am not aware that it has any particular properties that would make it serviceable.

Mr. LlTTLE—I think it would sour the land and destroy the vitality of the roots of the strawberry.

APPLES FOR. THE MARKET.

The President — It seems to me more natural, looking at the apple culture for the past few years, to go a little back of the subject before touching on the subject itself. We continually hear the question asked in every part of the pro- vince now-a-days, " Why is it that we have so much inferior fruit in our orchards?" And it is a fact. I believe that our fruit is not what it was some years ago ; and the question arises, What is the cause of this ? That might be proved in a good many different ways. There may be a good many causes that I do not think of at present ; but, generally speaking, I believe that a great many of the first principles of planting an orchard, and selecting, have not been adhered to. Under- drainage, for instance, is a very particular point that should always be attended to before planting an oichar^. Then, in many of our old orchards we find the trees planted too close together. It is absolutely necessary that an abundance both of sunlight and air should penetrate every orchard; and the trees should be planted with regard to varieties, because they vary so much — some varieties being spreading varieties, such as the Rhode Island Greening and the King of Tompkins County, which spread tremendously, whereas other varieties might be planted Somewhat closer that are more upright in their growth. I have laid it down as a principle to plant them even forty feet apart every way. It seems a long distance to begin with, but when you get an orchard in full bearing that is the time to find the advantage. I really don't think, upon the whole, that forty feet would be too far for general orchards of mixed varieties, as we generally plant them. Of course if we were planting an orchard of upright growers it would be too far Again, our orchards are neglected as far as cultivation and manure are concerned. Many orchards are not touched for years in the way of cultivation ; and as far as manure is concerned they are seldom visited with a load. Then the trees are not trimmed or kept clean. It is a common thing to go into our old orchards and find the trees covered with the oyster-shell bark louse, for instance, which is very destructive. No t:ee can produce healthy fruit where these yoints are not attended to. It is as necessary to feel a bearing orchard with proper nourish- ment as it is to feed the soil where you are growing annual crops of any other

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description. It is too often that we find in bearing orchards, where they are cultivated, you find a crop of some other description planted there. That is try- ing to drag from that soil two crops at one time. It is not fair play with the trees at all. I think the time has come where it is actually becoming a serious matter that these points are not attended to. I am afraid the time is not far distant — for this country is getting pretty well aged all through eo far as orchards are concerned — when we will be on the same road as they are in Britain — we will be complaining that we cannot grow apples, that the orchards are running out. It is simply our own fault, because we are not keeping up the fertility of the soil and attending to those rules that we do attend to in the culture of any other crop on the farm. I believe, if these points are attended to, there is no spot on the farm that will pay better than the orchard.

As regards the methods of culling, packing and grading apples for market, I believe, and I know I have a good deal of opposition in what I contend, that the whole system of buying fruit, for instance, is wrong. It is a system by which we fail to induce the grower to grow those varieties that are really wanted in our best markets. I believe that in buying fruit we should buy as we sell. We bu}- our fruit at present in almost all sections of this province at so much per barrel for fall apples, and without regard to kind or quality, and so much per barrel for winter apples. Now that system, according to my estimation, is wrong. We should buy according to kind, according to the absolute market value of each variety. We find, when we come to sell our consignments in Britain and other markets, that we must sell, as a rule, according to quality and according to variety. I have been thinking the matter over so far as the scale is concerned. Well, it would be a difficult thing for me to go at once and place a scale ; but to give you an idea, I wTould place it something like this, I am speaking now only of thoroughly well-grow^n fruit, perfect fruit of its kind ; I would take a scale something like this : for instance, take Ribston Pippin and Blenheim Pippin, those are twro varieties of course you cannot grow in all sections, and they are not varieties that are valuable, that pay the producer, in many sections ; still wThere they do grow to perfection you wall find that they are excellent and profitable varieties to grow, and those are varieties that are highly esteemed in the British markets. Take these at an average of $1.50 a barrel ; if you are paying Si for Baldwins they will stand in about that average. King of Tompkins County would stand very much the same, perhaps five cents a barrel less than Ribston and Blenheim. Then the Northern Spy — taking that perfect, which the last few years seems to have been hard to find, owing to the fungus spot in the apple — but that, looking at the market in Britain, would be worth about Si. 30 in the orchard. If we bought the American Golden Russet at the proper season for selling it, it would be worth the same ; but unfortunately, when we buy that, we buy it at a season when we cannot get the proper price for it in the markets where they use it. They do not use that apple in the British markets till after the first of January. Of course they buy it when consignments are shipped there, but they usually store it till after the first of January. Therefore we have two apples that sell also from $1.20 to $1.25. Rhode Island Greening I would like to place a little higher than the Baldwin, because it is a better all-round apple, both for eating and cooking, than the Baldwin ; but unfortunately in the British market they have not come to that state of perfection in the taste for our fruits that they look sufficiently well to quality, to intrinsic value ; the}^ look too much to color ; hence they are not willing to pay as much for the Greening apple as they are for a highly colored apple ; therefore Baldwin brings a higher price in the British market than Greening ; but I believe the time is coming, and probably not far distant, when the Greening will bring a higher price in the market than

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the Baldwin does. So that in placing a scale of points it would require a good deal of consideration. The scale would have to vary according to the season and according to the demand, but I would place it something in that way. It has got to be agitated, of course at the markets where we sell. I believe that is the proper way to buy, because then we are acting fairly and squarely with the pro- ducer, because we buy just in the proportion that we sell, and we are inducing fchal grower to grow those varieties that we actually want for the particular market that we are dealing with, and that is what we want to bring our growers to. Now we are not encouraging our growers to do that way ; wc are paying the same price all around for everything that is winter. Under the present system that grower is going to grow everything that is hard, for winter apples, because he is getting the same price all around, and the variety that will grow the most fruit is the variety that is most valuable to the grower ; and it may be a variety that is practically worthless as far as intrinsic value is concerned.

The Secretary. — You did not refer to the Gravenstein.

The President. — I just referred to the winter apples especially. The Gravenstein in its season I place as the best early fall apple. Of course they bhey vary; you will find it early in some sections, and somewhat medium to late in other sections. The Gravenstein I consider the finest apple we have. The Duchess of Oldenburg I always place for an early fall apple ; although in some places I would place it as a summer apple. You will find it in some catalogues placed as a summer apple, and in some other as a fall apple. The Duchess is an early bearer, and a heavy bearer, and it is always an advantage to thin that out early, and you can do that with advantage, because you can begin to use it for stewing when it is about half green. It comes at a time of the year when we feel that we want something in the apple line, and it is very palatable. I consider it the finest general early apple that we have, and an apple that I am •confident, if we had proper facilities for shipping to foreign markets, would bring a large amount of money. It is an apple that growers, who make a specialty of growing an early apple for home markets, make the most of. For an all-round general apple I would recommend the Duchess of Oldenburg over anything that I know of.

The Secretary. — You did not mention the Roxbury Russet.

The President. — So far as we have gone, they place the Russets all on an even grade. Of course for long keeping generally you will get the Roxbury larger than you will the American Golden ; and for late shipping the Roxbury will no doubt make more money ; but as a rule, the way we ship, and the par- ticular season we do ship and sell, we make no more money out of the Roxburf than we do out of the American Golden.

A Delegate. — Is the Duchess a good shipping apple ?

The President. — It is not to ship a long distance. We would require a cold place to ship to the old country. I have shipped it and have succeeded in land- ing it in Liverpool in very fair order, and received a very fine price for it. It was in a season when fruit was rather scarce any way ; but it is an apple that would " take " in any of their markets there, on account of its beauty if nothing else, because they have a great eye for beauty over there. Put anything up in a fine package and show it to them in good condition and fine looking and they do not seem to grudge the price at all ; but anything inferior in appearance they don't want it at all. The British market is the worst market I know of for a poor article in fruit, but the best for a first-class article.

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Roderick Gray. — I could grow Duchess two to one. They are a fine apple,, nice to cook and nice to look at, and you can commence using them early, and what remains on the tree grow larger for standing.

D. D. Wilson. — The present system of buying is a very bad one. It gives no encouragement to the grower of fruit to produce a good article. In this neighborhood, generally, the buyer must have made up his mind he was going to make his profit out of the good fruit, for he could not make it out of the medium fruits. I think that by a proper selection, and by giving encouragement to producers to produce the most saleable apple ; good color and good quality and good size ; I think better prices could be paid than have been paid for that class of fruit, while not as high prices would be paid for a poorer class of fruit. The question is, How are you going to adopt any other mode ? A man comes to the grower and says, I will give you a dollar a barrel, all round, for all your winter apples ; and another buyer says, I will give you $1.50 for all these apples, and $1.35 for these, and $1 for these, and 80 cents for something else ; the man that says he will give the dollar all round will get the apples, the probabilities are, and so the mode that is in vogue at present will be perpetuated. How are you going to correct it ?

The President. — I can think of no way to remedy it except to wait till we ruin all those men who pay a dollar a barrel.

Mr. Wilson. — I have been in the habit of shipping apples till the last two years ; and I got so disgusted with the mode of paying perhaps a dollar all round,, that I gave it up. If the information of the president has given was spread around the country, would it not open the eyes of the community to the planting of trees that would give them the best results ? Usually the poorer qualities of fruit produce more abundantly, and consequently a man that gets a dollar all round, makes more out of his poor fruit than he does for his better qualities. We will have to give more attention to the mode of packing and transportation. It is of the utmost importance that the goods you ship should arrive at its destination in the best condition possible. We have cold storage and refrigerator cars, and cold chamber in the steamer. There is another thing wanted ; you want a cold chamber or cold storage when it lands ; because fruit is like anything else, it wants to be kept at an even temperature or it deteriorates very quickly. The kind of fruit, the quality, the selections that are made before shipment, and every- thing of that nature must tend greatly to increase the profits to the producer. I believe our orchards are deteriorating very rapidly, and if more care and nourish- ment are not given to the soil than has been given, the orchards in this and other localities will be non-productive in a very few years. I do not know of anything that is produced on the farm that will pay better for eare and culture and manure than the orchard. It will not produce if left to itself any more than a field of wheat will if left to its natural condition and the wheat sown over it. It must be prepared, cultivated, manured, underdrained ; it must be put in good " tilth," and i£ that is done with an orchard you will get good results. I will give you' my experience with an old orchard in this town. It was non-productive. Every- thing was very small ; the trees were planted thickly. It would have paid me if I had cut half of them down. ] pruned the trees. During the winter I manured it, and I kept manuring it each winter for a number of years. The third season I had an abundant crop ; not only that, but apples about as large as you usually find on a young orchard ; showing that all that that orchard wanted was plenty of nourishment at the root ; it had the air and everything around it that was necessary, only it wanted something to give strength to make it fruitful, and that was the result. Out of that old orchard I have taken apples that when shown at the fair here have taken the prize. The orchard is too thick by one half now.,

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and the apples are not as good color as they would be if we had more space ; but wi can LCet the size and an approximation to the quality, only you want more air to give them better quality. I did not cultivate it ; it was in grass and has remained so.

Mi. McMlCHAEL. — I like the system of sowing in clover and then plowing under; the clover that is plowed under manures the land very nicely. It is in every way clean. For the larvao of the codling moth I use bandages on' the trees, scraping the bark off, and also use Paris green and keep them very much in check. For bandages I use old carpet about four inches wide : tack one end and wind the other a)*ound and nail it ; and every couple of weeks go around and destroy the larva- ; get sometimes from 60 or 70 of the larvae in twelve days with those bandages; about this time of the year till the first brood are gone, then leave them till the apples are ready ; then destroy the next brood in the fall and put the bandages away until the next spring.

The President. — The point Mr. Wilson made regarding shipping is very important. Those are matters we are continually pressing on the railway and steamship campanies ; and it is the intention to hold a large convention either in Ottawa or Montreal — we hope in Montreal — next winter for one week. The convention is going to be held and we are using our influence to have it held in Montreal, for the reason that Montreal is the head centre of foreign shipping for panada, and the headquarters of our large railway lines ; and we want to get at them : we want to speak to them ; we want to consult them on matters of this sort ; we want to have a higher state of perfection in handling and shipping our goods, and we want a different accommodation entirely in the steamship lines from what we have had in order to land our goods in perfect -order in the British and. Other foreign markets. Another important point that we have discussed often, and looked into, is the matter of handling fruits in the British markets ; and that point impressed itself upon me very particularly when, about two months ao-o, there was an attempt to form a company in the city of Toronto, for the purpose of handling all lines of Canadian produce in the British markets ; and 1 was astonished at first, but upon consideration I did not wonder at the opposition that was showered down upon us by the brokers in the different lines, the cheese brokers especially, and the fruit brokers of Britain. They used every influence that seemed within their power to kill the company. They did not want the business taken out of their hands for some reason or other, and we can easilv guess at those reasons. They say that the formation of such a companv was yoino- to hurt their busiuess, because the line upon which the company -was o-oino- to handle the goods was different from the method adopted by the commission brokers of Britain, quite different. In the first place the company would not be allowed by their charter to be speculators in any sense of the word. They could not purchase the goods they were handling for producers or others, because thev would handle for producers or any one who would ship to them. Therefore the brokers seemed to unite for the purpose of killing the company, and so far as the present season is concerned I am afraid that they have succeeded, large! v on account of a little weakness on the part of one man, especiallv, in the city of Toronto, and I was very sorry indeed to think that a man of such prominence would uive way, and I am afraid he has given way to the influence of the brokers in that respect. However, I think there is a possibility of the company going ahead yet ; but it proved to me that there is a matter there that is welf worthv <>f our consideration and the consideration of the producers of this country. The gntention of the company was. in the handling of fruits, for instance, to ileal jkunost entirely with the retail trade of Britain. Now, that is a point that hurts

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the broker at once. He does nob want us to do that. The broker wants to sell only to the wholesale trade, and the wholesale dealer has the control of the retail trade ; the retailer then selling to the consumer. They used every sort of artifice for the purpose of delaying the operation of the company, in fact, killing the company outright ; and I hope that either this company or some similar company working on the same basis, will yet come to the front for the purpose of handling the produce of this country. It is highly important that they should ; and it is a matter that the producers of this country cannot afford to allow the broker of Britain to control any longer.

BEST THREE VARIETIES OF STAWBERRIES FOR THE HOMK AND MARKET GARDEN.

The President — Mr. Little is probably the highest authority we have in Canada on strawberries. He makes a specialty of testing every variety of straw- berry he lays his hands on, and I think he succeeds admirably in laying his hands on everything in the strawberry line.

Mr. John Little (Granton) — There is not a variety of strawberry that has come before the public for the last fifteen years but what I have tested, and some of those were not worth the ground they were put on, and the money and the time we lost ; nevertheless, I am still at it. They are sent to me from everywhere, I have had plants sent to me this year from ten states for testing, and if I was going to plant to-morrow I would not plant any old varieties. You will ask me why ? because if you get a strawberry that will be three times as large as the Crescent, you wrould surely want to grow that in preference to the Crescent, no matter how valuable it might be otherwise. There is a new variety that has come out — the Haverland — that was a seedling of the Crescent, and it will come to pick just as early as the Crescent will, and it is nowhere to be compared with it, I have picked them on the 17th June, writh all the first blossoms gone, and they were a wonder to all who saw them in St. Marys. I never have to go further than that, I sell everything I raise in the strawberry line in St. Marys, and I get an advance beyond those that ship here and yonder and everywhere. Then there is the War- field — a very valuable berry, that will yield more, and larger, double what the Crescent would in its palmiest days. Then there is the Eureka. I had that from Birk County, Ohio, four years ago ; and I had the privilege of letting it go to friend Woolverton and Mr. Lyons, and he wrote me last year, having fruited it two years, that out of one hundred varieties he had nothing to compare with it except the Bubach, and that did not produce as much or as large. There is some- thing singular in connection with the Eureka ; I never, since I got them, mulched them, and any that have got them can testify to their root matter. No frost ever took them out of the ground yet, while others, that would probably have half a dozen roots, would be right on the top of the ground, and these have held there just as if anchored all through the summer and winter.

The President — Would you vary between the market and the home garden ?

Mr. Little — I would make no difference ; for if a berry is valuable for one* it would be for the other. Most of them all, with care, will ship. For instance; the Wilson is not ripe when it is shipped, neither are some of the other ones that color early.

Mr. Gouinlock — What about the Jes sie ?

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Mr. Ltttle — The Jessie is a favorite mostly everywhere it is planted. I -went to Wisconsin two years ago just to see the Jessie growing, and I saw them lying there in piles, of a third picking, just as large as plums. But you will find men here and there that do not give them the attention that they ought to give ; they will stick them into the ground, and if they do not grow it is the fault of the originator, and men are combined to palm things upon the community that are worthless ; but I give you my word that I never saw in my life anything to exceed the Jessie for fruit — and I have seen many good things in the strawberry line — unless it would be the Eureka, and that is a wonder to every one that saw it.

The Secretary — You have a seedling yourself — the No. 10 — that I got some fruit off this year, and it is a very fine berry — a large berry.

Mr. Little — Yes, it is one of the good things too; but John Little doesn't say much about his own fruit. (Laughter.) Different soil and different treatment makes a difference in the fruit. The habit of the Haverland with me is t > let its top down. The color of that will take a buyer's eye anywhere; it is a beautiful orange color, and a man or woman in going to buy a strawberry don't ask whether it is good or bad or indifferent, if it is large enough. You will find that, go where you will, about the strawberry; they will buy the fruit and eat it, and so will every child that sees it.

The Secretary — You think a good deal of Bubach's 5 )

Mr. Little — Yes, it is a good berry, but it won't ship ; are a grand berry, and the foliage is just complete. The Manchester is a famous berry, but it will not fruit, and sometimes in fruiting time the foliage will rust, but it will come out ;ii the spring as clear as a dollar.

The Secretary — What do you think now of the Itasca ? It is not proving as good as it did.

Mr. Little — No, but the Logan is ; it is a good bearer, and a fine size. The Itasc i is a failure so far as the fruit is concerned. The plant is a tine one.

The Secretary — We have better modes of planting strawberries than those mentioned in the paper. The easiest and quickest way I have found to plant a large number of strawberries, is for two persons to go on, one with a spade and the other with a basket of plants ; and the one who his the spade simply puts it in the soil, runs the spade in a slanting direction, and raises the handle a little, just sufficient for the other to put the plant under the spade and spread out the roots there and hold them in the proper position w.iile the other one withdraw^ the spa de ; the earth falls back at once on the roots of the plant, and he presses his foot upon it, and the thing is done. They can walk along that way very rapidly.

Mr. Little — You will be told there are some varieties of strawberries that are imperfect, while other varieties are perfect. How are they fertilised ? They will tell you that strawberries are fertilised by the bees. I believe that myself, but there was neither bees nor wind this year, but two days, to fertilise the straw- berry, and there is the Crescent seedling — and it is just about one of the worst to give you a crop — a perfect fruit ; and the Manchester is another ; and there was but two days that the bees could work and carry the pollen from plant to plant. Now how will you account for that, and all these which you call pistilate varieties give perfect fruit this year ? I maintain it is not all with the bees, that sometimes even when the bees are there they have not time to do their work properly ; and yet this year there was neither bees nor sunshine when all the

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flowers were gone, ami yet 1 had just about as perfect a crop of fruit as ever I raised in my life — that is, what the frost left. Now, how do you scientific gentle- men account for that ?

Mr. MORTON — You must recollect that bees are not the only insect nature has prepared for the cross fertilisation of flowers.

Mr. Little — They are the only ones that are said to fertilise the strawberry.

Mr. Morton (of Windham) — I am perfectly satisfied of thi*, that any insect that is found in the locality of a flower that bears pollen, that insect must carry away a certain amount of pollen, because the insect was built that way for that specific purpose. I am of opinion that the bee plays a less important part in the fertilisation of the strawberry plant, than does a small little beetle. I have found as many as half a dozen upon one flower. Now, my bees do not operate on the strawberries to any great extent. They will go there, but they don't linger very lono- ; they busy themselves with other flowers, they would rather go elsewhere ; but those small beetles are there, and I have no doubt there are other insects that visit those flowers. It does not make any difference whether it is the bee or any other insect — if it comes near a flower that is provided with pollen, it will tiansmit it to other flowers. There are insects that will work upon pollen when the weather is so bad that the bee will not work on it. You will find a number of blossoms of the Crescent's seedling that apparently bear what I would call pollen. You will find hermaphrodite flower on the Cresent seedling, but the stamens are less numerous than on what are known as perfectly flowered strawberry plants. The supposition is that the pollen-bearing stamens are not present in sufficient proportion to make the perfect fertilisation crop. I will tell you why I think that is correct. I have grown Crescent seedling under glass — taking plants that I knew were Crescent seedling — and have covered them over with glass so that no wind could get at them, and no insects — at least I thought there were no insects. Well, the crop was ceitainly imperfect, and I found that a great many of the berries were defective, in consequence of the seeds on one side dropping, and the receptacle of the berry was imperfect, therefore I found there was not sufficient fertilisation.

Mr. Little — I never saw anything or any insect to visit the strawberry bed except the bee. I never saw an insect except it would be the crown borer, bother the strawberry.

Mr. Morton — Those berries that you mentioned, how are they classed ?

Mr. Little — They are all classed pistillate ; and on the Haverland I had noi an imperfect berry.

Adjourned at 10 p.m., till 10 a.m. to-morrow.

The President took the chair at 10.30 a.m. on Thursday, July 4.

QUESTION DRAWER.

Q. — How can large plants or small fruit trees be kept growing when too large to move into bigger pots or boxes — that is, when you cannot get a pot large- enough to hold them ?

Mr. Stewart. — When plants get root-bound, or the soil gets all filled so that they cannot have much growth, I wash the soil away from the roots and re-pot them with fresh soil. You can sometimes use liquid manure. Once or

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twice a week that would help them considerably. The best way is to wash the soil clean from the roots and put them into fresh soil. If yon are going to put them into a larger pot I would leave the soil on the roots.

Q. — Should raspberries be manured with stable manure every year, or would not bones be better, alternating years ?

Mr. BUCKK (of Ottawa). — Raspberries require a great deal of manure, and I tind it better to mulch them heavily with stable manure in the spring, and after the crop is done to dig it in. I have never tried bone manure, although I fancy the mulching is what they require as much as the manure. I would repeat the stable manure every spring and fall.

Mr. Dfmpsey. — That is what we have done, and we tind the most satisfaction We have tested bone manure too, but mulching helps considerably.

Delegate. — I thought the stable manure would make thern grow tuu thriftily.

Mr. Bucke. — In Ottawa we do not pinch the canes the same as they do here. We prune them back in the spring. We let them grow as high as they like ; they sometimes grow eight or nine feet.

The Secretary. — You lay them down in the winter i

Mr. Bucke. — Sometimes we do, and sometimes not. We grow them tall se- as to lay them down. They grow thinner.

Q. — Would not half inch bones be more profitable than bone dust, on account of adulteration ?

Mr. Dempsey. — There is another question involved in that ; is it really bone dust after it is adulterated \ I have bought for bone dust a great deal of plaster in my time ; but the finer the bones are ground the better. I have seen the result of fine ground bones — not half inch bones — for live years after applying to garden crops. Apply first half a ton to an acre. You can start off that year and produce a good garden crop, and all you have to do for five years is to fight insects ; and I believe it is the cheapest fertilizer to-day in the market. Buy the bones, and buy a bone mill, and grind them yourself.

Mr Morton. — For appreciable result I don't think half inch bones would be of much utility in the garden. I would not use them. In buying bone dust you should buy from a respectable firm. If you buy because it is cheap, you are apt to get it nasty. If you put bones into the ground they will remain a long time before they will decay. I have bones I pick up every year, that have been in the ground for ten 3-ears. The way I do, 1 buy the bones and ship them to the market and have them ground for me, and I believe they send me back the produce of what I send down. I use bone dust in preference to stable manure for my raspberries.

Mr. Dempsey. — Where can you get bones ground ?

Mr. Mokton. — In London or Toronto. You can get it done at Lamb's blacking factory in Toronto.

Mr. Bucke. — If you can get your bones reduced by steam it is a great deal better than getting them ground. In Ottawa we have a pork manufactory, and after they have taken out all the bones they put them under a high pressure of steam and reduce them so that the largest of them you can crumble between your finger and thumb. You apply that on the soil, and you have the genuine article ; but you must be careful how you put it on, because it is pretty strong.

Q. — What Is the best remedy for cabbage worm ?

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The Secretary. — Pyrethrum powder, 1 think, either applied as a powder, or diluted in water. Apply it with a putt'.

Mr. Morton. — I think the best is Paris green. I am not afraid, because the amount we use is not large. I don't see any danger from the use of Paris green, because the injury done by the cabbage worm is done while the cabbage is small, and all those leaves drop off and are cut off, anyway. They are no part of the heart. Before the cabbage is headed out you mark a leaf, and you won't find that in the head at all. I don't think there is any danger from absorption of poison. But I have found very good results from ordinary road dust thrown upon them pretty plentifully. The trouble with pyrethrum is that you cannot always get it pure and fresh, and you have rather variable results from its use.

Mr. I UCKE. — There is no danger from Paris green if it is done with the hand of a man that understands what he is about ; but if you recommend Paris green to the general public you are going to get into trouble, because they will apply it too heavily.

The Secretary. — And what they will use for cabbage they will use for cauliflower.

Mr. Race. — Mr. Mitchell's method is to use his finger and thumb. (Laughter). I adopted that means the last two years, and I have been successful in growing cauliflowers. I found I could get through the patch and pick off the worms in about as little time as by using any kind of powder.

Q. What is the best remedy for the striped bug of the cucumbers ?

Mr. Morris. — I use for cabbage worm five pounds of sulphur to fifty pounds of land plaster and twenty pounds of wood ashes, screened all together. I go over three times in the season. For the squash and cucumber bugs 1 use the same material. You don't have to put it on the plant, but only on the ground, and I guarantee that every bug will skip that place. Sometimes I sprinkle it on the plant, but as soon as I put it on the ground I see every bug crawl away.

Mr. Dempsey. — For squash and cucumber bugs I use nothing but pure sulphur. We use sulphur for mildew on grapes under glass, but it is not the sulphur applied to the mildew direct ; but when the rays of the sun strike the sulphur there is a certain amount of sulphuric acid rises, and this is evidently what destroys the bug. As soon as the sun shines the bugs will start very quickly — thy can't seemingly endure it.

Q. — What is the best remedy for lice on rose trees ?

The Secretary. — 1 should think the kerosene emulsion would be the best thing here.

Mr. Beall. — What is meant by lice ?

The Secretary. — The aphis.

Mr. Beall. — I have never seen the aphis on the roses.

Mr. Morton. — Strong tobacco water is the thing I have been most successful with, and I like to mix it with soapsuds, and boil together, make an infusion of tobacco sweepings which I get from the cigar factory, and make a good strong decoction, and syringe the plants with it. I have tried pyrethrum and do not like it so well. Whale oil soap I have tried, but it is an awfully stinking thing, <ind the odor remains on the buds long after. In the earlier part of the season I sometimes mix the whale oil soap with the decoction.

Mr. Pettit. — Is there any danger of making the tobacco soap too strong ?

Mr. Morton. — I don't think so. What I gave last was actually black. I use about a quart of tobacco — pure leaf, no stems — to a pailful of water.

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Mr. Dempsey. -1 have used a pound of Mack tobaccc to an old-fashioned pail i»t water.

Mr. Rage. — 1 use half a dozen cigars to a pail of water.

The Secwktary. — I use half a pound of soap and a gallon of water to two gallons of coal od, diluted with I think thirty parts of water If you pour in the coal oil while the suds of the soap and water are in a boiling state, it will immediately mulsify. It is better to stir it while you are pouring the coal oil.

M. DEMPSEY. — A very cheap remedy, where people have only a few rose bushes, is to cover the bush with the old hoop skirt, put paper over it, and burn tobacco under the bush.

Mr. Rack. — I can give you a cheaper method than that. When 1 am asked to take a drink I say, " No, thank you, I will take a cigar." I take those cigars home, and by spring I have quite a lot of them. I take half a dozen cigars to a pail of water.

Mr. Elliott. — How do you apply these solutions ? — because I notice these insects arc invariably on the under side of the leaf.

Mr. Morton. — Not the green aphis. The thrip is under the leaf.

Mr. Elliott. — A good many of these insects are on the under side of the leaf, where the vegetable matter is soft and juicy, and it is very difficult to get at them.

The Secretary. — The lice cluster on the upper side of the stem, but the rose hopper on the under side of the leaf. For the rose hopper the best thing is to putt' the pyrethrum powder up from beneath on the under side of the bushes when the bushes are a little damp. I have found that to rid the bushes of the hoppers in a very little time.

Q. — Please state the preferable situation for the raspberry — whether in the shade or exposed to the sun. Which are the best varieties ?

The Secretary. — I think decidedly have an open exposure for the raspberry ; I have found the Schaffer, for instance, growing exceedingly well under the shade of peach trees ; but I don't think that would be the rule. As for varieties, I think the Marlboro for early, and the Cuthbert for the main crop. I value the Turner very highly also. For black, perhaps the Souhegan and the Gregg.

Mr. Beall. — Do you think the Marlboro is a fine-flavored raspberry ?

The Secretary. — No, but it sells well, and it bears very well with me.

Mr. Morton*. — Shade is not preferable for the raspberry ; I would want an open exposure. They sometimes do well on the north side of a fence, if the fence is not too high ; but I would rather have open ground. For home con- sumption I would prefer Turner and Cuthbert ; Marlboro I would not have for home consumption, although you can get a good big crop of them. Two reds are enough for any man ; one is enough for home consumption, because they are dreadful things to run. Schaffer's Colossal is my favorite ; I am rooting out all my reds and putting in Schatfers. I have ahout a hundred of them in my garden, but in blacks I recommend the Tyler rather than the Souhegan. Gregg for late ; and the Ohio is a very good one if you want to try a few benies, because they hold out better than the others; I think those three, to come after the Schaffer, and I would advise you to plant at least one-half of the whole number Schaffer, and your choice out of those two reds would cover the ground. Golden Queen 1 think is going to be valuable. Caroline I would not have. 1 have no trouble with the Cuthbert through the winter. The Cuthbert does not bear so heavy a crop as the Turner, and it is not so nice for the table. The

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SchafFer is the finest for canning; don't can with any sugar, and put the sugar in when you put them on the table, and you will have the flavor of the fruit. Tlic same with strawberries. Brinkle's Orange is one of the finest berries that there is, but it is not handy enough with us. We would have to lay it up and cover it up.

Rev. Mr. MACAULEY. — 1 find the Golden Queens very strong growers. They bore some the same year they were put down, but they were a little later coming on than the Cuthbert, but I think they are quite as prolific as the Cuthbert. The Cuthbert is not anything like as strong a bush ; and I am a little afraid that while the Cuthbert bore very well last year, though it was their first year down, they are not going to hold out this year with the Golden Queer

The President. — What is your soil and exposure ?

Mr. MACAULEY. — It is the shady side of the garden, and it is a kind of clay ioam in which there have been a few loads of sand mixed in order to lighten the soil ; richly manured with stable manure.

The Secretary. — I have one or two dozen Golden Queen that were bearing last yea.T, and my opinion agrees with that of Mr. Macauley. It seemed to be even more thrifty than the Cuthbert. The Cuthbert berries have not been doing as well lately. I have two or three acres of them, and they have not the healthy look they should have the last year or two, and I am rather afraid they are going to fail to a certain extent ; but I have not noticed that with the Golden Queen, so that I am inclined to think it is a thrifty bush.

Mr. Dixon. — I would like to get a few of the best varieties of grapes for home use — say three — for this locality.

Mr. Pettit. — I would say Moore's Early, Worden, Lindley, Delaware, and Brighton. For a white grape I think Lady would answer better for home use than anything else.

Mr. Race. — I have tried the Moore's Early, and I have thrown them all out. It is impossible to grow enough wood unless you get the ground very rich; and even after that it is not a good bearer in this section. The grape I have the most satisfaction with is the Worden, the Lindley No. 9, the Agawam No. 15. I never tried the Rogers 44, but it is growing in the town. So far as the growth is concerned I would prefer the Niagara to any other white grape.

Mr. Pettit. — Do I understand the Agawam will ripen with you ?

Mr. Race. — Yes, it ripens every year with me. The Agawam ripened last year a little north of my place. I intend to confine myself to these three varie- ties— the Lindley, Worden and Niagara. I don't know a grape that will grow better here than the Champion, but it is no good after you grow it.

Mr. Morton. — I would recommend the Wilder No. 4 instead of either the. Niagara or the Agawam. I would say Worden, Lindley and Wilder.

Mr. Race. — The Salem will do better in this section than the Wilder.

Mr. Morton. — It mildews.

The Pkesident. — It is evidently pretty hard for a person to pick out the three best from the different speakers. If I were judging from my own expe- rience, and what I know of this section, I would say for this section Worden, Lindley and Niagara.

Q. What is the best way to cultivate cedar hedge ?

The Secretary. — They will grow without much cultivation after the first .year, in my experience. A little work with the hoe and spade the first year.

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The President. — The cedar hedge is one of the most satisfactory hedges you can plant, upon condition that you can get good small stock} plants when you put them down. The Norway Spruce is a very handsome ami satisfactory hedge. I trim the codar every second year, giving them freedom then to get a good growth. The cedar will bear trimming better than the Norway Spruce after the first i

Delegate. — Will it require much wa:

The PRESIDENT. — No; in my section I never water at all unless it is parti- cularly dry season when you plant.

Mr. STEWART.— The cedar makes equally as good a hedge as the Norway Spruce. The Norway Spruce stands '.veil for maybe ten years, but after a number of years I rind it begins to decay a little ; but you can prune the cedar for any length of time. I never saw a cedar hedge that was decayed. I don't think they require much cultivation.

The Sehretary — I think it would be a mistake to use the Norway Spruce around the door-yard for a hedge. It is too strong a grower. The cedar is a much slower grower, and therefore is much better adapted for a small hedge, and can be kept pruned into better shape ; but if it is for a hedge that you can allow to grow up large, as a screen, certainly the Norway Spruce would be best. Nothing could be better for a screen for buildings, barnyards and other places you wish to hide, than the Norway Spruce.

GOOSEBERRIES— THEIR CULTURE AND PREPARATION.

Mr. P. E. Bucke (Ottawa) read the following paper:

Having been requested to write a paper on some one of the small fruits, I have selected the gooseberry.

There is no doubt, though this fruit is one of the most valuable it is also one of the most neglected on the list. It is difficult to find the reason for this unless it may be that it is more subject to the attacks of the saw fly than the currant, and consequently the leaves and plants are destroyed before the pest is detected, when grown by amateurs.

In no country lias this fruit received so much attention as in the British Isles, where it has been fostered by special exhibitions, by premiums and prizes until the small worth- less hedge-row plant — infinitely more insignificant than either of our two native kinds — has been cultivated into an exceedingly fine dessert fruit of the richest flavor and texture.

The attempt to introduce the English varieties into this country, and the failure in doing so, owing to the mildew, which is produced by the unsuitableness of this climate which destroys the fruit and foliage is too familiar to all cultivators of this plant to need any notice from me. It is now conceded we shall have no really first-class berries until we begin de novo and work up our native fruits as have been done in the Old Country. From the two varieties we may confidently expect the same gratifying result that has been there (in Britain) obtained.

The Houghton, Smith's and Downing are all advances on the native stock, and it is not improbable that any one of those may be in the direct line of future success, though a cross between the smooth swamp berry and the prickly high land variety would give the initial start to a new and hardy strain, which could subsequently be improved, upon the Van Moris system, with high cultivation or by an admixture with the finer sorts by hybridization. The first object to be gained in a plant perfectly capable of resisting mil- dew.

Why the gooseberry is so little written or spoken about it is hard to say ; its value is undeniable. Either for stewing in the green or half ripe stite, and for c inning or pre- serving it has no rival in my estimation. It has an acid of its own which the system

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seems to crave for during the long winter and spring months, before the fresh fruits of early summer can be gathered. Its season is longer th in any oi the fruits used only in their ripe state, besides which it is handled without loss or damage from carriage and wiil remain bright and fresh for many days after it. is gathered. The price obtained is remunerative,, being from twenty to forty cents per gallon. The bush itself is perfectly haidy, resisting the cold of winter and the drouth of summer with as much indifference as a telegraph pole. It may therefore be cultivated in northern regions where the raspberry and straw- berry would utterly fail.

Owing to the little attention given to its cultivation the market is never overstocked. Even with the varieties we now have, and a superior berry would open out a much wider range. The bushes come quickly into bearing, the crop is annual and abundant, th<y have no '• off'"' years, it is only required to keep the soil well cultivated so that no grass or weeds are allowed to choke the plants. It must be remembered that if a full crop is expected plenty of manure must be added to the soil annually, or as occasion requires. It will not do to expect everything and give nothing in return.

The great natural enemy of the gooseberry is the saw fly, or as it is usually called the currant worm. This insect usually attacks the gooseberry a day or two b-fore ic appears on the currant bushes. No attempt should be made to cultivate this fruit until a supply of hellebore or Paris green has first been secured to meet the attacks of this dreadful destructive pest. It would be well if the first application b.^ made to the bushes just as the blossoms begin to open in early spring, before any sign of the insect appears. There is no insecticide that can compare with Paris green. This remedy is so dangerous in the hands of unskilled manipulators that I hesitate to name it in a mixed audience, least it miy be misapplied. The proper way to apply it is to put a small teaspoonful of green into a pail of water — a tin pail should be used as the green sticks to a wooden pail — keep the mixture well agitated and apply with a common hand whisk or a bundle of twigs tied together.

Water adds greatly to the weight and bulk, but I would strongly objpet to mix the poison with any dry material, as is done when applying it to potatoes. Care should be- taken to keep the green in properly covered boxes, placed out of the reach of chi'dren, and to see that the vessel from which it is used is thoroughly cleansed each time after it has been employed.

The gooseberry is not so readily propagated by cuttings as the currant. It is therefore found necessary to mound up the bush with rich earth, or peg down the branches, when they will readily take root if brought in contact with the soil. This should be done as soon as the crop is gathered, and the earlier this is done — say the end of June — the better, as at the time mentioned if the berries are picked green for tarts and stews they can readily be disposed of. When the crop is removed the ground is gone over lightly with a digging fork and loosened, some old, well rotted manure is added if necessary to the soil. The branches are then placed in contact with the fresh mould. By the end of October, if the season is moist, the branches are cut off and taken up with care, the ground having again been first loosened with the fork, so that the bark may not be striped from the young roots. The plants are then divided with a sharp pair of pruning shears,, any twigs that have roots on them will strike freely. These are set in rows for one or two years when the plants are ready for sale.

New varieties of gooseberries are produced from seed. The finest of good shape are selected when ripe, these are rubbed between the hands with dry sand, to separate the seeds, which should be sown in a bottomless box set in good rich earth. The young plants will appear the following spring. They must be kept liee from weeds. When they show a few leaves they are pricked out four inches apart in rows, those with the largest leaves and of the most thrifty appearance being selected. Perhaps three or four plants in every hundred may show signs of improvement, the rest are rejected. Those retained are then planted out to fruit. When the berries appear the best are again selected for further experiment. It will thus be seen that raising new varieties from seed is rather a tedious job, to which two drawbacks are added. First, with all one's labor no real advance in bush, bearing, berry, size or quality of fruit may be obtained ; and secondly, if something really valuable is produced there is no means of protecting the

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discovery, so that the party originating it may reap all the advantages that should accrue to him for the time and labor expended. Before any plant becomes an unqualified success it has to be tested on various soils and in different climates, and therefore has to lie placed in many localities, whilst undergoing the process of trial, the plant may get into Unauthorised hinds and so be lost in a great measure to the discoverer. Should he, how- ever, succeed in Bending it out unpiiated, so soon as he begins to sell, the methods and appliances nowadays for propagating plants are such that experts will buy the first few plants at a high price and in a year or two will undersell tbe originator with his own production.

This is not a paper on " Protection," but I think this Association should lend it; aid in endeavoring to devise some means for securing to an originator of new and useful varieties of plants a full and unqualified property in them to himself for a certain number of years.

Hitherto the Smith and Downing were the leading gooseberries on the market prac tically free from mildew ; to-day I show specimens of the " Autocrat," a new berry a long step in advance of either of the former both in size and productiveness. It has never been known to mildew, though in my ground I have utterly failed with the White- Smith and several other foreign varieties.

The bush is healthy and thrifty, the foliage is of darker green than those mentioned, whilst the plant is of a stiffer, stockier growth. Our secretary, to whom I sent plants a couple of years ago (and also Mr. Robinson, of Owen Sound) can probably testify to its merits. Mr. W. W. Hilbirn, of the Experimental Farm, who has seen it growing with me is quite interested in this new candidate for public favor. It is altogether likely the Autocrat will be placed on the market next spring, as a limited number of plants have been propagated.

The Secretary showed a specimen that he had grown at Grimsby from a plant sent by Mr. Bucke. In thriftiness of growth, and in every respect, it is everything that is claimed for it. He was sorry Mr. Bucke was going to change the name of the King Conn to the Autocrat.

Mr. Bucke.— -Mr. Hilborn asked me to change the name. It was suggested that it would take better under another name.

Mr. Beall. — I am very much afraid Mr. Bucke is introducing an old variety by a new name. I am perfectly satisfied I have seen them ten or fifteen years ago. I thought I saw it at Peterboro' when our meeting was held there.

Mr. Bucke. — I do not claim it as a new berry, but I think it is a berry that should be grown in this country. We cannot find the origin.

Mr. Beall. — Why not bring it out under its proper name?

Mr. Bucke. — It has no name. I call it the Conn from the man 1 got it fixun, but it has no name.

Mr. Beall. — If it gets into a good speculator's hands there will be thousands, and tens of thousands sent all over the country for a high price, when it might be obtained perhaps for one-tenth part of the money.

Mr. Bucke. — That is what we want.

Mr. Beall. — Then, in a year or two we shall have the Government coming down upon us, Baying, " We have done a great deal to protect farmers from frauds, but her* the Fruit Growers are defrauding them themselves."

The Secretary. — Does Mr. Beall think it is an English variety ? Mr. Beall. — I do.

The Secretary. — But the English berries all mildew in this country — or, at leass, mi «t of them.

Mr. Beall. — Some of them ; and that may mildew too. Mr. Little. — The Industry is not free from mildew.

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Mr. Bucke. — 1 have no desire to defraud anybody, but T want to see that berry propagated.

Mr. Beatx. — I can find many persons who will say that the Whitesmith will not mildew. I grew the Whitesmith for fifteen years in succession constantly, and had enormous crops, and not a sign of mildew ; but, by-and-by the mildew came and destroyed everything. One year I planted two or tliree bushes of Whitesmith, and they are all mildewed. I gave a dozen to my daughter-in-law, and they are planted out in her garden ; there was no protection given ; .she is a very poor gardener ; they have been neglected continually ; but they have borne excellent crops every year, and not the slightest sign of mildew. They are the bushes out of the same nursery rows.

Mr. Bucke. — We have sent this around — to the Secretary, to St. Catharines, to the Experimental Farm — and we want to see if it will mildew.

The President. — 1 have tested a good many varieties of English gooseberry, and I have found that they mildew, and I have been very loth to recommend any one to go into the culture of those varieties to any extent ; but we find sectional differences with goose- berries as we do with other fruit. I have seen several English varieties around Stratford succeeding admirably, with no sign of mildew whatever. There is one point Mr. Bucke . brings up in his paper, as to the Association protecting the originator of a fruit for a certain number of yea s. So far as I am concerned — and I think I voice the feelings and the principles of the Fruit Growers' Association — I say our principle is not that. We like to see a certain amount of protection ; we like to see an individual that has energy to go into the cultivation, and propagation, and introduction of something new— an im- provement on some fruits we have — we like to see them succeed and make money ; but our object is more to introduce and recommend varieties of the highest excellence for the different sections of our country ; and we want to see growers obtain those varieties at the lowest possible price. Where we have varieties that are of a high state of excellence, and generally useful in the country, we want to see them propagated largely by our nurserymen and spread over our country ; and we want to see our growers get those varieties that are best suited to their particular section or location, at the lowest possible price. I, for one, do not feel like offering any particular line of protection in that respect, but leaving the matter to take its usual course. I feel a desire — as I believe the rest of us do — to see anything that is good come to the front as rapidly as possible.

Mr. Dempsey. — With respect to introducing a gooseberry that we are satisfied is an old variety under a new name, I can see at piesent no objections to it. We have only to look down the list of names of some of the best pears we have in cultivation, and we see a great many synonymous names attached to them ; and that goes to prove that those varieties of fruit have been sent to the different parts of the world, and there the labels were lost, and new names have been given to them ; and those names are following them, but we have the same fruit still. The Bartlett pear, for example, is not the Bai tlett at all ; and as honest Britons I have always argued that we should not call it the Bartlett ; because it originated in England, and was imported from England by a man of the name of Bartlett living in Boston With respect to protection, I differ materially from our President, In protecting the person that produces new fruit you rrotect the farmer and everybody. We heard yesterday of apples sold by nursery agents for Walbiidge and Wealthy, that were not those varieties. That was because there w* s no protection allowed the originator of those varieties. Now, if the originator of a new fruit had an exclusive right to pnpagate and send out, he could hand it over to a nurseryman to propagate it ; he could propagate it just as fast as fifty or a hundred nurserymen would, and no danger of those frauds at all ; and the farmer would be protected as well as the producer of the new fruit. I can assure you that producing new fruits and new flowers is the most discouraging business, from a financial standpoint, that anyone can undertake. I have spent a lifetime in this way so far, and have not much more life, I think some- times, to spend ; but the balance will be spent the same way. I have succeeded in origi- nating some very fine fruits indeed. I havo got some on hand ; but really, for all that has ever slipped out of my hands I have not had a dollar yet. (Hear, hear). Now, I have k>*m working for whom ? For the protection of those miserable — I may say thievish —

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nurserymen. They are not all that. (Laughter). I am proud to say there are a few- honest ones but I tell you that as a rule, those men that are so anxious to speculate on another man's labor, will do it without character, because they lack it. I contend that for ten years after a man begins to send out a new article it should be his right ; no other person should be allowed to serd it out except himself. Now, we heard a lot about Fay's currant. I can show you the old Reel Dutch currant on my premises, bought for -?1.50 a plant, and the man pretends to be one of the most respectable nurserymen in the State of New Jersey that sent it to me. So it goes There is not a class of people in the world that is defrauded so much as fruit growers ; and there is not a class of people that get defrauded by another party more than the farmers get defrauded sometimes by nurserymen. I agitate protection because I want it. If I had had a little protection, I could hand you, I believe, the best pear you ever saw in two years ; but I am holding it; and whit is the use of holding it ? I hope to see the day when we will have a little pro- tection for it. I believe that the best apple we have, taking all things into consideration, for dessert apple, I have produced ; but I ain't going to get anything out of it at all ; it is out of my hands, and it has been sent out this year : and I am sure that some people that buy it at a high price won't get the article at all, just for the want of this protection. So here are two sides to this qnestion ; and we want to look at the side that is likely to protect the farmer, or build up the character of the nurserymen by removing that tempta- tion from them.

Mr. Bucke. — Why should not a man have profit in his plant as well as in his book ? Mr. Dempsey has spent nearly his whole lifetime getting up new fruits. What has he .got for it ?

The President. — I do not see any difficulty in this matter at all. I stick firmly to what 1 have said already. I 'know Mr. Dempsey has originated a large number of varieties of fruits. He has got a pear now equal, if not superior, to anything we have in cultivation, as far as I have seen of it ; and I believe that Mr. Dempsey is going to make money out of that. I hope he will make a fortune out of it ; he deserves to ; he has got a grand pear. It is a cross between a Bartlett and the Duchess d'Angouleme, and it bears the qualities of both, with the points of excellence in both ; and I believe the originator of a fruit of that sort has the protection within his own hands, by propagating and selling direct from his own grounds ; and our Association then steps in ; we know that man ; we know that he is propagating that, and we can recommend that ; but as far as throw- ing any further protection than that around the originator, I do not see how the Associa- tion can step in there at all. We want to propagate that fruit. When Mr. Dempsey asked me what he should name it, I told him to call it the Dempsey pear.

Mr. Beall. — Would it not be a nice thing for you, Mr. President, to approach the Government of Ontario, and get them to get Mr. Dempsey to propagate enough to give one to each member of our Association in 1S91, and to pay Mr. Dempsey for the same, $2 a-piece.

Mr. Little. — I don't see how Mr. Dempsey would reap anything out of that, because there are men that would not think anything of giving 85 a tree for Mr- Dempsey 's pear in a few years.

Mr. Dempsey. — I would jump at that offer that Mr. Beall is talking of.

The President. — Ladies and geutlemen, — I do not see that there is anything else before us. The regular programme as printed is complete. Every question has oeen discussed ; and although the audience has been very small on this occasion, still, so far as I can see, they have been an appreciative audience, and we have had some good words from those located around Seat'orth ; and I hope they have all benefited by our presence here. We certainly have benefited by the information we have received. We are extremely obliged to the residents of Seaforth for providing us with this Hall and general accommodation, and we hope on some future occasion we will reach this section again.

Mr. Elliott hoped that those who had attended would go home and put int j r roo- tioe what they had learned.

The Association adjourned at noon, to meet in winter at Windsor.

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REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS SHOWN AT SUMMER MEETING AT SEAFORTH.

Your Coimnittee have examined the following fruits, roses, etc., shown by members of the Association and others, and beg to report thereon.

The Rpcretiry showed a very fine specimen branch of the Great Biggarreau cherry, fruit fully ripe, also a branch, rot quite so heavily laden, of the Napoleon Biggarreau fruit, only paitially ripe. He also showed a specimen branch of the Yellow Spanish cherry, the bearing qualities of which do not appear sufficient to commeiid it for general cultivation, though ic is in flavor quite equal to the other varieties bhown.

The Secretary also showed specimen branches of the Fays and Cherry currants, nearly ripe, and attractive samples of the Logan, Jessie and FJLches Prolific strawberry; also very fair specimens of the standard varieties of gooseberries.

Mr. Bucke, of Ottawa, shows a few specimen varieties of gooseberries, among them being the " Conn " or "'Autocrat," evidently a b°rry of great promise judging from its size and bearing qualities, and freedom from mildew.

Mr. Gowanlock, of Seafortb, shows some very good samples of Fays, Cherry and White Grape currants in a green state, and several varieties of gooseberries, among them the Industry ; free from mildew and of good size.

Mr. Morton, cf Wingham, shows some very excellent specimens of the Crown Bob gooseberry in a green state, and Mr. D. D. Wilson of Seaforth shows two bunches of last year's grapes, Roger No. 15 and No. 44, preserved in sawdust at a low temperature. The fruit showed no signs of decay nor shrivelling of the skin.

In roses Mr. Thomas Beall, of Lindsay, makes an attractive display, showing among his collection specimens of the Duke ot Edinburgh, Madame Plantier, Le Rhein, Jules Margottin, (fine rose with splendid daik foliage), M. P. Wilder, Eugene Verdier, Caroline de Sansal, C< qnttte des A)] es, Lena Turi;er, Cab- bage, Common Moss, ai.d a few other varieties of more or less merit for outdoor culture. Taken as a whole Mr. Beall's collection deserves moie than a passing notice, and v^ur committee highly commend his efforts and success in the culthation of this the "Queen of Fkwers."

The Secretary also showed a very choice collection comprising the Paul Neyrori> La France, Sir Garnet Wolesley, M. P Wilder, Madame Plantier, Gabriel Tomnier, Anna de Biesbach, and Alfred Colomh, all desirable roses, and a number of other varieties of lesser merit.

A few specimens of unnamed roses were also shown by Mr. Gowanlock of Seaforth.

Seaforth, Ontario.

T. H. RACE, \n

A. H PEITIT i ^omm,ttee

108

ALEXANDER McD. ALLAN,

President 1885-18S9.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

APPENDIX.

ADDITIONAL PAPERS.

K3 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. *20). A. 1890

FRUIT GROWING IN THE NIAGARA DISTRICT.

The following paper was read at the Lincoln farmers' institute gathering held at Smithville on January 9th and 10th, 1889, by Mr. A. M. Smith of St. Catharines:

The most of us recollect the time when fruit growing for profit, or as a staple crop, was confined to a few localities and individuals, the general farmer taking no interest in it. But now, in many sections of our country, it is becoming oue of the leading industries, and instead of importing a large amount of fruit to supply our home market, they are well supplied with fruit of our own growing. Besides this, we annually export half a million dollars' worth of fruits to other countries, and the production and demand, too, is constantly increasing. The quality of our fruit, particularly apples, is second to none in the world, and the increased facilities for transportation, together with the improved methods of preserving fruits for shipments long distances, such as canning and evaporating, is opening up markets hitherto unaccessible to us. The settling up of our vast territories where fruit can not be grown successfully, and which wall demand our supplies, all indicate that this industry is but in its infancy ; that it is one which demands our attention, and that the discussion of subjects connected with fruit growing at meetings of this kind should interest every farmer, whether he be a fruit grower or not. About thirty years ago, when I first began the fruit and nurser}7 business at Grimsby, fruit growing for profit was scarcely thought of. Such a thing as shipping fruit, even to our own towns and cities, except in the shape of sun and kitchen-tanned dried apples, was entirely unknown. When I planted 5,000 or 6,000 young trees in my first nursery the old farmers shook their heads and said, " The boy must be crazy, what in the world will he do with them all ? We don't want them here — we have already more fruit than we can use." But a few of their more hopeful sons thought there might be something in fruit growing, and they planted out young orchards and some small fruits, and grafted up some of the old trees, and what has been the result ? We got the express company to establish an office there and commenced shipping small fruits and peaches to our own towns and cities, which had hitherto been supplied with these luxuries from the States ; we induced buyers to come from the States to buy our apples, which they soon found were superior to their own ; we began sending some to the Old Country, and in a few years Grimsb}7 township alone was sending away $30,000 to $4-0,000 worth of fruit annually, and Grimsby became famous as a fruit-growing section,and the business has now spread nearly all over the Niagara district. But I was to say something about "Failures in fruit-growing among farmers ; their cause and remedy." You know that men in some respects are a good deal like a fiock of sheep ; if one of the flock jumps over the fence into the clover, the rest will follow pell-mell without regard to consequences. If one man happens to make a lucky hit, or falls into a good thing to make money, his neighbors are pretty sure to follow, whether they know anything about the busi- ness or not, and consequently it is overdone, or those who don't know anything about the business "get left." This has been especially true of fruit-growing.and has been the cause of a good many failures. Not that the business has been overdone, except perhaps in a few lines and instances, but because so many have gone into it that know little or nothing about the business. I stated before, and you know the fact, that Grimsby and the Niagara district have become famous

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for fruit-growing. Men in other parts of the country and in some of our cities have heard that fanners have got rich off of a few acres of land in a few years, and they have fondly imagined that if they could jump into Grimsby or some- where near it, they could soon till their pockets and retire. Men have left good grain and stock farms, and others good businesses in the city, and invested in Grimsby or Niagara land, not dreaming but what all land there was fruit land, and thinking that all they had to do was to invest a few dollars in trees, dig holes in the ground and plant them, sit under the trees for a few years, and the fruit would drop into their laps and the money roll into their pockets. But many of them have had the illusion dispelled ; they have found out that all of Grimsby or Niagara is not fruit laud — except it might be fruitful in growing frogs, or in material for miking bricks — and even where suitable land has been secured they have found out that trees will not grow by simply sticking them in the post hole and leaving them to take care of themselves. They did not understand the business, and the same is true of a good many farmers who live in fruit-growing sections and fail in growing fruit. They don't understand that the following rules or con- ditions must be observed in order to be successful, and this is the main cause of their failure : First, they must have soil and climate adapted to fruit-growing. Second, they must have varieties of fruit adapted to that particular soil and location. And then the trees planted should be carefully planted, cultivated, pruned, protected and fed. To illustrate: I have seen farmers who have decided to uo into the fruit-growing, select the poorest field they had on the farm for the purpose, because it was more convenient to the house, or because they wanted others for pasture, for growing roots, or for some other purpose. And these same men generally consult some travelling tree agent in regard to what varieties they shall plant, or select from the stock of pictures which he carries, instead of con- sulting som ! reliable horticultural work, or some man who is posted and knows what will succeed in that particular locality. These men invariably get the varieties that the agent wants to get rid of, or that he can make the most money out of, whether they are adapted to the locality or not, and they are not over particular in planting out their trees. Instead of digging holes large enough to straighten out all the roots and fibres, and then carefully tilling in and preparing the earth around them, or, if it is dry, throwing in a pail of water to settle the soil about them, they dig a small hole, crowd in the roots, throw on a little dirt and if they die blame the nurseryman or the .veather for it. Their after-culture is sometimes a crop of grain sown around them, and sometimes they are left in sod, instead of being hoed and cultivated as they should be. As for the pruning and trimming they get — well, that is generally left to the animals on the farm, and it is done by horse or cattle power until there is little left of the struggling tree. Is it any wonder they fail ? But you say, perhaps, that careful cultivators sometimes fail — even those who have complied with all the require- ments I have mentioned. Granted, and so do careful cultivators of grain and other products sometimes fail from causes beyond their control, but as a general thing where you find failures, there has been one or more of the rules mentioned violated. I have seen, and had in my experience, good selections of soil and varieties made in grape vines and small fruits, and had them carefully planted, cultivated and trained, and they did splendid the first season, but they were all destroyed the first and second winters after planting for want of proper protection or covering to the roots; and I believe that this is the cause of more failures in the growing of small fruits and grapes, and even peaches, quinces and some varieties of plums, pears and apples, than we are aware of. Take some of the winters we have had in this section during the past five or six years I When

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there has been very little snow, and what there was blown away from the fields by the wind, and not much moisture in the ground to counteract the effects of the frost, and the thermometer 10 to 16 degrees below zero, and the ground frozen three to four feet deep, is it any wonder that the tender roots are ii jured or killed ? I have seen the roots of blackberries and grapes, quinces, and young walnut trees even, killed by the frost, while their tops were apparently uninjured. I have even taken cuttings from these same grape vines and propagated them, thus showing conclusively that the tops were sound ; and I have seen vines and trees throw out leaves in the spring, and then die and wither away, and on exam- ing the roots found them dead and rotten. The remedy for this is to cover the ground around the trees and plants in winter. A slight covering of coarse manure straw, cornstalks, evergreen brush, or anything to hold the snow to keep it from blowing off, will be a protection, and where these are scarce, a crop of rye sown early in the fall among trees and vines affords an excellent covering, and it may be turned under in the spring, and will make a good fertalizer also. But the most permanent protection is a good evergreen hedge that will stop the force of the wind and keep the snow from blowing off. I have a hedge of Norway spruce on the west side of my place, and about five years ago I planted a vineyard along the east of it. The vines grew well the first summer, but the following win- ter was a dry, severe one, with very little snow, and the result was that three or four rows of vines beyond the protection of this hedge were every one killed by the fro>t, while those near it and under its protection all came out sound and have grown nicely, and never fail to produce an abundant crop. A neighbor adjoining planted a vineyard on similar soil the year following, and has given them just as good cultivation and care, all but the protection, and to-day he has not a healthy vine except a few in alowplacein the held where the snow has drifted in and pro- tected the roots. I have seen similar results even from the protection of a row of currant bushes. A few years ago I visited a young vineyard belonging to Peter Wright, in Stamford, a portion of which was almost entirely destroyed by freezing the previous winter, but the remainder had been planted with alternate rows of currants, which had broken the wind, retained the snow, and saved the young vines. I could cite similar cases amongst peach, quince and dwarf pear trees. In one instance tomatoes had been grown in a peach orchard and the vines raked off and thrown around one row of trees, and the adjoining trees had been plowed around and the ground left bare. We had one of our dry, bleak winters, with very little snow, and nearly every tree where the ground was baie was killed, and those that were protected with the tomato vines came out all right. I saw a remarkable instance this last season in an apple orchard belonging to Mr. D. Vanduzer, of Grimsby, which I can attribute to nothing but the protec- tion of the roots. There had been a strip left for a road through his orchard alongside of a row of Baldwin apple trees, on which the grass had grown for several years, extending up to the trees ; the opposite side had been cultivated, and the ground had been left comparatively bare the previous winter. On the side where the grass was, a healthy growth and a good crop of apples all along the row, while on the opposite side there was scarcely any fruit and the leaves had a sickly appearance. We all know that our fathers had no difficulty in growing any fruits they planted. I have dwelt upon this subject of protection at some length because I believe it to be of importance, and the want of it to be the cause of a large proportion of the failures in fruit-growing. I would like to say a word or two about feeding trees and plants. None of you would expect to be successful breeders or stock-growers without a judicious system of feeding your stock ; nor would you expect to be successful in growing grain or any other crop without sufficiently fertilizing the soil, or giving the plants suitable

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plant food. Yet fanners in the treatment of their orchards seem to forget the need of this when they crop their orchards year after year and don't trive them half manure enough to feed the crops they are taking off, forgetting that the trees require the full strength of the land, and should have a double supply of nourishment instead of being robbed of what little they have. Is it any wonder that we hear of orchards failing to bear ? The remedy for these kinds of failure is easily seen. Don t rob your trees of the food that belongs to them, and instead of carrying it away in hay, grain and other crops, give them an extra' supply in the shape of barnyard manure, unbleached wood ashes, bone dust a"hd other fertilizers.

CO-OPERATION BETWEEN" THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO AND THE FARMERS' INSTITUTES.

The following paper was read by the secretary of the Fruit Grower's Association of Ontario, at the Central Farmers' Institute, Toronto, February 1889:—

For some time past I have been advocating closer sympathy and co-operation between the different branches of work which come under the care of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, and now that we have a Minister of Agriculture who takes a deep interest in furthering every movement which fosters the prosperity of our Canadian farmers, what may we not hope for in the near future ? Nothing 1 am sure, short of the elevation of the farmer to a position of affluence and respectability, equal to and perhaps surpassing that of those who are engaged in the so called learned professions.

One of the grandest movements of the day for accomplishing this end is the establishment of farmers' institutes for the education of farmers in scientific agriculture. The Agricultural College is doing a grand work for the youno- men of Ontario, but to diffuse education still more widely we must carry it to the very doors of the farmers, and meet them where they will feel free to question what is said if it is not in accord with their own experience. And this is exactly the work of the farmers' institutes.

The Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario has been trying to accomplish the same end, but, of course, limiting its attention to the cultivation of the garden and orchard, and the care of wood lots. For thirty years we have been meeting two or three times a year in the various parts of Ontario collecting and disseminating useful information on these subjects, and I claim that in that time we have stored up in our annual reports, and in the pages of our useful journal The Canadian Horticulturist, a vast amount of most useful information, just such as every farmer should be in possession of. Yet although we have grown in numbers from a membership of about a dozen to over two thousand in number, still our two or three meetings each year, are wholly inadequate for the rapid diffusion of that knowledge among those who are not members of our Association, and who consequently do not receive our report.

I am aware that many persons will argue that the farmer should devote himself entirely to one line of agriculture, and to that only. I grant that such a plan might tend to bring about the highest state of perfection in the agricultural profession, yet mixed farming will often be found the most expedient; giving

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returns from one department when others fail. I claim that in very many cases farmers are so situated that it would pay them, from a purely commercial point of view, to take up some one line or other of fruit culture. Personally I would prefer that all farmers would wholly avoid this line of industry, and leave it wholly to those who, like myself, have devoted their whole farms to fruit culture, and make a specialty of it only. No doubt that, on the whole, such a division of labor is most advantageous ; farm crops and fruit crops often come in conflict and one or the other must surfer neglect, Nevertheless, a farmer may be situated near a good market for fruit products, or he may have ground so well adapted for garden crops, that an acre devoted to small fruits, vineyard or orchard, may net him more ready cash than twice or thrice that amount of land in an ordinary field crop. In such a case, all that he lacks, in order to make the most of his ground, is to have reliable information concerning the best varieties to purchase, the proper culture of the plants or trees, and the best method of handling and marketing his fruits.

Even for home uses only, I claim that every farmer should have a fruit garden of liberal extent, so planted as to give a bountiful supply of fresh fruit of various kinds, for the use of his family in every month of the year. This is no impossibility, for it is quite possible to have luscious pears on the table for dessert during nine months of every year, and small fruits in succession for at least four months of the summer, and by a proper selection of varieties to have the health- inspiring grape, fresh and plump, during eight months of the year.

Now, such particulars as these, are those to which our Association has given the closest attention and which we are endeavouring by every means at our dis- posal, to make public, in accordance with the object for which it was originally formed, as is set forth in article o of our constitution, which reads as follows : — "Its objects shall be the advancement of the science and art of fruit culture by holding meetings for the exhibition of fruit and for the discussion of all questions relative to fruit culture, by collecting arranging and disseminating useful informa- tion, and by such other means as may from time to time seem advisable."

It has been proposed that we dispose of at least one meeting of our Association proper, and that our directors, of whom there is one for each Agricultural division of Ontario, should each be prepared to attend as many meetings of farmers' institutes each year as possible, and give a paper or an address on such subject in practical fruit culture, as shall appear best suited to the locality in which the= meeting is held.

These subjects treated by our best practical fruit specialists, and accompanied by the usual cross-questioning, at some fifty or sixty meetings of institutes every year, will I am sure, tend toward advancing the fruit industry of our country, an industry the importance of which may be imagined when we note that according to the last report of the Bureau of Industries, the value of the fruit exports of Canada in the year 1887, alone, amounted to the sum of nearly $1,000,000.

I may add that this plan has been experimented upon in a small way during the past year, and our directors, as far as they have gone out, have been most heartily welcomed by the farmers, who have taken a very lively interest in the subjects of their addresses.

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It was moved by Mr. Clarke, seconded by Mr. Campbell, that the thanks of" 'this meeting be tendered to the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario for their offer of assistance in the work of the Fanners' Institute as set out in the paper of Mr. L. Woolverton, just read, and this meeting desires to express their thorough appreciation of the benefit that will accrue to the Farmers' Institutes by such assistance. The motion was carried.

SPRAYING WITH THE ARSENITES.

The following paper was read at Toronto, August 26, 1889, before the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, by Professor A. J. Cook, of the Agricultural College, Michigan: —

Nine years ago, at the first meeting of this society, I presented a paper upon the use of Paris green as a specific against the codling moth.

In that paper I gave the results of careful and elaborate experiments, which settled two facts which were very important in economic entomology: First that Paris green was efficient as a preventive of the ravages of the codling larva ; and secondly, that such use was entirely safe in respect to poisoning the fruit. To-day, less than a decade from the date of the discovery of this remedy, this method to combat the worst insect pest of the apple grower is generally adopted by the more intelligent orchadists of our country. Its value is now universally conceded. Easy and cheap methods to apply the insecticide are now known and generally adopted.

For several years myself and others have been experimenting, in hopes to find that this same insecticide was equally efficient to destroy the plum curculio. For six or seven years I have sprayed plum trees once and even twice with no apparent good. Test trees, close beside the trees sprayed, and that were not treated, were as free from attack as were the trees that were sprayed, and the trees treated were no more exempt from attack than the others. Thus I was convinced that this insecticide was of no value in this curculio warfare. Several of my horticultural friends, in whose ability to experiment and observe correctly 1 had great confidence, had tried this remedy with very satisfactory results. In 1888 1 studied this matter very closely, and concluded that as the plum is a smooth fruit, with no calyx cup like that of the apple, in which the poison may lodge, and as the curculio lays its eggs anywhere on the smooth rind, the poison would be very easily washed off, or even blown off by the wind. I thus concluded that my want of success was very likely due to a want of thoroughness. In 1888 I -prayed certain trees three times, at intervals of eight days, and omitted to treat other trees close along side. The benefit from spraying was very marked.

I also found that carbolized plaster — one pint of crude carbolic acid to fifty pounds of plaster — was quite as efficient to repel the curculio as was the arsenites. This was also applied three times. The season was very dry, and there were few or no rains to wash off the insecticides. This year I repeated the experiments both with the London purple and with the carbolized plaster, but with no success,

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All the trees were severely attacked, and all the plums lost. This year we had -almost daily rains, which were frequently quite severe.

I believe I am warranted in the following conclusions : The arsenites and car- bolized plaster will protect against the plum curculio if they can be kept on the tree or fruit. But in case of very frequent rains the jarring method will not •only be cheaper, but much more effective. Again, as our vvihi fruits are more cleared away we must have plums in our orchards to protect the apples from the curculio. When apples are seriously stung they become so gnarled and deformed as to be worthless. It will pay, then, to set plum trees near by or among the apple trees. Then we will escape mischief among our apples from the curculio, and will only need to spray our apples once, to destroy the codlin moth, and can treat the plum trees three or four times with Paris green or carbolated lim e in case we have only occasional showers, or can jar the trees when the rains arevery frequent. For the apples we can use London purple, one pound to 200 gallons of water. For the plums we must use Paris green, one pound to two or thee hundred gallons of water. If the corbolated plaster is preferred, we use one pint of crude -carbolic acid to fifty pounds of land plaster. This is thrown freely over the trees so as to strike every plum on the tree, which is being treated.

Another very important practical point has been suggested by the past season's experience with these insecticides : I refer to the danger of applying them before the blossoms fall. Bees are quite as susceptible to these poisons as are the codlin larvae and curculio. In their good work of collecting nectar and fertilizing the blossoms, they are very certain to take the poison as well, if the trees have been sprayed. Of course there is no excuse for spraying at so early a date, as neither the curculio or codlin larvae commence their attack till the blossoms fall. Thus for the object in mind, as well as for the safety of the bees, delay should be insisted upon. I think we as scientists and all educated men should pronounce vehemently and with one voice against spraying our fruit trees with the arsenites till the blossoms have all fallen. We should even go farther : We should secure the enactment of laws which would visit any such offence with fine and imprisonment. Such laws would prove a ready and active educator.

In the past season, many bee keepers have lost severely from the neglect of their fruit growing neighbors to observe this caution. I will only mention two -cases : Mr. John G. Smith, Barry, Illinois, writes : " One of my neighbours owning ;an orchard of about one hundred acres of apple trees, sprayed the trees with Paris green and water just as they were in full bloom. The result is that ten or twelve bee keepers are ruined." The imago no less than the larvae and pupae were destroyed. Mr. J. A. Pearce, Grand Rapids, Mich., was also a heavy loser from the same cause. His bees likewise died in all stages of development.

It is well to remember and to urge that this loss is not confined to the bee keeper, for the fruit grower as well as the apiarist needs the bees and their work to insure his best success. It only requires, then, that our people know the truth, to insure against loss in this direction.

INJURY TO THE FOLIAGE.

Another practical question of no small moment in this use of the arsenites fefers to injury to the foliage of the trees treated. In an elaborate series of experiments the past season, we desired to learn the effect on different trees of the different arsenites, and whether the date of treatment and atmospheric

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Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 20).

A. 18^a

>.i lition had any influence. The following is a tabulated statement of th< •xjm riments :

Date.

10.

11. 11. 11.

Variety Treated.

6 plum trees. .

2 cherry trees .

4 apple

5 cherry "

3 willow '' 3 elm

3 h. maple"

5 apple "

5 cherry "

5 plum " 3 elm

3 plum "

3 apple "

3 cherry ' '

3 apple "

3 peach "

3 plum "

5 peach "

2 peach " 1 cherry " 1 pear " 1 pear "

3 peach "

1 plum "

2 peach " 2 peach " 2 peach " 2 peach "

2 peach "

3 peach " 3 peach " 3 peach "

Poison Used.

Lon'n p'ple 1 lb to 200 gal.

1 lb to 150 gal. 1 lb to 100 gal.

1 lb to 200 gal.

Date Of rr r.

second ap- 2™™ Weather.

plication.

treatment.

Effect.

June 5.. Ten days Rain 21,23 No injury.

May 23.. " " , "

June 12.

June 17.

Paris gr'n, 1 lb to 100 gal 200 gal 250 gal 300 gal

London purple water

Wte ars'ic 1 lb to 300 gal.

Lon'n p'ple 1 lb to 200 gal.

Solution analine |

Five days.

Rain 25th.

Some.

None. Some. Much.

None. Very bad.

Great injury it «

Slight. Some.

Very bad. Quite bad, Slight. None.

Great injury.

None.

I think we are warranted in the following conclusions : first London purple is more injurious to the foliage than is Paris green ; and white arsenic — arsenious add — is more harmful than is either London purple or Paris green. This is doubtless owing to the soluble arsenic which is quite abundant in London purple, and almost absent in Paris green. In experiment No. 29 (see table) it will be noticed that the colored water after London purple fully settles is very destruc- tive to foliage, while analine (see experiment No. o2) is not at all harmful. This agrees with the experiments of Prof. C. P. Gillette, made in 1888, where white arsenic was found very destructive to foliage.

Secondly, peach foliage is especially susceptible to injury, and cherry foliage the least so of any of the kinds treated.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20) A. 1*<i0

Thirdly, it would seem that London purple and white arsenic, used just before a rain, are more harmful than when used during a drought. We not only- saw greater injury when a rain followed spraying within two or three days, but secured the same results by spraying, soon after treatment, with pure water. This also accords with the view that the injury comes from the presenee of soluble arsenic.

Fourthly, it would seem that spraying soon after the foliage puts out, is less harmful than when it is delayed a few days, or better a few weeks. For ten years I have sprayed both apple and plum trees in May, and for several years with London purple ; and often used a mixture as strong as one pound to one hundred or even fifty gallons of water. Yet in most cases no damage was done. This year I sprayed several trees in May, using one pound to 100 gallons of water with no damage. In June and July spraying the same trees with a mixture only one-half as strong did no slight injury This fact, if fact it be, accounts for the few reports of injury in the past, even with a stronger mixture, and the frtiqeunt reports of damage within a year or two, even with a dilute mixture. Then the spraying was confined to May; now it reaches to June, or even to July.

Fifthly, London purple may be used on apple, plum, cherry, pear, and most ornamental trees, but on these should never be stronger than one pound to two hundred gallons of water, If the application is to be repeated, as it must be for the curculio, to prove effective, or if it is to be used in June or July, Paris green should be used, in the same proportion as above, or else we should use only one pound of London purple to three hundred gallons of water. I now think that this necessity is more due to time of application than to the fact of increased quantity of the poison.

Sixthly, if the arsenites are to be used on the peach, to defeud. against the curculio, Paris green only should be used, and that not stronger than one pound to three hundred gallons of water. With the peach the poison is not only absorbed, coloring the tissue purple or brown, but even the petiole or stem of the leaf is weakened, and the leaf falls. Thus in several cases where we used London purple one pound to two hundred gallons of water, or white arsenic, the peach leaves all fell off. White arsenic colors the tissue the same as does the London purple, showing once more that it is the soluble arsenic, not analine, that does the mischief.

Seventhly, the injury done to the foliage is never immediately apparent. It usually shows somewhat the second day, but the full injury is frequently not manifest till the fifth day, and often not till the tenth.

POISONING THE PASTURE UNDER THE TREES.

Another important practical question which I have tried to settle this season — 1889 — concerns the danger of pasturing under trees which have been sprayed with the arsenites.

A gentleman wishing to spray his orchard, in which he was pasturing seventy- five hogs, consulted me as to the wisdom of doing so without first removing the swine. I told him I believed there was no danger. I said use a mixture, one $ound of London purple to two hundred gallons of water, watch your hogs closely and if any seem affected remove all at once, and I will be responsible to the amount of twenty-five dollars. The gentleman did so and reports no damage.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

In the following experiments I used the mixture of twice the strength which should be used, that the experiment might be the more convincing. I used one pound to one hundred gallons of water. In every case the spraying was very thoroughly done. Care was taken that every twig and leaf should be drenched.

In tree No. 1 a thick paper was placed under one-half of a rather small apple tree. The space covered was six by twelve feet, or seventy-two square feet. The paper was left till all dripping ceased. As the day was quite windy the dripping was rather excessive. In this case < very particle of the poison that fell from the tree was caught on the paper. Dr. R. C. Kedzieanalyz <1 the poison and found four-tenths (.4) of a grain. Tree No. 2 was a large tree with verj thick foliage. Underneath this tree was a thick carpet of clover, blue grass and timothy just in bloom. The space covered by the tree was fully sixteen feet square, or equal to two hundred and fifty-six square feet. As soon as all dripping had 1, the grass under the tree was all cut, very gently and very close to the ground. This was taken to the chemical laboratory and analyzed by Dr. R. C. Kedzie. There wa.s found 2.2 grains of arsenic. Now as our authorities say that one grain is poisonous for a dog, two for a man, ten for a cow, and twenty for a hort would seem to be small danger from pasturing our orchards

during and immediately after spraying, especially as no animal would eat the sprayed grass exclusively. To test, this fully, I sprayed a large tree over some bright tender grass and clover. I then cut the clover carefully, close to the ground and fed it all to my horse. It was all eaten up in an hour or two, and the horse showed no signs of any injury. This mixture, remember, was of double the proper strength, was applied very thoroughly, and all the grass fed to and eaten by the horse. This experiment was repeated with the same result. I next secured three sheep. These were kept till hungry, then put into a pen about a tree under which was rich juicy June grass and clover. The sheep soon ate the grass, yet showed no signs of any injury. This experiment was repeated twice with the same result. It seems to me that these experiments are crucial and settle the matter fully. The analyses show that there is no danger, the experi- ments confirm the conclusion.

Thus we have it demonstrated that the arsenites are effective against the codling moth, that in their use there is no danger of poisoning the fruit, and when used properly no danger to the foliage, nor to stock that may be pastured in the orchard.

FORESTRY.

The following paper was written by Dr. J. W. Beall, Prof, of Botany and Forestry, Michigan Agricultural College.

Why not Plant a Grove !

These few pages on forestry have not been written to secure the applause of those who see little use for a bulletin unless it contain some new truth brought out by conducting careful experiments. On the contrary, they have been pre- pared with the view to help awaken an interest in the subject by calling attention to a few simple facts in the plainest way possible, and then to give some element- ary hints on the selecting, planting and management of young forest trees in groves and screens.

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63 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

Of the three greatest interests of our country, manufacturing of all kinds ranks first, agriculture second and forestry third.

" The evidence is ample and conclusive that we are making fearful inroads on our forest stores. We are cutting off a much larger crop than can possibly be replaced by natural growth within the period when at the present rate, we shall have cleared the original forest off* the ground. We are wasting our forests by the axe, by fire, by pasturage, by neglect. So far as timber is concerned, we are eating into our capital with little care for the future." — Dr. E. J. James in For- estry Bulletin No. 2 of U. S. Agrl. Dept.

We legislate to protect birds and wild game, and appropriate money to encourage a large number of worthy objects, but for "our forests, from which we are drawing a larger amount in natural wealth than from any other source of supply, or from all other sources together, we have so far done practically nothing to protect or cultivate. — Dr. E. J. James.

If something profitably cannot be done in connection with this great subject of forestry, then it is very unlike any other question of great importance.

We feel confident that there are many important points in connection with forestry which should constantly receive a good deal of thought from many of our best citizens.

The writer is now supposed to be passing one of the thousands of good farm houses situated in any of the older settled counties of the State, when the follow- ing conversation ensues :

B. " I see the snow drifts have not yet all disappeared."

C. " No, and we haven't had much snow this winter either, and there has been less strong wind than for some years past. Generally, of late years, when there is a heavy fall of snow it is soon so unevenly distributed that we have little idea of how much has fallen. It piles up along the north and south roads, and blows from some parts of the east and west roads. The wheat field has many bare spots, while in other places the drifts are deep."

B. " What do you suppose has brought about this change ?" 0. " Since I cut off that piece of timber down there and brought to view the farms over west for a couple of miles, the wind has frequently swept over my fields with a great deal of force, sometimes making things fairly jingle, and when cold the air seems to penetrate the smallest cracks in my pens, sheds and barns. The pigs squeal, the cows give less milk, the horses shiver and even the hen-coop is too freely ventilated.. 1 believe the animals at such times eat more grain and fodder than they do when there is less cold air in motion. The house, too, gets colder in the night than it used to when there were few strong winds. I am sure I have to lay in a larger supply of firewood than I used to."

B. " You seem to take in the whole situation at a glance."

C. " I have seen many changes in my life. When I came to this neighbor- hood much of the land was still covered with a dense virgin forest. As one block of woods after another disappeared, I noticed the winds became more frequent and penetrating, but what could I do ? and what could my neighbors do ? We needed the land to raise more wheat and to feed more stock, and we got some- thing for the timber which helped to pay off mortgages."

B. " There is a partial remedy for checking the fierce winds which drift the snows in winter, shake the apples from the trees in summer and lodge the grain before it is ripe."

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

C. " Yes, I know it. We can let the young trees grow up along the fences of our fields, and we can plant trees west of our farm buildings; but then it would be a great deal of trouble and cost a good deal to plant trees, and we should have to wait so long for any favorable results."

B. " The cost is much less than most persons imagine, and when once started they keep growing year by year, and before you are aware of it, the little trees have grown upwards and spread outwards. Suppose you were to plow a strip a rod wide and ten or fifteen rods long, either in a stiaight line, in a curve or in an irregular shape. That would not cost much. Then harrowT it well as though you were fitting the piece for corn."

C. "Then I should have to go to the woods and find some good trees, dij; them, cart them to the house, dig deep holes, set the trees, stake them, mulch them, wait a while, see half of them die and the others would look pale and stunted."

B. " I think you could do better than that. Of course you must arrange the fence so as to keep cattle, sheep and horses away from young trees. Let us see about a plan for a wind-break or for a small grove. You can put in as many kinds of trees as you like, the more the better, if you want to try experiments and think you would like to study them and learn their habits, but if you want trees that will grow fast, that are likely to remain healthy and furnish protec- tion, you need only one, two or three species which are best adapted for the pur- pose. We can't afford to go to the woods and dig trees. We can buy them cheaper."

C. " Buy them ! Why, a nurseryman will charge me twenty -five to fifty cents apiece for his evergreens. I can't afford that."

B. " Procure small trees ; they will cost much less ; they can be more easily planted ; will be more likely to live and after a few years they will very likely catch up and overtake trees which were larger at the time of planting. The foundation of your screen will consist of evergreens. If others are added which are not evergreens, they should not be put in blocks each sort by itself, but mixed more or less in checker-board style with the evergreens. And the evergreens may as well be mixed if no others are planted. You will want to set them in rows, straight, curved or crooked in one way four feet apart, and three or four feet apart in the row, so they can be as easily cultivated one way as corn and potatoes. There is little risk in setting too thickly, and the trees will sooner shade the ground.

"R. Douglas & Son, Waukegan, Illinois, will send by mail :

" White pines, 3 years old, @ $1.00 per 100, or $8 per 1,000.

"Norway spruces, 3 years old, @ 75 per 100, or S6 per 1,000.

" At about the same price, you can procure any or all of the following : European larch, white ash, American elm, black cherry, black locust and many others, remembering that for gopd screens half or more of the trees should be evergreens rather equally distributed over the ground. W. W. Johnson, Snow- flake, Antrim Co., .Michigan, will doubtless send young trees at the above prices. A single row or two rows will make a good screen, but you will be better pleased with a wider strip of trees."

C " I will send a postal card right away and get the price lists from those two men. It won't cost much to start a screen in that way. Tell me more abou t setting the trees, as you seem to know concerning such things."

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1£90

B. " The trees arrive about the time you are sowing oats. Open the pack- ages, and place the roots in damp soil in the shade, not forgetting that the roots of trees are unfitted by nature to stand the air. In the wind or the sun or in dry air, or in the open air, roots will live just about as long as a black bass will live out of water ; not much longer. Prepare some thin mud in a pail filling it a third full. In this mud place the roots of the trees one sort at a time. Of course you have staked or marked out your ground. Dig a small hole with a spade and let the boy drop a tree in the hole ; straighten it up ; replace the soil, not omitting to step your full weight with one foot each side and near each tree before leaving it. This is important, as it packs the soil close to the roots, helping it to retain moisture, and presenting the air from entering. One after the other, all the kinds are planted."

C. " Then what ?"

B. " If you are now careless and lose all your interest in the subject, and keep busy at something else, you will very likely leave the young things to look out for themselves. The grass and weeds will choke them, and your little enter- prise will cause deep regret, every time you think of it and prove the laughing stock of all your neighbors."

C. " I am not that kind of a farmer, to drop a thing before I give it a fair trial."

B. " Then you will cultivate this land as you do your best cornfield, with level culture, only continue to cultivate all summer."

C. " What shall I do next ?"

B. " Keep on cultivating during succeeding years, as long as a horse can get through the rows, perhaps four or five years or more, then the trees will not need it any longer. From time to time you will very likely pick up some other kinds of very small trees, or shrubs from the neighboring woods, and set them in among the others in the grove. If the cultivation is attended to, and the land is not too -wet, you will be surprised at the rapid growth of the trees."

C. "Why can't I mulch the ground all over with straw from the old stack and save all further trouble ?"

B. " It is not a good plan, and if you try it you will be disappointed. Cul- tivation is much better, and with the trees near the house, it is but a light chore to cultivate each time. If black walnuts, chestnuts, butternuts, hickories and oaks are desired in any places, plant the nuts where the trees are to remain."

C. " Thank you. I feel sure now that I understand the plan. It is so much -cheaper and easier than I had supposed, that I am going to plant a grove, even a small one started this year will be much better than a larger one long delayed and perhaps never planted."

B. "In older States like Massachusetts farms already bring a better price if they contain some suitable groves or lots of young thrifty timber. As the grove improves with age, you will be reading every good thing you can get on forestry. You will take a deeper interest in the work of the State Forestry commission. You will want to see their last report and all that may be issued in the future. You will have a good right to consider yourself as one of Michigan's most enter- prising farmers. You will be planting for study as well as for producing a grove to shield animals or growing crops from the severe winds. You will be an exper- imenter, a pioneer in a good cause, and the longer you live the more will you see the importance of a knowledge of forestry."

" What is the custom in this neighborhood in regard to pasturing wood- lots ?"

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

C " Every one turns in his cattle, sheep, horses and hogs or one or more kinds of these animals. It affords some feed, and cleans out lots of rubbish and makes the woods look like a park."

B. " Yes. and it lets in the light, and with the light grasses will slowly creep in, affording more pasture, to be sure, but this will check the growth of larger trees and .small trees are not allowed to follow on to take their places. The man who lias much interest in the future of his reserve timber lot will not use it for a pasture."

Reader, if not already done, will you not plant a grove this year, or do some- thing to induce some of your friends to plant one? The writer will be glad to give any further instructions in his power on this subject, and would consider it a favor to receive a postal card from any who contemplate a grove.

March 20, 1889. "

STATUTORY PROVISIONS.

It is provided by the Agriculture and Arts Act, 49 Victoria, chap. 11 (188G), that the Fruit Growers' Association should be a body corporate, comprising not less than fifty members, each paying an annual subscription fee of not less than .*1 ; that it shall hold an annual meeting at such time and place as may be determined ujjon ; that the retiring officers .shall at such meeting present a full report of their proceedings ; and of the proceedings of the Association, and a detailed statement of its receipts and expenditure for the previous year, duly audited by the Auditors ; that the Association shall at such meeting elect a President, a Vice- President, and one Director from each of the Agricultural Divisions of the Province (mentioned in Schedule A following), and the "dicers and Directors so elected shall appoint from among themse] otherwise, a Secretary and a Treasurer, or a Secretary-Treasurer ; and that the Association shall also elect two Auditors.

Vacancies occurring through death, resignation, or otherwise in the directorate of the Fruit Growers Association, Bhall be tilled by the Board of Directors.

The officers shall have full power to act for and on behalf of the Association, and all grants of money and other funds of the v ssociation shall be )> ceived and expended under their direction, subject nevertheless to the by-IaWB and regulations of the Association.

A. copy of the Annual Report of its proceedings, a statement of receipts and expenditure, a list of the officer* elected, and also such general information on matters of special interest as the Association ha\e been able to obtain, shall be sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture within forty days after the holding of such annual meeting.

Schedule A.— Agricultural Divisions.

1. Stormont, Dundas, Glengarry, Prescott and Cornwall.

2. Lanark North, Lanark South, Renfrew North, Renfrew South, Carleton, Russell and the City of Ottawa.

3. Krontenac, City of Kingston, Leeds and Grenville North, Leeds South, Grenville South and Brockville.

4. Hastings East, Hastings North, Hastings West, Addington, Lennox and Prince Edward.

5. Durham East, Durham West, Noi thumberland East, Northumberland West, Peterborough East, Peterborough West, Victoria North (including Haliburton), and Victoria South.

6. York East, York North, York West, Ontario North, Ontario South, Peel, Cardwell and City of Toronto.

7. Wellington Centre, Wellington South, Wellington West, Waterloo North, Waterloo South, Wentworth North, Wentworth South, Dufferin, Halton and City of Hamilton.

8. Lincoln, Niagara, Welland, Haldimand and Monck.

9. Elgin East, Elgin West. Brant North, Brant South, Oxford North, Oxford South, Norfolk North and Norfolk South.

10. Huron East, Huron South, Huron West, Bruce Centre, Bruce North, Bruce South, Grey East, Grey North and Grey South.

11. Perth North, Perth South, Middlesex East, Middlesex North, Middlesex West and City of London.

12. Essex North, Essex South, Kent East. Kent West, Lambton East and Lambton West.

13. Algoma East, Algoma West, Simcoe East, Simcoe South, Simcoe West, Muskoka and Parry Sound.

CONSTITUTION OF THE ASSOCIATION.

Art. I. — This Association shall be called "The Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario." Vrt. II.— Its objects shall be the advancement of the science and art of fruit culture by holdirg

meetings for the Exhibition of fruit and for the discussion of all questions relative to fruit culture, ty

collecting, arranging and disseminating useful information, and by such other means as may from time t«

time seem advisable.

Art. III. —The annual meeting of the Association shall be held at such time and place as shall b*)

designated by the Association.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. Ib90

Art. IV. —The officers of the Association shall be composed of a President, Vice-President, a Secretary, •r Secretary-Treasurer, and thirteen Directors.

Art. V. — Any person may become a member by an annual payment of one dollar, and a payment of ten dollars shall constitute a member for life.

Art. VI.— This Constitution may be amended by a vote of a majority of the members present at and regular meeting, notice of the proposed amendments having bfen given at the previous meeting.

Art. VII.— The said Officers and Directors shall prepare and present to the annual meeting of the Association a report of their proceedings during the year, in which shall be stated the names or all the members of the Association, the places of meeting during the year, and such infnnnation as the Association shall have been able to obtain on the subject of fruit culture in the Province during the year. There shall also be presented at the said annual meeting a detailed statement cf the receipts and disbursements of the Association during the year, which report and statement shall be entered in the journal and signed by the President as being a correct copy ; and a true copy thereof, certified by the Secretary for the time being, shall be sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture within forty days after the holding of such annual meeting.

Art. VIII. — The Association shall have power to make, alter and amend By-laws for prescribing the mode of admission of new members, the election of officers, and otherwise regulating the administration of * affairs and property.

BY-LAWS.

1. The President, Vice-President and Secretary-Treasurer shall be ex-officio members of all committees.

2. The directors may offer premiums to any person originating or introducing any nt w fruit adapted to the climate of the Province which shall possess such distinctive excellence as shall, in their opinion, render the same of special value ; also for essays upon such subjects connected with fruit-growing as they may designate, under such rules and regulations as they may prescribe.

3. The Secretary shall prepare an annual report containing the minutes of the proceedings of meetings during the year ; a detailed statement of receipts and expenditure ; the reports upon fruits received from different localities : and all essays to which prizes have been awarded, and such other information in regard to fruit culture as may have been received during the year, and submit the same to the Directors or any Committee of Directors appointed for this purpose, and, with their sanction, after presenting the same at the annual meeting, cause the same to be printed by and through the Publication Committee, and send a copy thereof to each member of the Association and to the Commissioner of Agriculture.

4. Seven Directors shall constitute a quorum, and if at any meeting of Directors there shall not be a quorum, the members present may adjourn the meeting from time to time until a quorum shall be obtained

5. The annual subscription shall be due in advance at the annual meeting.

6. The President (or in case of his disability, the Vice-President) may convene special meetings at such times and places as he may deem advisable, and he shall convene such special meetings as shall be requested in writing by five members.

7. The President may deliver an address on some subject relating to the objects of the Association.

8. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the Association, keep a correct account thereof and submit the same to the Directors at any legal meeting of such Directors, five days' notice having been previously given for that purpose.

9. The Directors shall audit and pass all accounts, which, when approved of by the President's signature, shall be submitted to and paid by the Treasurer.

10. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to keep a correct record of the proceedings of the Association, conduct the correspondence, give not less than ten days' notice of all meetings to the members, and specify the business of special meetings.

11. Tbe Directors, touching the conduct of the Association, shall at all times have absolute power and control of the funds and property of the Association, sul)ject however to the meaning and construction of the Constitution.

12. At special meetings no business shall be transacted except that stated in the Secretary's circular.

13. The order of business shall be : (1) Reading of the minutes ; (2) Reading of the Directors' Report ; (3) Reading of the Treasurer's Report ; (4) Reading of prize essays ; (5) President's Address; (6) Election of officers, and (7) Miscellaneous business.

14. These By-laws may be amended at any general meeting by a vote of two-thirds of the members present.

15. Each member of the Fruit Committee shall be charged with the duty of accumulating information touching the state of the fruit crop, the introduction of new varieties, the market value of fruits in his particular section of the country, together with such other general and useful information touching fruit interests as may be desirable, and report in writing to the Secretary of the Association on or before the fifteenth day of September in each year.

The President, Vice-President and Secretary shall be exofficio members of the Board of Directors and of all Committees. The reasonable and necessary expenses of Directors and officers in attending meetings of the Board of Directors and of Committees shall be provided from the funds of the Association.

124

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

INDEX.

PAGB.

Amarelle 3

Alexander , 7

American Golden Russet 8, 92

Apple Growing in Ontario 4, 13, 31

Shipping 33, 94, 95

Apples for Central and Northern Ontario 6

Market 91

the cold North 4

Aphis on Roses . . 100

Antovovka 2

Autocrat 105

Baker German Prune 18

Baldwin xiii. , 92

Bamboo 30

Black Heart 11

Black-knot 67

Belleflower 7

Bergamot Pear 3

Bessarabian 3

Blenheim 92

Birds useful in Horticulture 50

Borovinka 2

Bone Manure 99

Bubach 97

Burnet, Rev. R., Notice of viii.

Cabbage Worm 99

Catalpa Speciosa 25

Cat Bird 53

Champion 58

Cedar Hedge 102

Cellini 7

Cherry Currant 85

Cherry wood 24, 25

Crescent 96

Chrysanthemum Growing 39

Cold Storage 16, 17

-Colvert 8, 9

Commercial Value of Fruit .' b3

Concord 58

Conn 106

Currant Culture 15, 85, 87

for Market 87

Pruning of 88

Sawfly 88

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1S90

1'AGE.

Duchess of Oldenburg 9, 92. 95

Empire Produce Co v.

Enormous 2"

Eureka 96

Farmers' Institutes xvi., 113

Fay's Currant 85

Fertilisation of Plants 45, 98

Forestry 19. 21, 29, 119

Frost of May Z9th xiii.

Fusicladium 36

Fruit Gai den for Home Use 63

Fruit Growing in Niagara District 110

Gakovska 3

Gardens in Cities 41

Grading Apples 33

Grapes, Be t Varieties of 62, 69

Culture of 70

for Home Use 69, 102

Grow th and Marketing of 39

Medicinal Value of 50

Package for 59

Protection of 76

Pruning 75

Ringing 60

Yield of 75

Gravenstein 92

Gen. Hand 71

Greening xiii.. 7, 92

Golden Queen 102

Gooseberries 103

Layering of 104

Raising Seedling 104

Grove Planting 119

Hawks 55

Haverland 96

Hibernal 2

Hickory 23

Hybridisation .* 49

Horticultural Specialties 11

Horticulture among Farmers 43

in the Schools vii. , 43

Itasca 97

126

b3 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

PAGE.

Jessie ^7

Judging Fruit at Fairs 7l£

Kerr yentilated barrel xv:.

King 8, 9»

La Rue 8

Linden 251

Logan VT

Loi gfield *

Manitoba Maple 28

Marketing Fruits 37

New Fruits, Report on ! ix.

Northern < ! rown Trees 18

Norway Spruce 103

One J udge S\ stem SO'

Orel 3

Officers for 1890 vi.

Oriole I4t

Owls 55

Pewaukee 9

President's Address \ii.

Pine 25

Prize Cards f< ir Fruit 83*

Poisoning Pasture 118

Potash for the Apple ." 14

Potted Strawberry I lant 05-

Plum Curculio 115

*Pluma for Home use and Mark' t 6&

Pruning in W inter II

the Grape 75

Raspbt rries, Best Varieties 101

Manure for 99>

Re.l Pound 8

Report on Fruit at Hamilton Meeting 73;

niiM.eting 108-

Repotting Plants 98'-

Ribston 92"

Ringing Grapes 60>

Robin 53

Roxbury Russet 92

For discussion on this paper see page 71.

127

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 20). A. 1890

. v:E.

Russian A pricot 43

Russian Apples 1

Cherries 8

I V;u s 3

Saccharine 2

Salem 68

Saunders' Blackberries t>6

Sklanka 3

Sparrow, The House 51 57

Spraying with Arsenites 1 15

Strawberries for Home and Market Garden 96

Strawberry, Tan-bark Mulch for 91

Spy 7, 92

Smith 105

Switzer 2

Scott's Winter 10

Transportation of Apples xiv.

Tetofsky 10

Treasurer's Report, 1888-i> viii.

Trenton 7

Tolman Sweet 8

Ventilated Barrel xiv.

Vergennes 58

Walnuts 26

Wealthy 9

Whitesmith ' 106

Worden '. 58, 74

Yellow Transparent 2, 10

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Wm. H. Mills, Esq., President 1868-1869 Frontpiece

Rev. Robert Burnet, (ob.) President 1869-1880 xii.

P. C. Dempsey, Esq., President 1880-1882 1

Wm. Saunders, Esq. , President 1882-1885 69

Alexander McD. Allan, President 1885-1889 109

128

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

REPORT

OF THE

COMMISSIONER of public WORKS

FOR THE

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO

FOR THE

YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER,

1889.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF TEE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

TORONTO: PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST,

1890.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

CONTENTS

Page.

Commissioner's Report 1

Report of the Architect, etc 3

Appendices 12

Report of the Engineer 23

Statement of the Accountant , 35

Statement of the Law Clerk 41

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A 1890

REPORT

OF THE

COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC WORKS

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO,

FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER. 1589.

To His Honour Sir Alexander Campbell, K. C. M. G.,

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario, etc.

As required by the provisions of the Statute in that behalf, I beg to submit the report of the works, etc, prosecuted under the control of the Public Works Department, during the year 1889.

In the report of Architect, etc., of the Department, will be found full details of the several works in connection with the several Public Institutions, and the maintenance and repairs of the Government and Departmental Buildings.

The report of the Engineer of the Department contains details of the several works connected with the construction locks, dams, slides, etc.

The progress of railway construction throughout the Province during the year just ended, will also be found in the report.

The usual statements of the Accountant and Law Clerk, as to the expenditure of +.he appropriations for capital account and maintenance, contracts and bonds prepared and drainage debentures purchased, are appended to the report.

Very respectfully submitted.

C. F. FRASER,

Commissioner, etc. Department of Public Works, Ontario,

December 31st, 1889.

1 fP.W.}

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (N©. 21 j. A. 1890

REPORT

OF

THE ARCHITECT, ETC.

Department of Public Works, Ontario,

Toronto, December 31st, 1889.

Sir. — I have the honour to submit the following report : —

GOVERNMENT HOUSE.

The ceilings have been calsomined and the walls painted and papered where required, the interior having been cleaned and renovated.

The Conservatory was repaired and painted. •

An addition was built to the entrance lodge, by A. Weller & Co., whose tender being the lowest, was accepted ; and the old poition was repaired, painted and papered.

The usual repairs were made to the outbuildings, and the grounds were kept in good order.

NEW PROVINCIAL PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS

The ground Boor portion and nearly the whole of the second story were completed this year. Some delay was caused by the death of the contractor for the masonry, etc. Lionel Yorke, on the 1 3th of April last.

An agreement was made with Messrs. Carroll, Gaylord and Vick for the com- pletion of the late Mr. Yorke's contract for the balance of the contract price payable to him.

The contract entered into by the late Mr. Yorke for the carpenter work, etc., was assumed by the Lionel Yorke estate.

The permanent Clerk of Works, who has been superintending the work on the part of the Government, Mr. J. P. O'Callaghan, died suddenly on the 5th of September last, and Mr. B. O'Byrne was appointed in his place.

OLD PARLIAMENT AND DEPARTMENTAL BUILDINGS.

The ordinary repairs have been made as required, and the grounds have been kept in good order. Furniture and furnishings have Keen supplied as required and the buildings are now in a comparatively good state of repair. A portion of the fence on the east side of the grounds was blown down by the severe storm of the 26th inst. It will soon be repaired.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1S90

ASYLUM FOR INSANE, TORONTO.

The entrance lodges were repaired and painted ; the expenditure was charged to general repairs.

The deck roofs and slating of the main building were thoroughly repaired, also the eavetrou^hs and down pipes where required ; and the expenditure was charged to the appropriation made for the purpose.

COTTAGES AT MIMICO.

Considerable progress was made by the contractors in the erection of these buildings, the work having been continued during the winter. Two of the cottages are completed and are now occupied with patients.

The drainage outfall is now being constructed to the extremity of the lot near the- eastern boundary, and the water supply will be procured from the extremity of the west- ern boundary, from a point 1,500 feet south from the lake shore in 20 feet of water.

The porous carbon process will be applied to the purification of the sewage, sufficient fall bein" available for the construction of precipitating and filtering tanks of a similar construction to those now in practical operation at the Agricultural College, Guelph.

Two additional cottages are now nearly completed, the central and rear buildings, with covered passages leading to the same, are also in a forward state, and the main buildin" is now ready for roofing, so that the carpenter work can be completed during the winter.

The steam heating of the two north-east cottages has been completed, and the three steam boilers necessary for these buildings will soon be connected, so that these two cottages can be occupied early next month.

Water will be procured from the lake until the water supply pipes and pumping •engines have been constructed. The engine house is now in progress of construction and will soon be completed.

Tke foundation walls of all the buildings, except the four south cottages, will be built on the rock which is about seven feet from the surface, and all the buildings will be connected by covered passages, according to detailed descriptions given in last year's report.

In sinking a well on the site near the central building, the rock was excavated over 40 feet in depth and 8 feet in diameter, and bored to the depth of 52 feet, in all 102 feet in the expectation of procuring water convenient to the boiler house.

The supply however was only 2,000 gallons a day, and being salt water it was quite unsuitable for the purpose.

The borinw in the rock was continued to the depth of 1061 feet from the surface, but no greater supply of water was obtained or of suitable qnality.

Natural gas veins were struck at depths of 425 feet ,575 and 1,052 feet from the surface in the Trenton limestone, below the Hudson river and Utica slate formations, and from the reports of experts in September last, it was considered useless to bore any deeper, with the expectation of procuring either water or natural gas in sufficient quantities. It was therefore decided to erect works for procuring water from the lake a short distance from the building and they will soon be in progress of construction.

The contractors for the drainage works are Messrs. J. & E. Dickenson ; the contractors for the buildings, for the water supply and pumping engines, are the Miles Hunting Co., of Hamilton, and for the steam heating Messrs. Purdy, Mansell & Mashinter, of Toronto the tenders of these parties being the lowest after due advertisements.

The buildings will be lighted by the incandescent system of electric lighting, a con- tract having been made with the Ball Electric Light Co., and arrangements will be made

4

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

so that storage batteries will be used during the night, when the dynamo engine is not running, for the supply of about 50 lights throughout the buildings.

The whole of tha ceilings in the cottages will be covered with asbestos paper and sheet iron. The ceilings in the two completed cottages are satisfactory in every respect, and are a great improvement on the usual plaster or matched boarding formerly used.

Tenders were received for the erection of a Farmers' Cottage on the land north of the Asylum buildings, and the tender of H. Martin being the lowest was accepted.

The work was completed in October and handed over to the Asylum authorities for occupation.

The whole of the works connected with the completion of the eight cottages, main, central and rear buildings, are specified to be completed on or before the 1st day of September, 1890, and the works connected with the drainage, water supply and steam heating for the above buildings, on or before the 1st of December, L890, under the usual penalties for non-completion.

By the construction of the additional storey in the rear of each of the four front cottages, which was recommended by the Department of Asylums, Prisons and Public Charities, and approved of by you, accom nidation will be afforded for thirty-two additional patients in separate apartments, making a total of 432 patients, besides the necessary apartments for the medical stall and attendants in the main building. The work has been superintended by .Mr. R. Chisholtn, Clerk of Works.

ASYLUM FOR INSANE, LONDON.

The works connected with the reconstruction of the additions in the rear of the buildings, for the fire protection and sewage disposal, were continued dming the early portion of the year, and completed in reasonable time.

The steam heating of the additions consisting of the assembly hall, kitchen and worshops, was reconstructed, the steam pipes having been connected with the new boiler which was supplied for the tire protection and sewage disposal pumps.

The additions were completed in May, and the fire protection pumps and hydrants were tested by myself on the 29th of March, and were found satisfactory according to contract. The works were superintended by Mr. O'Byrne Clerk of Works.

The sewage disposal wrorks were completed under the superintendence of Mr, Horeczky of the department, and tested on the 5th of July, the Commissioner of Agriculture, the Inspector of Prisons, the city authorities, county officials, representa- tives of the Provincial Board of Health, Col. Waring, the Engineer in charge, and other officials being present.

The test was considered to be quite satisfactory, and the system has been continued to the present time.

Col. Waring's report will be found in Appendix A.

The report of the Committee, by permission of the Provincial Board of Health, will be found in Appendix B.

Since the completion of the works there has not been any complaint as to nuisance, in fact there is little or no effluent, the porous nature of the soil and extensive distribu- tion of the sewage over the filtering beds, being sufficient to absorb the entire sewage.

The rain water pipes, and surface water are still connected with the original drains, which discharge into the creek below the Governors road, or Dundas street, and as the Bewage and refuse from the kitchen, laundry and other sinks are connected with the new system, there is no further nuisance in the creek.

On the 27th of January, a fire occured in the centre cottage, a detached building r north-west of the main building, and at a considerable distance from the same. The roof was destroyed and considerable damage done on the upper story in the rear portion-

5

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

Workmen were at once engaged and the roof was reconstructed by Mr. Purdom contractor for the additions, in six weeks after the occurrence of the lire.

The patients were not disturbed, but continued to occupy the building ; the attendants only had to be supplied with other quarters for a time.

The fire was prevented from spreading to the lower stories and the wings of the .cottage, by means of the hydrant attached to the large pumps, and the exertions of the City of London fire brigade who rendered efficient service.

The roof of the boiler house in the rear of the refractory ward building was recon- structed with slate and galvanised iron, and the eaves and down pipes repaired.

By the construction of partitions across the old assembly hall, additional rooms have been provided for patients, the work connected with the s.ime was done by the Asylum authorities, under the Inspector of Prisons, the plans etc., having been prepared by the Department.

The timbers supporting the iron tank in the central building having been reported to be in a decaying condition were examined, and it was found necessary to place rolled iron beams under the same. The bath room and w. c. in the Medical Superintendent's residence were, on examination, found to be in a defective condition, and with your sanction the fittings are now being reconstructed, and the cost will be charged to general repairs. The water-closet for the officials in the central portion of the Refractory ward building was also reconstructed.

ASYLUM FOR INSANE, HAMILTON.

The pumping engine connected with the new water supply pipes from the engine house on Queen street, to the tank at the Asylum, was completed in April, and has been in constant use since that time. A considerable saving in fuel has been effected as the time occupied in pumping has been reduced to about one-half, owing to the efficiency of the engine and larger pipes.

Automatic levers were placed in the air ducts of the orchard house, to regulate the supply of air to the indirect radiators, and additional steam direct radiators were placed in the end rooms of the wings to complete the steam heating.

Tenders were received for the construction of a hot water apparatus for the medical superintendent's residence, that of Messrs. King & Sons, of Montreal, being the lowest was accepted.

The apparatus after due test has been found satisfactory.

On inspection by the permanent Clerk of Works, it was found that the eavetroughs and down pipes of the main and outbuildings were much in want of repair. The repairs have been made and the eaves, drains etc., are now in good condition.

The tile drains leading from the down pipes were also found to be choked, during the progress of the above mentioned repairs, and several of the tile pipes had to betaken up and replaced. Some repairs and painting were required at the pumping engine house which is now in good order.

The terraces round the orchard house were completed by the asylum authorities with the labor of the patients, which, with the planting of trees, add much to the appear- ance of this new building for 300 patients.

ASYLUM FOR INSANE, KINGSTON.

The roof of the assembly hall in the rear of the main Asylum building, having been injured by severe gales in the early part of the year, were repaired under the superin- tendence of the permanent Clerk of Works.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

The wharf which was injured was also repaired. A new duplicate pump was placed in the pumping engine house, and a new boiler for the heating apparatus in the medical superintendent's residence was also supplied. Repairs were not required at the branch Asylum.

ASYLUM FOR IDIOTS, ORILLIA.

Tenders were received in April for the construction of the main front building, to

afford accommodation for 300 additional patients, and the tender of Mr. John Forin,

Belleville, being the lowest was accepted. The work was immediately commenced and

continued during the year, the basement, first and second storeys having been completed.

The whole of the work is specified to be finished on or before the 1st of November, 1890

The total frontage will be 313 feet, by 255 feet in depth, including the tower 14 feet.

The stpam heating pipes and indirect radiators will be placed in the basement, which will also afford space for store rooms, etc.

The ground floor is divided into 18 class and teachers' rooms, 30 feet by 20 feet each, two large dining rooms, 75 feet by 30 feet, two gymnasiums, 44 feet by 30 each, and two dining rooms for officers and attendants 28 feet by 20 feet.

The centre projection, 62 feet by 55 feet, will contain the superintendents and public offices, dispensary, reception, matrons and bursar's rooms Bath and wash rooms, also w c's, 18 feet by 18 feet, are placed at the junction of passages between the dining-

halls and wings.

The passages arc 7 feet in width and are two storeys in height, connecting the wings and assembly ball, 75 feet by 70 feet, on the second storey, with four staircases.

The corridors in the main building are 10 feet wide, with five staircases to second and third storeys, besides those from assembly hall.

The second and third storeys will contain thirty-two dormitories, 30 feet by 20 feet each, besides attendant's rooms and store rooms.

Two hospitals. 44 feet by 30 feet each, are placed on the third storey, with verandahs for patients.

The second and third storeys of the centre building are arranged for sitting and bed" rooms for the officers and attendants.

An addition will be built to the present boiler house for three boilers, for steam heating on the low pressure system.

A farmers' house and piggery were built on the adjoining lot, the tender of James Sinclair being the lowest, after due advertisement was accepted. The work has progressed in a satisfactory manner under the superintendence of Mr. J. Patton, Clerk of Works.

REFORMATORY FOR BOYS, PENETANGUISHENE.

Plans and specifications were prepared for the addition to the pumping engine house and for a new duplicate steam boiler, and after due advertisement, the tender of Messrs. Craiu' and Payette of Penetanguishene, being the lowest, was accepted. The works are now nearly completed, having been superintended by Mr. B. O'Byrne, permanent Clerk of Works.

There has been no expenditure on account of general repairs, the ordinary repairs having been attended to by the superintendent.

REFORMATORY FOR FEMALES, TORONTO.

The alterations required for the coal cellar in the Refuge were made, and the necessary alterations in the dormitories of that portion of the building and repairs to stairway were made by the carpenter of the Institution, his time and the cost of the

7

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

materials having been charged to the appropriation for the purpose. Some repairs were required for the water-close is in the main building, and for the drains, which were made The roofs and eaves were also repaired.

CENTRAL PRISON, TORONTO.

Some painting was required to preserve the cut stone of the porch from decay, the cost of which was charged to general repairs.

Plans and specifications were prepared for a new slaughter-house south of the Prison in place of the building on the Asylum grounds, which had to be removed in consequence of the sale of land east and west of the grounds during last year. The work was done by Prison labor, under the superintendence of the Prison officials. The slaughter-house is now in full operation.

DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTE, BELLEVILLE.

A refrigerator-room was constructed near the kitchen, by Mr. J. Forin, contractor, and a new refrigerator was supplied by the Automatic Refrigerator Co., of Ottawa.

Tenders were received for the heating of the Principal's residence by means of hot water, the lowest being that of the E. and 0. Gurney & Co., Toronto, and the work was done in a satisfactory manner. Additions had to be made to the basement of the residence for the hot water boiler.

BLIND INSTITUTE, BRANTFORD.

There has not been any expenditure on account of general repairs. The works con- nected with the improvement of the drainage were postponed, until the porous carbon system which is now in operation at the Agricultural College, Guelph, had been fully tested. A re-vote of the appropriation will be required.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH.

The plans and specifications for the new farm buildings to replace those destroyed by fire, were submitted to the Advisory Board early in the year, and several altera- tions having been made in the internal arrangements. These were submitted for tenders after due advertisement, and the tender of J. W. Schwendimann, Drayton, being the lowest, was accepted. The work has progressed under the superintendence of Mr. C Bodley, Clerk of Works, and the buildings are now occupied.

An appropriation having been made for drainage works in connection with the the sewage disposal ; an examination was made early in April, of the new system of purifying sewage by porous carbon, in operation at the City Hall, Toronto, and having been found satisfactory, arrangements were made with Mr. Miller, to prepare plans and superintend the construction of a tank-house and drains for the application of the system for the sewage disposal of the College buildings. Tenders were received for the tank, the lowest being that of D. Kennedy & Co., Guelph.

The works were completed early in October, under the directions of Mr. Horetzky, of this Department, and tested on the 7th of that month, in the presence of the Commis- sioner of Agriculture, the Provincial Board of Health, and the Boards of Health of Toronto and Guelph, and other officials.

The test so far as completed was considered satisfactory, but as some changes had to be made in the precipitating and filtering tanks, and the application of the porous carbon, the system must still be considered as under trial. Professor James, of the Agricul- tural College, has not yet reported on the several analyses which he has been making of the effluent, and until it is pronounced satisfactory, some further changes may be neces- sary in the arx-angement of the tanks before final success is ensured.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

The dry earth closets being a failure had to be removed, and water closets constructed in their places. The sewage and water from the kitchen and laundry were separated from the surface water and baths, in order to lessen the quantity of sewage to be treated, the surface water being allowed to discharge into the creek passing through the "rounds.

Tenders were received for the construction of a hot water apparatus in the residence of the Professor of Agriculture, and the tender of King & Sons, Montreal, being the lowest was accepted, and the work has been done in a satisfactory manner and fully tested.

A portion of the basement had to be excavated to provide for the hot water boiler and the storage of coal. The work was done by Mr. Schwendimann, the contractor for the farm buildings, and has been found satisfactory in every respect.

The bath-room and w. c. in the President's "departments being in au unsanitary con- dition, were re-constructed, and are now in good order.

The carriage-house was completed according to contract.

Mr. Miller's report and explanation of the porous carbon system will be found in appendix 0. The report of the Provincial Bjard of Health, by permission, is included in Appendix D.

EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT AND NORMAL SCHOOL, TORONTO.

The drains round the Normal School building were repaired, and some portion of the basement on the south side was concreted.

The alterations in the Model Schools were completed, under the directions of the carpenter of the Education Department, plans, etc., having been provided as required.

Some repairs were made in connection with the boilers and steam-heating, but the reconstruction of the steam-heating was postponed, as the present boilers were, on examination, found to be in a sufficiently good state of repair to last for another season.

NORMAL SCHOOL, OTTAWA.

There has been a moderate expenditure for ordinary repairs and furniture.

The planking of some of the yards was repaired, and the usual repairs and painting were done throughout the buildings, and the boiler furnaces repaired.

There has not been any expenditure on account of the construction of water-closets for the front buildings, which was postponed, the present outside closets having been repaired.

SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL SCIENCE, TORONTO.

Plans and specifications were prepared for the erection for an addition on the south side of the present building. The tender of Mr. A. J. Brown, being the lowest, was accepted, after due advertisement.

The work was commenced in June, and the building is now roofed in, the whole work to be completed on the 1st of September next.

Some alterations and repairs were required in the apartments lately occupied by the Professor of Biology, who has removed to the new building lately erected. The interior work is progressing under the superintendence of Mr. W. J. Smith, Clerk of V»Torks.

OSGOODE HALL, TORONTO.

The drains round the buildings, and the boiler-furnaces were repaired. The roofs, eaves and down-pipes were also repaired.

Some painting was required in the building, and the alterations to the desks in the several Court-rooms were completed. Some articles of furniture were provided as required.

9

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1880

ALGOMA DISTRICT.

Plans and specifications were prepared for the erection of an addition to the Gaol at Sault Ste. Marie, and for the Court-room and Registry office at Gore Bay, and tenders were received in June, the lowest being those of Mr. G. Ball. Barrie, and the work pro- gressed in a satisfactory manner, under the superintendence of Mr. G. B. Angus, Sault Ste. -Marie, the addition to the Gaol at Sault Ste. Marie, and the Court-room, etc., at Gore Bay haying been completed and ready for occupation early this month.

Tenders were also received in August for the construction of fences round the Lock-ups at Killarney and Thessalon, the lowest being that of Mr. Jackman, of Killarney, and Mr. Miller for Thessalon. The work pn those fences was completed in November last.

THUNDER BAY DISTRICT.

Some repairs were required for the Court-room and Gaol at Port Arthur, and at the Lock-up, Fort William, which were done as required. The interior of the front portion of the Lock-up at Fort William, was painted, and a woodshed constructed on the lot.

MUSKOKA DISTRICT.

Ordinary repairs were made to the Lock-up and Registry-office at Bracebridge, and some articles of furniture were provided as required.

A woodshed was constructed at the Lock-up Huntsville, and repairs were made to the Lock-up by Messrs. M. Kinton and G. Hunt, their tenders being the lowest.

PARRY SOUND DISTRICT.

Plans and specifications were prepared for the addition to the Court-room at Parry Sound, and tenders were received in June. The tender of Mr. G. Ball, Barrie, being the lowest, was accepted, and the work has progressed in a satisfactory manner, under the superintendence of Mr. W. J. McClaren, Clerk of Works the building having been ready for occupation in November.

The fence was constructed round the lot at Burk's Falls, in accordance with the tender of Mr. G. Silvester, Burk's Falls, the work was occasionally inspected by the Permanent Clerk of Works.

A platform was constructed for the well and a pump placed in it, the supply of water being now satisfactory.

NIPISSING DISTRICT.

Plans and specifications were prepared for the erection of a Lock-up Keeper's house at Sudbury, and tenders were received in June, the tender of Mr. T. McKelvey, North B-iy, being the lowest, was accepted. The work progressed in a satisfactory manner uirm r the superintendence of Mr. W. J. McLaren, Clerk of Works who was also in charge of the work at Parry Sound. The house was occupied in November.

Some repairs were made to the Lock-up and the fence round the same, which had been blown down by a storm, and some articles of furniture were supplied as required.

The fences were completed round the lot at North Bay. The tender of Mr. J. Baxter, North Bay, being the lowest, was accepted, and the work has been done in a satisfactory manner, under the occasional superintendence of the Permanent Clerk of Works.

RAINY RIVER DISTRICT.

Some repairs were made to the Lock-up at Rat Portage, and some articles of furni- ture supplied as required. Double windows were also provided.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

MISCELLANEOUS.

Repairs were made to the fences and buildings at Brock's Monument by Mr. Goring, the Caretaker, according to tender. The joints of the cutstone of the monument were pointed with water-lime and repaired. The cutstone pillars supporting the chains round the ccenotaph at the foot of the hill, having been broken, were replaced.

The steam boilers in connection with the several Public Institutions were inspected by the late Mr. O'Callaghan and Mr. O'Byrne, Permanent Clerk of Works, and were reported in good order, with the exception of the steam pumping engine boiler at the Reformatory for Boys, Penetanguishene, which is now being repaired, being included in Messrs. Craig and Payette's contract for the new boiler, etc.

An inspection of the Lock-ups in the Muskoka, Parry Sound (at Burk's Falls), and Nipissing Districts, was made in April last by myself, in company with Mr. Christie, the Inspector of Prisons, etc., East, and an inspection of the Gaols and Lock-ups in the Algoma and Thunder Bay Districts in July last, in company with Dr. W. T. O'Reilly, Inspector of Prisons, etc., West, and any repairs or furniture that were required were attended to, after being duly reported to you for approval.

Mr. Heakes of this Department inspected the work at the Court-room, Parry Sound, also the Lock-up there and Registry office for that district.

I have the honor to remain,

Your obedient servant,

KIVAS TULLY,

Architect, etc. Hon C. F. Fraseh,

^ Commissioner of Public Works,

Ontario.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A.

LONDON ASYLUM— SEWAGE DISPOSAL.

Kivas Tully, Esq., Architect, etc., etc.,

Department of Public Works.

Sir, — I beg to submit herewith my final report concerning the sewerage and sewage disposal work that has been carried out under my direction at the London Asylum.

The work has been executed in all respects in accordance with my original plans and specifications, and under the immediate supervision of my representative and partner, Mr. F. W. Farcpahar, the work being controlled in all technical and financial details by your own representative, Mr. 0. Horetzky. It has been done to my entire satisfaction.

The work was opened and a public exhibition of its operation was given on the 5th of July.

The accompanying drawings will give a good idea as to all details.

The sewage proper has been separated from surface water and roof water at every building, and while the latter is still carried away by the original sewers and drains of the establishment, the foul sewage is all intercepted and carried away in drains laid expressly for the purpose in order that the volume tr> be disposed of may not be larger than necessary, and that it may be uniform in quantity from day to day, not fluctuating according to the presence or absence of storm-water.

The sewage is first carried to a central receiving and storage tank, in the rear of the administration building, which in order to give a sufficient fall to the sewage, has been built underground, and which has a capacity of 100,000 gallons to the springing line of its arches, with a view to providing ample capacity for the total product of sewage of each day. The springing line is five feet above the bottom, so that each foot in depth represents a storage capacity of 20,000 gallons. The sewers leading from the different buildiugs to this tank are six inches in diameter, and are laid on very good grades, most of them being steeper than 1 in 100, the flattest grade, and this in a single case, being 1 in 200.

These sewers are flushed, not only by the regular drainage output of the building,, but by automatic flush tanks placed at their heads, each discharging about 150 gallons about every five hours, and discharging this volume in about sixty seconds, I make the following quotation, concerning the operation of these flush tanks, from Mr. Farquhar's. report to me.

"The two automatic flush tanks are regulated to discharge about five times a day, which, I think, is necessary considering what the sewers have to transport. In testing the sewer from the cottages, before any house connections were made, I found that it took seven minutes for the water to appear at the main tank after the flushing tank went off. It took a four-inch wooden ball eight minutes to go through with the flush.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

" The sewer is six inches in diameter, the distance is 1,240 feet, the lowest grade 1 in 200, the total fall is 19-97 feet, the average grade is 1 in 63.

"The ball came 1,240 feet, around five curves, at a speed of 2-6 feet per second, carried the whole distance on 150 gallons of flush tank water.

" The sewers do an extensive freight and express business, bringing into the screen- ing chamber, straw, sticks, balls of yarn, bread, garbage and rags, some of which are a yard square, amounting to quite a bushel of trash coming through every day.,"

As the new work gives facilities for detecting the discharge of these improper matters, it is thought that it will now be easy to prevent a continuance of the custom. These matters are mostly thrown into the latrines from which they will hereafter be removed before they are discharged. The screen at the head of the main tank prevents their getting into the body of sewage that is to be sent to the irrigation held.

The main tank is ventilated by the use of perforated covers on the three manholes, at its receiving end, and by exhaust pipes leading to a hot flue from the three manholes near the discharging end. These latter manholes are tightly closed. Air flows in through the perforated covers and is discharged through the top of the smoke-stack. The odor, owing to the complete dilution is trifling. The tank is discharged by the working of a G-inch Webber centrifugal pump, driven by a 25 h.p. Westinghouse engine. The machinery is of considerable more capacity than a close calculation might have called for. This secures smoothness and economy of work, without employing the full power at any time. The engine is started daily at 2 p.m., except on Sundays, when no pumping is done, and Mondays when it is started at 8 a.m. The depth of water in the tank at 8 a.m. on Monday is 3 feet ; at 2 p.m. on Tuesday it is about 3 and 3 ft. 4 in.; and on other days it is about 2.', feet. It takes, at the speed employed, about one hour to pump out 2.1, feet, or 50,000 gallons (42,000 Imperial gallons). This is as rapidly as it is desirable to deliver the sewage into the ditches. The delivery is through a special nvetted pipe, 8 inches in diameter leading from the pump to the corner of the disposal held, where the pipe discharges at the bottom of a wall of impervious masonry, about 6 feet deep and overflowing through a depression of its wall, at a height of about 4 feet above its bottom, it is through this, that all of the sewage is delivered into the main ditch that carries it to the different parts of the disposal field.

There is no valve at any point between the tank and the field, and the force main has a slight rise from the pump to the well. As soon as the pump stops, the entire con- tents of the small well, and of the force main, flows back into the tank beyond the reach of frost in the most severe weather.

The main leading ditch, starting at the well runs along the end of a filtration tract which is 234 feet wide and G10 feet long. This filtration field is occnpied by nine pairs of ditches, each pair being united by a curve at the far end of the field, and each ditch is connected by a suitably arranged branch piece and stop gate with the main leader, so that sewage may be turned into any pair of ditches at pleasure. The filtration area and its ditches are absolutely level. The ditches are 8 feet wide at the top, 2 feet wide at the bottom, and \h feet deep. The beds between the ditches are 10 ft. wide at the top. The distance from the centre of one ditch to the centre of the next is 18 feet, each pair of ditches occupying a width of 36 feet.

The whole filtration area is underd rained by a series of tile drains, of which the collecting main is at the far end of the field, beyond the loops by which the pairs of ditches are connected.

The underdrains are laid not between each two drains, but between each pair of drains, so that it has not been necessary in any case to carry the underdrain across the ditch. This obviates the danger, sometimes serious, of direct discharge of sewage through loose filling from the surface of receiving ditches to the underdrain, which are intended only for the purified effluent. This is the rule that was followed in executing the work generally, but as a small corner of the irrigation area is on a heavy clay, it was found necessary there, to lay a short underdrain under the intermediate banks, special

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

precaution being taken to prevent a flow from the ditch into the filling over tile, where it crosses the ditch.

The filtration area is generally of a very light character, and the underdrains at the far end including the collecting sub-drain, pass through a light gravel or sand which is so porous as to furnish, at least in the early stages of the operation, an apparently suffi- cient outlet for the purified sewage. It has not thus far been found that the flow at the mouth of the underdrain is materially increased by the discharge of sewage on the tract.

This filtration area has thus far worked most satisfactory, and I see no reason to suppose that it will not do so permanently.

The eighteen ditches are treated in three different series, six being used together and on successive days. That is, one-third of the area is brought into use once in three days after the water dries away, the bottoms and sides of the ditches are gone over with a garden rake, which prevents a slimy deposit, which might somewhat retard the absorp- tion of the next dose of sewage.

It is found that at the expiration of the two days interval before the application of the next dose of sewage, the earth at the bottom of the ditches has no odor whatever, being in appearance like rich garden mould. The whole process is practically odorless, and with careful attention on the part of the man in charge, it should remain so per- manently.

The sewage in these ditches affords an excellent illustration of what is meant by the term " fresh sewage," that is, sewage which has undergone no putrefaction. It is simply dirty water, being entirely unlike the blackened and offensive flow of foul sewers, in which organic matter has been allowed to purify.

It is not worth while to make a prediction as to the manner in which this system will work during severe winter weather, further than to express every confidence that the warm sewage delivered into the ditches will find its way into the ground here, as it does elsewhere under equally difficult conditions.

The increased fertility of these beds, might, with advantage, be applied to the culti' vation of suitable crops, giving a valuable turn from a productive capacity, which is now manifesting itself in a rank growth of weeds.

By reference to my previous report, it will be seen that the estimate for the total cost of the work was $13,401.75, aside from engineering and superintendence.

The cost of the work as actually carried out, aside from the cost of engineering and supervision, has been $20,529.71.. No provision had been made in the original estimate for duties on the machinery imported from the United States, and the cost of the execu- tion of the work has been materially increased by the excessively rainy season.

In addition to the filtration area provided, a series of three surface irrigation ditches have been established in the field below, in order that sewage may at any time be used for fertilization or irrigation of that land. It is not likely that it will be necessary to make use of this field for purpose of disposal. Neither is it at all likely that it will become necessary for purposes of disposal, to make use of other land available north of the hospital buildings, though provision has been made for sending the sewage in this direction, if for agricultural or other reasons, it shall ever become desirable to do so. j

The following are the items of construction :

The main collecting tank, underground 70 ft. x 40 ft.

8 inch overflow to old sewer 20 u

10 inch earthenware vent pipe 67 n

15 inch " „ 43 n

Pumping chamber containing pump, engine und fittings . .

10 inch cast iron section pipe 37 m

18 inch cast iron force main ... 16 n

8 inch spiral rivetted force main 1,519 n

1 4-ft distributing well

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

18 inch channel pipe 320 ft.

Settling ditches 10,800 ,.

Irrigating ditches 2,900 n

Cobble stone paving 1,350 sq. ft.

Sodding 30,000 n

6 inch sewers 3,892 ft.

4 inch sewer connections 618 m

2 automatic flush tanks

3 inch tile underdrains 3,000 m

4 ,, 2,700 .i

6 „ 1,250 n

The grading of the filtration area involves the removal of 3,000 cubic yards of earth, and the desired accuracy of the work involved the placing of about 4,000 stakes set to both grade and line, about 1,000 stakes to grade only, and about 1,000 stakes to line only.

I desire to recur to the question of the interior plumbing of the Asylum buildings, which in my former reports I condemned as not being suitable. I whs very far from intending to imply in those remarks, the least criticism of the manner in which the plumbing work had been designed and carried out, the manner usual in good practice of that day.

Since that day very great progress has been made in the art of sanitary drainage and the importance has been emphasized of many things, which at that time were not at all understood.

What I did intend, was to urge what seems to me a very proper view, that in an institution like this, everything having so direct a bearing on the health of its inmates, as has the method of removing waste matters, should be regarded as of vital importance.

However good this work was when it was constructed, and however much in advance of the local custom of that time, it is not such work as it is now considered best to have. And I venture to repeat my recommendation, that early attention be given to its modifi- cation.

The accompanying drawings show the arrangements of all parts of the work described above.

Respectfully submitted,

GEO. E. WARING, Jr. Newport, R.I., August 3rd, 1889.

APPENDIX B.

To the Chairman and Members of the Provincial Board of Health :

Gentlemen, — Your Committee on Sewage and Water Supply was last autumn directed to consider certain plans for a system of irrigation, known as the Alternate Filtration system, which system the forwarders of the plans intended to apply to the dis- posal of the sewage of the " Asylum for the Insane," near London.

Your Committee examined these plans and having been led to a favorable conclusion regarding them, reported to the Board accordingly, and its report was adopted by the Board.

Your Committee has now much pleasure in reporting farther that the works there proposed for construction have been completed and that they have been formally opened

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

•on the 5th of July in the presence of Government Inspector O'Reilly, Engineer Kivas Tully, Colonel Waring the engineer of the Works, Hon. Mr. Drnry, Minister of Agricul- ture Mav>>r Taylor of London, and large deputations from the City Council, the London Board of Trade, the Hospital Trust Board, the Board of Health and of citizens of the town and county.

Your Committee was also present, having been invited with the other members of the Provincial Board of Health, by the courtesy of Inspector O'Reilly, and it begs to report :

We had already become familiarized with the plans. We now listened to the demonstration of these, in their several details, by Colonel Waring, and having farther looked into every part of them in actual operation, we were persuaded that the system of <l Intermittent Downward Filtration " presents a long desired solution of a hitherto for- midable difficulty on sewage. It seems to offer the means for thorough disposal of sewage, so that the material is not only inocuous and inoffensive, but is made to be most useful as a fertilizer of the soil.

For the knowledge of the process here employed we seem to be indebted to the French. When apprehended it is seen to be a process of great simplicity. Contemplat- ing it one is reminded of a forecast of the late Professor Sir James Simpson regarding the successful treatment of certain as yet incurable diseases. The knowledge of the modes of cure, the Professor said, would be found to lie just beneath the surface. It has been so with that of the safe and useful disposal of the life-destroying sewage.

We have been within a hand's breadth of this knowledge for the past fifty or sixty years. The mode by which the end desired is accomplished is by the application in a new direction of the principles of thorough draining. Some of us are old enough to remember when the practice of thorough draining the fields first came into use and the rationale given to us of its results. We were told that by thorough underdraining not only was the superfluous water carried away through the soil, but farther, that wherever water could pass air would follow, and that air was not only itself useful but was more- over a great decomposer and disintegrator of the soil.

We knew a good deal in those days about oxygen and its affinity for so many sub- stances, but we did not believe that its power of affinity was sufficient to change the composition of town sewage in a short time, and so the utilization of sewage, although it occurred to many, was passed by by general consent as being not a very clean or very safe proposal. It was long before we became acquainted with bacterise, only lately have we known how beneficient many of them are and potent because of their abundance in certain soils to transform in such soils a noxious and disigreeable material into one which is most useful. With this knowledge on our part, without a doubt a much more extended field of usefulness will be opened up for these little organisms.

The sewage of the London Asylum may be described as follows : The material is conveyed from the various buildings of the institution by means of vitrified pipes which are kept abundantly flushed to an underground brick tank seventy feet in length and about ten feet in breadth, which is capable of holding a much greater quantity of water than the daily supply of the asylum. The bottom of this tank is fifteen feet below the sur- face. The contents of the underground pipes leading to the tank have, owing to its depth, a fall into it of many feet. They feed into a small chamber at one end of the tank partitioned off from the main body of it at one end by a wire screen or net, the meshes of which allow no solid particles of any size to pass through them into the main body of the tank. By the fall from the pipes into the tank the solid matters in the sewage are •broken up and are thus permitted to pass through the meshes of the wire net into the main body of the tank along with the fluid matter. At the opposite end of the tank to that where the sewage enters there is a pump into which the sewage gravitates and from which it is drawn through an iron pipe by the action of a centrifugal pump driven by a 25 h. p. engine. The suction is so arranged that the tank can be pumped dry every day. Farther, the tank is well ventilated, having manholes to the surface and pipes which run into the chimney of the pump house.

Arriving at the pump the matter from the tank is farther churned and thoroughly broken up and is forced through well rivetted iron pipes to the disposal field, about a

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

quarter of a mile away. At the disposal field the matter, now quite fluid, is received into a brick well from which it overflows into an open channel lined with earthenware pipe. The channel runs along: the end of the tract of land which has been prepared for the reception of the sewage, the soil and the situation of the tract having been found adapted to that end. At right angles to this open channel there run along the prepared land open ditches, eighteen inches deep, two feet wide. At the bottom and- at the top their sides gradually merging into the surface of the ridges between them, those sides are about ten feet wide. These are connected with the open channel at the end of the field but the connection can be cut off at will by gates. The sewage of one day is run into six of these ditches ; next day into six others, and that of the third day into the remain- ing six. By the fourth day the land intersected by the first six is ready to receive and to decompose its proportion again.

In beinc prepared for receiving in this manner and decomposing the sewage safely and inoffensively, the land has been carefully levelled and underdrained. In its way from the superficial ditches to the deep tile drains lying equidistant between them the sewage is exposed to the action of the bacteria? with which the soil of the chosen field is known to abound and finally escapes into the tile drains from which it finally pisses as harmless water, as is usual m thorough drained fields.

The position of the London Asylum is such as that it cannot avail itself of gravita- tion to run off its sewage, hence the necessity for steam power to elevate the material to the field of distribution. No doubt this is to be counted as an additional expense in the draining of this place, but the expense is not by any means to be regarded as wasted. As far as your Committee could judge the more complete comminution of the more solid constituents of the sewage by the action of the pump is no small advantage, tor the dis- charge from the distributing well is here perfectly fluid, whitish like soapy water and free from offence to sight or smell, and, your Committee, would suppose, much more ready to yield to the agencies in the soil which are ready to deal with it.

It may not be within the limits of the duty of your Committee to deal with the question of cost, yet it has to be said that the safe disposal of sewage is a matter of ever increasing moment, and that with regard to it we have but a choice of evils on the one hand, costliness in money on the other, costliness in life and health and also of money. Which of the evils shall our cities, towns and villages choose to meet ?

The deadly results of sewage pollution need hardly in this day be insisted on. Too many are familiar with the diseases which arise from this cause. They have seeen their children and their youth, especially their young women, die under the sufferings of diph- theria, and the friends from early life to the verge of old age sink under typhoid fever. These are not the only diseases which are consequent in the vicinity of filth, they are mentioned as examples of suffering thus brought about. If much money is needed to remove the material which is a fruitful source of these and other fatal ailments, and to reduce it not merely to a state of harmlessness but to a condition of usefulness, it is surely money well spent.

Farther, if there are fanciful or questionable ways of disposing of corporation funds such ways should not be permitted to interfere with the expenditure necessary for savins from death the multitudes who are every year destroyed in our families by breathing and drinking the products of the fermentations of the excrement of man and beast.

May we venture to recommend that all parties unite to arrange by legal enactment that municipalities shall provide for the quick removal from the neighborhood of all ordure, whether scattered on their streets, lying in heaps in secluded places or issuing from their drains and for its immediate and complete decomposition. Should we not also use our utmost influence to re-enforce the existing law against sewage being run into streams and watercourses.

(Signed), J. D. MACDONALD,

H. M. MACKAY. Adopted

(Signed), FRANCIS RAE,

Chairman.

(p.w> 17

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

Supplementary to the foregoing report your Committee would say that at the meet- ing of the Association of the Executive officers of Health at Brockville, in August, the Association, of which your Committee forms a part, examined the system of drainage being at the time put in construction in that town.

Brockville is putting in operation the " Separate System " of drainage, using the old drains of the town to carry off the rainfall only, and your Committee had the opportu- nity of looking into that system in practice there.

The town is well adapted for it, being not very large and having an excellent fal* toward the river. The sewage pipes were cleaned in the presence of the members of the Association by the passage through them of a metal ball of nearly the same diameter with them while they were being flushed from an automatie flush tank. The ball thus nearly tilling the pipe, and being carried along with the flushing water, stirred up and caused to flow away any sediment which might have been deposited in the pipes. The sewerage ends in a pipe which, as we were informed, is carried far out into the river to where there is a great depth of water, nearly 100 feet, and a rapid flow of the stream, and where the sewage arrives in a few minutes (90; after it leaves the closets or other receptacles into which it is cast at the first and there mixes with matter at a temperature of 45 or 50 in the summer. The river widening much below Brockville and there being no town on the shore in that direction nearer than twelve miles on either side of the river it is thought, and no doubt correctly, that the dilution and destruction of the sew- age is sufficient, so that there is no danger of evil from drinking the waters resulting to the people living along the river below.

At the same time your Committee would recommend that the pouring of sewage into rivers, even large rivers, be always discountenanced by the Board as well to prevent the pollution of the rivers as to discourage the waste of an immense amount of useful material.

The St. Lawrence for a long time may be safe from being rendered impure, but the smaller rivers, the volume of which changes greatly, as the season may be moist or dry, may not long be a safe depository for impure matter. The banks of these streams drying will every summer, more or less, cause a bad sanitary condition of the country on both sides for a very long way.

As to Brockville your Committee has to report that its drainage, as now going on, will be of a very perfect and satisfactory kind.

Adopted

(Signed), JAMES RAE,

Chairman P. B. H C.

APPENDIX C.

Department of Public Works, Ontario,

Toronto, April 13th, 1889. Kivas Tully, Esq., C.E.,

Architect, P.W.D., Toronto.

Sir, — Acting under your instructions I visited the Ontario Agricultural College, near Guelph, on the 4th instant with Mr. Horetzky of your Department.

My object was to ascertain the possibility of using the Porous Carbon precipitating process for sewage at the outfall of the college sewers, so as to prevent the crude sewage from polluting the small rivulet into which it now discharges.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

I beg to report that there is every facility in the way of levels, etc., for carrying out such a scheme in a cheap and efficient manner, and I have no doubt that most successful arrangements can be made.

I find the amount of sewage discharged in the twenty-four hours is about 3,500 gallons. This would be increased by rains to probably 5,000 gallons. So that to carry out an alternate working of our system, two tanks of a capacity each of 3,000 gallons would be required.

These tanks should be placed at the outfall of the sewers which must be concentrated together at one point.

Below these tanks, i. e., on a level with the bottom of same, two carbon filters should be placed so as to allow the clear affluent after percipitation, to be purified still further, after which it can Vie allowed to ilow away into the creek free of smell.

By this arrangement a continuous and almost automatic working of the tanks will be obtained.

The tanks can be made of wood, say 3-inch stuff, bolted together and lined inside and out with Victoria roofing cement, which will preserve them from rotting for years to come.

Jn order to protect them from frost, a building of stone with concrete floor and frost proof roof will be needed.

I would recommend that the " Heaps" dry earth closets be altered to water-closets, which change can be effected for about $100, and including the sewer alterations done to the tanks, and all other costs for buildings, tanks, filters, etc., I consider that $2,000 should cover the whole matter.

The running expenditure per annum will be, for carbon, about £ ton, or 1,500 lbs.r which I could deliver for about 8-5.

The attendance of a man for about two hours per day is all that will be required to look after the carbon supply, empty sludge, etc., and if the " Heaps " earth closets are altered as I suggest, the time of the man now attending to these can be transferred to the tanks, so that the running costs will be very small and will be almost covered by the value of fertilizer obtained.

In conclusion, I may say that I have every confidence, that, should the plan be adopted, it will find a solution of the sewage difficulty easy and practicable.

I have, etc.,

F. STRAITH MILLER.

P. S. — I would remark that the water from the laboratory must be kept separate from the other sewage flowing into the tanks, as the chemicals used would interfere with a regular and constant precipitation. I would therefore say that this be allowed to flow into a catch-tank and thence directly into the river. The cost of this will be included in the amount stated in estimate.

F. STRATH MILLER.

Rough Estimate of Cost of Tanks, Buildings, etc., for the Ontario Agricultural College

For two tanks, two filters, sewer alterations, altering of " Heaps " closets to water-closets, stone buildings with frost proof roof and concrete floor, etc $2,000 00

Superintendence, plans 100 00

Total $2,100 00

F. STRAITH MILLER. 19

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 189q

APPENDIX D.

To the Chairman and Members of the Provincial Board of Health ;

Mr. Chairman. — On the 7th of October last, your committee on drainage and water supply, by invitation from the Hon, Chas. Drury, Minister of Agriculture, proceeded to Guelph, for the purpose of being present at, and of inspecting the drainage of the Ontario Agricultural College. These works were to be, that day, formally opened.

They had been under construction by Mr. Straith Miller, and the nature of their operations was said to be such, that, at little expense the sewage was so dealt with by decomposition and precipitation, that the effluent fluid, after those processes were under- gone, consisted of water pure enough for any purpose. The substance employed for these purposes is called Porous Carbon, and consists of a lignite, rich in sulphates of iron and alumina. It is obtained by quarrying or mining out in Devonshire, England, and is meanwhile so cheap that we were assured by Mr. Miller, that a sufficiency for all the purposes of the College for a year, could be laid down there for twenty-five dollars, your committee has since been informed that the amount here stated will not be sufficient now.

There were present on the occassion the Hon. Minister of Agriculture, the Hon. the Provincial Treasurer, a large number of official and prominent gentlemen from the Counties of Wellington and Waterloo, from the city of Guelph, including gentlemen of the Press from that city, as also the Superintendent of the Asylum for the Blind at Brantford, and the Superintendent of the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, near Belleville. This Board was represented by the Chairman and Secretary, as well as by your committee.

Your committee was kind and courteously shewn over the works by Mr. Miller, and had every explanation afforded them.

Mr. Miller first led down a gentle slope behind the College, for a hundred yards or so, and first stopped at what seemed a covered manhole. Removing the cover he showed us a small vault 9 or 10 feet long, and 5 or 6 feet broad, in the bottom of this vault lay a double vessel, oval in shape, not unlike an ordinary kitchen boiler with another within it, having a space of a few inches between the sides of the outer and inner vessel. Into this space at what was the higher end of the oval, the sewage from the College was con- ducted by an underground pipe, and flowed through it to the other and lower end of the oval, in its course through getting mixed with the Porous Carbon. This substance had been placed in the form of a coarse powder in the inner vessel, the sides of which were perforated near the bottom.

Into this inner oval box, there fell from a height of several feet, a stream of water from a pipe placed in the side of the vault. The fall of water was high enough to churn the contents of the box and to dissolve or suspend much of the Porous Carbon, so that it could escape with the water through perforations in the sides of the vessel, and so in the interspace between the vessels, become mixed with the sewage which was to be decom- posed.

Leaving the vault by a pipe at its lower end, the sewage and Porous Carbon were conveyed underground to a small stone building, not many yards down the slope. This building is the tank house. In it are three tanks, two larger placed side by side, and occupying two thirds or more of the building, and one smaller tank at a lower level, and occupying a portion of the remaining space. The two former are the settling tanks, which are used alternately, one being filled with the mixed sewage and Porous Carbon, while the mixed material with which the other has been filled is settling and decomposing. As soon as the settlement is complete, the fluid is run off clear into the third tank.

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53 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

For the satisfaction of the curious and the sceptical, a glass tumbler had been kept here by Mr. Miller, and your committee was invited to test the purity and potability of the water, called by Mr. Miller, the "effluent."

The fluid seemed sufficiently clear, clearer indeed than the glass in which it was held up for inspection, but your committee did not consider that the parties present were sufficiently high in office to make the test proposed of any value, and so they were not forward to make it.

It was stated that the solid matter precipitated in the settling tank, formed a very valuable manure, which on being used and powdered might best be used by being dibbed in with the plant seed.

Respectfully submitted,

J. D. MACDONALD.

Report adopted,

FRANCIS RAE,

Chairman, P. B. H. D

121

i>:3 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. UflO

REPORT

OF THE

ENGINEER OF PUBLIC WORKS.

Department of Public Works, Ontario,

Toronto, 31st December, 1889.

Hon. C. F. Fraser, Commissioner of Public Works, Ontario :

Sir, — I have the honour to submit the following report respecting the construction and maintenance of Public Works, and the extension of railways throughout the Province during the year 1889.

PENINSULA CREEK IMPROVEMENT.

As stated in my report for 1888, this improvement was practically completed when operations were suspended in the month of September of that year, but in order to make provision for the removal of material which it was expected would find its way from the newly funned banks into the channel during the spring freshet, a re-vote of the small unexpended balance of the appropriation was taken.

The work, therefore, attended to during the present year consisted of giving addi- tional slope to the banks where found necessary, and in the removal of material which had fallen in ; additional depth being given to the channel at points where obstructions had collected, or where the nature of the soil in the banks seemed to indicate a likelihood of further material finding its way into the channel, which, if left unprovided for, would form obstructions and interfere with navigation. Operations were commenced in the early part of July, and continued until the 5th of August, when a depth of not less than six feet of water had been provided.

SCUGOG RIVER WORKS.

The enlargement of the channel excavated by the Department some years ago, from Scugog River to Drummond's Bay was, as previously reported, continued last year until the 17th of November, when owing to the severity of the weather operations had to be suspended.

The work was resumed on the 12th of April of the present year, and continued until the 24th of June, when the improvement was completed.

The channel now has a uniform width of 85 feet, with a cutting about 25 feet in width in the centre, excavated from end to end to a depth of 9 feet.

After the completion of the Drummond's Bay channel, the dredge was taken to Lindsay, where it was engaged for some days in improving the river by providing addi- ional width and depth immediately below the lock.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. '21). A. 1890

MAGANETAWAN WORKS.

The improvements and repairs which have been made during the present year in connection with these works are as follows : —

During the seasons of extreme low water navigation has in the past been rendered difficult, and at times interfered with, owing to the existence of obstructions in the river immediately below the swing bridge in Maganetawan village.

Upon examination it was ascertained that the principal obstruction consisted of a rocky shoal situated about 50 feet below the bridge which extended from the southerly shore, and obstructed the steamboat channel to such an extent as to render it almost impossible at times to avoid striking.

This shoal has been blasted and removed for a length of 25 feet, a width of 8 feet and an average depth of 3 feet 6 inches, which it is expected will prove sufficient to do> away with the difficulty and inconvenience previously experienced at this point. A quantity of loose boulders which obstructed the channel a short distance further down, stream have also been removed.

The swing-bridge has been adjusted and painted two coats of white paint, the oak capping on the upper chord fastened with 4 -inch screw nails,- and repairs made to the souther^ approach. A guide-boom has been constructed and placed on the southerly side of the channel below the lock to facilitate the passage of the steamers into it during boisterous weather.^ The boom extends from the lower end of the lock-wall to the guide piers below, and is 145 feet in length, and 3 feet in width, constructed of 12x12 inch square pine timber fastened together with one inch bolts.

Two stop-log openings have been constructed in the wing-dam on the westerly side of the lock to provide additional outlet for the water of Se-se-be Lake during the time of freshet. The openings are 20 feet in width and 3 feet in depth, floored with 3 inch planking, and are supplied with the stop-logs, platforms, windlasses, etc., necessary to enable them to be opened or closed as desirable.

MUSKOKA LAKES WORKS.

The following works have been attended to out of this appropriation during the. present year : —

The steamboat channel known as " Jennete's Narrows" — which is one of the outlets of Lake Muskoka into Bala Bay, has been enlarged by sub-marine rock excavation to a width of about 50 feet, and to a similar depth to the lower mitre-sill of the lock at Port Carling, and a breastwork, constructed of 12 x 12 inch square timber, 62 feet in length, 16 feet in width, and 9 feet in height, has been built on the southerly side of the channel, the cribbing being compactly filled with stone and rock bolted.

A boom 75 feet in length and 3 feet in wi 1th, has also been provided and placed so» as to extend from the lower end of the cribbing to a point of rock below.

These improvements will enable the largest steamers at present on the Muskoka Lakes to proceed to Bala with safety, whereas formerly, owing to the contracted channel and rocky banks it was not deemed safe to attempt to navigate these narrows except with the smaller class of vessels. Consequently, parties desiring to reach this point at times, suffered inconvenience which can now be greatly lessened, if not entirely done away with.

At Port Carling, the fixed bridge across the Indian River has been entirely re-con- structed, the old one having become decayed to such an extent as to leave it in an unsafe condition. In the construction of the new bridge, the pier which formerly occupied a position in the centre of the river has been done away with in order to facilitate the passage down the stream of the large quantities of saw-logs and timber which are annually brought from around the shores of both Lakes Rosseau and Joseph. The new structure rests upon cribwork piers splayed on the up-stream ends, the piers being 27 feet in length, 10 feet in width, and about 8 feet in height, constructed of 12 x 12 inch

24

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

square pine timber, and compactly filled with stone. The new bridge is built on the " Howe Truss " principle, having a total length of 75 feet, and a clear span between the abutments of 65 feet, the width of the roadway between the chords being 12 feet. Suit- able approaches with handrailings have been provided at each end, and the old approaches gravelled where necessary.

In order that the public should suffer no inconvenience, a temporary bridge was- erected across the stream before the taking down of the old one was commenced, the temporary structure, of course, being removed after the completion of the permanent new one.

In addition to the foregoing, the following repairs and improvements have beerr made to works in this locality out of the maintenance appropriation.

The clam at Port Carling has been supplied with four new windlasses and two chains, and repairs have been made to the stop-log platform.

The swing-bridge has been adjusted and thoroughly painted, and the oak capping on the top chord re-fastened with screw nails four inches in length. The turn-table has been supplied with two new shafts, and some new bolts have been put in the racking.

Repairs have been made to the cribwork and planking of the lock, and new bolts have been put in the valves of both the upper and lower gates, and some gravel and stones removed from in front of the mitre-sills. The Port Sandfield swing-bridge has been adjusted, and the oak capping on the top chord secured with screw nails. The approach at the easterly end has been lowered, repairs made to the turntable and bridge, and some additional ballast put in.

At Bala, the westerly dam has been supplied with two new stop-logs, and one new- windlass, and repairs have been made to the bridge.

GULL AND BURNT RIVER WORKS.

The work attended to out of this appropriation consisted of the construction of a glance pier on the southerly bank of the river between Maple and Beech Lakes in the-, township of Stanhope, county of Haliburton.

The pier is -00 feet in length, and 5 feet in height, constructed of 10 x 12 and 12 \ 12 inch square hemlock timber, the cribwork being rilled with stone.

The timber was delivered in the month of April ; but in order to take advantage of low- water, the work was not proceeded with until the season was well advanced, the improvement being completed in the month of September.

KUSHOG LAKE DAM.

A re-vote of the appropriation of $300 granted in 1888 to aid the County of Ha' burton in the reconstruction of the dam at the outlet of Kushog Lake, was taken last Session. The dam is intended to serve both navigation and the lumbering interest, and is situated in the Township of Snowdon, about six miles easterly from the village of Minden.

The work of re-construction was not commenced until the season of 1888 was well advanced, consequently it was not completed until the latter part of December of that year. Application was made to the Department for the payment of the appropriation in the month of January of the present year, and the amount was accordingly handed over to the County.

GEORGIAN BAY IMPROVEMENT.

The work attended to out of this appropriation consisted of rock excavation at a. point known as the "Two Mile Narrows," situated on the inner steamboat channel between Midland and Parry Sound.

25

5a Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

Operations were commenced on the 24th of April and continued until the 8th of June, when a channel, having a depth then of six feet six inches of water, had been provided.

MISSISSIPPI RIVER IMPROVEMENT.

A channel has beenTexcavated through a rocky shoal situated in the Township of Ramsay, about three miles down stream from the Village of Carleton Place. In order to take advantage of the season of low-water, operations were not commenced until the latter part of July and were continued until the early part of October, when the channel for about 525 feet in length and 60 feet in width, was deepened.

LAKE OF BAYS DREDGING.

This work consisted of the excavatien of a channel through a shoal of gravel, which extended across the river at the outlet of the lake, causing navigation to be seriously interfered with during the seasons of low water.

Operations were commenced on the 25th of July and continued until the 10th of September, when a cutting 145 feet in length, 40 feet in width, and an average depth of three feet had been excavated, and a depth of nine feet of water provided.

As steam plant could not be obtained in this locality the work was carried out with a horse-power dredging apparatus belonging to the Department.

HEAD RIVER IMPROVEMENT.

An appropriation of $1,300 was granted last Session to remove rock obstructions from the bed of this river, in the townships of Oarden and Laxton.

Operations were commenced in the early part of August and continued until the 20th of September, the following being the works attended to.

Two channels have been excavated through rocky shoals, situated on Lot 23 in the 10th Concession of the township of Garden.

On Lot No. 11 in the 1st Concession of the township of Laxton, a rock cutting has been made 88 feet in length and 22 feet in width, and the channel on the easterly side of the river has been cleaned out and enlarged by the removal of an old coffer-dam and a quantity of loose rock and boulders, etc.

At a distance of 30 feet below the above improvement, a rock cutting 18 feet in length and 22 feet in width has been made, and a quantity of loose stone and boulders removed from the river-bed immediately below.

Several projecting points of rock and boulders, which formed obstructions a short distance below the highway bridge, have also been blasted and removed from the river.

RIVER BEAUDETTE WORKS.

An appropriation of 81,500 was granted last Session to aid in dredging and remov- ing obstructions from the River Beaudette.

Application having been made to the Department by the Treasurer of the united counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, tor the payment of the appropriation, and .a properly certified statement shewing an expenditure of $4,323.19 up to 15th of October, having been furnished by the County Treasurer, the appropriation was handed over in •discharge of the liability assumed by the Province in connection with this improvement. It is expected that the cost of the works undertaken and contracted for by the united counties will not be less than from $10,000 to $12,000.

26

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

MAINTENANCE LOCKS, DAMS AND SWING BRIDGES.

In addition to the repairs and improvements already referred to in connection with other works, the following have been attended to out of this appropriation : —

JIary's and Fairy Lakes Lock, Dam and Swing Bridges, etc.

Repairs have been made to the planking on the upper lock gates and also to that on top of the lock walls, and a quantity of gravel and other debris, which had collected in the channel below the lock to such an extent as to interfere with navigation, has been removed by dredging.

The guard-timbers extending along the easterly side of the canal above the lock have been straightened and repaired, and those on the westerly side have been renewed for a length of 40 feet, and sheeted in with two-inch planking, to prevent saw-dust and other debris from falling into the canal from the adjoining mill.

Repairs have also been made to the pier at the head of the canal, and a leakage stopped by removing the tilling, sheeting the inside of the pier with two-inch planking and refilling it with concrete.

The swing bridge has been adjusted and repairs made to the turntable, and the fixed bridge across the river a short distance above has been provided with coverings for the corbels so as to protect them from the weather, where exposed between the chord pieces, and lessen their liability to decay.

The dam has been supplied with two new windlasses, one new windlass frame and two new stop-logs, and repairs have been made to the flooring of the stop-log platform.

Svjing Bridges at Lindsay.

The repairs made to these bridges consist of several new needle-beams and floor stringers and five new wheels for the turntables. The bridge south of the town has received two coats of paint and repairs have been made to the turntable and trussing.

Booms and Piers in Cameron Lake.

These works are situated at the mouth of the Burnt River, in the township of l'< liclon. Three piers, one at the sorting jack 14 by 16 feet square, and two which are rt quired to hold the boom in place 18 by 20 feet square, have been rebuilt for a height of about four feet above the water, and sufficient additional stone put in to fill the crib work ; some repairs have also been made to the booms.

Rosedale Swing Bridge.

The face of the pier, at the southerly end of this bridge, has been re-built five feet in height, the guard-pier and rail repaired and the bridge given two good coats of white paint.

Norland, Dam and S'ide.

This dam has been supplied with three new 8top-logs and some new staples have been provided for the old ones. The stop-log platform has also been repaired with a -tringer and some new planking, and repairs have been made to the windlasses.

Horse Shoe Lake f>n,n.

The dam at the outlet of this lake has been gravelled to make it watertight and repairs have been made to the planking of the slide at Workman's Mills, situated on the Gull River near the village of Minden.

27

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

Hull's Lake Dam.

The stop-log platform has been replanked and the dam supplied with two' new stop- logs and two new windlasses.

Hawk Lake Dam and Slide.

This slide has been extended a length of 80 feet, the width being 14 feet and the sides 5 feet in height, constructed of 12x12 inch pine -timber. The cross sills are of flatted pine, rock bolted with 1-j-inch iron bolts, and the flooring is of birch and maple securely fastened with oak trenails. A quantity of rock which had fallen from the adjacent banks was also blasted and removed from the bed of the river. The dam has been supplied with two new stop-logs and the stop-log platform refloored with two-inch planking.

Some slight repairs have also been made to the dam at the outlet^of Paint Lake.

Redstone Lakh Dam.

The westerly end of the dam constructed in 1880 across a channel extending from Redstone to Eagle Lake, and situated on lot No. 30 in the 8th concession of the town- ship of Guilford has been repaired and extended so as to prevent the water from finding a passage atound the end of the structure. The dam has also been gravelled to make it watertight.

Eagle Lake Dam.

The dam at the outlet of this lake, in the Township of Guilford, having become in a worn out and leaky condition, has been entirely reconstructed.

The new dam has a total length of about 260 feet in which there is one slide open- ing 24 feet 6 inches in width formed with piers constructed of pine, cedar, and hemlock square timber, compactly filled with stone. The piers are 50 feet in length, 11 feet 6 inches in width and 9 feet in height, and the slide is floored with birch and maple plank 6 inches in thickness. The remaining portions of the dam are in the form of embankments, constructed with stone and gravel obtained in the locality ; the southerlv portion extending from the slide pier to the river bank being 183 and the northerly portion 29 feet in length, the entire face or upper side being protected from injury by the water with rip-rap stone.

This improvement not only serves the purpose of a dam which enables the waters of both Eagle and Moose Lakes to be reserved and controlled as required, but is also utilized as a portion of the highway which extends northerly from Haliburton to Little Redstone Lake in the township of Havelock. In order to render it safe for public travel, sills of fatted cedar have been bedded in below the surface of the embankment about 12 feet apart from centres having vertical posts framed into them, and guard rail form* d on each side of the roadway. The embankments will average about 20 feet in width at the base, and the roadway on top is about 12 feet in width. Operations were commenced during the month of April and the work was completed about the 20th of July.

Oblong, Otter and Grace Lake Dams.

The dam at the outlet of Oblong lake has been supplied with two new stop-logs and the Otter lake dam has been raised 2 feet in height in front and gravelled, and repairs ha\e been made to the windlasses of the Grace lake dam.

Bear and Stormy Lake Dams.

Little Bear lake dam has been extended 24 ieet at the westerly end, gravelled and supplied with one new windlass. Big Bear lake dam has been provided with 3 new stop- logs and new windlasses and frames, and the stop-log platform repaired. A piece of timber 29 feet in length has also been put in at the westerly end, some gravelling dones

28

J)3 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

and glance pieces provided to protect the stop-log posts from injury. The bottom and sides of the slide have also been re-pinned. The timberwork of Stormy lake dam has been taken down and rebuilt from the water up and the dam refilled with stone.

Scott's Slide.

This slide, situated on Bear creek at the head of what is known as the " big marsh," has been provided with three new stop-logs, the sides braced, and repairs made io the flooring.

The dam at the foot of the "big marsh" has been supplied with three new stop-logs, and two new windlasses and frames, the easterly side of the slide opening faced with oak planking and the flooring of the slide repinned. The sides of the slide at the outlet •of Bear creek into Pine lake have also been taken down and rebuilt.

Devil's Creek Dam and Slide.

A glance piece has been put on to protect the stop-log post from being injured by saw-logs and three new stop-logs have been provided. Round poles have also been pin- ned on the slide flooring to protect it from injury.

Young's Point Swing Bridge, &c.

This bridge has been supplied with a new floor of 3-inch planking, and the foot- ways on the upper lock gates have been renewed.

The following are the Lockmasters' returns of the lockages made at the different locks during the present year :

Port Carling Lock — 1,695 steamers, 1360 small boats, 403 scows and 447 cribs of timber.

Mary's and Fairy Lakes Lock — 88 steamers, 4 small boats, 52 scows and 3 cribs of timber.

Maganetewan Lock — 537 steamers. 26 small boats, 38 scows and 22 cribs of timber.

Lindsay Lock — 165 steamers, 174 scows and 208 cribs of timber.

Young's Point Lock — 1,043 steamers, 110 small boats, 259 scows and 244 cribs of timber.

Balsam River Lock — 280 steamers, 20 small boats, 115,000 saw-logs and 1,000 pieces of boom timber.

EXTENSION OF RAILWAYS IN 1889.

The construction of railways during the present year has been confined principally to the extension and improvement of lines previously reported upon, the details of the work done, as far as could be ascertained, being as follows: —

Napanee, Tamworth and Quebec Railway.

The extension of this railway from Tamworth to Tweed, a distance of 20 miles, which ■was commenced during the latter part of 1888, was continued during the present year, the line being now completed and open for traffic.

The construction of a line from Yarker to Harrowsmith, a distance of seven tniles, was commenced in the early part of the present year, and this is also completed, trains, I am informed, being now run from Tweed to the city of Kingston, as well as to Napanee.

South Norfolk Railway.

The construction of this railway which extends from the town of Simcoe to Port Rowan, a distance of 17 miles, was commenced during the month of July, 1^88, and I am given to understand that the line was completed at the close of that year, and has since been open for traffic.

29

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

Lake Erie, Essex and Detroit River Railway.

At the close of 1888, I am informed, this railway was completed from its northerly- terminus at Walker ville to a point two miles beyond the village of liuthven. Construc- tion work was continued during the present year, and the line is now, I understand, com- pleted and open for traffic to Leamington, the total length being 38 miles.

Ontario and Quebec Railway — Detroit Extension.

The construction of this railway has been steadily proceeded with during the present year, and I am informed that the entire line extending from London to Windsor, a dis- tance of 112^ miles, is now completed, but will not be opened for traffic until the coming, spring

Ontario and Quebec Railway — Don Branch.

The construction of this branch has been continued during the present year, and I am informed that the track is now laid from the point of departure on the Ontario and Quebec Kail way to the head of the Don improvement, a distance of about two and one-half miles, and also along the city front from York to Berkeley Streets, a distance of about one and one-quarter miles. The unfinished portion will, I understand, be proceeded with immediately a settlement of the difficulty, between the railway and the municipal authorities, respecting right of way over the Don improvement is arrived at. ,

South Ontario Pacific Railway — Toronto Branch.

Construction work has not been proceeded with on this railway during the present year, but surveys have, I understand, been made between Toronto and Hamilton with a view to improving the location, and it is expected that construction will be resumed dur- ing the coming spring.

Brockville, Westport and Sault Ste. Marie Railvmy.

Construction work was continued on this railway during the present year between Lyn and Brockville until the early part of June, when, I understand, the line was com- pleted from Brockville to W'estport, a distance of 45 miles, and that trains have since been running regularly over it between these points.

Operations have not yet been proceeded with beyond Westport, but is expected that construction will be commenced during the present winter.

Port Arthur, Duluth and Western Railway.

The construction of this railway has been commenced during the present year.

The line is intended to run from Port Arthur to Gun Flint Lake, the latter point being situated on the boundary line between the State of Minnesota and western Ontario, the length being 84f miles.

Construction was commenced in October at the easterly end of the line, and the work has been since so vigorously prosecuted, that I understand, 21 miles have been graded and 15 miles of rails laid, the ballasting of the latter distance being also well advanced.

It is expected that 50 miles will be completed and opened for traffic about the month of August next, and that the remaining portion will be completed about midsummer of 1891.

The following revised statement to the close of 1889 gives in detail the mileage of each railway in Ontario, distinguishing between those constructed prior to and after confederation : —

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The laying of double track has been continued on the Grand Trunk Railway during the present year, and I understand that the line has been completed and opened for traffic between Bainsville and Wales, a distance of 28T^i miles, and also between Iroquois and Brockville, a distance of 26^ miles. The total mileage of double track now laid on this railway amounts to 107 ^ miles, of which 103fgT is between the easterly Province bound- ary and Toronto, and the balance between Toronto and Point Edward.

I have the honor to remain, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

ROBERT McOALLUM,

Engineer. Public WorM*.

3 (p.w.j

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

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No. 2 — Statement of Drainage Debentures purchased by the Government, on recom- mendation of the Public Works Department, in 1889.

MUNICIPALITY.

Township of Bosanquet Ekfrid ....

West Zorra

No. OF By-Laws.

By-law 251

By-law 432 (cumulative), consolidating by-laws 429, 430 and 431

By-law 3, of 1888, and amending by-law 2, of 1889.

Logan | By-law 289

Moore

West Flamboro'.

Elma

East Zorra

By-law 20, of 1888

By-law 441

By-law 261 and amending by-law 267 . By-law 381 and amending by-law 384 .

Total

Amoi .vi .

240 00

617 50 3,166 38 2,553 00 1,678 00 6,920 00 2,100 00

448 00

17,727 88

J. P. EDWARDS,

Law Clerk, Public Works.

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, ONTARIO,

Toronto, January, 1890.

40

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 21).

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53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. "21).

A. 1890

Amount.

S cts. 250 00

894 00 1,975 00

50,275 00

932 00

5,190 00

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John Bourke, James Purvis and David Purvis, all of North Rav .

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John Duthie and George Duthie, jr., (G. Duthie & Sons) of Toronto.

David Kennedy and John Kennedy (D. Kennedy & son), of Guelph.

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Albert Weller and James Stanes (A. Weller & Com- pany), of Toronto.

George Ball, of Barrie.

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Construction of a tank house for sewage dis- posal.

Construction of an ad- dition to the lock-up at Sudbury.

Construction of an ad- dition.

Construction of an ad- dition to the entrance lodge.

Construction of an ad- dition to the Court room at Parry Sound.

Construction of an ad- dition to gaol at Sault Ste. Marie.

Construction of a Court room and of a regis- try officeat Gore Bay, Mauitoulin Island.

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Government House, Toronto.

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53 Victoria. . Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

REPORT

COMMISSIONER OF CROWN LANDS

or THE

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO,

FOR THE YEAR

1889,

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

TORONTO : P(R I N T E D |»B Y WARWICK & S 0 N S, 68 and 70 F|R 0 N T ST WEST,

1890.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

CONTENTS.

Commissioner's Report : — page. Sales — Clergy Lands v.

11 Crown Lands v.

" Common School Lands . . v.

" Grammar School Lands vi.

" Railway Lands vi.

Collections and Revenue vi.

Disbursements vi.

Wi 'i »ds and Forests vi.

Fire Ranging vi.

Fisheries vi.

( rame Laws vii.

Free Grants vii.

On nvn Surveys vii.

Municipal Surveys vii.

Mineral Surveys viii.

Colonization Roads viii.

Appendices : —

No. 1. Return of Officers and Clerks in the Department 3

2. " Crown Land Agents 5

3. Statement of Land sold and amounts of Sales and Collections 6

Cross Revenue 7

Receipts considered as Special Funds 8

Gross Disbursements 9

Revenue from Woods and Forests 13

Timber and amounts accrued from dues, etc 14

Locations, etc., under Free Grants Act 16

-Return of Overseers 20

c of Newton Flanagan 21

John H. Willmott 21

J.F.Moore 22

Regulations 23

4.

c

5.

4

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. I

'isher

11.

>t

12.

i<

13.

1 1

14.

n

V ictoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

15. — Statement of Letters received and mailed 25

16. " Municipal Surveys ordered 26

17. " " confirmed 28

18. " Crown Surveys in progress 29

19. " " completed 30

20. " Mineral Lands Patented in District of Rainy River 31

21. " " " " Thunder Bay, etc 32

22. " Patents issued 3

23. " Candidates passed Board of Examiners of Land Surveyors 35

Surveyors' Reports : —

No. 24. Township of Dack 37

25. " Notman 38

26. " Robillard 39

27. " Osborne 40

28. " Savard 41

29. '-' Henwood 42

30. " Hansmell 43

31 " Niven 44

32 ' ' Beauchamp 45

33. " Marquis 46

34. " Bryce 47

35. " Pacaud 48

36. Outlines of Townships — District of Nipissing 49

37. Township of Craig 51

38. " Scoble 52

39. Report on Colonization Roads 53

North Division , 53

East Division 61

Summary of Expenditure 70

Recapitulation 73

IV.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

REPORT

OF THE

COMMISSIONER OF CROWN LANDS

OF THE

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO,

FOR THE YEAR 1889.

To His Honor the Honorable Sir Alexander Campbell, K. C. M. G.

Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Ontario.

May it Please Your Honor :

As required by law, I submit for the information of your Honor and the Legislative Assembly a Report for the fiscal year ending on the 31st December 1889, of the management, etc. of the Crown Lands of the Province.

CLERGY LANDS.

The area of these lands sold during the year was 1279 acres, aggregating in value $1262.25. The amount collected on account of these and former sales was $3,972.34.. (See Appendix No. 3, page 6.)

CROWN LANDS.

The area of Crown Lands sold during the year was 53,640 acres, aggregat- ing in value S71,765.63. The collection on account of these and sales of former years amounted to £66,888.54. (See appendix No. 3 page 6.)

COMMON SCHOOL LANDS.

The area of these lands sold during the year was 2 acres, aggregating in value $80. The collection on account of these and former sales amounted to S14.418.29. (See Appendix No. 3, page 6.)

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

GRAMMAR SCHOOL LANDS.

The number of acres sold during the year was 503, aggregating in value $280.80. The collection on account of these and former sales was $962.42. (See Appendix No. 3, page 6.)

RAILWAY LANDS.

Under "Railways Aid Act" of 1889, 52 Vic, Chap. 35, certain lands were set apart to be sold for the purpose of forming a fund to recoup the Province in respect of monies expended in aiding Railway's — of these lands 2874. acres were sold aggregating in value $5,748.50, all of which was collected. (See Appendix No. 3, page 6.)

COLLECTIONS AND REVENUE.

The total collection of this Department on account of all sources of Revenue was $1,204,639.32. (See Appendix No. 4, page 7.)

DISBURSEMENTS.

The total disbursements of the Department on account of all services and expenditures was $236,336.69. (See Appendix No. 6 page 9.)

WOODS AND FORRESTS-

The total collection for the year was $1,078,598.12, which includes $66,058,- 16 on account of bonuses, leaving the net collection on account of timber dues ground rent etc. to be $1,012,539.92.

FIRE RANGING.

This service continues to give satisfaction and is more largely taken advan- tage of from year to year. There were few fires of importance during the past year, and it is expected all the damaged timber will be cut during this winter.

There were 75 Rangers on duty during the dangerous part of the season and the total cost of the service was $15,468.82, one half of which is refundable by the licensees.

FISHERIES.

The reports received from Crown Land Agents, Fishery Overseers and others, leads me to believe the law was fairly well observed.

The Revenue from permits etc. was $305.10. The Regulations, reports of Overseers etc., will be found in Appendices No. 10 to 14 inclusive at pages 20 to 24 inclusive.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. '22). A. 1890

GAME LAWS.

Under the amendment to the Game Law which requires foreigners to take out permits to hunt deer, 14 permits were issued, the revenue from which amounted to SI 40.

FREE GRANTS.

There were 133 townships open for settlement last year — during this year 20 townships were added in the Rainy River District.

During the year just ci 3 locations were made on 114,050 acres of

land, and 84 locatees purchased 3,708 acres ; 386 patents were issued to locatees. (See Appendix No. 9, page 16.)

CROWN SURVEYS.

The following surveys of townships have been carried out during the year.

In the District of Nipissi township of Niven has been subdivided into

farm lots of 100 acres each ; th ships of Beauchamp, Bryce, Hammell, Hen-

:. Marqui Eiobillard and Savard, also in the District of

Nipissing, have been subdi nto farm lots of 320 acres each; the township

of Ci he District of . ided into lots for mining pur-

Le in the District of Thunder . subdivid 320 acres each. The outlines of

townships, . the head of Laki ing, on the Upper Ottawa, have

run.

Several minor surveys have bed.

The particulars of the su; turns have been received, will

be found in Appendic ud 19, pages 29 and 30.

The Surveyors' reports will be found in Appendices Nos. 24 to 38. I 37 to 52.

MUNICIPAL SURVEYS.

The Department has, during the year, issued instructions for twelve surveys on the petitions of the Municipal Councils uf the townships of Barton, Etobicoke, Harwich, Nepean, Niagara, South Norwich, Pelham, Pickering, South Plantagenet Windham, Zone, the towns of Lindsay and Niagara and the Village of Tilbuiy Centre, and has during the year, confirmed three Municipal Surveys in the Townships of Arthur, East Wawanosh and York.

particulars relating to these surveys will be found in Appendices 16 and 17 26 to 28 inclusive.

vii.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 2*2). A. 189C

MINERAL SURVEYS.

The General Mining Act requires that applicants, to purchase mining lands in the unsurveyed territory, shall file surveyor's plans field notes and descrip- tions of their mining locations in the Department before any sale is carried out. Under this Statutory Regulation a number of applicants have filed plans etc., of locations in the Districts of Algoma, Nipissing, Rainy River and Thunder Bay, and an area of 18,414 acres has been sold and patented for the sum of $36,829.00.

The particulars relating to these surveys and sale will be found in Appen- dices Nos. 20 and 21, pages 31 to 33 inclusive.

COLONIZATION ROADS.

The work performed during the year was as follows : — Miles of new road constructed — 138 ; Miles of road repaired — 404 ; Bridges erected — 18 — in addi- tion a number of Bridges were repaired. The work done was inspected and re- ported to be of a satisfactory character.

The total expenditures for the year is $103,666.63 the details of which will be found in the report of the Superintendent of Roads in Appendix No. 39 — pages 53 to 73.

Respectfully submitted,

A. S. HARDY,

Commissioner.

Department of Crown Lands, Toronto, 31st December, 1889.

vm.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 189Q

APPENDICES.

1 (CL.)

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Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

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53 Victoria

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

APPENDIX NO. 3. Statement of Land Sold, Amount of Sales and Amount of Collections for the year 1889.

SERVICE.

Acres Sold.

Amount of Sales.

Amount of Collections.

53,640 1,279$ 2 503 2,8744

$ c. 71,765 63

1,262 25

80 00

280 80

5,748 50

$ 0.

66,888 54

3,972 34

14,418 29

962 42

5,748 50

Total ...

58,288f

79,137 18

91,990 09

D. GEO. ROSS,

Accountant.

AUBREY WHITE,

Assistant Commissioner.

Department of Crown Lands,

Toronto, 31st December, 1889.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

APPENDIX NO. 4.

Statement of the Gross Revenue of the Department of Crown Lands for the year 1889.

8ERVICE.

Land Collections :

Railway Lands

Crown Lands

Clergy Lands

Common School Lands Grammar School Lands

Rent

In Suspense

Woods and Forests :

Timber Dues

Ground Rent

Bonus

Casual Fees

Surveyors' Fees

Fishing License Fees . Hunting License Fee3.

Expenditure Refunds:

Forest Fire Prevention

Destitute Settlers

Settlers' Homestead

Inspection

Colonization Roads . . . Surveys

5,748 50

66,888 54

3,972 34

14,418 29

962 42

200 00

22,722 95

947,883 41 64,656 55 66,058 16

358 59 176 50 305 10 140 00

6,802 55

304 27

100 00

57 10

1,394 49

1,489 56

114.913 04

1,078,598 12

980 19

10,147 97 1, 204^639' 32"!

D. GEO. ROSS,

Accountant.

Department of Crown Lands,

Toronto, December 31st, 1889.

AUBREY WHITE,

Assistant Commissioner.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22.)

A. 1890

APPENDIX NO. 5.

Statement of the Receipts? of the Department of Crown Lands which are considered as

Special Funds, 1889.

Clergy Lands: Principal. Interest .

Common School Lands .

Principal

Interest

SERVICE.

Grammar School Lands :

Principal

Interest

I o.

2,195 16 1,777 18

5,776 26 8,642 03

545 90 416 52 !

S c.

3,972 34

14,418 29

962 42

19,353 05

D. GEO. ROSS,

Accountant.

AUBREY WHITE,

Assistant Commissioner.

Department of Crown Lands,

Toronto, 31st December, 1888.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

APPENDIX No. G.

Statement of the Gross Disbursements of the Department of Crown Lands for the

Year 1889.

SERVICE.

A.QKNTS' SAOABEES AND DISBURSEMENTS.

Anderson, D . . . .

Best, S. G

Brown, C. P.. .. Cockourn, J. 1). J lawson, < r. W. .

Dill, J. W

Day, J. F

Duncan. A. ( J . Fielding, W Gilligan, 15. J . . .

Handy, E

Kennedy, J. D. . Maodonald, D. G.

-M ': iv. T

Macpherson, R.

s, W. L . . Reeves, .r

Salaries— Land.

S c.

Kuttan, J. F. Ryan, T J. Scarlett, J. S. Stewart, C. R Tait, J. R.... Whalen, J. . . .

Salaries — Timh<r.

Barnes, Geo

Campbell, P. C

llargach, \V

Macdonald, D. F

Macdonald, W. J

Darby, E. J., Clerk

Mackay, Jno

Nicholson, B., Clerk

Munro, H

McWilliams, J. B

TaBse\ I)

Way, J. F

Flanagan, W. . . Moore, 1 . .T . Willniott, J. II.

Salaries —!'■

Anderson, I).

Best, S. (r

Brown, C. P ... Campbell, P. C. Cockburn, J. 1 '. son, U. W.

Dill, J. W

Duncan, A. G . . Fielding, »V. . . Handy, E Kennedy, J, D.

Mackay", T

Mackay, John. . Macpherson, R.

Agents' Disbursements.

500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 200 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 538 88 500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 250 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00 500 00

450 00

1,(500 00

1,600 00

1,600 00

875 00

425 00

400 00

112 50

750 00

2,000 00

100 00

840 00

50 00

50 00

50 00

19 58

10 00

196 50

24 22

17 43

33 84

n 17

5 16

19 15

310 01)

12 90

Carried forward

S c.

S C.

10,988 88

10,752 50

150 00

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

APPENDIX No. 6— Continued.

Statement of the Gross Disbursements of the Department of Crown Lands for the-

Year 1889.

SERVICE.

Brought forward.

Agents' Disbursements— Continued.

Macdonald, D.* F

Macdonald, W. J

Macdonald, D. G

McWilUams, J. B

Moore, F. J

Munro, Hugh

Nichols, W. L

Poupore, J ,

Reeves, J

Ryan, T. J

Scarlett, J. S

Stewart, C. R

Tait, J. R

Whalen, J

Way, J. F

Willmott, J. H

Miscellaneous.

Cameron, A. J., inspection

Cowper, G. B., travelling expenses

Carpenter, W. H., investigating disputed claims, Rainy River

Crozier, J. A. G., travelling expenses

Kirkpatrick, G. B., do

Kirkpatrick, G. B., investigating disputed claims, Rat

Portage

Nickerson, W., inspection

Martin, T. S., do

Ryan, W. H., do

Stewart, E., survey Whitefish Reserve

Stewart, Hugh, investigating disputed claims, Rainy River

Stewart, E. , inspection

Sheppard, J., do

Taylor, T. C, do

do removal expenses

White, Aubrey, travelling expenses

Wood Ranging and Inspection of Timber Lands.

Barnes, Geo ....

Bick, Geo

Brady, Jno

Brennan, P

Brooks, A.. Christie, P. C . . Coville, Jno .... Crawford, A. C. Cunningham, J. Dulmage, A. F. Foote.W. E....

Fraser, 1)

Halliday, J

Halliday, F . . . . Johnson, S. M. . Kennedy, Jno

Ludgate, T

Margach, W

Moore, D. H. ..

McGown, T

McGown, W. . . .

Carried forward ,

51 49

1,449 83

7 48

285 74

42 36

500 00

19 65

10 33

3 50

18 90

27 49

13 79

10 70

7 57

80 50

38 65

37 00

31 60

264 50

32 45

27 50

675 00

12 00

10 00

22 00

823 96

733 75

10 00

10 00

176 00

35 20

136 75

758 49

1,158 21

805 00

725 00

520 00

457 74

144 00

100 00

655 50

505 00

292 00

930 00

787 00

1,293 25

1,658 71

1,070 82

1,249 55

3,282 44

1,143 82

775 85

1,554 91

$ c.

3,592 15

3,037 71

$ c.

28,521 2*.

10

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

APPENDIX No. 6— Continued.

Statement of the Gross Disbursements of the Department of Crown Lands for the

Year 1889.

SERVICES.

Brought forward

it, T

Billingham, S. . .

Bromley, T

BowJand, W

B re inner, \V . . . .

Bell, J

Blanchet^O

Borron, E

Conway, J

Coghlan, J

Cochran*", J. . . . Clarke. J. S. . .

Duford, I

Donally, R. S... Donnelly, P. . . .

Evans, J

Elmhurst, W. ..

Elliott, W

Flanagan, W. . .

Garvey, P

Gapne, E

d W. H.

Galna, .1

Hawden, F

Haley, C

Harvey, A

Henderson, C. . . Johnson, R. W. John>t 11. W. Johnson, E

!le, H

Lavendiere, F. Link, A

Majeau, A

Mitchell, J. C

Maves, A

Maves, W

Morrison, W. , . Marshall, W. .. McGown, W. . McNab, W. C. McEarlane, J. . McFarland, W. McBrian, H . .

II I Banging and Inspection of Timber Lands — Continued,

^herty P

, P

t, (ieo *

Dson, W .•

Regan, J

•11, W

Saunders, J. B

■!.. J. W

Shaw, .Jen

Stewart, H

Turgeon, J. B

White, J. B

Ranging.

Carried forward

$ c.

1,018 50

519 20

1,457 00

100 00

971 41

1,718 86

24 50

1,131 00

1,485 15

98 25

700 00

575 00

126 00

113 00

131 00

234 00

180 00

248 00

160 00

2 16 00

200 00

262 00

353 00

14!) 25

385 87

336 00

431 50

238 00

255 00

174 00

328 00

457 12

122 00

86 00

16 25

262 00

262 00

172 00

196 00

206 00

131 00

212 00

176 00

138 00

204 00

174 00

172 00

104 00

362 00

100 00

171 00

36 00

268 00

186 00

IT, 00

236 00

$ c.

29,666 16

11

,53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. '2'2).

A. 1>'.0

APPENDIX No. 6— Continued.

Statement of the Gross Disbursements of the Department of Crown Lands for the

Year 1889.

SERVICES.

$ c.

$ c.

$ c.

Fire Ranging— Continued. McQuey, D

473 37 406 49 208 00 172 00 212 00 196 00 104 00 2(52 00 210 00 131 00 130 00

263 00 68 00

214 00 184 00 206 00 292 00 517 50

94 00 164 00 243 50 114 47 300 00 16.8 00

40 00

.. 2(52 00

172 00

262 00

120 00

8 00

264 50

McDonald, A

McKinnon, K

•

McPhee, A

McCallum, A.

McKay, A

O'Neil, A. J

Oram, J

Oakes, M

Penault, W. H

Prince, A

Ritchie, A. W

Reilly, M. M

.

Robertson, J

Robinson, W

Streatfield, L

Skuce, T

Sage, N

Sedgewick, J

Shiels, J. A

Scantlin, J

Thompson, F. H

Vannier, N.

Vankoughuet, J

Welsh, J

Woods, R

Wilson, C

Wilcox, a

Wilcox, T

Young, W

15,468 82

13,018 15

105,047 52

Colonization Roads

Surveys

34,540 01

364 00

Contingencies. Printing and binding

1,086 43

1,988 78

1,270 25

500 00

550 00

769 00

500 00

2,252 27

776 06

Stationery

Postage anu Telegraphing

Officekeeper

Messenger

Firemen

Nightwatchman

::::: :::'::::

9,692 79

236,336 69

D. GEO'. ROSS,

Accountant.

Department op Crown Lands,

Toronto, 31st December, 1889.

12

AUBREY WHITE,

Assistant Commissioner.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

APPENDIX No. 7.

Woods and Forests.

Statement of Revenue collected during the year ending 31st of December, 18891.

§ c.

$ c.

Amount of Ottawa collections

336,397 24 43,714 49

158,306 11

486,165 25 54,015 03

380,111 73

" " " " at Quebec

158,306 11

540,180 28 1,078,598 12

Total

AUBREY WHITE,

Assistant Commissioner.

G. B. COWPER,

Chief Clerk in charge.

Department of Crown Lands, Woods and Forests Branch,

Toronto, 31st December, 1889.

13

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

APPENDIX

WOODS AND Statement of Timber and Amounts accrued from Timber Dues, Ground

QUANTITIES AND

Area

covered by

Timber

Licenses.

Saw Logs.

SbUARE

AGENCIES.

White Pine.

Other.

White Pine.

Square Miles.

Pieces.

Feet.

Pieces.

Feet.

Pieces.

Feet.

Ottawa Timber District

Belleville Timber District

Western Timber District

6,547

1,4892

9.190J

1,982,878 1,418,946 3,400,484

237,664,827 123,272,526 364,790,280

15,445 18,012 11,344

44,801

1,426,606

1,297,480

944,027

33,868

304

52,059

1,754,382

18,006

2,887,367

Total

17,226^

6,802,308

725,727,633

3,668,113

86,231

4, 05!), 755

GENERAL STATEMENT OF

AGENCIES.

Hemlock.

Cordwood.

Pile

Timber.

■X3

a. .

* ss

No.

Traverses.

Lineal Cedar.

Pieces.

Feet.

Hard Cords.

Soft Cords.

Feet B. M.

Pieces.

Feet.

12

8,326

740

583

2,380

450

32,876

53,742

1,739

37,360

17,441

12

8,326

Total

740

2,322

37,360

2,380

450

104,059

G. B. COWPER,

Chief Clerk in Charge.

Department op Crown Lands, Woods and Forests Branch, Toronto, 31st December, 1889.

14

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

No. 8.

FORESTS.

Rent and Bonus during the year ending 31st of December, 1889.

DESCRIPTION OF TIMBER.

TlMISKK.

Boom and Dimension

Ash, Elm,

Maple

Tamarac.

Railway

Red Pine.

Timber.

and Basswood.

Oak.

Ties.

Pieces.

Feet.

Pieces.

Feet.

Pieces.

Feet.

Pieces.

Feet.

Pieces

Feet.

Pier

9,SG0

356,787

63,855 13,640 82,437

10,880,424

2,930,096

18,189,717

( B. 29

< A. 174 (E. 27

1,005

4,773 861

1 31

1,476

24

1,015

123,616

18,947

436,638

1,030

43,327

(A. 77 < E. 21 (M. 3

2,351

927 127

\

1

36

10,890

400,114

159,932

32,000,237

(A. 251 J B. 29 1 E. 48 lM. 3

7.124 1,005 1,788

127

}■

1,476

25

1,051

579,201

TIMBER, Etc.— Continue..!.

Cedar

Posts.

Bolts.

Spars.

Amounts Accrued.

Cords. 1 Cords.

Pieces.

Feet.

Interest,

Trespass,

etc.

Timber Dues.

Ground t> Rent. Bonus-

Total.

870

481

107

3,253

3,841

6

1,200

S c. 1,066 92

108 84

11,056 34

•5 c. 295,087 88

128,212 43

478,742 7G

S c. 21,998 90

$ c.

$ c. 318,153 70

133,191 27

588,418 86

674

4,870 00 32,561 60

66,058 16

6

1,544

1,200

12,232 10

902,043 07

59,430 50

66,058 16

1,039,763 83

AUBREY WHITE,

Assistant Commissioner.

15

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

APPENDIX No. 11.

Nepigon, Ont., 13th December, 1889.

Sir, — I have the honour to respectfully submit for your consideration my annual report as Fishery Overseer of the Lake and River Nepigon District.

Fishing tor pleasure with fly and hook and line have been the only methods practiced here during the past season. No netting or other illegal means of procuring fish have been resorted to. Jn this connection I have no complaints to make, nor has any infringe- ment of the fishery laws been brought to my notice.

The River Nepigon was throughout the season in very fair condition for fly fishing the water being low and remarkably clear. Any quantity of fish was in the stream, still complaints were made that the trout would not rise readily to the fly. Many fine catches, however, were made and large fish taken.

Not so many anglers visited the Nepigon the past season as during the previous year, owing in a great measure to the exorbitant charges made during 1888, by the Indians and half-breeds, who act as guides and boatmen. This great objection was, however, much mitigated during the past season by having men brought in from other localities.

The sum of three hundred and sixty-five dollars ($365) was received for special permits issued, all of which has been transmitted to your department along with state- ments, permit books, etc.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your very obedient servant, (Signed) NEWTON" FLANAGAN,

Fishery Overseer. To the Honourable,

The Commissioner of Crown Lands,

Toronto.

APPENDIX No. 12.

Beaumaris, 23rd December, 1889.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit to you my annual report respecting the fisheries in the district over which I am overseer.

During the past season anglers have met with fair success, although there have been complaints of the scarcity of bass ; this is accounted for by the fact that this variety of fish have certain feeding grounds and never leave such localities, consequently portions of the lakes aie tished out, whereas in other portions, not frequented by anglers, the supply is as good as ever. Should Lakes Muskoka, Rosseau and Joseph be restocked, which is strongly urged by many persons, a judicious distribution of the "Fry " would be necessary.

The law relative to sawdust and mill rubbish is as a rule well observed, only two cases of violation having come under my notice during the past season, and the parties at my request immediately took steps to stop the nuisance.

21

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. *22). A. 1890

Netting as a rule is not practiced, but T regret to say that parties encourage it, by buying fish which they know have been netted.

I would respectfully again call your attention to the close season for salmon trout* viz. :— 1st to 30th November. The close season for this district should certainly be a month earlier for this variety of fish, as this fall they were at the height of spawning about the 8th October, and were over by the 20th of that month. The Indians place the spawning season for tliis fish at the full moon of October, and by personal observation for some years past, this has been the time at which they were at the height of spawning.

At the request of several parties on Trading Lake, [ procured a quantity of white- fish spawn, and forwarded it to Baysviile for distribution in the lake. Residents also on the shores of Mary Lake are anxious to have some deposited in that lake, for this purpose I intend procuring some next fall. As whitefish is one of the staple fish of Ontario, I think it advisable to distribute it as much as possible.

I have tlie honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant, (Signed) JOHN H. WILLMOTT,

Fishf ry Overseer. The Honourable,

The Commissioner of Crown Lands,

Toronto.

APPENDIX No. 13.

Lakefield, Ont., December 31st, 1889.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit for your consideration my annual report of the the fisheries in the district of which I am overseer, viz : — Counties of Peterboro'. Victoria and Haliburton.

During the past season fishing has been exceedingly pood. Trolling with spoon, and rod and line, are the only means used for taking fish. The law has been tolerably well observed. I have succeeded in putting down the use of snares to a great extent. I have prosecuted several parties for illegal fishing which will be found in my report of convic- tions, and have forwarded to your department $3.50 for fines. During the season I have collected for 37 permits issued to Americans 837, which has been duly forwarded to your department,

I beg to suggest that the following changes be made in the law as regards this district.

That the price of permits to foreigners be 85. The only way that I can collect for permits is to personally visit the parties. They seem to think that 81 for permission to fish means nothing, and unless made to understand that they will be prosecuted unless they obtain permits, will pay no attention to the law and use the argument that if your government meant them to pay for permits, it would make the charges something worth collecting.

That the close season for salmon be from 15th October to 30th of November, for the reason that these fish spawn between those dates in the waters of this district. During the summer and fall I visited officially the waters of this district, To properly look after the fisheries in this district would require all my time, during the close season^

22

i'S Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

juid at midsummer, to collect for permits when foreigners are visiting these waters. I am creditably informed that Americans shipped large quantities of bass and maskilonge" to the States during the summer and fall I have done all possible to put down illegal fishing with as little expense as possible.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant, (Signed) F. J. MOORE,

To the Honourable, Fishery Overseer.

The Commissioner of Crown Lands,

Toronto.

APPENDIX NO. 14.

Copy of an Ordf.r-in-Council, Approved by His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor,. the 26th day of May, A. D. 1887.

Upon the recommendation of the Honourable the Commissioner of Crown Lands, the Committee of Council advise, that the accompanying regulations under the " Ontario Fisheries Act, 18S5," be approved of and established by Your Honour. Certified,

J. LONSDALE CAPREOL,

Assistant Clerk Executive Council, The Honourable Ontario.

The Commissioner of Crown Lands.

The Commissioner of Crown Lands has the honour to recommend to the Executive Council that the following regulations be made under "The Ontario Fisheries Act, 1385," namely :—

1. That leases granted tor the purpose of conveying the fishing right* pertaining to public lands adjoining the rivers, streams and lakes of the Province, shall be f>>r the depth of one chain inland from the water's edg< ,

2. Such leases shall be granted as far as practicable to responsible parties, able and willing to improve the lakes and rivers and guard them well. Applicants having in view the personal use and enjoyment of the fishing rights to ba generally preferred to such as may offer higher rents with a view to farming or sub-letting the right to fish. Care to be taken that residents in the Province be allowed to enjoy a due proportion of the fishing rights.

3. That the valuation of the lands for rent shall lie based on the character and condition of the rivers, streams and lakes which they adjoin, as made known to the Department of Crown lands l>y reports of official inspectors or private individuals, all such reports to be considend confulential, and not to be c< mmunicated to other parties without the express authorization of the Commissioner of Crown lands. Offers made by applicants for leases noi to be communicated to other applicants.

4 That leases of lands made and granted under the provisions of " The Ontario Fisheries Act" shall not be held to convey the right to work any mine that may be found on such lands, or to cut any timber thereon.

23

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

5. That licenses and permits to fish .shall be granted upon the payment in advance of such fees as the Commissioner of Crown Lands may from time to time determine, and shall be valid until the close of the angling season of the year in which it is granted.

6. That excessive or wasteful fishing, or killing of fish, shall involve the cancellation of the lease, license or permit covering the waters in which it has taken place.

7. That it be obligatory upon any person who has no domicile in the Province of Ontario, and who desires to fish in the rivers, streams or lakes under the control of the Province, to procure a permit or license to that effect from the Commissioner of Crown Lands before beginning to fish.

8. That no person shall, except under authority of a fishery lease, fishing license, or permit, fish for, catch or kill any fish in any inland lake, river or stream adjoining the ungranted lands of the Province.

9. That no person shall, without lawful authority, fish for, catch or kill, by any device or means, any fish during their spawning time, or disturb or destroy their spawn or spawning-beds.

10. That it shall not be lawful to fish for, catch, or kill, brook trout, salmon trout, white fish, bass, pike, pickerel, maskinonge, tulibee, grayling, herring, or perch, in any inland lake, river or stream under the control of the Province, by any device or means other than by hook and line or angling, except in waters leased or licensed for the express purpose of net fishing.

11. That it shall not be lawful to use any explosives, or chemical material, or com- pound, tor the purpose of killing or catching fish.

12. That fishing by torch-light, or other artificial light, placed in or above the water, is prohibited.

13. That no person shall fish for, catch, kill, buy, sell, or have in possession, any fish at times when the taking or killing of fish is prohibited by lawful authority.

14. That parties holding leases under the provisions of "The Ontario Fisheries Act " shall not have any recourse against the Government of the Province for any hindrance to their use and enjoyment of the fishing rights pertaining to the lands leased, by the operation of any law enacted or that may be hereafter enacted by the Parliament of Canada, or by any action of the Government of Canada, or any person employed thereunder.

15. It shall not be lawful to use or set in any of the inland rivers, streams or water courses within the Province, any net, rack, trap, weir, or obstruction for the purpose of catching fish, or whereby the free passage of fish up and down the same may be obstructed or prevented.

16. The catching, killing, or molesting of fish when passing or attempting to pass through any fishway or fish-pass, or in surmounting any obstacle or leaps, the use of any invention to catch, kill, or molest fish in the mill-heads and water-courses appurtenant thereto, are hereby forbidden.

17. It shall not be lawful to put into any waters in any inland river, stream or lake in the Province where fish are taken, any offal, blood, putrid brine, putrid fish, or other deleterious substance ; and all fish, oft'al, or filth of any description whatsoever accruing from the catching and curing of fish, shall be burned or buried twenty yards distant from the water's edge of said river, stream or lake.

Close Season*.

It shall not be lawful to fish for, catch, kill, or have in possession :

Speckled Trout, between the 15th September and 1st May.

Pickerel (dore), between the 15th April and 15th May.

Bass and maskinonge, between the 15th April and 15th June.

White fish and salmon tiout, between the 1st November and 30th November.

ARTHUR S. HARDY,

Commissioner of Crown Lands.

24

53 Victoria.

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■ ~ ifl IC 1C

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

APPENDIX No. 22.

Statement of Patents issued by the Patents Branch during the Year 1889.

Crown Lands 272

School " 76

Mining " 139

Public " (late Clergy Reserve) 34

Free Grant Lands A. A. 105

" " under Act of 1880 234

Rainy River " 11

License of occupation 1

Total 872

AUBREY WHITE,

Assistant Commissioner^ JOHN M. GRANT,

Chief Clerk in Charge.

Department of Crown Lands,

Toronto, 31st December, 1889.

34

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

APPENDIX No. 23.

Statemknt of the Names of Candidates who uave Passed their Examinations before the board of examiners of land surveyors for ontario during the Year 1889.

preliminary candidates passed.

John Drummond Anderson. Leander Meyer Bowman. Thomas Alexander Harvey. William Charles Perceval Heathcotte.

Walter Francis O'Hara. George Alexander Sharpe. John Watson. Murdoch John McLennan.

FINAL CANDIDATES PASSED AND SWORN IN AS PROVINCIAL LAND SURVEYORS.

David Benjamin Brown Alfred John Cameron. Recard Watson De Mo rest. Robert Thornton Johnson. Edward Charles Steele. John Absalom Wilde.

Frederick William Farncomb.

George Walter McFarlen, Graduate School

of Practical Science. John Harrison Moore, Graduate School of

Practical Science. Charles Hugh Wallace, B.A., B.E., T.C.D.

The Board of Examiners of Land Surveyors, for Ontario, meets at the office of tlie Commissioner of Crown Lands, on the first Monday in each of the months of April and November, in every year, unless such Monday be a holiday (in which case they shall meet on the day next thereafter, not being a holiday). Section 6, Chapter 152, Revised Statutes of Ontario of 1887.

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION.

All persons, with the exception of Graduates of the Royal Military College at Kingston, and of the Ontario School of Practical Science, before they can be apprenticed to a Provincial Land Surveyor, must pass a satisfactory examination before the Board of Examiners in the following subjects : Penmanship, Orthography, Fractions, Decimals, Square Root, Logarithms, Algebra (including Equations to the first degree, Euclid (first four books), Plane Trigonometry, the Rules for Spherical Trigonometry, Mensu- ration of Superficies, the use of Ruling Pen and construction of Plain and Comparative Scales.

FIN^, EXAMINATION.

?axjm

Final Candidates, before obtaining a License to practice, undergo a strict and search- ing examination before the Board of Examiners in the following subjects, viz.: Geometry, including the first six books of Euclid (with the exception of the last thirteen propositions of the Fifth Book) ; Algebra, including Progressions, Plane and Spherical Trigonometry,

35

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Mensuration of Superficies ; Laying out and dividing up of Land ; Descriptions by metes and bounds for Deeds and other Documents ; the Use and Adjustment of Surveying and Levelling Instruments : the laying out of Curves ; Practical Astronomy, including finding of time, latitude, longitude, Azimuth, Variation of the Compass, and drawing Meridian lines ; the Acts relating to the Survey of Lands in Ontario, the general Mining Act, the Registry Act (so far as it refers to Plans), the Municipal Acts (so far as they relate to Roads, Surveys and Drainage), the Ditches and Water Courses Act ; the Theory and Practice of Levelling ; the Principles of Evidence ; Drawing of Affidavits ; Taking of Field Notes and Preparing Plans ; the Rudiments of Geology and Mineralogy, and the Sufficiency of their Surveying Instruments.

AUBREY WHITE,

Assistant Commissioner.

GEORGE B. KIRKPATRICK, P.L.S.,

Chief Clerk in Charge.

Department of Crown Lands,

Toronto. December 31st, 1889.

36

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

SURVEYOR'S REPORTS.

(Appendix No. 2 %.)

DISTRICT OF NIPISSING,

Township of Dack.

Tilbury Centre, Ontario,

February 5th, 1889.

Sir. — I have the honour to submit the following report of the survey made by me of the township of Dack, in the district of Nipissing, in accordance with instructions received from your office bearing date the 31st day of May, 1888.

I started from Toronto on the 11th day of August, via the Northern and North- Western Railway, to North Bay, thence by the Canadian Pacific Railway to Mattawa ; here I procured men and supplies and started up the Ottawa Eiver and Lake Temiscam- ingue, by way of the Lake Temiscamingue Colonization Company's steamers and tramways, to Baie des Peres, and I procured a small steamer here to take us up to North Temiscamingue and also up the Blanche River about twenty five miles. We then pro- ceeded up the river and its south branch in an eight-oared boat, to the east boundary of the township of Dack. I then retraced said boundary south, to Provincial Land Surveyor Niven's post, planted in front of the second concession, and commenced the actual survey of the township from this point.

I ran the concession lines and side lines as directed in the instructions ; as the weather was very wet and cloudy at nights, I did not get an observation of Polaris until night of the 30th day of August.

There are about one-half of the township brule, which is growing up with underbrush of poplar, tamarac, spruce, balsam, willow and birch, as shown on the timber plan. The principal timber in the green bush is tamarac, spruce, balsam, balm of gilead and birch, with a few white pine, varying in diameter from six inches to two feet.

There is about three-fourths of the township well adapted for agricultural purposes as the greater part of the soil is clay and clay loam of an excellent quality, with a small portion of sandy soil mixed with clay in the swamps and along the flats of a large creek, which enters the township about the centre of concession one, lot number twelve, and runs in a north-easterly direction across lots numbers twelve, eleven, ten, nine, eight and seven, and enters the south branch of the Blanche River in the fourth concession.

The south branch of Blanche River enters the township in lot number twelve in the fourth concession, and flows in an easterly direction crossing the east boundary of the township in the north part of the third concession. There are eleven falls on the river across the township, varying from five to thirty feet, which makes it very inconvenient for canoeing and packing in supplies. There is also a log jam in the river, four or five chains in length, on lot number five, concession number four. The average width of the river is about one and a half chains.

The township would be very easily drained as there are numerous small spring creeks running through it, and also quite a number of water courses which are dry at the present time ; all of which have a natural incline toward the river.

37

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

There were no minerals of any commercial value met with in the township. The principal kind of rock is gneissoid, which abounds chiefly in the south-east and eastern portions of the township.

Accompanying this report are plans and field notes of the township, which I trust you will find satisfactory.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

JOS. M. TIERNAN, The Honourable A. S. Hardy, Provincial Land Surveyor.

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

(Appendix No. 2-r>.)

DISTRICT OF NIPISSING.

Township of Notman.

Leamington, Ontario,

December 29th, 1888.

Sir. — I have the honour to report that I have, in compliance with instructions dated the 29th day of May, 1888, made a survey of the township of Notman in the district of Nipissing. I proceeded from here by railway to the village of North Bay, situated on the Canadian Pacific Railway, and from thence by wagon along the colonization road northward to the north-east angle of the township of Merrick, from which point I walked the balance of the way along the north boundary of this township to the stake at its north-west angle, which was to be the starting point of my survey. Having there obtained an observation of Polaris, I proceeded and laid out the township of Notman, as directed in my instructions, running the lines for the front of the several concessions due west astronomically, and the side lines between the alternate lots due north astronomically.

The land throughout this township, although generally undulating and stony, may be termed level, as but very few large hills or high elevations were found, and road making will not be difficult.

The soil is of a light sandy nature, and where not interspersed too thickly with stones and rocks is adapted for agricultural purposes.

Rock crops out in only a few places and is generally found along the shores of the lakes in the township and is known as the granite or gneiss rock.

The timber throughout the township is balsam, spruce, tamarac, hemlock, cedar, birch, hard maple and pine. The latter is found scattered over nearly the entire township and is of a good merchantable quality, and can be readily floated during the spring freshets through the creeks and lakes to the railway.

No indications of minerals were found in the township, and the disturbance of the magnetic needle was but slight during the survey.

Indications of the existence of bear, moose deer and beaver were seen in the township, but no animals were seen during the survey.

No fish of large size inhabit the waters of the lakes and creeks throughout the township.

Accompanying you will find field notes and plans, etc., of this survey, which I trust you will find correct and meet with your approval.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

ALEXANDER BAIRD, The Honourable T. B. Pardee, Provincial Land Surveyor.

Commmissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

38

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

{Appendix No. 26.)

DISTRICT OF NIPISSING.

town'ship of robillard.

Brockville, Ontario,

Jauuary "2nd, 1890.

SlB. — I have the honor to submit the following report of the survey of the township of Rohillard in the district of Nipissing, in accordance with instructions from your department, bearing date the 8th day of August, 1889.

I proceeded to Mattawa on 27th August, thence by Lake Temiscamingue Col. Co's steamers and railway to Gordon Creek, where I engaged the steamer " Dora " to take myself and party to the head of Lake Temiscamingue and up the Blanche River as far as navigation would permit at that late season of the year. We succeeded in getting up about twenty-five miies from the head of the lake with the steamer, when recourse was had to our six-oared boat and canoes. After some slight difficulty in the rapids of the south branch of the Blanche River we reached the foot of the " Big Portage," near the east boundary of the township of Dack, on the 2nd day of September. Our six-oared boat was left here. By noon on the 4th day of September we arrived with all our supplies at the east boundary of the township of Robillard and camped on the south side of the river Blanche (south branch).

The work of subdividing the township was commenced by running the different concession lines west from the east boundary, according to instructions. The lines in front of concessions three and five and those between lots four and five and eight and nine were made bases for their respective adjoining lines.

Owing to continued rainy and cloud}1- weather during the greater portion of the survey I was unable to check my work by astronomical observations as often as I desired, and in consequence, to obviate errors, I started nearly all the lines from the south and west boundaries as well as from the east.

The south branch of the Blanche River, in the form of a long, narrow lake, enters the township at the west boundary in concession number five, flows south-easterly across concessions numbers five, four and three, then back to concession number four, in which concession it leaves the township at the east boundary. It has a width varying from one and a half to thirty chains, and a depth of twenty-five to fifty feet. It has neither rapids or any perceptible current during its passage through the township, and is free from all obstruc- tions Its waters are dark but clear, and, unlike the main Blanche River, are free from floating mud.

It abounds with fish, dore* and pike being the most plentiful. The shores are densely wooded to the water's edge.

There are two other lakes in the township, both of which are of small area. They lie in concessions numbers one and two. Their waters flow to the Blanche River.

The whole township is well watered by numerous creeks, as will be seen by reference to the plan. The water from most of these flows directly to the Blanche River.

That portion of the township to the north of the river consists of level and undulating country, with good clay soil throughout. The level portions are generally swampy. There are no hills of greater elevation than fifty feet. That portion 10 the south of the river is more broken and rocky, especially in the south-westerly part of the township, with rocky hills along the south shore of the river one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet high.

The timber consists chiefby of spruce, balsam, tamarac, cedar, birch, poplar and pitch pine, with some merchantable white pine in the south portions and along the Blanche River.

There is also a large tract of brule extending across the whole northern portion of the township.

Moose are very plentiful, as also are beaver and otter.

I consider at least seventy-five per cent, of the township, as far as soil is concerned, to be adapted to agricultural purposes.

39

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22.) A. 1890

No economic minerals were met with.

The average magnetic declination was 7° 20' west, although the needle was subject to fluctuations varying from 4° west to 11° west.

Accompanying this report will be found field notes, plans, accounts, etc.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

The Honourable A. S. Hardy, B. J. SAUNDERS,

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Provincial Land Surveyor.

Toronto.

(Appendix No. 27.)

DISTRICT OF NIPISSING.

Township op Osborne.

Ingersoll, Ontario,

November 13th, 1889.

Sir. — I have the honour to report that I have completed the sub-division survey of the township of Osborne, according to your instructions dated the 31st day of May, 1889.

I secured men and provisions, etc., at North Bay and proceeded to my township from North Bay via the North Bay and Temiscamingue road.

The greater part of the township is flat or very gently undulating, the only hills of any consequence being in the south-east corner. The soil is sandy and rather rocky but in some places is well adapted for agricultural purposes.

There are several small lakes in the south and east. The largest, about two and a half miles long, is called Jocko Lake, and is the source of the Jocko River or Creek. This creek flows in a north-easterly direction, and is about two chains wide as it leaves the lake but gradually becomes narrower and swifter until it crosses to the eastern boundary of the township ; there it is not more than seventy or seventy-five links wide.

There are two other creeks of some importance, one flowing from the north-west corner and entering the Jocko River near the north end of the lake. The other flows south-eastei'ly from a lake on the north boundary, about a mile and a half from the north- east angle, and entering the Jocko River near the east boundary of the township.

There is a belt of green timber all along the westerly side of the township, but the rest of the township, except the south-east corner, has been burned some years ago and is now covered with small poplar and cherry. The green woods are chiefly birch, balsam, tamarae and spruce, with a few scattered pines.

In the north-west corner is a very long tamarae and spruce swamp, but the timber is not large. The Government road to Lake Temiscamingue crosses the township in a northwesterly direction, entering near the south-east corner, and makes the township easily reached by settlers. There is one settler where the road crosses the Jocko River, but his clearance is quite small.

The mile posts planted on my south boundary correspond with those planted for the north boundary of the township of Stewart, so no jogs occur. The township of Hammell, to the west of me. was not surveyed when I finished my work, so I am unable to give the jogs that the posts planted for that township might make with the concession posts on my west boundary. I saw no valuable mineral.

The general magnetic variation is 7°, 22v west.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

The Honourable A. S. Hardy, W. R. BURKE,

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Provincial Land Surveyor.

Toronto.

40

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

(Appendix No 28.) DISTRICT OF NIPISSING.

Township of Savard.

Elora, Ontario,

November 11th, 1889.

Sir. — I have the honour herewith to submit to you the following report on the township of Savard in the district of Nipissing, surveyed by me this season in conformity with your instructions.

Proceeding from Mattawa, where I procured supplies, by steamer and railway to the head of Lake Temiscamingue, I there procured a small steamer by which I was enabled (the water being high) to go about thirty miles up the Blanche River ; or about three miles above the junction of the west branch with the main river. Thence, by canoes and portages, I reached a point on the north boundary of the township of Chamberlain, four miles east of the north-east corner of the township of Savard.

I found it tedious work getting supplies moved from this point and distributed through the township.

The concession lines I ran west from the posts planted by Provincial Land Surveyor Niven, and the side lines as instructed.

The township is almost entirely drained by Blanche Creek (a branch of Blanche River) and its tributaries. This creek enters in lot number five, concession number one, running due almost north to the line between concessions numbers two and three ; thence in an easterly direction, crosses the east boundary, and enters the township of Chamberlain in the third concession. It is about forty links in width, with an average depth of about four feet and without any falls or rapids.

The greater portion of concessions numbers one, two and three are timbered with large balsam, spruce, tamarac, poplar, and balm of Gilead. Some of the two last are exceedingly large, running sixty feet without limbs. The spruce and tamarac are also of good size, being from eighteen inches to two feet in diameter.

The balance of the township now consists of brule, grown up with poplar and birch on the high lands and tamarac and spruce on the low lands. A heavy growth of alder underbrush covers almost the entire surface.

Except concession number six and a portion of concession number five, this township is well adapted for agricultural purposes, the soil being clay or clay loam ; in fact, I should say eighty-five per cent, would be good agricultural land.

Judging from crops at the head of Lake Temiscamingue this portion of the district of Nipissing should present a good field for settlers. At that place I saw wheat nearly five feet high ripening nicely. Potatoes also were a fine crop, in fact as good specimens were seen there as I have seen in any part of Ontario.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

Honourable A. S. Hardy,

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

j. k. Mclean,

Provincial Land Surveyor.

41

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

(Appendix No. 29.) DISTRICT OF NIPISSING.

Township of Henwood.

Eganville, Ontario,

November 11th, 1889.

Sir. — In accordance with instructions, dated the 11th day of June, 1889, to sub-divide the township of Henwood, in the district of Nipissing, into farm lots of three hundred and twenty acres each, I beg to report having done the same in strict conformity with said instructions, and herewith hand in plans and field notes, trusting the same will meet with your approval.

My route to the work was via Lake Temiscamingue by steamer, up Wahbee Creek with canoes, to the line between concessions numbers one and two, township of Kerns; thence by portage westerly, along said concession line, six miles, to the east boundary of the township of Henwood.

Although the southern portion of the township of Henwood is somewhat stony and broken by rocky ridges, running in a northerly and southerly direction, I consider fully seventy five per cent. (75 per cent.) of the township good arable land and capable of sustaining a large population, the soil being mostly clay loam of excellent quality. Some of the pitch pine lands and a few of the swamps are sandy, but the area of the sand is small in comparison to the whole.

The timber is principally spruce, tamarac, white birch, whitewood and pine. The rocky ridges in the south are covered with a dense growth of scrubby pitch pine of no commercial value, while scattered white, red and pitch pine of good quality are to be found on the eastern, central and northern portions of the township.

Considering the good facilites for getting timber to market, the creeks being well adapted for driving saw-logs, the township of Henwood will eventually form the centre of a limit of considerable value.

The rock formation is that usually found in that district.

Game was abundant, especially bear, moose and cariboo.

Unlimited water of good quality can be found almost anywhere throughout the township.

All doubts as to climate of that portion of Ontario were dispelled by a visit to Mr. C. C. Parr's garden, Lake Temiscamingue, south shore, on my way down. The garden contained everything that a well ordered garden in a civilized country should. I found in it as good vegetables as ever I saw, except at fairs Mr. Farr told me he had no trouble in ripening melons, tomatoes, celery, in fact, everthing usually grown in a garden in northern Ontario. He has a small orchard planted which also appears to be doing well.

The more one sees of the Lake Temiscamingue country the more its advantages become apparent, and I do not think it takes much of a prophet to predict a bright and prosperous future for it.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

FRANK PURVIS,

Honourable A. S. Hardy, Provincial Land Surveyor.

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

42

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

(Appendix No. 80.)

DISTRICT OF NIPISSING.

Township of Hammell.

Dtjrlin, Ontario,

December 19tb, 1889.

Sir. — I have the honour to submit the following report on the township of Hamaiell, surveyed by me in conformity with your instructions dated the 12th day of September, 1*89.

I proceeded by rail to North Bay, thence by the Government road through the town- ship of Widdifield, and so on to the south boundary of the township of Osborne by wagons. Thence west along this boundary, carrying my supplies five and one-half miles, to the south-east angle of the township of Hammell. the west boundary of the township of Osborne having been recently surveyed.

I commenced my survey at the south-east angle of the township, as directed by the instructions, brushing out and measuring along the northern boundary of the township of Notman as the front of my first concession, and making the lots forty chains in width, to the line between lots numbers four and five. Here an observation of Polaris was obtained on the night of the 29th September, and the line between these lots runs north astronomically to the north boundary of the township, making this a base line.

The survey was then carried on to completion, the concession lines being run east and west and the side lines north and south astronomically, and the lots laid out forty chains in width by eighty chains in depth.

The north boundary was run west astronomically from the post at the north-west angle of the township of Osborne, and the west boundary north astronomically from the post at the north-west angle of the township of Notman.

Observations were taken as the work progressed the details of which will be found in the field notes.

This township contains about fifty per cent, of farming land, the soil of which is a sandy loam. In some places it is comparatively free from stone and in others very stony, while the granite frequently comes to the surface. Although a number of quartz veins were seen no traces of minerals were observed.

The township is comparatively level, lying as it does on th^ water shed between the Sturgeon and Ottawa Rivers, the north-west portion of the township draining into the latter and the remainder of the township into the former. Spruce Lake is the head waters of the Tomoko River, a branch of the Sturgeon River.

The lakes in this towship are nnmerous, as will be seen by the plan. Thej' are fine sheets of water containing the usual kinds of fish, and the one on the south boundary (Ka-o-tis-nim-i-go-wang) containing salmon trout.

The timber is of mixed variety. There is considerable white pine around most of the lakes and scattered more or less over the township, the largest and best being through the south- east portion of the township.

The streams connecting the lakes are of fair size and fit for driving purposes.

There are blocks of maple and birch almost exclusively, and flats of spruce, tamarac and cedar. The usual fur-bearing animals are comparatively plentiful, and the township is overrun with moose deer, their trails being crossed in all directions.

Accompanying this report are field notes, plan of survey, timber plan and account.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

J. J. McKENNA, The Honourable A. S. Hardy, Provincial Land Surveyor.

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

43

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

(Appendix No. SI.)

DISTEICT OF NIPISSING. Township op Niven.

Peterboro", Ontario,

December 20th, 1889.

Sir. — I have the honour to submit herewith the field notes and plan of survey of the township of Mven, in the district of Nipissing, performed under your instructions dated the 31st day of May 1889.

As might be expected the township in its chief features is very similar to the townships already surveyed in this vicinity, viz.: more or less rocky, broken and undu- lating, with patches of soil and swampy land interspersed.

With the exception of some four thousand acres (4,000 acres) in the south-west corner, the township was some twenty years ago overrun by fire which spread through a large portion of this country.

A growth of white birch, poplar and other kinds of wood grew up in the burnt places, which, in turn, also became a prey to fire in the summer of 1888. So that now nothing remains of the former woods save the debris of dead and charred pine, fallen and standing, above the burnt growth of young wood.

During the past forty years, with, I understood, little intermission, lumbering opera- tions have been carried on in the north part of the township, under various managements, but this season I hear will be the last.

All that part of the township lying north of concession line number eight and nine is very broken and rocky.

On the north-east shore of White Partridge Lake may be found about five hundred acres of sandy land scattered over a larger area. At the outlet of the lake about sixty acres have been used for cropping and pasturage by the owners of the limits.

There is a good dwelling house, at present occupied, and five or six outbuildings on the farm.

In past years hay, oats, and root crops have been grown for supplying the shanties. This year a very fine crop of potatoes was grown on a few acres, the remainder of the farm being used for pasturage of horses and cattle.

White Partridge Creek flows out here, first in a north-easterly direction, then a little west of north, into the Petawawa River, crossing the north boundary in lot number twenty-six. It has been used for the passage of logs, and it is still used for the carriage of those taken out south of the lake.

The south west corner of the township, referred to, is covered chiefly with a rather dense growth of white and red pine which has been but partially cut out. It will average about sixteen inches in diameter but is not to be considered of the best quality. This timber will be driven by the Bonnechere River which takes its rise in the adjacent vicinity. The river after meandering easterly through the southern concessions flows out of the township finally, crossing the south boundary at the line between lots numbers eleven and twelve.

The stream varies in width from thirty links to one chain, and in depth from one to five feet, about two feet over the greater part in ordinary seasons. There are several short rapids and light falls on its way through the township but tolerably long stretches of even flow are not infrequent. It is being largely improved this season by the limit holders, Messrs. McLaughlin Bros.

That part of the township east of side line, between lots numbers twenty-five and twenty-six, and south of concession line numbers eight and nine, contains some very fair land, though somewhat stony in places. It is of a rolling character and at points broken

44

53 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

by rounded hills of sand, clay and gravel, upon which is springing up a thrifty growth of young pine, white and red, which if protected muse in time grow into timber. There are also comparatively level tracts of the same class of soil, etc.

There is one settler, William Mclntyre, who has a clearance of about ten acres on lot number eleven in concession number one, and it is said that a fine tract of country, covered mostly with hardwood, lies south-westerly from his place.

Owing to the burnt condition of the township game of every kind is scarce. As will be seen White Partridge Lake is the only important lake, and, although I have had no fish from it, it is said that white fish and salmon trout are taken.

In the various small lakes and streams scattered over the township speckled trout and small fish are found, but not to any extent.

About forty per centum of that part of the township south of concession line numbers eight and nine, or a little more than half of the township, may be considered as fairly fit for the growth of hay, oats and root crops, and of the remainder of the township the average would not exceed fifteen per centum of the area.

An old lumber road from Eganville enters the township on lot number eleven, con- cession number one, and continues on to Perley's farm on White Portage Lake, previously described, thence in a north-easterly direction to Lake Traverse and Bissett's Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

(Signed) J. W. FITZGERALD, The Honourable A. S. Hardy, Provincial Land Surveyor.

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

{Appendix No. 82.)

DISTRICT OF NIPISSING.

Township op Beauchamp.

Toronto, Ontario,

December 23rd, 1889.

Sir. — I have the honour to submit the following report of the survey of the town- ship of Beauchamp, north of Lake Temiscamingue, in the district of Nipissing, under instructions from your department dated the 11th day of June, 1889.

The township of Beauchamp is situate on a plateau between the south branch of the White or Blanche River and the Kappa-qua-big-a-gin Creek, which flows into the south branch of the White River a mile or two from the north-east angle of the town- ship. The south-east part of the township is considerably broken by the creek aforesaid and by the small streams running into it. The timber in this part being principally balsam, birch, spruce, tamarac and cedar, with a few pine on lots numbers one and two, conces- sions numbers two and three. The soil for the most part clay, and sandy and stony where pine occurs.

There is a small tract of burned country in the north-east portion where the soil is very rocky. The south-westerly portion of the township is occupied by a large pitch pine flat with very little underbrush, the soil being mostly white sand.

There are several blocks in the central portion almost devoid of water, the land lying high and dry between the two watersheds to the north-west and south-east. A few small ponds are met with but no lakes of any magnitude.

45

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 18iiO

Along the west boundary, and extending from a mile to two miles to the east, is a strip of very good pine land. The surface of the country in some parts of this district being very hilly, the soil almost pure sand and very stony in places.

I send herewith the plans and held notes of the township, complete.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

H. B. PROUDFOOT, The Honourable A. S. Hardy, Provincial Land Surveyor.

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

(Appendix No. 33.)

DISTRICT OF NIPISSING.

Township op Marquis.

Ottawa, Ontario,

November 27th, 1889

Sir. — I have the honour to submit the following report of the survey of the town- ship of Marquis in the district of Nipissing, according to instructions from your department dated June 11th, 1889, also the plans, field notes, and account of the same which I transmit herewith.

I proceeded from here by Canadian Pacific Railway to Mattawa, thence by line of steamers to the head of Lake Temiscamingue, and thence by canoe up the Blanche River, to the eastern outline of the township of Marquis, from which outline I commenced the subdivision of the township ; which is on the whole a very fair one, containing about forty-five per cent, of excellent farming land, of the remainder about one-half is of a poorer quality and the other half is unfit for cultivation.

The country is generally undulating, some parts hilly and rocky while other parts are comparatively level. A fine tract of land extends along the Blanche River and Crooked Creek, throughout concession five and across the western halves of concessions four and three.

The Blanche River, a stream with an average width of about a chain and one-half, with a good strong current, crosses the north-east corner of the township, emptying out of Round Lake, the southern portion of which is situated in this township. Crooked Creek winds a circuituous course through the township and has an average width of about seventy-five links, with a slow current, and empties into the Blanche River on lot number four in the fifth concession. There is a fine water-power on the latter stream, on lot one in the fifth concession ; also two on Crooked Creek, one on lot five, concession five, and another on lot ten, concession three.

The only lakes in the township are Round Lake, in the north-east corner of the township, before referred to, and a small one on the southern outline, on lots numbers one and two.

The land is principally a clay soil, with a heavy growth of large poplar, spruce, tamarac, birch and balsam. A few scattered white pine and cedar are met with in the vicinity of the Blanche River, but not in sufficient quantity to be of any value except to settlers. The poplar is the largest I have ever seen.

A brule extends across the southern part of the township north-westerly, and a small patch on the north-west corner, as shown on the plans. These brules are grown up with small pitch pines principally.

46

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

The geological formation is chiefly Huronian, but the gneissoid rocks are visible in many places. Some quartz veins were met with, but I found no traces of minerals.

Large game such as moose and bear were apparently very plentiful, but there was a general absence of small game, excepting partridge which were very numerous.

The weather was so very wet and unfavourable that I did not obtain as many astronomical observations as I desired.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

E. J. RAINBOTH, The Honourable A. S. Hardy. Provincial Land Surveyor.

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

(Appendix No. J4-)

DISTRICT OF NIPISSING.

Township of Bryce.

St. Thomas, Ontario.

October 29th, 1889

Sir, — I have the honour to report that in obedience to your instructions, dated June 11th, 1889. I have made a survey of the township of Bryce, in the district of Xipissing, into farm lots of three hundred and twenty acres each, and beg leave to submit the following report together with the plan and held notes of the same.

I left this city on the 2nd day of August, and proceeded to the work by way of North Bay to Mattawa by rail, thence by boat up the Ottawa River and through Lake Temis- camingue to its head. Having learned that there was no navigable stream leading from this point to the southern part of the township, I concluded to follow the Blanche Riyer which I did by canoes to its forks. I then followed the south branch of said river westerly encountering great difficulties in navigating it on account of numerous long rapids and falls to about two miles west of the east limit of the township of Robillard, here I made a portage of about one mile south and entered a lake leading south to nearly the north limit of the township of Bryce, about one and one-half miles west from the east boundary, here I stored part of my provisions and proceeded to the south-east angle of the township, being the point where you directed me to commence my survey. This I reached on the morning of the 14th day of August.

From this point I measured north along the east boundary of the township. Seventy- nine chains and sixty-two links to the post in your instructions described, planted to mark the front of the second concession. At this point I took an observation of the sun for latitude, azimuth, etc., the calculation for which you will find accompanying the field notes, and on that evening I observed Polaris at its greatest western elongation, and ran the front of the second concession west, astronomically as directed by you.

All the concession lines in the township I ran west astronomically, making the lots forty chains wide by eighty chains long, excepting those in the first concession which on account of the east end of said concession being only seventy-nine chains and sixty-two links, and the west end eighty chains, the lots are proportionally less than eighty chains in depth.

The south parts of lots numbers 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, in the first concession ; the northerly part of lots numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, in the fourth concession ; lots numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and the south part of lots number 7, 8 and 9, in the fifth con- cession ; and lots numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, in the sixth concession are a good clay loam of average depth and fertility.

47

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Some scattered surface stones were met with but not in such quantities as to interfere materially with the process of cultivation.

Lots numbers 1 to 6 inclusive, in the first concession, and the southerly part of lots numbers 1 to 6 inclusive, in the second concession are a level sandy loam, very shallow, underlaid by rock.

The remainder of the township is rocky. About thirty per cent, of the area of the township is fit for cultivation, while a considerable percentage of the remainder would answer for grazing purposes.

The whole of the township has been at different times burnt over and is now covered with scrub pine, poplar, birch, balsam and tamarac, with a few small cedar swamps. Lots numbers 9 to 12 both inclusive, in the second and third concessions have been burnt within the last few years.

There is some white pine standing throughout the township but not of much com- mercial value.

The surface is generally undulating, the rocky parts being very broken.

A spring creek averaging about thirty links in width runs diagonally, flowing northerly from lot number 10 in the second concession and crosses the north boundary at lot number four. This creek has several tributaries.

There are six small lakes in the township varying in area from about seven to fifty- three acres, in this way the township is fairly well watered.

I found no settlers in the township.

The variation of the needle was from 7° 30' to 8° 30* west.

Game is plentiful and the lakes abound with fish of various kinds.

The geological formation is granite, but no indications of economic minerals were met with.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

(Signed) A. W. CAMPBELL,

The Honourable A. S. Hardy, Provincial Land Surveyor.

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

{Appendix No. So.)

DISTRICT OF K1PISSING.

Township of Pacaud.

Essex Centre, Ontario.

December 2nd, 1889.

Sir, — Agreeable to your instructions, bearing date the 11th day of June, 1889, I have completed the sub-division survey of the township of Pacaud, in the district of Nipissing, and have the honour to report thereon.

Leaving Essex on the 2nd day of August, we proceeded by rail via the Canadian Pacific Railway to Mattawa, thence by steamer up the Ottawa River to the head of Lake Temiscamingue, where taking to canoes we proceeded up the Blanche River to the town- ship.

From an observation of the Pole star we established a Meridian at the south-west angle of lot number two in the first concession. From here we proceeded with the survey, running such lines and planting such posts as directed in the instructions The work was verified by repeated observations as we proceeded.

48

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

The township is finely watered by the Blanche River and its numerous tributaries. The river enters the township from the west, in the fifth concession, and flows south- easterly crossing the south boundary in lot number two.

The greater portion of the township is admirably adapted for agricultural purposes. The south-west part embracing seventy-five per cent, of the township is comparatively level and is well adapted for cultivation.

The soil is chiefly clay. The north-east part is more broken and rocky. The grand facilties offered must lead to its early settlement. But so far no settlers have invaded the township.

The country has been burned over, I should judge about twenty years ago and all the valuable timber has been destroyed. The undergrowth is of balsams, spruce, pitch pine, tamarac, birch and poplar, and is very dense rendering the work of opening the lines one of great difficulty.

No minerals of any commercial importance were encountered. The general char- acter of the rock is gneiss.

The rivers and streams contain many fish of different varieties.

The variation of the magnetic needle is very regular, being 8U 15' west.

Herewith are plans, field notes, etc.

Respectfully submitting the above,

I have the honor to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

JAMES L. LAIRD, The Honourable A. S. Hardy, Provincial Land Surveyor.

Commissioner of Crown Land^, Toronto.

(Appendix No. 36).

DISTRICT OF NIPISSING.

Outlines of Townships

Haliburton, Ontario,

December 10th, 1889.

Sir, - I have the honour to submit the following report on the survey of outlines of Townships at the head of Lake Temiscamingue in the district of Nipissing, surveyed under your instructions of date the 17 th day of May, 1889.

I proceeded to the townships shortly after the date of the instructions and went in by the south branch of Blanche River, commenced the survey at the south-east angle of township number twenty-five, and completed the same at the south-east angle of township number twenty-four, returning to Temiscamingue Lake by the main Blanche.

The boundaries were run east and west and north and south astronomically in the following order :

South boundary of township number twenty-five.

Boundary between townships numbers twenty-five and twenty-eight.

Boundarv between townships numbers twenty-five and twenty-six.

Boundary between townships numbers twenty-six and twenty-nine.

Boundary between townships numbers twenty-eight and twenty-nine.

West boundary of township number twenty-eight.

South boundary of township number twenty-eight.

West boundary of township number twenty-nine.

Boundary between townships numbers thirty and thirty-one.

Boundary between townships numbers twenty-nine and thirty.

4 (C.L.) 49

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Boundary between townships numbers twenty-seven and thirty.

Boundary between townships numbers twenty-six and twenty-seven.

Boundary between townships numbers twenty-four and twenty-seven.

North boundary of township number twenty-seven.

North boundary of township number thirty.

North boundary of township number thirty-one.

West boundary of township number thirty-one.

South boundary of township number thirty-one.

North boundary of township number twenty-four.

East boundary of township number twenty-four.

The details of the survey will be found in the field notes and on the plan.

As will be seen by the plan, the greater part of the townships outlined has been burnt — most of it about twenty years ago, and in places more recently. The whole area is now growing up with poplar, birch, cherry, pitch pine, etc.

The townships outlined probably contain about sixty-five per cent, of good land. The most clay land is to be found in townships numbers twenty-five and twenty-eight. The soil of the other townships is generally a sandy loam but will be easily worked and if properly farmed grow good crops.

A few white pines are to be found along the northern boundaries of townships numbers twenty-four and twenty-seven and in places north of these townships, whilst to the south-west of township number thirty-one there is a large block of heavily timbered land, a fair proportion of which is white pine.

There is considerable poplar of large growth along the Blanche River, in township- number twenty-four.

The townships are very well watered by small lakes and streams.

The largest lake met with in the survey is on north boundary of township number twenty-seven forming with the Blanche River, a long stretch of navigable water.

The lakes abound with fish, Partridge, moose and beaver are quite common. The beaver has hitherto held undisputed sway in the small lakes and streams, of this, so to speak far away country, and although even yet he occasionally asserts his authority by flooding portions of the country, his days are numbered, a few years more and the trapper will have all but exterminated this valuable fur bearing animal.

The geological formations met with are the Huronian and the Laurentian. I saw no trace of minerals.

The Blanche River and its south branch are still good sized streams, where last crossed on the northern boundary of the survey.

I am inclined to think that with the exception of a couple of townships to the west of number seventeen, the good land in the valley of the Blanche has been nearly all out- lined. There can be seen however from the northern boundary of township number Jhirty-one, a level reach of country extending to the north and north-west, a distance of twentv miles or more, which probably contains about the same percentage of good land as that outlined during the present year.

I have included in the present survey all that is worth outlining to the south and west.

The facilities for settlement of this large block of farming land are the same as in ] 886, and no settlement is likely to take place until a railway is put through to the head of Lake Temiscamingue.

Accompanying this report are plan and field notes of survey, with account.

I have the honour to be, Sii,

Your obedient servant,

(Signed) A. NIVEN,

T^e Honorable A. S. Hardy, Provincial Land Survey or-

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

50

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 189ft

(Appendix iVo. 37.)

DISTRICT OF ALGOMA. Township of Craig.

Windsor, Ontario,

October 25th, 1889.

Sir, — I have the honour to report that in compliance with instructions received from your Department, dated the 29th day of May, 1889, I have made a survey of the township of Craig, in the district of Algoma.

Access was gained to said township by rail to Pogamasing station, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, thence by canoes down the Spanish river to the south-east angle of said township.

I commenced by chaining (with a Chesterman Steel band) the west boundary of the township of Moncrieff, planting posts at regular intervals of eighty chains ; then ran my concession lines due west, planting posts as per instructions.

This township is well watered by the Spanish river and numerous small lakes, but it is extremely hilly and rocky.

The soil consists of a coarse sand poorly adapted for growing grass or grain of any kind.

There is a small area of green timber in the sonth concession west of Spanish river, on lots numbers four, five, six, seven and eight, timbered with balsam, spruce, birch, and a few excellent white pine.

There is also some good pine adjoining Spanish river, to the west for about one mile, but fire has recently run through this portion, and it is now being lumbered.

The remaining portion of the township has no timber of any value, fire having run. over the whole of it, and over portions of it very recently, leaving no timber of any description. Along the west boundary there, is a thick growth of small birch poplar, etc.

The rock is generally granite or gneiss with small veins of quartz.

Outside of patented mining locations E and F, I found no minerals of commercial value The magnetic variation was quite uncertain, the variation shewn on plan being a mean

The survey of river and lakes, were made with a micrometer and compass.

Accompanying this report, you will find field notes, plans, etc.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

JOSEPH DeGCR -•[•:. The Honourable A. S. Hardy, Provincial Land Surveyor,

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

(Appendix No. 38).

DISTRICT OF THUNDER BAY.

Township of Scoblk.

Pori Arthur, Ontario,

Decern her 21st, 1889.

Sir, — I have the honour to report that in accordance with your instructions, I corn menced the survey of Scoble in the district of Thunder Bay, on the 3rd day of October 1889, taking two simultaneous observations of Polaris, one at the south-east angle of.tne township of Gillies, and the other a mile further north on the eastern boundary of that

51

o3 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

township. I then ran the southern boundary of the township of Scoble, and also the line between the first and second concessions, until I struck the western boundary of the township of Blake, posting the lots on my return, leaving the overplus in lot number twelve. I then ran the side line between lots numbers six and seven, until I struck Oliver Lake, starting the third and fourth concessions east and west from it. This I was obliged to do, as the western boundary of the township of Blake was found to be some- what irregular and almost obliterated by tire. From the line between concessions numbers two and three I ran the side line between lots numbers ten and eleven, two miles north, starting the fourth and fifth concession east and west from it. The fifth concession line was sighted over mining location R 261, and continued east to the township of Blake. The sixth concession line was started from the side line between lots numbers eight and nine, which was produced north from the line between con- cessions number four and five to mining location R 221. Observations were taken on each concession line with the exception of the line between concessions numbers five and six where the distance run is comparative!}' short. Great care has been taken in collecting as much information as could be got of the dimensions of the mining locations contained within the township so as to make the plot as accurate as possible. The lakes were all carefully traversed by triangulation and all the bearings given in the field notes are astronomical. The magnetic varia- tion of the compass was found to be somewhat irregular in the lower parts of the town- ship, but it is more reliable in the northern part of the township. The township is to a very large extent burnt over, there are, however, a few small clumps of pine, mostly Norway, which owing to the close proximity of the mines, and the new railway, will be of value. There are also some clumps of spruce, tamarack, and cedar, which will be useful for tie and pile timber, which is becoming very scarce. The northern part of the township is mostly covered with a thick growth of poplar and birch and some spruce, which is very suitable for cord- wood for the mines or for the manufacture of paper.

The soil is uniformily good and rich, being well suited for agricultural purposes. It is well sheltered from the cold winds that blow from Lake Superior by a high range of hills on the south, which extends from Mount McKay at Fort William westward. Con- cessions numbers one to four inclusive, appear to be equally as desirable for farming pur- poses as south Paipoonge and having been well burnt over will require but little clearing and in some cases none at all. As the means of access to this township were somewhat diffi- cult, I had a waggon road cut out from the township of Paipoonge to Pictured Lake, over which I had my supplies hauled. The geological formation, specimens of which accom- pany this report, is composed of the black silver bearing slates mostly, heavily covered with trap, which renders prospecting for silver somewhat difficult, but such veins as may be found in this township, and particularly in concessions numbers five and six, are likely to amply repay the trouble in searching for them.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Yeur obedient servant,

HENRY De Q. SEWELL, The Honourable A. S. Hardy, Provincial Land Surveyor

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Toronto.

52

53 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 2*2). A. 1890-

(Appendix No. 39.)

REPORT

OF

THE SUPERINTENDENT

OF

COLONIZATION ROADS

To the Honourable A. S. Hardy.

Commissioner of Crown Lands, Ontario.

Sir, — I have the honour to lay before you the annual report of work done under the management of the Colonization Roads' branch of the Crown Lands Department for the year 1889.

There have been one hundred and thirty-eight miles of road constructed and four hundred and four miles repaired. Eighteen bridges were erected and seventeen repaired

The works are the following : —

NORTH DIVISION.

Batchewaning Road.

About three miles of the worst portions in the Goulais Bay settlement were repaired and made fairly passable.

Cockburn Island Roads.

Repairs made over three and a half miles, being through concessions eight to twelve, and generally between lots 11 and 12, and lots 15 and 16.

Coffin Additional Road.

The road was constructed northward two miles between lots 2 and .">, and through concessions 3 and 4, and with an unexpended balance from this and the C'ofhn 3rd Con. Road, the bridge at the west end of Ottertail Lake, which was in a dangerous state, was reconstructed at a cost of about one hundred and forty dollars.

53

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Coffin' 3rd Cox. Road.

A little over one mile built, costing approximately 8300, and includes a bridge erected over McLeod's creek on lot number ten. About 8100 was spent between lots 10 and 1 1 from the main road northward to let a number of settlers out, which they could not manage for want of bridges, and the opening of a swamp three-quarters of a mile in length.

Coyne's Road.

Continued from last year's operations north to the fourth and fifth concession line of Galbraith, and thence eastward across lots four and five. The country was so rough and broken that only a mile and a quarter could be built for the grant, but the settlement which the road is designed to serve has been now reached.

Dayton Station Road.

A road from Dayton Station on the Algoma Branch of the Canadian Pacific Rail" way, and constructed from about the centre of lot 3, concession 4, of Blight additional north half a mile, and thence north-westerly to the corners of lots 3 and 4, concession 5 — a mile and a half of new road. Repairs of a mile were made upon the existing road northward to Day township boundary which meets the Thessalon and Bright road, thus giving a fair highway to the railway.

Dean's Lake Station Road.

This road was built from the railway, between sections 20 and 21 of the township of Thompson, northward between these and sections 16 and 17, as also of 8 and 9 to the Mississaga River, and thence north westward along the margin of said river, intersecting with the Thessalon and Bright Road at Bateman's, or Thompson P. O.

Of the length built — two and a half miles — the first mile and a half is very thoroughly made, the balance being only fairly passable.

Galbraith Road.

A mile and a half of new road built from the Coffin Road, north between lots 2 and 3 of Coffin, nearly half a mile, and thence east about one mile to Thessalon River, and boundary of Galbraith.

A new bridge, ninety feet long, was also. built over the river, having a span of seventy feet.

Goulais River Bridge.

Eighty-five dollars spent in removing a jam which endangered the structure.

Manitoulin Island Roads.

The expenditure on the island was distributed over ten roads in repairing or con- struction, the result being seven and a half miles of repairs, and twelve and a quarter miles of new work. The roads were Bidwell Branch Road, upon which the sum of about §220 was expended in ditching a mile and a quarter in the township of Bidwell ; the Campbell and Carnarvon Road, or construction of a mile and a quarter on the town line, between the townships indicated, through concessions 7 and 8, involving heavy ditching and crosswaying through a bad swamp, and costing altogether a little less than 8500.

The Clover Valley Road was ditched and graded half a mile, opposite lots 31 and 32, of the sixth concession of the township of Assignack, for about 8130.

Lake W'olseley Road, the main and only Government road through the townships of Mills, Burpee, Robinson and Dawson, was extended eight miles and a half, beginning at lot 44, between the eleventh and twelfth concessions of Robinson ; thence angling through lot 45, and lots one to seven inclusive, of the seventh concession of Dawson,

54

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

passing to the south of Hog Lake, and again to the road allowance between concessions 7 and 8; thence westward on the last named road allowance to lot 16; thence north twenty chains; thence west through lots 16 to 20 inclusive, in concession 8; thence north-westerly through concessions "J, 10, 11, and to the west side of Meldrum Bay, between the eleventh and twelfth concessions. The cost of this, with half a mile of repairs of the same road in the township of Burpee, was about 8980.

On the Manitowaning and Michael's Bay Road two sections were repaired, one being from Manitowaning Town Plot southward a mile and a half, and the second portion half a mile near the townline between Assignack and Tehkummah, known as Terry's Hill, the outlay being $490.

MANITOWANING and (J keen* Bay Road was repaired and graded over a mile and three-quarters of its length at a cost of some £220.

A road called North of Scotland Road was produced half a mile between conces- sions 14 and 15 of Allan township, across lots 26 and 27 for 8115 or thereabout, and on the Sandford and Carnarvon Road a little over 8100 was spent in cutting down a very steep hill, reducing its height nine feet, and raising the flat below it with the exca- vated material. In connection with the last named road 850 were allowed to assist in the renewal of a crossway on the fourth concession line of Kandfield, a condition being that the settlers would do an equal amount of work. This was fulfilled, resulting in one hundred rods of ditching and grading in lieu of the crossway, making a more permanent road.

About a mile of ditching, blasting and other necessary improvements were done on the Shbouiandah and Littli: Current Road between the points which the name of the road indicates at an outlay of 8265. and lastly there was spent the sum of about s:'>20 upon Slash Road, in the construction of two miles, beginning at the intersection of the eighth concession with concession A of Tehkuininah, thence east to lot 5, thence north to unite with a road already opened.

Mississaga Road.

Repairs to iron bridge over Mississaga River from the end of last year's operations, that is to say, from the east boundary of Gladstone north to the second concession, thence west to the river, and thence up the stream to the bridge a length of one and three- quarter miles of excellent work.

Nepigon Road.

Of the portion of this road opened last year for winter purposes only, three and three-quarter miles were this year graded and made fairly well, the work dating from Nepigon Station of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Rabbit Mountain- and White Fish Lake Road.

Twelve miles repaired between Beaver and Silver Mountain Mines, one mile of which, having last season been chopped out only, has been properly graded.

Rainy River Road.

The construction was continued from the point of ending last year, section 1, range 22, township 3, through sections 2, 3, 10, 9, and Wild Land Indian Reserve to Rainy River, and about two chains east of Hungry Hall Reserve, a length of seven miles, thus completing a winter road from Fort Francis to the mouth of the river, about seventy- seven miles long.

A branch road was also opened from Rainy River, beginning on line between sections 2 and 3, township 4, range 25, tin nee north to section 26, thence angling north-westerly through sections 27, 28, 32, 33, to line between ranges 4 and 5, thence north between sections i and 5 two miles, thence again north-westerly through sections 16, 15, 23, 24,

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

25, 26, 34 of range 24, township 3, and into township number 2, a length of over fifteen miles.

The object of this branch which may called and known as Grassy River Road is, as represented by correspondence, to enable the settlers to reach Rat Portage by a shorter route, and avoiding many difficulties encountered in traversing Lake of the Woods in win- ter, and in addition to these advantages the road passes through a district adapted for settlement, and therefore desirable to open.

Rat Portage and Keewatin Road and Bridges.

In consequence of the erection of a dam by the Dominion Government across the- west branch of the Winnipeg River and its subsequent partial destruction, a considerable amount of damage was done to the bridges built by this Department in 1886, and traffic between Rat Portage and Keewatin by this road entirely cut off.

This season the three bridges have been raised and thoroughly overhauled, the work being, the inspector says, in some cases equal in cost to a renewal of the structures. With these repairs and the improvement of road through Tunnel Island, travel is. again restored.-

Rat Portage and Rainy River Road.

This work was commenced at the east end of Rat Portage, and extends in a south- easterly course towards Rainy River about four miles, and on the line of which a pile bridge two hundred and twenty feet long was erected.

A winter road a mile and a half long was cut out from the main line, and about a mile and a quarter from the village, to Matheson's Bay, with the object of allowing access to the first named road from the lake in winter, for the mail-carriers and other- purposes.

Rock Lake Bridge.

A bridge on the Thessalon Road, lot 10, concession 1, Coffin township, which being too low was in danger from spring floods of destruction. It was raised four feet through- out, involving addditional bents and extra coveting, its length being now one hundred and eighty-eight feet.

Spanish River Road.

A road begun in the centre of section 27 of the township of Victoria, thence east two and a half miles through Victoria, and a mile and a quarter into Salter, thence south two miles to Spanish River, and thence up the river three miles connecting with a road leading to La Cloche, eight and three-quarter miles, chopped out thirty feet wide as a winter road, and requiring to be graded before it can be used for general travel.

St. Joseph Island Roads.

There has been constructed, first, two miles beginning at U and concession 1 line, from side line between lots 5 and 6 south-westerly five-eighths of a mile to about middle of front of lot 3, thence north-westerly through lot 3, concession U, to the north-west angle of the last named lot, thence continuing and passing through lots 2 and 1 to S and T concession line, and thence south-westerly to the east angle of lot 50, concession 1, to connect with a road before opened. The second work was half a mile opened on the O and P line, across lots 19 and 20, altogether two miles and a half of new and well constructed road.

Thessalon Station Road.

Nearly a mile of road built from the Thessalon Road to the railway station, and between lots 1 1 and 1 3. It is the only way by which the station is reached.

56

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Yaxkougb.net Road.

A new work begun at the termination of a road leading northward from Sault Ste. Marie through the township of Tarentorus, and being the north-east angle of the north-east quarter of section 9 of said township, thence north-easterly through the township to the south boundary of Aweres, and thence northward, passing within half a mile of the west sh >re of Trout Lake, in the last named township.

Length constructed, two and three-quarter miles.

Ahmic Road.

Repairs of the existing road, and the opening of a portion which was but a rough trail or lumber road, and begun on lot 24, concession 9, township of Croft, and continued from thence, through concessions 8, 7, 6 and 5, to the Ahmic Lake bridge on lot number 15 — built in 1887 — four and a-half miles, chopped out thirty feet wide and fairly grubbed and leveled.

Alsace Road.

A continuation westward from lot 9, between concessions 10 and 11 of Gurd, to the Commanda Lake road on lot number 2. The length is a mile and three-quarters, which, the land being very heavily timbered, is only as yet, roughly opened.

Bracebridge Road.

This road which La practically on the town line between Macaulay and Draper, is now very well opened.

Two and a-half miles were new work from the end of last year's operations eastward to connect with South Macaulay road : the balance, one and a-half mile, being repairs of a heavy nature, and necessary to make the entire length good and travelable, which the inspector says it now is.

Bridge Repairs, Miskoka and P. S. Districts.

Four bridges repaired at a cost of 8390.39, and being, (1) that on the Maganetawan road, on lot 15 between concessions 4 and 5, which fire had destroyed. — Cost, 858.12. 2. Musquosh bridge, at Bala, which on account of its age and general condition requires annual attention, and should be renewed this coming season ; expenditure, 8140.G4. 3. A floating bridge constructed with timber of Draper bridge, which latter being dangerous to cross was taken down. This floating structure costing, 86G.24, is of course a temporary arrangement. The fourth work is the renewal of a bridge at Beggsboro' on the Doe Lake road at a cost of $1 25.39.

Brunel Branch Road.

The portage road between Lake of Bays and Peninsula Lake, and described in last year's report. This further expenditure for grading and ballasting makes it onf of the best roads in the country.

Burks Falls Road.

A continuation from the work of 1887, eastward through lots 27 to 30 inclusive, thence south-easterly, angling through lots 31 and 32 to town line between Armour and Proudfoot, thence east through lots 1 and 2, between concessions 6 and 7 of the latter town hip, and thence again south-easterly through lots 2 to 6 in the sixth concession, near y three and three-quarter miles of construction, and opens a way to Burk's Falls for a considerable number of settlers.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22.) .A. 1890

Cak DWELL ROAD.

Two and a-half miles of repairs over two sections, one being between Rosseau, and the work of the previous year, and a second from about four miles east of Rosseau to lot number 20, between concessions 6 and 7 of Card well.

Oommanda Creek Bridge.

Is over Oommanda creek, between concessions 12 and 13 Pringle, and opposite lot 33. It is comprised of a fifty-one and a twenty feet span, on abutments thirteen feet high, and has a total length with the approaches of about two hundred feet.

Eagle Lake Road.

Including some substantial repairs of the long " Narrows " bridge, the road was improved for seven and a-half miles from the Rosseau and Nipissing road eastward. This is a main road to the railway station at South River.

East River Bridge.

The renewal of this structure which is now in progress, is estimated to cost about $1,000, of whioh amount, $600 are already paid on account. It is on the main and only road between Huntsville and Hoodstown, and in so dangerous a condition that traffic was practically stopped.

Humphrey 4th Concession Road.

A new short road through the peninsula between lakes Joseph and Rosseau, and made as a cheap but useful work through lots 12 to 20, of the 4th concession of Humphrey.

Kearney No. 2 Road.

Two and three quarter miles of repairs between lot 34 Perry, and lot 5 Bethune, and the road extended eastward one and a-quarter mile to lot number 20, between the town- ships of Bethune and Proudfoot.

Long Point Road.

Repaired from end of last year's work to Walker's Point, on Muskoka Lake, four miles in the township of Wood.

Macaulay Road.

Four and a-half miles improved from within about half a mile of Baysville towards Bracebridge.

Maple Island Bridge.

A structure one hundred and thirty-seven feet long, with a main span of sixty-one feet, built over the north channel of the Maganetawan River, on the Northern road.

McDougall Road.

Five miles fairly well repaired. The road for want of attention was very much overgrown, and bad generally.

McDougall and McKellar T. L. Road.

This road commences about half a mile south of the Northern Road, and runs through lots 1 and 2 concession 12, and through lot number 2 in concessions 9, 10, 11, joining Junction No. 2 Road, on lot 2, concession 9, all in the township of McDougall.

Its length of three and a-quarter miles is sufficiently opened for fair loads, and will be of great advantage to those residing in the southerly portions of McKellar.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Middle River Bridge.

A bridge one hundred and eight feet long on Junction No. 1 Road, over Middle River, on lot 17, concession 14, McKellar, which was very much out of repair, and too low. The Department repaired the bridge, and the municipality formed the approaches.

Mills Road.

Repaired from its junction with Golden Valley Road, in the tenth' concession of Mills, northward about three miles.

The grant was insufficient to repair to Loring, as intended.

Missionary Road.

Five and a-half miles repaired through the township of Spence, from the Rosseau and Xipissing Road eastward, the road being practically on the road allowance between concessions 4 and 5 of this and Ryerson townships.

MON1E1TH AND PERRY ROAD.

Repairs through the township of Monteith, from Seguin Falls eastward, altogether about six miles, the expenditure including a new bridge built over a branch creek which empties into the Seguin River, and which has a twenty-tive feet clear span. This is the main east and west road between Parry Sound and Emsdale on the railway.

Muskoka Road.

A continuation northward from concession 6 to concession 11, and between lots 20 and 21, of the township of Machar, a little under two and three-quarter miles constructed through a heavily wooded district. A trail was also opened from the end of the work to the allowance for road between concessions 12 and 13, the New Jerusalem road, which, when graded, will make an important highway.

North Cardwell Road.

The portion built this year, the inspector says, is through a very rough section, and the original allowances for roads could not be followed. The work was begun at lot 22, concession 13, of Cardwell, angling from thence through lots 21, 20 and 19 in the same concession, and through lot 18 in the 14th concession — a mile and a-half.

Northern Road.

Repaired between Commanda and the Golden Valley Road two miles, and secondly, between McKellar and Dunchurch, nine and a half miles.

North-West Road.

Two miles of repairs, from end of last year's operations northward to lot 34, conces- sion 12, McDougall.

Oka Road.

About seven miles constructed this season, the road now reaching from Bala to the mills of the Muskoka Mill and Lumber Company.

The work was commenced at lot G, concession 6, Gibson, thence northward and westward, about Black Lake to Black River, on lot 21, concession 5, and thence following the margin of the river to the mills.

Orange Valley Road.

Repaired in the township of McKellar, from lot 6, concession 7, westward two and a-quarter miles. A bridge one hundred and twenty feet long was also built over Seguin River on the line of this road.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Otter Lake Road.

The chief work in this instrnce was the construction of two bridges over Boyne Creek and Otter Lake narrows.

One and a-half miles of the road was also repaired from the Parry Souud Road southerly in the township of Foley, as in its then condition, it was well nigh impassable.

Parry Sound Road.

Two bridges have this year been renewed, and a deviation made nearly half a mile long through lots 133, 134, 135, concession B, for the purpose of reaching a better and cheaper river crossing, and the avoidance of a very steep hill.

Three miles of very permanent repairs were also made between Rosseau and "Ullswater, which is a very hilly section.

POWASSAN EOAD.

A road between the 12th and 13th concessions of Himsworth, and constructed this year across lots 8 to 15 inclusive, over two miles of heavy work. A deviation was made on lot 14 into the 12th concession.

Rainy Lake Road.

The principal work was a bridge, one hundred feet long, built over the outlet of Rainy Lake. In addition, three-quarters of a mile which had previously been roughly opened, between the bridge and Sprucedale, was repaired.

Rosseau Falls Road.

A short road from the Parry Sound road to Rosseau Falls post-office and the mills. The present expenditure was used chiefly in making a deviation through lot 32, conces- sion 2, of Cardwell.

Ryde Road.

This road was chopped out and roughly opened in the yeai 1887, at a cost of about S'160 per mile, but was only travelable in winter. This season three and a-half of the five miles have been properly opened, reaching to the 8th concession of Dalton.

Over Black River on the line of the road a substantial bridge was, at the time of the inspector's last examination, under construction, built by the counties of Victoria and Ontario, as promised when the grant for the road was given.

Another sum of about $500 is required to fully complete the work.

Ryde Centre Road.

Repairs from the 4th concession northward two and a-half miles, the road being on the road allowance between lots 5 and 6 of the township of Ryde.

Ryerson Centre Road.

About one and a-quarter mile of work, one-half of which was new. The road is between Burk's Falls and the Maganetawan road, and has been described in earlier reports. It is now fully opened and is a valuable work.

South Armour Road.

The raising of a flooded ^at of the Maganetawan River across lots 8 and 9, concession 3, Armour.

Twenty eight rods were raised four feet, and twenty-two rods about fifteen inches. The Beldon Lumber Company, it is said, will complete the work at their own cost.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

South River Road.

A new and important work, connecting Eagle Lake and Distress River roads, in the township of Joly.

It begins between lots 3 and 4, concession 11, and from thence northerly through lot 4 in concessions 11 and 12, and through lot 5 in the 1 3th concession to the load allowance between lots 5 and 6, near the Mind line between concessions 13 and 14, uniting with the Eagle Lake road leading to Sundridge. Two and three-quarter miles fairly well made and already in use for general traffic.

Stephenson Town Line Bridge.

The original structure was built in 1875 at a cost of about .$2,200, and is now renewed from the low water line. It is composed of a one hundred feet clear span and two of forty feet each, its total length being two hundred and six feet. It is over the Muskoka River on the town line between Stephenson and Macauly, and is much used.

Stony Creek Bridge.

A bridge over the said creek between concessions 12 and 13, lot 5, township of Armour, with main opening of thirty-ei^ht feet, and eight feet high.

Strong 30 Side Line Road.

I n opening this road a quantity of crosswaying was required, the ground being low and swampy.

It is chopped out forty feet wide and opened two and a-half miles, and is an important connecting line in the township, as before its completion the ice of Stony Lake was the only way of exit for teams, and that of course only in winter.

Trout Lake Junction Road.

A road opened from Xipissing Junction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, between lots 22 and 23, concession 14, Ferris, northward towards Trout Lake — one and one- eighth mile. The country is of a very broken and rough description.

Westphalia Road.

A continuation from last year's work to lot number 20 of Gurd, and as before, practically on the road allowance between the 2nd and 3rd concessions. The length made this year is two miles of excessively heavy work.

EAST DIVISION. Addington Road.

Repairs commenced at Kaladar Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway and continued north to " Flinton turn," about six miles.

This portion of the road is hilly and difficult to maintain, but is at present in a good general condition.

Alice and Petewawa Road.

A work from lot number 9, westward to lot number 4 on the town line, between Alice and Petewawa, a mile and a-quarter in length.

The land being low about halt" a mile of crosswaying was required, and of cour^i expensive. This road is a benefit to a number of German settlers.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Alice 3rd Concession Road.

This is repairs between the 2nd and 3rd concessions of Alice, across lots 12 to 20 — two and a-half miles. Nearly one mile was over a low beaver meadow, which was cross- wayed.

Alice and "Wilberforce Road.

Work begun at lot 28, concession 5, Wilberforce, and between the said township and that of Alice, the improvements extending westward three-quarters of a mile. It had been chopped out previously by the settlers, but unformed.

Anstruther Road.

About thirteen miles repaired, from the village of Apsley northward.

A bridge eighty feet long was built over Eel Creek to replace one burnt last year.

Antoine Road.

A portion of road one and three-quarters mile long, which settlers had chopped out, but not graded, or in any way made passable before the present expenditure. It is from the bridge at east end of Golden Lake to the Eganville and Killaloe Road, and thence westward on or near the 8th and 9th concession line of South Algona.

Bells Rapid's Road.

A road commenced last year and then described. The $200 expended this season completed the unlinished nearly three-quarters of a mile, and repaired the two miles con- structed previously.

BOBCAYGEON ROAD.

Repaired from lot 14, Minclen, to lot 31, Stanhope, and between Kinmount and Union Creek, altogether eleven and a-half miles.

Over Union Creek, which is about seven miles south of Kinmount, the bridge was thoroughly overhauled and repaired. The structnre is about ninety feet long and nine feet high.

Blairhampton Road.

The repairs made this season of four miles is over the south end of the same road mentioned in last year's report, and is from lot 12, concession 4, of Minden, northeasterly to lot 18, concession 9.

Buckhorn Road.

One and a-half mile of repairs on the north side of Scott's mills.

Burleigh Road.

Upon the south end of this road, that is to say, from Burleigh bridge southward,, about three miles were repaired at a cost of $350, of which sum the county of Peter- borough gave $175. Through the township of Burleigh about twenty miles were gone over, and more or less repaired at a cost of $300. Two stages run daily over this route.

Calabogie Bridge.

The payment this year of $1,000 represents a balance on account of the above work which is more fully referred to in last year's report.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Callender Road.

This might as properly be called Mattawa and Callender Road, as it lies between these two points.

For the appropriation, nine miles of the portion before constructed from Callendar station, C. P. Railway, were repaired, and half a mile opened eastward toward Mattawa.

Callender and North Bay Road.

Construction continued on the road allowance between lots 5 and 6, to that between the eleventh and twelfth concessions of Bonfield, thence westerly on the last named allowance to the line between lots 2 and 3, one and a half mile.

Calvin Road.

Beginning at the south end of the fifth concession, and between lots 10 and 11 of Calvin the road is improved, northward between the lots mentioned to the seventh con- cession and south limit of the railway, thence westward following the said limit to McKays Mill on lot 13, concession 8, a length of two and a half miles.

Cameron Eoad.

About eleven miles of the portion between Moore's Falls and the Bobcaygeon road, and five miles from the Village of Norland, southward, were repaired. Repairs to the bridge at Moore's Falls were also made, the latter costing about §200.

Chandos Road.

A road running east from Apsley and repaired from lot 31, concession 1 Anstruther, to lot 10, concession 3, Chandos, about three miles.

COMBERMERE BRIDGE.

The bridge over Madawaska River at Combermere Village, and now in a dangerous condition requiring a new superstructure.

The work is delayed for want of ice, but will be finished, it is expected, before spring

Copper Cliff Road.

A road into mines, roughly opened by the inhabitants, and now improved over three miles of its length, from lot 7, concession 3, McKim, westerly.

Dalton 25 and 26 Side Line IJoad.

Cut out for about one mile through concession 9 and part of concession 10. The bridge over Black River which is one hundred and sixty-five feet long was well repaired and raised two feet.

Douglas and Scotch Blsh Road.

The chief work in this instance is a bridge built over Ritchie's Creek near Douglas-. It is fifty feet long with main spun of twenty four feet, and constructed almost entirely of cedar. About a quarter of a mile was graded as approaches on each side of the bridge.

F.i.ANVILLE and Cobden B,oad.

About three miles of repairs, beginning about two miles east of Eganville, and ex- tending eastward towards Cobden.

Eight large culverts were built and a considerable amount of blasting was done.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Eganville and Foy Road.

Eight miles of repairs from the Opeongo road towards Eganville. It is the main road and stage route through that district.

Eganville and Killaloe Road.

A very steep hill on this road was reduced, and the road improved from lot 28 to lot 32, both inclusive. It is the road allowance between concessions 8 and 9 of South Algona.

Fraser and Alice Road.

One mile of heavy work from lot 16, concession 9 Alice westward.

Frontenac Road.

This work consisted in raising half a mile of the road through concessions 10 and 11 of the township of Portland, which was flooded anually through the damming of the river by the Napanee River Company. The cost, with tne repairing of three miles in addition, was, according to the cash abstract statement of the aforesaid township, §1,053.35 so that the government grant of $500 is about one-half the total expenditure, and is in accordance with the agreement made with the Municipality.

Gelert Station Road.

Four and three-quarter miles of repairs between Minden Village and Gelert or Min- den station on the railway.

Gilmour Station Road.

From Gilmour station, Canada Central Railway (lot 12, con. 8, Tudor), this road extends eastward along and near the north margin of Wadsworth's Lake, intersecting Tudor road. The entire length is four and a half miles, which was more or less repaired throughout and made fairly passsable.

Golden and Round Lake Road.

About one mile of road repair from the bridge at the west end of Golden Lake

westward.

Gull Lake Road.

Repairs of two miles in the township of Harvey, from lot 29 concession 5 to lot 31

concession 4.

Hagarty 4 and 5 Concession Road.

This may be called new work as four deviations were made, and the balance was almost entirely overgrown with underbrush. The length was two miles from lot 22 to lot 30 on the concession line indicated.

Hastings Road.

Repairs over eleven miles between R ithbun station and LAmable. The approaches to McKenzie's Lake bridge were properly repaired with two other bridges on the same road.

Harvey Road.

About live miles of substantial repairs between Buckhorn and Sandy Lake.

The county of Peterborough and township of Harvey gave each $200 on account of

this work.

A^ain the township of Harvey granted 8100 which with an equal amount from the Government was expended, about one half upon the sixteenth concession line of Harvey, from lot A. north, to lot 5, and balance upon the south portion of Harvey road near Sandy Lake.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Hekschel Road.

This road is on or about the line between concessions 10 and 11 of Herschel, and is :\vo miles westward to a p:)int about four miles west of I faxtin^'s. It leads into lands reported as suitable for settlement and into which several have already made their way.

Hki M) Faraday T. L. Road.

From the town line between the townships suggested by this road, two and a half miles were well repaired in a westerly direction to Deer Lake.

HlXCHINBROOKE RoAD.

Two miles of repairs over work done within the past two years, this season's opera- tions dating from lot 11, concession 9 of Hinchinbrooke northward. The road-bed w-as in many plac< s low and in others very rough.

Hyde's Chute Bridge.

For want of ice the construction of this bridge has been delayed. but it will in all probability be completed during the present winter. It is over the Madawaska River in tin township of Griffith, and will replace one built about seventeen years a^o.

Indian River Bridge.

l; pairs consisting of a new truss over main opening, and partial renewal of other portions. It is over Indian River between lots 21 and 22, in the eighth concession of the township of A

Lake Township Road.

Four miles constructed this season, and now reaching to lots number thirteen of the township of Lake, on the line of the location known as Gibson's survey. The county of Hastings contributed 8250 of the expenditure.

L'Amable Du Fond Bridge.

An expenditure of $63.75 for glancing booms found to be required for the protection of tbis bridge, which was built by the Department last year on the Mattawa and L'AmbleDu Fond Road.

Lavant Road.

New work begun on the road allowance between concessions 3 and 4, and between lots 10 and 11, of the township of Darling and continued on the last mentioned line two miles to the end of the second concession. The first mile is fully completed, the second is yet to be graded in order to make it of full value as a road.

Laxton Road.

Is between the fourth and fifth concessions of Laxton and across lots one to seven, two miles of repairs.

Lonsdale and Bridgewater Road.

Three miles are this year added to the length of this highway. The work was between lots 2-1 and 25 of Hungerford, through concessions 3, 4 and 5, mostly uncleared land. The County of Hastings gave $300 of the expenditure.

M.ukay's Station and Pbtbwawa Ruad.

Two miles of road in the township of Head, made southerly from the bridge over MacKay's creek, built last season by this Department. Two miles of the same road were opened last year.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Mattawa Road.

Repairs of this road were commenced at the boundary between the townships of Clare and Cameron, and continued from thence westward in the latter township about ten miles, including the re-building of eight small bridges which, through age, were unfit to travel over.

Mattawa Bridge.

This bridge was renewed throughout, excepting portions of some of the cribs where the timber being perfectly sound was allowed to remain.

The original structure buiit in the year 1877 and raised and repaired in 1884, was 696 feet long and its width sixteen feet.

Its length has now been reduced to about 600 feet by filling in permanently one hundred feet with stone, but it was found necessary to increase its width to twenty feet so that teams and pedestrians might pass over without serious danger which before was experienced. The grant of $3,000 made by the Legislature towards rebuilding, was esti- mated to be about one-half the amount required for its completion, the expectation then being that any unfinished portion might, with safety, remain for another year.

It was discovered, however, as the work progressed, that with the new portions raised and widened it would cost a eonsiderable sum to make the balance available for even temporary use, and the money thus spent would be largely wasted.

Upon these representations your consent was given for its completion which has been effected for less than the estimated cost by nearly one thousand dollars.

Mattawa and Oallender Road.

A continuation of repairs made from last year's operations. The road is in the town- ships of Papineau and Calvin, the improvements being over three miles in the former and two miles in the latter township, and which was chopped out in the year 1886.

Mattawa and Temiscamingue Road.

This road was roughly opened from the foot of Lake Temiscamingue, towards the Village of Mattawa by settlers and others interested in its construction.

This season about seventeen miles were gone over and further improved as a winter road. Work was commenced at the easterly end of lot number 35, concession 6 town- ship of Mattawa and continued northward towards the lake. Jock's creek was also bridged.

Mississippi Road

Twenty-nine miles of repairs, twelve of which were made from the town line between Mayo and Ashby eastward, and seventeen from Playfairs corners westward.

Monck Road.

The repairs were over three different sections, amounting to seventeen and a half miles altogether. One portion was in the township of Galway, seven miles; a second was eight miles, beginning at the town line between Faraday and Cardiff, and from thence eastward almost to the Hastings Road ; and a third portion from half a mile west of Norland, westward two and a half miles.

A bridge over Crego's Creek on the above road, about two miles west from Kinmount, was renewed at a cost of $316.

The municipality made a grant of $230 to complete the approaches, which, it is understood, was spent by the overseer employed by the Department for the bridge.

Monmouth Road.

Fourteen miles repaired eastward from a point about five miles east of Haliburton. Thirty-three culverts were renewed.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Mountain Grove Station Road.

This road is described as follows : — Commencing at Mountain Grove Station of the Canadian Pacific Railway, on lot 14, concession 2, of Olden; thence south-easterly crossing lots 13, 12, 11, concession 3, and connecting with the Parham and Arden road. It is a low, expensive piece of work, and required a quantity of crosswaying timber, which was supplied by the municipality at a cost understood to be nearly as much as the Departmental expenditure, $403.37.

Mid Lake Narrows Bridge.

Built to replace that erected in 1886, and is on the line of the Hyde's Chute and Sanson road, in the township of Matawatchan, the main and only road from east to west in that section of country.

The structure is comprised of three main spans of fifty feet in the clear each, and with the approaches is two hunched and forty feet long. The county of Victoria gave one-half the cost,

.Muskrat Lake Road.

The road allowance between the first and second concessions of the township of Westmeath, and improved between lots 23 and 27, two miles, which had been roughly chopped out before.

North Bat and Temisoamingue Road.

Repairs of a necessarily light character were made over sixteen miles, and are of great advantage to settlers who are filling the country rapidly. Several are occupying land twenty miles from North Bay.

North Shore Road.

This work was the reduction in length of a bridge 108 feet long over a creek near Grass Lake, in the vicinity of Haliburton. The approaches were filled in permanently, leaving an opening of fifty feet, over which a bridge was constructed.

Nosbonsing Road.

A road between South-East Bay, Lake Nipissing and Lake Nosbonsing.

One mile was opened this season from the east side of lot 24, concession 4 Ferris easterly through lot 23 and ending on lot 22. There is yet a length of three or four miles to be constructed before the settlement which it will serve is fully reached.

Opeongo Road. From Vanbrugh eastward two and a half miles were repaired.

Osceola and District Line Road.

A mile and a quarter of road made passable for vehicles between the fourth and fifth concessions of the township of Bromley from Eganville and Osceola road northward.

Pembroke and Mattawa Road.

A bridge one hundred feet long was built over Aumond creek, the former one having been destroyed by fire. A new site was chosen and a diversion of the road made as a general improvement.

Perrault Settlement Road.

Completion of repairs to the Opeonga road from the termination of last year's oper- ations, two and a half miles. A bridge one hundred and ten feet long was built over Constant creek on lot 9, concession 6 of Grattan.

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53 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1890

Peterson Road.

Two and a half miles were well repaired between Bobcaygeon road and Bushkong bridge and lour miles east and west of Papineau creek. Tbe bridge which is thiee hundred feet long was rebuilt and an excellent job reported. It is at Papineau creek " Forks."

Petewawa 15 and 16 Side Line Road.

One and a quarter miles constructed through the fifth and sixth concessions of Pete- wawa on the side line indicated, and which, being low and marshy, required brushing and ditching.

POWASSAN AND CaLLENDER R,QAD.

The portion built this year is practically on the line between lots ten and eleven from that between the seventh and eighth concessions of Bonfield, southward to the second concession three and a nlf miles, the first mile of which had before been chopped out as a winter road.

Raglan Road.

A continuation from the work of last year and now reaching the Carlow road on lot number four in the fourth concession of Raglan. Length made this season one and a half mile.

Reid Road.

The sum of $200 was given to supplement grants of $100 from the County of Peter- borough and $50 from the township of Galway, and was spent in opening and improving the road from lot 3 to lot 8 in the 16th concession of Galway, a mile and a half.

Scott Road.

Seven <md a half miles of repairs, four of which were between Apsley and Coe Hill and three and a half in the township of Wollaston, namely, from lot 23, concession 10 to lot 32 concession 12.

Silver Lake Road.

A new work in the township of South Algona, between lots 29 and 30 in the sixth and seventh concessions, one mile in length.

In the eighth concession a steep hill was reduced and made available for public use.

Snake River Bridge.

A bridge on the Stafford and Willberforce road, which was entirely reconstructed. The structure with the heavy earth approaches is three hundred feet long and required more than the grant to complete the work.

South Harvey Road.

Upon a memorial from the township of Harvey, two grnnts of $50 each were allowed to supplement equal sums voted by the council and spent on 1. South Harvey road be- tween Sandy Lake bridge and Buckhorn; and 2. on the sixteenth line of Harvey between lot A. and lot 5, some five miles altogether.

Sturgeon Falls Road.

This road is between the first and second concessions of Springer township, extend- ing this season west from lot number eight two miles.

The work was excessively heavy, the ground being low and wet.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 22). A. 1S90

Sudbury Road.

A new road six and a half miles long and reaching settlers in the township of Rayside.

It was commenced near the village of Sudbury and constructed through a .ough sec- tion on the west side of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where at the distance of three and a half miles it crosses the track, leaving the township of McKim, passing through an angle of the township of Snider and into Rayside.

The route is reported to be well selected and a very good and useful road for settlers and miners.

Sydenham and Bedford Road.

Repaired from three miles north of Sydenham northward five and one half miles.

An additional sum (SI 60) was allowed in order to complete repairs to lake, a further length of one and a half mile, and for repairing the bridge at the outlet of Otter Lake, all of which was accomplished.

Wkstmeath 9 Con. Road.

The completion of grading three miles referred to in last year's report. The road is now properly open for traffic.

Widdifield Road.

Two miles of heavy work through the second and third concessions and between lots twenty and twenty -one of Widdifield.

A destructive fire last year so injured the part opened that a considerable portion of the money was required and spent in restoring it to usefulness.

Widdifield and Phelps Road.

Two and a quarter miles constructed between concessions A. and B., from lot six- teen eastward, all in the township of Widdifield.

WlLBERFORCE ROAD.

The raising and grading three quarters of a mile on the town line between Wilber- force and Stafford from concession 23 of the first named township northward.

Whitefish Lake Road.

One portion of work was begun at lot 21 and continued to lot 3 in Cavendish. A second portion is new work from lot 16 to lot 19 in the fourteenth concession with some useful repairs on the same concession line from lot 22 to the boundary. Repairs were also made from lot 23 of Gal way to the boundary line of Cavendish, altogether about three miles of improvements and nearly a mile of road opened.

Wylie Station Road.

This last work is on the town line between Buchanan and Rolph, from the Pem- broke and Mattawa Road northward. Three quarters of a mile of a new road cut out forty feet wide and graded about twenty feet wide. It was low land requiring heavy brushing and ditching and therefore very expensive work.

69

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE ON COLONIZATION ROADS AND BRIDGES

IN THE YEAR 1889.

NAME OF WORK.

North Division.

Batchewaning Road

Cockburn Island do

Coffin, additional do

Coffin, 3rd Concession do

Coyne's do

Dayton Station do

Dean's Lake do

Galbraith do

Goulais River Bridge

Inspection

Manitoulin Island Roads

Mississaga' Road

Nepigon do

Rabbit Mountain and Whitefish Lake , do

Rainy River do

Rat Portage Bridge and do

Rat Portage and Rainy River do

Rock Lake do

Spanish River do

St. Joseph Island do

Thessalon Station do

Vankoughnet do

West Division.

Road do do

Cash.

Ah-mic

Alsace

Bracebridge .

Bridge repairs, M. and P. S. District

Brunei branch Road

Burk's Falls do

Cardwell do

Commanda Creek Bridge

Eagle Lake • ■ Road

East River Bridge

Hood's and Port Vernon (1876-9) Road

Humphry, 4th Concession • • . . do

Inspection •• • • • •

Kearney No. 2. .-. Road

Long Point do

Macaulay do

Maple Island Bridge

Mel >ougall Road

McDougall & McKellar do

Middle River Bridge

Mills Road

Missionary do

Monteith & Perry do

Muskoka do

Musquosh Bridge

North Cardwell Road

Northern do

North-west do

Oka do

Orange Valley do

Otter Lake do

Parry Sound do

Powassan do

70

200 86

510 00

490 00

490 00

496 63

499 95

640 97

521 69

85 05

1,290 30

2,937 70

307 30

1,108 65

1,099 38

3,463 10

3,876 35

2,200 00

200 00

799 03

850 19

380 00

755 03

23,202 18

401 87 404 04 800 57 390 39 602 71 832 72 500 00 440 00 620 00 600 00 14 00 356 24

1,250 00

1,009 09 453 32 816 34 600 00 500 00 375 78 100 51 474 19 500 11 665 75 593 71 6 00 500 49

1,155 54 493 95 829 21 500 85 450 00

1,877 83 615 93

Supplies from De- partment.

S c. ' 17*94'

157 51 41 50

386 41

524 37

201 37 230 91

244 63 1,804 64

167 28 159 '96 '

162 51 'i85'53'

41 50

154 13 218 06

148 37 136 14 202 63

165 32 183 25

.Total.

S c.

200 86

527 94

490 00

490 00

496 63

499 95

798 48

563 19

85 05

1,290 30

3,324 11

307 30

1,108 65

1,099 38

3,987 47

3,876 35

2,200 00

200 00

1,000 40

1,081 10

380 00

999 66

25,006 82

401 87 404 04 800 57 390 39 602 71

1.000 00 500 00 440 00 779 96 600 00

14 00

356 24

1,250 00

1,171 60

453 32

1.001 87 600 00 500 00 375 78 100 51 515 69- 500 11 819 88 811 77

6 00 500 49

1,303 91 630 09

1,031 84 500 85 450 00

2,043 15 799 18-

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE, Etc.— Continued.

NAME OF WORK.

Cash.

West Division. — Continued.

Rainy Lake Road

Rosseau Falls . . do

Ryde do

Ryde Centre do

Ryerson Centre do

South Armour do

South River do

Stephenson town line Bridge

Stony Creek do

Storage and freight

Strong 30 side line Road

Trout Lake Junction do

Westphalia do

East Division.

303 05 115 00 803 23 154 79

499 23 400 82

500 03 1,200 00

101 40 5 00

499 15

500 50 1,200 00

26,013 34

Supplies from De- partment.

150 29

Addingtnn Road

Alice and Petewawa do

Alice, 3rd Concession do

Alice and Wilberforce do

Anstruther do

Antoine do

Bedford (1886) Bridges

Bell's Rapids Road

i ygei in do

Blairhampton do

Buekhorn do

Burleigh do

Calabogie Bridge

Callender Road

Callender and North Bay do

Calvin do

Cameron do

Chandos do

Combermere Bridge

•Copper Cliff Road

( p as Lake (balance) Bridge

Dalton, 25 and 26, S. L ... Road

Douglas and Scotch bush do

Eganville and Cobden do

Eganville and Foy do

Eganville and Killaloe do

Fraser and Alice do

Frontenac do

Gelert Station do

Gilmour Station do

Golden and Round Lake do

Gull Lake do

Hagarty, 4th and 4th Concession do

Hastings do

Harvey do

Herschel do

Herschel and Faraday T. L do

Hinchinbrooke do

Hyde's Chute Bridge

Indian River do

inSpection{Balanceofi889: ::::::::::::::;:::::::::::::;:•

Lake Township Road

71

293 93 2,368 90

Total.

624 29

499 80 516 30

251 10

514 74

534 82

150 00

200 00

suit 76 251 30

130 69

200 00

671 31

1,000 00

500 00

500 75 302 23 952 92 278 62

182 61

547 00

153 00

212 50

206 29

257 00

464 04

290 00

508 67

496 94

500 00

209 77 411 05

49 25

199 75

200 00

522 43 762 38 834 55

122 82

309 39

200 57

200 00 1,000 00

158 55

559 27 \

2,537 07 j"

516 42

$ c.

303 05 115 00 803 23 in i 79 199 23 400 82 500 03 1,350 29 101 40 5 00

499 15

500 50 1,493 93

28.382 24

624 29

499 80 516 30 251 10 514 74 534 82 150 00 200 00

1.000 45 251 30 200 00 ii71 31

1,000 00

500 00 500 75 302 23

1,135 53 27s 62 547 00 153 00 212 50 206 29 257 00 464 04 290 00 508 67 4! Hi 94 500 00 259 02 411 05

199 75

200 00 522 43 885 20 834 55 309 39 200 57 200 00

1,000 00 158 55

3,096 34

516 42

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE. Etc.— Continued.

NAME OF WORK.

Cash.

Supplies from De- partment.

Total.

East Division. — Contin ut <L.

Road

S c.

506 31 100 00 600 25 501 18 600 14 4,846 72 1,007 26 998 64 1,338 70 1,205 83 983 07 40:-! 37 851 73 249 84 996 99 163 34 377 15 508 78 499 30 449 93 401 55 726 60 201 07 757 83 401 00 350 00 25 00 604 83 40 00 302 12 749 00 200 00 836 69 1,624 45 746 42 19 56 510 00 796 38 613 19 253 75 635 95 501 79

i c.

S c.

506 31

. do

UO 00

Lonsdale and Bridgewater

do

... do

0 25

Mackay's Station and Petewawa

501

do

6uO 14

Mattawa and Callender. . .

234 11

0 83

1,007 26

998 64

.do do

do . . . do

Mississippi

Monck •

261 37

54 80

1,590 07 1,260 68

Mountain Grove Station

... do

40:.

Mud Lake Narrows

... do

851 73

< 84 996 99

. do

163 34

do . do

107 74

484 89

508 78

. do

499 30

Pembroke and Mattawa (Aumond Creek Bridge)

44!

i alt Settlement and Sanson's

401 55

1 'eterson

do

726 60

Petewawa, 15 and 16 Side Line

do

201 97

Raglan

.. do do

246 32

1,004 15 401 00

Reid

350 00

nd Bromley, T. L. (balance)

do do

25 00

Seott

604 83

Sharbot Lake (balance)

do

40 00

Silver Lake

Snake River

302 12 749 00 200 00

161 66 493 00

998 35

Sudbury .

do

2,117 45

. do

746 42

Victoria Road (balance)

. do

19 56

Weatmeath, 9th Concession

510 00

Widdifield

796 38

do

613 19

253 75

Whitefish Lake

. do

635 95

do

$100 00 200 00 100 00 175 00 300 00 250 00 200 00 50 00 5 89

501 79

Municipal Grants, Refunds, Etc. —

Municipality of Harvey, for South Harvey Road

49, 62 J 09

2,034 37

51,658 46

County of Peterborough, for Harvey Road

" Reid "

" Burleigh "

Hastings — Lonsdale and Bridgewater Road " Lake Township "

Municipality of Harvey — Harvey "

Galway— Reid "

W. T. Pateman, Refund— Cock burn Island Roads

1,380 89

Departmental Expenditure

72

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 22).

A. 1890

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE, Etc.— Continued.

RECAPITULATION.

$ c.

S e.

25,006 82 28,382 24 51,65S 46

105,047 52 1,380 89

11. \W~L Division

103,60ii 63

HENRY SMITH,

Superintendent t 'olonization Roads.

Department of Crown Lands,

Toronto, 31st December, 1889.

6 (CJL.)

73

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF IMMIGRATION

FOR Tin:

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO,

FOR THE YEAR

1889.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

TORONTO:

PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST.

1890.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A, 1890

CONTENTS

Page.

COMMISSIONERS RePOET

Appendix No. 1— Report of Peter Bryne, Ontario Agent, Liverpool, England

2— Report of E. M. Clay

" 3 — Report of R. Macpherson, Dominion Agent, Kingston . . . .

" 4— Report of John A. Donaldson, Dominion Agent, Toronto . .

" 5 — Report of John Smith, Dominion Agent, Hamilton

41 G— Report of A G. Smyth, Dominion Agent, Loudon

1 3 6 8 13 28

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

REPOttT OF THE

COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION

FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1889.

To the Honourable Sir Alexander Campbell. K.C.M.6.,

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.

May it please Your Honour :

The undersigned has the honour to submit the following Report on the operations of the Immigration Department, for the twelve months ending the 31st December, 1889.

In 1889, as compared with 1888, there was a decrease of 5,145 in the number of immigrants who remained in the Province of Ontario. This decrease is owing to various causes, viz. : the improvement in trade in the British Isles, which causes farm labourers out of employment in the rural districts to drift into the cities to find employment ; the rise in ocean fares consequent on the discontinuance of the assisted passage rates and the inducements offered by the Australasian colonies. The decrease in the number of immigrants carried by the three leading steamship lines to Canadian ports was still greater than that in the number settled in this Province.

The immigrants, with few exceptions, were able to pay their way to their respective destinations where their labour was in demand. A large proportion of the mechanics and general labourers remained in Toronto, where, owing to the activity in the building trade, they succeeded in finding employment. The wages of stonecutters and bricklayers ranged higher than in the previous year, while labourers closely connected with the building trade also improved their condition. But although mechanics and skilled workmen receive higher wages here than in the British Isles there is no demand for their services in excess of the supply that would justify any special effort to induce them to emigrate. The organized trades and labour societies and the contractors and employers of labour so far control the rate of wages and the chances of employment at any given point, as to render it inadvisable to assume responsibility in giving advice to these classes further than to caution them against the representations of irresponsible parties who are ready to give advice with no accurate knowledge of the condition of the labour market in this country. The variations, incident to local causes, in the demand for mechanics and other skilled workmen, render it undesirable that this department should undertake to direct or influence their movements. It is also unnecessary under existing circumstances

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

from the fact that these classes have ample opportunity to inform themselves of the actual condition of their special industry at any given point, and can therefore regulate their movements in accordance with their individual interests.

Farm Labourers.

As in the previous year, there was a great demand for this class from the first of April till the end of October, and the falling off in the supply caused no small incon- venience to the farmers, who, in some districts, could not procure an adequate number of labourers. This led to an increase in wages which ranged during the harvest months from $25 to $40 per month with maintenance.

The system of yearly engagements, though slowly making its way among the better class of farmers, might still, it is believed, be extended with great advantage both to the employer and employed. There are instances of young men who, having spent the summer and harvest months on the farm, come into the cities in the fall in search of employment for the winter. This not only abstracts from the farm the labour which even in winter might be profitably employed upon it, but also unduly swells the number of the unemployed in the centres of population. It is to be hoped that the system of annual engagements, and the employment, where practicable, of married men to whom homes and garden plots may be allowed, will come more and more into favour amongst our farmers, thereby ensuring a fixed population of farm labourers and rendering farmers less dependent on the chance of hiring temporary help.

Female Domestic Servants.

The immigration of this class has been falling off gradually since the year 1883 when two thousand five hundred settled in the Province of Ontario. The demand during the past year could not be supplied although wages were largely increased.

The following is a statement of the number of immigrants settled in the Province of Ontario, through the Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, Hamilton, and London Agenci es, with their nationalities, during the years 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, and 1889, respectively :—

Irish.

1,551

3,993

4,518

4,521

6,322

8,993

3,783

2,105

2,497

3.330

2,801

2,268

The above table shews a decrease of 5,145 in 1889 as compared with 1888.

vi.

Year.

English.

Scotch.

1878

6,124

1,785

1879

12,169

2,894

1880

7,980

3,027

1881

7,704

3,070

1882

10,873

3,173

1883

11,954

2,658

1884

11,020

2,623

1885

7,261

2,131

1886

8,344

2,268

1887

10,758

3,277

1888

11,984

3,598

1889

9,028

2,347

German.

Other Countries.

Total.

620

2,975

13,055

1,450

3,901

24,407

1,197

2,569

19,291

1,274

1,664

18,233

1,033

1,290

22,691

1,384

2,130

27,119

1,716

3,136

22,277

1,098

1.378

13,973

936

1,243

15,288

1,032

1,326

19,723

993

1,156

20,532

779

965

15,387

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

The total arrivals in and departures from Ontario in 1888 and 1889 respectively were as follows : —

Passed Remained in

Via St. Lawrence. United States. Total Arrivals, through the Province. Ontario.

1888—22,691 70,540 93.237 70,257 20,532

1889—14,802 52,343 67,145 51,758 15,387

Decrease in 1889 5,145

The immigrants settled in this Province during the years 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, and 1889, were distributed through its respec- tive Agencies as follows : —

Year.

Ottawa.

Kingston.

Toronto.

Hamilton.

London.

Total.

1878

416

746

4,602

6,348

943

13,055

1879

608

1,134

9,509

10.639

2,517

24,407

1880

767

1,363

7,094

8,241

1,826

19,291

1881

977

2,187

7,779

6,227

1,063

18,233

1882

2,248

5,473

8,404

5,363

1,201

22,691

1883

2,670

3,984

11,233

7,535

1,697

27,119

1884

3,033

3,196

7,229

7,176

1,643

22,277

1885

1,398

1,877

5,166

4,698

834

13,873

1886

1,072

2,173

6,045

4,705

1,293

15,288

1887

1,660

1,983

8,606

6,419

1,055

19,723

1888

1,238

1,972

9,430

6,358

1,534

20,532

1889

940

1,633

6,950

4,660

1,204

15,387

In addition to the above immigrants, the following numbers were reported through the customs as having arrived and settled in Ontario : —

1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889.

j 1,020 1,150 944 1,168 932

855 673 629 725 832

1,593 1,709 1,736 2,057 2,757

987 912 1,218 1,131 1,565

2.642 2,735 1,493 1,609 1,723

1882.

1883. 1884.

Ottawa and Ports within

}

1,133

J 1,123 1,131 \ 1,395* 968*

its Ageney ..

Kingston

do

958

1,001 939

Toronto

do

1,546

1,622 426

Hamilton

do

1,138

1,366 1,179

London

do

6,740

6,868 6,674

Total

11,515

13,378 11,217

7,097 7,179 6,020 6,690 7,809

•Sent from Quebec to other plates within the Ottawa Agency.

vn.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

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53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

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53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Total number of Immigrant* and value of effects reported through the Customs, at the various Ports of Entry within the several agencies, for 1889.

Ottawa Agency . Kingston do . Toronto do Hamilton do London do .

Total

PORTS OF ENTRY.

Value of Effects.

The value of the effects of the Immigrants reported through Customs in the following year was : —

1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. $37,408 35,667 42,680 37,275 00 53,909 00 41,168

Ottawa

Kingston and ports

within its Agency. 51,130 37,266 37,244 28,662 00 32,035 00 47,911

Toronto and ports

within its Agency. 25,563 128,179 151,241 158,678 00 175,570 00 188,120

Hamilton and ports

within its Agency. 60,214 56,961 58,709 79,312 00 80,520 00 110,118

London and ports

within its Agency. 236,109 131,065 145,492 74,337 45 79,889 00 70,577

Total value $410,424 $389,138 $435,366 $378,264 45 $421,923 00 $457,894

Total value in '83, '84,

'85, '86. '87, '88, '89. 533,295 410,424 389,138 435,366 00 378,264 45 421,923

Increase $46,226 $43,658 55 $35,971

Decrease $122,871 $11,286 $57,10155

x.

;h n

ENC

2 .

2 ! 10

11

1« 21

44

10

5

11

26

6

4 1

11

95

107

..IE FOLLOWING ARE THE NUMBERS SETTLED IN ONTARIO

THROUGH AGENCIFS, AND REPORTED THROUGH CUSTOMS

. DURING THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1889.

AGENCY.

NGSTON

Settled through Agencies.

Reported

THROUGH

Customs.

' Grand Total for 1889. Grand Total for 1888.

940 1633 6950 4660 1204

932

832

2757

1565

1723

Total

settled in

Ontario.

1872 2465 9707 622ft 2927

15387 20532

7809 6690

23196 27222

DAVID SPENCE, Secretary.

xi.

STATEMENT A.— Shewing the number of Immigrants arrived in Ontario and the number remained, with their Nationalities, for the twelve months ending 31st Decembti

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

The following statement shews the number of Immigrants who left the British Island for places out of Europe, and the percentage settled in Ontario, through Agencies, during the years 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885,1886, 1887, 188S, and 1889 respectively :—

Year.

Numbers Left.

Settlers in Ontario.

Per centage.

1874.

241,014

25,254

10.55

1875.

173,809

17,655

10.16

1876.

138,222

11,432

8.27

1877.

119,971

11,654

9.77

1878.

147,663

13;055

8.84

1879.

217,163

24,407

11.23

1880.

332,294

19,291

5.80

1881.

392,514

18,233

4.64

1882.

413,288

22,691

5.49

18S3.

397,157

27,119

6.83

1884.

304,074

22,277

7.32

1885.

264,986

13,973

5.27

1886.

330,881

15,288

4.62

1887.

396,494

19,723

4.97

1888.

398,494

20,532

5.16

1889.

15,387

XI.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

The following statement shews the aggregate number of children settled in this Province since 18G8 by the undermentioned parties.

Yeah.

>>

i

Miss Macpherson.

Mrs. E. Bilbrough Wallace.

m

(-

o

£

a

o

«

a

V

a.

TO

P >

M

c •o

a

s

u

M c

Q .

fci

a

&

•a. ®

t £ £. o

Cardinal Manning and others.

c

1868

5 187 253 277 185 134 193

5

1869

187

1870

194 498 321 358 279 1S4 163 115 68 95 114 90 183 193 165 183 215 212 270 249

447

1871

775

1872

506

1873

79 126 129 158 153 194 254 351 274 316 271 295

102

50

78

71

83

86

57

41

60

70

125

145

115

129

202

279

85

594

1874

81 43

603

1875 . . .

305

1876

91

42

96

68

117

118

170

165

125

110

120

300

160

234

1877

28 32 24 22 43 41 53 75 87 91 75 101 86

317

1878

1879

1880

307

398

51 172 252 395 615 406 484 481

11 49 24 43 39 32 33

104 92

22

45

139

183

283

323

301

77

30

407

1881

562

1882

1883

779 1133

1884

1378

1885

1611

1886

]768

1887

1408

1888

1839

1889

1448

Total

2916

4149

2600

1778

882

2856

427

1403

17011

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Expenditure.

The total expenditure on account of Immigration during the years 1884, 1885, 1880, 1887, 1888, and 1889, respectively, was as follows:

1884.

1885.

1886.

1887.

1888.

1889.

Agencies in Europe

Carriage of Immigrants in

Provisions for Immigrants, including medical attend -

S c.

27

6600 52

12175 90

7148 94 2033 94

1394 38

6235 97

43369 92

1.94

c.

5150 00 4964 63

2852 74

2959 16 623 48

2538 10

S c. 5150 00 4224 35

780 58

2527 64 872 98

3281 85

S c.

5150 00 2485 22

809 34

2948 31

403 07

f c.

5150 00

550 00

328 55

638 78 L85 06

800 00

S c.

3889 00

648 00

236 63

423 97

474 82

1177 48

Immigration Pamphlet and Maps

Carriage of female domes- tics from Quebec

Total

19088 11 1.36

16837 40 1.10

11795 94 .59

7952 39

.38

6849 90 .44

Cost per head, including Immigrants settled through Agencies only.

The following statement, condensed from the Reports of the Commissioners of Crown Lands, shews the progress of the settlement of the Free Grant Districts since 1868 :

Year.

=

O .J

u <° :. r. _= — 3l=

3 30

30

3 O

00

s

—

si

3 a

BO

o

u

■~ cj

0

- - a a

= o

r.

■- ~ I -

"E '-.

~ — r o

Number of acres sold.

Number of lots, the location "t which have been can- celled.

-- -

3 -

1868

15 24 14

1 18

6 10

1

511

566

1200

1113

875

757

919

1387

46336

56011

155427J

82

52

148

2120 956 4585J 3452i 2268^ 5038 2144 3896

1869

1870

1871

153105^ | 139 115065 1 97 1006031 79

1872

1873

14S 381 453 381

1874

119070

186807

57 89

755 570

1875

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Statement of settlements in Free Grant Districts, etc. — Continued.

Year.

1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889.

ft,

<D m

x> a.

Total

23

5 1 1 3

2

133

463

1914

2115

1506

1292

1077

932

985

1157

1236

1149

902

842

858

24756

- j2

192858 260801 274238 199500 181745 153764 129535 134594 161964 175351 162734 122772 109002 114050

3305333i

110 149 188 123 110 155 150 143 125 149 133 109 74 84

2545

2261 5534 6637 4911 3621 8870 5562 8927 5809 5998 5474 5694 2797 3708

100263^

-c" 9

462 691 1118 1018 870 781 624 587 635 563 607 612 556 657

10844

a. a 5

546 542 472 513 487 487 502 790 609 581 706 559 523 386

9018

XIV.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Statement shewing the number of Immigrants settled in Ontario, through Agencies, aud reported through Customs, from 1868 to 1889.

Year.

Number settled through Agencies.

Number reported through Customs.

Total number settled.

Value of the effecti

of Immigrants

reported through

Customs.

1868.

10873

No returns reported.

1869...

15893 25590 25842 38129 39184 31720

,,

1870.

,,

1871.

„

1872. .

,,

1873

it

1874

25444

6276

Returns not complete

1875

17666

4096

21751

$328236 000

1876

11432

7691

19123

279138 00

1877

11654 13055

6225 4885

17879 171)40

305662 00

1878

311117 00

1879

24407

4420

28827

244618 00

1880

19291

5435

24726

258919 00

1881

18233

6967

25200

313075 00

1882

2269]

11515

34206

503032 00

1883

27119

13375

404114

533295 00

1884

22277

11217

33494

405770 00

1885

18973

7079

21052

389138 00

1886

I.V'-v

7179

22467

435364 00

1887

19723

6021

25744

378264 45

1888

20532

6690

27222

421923 00

16387

7809

23196

467894 00

Total

298161

116880

560552

§5566455 45

Further details will be found in the various appendices to this Report. All of which is respectfully submitted.

CHARLES DRURY,

Commissioner.

Toronto, January, 1890.

XV

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

APPENDICES.

No. 1.

ANNUAL REPORT OF PETER BYRNE, ESQ., IMMIGRATION AGENT,

LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.

Ontario Government Agency, Nottingham Buildings, 19 Brunswick Street,

Liverpool, 31st December, 1889.

The Hon. Chas. Drury, M.P.P.,

Minister of Agriculture and Immigration, Toronto.

Sir, — I have the honor to report that my efforts during the past year have, as usual, been directed to the spread of information regarding the resources and attractions of Ontario, mainly among the populations of the rural districts of the United Kingdom.

The methods employed to this end have not varied materially from those adopted heretofore. Public attention has been drawn to the Province chieflly by advertising the pamphlet, entitled " Ontario as a Home for the British Tenant Farmer," with colored map. This has been done to a limited extent in all the leading agricultural journals published in Great Britain and Ireland, besides many other general newspapers which have a large and influential circulation in the agricultural districts. The result has been an extensive demand for the pamphlet which is sent free to every applicant.

I have personally visited during the year a great many passenger agents actively engaged in different parts of the country in promoting emigration to Canada — instructing them as to the kind of people we are anxious to attract to Ontario, as settlers, and supplying them with printed matter for distribution, and, when occasion serves, giving special information and advice to their clients.

I have also attended and taken part in a number of emigration meetings held in the country towns and villages, where, besides giving short addresses, I have answered many enquiries both public and private regarding Ontario. Of course, I studiously avoid on every occasion advocating indiscriminate emigration ; but on the contrary, carefully specify the classes who are wanted and would be likely to do well, and distinctly discourage all others.

Besides distributing among the agricultural population large numbers of pamphlets and leaflets relating to the Provinee, I have also furnished supplies of printed matter to the office of the High Commissioner in London, to the several Dominion agents throughout the country and to the different Canadian shipping companies, for distribution at their respective offices.

The correspondence of the office continues to be considerable and also the numbar of personal applications for information. All enquiries whether by letter or otherwise are carefully answered. They proceed from all classes of people and in some cases from distant places outside the United Kingdom. They are often long and important and relate to a great variety of subjects, such as questions of law, manufactures, the tariff, land transfers, rate of interest obtainable on investment, nature of security for loans, amount of capital required in some particular industrial enterprise or the purchase and stocking of improved farms, etc., etc.

But the great bulk of the more important enquiries received have reference to land, showing that the desire to possess a farm is the principal motive inspiring the generality of intending emigrants whether they be possessed of capital or have little or nothing but their own industry wherewith to commence a fresh career in a new country.

2 (im.)

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

Applications from ordinary laborers and mechanics have not been so numerous of late, owing no doubt to the great improvement in every kind of trade and the consequent increase of employment that has taken place during the year. I, however, uniformly discourage these classes from emigrating in the absence of any special demand for their labor in Ontario.

I continue to receive a good many enquiries from young men who have been well brought up and well educated, and who are desirous of finding situations with farmers in Ontario for the purpose of learning practical agriculture. Such persons I usually refer to the many respectable societies which now exist for the purpose of aflording practical assistance to such persons. In cases where the applicants or their friends have means, I strongly recommend them to apply for admission to the Government Agricul- tural College at Guelph where, I assure them, they are certain to obtain a valuable training for an agricultural career.

As to that most important class of all emigrants — namely, persons with capital, I have received during the year a fair proportion of enquiries from them and with many I have had personal interviews. Some of them required information with a view to engaging in trade or manufacturing industries, but the majority were anxious to learn all about the prospects of success in Ontario for a practical farmer with more or less money at his command. In all such cases I take every pains to give the fullest informa- tion and assistance in my power, and I have reason to believe that a goodly nnmber of this class of emigrants have found their way to the Province this past season.

Farm laborers as a class are less able than they were years ago to emigrate, owing to the decrease in their wages and in the case of Canada to the discontinuance of assisted passages. But those of them who, after years of steady thrift and self-denial, have managed to accumulate out of their scant earnings enough to defray their passages, ought to be welcomed as the very pick of working men who will be pretty certain to become valuable settlers, proving a benefit to the Province as well as reaping benefit for them- selves. I therefore think it right to give all the encouragement I can to such emigrants.

There are fewer enquiries than ever from good female domestics who continue to be in strong demand everywhere. Even when, as in the case of Queensland and some other colonies, free passages are granted, it is found no easy matter to induce them to emigrate.

Owing to the tithe agitation and other causes of depression and discontent among the agricultural classes of Wales, I have recently thought it well to prepare a four page leaflet for distribution in that part of the country, in which I have given a biief descrip- tion of Ontario and set forth the great advantages it offers to tenant farmers and others with some capital and practical experience ; also pointing out that in Ontario there is perfect religious equality, no tithes to pay and no vexatious game laws or other restric- tions to hamper and burden their industry. As very many of the Welsh people, espe- cially in the rural sections of the country, are not able to read English, I have had the leaflet translated and am now having 20,000 printed which I will take immediate steps to have circulated. Should this experiment succeed in awakening an interest regarding Ontario in Wales, I shall, subject to your approval and sanction, repeat it on a larger scale.

As you are doubtless already aware there has been a very marked falling off in the volume of general emigration this year as compared with 1888. The following returns show the total number of passengers carried to Canada by the Allan, Dominion and Beaver Line steamers during both years : —

1889. 1888.

Allan line 35.428 48,026

Dominion line 8,914 11,396

Beaver line 6,491 7,501

I have the honor to remain

Your obedient servant,

P. BYRNE,

Agent for Ontario. 2

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

No. 2.

ANNUAL REPORT OF EDWIN M. CLAY, ESQ., DOMINION IMMIGRATION

AGENT, HALIFAX.

Dominion Immigration Office,

Intercolonial Railway Station,

Halifax, Nova Scotia, January 22nd, 1890.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit for your information a report of the immigration; at this port for the year ending December 31st, 1889.

The arrivals at this port for the year were as follows : —

Cabin.

Males 3,5 1 7

Females 2,817

Children 293

6.627

Steerage.

Males 7,430

Females 3,054

Children \ 1,844

—12,328

Grand total 18,955

The above shows an increase over last year in cabin of 2,856, and a decrease in steerage of 2,725, or an increase over the grand total of last year of 131.

The class of people landing here during the year has been far above the average of previous years, very few poor people, and none receiving Government assistance. In fact a better class could hardly be desired.

Six parties of children landed here as per statement enclosed.

Our farmers have again experienced a very prosperous year, crops all over the Province having yielded excellent returns.

Trusting the above will prove satisfactory.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

EDWIN M. CLAY,

Dominion Immigration Agent,

D. Spence, Esq.,

Secretary Ontario Immigration Department,

Toronto, Ontario.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Statement showing number of Children Immigrants landed at this port during the

year 1889.

Date of Arrival.

By whom sent.

No. of Children.

Remarks :

Steamers.

M.

F.

Where bound, etc.

March 24..

" 26..

" 30..

" 30..

" 30.. Sept. 24..

Miss Macpherson

Mr. Quarrier

R. Wallace

75

129

91

94

47

20

Stratford, Ontario. Broekville, " Belleville,

CI

Toronto, "

((

Dr. Stephenson

Hamilton, "

St. John, N.B.

EDWIN M. CLAY,

Dominion Immigration Agent.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 189Q

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

No. 3.

ANNUAL REPORT OF R. MACPHERSON, ESQ., DOMINION IMMIGRATION AGENT, KINGSTON, ONTARIO.

Government Immigration Office,

Kingston, 31st December, 1889.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit my annual Report shewing the arrivals and depar- tures of immigrants at this Agency for the twelve months ending 31st December, 1889, and their nationalities.

The demand for farm labourers and'female domestic servants during the past year as usual far exceeded the supply, more particularly in the summer season, and I trust a larger number of both may come under my care the coming year. There will also be a demand for ordinary labourers in this district next season to complete the laying of double track for the Grand Trunk Railway Company between Montreal and Toronto.

The immigrants generally, during the past season, were of a good class, healthy, and required but little medical assistance, were placed very soon after arrival, and but few returned to me for further advice after having been once placed.

In reference to child immigeation, from my personal knowledge after having inspected a very considerable number of them placed chiefly with farmers in my district, seeing their healthy condition, the general satisfaction they are giving and the care exercised in looking after them, I am satisfied this class of immigration is beneficial.

I have to report that stock raising continues to increase in my district and more attention'is being paid by farmers than formerly to the improvement of this important branch of husbandry, also to the making of cheese and to the export of eggs and poultry.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Your obedient servant,

R. MACPHERSON,

Government Immigration Agent. The Honourable

The Commissioner of Immigration Toronto.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

No. 4.

ANNUAL REPORT OF JOHN A. DONALDSON, ESQ., DOMINION IMMIGRA- TION AGENT, TORONTO, ONTARIO.

Immigration' Office,

Toronto, 31st December, 1889.

Sir, — I have the honour to submit this my twenty-ninth annual report, showing the working of this agency for the twelve months ending December 31st, 1889.

The arrivals here during that period, in number, fall below those of 1888, and are as follows : Total number of souls arriving and passing through here, 10,749. Of these 9,055 came by way of the Canadian ports, of Quebec and Montreal in summer, and Halifax in winter, and the remainder, amounting to 1,694, came here by way of the various ports of the United States.

The total number remaining in Ontario and dealt with at this office were 6,950.

Number passed through on their way to Manitoba and points in the North- West, 170.

Number passed through on their way to the "Western States, 3,629.

As stated in my last year's report, the immigrants from Quebec on their way to Manitoba and the North-West, do not now pass through this agency, but take the all rail route, which accounts for the comparatively small number here reported.

The demand for agricultural laborers during the season has been greatly in excess of the supply, in fact it has been some years since we have had so many applications on our books tor this class ; farmers writing and coming from all sections of the country to obtain the necessary help, and in many cases being disappointed. Wages ranged from |1S to $22 per month for the summer season, and from 8120 to 8160 for the year. A larger number were hired by the year than has been the custom heretofore, and especially was this the case with married men with families.

The demand for domestic help, both in the city and country, has, as usual, far exceeded the supply, and we have found it utterly impossible to supply even a small proportion of those applying. Comparatively few girls of the domestic class now find their way as far as Toronto, and the majority of those who do have friends to go to, so that we have been worse off for domestic help this year than ever before, and especially is this the case in the agricultural districts.

The greater proportion of those arriving at the agency this season have obtained employment in the country parts, those remaining in the city being principally parties sent for by friends.

Very few general laborers have arrived this year, in comparison with former years, and there was a total absence of the pauper element, not a single person, as far as I am aware, having arrived who could be placed under this class. Almost all the societies in England who are now engaged in helping immigrants out, are very careful in their selec- tion, and have a small fund of money here for the purpose of helping those they send out until they obtain employment, so that the burden of supporting them, in case they do not soon fall into work, does not fall upon the charitable institutions of the city.

The trade and business of the city has been very good, and what few mechanics arrived obtained employment without much difficulty, though, as a rule, there is bnt little demand for this class. The value of property in Toronto still increases, and for miles in every direction land is boing sold at very high figures for suburban residences, etc. As an instance of this I may state that a short time ago a farm of less than a hundred acres, a little outside of the city, was sold for 8180,000, to be cut up into build- ing lots. West Toronto Junction, where, a few years ago, scarcely a house was to be seen, is growing into a large and enterprising town, and many extensive manufactures are now running there, giving employment to a large number of hands.

53 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

Though the numbers this year are below those of 1888, the quality of the immigrants continues to improve, and we have had as good a class this season as could be wished for. All appear to be well and comfortably clothed, and from the value and appearance of their baggage, have sufficient clothing to face the winter. A few have invested in improved farms, but the majority deposited their money in the banks until they had a little experience in the ways of the country.

The general health of the new comers has been very good, the principal cases of sickness being among young children from the effects of sea sickness, or the weariness of the journey. Not a single death has occurred during the season.

The religious requirements of the new arrivals have been well looked after by the various ministers of the city, and services have been held on the premises whenever a sufficient number have been staying at the depot over Sunday.

Very few immigrants have availed themselves this season of the free grants in the Muskoka and Parry Sound Districts, though there has been considerable enquiry through this office by parties who have been resident in the country a few years, and who are contemplating moving there. The country opened up by the Canadian Pacific Railway, north of Lake Nipissing, appears to be attracting more attention now than the older dis- trict of Muskoka, both on account of the better quality of the land and from the fact that there is more choice. The mineral district also, round Sudbury, is causing considerable enquiry here, and we feel the need of maps and descriptive pamphlets of the whole of this northern country.

The various railway companies have been very attentive to the wants of the immi- grants while on their way to their destination, and every possible kindness has been «hown by the various officials on the trains and at the stations.

All of which is most respectsully submitted.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

J. A. DONALDSON. To the Honourable,

The Commissioner of Immigration, Toronto.

10

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

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53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Report showing the number and destination of Immigrants forwarded from this Agency by Free Passes for the twelve months ending December 31st, 1889.

Stations.

Acton

Ailsa Craig

Allandale ,

Appin

Ayr

Berlin

Bolton

Bothwell

Bowmanville

Bradford

Brampton

Brantford ,

Bronte

Burketon

Burk's Falls

Chatham

Clarkson's

Clinton

Craigvale

Durham

Emsdale

Erie and Huron Crossing

Fletcher

Foxmead

Gait

Garnet

Gravenhurst

Grimsby

Hagersville

Hamilton

Adult passes.

1 1 1 2 2

2£

1

3

1

4

1

1

1

1

3

5

1

2

1

»i

2 1 2

2 1 3 1 2 6

Stations.

Harriston

Holland Landing

Hornby

Inglewood

Islington

Jordan

Kenilworth

London

Malton

Markdale

Merritton

Mimico

Mount Forest . . .

Mono Road

Newmarket

Niagara

Orillia

Owen Sound

Paris

Peterborough.. .

Pickering

Port Carling

Port Dover

Port Union

Reaboro

Ridgetown

Shelburne

Simcoe

Springfield

Stratford

12

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

liEPORT showing the number and destination of Immigrants forwarded from this Agency by Free Passes for the twelve months ending December 31st, 1889 — Continued..

Stations.

St. Catharines

Thorold

Thornhill Tilsonburg . . . Utterton

Watford

Weston

Whitby

Wingham .

Winona

Woodville . Woodstock .

Total

145

No. 5.

ANNUAL REPORT OF JOHN SMITH, ESQ., DOMINION AGENT, HAMILTON, ONTARIO.

IMMIGRATION

Hamilton, Ontario, December 31st, 1889.

Sie, — I have the honour to submit the following annual report with tabular state- ments showing the arrivals and departures of immigrants at this agency for the year ending the 31st day of December, 1889.

The past year shows a decrease of 1,575 immigrants settled in Ontario as compared with the corresponding period of the previous year.

There is a decrease of 617 immigrants passing through to Manitoba and the North- West Territories from the Ports of New York, Boston and Philadelphia, the New England States and the States of New York and Pennsylvania.

There is a large decrease of immigrants passing through Canada from the United States Alantic ports to the Western States amounting to 17,418.

Statement A shows the arrivals and departures of immigrants, their declared destinations, nationalities and occupations.

Statement B shows the arrivals and departures of immigrants and their general destinations.

Statement E shows the monthly arrivals of immigrants via the St. Lawrence and settling in Ontario.

Statemement F shows the monthly arrivals of immigrants via the United States settling in the Dominion and those passing through to the Western States.

Statement H shows the number of children brought and settled in the Hamilton district by the philanthropic societies.

Statement J shows the amount of capital reported as brought into Canada.

13

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

Statement L shows the number of immigrants settled in Canada and their destina- tions.

Statements M, N, O and P show the number of immigrants, the value of effects as reported at the Custom House ports of entry.

Statement Q shows the total number of immigrants and the value of their effects a& reported by the respective customs ports of entry.

Statement S shows the rate of wages paid in the district of the Hamilton agency.

Statement T shows the prices of the different articles of food and wearing apparel.

The immigrants arriving at this agency during the past year compared favorably with those received in previous years, the whole of them being healthy and self-reliant and free from the pauper element.

The number of mechanics arriving here and reporting themselves at this agency amounted to sixty-eight, including those connected with the various trades, all of whom' met with ready employment on arrival, the number arriving being inadequate to meet the demand, especially in the building trades, some of the contractors cabling to Europe for a supply of men.

The majority of immigrants arriving at this agency was from the rural districts of Europe being composed principally of agricultural and common labourers with their wives and families who readily found employment, the boys and girls being eagerly sought after for farm work and domestic duties ; the immigrants this year being a very desirable class of settlers and well adapted to the wants of the Province.

During the year there has been a good enquiry for situations for young men to learn farming previous to purchasing farms in this Province or taking up homesteads in Manitoba or the North West Territories.

The past year having been pretty free from strikes, work has been steady with wages at full scale prices, and with the open fall and winter months building operations have been continued up to the close of the year.

During the past year there has been a good demand at this agency for all classes of immigrants and at no time has the supply equaled the demand, this being so particularly with the farm labourers, causing great inconvenience to the farmers who were unable to obtain the required help.

The immigrants arriving at the close of the year ; the greater portion of them have? been assisted out by their friends who arrived early in the season.

Agricultural Labourers.

The demand during the past year has been largely in excess of the supply both for married men with families and also for single young men. At present there is a good demand for all classes of farm labourers including stock men. Wages have ruled about the same as last year, engagements by the year were from one hundred and twenty dollars to one hundred and fifty and for first-class hands two hundred dollars has been paid, the rate per month for good hands running from twelve to fifteen dollars per month and for extra hands as high as twenty has been paid commencing from the 1st of April to the end of October, the rate for harvest hands being twenty-five dollars per month,, including board and lodging.

Female Domestics.

During the past year it has been utterly impossible to meet the demand for this class of immigrants at the increased wages offered ; the rate for ordinary servants ranging from eight to ten dollars and for first-class general servants the wages rate from twelve to fifteen dollars, whilst good cooks command from fifteen to twenty dollars per month.

The demand for^this class of labour will continue owing to the increasing industries: established in the Dominion giving employment to females ; another cause lor the scarcity of domestic servants is caused by the early marriages incident to colonial life.

14

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 2:3). A. 1890

Mechanics.

There has been a fair demand during the past year, those arriving having met with ready employment. The number reported at this agency as having arrived by the St. Lawrence and via the United States being sixty-eight.

Mill Operatives.

There has been a good demand for this class of labour, some of the miDs being hard pressed to obtain the necessary number of hands.

Manufacturers' Operatives.

During the past year there has been a fair demand for all classes of operatives, especially in the ready-made clothing department.

Common and Skilled Labourers.

There has been a fair demand during the past year for all able-bodied labourers, able to work in the rolling mills, foundries, railways, public works and the building trades.

Juvenile Immigration.

The societies engaged in juvenile immigration, whose homes are located in the- Hamilton district and referred to in statement H shows a decrease of two hundred and three as compared with the previous year.

The children which arrived this year compare very favourably with any brought out in previous years.

The superintendents and matrons have been careful in the selection of the homes provided for the children.

The children's home situated in Hamilton and connected with the homes of the Rev. Mr. Stevenson, England, of which the Hon. W. E. Sandford is President has met with a sad and heavy loss by the death of Mrs. Evans, the late matron ; the home is now managed by her son Mr. Sandford Evans, who has been engaged in the work for some time past, and during the winter and fall months he has made a thorough inspection of the children sent out from the home.

Most of the societies engaged in sending out adult emigrants are well organized, care being taken in the selection of the emigrants before being assisted out to Canada.

The Self-help Emigration Society, the Charity Organization Society, and the Nor- thumberland Village Homes make ample provision for the care of their emigrants on their arrival in Canada until such time as they can obtain employment.

During the past year there has been a large correspondence asking for maps, pam- phlets and general information in reference to free grant lands, Manitoba, British Columbia and the North- West Territories. The number of communications received and despatched for the year numbered 6,179.

The demand for agricultural labourers and female domestics has already commenced for the coming season and from present prospects it will be impossible to supply the djmand.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

JOHN SMITH,

Dominion Government Emigration Agent*

15

53 Victoria.

' **

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Statement of Immigrant Arrivals and Departures from Hamilton

MONTHS.

January . . February. . March April ....

May

June

July

August .... September Ootober . . . November. December .

Philanthropic Societies . Customs Returns ..;...

Total

Arriyalls.

71 75 57 297 397 234 195 242 141 222 107 103

2141 494

2635

3605 3248 6790 7649 10030 6695 2842 1534 2021 2003 1881 1550

49848

1128

50976

Sexes.

1749

1573

4335

4884

6105

4357

1519

88S

1081

1113

995

828

29427

305

29732

638

579

1166

1349

1755

1172

504

293

357

367

328

272

8780

372

1289

1171

1346

1713

2567

1400

1014

595

724

745

665

553

Declared destinations.

3676 3323 6847 7946 10427 6929 3037 1776 2162 2225 1988 1653

13782 494 451

9152! 14727

51989

494

1128

53611

y

i •

279 281 318

83 157

549 186 699 129

492 444 421 384 253 293 247

4660 494

1128

118 88 58 60 44 84

103

1198

. 6282

PQ

I 1198 . .

3309 2959 6372 7211 9599 6319 2505 1297 1718 1928 1611 1303

46131

46131

Hamilton, 31st December, 1889.

16

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Immigration Agency for the twelve months ending December 31st, 1889.

Nationalities Remaining in Canada.

Occupations Remaining in Canada.

NOT

Kfimkted

ELSE- WHERE.

POST *D

Blse-

WUKKK

CO

CJ CC

CO

"So a

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19 36 79 92 55 59 58 63 58 42 37

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687

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59 78 97 131 84 98 99 62 61 68 66

960

2

34

996

a

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32 66 59 90 81 66 58 41 49 30 48 47

657

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430280

JOHN SMITH, Dominion Government Immigration Agent.

3 (lie.)

17

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

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53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Statement H. — Shewing the number of children arrived in the District of the Hamil- ton Agency from the Societies engaged in Immigration for the year ending December 31, 1889.

Name of Society.

Boys.

Girls.

Total.

- a x

Sgx

f. X

— — *f

S „ x

.Saw £ § *

I — — -

Remained in the 1 Lome 1 >ecem- ber 31st, 1889.

Rev. Mr. Stephenson's Home

47

33

150 87

80 150 249

15

10

9

25

7

Miss Rye's Home

13

Miss McPherson's Home

162 15

42

Total, 1889

Total, 1888

224 3C7

270 330

494

697

44

62

Decrease

143

60

203

Hamilton, 31st December, 1889.

JOHN SMITH, Dominion Government Immigration Agent.

Statement J. — Shewing the amount of capital brought to Canada by Immigrants and Settlers in the District of the Hamilton Agency for the year ending December 31, 1889.

Months.

January

February

March .

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Total

Hamilton, 31st December, 1889.

1889.

1888.

$ c.

S c.

27,095 00

28,100 00

26,515 00

32,550 00

48,660 00

45,070 00

54,130 00

53,700 00

45,875 00

45,190 00

40,295 00

53,535 00

34,310 00

45,875 00

26,815 00

38,575 00

29,200 00

38,095 00

30,900 00

33,850 00

27,875 00

34,550 00

38,550 00 ;

36,350 00

Increase.

Decrease.

430,280 00 485,445 00

55,165 00

JOHN SMITH, Dominion Government Immigration Agent. 21

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Statement L. — Shewing the location of Immigrants reportad in the district of the Hamilton Agency, including those sent out >>y the Philanthropic Societies and those reported by the Customs Port of Entry in the Hamilton district for the year ending December 31st, 1889.

County.

Algoma

Bruce

Brant

Durham

Dufferin. . . .

Essex

Elgin

Frontenac .

Grey

Grenville . . Halton . . . Haldimand

Huron

Hastings . .

Kent

Lincoln

Leeds

Lambton . .

Lanark

Manitoba . .

No.

22

182 214

7

23

177

175

9 91

3 230 101 188

5 257 212

4 174

2 1198

COONTY.

Middlesex

Muskoka

Monck

Nipissing

Northumberland

Norfolk

Ontario

Oxford ,

Peterboro'

Peel

Perth

Renfrew

i Stormont

Simcoe

Wentworth

Wellington

Waterloo

Welland

York

Total

No.

386

61

7

46

7

231

89

296

6

91

177

8

5

186

1025

221

267

607

490

7480

22

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Statement M. — Shewing the number of Immigrants reported at the Port of Hamilton and the value of their effects for the year ending December 31st, 1889.

Nationality.

Male.

Females.

Children.

Total.

Value of Effects.

English

24 3

10 4

37

67

19 4

11 4

40

9S

37

14

7

7

37

132

80 21 28 15 114 297

S c, 3814 00

145 00

1430 00 700 00

.

15110 00

21414 00

145

176

234

555

42613 00

Statement N. — Shewing the number of Immigrants reported at the Port of Niagara Falls and the value of their effects for the year ending December 31st, 1889.

Na iionality.

Male.

Females.

Children.

Total.

Value of Effects.

_

10

8

10

28

3 c.

4170 00

1 12

•

29 25

1 13 15 34

2 36 64

80

100 00

11

20 21

2750 00 6715 00 4615 00

62

75

73

210

18350 00

Statement 0. —Shewing the number of Immigrants reported at the Port of Fort Erie and the value of their effects for the year ending 31st Deeember, 1889.

Nationality.

Mali -..

Females.

Children .

Total.

Value of Effects.

English

Irish

Scotch

German

United States Citizens Other Countries

9

1

1

1

43

39

94

9

1

1

1

60

4 2

114

12

2

2

2

66

50

131

30

4

4

4

169

131

312

2300 00

300 00

300 00

100 00

12760 00

7335 00

23095 00

23

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Statement P. — Shewing the number of Immigrants reported at the Port of Niagara, and the value of their effects for the year endiug December 31, 1889.

Nationalities.

Males.

Females.

Children.

Total.

Value of effects.

S c.

1

1 2

1 2 4

2

5

3

4 8 9

100 00 150 00

320 00

4

7

10

21

570 00

Statement Q. — Shewing the number of Immigrants and the value of their effects at the respective Ports of Entry in the district of the Hamilton Agency for the year ending December 31, 1889.

00

o

Nationality.

re 13

a

fc

©

o

ei

u

eS

o

ta

U eS

ID

bo

bo

c3

eg

u

«a

cS

w

fc

fH

*

H

>

$ C.

80

28

30

138

10284 00

21

28

15

114

4

4

4

169

25

34

59

355

445 00

2 36 64

1830 00

4 8

3650 00

34735 00

297

1 80

131

9

517

33684 00

555

210

342

21

1128

84628 00

24

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Statement S. — Rate of Wages paid in the district of Hamilton Agency for

the year 1889.

Employment.

Wages.

From

To

Bookbinders and Printers.

Blacksmiths

Bakers

Brewers

Butchers

Brickmakers

Bricklayers and masons . . .

Boilermakers

Carpenters

Cabinetmakers

Coopers

Fitters

Firemen, Locomotive

Laborers, Common

do Farm

do Railway

Lath Hands

Millwrights

Millers

Painters

Patternmakers

Plasterers

Plumber-

Rivetters

oakers

Shipwrights

Stonecutters

f c. 1 50

1 50

1 50

1 50

1 50

1 75

3 00

1 50

2 00 1 50 1 50 1 75 1 50 1 25 1 25 1 25

1 50

2 00

2 00 1 25 1 50 1 75 1 75 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 75

3 00

$ c. 2 00

2 25 1 75

3 00

1 75

2 50

3 25 2 25 2 25 2 50 2 00 2 25 1 75 1 50 1 25

1 37

2 00

3 00 2 50 2 25 2 00 2 50 2 50 2 25

1 75

2 00

2 50

3 25

Emplotmint.

Saddlers

Tanners

Tailors

Tinsmiths

Woollen Mills.

Card-room

Spinners

Weavers

Dyers

Wool Assorters

Cotton Mills.

Card-room

Spinners

Weavers

Overlookers

Fcnales per month with board and lodging.

Cooks

Dairy Maids

Dressmakers and Milliners. . . .

General Servants

Laundry Maids

Housemaids

Monthly hands with board and lodgings.

Farm laborers

Harvest hands

Lumbermen

Wages.

From

$ c. 1 50

1 25

1 25

1 25

50 1 00

75 1 00 1 25

50

1 25

80

2 25

12 00

7 00 10 00

8 00 10 00 10 00

12 00

To

$ c.

1 75

2 50 1 75

1 75

1 25 1 50 1 25 1 50 1 75

1 00 1 50 1 25 3 00

20 00 10 00 15 00 12 00 12 00 12 00

15 00

20 00 25 00 15 00

Hamilton", December 31st, 1889. 4 ( Ot)

JOHN SMITH,

Dominion Immigration Agent-.

25

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

Statement T. — List of Retail Prices of the ordinary articles of food-and raiment

required by the working class.

Articles.

Bacon, per lb

do Ham, per lb . . . do Shoulders, per lb

Pork do

Beef do . , . . .

Mutton do

Veal do

Butter, fresh do

do salt do

Candles do

Cheese do

Coffee do

Codfish do

Mustard do

Pepper do

Rice do

Soap do

Sugar do

Tea, green do

do black do

Tobacco do

Cornmeal per 100 lbs

Flour do

Buckwheat flour, per 100 lbs . Oatmeal do

Bread, by 4 lbs. loaf

Milk, per quart

Herring, per barrel

Prices.

From

10

12

9

8

7

10

10

20

15

12

10

25

6

35

25

4

5

5

30

30

50

2 00

2 00

2 00

9

5

7 00

To

15 17 12 10 12 12 12 25 20

15

40

10

40

35

5

6

8

50

50

60

2 50

2 75

2 50

2 75

10

6

8 00

Articles.

Eggs, per doz

Potatoes, per 60 lbs

Salt do

Firewood, per cord ....

Coal, per 2000 lbs

Coat, over

do under

Pants

Vests

Shirts, flannel

do cotton

do underware

Drawers, wollen, woven

Hats, felt

Socks, worsted

do cotton

Blankets, per pair

Rugs

Flannel, per yard

Cotton do

do double sheeting Canadian tweed cloth . , Shoes, men's per pair .

do women's do

Boots, men's do

do women's do

Rubber, men's do

do women's do ...

Prices.

From

8 c 12

30

45

4 00

4 00

5 00

4 00

2 00

1 00

1 25

50

37

50

1 00

25

10

2 00

1 00

20

5

20

40

1 50

1 00

1 75

1 25

75

50

JOHN SMITH,

Dominion Government Immigration Agent.

H amilton, December 31st, 1889.

26

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 23). A. 1890

No. 6.

ANNUAL REPORT OF A. G. SMYTH, ESQ., DOMINION IMMIGRATION

AGENT, LONDON, ONT.

Immigration- Office, December 31st, 1889.

Sir, — I have the honour to enclose statement shewing the arrivals and departures of immigrants at this agency for the year ending 31st December, 18£

The total number, 1,615; via St. Lawrence and Halifax, 1,069; via the United States, 546 ; distributed as follows to Manitoba, British Columbia, and the North-West Territories, 236 ; remained in the Province of Ontario, 1,204 ; went to the Western States, 175. Tin- nationalities of those remaining in Ontario are : English 658- Irish 243 ; Scotch, 175 ; Germans, 91, and other countries, 37.

( me hundred and twenty-nine have also settled in Ontario as per statement from our Custom House, who brought in goods and effects, value $6,953.00, more than half of whom are Canadians returning from the United States.

The class of immigrants that arrived at this agency was very good all the season many with cash and capital outfits.

The demand as usual for agricultural and farm servants has been much in excess of the supply, especially in the early part of the season.

The prospects for the coming season are as good as usual, and no doubt, but that all farm and general labourers who will choose this district to settle in will get employ- men c at good fair wages.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

A. G. SMYTH, Government Immigration JAgent.

David Spexce, Esq.,

Secretary, Department of Immigration, Toronto, Ont.

27

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 23).

A. 1890

oo .5

•sess^j 99ij£ jo aoqtun^

t- 02

CD CD

B.ft

§2

t— 1 o

aajjj; jo Jeqtnoj^j

a

•paj s^nuxSioitnT jo jaquinsj

'-3

■*3 +=

C os

DO ^

fj s

e c

•sreapj; 93i£ jo aaqran^j

El

b a

<=< M

CO ^

. a

rk CP

°.a

^ cp

Nationalities of Immigrants Settled in Ontario.

•sauiunoQ

jaq^O

• cc •

rH

CO

CO

•uBouatuy

c .j-

" 02

© -

JS cd >

^a o

-^ o

Sh Jh O CD

•otpTuqaaj

o

O

"SSIAig

d

• U'BlA'BUipU'BOg

AGENCY.

at this Agency i >y railways, or oth

•irouuaf)

lQCOt-rHCOrHOOCJOt-lft rH rH rH

rH C5

•qo^oag

lO • t- <N lO Cft ©, Gi ' CO © (N OS l-H (M <M rH i-H rH rH <M

lO

rH

■qsuj

CSi-ltDOOOCOiai-l(M(M<M(MeO rHi-HCqtNCNrHCNCNCNrHrHCN-^

1 N

LONDON

departures 'ree passes 1

•qsqSua

000000!OOeOC5Tt<-rt<05t-lOO TjicOCOOrHlOCOCOCCO'lCOCr. rH rH

00 lO

•outb^uo jo aoniA -oi<j aq:j ui paureinay;

t-cMwt>.Oi-ic<50eoeocq'*

OOOOCwl^rHClCCOOOOlOCO

rH rH r-i rH

rf ©

I-H

03 &

5 S

•ucqamjoQ qspug puB 'saijojuaajj qisa^\

t-.C5 0©0<MOrHC<5©lOlOCO rH CO rH T CM <M CM CNrHrHCO

CM

•oaqariQ jo aouiAoaj o; !}aa^

•sa'j'Big pa^mj^ aq^ o^ }iw\\.

©0©OlOOO©t-t-COrH»0 CM CM <M rH rHr-t rHrHrH

" S

c -.

3 CO

•spnog jo aaqranu rejoj,

-H<OlO^rHrH0000C0rH00rrir2 rHCCNrHOSt-IMOrHCNt^OlrH rH rHCMrHrHrHrHrHl-H H 1 O

1-1

OS

oo

00 CD

o o>

Q

43

•sa:mg pa^ioQ aq:j vi.t srBAU.ro jo jaquin^;

rHOOC3<MSOCOt-.C5C5COC5 lOCMlO'<J<T)<«OOCO'r'^,fOtM

g the n onalitie nation.

pntf aanajAiBfj -^g aqij via. s\vaiiiv jo jaqmivs^

COrHCiOOSirilfSrH'^CNlOO

CO?CCOt-^<©CDt~OI>.HtiCO

rH rH rH rH

Ep

©

1

Statement shewin and their nati places of desti

m W H

O

1

1

!

c

-

>>

i e i

« ® k

3 r;

3 <

\ £

? 1

1 -

-4- 0

S - !

a

I i

S J

i

! J

0 i <

5 r?

5 n : S

3 ©

O

H

CO

Eh

o

0

a

'A

O

28

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THB

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

AXD

EXPERIMENTAL FARM,

1889.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

TORONTO : PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STREET WEST.

1890.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

CONTENTS.

LETTER OF TRANSMISSION 1

Report of the President 3

Report op the Professor of Geology and Natural History 61

Report of the Professor of Chemistry P3

Report or the Professor of Veterinary Science 97

Report of the Foreman of the Horticultural Department 07

Report of the Physician 99

Rbport of the Professor of Agriculture 101

Rbport of the Professor of Dairy Husbandry 151

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

ADVISORY BOARD.

A. Blue, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, ex-officio, Toronto.

John I. Hobson, Mosborough, County of Wellington.

John McMillan, M.P., Constance, County of Huron.

J. S. Smith, Ailsa Craig, County of Middlesex.

Edward Jeffs, Bond Head, County of Simcoe.

G. B. Botce, Norham, County of Northumberland.

D. A. Dowlino, Appleton, County of Lanark.

William Donaldson, Woodstock, County of Oxford.

Chairman — John I. Hobson.

Secretary — A. Blue.

Executive Committee — John I. Hobson, John McMillan, M.P., and Edward Jeffs.

COLLEGE STAFF.

1. James Mills, M.A., President. English Literature and Political Economy.

2. Thomas Shaw. Agriculture, Live Stock and Arboriculture.

3. C. C. James, B. A. Inorganic, Organic, Agricultural and Analytical Chemistry.

4. J. H. Panton, M.A., F.G.S. Geology, Botany, Zoology, Meteorology and Horticulture.

5. F. C. Grenside, V.S. Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology, Materia Medica and Obstetrics ; Practical Handling

and Judging of Horses.

6. J. W. Robertson. Dairy Husbandry.

7. E. L. Hunt, B.A.

English Literature, Arithmetic, Mensuration, Mechanics, Levelling, Elementary Surveying and Book-keeping.

8. Captain Walter Clarke. Instructor in Drill and Gymnastics.

Jflill ;,;

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

AND EXPEKIMENTAL FARM.

Guelph, January 2nd, 1890.

To the Honorable Charles Drury,

Minister of Agriculture :

Dear Sir, — I have the honor to submit herewith the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm.

In this Report we have reviewed briefly the work of the year 1889 under the following heads : —

PART

I..

— Report of the President.

PART

II.-

—Report of the Professor of Geology and Natural History.

PART

III.

— Report of the Professor of Chemistry.

PART

IV-

—Report of the Professor of Veterinary Science.

PART

V

— Report of the Foreman of the Horticultural Department.

PART

VI-

— Report of the Physician.

PART

VII.

— Report of the Professor of Agricuture.

PART

VIII.-

—Report of the Professor of Dairy Husbandry.

I have the honor to be, sir,

Your obedient Servant,

JAMES MILLS,

President.

1 (A.C.)

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

PART I.

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT.

A year ago on the 26th of last November our farm buildings, with their contents, were destroyed by fire. This calamity caused us much trouble and inconvenience. We had to sell most of our cattle at such prices as we could get under very unfavorable circumstances, and were obliged to provide temporary stabling for our horses during the winter. It was not only the loss and inconvenience that were to be regretted, but the serious interference with the educational work of the institution. The students who were in attendance last winter had little or no opportunity for practical instruction in c feeding ; no experiments were conducted in the live-stock department ; and we had not the usual number and variety of animals for practical illustration in the live-stock class- room. Notwithstanding these disadvantages, we kept the students together and did what we could in various ways to make up for the lack of practical instruction in one or two departments.

During the latter half of the year things have been in much better shape for efficient and satisfactory work in all the outside departments.

The Experimental Department.

Our new experimental barn, with the necessary conveniences for experimental work, was completed early in the summer. A large number of varieties of wheat, oats, and barley, imported from Europe, were sown on our experimental plots; and under the management of Professor Shaw, with the efficient assistance of Mr. 0. A. Zavitz, our Assistant Superintendent of Experiments, it is hoped that valuable results will be obtained from these tests — that some good varieties of cereals which are adapted to our changed conditions of soil and climate will be found an lly distributed among the farmers

of this Province. A number of experiments in cattle feeding have also been undertaken —breed against breed, food against food, and method against method. Careful tests are being made, and bulletins giving the results will be issued from time to time durin" the winter and spring.

The Farm Proper.

A special and determined effort has been made during the year to clean the farm of noxious weeds, which have given some trouble and have not added much to our reputa- tion in the past ; nearly a mile of substantial wire fen • bas been constructed : and a good deal of time has been spent in making a first-class (1 might almost sav a model) road between our farm proper and an additional fifty acres in the township of Pnslinch. This road will be a convenience to ourselves and the public, and will add considerably to the value of the land on both sides. Our new farm buildings have been completed : and I think we may sav that the barn, silo, horse si ep house and bull shed which w©

now have are in many respects a marked improvement upon those which were destroyed a year ago. They look better and are much more convenient.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Live Stock.

We have not imported either sheep or cattle to take the place of those which were sold after the fire, but have endeavored to buy suitable animals at reasonable prices from Canadian breeders. Professor Shaw and John I. Hobson, Esq., were commissioned to purchase cattle of the beef breeds — Shorthorns, Herefords, Aberdeen-Angus Polls. Galloways, and Devons. They completed their work some time since, and the animals selected are now in our stables for experimental and educational work. In addition to these, Professor Shaw bought four Jerseys and two Ayrshires some months ago ; and J. W. Robertson, our Professor of Dairy Husbandry, has recently selected two or three more Ayrshires and suitable samples of the Holsteiu breed.

The Dairy Department.

In the Dairy Department also, valuable work has been done during the past year. By direction of the Professor of Dairying, 70 samples of Indian corn were sown under different conditions. The intention was to make a number of experiments simultaneously ; and the plot of ground chosen for the purpose, was a large, low-lying field which was rather dirty, but otherwise in fair condition. Part of this field was ploughed in the fall, part in the spring, and the remainder in both fall and spring. Artificial fertilizers were applied to one part of the field, a good coat of farm) ard manure to another, and a third part was left unmatured. Some of the seed was sown broadcast, some in drills, and some in hills. Some was sown early, some late and some at the ordinary time. Drills were made at different distances apart, and different quantities of seed were put in different drills. Thus, it will be seen, many practical points were involved, and Professor Robertson's report giving the results in Part VIII. of this volume will be an unusually interesting and valuable addition to dairy literature in this Province.

For the preservation of the corn spoken of above, a large silo has been constructed in one corner of the old barn, near the creamery ; and the remainder of the same barn has been changed into a cow stable for winter-dairying.

The Horticultural Department.

There has been the usual amount of work in this department, but nothing specially noteworthy, except the grading and gravelling of some roads on the lawn. Owing to the size of the lawn and the number of other things to be looked after — the vegetable garden, the orchard, the raspberry grounds, the vinery, and the forest tree-clumps — the work in this department has become very heavy ; and this year it has been work without much return, because the frost which came early in June was so severe that it left neither blossoms, fruit, nor fruit buds. Consequently we have grown no fruit this year. We are now buying all we use, and shall have to do so till next autumn.

Chemical and Botanical Laboratories.

The work in these two laboratories has been carried on with energy and earnestness throughout the year. It is however fully described by the Professors of Chemistry and Natural History in Parts III. and IV. of this report, and all I need say is that our students generally are taking greater interest than formerly in scientific and literary work. They are not neglecting the practical or bread-and-butter branches ; but they seem more anxious to learn the scientific principles which underlie the best practice, and to acquire such a knowledge of their mother tongue as will enable them to express their thoughts correctly, clearly, and forcibly on such subjects as it may be their duty or privilege to discuss in the different spheres in which they may move when college days are past.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1 si 0

A College Paper Started.

For several years past our students have thought and talked about starting a college paper, but the shortness of our course of study has always been a serious obstacle in the way. During the first fourteen years of our history, our course was limited to two years ; and as a consequence we had regularly a complete change of students every biennium. Under such a system it would of course be very difficult to conduct a college paper w ith any degree of efficiency. With editors and business managers constantly changing, there would not be much chance of success. In the session 1887.-88, however, a third year was added to our course, and since that time the prospects for a college journal have been somewhat brighter. At length, in October[last, the matter was taken up by our Literary Society, and in the month of November the tirst number of the "0. A. 0. Review" appeared. The second number has since come to hand, and, all considered, I think it is a creditable production — one which exhibits good taste and a very fair share of journal- istic ability.

A Very Sad Event.

In this report it is our painful duty to record the first death in our list of graduates — that of R. M. Soule, B. S. A., South End, Welland, Ontario. Having spent three years with us, Mr. Soule passed his final examinations in May last, and on the c^tli of June received the degree of B. S. A from the University of Toronto. Twenty-four of aye, full of hope, and anxious to make some return for the advantages of a college education, he went back to his father's farm and had got nicely to work, when his life came suddenly to an end, and his parents were left to mourn the death of a dutiful and promising son. Mr. Soule was a general favorite at college, a good student, and a hard worker. His conduct and record were very satisfactory to the college staff, and his sorrowing parents have our sincere sympathy.

Students in Attendance.

The attendance during the past year has been quite satisfactory — a little larger than the year before. The total number on the roll is 134, more than 70 per cent, of whom are from this Province. Thirty-one counties of Ontario are represented, and the largest representation is from the counties of Grey, Leeds, Prince Edward, York, and Middlesex,.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

COLLEGE KOLL FOR 1889.

Third Year Students.

Name.

P. 0. Address.

County, Etc.

Broil ie, Gr. A

Bethesda

York, Ont.

Dean, H. H

Gelling, J. A

*Harcourt, G

Welland

Lincoln, Ont.

*Hutton, J. R

Wei land. Ont.

*Lehrnann, A

McCallum. VV

Orillia

Ailsa Craig

London South

Simcoe, Ont. Middlesex, Ont.

McEvoy, T. A

Middlesex, Ont.

Monteith, S. X

Perth, Ont.

"Morgan, J. H. A

Middlesex, Ont.

Orsman, 0. P. . .

*Raynor, T

Rose Hall

Prince Edward, Ont. Waterloo, Ont.

Stover, W. J

Oxford, Ont.

*Soule, R. M

South End

Welland, Ont.

15

*0btained the degree of B.S.A. in June. Associates L)oing Special Work.

Name.

P. 0. Address.

County, Etc.

Horrocks. T. J . . Willans, N

York, Ont. England.

Willans, T. B

3

Second Year Students.

Name.

P. O. Address.

County, Etc.

Asbury, E

Bayne, P. R. C

Brown, H. H

Buchanan, D

Campbell, C. S

Cowan, J. H

Cowan, R. E

*Derbyshire, J. A ... .

Dolsen, W. H

Elliott, R

Eairbairn. O. G

Field, H

Hadwen, G. H

Harcourt, J

Hewgill, E. A

Holliday, W. B

Mutt, H. L

Linfield, F. B

Macfarlane, T. W. R

Makinaon, T. C

*Marsack, F

Marsaek, H

Delaware

Calcutta

Chatham

Hensall

Brantford

Gait

Gait

Brockville

Chatham

Seaforth

Brockville

Cobourg

Mons en Bareul, near Lille

St. Ann's

1 Heathcote

North Shields

South End

Dun lop

Ottawa

Harbor Grace ,

Turnbridge Wells

Turnbridge Wells . . ,

Middlesex, Ont.

India.

Kent, Ont,

Huron, Ont.

Brant, Ont.

Waterloo, Ont.

Waterloo, Ont.

Leeds, Ont.

Kent, Ont.

Huron, Ont.

Leeds, Ont.

Northumberland, Ont.

France.

Lincoln, Ont.

Grey, Ont.

England.

Welland, Ont.

Huron, Ont.

Carleton, Ont.

Newfoundland.

England.

England.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

College Roll. — Second Year Students. — Continued.

Name.

P. 0. Address.

County, Etc.

Mattice, W. A

Stormont, Ont.

McDonald 11 M

McKergow, .1. O

•McClaren, P

Quebec.

Lanark, Ont.

Monk, \V. 1)

Carleton, Ont.

Mulholland, F

rville

York, Ont.

rd, < >nt.

'Randall, W

Grey, ( )nt.

•Rennie, E. A

Thornton Heath, Surrey

Hamilton, Ont.

Shaw, P. ( ;

Sleightholm, J. A. B

and.

Peel, Ont.

Thomson, EL C

Hamilton. ( hit.

■Tinney. T. H

i. i ;. c

Victoria, Ont. • rrey, < hit.

Webster. 1 ...

Sinieoe, Ont.

1

Whitley, 0. F

Wilson, F. G

Wood. \V. 1)

British Columbia. England.

Ontario. Stormont, Dnt.

r-l

I

^Received an Associate Diploma in June

First Year Students.

Name.

P. O. Address.

County. Etc.

All( »way, E. L. U Toronto

Bate, K. H Brighton

Bealey, 11. B KatclitfeClo.se

Benyon, E. A. G Bracknell, Surrey . . .

Bertram, H Toronto

Buscarlet, F. W Lausanne

Bonis, J. A. S. Halifax

Cathcart, W Liverpool

Carl yle, \V. L Chesterville

Cochrane, .r Kilsyth

Conn, W lieathcote

Cox, H Kose Hall

Duke, E. W Chelsea, London

Dunne, H. K < fttawa

rbrook, F Bridgehampton, L. I

Faithfull, L. E Marsei I

Farlinger, F. B filorrisburg .

Cibson, D. Z Willow

Oolden, J. H Amherstburg

Graham, M. H London, 8. W .

Orange, G. J Ouelph

Crant, R. S ! I

Hall, E

Hall, W. P. B." H

Harris J. C

Harrison, !'. C ............ ...\ London

Darlington, Durham.

. Wilts

Hunter, I ; V Haight, \V. L >". F •l. P. B Kitchen,

Weill'

Norwich . . r ford

. F. R. B . Bristol

Ljewis, W. \V 1 trockville . . . .

McCrea, H. E Brockville

McFaul, D Wellington

York. Ont.

Northumberland, Ont. England. England. York, Ont. Switzerland .\<>\ a Scotia. England. Dundas, < >nt. Grey, < Int. . I hit. Prince Edward, Ont. England. Carleton, Ont. New York, U. S. Fran Dundas, Ont.

. md, Ont.

iirl.

gton, Ont. Haldimand, < hit. ind. nac, Ont. nd.

Brant, < hit. Prince I'M ward, Ont. Oxford, Ont. British Columbia. Norfolk, Ont.

nd. I hit.

. ' hit. Prince Edward, Ont.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 18^0

College Eoll. — First Year Students. — Continued.

Name.

P. O. Address.

County, Etc.

McGarry, W. R

McGoey, J. P

Me Michael. J. H ...

Moody, A. A

Murphy, A

Milne, H. S

Musgrave, R

Newcomen, W. F . .

Perry, E

Pownall, E. F

Preston, J. G

Ransom, S

Rorke, J. R

Roper- Curzon, A. C Roper-Curzon, S. D

Rowen, E

Seymour, F. B

Scully, D

Smith, D

Sparrow, J. C. H...

Spencer, W. A

Stagg, J. C

Start, F. E

Thomas, E. F

Thompson, A

Thompson. J. P

TJrquhart, W. H

Warner, W. A

Weber, E

White, E. F

White, J

Wheaton, J. H

Whitworth, E. J....

Wiancko, A. T

Wills, H. G

Wilkin, F. A

Wilkinson. J. J

Worthington, F. H. Woolverton, E. L . .

Young, J. L ,

75"

McGany

Ottawa

Waterford

Weston

Sidney

Brown's Corners

Cowichan

Epping, Essex

Smith ville

S. Kensington, London

Forfar

Sydenham

Heathcote

Norbiton Place, Surrey Norbiton Place, Surrey

Holt

Toronto

Downey ville

Montreal

Antrim

Salmon Point

Brock ville

Currie's Crossing

Clifton, Bristol

Thornton

Uptergrove

Newbury

Napanee

Hamburg

Clarksburg

Heathcote ,

Thorndale

Fcnwick

Sparrow Lake

Toronto

Calgary

Winterhourne

Brock ville

Grimsby

Murray

Lanark, Ont.

Carleton, Ont.

Norfolk, Ont.

York, Ont.

Cape Breton, N. S.

York, Ont.

British Columbia.

England.

Lincoln, Ont.

England.

Leeds, Ont.

England.

Grey, Ont.

England.

England.

York, Ont.

York, Ont.

Victoria, Ont.

Quebec.

Carleton, Ont.

Prince Edward, Ont.

Leeds, Ont.

Oxford, Ont.

England.

Simcoe, Ont.

Ontario.

Middlesex, Ont.

Lennox, Ont.

Germany.

Grey, Ont.

Grey, Ont.

Middlesex, Ont. '

Welland, Ont.

Muskoka, Ont.

York, Ont.

Northwest Territories.

Waterloo, Ont,

Leeds, Ont.

Lincoln, Ont.

Prince Edward, Ont.

Total 134.

Analysis of Eoll.

Counties, etc. No. of Students.

Brant 3

British Columbia 3

Carleton 4

Cape Breton 1

Du^das 2

England 22

Essex 1

France 2

Frontenac 1

Germany 1

Grey 8

Haldimand 2

Hamilton 2

Huron 3

Counties, etc. No. of Student

India 1

Kent 2

Lanark 3

Lincoln 4

Leeds 7

Lennox 1

Middlesex .• 6

Muskoka 1

Newfoundland 2

New York, U. S. A 1

Norfolk 2

Northumberland 1

Northwest Territories 1

Nova Scotia 3

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Analysis of Roll — Continued.

Counties, etc. No. of Students.

Ontario (County) 2

Ottawa 1

Oxford 4

Peel 1

Perth 1

Prince Edward county 6

Quebec 2

Sinicoe 3

Stormont 2

Counties, etc. No. of Studenta.

Switzerland 1

Toronto 4

Victoria 2

Waterloo 4

Welland ' 4

Wellington. 1

York 6

Total 134

Religious Denominations.

Episcopalians 38

Presbyterians 33

Methodists 30

Baptists 9

Oongregationalists 9

Roman Catholics 6

Friends 5

Christians 1

Evangelical Reform 1

Mennonites 1

Plymouth Brethren 1

Total 134

Age of Students.

3 1G years.

19 17 "

30 ...... 18 "

22 19 "

13 20 "

8 21 "

11 22 "

Average age .

5 23 years.

7 24

5 25

7 26

1 27

3 28

20 years.

County Students.

Of those in attendance during the year, thirty were n ominated 1 y county councils and as a consequence were exempted from the payment of tuition fees. The counties represented were the following : —

Addington, Brant, Carleton, Cornwall, Dundas, Elgin, Essex, Grenville, Grey, Haldimand, Huron, Kent, Lambton, Lanark, Leeds, Lennox, Lincoln, Middlesex, Mus- koka, Norfolk, Northumberland, Ontario, Peel, Prince Edward, Simcoe, Stormont, Victoria, Waterloo, Welland, York.

Class-room Work.

Our class-room work has gone on as usual during the past year. The candidates for degrees were all successful in passing their examinations, and a fair proportion of tirst and second year students gained a respectable standing ; but the number of failures is still much larger than it should be. The syllabus of lectures given in Appendix 1 conveys some idea of the class-room work done during the year, and the class lists in Appendix 4 ndicatc the standing of each student more clearly than anything I could say.

9

-53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Examiners.

The third year examinations were conducted by the University of Toronto, and those of the first and second years by the professors of the College and three other gentlemen, to whom we are much indebted, viz., S. 0. Smoke, B.A., and E. 0. Jeffrey, B.A., of Toronto, Examiners in English Literature, and W. A. Douglas, B.A., of the same place, Examiner in Political Economy.

Bachelors of the Science of Agriculture.

Six candidates for the degree of B.S.A. were examined in the month of May. These candidates were all successful, and received their degrees at the regular Convocation of the University of Toronto on the 8th of June. The list is as follows : —

Harcourt, G County of Lincoln, Ont.

Hutron, J. R County of Welland, Ont.

Lehmann, A County of Simcoe, Ont.

Morgan, J. H. A County of Middlesex, Ont.

Raynor, T County of Prince Edward, Ont.

Soule, R. M County of Welland, Ont.

Recipients of Associate Diplomas.

Thirteen young men, having completed the course of two years, received diplomas admitting them to the status of Associates of the College. The diplomas were presented by the Hon. Charles Drury, Minister of Agriculture, at our closing exercises on the 28th of June, and the names of the recipients are as follows : —

Brodie, G. A Bethesda, York, Ont.

♦Derbyshire, J. A Brockville, Ont.

Gelling, J. A Bridgewater, N. S.

Linfield, F. B Dunlop, Huron, Ont.

Marsack, F Tunbridge Wells, England.

Marsack, H " " "

McOallum, W Ailsa Craiir, Middlesex, Out.

fMcEvoy, T. A London, Middlesex, Ont.

McLaren, P. S McGarry, Lanark, Ont.

♦Monteith, S. N Fairview, Perth, Ont.

Rendall, W Camperdown, Grey, Ont.

;j:Rennie, E. A Hamilton, Wentworth, Ont.

Tinney, T. H Oakwood, Victoria, Ont.

First-class Men.

The work in the college is divided into five departments, and all candidates who get an aggregate of 75 per cent, of the marks allotted to the subjects in any department are ranked as first-class men in that department. We would like to have a larger number of such men, but we are determined that none shall be so ranked unless they really deserve it. The following list contains the names of those who gained a first-class rank in the different departments at the examinations in 1889 : —

First Year.

1. Bayne, S. R., Calcutta, Iudia. — In one department : Natural Science.

2. Buchanan, D., Hensall (Huron), Ont. — In one department : Veterinary Science.

* Required to take Veterinary Obstetrics again.

f Has to pass another examination in Organic Chemistry.

X Has to pass another examination in Systematic Botany.

10

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 4z4). A. 1890

3. Cowan, R. E., Gait (Waterloo), Ont. — In two departments: Agriculture, and Mathematics and Book-keeping.

4. Dolsen, W. J., Chatham (Kent), Ont. — In one department : Mathematics and Book-keeping.

5. Had wen, G. EL, Lille, France. — In one department : Agriculture.

G. Harcourt, J.. St. Ann's (Lincoln), Ont. — In four departments ; Agriculture, Natural Science, Veterinary Science, and Mathematics, and Book-keeping

7. Hutt, II. L, South End (Welland), Ont. — In three departments : Agriculture, Natural Science, and Veterinary Science.

8. Sleightholm, J. A. B., Humber (Peel), Ont. — In three departments : Agriculture, Natural Science and Mathematics, and Book-keeping.

9. Thompson, J. P., Uptergrove (Ontario county), Ont. — In one department : Mathematics and Book-keeping.

10. Whitley. C. F., Middlesex, England. — In one department: English Literature and Composition.

.id Year.

1. Brodie, G. A., Bethesda (York), Ont. — In four departments : Agriculture, Natural Science, Veterinary Science, English Literature and Political Economy.

-. Linfield, F. B., Dunlop (Huron), Ont. — In five departments : Agriculture, Natural Science, Veterinary Science, English Literature and Political Economy, and Mathematics.

3. Monteith, S. N., Fairview (Perth), Ont. — In one department : Agriculture.

4. Rendall, \\\, Camperdown (Grey), Ont. — In one department : Agriculture.

5. Tinney, T. H, Oakwood (Victoria), Ont. — In four departments : Agriculture, Natural Science, Veterinary Science, and English Literature, and Political Economy.

M EDALLISTS.

Medals were given to the three students who ranked highest in general proficiency in the theory and practice of the second year taken together. The competition was close and keen, as usual, with the following results : —

Gold Medallist. — G. A. Brodie, Bethesda, York, Ont.

First Silver Medallist. — F. B. Linfield, Dunlop, Huron, Ont.

Second Silver Medallist. — T. H. Tinney, Oakwood, Victoria, Ont.

Prize Men of First Year.

Agriculture and Dairying. — 1st, J. A. B. Sleightholm, Humber, Peel, Ont. ; 2nd, H. L. Hutt, South End, Welland, Ont.

Natural Science. — 1st, J. Harcourt, St. Ann's, Lincoln, Ont. ; 2nd, H. L. Hutt.

Veterinary Science. — 1st, J. Harcourt; 2nd, D. Buchanan, Hensall, Huron, Ont.

English Literature and Composition. — 1st, C. F. Whitley, Enfield, Middlesex, id : 2nd, H. L. Hutt.

Mathematics and Book-Keeping. — 1st, J. Harcourt ; 2nd, R. E. Cowan, Gait, Water- loo, Ont.

teral Proficiency. — 1st, J. Harcourt; 2nd, Hutt; 3rd, Sleightholm.

Prize Men of Second Year

Agriculture, Live Slock, Dairying. — 1st, G. A. Brodie ; 2nd, F. B. Linfield. Natural Science. — 1st, T. H. Tinney ; 2nd, G. A. Brodie.

11

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1 ->90

Veterinary Science. — 1st, G. A. Brodie; 2nd, T. If. Tinney.

English Literature. — 1st, F. B. Linfield ; 2nd, (!. A. Brodie.

Mathematics. — 1st, F. B. Linfield ; 2nd, T. H. Tinney.

General Proficiency. — 1st, Brodie; 2nd, Linfield; 3rd, Tinney; 4th, W. Rendall, Oamperdown, Grey, Out.

Valedictory Addresses.

The second year men chosen by their fellow students to deliver the valedictory addresses at the closing exercises on the 28th June were S. N. Monteith and F. B. Linfield.

Farmers' Institutes.

The work of the Farmers' Institutes is still increasing in magnitude and importance. The professors of our college took part in about sixty institute meetings in January, 1889, and J. W. Robertson, our professor of dairy husbandry, was helping at institute and dairying meetings during the greater part of the year.

The gentlemen who composed the deputations in January, 1889, were: Professors

Pan ton, James, Robertson, Grenside, Shaw, Mills ; Messrs. John I. Hobson, John

McMillan, M.P., Edward Jeffs, John Dryden, M.P.P., Simpson Rennie, A. H. Pettit, John Kernighan, and D. Nicol.

In addition to these, there were several representatives of the Fruit Growers' Association.

Professor Shaw, representative of the Central Farmers' Institute, and L. Woolverton, M.A., Secretary of the Fruit Growers' Asssociation, have consulted with me this year in regard to the programme and speakers for the meetings to be held in January, 1890. The list is as follows : —

/. — North- Western Division.

Drayton (West Wellington) 3rd & 4th \

Tara (North Bruce). . 7th I j R Qib E and

Chesley (Centre Bruce) 8th & 9th >. f, p r'tnr, F„n

Teeswater (South Bruce) 10th G< °" CastOD' Esq'

Formosa (South Bruce) 1 1 th J

Wroxeter (East Huron) 13th & 14th \

Mount Forest and Kenil worth (East

Wellington) 15th & 16th I Prof. James, W. Cowan, V.S., and

Goderich (West Huron) 17th & 18th f G. C. Caston, Esq.

Hensall (South Huron) 20th

Elora (Centre Wellington) 22nd J

II. — Western Division.

Lucan (North Middlesex) 7th ~j

Park Hill " 8th f Prof. Shaw, John Hannah, Esq., and

Dorchester Station (East Middlesex) . . 9th f A. M. Smith, Esq.

Alvinston (East Lambton) 10th & 1 1th J

Glencoe (West Middlesex) 13th & 14thN

Botany (East Kent) 15th

Wnei /XT "*!. 17 " \ l^l1 I 1Q*1 \ Pl°f- ShaW> F- Green> Esq-» aild M'

Windsor (North Essex) 1 ah & 18th V p ... W

Amhurstburg (South Essex) 20th

Tilbury Centre (West Kent) 21st

Chatham (West Kent) 22nd

12

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

///. — South- Western Division.

Freelton (North Wentworth) 2nd

Drumbo (North Oxford) 3rd

Innerkip " 4th

Mount Els;in (South Oxford) 7th & 8th

Sheddea (West Elgin) 9th \ Prof. Grenside, A. Lehmann, B.S.A.,

Waterford (North Norfolk) 10th <fe 11th f and A. H. Pettit, Esq.

Aylmer (East Elgin) 13th & 14th

Simcoe (South Norfolk) 16th

Selkirk ( Haldimand) 1 7th & 18th

Marshville (Moack) 20th & 21st,

IV. — South Central Division.

St. George | North Brant) 3rd & 4th I Prof. Robertson, Edward Jeffs, Esq.,

Brantford (South Brant) 7th j and P. C. Dempsev, Esq.

Welland (Wellaad) 8th | John Dryden, M.P.P., Edward Jeffs,

Thorold " 9th | Esq., and P. C. Dempsey, Esq.

St. Davids (Lincoln) 10th £ 11th ) Prof. Robertson, Edward Jeffs, Esq.,

Haiailtoa (South Wentworth) 13th j and T. C. Dempsey, Esq.

Oakville(Halton) 14th <k 15th ) T , r. . vr 0 -r, , . . j T «.

Georgetown (Halton) 16th '■ J°^n Dr^ M<. ?•*" Ldward Jetfs'

Brampton (Peel) 17th k 18th ) **» aud R Morden' Es*

Weston (West York) 20th ) Prof. Robertson, Edward Jeffs, Esq.,

Preston (South Waterloo) 22nd j and E. Morden, Esq.

V. — North Central Division.

Shelburne (Dufferin) 3rd "^

Dundalk (South Grey) 4th I -r, - ,T.n T, ,, ,,.,,

p, , . v /T? . ~ J ! - , \ Professor Mills, John McMillan,

rlesherton (East Grey) , th > ir „ j t> «tt t> t>

Meaford (North Grey) 8th & 9th ( M' R' and T'.H- Race> Es*

Creemore (West Simcoe) 10th &. 11 thy

Tottenham (South Simcoe) 13th I Professor Mills, Thomas McMillan,

Elmvale (Centre Simcoe) 15th & 16th j Esq., and T. H. Race, Esq.

Aurora (North York) 17th & 18th ) Professor Mills, Thomas McMillan,

Markham (East York) 20th j Esq., and A. M. Smith, Esq.

VI. — East Central Division.

Uxbridge (North Ontario) . 3rd

Brechin (North Ontario) 4th

Lindsay (South Victoria) 7th I John I. Hobson, Esq., Chairman of

Bobcay«eoa (North Victoria) 8th & 9th V the College Board, T. Raynor, B.

Peterborough (West Peterborough). . 10th & 11th j S. A., and L. W. Croilj Esq.

Norwood (East Peterborough) 13th

Keene (East Peterborough) 14th

Warkworth (East Northumberland) . . 15th & 16th^ Baltimore and Cobourg (West North- umberland) 17th & 18th \ John 1. Hobson, Eaq., T. Raynor,

Bowmanville (Wast Du-ham) 20th f B.S.A., and L. Woolrerton, M. A.

Blackstock (West Durham) 21st

Oshawa (South Ontario) 22nd

13

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

VII. — Eastern Division.

Picton (Prince Edward) 3rd

Oentreville (Addington) 7th

Inverary (Frontenac) 8th

Lansdowne (Leeds) lOt

Algonquin (South Grenville) 13th <k 14th

' Pr<

Oentreville (Addington) 7th D NicQ &nd

Inverary (Frontenac) 8th 4 9th V Thom&s B „ £

Lansdowne (Leeds) 10th & 11th n

Iroquois (Dundas) loth \

Lancaster (Glengarry) lGth I

South Finch (Stormont) 17th & 18th \ prof p ^j £ amJ

Lanark (South Lanark) . . 20th > E

Carle ton Place (South Lanark) 21 st > i

Renfrew (Renfrew) 22nd & 23rd

Galetta (Carleton) 24th & 25thJ

In the lists given above the speakers are so arranged that each deputation consists of a professor, a practical farmer and a representative of the Fruit Growers' Association. The only exceptions are in the case of Mr. Hobson and Mr. Dryden, who take the place of professors at the meetings for which they are announced. By this arrangement it was thought that the meetings might be made both interesting and profitable to all classes and sections of the farming community.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT. I. — College Expenditure.

Maintenance.

1. Salaries and wages 814,177 18

2. Food—

Meat, fish, and fowl

Bread and biscuits

Groceries, butter, and fruit

3. Household Expenses —

Laundry, soap, and cleaning

Women servants' wages. . . •.

4. Business Department — Advertising, printing, postage, and stationery

5. Miscellaneous —

Chemicles, apparatus, etc

Medals

Library and reading room (books, papers, and periodicals) . . Unenumerated

$24,168 55

Maintenance and Repairs of Government Buildings.

Furniture and furnishings $700 54

Repairs and alterations 787 58

Fuel 2,849 59

Light 796 70

Water 650 00

$5,784 41

3,062

52

582

64

3,184

29

163

25

1,416

16

596

17

226

46

71

15

243

25

445

48

14

$29,952 96

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

College Revenue.

1. Tuition fees 82,767 40

2. Balances paid for board, after deducting allow-

ances for work 3,612 42

3. Gas and chemicals used by third year students . . 66 00

4. Fines, breakage, etc 63 13

5. Supplemental examinations 47 50

6. Old iron, bones, etc 7 15

7. Sheets and pillows 6 85

— $6,570 45

Net cash expenditure of college $23,382 51

The net sum voted by the Legislature for the maintenance of the College was $26,935. Consequently, the unexpended balance for the year is $3,552.49.

II. — Farm.

(a) F< inn Proper.

1. Permanent Improvements — Fencing, etc $545 19'

2. Farm Maintenance —

Salaries and wages $2,794 20

Live stock to replace stock sold after fire.. 6,763 00

Seeds 501 22

Store stock for feeding 684 70

Maintenance of stock 2,599 88

.Manure 240 90

Binding twine 45 60

Furnishings and repairs 848 96

Fuel, light, etc 50 00

Printing, postage, and stationery 77 13

Contingencies 190 48

$14,796 07

$15,341 26

Less revenue 1,659 62

.3,681 64

(ft) Experiments.

1. Experimental Plots and Feeding :

Salaries and wages —

Assistant Superintendent $600 00

Instructor (part wages) 100 00

Labor 240 33

$940 33

Seeds 796 30

Manures 17 13

Live stock for experimental feeding 85 30

Furniture, furnishings, repairs, etc 227 29

Printing, postage, and stationery 171 83

$2,238 18 15

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

2. Experimental Dairy :

Salaries and wages —

Assistant $247 50

Labor 508 35

755 85

Live stock for experimental work 401 03

Feed 235 98

Furniture, furnishings, repairs, etc 529 80

Printing, postage, and stationery 76 68

Contingencies 84 11

2,083 45

4,321 63

(c) Garden, Lawn, Etc.

Salaries and wages —

Foreman (part salary) $500 00

Assistant 447 00

Second Assistant 199 70

Teamster 264 00

Labor 930 12

2,340 82

Manures 66 15

Seeds, bulbs, plants, trees, etc 188 69

Furniture, furnishings, repairs, etc 444 71

Fuel, light, etc 22 17

Contingencies 8 50

3,071 04

Cash Revenue 79 20

2,991 84

(d) Instruction. Salaries and wages- Farm Foreman (part salary) $291 65

Gardener (part salary) 199 96

Carpenter (part salary) 500 00

Instructor (part salary) 99 00

Cattleman (part wages) 33 33

1,123 94

Repairs and alterations — lumber, nails, oil, etc., for

practice 24 59

Furniture and furnishings — tools, etc., for use in

shop 43 15

Fuel, light, etc 23 05

1,214 73

$22,209 84

Total net Expenditure for Maintenance in all Departments in 1889.

College $23,382 51

Farm proper 13,681 64

Experiments 4,321 63

Garden, lawn, etc 2,991 84

Instruction 1,214 73

$45,592 35 16

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

By comparing these figures with the estimates for 1889, it will be seen that there are over-expenditures as follows : Farm Proper, 8373.64 ; Experimental Plots, $518.18 ; Experimental Dairy, $583.45 ; Garden, Lawn, etc., $391.84 ; — amounting in all to 31,867.11 ; but there are unexpended balances — in the College, 63,552.49, and under Instruction, §259.27. Hence, when all is added together, the total maintenance expendi- ture for the year is less than the sum voted by the Legislature for that purpose.

Expenditure on Capital Account

In addition to the direct expenditure of the Department of Public Works for farm buildings, disposal of sewage, etc., the following sums were expended on capital account :

(a) Farm Proper.

Implements §511 00

Piggery 289 23

$800 23

(0) Experiments.

Constructing silo and fitting up stables in connection

with the Dairy Department $938 88

Implements 149 09

1,087 97

(c) Garden, Lawn, etc.

Completing and grading roads 348 73

$2,236 93

The total sum voted under these heads was $2,5S0. Consequently, there is here an unexpended balance of $343.07.

Buildinys Needed.

In conclusion, I may say that we still require four or five additional buildings to put us in a position to do satisfactorily and efficiently the work which we have undertaken. Those which are most urgently needed are : —

(1) A building to be used as a Convocation Hall and Gymnasium.

(2) New green and propagating houses.

(3) A house for the Professor of Chemistry.

(4) A house for the Professor of Natural lli-tory.

Hoping that you may find it possible to erect some of these Jbuildings before the

-close of the year 1890,

I have the honor to be, sir,

Your obedient servant,

JAMES MILLS,

President.

2 (a. c.) 17

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

APPENDIX I.

GRADUATES AXD ASSOCIATES.

1. Bachelors of Science in Agriculture, Degree of B. S. A.

Date

0.

1888— Craig, J. A. 1888— Creelman, G. C.

F.

188S— Fee, J. J.

S.

1889— Harcourt, G. 1889— Hutton, J. R.

L. 1889 — Lehniann, A.

University of Toronto.

Date. M.

1889— Morgan, J. H. A.

P. 1888— Paterson, B. E.

a.

1889— Raynor. 1889— Soule, R. (ob.)

Z.

1888— Zavitz, C. A.

2. Associates.

The total number of Associates up to the present time is 177 and the list is as follows :

Date.

A.

1888— Austin, A. M. 1880 — Anderson, J. 1880— Ash, W. E.

E.

1881— Ballantyne, W. W. 1879 — Bannard, E. L. 1888— Bay ne, S. R. S, 1888— Birdsall, W. G. 1888— Bishop, W. R. 1889— *Brodie, G. A. 1888— Budd, W. 1885— 1 Butler, G. C. 1884— Black, P. C. 1882— Blanchard, E. L. 1886— Broome, A. H. 1886— J Brown, C. R. 1888— Brown, S. P.

Date. C.

1886— Calvert, S. 1877 — Campbell, J. A. 1880— Campbell, D. P. L. 1884— *Carpenter, P. A. 1888— Carpenter, W. S. 1886— Cobb, C. 1880— Chapman, R. K. 1882— Charlton, G. EL 1882— Chase, O. 1879— Clark, J. 1879— Clinton, N. J. 1880— Clutton, A. H. 1887— Craig, J. A. 1887— Creelman, G. C. 1878 — Crompton, E.

1878— Davis, C. J. 1880— Dawes, M. A.

Gold Medallist.

J Second Silver Medallist.

18

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Date.

D.

1882— Dawson, J. J. 1888— fDean, H. H. 1882— Dennis, J. L889— Derbyshire, J. A. 1881 —Dickenson, 0. S. 1887— Donald, G. C. 1887— Donaldson, F. N. 1877— Douglas, J. D. 1877— Dunlop, S.

£.

1888— Elton, C. W. 1888— Elton, R. F. L882— Elworthy, R H.

lv>7 — Ewing, W.

F.

1878— Farlinger, W. K. 1886— Fee, J. J. 1881— File J. 1882— Fotheringham, J. 1883— tFotheringham, W. 1879— Fyfe, A.

1883— Garland, C. S, 1889— Gelling, J. A. 1887— Gilbert, W. J. 1879— Gillespie, G. H. 1878 — Graham, D. 1879— Greig, G. H. 1881— Grindley, A. W.

1882— Hallesy, F.

I 388 — *Harcourt, G. 1887 — Harkness, A. D. 1888— Harrison, R. E. 1887— Hart, J. A. 1887— Hart, J. W. 1888— Heacock, F. W. L886— Holtby, R. M. 1880— Holterman, R. F. L882— Home, W. H. 1888— Honocks, T. J. 1887 — Howes, J. S. 1882— Howitt, \V. 1888— Hutton, J. R.

I.

1886— Idimrton, P. S.

Date.

J.

1886— Jeffrey, J. S.

-Jeffs, H. B. 1879— Jopling, W.

S.

1888— Knowlton, S. M.

L.

1882 — Lansborough, J. 188 7— Leavens, D. H. 1884— {Lelnnann, A. L887— tLick, E. 1877 — Lindsay, A. J. 1889— fLintield, E. B. 1887— Livesey, E. M. 1880— Lomas, J. W. 1878— Logan, T.

M.

1880— Macaulay, H. 1885 — Macpherson, A. 1886— *Madge, R. W. 1882— Mahoney, E. C. 1884— Major, 0. H. 1889— Marsack, F. 1889— Marsack, H. A. 1877— Mason, T. H. 1877— Meyer, G. W. 1887— Morgan, J. H. A. 1881— Motherwell, W. R. 1885— fMuir, J. B. 1887— McCallum, E. G. 1889— McCallum, W. 1889— McEvoy, T. A. 1885— Mclntyre, D. N. 1885— McKay, J. B. 1S86— McKay, J. G. 1889— McLaren, P. S. 1883— McPherson, D. 1889— Monteith, S. N.

Mr.

1878— Naismith, D. M. 1879— Nicol, A. (ob.) 1882— Nicol, G. 1886— Notman, C. R.

0.

1877— O'Beirne, A. C. 1887— Orsraan, 0. P. 1886— Owen, W. H.

Gold Medallist.

+ First Silver Medallist.

19

Second Silver Medallis*

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 18S0

Date. P.

1888— Palmer, W. J. L887— Paterson, B. E. 1883— Perry, D. E. L881— §Phm, R. J. 1881— Phin, W. E. 1 ssl— Pope, H. 1886— Power, R. M. 1884— Powys, P. C.

R.

1882— X Ramsay, R. A. L879— Randall, J. R. 1885 — *Raynqr, T. 1885— Reid P.

1889— Rendall, W. 1889— Rennie, E. A. 1883— *Robertson, W. 1879 — Robertson. J. 1881— Robins, W. P. 1879— Bobinson, C. B. 1881— Ross, J. G.

S.

L884— Saxton, E. A.

1888— Serson, W. E. 1888— Sinclair, J. J. 1882— Silverthorne, N. 1888— Soule, R, M. 1877— Sykes, W. J. 1883— Schwartz, J. A. 1887— fScrugham, J. G. 1888 — Shantz, A. 1887 — Sharman, H. B. 1877 — Shaw, G. H. 1882— fShuttleworth, A. 1884— tSlater, H. (ob.) 1887— *Sleightholm, F. J. 1885— Smith, E. P.

Date.

s.

1884— Steers, O. L888 -Stevenson, C. R. 1878— Stewart, W. 1882— Stover, W. J. 1886— tStui-g- 1888— Sweet, H. R.

T.

1889— JTinney, T. H. 1879— Toole, L. 1883— Torrance, W. J. 1884— Tucker, H. V. 1885— Thompson, W. D.

V. 1888— Valance, R.

W.

1879— Warniea, A. W.

1884— Wark, A. E. 1878— Warren, J. B. 1880— § Webster, J. L. 1879— Wells. 0. 1882— Wettlaufer, F. 1879— Wilkinson, J. P. 1888— Willans, T. B. 1888— Willans, N. 1879— Willis, J. 1883— Willis, W. B., (ob.) 1888— Wilmot, A. B. 1882— White, C. D. 1879— White, G. P. 1884— Wroughton, T. A.

Z.

1886— Zavitz, C. A.

*Gold Medallist. t First Silver Medallist. ^Second Silver Medallist.

§ Winner of the Governor-General's Medal — the only medal given that year.

20

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

APPENDIX 2.

SYLLABUS OF LECTURES.

Lectures began as usual on the 1st October, 1888, and continued till the 28th June,. 1889, which latter date was the end of the scholastic year 1888-9.

The following syllabus of lectures will convey some idea of the class-room work done by the several Professors in the nine months just mentioned :

First Year. — Fall Term — 1st October to 22nd December.

Department 1 . — Agriculture.

Introductory. — Ancient and modern agriculture ; agricultural literature ; different kinds of farming.

Boils. — Natural conditions of soil and plant ; examination and classification of soils : physical properties of each kind.

Botations in Cropping. — Importance and necessity of rotation; principles underlying it ; rotations suitable to different kinds of soil ; examination and criticism of different systems of rotation.

Buildings. — Location of house, barn, and stables ; stables for horses, sheep, and cattle ; arrangement of farm buildings. Miscellaneous. — Roads, lanes, fences.

Department 2. — Natter al Science.

Chemical Physics. — Matter ; accessory and essential properties of matter ; attrac- tion ; various kinds of attraction — cohesion, adhesion, capillary, electrical and chemical ; specific gravity ; weights and measures ; heat, measurement of heat, thermometers, specific and latent heat ; sources, nature, and laws of light.

Inorganic Chemistry. — Scope of subject ; elementary and compound substances > chemical affinity; symbols; nomenclature; combining proportions by weight and by volume ; atomic theory ; atomicity and basicity ; oxygen and hydrogen ; water — its nature, functions, decomposition, and impurities ; nitrogen ; the atmosphere — its compo- sition, uses and impurities ; ammonia — its sources and uses ; nitric acid and its connec- tion with plants.

Human Physiology and Hygiene. — Description of the different tissues of the body alimentary system ; circulatory system ; nervous system ; importance of ventilation and the influence of food on the body ; remarks on the proper care of the body and attention to its surroundings in order to keep it in a continual state of health.

Zoology. — Distinctions between animate and inanimate objects ; distinction between plants and animals : basis and classification among animals ; leading character of each sub-kingdom, with special reference to classes or animals connected with agriculture.

Department 3. — Veterinary Science.

Anatomy and Physiology of the horse, ox, sheep, and pig ; osseous system, muscular system, syndesmology, plantar system, and odontology.

21

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Department 4. — English.

Composition. — The sentence, paragraph, and period ; capitals and punctuation. Exercises in composition.

English Classics. — Critical study of Scott's " Lady of the Lake."

Department 5. — Mathematics.

Arithmetic. — Review of subject, with special reference to farm accounts. Interest, discount, stocks, and partnership.

Mental Arithmetic- — Calculations in simple rules.

Book-keeping. — Subject commenced.

First Year. — Winter Term — 22nd January to 16th April. Department 1. — Agriculture.

Breeding, rearing, and feeding of animals. Points to be considered in deciding what kind of animal to keep.

Cattle. — History and characteristics of Shorthorns, Hereford s, Aberdeen- Angus Polls, Ayrshires, Jerseys, Guernseys, Holsteins, Devons, Galloways, etc. ; grade cattle ; milch cows — points of a good milch cow ; breeding generally ; pedigree.

Sheep — Breeds of sheep generally considered; crosses between different breeds compared ; quality, quantity, and uses of different kinds of wool.

Department 2. — Natural Science.

Inorganic, Chemistry {Continued). — Carbon ; combustion ; carbonic acid and its rela- tion to the animal and vegetable kingdom ; sulphur and its compounds ; manufacture and uses of sulphuric acid ; phosphorus ; phosphoric acid and its importance in agricu- ture ; chlorine — its bleaching properties ; bromine ; iodine ; silicon ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; iron, etc.

Organic Chemistry. — Constitution of organic compounds ; alcohols, aldehydes, acids and their derivatives; formic, acetic, oxalic, tartaric, citric, lactic, malic, uric, and tannic acids. Constitution of oils and fats — saponification ; sugars, starch, cellulose ; albumi- noids, or flesh formers, and their allies ; essential oils; alkaloids — morphine and quinine; classification of organic compounds.

Zoology {Continued). — Sub-kingdoms further described; detailed account of some injurious parasites, such as " liver fluke," " tape-worm," " trichina," etc. ; insects — their influence on plant life ; corals and mollusks as agents in the formation of soil ; verte- brates, with special reference to those of importance in the economy of the farm.

Lectures illustrated by specimens and diagrams.

Department 3. — Veterinary Science.

Veterinary Anatomy. — Anatomy and physiology of the horse, ox, sheep, and pig — digestive system, circulatory system, respiratory system, urinary syscem, nervous system, sensitive system, generative system, tegumental system.

Department 4. — English.

Composition. — Exercises continued ; abstracts of speeches and essays ; letter writing. English Classics. — Critical study of " Cowper's Task," Books 3 and 4.

22

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Department 5. — Mathematics and Bookkeeping.

Arithmetic. — Equation of payments; percentage; profit and loss; stocks; partner- ship ; exchange.

Book-keeping. — Business forms and correspondence ; general farm accounts ; dairy, field, and garden accounts.

First Year. — Spring Term — 17th April to 30th June.

Department 1. — Agriculture.

Preparation of Soil. — Modes of preparation for different crops, and various kinds of soil.

Seeds and Sowing. — Testing the quality of seed ; changing seed ; quantity per acre ; methods of sowing.

Improvement of Lands. — Drainage; ordinary cultivation; sub-soiling; fallowing; manuring. Farm-yard manure and management of the same ; the properties, application and uses of special fertilizers — lime, plaster, salt, bone dust, superphosphates, etc.

Roots. — Cultivation of roots and tubers — effects of each kind on soil.

Green Fodders. — The cultivation and management most appropriate for each.

Management of pastures ; harvesting and preparing crops for market or one's own use ; crops for current year examined.

i Department 2. — Natural Science.

ideology. — Connection between geology and agriculture ; classification of rocks — their origin and mode of formation, changes which they have undergone after decomposition ; fossils — their origin and importance ; geological periods and characteristics of each.

Geology of Canada, with special reference to the nature and economic value of the rock deposits ; glacial period and its influence on the formation of soil.

Lectures illustrated by numerous specimens and designs.

Botany. — Full description of seed, roots, stem, leaves, and flower. Plants brought into the lecture-room and analyzed before the class, so as to render students familiar with the different organs and their use in the plant economy.

Lectures illustrated by excellent diagrams.

Department 3. — Veterinary Sci

Materia Medico. — The preparation, doses, action and use of about one hundred of the principal medicines used in veterinary practice.

Department 4. — English.

English Grammar and Composition. — Authorized Grammar and Williams' Practical English.

Department 5. — Mathematics.

Mensuration. — Mensuration of surfaces — the square, rectangle, triangle, trapezoid, regular polygon, circle. Special application to the measurement of lumber. Mensuration of solids ; special application to the measurement of timber, earth, etc.

23

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Second Year. — Fall Term — 1st October to 22nd December. Department 1. — Agriculture.

Experimental Plots. — The results of last season's experiments with crops and animals } liability to disease ; effects of various manures on different crops, etc.

Fa/rm Management. — Detailed account of the treatment of each field ; results from different kinds of seed and soil ; effects of manure ; harvesting, storing, and threshing of crops ; fall ploughing, sub-soiling, etc.

Stock Feeding. — Value of feeding materials ; estimate for winter keep of live stock ; housing, feeding, and fattening ; points to be observed in selecting animals for fattening ; feeding experiments ; common diseases of animals ; management of animals on pasture ; value of green fodder. Dairy management and cheese making.

Department 2. — Natural Science.

Agricultural Chemistry. — Connection between chemistry and agriculture ; the various? compounds which enter into the composition of the bodies of animals : the chemical changes which food undergoes during digestion ; chemical changes which occur during the decomposition of the bodies of animals at death ; the functions of animals and plants contrasted ; food of plants, and whence derived ; origin and nature of soils ; classification of soils ; causes of unproductiveness in soil and how detected ; preservation, development, and renovation of soils ; manures classified ; the chemical action of manures on different soils ; commercial valuation of fertilizers.

Horticulture. — Ontario as a fruit-growing country ; the natural divisions into which it may be divided for growing fruit ; detailed account of the operations, layering, grafting, budding, pruning, etc. ; laying out and cultivation of an orchard ; list of fruits best suited for general purposes, with best methods for their cultivation ; remarks on gardening as a source of profit ; plants best adapted to bedding and potting. .

Lectures illustrated by practical work in the garden, and specimens in the class-room. Department 3. — Veterinary Science.

Pathology. — Osseous System. — Nature, causes, symptoms, and treatment of diseases of bone, as splint, spavin, ringbone, etc.

Muscular System. — Nature, causes, and treatment of flesh wounds, etc.

Syndesmology. — Nature, causes, symptoms, and treatment of curb, bog-spavin, and other diseases of the joints.

Plantar System. — Nature, causes, symptoms, and treatment of corns, sand-crack founder, and other diseases of the feet.

Odontology. — Diseases of the teeth and treatment of the same. .

Department 4. — English.

English Classics. — Critical study of prose selections from DeQuincey, Lamb, and Ruskin.

Department 5. — Mathematics.

Dynamics. — Motion, forces producing motion, momentum ; work ; the simple machines, etc.

Drainage. — General principles ; how to lay out a system of drains ; how, where, and when to commence draining ; depth of drains and distances apart ; grades ; cost of draining.

24

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Second Year. — Winter Tekm — 22nd January to lGth April. Department 1. — Agriculture.

Capital required in farming ; laying out of farms ; general management and economy ; cost of production ; buying, selling, and marketing.

Management of cattle, sheep and other animals in winter ; breeding generally con- sidered ; special management of ewes before, during, and after the season of lambing ; treatment of other animals in parturition ; rearing of lambs, calves, and pigs ; washing and dipping of sheep, etc., etc.

Aboriculture. — Importance of the subject and its special application to North America ; what is being done in the conservation and replanting of forests in other countries ; the objects of conserving and replanting — shelter for crops, animals and dwellings, regulation of temperature and rain-fall, ornament and proiit ; requisite propor- tion of tree surface to that under agricultural crops ; existing condition of forests in North America; adaptability of soils and climate to rapid results; what parts of the country should be conserved and what parts replanted ; conservation of indigenous forests generally considered ; special attention to the care of young natural forest trees.

Department 2. — Natural Science.

Agricultural Chemistry. — Continuation of the subject from preceding term, as follows : Composition of plants in relation to the soils upon which they grow ; rotation of crops ; the classification of fodders according to their chemical composition and a general treat- ment of the science of cattle feeding ; relation of feeding to manure ; chemistry of the dairy.

Entomology. — Importance of the subject to agriculturists ; beneficial and injurious insects — their habits and the best means of checking the ravages of the latter.

Lectures illustrated by specimens.

Meteorology. — Relation of meteorology to agriculture ; composition and movements of the atmosphere ; description of the barometer, different kinds of thermometers, pluvi- ameter, anemometer and how to read them ; temperature, its influence on agriculture ; the elements which are to be considered in the discussion of climate ; the principles con- sidered in forecasting the weather.

Lectures illustrated by instruments referred to.

Department 3. — Veterinary Science^

Digestive System. — Nature, causes, symptoms, and treatment of spasmodic and flatu- lent colic, inllammation of the bowels, acute indigestion, tympanitis in cattle, impaction of the rumen, and many other common diseases.

Circulatory System. — Description of the diseases of the heart and blood.

Respiratory System. — Nature, causes, symptoms, and treatment of catarrh, nasal-gleet> roaring, bronchitis, pleurisy, and inflammation of the lungs, etc.

Urinary System. — Nature, causes, symptoms, and treatment of inflammation of the kidneys, etc.

Nervous System. — Nature, causes, symptoms, and treatment of lock-jaw, string halt, etc.

Sensitive System. — Nature, causes, symptons, and treatment of the diseases of the eye and ear.

Generative System. — Nature, causes, symptoms, and treatment of abortion, milk fever, etc.

Tegumental System. — Nature, causes, symptoms, and treatment of scratches, sallenders, mailenders, parasites, and other diseases of the skin.

25

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Department 4. — English Literature and Political Economy.

English Classics. — The critical study of Shakespeare's " Julius Caesar."

Political Economy. — Utility ; production of wealth — land, labour, capital ; division

of labour ; distribution of wealth ; wages ; trades unions ; co operation • money ; credit,

credit cycles ; functions of government ; taxation, etc.

Department 5. — Mathematics.

Statics. — Theory of equilibrium ; composition and resolution of forces ; parallelogram of forces ; moments ; centre of gravity, etc.

Hydrostatics. — Transmission of pressure ; the hydraulic press ; specific gravity density ; pumps, siphons, etc.

Book-keeping. — Review of previous work.

Second Year. — Spring Term — 17th April to 30th June.

Department 1. — Agriculture.

Review of past lectures, with special drill on outside work. Reasons for manage- ment, etc.

Department 2. — Natural Science.

Determination of soils and fertilizers by physical properties.

Analytical Chemistry. — Chemical manipulation, preparation of common gases and reagents ; operations and analysis — solution, filtration, precipitation, evaporation, distilla- tion, sublimation, ignition and the use of the blow-pipe ; testing of substances by reagents ; impurities in water ; adulterations in foods and artificial manui-es ; injurious substances in soils.

Systematic and Economic Botany. — Classification of plants and characters of the most important orders.

This course is illustated by a large collection of plants in the college herbarium, and also by analysis of several plants collected in the fields and woods of the farm.

Green-house Plants. — Special study of all plants grown in our green-houses, and the shrubs, etc., on the lawn.

Department 3. — Veterinary Science.

Materia Medica. — The preparation, actions, uses, and doses of medicines — continued from the spring term of the first year. Lectures on special subjects, such as pleuro- pneumonia, the rinderpest, tuberculosis, etc.

Veterinary Obstetrics. — Description of foetal coverings. Pneumonia in connection with puberty, oestrum, gestation, sterility, abortion, normal and abnormal parturition. Diseases incidental to pregnant and parturient animals.

Department 4. — English.

English Classics. — The critical study of Milton's " L' Allegro " and " II Penseroso."

Department 5. — Mathematics.

Surveying and Levelling. — Fields surveyed with chain and cross-staff ; measurements of heights.

Road-making. — Determination of proper slopes ; shape of road bed ; drainage of roads ; friction on different roads ; various road coverings ; the maintenance of roads ; cost. etc.

26

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. *24).

A. 1890

APPENDIX 3.

TIME TABLE FOR FALL TERM.

Th« following Time Table indicates our class-room work from the 1st October to the 22nd December.

TIME TABLE.

First Year.

Hours .

Monday.

Tuesday.

Wednesday.

Thursday.

Friday.

8.45

Agriculture.

Arithmetic.

Agriculture.

1. Physiology and Hygiene (6 weeks),

and Zoology (5 weeks).

2. Arithmetic.

3. Book-keeping.

Agriculture.

9.45

Literature.

Physiology and Hygiene (6 weeks,) Zoology (5 weeks. )

Grammar and Composition.

Grammar and Composition.

10.45

Veterinary Anatomy.

Chemistry.

Veterinary Anatomy.

Chemistry.

Chemistry.

Second Year.

Hours .

Monday.

Tuesday.

Wednesday.

Thursday.

Friday.

8.45

Literature.

Agricultvre.

Mechanics.

Agriculture.

Mechanics.

9.45

Agriculture.

Literature.

Drawing.

Hort'ure (8 weeks) Entomology (3wks)

Agricultural Chemistry.

10.45

Agricultural Chemistry.

Hort'ure (8 weeks) Entymology (3wks)

Agricultural Chemistry.

Veterinary Pathology.

Veterinary Pathology.

Third Year.

Hours .

Monday.

Tuesday.

Wednesday.

Thursday.

Friday.

8.45

Dairying.

Shakespeare's Richard II.

Natural History

and

Microscopy.

Bacon's Essays.

Natural History

and

Microscopy.

9.45

Chemistry.

Chemistry.

- Drawing.

Agriculture.

Agriculture.

10.45

Addison's Spectator.

Pope's Essay on Criticism.

Themes.

Tennyson '■

In

Memoriam, etc.

27

63 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A 1890

APPENDIX 4.

EXAMINATION PAPERS.

I. Papers Set Easter Examinations, 188cJ.

FIRST YEAR.

Agriculture.

Examiner : — Thomas Shaw.

1. "What are the principal points of merit in good ploughing?

2. Why is it not a safe rule to apply manures on the basis of the amount of ingre- dients required by certain crops 1

3. "What effect have the age and condition of the animals upon the value of the manure ?

4. What influence does lime exert as a fertilizer \

5. Enumerate the advantages of a rotation of crops, and give a suitable rotation for sandy or gravelly soils.

6. To which localities is soiling best adapted. Give the chief objections urged against it and answer these.

7. Give the best method for the eradication of wild mustard.

8. Why is it often hazardous for beginn ;rs to choose^Jprize-winning animals as the foundation of their herds and flocks ?

FIRST YEAR. Inorganic Chemistry. Examiner : — C. C. James, M.A.

1. Give a brief statement of the properties of hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine.

2. Give the names and formulas of the principal compounds of ammonia.

3. Explain the chemical changes taking place in the burning of limestone, and the application of gypsum to manure.

4. Give an account of the allotropic forms of carbon, and of sulphur.

5. Give names and formulas of the compounds of oxygen with carbon, sulphur, iron, nitrogen, hydrogen.

6. Sketch the apparatus in use for making chlorine gas. State the chemical equation representing the action.

28

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

7. What are the impurities (name and formulas) of common salt ? How can they be easily detected?

8. Wherein does the bleaching action of sulphur di-oxide diller from that of chlorine?

9. How is the density of water affected by heat and by pressure ?

10. How many pounds of chlorate of potash will be necessary to produce sufficient gas to explode exactly the gas obtained from live pounds of water by the use of potas- sium ? What is the compound resulting, and bow much ?

FIRST TEAR. Organic Chemistry.

Examiner : — C. C. James, M.A.

1. Define and criticize the term "Organic Chemistry." Give basis and peculiarities of its compounds.

2. (live formulas of butyl alcohol, glycogen, lactose, butyrin, dextrin, cellulose, cane sugar, distearin, dextrose, carbamide.

3. Explain malting, brewing, vinegar making, and soap making.

4. State the exact constituents of milk.

5. Distinguish amides, albuminoids, and alkaloids. G. Describe four fermentations.

7. Explain : radical, isomeric, levulose.

S. Explain : " under proof," methylated spirits, wood spirits, formic acid, theine.

FIRST YEAR.

ZOOLOGV.

Examiner : — J. Hoyes Panton, M.A., F.G.S.

1. Show in what way mollusks and worms have aided in the formation of soil.

2. Explain what is meant by " alternation of generations " and alternation of host," and give examples.

3. Give the theories regarding the origin and formation of coral reefs.

-4. Describe fully the life history of the so-called liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica.)

5. Explain the term metamorphosis as applied in Zoology, and illustrate by examples from two sub-kingdoms.

6. Mimicry. — Give examples showing it, and state its use in the animal kingdom and explain the terms hybernation and migration as applied to animals.

7. Compare the characters of a ganoid fish with those of a telcostean, and give th« distribution of tho.-e fishes in time and space.

8. Identify the specimens before you, giving sub-kingdom, class, and order to which each belongs.

29

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

FIRST YEAR Veterinary Anatomy.

Examiner : — F. C. Grenside, V.S.

1. State how to distinguish the temporary from the permanent incisors of the horse, and explain the appearance of a four, five, and six-year-old mouth respectively.

2. Explain the difiererences between the incisors of the horse, and ox.

3. Describe the mucous membrane of the horse's stomach.

4. Describe the rectum, and explain how Defecation is accomplished.

5. Name the secretions that take part in Chylification, and state the particular func- tion of each secretion.

6. Draw a diagram of the Trachea, Bronchia, and bronchial tubes, and explain each.

7. Mention the organs that occupy the space between the right and left lung.

8. Describe the bladder, and process of urination.

9. Draw a diagram of a Malpigian body of the kidney, and explain it.

FIRST YEAR.

Grammar.

Examiner : — E. Lawrence Hunt, B.A.

1. Analyse and parse the following : —

(a) He sprang hastily from his grassy couch.

(b) The superhuman energy which their German leader there displayed saved

them from the dreaded calamity.

2. Substitute equivalent phrases or clauses for the adjectives and adverbs a and b.

3. Classify the pronouns.

4. Distinguish the 'active from the passive voice. What are the advantages of using the passive voice 1 Illustrate by examples.

5. Form sentences illustrating the rule that the verb must agree with its subject in number and person.

6. Criticise the following : —

(a) He paid the workmen who has just went home.

(b) The children who you gave them oranges to looks dreadful sick.

(c) I intended to have wrote last week.

FIRST YEAR.

English Literature.

Examiner : — J. Hoyes Panton, M.A., F.G.S.

1. " The swain responsive, as the milk-maid sung,

The sober herd, that lowed to meet their young, The noisy geese, that gabbled o'er the pool,

The playful children j ust let loose from school,

30

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 4z4). A. 1890

The watch-dog's voice, that bayed the whispering wind,

And the loud laugh, that spoke the vacant mind. Those all in sweet confusion sought the shade,

But now the sounds of population fail, No cheerful murmurs fluctuate the gale."

(a) Specify the words not of English origin.

(b) Note the figures of speech in the extract.

(c) Give the chief characteristics of this poet as a writer, and name his chief works.

2. Give meaning and derivation of ponderous, elapsed, mansion, disaster, transitory, impotence, and mole.

3. Quote the description of the village preacher beginning, " Thus to relieve the wretched was his pride."

4. Explain the following extracts: — ''coming day," "hollow-sounding bittern," " stern to view," " mantling bliss," " sickly trade " and " western main."

5. " For who to dumb forgetfulness a prey,

This pleasing anxious being e'er resigned, Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day

Nor cast one longing lingering look behind."

(a) Re-write this stanza in prose so as to show the meaning.

(b) Indicate figures of speech in the extract, and cite others from the poeai.

(c) Give meaning of words underlined.

6. Explain the phrases : — " the boast of heraldry," " with dirges due, in sad array," " narrow cell," "storied urn," " some village Hampden," '• fretted vault."

7. What are the leading thoughts in the Elegy ? What distinguished men have referred to its excellence ?

8. Paraphrase : —

" Let not ambition mock their useful toil,

Their homely joys, and destiny obscure, Nor grandeur hear with a disdainful smile

The short and simple annals of the poor."

FIRST TEAR.

Composition. Examiner: — E. Lawrence Hunt, B.A.

1. What is meant by purity, and precision of diction? Distinguish: — character and reputation ; womanly and womanish ; childish and childlike. Write a sentence in which each is properly used.

2. Exp!ain the terms : — loose sentence, periodic sentence, balanced sentence ; and state the advantage of each. Compose a sentence of each kind, of two or three lines apiece, on the Holstein and the Jersey ; or, on intelligence and industry. Draw up a series of contrasts about two of the authors whose works you have studied this year.

3. Compose one simple, one compound, and one complex sentence on " How to Study"; then change each into the other two.

4. What must be attended to in the formation of sentences to promote clearness f illustrate by examples.

31

me:///L:/scribe/

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (X 24).

A. 1890

5 Make the following sentences more forcibloy changing the construction ; and briefly state in each case why the one form is mor Ae than the other :-(«) Diana

of the Ephesians is great, (b) The scenes of my chdhood are dear to my heart, (use exclamatory form), (c) You cannot put your had into the fare and not be burned, (use interrogative form). .

6. State concisely the advantages of fag" guage. Define and give examples of:— simile, apostrophe, motonymy, euphemism, te-wnte each sentence in plain language and note the loss.

7. Punctuate the following :— 2 chron XII 1 1 Tas R Black Esq MP Surely said Rip I have not slept here all night He recalled the ccurrences before I fell asleep the strange man with the keg of liquor the mountain -avine the wild retreat among the rocks the woe begone party at ninepins the bat flagon that wicked flagon said Rip what excuse shall I make to Dame Y

8. Express, in your own words, the the ! lowing passage from Ruskin, p. 33, — Sesame and Lilies : —

" But »rantin" that we had both the will a o choose our friends well,

how fe\V of us have the power ! or, at least, 1 most, is the sphere of choice !

Nearly all our associations are detenuin. ty, and restricted within a

narrow circle. We cannot know whom horn we know, we cannot

have at our side when we most les of human intelligence

are, to those beneath, only momentarily and .Meantime, there is a

society continually open to us, of people who will as we like, whatever

our rank or occupation ; talk to us in tl i choose, and with thanks

if we listen to them Kings and si ng patiently in those plainly

furnished and narrow ante rooms, our bo<>:

Examiner :— E A.

1. Calculate the profits from a flock ing the details of cost and returns.

2. Calculate the profits from L'O acres oi - the necessary data.

3. Oats are 30 cents a bush. ents; rye, 40 cents; Indian corn 95 cents, (a) Find the c £ the mixture, (b) How many bushels of each will make a mixtuie • sh 1

4. A drains 12 acres at a cost of $35 ai my rotation of crops and find approximately what the resulting increa icre must be, to give A b 'a interest on the cost of drainage.

5. A plants 10 acres with orchard at a 4 years. If the land itself was wort' end of 4 years ; compound interest at

6. On Jan. 1, 1889, A sells

note for the amount, due 6 this discounted at the bank the form of the promissory

7. A sends B $1,481. 9( commission, find the amount |

8. A owns $9,650 of tl cent.) and invests the proceed annual proceeds. B's incomf A receives on his money, and

i .re, and g- ts no returns for the value of the orchard at the

bush., and tal On April fl for tl nt.

: 1 ft-hl

is out Throkera I for on

-

53 Victoria.

^ssional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

»*»

-• »

* ha k

1. " A farmei practically impossible. of the undertaking." keeping accurate accoun knowledge may be

2. Make out and c.

3. Briefly explain

4. Mention the S. Jamieson at §5 each, $1.25 a bbl. (d) Put eggs at 10 cents a i

fall wheat worth $1.K Black, taking his D. Black pays his note legally due Dec. 30, I g

FIRST YEAR.

BoOK-KEEPLNG.

miner: — E. Lawrence Hunt, B.A.

of such a nature that a thorough system of book-keeping is .esults cannot be satisfactory, nor will they justify the labor s fully these statements, mentioning the chief difficulties of

the farm ;' and indicating the system whereby the necessary

n account with cows, ethod of closing the books.

nts affecfed by the following: — (a). Sold 10 lambs to

Paid 812 insurance on barns, (c) Sold 200 bbls. apples at

ads manure at $1 per load on field No. 1. (e) Sold 20 doz,

. Jones, grocer, entered in pass-book. (/') Sowed 20 bushels

bush, in held No. 2. (g) Sold Holstein bull $225 to D.

> months hence and bearing interest at 8%. (A) Oct. 18,

interest, (i) Holding P. Grey's promissory note of

liscounted at the Bank of Commerce, Sep. 15, at 7%.

SECOND YEAR.

...!«tU

1. Give reasons b Ayrshires for a belief ii

2. Give the leadim

3. How do the I compare for dairy purpo;

4. Describe the cc

5. Enumerate sou

6. In selecting bret

Agriculture.

Examiner: — Thomas Shaw.

m the disposition, habits, and physical conformation of mixed ancestry.

u acteristics of the Sussex and Kerry breeds of cattle.

Ayrshire, Guernsey, Holstein, and Norfolk Polled breeds

ad, and udder of the Jersey, le principal properties of tine wools, stock what are the principal considerations ? 7. Give the princi ethons to be adopted in the complete eradication of the Oanada thistle.

L

SEC ONE YEAR. Practical Live Stock.

1

bull (Contpueror) a good representation of the n detail.

s of conformation in the Devon bull " Rose's

t deficiencies in the Grade cow "Lady Norton." ng indications.

s in the Oxford Down Ram " Duke of Gloucester." 33

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

5. Make the following sentences more forcible by changing the construction ; and briefly state in each case why the one form is more forcible than the other : — (a) Diana of the Ephesians is great, (b) The scenes of my childhood are dear to my heart, (use exclamatory form), (c) You cannot put your hand into the tire and not be burned, (use interrogative form).

6. State concisely the advantages of figurative language. Define and give examples of : — simile, apostrophe, motonymy, euphemism. Re-write each sentence in plain language and note the loss.

7. Punctuate the following : — 2 chron XII 10 Jas R Black Esq MP Surely said Rip I have not slept here all night He recalled the occurrences before I fell asleep the strange man with the keg of liquor the mountain ravine the wild retreat among the rocks the woe begone party at ninepins the flagon Oh that flagon that wicked flagon said Rip what excuse shall I make to Dame Van Winkle.

8. Express, in your own words, the thoughts, in the following passage from Ruskin»; p. 33, — Sesame and Lilies : —

" But, granting that we had both the will and the sense to choose our friends well, how few" of us have the power ! or, at least, how limited, for most, is the sphere of choice !i Nearly all our associations are determined by chance or necessity, and restricted within a narrow circle. "We cannot know whom we would ; and those whom we know, we cannot have at our side when we most need them. All the higher circles of human intelligence'

are, to those beneath, only momentarily and partially open Meantime, there is a

society continually open to us, of people who will talk to us as long as we like, whatever our rank or occupation ; talk to us in the best words they can choose, and with thank3

if we listen to them Kings and statesmen are lingering patiently in those plainly

furnished and narrow ante rooms, our book-case shelves."

FIRST YEAR.

Arithmetic.

Examiner : — E. Lawrence Hunt, B. A.

1. Calculate the profits from a flock of 30 sheep, stating the details of cost and returns.

2. Calculate the profits from 20 acres of barley, supplying the necessary data.

3. Oats are 30 cents a bush. ; peas, 55 cents ; barley, 60 cents ; rye, 40 cents % Indian corn 95 cents, (a) Find the cost of 20 pounds of the mixture. (6) How many bushels of each will make a mixtuie worth 50 cents a bush ?

4. A drains 12 acres at a cost of $35 an acre. Take any rotation of crops and find approximately what the resulting increase in each crop per acre must be, to give A 8%; interest on the cost of drainage.

5. A plants 10 acres with orchard at a cost of $24 an acre, and gets no returns for 4 years. If the land itself was worth $65 an acre, find the value of the orchard at the end of 4 years ; compound interest at 6%.

6. On Jan. 1, 1889, A sells B 650 bushels of wheat at $1.05 a bush., and takes B's note for the amount, due 6 months hence, bearing interest at 5%. On April 22, A gets this discounted at the bank at 8%. Find the amount he received for the note. Write the form of the promissory note if it is negotiable by endorsement.

7. A sends B $1,481.90 to invest in cattle. If B charges one and a-half per cent, commission, find the amount invested in cattle.

8. A owns $9,650 of the 8% stocks at 110J. He sells out (brokerage a-half per cent.) and invests the proceeds in a farm. He rents the farm to B for one-third of the annual proceeds. B's income from the farm is $900. Find the rate per cent, of interest A receives on his money, and the difference in his income.

32

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

FIRS l YEAR.

l>OOK-KEEPL\G.

Examiner . — E. Lawreuce Hunt, B.A.

1. " A farmer's work is of such a nature that a thorough system of book-keeping is practically impossible. The results cannot be satisfactory, nor will they justify the labor of the undertaking." Discuss fully these statements, mentioning the chief dilfieulties of keeping accurate accounts on the farm ;" and indicating the system whereby the necessary knowledge may be obtained.

2. Make out and close an account with cows.

3. Briefly explain the method of closing the books.

4. Mention the accounts affected by the following : — (a). Sold 10 lambs to S. Jamieson at $5 each. (6) Paid $12 insuiance on barns, (c) Sold 200 bbls. apples at $1.25 a bbl. (/./) Put 40 loads manure at §1 per load on field No. 1. (<?) Sold 20 doz, eggs at 10 cents a doz^n to R. .Jones, grocer, entered in pass-book. (/') Sowed 20 bushels fall wheat worth §1.10 per bush, in held No. 2. (g) Sold Holstein bull $225 to D. Black, taking his note due 6 months hence and bearing interest at 8%. (A) Oct. 18, D. Black pays his note with interest. (?) Holding P. Grey's promissory note of legally due Dec. 30, I got it discounted at the Bank of Commerce, Sep. 15, at 7%.

SECOND YEAR. Agriculture. Examiner : — Thomas Shaw.

1. Give reasons based on the disposition, habits, and physical conformation of Ayrshires for a belief in their mixed ancestry.

2. Give the leading characteristics of the Sussex and Kerry breeds of cattle.

3. How do the Devon, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Holstein, and Norfolk Polled breeds "compare for dairy purposes'?

4. Describe the color, head, and udder of the Jersey.

5. Enumerate some of the principal properties of fine wools.

6. In selecting breeding stock what are the principal considerations 1

7. Give the principal methons to be adopted in the complete eradication of the •Canada thistle.

SECOND YEAR. Practical Live Stock. Examiner : — Thomas Shaw.

1. Do you consider the Hereford bull (Conqueror) a good representation of the 'beefing breeds ? If so, give the reasons in detail.

2. Point out the principal deficiencies of conformation in the Devon bull " Rose's Duke" [929].

3. Point out the most prominent deficiencies in the Grade cow ''Lady Norton." I) As to symmetry. (2) A.s to milking indications.

4. Give the strong and weak points in the Oxford Down Ram " Duke of Gloucester." 3(a.C.) 33

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 18S0

SECOND YEAR.

Agricultural Ohemistty.

Examiner : — C. C. James, M.A.

1. State the relationship of the following substances to plant development : — ammonia, silica, iron, chlorine.

2. Give the conditions of germination and the chemical changes accompanying it.

3. What is meant by " the retentive power of soils?" What changes or actions underlie it?

4. Discuss the composition, value and application of wood and of coal ashes.

5. What is meant by N-free extract? How is it determined and what is its use in the animal 1

6. Distinguish albumoids and amides as to (a) composition ; (h) occurrence ; (c) uses.

7. What circumstances affit ct the composition and feeding value of timothy hay ? Explain how.

8. Explain the sources of the food of the following : — muscle, mechanical force, wool, butter, fat.

9. " The pig is undoubtedly the most economical meat producing machine at the farmer's disposal." Give reasons for this statement.

10. " Milk is not simply a secretion, it is the liquified organ" (Armsby). Explain what is meant and how proven.

SECOND TEAM.

Meteorology.

Examiner : — J. Hoyes Panton, M.A., F.G.S.

1. Show in what way a knowledge of the principles of meteorology is of practical importance to agriculture, horticulture, and commerce.

2. Explain how the physical features of a country may modify its climate, and give illustrations from districts in Canada.

3. Thermometer — name the different kin Is, and state how read and how the readings may be of use. Describe Rutherford's, and reduce 16 F. to G. and 28 0. to F.

4. Upon what does the amount of moisture in the atmosphere depend ■? Describe the instrument used to ascertain it.

5. Where are the following winds found : — mistral, dust winds, chinook ? Account for their presence.

6. Compare the rainfall of North and South America and account for the difference.

7. Define latent heat, isobars, isothermals, and area of low pressure.

8. Account for the heavy rains in India and the absence of rain in some parts of Africa.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

SECOND YEAR.

E.NTOMOLOY.

Examiner: — J. Hoyes Panton, M.A., F.G.S.

1. Show how a knowledge of insect life becomes of service in preventing 'heir ravages.

2. Give the life-history of the root-louse, and name the families in which beneficial beetles are found.

3. Name the genera in which the most injurious cutworms are found. Describe the larva of any, and give remedies to prevent their attacks.

4. Name the different insects that are destroyed by the application of Paris green.

5. Give the remedies for the wire-worm, and contrast its larva with that of the crane-fly, May-beetle and cutworm.

6. What insects belonging to the order Heiniptera are injurious, and to what order do the saw-flies belong )

7. Some insects are injurious in the larval condition only, some in the perfect, and some in both. Give examples of each.

8. Explain what is meant by an emulsion. Give one of the best, and state how and when to use it.

9. Describe the larva and imago of the canker worm, and give two remedies — on6 depending upon a habit of the larva and the other upon the nature of the mature^insect.

SECOND YEAR.

Veterinary Pathology.

Examiner : — F. C. Grenside, V.S.

1. Give the causes of corns, and explain means of relieving them.

2. Describe the symptoms and treatment of punctures and bruises in horses' feet.

3. Give the symptoms of lock jaw.

4. Kxplain the causes of digestive troubles in the hor.se.

.">. Give the causes, symptoms, and treatment of hoven in the ox.

6. Give the differentia! symptoms of impaction of the rumen and fardel round.

7. Give the symptoms and treatment of spasmodic colic in the horse.

8. Explain the differential symptoms of acute indigestion and liatuleut colic.

9. Describe the symptoms of pneumonia.

10. Describe the symptoms and treatment of Lymphangitis.

SECOND YEAR.

Practical Horse.

Examiner : — F. C. Grenside, V.S.

1. Explain the different modes of giving medicines to horses and how we should be guided in the choice of the methods.

35

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

2. Give the normal temperature of horses, cattle, and sheep. Explain how to take the temperature, and the theories with regard to the production of heat in the animal economy.

3. Explain the measures to be adopted in physicing a horse.

4. Describe how to treat a case of choking in the ox.

5. Explain the diseases and irregularities of the teeth of horses.

SECOND YEA R.

Grammar.

Examiner : — E Lawrence Hunt, B.A.

1. Define inflection and briefly indicate its extent in modern English. Give, in detail, the inflections of pronouns.

2. What are the advantages of giving different grammatical values to the same word1? Illustrate with the words, iron, house, but.

3. Define conjugation. Distinguish the conjugation of English verbs. Conjugate the following : keep, deal, fly, flee, flow, lose, loose, lie, rid, abide, grow, sink, hide.

4. Analyze the following and parse each word : —

" Passion, I see, is catching ; for mine eyes, Seeing those beads of sorrow stand in thine, Began to water."

6. Criticise the following : —

(a) Neither the employer nor his workmen were to blame. (6) He likes you better than me.

(c) He likes me better than you.

(d) He insisted on the rule's being observed.

(e) The soldiers, after ten hours' fighting, laid down to sleep.

(f) Whom do men say I am ?

(ft) Next to the governor comes the mayor and council. (h) I intended to have done that last month.

SECOND YEAR.

Julius Gesar.

Examiner : — S. C. Smoke, B.A.

1. Sketch briefly the political situation in Rome at the time of the events described in this play.

2. "There was a Brutus once that would have brook'd

Th' etprnal devil to keep his state in Rome, As easily as a king."

(a) To what Brutus is reference here made 1

(b) Quote any other reference to him in this play.

(c) Give some account of the religious beliefs of the Romans of this time and

account for the reference here to " the eternal devil." How long after this was it that Christianity was introduced into Rome 1

36

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1^0

3. " And that same eye, whose bend doth awe the worhl,

Did lose his lustre."

" Hoping it was hut an effect of humor,

Which sometime hath his hour with every man."

Remark upon and explain the use of his in these extracts.

4. "Till then, my noble friend, chew upon this."

What is the meaning of cliew here ? What other word of the same 1 oot-meaning is now used in this sense 1

5. " He hears no music." Of whom is this said and what feature of his character is it intended to describe ? Quote any similar passage from another of Shakespeare's plays.

6. Say by whom the following passages were spoken, and explain fully their meaning : —

(«) " Those that with haste will make a mighty fire Begin it with weak straws."

(b) •' It is the bright day that brings forth the adder."

(c) " Cowards die many times before their deaths."

(d) " O world ? thou wast the forest to this hart,

And this, indeed, 0 world, the heart of thee."

(e) "What villain touched his body, that did stab,

And not for justice 1 "

(f) " You know that I hold Epicurus strong,

And his opinion : now I change my umid, And partly credit things that do presage — "

7. Quote from this play any five passages of not less than four lines each, and say why you have thought them worthy of being committed to memory.

8. What is a drama 1

SECOND YEAR.

Political Economy.

Examiner : — W. A. Douglas, B.A.

1. Name the four classes of the subject.

2. Tell to which class the following facts belong: (1) Strikes; (2) wages; (3) machinery ; (4) increase or diminution of value ; (5) ships ; (6) division of labor.

3. Wealth — state which of the following indicates an increase aud which a diminu- tion of wealth in the commodity named : (1) Water became worth S3 per gallon ; (2) an ass's head became worth four score pieces of silver ; (3) steel rails that formerly cost (200 per ton are now sold at 825 ; (4) Some lots in Toronto are worth nearly one million dollars per acre.

4. State the circumstances under which water may be classed as wealth.

5. Production :

(1) Give examples of how people try to work at the best time, best place, and in the best manner.

(2) How much law do we require to make people observe these rules?

(3) What law aims to make people work at the best place 1

(4) Name three methods adopted to increase production.

(5) Name three advantages of division of labor.

6. Distribution : Of the three following items : rent, interest, wages —

(1) Which increases with population ?

(2) Which declines in the course of years ?

(3) Which depends on the toil of the recipient ?

(4) Which continues independently of the toil of the recipient 1

37

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Exchange :

(1) Show how an exchange may enrich Ijotli parties

(2) Show the relation of exchang i to the division of labor.

(3) Name three plans ad »pted to facilitate exchange.

(4) Name a law adopted to stop exchange.

(5) Name some impediments to exchange.

Value — give examples of the following : —

(1) Increased valu • caused by labor

(2) Increased value not caused by labor.

(3) Increased value coincident with increased poverty.

(4) Increased value coincident with increased wealth.

(5) Distinguish value in use and value in exchange. Money :

(1) Name two of its uses.

(2) Name one essential condition that money must possess.

(3) Distinguish between money and bank or government notes.

II. — Papers Set at Midsummer Examinations.

FIRST YEAR.

Agriculture.

Examiner : — Thomas Shaw.

1. Give the modes of preparing soil for wheat best adapted to Ontario conditions.

2. Mention the best time to sow winter wheat, rye, oats, barley and pease in this Province, and the respective amounts of seed required per acre.

3. State the place in the rotation that should ordinarily be occupied by wheat, barley, oats, pease, root crops, rape, meadow, ordinary pasture.

4. State the advantages of growing rape, and when should it be sown 1

5. What beneficial effects followed the introduction of turnip culture into Great Britain 1 and what is the probable effect the general introduction of the silo will have upon tbeir cultivation in Canada ?

6. Give the soils best adapted to the growth of the carrot ?

7. Give the leading principles that should govern the pruning of apple orchard?.

8. Mention some of the most important essentials to be borne in mind in the con- struction of a cattle barn.

FIRST YEAR.

Geology.

Examiner : — J. Hoyes Panton, M. A., F. G. S.

1. Draw diagiams illustrating the different kinds of valleys, and state hovr they have been formed.

2. How do you account for the absence of strata in some parts of the world ? Name the systems represented in Ontario.

3. Give the economic products of the Silurian system, and give brief notes regarding the condition of animal and plant life at that time.

38

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

4. Show in what respects the terms salif'erous, cretaceous, and carboniferous are mis- eading as applied to the rock systems in geology.

5. Compare the following minerals : apatite, gypsum, graphite, and chalk; and name the ro:k systems in which they are found.

6. Give reasons for believing that the interior of the earth is in a highly heated condition, and the most popular view regarding the distribution of the heated material.

7. State the chief characters of the metaniorphic locks, and give tlieir distribution in Ontario, with some of the most valuable economic minerals in them.

8. Compare the coal of Pennsylvania with that of the North-west, as regards ita age and the materials from which it was formed.

FIRST TEAR.

Botany. Examiner : — J. Hoyes Panton, M. A., F. G. S.

1. Name the parts of a flower, and describe them as represented in the Shepherd's Purse and the Dandelion.

2. Classify roots with reference to shape and duration, giving examples of each.

3. Explain the terms cohesion and adhesion as applied to the stamens, and give the terms applied.

4. Give the characters of the order you have attended in the Botanical Instructive Bed, and describe the fifth plant.

5. Give examples of monoecious and dioecious flowers, and state how this affects th^ perpetuation of the species of such plants.

6. Compare the chief characters of the lily with those of the apple.

7. Give examples illustrating how parts of a plant may become developed into foo 1.

8. Analyze and identify the plant before you.

9. What is meant by tissue in plants, and what are the different kinds 1 Draw figures illustrating each.

FIRST YEAR.

Veterinary Materia Medica.

Examiner ; — F. C. Grenside, V. S.

1. Explain the theory of the allopathic mode of cure.

2. Name the circumstances which modify the actions of medicines.

3. Define the following terms : antiseptic, emollient, cathartic, and diuretic.

4. Define the meaning of the term alkoloid. and name the active principles of belladona and aconite.

5. Give actions and dose of aloes for the horse.

6. Give two prescriptions of purgative drenches for the ox.

7. State how linseed oil is obtained, the dose for horse and ox, and its uses.

8. Explain how arsenic is supposed to establish its action as an alterative. Name some diseases in which it is particularly beneficial.

9. Give the source and properties of Iodine.

10. Give the names of any of the drugs that we have studied that act as stomachics.

39

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

FIESsT YEAR. English Literature — Selections from Wordsworth. Examiner : — E. Lawrence Hunt, B. A.

1. State, either in your own words or in the poet's, what you consider four of the- most desirable and essential traits of character in the ideal " Happy Warrior."

2. In the poem of " The Fountain," shew clearly why the same scene produced such different feelings in the two friends.

3. (a) Give in your own words the outline of the thoughts in the " Ode to Duty."

(b) Quote what you consider the choicest stanza.

4. (a) Quote from " Peele Castle" the lines referring to the poet's imagination.

Quote any lines which illustrate this power, and show how they do so. What is the chief distinguishing feature of true poetry 1 (6) Describe, after Wordsworth, the picture of Peele Castle, by George Beaumont; and, in contrast, the representation which Wordsworth would have made.

(c) " Not for a moment could I now behold

" A smilling sea, and be what I have been." Why 1 Explain the illusion.

5. (a) " 'lis her privilege,

" Through all the years of this our life, to lead " From joy to joy :" Explain. (b) How did Wordsworth look on nature in boyhood '? in youth ? and in manhood %

6. Explain the following : —

(a) " We are laid asleep in body, and become a living soul."

(b) " We see into the life of things."

(c) " I have owed to them

" In hours of weariness, sensations sweet."

(d) " When thy mind

" Shall be a mansion for all lovely forms,

" Thy memory be as a dwelling-place

" For all sweet sounds and harmonies." Write a note on the person addressed in (d). (f>) *' On whose head must fall,

" Like showers of manna, if they come at all." (H. W.)

FIRST YEAR.

English Composition.

Examiner : — James Mills, M. A.

1. State the principal differences between prose and poetry.

2. (a) " Art is long, and time is fleeting,

'•'And our hearts though tough and brave, "Still, like muffled drums, are beating " Funeral marches to the grave." (6) " The power of music all our hearts allow,

" And what Timotheus was is Dry den now." Change (a) into prose, and transpose (6) by removing the measure and the: poetic arangement.

40

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

3. Quote the rules for the use of the Colon and the Semicolon.

4. Punctuate the following passages, giving the rule for each mark inserted: —

(1) Greece fell but how did she fall did she fall like^Babjlon did she fall

like Lucifer never to rise again.

(2) It will I am sure it will more and more as time goes on he found

for his good.

(3) Charity on whatever side we contemplate it is one of the highest

Christian graces.

5. Write a short composition on " Farming as an Occupation," paying special atten- tion to spelling, capital letters, and punctuation.

FIRST YEAR.

Mensuration.

Examiner : — E. Lawrence Hunt, B.A.

1. A barn is 110 yards long and 66 wide. With the same amount of wall, how much more floor would there be, if the barn were square? if it were round?

2. The fall, etc., being the same, how many 2-inch tile are required to discharge as much water as one 6-inch tile in the same time 1

3. A silo is 30 by 18 feet and 18 feet high. If there are 45 pounds in a cubic foot of silage, find the number of tons in the silo, when the silage is 15 feet deep.

4. The water from the roof of a barn 80 feet square is drained into a tank in the form of a frustrum of a cone, the diameters of the ends 9.6 feet and 13.8 feet and the height 7 . 2 feet.

(a) Find the depth of rainfall required to fill the tank. (6) Find the amount of zinc required to line the tank.

5. A log 40 feet long and of uniform thickness, has a circumference of 16 and a half feet. Find the largest prism, having its ends equilateral triangles, that can be cut from the loe.

SECOND YEAR. Agrictlture and Arboriculture.

Examiner : — Thomas Shaw.

1. Give the style of finished hog adapted to the markets of the present, and mention the modification that has taken place in this respect during recent years.

2. Give the care and food best adapted to breeding sows during the period of gestation.

3. Describe the process of curing pork for farm use.

4. Mention various rations suitable to be fed to pigs during the period immediately following weaning.

5. What do you understand by the term "early maturity?" Why should it be sought ? How may it be attained ?

41

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

6. Describe the feeding and management during the first year best adapted to ♦alvea intended ultimately for shipping fur beef purposes, wheD the whole milk is wanted for dairy uses.

7. What remedy would you use for young foals affected with constipation?

8. Give the food and management adapted to spring foals the first winter.

9. Mention the varieties of trees best adapted to Ontario conditions to plant as wi ad-breaks, and give the reasons.

10. In planting trees in arable land for purposes of ornament, how would you proceed ? for purposes of shade? which varieties would you choose ?

SECOND YEAR.

Practical Examination. — Judging Sheep.

Examiner : — Thomas Shaw.

1. Point out what you consider the defects of conformation in the Oxford Down ewe No. 375.

2. Mention the good points of conformation in the Shropshire Down lamb of ewe No. 143, and in what particular or particulars does the lamb excel its dam? What do you consider its chief deficiency ?

3. Which of the three ewe3, having regard to individuality only ; the Shropshire Down No. 113, the Oxford Down No. 375, and the Dorset No. do you consider most suitable for producing mutton-lambs with the least expenditure of feed, and state the

reason ■> \

SECOND YEAR.

Dairying.

Examiner : — James W. Robertson.

1. What are the advantages of underdrainage ?

2. Describe the way to grow and treat a corn crop in order to secure the largest feeding value per acre in the form of silage.

3. Name, in the order of their merit, the points of a dairy cow, indicating large milking power.

4. State the composition of milk and describe how it is elaborated.

5. Give a scale of points for use in judging butter.

6. Describe a centrifugal cream separator.

7. Briefly describe the process of Cheddar cheese-making.

8. Describe the necessary buildings and equipment for a cheese factory of 500 cow capacity.

SECOND YEAR.

Practical Horticulture.

Examiner : — J. Hoyes Panton, M.A., F.G.S.

1. State how you would proceed to prune a tree.

2. Describe some different forms and methods of bedding plants.

42

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

3. Arrange the following plants in a circular bed : Alleranthera, Alyssum, Canna, Ricinus, Ageratum, Geranium, Dahlia.

4. A vegetable garden contains three acres. Arrange it as you think best for practical purposes, and give a diagram illustrating our arrangement.

5. Name trees or shrubs best suited for hedges, and state under what circumstances you would use one in preference to another.

6. Give ten shrubs that are well suited for ornamental purposes, mentioning size and time when they are in bloom.

7. Name some plants well adapted for hanging baskets.

8. Identify the specimens before you.

SECOND YEAR. Systematic and Economic Botany. Examiner : — J. Hoyes Panton, M.A., F.G.S.

1. Upon what characters does classification largely depend? Illustrate by referring to the Rose, Lobelia, Indian turnip, and the beet.

2. Describe the cell and its contents, and name some of the modifications which it undergoes as growth proceeds.

3. Give the life history of the so-called smut, and the remedies recommended to d'-stroy it.

4. Name orders of plants of economic value in supplying dyes, oils, sugar and cloth.

5. What are the chief characters of the orders :— Legurninosa>, Araceae and Graminse? G. Compare a seed with a spore, and distinguish between saprophyte and parasite

as applied to plants — give examples.

7. Name fifteen weeds and give the orders to which they belong and how you would identify at least five of them.

8. Identify the specimen before you.

SECOND YEAR. Veterinary Obstetrics. vminer : — F. C. Grenside, V. S.

1. Describe the ovaries and Fallopian tubes.

2. Explain the sources, properties, and functions of the liquor Amnii.

3. Explain the constitution of the umbilical cord.

4. Give the causes of difficult parturition, and state its relative frequency in the mare and the cow. Explain why it is more difficult to afford relief in the mare.

5. Give the average periods of gestation ^n the mare, cow, ewe, sow, and bitch.

6. Explain the proper mode of removing the forelpg at the shoulder of the foetus in Utero. Give the cases in which this operation would be an advantage.

7. Explain how to afford relief in the following cases of mal-position : Fore legs presented, and head deviated towards the sternum ; knees presented ; hocks presented.

8. Describe the symptoms of the sequels of retained after-birth.

9. Give the treatment of inverted womb.

10. Give the symptoms of paturient apoplexy.

43

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

SECOND YEAR.

L'Allegro &, 1l Penseroso

Examiner : — S. 0. Smoke, B. A.

1. Compare the poems L'Allegro and II Penseroso, (1) as to subject, (2) as to method of treatment, and (3) as to the effect produced on yourself.

2. Explain the force of the following italicised epithets : Low-browed rocks, heart easing mirth, ivy-crowned Bacchus, frolic wind, eating cares, immortal verse, half-regained Eurydice, twilight groves, monumental oak.

3. Quote the passages beginning respectively with the following lines :

" Straight mine eye hath caught new pleasures,"

" Oft en a plot of rising ground,"

" There in close covert by some brook."

4. " Hard by, a cottage chimney smokes, " From betwixt two aged oaks ;

" Where Corydon and Thyrsis met,

" Are at their savoury dinner set

" Of herbs, and other country messes,

" Which the neat-handed Phillis dressess."

" Thee, chantress, oft, the woods among,

" I woo to hear thy even-song ;

" And, missing thee, I walk unseen

" On the dry smooth-shaven green,

" To behold the wandering moon,

il Biding near her nighest noon,

" Like one that had been led astray,

" Through the Heaven's wide pathless way ;

" And oft, as if her head she bowed,

" Stooping through a fleecy cloud.'"

(a) Which of these two extracts impresses you a^ being the more truly poetic. (6) What test do you apply to reach your conclusion %

(c) What is the primary meaning of the word poet ?

(d) Show how the recollection of this meaning assists in the proper criticism

of a poem.

SECOND YEAR.

Boad-Making, Levelling and Surveying.

Examiner : — E. Lawrence Hunt, B. A.

1. Write an essay on the advantages of good country roads.

2. State concisely what you consider the four most important general principles to be kept in view in making or improving country roads.

3. Classify roads as to the road coverings, and give detailed directions for the construction of any one.

4. What are the objections to putting large stones on a road 1

44

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1S9C

5. Describe the process of making the road which is now being made in the Experi- mental Faim :ane.

G. With a scale of 1 inch to the chain, draw nients are given in the following held book :

a sketch of the held whose measure-

Left Offsets.

Chain-Line. 500 to 03

Right Oilsets

375

280

160

125

50

From 0, turn to the left

1125 to 0,

To03 400

825

450

600

From 0,

7. Explain the process of taking levels to determine whether there be sufficient fall to drain a certain field.

8. With a scale of 1 inch to the 100 ft. for length, and of 1 in. lor 2 ft. for height, cetermine the height of A above B and the grade between the first two stations. Record your measurements in the field book. (A sketch of an undulating line accompanied this question.)

45

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

1. Papers Set at the Matriculation Examinations, October, 1889.

Arithmetic.

Examiner : — E. L. Hunt, B. A.

1. A farmer feeds 2 tons, 13 cwt., 65 lbs. of hay to each of 7 horses. Find the cost at $11 a ton.

2. Simplify i + T53x£-;of2V

3. Multiply 4.025 by .0036, and divide the product by 1.8.

4. Estimate the profits from a 10-acre crop of wheat, supplying the detail of cost and returns.

5. A can do a piece of work in 15 days. After he is working at it for 2 days, B joins him. A and B work together for 3 days, and are then joined by C. The three together finish the work in 5 days. If B and C do an equal amount of the work, find how long it would take each by himself to do the whole work.

Composition.

Examiner : — C. C. James, M. A.

I. Point out any errors in the following sentences, re- writing the sentence correctly

(1) Whom do men say that I am 1

(2) Neither you nor he are going to occupy that room.

(3) As neither of them is here, let us start.

(4) Every one will answer their own questions.

(5) There is not as many in this room as there might be.

II. Write a short essay on one of the following subjects :

(1) The Importance of the Study of Forestry.

(2) Any trip taken by yourself.

(3) Perseverance.

English Grammar.

Examiner : — C. C. James, M. A.

I. State and illustrate the various methods of forming the plural of English nouns, giving examples.

II. Compare the adjectives pleasant, gentle, nigh, ill, happy, first, old, beautiful, little, golden.

4u

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

III. Distinguish between possessive, relative, and interrogative pronouns, giving examples.

IV. What is meant by mood and voice.

V. Analyze the following sentence :

In every country, then, and at every period, the investigation of the principles on which the rational practice of agriculture is founded, ought to have commanded the principal attention of the greatest minds.

VI. Parse the words in italics.

VII. Distinguish principal and principle ; practice and practise.

VIII. Express the ideas contained in V. in other words.

Geography.

Examiner : — J. Hoyes Panton, M.A., F.G.S.

1. Detine latitude, isthmus, strait, bay, and give examples.

2. Where and what are : Anticosti, Sicily, Vesuvius, Panama, Siam, Lisbon ?

3. Name the largest rivers in Europe and America.

4. Name the capitals of the British Isles and of the provinces of Canada.

5. Describe the physical features of the North- West.

6. Draw an outline map of North America, indicating the position of Chicago,, Washington, and Winnipeg.

Reading and Dictation. iminer : — J. Hoyes Panton, M.A., F.G.S.

47

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

APPENDIX .5.

CLASS LISTS.-

I.— EASTER EXAMINATIONS, 1889. II.— MIDSUMMER KXAMINATIONS, 1889.

I— EASTER EXAMINATIONS, 1889. FIRST YEAR.

a

■

o

Agbicultube.

Inoeganic Chemistry.

Organic Chemistry.

Zoology.

r

H-J M

1 Hutt, H. L.

2 Sleightholm, J.»A. B.

3 Harcourt, J.

4 Cowan, R. E.

5 Dolsen, W. J.

6 Rowen, E.

7 Hadwen, G.

8 Wilkinson, J. J. Q/ Buchanan, D. y\ Mulholland, F.

11 Watson, G. C. 12| White, J.

(Thompson, J. P.

1 Holliday.

2 Bayne.

3 Harcourt, J.

4 Hutt.

5 Sleightholm.

6 Dolsen.

7 Buchanan.

1 Harcourt, J.

2 Hutt.

3 Sleightholm.

4 Whitley.

5 Bayne.

6 Buchanan.

7 Holliday.

1 Bayne.

2 Sleightholm. o ( Hutt.

| Harcourt, J. 5 Hadwen.

o

1 Cowan, J. H. „/ Webster, F. E. ^tUrquhart, W.H. A.

4 Elliott, R.

5 Noxon, H. S.

6 Hewgill, E. A.

7 Bate, E. H.

Q / Holliday, W. B.

8 \ Bayne, P. R. C.

10 Bn«n, H. H.

( Whitley, C. F.

11 \ McCrae, H. E. (.Field, H.

i ./Rorke, J. R. i4\Cathcart, W.

1 Whitley.

2 Hadwen.

1 Dolsen.

2 Hadwen.

3 Mulholland.

4 Hewgill.

5 Cowan, R. E.

6 Bate.

7 Mattice.

1 Dolsen.

2 Cowan, R. E.

3 Mattice.

4 Whitley.

5 Holliday.

a ( Buchanan.

D \ Thompson, J. P.

8 Bate.

9 Cowan, J. W.

10 Field.

1

48

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Class Lists (Easter Examinations) — Continued. FIRST YEAR.

"*

09 <

o

Aqmocltdbx.

Inorganic Chemistry.

Organic Chkmistrt.

Zoology.

, | Mattice, W. A. 1\ Campbell, C. S.

1 Webster.

1 Brown.

1 Mulholland.

2 Shaw.

2 Webster.

n 1 No.xon. " ( Roike.

3 Shaw, P. ( ; .

3 Bewgill.

3 Cowan, J. H.

t Seymour, F. B.

4 Mulholland.

4 I'rquahart.

■1 Shaw.

5 Farlinger, F, E.

5 Cowan, J. H.

f> Etowen.

6 Fairbairn.

6 Wells, E.

P j Thompson, J. P. b) White.

(> Shaw.

(i Rowen.

7/Fairbairn, 0. G. '\ Smith, I).

7 Thompson, J. P.

7 Dunne.

8 Mattice.

8 Field.

8 Brown.

'.) McDonald, H.

!) Rorke.

9 Elliott.

9 Campbell.

10 Thomson, H. C.

10 No.xon.

10 White.

10 McDonald.

11 Grant, R. S.

11 Cowan, R. E.

11 Macfarlane.

11 Seymour.

12 W.iolverton, E. L.

12 Urquhart.

1l' Noxon.

12 Hewgill.

13 Stagg, J. C.

I Held.

13 Rorke,

13 Wilson.

14 Dunne, H. R.

13 < Brown.

14 McCrae.

, , i White. 14 I Elliott.

15 Macfarlane, T. W. R.

(McDonald.

15 Stagg.

Bertram, H.

( Bate.

(Fairbairn.

16 Wilkinson.

Benyon, E. A. G.

16-! Rowcn.

16< McDonald.

17 Cathcart.

r

Wilson, F. G.

1 Watson.

( Grant.

18 Wat sun.

19 Webster.

-

McCrae.

Wilkinson.

20 Urquhart.

Elliott. Wilkinson.

Wileon.

Watson.

21 Wells

22 Stajr»r.

Stagg. Dunne

Campbell. Wells.

l'.s McCrae.

Thomson, H. C.

Macfarlane. Grant.

Thomson, H. C. 1 >unne. Smith. Farlinger. Woolverton.

Thomson, H C.

Wells.

Woolverton.

Benyon.

Campbell.

Smith.

Benyon. Seymour.

Farlinger.

Wnolverton. Benyon.

Bertram . Earlinger. S.vinour. Wilson.

i

Names unnumbered are those of students who failed to pass in the subject.

The minimum for first-class honours is 75 per cent. ; for second-class honours, 60 per ceut. ; for paas 33 per cent.

4 (a/0

49

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. '24).

A. 189(

Glass Lists (Easter Examinatons) — Continued. FIRST YEAR.

CO

00

< a

Veterinary Anatomy.

Grammab.

English Literature.

Composition.

r

H

1 Harcourt, J.

2 Buchanan.

3 Bayne.

4 Hutt.

1 Whitley.

2 Harcourt, J.

3 Buchanan.

1 Hutt.

2 Holliday.

3 Whitley.

4 Bayne.

1 Whitley.

2 Cowan, R. E.

3 Hutt.

4 Bayne.

CO -

§■

o H

1 Urquhart.

2 Whitley.

3 Dolsen.

4 Rowen.

5 Cowen, R. E. G Hadwen.

( Sleightholm. 7< Rorke. { Bate.

1 Brown.

2 Hutt.

3 Holliday.

4 Sleightholm.

5 Cowan, R. E.

6 White.

7 Dolsen. s ( Noxon.

8 1 Thompson, J. P.

10 Webster.

11 Bayne.

12 Fairbairn.

1 Sleightholm.

2 Hadwen.

3 Field.

4 Harcourt, J.

5 Rorke.

6 Cowan, R. E.

7 Ho wen.

1 Dolsen. „f Holliday.

1 Harcourt, J. 4 Sleightholm. 5f Brown.

( Rowen.

7 Buchanan.

8 Rorke.

9 Wells.

10 Cowan, J. H.

I

-

DO

1 McDonald.

i Mulholland.

2 \ Thompson, J. P.

4 Fairbairn.

5 Wilkinson.

c J Macfarlane. bt Elliott. „ ( Hewgill. ( Mattice. I Noxon. iU\ Dunne.

12 White.

13 Brown.

14 Cathcart.

15 Watson.

16 Cowan, J. H. _ | Campbell.

17 \ Field.

19 Webster.

20 Wells.

0. fHolhday.

-1 "I Shaw.

,„ ( Thomson, H. C.

23 t Stagg.

McCrae.

Grant.

Smith.

Seymour.

Woolverton.

Bertram.

Benyon.

Farlinger.

Wilson (111.)

I

1 Rorke.

2 Rowen.

3 Stagg.

4 Wells.

5 Mulholland.

6 Shaw.

7 Elliott.

8 Hadwen. It Field.

10 Thomson, H. C.

11 McCrae.

12 Cowan.

13 Wilkinson. Mc Donald. Hewgill.

16 Woolverton.

17 Cam obeli.

<

18

f Bate. I Dunne, j Grant. \. Watson.

Mattice.

Cathcart.

Urquhart.

Wilson.

Farlinger.

Bertram.

Macfarlane.

Smith.

Benyon.

Seymour.

11

15

1 Buchanan.

2 Shaw.

„/ Mulholland. \ Noxon.

5 Thompson, J. P.

6 Dolsen.

7 Mattice.

8 White.

9 Brown. 10 Bate.

( Fairbairn. ( Seymour.

13 McDonald.

14 Wilkinson. Webster. Urquhart.

17 Cowan. J. H.

18 Thomson, H. C.

19 J Hewgill.

I Cathcart.

21 Elliott.

22 Stagg.

23 Macfarlane.

24 Bampbell.

20 Wells.

Dunne. Grant. Benyon. Watson.

Wilson.

McCrae.

Woolverton.

Smith.

Bertram.

Farlinger.

i -, f Webster.

1 I Field. 3 Tin no, i

4 Fairbairn.

5 Stager.

6 Thomson, H. 0.

7 Hadwen.

8 Wilkinson.

9 Mulholland.

10 Bate.

11 White.

12 Hewgill.

13 Shaw.

14 Noxon.

15 McCrae.

16 Watson. .-(McDonald.

' \ Urquhart. l'.t Seymour. 20 Mattice. •21 Campbell.

22 Elliott.

23 Grant.

Smith.

Cathcart.

Dun^e.

M acfarlane.

Farlinger.

Woolverton.

Bertram.

Benyon.

Wilson (111.)

Names unnumbered are those of students who failed to pass in the subject.

The minimum for first-class honours is 75 per cent. ; for second-class honours, 60 per cent. ; for pass, 33 per cent. ^

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Class Lists (Easter Examinations) — Continued. FIRST YEAR.

AHITHMKTIC.

Book-Keeping.

1 rENERAL PROFICIENCY.

■r.

i— i i— i

1 Cowan, R. E.

2 Hutt

3 Harcourt, J.

4 Dolsen

5 Noxon

R 1 Buchanan

°\ Thompson, J. P.

1 Thompson, J. P.

2 Whitley

3 Dolsen

■1 Harcourt, J.

5 Cowan, R. E.

6 Hud wen

7 Hutt

1 Harcourt, J.

2 Hutt

of Sleightholm "\ Whitley

K

a W

1 Sleierhtholm

2 Brown

3 Cowan, J. H.

4 Dunne

5 Row en v.f Whitley

\ Wilkinson

1 Buchanan

2 Sleightholm

3 Cowan, J. H.

4 Elliott

5 Webster

1 Dolsen

2 Buchanan

3 l'>ayne

4 Cowan, R. E.

5 Had wen

6 Holliday

7 Thompson, J. P.

L

r*

1 Mulholland

1 Hewgill

1 Rowen

2 Bayne

2 Watson

2 Mulholland

3 Rorke

q ( Rorke

\ Stagg

3 Brown

4 Had wen

i Cowan, .1. H.

6 Webster

Bj Bayne

( Brown

5 1 i < irke

ti Field

(i Noxon

7 White

7 Noxon

7 W ebster

8 Hewgill

( Campbell

:; Field

9 Bate

8< Mulholland

it White

10 Thomson, H. C.

( Mattice

10 Hewgill

• i / G rant

11 i Eiiiott

) Rowen

11 Bate

11 < McDonald

12 Shaw

13 Watson

I field

13 McDonald

— i

14 Stagg

15 Macfarlane

16 Holliday

17 Cathcart

18 Urquhart

19 -McCrea (Wells

20 < Campbell (.McDonald rFarlinger Fairbairn 23 -{ Shaw

i ice 1 S. vmour

14 Wilkinson

15 Holliday

16 Wells

17 Bate

18 Fairbairn

19 White

20 Shaw

21 Dunne

22 McCrea 0q j Cathcart M\ Grant

Wilson, (111.) Seymour

■r'

v. .

a<

Woolverton Smith

Smith

McParlane

Farlinger

I'.Hnyon

Urquhart

>

Bertram

Wii

Thomson, H. C. \\ oolverton Bertram Benyon

45T Names unnumbered are those of students who failed to pass in the subject. The minimum for first-class honors is 75 per cent. ; for second-class honors, 60 per cent, per omit.

for pass, 33

51

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Class Lists (Easter Examinations). — Continued. SECOND YEAR.

DO

m

<

o

Agriculture.

Live Stock.

Agricultural Chemistry.

Meteorology.

M H

1 Brodie, G. A.

2 Linfieid, F. B.

3 Montieth, S. N.

4 Rendall, W.

5 McLaren, P. S.

1 Brodie.

2 McLaren.

„ /Monteith. 6 \ Linfieid.

5 Tinney.

6 Rendall.

1 Linfieid.

2 Brodie.

1 Brodie.

2 Tinney.

3 Linfieid.

m

Oj J2J

O

1 Tinney, T. H.

2 McCallum, W.

3 Asbury, E.

. / Marsack, F. A.

\ Derbyshire, J. A. 6 Makinson, T. C.

1 Monk.

2 Asbury.

3 Derbyshire.

4 Gelling.

5 McCallum.

6 McEvoy.

1 Tinney.

2 Rendall.

1 Rendall.

2 Monteith.

1 Monk, N.

2 McEvoy, T. A.

3 Gelling, J. A.

4 Marsack, H.

5 McKergow, J. G.

1 Marsack, F.

2 McKergow.

3 Marsack, H.

4 Makinson.

1 Monteith.

2 McEvoy.

3 Galling.

4 McCallum.

5 Marsack, H.

6 McLaren.

7 Derbyshire.

8 Makinson.

9 Marsack, F. 10 McKergow.

Asbury. Monk.

1 McCallum.

2 Marsack, F.

3 McKergow.

4 McLaren.

5 Makinson.

6 McEvoy.

7 Gelling.

8 Monk.

9 Derbyshire.

10 Asbury.

11 Marsack, H.

Names unnumbered are those of students who failed to pass in the subject.

The minimum for first class honours is 75 per cent.; for second class honours, 60 per cent.; for pass, 33 per cent,

52

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Class Lists (Easter Examinations). — Continued. SECOND YEAR.

<

ENTOMOLOaT.

Veterinary. Pathology.

Practical Horse.

Grammar.

— '

— i i— i

1 Brodie.

1 Tinney.

2 Brodie.

3 Linfield.

1 Brodia.

2 Tinney.

3 Rendall.

4 Linfield.

1 Tinney.

1

-

v. o W

1 Linfield.

2 Tinney.

1 Marsack, H.

1 McLaren.

2 Marsack, F.

1 Linfield.

2 Brodie

3 McCalluM.

r

—

1 Rendall.

2 Marsack, F.

3 Gelling.

4 Monteith.

5 McEvoy.

n /McLaren. I Makinson.

8 McKergow.

1 Monk.

9 < McCallum.

[ Derbyshire.

Marsack, H. Asbury.

1 Kendall.

2 McCallum.

3 Marsack, F. . /McEvoy.

4 1 Monk.

6 Gelling.

7 McLaren.

8 Makinson.

q /McKergow. ' \ Monteith. 11 Derbyshire.

Asbury .

.. /Makinson. 1 I McEvoy. n /Monteith. a I McCallum. 5 /Gelling. D l Monk.

7 Derbyshire.

8 McKergow.

9 Asbnry.

10 Marsack, H.

1 Gelling.

2 Monteith.

3 Marsack.

4 1 >erbyshiro. ■ri McEvoy.

6 McLaren. - j Kendall.

I McKergow. 'J M.mk. 10 Marsack, H.

Ashury.

Name* unnumbered are those of students who failed to pass in the subject.

The minimum for first class honours is 75 percent.; for second class honours R0 per cent. ; for pass 33 per cent.

53

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Class Lists (Easter Examinations). — Continued. SECOND YEAR.

00

to

< o

LlTERATUKK.

Political Economt.

General Proficiency.

— i— i

1 Linfield.

2 Tinney.

1 Rendall.

2 McKvov.

3 Linfield.

4 Tinney.

5 Monteith. 6. Brodie.

1 Brodie.

2 Linfield.

3 Tinney.

1 Brodie.

2 Rendall.

3 Monteith.

4 Marsack, H.

5 Derbyshire.

1 McLaren. 2. Gelling.

1 Rendall.

2 Monteith.

1 McEvoy.

2 McLaren.

3 Gelling.

4 Monk.

5 McCallum.

6 Makinson.

7 McKergow.

8 Asbury.

9 Marsack.

1 Asburv.

2 McCallum.

3 Marsack, F.

4 Derbyshire.

5 Monk.

6 Marsack, H. - /Mackinson,

(McKergow.

1 McLaren.

2 McEvoy.

3 McCallum.

4 Gelling.

5 Marsack, F.

6 Derbyshire.

7 McKergow.

Names unnumbered are th«se of students who failed to pass in the subject.

The minimum for first-class honours i» 75 percent.; for second-class honours, 60 per cent.; for pass, $3 per cent.

54

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. '24).

A. 1890

Class Lists. II. MIDSUMMER EXAMINATION, 1889. FIRST YEAR.

<

o

Agriculture.

Geology. Botany.

Matkkia Medica.

—

M

1 Butt, H. L.

2 Sleightholm, J.A.B.

3 Harcourt, J.

4 Cowan. K E.

- / Dolsen, N. G.

0 1 MulhoUand. F.

7 Bate. K. B.

B / Buchanan, 1 >.

8 (.Cowan. .(. 11.

( Mattice, W. A.

10 - Rowen, E. 1 Whitley, C. F.

13 Had won. Gr.

■, . ( Thompson, J. P.

14 \ Hewgill, E. A.

1 Hutt.

2 Harcourt.

3 Bayne.

1 1 l.aci>urt, J.

2 Hutt.

3 Sleightholm.

1 Hutt,

2 Cowan, R. E,

:; Harcourt, J.

TO

o

S3

o

. / Webster, F. E. 1 \ Brown, H. 11

3 Noxon, H. S.

4 Campbell, C. S.

1 Whitley.

2 Sleightholm. ., ( 1 tolsen.

6 \ Holliday.

5 Cowan, R. E.

6 Had win.

7 ( Mattice. ' 1 Bate.

1 Hawden.

2 Whitley,

3 Buchanan.

4 Holliday.

5 Bayne.

ii MulhoUand. 7 Newcomen.

1 Buchanan.

2 Bate.

3 Cowan, J. H.

4 MulhoUand. ,. / Brown.

0 1 Hewgill.

8 Mattice.

9 Brown.

10 MulhoUand.

11 Fairbairn.

12 Thompson, J. P.

11 Whitley.

^

TO

TO J, <

1 Holliday, W. B. „ i Elliott, R. - i Bayne, P. R. C. » Stare. .1. C. 6 Field, H. t; Shaw, P. G. _ /Thomson. II. C. ' \ Wells. E.

9 McCrae, H. E.

10 Wilson. F.

11 Fairbairn, 0. .., I McKarlane.T.W.R l~ I Parlinsrer, F. E. It McDonald, H.

15 Wood, w. D.

16 Smith, D.

17 Seymour, F. B.

18 Newcomen, W. F.

Young, T. L. Dunne, H. R. Alloway, L.

II.

1 Buchanan.

2 Campbell.

o f Webster. i Noxon.

5 Cowan, J.

6 Field.

7 Uowen.

8 W.I son.

9 Macfarlane.

10 McDonald.

11 Hewgill.

12 Newc men.

13 Thomson, H. C.

14 I hinne.

15 Elliott.

16 Wood.

17 Shaw.

18 Stagg.

19 Alloway.

20 Wells.

21 McCrea.

1 Cowan, R. E.

2 Hewgill.

3 Brown.

4 Field.

5 Dolsen. f. /Shaw.

" i Webster.

8 Elliott.

9 Batfe.

10 Thompson, J.

11 Rowen.

•|9 f Fairbairn, i Mattice.

14 Noxon.

15 Wood.

16 Cowan. J. II.

17 Macfarlane.

jo ( Wilson I Camob

pbell.

20 Stager.

21 Wells.

22 Dunne.

McCrea.

Smith.

Thomson, H.

McDonald.

Alloway.

Youner.

Farlinger.

Seymour.

1 Bayne. n /Noxon. * 1 Sleightholm. . / Rowen.

4 \ Campbell.

6 Holliday.

7 Thomson. H. C.

8 Wood.

9 McDonald. j 10 S.

11 Wilson.

12 Thompson, J. P. iq /Webster.

'•S j Field.

1". McCrea.

f Shaw, 16 \ Elliott.

I Wells.

Alloway.

Seymour.

Fairbairn.

Smith.

Young.

F'arlinger.

Dunne.

Names unnumbered are those of students who failed to pass in the subject.

The minimum for first-class honors is 75 per cent. ; for second-class honors 60 per cent. ; for pas* 31 per cent,

55

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. -24).

A. 1890

Class Lists (Midsummer Examinations.) — Continued. FIRST YEAR.

■ <

O

English Literatork.

.Composition.

Menburation.

Dairying.

General Proficiency.

(

1 Whitley.

1 Slfiitrhtholm.

1 Harcourt, J.

i-i

H

2 Whitley. 2 FTn.mmirt- J.

2 Hutt.

3 Thompson.J.P. . / Bayne. \ Sleightholm.

3 /Hewgill.

(. MulhoUand.

/ Hutt.

1. Whitley. 7 Cowan, R. E.

| Dolsen.

\ Thompson,. J P 10 Webster.

/ Cowan, J. H 13 1 Wells.

Elliott.

3 Whitley.

rf

X

P

o H

1 Hutt. „ /Dolsen.

1 Harcourt. 4 Sleightholm.

1 Whitley.

2 Newcomen.

3 Harcourt, J.

4 Holliday.

5 Hutt.

6 Sleightholm.

7 Cowan, R. E,

8 Field.

1 Brown.

2 /Harcourt, J \ Cowan, R. E

. /McDonald. 4 \ Webster.

6 Newcomen.

7 Cowan, J. H.

8 Wells.

9 Noxon.

lri /MulhoUand. 1U \Hutt.

1 Mattice.

2 Bate.

3 Hawden.

4 McCrea.

5 Rowen.

6 Campbell.

7 Seymour.

8 Thomson, H.C.

1 Sleightholm.

2 Cowan, R. E.

3 MulhoUand.

4 Buchanan.

5 Bayne.

6 Holliday.

9 Holliday. 1ft J Bayne. iU \ Noxon. 12 Brown.

r

1 Thompson, J. P.

1 Bayne.

1 Thomson, H.C

1 Field.

1 Bate.

2 Buchanan.

1 < Brown.

2 Holliday.

2 Wood.

2 Thomson, P.O..

3 Newcomen.

1 Wells.

3. Field.

„ /Buchanan. 6 (.Wilson.

3 Hewgill.

4 Elliott.

4 Buchanan.

f McCrea.

4 Brown.

c /Holliday.

0 I Cowan, R. E.

5 Hawden.

4 -! Hawden.

5 Macfarlane.

5 Cowan, J. IL.

/. / Bate. \ Fairbairn.

t Rowen.

6 Shaw.

6 Dolsen.

7 Hewgill.

7 Hewgill.

7 Fairbairn.

7 Rowen.

8 Rowen.

8 MulhoUand.

8 Campbell.

8 Stagg.

8 Webster.

9 Bate.

9 Cowan, J. H.

9 Buchanan.

9 Farlinger.

9 Nexon.

10 Bayne.

10 Noxon.

10 Wood.

10 Newcomen.

10 Newcomei.

11 Webster,

11 Thomson, J.P

11 Stagg.

11 Smith.

11 Field.

12 MulhoUand.

12 Shaw

12 Shaw.

12 Dunne.

12 Campbell.

13 Campbell.

13 Stagg.

13 Bate.

-.o /McDonald. 16 I Alloway.

13 Elliott.

14 Field.

14 Thomson, H.C

14 Elliott.

14 Shaw.

15 Noxon.

( Alloway.

Jo Fairbairn.

15 Wells.-

15 \ Campbell.

16 Dunne.

Young.

a

17 Brown. f Wells.

18 \ Alloway.

t Elliott. ,a / McDonald. 18 \ Webster.

.,„ /Wilson. \ Macfarlane.

V

<

fc

t McCrea.

20 Hewgill.

21 Dolsen.

Alloway.

/"Shaw. 01 J Cowan, J. H. JM Thompson, H.C

{ Mc Donald.

Young.

22 Macfarlane. no / McCrea. \ Rowen.

Smith. Mattice. Seymour. Farlinger.

Wilson. Had wen.

Stagg.

Macfarlane.

Wood.

Dunne.

Farlinger.

Smith.

25 < Wilson. { Wood.

::::::.:::::::::::

:: : ;;

Young. Smith. F:> dinger. Mattice. Seymour.

Young.

Mattice.

Seymour.

1

Nannes unnumbered are those of Students who failed to pass in the subject.

The minimum for first-class honors is 75 per eent. ; for second-class honors 60 per cent. ; for pass 33 per cent.

56

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. I860

< laps List?.

MIDSUMMER EXAMINATIONS— 1889.

SECOND YEAR.

■

c

Agriculture and Arboriculture.

Practical Judg- ing ok Sheep.

Dairtim;.

Analytical Chemistry.

HORTICULTURE-

( Written Exam.)

— '

— —

1 Brodie. G. A.

2 Linfield, F. B.

3 Rendall, W.

4 Tinney, P. H.

- | McLaren, P. S. 0 \ McCallum, W.

1 Brodie.

2 Linfield.'

„ J Monteith, a \ Tinney.

5 Renr'a'l.

6 McLaren.

1 Linfield.

2 Brodie.

o /Monteith. \ Tinney.

1 Linfield.

2 Tinney.

3 Brodie.

4 Rendall.

1 Brodie.

2 Linfield.

If. K

y

w

1 Monteith.

2 Asbury.

1 McCallum.

2 McEvoy.

3 Makinson. 1 A -bury.

, /Gellmg.

I McKergow. 7 Mmik.

1 Randall.

2 Derbyshire.

1 McKergow.

1 Tinney.

2 Rendall.

3 McCallum.

8 —

<

c-

1 Derbyshire.

2 McKergow.

3 (Jelling. I M..nk.

McEvoy. 6 Makinson.

1 Derbyshire.

McLaren.

( Jelling;.

McCallum.

McKergow.

Asbury.

Makinson.

7 McEvoy.

8 Monk.

1 McLaren.

2 1 Derbyshire.

3 McCallum.

4 Monteith.

5 Asbury.

6 McEvoy.

7 Makinson.

8 Gelling.

9 Monk.

1 Gelling.

2 McLaren.

3 McEvoy.

4 Makinson.

5 McKergow.

6 Derbykhire.

7 Asbury.

8 Monk.

57

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Class Lists (Midsummer Examinations. — Continued. SECOND YEAR.

to

a < j O

i

systematic and Economic Botany.

Veterinary Path- ology AND Obstetrics,

English Literature.

Road-making,

Levelling and

Surveying.

Practical Ploughing.

I

M

H

1 Brodie.

2 Linfield.

3 Tinney.

1 Brodie.

2 Tinney.

1 Brodie

2 Linfield.

1 Brodie.

2 Rendall.

1 Rendall.

2 McLaren.

'

fi Monteith.

7 McCallum.

o

a

1 Rendall.

1 Linfield.

2 Rendall.

1 Tinney.

1 Linfield.

2 McCallum.

3 Tinney.

1 Asbury.

2 Gellinc.

McLaren.

Monteith.

Makinson.

McKergow.

Gelling.

Derbyshire.

McEvoy.

8 McCallum.

9 Monk. 10 Ashbury.

1 Makinson.

2 McLaren.

o /McKergow. 6 I McEvoy. 5 McCallum. fi Monk. „ / AsVmry. '{ Gelling.

Monteith. Derbyshire.

1 McLaren.

2 Rendall.

3 Monteith.

4 McEvoy.

5 Makinson.

6 Gelling.

„ f Derbyshire. ' \ McCallum. 9 Monk.

McKergow. Asbury.

1 Gelling.

2 Monteith.

3 McKergow.

4 Derbyshire.

5 McEvoy.

R f McLaren. b 1 Monk, g / Asbnry. 1 Makinson.

1 McEvoy.

2 Makinson.

3 Monk.

4 Derbyshire.

5 McKergow.

Names unnumbered are those of students who failed to pass in the subject. The minimum for first-clsas honors is 75 per cent. ; for second-class honors 60 per cent, per cent.

for pass, 33

58

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Class Lists (Midsummer Examinatons) — Contin SECOND YEAR.

r.

XI

<

HoKTIClLTl'KK : tOAL EXAMINA- TIONS.

Carpentering.

Practical

examinations ix

Farm Wokk.

General Proki-

OIBNCT,

'1IXA- TK'-

/

r

— —

1 Brodie.

2 McEvoy.

3 Monteith.

4 Lintield. 6 BendalL >i Asbury.

1 Rendall. „/ Brodie. (. Lintield.

1 Brodie.

2 Rendall.

3 Linfleld.

4 Monteith. ■"' Asbury.

6 Tinney.

1 Brodie.

2 Linfield.

3 Tinney.

-

p

o -

1 Tinney.

2 McKergow.

1 Monteith.

2 Tinney.

1 McLaren.

2 McEvoy.

1 Rendall.

r.

' 1 Gelling.

2 McLaren.

3 Monk.

. 4 Makinson. Z 5 Deri vshire. - 6 McCalium.

1 M-Laren.

2 McCalium.

3 McEvoy.

4 McKergow.

5 Gelling.

6 Derbyshire.

7 Monk.

8 Makinson.

1 McCalium.

2 Gelling.

3 McKergow.

4 Monk.

5 Makinson.

6 Derby-shire.

1 McLaren.

2 McCalium.

3 Gelling.

■ ■

'

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO.

Department of Agriculture — Class Lists, 1889. THIRD YEAR.

T.

CO

< -

Chemistry.

Botany.

English.

■

Drawixg .

Geology.

— '

— '■ —

Hircourt, G. Hutton, J. R. Lehmann, A. Soule, R. M.

Morgan. J. 11. A. Raynor, T. G.

Huttmi.

Hutton. Raynor.

Harcourt. Hutton.

- - O

Harcourt. Lehmann.

Ml '• -.Mil.

Kay nor. Soule.

Harcourt.

Morgan.

Soule.

Lehman. Raynor.

Hutton. Morgan.

o

Soule

*

Lehmann.

Morgan. Soule.

59

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Department of Agriculture — Class Lists, 1889 — Continued. THIRD YEAR.

m

w

< ►J O

Entomology.

Latin .

Dairying.

Agriculture.

f

Hutton.

M

Morgan.

u

Q

Harcourt. Lehmann. Soule,

Harcourt.

Hutton.

Lehmann.

K

Morgan. Raynor.

Ravnor.

Lehmann.

60

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

PART II.

EEPORT OF THE

Professor of Natural History and Geology.

Ontario Agricultural College,

Guelph, December 31st, 1889.

To the President of the Ontario Agricultural College :

Sir, — In submitting to you a report of the Department of Natural History, it will be convenient to consider it under the following topics : —

1. Museum.

2. Library.

3. Reading-room.

4. Practical work.

1. College Museum.

While we cannot boast of a very large museum, still we are yearly improving it, and hope in time to see one of a pre-eminently practical nature. Last year some very much needed changes were made, and in many respects the specimens were arranged so as to aid materially students in the prosecution of studies connected with natural history and geology. I think the time has come when a small annual grant, say of one hundred dollars, should be made so as to enable us to buy a few specimens, such as insectivorous birds, etc , so as to add to our list when an opportunity is afforded. I would suggest that this year cases for plants be put up along the walls of the museum, in which specimens of the weeds common to Ontario will be placed so as to render it an easy matter for visitors to identify obnoxious plants that have come under their observation in localities where they reside.

We have received a few donations to our collection during 1889, for which I express thanks to the donors, and hope they and others will remember we are always ready to receive any specimens that will aid us in instruction.

The following is a list of the contributors : — W. F. Newcamen, student, fossil shells from Niagara; James Edmonstone, Johnson, Ont., four plants; C. Frith, Durham, calf's double head ; Miss Robertson, Guelph, ant eggs from Africa ; A. Wiggins, Fairmont iron pyrites ; Prof. James, O.A.C., eight minerals ; John Ramsay, Eden Mills, two minerals ; Rev. John Wilkie, Indore, collection of Himalaya ferns ; George Carlaw Warkworth, cutworms ; F. H. Worthington, student, seeds from West Indies.

2. Library.

This attractive room is at present very convenient, and is each year becoming better arranged and equipped for educational purposes. We should have an annual grant of at least two hundred dollars for the purchase of new books. The college is largely

61

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

referred to for information upon subjects connected with agricultural science, to furnish such we should be equipped with the very best books on science. Such books are expensive, and consequently, without funds, we are unable to have the books at our command we need from time to time for reference

We certainly are in much need of some two to three hundred dollars worth of books at present for the various departments.

The present grant is largely spent in the purchase of papers, journals, etc., for the reading-room. Although we appear to have a large collection of books, yet many of them are of little service in our work, hundreds of them being bound up volumes of Blackwood, etc., sent to us when the Depository of the Educational Department at Toronto was abolished.

Our Library now contains 5,480 volumes, of which 114 have been added this year. The books added may be grouped as follows : —

Reports, chiefly agricultural 52

Botany 5

Geology 2

Agriculture 8

Chemistry t 2

Literature 20

Encyclopaedias 4

Entomology 1

General Science 1

Parliamentary reports 18

Examination papers, bound 1

114 3. Reading-room.

This is one of the most commodious and pleasant rooms in the College, and is becoming yearly more used for the purpose it was intended. It is well furnished for reading and study ; excellent tables and chairs, and convenient reading desks, upon which are found the best agricultural journals published, a list of which is given below. •

Rules regarding the proper use of the reading-room are posted in conspicuous places.

The following is a list of papers, journals and magazines which come to the College, and are for the use of the students in attendance : —

Papers and Magazines.

(a) Sent Jree by the Publishers. Name. Where published.

1. Journal of Commerce Montreal.

2. Canadian Baptist Toronto.

3. Christian Guardian , "

4. Canada Presbyterian "

5. Monthly Weather Review "

6. Presbyterian Review ''

7. Sheep Breeder and Wool Grower Chicago.

8. Manitoba Weekly Free Press Winnipeg.

9. Canadian Horticulturist St. Catharines.

10. Canadian Entomologist London, Ont.

11. Bee Journal , Beeton.

12. North York Reformer Newmarket.

13. Acton Free Press Acton.

14. Ontario Evangelist Erin, Ont.

62

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

• (b) Furnished by the College.

Name. Where published.

1. Daily Globe Toronto.

2. " Mail

3. " Empire

4. " Mercury Guelph.

• 5. " Herald

6. Rural Canadian Toronto.

7. Grip

8. Poultry Review

9. Farmer's Advocate London, Ont.

10. Canadian Stock-Kaiser's Journal Hamilton.

1 1. Nor'- West Fanner Winnipeg.

12. Breeder's Gazette Chicago.

13. North Britisli Agriculturist Edinburgh (Scotland).

44. Farmers' < razette Dublin (Ireland).

15. Mark Lane Express London (England).

16. American Garden Greenfield (Mass.)

17. American Naturalist Philadelphia.

18. Veterinary Journal London (England).

1 9. Veterinarian "

20. Cultivator and Country Gentleman Albany, N.Y.

21. Scientific American New York.

22. Live Stock Journal England.

23. Live Stock Journal Chicago.

•_' 1. American Dairyman New York.

25. Botanical Gazette Crawfordsville, Indiana.

26. Agricultural Science Geneva, N.Y.

27. Canadian Honey Producer Brantford.

4. Practical Work.

In the department of Natural History much has been done to make the study of science popular and practical. A trip to Niagara Falls with students, at their own expense, gave them an excellent opportunity to see the varied flora of the park and the magnificent exposure of rocks in that region, besides the general face of the country through which they passed on the way. The quarries of Guelph are convenient for illustrations in geology. For use in the third year we have now some ninety-five draw- ings illustrating microscopic plants injurious to garden, orchard and field crops.

These are also drawn upon slides for the magic lantern, and can be used any evening for instructive purposes.

On the canvas rust, blight, mildews, etc., appear like plants 4-7 feet in height. The diagrams and slides are arranged in the same order as the subjects are treated in the lecture-room.

This affords wonderful aid to students and impresses lessons which might soon be forgotten. We are constantly preparing slides for this purpose so that science will be illustrated on board, paper and canvas, and so presented as to be attractive, populai and instructive. In all we have upwards of 300 slides for the magic lantern, illustrating facts in Zoology, Botany and Geology.

In the spring of this year much time was occupied in preparing a bed of plants to be used in connection with lectures in botany. We commenced it the previous year and completed it this, so that the botanical instructive bed has become an important adjunct of the work in the class-room.

It is 224 feet in length and 15 feet in width. The rows containing the plants are 13 feet long, and a certain number of rows are set apart to illustrate typical plants in

63

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 21). A. 1890

■each order according as the order is large or small. Some orders have six rows, others only one, consequently a student knows at once whether the order is a common one or not by the number of plants set apart to illustrate it. In the Composite he sees 30, Ranunculacea? 20, Papaveracese 1.

In the whole be! we have 40 orders, 275 genera and 550 species, which are arranged as follows : —

1. A systematic arrangement embracing 40 orders, 225 genera, 325 species.

2. A promiscuous arrangement embracing 225 species not grouped in orders. This is to test the student's knowledge of the orders to which the various plants belong.

3. An arrangement to illustrate the various methods of arranging plants in beds, such as carpet, moss, ribbon, and miscellaneous bedding,

Every plant is labelled so that students and visitors can readily identify them. In front of the first plant in each order the name of the order is indicated upon a large label, and the divisions, polypetalous, gamopetalous and apetalous are also shown by larger labels. The following is a list of the plants found in the first bed, illustrating the systematic arrangement of the flowers into orders as discoursed in the class-room : —

ORDER I.

Polypetalous Exogens.

Ranunculacece. (Crowjoot Family). Row 1—

1 Hepatica acutitoba Liver leaf.

2 H. triloba Lobed "

3 Anemone pulsatilla Pasque flower.

4 A. nemorosa Wood anemomy.

5 Ranunculus acris Buttercup.

Row 2—

1 Adonis vernalis Spring adonis.

2 Coptis trifolii Goldthread.

3 Aconitum Napellus Monkshood.

4 Pseonia tenuifolia Cut-leaved pieony.

5. P. officinalis Pfeony.

Row 3 —

1 Aquilegia Canadensis Columbine.

2 Thalictrum dioicum Meadow rue.

3 " speciosum

4 Aquilegia cserulea Cserulean Columbine.

5 Delphinium splendens Larkspur.

Row 4 —

1 Clematis viorna Clematis.

2 C. coiymbosa

3 Heileboras viridis Hellebore

4 Eranthes hyernalis Winter aconite.

5 Nigella damascena Love-in-the-mist.

64

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

ORDER II.

Berberiducece (Barberry F.)

Row 5-

Row 6-

Row 7-

Kow

1 Epiruedium Alpinum Epituediuui.

2 Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue cohosh.

3 Podophyllum peltatuui Mandrake.

4 Epimediuni

5 Berberis purpurea Purple barbei 1 y.

ORDER III. Papaveraceui (Poppy Family).

1 Sanguinaria Canadensis Blood root.

2 Papaver rhoeas English poppy.

3 Chelidoniuni majus Celandine.

4 Glaucuin luteuni : Horn poppy.

5 Bocconia cordata Bocconia.

ORDER IV. Fumariacece (Fumitory F.)

1 Dicentra Canadensis ■ Squirrel corn.

2 " Cucullaria Deer fly.

3 " Spectabilis Bleeding heart.

4 " Formosa Dicentra.

5 Corydalis aurea Golden corydalis.

ORDER V.

Cruciferce (Cress F.).

1 Iberis umbellata Candytuft.

2 Brassica nanus Turnip.

3 Lepidium Yirginicum Pepperwort.

4 Arabis Pock-cress.

5 Sinapis arvensis Wild mustard.

Row 9—

1 Sisymbrium officinale Hedge mustard.

2 Dentaria diphylla Toothwort.

3 Lunaria biennis Honesty

4 Camelina sativa False llax.

5 Sinapis alba White mustard.

Row 10—

1 Alyssum maritinum Sweet alyssum.

2 Brassica oleracea Cabbage

3 Capsella bursa pastoris Shepherd's purse.

4 Rhaphanus sativus Radish.

5 Matthiola annua Stock.

5 (A.C.) 65

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

ORDER VI.

Violaceos ( Violet F.). Row 11—

1 Viola pubescens Yellow violet.

2 " blanda White violet.

3 " Canadensis Canadian violet.

4 '* cucullata Common blue violet.

5 " tricolor Pansy.

ORDER VII.

Caryophi/llacece {Pink F.). Row 12—

1 Cerastium arvense F. mouse ear chick-

weed.

2 Tunica saxifraga Tunica.

3 Dianthus deltoides Deltoid pink.

4 Lychnis vespertina AVhite cockle.

5 Dianthus barbatus ; Sweet William.

Row 13—

1 Saponaria Caucasia Soapwort.

2 Cerastium vulgatum Mouse ear chickweed.

3 Silene inflata Bladder Campion.

4 Lychnis githago Cockle

5 Dianthus Chinensis. China pink.

Row H_

1 Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-lea'd sandwort

2 Saponaria officinalis Bouncing Bet.

3 Vaccaria vulgaris Cow-herb.

4 Stellaria media . . ; Chickweed.

5 Lychnis diurua Day-blooming lychnis

ORDER VIII.

Portulacacece (Purslane F.).

Row 15

Row 16-

1 Olaytonia Virginica Spring beauty.

2 Portulaca grandiflora Portulaca.

3 " oleracea Purslane.

4 " grandiflora Portulaca.

5 Calandrinia discolor Calandrina.

CRDER IX.

Malvaceae {Mallow F.).

1 Malva rotunditblia Mallow.

2 Abutilon striatum .... Indian mallow.

3 Malva moschata Musk mallow.

4 Malope tritida Malope.

5 Althaea rosea Hollyhock.

m

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

ORDER X.

Linacece (Flax F.). Row 17 —

1 Linum flavum Yellow flax.

2 " grandiflorum Red flax.

3 " usitatissirnuru Common flax.

4 " perenne Perennial flax.

5 " usitatissimuin Flax.

ORDER XI.

< ;■ rcmia Bow 18—

1 Geranium sanguineuiu Crimson geranium.

2 Impatiens balsamina Ralsam.

3 Oxalis versicolor Sorrel.

4 Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium.

5 Pelargonium coridatum Pelargonium.

Eow 19—

1 Tropaolum majus Nasturtium.

2 Geranium Bronze geranium.

3 " Silver

4 " maculatum Wild "

5 " Robertianum Herb Robert.

ORDER XII.

Leg uminosce (Pulse F.). Row 20—

1 Lotus corniculatus Bird's-foot trefoil.

2 Vicia cracca Wild tare.

3 Pisum sativum Pea.

4 Trifolium rubens Crimson clover.

5 Baptisia tinctorja Wild false indigo.

Row 21 —

1 Medicago lupulina' Black medick.

2 Trifolium arvense Rabbit-foot clover.

3 Medicago sativa Lucerne.

4 Onobrychus sativa Sainfoin.

."> Melilotus officinalis Sweet clover. .

Row 22—

1 Trifolium repens White clover.

2 Trifolum pratense Red "

3 Lathyrus latifolius Everlasting pea.

4 Vicia sativa Tare.

5 Lupinus perennis Lupine.

ORDER XIII.

Roxacece (A'ose F.). How 23—

1 Waldsteinia fragaroides Barren strawberrv.

2 Fragaria vesca . Wild strawberry.

3 Geum uniflorum Avens.

4 Spiraea Spiraea.

5 Rosa rugosa Single rose.

67

53 Victoria. Sessional Tapers (No. 24). A. 1890

Rdw 24

1 Potentilla argentea Cinquefoil.

2 " verna Green cinquefoil.

3 •' sulphurea Yellow cinquefoil.

4 Spiraea Spiraea

5 Rubus strigosus Raspberry.

ORDER XIV.

Saxitragaceae {Saxifrage F.). Row 25 —

1 Saxifraga Saxifrage

2 Mitella diphylla Bishop's cap.

3 Tiarella cordifolia False mitrewort.

4 Hydrangea hortensia Hydrangea.

5 Ribes rubrum Red currant.

ORDER XV.

Crassulacece (Orpine F.). Row 26—

1 Sedum acre Stone-crop.

2 Seduui ternatum

3 Serupervivuin tectoruni House-leek.

4 Sedum sieboldii

5 Sedum telepliinum Live-forever.

ORDER XVI.

Onagracece (Evening primrose F.). Row 27—

1 Circaea lutetiana Enchanter's night-

shade.

2 Oenothera biennis Evening primrose,

3 Clarkia pulchella ,. Clarkia.

4 Fuchsia Fuchsia.

5 Epilobium angustifolium Willow-herb.

ORDER XVII.

Umbelliferce (Parsley F.) Row 26—

1 Carum petroselinum Parsley.

2 Apium graveolens . Celery.

3 Pastinaca sativa Parsnip.

4 Daucus carota Carrot.

5 Eryngium amethystinum Eryngo.

ORDER XVIII.

Cucurhtaceoi (Gowad F.). Row 29—

1 Cucurbita verrucosa Vegetable marrow.

2 Cucumis melo , Mush melon..

3 Cucumis sativus Cucumber.

4 Citrullus vulgaris Watermelon.

5 Cucurbita pepo Pumpkin.

68

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1>90

ORDER XiX.

( iAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS.

Composites (Composite F. J. Row 30 —

i Achillea Millefolium Yarrow. ^

2 Gaillardia grandiflora Gaillardia.

i-reopsis

4 Achillea filipendula Golden yarrow.

5 Ambrosia artemisjefolia Ragweed.

Row 31 —

1 Taraxacum dens-leonis Dandelion.

2 Senecio vulgaris Groundsel.

3 Pyrethrum roseum • Pink feverfew,

4 Maruta cotula Mayweed

5 Cineraria maritima Cineraria.

Row 32—

1 Centaurea cyanus Bluebottle.

2 Anthemus tinctoria Yellow camomile.

3 Rudbeckia hirta Cone-flower.

4 Tanacetum vulgare Tans v.

5 Solidago Canadensis Goldenrod.

Row 33—

1 Bellis perenius Daisy.

2 Leucanthemum vulgare Ox-eye daisy.

3 Lappa major Burdock.

4 Erigeron Philadelphicum Fleabane,

5 Helianthus annuus Sunflower.

Row 34—

1 Cirsium arvense Thistle.

2 Hieraciun auranticum Hawkweed.

3 Echinops sphaerocephalus • Bee-plant.

4 Cirsium lanceolatum Bull thistle.

5 Chicorium Intybus Chicory.

Row 35—

1 Sonchus oleraceus Sow-thistle.

2 Gazinia splendns (iazania.

3 Gnaphalium polycephalum Kverlasting.

4 Inula helenium Elecampane.

5 Dahlia variabilis Dahlia.

ORDER XX.

Lobeliacece (Lobelia F.).

Row 3G—

1 Lobelia speciosa Lobelia.

3 " inflata Indian tobacco.

4 " syphilitica Great blue lobelia

5 " Cardinalis Cardinal flower.

69

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

ORDER XXI.

C ' ampanulacece (Campanula F.). Row 37—

1 Campanula Carpathica Low harebell.

2 " Americana Tall wild bell.

3 " medium Canterbury bell.

4 " latifolia

5 " rotundifolia Harebell.

ORDER XXII.

Plantaginaceaz (Plantain F.).

Row 38—

1 Plantago major Plantain.

2 " lanceolata Rib-grass.

3 " lanceolata Rib. grass,

4 «< a k

5 «» << u

Row 39—

ORDER XXIII.

Primulaceai (Primrose F.).

1 Primula veris Cowslip.

2 " sieboldi

3 "

4 Dodecatheon meadia Shooting star.

5 Lysimachia vulgaris Loose-strife.

ORDER XXIV.

Scrophulariaceos (Figwort F.) Row 40—

1 Veronica officinalis Speedwell.

2 Linaria purpurea Purple toadflax,

3 Minrulas ringens Monkey flower.

4 Penstemon pubescens Penstemon.

5 Chelone glabra Turtle-head.

Row 41—

1 Pedicularis Canadensis Wood betony,

2 Linaria vulgaris Toadflax.

3 Antirrchinum majus Snapdragon.

4 Digitalis purpurea Fox glove.

5 Verbascum Thapsus Mullein.

ORDER XXV

Verbenaceas (Vervian F.). Row 42—

1 Verbena venosa "Verbena.

o (c u <<

3 Lantana camara Lantana.

4 Phryma leptostachya Lopseed.

5 Verbena haatata Vervian.

70

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

ORDER XXVI.

Labiatce (Mint F.j Row 43—

1 Marrubum vulgare Horehound.

2 Perilla nankinensis Perilla.

3 Colens veitchii Foliage plant.

4 Salvia officininalis ^age-

5 Lavandula vera Lavander.

Row 44 —

1 Thymus variegata Thyme.

2 Mentha viridis Spearmint.

3 Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort.

4 Xepeta cataria Catnip.

5 Monarda fistulosa Wild bergamot.

ORDER XXVIL

Borraginacece (Borage F.)

Row 45—

Row 46-

1 Myosotis palustris Forget-me-not.

2 Cynoglossum officinalis Burr.

3 Echinospernum lappuba Stickseed.

4 Echium vulgare Blueweed.

5 Symphytum officinalis Comfrey.

1 Lithospernum arvense Redroot.

2 Heliotropium Peruvianum . . . ■ • Heliotrope.

3 Borage officinalis Borage.

4 Anchusa officinalis Anchusa.

5 Lithospermum canescens Hoary puccoon.

ORDER XXVIII.

Pohmoniaceo? (Phlox F.)

Row 47—

1 Phlox subulata Low phlox.

■' ii << (<

3 " divaricata Wild "

4 Gilia tricolor Gilia.

5 Polemnonium caeruleum Jacob's ladder.

ORDER XXIX.

Convolvlacece (Convolrulus F.) Row 48—

1 Convolvulus arvensis Bindweed.

2 Ipomaea purpurea Morning glory.

3 C. arvensis

4 I. purpurea

-i

71

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. -J4). A. 1890

Row 49—

ORDER XXX. Solanacece (Nightshade F.)

Row 50-

1 Petunia nyctaginifolia Petunia.

2 Datura fastuosa Datura.

3 Solanum tuberosum Potato.

4 Lycopersicum esculentum Tomato.

5 Nicotiana rustica Tobacco.

ORDER XXXI.

Asclepiadacece (Milkweed F.)

1 Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly-weed.

o

3 A. cornuti Milkweed.

4 A. phy tolaccoides ... Poke-milkweed.

•5 A. incarnata Swamp milkweed.

ORDER XXXII.

Apetalous exogens

Chenopodiacece (Goose/oot F.) Row 51 —

1 Blitum capitatum Strawberry blite.

2 Spinosa oleracea Spinage.

3 Atriplex rubra , Atriplex.

4 Beta vulgaris Beet.

5 Chenopodiuni album Lamb's quarters.

ORDER XXXIII.

Amaroniacece (Amaranth F.) Row 52 —

1 Achyranthes Achyranthes.

2 Gomphrena globosa . . , Everlasting,

3 Celosia cristata Cockscomb.

4 Iresine Lindeni Iresine.

5 Amarantus retroflexus Pigweed.

ORDER XXXIV

Polygonacece (Buckwheat F.).

jRow 53_

1 Polygonum aviculare Doorweed.

2 Rumex acetosella Sorrel.

3 Fagoyprrum esculentum Buckwheat.

4 Rumex crispus Dock.

5 Rheum rhaponticum Rhubarb.

72

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

ORDER xxxv.

Ev/phorbiacea (Spurge F.

Kow 5i —

1 Euphorbia maculata Spotted spurge.

2 " hypericifolia

3 " Cypraissias Cypress spurge.

4

5 Ricinus communis Castor oil plant.

ORDER XXXVI.

Endogens.

Araceae (Arum /•'.) Row 55 —

1. Arisaema triphyllum Indian turnip.

2. Symphoricarpus foetidus Skunk cabbage.

3. Acorus Calamus Calamus.

4.

5. CallaEthiopica Calla lily.

ORDER XXXVLL

Iridaceae (Iris F.) Row 56 —

1. Crocus vernus Spring crocus.

2. Gladiolus cardinalis Gladiolus.

3. Pardanthus chinensis Blackberry lily.

4. Sisyrinchium Bermudiana Blue-eyed grass.

5. Iris versicolor Common flag.

Row 57 —

1. Iris arenaria Flag.

2. " Sibirica "

3. " Germanica "

4. " timbriata "

5. " Persica "

ORDER XXXVIII.

Liliaceae (Lily F.)

Row 58—

Bow 59-

1. Convallaria majalis Lily-of-the- Valley.

2. Tulipa gesneriana Tulip.

3. Scilla rosea Scilla.

4. Uvularia grandiflora Bellwort.

5. Yucca filamentosa Yucca.

1. Erythronium Americanum Dog-tooth violet.

2. Allium stellatum Star onion.

3. Funkia variegata Funkia.

4. Lilium tigrinum Tiger lily.

5. Polygonatum Solomon's seal.

73

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Row 60—

1. Allium tricoccum Leek.

2. Hyacinthus Orientalis Hyacinth.

3. Trillium grandiflorum Trillium.

4. Fritillaria Fritillaria.

5. Lilium Orange lily.

Row 61 —

ORDER XXXIX.

Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis F.)

Row 62-

1. Galanthus nivalis Snowdrop.

2. Narcissus pseudo-narcissus Daffodil.

3. Narcissus poeticus Narcissus.

4. Polianthes tuberosa Tuberose.

5. Agave Americana American aloe,

ORDER XL.

Gramineae (Grass F.)

1. Festuca ovina Sheep's fescue.

2. T. pratensis Meadow "

3.

4. Dactylus glomerata Orchard grass.

5. Triticum repens Couch grass.

Row 63—

1. Poa pratensis Kentucky blue grass,

2. P. Compressa "Wire grass.

3. Phleum pratense Timothy.

4. Alopecurus pratensis Meadow foxtail.

5. Setaria glanca Com. foxtail.

Row 64—

1 . Panicum crus-galli Barnyard grass,

2. Arrenatherum avenaceum Tall oat grass.

3. Lolium perenne Perennial rye,

4. Bromus secaliaus Chess.

5. Avena fatua Wild oat.

Row 65 —

1. Phalaris arundinacea Eibbon grasss,

2. Hordeum vulgare Barley.

3. Triticum vulgare Wheat.

4. Avena sativa Oat.

5. Zea Mays Indian corn.

40 orders. 225 genera. 325 species.

74

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

The following bulletins have been issued from the Natural History Department during '89.

STRAWBERRIES.

Having had strawberries planted among some of our grape vines for three years, until the vines became thoroughly established, I have thought it expedient to give our experience in the form of a bulletin, which may be of service to those who read it.

Few berries are more luscious than the strawberry, and few plants can be more successfully cultivated, and yet how many farm homes there are in which this fruit is seldom eaten.

It is hoped the time is not far distant when the fruit and vegetable garden will form an important feature in the vicinity of the farmhouse, and that on the farmer's table will be seen the fruits of each summer month, when strawberries, raspberries, etc., will be found at home and not require to be sought after in distant " berry patches." A little taste and comparatively little time and care will supply these attractive treats to those who desire them.

Conditions Surrounding the Plants.

Location: Latitude north 43.38°, height above sea level 1,100 feet, above Lake Ontario 858 feet.

Exposure : South-west.

Soil : Clay loam.

Meteorological : Mean annual temperature, 42.2°, 1880-1886 ; mean summer tempe- rature, 57.1°, winter, 27.3° ; highest temperature (1881), 98°, lowest (1884), 35° ; average number of days rain fell per year, 72 ; rainfall, including snow, 24.7 inches ; pre- vailing winds, south-west 43 per cent., north-west 31 per cent.

Management.

The plants are placed in rows three feet apart, and the plants one foot apart in the row. Arranged in this way the cultivation can be largely done with the horse hoe. They were allowed to occupy the ground for three years, when they were removed to another place. The ground was well manured before planting, and another application made the second year. In winter they were protected by scattering some pea-straw over them.

First year — The runners were kept well back, so as to get strong single plants.

Second year — The same course was followed as far as possible.

Third year — The plants were allowed to grow freely and the runners untouched.

Thorough cultivation and keeping the ground free from weeds were observed.

Varieties.

Wilson's Albany, 10 rows; Crescent Seedling, 20 rows; Early Canada, 4 rows ; Arnold's Pride, 1 row; Captain Jack, 10 rows; Alpha, 2 rows; Nicanor, 2 rows; Maggie's, 2 rows ; Cumberland Triumph, 4 rows ; Monarch of the West, 4 rows.

Results.

Wilson's Albany has done excellently, and may be ranked first. It yields well, and is a very suitable variety for shipping.

Crescent Seedling ripened sooner than Wilson, and has been quite productive, but there is a tendency among these berries to be imperfect, owing to incomplete fertilization of the flowers, but this is overcome by having a variety rich in pollen planted near or

75

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

among the rows. We overcame the difficulry by planting the Wilson side by side. Crescent Seedling seems to bear more pistillate flowers than staminate. The foliage of the Orescent, being somewhat sparse, does not assist in keeping the berry so clean as the varieties that grow more baves.

Early Canada ripens soon, but is liable to be caught by frost, and on the whole has done poorly with us.

Arnold's Pride is a clean, good-sized nice berry, but has not been very prolific.

Monarch of the West proved to be a large berry, but only gave a fair yield.

Captain Jack was somewhat late, but very prolific and a good berry.

Alpha has been a slim bearer, but it has a delightful flavor.

Nicanor gave only a fair crop and ordinary berry.

Maggie's was rather small in berry and as comparatively poor a bearer.

Cumberland Triumph is a large and irregularly shaped berry, with only a fair yield. It is a variety more for the amateur than one desiring to raise berries for market.

Conclusions.

1. Strawberries will do well in a locality such as ours, if the soil is rich, friable and well drained.

2. Ground for strawberries should have a good supply of plant food, be easily worked, and should certainly be well drained, kept clean of weeds and well cultivated.

3. We are inclined to favor growing in rows where large quantities are to be grown, and to renew the plants every two years.

4. In well drained, sheltered and good soil, planting out in September is advisable, so as to enable the plant to get thoroughly established. A fair crop next season may be expected ; but if such conditions are absent, then plant in spring, and only a medium crop may be looked for.

5. Strawberries may be grown in almost any climate if care be taken. Where the climate is severe protect the plants by scattering over them pea-straw or some other light covering. Avoid heavy substances such as manure ; some place boughs with good results.

6. The following is a list which embraces varieties that are likely to succeed well : — Wil?on, Crescent Seedling, Daniel Boone, Manchester, Sharpless, Alpha, Prince of Berries, Bidwell and Jewell. Crescent Seedling and Manchester, being poor in pollen, require such as Wilson among them. Sharpless is large, delicious, but somewhat late. Bidwell is a good family berry, sweeter and larger than the popular varieties, Wilson and Crescent.

CHESS.

Bromus Secalinus — Order Gramin^e.

Questions are repeatedly sent to the college asking for information concerning chess. The answers to these sometimes entail a good deal of work. Consequently I have thought it expedient to prepare a bulletin upon the subject, and thus put the information in a form that will be of service to those interested. It may appear strange that it is worth while to say so much about this plant, but when it is remembered that there are persons

76

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. *24). A. 1890

in various parts of the province who maintain that it is a modification of the wheat plant, brought about by winter-killing of the wheat, it will not be such a matter of surprise that I should deem it expedient to write something about this apparently doubtful member of the grass family, endeavoring to show that it is a species (Bromtu secalinus) just as much as any other plant is, and that it does not depend for its existence upon a modification of wheat plants growing in adverse conditions.

Much discussion has taken place regarding its origin in some other way than a plant perpetuated by its seed. As it usually appears among fall wheat that has been winter- killed it seems quite natural to suppose it is a degenerated condition of the wheat, and there are not a few farmers who insist upon this as being the only correct explanation of its presence under such circumstances. Thus it is that few questions at a Farmers' Institute will lead up to a more lively discussion than that which deals with the origin of chess.

Ir. stems remarkable that, if this is the true origin of the plant, one cannot readily grow it from wheat, while there is no difficulty whatever in raising it from seeds of chess, Those who sow wheat containing chess never fail to get a good crop, while those who are very careful to sow clean seed seldom are troubled with the weed.

The following are some reasons why a person should be ready to conclude that this plant is no exception to others and depends for its perpetuation upon the seeds^which it matures :

1. The plant is widely different from wheat in appearance, so much so that botanists place it in the genus Bromus, while wheat belongs to the genus Triticum. Couch grass (TrUiri/i/t repens) being in the same genus as wheat, comes much nearer in its characters than chess does, and yet no one ever hints that i; is derived from wheat. If chess is a degenerated condition of wheat we might reasonably expect some resemblance to the plant from which it was derived.

2. The most devote 1 evolutionist would not expect to see develop in the^short space of a few months, owing to the effect of frost, a plant so unlike in structure, form and habit to that from which it is derived. It is only through long periods of time that such modifications in a plant can take place as to change its character so much that it may be viewed as a new species. But in this case one season brings about such a remarkable change that the plant is ranked in another genus — a more comprehensive term \ than species.

3. If chess be sown it yields chess. If it were degenerated wheat, and sown under favorable surroundings, it should soon return to wheat ; for we observe both in animal ami plant life that a deteriorated form will return to its proper nature when conditions are suitable for growth. Some have gone so far as to say chess will not grow from seed, but this is a mistake that can easily be seen by sowing some of the seed.

■i. Chess will mature seed under adverse conditions, though the plant be only two or three inches high, while if surroundings are favorable it grows three or four feet high before seed is matured. This may account for its never being seen in good crops, while it may be seeding the ground for a more suitable time, when the crop in which it is seeded is injured by frost ; then this hardy annual (the seeds of which possess great vitality) is ready to take the vacant soil and yield a crop no longer hid from the farmer's eye.

5. The conclusions arrived at by all men who make plant life a special study are (a) that chess is a typical plant, producing seed yearly, which gives rise to plants of the same character; (/>) that a seed of wheat cannot be sown so as to produce chess, and (c) that chess cannot produce wheat under the most favorable conditions of growth.

6. In instances where parts of a plant, apparently a combination of chess and wheat, were so mixed as to seem but one plant, close examination proved them to be parts of separate plants, and that the apparent union was not real. In some cases microscopic examination has been required to prove it.

77

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

7. Wheat has been grown in some places and often winter-killed and no chess has appeared. There are places where chess is unknown, and wheat in these passes through all the vicissitudes which seem favorable to the development of this weed in other parts where the plant is common. Farmers careful in using clean seed often have winter- killed wheat unaccompanied by chess.

8. Liberal rewards have been offered by agricultural papers to any one who could prove conclusively that chess is derived from wheat, and as yet no successful competitor has appeared, though as high as $500 was the prize.

With these facts before us, it does seem difficult for a person to accept a theory which demands greater concessions than the most sweeping form of evolution. Though this plant may appear under circumstances difficult to explain, we are forced to btlieve that if its origin is carefully considered it will not require one to pin his faith to views so antagonistic to the teachings of science as those required to be accepted by persons claiming wheat as its source.

Remedy.

The great remedy for chess is to be exceedingly particular about the seed you sow. A few scattered seeds among wheat do not seem to amount to much in the heap, but if they were taken out we would be surprised at the quantity mixed among the grain.

METEOROLOGY.

Report of Observations taken at the Ontario Agricultural College during 1888

Observations are regularly taken at the hours of 7 a.m., 1 p.m., and 9 p.m. daily, and recorded in a book printed for the purpose. The instruments in use are as follows : —

Anemometer — Recording the direction of the wind and indicating the number of miles travelled. During the greater part of '89 this has been out of order.

Barometer — Showing the atmospheric pressure at the time of observation.

Maximum thermometer — Indicating the highest temperature between times of observation.

Minimum thermometer — Indicating the lowest temperature between times of observation.

Hygrometer — With dry and wet bulb thermometer, for the puipose of showing the condition of the atmosphere with reference to moisture.

Pluviameter — Used in measuring the rainfall.

Thermometer — For observing ordinary temperature.

Besides taking observations from these instruments, the cloudiness of the sky is observed, and general remarks on the weather for the day are recorded in the daily register. At the close of each month a summary of the month's observations is made out. From these monthly summaries the condensed statement of the year's meteorology is made up.

78

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Form of Monthly Summary.

Meteorology.

A summary of the meteorological observations taken at Ontario Agricultural College during the month of

Normal height of barometer atGuelph (1.100 feet above sea level and 858 feet above Lake Ontario, 28.86 inches. Latitude north 43°-38\

Barometer —

Highest barometer. Lowest " Highest mean barometer. Lowest " "

Monthly " "

Monthly range.

Thermometer —

Highest thermometer. Lowest "

Highest mean thermometer. Lowest " "

Monthly " "

Monthly range.

Pluviameter —

Days rain fell. Greatest rainfall. Days snow fell. Greatest snowfall. Total precipitation.

A nemometer —

Direction of wind.

Greatest number of miles travelled in twenty-four hours.

Greatest velocity per hour.

Mean velocity per month.

79

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Diagram Illustrating the Mean Meteorological Results for 1889.

Temperature :

Below Zero.

Above Zen

>.

25.0" 14 8"

30. 5°

41.5° 54.5" 61. 4e

y

July

■llM-ro^'v 'Jtf6~rt* It " '

B 64 7°

57.4" 38. 30, 33. 7" 32 4"

Inches.

Bain and Snoiv ;

Total Precipitation.

Total.

2.34

1 5.36 1.18

—

3 K)

4.25

2.67 1.92 1.04 1.59 2.46

^L

November

Cloudiness :

6.4 6.G 5.3 5.1

5.1

4.6 3.9 4.6

September

October

November

December

5 0

July

5.8 7.4

August .

6 7

80

53 Victoria.

Sessional Tapers (No. 24).

A. 189ft

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v63 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Mean Meteorological Results fok the Year 1889.

1889

GrKLPH.

Average of 40 yeafs.

Toronto.

Barometer. Month of highest mean pressure

Highest mean monthly ,

Lowest " "

Month of the lowest mean

Highest pressure

Lowest "

Thermometer. Mean temperature of the year

Warmest month

Mean temperature of the warmest month

■Coldest month

Mean temperature of the coldest month

Highest temperature

Lowest temperature

Range of the year

Pluviameter. Total depth of rain in inches

dumber of days on which rain fell

Month in which the greatest depth of rain fell. . Greatest depth of rain in one month in inches .

Month with most rainy days

Greatest number of rainy days in one nlonth . . .

Total depth of snow in inches

Number of days on which snow fell

Month in which the greatest depth of snow fell . Greatest depth of snow in one month in inches .

Month with most snowy days

Greatest number of snowy days in one month . . . Total precipitation in inches

December.

September.

29.463

29.664

28.189

29.572

March.

June.

29.992

30.358

27.804

28.692

43.4°

44.17

July.

July.

67.9*

67.64°

February.

February.

14.8°

22.73°

99.4*

91°

—18.5°

11.9*

117.9*

10.2°

25.3

28.3

83

110

March.

September.

4.5

3.55

May.

October.

14

13

73.8

38

February. 33.6

14

32.6 1

Your obedient servant,

82

J. HO YES PANTON.

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

PART III.

REPORT OF

THE PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY.

Ontario Agricultural College,

Guelph, December, 1889.

To the President of the Agricultural College :

Sir, — I have the honor to present herewith through you, my report upon the work done during the year 1889, in the Department of Chemistry, and shall endeavor to make it as concise as possible consistent with ics results. The college work, that of giving instruction to the students of the first, second and third years, has developed nothing of special importance that need be reported upon here — that part of our work we can dispose of simply with the remark that as full a course of lectures has been given in all cases as the time would permit, and as far as possible experiments have been called upon to assist in the work.

Outside of the lecture work much has been done in the way of analyzing fertilisers, «tc, and reporting upon the same to the farmers specially interested. Much that is done through correspondence, cannot of course, find its way into this report, being of interest merely to the person to whom answer has already been communicated. From the work done I shall select merely that which 1 think is of general public interest.

In my report of 1888, I promised to gather together our laboratory results on milk analysis. I have done so, and in May I issued a condensation of the following bulletin :

THE COMPOSITION OF MILK.

The enormous production of milk on the farms of Ontario and its daily use in every household are quite sufficient reasons for the issuing of a bulletin upon its nature or com- position, especially at this time of the year, the commencement of the milk producing •season. The facts are based on the work done at this institution during the past five years, where we have had special opportunities for studying the subject, as well as upon accumu- lating work on milk analysis, which, once published, becomes the common property of all interested.

The constituents of normal cow's milk are the following : — Water, fat, albuminoids, sugar, and ash or mineral matter. We shall briefly refer to them.

Water . — This constitutes from 80 per cent, to 90 per cent, of the whole milk, and hence the total solids constitute from 10 per cent, to 20 percent. In eur experience here we have found the water of normal milk to vary from 83.9 per cent., the lowest to 90.5 per cent., the highest, and the average from all animals, under all circumstances, to be 87.19 per cent.

Fat. — When fresh milk is observed under the microscope, it is found to be a clear liquor in which are floating clusters of fat globules, these fat globules varying in size from

83

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

less than one ten-thousandth of an inch in diameter to about one two-thousandth of an inch in diameter. The large globules are observed in Jersey milk, and the small in Hol- stein. The fat, being lighter than the liquid or serum in which it is floating, gradually comes to the surface in the form of cream, and among the many circumstances affecting the rising of the cream the size of the fat globule is very important. The larger the globules the more quickly and thoroughly they will separate in a layer at the surface. There is a variation in different animals, and in the same animals under different treat- ment, in the amount of total solids, and there is also a variation in the respeetivo amounts of the constituents that make up the the total solids ; the variation, however, is princi- pally due to the quantitity of the fat, i.e., the fat in the milk of different animals and of the same animal varies far more than the albuminoids, sugar and ash ; hence it is that in making or stating an analysis of milk, the water, fat and ash alone are generally considered. The fat may vary from 2 per cent, to 8 per cent, of the total milk. We have found it to vary from 2.4 per cent, to 7.5 per cent., and the average of all classes of milk to be 4.03 per cent. The fat, however, is far more complicated than at first is apparent. It is, in reality, a mixture of fats or oils, of which the four leading kinds are : stearin, palmitin, olein and butyrin. The two former are hard fats, the two latter soft or liquid fats. The texture or consistency of the butter depends upon the relative amounts of hard and soft fats found in the milk, and this is influenced greatly by the foods of which the animal partakes. Butyrin is peculiar to butter ; when the butter becomes rancid, the cause is in the fact that the butyrin has, by fermentation, been changed into butyric acid. Oleomargarine contains a considerable quantity of hard fats and less liquid fats, with no butyrin, unless it has been added in milk or butter.

Albuminoids. — These are the nitrogenous compounds of milk, the flesh and muscle formers, the basis of the curd or cheese. In normal conditions they are dissolved in the serum or liquid. There are two forms, viz., casein and albumen. Some lately published investigations of Dr. Babcock, of Wisconsin, (Bulletin No. 18), tend to the conclusion that minute quantities of fibrin also are found in normal milk. Casein, which passes into the cheese, is thrown out of solution, or coagulated by acids and by rennet ; albumen is coagulated by heat. In the first milk or colostrum, the albumen is in excess, but in the after milk as we use it the casein is in excess ; the casein forms about 3.6 per cent., the albumen about 0.7 per cent.

Sugab. — Milk sugar or lactose has the same composition as ordinary cane sugar, but is less soluble, less sweetening in its effect, gritty to the taste. It forms about 4.5 per cent, of milk, and is liable to speedy change. During lactic fermentation, by exposure to the air, the milk sngar changes to lactic acid, i.e., the milk sours As a result of the formation of the acid, the casein is thrown out of solution, i.e., the milk coagulates or curdles.

Ash. — There is but little variation in the quantity of salts or mineral matter above or below 0.7per cent. From thirty samples we got an an average of 0.695 per cent. The addition of such substances as borax, soda, salt, give a large increase in the ash. In 100 lb. of milk, there are about 0.20 lb. of phosphoric acid, 0.17 lb. of potash, and 0.16 lb. of lime, all of which are intended for the building of bones and the ash material of the animal body.

The milk produced at the Ontario Experimental Farm may be taken as an average of pure milk, produced from fairly good animals of all the various breeds and grades, with varied but <*ood feeding and with good care. Our average of 92 samples, taken from five vears' results, will therefore be a little above what is produced on many farms and sup- plied in many towns and cities.

Water 87.19

Fat 4.03 )

Albuminoids and sugar . .. 8.08 - Total solids .... 1 2.81 .

Ash 0.70)

84

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

In contrast with this average let us place the duplicate analysis of a sample of milk taken from a city milk seller, and sent to us for analysis.

Water 88.023 88.019

Fat 3.148 3.147

Alliuminoids and sugar 8.239 8.249

Ash 0.590 0.585

Cur conclusion in regard to this sample of milk is, that either it is produced from poor food, i.e., adulterated through the animal, or that it has been adulterated after being produced. .Milk sellers should be compelled to produce a better class of milk than this, •or should lie prohibited from selling it. Milk as poor as the above should be classed as watered or adulterated.

In determining the value of milk, too great stress is frequently put upon our simplest instruments for detrrmining the amount of fat present. Let me say a word or two about these instruments and their use.

Lactometer. — This instrument, giving the specific gravity or weight of the •milk, is sometimes relied upon as a true test of the quantity of fat in a sample of milk. We find the specific gravity of milk to vary from 1.028 to 1.040, though generally it will be between 1.029 and 1.036. The latest ten readings given here averaged 1.0299. The specific gravity of the fat is 0.911 j both pure water and the fat of the milk are, there- fore, lighter than the whole milk. If the milk be skimmed the specific gravity will be increased, if it be watered it will be decreased ; but if the milk should be both skimmed and watered, the specific gravity may be altered so little that the lactometer will give no abnormal reading, and by it alone we can conclude nothing as to the condition of the milk.

Cream Gaug e. — This alone is also not always a safe indicator of the quantity of the fat. The size of the globules and the surrounding conditions exert a marked influence upon the rise of the cream.

Lactoscop e. — This instrument indicates for us the opacity of the milk and thus the quantity of fat, as the globules prevent the passage of light rays through the milk. The size of the globules, the brightness of the day, the way in which the light strikes, the seeing power of the eye, the freshness of the milk, all exert a marked influence, and many cases have been observed when the results were erroneous.

The above three instruments, in the hands of experienced persons who thoroughly understand their use, and who are familiar with the nature and peculiarities of milk, will prove very useful for the comparison of samples of milk, and as indicators of extreme conditions, but to determine accurately the composition of any sample of milk and to put beyond doubt its value, one of the several chemical methods must be adopted.

M.ILK Standards. — At present, to determine whether a milk is adulterated, the sample offered and a sample freshly drawn from the cow have to be analyzed. If we had a standard fixed by law, the matter would be much simplified, and we cannot urge too strongly the wisdom of having a fair milk standard, up to which all samples of milk must come to be recognized as normal and unadulterated. It would simplify the inspection and analysis, ensure a better quality of about the same average, and have a tendency to weed out the poor contributors. Adulteration through the animal could then be pre- vented.

In addition to our own average let us note a few others :

Water. Fat.

Inland Revenue Department, Ottawa, 162 samples 87.52 3.86

Minnesota Dairy Report, 125 cows 85.64 4.47

Boston Milkmen. (Babcock.) 130 samples 86.89 3.45

New Jersey. (Newton.) 85 dairies 86.20' 4.22

Martin and Moller's Report, New York, 296 cows 86.27 4.21

Br, Dairy Farmer's Ass., 8 years, 173 cows 86.08 4.04

85

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

After careful consideration of many reports an 1 tables of analyses, the standard used by some other countries commends itself as being fair for our condition, workable and conducive of good results. It has also the recommendation of the Department of Inland Revenue, Ottawa.

Water 88.00 per cent.

Total solids 12.00

Fat 3.50 "

Solids other than fat 8.50 "

If we have a milk standard established by law, the question of adulteration is easily settled. At present, in many cases it is absolutely impossible to determine whether a certain sample of milk was produced poor by the animal, cow, or made poor by the animal, man. Having a standard, every sample that did not come up to it, would be rated aa watered or adulterated ; and it should be as great a crime to water the milk by watery ood, as to water the milk by the addition of water to the milk. The effect of a fair standard, I believe, would be stimulating, wholesome, and quite justifiable in the case.

ONTARIO OATS.

Having been requested to contribute to the proceedings of the 1889 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held at Toronto, I undertook an investigation into the chemical composition of Ontario oats. The following is an elabora- tion of some results submitted to that meeting.

These conclusions are submitted to the farmers of Ontario with the hope of adding somewhat to their information and of contributing to agricultural science. The composi- tion of oats has been quite extensively investigated in some countries, but as yet we have had little or nothing contributed from our own province.

Importance of the Crop.

The great importance or value of the oat crop is due to the following causes :

1. A great variety of soils can be used for the production of this crop.

2. Land of good fertility properly handled can be made to yield enormous crops.

3. The grain is an almost universal food for man and beast, being well balanced, building up muscle, fat and bone, and supplying heat, force, and even a nerve stimulant

4. In addition to the grain the straw is a very valuable article of farm produce.

Composition of Ontario Oats.

From the Ontario oats used at the Ontario Experimental Farm during the present year I took ten fair samples which may be considered as representing the best of our home-grown oats. The following table gives the chemical composition of these ten samples as determined in our chemical laboratory at the College : —

8G

>3 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890.

Chemical Analysis.

Variety.

Egyptian White

White Australian

Rennie's Prize White

Acclimatized Black Tartarian

Bavarian

Black i "hampion

Improved Scotch Potato ....

Cluster or Triumph

Welcome

Early Calder

Average

Water.

12.95 13.69 13.60 12.40 13.30 12.75 13.54 11.53 12.99 12.93

12.96

fc

O

9.28 10.94

9.75 10.45 U.19 10.88

9.19 11.81

8.53

6.19

9.82

Fat.

4.83

4.01 4.13 5.37 5.95 4.35 7.49 6.41 4.23 5.64

5.24

56.97

14.15

11.55

12.23

11.22

10. ?0

9.59

9.11

15.41

9.23

16.33

11.91

Ash.

3.30 3.15 2.81 3.06 3.69 2.83 2.96 2.87 3.13 3.17

3.10

Let us now compare our average with that given by others

Average above given

Koenig

Brewer

Jenkins

Richardson, U. S . . .

Average. . ....

GO

9

a

CP

P.

E

09

o

02

Water.

CD T3

Fat.

3 >.

CD

3

Ash.

s

£

o

o

U

10

12.96

9.82

5.24

56.97

11.91

3.10

153

12.37

10.41

5.23

57.78

11.19

3.02

20

10.56

11.41

4.97

61.10

9.01

2.95

25

10.94

11.38

4.81

60.05

9.85

2.97

179 |

6.42

10.76

6.64

66.67

6.33

3.18

387

9.45

10.67

5.84

62.18

8.78

3.08

The average of the Ontario samples will thus be seen to be closely identical with the average of the German samples analysed by Koenig.

The grain of the cereals varies less than the straw, the endeavor of the plant being always to produce a perfect grain at the expense of the straw. Nevertheless seasons, soils and cultivation all have their effect in causing variations. The variations possible in the oat grain are thus given by Armsby. collected from many German analyses.

Water.

Protein.

Fat.

Soluble

Carbohydrates.

Fibre.

4.1 16.1

^sh.

Minimum

7.6 16.4

6.3 18.5

4.4 7.3

48.0 71.8

13.7

12.0

6.0

56.6

9.0

2.7

The greatest variation is thus, as also shown in the previous table, in the amount of: crude fibre, due to the husk of the grain.

87

•53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 18^0

Oats are a remarkably well balanced food, containing a large quantity of the most valuable constituents, viz., protein and fat; they approach what may be called a perfect food. Thpy, however, contain a larger proportion of husk or fibre than do other grains, such as wheat and barley. The quantity of husk or fibre can be approximately determined by examination, aid we have thus an easy mode of determining the comparative values of two samples of oats as to their food values — the more husk, in most cases, the less valuable. Without going further into examples I cannot do better than quote here one sentence from Bulb-tin 9, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.O., 1886, as follows : " The proportion of husk to kernel and the compactness of the grain prove to be the all-important factors, and the weight per bushel the best means of judging of the value of the grain." [Clifford Richardson.)

Physical Characteristics.

Variety.

Egyptian White

White Australian

Rennie's Prize White

Acclimatized Black Tartarian. Bavarian

yellow to dark dark yellow yellow

black

dark yellow

Black Champion idark brown

Imported Scotch Potato.

Cluster or Triumph

Welcome

Early Calder

Average.

yellow

light yellow

yellow

yellow

640,391 599,365 483,503 646,351 537,625 631,790 591,004 514,669 505,132 795,586

594,542

The average weight per bushel of the United States oats (see bulletin quoted above) was 37.2 lb., the average weight of 100 kernels 2,507 grams. The individual samples giving the heaviest and lightest weights came from the following States : Colorado, 48.8 lb.; Dakota, 48.6 lb.; Alabama, 24.7 lb.; Florida, 26.9 lb. Taking the average of the States in the great divisions we have the following interesting table : —

Northern States, 38.0 lb. per bushel. Southern States, 34.5 lb. "

Western States, 37.8 lb. " Atlantic Slope, 37.0 lb. Pacific Slope, 43.2 lb. All States, 37.2 lb.

The best samples of oats came from the rich soils of the northern and western States.

A Suggestion in Conclusion.

In studying the samples of Ontario oats I was much impressed with the great variety in each sample as regards the size, shape and plumpness of the grains. What were apparently choice samples contained a large proportion of inferior kernels. It occurred to me that there is a possibility of great improvement by, in some way, culling each 3ample of seed grain. It may at present be impossible for the farmer to select and inspect minutely every individual grain he sows ; but I believe that the farmer who can find the

88

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

time and means or devise a method of selecting his grains individually as he does his animals will have taken one step, one very important step, in advance of his les3 careful neighbor. ''Trifles make perfection, and perfection is no trifle."

Sugar Beets and Beet Sugar.

In the year 1889 the available su^r output of the world, we are told, amounted to about 5,000,000 tons, of which 2,2-48,000 tons were cane sugar and 2,735,000 tons were beet sugar. The almost universal consumption of sugar by civilized man brings this question home to us as one of importance here in Ontario. The Agricultural Department at Washington has taken up the sugar production question as one of great vital interest, and f i om the chemical department at Washington we have from year to year received many comprehensive and interesting bulletins on the subject of sugar production. Laboratories in charge of chemists have been established in various States to experiment upon the methods of sugar extraction. To show the great work accomplished in one State by the union (if science and art, by carrying on tield work and laboratory work hand in hand, I shall take the liberty of quoting a sentence or two from one of the latest bulletins to hand. Dr. Wiley, in presenting a report to the Secretary of Agriculture, says : —

" in 1884 the Department established, in connection with the exposition at New Orleans, a complete sugar laboratory. At the same time the experimental diffusion battery, used by the Department in its work of the preceding year, was placed on exhibition.

"During the same year the Department of Agriculture established at Magnol'a plantation, Lawrence, La., a complete chemical control of the sugar factory.

" The practical result of the work first undertaken in Louisiana by the Department of Agriculture is seen already in a more scientific agriculture, a better knowledge of the problem of sugar manufacture, a more scientific method in the sugar-house, and the intro- duction of recent and improved machinery. Before the time first mentioned the average yield of sugar per ton on the best plantations in the State was scarcely 145 pounds. It is now over 200 pounds.

" Perhaps there has never been an instance in the history of the Department where its efforts have been so promptly manifested in such wonderful practical results. It is but just to the Department, in submitting the data herein contained, to call attention to the above facts in the history of the sugar industry of Louisiana."

The a ill which chemistry has brought to sugar production in the United States is thus clearly demonstrated.

Early in the present year two samples of sugar beets were received at the chemical laboratory. I determined the sugar to be 50 per cent, and 11.48 per cent, and reported that unless beets could be produced having a higher percentage of sugar there are doubts as to whether successful sugar production could be carried on.

During the year German and Bohemian seed was distributed to farmers in various sections by Mr. R. H. Lawder, Toronto, and this fall some twenty-six samples of beets grown from this improved seed were received at the laboratory, and the results of ray analysis are contained in the table submitted below.

In connection with this work I am exceedingly indebted to Mr. Wilfrid Skaife, B. A. Sc, of Montreal, for the loan of a Soleil Polariscope with which the polarizing waa done.

In each case I selected a fair sample beet, had it grated or pulped, juice extracted in a small hand press, determined degrees brix of juice, clarified by subacetate of lead solution and polarized. The following table gives the results of this analysis :

89

53 Victoria.

Sessionla Papers (No. 24).

A. 18S0

Analysis of Sugar Beets.

Namk of Gkowkk and Location.

Nature of Land.

Mr. Martin, Whitby Town

" Reid, Whitby Township

" Pindar,

" Bateman, "

" Lick,

" Lick,

" Sinclair,

" Walker, "

" Leng, Pickering Township

" Trebell, Reach Township

" Forman,

" Forman, "

" Whitefield, "

•' Steele, W. & G., Reach Township. .

" Graham. Scugog Island

1 ' Earls, Peterborough

" Graham, Smith Township

" Bowman, Hamilton Township

" Russell,

" Wright, Hope Township

" McKenzie, E., Whitby

Sir W. P. Howland, Toronto

John Hume, Port Hope

Ontario Experimental Farm, Guelph

Unknown .

Unknown

Average of 26 samples

rich garden soil.

stiff clay

heavy clay

rich clay

stiff clay

clay loam

clay

sandy loam . . . clay, not stiff.

strong clay . . , sandy loam . . ,

clay loam . . sandy loam.

garden soil

lb. oz.

1 13$ 3 4

5 lOi

12|

5

15

12

10

3

0

5

0 1H

2 14" 2 7 2 0

2 11

3 2

2 3 0 10

2 m

0 7"

3 12 2 H

o ni

2 5"

"C 2

PQ p

19.70 16.60 19.55 20.15 12.65 21.60 20.05 18.60 17.15 15.10 18.80 21.30 18.60 16.35 15.35 22.75 20.25 20.30 21.45 22.15 15.85 21.95 16.55 21.00 18.10 21.50

2 2

18.95

13.50 13.00 14.50 16.00 8.00 17.50 15.50 i 14.50 12.50 11 50 14.00 15.50 15.00 11.00 11.00 17.50 14.00 14.50 16.50 17.00 12.50 17.50 12.50 18.00 14.00 16.00

12.83 12.35 13.78

15.20 7.63 16.63 14.73 13.78 11.88 10.93 13.30 14.73 14.25 I 10.45 | 10.45 J 16.63 ] 13.30 13.78 I 15.68 j 16.15 j 11.88 16.63 11.88 17.10 13.30 15.20

68.0 78.3 74.2: 79.4 63.3 81.0 77.3 77.9 72.9 76.2- 74.5 72.8 80.6 67.3 71.6 76.9- 69.1 71. 4 76.9 76.7 78.8 79.7 75.5 83.7 77.3 74.4

14.35 I 13.63 | 75.7

Weight oj beets. — This refers to beets after being washed and topped.

Degrees Brix. — This gives the percentage of total solids in juice.

Polariscope reading. — This gives percentage of sugar in juice.

Coefficient of purity. — This gives the percentage of sugar in total solids of juice and is a guide to determine the possibility of extracting sugar thoroughly. In some of the beets above given the low coefficient of purity would seriously interfere with the economical extraction of sugar. High percentage of sugar and high coefficient of purity are found, however, in several instances and prove that good beets can be grown for sugar extrac tion in some instances.

As the whole question is to be taken up in bulletin by the Agricultural Department at Toronto I would refer any wishing further information upon the experiments of the past year along this line to the office at Toronto.

Phosphates. — A block of phosphate of lime from Loughboro' Township, County of Frontenac,was sent to Cincinnati in 1888 to the Centennial Exposition. Theweightwas 870 lb. It came from a vein ranging in width from six to sixteen feet and being seventy feet in length. As this represents fairly a great deal of the supply of Canadian phosphate of lime I give an analysis of it made here.

Insoluble matters 0. 608%

Phosphoric acid 38 . 370%, or

Phosphate of lime 83.790%

90

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Four samples of commercial phosphates made by mixtures of bones and other animal matters gave of total phosphoric acid the following : —

9.01%; 5.84%; 8.71%; 10.95%.

Wool Refuse. — A sample of wool refuse gave 3.70 per cent, of nitrogen. Woollen Avaste of various kinds has had at various times a prominent place in agriculture, its use being for crops requiring nitrogen and for soils in need of organic matter. The use of wool waste at the present day should be very carefully considered for the following reasons : —

1st. Woollen goods are very much adulterated ; formerly the refuse contained from 15 to 20 per cent, of nitrogen.

2nd. They are slow in action, much slower than many other nitrogenous manures, such as guano and dried blood.

3rd. They are now quite variable in composition, 2 to 7 per cent, of nitrogen.

Pea Meal. — Early in the spring Mr. Wm. Donaldson, of South Zorra, sent me a sample of pea meal obtained from a mill where split peas are produced : — Below we give the analysis side by side with the average of whole peas :

Sample of Whole Peas. Pea Meal.

Water 13.20 8.47 p. c.

Crude protein 22.40 25.93 "

Fat 3.00 2.51 "

Soluble carbohydrates 52.60 50.30 "

Crude Fibre 6.40 9.85 "

Ash 2.40 290 "

The main and only appreciable difference according to the chemical analysis is that .the pea meal sent was much drier than ordinary peas, and correspondingly higher in nitrogen and fibre, so that on the whole the pea meal was a little stronger, had more nitrogen, than the ordinary peas.

Corn Analysis. — At the time of completing this report an extensive series of corn analyses is being carried forward in the laboratory in connection with the experimental work of the dairy department. From the corn raised by Prof. Robertson, forty-two samples have been selected of which duplicate analysis are being made by Messrs Zavitz and Harcourt. The results will be handed to Prof. Robertson, and given to the public by him in some form of his reports.

REPORT ON THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, LYSIMETERS, DRAINAGE WATERS, ETC.

By Mr. C. A. Zavitz, B.S.A. Prof. C. C. James :

Sir, — I have the honor of herewith submitting for your consideration, the report of that part of my work which comes under your supervision.

On June 30th, the thermometers were placed in the soil the roof of the rain gauge was removed, and everything prepared to commence reading the instruments by the first of May.

The soil in each lysimeter excepting the one with sod was cultivated on May 1st, and a fertiliser was applied to each at the rate of six hundred pounds per acre. The fertiliser was purchased at Hamilton, cost about $40 per ton, and contained, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. No. 2 lysimeter was sown with barley on May 1st. No. 1 was continued as sod, and the rest were summer fallowed.

91

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

The drainage water from each lysimeter was collected during the summer, measured and a sample taken for chemical analysis, but owing to the pressure of other work none of the samples have yet been analysed.

The accompanying tables show the amounts of rain fall and drainage waters during five summer months, and a summary of readings of the air and ground thermometers, barometer, etc.

Rain Gauge. — The rain which fell during the summer, as compared with that of the two previous years was as follows : —

1887. 1888. 1889.

ins. ins. ins.

May 1.58 1.08 3.59

June 2.36 2.92 4.25

July 61 2.21 2.67

August 2.71 2.16 1.92

September 1.52 1.55 1.04

8.78 9.92 12.47

Lysimeters. — The amounts of drainage water received from the different lysimeters at the times when collected, are as follows : —

June 1st, Pasture-loam Receiving jar broken.

Fallow-loam 1,600 c.c.

Barley-loam 1,225 c.c.

Sand 955 c.c.

Clay 3,108 c.c.

Loam ... 790 c.c.

July 1st, Pasture-loam Receiving jar broken.

Fallow-loam 8,600 c.c.

Barley-loam 1,065 c.c.

Sand 4,830 c.c.

Clay 2,305 c.c.

Loam 3,035 c.c.

Oct. 1st Sand 1,205 c.c.

Clay 705 c.c.

Average of each Thermometer for each Month and for Whole Period.

c

0

_2

oc!> o

•

4j*

s

Instruments.

J3

n

u <D fe

a

1-9

13

6c

<

m

<

28.737

28.859

28.954

28.907

28.915

28.874

53.8 52.3

61.9 59.8

69.9 67.8

67.3 64.4

60.3 58.3

62.6

60.5

62.9 40.4

72.4 52.]

83.9 51.5

76.1 50.0

69.2 43.3

72.9

47.2

55.9

62.0

72.4

69.2

61.1

64.1

54.7

61.5

69.7

67.0

60.9

62.7

9 "

54.2 51.4 50.9

58.8 56.3 53.1

67.4 63.2 62.2

65.1 63.5 62.2

61.1 61.3 61.3

61.3

24 "

59.5

36 "

57.9

48 "

49.0

51.1

60.1

60.4

60.1

56.1

53.7

60.0

69.0

66.6

60.4

61.9

"" 3 " clay.

55.3

61.1

71.6

67.5

60.0

63.1

" 3 " loam

55.9 54.8 55.3 54.8

61.6 69.0 59.4 59.8

71.3 66.9 68.3 67.5

66.9 65.3 66.6 66.1

59.7 60.6 61.6 60.6

63.1

" 9 " sand

61.3

" 9 " clay

62.6

" 9 " loam

61.7

92

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

The Increase and the Decrease of the Average of each Thermometer

for each Month.

( + represents increase, and — represents decrease.)

Instruments.

May to June.

June to July.

July to August.'

August

to Septemb«K.

+ 7.5 + 6.1 + 6.8 ■+ 4.6 + 4.9 + 2.2 + 2.1

+ 8.0 + 10.4 + 8.2 + 8.6 + 6.9 + 9.1 + 9.0

— 3.4

— 3.2

— 2.7

— 2.3 + 0.3

.0 + 0.3

— 6.1

Thermometer 1 inch in soil

— 8.1

9 "

24 "

36 "

48 "

— 6.1

— 4.0

— 2.2

— 0.9-

— O.S

Greatest Variation in Temperature of each Thermometer between two reading*

(a) Increase. (6) Decrease.

Increase.

Decrease.

SITUATION OF THER-

Varia- tion.

Varia- tion.

MOMETER.

Date.

From.

To.

Date.

From.

To.

Sept. Aug.

23

L'S

36.2

58.5

69.0 96.8

32.8 38.3

July 29 Aug. 28

75.2 96.8

52.4 64.0

22. i

Ther. in soil at depth of 1 inch

32.8

" " 3 inches

Aug.

22

45.5

81.5

36.0

June 15

80.3

55.9

24.4

9 " ....

July

16

61.2

85.7

24.5

July 17

85.7

57.8

2T.9

24 " ....

June

19

53.4

67.5

14.1

June 22

67.5

56.3

11.2

36 " ....

July

18

50.0

62.7

12.7

July 20

63

5S.0

10.0

48 " ....

May

15

47.5

56.1

8.6

May 15

56.1

47.9

8.2

Ther. in sand at depth of 3 inches

May

23

38.7

68.7

30.0

Aug. 22

78.7

55.3

23.4

" clay •' 3 " ....

May

23

41.0

73.0

32.0

May 23

73.0

44.8

28.2

" loam " 3 " ....

May

23

39.1

70.4

31.3

July 26

81.4

56.0

25.4

" sand " 9 "

July

18

55.3

69.2

13.9

Aug. 13

71

57.7

13.3

" clay 9 "

Aug.

23

63.5

86.6

23.1

Aug. 23

86.6

70.0

16.6

" loam " 9 "

July

19

53.3

70.9

17.6

July 18

69.6

53.3

16. 3

Table of Highest Single Readings of Thermometers at different depths with d ate o

same (for air also).

Date of Maximum Temperature.

Maiiwi It Tempkratcrk.

SITUATION OF THERMOMETER.

Month.

Day.

Hour.

September

August

May

July

September

July

August

August

July

July

July

July

July

2 28 18 17

2

7 and 14

25 27

8 and 18 8 and 18

10 10 10

1 p.m. 1 p.m. 1 p.m. 1 p.m. 9 p.m. 1 p m. 1 p.m. 1 p.m. 1 p.m. 1p.m. 1 p.m. 1 p.m. 1 p.m.

86

96.8=

'« " " 9 "

88.2 86.7

24 "

73.0'

36 "

69.7

48 "

Thermometer in sand at depth of 3 inches

" clav " 3 "

R2.6i

86v2: 90<T

89.8

sand " 9 "

" clav " 9 "

72.7 76.8 77.4

93

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

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95

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

I would again like to bring to the notice of the Minister of Agriculture the advisa bility of appointing a permanent assistant in the chemical laboratory, one to whom could be given the carrying on of valuable analytical work. The growth of the experimental work in connection with both farm and dairy presents to us important chemical work, more than we can at present manage. The thorough carrying on both of the lecturing department and of the analytical and experimental department demand, I think, the ser- vices of two men, one lor each.

During the early months of the year Mr. Zavitz assisted in the laboratory. He is also engaged there now, and assisted by Mr. Harcourt, Prof. Robertson's dairy assist- ant, he is carrying out analytical work for the dairy department. During the early summer weeks valuable assistance was rendered by Mr. S. 0. Calvert, one of our asso- ciates, who is at present completing the chemistry course at McGill College, Montreal.

1 wish to refer here especially to the valuable work of Mr. Zavitz and to call attention to the fact that his work in the laboratory and his work in the experimental department should be given to two men.

To the Minister of Agriculture and to yourself I wish in closing to express my thanks for the encouragement given to the chemical department, and trust that increased liberality on the part of the Government will enable us to add to our appliances library and conveniences so that I shall be enabled speedily to bring the laboratory and analytical department to that degree of excellence to which it is my desire.

I remain, sir, your obedient servant,

C. C. JAMES,

Prof, of Chemistry,

96

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

PART IV.

REPORT OF THE

PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY SCIENCE.

The Veterinary Surgeon has nothing to report this year owing to the sale of all Stock after the destruction of the farm buildings a year ago.

JAMES MILLS, President.

PART V.

REPORT OF THE

FOREMAN OF HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

December 31st, 1889. To the President of the Agricultural College :

Sir, — In submitting to you the garden produce supplied to the college during the year, I deem it unnecessary for me to make anything in the shape of a report. Prof. Panton has in this, as in the last two or three years, issued various bulletins on horticulture, which, together with his report of this year will, I presume, cover all that is noteworthy in this department. I might, however, remind you that on account of the very severe late spring frost which we experienced at the end of May, the fruit crop here, in common with that in a larger portion of the province, was very small. Apples, pears, plums, cherries and grapes, were with us a complete failure, reducing to a considerable extent our usual supply. Of the smaller fruits, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries and currants, a small crop was produced, nearly sufficient to meet the requirements of the college. All other vegetable crops were a large average, and in their season good in quality and abundant in quantity, and such as could be kept are as usual stored in sufficient quantity tor winter use; and also a small surplus as here shown, has been sold and added to revenue.

Vegetables and fruit supplied to College at current rates §641 54

Sold for cash 80 37

$721 91 Your obedient servant,

J AS. FORSYTH. 7 (a. c.) 97

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

PART VI.

REPORT OF THE PHYSICIAN

To the Hon. Charles Drury,

Minister of Agriculture :

SlB, — I have the honor to present to you my fifteenth Annual Report. During the year just closed we have had about the usual run of ailments, with one exception, and that was an outbreak of Tonsillitis, attacking many of the students and several of the servants, the disease in most cases showing well marked ulceration, but nothing of a serious nature occurred.

The College is in a good sanitary condition.

The flushing power of the students' water closet and used by them in case of sickness, might be increased to advantage.

I have no doubt that the system of sewerage introduced by you at the College thie year will ultimately be of great service from a sanitary point of view.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your most obedient servant,

E. W. McGUIKE, Physician Ontario School of Agriculture.

9P

63 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

PART VII.

KEPORT OF

THE PROFESSOR OF AGRICULTURE.

Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm,

31st December, 1889. To the President :

Sir, — I have the honor of herewith submitting my report for the respective Depart- ments of this Institution under my more immediate supervision for the year 1889. These include, in addition to my own report, those of Mr. J. E. Story, the Farm Foreman, and of Mr. C. A. Zavitz, Assistant in the Experimental Department.

In view of the constant assistance given by these gentlemen in the most ungrudging spirit, without which much less would have been accomplished, I feel it my duty to refer to this fact here, and also to bear testimony to the fidelity and diligence of the work-hands generally, and of the students during the past year. In consequence of this many improvements were completed which would otherwise have been impossible in a season so prolific in weed-production, and which produced a harvest so difficult to reap.

The year 1889 has been one of abundant labors at the Experimental Farm. As mentioned in the last report, the fine set of outbuildings, including the barn, horse- stable, sheep-house, bull-house and silo, all went up in smoke on the evening of November 26th, 1888. This calamity disconcerted all the plans, virtually, that had been made prior to that time for conducting the work of 1889, and very much enhanced the difficulty of executing new ones that were formed subsequently.

The inconvenience arising from having to keep the horses in the stables at the Creamery when th^ stabling and accommodation were imperfect was very great, and it entailed the loss of a large amount of valuable time. The additional oversight in con- sequence of the renewal of the buildings was also a great tax in the same direction, and the amount of time required for the careful selection of the animals wanted in the re-stocking of the farm, added to the three weeks spent in delivering lectures at the farmers' institutes, left too little to be given to the improvement of the farm and its surroundings.

The improvements undertaken during the year were confined chiefly to the renewal of old fences, the erection of new ones, the destruction of weeds within the farm and along the public roads bordering upon it, and the improvement of the roads around and within the farm.

Xew Fences Erected.

New fences were put up on both sides of the town line, extending from the Brock Koad to the Edinburgh road. This road forms a portion of the town line between the townships of Guelph and Puslinch. The length of the fence thus erected was in all one and one-fourth miles, with the exception of a few rods that had been put up in 1888. This work was commenced in the autumn of 1888, and was all done by farm and student labor with the exception of sinking the post-holes. The old rail snake-fencer

101

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

were first taken away, and the heaps of stones, rubbish and brush-wood that lined their borders were removed. These stones which lay in heaps in the fence corners and in con- fused masses nearly all along both sides of the road were removed, the large ones in the winter on stone boats, and the small ones in the summer on wagons. The former were collected for building into a fence in another part of the farm, and the latter were deposited to form the road-bed of the private road that was graded later on in the season. I think it no exaggeration to say that from four hundred to five hundred stone-boat, cart or waggon loads of stones were removed from this road. And here I would like to enter a strong, yet friendly protest against the mischievous practice adopted by so large a number of farmers of gathering stones in promiscuous heaps all along the fence bottoms. They are sure to produce trouble in time, and when a new fence is to be built give rise to a very large amount of labor in their removal. It may be necessary to pile them in heaps for a time, but they should never be allowed to remain there during a whole year.

A ridge eight feet wide was then formed with the plow, upon the centre of which the fence was built. This ridge was gently rounded — not violently so, lest the rains should lower the crown, and so form too large an opening below the bottom board of the fence. The advantages of such a ridge are two — first, the comparative height of the fence is increased, and second, the water is borne away from the posts. This ridge was made smooth by running over it from end to end a plank leveller.

The fence consisted of round cedar posts eight feet apart, sunk three feet in the ground, and pointed in the low parts. The bottom board, following close upon the line of the ground, is pine, and eight inches wide. The top board, of the same material, is six inches broad and comes up even with the top of the post 5. Between these boards there are stretched along four strands of ordinary barbed wire, the lower one of which is five inches from the bottom board. Ascending the post the other spaces are 6, 6£, 7i and 9 inches apart respectively. The height of the fence is four feet.

The portion built in 1888 consisted of but three strands of barbed wire, but this was not found sufficient to keep out the lambs that fed upon the adjoining highway. The spaces in this portion were 7, 8^, 9 and 9^ inches respectively.

The Destruction of Weeds on the Farm.

A good deal of attention was given to this branch of the work. In several of the fields the Canada thistles were growing more numerously than they should be on a model farm. We allowed none of them to go to seed. In some instances they were cut with the spud, especially in fields where they were not very numerous. The principal mode, however, adopted for their destruction was the growing of hoed crops.

Of this, in field number 3, twelve acres of roots were grown ; in field number 9, twenty acres of corn, rape and millet were grown, but chiefly corn, and in held number 17 seven and one-half acres of potatoes. (See Farm Foreman's report, pp. 120.) In each of these fields most thorough work was made of the thistles, so that we do not anticipate much trouble on the score of thistles from these fields in the near future. Particular attention was also given to the spudding of the few surviving thistles that were found in fields devoted last year to the growth of corn and roots, as it is the intention to hold the fort if possible in any of the fields in which weeds are virtually subdued.

This cannot probably be successfully done in any case unless such fields are gone aver at least twice a year, say June and September, with spud in hand, and every form of weed life detected and destroyed that may be found lingering there, or that may recently have got a hold. This process will require one hand to go over about every ten acres per day, and will certainly prove a wise outlay. Indeed I am convinced that the farmer who will not do this cannot have a farm that is absolutely clean.

It is the intention next year to try and make a thorough cleaning of eighty -five acres, and without the introduction of the bare fallow.

Destruction of Weeds along the Highways.

The highways around the farm are foul with thistles, blue-weed and other mischievous Mrms of weed life. It is our purpose to have these made absolutely clean. The thistles vrere cut many times with the spud in 1889.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Blueweed is very abundant along all the roadsides in this part of the country. It is a biennial, branching in its habit of growth, attains to the height of one to two feet, and blossoms from June to September. The flowers are a beautiful blue colour, and each plant produces an enormous number of seeds. Many of these remain in the pods until winter, when they are driven by the fierce winds for miles over frozen surfaces. This plant does not well withstand vigorous cultivation, but becomes very troublesome in pastures and along highways. The only effectual mode of destroying it in such places seems to be to cut it below the crown with the spud. This requires to be done several times each season lor two years as younger plants follow from time to time, producing fresh blossoms. When thus treated for two seasons the plants will' all be destroyed, unless such as may have been produced in the interval from seeds lodged in the ground. Cut- ting with the scythe only seems to encourage the growth of the young plants by increasing the number of the branches.

Ox-Eye Daisy was found troublesome in one of the newly sown meadows. Because the meadows were new the plants were found growing singly, but in some they were very numerous. When in blossom they were cut say an inch below the surface with the spud, and pulled with the hand. They were gathered in piles and drawn away with the carts. It is believed that thorough work was done.

Wild tlax was also found in many places in the meadows, and this was carefully pulled by hand. The same was done with the wild mustard and the different species of cockle. Burdocks received no quarter, nor did couch grass wherever it was found. Only a few heads of the wild oats were found, and these were of course pulled, and the pigeon weed found in the winter crop shared the same fate.

Improvement of Roads Bordering ox the Farm.

The road already referred to as having had new fences put up along its borders was taken in hand in the spring. The tens of thousands of stones were first removed from its borders. The heaviest of these had been drawn away in the winter. The unsightly, scrubby trees were then dug out by the roots, when the borders of the road as far as the ridges which form the fence beds were plowed and harrowed, and then levelled with the plank leveller. These were again plowed later in the season, and levelled again in the same way. Seven or eight furrows were then plowed where the ditches were to be made. Great pains were taken to have these made perfectly straight. The grading of the road-bed was the next operation. This was done chiefly by the aid of the scraper, although shovels were used when necessary, in order to perfect the uniformity of the grading. The road-bed is 34 feet wide between the outer rims of the ditches, is fairly rounded, but only gently so, and is quite wide enough for two loaded hay wagons to past without any difficulty. This cannot be said of many of the graded roads of Ontario. It is also about the proper width for harmony of appearance when compared with the sides bordering upon it. With the aid of a small grant from the Legislature and from each of the neighboring townships this road was gravelled throughout three-fourths of its entire length at the rate of three loads of gravel to the rod. The gravel was made to cover ten feet in width of the road ; no coarse stones were allowed in the gravel, and great pains were taken by Mr. Win. Squirrel who was put in charge of the spreading. So completely did he succeed in this that a divergence of six inches in the borders of the gravel part of the road-bed could not be seen from end to end. Thus it is everywhere. We find some who do everything neatly that they turn their hand to, and others who do all their work in a slovenly, uncouth manner although they do no more in quantity than the former.

The borders of this road have been levelled as smoothly as the surface of a cultivated field, and the whole road except the part gravelled will be sown to grass in the spring. It is the intention to keep down weeds by the use of the mower, as the grading is of a character that will admit of this. If a herd law is passed in the adjoining townships prohibiting sheep from running at large, shades wiil be planted along this road, but so as to interfere very little with the use of the mower.

Why is it not easily possible to grade a majority of the roads in the Province as this one has been graded ; that is, to have the grade even and uniform and so thoroughly done that no more will be required to put the same in order than the adding of some

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

gravel occasionally, or the repairing of a sluiceway 1 And why may not each farmer level the sides of the highway bordering on his farm and plant trees along the same, thus adding to the value of the farm in case of selling, more, it may be, than twice the outlay ?

The most laborious piece of work undertaken during the year was the improvement of the private road running from the Brock road past the outbuildings and on toward the rear of the farm. In our portion of this road many hundreds of loads of stones of all sizes had been buried. They had been dumped promiscuously into the road-bed to the depth of from one to three feet, and to the width of about thirty fe^t. Deep, wide ditches had then been made at the sides to get earth to cover these, with the result that the road- bed was quite too high, arid the ditches quite too low to correspond with the other portions of the road. These were taken out at an enormous expenditure of muscle and piled where they are to be made into a fence. The whole road was then ploughed and levelled twice during the season. The road-bed was scraped to the width of ten feet and to the depth of from nine to twelve inches, and the excavation was filled with small stones. The road was then graded with the plough and scraper, great pains being taken to have the grade uniform and the edge of the borders straight. The width of the road between the outer edge of the ditches is thirty feet. The grade therefore of the road is less in this case than in that of the town-line above described, as the road-bed is a little narrower. Gravel will be drawn upon this road during the winter and spread evenly upon it in the spring.

The borders of this road are being nicely smoothed by means of horse and hand labour,, and will be planted with forest trees of different varieties. These will of course require protection for a few years, which will be furnished in the form of a fence on the sides of the borders next the drive. The present year the private road on the opposite side of the farm will be dealt with in the same way.

Four bull-paddocks were enclosed during the year, in which these animals may get exercise. They are 170 feet long and 76 feet broad, and are surrounded by a board fence 6 feet high. The posts, which are cedar, are sunk 4 feet in the ground and are 7 feet apart. Three rows of scantling 2x4 inches were stretched along these and sunk one inch into the posts on both sides of the post and directly opposite to each other. The distance of these from the ground (top side) is 13, 34 and 56 inches respectively. Half way between the posts a block was inserted between the scantlings opposite to each other and spiked there to give strength to the fence. The boards are inch hemlock, and of course nailed on both sides of the posts, and will yet be covered with a cap.

All these improvements, and many others not enumerated here, were done with farm and student labour, the only exception being the drawing of the gravel on the town-line, which was done by the neighbouring municipalities ; nor was any special grant used in the accomplishment of these improvements unless in the material used in building the fences

The Experimental Work.

Owing to the loss of the buildings and the sale of the live stock, very little was done in the line of live stock experiments. The experiments in the field naturally divide themselves into experiments with cereals, root crops, fodder crops and fertilisers. Experiments with cereals are again sub-divided into those conducted in large plots in the field and small plots in the experimental grounds, proper.

The experiments of the past year in grains were undertaken on a large scale compared with those of former years. And although some valuable lessons are to be learned from them, they are in some respects to myself at least disappointing. This arises from two causes that in common phrase may be termed accidental. I refer to the action of rust on some of the grains, especially the wheat, and the ravages of the cutworm on the principal field devoted to the large plot experiments.

The former of these causes acted with unusual virulence. To so great an extent did rust prey upon the crop of the farm that no one field of grain grown on the place altogether escaped, although the early sown barley was affected but little. Nearly every kind of grain sown grew with unusual luxuriance and gave promise, in most instances, of an abundant yield till within a few days of harvesting, when on several of the varieties rust appeared.

Something of this is to be attributed to the season, rust being present in an unusual degree in most parts of the province. It was perhaps caused in part by the nature of

104

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

the soil, much of it being loam with an abundant supply of humus. But these reasons taken together do not furnish a sufficient explanation, as the grain in this neighborhood: was afflicted with rust in an unusual degree. It cannot be attributed to lateness of sowing, for the spring crop had scarcely ever been sown so early in the historv of the farm. I cannot but conclude that locality has much to do with the scourge. It may be that the gentle current of air coming from the low lying valleys of the Speed, move the fogs in the direction of the wide valley that angles across this and other farms, over which they brood long enough to accomplish the mischief referred to. This view finds further confirmation in observations made in the various sections of the outlying neighbor- hood'. In the vicinity of Puslinch Lake, but a few miles to the southward where the land is a little lighter, there was but little injury from rust, and the same may be said of grain in the opposite direction at an equal distance. To so great an extent has the evil prevailed not only the past season but in previous years, that unless some means can be adopted for obviating the rust difficulty in the near future it will be well perhaps to consider if some plot of ground in another locality had better not be chosen for carrying on duplicate experiments with held grain. Meantime it is the intention next season to prepare field No. 18, the highest lying field on the farm, for the experimental work. The grain experiments will be removed to this when the soil is more uniform.

The visitation of the cutworm was quite unlooked for, although it is of periodical occurrence in many sections. No traces of its ravages had been observed on the farm the previous year. Reference to the means that should be adopted to destroy the cutworm does not, properly speaking, belong to this department, but I desire to mention here not- withstanding that the bare fallow, the growing of peas and the cultivation of hoed crops are amongst the most effective methods of banishing the intruder. Cutworms do not seem to relish peas. The bare fallow destroys them by starving them ; and the cultivation of hoed crops acts on the same principle. Fields liable to be infested with them should not be allowed to lie long in grass. Some have argued that a heavy dressing of salt at the time of sowing the grain where their presence is suspected will check their ravages. If the top dressing is quite heavy this remedy may prove of some efficacy. It mav be mentioned here, however, that in the field above referred to, where the ravages of the cutworm were so disastrous, salt had been sown on the pasture grown there the previous season to the extent of 400 lbs. per acre. This makes it evident that salt sown on a pasture or meadow that is ploughed in the fall and sown with some kind of crop the following spring, will not provo etticatious in preventing the ravages of the cutworm.

For experiinenntal purposes in the farm and live stock departments the sum of SI, 720. 00 was set aside, and in the dairy department Sl.7o0.00. For the present year the Minister of Agriculture has set aside more than S3, 000.00 in the experimental depart- ment alone. An expenditure that will, I believe, meet with the hearty approval of every tanner in the land, as it will enable us to embark freely in conducting valuable experi- ments connected with the production of live stock.

The amount devoted to experimental purposes in the United States for the pi year is fully $ 725,000, or about §15,000 for each of the experimental stations that have been established there. This fact presses home the thought that if we are to keep the agriculture of Ontario in the front rank, we must bestir ourselves in the line of experi- ment, which iaaWays of necessity conducted with no little outlay.

The Minister has also kindly acceded to my request to have a person employed, whose whole time subject to the supervision of myself and assistant will be given to this department when the same may be found necessary. This arrangement will enable us to overtake a very large amount of work in this important department.

Experiments with Ckrkals in Plots.

The various experiments carried on in growing cereals in plots were conducted on a much larger scale than ever before in the history of this institution. During the winter of 1889 one of the most extensive importations of seed grain that was ever made to this continent, that is, if we consider the number of the varieties included in the importation was arranged for. Messrs. Oakshott & Millard, seedsmen, of Reading, England, collected

105

53 Victoria.

Sessional Tapers (No. 24.)

A. 1890

the grains, which embraced 54 samples of barley, 10 of peas, 77 of spring wheats, 71 of oats, and 25 of winter wheats. To these grains, were added a large number of varieties picked up in Canada, and were grown side by side with the former, the full details of which are given in the report of the assistant in this department.

The whole number of grain and grass plots was no less than 464, which does not include the experiments with field roots and potatoes. The work undertaken in this line was almost double that undertaken during any previous year. Experimental work is of no value without it gives results that are either positive or negative, and but few experiments should be regarded as final or conclusive that are not repeated under the same conditions. Some of them require repeating many times owing to the variableness of the seasons and other attendent conditions. When so repeated and the results point generally in the one direction, it may be that even then it is the general trend of the experiments that becomes of value rather than the exact results obtained. This is true both in experiments with grains and animals. With the former important variations may result from climate as affected by locality. This, so far, impairs the worth of all field experiments, hence the great value of having them repeated simultaneously in several sections of the one province. In regard to experiments with animals, individuality plays so important a part that the general trend of the results forms the valuable feature rather than the exact results, as in the case of grains.

Viewed in this light, time is necessary before reliable conclusions can be published which shall serve as guides to the farmer in his practice. We feel, therefore, that this year we have but laid the foundation of a series of experiments which it is believed will be of great value to the farmer.

These experiments will all be repeated the coming season, not only from the same samples as were grown last year, but also from the product of these, when if we have a favorable season we will undoubtedly get some results of much value.

A summary is given below of the various kinds of grains grown in the plots with their general behavior as regards germination, length of straw, yield of grain and straw per plot, and yield of grain per acre.

Grain.

No. of Varieties.

Country.

Germina- tion.

Length of

staw,

inches.

Grain per plot, lb.

Straw per

plot

lb.

Grain per acre bush.

r

18 4 1 2

10 9

12

56

10

6

16

12 12

90.3 89.4 90.0 95.0 91.4 83.5 91.4 77-7

89.2 91.3 89.9

86.3 81.2 81.0

33.3 37.5 43.0 39.0 37.7 38.6 36.3 39.3 Peas in pod. 3.8 4.2 3.3

37.3

31.0

6.0

33.9 29.4 41.0 22.5 26.6 32.0 35.7 32.8

34.0 48.9 39.6

5.0 4.3

68.3 63.0 84.0 50.0 65.2 66.2 55.3 63.8

39.1 65.0 48.8

25. 21.3

34.5

30.6

J

42.7

£ !

23.0 27.7

ffl 1

33.3

|

37.2

I

w (

30.3

England

28.3

«J J

40.6

Ph (

32.9

. (

8.4

*5

7.2

m

1

21 9

^

2.5 3.9 1.9 5.4 3.9

17.9 10.7 15.8 12.3 14.1 18.6 7.5 18.8 16.4

27.5 23.2 15.7 28.2 23.1

62.8 71.6 65.3 68.9 43.9 52.2 46.6 53.5 7.2

4.2

81.9 79.4 76.1 81.5

79.5

67.5 77.8 80.9 84.0 S2.5 72.6 86.5 77.4

36.8 26 2 43.1 36.0

60.

60.1

58.3

58.6

52.5

49.2

52.0

50.4

54.1

6.5

B

3.2

u

8 68

16

2

6

14

10

20

3

19

90

8.9

DQ

Average

6.6

,

52.5

.

Sweden

31.6 49.5

36.2

SH

41.5 54.8

Ontario

22.1 53.6 47.8

106

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

From the preceding table it is apparant that the seed was in good condition for grow- ing, as the percentage of seeds which germinated is high.

The Barley Plots. — In all, there were 61 plots of barley, including 56 varieties. In point of germination, the Scotch varieties stood the highest, but in yield of both grain and straw they were the lowest. The varieties from Germany behaved well on the whole, And we hope to get from them some kinds that will be useful to grow here. The yield of the 18 varieties from that country was at the rate of 34.5 bushels per acre, being about 13 per cent, above the average of all varieties.

In handling so many varieties maturing at different dates, it is impossible to harvest them all under like conditions, as the time of ripening varies so much that some are more exposed than others to adverse conditions of weather. It is therefore not easy to make a comparison between the different varieties in regard to color that would be accurate.

It is worthy of notice, that of the thirty-seven two-rowed varieties in the table on (page 126) of which the yields are given, they averaged at the rate of 31.7 bushels per acre, while the seventeen samples of six-rowed averaged at the rate of 36.3 bushels per acre, but it must be borne in mind that six of the six-rowed samples were of the common Ontario variety, which all gave a high return, excluding these six lots, the remaining eleven varieties gave an average of 30.5 bushels per acre.

Of the different varieties of barley the common six-iowed Canadian gave on the whole the best results. Every tenth plot was sown with this variety, and the returns from these varied from 41.7 to 52.1 bushels per acre, the average being 46.9 bushels.

The two varieties first in point of yield, are the Cheyne from Germany, and the Improved Scotch, the latter grown at least two years in this country. The yield in both cases was at the rate of 47.9 per acre. The former was two-rowed, and the latter six-rowed, and the quality of grain in both medium. The straw of the Oheyne was taller and gave a greater weight than that of any other variety, but was weak and loops pretty badly. The Italian Rice from Germany behaved very well. It has a beautiful somewhat fan-shaped head ; strong and stiff straw, and ripens early. It is two-rowed, and in quality and size of grain is medium. This variety will likely give satisfaction on soils where the grain is inclined to lodge.

The other early ripening varieties are the Skinless, originally from Australia, which matured July 19th, then Oderbrucker from Germany, July 28th and the Early Black from France, on July 30th.

Pea Plots. — Of the sixteen varieties of peas tested, ten came from England and six were procured in Ontario. The varieties from Ontario average at the rate of 40.6 bushels per acre, while those from England averaged 28.3 bushels. The best yielding English variety was the Glory, rather short in the straw and but a medium grower. The pea is pale blue in color and large in size. The Prussian Blue took the lead of the Canadian varieties, yielding at the rate of 45 bushels per acre. This kind gave the highest average of peas per pod, viz., 5.1, and also the largest quantity of straw. Xext to this variety in point of yield came the White-eyed Marrowfat, which produced at the rate of 43.9 bushels per acre. As this variety was sown at the same rate per acre, it is probable that had it been sown more thickly it would have come out first in yield.

These plots were sown on April 17th and therefore ripened in good season. There •was not the slightest indication of the pea-bug in any of the plots.

Spring Wheat Plots — There were ninty-two plots of spring wheat. Past experience during recent years has demonstrated that in many parts of Western Ontario spring wheat cannot usually be grown successfully. Our object in testing so large a number •of varieties is to ascertain if some kinds cannot be secured that will withstand the ravages of rust, and at the same time give a profitable return. A large proportion of the plots were struck with rust some time before they were ripe. This could not have been caused by late sowing, as nearly all the plots were sown April 18th, but three days later than the barley, which I believe is the earliest grain sowing that has been done on the farm since it came into the hands of the Government. It is encouraging to note that -3ome of the plots were almost entirely free from rust, since, as these varieties successfully ^withstood the rust this year, we can reasonably expect that thf^ will do so in any season.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. '24). A 1890

Of the foreign varieties, those from Germany gave the best average returns, those from Itussia came second, and from France third. The best yielding variety was the Wild ( loose, (page 131) which gave a return at the rate of 2G. 7 bushels per acre. This will be recognised by readers as an old variety, noted for uniformily large returns, but not in favor with the millers even at the reduced rate at which it sells, it will probably pay b tter to grow it than many other kinds now grown throughout Ontario.

The best yielding variety of foreign wheats was the Herison bearded, which came from France. It yielded at the rate of 18.3 bushels per acre. It is a red wheat with club head, supported by strong straw, and virtually free from rust. The berry is small but plump. The straw stands well and is of medium height, viz., 42 inches.

The ordinary Bearded March, also from France, gave a return at the rate of 13.3- bushels per acre. The straw was medium, and almost free from rust and the grain above the average in quality. The March Bearded is from the same country, gave a similar yield. There is a rather close resemblence between these two varieties, but yet the year apparently distinct.

The Red Fern variety, now pretty generally known, gave a yield at the rate of 13.3- bushels per acre. It was but slightly rusted.

The Oat Plot.— Of the 92 oat plots grown, the German and Swedish varieties gave the longest straw, but it will be observed that the straw of the latter outweighed that of the former, and the difference in the average yields of grain was even more apparent but in favor of Germany. The straw of the French varieties was below the average in height but gave a greater weight notwithstanding, than those of any of the countries in the table. This was owing doubtless, to their branching habits of growth and the large amount of leaves, borne by the plants. They also grew more thickly than those of any other country, caused in part by the smaller size of the grains sown, as the same quantity by weight was sown in each of the plots. The straw from the French oats is certainly most valuable for fodder owing to its fairness, as, when fed direct and uncut, it will be eaten with a relish by stock. The oat plots were, many of them, badly lodged by a storm which swept over them about two weeks before cutting. Nearly all the plots were affected more or less with rust.

The two leading varieties in point of yield came from France Those were the Goanette and Chenailles (see p. 134) both black and both spreading in the head. The yields per acre were 80. 9 bushels in each instance. The straw of the first, however, was strong and that of the second weak, the rust on the first was slight and on the second medium in quantity. Both varieties also ripen early and the grain in each instance is- larger and has a thin hull.

Next in point of yield are two German varieties the Oderboucker and the Danebrog both of which are white and both have spreading heads. The yield in both instances was at the rate of 75 bushels per acre. The straw of the Oderboucker was stronger than that of the Danebrog and stood up well. Both had some rust but the Oderboucker less than the Danebrog. The grain of the former was long and plump and was highly recommended by the Oatmeal Miller's Association when assembled in conven- tion in Toronto last autumn. No less than eighty-two varieties grown upon this farm were submitted to them at their request. Their object was to ascertain which of those would be most suitable for making roller meal.

The three varieties from Russia behaved very well on the whole but of these the most promising is the Siberian, a white oat with a spreading head. It yields at the rate of 73£ bushels per acre and was also recommended by the Oatmeal Miller's. Association, as indeed were all three of the Russian varieties. This variety, however, was considerably rusted.

The Bavarian headed the list in the yield from the Canadian varieties. This oat was imported some years since to the state of New York. From there it wae.

10S

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

brought into Canada by Mr. Daniel Zavitz, of Coldstream, Ont. Its record has Oeen good during the five or six years which it has been tried in this country. It is a vigorous grower, but was somewhat affected with rust. The straw stands up well. It is white in color and yielded at the rate of 71.2 bushels to the acre.

The three earliest ripening varieties were the early blossom from England, the Siberian' from France, and the White from Australia, all of which were harvested on the 6th of August. All three had but little rust. The Siberian had strong straw and yielded at the rate of 66.2 bushels per acre. The one objection to it is that the hull of the grain is thick.

The flying Scotchman, Kennie's Prize White. Cluster or Triumph and Welcome ripened on the 7th of August, and yielded respectively at the rate of 63.2, 57.4, 60.3 and 63.2 bushels per acre. The former was imported from England and was medium in straw with but slight rust, while the other varieties, all Canadian, were weak in the straw and had some rust.

It is but fair to mention that the yields obtained from these small plots do not fairly represent the yields likely to be obtained from the same varieties when grown in the tields. They give larger proportionate yields than will be reaped when sown in large lots. This is caused, in part at least, by cultivation around the borders of the plots when keeping these borders clean, by a freer circulation of air through the plots and by a larger amount of sunlight reaching the grain. It would not be safe to fix the amount definitely of the increased proportionate return, but probably it should not be put at less than one-sixth or even one-fifth of the whole yield.

Ec/oibit <>f Experimental Grains, — With the approval of the Minister of Agriculture an exhibit of the experimental grains was made at the Provincial Exhibition held at London and at the Toronto Industrial. They were also shown at Embro at a later period. The press of Ontario paid some high compliments to this institution when speak- ing of the exhibit.

In reference to the same as shown at London, the following extracts are taken from the notices given at the time : —

" The tastefully arranged and carefully labelled exhibit of grains grown during the present year (1889) on experimental plots at the Ontario Agricultural College Farm, Guelph, is not only one of the most interesting at the fair, but affords goo^ evidence that new life is being infusad into that institution from which it came." — Western A divert iser.

'•The managers of the Experimental Station at Guelph. in order to test the vitality and prolificacy of the several species of grain and small seeds, have obtained specimens from 18 different places in Europe, Africa, North America and Australia. The total collection consists of 300 varieties of the different cereals, both in the straw and also in the threshed state. The whole makes a most attractive appearance, while at the same time the collection and experiments should be of practical benefit to the farmers of Ontario. The specimens of all the cereals were of first-class quality and were the growth of 1889." London Free Press.

"One of the most pleasing features of the Exhibition is the display made by the Ontario Agricultural College of grains grown on the experimental plots. The experi- mental department has been made a feature of late. The farmers seem to be aliv3 to the importance of the work carried on and all day Mr. Zavitz was kept hard at work answering questions. " — Toronto Globe.

" Upon entering the main door of the Dairy Building our attention is first attracted to a magnificent grain exhibit from the Ontario Agricultural College. Taking this exhibit as a whole, it is the finest we have ever seen in Canada and certainly reflects creditably upon those in authority at the college." — Farmer's Advocate.

In reference to the Exhibit at the Toronto Industrial, the Toronto Mail says : —

" The Exhibit of grains grown by the Experimental Department of the Model Farm at Guelph is very creditable to that institution."

109

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. WO

Salt on four different kinds of soils. — This experiment as stated in the report (p. 136) has been conducted two years in succession. From this we glean that the application of salt has increased the yield of grain both years on four different kinds of soils, viz., loam, marl, clay and muck. In the experiment of 1888, the greatest proportionate increase was in tlie grain grown in the muck when the salt increased the yield at the rate of 60.7 per cent. This year the test in the muck soil proved a failure, owing to the excessive amount of wet in the early part of the summer. The increase in the barley in 1888 on the salted portion of the clay, was at the rate of 36.7 per cent, and in the oats, in 1889, at the rate of 17.1 per cent. The proportionate increase in the clay loam and marl soils was much less.

From this it is apparent that salt applied at the rate of 400 pounds per acre, materi- ally increases the yield of grain (barley and oats) in a clay soil, in a wet or in a dry year. Is it not a matter very much to be regretted, that the combine in salt has so raised the price, that it is put to a large extent beyond the reach of the farmers to apply to soils 1

The increase was caused, apparently, by the action of the salt on the soil, by way of rendering the dormant plant food in the latter more available. No very marked differ- ence was observed in the color or strength of the straw, and the difference as stated above in the yield was very considerable.

Comparative yields from barley sown at different dates. — The particulars relating to this experiment will be found on p. 1 37 of the report. I wish leave to call attention to the vast importance of early sowing as demonstrated in the table referred to. It will be observed that the common six rowed Ontario barley, sown April 15th, yielded at the rate of 44.3 bushels per acre, that sown May 5th, 20.3 bushels and that sown June 7th, 4.2 bushels, the sample of the first being also very much superior to that of the second, and the second to that of the third. The importance of sowing barley early cannot well be over-estimated, even though it may render the, crop liable to injury from frost, as in the above instance the first sown plot was browned on the tops by severe frost when about two inches high, and yet the yield was more than twice that of the plot sown twenty days later. To enable the farmers to sow spring grains at the earliest moment, it is absolutely necessary to have the ground ploughed the previous autumn, a practice which is attended with other important advantages.

A seven years' rotation o1 crops. — The idea in the conception of this experiment is an excellent one, (see p. 138) as it would enable us to ascertain whether in the succeeding crops, enough more could be obtained to repay the farmer for the loss of a crop during the year of the bare fallow. It is to be regretted that the date regarding the first and third years of this experiment are entirely wanting. This, to a great extent, neutralizes the value of the experiment, which is also furthar weakened by the lack of similarity in some of the conditions during those years. I mean the sowing of fall wheat on one plot and of spring wheat on the other, which probably also necessitated seeding to grass on different dates and under different conditions, which very likely explains the difference in the amounts of hay obtained in 1886, the fourth year of the rotation.

Experiments with Cereals in Acre Plots.

I have already stated that grains grown in small plots give a larger proportionate yield than when grown in ordinary fields, and have also given my reasons for this belief. In view of this fact a number of grains, including spring wheat, barley, oats and peas, were grown in acre plots. The varieties chosen were those that had already attained some notoriety in this country. We were, however, unfortunate in our choice of location for these tests, as the cutworm, excessive wet and other causes so interfered with the yields as to render them unsafe guides in the farm practice of the future. Some •f these will be repeated the present year.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Experiments with Root Chops.

Potatoes. — By reference to p. 139 of the report, it will be noticed that an experiment was carried on with eleven varieties of potatoes. One row of each was planted across the whole width of the held. They were all planted the same day and under precisely siuiilar conditions. Several of the varieties it will be noticed were new.

The three leading kinds were all early. They are named the Early Sunrise, the Early Ohio and the Halton Seedling, and yielded respectively at the rate of 348.8, 314.4 and 306 bushels per a^re. The Early Sunrise proved a very thrifty grower, carried a profusion of bloom, and was one of the first to ripen. The stems were short and strong. Altogether it was a very promising variety. The Early Ohio is a strong grower, medium in earliness, and an excellent yielder ; and the same may be said of the Halton Seedling, which pro- duces short, stout and low-lying vines. The best of the late sorts was the Rural Blush, which gave at the rate of 304.1 bus. per acre. This variety produces vines strong and tall. The two well-known varieties, Beauty of Hebron and White Elephant, produced at the rate of 278.8 and 257 bus. respectively per acre. The Early Sunrise therefore gave a return 25 per cent, greater than the Beauty of Hebron, and 35 per cent, more than the White Elephant. Some of these newer varieties are certainly very promising.

Mangolds. — Eight varieties of Mangolds were sown. One row of each was sown across the field and under similar conditions. The date of sowing was May 17th.

Comparing the largest yielding varieties with the Mammoth Red, which in the past has been the standard mangold of the country, the Giant Yellow Globe yielded 49.2 per cent, more, the Carter's Ward Orange Globe 34.3 per cent. more, and the Red Inter- mediate 28.4 per cent. more. The Giant Yellow Globe mangolds grew largely above ground and were smooth and easily handled, but did not keep so well as some other varieties. The Mammoth Red also did not keep well, but the season may have had something to do with this.

The Central German Sugar Beet did uncommonly well with us, as stated in the report of the farm foreman (p. 118), where also the reasons are assigned for the moderate yield obtained.

Carrots. — Six varieties of carrots were sown on on May 6th (see p. 140).

The White Belgian has long been the standard carrot of the country, but it must certainly give place to the White Yosges, a carrot possessing many excellences. It grows well underground, is large and curves abruptly to a point, which renders it easily handled, nor is it easily broken as the White Belgian and the Long Red Altringham. It also yielded 73.5 per cent, more than the White Belgian, and is an excellent keeper. The Scarlet Intermediate is a heavy cropper, easy to handle, and has also good keeping qualities. The White Belgian grows largely above ground, is crooked and easily broken when being handled. The Long Red Altringham is small, easily broken and does not keep well.

It is to be regretted that we cannot furnish a chemical analysis of the mangolds and carrots, which would have been done had not so much time been required in analysing the corn.

Experiments with Fodder Crops.

Cultivation of Rape. — The experiments in rape culture was of peculiar inter, owing to its bearing upon flat and ridged culture, thick and thin seeding in ridges and on the level, the distances between the ridges, and on culture broadcast and in drills.

There were nine drills in each instance except in plot four (where there were eleven drills owing to the less distance between them), and plots five and six which were sown broadcast, but which covered an equal area of gronnd. The plots were also of the same shape and width.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A 1890

The yield from the plots 1 and 2, cultivated on the level, was at the rate of 18.08 tons per acre as compared with 13.1 tons per acre from that grown on ridges. The drills sown on the level were more vigorous from the first, and this I apprehend is likely to be the case with future tests.

Plots 2 and 3 ridged alike were sown, the first at the rate of four pounds of seed per acre, and the second at the rate of half a pound. The former gave 13.1 tons and the latter 14.2, and the quality of the rape in plot No. 3 was evidently the best, as it was more succulent. From this it is evident that thin seeding in drills is preferable when the season is moist.

Plot No. 2, in which the drills were twenty-two inches apart, was pitted against plot No. 4 with drills 18 inches apart, the amount of seed in both cases being at the rate of four pounds per acre. The yield from plot No. 2 as stated above was at the rate of 13.1 tons per acre, and from plot No. 4 at the rate of 16.68 tons per acre. This return points rather in the direction of closer culture than is generally adopted for rape, as it is usual to make the distance between the drills from twenty-four to twenty-six inches. Another element in this experiment must be borne in mind, viz., that the seeding in plot No. 4 was of necessity not so thick as in plot No. 2, as the same quantity of seed was distributed over a greater number of drills.

The yield of plot No. 3, sown in drills at the rate of one-half pound per acre, as pitted against that of plot No. 5, sown broadcast and of course on the level, was as 14.2 to 14.68 tons per acre. It must not be inferred from this, however, that broadcast culture is superior to that in drills, as rape is generally sown, like roots, to aid in cleaning the land. If, therefore, it were sown broadcast on a field wanting cleaning it would in no way effect this purpose. This experiment, however, tends to show that in clean fields more rape can be obtained when sown broadcast and at a much less cost for labor than when sown in ridges. The element of the effects of the two modes of culture on the suc- ceeding crop must also be considered, in which case that grown in drills would undoubt- edly have a decided advantage.

Plot No. 5, described above, gave a less return than plot No. 6. The cultivation in each was broadcast, but the rate of seed per acre sown on the latter was eight pounds. The comparative yields were at the rate of 14.68 and 17.3 tons per acre. The quality of the latter, however, was inferior to that of the former owing to its woody condition.

It is to be regretted that two other plots sown broadcast at the rate of two and four pounds of seed per acre were injured accidentally, so that a comparison from these could not be made.

It should also be borne in mind that the weights given above are for the whole plant, including the root, for which probably twenty-five per cent, should be deducted in com- puting the yield.

Different Systems of Raising Fodder Corn. — For details of this experiment see p. 148. The value of the experiment is much impaired because of the fact that only about one-half of the seed germinated, owing probably to the cold damp weather at the time of sowing. The real test, therefore was about as tollows, viz.: No. 1 plot, one grain per foot in the drill ; No. 2 plot, six grains per foot ; No 3. plot at the rate of one peck per acre, sown broadcast, and No. 4 plot at the rate of one and a-half bus. per acre.

The respective yields were at the following rates per acre : —

Plot No. 1 11.7 tons.

« 2 12.1 "

« « 3 11.

" « 4 13.4 "

This experiment tends to prove that corn grown broadcast, when one and a half bus. of seed are sown per acre, will give a greater weight than when sown in drills forty-two inches apart, the plants being either two inches or twelve inches apart, and at a less •pxp'TidUure of labor. But analysis may yet show that the corn in plot No. 1 contained

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the greatest feeding value, as it produced ears, while in plot No. 4 there were none. The same objection may also be urged against broadcast corn culture that has been offered against broadcast rape culture. The repetitions of this experiment in future niay give entirely different results, as the past was a peculiar season for corn production.

Experiments with Fertilisers.

There were not many experiments with fertilizers conducted during the past season. This was owing in part to the large number of grain plots grown, and in part to the dis- arrangement of our plans generally in consequence of the fire.

Action of different Fertilisers 071 successive crops. — No. 1. In 1887, 1888 and 1889, the crops consisting of spring wheat, bar ey and oats, were grown successively on plots of one-fortieth of an acre each, which had been manured in the spring of l«s^7 with salt, super- phosphate, ground apatite and farmyard manure, one being left without manure (for details see p. 146). The behavior of these plots has been so eccentric that no conclusions. of value can be drawn from the experiment. This is caused in part by a difference in the character of the soil, even in these small plots, which lie side by side. This differ- ence was easily apparent to an attentive observer while the grain was growing. It haa been determined, therefore, to discontinue the experiment until a suitable location can be secured for commencing it again, when the experimental field is ready.

Action o/ different fertilisers on successive crops. — No. 2. The experiment commenced in the spring of 1889 (see p. 147). Four plots were set apart containing one-fortieth of an acre each. Mineral superphosphate costing $26.00 per ton was applied at the rate of 400 lbs. per acre to plot No. 1. Sure Growth composed of refuse from pork factories, chemically treated, and costing §40.00 per ton, was applied at the rate of 400 lbs. per acre to plot No. 2. This is considered a complete fertiliser, as it contains nitrogen, phos- poric acid and potash. Barnyard manure was applied to plot No. 3 at the rate of 14 tons per acre, and was valued at the rate of $7.00 per load. No fertiliser was put upon plot No. 4. The fertilisers were all applied as a top-dressing just before sowing, and were harrowed in. They were sown with oats April 22nd. There was a difference in the time of the maturing of the grain. That on plot No. 1 matured August 11th ; plot. No. 2, August 12th; plot No. 4, August 13th, and plot No. 3, August 15th.

The following were the yields per acre : —

Plot No. 1 , at the rate of 69£ bush.

2, " " 69}

« 3, " " 66j, "

« 4( " " 59f "

Putting the oats at 30 cents per bushel and not taking labor into account, the coin, parative returns were for the past year, after deducting the value of the fertilizers : —

Plot No. 1 $15 65

2 12 73

» 3 5 86

4 17 92

Two cereal crops following, summer-fallow and manure, had been taken from the land during the years immediately preceding the experiment. This experiment will in ail probability be continued five years, the crop being changed every year.

The comparative yields of straw differ considerably : —

Plot No. 3 gave at the rate of 4,910 lb. per acre.

2 « " 4,650 "

1 « « 4.030 •'

4 ». « 3,810 "

Farmyard manure therefore added 29 per cent, more straw as compared with no manure. 8 (A.C.) 113

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Live Stock Experiments.

Feeding Pigs Cold versus Warm Food. — This experiment wag conducted for about "three months in the winter of 1889. For particulars sec page 140. The results showed hut little difference. The experiment however will be repeated.

Pasturing Sheep on Permanent Grasses. — On May 15th two plots of l£ acres each, sown with permanent grasses in the spring of 1881, were set aside for the purpose of -ascertaining what amount of pasture they would afford for sheep during the season. The number of sheep put upon the pasture at each successive period was gauged by the luxuriance of the grass. They were furnished with water and shelter in the plots. It was found that from May 15th to August 25th one acre carried an average of 5.5 sheep and 3.8 lambs, equivalent to 7.4 sheep, allowing that one lamb ate one-half as much as a sheep. At the latter date the experiment was closed, although, had not other arrange- ments required it, the same might have been continued for two months longer, but with -a somewhat reduced number of sheep. They were kept one week at a time on each plot, alternating from the one to the other. Farmers who can adopt an alternation of a longer or a shorter period in pasturing will find it an excellent practice, owing to the stimulus that lack of molestation gives to the grass in the field from which the stock has been •removed.

A very large amount of pasture was thus afforded by these plots and the sheep did fairly well upon it, but the soil is peuliarly adapted to the production of grass.

It may be mentioned here that on these plots Meadow Fescue has proved one of the best of the foreign grasses. It is medium in growth, comes on late and continues to grow 'during dry weather. It holds well in the ground and grows with a good deal of vigor.

Orchard, Grass retains its footing well, but no better than the Meadow Fescue. It grows vigorously during the first half of the summer, and if kept pastured off does not become rank, and produces a large amount of pasture.

Meadow Foxtail, the earliest of all grasses, has held its own well on these plots. It was in blossom about the 1st of May in 1889, and has come out in head on this farm as 'early as April 27th. It is however only a moderate producer.

Hard Fescue has also retained its footing well but it cannot be praised for furnishing a large amount of food. Unless kept closely eaten off it is apt to become wiry.

The Oat Grasses, although they furnish a fair amount of food while they last, hold out only moderately well.

The Rye Grasses for the first year give a larger proportionate yield than any other foreign grass, but are scarcely seen at all after the second year.

The Kentucky Blue Grass while taking a prominent place occupies much the same position in the pastures as at the commencement.

Most of the Red Clover disappeared by the end of the second year. There is a goodly sprinkling of the Alsike upon the ground yet. There has been almost none of the White Dutch, and Yellow Clover found on the plots during the past two years. The Lucerne has diminished a little but is holding well in the ground, and it gives a good bite during the latter part of the season.

Feeding Lambs on Rape. — Some twelve acres of rape were grown on the farm, eight of which were in drills. The balance was sown broadcast. Owing to the great amount of rain that fell in June this rape was unduly late in being sowed. It grew, however, fairly well. On that sown in drills 48 lambs were pastured from October 10th to December 3rd, when they bad to be housed because of the snow, but the rape would have sustained a much larger number had they been in our possession. These lambs were purchased in the latter part of September, were brought home and weighed October 9th, and were put upon the rape the following day. They weighed at that time 96£ lbs. each, and cost for the lot $184.70, or an average of $3.84f . The price thus paid per pound •<vas 4.04 cts. They were removed from the rape December 3rd and were again weigh

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■63 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

December 10th, or two months from the time when they were brought home. At the weigh- ing of December 10th they averaged 114^ lbs., a gain of 872 lbs. in the aggregate, or 18^ lbs. each, for the two months. When on they were fed about one pint of oats each per day, which was all they would take. They ate more grain proportionately as the -season advanced.

These lambs were sold to a local buyer about the middle of December tor 5f ets. per IK live weight, with the proviso that we would keep them until an experiment relating to the relative cost of winter feeding and the gains accruing therefrom would be com- pleted, which experiment, however, was not to be prolonged beyond the end of March. This experiment was undertaken because of the wish expressed by many prominent farmers that it should be done in order to give information to the country on the lines indicated above.

Full particulars relating to the whole experiment will be given in a bulletin soon to be published on the subject and also in the next annual report.

Had those lambs been sold at the date of the second weighing for f>£ cents per pound, to be shipped at once or soon after, and I am satisfied they could have been sold for that price, they would then have been worth to us $6.28§ each, which would have been a gain of $2.44§ on each lamb for the two months' keep. It should be remem- bered, however, that the selling price was unusually high last autumn, but in any case I am satisfied that good value is to be obtained from growing rape, and feeding lambs upon it, where the soil is suitable. I believe further that good results may be obtained from fattening lambs for the British market, but, as it is results obtained, rather than con- victions expressed, that are required of this institution, I forbear saying more on that subject until we can allude to it bye-and-bye in due form.

Live Stock Experiments for 1889-90.

The following experiments in live stock were commenced in the autumn of 1889, as early in the season as they could be taken up properly in the new buildings : —

1. Experiment in Fattening Steers. — Ten steers were purchased in the early autumn and, after having been pastured on rape for a time, were divided into two lots for pur- poses of experiment. The first lot consisting of six head was divided into three pairs. The first pair, Nos. 1 and 2, are each to be fed 12 lbs. of meal per day and all the ensilage they can take. The second pair, Nos. 3 and 4, are each to receive 12 lbs. of meal, 45 lbs. of ensilage, and all the cut hay they can take. The third pair, Nos. 5 and 6, are to be fed 12 lbs. of meal, 45 lbs. of pulped roots, and all the pulped hay they can take. The object here is to test the comparative values for fattening of ensdage and meal ; ensilage, hay and meal ; and of roots, hay and meal ; the meal being the same in quantity and quality in each instance.

The second lot consisting of four animals was divided into two pairs. The first pair, Nos. 7 and 8, are to be fed hay, roots and meal, and a food condiment ; and the second pair, Nos. 9 and 10, are to receive a similar food ration without the condiment.

2. Experiment in Bearing Grade Calves of the Different Beefing Breeds. — The design of this experiment is to ascertain the comparative gains that will be made by grade steers of the different beefing breeds up to say 2£ years when fed on a ration the same in quality but varying in quantity to suit the requirements of the different individual animals in the contest, and also to ascertain the comparative cost of rearing them. With this end in view it was determined to purchase grades of the Shorthorn, Hereford, Aber- deen Poll, Galloway, Devon, Holstein, and scrub sorts. The sire in each case was to be pure, except in that of the scrub, and the dam to be a good Canadian cow. The experi- ment is now well under way.

3. Experiment in Feeding Young Pigs. — This experiment comprises three lots of four young pigs in each lot, weighing about 50 pounds apiece. Each lot comprises one pure Berkshire and three Berkshire grades, four distinct litters of our own breeding being

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No 24). A. 1890

equally represented in each lot. The tirst lot are to be fed equal parts of whole peas and barley ; the second lot the same mixture but ground ; and the third lot a mixed meal ration consisting of oats, barley, wheat middlings and peas, in the proportion of 1, 1, 1 and 2 respectively. Each lot is to be fed all that will be eaten clean.

4. Experiment in Feeding Store Pigs. — This experiment comprises three lots of store pigs, three in each lot, Berkshire grades, which were about seven months old when they entered the experiment. They also are home-bred. The first lot are to receive a certain amount of meal consisting of barley, oats, wheat middlings and peas, in the pro- portion of 1, 1, 1 and 2 respectively, and in addition all the corn ensilage that they will take, The second lot are to be fed meal similar in quantity and quality to that fed to the first lot, and all the roots they will take. The third lot are to be fed meal of a similar quality to that given the tirst and second lots, but they are to get three times the quantity with no additional ration.

A number of other experiments will be taken up in the live stock department as the season advances, and in selecting these experiments it will be our aim to take up those first which it is hoped will be of direct practical value to the farmer.

I have the honor to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

THOS. SHAW.

REPORT OF FARM FOREMAN.

Dec. 29, 1889.

Tu Professor Thomas Shaw :

Sir, — I have the honor to submit to you my third annual report in connection with* the respective departments.

The past year has been a very trying one owing to the loss by fire of the farm build- ings and crop in the fall of 1888, which upset many of our plans for the year's, work and hindered us not a little in the material progress of the farm.

The principal employment of the students last winter was the removing of the debris from the scene of the fire ; first, in carting away the roots that had escaped dam- age and then clearing out the place preparatory to the erection of new buildings. Fixing up buildings for the accommodation of stock and hauling food and bedding for the same also occupied no small amount of time.

Another thing that is to be deeply regretted, was the lack of instruction to the students occasioned by the burning of the buildings and crop. Much of the stock had to be sold after the fire owing to the restricted accommodation. Nor could any instruction be given in the use of the machinery in connection with the barn, such as running farm engine, cutting boxes, cleaners, thresher, chopper, pulper, etc., or in reference to our usual way of preparing and handling the food. The loss of the silo was also keenly felt, especially by the second year students who could not again have an opportunity of becom- ing familiar while at this institution with the feeding properties of silage. It came through the fire but little the worse and we were able to use the greater part of it, but with our facilities at that time, testing it experimentally was out of the question.

Since the re-opening of the college in October last, we have been able to give the usual instruction in plowing, but I feel that the one team and man set apart for that purpose is auite insufficient to do justice to a class of eighty or more students when we consider the limited time in which instruction can be given,

During the year a great amount of labor has been spent on the making of roads, fences and other permanent improvements outside the regular farm work, which will add materially to the appearance and to the convenience of the farm. Although this work

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. IF SO

has been done by our ordinary farm belp, I think it a mistake to charge it against the farm proper. I would suggest for your earnest consideration that a special grant be asked from the Government for such labor, as under the present method the work of the farm proper is represented as costing more than it really does. For instance, I lind that the farm teams and teamsters have done work to the value of $389 on such improvements, and the labor of the students has amounted to S285.05.

Owing to the great reduction of the stock after the tire, it was deemed expedient by the Advisory Board to dispense with all the farm help, including the herdsman, which threw on me the responsibility of looking after the stock. Very much credit is due to those students who aided me in this work under the very trying circumstances in which we were placed owing chiefly to the poor accommodation provided. This detracted not a little from the well-doing of the stock, particularly the horses and sheep, which did not do as well last winter as in past seasons, and were it not for the deep interest taken in them by some of the students my report of them could not have been so favorable as it is. But I am pleased to say that notwithstanding the hardships of the winter, during the summer they have recruited so that thev have come into the stables this fall in tine con- dition.

I would like to call your attention to a part of field No. 20 (situated in the north corner of the farm and containing about fifteen acres) which, as it is at present, is of no practical benefit to the farm. I would suggest that a division fence be made between Nos. J 9 and 20, a well sunk and a windmill procured to pump water for stock, as then the field would make a very valuable pasture, but it cannot be utilised in its present condition.

We have just opened the silo, which contains about one hundred tons of silage, and find it in splendid condition. The cattle seem very fond of it and eat it with great avidity.

Before submitting to you my report of the crops, I must call attention to the fact, that owing to the vast amount of work which requires attention and which we expect to accomplish by means of student labor, and also in order to have suitable work for the students during the winter months, we are obliged to let the greater part of the threshing stand until the college re-opens, which of course prevents me from reporting in many instances the exact yield of the grain crops.

In previous years I have been able to place the most important part of the crop in the barn so that it was threshed before the fall term closed and to submit my report of it. But last spring according to your directions all grains to be tested were first sown, consequently first cut, and had to be placed in that part of the barn where they will be threshed out. Had the barn been finished sufficiently early this would not have been the case. The roofers commenced roofing from the west end of the building and we filled it as fast as the roof was put on. This accounts for my not being able to report on the barley test of No. 13 and the spring wheat test of No. -i.

Field No. 1 contains twenty acres, and was used as pasture up to August 1st, when it was mown and about five tons of hay gathered from it. It was then ploughed at intervals when other work was not so pressing, and on the 17th and 18th of September it was sown with rye, at the rate of two bushels per acre.

Field No. 2 contains seventeen acres, ten of which was meadow yielding a crop of two tons per acre. The balance was sown with Rennie's improved six-rowed barley (not jet threshed) and seeded down with a mixture of four lbs. timothy, one lb. red top, one lb. perrenial rye, one lb. tall oat, 3 lbs. red clover, one lb. mammoth clover, two lbs. lucerne, and one lb. alsike per acre. The clovers and timothy were sown from the grain drill and the light grasses scattered by hand afterwards.

Field No. 3 contains twenty acres, four acres of which are used by the experimenta department, four acres were planted with trees by the horticultural department, and the balance was under root crop as follows : — One and one-half acres carrota of Biz varieties. The crop was a good one, the White Vosges giving considerably the largest yield. Three acres were sown with mangels, which were not as good a crop as the carrots. They con-

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

sisted of six varieties, viz., giant yellow globe, Carter's ward orange globe, long yellow, red glob», yellow Tankard and mammoth red intermediate. The exact weight of one row of each kind both of carrots and mangels is in the hands of Mr. Zavitz, who will report on them in connection with other experiments in his djpartment. On the 23rd of May I received a packet of central German sugar beet seed from Hon. Oharles Drury, which was not sown for some days, owing to the fact that the ground prepared for such crop was then planted, so that we were obliged to use a piece which required some pre- paration. I sowed along with them twenty lb of super-phosphate per acre. At the same time, and under precisely the same treatment, I planted one-fourth of an acre of mammoth red mangels to get an idea of the difference per acre. The weights will be reported as above.

In the fall, during your absence, I received a letter from Mr E. Lawder, of Toronto, asking the weight of the sugar beets per acre, and also requesting me to send a sample to Mr. Scaife, of Montreal, who has been so kind as to furnish me with a report of the analysis- of sample, and also to say that they were the best sample he had received this year, although tests had been made in several counties in the Province. The balance of this, field was sown with Swede turnips of six varieties, which, owing to the very unfavorable season, was a poor crop.

Field No. 4 contains twenty acres, five of which were used by the dairy department as pasture, four acres, known as " the hill side," were sown with spring wheat of three varieties, viz., red fern, defiance and magyar, one acre each, and one acre of oats and peas, mixed, two and one lb. per acre. The latter grew very heavy and lay down before filling.. The wheat is not yet threshed. The defiance and magyar filled poorly, but the red fern was a fine crop. The balance of the field is worked with No. 5, and had on it a very fine crop of oats and peas, so far as the yield of straw is concerned — not yet threshed.

Field No. 5 contains twenty acres, ten of which is wood land, and has on it a lot of very valuable timber. The remaining ten acres is worked in with the ten acres on the west side of No. 4, and had on it a crop of oats and peas, of a heavy growth of straw. Six acres of this were cut green and cured for fodder, the balance were allowed to ripen and grew so heavy that it lay down and will not yield well.

Field No. 6. This field contains twenty acres, and was meadow, yielding two and one-half tons per acre. We tried an experiment with wood ashes of different quantities on this field; also of leached ashes versus unleached.

Field No. 7. This field contains twenty acres and has been under meadow for the past four years. The crop this year was of splendid quality, being pure timothy, and yielded about one ton per acre. Two acres of it were allowed to ripen, and were cut with the binder, and will be used for seeding next spring. The greater part of this field is. now plowed.

Field No. 8. This field contains twenty acres, and was sown with common six-rowed barley and seeded down with a similar mixture of grasses and clovers to that of No. 2. The barley is yet unthreshed, but the yield will be good.

Field No. 9. This field contains twenty acres. In the fall of 1888, it had two- plowings, and six acres of it were manured in the spring ; four acres of it were manured with well rotted manure hauled from the city during winter. At that time No. 9 was calculated for the root crop of 1889, but afterwards it was given to the experimental dairy department for corn. After the corn was removed, it was plowed by the farm, help.

Field No. 10. This field contains twenty acres, ten of which are used by the horticul- tural department for an orchard ; the balance was sown with oats and peas, two to one, and grew a fine clean crop of straw, yielding 48 bushels of grain per acre.

Field No. 11. This field contains twenty-three acres, was broken from sod last spring and sown with peas of two varieties — seven acres of Prussian blue peas and sixteen acres of golden vine. As only a part of the golden vine and none of the Prussian blue

118

63 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. '24). A. 1890b

rariety is threshed, we cannot give the yield, but wonld judge from handling that thev will yield about twenty bushels per acre. After the pea crop was removed we prepared a portion of No. 1 1 for winter wheat by cultivating it thoroughly with the Corbin disc- harrow, and sowed the following samples of wheat between the Gth and 9th days of September: 5^ bushels Garfield at rate of 1 A bushels per acre, 5\ bushels Bonnell, 5\ bushels Democrat, 5£ bushels Hybrid Mediterranean, 2 bushels Surprise. All are looking- remarkablv well.

Field No. 12. This field contains twenty aores and was sown with white Egyptian oats During the latter part of May and first week of Jun^ it was attacked by cut worms and about one-half of it destroyed, which reduced the yield at least one-third. One-half the crop was stacked and threshed in the field, the balance is yet unthreshedv In October the field was ploughed again.

Field No. 13. This field contains nineteen acres. In the fall of 1888 eight acres of the east end were sown with Manchester wheat, which promised to be a heavy crop till about the 25th of June, when it was suddenly struck with rust, which completely destroyed it. The remainder of the field was sown with barley of fuur varieties, viz.v one acre Duckbill, one acre Chevalier, one acre imported six-rowed, and eight acres of common six-rowed, not yet threshed. With the exception of about four and one-half acres at the east end put down for orchaid, this field was seeded to grass with a similar mixture to that of No. 2 and No. 8. We also tried an experiment while seeding, of scatter- ing the grass and clover seeds before versus after the drill hoes, but as far as couid be ««en in the fall no difference was visible, both seemed to have caught well.

Field No. 14. This field contains twenty-four acres, seventeen acres of which are used by the experimental department, aud one acre as a nursery by the horticultural depart- ment. The balance was meadow, principally clover, and yielded a wonderfully heavy crop.

Field No. 15. This field, containing twenty acres, was laid down to permanent pas" lure by Prof. Brown some years ago an 1 still retains a luxuriant growth. Eight tons of grass was mown off it this year besides giving pasture to a large herd.

Field No. 16. This field contains twenty-six acres, and was broken from sod in November, 1888. Ten acres were sown with ten different kinds of oats, and six acres with six different kinds of pease, and ten acres with different mixtures of grain and different quanties, which would have been a very valuable experiment but for the ravages of the cut-worm, which so destroyed it as to prevent us reporting on any of them.

Field No. 17. This field contains seventeen acres, seven and one half of which were planted with potatoes of eleven varieties. One row of each kind was planted on the north-west side of the field, the crop of which Mr. Zavitz will report to you. The balance was planted with two common varieties, and yielded one hundred and sixty-four bushels per acre. The balance was used as a pasture for sheep, being divided from potatoes by a portable fence, and in August was lightly ploughed and afterwards harrowed across with the Corbin disc harrow. About one-half of it was ploughed a second time by the students while receiving instruction.

Field No. 18. This field contains twenty acres, seven acres of which is woodland and natural pasture. The balance was this year sown with oats and pease, one and one-half bushels of each per acre. Tf u'rew a heavy crop of straw, but did not yield grain accord- ingly. It was ploughed this fall by the experimental department.

Field No. 19 contains thirty acres, and was sown with oats of two varieties, viz., New Zealand and early Calder. They were sown the same time and on the same pre- paration, yet the early Calder rusted considerably, while the New Zealand stood up with a bright stiff straw, but did not ripen for about nine days later than the other. The field was ploughed in October.

Field No. 20 is woodland and natural pasture, but as there is no water on it nor a division fence between it and No. 19, it is not at present of much value to the farm.

Field No. 21 contains twelve acres and is naturally a poor gravelly soil. Aa. opportunity occurred through the winter, manure was procured in the city and piled on.

119

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

this field, but the supply was insufficient. In the early part of July we carted and spread the mauure, plowing it in as quickly as possible, after which it was well harrowed and rolled. We next drilled it into very light driils 23 inches apart and sowed with rape one pound per acre on part of it and two pounds per acre en the other part. The part sown with one pound per acre was the best crop, growing stronger and not having so many dry leaves. According to your directions, I pu-chased forty-eight spring lambs, Cotswold and Oxford Down grades. These lambs were weighed separately, ear-numbered, and turned into the rape on the tenth day of October. Some rough troughs were made and a little oats put in each evening. For the first three weeks they scarcely ate one-half pint e.tch per day, but as the nights grew cold they gradually grew more fond of them. On the 1st of December, owing to stormy weather, they were taken into the sh^ep shed and fed hay and roots and a little oats. On the 10th of December they were again weighed, being exactly two months froiu date of first weigh- ing, when we found an increase in weight of 864 pounds, or an average gain of 18 pounds per lamb. They were purchased at a very small fraction, over $4 per cwt., or an average of §3.84f per head, and are now sold at $5.75 per cwt. live weight, but may not be taken away till March.

The implements purchased this year for farm use were principally to replace those lost in the fire of 1-888, and consisted of the following :

One threshing machine $280 00

One cutti ag h< >x

One grain chopper

One fanning mill .

One Corbin harrow

One mowing machine

One mowing machine

One root slicer

$508 00 The value of implements at present on hand is $1,719 00.

The live stock at present on hand consists of eight breeds of pure bred cattle, two breeds of pigs, rive breeds of sheep, working horses, and some grade cattle, grade sheep and grade pigs.

Horses :

9 working horses $1,110 00

1 general purpose horse 60 00

2 mares for express material and instruction work 450 00

50 00

SO 00

24 00

25 00

40 00

30 00

23 00

Total value of horses $1,620 00

Hereford* .

1 bull. 7 years old $ 100 00

1 heifer, 2 years calf 300 00

"Qalloways :

1 heifer, 2 years old 1 cow, 7 years old. . 1 bull calf

Al» '(ten Angus :

1 bull, 1 year old . . 1 cow, 8 years old . .

1 bull calf

1 heifer, 2 years old .

$

400 00

50 00

125 00

50 00

$

225 00

250 00

175 00

50 00

275 00

$

750 00

Ayr shires :

1 bull, 7 years old % 75 00

1 cow, 4 years old 60 00

$ 135 00 Devons :

1 bull, 7 years old $ 75 00

$ 75 00

120

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Holstcins :

1 cow, 8 vears old § 70 00

1 bull, 1 year old 30 00

$ 100 00

eraeyt

1 bull, 3 years old § 100 00

1 cow, G yean old 300 00

1 a > w, 5 vears old 180 00

1 heifer, 2 years old 215 00

1 heifer calf 00 00

§ 85500 rits :

1 bull, 2 years old § 600 00

1 cow, 3 years old 120 00

1 cow, 4 years old 120 00

I heifer, 2 years old 100 00

I heifer, 1 year old 100 00

1 heifer, 1 year old 75 00

1 cow and calf, 3 years old 400 00

10 steers, fat, (5 857.50

2 Shorthorn grade ate - .00 and $20.00

1 Shorthorn grade heifer, 1 year

1 Gallow grade steer, 2

1 do do do do

1 Angus grade calf

11 grade milch cows (S §40

1 Gallow grade calf

•§1,515 00

575 50

35 00

15 00

40 00

30 00

10 00

440 00

4 00

$1,148 00

Total value of cattle $5,204 00

Berkshire hoiis .

I boar, 1 year I

1 sow, H year

1 sow, '.t months

1 sow, 2 years

1 sow, 14 months, improved

1 sow, 14 mi mths

4 sows, 3 nn rathe

Imp ro ved Yo rksh i r

1 boar, 5 months 1 sow, 5 months

§243 00

Grade hogs :

i t m 00 §36 00

5 bows, 10 month 0 27 00

11 young pigs, C months, (3 §6.00 66 00

6 young pigs, 1 month, (g §2.00 6 00

14 young pigs, 3 months, (a, §2.50 35 00

§35 00

§170 00

Total value of swine $448 00

Oxford Down sheep :

4 ewes, 2 years § 100 00

I ram lamb. 10 00

4 ewe lambs (a §10 40 00

Shropshire Down i

7 ewes, 2 years, at §30 §210 00

1 ram, 2 vears, improved 140 00

3 ewe lambs (a §13.33£ 40 00

121

150 00

390 00

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Southdown shtip ■

6 ewes, 2 years, improv-pd, @ $30.00 $ 150 00

1 ram, 2 years, improved 100 00

1 ewe lamb 10 00

2 ram lambs @ $8.00 • 16 00

276 00 (Ktuwold sheep:

4 ewes, 2 years, (a $20.00 $ 80 00

1 ram lamb 40 00

1 ram lamb 8 00

Dorset sheep:

1 ram, 2 years $ 25 00

2 ewes, 2 years, at $20.00 40 00

tfradc sheep :

48 lambs for market $ 278 00

278 00

Total value of sheep $1,287 00

Total value of live stock in connection with farm proper $8,5900 00

128 00

o: 00

I have the honor to be, sir,

Your obedient servant.

J. E. STORT

EXPERIMENTAL DEPARTMENT.

To Prof. Thomas Shaw :

Sir, — I have the honor of herewith submitting, for your consideration, the report of the work conducted in the Experimental Department during the year 1889. All con elusions to be drawn from the experiments I shall leave for you to report upon as may seem best to your judgment. •

The work at which I am directly engaged at this Institution, and upon which I report to the different departments, may be represented under the following heads :

(1) Field plot and live stock experiments, Prof. Shaw's department.

(2) Chemical analyses, soil temperatures, and draiuage waters, Prof. James' department.

(3) Meteorological observations, Prof. Panton's department.

The past season has, on the whole, been a fairly favorable one for experimental work upon the field plots, as there was about 44 per cent, more rain during five months of this season than for the five corresponding months of the previous two years, as may be observed from the following statement :

Depths of Rain Fall.

1887.

1888.

1889.

Inches.

Inches.

Inches.

May

1.58

1.08

3.59

2.36

2.92

4.25

July

.61

2.21

2 67

2.71

2.16

1.92

1.52

1.55

1.04

Total

8.78

9.92

13.47/

122

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No.24 ). A. 1890

The seed grains imported by yourself last spring have all been tested upon the field plots during the past summer, with the exception of the fall wheats, which were sown this fall. The greater part of the grains were from Germany, Russia, France. Scotland, England and Sweden, while a few varieties came from Greece, Italy, Sicily, Hungary. Africa, Japan, Switzerland, and the United States.

No less than 237 varieties of cereals were imported, and the testing of these, along with a number of Canadian varieties, has required much very careful work. We have, nevertheless, conducted in addition to these a number of other experiments, the paiticulars of which will be given in the following pages.

Owing to the loss of the barns by fire in the autumn of 1888, only one experiment with live stock was conducted. There are six in progress during the present winter.

I wish, just here, to ask permission to give a very concise account of the objects, and the rise and development of experimental stations outside of Canada, as gleaned from Bulletin No. 1 of the United States Department of Agriculture, after which I shall endeavour to give an outline of the progress of experimental work in Canada.

Object of Experimental Stations.

" Farming is a perpetual trying of experiments with soils, manures and crops ; with cattle and cattle food ; with milk, butter and cheese ; with plows, harrows and harvesters y with an almost endless list of things. The most successful farmers — those who get the most out of their land, their cattle, their crops, their fertilisers, their implements, and their labor — are those who experiment themselves most industriously, most skilfully, and most intelligently, and who take the fullest advantage of the experiments of others. The best agriculture is that which, in old countries, on worn and inti actable soils, has learned by long continued and varied experiment to make the gain of farming sure. Within recent times farmers and men of science interested in farming have seen the advantages of using the resources of science to improve the practice of agriculture, and have established agricultural experiment stations.

•'The object of these stations is to experiment and to teach, to make a regular busi- ness of discovery for the use of farming, to promote agriculture by scientific investigation and experiment, and to diffuse as well as increase the knowledge, which improves farm practice and elevates farm life.

" Established for the benefit of agriculture, and hence of the community at large, the most of them connected with educational institutions, where experience shows their work is most successfully done, these stations seek answers to the questions which agricultural practice is asking as to the tillage of the soil ; the nature and action of manures ; the cul- ture of crops ; the food and nutrition of domestic animals, and of man ; the production of milk, butter and cheese ; the diseases of plants and animals; and, in general, whatever the agriculturist needs to know and experimental science can discover."

Rise and Development of the Stations.

" Nearly forty years ago, a company of farmers joined themselves together in the little village of Moechern, near the city, and under the influence of the University of Leipsic, called a chemist to their aid, and with later help from the government, organised the first agricultural experiment station.

" The seed thus sown has brought forth many fold. In 1856 there were five • in 1861, fifti en ; in 1866, thirty ; and to-day there are more than one hundred experimental stations and kindred institutions in the different countries of Europe. In each of these from one to ten or more investigators are engaged in the discovery of the laws that under- lie the practice of farming, and in finding how they are best applied.

" The first agricultural experiment station in America was established at Middletown, Conn., in the chemical laboratory of Wesleyan University of 1875. The example was speedily followed elsewhere. In 1880 four were in operation, and in 1887 there were

123

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

some seventeen of these institutions in fourteen States. In that year Congress made the enterprise national by an appropriation of .$15,000 per annum to each of the states and territories which have established agricultural colleges or agricultural departments of colleges. This has led to the establishment of new stations or the increased development of stations previously established under state authority, so that there are to-day forty-six, or, counting branch stations, fifty-seven agricultural experiment stations in the United States. Every state has at least one station, several have two, and one has three.

"These forty-six stations now employ over three hundred and seventy trained men in the prosecution of experimental enquiry. The appropriation by the United States Government for the fiscal year just closing, for them and for the office of experiment stations in the U. S. Department is $595,000 ; for the coming year it is $600,000. The several states appropriate about $1 25,000 in addition, making the sum total of about $720,000 given from public funds the present year for the support of agricultural experiment stations in the United States."

Agricultural Experiments in Canada.

One year previous to the first agricultural experiment station in the United States, was established the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph. It was not, however, until two years after the commencement of the College that actual work was performed in the Experimental Department, this being the year 1876. When the fifth year's work was being conducted at the above institution there were still but four other agricultural stations upon the American continent.

In the year 18S6 an Act of Parliament was passed by the Dominion Government, mak- ing provision for the establishment of five experimental farms throughout Canada, the prin- cipal one to be established at Ottawa, and to serve for both Ontario and Quebec ; the other four being located as follows : one in the Maritime Provinces, one in Manitoba, one in the North-west Territories, and one in British Columbia.

The farms have been purchased, and a superintendent engaged for each. Experi- mental work was commenced on the Central Farm in 1886, and upon the others about two years later. No pains are being spared in making these experimental centres an honour to Canada. There is truly a great work before these institutions, and we wish them every success in their laudable undertakings.

The fourteenth year of work in the Experimental Department of the Ontario Agri- cultural College has just closed. Did space allow, a review of the many scientific and practical experiments and investigations both in the field plots and with live stock would be interesting and no doubt highly instructive. It must suffice, however, to give herein a very brief review of the development of the work from its commencement.

In 1876 there were 40 field plots; in 1885, 170; and in 1889, 464. In 1885 23 acres were devoted to experiments, and during the present year about 58 acres have been used for similar work. The live-stock tests which have been conducted since 1886 have much increased in both number and complexity, there being five distinct experiments going on at the present time.

Chemical analyses were commenced during the year 1883, and since that date the new laboratory has been erected, and the conveniences greatly increased for this very important branch of the station's work. All the waters, milks, soils, fertilisers, roots, -Qf rains and plants have been analysed so far as time could be secured for this.

When the Professor of Dairying was appointed, the dairy experiments were put under his direct supervision ; the creamery was continued, a silo erected, and numerous experiments with corn and dairy stock conducted.

Not only has there been a direct line of experimental work carried on at the College for the past fourteen years, but we are proud to say that there is a noble work being per- formed over this Province by members of the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union — an association of O. A. C. ex-students, students, and professors. Grains and fertilisers, with full instructions as to conducting the experiments, have been sent out

124

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 189

from the College for the past four years. In 188G there were twelve members engaged in the work ; in 1887, sixty ; and in 1888, about one hundred, beside- others, who are conducting experiments in horticulture and in bee-keeping. Results of the tests for 1889 are now being received at the College, and reports on field plots, live-stock, horticulture, dairy and bee-keeping experiments will be presented at the next meeting of the Union, to be held at the College. From the increased enthusiasm by which members of the Union have taken hold of the work, and by the encouraging remarks received from experiment stations of the United States on the reports, we feel that the active part taken by the Experimental Department of the College for the advancement of this field of labour has been work accomplished in the right direction.

Testing of Cereals.

The imported and Canadian cereals tested during the pa3t year may be divided under the following heads: — Barley, 56 varieties ; Pease, 16; Spring Wheats, 92 ; Oats, 92.

There is we consider no better way to present the details of experimental work of this nature than by tables. Oar aim has been to so tabulate the results that full infor- mation regarding each cereal can be obtained at a glance at the horizontal lines, and the comparative merits obtained ea-ily by examination of the perpendicular columns.

The size of the plot used in all these tests was ro5 of an acre, a clean path was left- around exch plot. The seed was sown broadcast, and the crop all cradled by the same person. The soil on which the grains were grown has received no manure for the past four years. All the barleys and pease were grown in the old experimental field, and the spring wheats and oats in the field which was partly divided off into plots in the fall of 1886.

Besides having a plot of each variety, two hundred grains of each were counted out and planted carefully in a row two rods long, thus making about three hundred rows with two hundred seeds planted in each. This plan allowed us to get the grain all on u inform soil, and hence under better control. The plants were afterwards counted, to- find the germination of the seeds from a practical standpoint.

The following tables give in detail the results of the tests with different varieties of cereals.

125

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

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Sessional Papers (No. 24).

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53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. *24).

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53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Application of Salt with Oats on Four Kinds of Soil.

About six years ago a plot was formed in the central part of the experimental field for the purpose of testing four kinds of soil under as near the same conditions as could be obtained. The whole plot is eight rods long by two rods wide, and is divided into four portions, each being two rods square. The soil is well supplied with tile drains. One end of the plot is a natural muck. The surface soil of the two central plots was removed to a depth of two feet and then one was filled with clay of a rather heavy nature and the other with marl intermixed with loam, while the remaining portion, being naturally a good clay loam, was left untouched.

In the spring of 1888, each portion was divided into two equal parts, and boards placed edgeways in the ground at the division and extended from one end of the plot to the other.

The accompanying diagram will illustrate the position of the soils and the divisions:

SALT.

SALT.

SALT.

SALT.

<

<

O

<

NO SALT.

NO SALT.

NO SALT.

NO SALT.

The treatment of the plot throughout was similar until the spring of 1888, when salt was applied at the rate of 400 lb. per acre on the soils of one side of the division through the centre, while the remaining half of each soil was left without salt. Barley was sown upon the whole plot and results presented in the College Report of 1888. In the spring of the present year salt was again applied at the rate of 400 lb. per acre upon the same portions as last year and oats sown over the whole plot.

The following table shows the yields of the present year and those of 1888 :

Yields of Barley and of Oats upon Four Kinds of Soil with and without Salt.

1888. Yield of Barley.

1889. Yield of Oats.

Yield of Grain Per Acre.

Yariety of Soil.

Date of maturity

Grain

per plot.

Straw per plot.

Grain per plot.

Straw per plot.

Barley. 1888.

Oats. 1889.

(Salt

(. No salt

("Salt ...

Marl <

\ No salt

(Salt

€lay \

(Salt

i August . 1 ft.

20 j 21}

20 21

22 11}

24 | 10J

22 ' 16|

23 1 12}

1

24 l

ft. 23|

m

36} 3H 15} 17! 15} 20

ft.

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22}

16}

15i

20i

17£

ft.

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50

68}

41

57i

45

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35

18|

174

28

20i

18!

lis

Bush.

55* 52^ 38} 36i

48}:

Muck <

\ No salt

23

7

136

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. IMC

Barley Yields from Different Dates of Seeding.

For this experiment three varieties of barley were sown, at three different periods, upon plots one-fiftieth of an acre in size. The soil was a clay loam and had not received any manure for the past four years. Owing to the exceedingly wet weather during the latter part of May and the commencement of June the last seeding took place at a later date than was intended. The seed of the common six-rowed variety was from Ontario, while that of the other two was imported from England.

Barley Yields at Different Dates of Seeding.

"Varieties.

Common 6-rowed Peerless White . . Golden Drop . . .

Grain Per Plot.

Yield Per Acre

Seeded

Seeded

Seeded j

Seeded

Seeded

Seeded

April 15.

May 5.

June 7.

April 15.

May 5.

June 7.

It).

tb

tb.

Bush.

Bush.

Push.

42.5

19.5

4.0

44.3

20.3

4.2

18.0

5.0

3.5

18.8

5.2

3.6

27.5

6.0

5.0

28.6

6.3

5.2

Varieties of Potatoes.

Small quantities of nine varieties of potatoes were received by us from Steele Bros., Toronto. It was late when the seed reached us, and could we have planted them earlier the yield would no doubt have been considerably greater, but the test is nevertheless valuable as a comparison of the different varieties. In each hill was planted a section of a potato containing a single eye, and there were forty hills of each variety. The soil in which the potatoes were planted was quite uniform throughout, and the care and cultiva- tion similar for all the varieties. The Late Rose and White Elephant, two well-known varieties, were used as a basis for comparison.

Varieties.

Crop of Potatoes.

Remarks.

Number.

Weight.

Rough Diamond . . Lady's Finger

Rural, No. 2

97 50

95 81 56 96 84 108 81 91 86

lb. oz.

5 14A 2 9i

6 11 16 13A

8 Hi 13 4&

11 2A,

8 12

9 6i 13 Hi

12 HA

Small, round, rough skinned.

Very small, long and slender, with deep eyes.

Some fair size, smooth, and shallow eyes.

Some large size, eyes medium depth, fairly smooth.

Uniform, roundish, and smooth.

Mostly fair size, medium length and good shape.

Fair size, long, smooth, shallow eyes, and good Bhape.

Small, round, deep eyes.

Medium size, rather uneven, deep eyes and roundish Bhape.

Part large, somewhat scabby, good shape.

Some large, rather uneven, fairly smooth.

Sweet St. Vernal. .

White Elephant..

137

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Rotation of Crops.

In the year 1883 Prof. Brown commenced an experiment to compare the relative advantages of two rotations of crops, each extending over a period of seven years. The main feature of comparison in the rotations was roots followed by spring grain versus bare fallow followed by fall wheat.

There were two plots, each one-tenth of an acre in size and consisting of clay loam. The plots were situated near the centre of Experiment Field No. 1. In commencing the test the root plot received farm-yard manure at the rate of twenty loads per acre, which was plowed under on May 15th, and the fallow plot received the same quantity of manure on the 24th of July.

With the present year the rotation has closed, and I herewith present a concise statement of the resnlts. I am responsible for the correct returns of the last four years of the rotations, previous to which time I did not have charge of the experiments, but have given the results as fully as research could unfold.

Year. 1 =«

Jl

1883.

1884.

Crops.

A Roots

BiBare fallow.

A Spring Wheat

| and Grass Seed.

B Winter Wheat

and Grass Seed.

iaoK /A1 Hay 1886> \ B Hay

1886. | g

1887. {

1888.

1889.

Returns.

Per Plot.

Per Acre.

22.8 1b . 152.4 1b.

Hay 7711b 3.86 tons (green).

Hay 10711b 5.36 tons (green).

3.8 bush. 25.4 bush.

Pasture 'Pasture

Pasture Pasture

Pease Pease

Oats . Oats .

Pasture Pasture

Remarks.

Nothing in the records except the words "light yield."

Nothing in back notes to show the yield of hay for 1885.

The clover was weighed immediately after being cut.

Put hurdle fence around plots and pastured by sheep ; no difference between the pasture on the plots.

/Straw 1501b . . Straw .75 ton The pease grown were the common

LGrainllDlb . I Straw 162 lb . . I Grain 154 lb . .

I Straw 388 lb . . Grain 194 lb

Grain 19. 8 bush Straw . 81 ton . . . Grain 25.8 bush. .

Straw 1.94 ton . . Grain 57.90 bush.

/Straw 406 lb . . Straw 2.03 ton I, Grain 182 lb . . Grain 53.5 bush

Golden Vine.

No difference could be observed in the date of maturing.

Experiments on the Farm.

Not only were there experiments conducted on the small experimental plots, but a number of larger tests were made in the fields of the farm. Part of the work of these farm experiments, such as harvesting the grain and grass plots, and the seeding, cultiva- tion and harvesting of the mangolds and carrots, was done by Mr. Story, the farm fore- man, while the measuring of the land, sowing of the grain, cultivation of the paths, and oversight in weighing came in my department. This line of work has compelled us to secure extra help both for the farm and experimental departments, but we think it very wise on your part for requesting this important line of work to be done. These numerous tests have caused no small amount of anxious thought on the part of Mr. Story, but I wish to make mention just here of the great carefulness used by him in that part of the work under his supervision. He has certainly taken much interest in the work, and it is as these departments work most harmoniously together that the greatest good can be done for the farmers of Ontario. .

138

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

We have had some failures this year, and there are some experiments on which I cannot yet report owing to the crops not yet being threshed. Ten acre plots contain- ing different varieties of Canadian oats, and nine acre plots with mixtures of grains, were destroyed by the cut-worm as far as the experiment goes, although there was a medium crop taken from the land. Four acre plots with different varieties of bailey, and three acre plots with different kinds of spring wheat have not yet been threshed as will be ex- plained no doubt by Mr. Story. An experiment was conducted with different quantities of ashes to the acre upon clover, but the season was somewhat advanced when they were applied and the amount of rainfall made a tremendous growth of clover. The effects of the ashes could not be seen this year, but may have an influence upon next year's yield.

The experiments with potatoes, mangels and carrots gave the following results :

Varieties of Potatoes.

>>

9

Variety.

Notes taken July 2.

Notes taken August 27.

i

o

u o

5,

a

3

u a O,

2 13

> 6

Thriftiness.

Blossoming.

Quantity

of blossoms .

Condition

of

tops.

Ripeness

of

tops.

1 2 3

4 5 6

Dakota Red

Rural Blush

Halton's Seedling.

Crown Jewel

Beauty of Hebron. White Elephant . .

Medium

Good

Medium

Good

Medium

Early

Early

Medium

Medium

Medium

Numerous. . Medium .... Numerous . . Numerous . .

Medium

Medium. . . . Medium

Thick and spreading.

Strong but

Strong and tall

Short and low lying .

Short and low lying.

Short and low lying..

Medium growth.. . .

Partly dead.

Partly dead. Partly dead. Partly dead.

Partly dead.

Earliest of all

Early

Turning slightly .

lb.

418

485

469

472

538

401

388J

349

401 430

396i

bush.

271

314.4

304.1

306.0

348.8

7 8 9

Medium ....

Good

Good. Good

260.0 259.9 226.3

10 11

Medium

Medium. . . .

Heavy tops. Heavy tops.

260.0 278.8

257.0

Varieties of Mangels.

Variety,

Giant Yellow Globe

Carter's Ward Orange Globe

Long Yellow

Red Globe

Central German Sugar Beet.

Red Mangolds

Red Tankard

Mammoth Red Intermediate

Yield per acre.

Bush.

644.3 580.1 537.4 506 , 8 294.1 431.9 301.4 554. i

139

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Varieties of Carrots.

Variety.

Weight per row

White Belgian

Long Red Surrey

Orange Belgian . . . . Scarlet Intermediate . . Long Red Altringham Large White Vosges. .

Yield ppr acre.

Bush.

403.6 450.3 434.1 490.0 303.7 700.7

Cultivation of Rape.

Of the cultivation of rape for pasturing off by Jambs is becoming a feature of no mean importance in Ontario farming. To obtain, if possible, some accurate information regarding the cultivation of this crop, an experiment was conducted during the past season. The results are given in the following table : —

ts.

Manner of seeding.

Condition of soil.

Distance apart of rows.

Rate of seed per acre.

Weight of crop per plot.

Weight

of crop

per acre.

No. 1.

Drills

Drills

Drills

22 inches

4 lbs . . ,

lb.

1,808 1,310 1,420 1,668 1,468 1,730

Tons. 18 08

No. II.

4 lbs

13.10

No. III.

i lb

4 lbs

14 20

No. IV

Drills

Broadcast

Broadcast

Ridges

16.68

No. V. No. VI .

Level

ilb

8 lbs

14.68 17.30

Numbers I and II plots were under as near the same conditions as was possible to have them, except that .No. II was ridged up to a medium height with a plow, No. 1, being left entirely level. Of the rape on the two plots, that on No. I was taller, larger, and a more thrifty growth throughout. The plants on No. Ill plot were thinly scattered over the ground but grew to a very large size, the leaves, over nearly the whole plot touching their edges. On No. IV plot, the ridges were smaller and closer together. There was a very great difference between the size and nature of the plant on Nos. V and VI plots ; those on the former being large and very succulent and tender, and con- sequently well adapted for pasturing by lambs, while those on the other plot were smalL and of woody nature.

The cultivation of the drilled plots was precisely the same throughout. Much care was taken at the time of sowing to have the seed evenly distributed over each plot, and no thinning of plants took place. The crop was all pulled by hand, and weighed immediately afterwards.

Experiment in Pig-feeding.

During the eai'lier part of the present year an experiment in pig-feeding was conducted to determine whether or not, there was any advantage in heating food for pigs during the cold winter weather. The test extended over the time from January 14th to April 14th. There were two sets of pigs in the same experiment, and each set was divided into two lots. There were two animals in the first set, and the test lasted for three periods of thirty days each. In number two set there were six animals — three in each lot — and these were fed for two periods of thirty days each. The pigs of set one were Berkshire grades, about five months old at commencement of experiment -7 those of set two were from a Berkshire sow and Suffolk boar, and had reached the age of about six months.

140

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

The feed consisted of swill (apple peelings, potato peelings, etc., from College) and wheat middlings. Part of the feed at each meal was warmed to a temperature of about 80° F., and part was given the animals when cold at a temperature of about 40' F. At the end of each period the feed was chanqed, the pigs receiving cold feed for one period would have the warm during the following period and vicn versa.

The following shows the details of each part of the experiment : —

Pig-feeding Experiment — Set I.

Weight

Weight

Quantity

of

oi

Name

Conditon

Quantity

of

Pig on

Pig on

in

Period.

Date.

of

of

of

wlieat

entering

clusiug

live

animal.

feed.

swill fed.

middlings fed.

each period.

each period.

weight.

lb.

IT..

lb.

January 14

Spot

Warm

L50

73

1S1

220

39

I.

to

February 13.

Black

Cold

150

73

183

212

29

II

February 13

to

March 15.

Spot . Black

Cold . . Warm

126

150

90 90

220 212

271 243

51 31

III.

March 15

to

April 14.

iSpot Warm .. .

iBlack iCold ....

150 150

90 90

271 243

299 264

28 21

PlG-KEEDING EXPERIMENT SET II.

. Date.

o

1

2*

Number ••! ani- mals.

Condition of

feed.

c -6

£'£

— r.

- —

- -

Sjg.5 y

lb.

f

168 <

168 <j I

Name of Animal. B barrow ....

Weight of pig on entering each period.

Weight of pig at close of each period.

Increase in live weight of each animal.

Increase in live weight of each group.

Feb 13

3 3

Warm .. . . Cold .

lb.

324 324

lb.

114 122 114

105 132 104

lb.

150 163 146

140 171 140

lb.

36 41 32

35 39 36

lb. - 10!*

I. 1 to

"j

Y barrow

J- 110

II.

March 15

to April 14.

3 Cold

Warm ,

324

324

168 >

A sow . . . B barrow C sow . . .

( X sow .. .

168s |Y barrow.

V JZ sow. . . .

150

176

26 1

163

217

54

146

173

27

140

190

50

171

201

30

140

186

46

141

107

126

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24;. A. 1890

T/ie pig experiment may be thus summarised :

Set I. — Warm feed gave live "weight increase of 98 pounds ; cold feed gave live weight increase of 101 pounds.

Set II. — Warm feed gave live weight increase of 235 pounds ; cold feed gave live weight iLcrease of 217 pounds.

From both of these taken together we find that there was an increase of 15 pounds in favor of the warm feed.

The animals had a sleeker coat and looked more thrifty when fed upon waim d

It is expected that the experiment will be condncted again during the winter of 1889-90.

Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union.

The experimental work here at the College is most intimately connected with the work carried on over the province by members of the Ontario Agricultural and Experi- mental Union. The formation and work of this association was spoken of at some length in the earlier part of my report. The instructions and material for the plot experiments are all sent from here, and the reports, after being completed, are again returned to the College ; but some do not reach here until after the College Report has been completed for the year.

The full number of the Union experiments with grains and fertilisers have been con- ducted at this institution, and I shall now give, first, the instructions sent out to experi- menters, and a summary of those grain tests as reported at the Union meeting of 1889, and which are near enough alike in charac;er to allow an average to be taken, and second, the results of the Union tests of 1889, as conducted at this institution.

Summary of the Experimental Union Tests for 1888.

Instructions for Experiments wth Fertilisers.

1st. Select a piece of ground of same nature throughout, under same conditions, and representative, as far as possible, of the land of the neighborhood. Avoid naturally wet spots, and keep clear of trees, fences and buildings. Give cultivation to experi- mental plots similar to that of your larger fields. If you can choose your plots in such a position as to allow them to remain for experiment another year, so much the better.

2nd. Mark off six plots of one-fortieth of an acre each, having clean path of two feet wide between the plots. Two rods square is a convenient shape.

3rd. Submit all plots to same treatment, and sow one-sixth of grain sent on each. Aim at seeding one inch deep.

4th. Apply the salt sent to plot No. I, the superphosphate to No. II, the ground apatite to No. Ill, wood ashes to No. IV, farmyard manure ^to No. V, and no manure to No. VI. The fertilisers to be sown at time of seeding.

5th. Keep plots at all times clear from trespassing by poultry, etc.

6th. Each experimenter is allowed to use his own judgment in reference to the quantity of barnyard manure applied.

7th. It is requested that No. V. plot be sown with 10 Bb. fresh wood ashes, used same as the other fertilisers, as no Kainit can be obtained in Canada.

We have sent by express to those experimenting, expressage prepaid, one of the following lots of grain for six plots : — 181b. White Russian wheat; 18 B). Red Fife wheat; 11^ lb. Egyptian oats; 11^ Bb. White Cluster oats, or 12| lb. common six- rowed barley. Also 10 Bb. salt for plot No. I., 10 Bb. superphosphate for plot No. II., and 10 Bb. apatite for plot No. III. The produce from the plots becomes the property of the experimenter.

142

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

Make out reports of experimental plots and meteorological observations as full and careful as you can, and forward to Mr. C. A. Zavitz, O. A. C, Guelph, not later than 1st November.

Note. — To those who carried on somewhat similar experiments last season, on live plots, and two years ago on four plots, we send additional grain to be sown on the same plots. The object is to test the influence of the fertilisers over two and three seasons. Report in the same manner as for the new plots.

Optional Experiments.

If you can furnish us any accurate information as to the results obtained by any others in your neighborhood with the same fertilisers, we shall be glad to receive it. As for your own work, the success of the experiment and your own reputation demand care- fulness, accuracy, and a little sacrifice.

In addition to, or entirely independent of the above general experiments, we are looking for some individual work. We wish every experimenter to send in an accurate statement in regard to some one or more of the following experiments : —

(1) Testing some imported cereals.

(2) Testing if chess sown will mature to seed.

(3) Testing whether plowing under barnyard manure or leaving as top-dressing is the best *

(4) Testing a mixture of grass seeds for use as a permanent pasture.

(5) Any experiment you are in a position to cany out, but which is not mentioned in the above.

The price of the superphosphate used was 826 per ton, and that of the ground apatite or phosphate 612 per ton. Both were obtained from Smith's Falls. The same class of fertilisers was used in 1888 as during 1887, the latter giving the following analyses :

I. Apatite. II. Superphosphate.

Water 016 per cent. 5.885 per cent.

Soluble phosphoric acid " 10.489 "

Reverted " " 5.808 "

Insoluble " " 27.848 " 1.318

27.848 per cent. 17.015 per cent.

The analysis of salt showed the following

Sodium chloride, pure salt 89.42 per cent.

Calcium sulphate— gypsum 1.45

Calcium chloride 0.11

Magnesium chloride 2.01

[nsoluble matter 0.1N

Water 6.75

99.92 per cent.

An analysis of an average sample of fresh wood ashes gave the following :

Water 2.07 per cent.

Insoluble matter 7.68 "

Potash 7.15

Phosphoric acid 1.89 "

Lime 37.33

Magnesia .-S.02 "

Iron and alumina 1.53 "

60.67 per cent.

From the returns received by the committee for 1888, forty-five valuable reports are obtained. Owing to various circumstances, such as the dry season and misfortunes of various kinds, a number of those who undertook the work were unable to send satisfac- tory reports. The reports forwarded to the committee were carefully read, and only those retained which were considered to be reliable and valuable.

143

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Avekage Results of "Union" Experiments with Grains and Fertilisers during 1888.

Fertilisers per acre.

Weight per acre in lb.

Straw.

Salt

Superphosphate . . Ground apatite . . Fresh wood ashes . Farmyard manure No manure

.400 lb.

.400 "

.400 "

.400 "

2,557 2,481 2,410 2,300 2,706 2,480

Grain.

1,427 1,487 1,428 1,298 1,576 1,294

Weight of

grain per bush.

39.6 39.6 39.6

39.1 38.7 38.7

Jin a. .'La c4

Salt

Superphosphate . . Ground apatite. . . I1 resh wood ashes . Farmyard manure No manure

.400 lb.

.400 "

.400 "

.400 "

2,064 1,979 1,711 1,912 1,946 1,806

1,168 1,204 1,013 1,076 1,119 983

37.0 37.3 36.8 37.4 37.7 37.1

Q V

? £2

s - 3

o <i a

a s 3 2

Salt

Superphosphate . . Ground apatite . . . Fresh wood ashes. Farmyard manure No manure

.400 lb.

.400 "

.400 "

.400 "

2,394 2.377 2,220 2,221

2,406 2,087

1,758 1,769 1,656 1,588 1,698 1,512

49.3 50.0 49.1 48.5 49.2 48.5

" SIT1

o »3

Salt

Superphosphate . . Ground apatite. . . Fi'esh wood ashes . Farmyard manure No manure

.400 lb.

.400 "

.400 "

.400 "

Salt

Superphosphate . . Ground apatite . . . Fresh wood ashes Farmyard manure No manure

.400 lb.

.400 "

.400 "

.400 "

1,371 1,565 1,495 1,580 1,755 1,580

2,221 2,189 2,032 2,073 2,272 2,053

916 992 868 952 1,108 896

1,393.2 1,432.0 1,307.6 1,274.4 1,412.8 1,221.6

61.1 60.3 62.0 59.1 58.9 58.5

44.9 45.0 44.9 43.9 44.2 44.0

Horticultural Experiments.

A synopsis is presented below of the reports upon experiments in potato culture showing in a concise way the results obtained by the different persons who undertook the work. These experiments will be continued for a series of years, until sufficient data is obtained from which a fair conclusion may be deducted. The following circular was sent to experimenters ; together with a blank form for report :

Dear Sir,— It has been decided by the Horticultural Committee of the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union to carry on the following experiments with potatoes. We shall be pleased if you will conduct these experiments and report results. No. 1. Planting large whole potatoes.

" 2. " small uncut potatoes.

"3. " small potatoes, all eyes cut out except one.

"4. " medium potatoes cut in two.

"5. " " " fresh cut two eyes.

" 6. " " " old cut (five days) two eyes.

"7. " " " cut, with one eye.

"8. " " " seed ends.

Nos. 1 and 2 to be planted 12 inches apart in rows. Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, planted eight inches apart ia rows. Plant that variety which does best with you. Potatoes, to be planted on eight adjoining rows. Where land is uniform, give same manure and cultivation as rest of field. Each row to be seven rods long. In digging, be careful to weigh accurately and forward results to N. J. Clinton, Windsor, Ont.

144

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Result of Experiments in Potato Culture.

Experimenters, i Variety of Potato.

E. Lick

E. M. Zavitz . .

•J. Kitchen

G. B. Boyce

N. J. Clinton. . .

O. F. Marsh

A. G. McKenzic. Wm. Ratcliffe . . R. Harcourt . . . J. McMillan .... -Jas. Forsyth ...

J. Soule j Late Hebron

-J. French Grangers

J. F. Peacock I

White Elephant . . .

do

do

do Early Rose

do

• do

White Star

do

Beauty of Hebron . .

do

Average yield, one row (7 rods

Average seed used per acre . .

Average yield per acre

Net yield per acre (less seed)

No. 1 gave the largest yield ten times, No. 4 twice and Nos. 2, 3 and 5 once each. In point of quality No. 5 stood 6rst, No. 7 second, No. 6 third, No. 4 fourth, No. 2 fifth, No. 1 sixth, No. 3 seventh, and No. 8 eighth. In point of yield per acre, after deducting the quantity required for seed, No. 4 ranked first. No. 1 second, No. 3 third, No. 2 fourth, No. 5 fifth, No. 8 sixth, No. 6 seventh, and No. 7 eighth. A majority of the experi- menters cut the potatoes for planting with two eyes to the piece, and nearly all of them plowed in every third furrow, dragging the ground just as the tops peeped through, then •cultivated well and hilled up with a hiller or cultivator.

Union Experiments of 1889.

I. A continuation of the experiments of 1888 (salt, superphosphate, ground apatite, fresh wood ashes, farmyard manure and no manure), with grain on the same plots ■without further application of fertilisers.

II. A test of superphosphate, dried blood and scrap, farmyard manure and no manure, with oats.

III. A comparison of different systems of raising fodder corn.

IV. A trial of Kaffir corn growing in Ontario.

10 (A.C.)

145

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Experiment No. I.

Instructions same as those given for 1888, the fertilisers being applied in the

spring of 1S87.

c .2**

Date of maturing.

Yield of grain.

Yield of straw.

o

Fertilisers.

£

-4J

o

5

<

Spring Wheat.

July.

Barley. July.

Oats. Aug.

Spring Wheat.

lb.

Barley, lb.

Oats, lb.

Barley, lb.

Oats.

lb.

lb.

i.

Salt

10

27

2S

11

14.4

58.5

56.8

53.5

42.8

ii.

Superphosphate. .

10

27

28

13

13.9

43.5 '

76.2

43.0

37.8

in.

Ground Apatite..

10

26

28

I1

13.1

55.5

70.2

52.0

39.3

i

Aug.

IV.

Farmyard manure

700

26

3

15

16.5

54.7

100.7

61.3

49.3

v

26

3

14

16.5

52.2

74.2

56.8

45.8

Note. Size of plot in each place was one-fortieth of an acre. The date of seeding on each plot was

for spring' wheat, April 22, 1887, for barley, April 26, 1888, and for oats, April 22, 1889.

EXPERIMENT No. IT.

Instructions.

(1) Select a piece of ground of same nature throughout, under same conditions and representative as far as possible of the land of the neighborhood. Avoid naturally wet spots, and keep clear of trees, fences and buildings. Give cultivation to experimental plots similar to that of your larger fields. An advantage would be gained if the plots could be chosen in such a position that they could remain for experiments another year.

(2) Mark off four plots of one-fortieth of an acre each, leaving a clean path two feet wide between the plots. Two rods square is a convenient shape.

(3) Submit all plots to same treatment, and sow one-fourth of grain sent on each. Aim at seeding one inch deep.

(4) Apply the superphosphate sent to plot No. I ; the dried blood and scrap sent to No. II ; farmyard manure to No. .1 II, and leave No. IV without any manure. The fertilizers to be sown at the time of seeding.

(5) Keep plots at all times clear from trespassing by poultry, etc.

(6) Aim at applying 700 lb. farmyard manure on No. 3 plot (14 tons per acre).

(7) If it is your wish to carry on this experiment, please inform the Secretary, naming your nearest express office, and there will be sent to you, expressage prepaid, 1\

lb oats ; 10 lb. superphosphate for plot No. I, and 10 lb, of dried blood

and scrap for plot No. II.

Note. — The superphosphate was obtained at Smith's Falls and cost $26 per ton, and the dried blood and scrap (manufactured from pork factory refuse) was procured from Hamilton and sells for $40 per ton.

146

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

No. OF Plot.

Fertilisers.

When

Weight of

Remarks.

Sown

Matur'd

Aug.

11

12

15

13

Straw

( rrtun

I.

II.

III.

IV.

Superphosphate, 10 lbs. per plot (400 lbs. per acre).

Dried blood or scrap, 10 lbs. per plot (400 lbs. per acre).

Farmyard manure, 700 lbs. per plot (14 tons per acre).

No manure.

April 22

22

22

22

lb. 100J

116$

122|

lb. 594,

56$

50£

About § of plot lodged.

About k of plot

lodged.

About i of plot lodged.

About ^ of plot lodged.

Remarks on nature of soil, previous cropping, etc. — The plots were situated on experimental field No. 2, the soil consisting ot' a clay loam. The previous cropping was : 1886, fallow, with manure in autumn; 1887, spring wheat, and 1888, oats. The farm- yard manure was applied as a top dressing after seeding in the spring of 1889, and the superphosphate and dried blood and scrap were sawn upon their respective plots at the same time.

the

EXPERIMENT No. III. Instructions.

(1) Select a piece of ground of same nature throughout, under same conditions, and representative as far as possible of the land of the neighborhood. Avoid naturally wet spots, and keep clear of trees, fences and buildings. Prepare the ground as you would a large field for the same crop.

(2) Mark out four plots of one-tenth of an acre each, allowing a clean path between plots. Four rods square is a convenient shape for each plot.

(3) Sow the same kind of corn (M. S. S. Corn) on each plot as follows : —

No. I plot — Drills of equal distance apart (as near 3£ feet as possible)

with seed averaging two grains to the foot. No. II plot — Drills of same distance apart as No. 1, with seed averaging

twelve grains to the foot. No. Ill plot — Broadcast or close drills with seed averaging one-half bushel

per acre (2.8 lb. per plot). No. IV plot — Same as No. Ill with seed averaging three bushels per acre

(16.8 lb. per plot).

(4) Aim at having the seeding all done in one day, and not later than 15th day of June. Note — Shallow planting for early seeding, and deeper planting if late enough for soil to be warm.

(5) Give plots I and II the same amount of after cultivation, as often as you think they need it, but avoid mounding the rows ; shallow cultivation is preferred.

(6) Purchase 40 lbs. of M. S. S. Corn from your seedsman and send the account to the Secretary, C. A. Zavitz, as early as possible, and the money will be sent you until the limited funds of the Committee are exhausted. This will save much unnecessary expense of expressage. If you cannot obtain the corn apply to the Secretary, mentioning your express office, and it will be forwarded to you.

(7) Cut each crop at the time when its condition corresponds to the roasting condi- tion of field corn, or when in the glazed state.

(8) Weigh produce from the plots when under as equal conditions as possible. Note — If you can observe the comparative results from the feeding of the different lots please send information under the head of " Remarks " in blank form.

(9) Fill out the accompanying blank form and return.

147

-33 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

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148

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

GRAIN EXHIBIT.

At your request an exhibit of the grains grown upon the experimental plots during the present year, was shown at both the " Provincial " exhibition at London and the I Industrial " exhibition at Toronto. The samples of grain for this exhibit were taken from single rows, put in for that purpose, so as not to destroy in any way the exact record of the plot yields. We were much pushed for time when collecting and preparing the samples, it being the period of the year in which we were cutting and threshing our plot ex- periments ; but we firmly believe that much good resulted from making this exhibit and we would further suggest that an exhibit be taken another year to many of the other leading exhibitions in Ontario.

At the "Provincial " in London, our exhibit extended for a distance of forty-five f et along one side of the building, and reached from the floor to the ceiling. It consisted of six rows of glass jars along the front, containing different varieties of imported cereals, and upon the wall was arranged the grain in the head as grown by the Experimental Department during the present year from the imported seed. At one end was arranged a number of varieties of ensilage corn from the dairy department. At your request and at the wish of many others, a photograph of the display was taken.

At the " Industrial " in Toronto we had not as good a place in which to arrange the materials, the glass jars all being on shelves at one end, and the whole exhibit extending sixty feet in length. We were unable to get all the grains upon the limited wall space, but on the wThole, the exhibit looked fairly well.

At both the " Provincial '"' and " Industrial " exhibitions we had large notices up con- taining the following : " Information given here regarding the course of study given at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph." I was usually kept busy answering questions, about the different varieties of grains, and giving information regarding the advantages of tha college course for a farmer's son.

CONCLUSION.

The experimental work is rapidly increasing, there being at present eight times a% many plots as there were when I took charge in 1886 : and my duties during the past year have certainly been heavy. It is only as a person becomes actively engaged in the details of experimental work that he realises the immense amount of care and watchful- ness needed in the seeding, labelling, note-taking, harvesting, threshing, weighing, etc . of more than 300 plots of grain ; in the planting, cultivation, and harvesting of such crops as potatoes, fodder corn, rape, etc., in the collecting, preparing, and arrang- ing of some 250 varieties of grain in the head for the Ontario exhibitions ; and in all the many requirements of experimental work.

I think we can look upon the year 1889 as a fairly successful one in bringing forth, valuable information for the Oatario farmer for whose interest we are laboring.

Respectfully submitted,

C. A. ZAVITZ,

149

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

EXPERIMENT NO. IV.

Instructions and also Description of the Kaffir Corn.

From the Southern States, where this corn is extensively grown, we obtain the following information :

It stands dry weather well. Where corn will suffer from drouth this plant will simply stop and wait for rain, and then go on and make its full yield. In the way of dry fodder it makes enormous returns. It will grow on any land suitable for corn and even on land too poor for that crop. Its seed weighs 50 lb. to the bushel.

This one (Kaffir corn) is the earliest of the five varieties of non-saccharine sorghums It grows from four to five feet high, making a straight upright growth, having a stocky stem with numerous wide leaves. The stalks keep green and are brittle and juicy, not hardening like other samples of the sorghum, making excellent fodder either green or dried, which is highly relished by cattle and horses. The seed heads form at the top of sach stalk and as soon as these show the grain well the joints next below the top send up shoots which yield the second seed heads. If the crop is wanted mainly for fodder it is recommended to cut down the whole stock when the first seed heads come into bloom, at which stage it cures admirably and makes most excellent forage.

The pound of seed sent to you is sufficient to plant one quarter of an acre of ground. The first week in June is recommended as the best time for planting. The land need not be very rich, but should receive similar cultivation to that for an ordinary corn crop. The rows should be three feet apart with from three to four seeds per foot. The culti- vatings or hoeings between the rows should be the same as for common corn. The proper time to cut the fodder is when the first seed heads come into bloom.

Name of fodder-

When* planted.

Kaffir Corn.

June 11.

Distance apart of rows.

3 feet.

Average depth of planting.

1 inch.

Dates of cultivatings or Hoeings.

Horse cultivatings July 9, 23, August 15.

Hand hoeings July 9, 23.

Depth of cultivation.

Weight of produce.

Percentage of

stalks having ears.

Nature of soil.

Previous cropping.

2^ ins.

1,379 lbs.

2

Clay loam.

1886, Bare fallow.

1887, Oata.

. 1888, Fall wheat.

Area planted, one-fifth acre.

Remarks. — The ground had not received manure for three years. The early part of summer was apparently too cold and wet for the rapid growth of the Kaffir corn. The few stalks which headed out stood about four feet in height. This corn may do much better another season than it has during the past one, especially with a little earlier seeding, but at present it certainly appears to be unprofitable to grow in Ontario.

150

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

PART VIII

REPORT OF

THE PROFESSOR OF DAIRY HUSBANDRY.

Guelph, Ont., 23rd Jan., 1890.

To the President of the Ontario Agricultural College :

Sir, — I have the honor to report upon the work of the department under my charge for 1889. Following the style adopted in my reports of previous years, I have gathered into chapters some information bearing on the different branches of dairy practice which has been gleaned from experience during the past and previous years. For the sake of clearness, as well as for the better service of those who may seek guidance, from its pages, it is written under the following heads :

1. Dairy husbandry in Ontario.

2. Farmers' Institute work.

3. Creamery management.

4. Extension of the creamery system into the winter season.

5. Buttermaking.

6. Experimental cheese-making.

7. The cheese factory business of Ontario.

8. The hog as an adjunct to the dairy.

9. Fodder corn and the silo.

1.— DAIRY HUSBANDRY IN ONTARIO.

A common opinion, among even those who usually think clearly and correctly, is that Dairy Farming has only to do with milk and its sale or its manufacture into dairy products. The handling of milk is really a minor part of the dairy farmer's business. Its economical production involves thorough cultivation of the soil, the selection and breeding of the animals best adapted for the dairy, the growth of crops that make it possible to obtain the largest net value in dairy products per acre, the rearing and feeding of cattle and hogs upon the by-products (such as skim milk, buttermilk and whey), and the breeding of horses to do the work of the farm as well as to sell. After these come the business and work connected with the handling of milk and its manipu- lation for the production of such nourishing and appetising articles of diet as butter and cheese. "When the principles are well understood, the technical details of practice will be comparatively easy of acquirement and application by the farmers.

While Dairy Farming is perhaps the most profitable branch of agriculture in our province, it has only lately received the same relative notice and recognition that have been given to the other departments of animal husbandry and soil cultivation. Until quite recently there has been no general, syetematic or comprehensive effort put forth for the improvement of the methods or the investigation of the principles that underlie those practices that invariably lead to success and profit. This is all the more remark- able when the value of Dairy Farming, as a source of the nation's supply of food, as well as a means for the conservation of the fertility of the land, is thoughtfully considered. The true aim of all farm operations that are wisely planned is directed to the attainment of a threefold object : (1) the production from the resources of nature of an abundant supply of wholesome, appetising, nutritious food in such a way as to leave a satisfactory

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890'

profit to the owners and tillers of the land ; (2) the preservation, and where practicable* the augmentation of the available fertility of the soil ; and (3) the providing of remu" nerative occupation for a large population upon the area that is cultivated. In the following up of that aim the intelligent farmer will call to his aid the service of domesti- cated animals that are able to change into food suitable for his use those parts of most crops which in their natural state are unsuited for his table. During the early stages of human experience upon this continent many tribes subsisted mainly upon roots and the fruits of the forest. These were meagrely supplemented in some cases by the game from the hunter's traps, arrows and spears. But as man emerged into a higher state of civilisation the powers of both mind and body naturally turned to the production of a more varied diet, as well as the establishment of a more controllable and dependable source of supply. Nowadays the nations in the front rank of civilisation and influence subsist upon the most varied and substantial articles of diet procurable. Bread without butter does not satisfv. Flesh-meat of some sort accompanies the dinner vegetables, and throughout the whole of the extensive bill of fare, in even the plainest homes of Canadian and European people, animal products are spread upon the table with the purely vegetable foods. To provide those animal products in the most economical way is the purpose and place of Dairy Farming. The more particular and direct products of the dairy, such as milk, cheese and butter, are not the only foods that are provided for human consumption by this kind of husbandry. Since experience has demonstrated that animals of the cow kind must be kept to consume the coarser crops of the farm and elaborate them into such substantial delicacies as milk, butter, cheese and beef, it follows that all these are the special, but not necessarily the only kinds of food from the production of which profits should arise from this branch of agriculture.

Milk is universally recognised as the perfect food, containing all the elements of nutrition required for maintaining life and supplying energy requisite for the demands upon human strength, and all in proportions best suited for assimilation by the organs of the system. As an article of diet for furnishing life-sustaining energy one gallon of ordinary milk may be reckoned as equal to three pounds of flesh meat from well-fed steers. The gallon of milk can be produced at less cost to the farmer, and therefore during the coming years will prevail in the keen competition for popular favor between the different articles obtainable as food by the great masses of wage-earners. One pound of cheese and half a pound of bread will furnish more strength to the eater than two pounds of flesh meat. The cost of the former to the producer is lower than the latter, as also the price at present required from the consumer. It should be the aim of the dairy farmer to so cheapen or lessen the cost of production of fancy butter and fine cheese that they will be within the purse- reach of the millions of so called poor people to whom luxuries, while such, are inaccessible. As an evidence of the trend of popular preference for foods, the fact may be cited that the city and town consumption of milk in both Ontario and Great Britain is now almost five-fold as great per head of the population as it was twenty years ago. The consumption of cheese on this continent has increased almost five-fold per head of the population within the same period. There will be no danger of a lack of market or a lack of consumers for fine articles of dairy products for all time to come. Then the by-products of the dairy, such as buttermilk, skim milk and whey, can be elaborated by pigs into another article of diet highly relished by most people. These by-products may be cheaply supplemented by parts of the same forage crops as are grown for the feeding of cows, and by the cheaper coarse grains that can always be successfully raised upon a dairy farm whose land is enriched by the plentiful supply of barnyard manure.

As farmers produce an increased quantity of superior food per acre they make it possible to support a larger population. Population is the element which gives value to- property. Hence successful Dairy Farming means an increase of value in all the property in a country or section where it is followed. Many parts of plants cultivated by farmers in a rotation of crops are entirely unsuitable for direct consumption by man. By making, animals consume such plants or parts of them as are indigestible by the human family there may be obtained from the animals appetising and nourishing products quite suit- able for his table. That is the true place of dairy animals in farm economy.

152

53 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

In order that animals may be kept with advantage and consequent profit, the farmer's skill aud judgment should provide plants suitable for their maintenance. The sun is the working power that elaborates soil-food, commonly spoken of as manure, into plants — the tit food of animals. The sun is the source of the energy that does the work of the world. It is the veritable working power on all the farms, though too often its value and usefulness are unknown and neglected. Plants are contrivances of nature whereby and wherein the sun stores up his strength and warmth for man's .service and comfort. He should be kept at work all day long. When enough suitable material tor the sustenance and increase of plants by their growth is present in the soil the sun never fails to exert his energy for the service of man. When the soil is devoid of or deficient in the supply of these substances, simply for the want of the raw material, upon which alone he can work, the sun is kept "loafing" over the fields day after day. A fanner cannot afiord to have the hired man " loaf" around the kitchen stove, while he himself toils outside. Much less can he afford to keep the sun idle upon his fields. Hence it is the farmer's dutv to see that the soil contains all that is needed for the upbuilding of plants ; and then by proper management cf the soil and selection of the seed he may in fact harness the sun every morning and make it do his will. His occupation demands a brain, a judgment, a will to rule, in order that he may justify his birthright in being given dominion over the earth and its plant and animal life. The air is the source of a large per cent, of the substances that go to form the structure of plants. From it the sun is able to transpropriate to the plant the very elements wherein he can best accumulate and store his strength for man's benefit. The corn plant is one of the best aids and means whereby this can be done. By the growth of fodder corn and the use of the silo the fariueis of Ontario will find it comparatively easy and profitable to attain the second object of skilful agricultural effort, viz., (2) "The preservation and, where practicable, the augmentation of the available fertility of the soil." The matter in its details will b< discussed under its proper head in the report.

In order that the plants grown may yield the best return of which they are capable, the husbandman's skill should be exercised to provide animals which can return to him the most in products or service for the food which they consume. It is possible to keep animals which yield so much less in product than they eat, that they are veritable bur- dens upon the man whose they are. Instead of being his servants, living and laboring for him, he sometimes becomes theirs, and apparently lives to keep and feed cows, hogs and horses. The cow, in all civilised countries, is always a boarder upon some person. She should be made to pay for her board at such remunerative rates as will leave a profit for the boarding-house keeper. If she fails in that, she should be made to render a ser- vice which she will not willingly contribute. Her carcass should be made into beef, and her hide into leather. She should not be slyly sent to board upon some other unfortu- nate man. A cow with the business habit of keeping all her accounts with the world paid up, through the man who owns and feeds her, is a good business cow. That is the kind of cow I recommend. Her powers I will briefly discuss elsewhere in this report.

In the further endeavor to produce large supplies of food without exhausting the fertility of the soil the farmer can best attain this end by the selling of such products as remove from his premises the least amount of valuable plant food. At this stage of discussing the subject a single illustration will suffice to indicate the adaptation of 1> Firming to conserve the fertility of the soil. When 1,000,000 bushels of wheat are exported from any district they carry away in the substance of the grain plant-food 10 the* value of 8*240.000. In other words, the elements or the substances of fertility removed in the wheat, if replaced by the use of commercial fertilizers, would cost the previously mentioned sum. Whereas, when butter to the value of 81,000,000 is exported it carries away from the place where it was produced less than 8850 worth of the substances required in the soil by crops for their growth. It is evident that the production of: §1,000,000 worth of butter will give occupation to a larger number of persons than the; production of a quantity of wheat equal in value. The difference between the two amounts, which severally represent the value of the fertility removed, can be applied to the payment of the extra labor employed. A larger rural population may certainly be occupied in remunerative work by Dairy Farming than by any kind of exclusive grain

153

53 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

growing. The culture of fruit and market gardening alone offer equal facilities and opportunities for the profitable employment of labor in the production of food from nature's storehouse and resources.

These facts have been recognised by many of our leading farmers for the past quarter of a century. A knowledge of the underlying principles upon which they rest is now being systematised and made widely available by means of co-operation and organisation among farmers for this purpose. The Farmers' Institutes, so popular among those living in the most progressive and prosperous districts on the continent, are largely the out- growth of successful co-operation among dairymen. The cheese factories were the agencies through which this co-operative principle was first made practically useful in a widespread degree for the profit and the improvement of the ordinary farmers. The first one on this continent was erected near Rome, N.Y., in 1851, by Mr. Jesse Williams. The late and deeply lamented H. Farrington, of Norwich, Ont., had the honor of intro- ducing co-operative cheese-making into this province. His factory, which was erected near his home, began operations in 1864. Three years later the Ontario Dairymen's Association was organised. It held an annual convention, and was subsidised by the Provincial Government. Its efforts were directed towards the extension of co operative dairying, and the giving of information and encouragement to beginners in the erection and equipment of suitable factory buildings. Instructions were given at its conventions by competent persons on the best methods of feeding and rearing stock suitable for dairy purposes. It promoted the organisation of Dairy Boards of Trade, at which the products of the factories could be sold to the best advantage. In 1877 the first Association, by mutual agreement among its members, became divided into the Dairymen's Association of Western Ontario and the Dairymen's Association of Eastern Ontario. Each of these then received an annual grant of $ 1,000 from the Provincial Government. In 1886 the Ontario Creameries' Association was organised to promote the creamery interests of the province. At first it received a grant of $500. During the past year the Government appropriations to these associa- tions were $2,500 each to the Dairymen's Association of Western Ontario and the Dairy- men's Association of Eastern Ontario and $1,500 to the Ontario Creameries' Associa- tion. The need for the enlargement of the grants made by the Government arose from the employment of inspectors and instructors by these organisations. Now eight com- petent and experienced men spend their whole time during the summer months visiting the cheese factories, inspecting the milk, and advising with the cheese-makers as to the best methods for the manufacture of cheese and the management of the factories. The Creameries' Association employ two men to render similar service to the creameries of the province. The work of these inspectors has been extremely valuable "to the farmers interested in dairying. The quality of our cheese has been generally improved to such an extent that during this past season market reports reveal the gratifying fact that the cheese of Ontario on the average has sold for more than three-quarters of a cent per pound higher than the cheese of the adjoining States of the same month's make and at the same time. Three-quartejs of a cent per pound on the total season's make will repre- sent over $475,000 of increased revenue to the patrons of the cheese factories in this province. The value of the educational work that is being done through this means should not be lost [sight of, even in presence of such large and substantial increase to the receipts of the province through its farmers.

Ontario's make of creamery butter has hardly yet found its way into the channels of commerce in sufficient quantity to cause its importance to the farmers and the mer- chants to be recognised. There is all the more reason why the extension of that industry in every reasonable and prudent way should be encouraged and fostered. But the other day there was sold in the city of Toronto a carload of dairy butter at 10 cents per pound ; on the same day, in the same city, creamery butter was sold at 26 cents per pound. When it is considered that, by reason of unsuitable care and ill-adapted utensils and conveniences, more milk is taken on the average to produce a pound of butter from private dairies than in creameries, the enormity of the loss sustained by somebody or somebodies— citizens of Ontario— through the manufacture of inferior butter becomes more apparent. Of course some dairy butter is as fine as any creamery butter, but the

154

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

•difference between the market value of that one carlo id of dairy butter at the price at which it was, with difficulty, sold, and the amount that would have been easily realized for fine creamery butter was over 83,000. That sum might be multiplied five hundred times before it would represent the diminished value of the present butter product of Ontario from the want of co-operative creameries. The Government cannot spend any money that will more quickly and certainly redound to *he advantage of every citizen of the province than the amount which may be spent discreetly on behalf of -the ever-growinw and ever-to-grow dairy interests, which the financial, educitional and fostering assistance •which it has rendered in the past has done so much to develop and establish upon a basis •of substantial prosperity.

2.— FARMERS' INSTITUTE WORK.

The part of my time which was devoted to attending Farmers' Institutes and special meetings held in the interests of the dairy industry of the province was spent, I think, with more immediate and direct advantage to the farmers than that portion given to experimental investigations and educational lectures in the College. Since January 1st, 1889, I had the honor to attend, on behalf of the Dairy Department of the College : ■conventions of Dairymen's Associations, 7 ; Farmers' Institute meetings 02 ; special meetings, 12; total, 81.

Besides these SI gatherings of farmers in Ontario, I took the opportunity during the five weeks absence for holidays, which the Minister of Agriculture was i;ood enough to allow me, to accept invitations to be present at three conventions of Dairymen's Associ- ations outside of this province, and ten Farmers' Institutes. I have introduced mention of this to point out that it would be of advantage to the Farmers Institutes of Ontario and of benefit to the Professors that an opportunity should be afford id them of being present occasionally at meetings and conventions held in the interests of agriculture -elsewhere.

3.— CREAMERY MANAGEMENT.

The Ontario creamery has now been in operation for parts of six seasons. Passing mention may be made of the purposes for which it was erected and equipped upon the Experimental Farm here. It was intended that it should have educational value for the service of the whole farming community of the province, and especially for those living in districts where no creameries have been established and where the cheese factory system has aot been introduced. The farmers may learn from our reports what to expect in the way of cash returns from supporting a co-operative creamery in their own neighborhood. By reason of the area required for supplying milk to the city of Guelph, our patronage is almost wholly from farmers at a distance of from two to seven miles from the college. The important thoroughbred stojk interests of the country surrounding Guelph; have preven- ted a large number of the best farmers in the vicinity from sparing any cream for butter- making. Consequently long roads must be travelled to obtain a load. The collection of the whole milk has been rendered impracticable by the small supply and the scattered nature of the patronage already referred to. The system adopted by the farmer has been that of deep cans, setting in tanks of cold water. Most of the patrons have adopted the use of the shot-gun can, which is a cylinderical pail, 20 inches deep by 8£ inches in diameter, without any tap or faucet. Skimming is done by the use of a cone shaped skimmer by which the cream is dipped from off the top of the milk. The tanks are usually made in two compartments, each measuring 26 in. x 18 in. x 23 in. deep. The treatment of the milk required for the successful use of these utensils and conveniences is: (1) The strain- ing of the milk immediately after it is drawn, and the setting of the milk at a tempera- ture above 90 degrees ; (2) The use of sufficient water or water and ice to gradually cool the milk to between 48 and 44 degrees; and (3) The protection of the milk from contami- nation by foul air. The patrons are allowed to do the skimming at any time that best suits their own convenience. The cream collector measures the cream in a cylinderical

155

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

pail 12 inches in diameter, and credits each person with the number of inches in depth. After the whole quantity of cream from each patron is thoroughly mixed, the collector takes a sample and puts it into one of a number of glass tubes, which he carries for that purpose. These tnbes are all numbered, and the number of the tube used is placed opposite the name of the patron in the colle tor's book. The cream from each patron is collected every second day, and a sample is put each time into one of these test tubes. The test tubes form part o£ the equipment of an oil-test churn, which is used for the discovery of the butter -making value of each sample of cream. A description of the use will be given in a subsequent part of this report. It is thus made possible to pay each patron equitably according to the quantity and qualify of the cream furnished. The. skim milk is left on the farm for use in the raising of calves or the feeding of pigs.

The creamery has been in a limited sense a school for the practical instruction of students who desire practice in butter making. Butter-makers, and those interested in other creameries, have always been welcome to visit it and to study the modes and de- tails of the practice followed there.

Though entirely under the management and control of the Government, through the Professor of Dairy Husbandry, the creamery affords its patrons no special money returns beyond what may be realised from any joint stock or private concern in any part of On- tario. The patrons who supply the cream are paid for it at the price realised from the sales of the butter manufactured, after all expenses from cream collecting, labor and furnishings, such as tubs, fuel, ice, cloth, salt etc., have been deducted. While these expenses are kept as low as is compatible with obtaining the best qualities of the articles- used, the rate of expenses per pound of butter is high. The cost of collecting the cream depends so largely upon the distance to be travelled for the quantity that may be collec- ted, that the number of patrons and cows within a given area determine the cost per pound to a very large degree. In our case the number of patrons and the quantity of cream supplied are still unnecessarily small for the area covered by the creamery wag- gons. The rate of this expense is correspondingly high. The agreement with the pat- rons at the beginning of the season was to the effect that they were each to receive, after the end of each month, a cash advance on cream supplied at the following rates per ft> of butter : — June, 14 cents ; July, 14 cents ; August, 15 cents ; September, 15 cents. After providing for these prices and paying all expenses out of receipts from the sale of butter and butter-milk, there was a balance of $254.69. That amount was partially accounted for to the patrons by paying 2 cents per ft), above the promised advance on July butter,, and one cent per ft) on August and September butter, while a balance of $117.91 still- remains on hand for distribution among them.

A summary of the season's business is presented herewith.

Receipts.

Sales of butter $2,862 57

" butter-milk 221 G6

$3,084 23

Disbursements. Patrons for cream $2,035 99"

Cieam gathering

223 55 367 75

Salt, tubs, fuel, ice, repairs and

339 03 117 91

$3,0S4 2$

Butter manufactured 1 3,104 5).

Average price of butter per ft) 21.84 cents.

Number of patrons 42

Number of days in operation 103

Routes travelled by cream wagons 2

Cost of cream gathering 2.80 cents per lb. of butter.

" labor, including delivery of butter- milk 1.70 •' " "

" furnishing, etc 2.58 " " "

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As already stated the cream only was gathered to the creamery, the skim milk being left on the farms.

In my last annual report I recommended that the number of creamery routes be reduced. This was done and 42 pations furnished cream to make almost half as much butter as was manufactured the previous year from the. cream supplied by 137 patrons. The butter was mostly packed in tin-lined tubs and was sold for consumption in Ontario. I be home markets are yearly becoming more active and discriminating in their demand for creamery butter. Salt of Canadian make was used at the rate of from three-quarters of ;in ounce to one ounce per pound of butter.

The oil-test churn was used to determine the per cent, of churnable fat in each sup- ply of every patron's cream. The requirements for its successful use are : —

(1) Careful sampling of the cream ; it should be poured at least twice from oDe pail" into another before the sample is taken for the test tube.

(2) Accurate measuring ;

(3) Souring of the cream ; — to ensure that all the samples of cream are equally sour, r.h<-v should be warmed up to 70 degrees and kept at that temperature for 24 hours before being churned ;

(4) Heating after the tirst churning to a temperature of 13r,c Fahr.

(5) Subsequent cooling to 65° or 70° ;

(6) Churning and reheating ;

In a case where the Imtter-oil of any sample does not separate to show a clear line of demarcation between itself and the other constituents of the cream, the cooling to 70° churning and heating should be repeated.

1 have taken the liberty to discuss the question of winter dairying in another part of this report. If farmers generally would venture to adopt it gradually, the quickened interest thus directed to dairying would result in cows being more suitably and economi- cally fed; more milk would be produced at less cost; the coarse grains would be profi- tably consumed on the farms, and increased fertility and consequent prosperity would follow.

4.— EXTENSION OF THE CREAMERY SYSTEM INTO THE WINTER

SEASON.

As a nation progresses in skilful agricultural methods, so it advances in all the attainments of civilisation. Farmers are called clodhoppers, hayseeds and nobodies, but if one will gauge the progress of farmers in most nations, he will have gauged the pro- gress of that nation itself in most that appertains to good living. As the farm resources are developed, and as farmers are prosperous, so will the whole nation be strong and wealthy. The progress of agricultural operations and their success run parallel with all other kinds of prosperity and desirable achievement in our nation.

The dairy cow is essentially an artificial product of human judgment. The common cow is a creature that comes to us as do other animals — a product of the operation of nature's laws ; but those qualities which make her valuable as a dairy cow are a develop- ment of her original inherent functions and the result of the exercise of human intelli- gence and judgment, founded upon accurate observation and caretul study. Then, after man has developed to its utmost the power or capacity of an animal, he must continue to apply skill and judgment in order to preserve that power and prevent its deterioration. A cow has not naturally the power of producing more than two thousand pounds of milk per year, but man, by an enlightened and intelligent management, can so develop that power as to increase the yield of milk to eight or even ten thousand pounds per year. If that

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augmented capacity be not carefully preserved the cow will lose her acquired talent, and, it' altogether neglected, will lapse into the original state. There are now in this province cows by the score, na}-, hundreds, which would produce annually, if their inherent powers- were rightly treated and sustained, eight thousand pounds of milk. It is not that we need so many different breeds of cows in our dairies to make them successful and profit- able, as that we need a great many different men with directive capacity to enable the c iws to apply their powers to advantage. If a farmer will develop, increase and protect the productive powers of the cow he owns, he will have taken one long step towards making his farm more profitable and himself a mote intelligent man.

The creameries are in a large measure unsatisfactory and unprofitable because- the men who attempt to support them neglect these two points — the proper development and care of their cows and the due preparation and growth of crops suitable to their support. The growth of suitable and adaptable crops is one of the most important factors in the beginning of an extension of the creamery business. The largest returns with the smallest expenditure of labor, money and fertility, are only to be obtained from the best animals, fed on the best food by the best men. That is a rather short way of expressing it, but when rightly applied it covers the whole of successful dairy husbandry as applied to creameries. These two essential preparations of the cow and the plant, of which I have spoken, open the way for the production of milk, and the creamery provides for the manufacture of milk into one of the most wholesome articles of food, which every one wants and likes, and which can be sent from the farm with the largest profit to the man selling it. From the milk yielded by the cows of this province we make in large quantities cheese, a product which is a concentrated and very nourishing food — perhaps more so than butter is. I wish here to show the weakness of our butter-making system. Of the milk yielded by the cows of this province nearly as much is converted into butter as into cheese. Our cheese has- won for Canada the reputation of being one of the finest cheese producing countries in the world, while our butter has earned for us the unenviable notoriety of sending to> England the strongest butter received there from any part of the world. There must be something wrong in the way we do things when we have not earned as good a reputation for producing butter as we have established in connection with our exports ot cheese. There was a time, when we had no reputation as a cheese-making people, — when the cheese was made at home in the dairies of the farmers. Kow, of all the cheese made in this province 99 4-5 per cent is made in cheese factories, and only one-fifth of one per cent, .in home dairies. In my opinion, in that short set of figures is revealed the real reason why our cheese-making business has established such a high reputation, while on the other hand our butter-making operations have secured for us, in market reputation, only that which too frequently characterises tbe product itself — a bad odor. Of all the butter made in the province from the milk production of nearly as many cows as we used in cheese-making operations, less than three per cent, is made in creameries — less than three per cent, in one case as against 99 4-5 per cent, in the other. If we had this posi- tion in regard to butter-making reversed, and only three per cent, of our butter were made at the farm dairies, we should get higher figures for our total product.

Let me examine still further this making of 97 per cent, of our butter product in the farm dairies — mostly small. Is that an economical and profitable way of producing butter? To a man who gives the matter any serious consideration it at once becomes evident that it is not. The total make of butter in the farm dairies of the province is estimated at over 30,000,000 His. annually. I have taken some pains to discover what amount of labor is employed in making that quantity of butter, by finding out how long it takes to make ten pounds of butter in the home dairy, and I find that it takes on the average six times as much labor to make a pound of butter in a small dairy as is required to make a pound in the creamery. The amount of labor required to make 30,000,000 pounds of butter in home dairies is equal to 750,000 single days labor, whereas if made in cream- eries it would take less than 130,000 single days of labor. There would be 620,000 days of ten hours each of labor to spare in the homes of Ontario by having this butter made in creameries. Now, in this province we should be proud above all things of the virtue,

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industry, intelligence and beauty of our women ; and yet our farmers are crushing the spirit out of their wives and daughters by letting them milk cows, set pans, churn butter, and all the work incidental to that process. This seems to be a small factor in our national prosperity, but it is really a very important one, that the women on our farms should have more leisure for true womanly work, and should spend less of their time in producing butter which sells for twelve or fourteen cents per pound. I haven't a word to say against the butter these ladies make, but I think there is a waste of labor. We must make our methods economical. The difference between the amount of butter produced from a given quantity of milk when handled in creameries, and the product of the same quantity of milk when handled in private dairies, would, if applied to the total milk product of the province, show a loss of a million and a-half pounds of butter by reason of the existing state of affairs. To show how I arrive at that conclusion I may say that I made investigations to ascertain the amount of butter-fat left in the butter- milk after being churned in the way that is all too common, and after being handled in the proper manner at creameries. By the creamery process — the cream being thoroughly ripened by souring — I found buttermilk so poor that it contained less than three per cent, of the total fat of the milk, while buttermilk produced by the too common method of churning practised in home dairies — sometimes sweet, sometimes sour, sometimes these two qualities of cream mixed just before churning — contained upwards of twenty-three per cent, of the total fat of the milk — a difference of twenty per cent, of the total butter-fat. I put the loss accruing from imperfect knowledge and unsuitable practice in farm dairies at rive per cent., which is an inside estimate, and that gives a million and a-half pounds of butter run off and fed to pigs or wasted in some other way — a million and a-half pounds of butter that should have been sold at from twenty cents to twenty-five cents per pound,, annually fed to animals which could have been better fed with coarse meal at one-sixth the cost. That is one serious loss. Th-^ other is that we have not reeived from the butter we have made in the province the return per pound that we would have received had the butter been made in creameries. Creamery butter, at the very lowest estimate, will bring on the average four cents per pound more than dairy butter made and marketed at the same time. We have lost because the butter made has not been suffi- ciently fine, and lias thus lowered the price in the market for all butter, of both creamery aud dairy makes. In this way men have been deterred from keeping cows and have turned their attention to grain growing and grain selling. The whole thing depends upon this creating for what we have to sell, a demand at profitable prices ; in other words getting a good market. We have the people to make that market if we can only supply the kind of butter they need and want. Therefore, by the making of butter of that quality, not only may a higher price be realised for it, but a demand may be created ; because the man who gets fine butter will eat twice as much, and want butter three times every day. Then the foreign market is open for an unlimited quantity of fancy butter at a high price. England imports a good deal of cheese from ns ; we send her about one- third of all the cheese she gets from all foreign countries ; but we send her only about one and a-half percent, of the butter she imports from abroad. We send her about thirty- three pounds of cheese in every hundred pounds she imports, and less than two pounds in every hundred pounds of butter she buys, and yet she buys two and a-half times as many dollars worth of butter abroad as she buys of cheese. If we have been able to capture the cheese market. I do not see any reason why we should not secure a large share of the butter market, which is much more extensive, and so gain a larger income to ourselves. I think England is patriotic and motherly enough in regard to her colonies to be just a» anxious to send her money this way for butter as to send it to Denmark, Sweden, Norway or Holland, or even to our friend Uncle Sam, as long as she gets fair value for it.

While 1 have been recommending improvements in our methods and the adoptfoTi of creameries instead of home dairying, and suggesting England as an insatiable market for our butter, 1 do not think that ours is a country which can go successfully into producing butter in the summer time. I have been considering this question for some years and endeavoring to see into it as far as possible, and it is my opinion that no nation can suc- cessfully contend against the natural conditions which adapt it for a certain ljnf. 0f life or production. The natural conditions of Canada are not of such a character as to

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adapt it for the profitable production of butter for export in the summer time. We should work in harmony with our natural conditions, and not contend against them. We cannot successfully compete with Sweden, Denmark or Ireland, in producing butter in the summer time for the English market. The butter we produce in the summer time should be for our own home trade. If we produce a fancy quality our home market will be doubled in its extent, and if we can double that market it will be found that it is just as large a market as it will pay us to supply. I have no desire to foster the making of butter in summer time for export ; 1 do not think it will pay us. Our country, I think, is adapted for the production of cheese in summer time ; it is essentially a country for the production of cheese during those months, and it is admirably adapted for the growth of calves and the manufacture of butter during the winter months. If we will make our cows come in at the proper time, and make butter from their milk, the most profitable part of the dairying season will be from October until April, and not, as now, from April until October. This plan will be found to have many advantages — (some of which I will now try to enumerate) — over the system at present followed in this province. There will be a longer working season. No man can afford to go idle for six months in the year. He should also give his dairy and his cows employment twelve months of the year that they also may produce. Thus he will give himself employment for a long season in a manner which will be highly remunerative to him. Another advantage is, that by making their cows calve in October, the farmers of this province will have better stock than by having them calve in April. An April calf is expensive to rear, and a June calf is often a burden and expense upon the man who owns it. It is usually hard to winter the first year.

A dairyman keeps cows, first to give milk, then to give stock, and then to make beef — milk, stock and beef ; and a man who has them in that urder will make more money from them all three, than if he had begun the other way about it. Another advantage is that the winter is the period when high prices rule for the product of cows. Butter will bring on the average one-half more per pound ftom October until April than it will from April until October. A farmer could afford to sell a pound of butter for less between October and April than between April and October. That, then, is the time when he ought to be in the business. In addition to being the period of high prices and cheap production, winter is the period for safe transportation. Butter can be sent to England during the winter without the risk of its being spoiled on the way. Another advantage is that the elements of fertility which exist in the plant food remain on the farm.

Our fathers kept cows that milked in the summer time, and we have been doing the same, and have condemned anything new as a " new-fangled notion," just because it is not something that has been practised from time immemorial. However this is not a new-fangled notion. The people of Denmark, years ago, were a sad, discontented people, against the Government, against the wealthy, against everything in fact but themselves

a poor, unfortunate poverty-stricken people. The Agricultural Society of the

Kingdom, and the Dairymen's Association formed afterwards, tried to stir up the farmers of that country to keep cows and make butter during the winter, and to grow the ri6ht kind of plant food for animals, and thus work out their own salvation. These men thought it was all moonshine, I am told ; but bye-and-bye some thought they would try, and the result was, that when I was in Denmark three years ago I heard no talk of hard times, for the dairy business had completely revolutionised the condition of agricul- ture. They now send butter to England when it is dear and when transportation is safe, and grow steers and send beef over there to such an extent that, although the kingdom of Denmark is only about one-sixteenth the size of Ontario, they send about as much in value of fat cattle as we do from the whole Dominion of Canada. In the same manner, by keeping abreast of the times and adopting whatever is good, though new, we cm increase our export of fat cattle, and at Jme same time receive larger returns from our dairy products. Some stock breeders think or say that if we go into butter-making in winter we must have a cow that is worth nothing for making beef. The Danes have superior butter-making cows, generally lean when milking. More than half of the beet they send to England in the year is in the shape of fattened cows, and by the actual

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Teturns of the Board of Trade I find that these fattened cows bring only eleven shillings a head less than our magnificent steers. That is about the kind of cow we want.

We need, in regard to this matter of creameries, a little more co-operation than we have had in the past, a little more sympathy between the the farmers and the creamery men. If the farmers would co-operate to support their creamery through the winter they would find these advantages, which I have merely hinted at, more than realised. There are one or two points on which I desire to make myself clear. In all 1 have written 1 have not uttered a word antagonistic to cheese factories. I recoginise the work they have done and the value they are to this province. Now, I would like to make them even more valuable; I would like to see them made more valuable by being worked all the year round. Good returns are got from the summer work now, but if the equipment were changed during the winter months, which would not take a very great outlay, they might during that season of the year be operated as creameries, and the butter could be made in the best and most approved style without incurring the expense of new buildings, and the returns from them would be greatly enhanced. The cost of a creamery, even if built entirely new, is not a very heavy expenditure. A creamery capable of handling the milk of at least five hundred cows can be built at a cost of 81,300. A cheese factory can be converted into a creamery at an expense of not more than $250. Every farmer has an interest in this subject ; every man who wishes his country well has an interest in it, because as the farmers produce more food they have more to spare, and consequently more money to spend or invest, which means more money for the merchant and better times for everyone. It just revolves itself into this, that the man who will study so that he will understand the cow and her requirements, the best methods of producing a large yield of milk, and the most advanced methods of converting that milk into the best butter and cheese, is a man who is doing everything in his power to advance his own interests as a dairyman, and through those interests the interests of the whole nation. I have there- fore to say that the creameries of this province are one of the greatest factors in further- ing our national growth, a factor which it should be our desire and object to preserve, develop and heartily support.

5.— BUTTER MAKING.

The following is transcribed as the substance of part of an address which I had the honor to deliver before the convention of the Creameries' Association of Ontario :

. " While her milk is being elaborated by a cow, the ends of the cells, which line the inside of the milk-ducts and vesicles in her udder, seem to enlarge. Eich one forms a small globule, and when that is perfected it drops off into the serum of the milk. Each bud or globule, so formed, is a globule of fat ; from them is made all the butter from cow's milk. These tiny buds of fat seem to grow on the surface of the cells, partly by the destruction of the cells, and partly by the conversion of some of the substance of the cow's blood into fat. They trickle down in and with the milk, and are held in suspen- sion in it, not in solution as are the other solids in it. They mostly come during the latter part of the milking, probably because they do not move so quickly or easily as the liquid part of the cow's milk. The fore milk is thinner than the Btrippings, because the globules of fat do not free themselves from the internal linings of the milk-ducts so quickly as the liquid of the milk. If one finds sending milk to a cheese factory, a man who is of so modest and retiring a disposition that he will not keep at home for table use a quantity of the average milk given by the cow, but always and only the last quart, his modesty should not be respected or trusted too far ; such modesty and honesty may not be found compatible. The condition, of the cow's blood and her nervous system very largely affect the quality of the milk she gives. Bad feeding, foul water or the absence I will induce in the cow a condition in which she will not yield good milk ; a similar condition, with its consequent effects, may be caused by neglect, exposure, abuse or excite-

11 (A.C.)

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menb. A cow has a peculiarly delicate organization, and must be handled with kindness, and any man who abuses a cow beats out the profit ; for she will pay him back by giving less milk, and that of a poorer quality. The globules of fat, before-mentioned, are so num- erous that in a thimbleful of milk there will be found millions of them. It is estimated that there are at least one thousand millions of them in every cubic inch of milk. From these specks of fat the butter is made. To get them out of the milk is the task of the butter maker, they are too small to be strained out with the finest sieve ; fifteen hundred of the largest of them placed side by side, like a row of marbles, would not measure .more than one inch. If milk be left at rest they will rise to the top because they are lighter than the liquid in which they float. The heavier parts of the milk are drawn down by the force of gravitation, and as the serum of the milk, composed of water, casein, sugar, albumen, etc., moves downward, it displaces the cream globules and forces them towards the top. There are two methods of separating these fat globules from the milk ; a natural method and a mechanical method. In the natural method, the power of gravitation is used to pull the heavier portion of the milk down, with the effect that the lighter part, the fat globules, are pushed upward. In the mechanical method, centrifugal force is applied to attain a like result. When a quantity of milk is put into a rapidly revolving vessel or cylinder, the heavier parts will be forced outwards against its resisting side or inner surface with sufficient pressure to push the lighter particles, the globules of fat, towards the centre of revolu- tion. In that way the water, casein, sugar, albumen and thf other heavier constituents of milk, find their way to the outside of the quantity being treated in a revolving cylinder, while the globules of fat are collected in concentric form on the inside surface of the quantity being treated. This is the law, that the cream, mainly composed of fat-globules, travels in a direction opposite to that of the force exerted upon the milk, whether the force be centrifugal or centripetal. .

If ordinary milk be set in a deep-setting pail and be left at a temperature of 60 degrees Fahr., it would take these small specks from three to six days to get to the top at the rate at which they would move. They can be helped to move faster. The milk at a temperature between 90 and 98 degrees is slightly enlarged in bulk, and by putting it into the deep-setting pails at the higher temperature, (90° to 98°), the advantage of a falling temperature from above 90° to 40° or 45° may be gained. That treatment will expedite and facilitate the upward movement of the globule of fat. The rapid cooling of the milk is also believed to prevent the formation of a delicate mesh of lacto-fibrin, which would hinder the globules from rising freely.

The cream itself is only that part of the milk into which the globules of fat have been gathered in large numbers. Cream has no regular or constant per cent, of fat ; the range is from 8 per cent, to 75 per cent of fat. In one hundred pounds of cream there may be only eight pounds of butter, or there may be seventy-five pounds according to its quality of richness. The globules of fat have no skins or organic coverings distinct in constitution from their own substance. Like drops of quicksilver that have separated from each other, they have no pellicle. But sometimes the serum of the milk becomes so viscous tnat a quantity of it will adhere to the surface of the globules and like a coat- ing of gum will prevent their movement upwards when the milk is set, or their move- ment inwards when the milk is treated in a centrifugal machine. If a quart of warm water be stirrred into every pailful of milk when it reaches the dairy room from the stable, the separation of the cream will be facilitated. The water may be at a tempera- ture anywhere between 150 and 180 degrees Fahr., and should be warm enough to raise the temperature of the milk to above 90 degrees. In the winter season especially, diffi- culty is experienced sometimes in churning the cream. The addition of water at a tem- perature of 70 degrees to the cream, while it is still sweet, to the extent of 25 per cent, of its bulk, will cause it to yield its butter in less time and more completely. The water should be added before the cream is sour and at least 20 hours before the churning is commenced. The next treatment required is 'the development of lactic acid. If a quantity of sweet cream be churned and an equal quantity of sour cream of the same quality as to composition be also churned, there will be obtained from the sweet cream

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only 77 pounds of butter out of every possible 100 pounds, while there may be obtained from the sour cream 97 pounds of every possible 100 pounds. That is to say, by the churning of cream thoroughly soured, one obtains butter in the proportion of 97 pounds, to 77 pounds from the churning of cream in a sweet condition. There are thousands of pounds of butter lost in the province annually from the churning of two qualities of cream in the same churn at one churning. The only safe plan is to have all the cream for each churning thoroughly mixed from twelve to twenty hours before the operation begins. It should be kept at a temperature of from 60 to 70 degees according to the season of the year, to permit it to become sour. The higher temperature is required during the winter season and also for cream from centrifugal separators during the summer season. The churning is performed for the purpose of causing the globules of fat to strike on to each other and by impaction to unite. If two globules strike each other at a suitable temperature they will stick together ; when large numbers of them unite in that way, it is said that the butter has 'come,' and the particles may be washed and removed. All that is required in the churning of cream is that the serum or medium shall be properly treated (by the addition of water if required, as already described) by the development of acid, and by the temperature being kept at from 57 to 59 in the summer time or from 62 to 66 in winter. It is imperative that a thermometer should be used to reveal the temperature. After the butter particles are half as large as wheat grains, the churning may be stopped. The butter-milk may be removed and replaced by pure water at a temperature of from 50 to 55 degrees. It may thus be washed in the granular state. When the water runs off free from a milky appearance, the granular butter should be left in the churn for half an hour to drain. It may then be salted in the churn or removed to the butter worker for that purpose. Pure salt of tine velvety grain only should be used. The rate of salt- ing should be regulated to suit the taste and requirements of the customers. From three-quarters of an ounce to one ounce per pound will be found acceptable to most of those who purchase Canadian butter. The preparation for the market should be made with a view to giving the butter an attractive appearance, whether it be packed in tubs or tirkins, or finished in prints or rolls. I advise the making of line butter on the farms in winter time ; then as soon as a number of farmers in any section do that, I recommend the starting of a creamery for operation during the winter and the raising of the best stock."

6.— EXPERIMENTAL CHEESE-MAKING.

During the course of the convention of the Dairyman's Association of Western Ontario, held in London on January 16th and 17th, 1889, the following resolution was unanimously carried.

" Moved by Mr. J. W. Scott, seconded by -las. Carmichael, and resolved, That this Association express its approval of the suggestion of Mr. Thos. Ballantyne, for the carry- ing on of experimental work in cheese-making in two factories in the province during the coming season. Resolved further, that we recommend to the Minister of Agriculture the desirability of instructing Professor Robertson to tnake such provision as he may deem

ssary for the proper prosecution of experimental investigations."

In consequence of this recommendation and my own representations to the Minister of Agriculture, he was good enough to make all necessary financial provisions for the undertaking of experiments. A sufficient supply of milk is not available in the vicinity of the College and we have no equipment for cheese-making work. The time at my disposal for beginning and conducting experiments in the manufacture of cheese, limited to parts of two weeks. One of the factories of the President of the Dairy)

ciation of Eastern Ontario, was selected as the place for the work. The preliminary

i-ations were made at a very small expenditure of money. The ordinary equipment

of the factory was deemed sufficient for all practical purposes. One milk vat was divided

into three compartments of almost equal capacity, by the soldering of two partitions' of

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A. 1890

strong tin across it. It was so constructed that three equal quantities, from a vat full of milk which had been previously well stirred, might be treated in similar or different ways. Owing to the short time available for the work, the experimental examinations were contined to four lines : —

1st The influence and noticeable effects of the use of different quantities of rennet extract in the same milk, when handled under similar conditions of temperature, time, acid and salt.

2nd. The noticeable eflects of the use of different rates of salting upon curd that in other respects was treated alike.

3rd. The effect of continuous stirring of the curd after the removal of the whey, compared with the effects resulting from matting of the curd with partial packing, and close packing, piling and covering.

4th. The effect of different setting temperatures upon the same milk when made up under similar conditions of treatment in every other respect.

The experiments were commenced on the 27th day of August, at the factory, as already intimated, of Mr. M. K. Everetts, at Merrickville, Ont. The following I find anions my notes made at the time. " The weather during the last week of August has been the warmest of the summer. Most of the milk when heated had a gassy odor simi- lar to what has been much complained of by cheese makers during the summer. With the exception of the milk received on August 31st, it all showed an over-ripe or acidy condition. The presence of acid could bo discerned by the hot iron test immediately after or before the cooking temperature was reached. The factory and utensils were credi- tably clean ; the whey was returned to the patrons in the milk cans, and a bad odor aris- ing from the whey tank and surroundings was the only objectionable feature of the premises."

The cheese were shipped to Guelph within a week after they were made, and were all cured in the same room at an average temperature of about 65°, until Nov. 9th, when they were put in a dry, cool cellar. The result of examinations made by myself, Messrs. R. M. Ballantyne, and A. F. McLaren, as well as by a large number of experts, who exam- ined them during the progress of the dairymen's conventions at Belleville and Stratford in Jan. 1889, are given in the following tables.

1st. On August 28th, 4,000 lbs. of milk were used to test the effect of different quantities of extract of rennet. The milk was thoroughly mixed in one vat and then 1 333 lbs. of it were put into each of the three compartments of the experimental vat. Hansen's extract of rennet was used. The milk in the different compartments was desig- nated as Lots 1, 2 and 3. The following table will show the treatment :

Lot 1.

Lot 2.

Quantity of milk ■ ■ ■

Quantity of rennet-extract used per i,000 lbs. of milk.

Set at a temperature of 86° at

Thick at

Cut at

Commenced stirring at

Turned on steam at

Heated to 98° at

Acid discernible by hot iron test

Whey started to run off at

Whey off and curd on strainer on a rack

Temperature of 94° at

Run through curd cutter

Hand-stirred until

Salted at •

Curd put to press at temperature of

1,333 lbs. 9oz. 10.02 a.m. 10. OH " 10.18 " 10.40 " 11.00 " 11.35 " 12.05 p.m. 12.05 " 12.40 " 2.30 " 2.50 " 3.10 " 3.10 " 85°

1,333 lbs.

6 oz.

9.58 a.m.

10.05 "

10.20 "

10.40 "

11.00 "

11.35 "

12.05 p.m.

12.05 '•

12.35 "

2.30 "

2.45 "

3.10 "

3.10 "

85*

Lot 3.

1,333 lbs.

3 oz. 9.53 a.m.

10.04 " 10.16 " 10.40 " 11.00 " 11.35 "

12.05 p.m. 12.05 " 12.30 "

2.30 " 2.40 " 3.10 " 3.10 " 85°

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Three cheese from each lot numbered

Rate of salt applied per 1,000 lb. of milk

Weight of curd put in each hoop

Weight <>f cheese on Aug- ust 30th

Weight of cheese on Oc- tober 18th

Weight of cheese on Jan uary 3rd

Order of merit as judged by myself to discover effects of different rates of salting, Oct. 22nd .

By Messrs. Ballantyne and Maclaren,N

By myself, .Ian. 2nd

Order of merit as judged

by myself to discover

if different

quantities of rennet i

extract, Oct. 22nd

By Messrs. Ballantyne and Maolaren.Nov.lst.

By myself, Jan. 2nd ....

By experts at lielleville Convention who com- pared only Nos. 2, 5 and 8

By experts at Stratford Convention who com- pared only Nos. 1, 3, with 4, 6, and 7, 9

Average lb. of milk re- quired per lb. of cheese calculated from weight at Jan. 3rd

Lot 1.

No. 1. 2* lb.

48 "

43 "

Third.

Third.

Third.

No. 2 n lb, 48 ' 45 ' 42} ' 414 '

No. 3. 3} lb. 48 " 43 "

m "

39i "

Second.

Second. Second.

Third.

Third. Third.

Third. First.

Third.

10.88 lbs.

Lot 2.

No. 4.

2} 11). 48 15 42i '•

First. I Third.

First. First.

Second. Equal.

No. 5.

2£lb. 48 "

42 "

Third. Equal.

Second.

Second.

First.

First. Third.

Second.

10.88 lbs.

No. 6.

3i lb.

48 " 44 " ttf"

40i "

First.

First. Equal.

Lot 3.

No. 7.

No. 8.

2} lb.

2| lb.

48 "

48 '"

45 "

44*"

42i "

42 "

40? "

41 •'

Second.

Second.

Third. Third.

First.

No. !). 3} lb. 48 " 44 "

m "

404"

First.

First. First.

First.

First. First.

Second. Second.

First.

10. S8 lbs.

The average shrinkage of weight by the curing from August 30th to October 18th was from 5.4 to 5.8 per cent.

The average shrinkage of weight by the curing from October 18th to January 2nd was 2.7 per cent.

As far as I was able to discern by close examination there was no difference in the progress of curing ; the cheese made by the use of 3 oz. of rennet extract per 1,000 lbs. of milk, cured as quickly as those from 9 oz. Evidently the rennet is not the curing agent. I think the rapidity or the slowness of curing depends upon the proportion of moisture left in the cheese, the quantity of salt added and the temperature at which they are kept. The function of rennet in cheese-making seems to be coagulation. To effect that per- fectly, a larger quantity is required in the making of cheese from fodder-milk and milk shortly after the cows have come in, than during the summer and autumn. A cheese of " heavier body " results from the use of a larger quantity of rennet and a larger quantity of salt than from the use of a less quntity of these.

2nd. During the progress of the tests, three cheese in each of eighteen different lots of curd were salted at different rates, to discover the " noticeable effects of the use of different rates of salting upon curd that in other respects was treated alike."

In each lot, one cheese was salted at the rate of 2£ lb. of salt per 1,000 lbs. of milk^ another at the rate of 2| lb., and a third at the rate of 3 lb. of salt per 1,000 lb. Or milk. I do not think that it would serve any good purpose to specify all the details o the manufacture and treatment ; hence 1 state only the results of the examinations by experts and my own conclusions.

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In the comparisons as to the order of merit in market value, on November 1st and January 2nd, the following presents a summary of the judging :

Cheese with 3 lb. of salt per 1,000 lb. milk.

Cheese with 2^ lb. of salt per 1,000 lb. milk.

Cheese with 2i lb. of salt per 1,000 lb. of milk.

1st.— Fifteen times.

1st.— Once.

1st. — Once.

2nd. — Once.

2nd. — Fourteen times.

2nd. — Three times.

3rd. — Once.

3rd.— Twice.

3rd. — Thirteen times.

Equal— Once.

Equal — Once.

Equal -Once.

The cheese with the highest rate of salting had invariably the " heaviest " and "firmest bod}T." The flavor on January 2nd was better in the cheese with 3 lb. of salt than in the others. These conclusions apply mainly to cheese made during the latter half of August and during September and October. The larger the amount of salt used, the drier the curd becomes, and the longer is the time required for curing.

3rd. "The effect of (1) continuous stirring of the curd, after the removal of the whey was compared with the effects resulting from (2) matting of the curd with partial packing and from (3) close packing, piling and covering."

A series of five tests was instituted. Two of the lots were made up " white " or without coloring, and three were made "colored." 3 oz. of extract of rennet per 1,000 lbs. of milk were used in every lot. The method of procedure was to fill each of the three compartments of the experimental vat with an equal quantity of milk from a vat where it had been previously mixed. The treatment of all was similar, until the whey was drawn off, which was done when the hot-iron-test would show " acid hairs " to the length of from ^ to J of an inch.

After the removal of the whey, the curd of Lot 1 was stirred on a rack with a strainer until it was " dry and firm." The condition of being " dry and firm " is reached when no free whey will collect in the curd when it is allowed to mat. The curd was then allowed co mat, was turned frequently, was packed close and ultimately piled seven or eight layers deep.

Meanwhile the curd of Lot 2 was also stirred on a rack with a strainer, until it was "dry and firm." It was then allowed to mat, was frequently turned, but was not packed more than two layers deep.

At the same time the curd of Lot 3 was also stirred on a rack with a strainer until it was " dry and firm." It was afterwards stirred occasionally and not allowed to mat ; no piece of it was at any time larger than the size of a hen's egg ; most of it was kept in a condition of a separation of the particles, the same as before the removal of the whey.

One cheese of each Jot was salted at the rate of 1\ lb. of salt per 1,000 lbs. of milk ; one at the rate of 2| lbs., and another at the rate of 3 lb. per 1,000 lbs. of milk.

Another method of procedure was to divide the curd of one large vat into three nearly equal lots immediately after the removal of the whey as before mentioned. The three lots were then treated differently as described above; viz, Lot 1 was stirred until " dry and firm," and afterwards matted, turned frequently, packed and piled seven or eight layers deep; Lot 2 was stirred until "dry and firm," and afterwards matted, turned, and laid two layers deep ; Lot 3 was stirred until " dry and firm " and after- wards stirred occasionally and kept from matting.

I will in this case also give only a summary of the judging as I do not think that any good end would be served by a publication of all the little details.

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Summary of Five examinations of the cheese of each of the five tests by other experts and myself as mentioned in the table of the extract of rennet test :

First 9 cheese examined.

By myself, October 22nd

By Messrs. Ballantyne and Maclaren,

November 1st

By myself, January 2nd

By experts at Belleville, January 9th By experts at Stratford, January 16th. . .

Second 9 cheese.

By myself, October 22nd

By Messrs. Ballantyne and Maclaren,

November 1st

By myself, .January 2nd

By experts at Belleville, January 9th. . . . By experts at Stratford, January 16th. . .

Third 9 cheese.

By myself, October 22nd

By Messrs. Ballantyne and Maclaren

November 1st

By myself, January 2nd . .

By experts at Belleville, January 9th

By experts at Stratford, January 16th. . ,

Fourth 9 cheese.

By myself, October 22nd

By Messrs. Ballantyne and Maclaren,

X< i \ ember 1st

By myself, January 2nd

By experts at Belleville, January 9th

erts at Stratford, January 16th. . .

Fifth 9 cheese.

By myself, October 22nd

By .Messrs. Ballantyne and Maclaren,

inber 1st

By myself, January 2nd

Summary of the five tests of 9 cheese,' each i

Lot 1.

(Matted, packed,

]>iled.)

Average quantity of milk required to mrke a pound <>f cheese calculated from the weight of cheese, January 3rd

Equal.

Equal.

Equal. Equal. First.

First.

Third. First. First.

Third.

First.

First. First. First. First.

Third.

Third. First. Second. First.

First.

Third. Equal.

Lot 2.

(Matted only).

Equal.

Equal. Equal.

Equal. Second.

Second.

Second. Second. Second. Second.

Second.

Third. Second. Second. Second.

First.

Second. Second. First. Second.

Second.

Second. Equal.

1st— Twelve times. 1st— Twice.

2nd — Once. 3rd--Five times. Equal— Five times.

10.53 lb.

2nd — Fifteen times. 3rd— Oih . . Equal— Five times.

10.601b.

Lot 3. (Stirred).

Equal.

Equal. Equal. Equal. Third.

Third.

First. Third. Third,

First.

Third.

Second.

Third. Second.

Third.

Second.

First. Third. Third. Second.

Third .

First. Equal.

1st— Four 1 1 2nd — Four I 3rd — Ten times. Equal— Five times.

10.74 1b.

As between Lots 1, 2 and 3 in each series of 9 cheese, there was no appreciable differ- ence in market value.

4th. The effect of different setting temperatures upon the same milk when made up under pimilar conditions of treatment in every other respect, was examined by one test only : time was not available for continuing it further.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24.) A. 1890

Each compartment of the experimental vat was filled with an equal quantity of milk which had been previously mixed. The milk in one compartment was set at a tempera- ture of 84° ; in another compartment at 90°, and in the third compartment at 96° Fahr. The treatment and conditions were made and kept as nearly alike as possible throughout the whole process. There was no appreciable difference in the quality of the cheese.

Shrinkage. — The average shrinkage in weight on the cheese from August 30th — (one and two days after the cheese were made) — to October 18th, was 5.08 per cent. ; the shrinkage from October 18th to January 3rd was 1.70 per cent.

General Conclusions. — The quantity of rennet used in cheese-making does not hasten or retard the curing process except as a larger or less proportion of water (or moisture) is retained in the cheese by its use.

For long-keeping cheese the smallest quantity of rennet that will perfectly coagulate the milk, fit for cutting, in from 45 to 50 minutes at 86° Fahr. will give the best results.

A proportionately larger quantity of rennet should be used when the milk is over- ripe or acidy.

For "spring" and early summer-made cheese the quantity of salt should not exceed '2\ lb. per 1,000 lb: of milk ; for midsummer and autumn-made cheese the rate should be increased to 2|-, then to 2f, then to 3 lb. of salt per 1,000 lb. of milk.

The tests with matting and clcse packing, versus matting, versus loose stirring, indicate that no one of these treatments is essential to the making of finest cheese ; the main point is that the whey shall be stirred out of the curd until it becomes " dry and firm " before the acid is developed to cause the curd to " draw out " on the hot iron test as far as half an inch. When that is provided for, the matting and packing result in giving to the cheese a more flakey and silky texture.

The setting temperature does not seem to exercise any important influence on the quality of the cheese ; in ordinary practice 86° is the most serviceable temperature ; when the milk is acidy or over-ripe a higher temperature will be more conducive to the certain manufacture of cheese of fine texture and body.

BULLETINS FOR CHEESEMAKERS AND PATRONS.

Notes for Cheese-Makers for May.

Factories and their Surroundings.

1. The present, not next week, will be fitting time to see that all the drainage facilties are adequate and in good working order.

2. Whey runs, spouts and tanks should be put into such order that leaking will be- prevented.

3. If there be a leakage anywhere from floors, spouts or tanks, which is not immediately preventible, provision should be made at once for drainage, if only by shallow open trenches. A liberal supply of lime and gypsum should be spread around such places. Don't fail to secure a barrel or two of each some time this month for use during the hot weather.

4. If the factory buildings are not painted and will not be painted, get them white- washed this month. If you cannot get that done by the proprietors or managers, get permission and clo the rest yourself. A whitewashed curing room of imperfect construc- tion can be kept 10 degrees cooler in summer than one not whitewashed. If the cheese become injured, through excess of heat, neither the buyers nor the patrons will white- wash your reputation then.

5. Make the surroundings of the factory neat and tidy. Plant a few trees and a great many flowers.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

6. While keeping the outside of the premises as creditable to your taste and neat habits as possible, make the inside to rellect still more your aversion to everything u

and dirty. Give every part of the factory a thorough cleaning and keep it in a sweet state all summer.

7. Before the curing-room contains any cheese, fumigate it by burning some sulphur in alcohol. That will prevent the growth of mould on the outside of the cheese.

8. The leisure hours of May, before the large flow of milk is received, should bo employed putting all the apparatus, appliances, utensils and machinery in the best of working order.

9. Be sure that the making room floor is so well constructed and supported that it will not shake or vibrate flaring the coagulation of the milk.

Milk and Making,

1. Procure a copy of "Milk for Cheese Factories" for each of your patrons by applying to the Dairy Department, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, stating the number required and the addresses to which they are to be sent.

2. Look out for " leeky " flavors in the milk. Don't put such milk into the vat with that of the other patrons. If you have time, make it up by itself and send the eheepo from it to the patron for his private use.

3. Make provisions for keeping a short record of each day's work, of the exceptional treatment of every vat and of the comparative quality of the cheese from the same I they are shipped.

4. Milk sours readily and rapidly for a number of weeks after the period of lactation begins. Hence milk seldom requires to be ripened for setting during May.

5. Use enough rennet to coagulate the curd into a state fit for cutting in form 17 to 20 minutes, at from 82° to 88° Fahr.

6. Cut it rather early, slowly and very carefully.

7. Use the horizontal knife first.

8. Afterwards allow the curd to settle until whey comes over nearly the whole surface

9. Then begin to cut with the perpendicular knife.

10. Immediately after the cutting is completed, begin to stir the mass slowly and and continuously, until the curd is cooked.

11. Heat should not be applied until 10 minutes after the stirring is begun.

12. The heating should be effected gradually, at the rate of about 1 degree for every 4 or 5 minutes until 98° Fahr. is reached.

13. Draw most of the whey early, and so guard against being caught unprepared for the rapid development of acid.

14. Don't dip the curd until the presence of acid is discernible by the hot iron test. Sweety flavors result from too early dipping in May.

15. After dipping the curd, stir it gently and keep it at a temperature above 94°.

16. Don't attempt close matting, high piling or packing of the curd. See that the whey is separated from it.

17. When it begins to feel "slippy" and smells like fresh made butter, it should bo put through the cutter or grinder.

18. Acid develops so rapidly that care must be taken to keep the treatment well in advance of the change in the curd.

19. After grinding or cutting, stir for 10 or 15 minutes before salting.

20. Apply salt at a rate of about 1 \ lb., early in the month, to 2 lb. pox 1,000 lb. of milk during the last ten days, varying the quantity slightly according to the condition of th curd as to its moisture.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

21. Begin to put the curd in the hoops within 20 minutes after the salt is stirred in.

22. Use only pure water in bandaging.

23. Guard against the formation of edges or shoulders from the hoop-followers being too small. Apply the pressure gradually until the whole power through the long lever is used, after four hours.

24. Leave the press-cloths on, and turn the cheese in the hoops every morning. Let no cheese leave the press room until the shape is symmetrical and the finish neat.

25. Don't press the scaleboards on the ends of the cheese.

26. When the press-cloths are removed, use hot clean whey oil or butter, into which has been dissolved a teaspoonful of soda per cupful of oil.

27. Try to keep the temperature of the press-room above 60° Fahr.

28. The curing room should be kept at a temperature constantly between 659 and 70° Fahr.

29. Provide strong, smooth boxes of the exact size.

30. Stencil the weight of the cheese in neat figures on the side of every box.

Patrons.

1. Try to get each patron to take a personal interest in the care of the milk.

2. Encourage every farmer in your neighborhood to sow a small area of oats and pease or oats and vetches for summer supplementary feed.

3. Persistently endeavor to induce every patron to plant at least 5 acres of fodder corn in rows three feet apart.

4. Send to the Dairy Department, O. A. C, Guelph, for a bulletin of instruction on the planting of fodder corn and the curing of silage.

Milk for Cheese Factories.

Feed. — The milk of cows being a direct elaboration from their blood, whatever interferes with a healthy condition of that fluid will also effect the quality and quantity of the milk secreted. Too much care cannot be exercised in pro- viding feed suitable, succulent, easily digestible, wholesome and nutritious. The grass of early summer is too watery and weak in nutriment for its bulk to be fed alone to the greatest advantage. A judicious allowance of bran, pease and oats, oil-cake or cotton-seed meal will increase the milk supply and fortifythe cow's system for the larger production of milk during mid-summer, fall and winter. Fodder corn, sown broadcast, does not meet the needs of milking cows. Such a fodder is mainly a device of a thoughtless farmer to fool his cows into believing that they have been fed when they have been only filled up. The same plant when grown under condi- tions favorable to its attainment of mature size and quality — in rows or hills 3 feet apart with from 2 to 6 seeds per foot in the row — yields a fodder by means of which cows are enabled to produce the largest amount of milk, butter or cheese per acre area of the land required for their support. Fodder corn is not a complete ration for the most economical production of the best milk. When supplemented by feed rich in albuminoids, such as these already mentioned, better returns for the feed consumed are realised. Last summer one of our leading Canadian dairymen, feeding 18 cows upon fodder corn to supplement scant pasture, furnished milk to a cheese factory. In course of time he provided a supply of bran, and by the end of the first week thereafter he found by an examination of the factory books that he was credited with enough extra milk to pay for the bran consumed (2£ lb. per cow per day) and to leave him a balance of $2.43 of extra profit for that week.

Water. — Water is nature's vehicle for carrying about most of the matter which she requires to move from place to place. The great boulders were quietly clasped in her arms and without apparent effort brought from the northern ridges to the southern parts of our province. The tiniest specks of nourishing

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

matter needed to replace the worn-out tissues of the body are likewise carried to their proper places in this wonderful omnibus. The identical water swallowed by a cow to serve as a carrying medium in her blood for the equable distribution of the elements of nutrition throughout her whole body is made to serve a like function in the milk which she yields. If that water be impure in the first place, it is liable to continue so throughout its whole mission, from the drinking by the cow until after its consumption by the creature consuming the cow's product. Water which has been contaminated by decaying animal matter is specially likely to retain its impurities. The milk from cows drinking such water is a menace and danger to the public health, and interferes greatly with the commercial value of all dairy products. There should be an abundant supply of pure water, easily accessible by the cows during hot weather. It should be furnished at a comfortable temperature during the cold weather of winter. I have not found that cows which are denied access to abundance of water will give as much milk or milk of as good quality as when plenty of water is provided with wholesome satisfying feed.

Salt. — Dairy cattle should have access to salt every day, and salt should be added to all their stable feed daily. A series of experiments has convinced me that when cows are denied salt for a period of even one week they will yield from 1-U to 17i per cent, less milk, and that of an inferior quality. Such milk will on the average turn sour in 2i hours less time than milk drawn from the same or similar cows receiving salt, all other conditions of treatment being equal.

Shelter. — Comfortable quarters are indispensable to the health and well-being of cows- Stables during the winter should have a temperature constantly within the range of from 40° to 55° Fahr. In summer-time a shade should be provided in the pasture fields, or adjacent thereto, to protect against the bristle-making influence of July and August suns. In all the management of cows such conditions should be provided and such care given as will insure excellent health and apparent contentment.

Milking. — "When practicable, milking should be done by the same person, and with regularity as to time. He only that hath clean hands should be allowed to milk a cow. I say "he" because I think the men of the farm should do all the milking, at least dur- ing the winter months. I have exercised the right of changing my mind on that subject since 1 left the farm. It is no more difficult to milk with dry hands than with them wet. It is certainly more cleanly, and leaves the milk in a much more desirable condition for table use or manufacture. Pure stable atmosphere is indispensable to prevent con- tamination from that source. Immediate straining will remove impurities which Otherwise might be dissolved to the permanent injury of the whole product.

— After the straining is attended to, the milk should be aerated. Too often it is poured into one large can and left there just as the cows have given it. That neglect implies three things that are very injurious to its quality for cheese-making. (1) The peculiar odor which the cow imparts to the milk will he left in it until it becomes fixed in its flavor. (2) The germs of fermentation that come in the milk and from t; have the best conditions for growth and action when the milk is left undisturbed. (3). Then the milk will become almost unfit for thorough coagulation by rennet. Hence it is needful and advantageous to aerate it for three reasons. First, because by pouring, stirring, dipping or by trickling it over an exposed surface there is eliminated from the milk by evaporation any objectionable volatile element that may be in it. Secondly, because as has already been stated the milk contains germs of fermentation Some of these are called vibriones. A strange peculiarity about these microbes is that they become active only in the absence of free oxygen. When warm new milk is left undisturbed carbonic gas is generated, and that furnishes the best condition for the commencement of action by these almost invisible creatures. After they get started they can keep up their decomposing work even in the presence of oxygen. It is impossible to coagulate such milk so as to yield a fine quality of keeping cheese. Coagulation by rennet of milk that is ripe can never be perfect unless it has been thoroughly aerated immediately after it is taken from the cow. Neglect of aeration will increase the quantity ■of milk required to make a pound of fine cheese. Thirdly, because the airing seems to

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

give vigor to the germs of fermentation that bring about an acid condition of the milk, without producing the acid. So much is this so that it has been found impracticable to make strictly first-class Cheddar cheese from milk that has not been aerated.

Cooling — The subsequent cooling of milk retards the process by which it is turned sour. Certain germs of fermentation exist in milk which in the act of multiplication split one molecule of sugar-of-milk into four molecules of lactic acid. By delaying the operation of these germs the milk is kept sweet for a longer period. The cooling of the milk should never precede the aeration. A temperature of from 65° to 70° Fahr. will be found cold enough for the keeping of milk over night, when it has been previously aired.

Protection. — Milk is a liquid of absorbent proclivities. It should be protected against injury that would result from exposure to impure air. A general purpose milk-standis a de- vice specially adapted for the spoiling of milk in that way. Such a stand serves as a milk- stand and also a carriage stand, both of which are legitimate uses. Sometimes it is also occupied as a hog bivouac for the convenience of these animals, the end of whose whey trough furnishes one step for the stand. Both of these latter extensions of its uses and hospitalities are all wrong.

Honest Milk. — The employment of inspectors promises to improve the quality of the milk furnished by some patrons, whose highest moral aspiration is limited by an effort to keep the self appointed commandment, "Thou shaltnot be found out." The adultera- tion of milk by the addition of water, the removal of any portion of the cream or the keeping back of any part of the strippings is forbidden by both Dominion and Ontario statutes. Any person who is found out so doing will not escape lightly. The inspec- tors appointed by the Dairymen's Associations have been equipped with suitable and competent testing instruments and have been instructed to render every assistance to cheese-makers, looking towards the prevention of adulteration and the conviction and punishment of those who may be found guilty of the practice.

Matters most needful of Care. — In the following short paragraphs I have ventured to gather helpful advice on the matters most needful of care.

1. Milk from cows in excellent health and apparent contentment only should be used.

2. Until after the eighth milking, the milk should not be offered to a cheese factory.

3. An abundant supply of suitable succulent, easily digestible, wholesome nutritious feed should be provided.

4. Pure cold water should be allowed in quantities limited only by the cow's capacity and desire to drink.

5. A box or trough containing salt to which the cows have access every day is a requisite indispensable in the profitable keeping of cows.

6. Stagnant impure water should be prohibited. The responsibility for the efficacy of that beneficial prohibition rests wholly with the individual farmer.

7. Wild leeks and other weeds common in bush pastures give an offensive odor and flavor to the milk of animals consuming them.

8. All vessels used in handling of milk should be thoroughly cleansed immediately after their use. Washing first in tepid or cold water to which has been added a little soda, and subsequent scalding with boiling water, will prepare them for airing, that they may remain perfectly sweet.

9. Cows should be milked with dry hands, and only after the udders have been washed or thoroughly brushed.

10. Tin pails only should be used.

11. All milk should be properly strained immediately after it is drawn.

12. Milking should be done and milk should be kept only in a place where the surrounding air is pure. Otherwise the presence of the tainting odors will not be neglected by the milk.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

13. All milk should be thoroughly aired immediately after it has been strained. The treatment is equally beneficial to the evening's and the morning's milk.

14. in warm weather all milk should be cooled to the temperature of the atmosphere after it has been aired, but not before

15. Milk is better for being kept over night in small quantities, rather than in a large quantity in one vessel.

16. Milk-stands should be constructed to shade the cans or vessels containing milk from the sun, as well as to shelter them from rains.

17. Only pure, clean, honest milk should be offered. Any deviation from that will not always go unpunished.

Notes for Cheese-Makers for July.

July cheese, like July butter, has a reputation for being the poorest of the summer. This year it should be exceptionally fine. The abundance of grass in June, with a too plentiful rainfall, will leave the pastures with richer herbage than usual. Suitable con- ditions for the production, preparation and preservation of the milk in a fit state for the manufacture of fine cheese can be continued by the patrons giving effect to these simple requirements :

1. Cows need the owner's providential care in the following matters, viz.: —

(a) An abundant allowance of succulent or other feed ;

(b) Opportunity to drink pure water at least twice a day ;

(c) Access to salt every day ;

(d) Shade in the pasture fields from the " bristly " influence of July suns ;

(e) Regularity in milking :

(/) Management and handling with continuous kindness, having an eye to profits.

"2. Cows should be prevented from drinking impure water and should be protected against the attentions of all dogs.

3. (a) Milk should be strained immediately after milking.

(6) It should be aired by the use of an aerator or by dipping, pouring or stirring

(c) It should be cooled to the temperature of the atmosphere.

(d) It should be protected from contamination by the foulness of impure air.

It will be of quick and durable advantage to direct the attention of all patrons to these matters by sending to each a concise, clear and courteous reminder of duty in connection therewith.

When the yield of milk by the cows begins to shrink, the temptation to make up the quantity in some other way is increased. The Act passed by the Dominion Parliament during last session, to provide against frauds in the supplying of milk to cheese, butter and condensed milk manufactories is a piece of wholesome legislation.

It forbids the sending to any such factory milk diluted with water, or in any way adulterated, or milk from which any cream has been taken, or milk commonly known as skimined milk, or milk from which any portion of that part of the milk known as Btlippings has been kept back, or any milk that is tainted or partly sour. The penalty for each offence against the provisions of the Act, upon conviction thereof before any justice or justices of the peace, is a tine not exceeding fifty dollars and not less than five dollars, together with the costs of prosecution.

The fine when recovered shall be payable, one-half to the informant or complainant and the other half to the representative of the factory to which the milk was sent, to be distributed among the patrons in proportion to their respective interests in the product thereof.

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Let every cheese-maker get a copy of this Bulletin published in the local newspaper., and further, let him see that every patron is furnished with a copy of that issue.

Some of the qualities that are expected and desirable in the cheese of July are £—

1. Rich, clean, creamy flavor;

2. Solid, firm, buttery body ;

3. Fine, silky, flaky texture ;

4. Bright, uniform color ;

5. Attractive, neat, symmetrical, stylish appearance.

In order that cheese having just these qualities may be manufactured regularly, I make the following notes for. guidance.

1. Thorough distribution of the rennet in the milk must be effected by diluting the rennet extract and by vigorous stirring.

2. Sufficient rennet to coagulate the curd into a state fit for cutting in from 35 to 40 minutes at from 86° to 90° should be used. When an extra quantity of rennet is used, a corresponding increase in the weight of salt should be added to the curd.

3. The contents of the vat should be perfectly still when coagulation commences. Vibration of the floor and of the vat during the thickening of the milk causes waste.

4. The horizontal knife should be used first in cutting; and active stirring should not commence until the cubes of curd becomes slightly healed.

5. The temperature should be raised gradually to 96° or 98° Fahr.

6. The stirring should be continued until the curd particles are so well " cooked " or " dried " that when a handful bas been pressed for a few moments they will fall apart again as the result of any slight disturbance.

7. As soon as the presence of acid is discernible by the hot iron test the whey should be removed. In the case of gassy curds, a further development of acid before the drawing of the whey will be beneficial.

8. Hand stirring will be of advantage until the curd is firm.

9. The temperature should be maintained at or above 94°.

10. The curd should be allowed to mat into one mass.

11. It should be turned so frequently that whey will not collect or stand in small pools in or on it.

12. If it becomes gassy it should be aired (if need be by grinding and stirring) and afterwards kept at a temperature above 94°.

13. The gas formed in gassy curbs hinders the developement of acid and the presence of acid prevents the formation of gas. The treatment should provide for the removal of the gas by aeration and the maintenance of temperature by the application of hot water to the curd or steam to the vat or sink in which it is.

14. Close matting and packing of the curd are beneficial only after the curd is sufficiently dry and when aeration is provided for.

15. When the texture of the curd becomes stringy in its nature, it should be put through the cutter or grinder.

16. Aeration should be effected by stirring before the addition of salt. Usually 15 minutes of such treatment will suffice.

17. Salt should be added at the rate of from 2£ to 2f lb. per 1,000 lb. of milk, according to the dry or wet condition of the curd. A judicious variation in the quantity of salt should be made in proportion to the moist or dry state of each curd.

18. The "hooping" of the curd should begin when the harsh surface, produced on- each piece of curd by the salt, commences to give place to a slippy, mellow quality.

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19. Shoulders or projecting edges on cheese are unsightly evidences of careless workmanship, and lessen their value from 2 to 3 shillings per cwt. in the English markets. Careful pressing and bandaging and the turning of tl in the hoops in the morning will prevent their formation. The pressure should be continued for at least 20 hours In that way cheese can be finished having an attractive, neat, symmetrical and stylish appearance.

20. The sprinkling of cold water in the curing rooms in the morning and just after noon will reduce the temperature.

21. The curing room should be thoroughly ventilated and should be kept clean. The inspectors report that a good many factories need a general cleaning up.

Notes fob Cheese-Makebs fob August.

A cheese factory's reputation is largely determined by the quality of its August, September and October output, The beginning of August is a lit time for every cheese- maker who has had only partial success during the hot weather to redeem his reputation and that of his factory. A comparison of the prices realised for the summer cheese of Ontario with the figures reported from the United States markets shows that Canadian cheese are in demand at higher rates than American cheese will sell for. That we have gained in reputation and in market favor with British importers and consumers is evi- dent. That this advance and advantage are the result of the applied skill of less than half of our cheese-makers is well known to those who visit the factories and handle their products. To reach and to speedily help those who work in cheese factories without any ambition or aspiration lor improvement is well-nigh impracticable.

However, we desire to make helpful information not only attainable but unavoid- able to such.

In a short time there will be numerous cable orders from England, calling for " cool August cheese. ' That brief description implies a mild, rich flavor that may be preserved for the winter trade, a firm, solid body " full of meatiness,"' a tine outside finish, with clean, bright rinds, free from cracks, and bandages fresh-looking and not likely to appear mouldy.

To help the cheese-makers in manufacturing a class of goods that may be satisfac- torily shipped on such orders, I call attention to some things, both outside and inside of the factories which need their immediate and special personal care.

Around the Premises. — Insufficient or inefficient drainage facilities, unless enlarged or remedied, will show their worst effects during this month. A.t the cost of only a few hoars of labor and a few dollars of expense, the immediate vicinity of every factory can be kept free from the noxious odors that arise from stagnant slop pools. The frequency and foulness of these about the factories in some sections is not only a menace to the permanent prosperity of our cheese manufacturing industry, but a disgrace to the men in charge of the factories.

At factories from which whey is drawn back to the patron's farms in waggons, the leaking and spilling near the whey tank too often leave its vicinity in an almost impass- able condition. A few loads of gravel will abate the nuisance and leave the place fit for approach during the succeeding months when the roads become bad.

The shrinkage in the milk supply will leave a shortage in the whey tank. In order that the whey may have more feeding value, the tank should be thoroughly cleaned and washed at least once a week.

At factories where hogs are fed, provision should be made for supplying them with one feed a day of some green fodder, such as clover, oats and vetches, oats and pease, or cornstalks. Salt should be fed liberally during this month.

In the Malm — This month seems the one when flies become most numerous

and troublesome. Some afternoon after the cheese are in the hoops, it will be a good plan to close up the making-room windows and doors, and to burn a small quantity of sulphur

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for the purpose of fumigating the place. If a tablespoonful of alcohol be mixed with I. -ulphur, it will burn more freely. Care must betaken to prevent the fumes from g into the curing room. The tins of the milk vats and the insides of the sinks should also bo washed afterwards before they are used. All vats, presses and utensils should get a thorough quarterly -cleaning- up early this month. Every cheese-maker should persistently fight untidiness and filth in every fcrm, and he ought to have a woman's passion for cleanliness and a similar antagonism to dirt.

In the Curing-room. — There will be difficulty in curing the cheese made during July at a sufficiently low temperature. Ventilation of the room during the early mornings, as well as during the evenings and nights, will be of benefit. Floors should be sprinkled with cold water morning, noon and evening. While the cheese are being turned on the shelves there should be an abundant admission of light. August is the month when the " skippers " are apt to do damage. A plentiful shaking of fly powder in the room before it is shut up for the day will destroy the cheese flies.

Cheese boxes should not be stored in the curing-room. The odor from the elm wood penetrates the cheese and affects their flavor.

Patrons. — Since the milk is richer and less in quantity, there will be an increased temptation to "even up" by the addition of water, or to "evendown" by the re- moval of cream. You will be doing the community moral service, as well as the cheese trade some good, by reminding the patrons that the Dominion Act of last session is in force and will be enforced against all discovered delinquents.

Patrons are more likely during this month than at other times to forget to provide salt for their cows, and to neglect to supply an abundance of pure cold water. • Cool evenings are no excuse for the neglect of aeration. All milk should be most thoroughly aired immediately after it is strained.

The making of cheese for exhibitions is usually undertaken during the first two weeks in this month. Send a circular to every patron, making mention of those matters that are referred to in this bulletin, and inviting their co-operation, in order to aid you in the manufacture of cheese fine enough for exhibition and prize-taking. If some patrons pay no heed, and no improvement results, don't get discouraged. Keep right on insisting on a better state of things in their practice.

Making the Cheese. — When the evenings are cool and the milk needs ripening, don't fail to leave it in the vat until it reaches the proper state of maturity before the rennet is added. Use enough rennet to coagulate mature milk to a state fit for cutting in forty minutes when set at 88° Fahr. Dilute the extract to the extent of one pailful of water for every vatful of milk, and then mix it thoroughly by vigorous, rapid stirring.

When you are troubled with gassy curds, allow a development of acid, such as will be indicated by threads from the hot iron test a quarter of an inch long, before the removal of the whey. It is a good plan to run most of the whey off at an earlier stage, and to leave only enough whey on the curd to permit a free stirring of it. After the whey is drawn, air the curd thoroughly and make provision for keeping it warm. When a curd sink is used, if need be to retain the heat, put the curd back into the vat, but let the temperature be kept above 94°. Frequent turning and aeration will facilitate the development of acid, providing the temperature is maintained. After the curd cutter has been used, the curd should be stirred and aired for fifteen or twenty minutes before the application of salt. From 2| to 2| pounds of salt per thousand pounds of milk should be added to curds that are fairly well dried by the previous stirring. They should be put in the hoops within twenty minutes after the salt has been mixed in.

Pressure should be applied very gradually. The cheese should be bandaged neatly when they are turned in the hoops within two hours after they are put in the presses. They should again be turned in the hoops some time in the following morning. Where practicable, cheese should be pressed for at least twenty hours.

Endeavor to get everyone who sends milk to your factory, or who is concerned in its management, to try to bring it to the very front in point of reputation for the excel-

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lent quality of its product. Work conscientiously for that end, then talk your factory up always and wherever you go, and get your patrons to do likewise. In short, think and work to make your factory and its product worthy of a higher reputation, especially for August cheese.

Notes for Cheese-Makers for October.

A few years ago " October cheese '*' of Canadian make were deservedly in had repute in the English markets. Their soft, porous body made them liable to go off in flavor quickly ; they did not possess the keeping qualities, combined with richness of body and flavor, which are so much desired by English importers and merchants. During the last two years a decided improvement in the quality has been effected, and with the finer quality has come a better name in the markets. By the exercise of due care on the part of the cheese-makers throughout the remainder of this season the reputation of our " October cheese " may be so well established that hereafter they will be counted equal to "September's." Cheese can be made as firm and fine during October as at any time of the year. Conveniences for controlling the temperature of the curd from the milk vat until the cheese is ripe are required.

Milk. — The milk delivered at factories during October has a higher per cent, of fat and other solids than during the summer months ; its flavor will be equally rich and nice, when the cows are stabled during the cold nights and fed liberally on fodder corn or any other suitable succulent nutritious feed. Turnip tops and rape should not be fed to cows whose milk is furnished to a cheese factory. After it is drawn the milk should be strained immediately and forthwith aired as thoroughly as during the hot weather of July. The aeration will improve its flavor and prepare it for the manufacture of a finer quality of cheese than it will be possible to obtain if that treatment is neglected. The milk should not be cooled below 60° Fah. A milk-house or the farm kitchen will be a more suitable place for keeping it over night than the milk-stand when the temperature of the outside air goes below 50°.

The milk inspectors will continue their work until the close of the season ; their services, to assist in the detection of adulterated milk, can be secured by application to this Department.

Cheese-making. — The construction and equipment of the making-rooms of some factories are still very defective ; but at the cost of a little labor and building paper almost any room can be made so close in its walls that the inside temperature may be regulated at will by the use of a stove. Thorough ventilation once every day should be secured. The following paragraphs will be of service in the refreshment of the ex- perienced cheese-maker's knowledge and in instructing the others in the best practice to follow :

1. Let the milk be ripened by the application of heat before the rennet is put into it; the ripening should be allowed to proceed to such a degree that not more than three hours will be required between the addition of the rennet and the development of acid, perceptible to the taste or discernible by the hot iron test, and sufficient for the removal of the whey.

2. The use of sour whey to hasten the ripening should never be resorted to. Old milk which has become nearly sour to the taste may be added, but loppered or thick milk should never be used.

3. Eennet should be added in quantity sufficient to coagulate the curd into a state firm enough for cutting in from 45 to 35 minutes at temperature of 86° or 88° Fah. It should be diluted with water to the volume of at least one gallon of liquid for every vat.

4. After coagulation is perfect, the curd should be cut finer than during the summer; the application of heat should be delayed for 15 minutes after the stirring is commenced; and the temperature should be raised to 98° and maintained at that point until the whey be drawn off. After the middle of the month a temperatute of 100° will be pre- ferable.

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5. Care should be taken to so apply the heat and perform the stirring that the curd particles will be so dry, before the development of acid is perceptible, that after being pressed in the hand they will fall apart by being slightly disturbed.

6. The curd should be stirred before and after the removal of the whey until the whey is so well separated out of combination with its particles that they produce a

squeaky sound when bruised between the teeth or otherwise.

7. After the whey is drawn off the curd should be kept at a temperature above 94° Fah. If it becomes colder than 94° the development of acid will be hindered and exces- sive moisture will be retained in it during the souring process. The presence of such extra moisture in the curd at this stage will leave the cheese with a weak or pasty and tallowy body, according to the degree of acid development permitted.

8. A cover over the vat or a curd sink with steam pipes seems a simple and effective provision for keeping the curd warm ; where no rack is used, the putting of a few pails of hot water in the lowered end of the vat will maintain the temperature.

9. Just after the removal of the whey the curd should be hand-stirred until after tne whey that will run has been drained off; after the curd is dry and firm it may be allowed to mat into one mass, but not before that condition is reached. All stirring should be performed so as to avoid bruising the grain of the curd.

10. It may then be frequently turned and ^packed close, till the layers of curd are four or five deep. Whey should never be allowed to collect in small pools on it at this stage. The close packing in layers four or five deep, with frequent turning, prevents the outside of the matted pieces from becoming chilled or more deeply colored by the action of the air than is the rest of the curd.

11. The hot iron test is almost indispensable for determining with certainty, from day to day, the exact stage of acid development at which all the whey should be drawn off • the filaments — thread-like processes — should be about one-quarter of an inch long. The proper degree of change for the cutting and salting of the curd has taken place when it feels mellow, velvety and " slippy," and shows a texture passing from the flaky or leafy into the stringy and fibrous. If it be too moist or soft it should be cut or ground at a rather earlier stage and hand-stirred until dry enough before the addition of salt. The most of the hand-stirring should precede the salting.

12. Not less than 3Bb. of salt per 1,000 5). of milk should be used, and when the card is on the soft or moist side 3^ Bb. per 1,000 lb. of milk should be added ; the 3^ lb. rate is also preferable during the latter part of the month when cold weather prevails.

13. Immediately after the application of salt the pieces of curd become harsh and «ritty on the surface ; then in from 15 to 25 minutes the harshness gives place to mel- lowness. At the second stage — and the temperature should not be under 88° — the curd should be hooped and pressure applied. Delay at this point or coldness of the curd de- stroys the desirable rosy flavor, and imparts to the cheese the bitter taste of the salty white whey.

14. Particular care should be taken to use only pure warm water when turning the cheese for bandaging, before the rinds are fully formed.

15. Especially in a cold press room, pains should be taken in the applying of pressure to the cheese before they are left for the night.

16. All cheese should be finished in symmetrical shape and kept in the hoops until the rinds are smooth and the edges free from any projecting " shoulders."

Curing the Cheese. — The temperature of the curing room should be kept as nearly regular at 65Q as possible. Where the September cheese are kept in the same room with those of October make, the latter should be kept on the warmer shelves. A slight chilling, after a cheese has been curing at 65° for two weeks, does little damage ; but a steady temperature and constant curing give the best results. Bitter-flavored cheese are usually the result of chilling in either the making-room, press-room or curing- room. If the cause be prevented the consequence will be unknown.

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To Factory Managers. — As this is the last bulletin of notes for cheese- makers for this season, I desire to counsel the managers of factories to guard against three tendencies that appear to menace the permanent success of our cheese industry :

1. The employment of inexperienced, incompetent men to manage the inside worK lu the factories.

2. The conscienceless cutting down of the remuneration of the makers, until the able men are leaving the occupation.

3. The inevitably penny-wise and pound-foolish policy of using factory furnishings of poor quality, simply because they happen to be a little lower in price.

So much additional trouble, loss, worry and disappointment result from the putting of men without aptitude or experience in charge of large factories that I strongly urge the proprietors to exercise the utmost care and caution, and invariably to inform them- selves as to the fitness of an applicant by enquiry from a reliable expert or cheese buyer. No factory should incur needless risk of a loss of reputation, of patronage, of prestige, of price or of profit.

7.— THE CHEESE-FACTORY BUSINESS OF ONTARIO.

The future of our dairying trade must essentially be an outgrowth of our presenl conditions — the child of our own judgment and skill. Touching first upon the past, I shall not go back further than the time when the cheese manufacturing industry was first introduced into this province, some twenty-four years ago. It will be observed from the fact I have just stated that our co-operative system of dairying has attained its majority, but like many of ourselves it has grown a long time without gathering very much sense, if we are to judqe of that from its present state. Its progress both in the improvement of methods and the occupation of area in our province, was very slow until it was taken in hand by the Dairymen's Association of Ontario ; but as soon as that Association was called into existence and began to guide and foster the industry it re- ceived a new impulse. The Association not only deepened and extended the interest manifested by our farmers, but was the means of leading them to increase their profits by engaging in the dairy business. The Dairy Associations of Ontario have been of much more service to the province than even we often give them credit for. The idea has prevailed that in the Dairymen's Associations of Ontario we have organisations the sole duty of which has been to augment the output of our cheese and to increase the number of our cows. In thinking so, a great injustice is done both to the parent asso- ciation and those which have sprung from it. The first main uses of the Dairymen's Associations to the farmers of this province have been to demonstrate to them the possi- bility and great value of co-operation ; the necessity of being more self-reliant ; the advantages to be gained by applying intelligence in their own business; and the desira- bility of that earnest and continuous effort for improvement without which no class of our population can take their true rank among their fellows. To the Dairymen's Asso- ciations more than to any other agency we are indebted for our present condition as regards co-operation among, farmers. Our Farmers' Institutes, which are accom- plishing such admirable work among the agricultural communities, are a direct outgrowth of Dairymen's Associations, and many of their best workers are indebted to these Asso- ciations for early training. In reaching the ends I have spoken of I claim for the Asso- ciations that they have not merely made it possible for the farmer to make more money, but have made it necessary that he should be a broader-minded and better man before he could be a successful dairyman. In this way they have been a civilising an. I enlivening agency in our midst. The function of the farmer in society is to produce food and the raw material for clothing for the rest of the race ; and the dairyman is merely a fanner calling to his aid more resources than if he had no dairy. When he produces food from the soil of his fields he is aided by the energy and elements of the sun, air and water. From the action of these in accord with nature's law he is enabled to raise plants as the reward of his labor ; but he is still far from having drawn from his fields by the

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aid of those agencies all the good it is possible to get by making animals serve to elaborate food for men's use. To place cattle upon a farm is not to place a tax upon the labor of the farm, but to call into requisition a factor which will increase the available food sup- ply from the whole property ; that is the place of cows and all cattle. The cow fills her place as an economical factor when she lives upon those parts of the crops not adapted for human consumption : and living upon them produces food which makes it possible for a larger number of men to be fed from a given number of acres. All the best of our dairymen understand this, and due understanding and appreciation of the fact has resulted in an increase of the available food supply in this province ; an increase which has ren- dered it possible for us to support economically a larger population than we could other- wise sustain, and which at the same time has afforded ample remuneration to the men whose labor has been expended in producing this extra food supply. The farmer who sells direct everything he raises on his land is selling off plant food — the substance of fer- tility— in large quantities, and if he returns nothing to the soil is in the same course of action as a storekeeper with a limited stock who clears his shelves and counts all his returns as profits. Such a storekeeper would soon be under the necessity of putting up his shutters, and in the same way a man who uses his farm in the way I have mentioned will soon have a poor farm, and being a poor farmer will soon be a poor man. Unless a man will conserve the elements of fertility, his land will not be able to stand the drain incident to producing food. I want to say further that the co-operative system of dairying carried on in cheese factories is restoring fertility to land that has been exhausted, and is repair- ing the financial health of the farming populations in those sections of the country where it has been carried on with good judgment. I heard this statement made lately by a man of large experience in one of the counties of Ontario. He was a tax collector, and although that functionary is not a gentleman whom we are always delighted to honor, he has excellent opportunities of forming just opinions in regard to a matter of this kind. He said that his experience had always been that when he came into the vicinity of a cheese factory he found the taxpayers ready with their money, whereas when he was in other sections where there was no cheese factory he was constantly being asked to wait till threshing time, or Christmas time, or till the grain was sold, or some other time. That is a proof that dairying on the co-operative plan has had the effect of so increasing the earning power of the farmer that he is in possession of more readily available cash. Then it has saved in other parts large sections of the country from becoming non-productive. We sometime think that, after all, the whole value of dairying to the province is that it has brought back farms from a state of barrenness to a state of hi<*h productiveness. I think the farms need never have been exhausted, and we find that in those sections where dairying is most extensively carried on they have the best and most productive farms. I do not think there is any need at all for a man to exhaust his farm and to work it so bare that it will grow nothing but thistles and weeds in order to prove that daiiying will restore its fertility. I would not think as much of a man who did that as of one who had the good sense to engage in dairying work, and whose farm was never exhausted. I have no sympathy to waste on the farmer who has so little foresight, intelligence and thrift as to take from his farm its fertility. Ignorance and neglect will entail the penalty which he must pay. I claim that dairying has preserved the fertility of the fields, and increased it beyond their virgin productiveness. Then it has put a capitalized market value into the farms of the province. If a farm, by reason of having more cows and a cheese factory close by, will bring in a larger annual income, it is of correspondingly greater value. Then it has added to the income of ihe farmer without lessening the production of any saleable crop. If we had merely found a new way of getting money, and in applying and putting it into operation had abandoned the means of getting money from other sources, it might have been no gain or improvement. If the farmers of this province in receiving $6,000,000 a year for their export dairy pro- ducts, had in that merely taken the money fro.n one pocket and put it into another, and had lessened their receipts from grain growing or any other source, they would not have made themselves any wealthier, but it is capable of proof that no farmer who has in- creased his income from the sales of milk to a cheese factory has lessened his production of grain by a single bushel. On the other hand, he has so much increased the productive-

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ness of his farm that it will grow twenty-five per cent more on the average than it would otherwise. Where a cheese factory is supported, we find that it is an addional source of income which does not operate detrimentally to or in any way lessen the realisation of income from other sources from which we have in the past been accustomed to derive it. So much have I put together by way of referring to the past of our dairying. We all like to be successful and respected at home, but at the same time we also like to be well esteemed abroad, and there is no department of our agricultural, industrial or manufac- turing enterprises that has won for us abroad such a splendid reputation as has our immense export of dairy produce. No man in England will ever try to disparage this province as one in which the finest dairy products cannot be manufactured, although many of them think we cannot keep go on growing wheat or beef and pork as has been done in the past. We have given indisputable proof that we can and will continue the pro- duction of cheese of the finest quality, which proves that we have a climate and country suitable for calling into advantageous use the best energies of man, suitable for the maintenance of the best kinds of dairy stock and the economical production of food of this kind of the very best quality. In this way our dairy business has advertised us abroad as a solid, substantial, progressive and prosperous people, and beyond this our cheese business has done more than anything else to correct erroneous ideas prevalent among the English in regard to our climate. In a brief three weeks time, four years ago, at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, it was not difficult to give this province and its resources advertising to the extent of six hundred miles of single columns of newspapers, and that without any expense for advertising bills, but simply by writing about cheese and butter. In that way we have got a most desirable reputation and the most extended information about our province spread abroad through our dairy businpss. Having said BO much in regard to the record of the past, there are some things to be learned from it which we cannot afford to ignore, and in writing of the present I wish to write of it with its weaknesses and defects, and to review them in the light of our past history. I would like to examine the present status of dairying, especially as regard co-operative cheese factory work, in relation to the profits that are and may be derived from it. We have in the province over 780 co-operative cheese factories, supported by over 42,000 patrons, receiving the milk of over 260,000 cows. Now, if these 42,000 patrons w^re all men of enthusiasm, intelligence and good judgment they could raise our cheese industry to a much higher plane, from which they could realise twice as muoh profit inside of a year and keep up the improvement at the same ratio for the next five years to come. I iind in the first place that there are many men halting between two opinions, as to whether it pays to support a factory or not. "By sending out circulars and getting returns as far as possible I iind that over five thousand, of the forty-two thousand supplying milk, do so for less than three months in the year to the factories of this province. They are the men who are never quite sure whether they will send milk more than one week or not. While attending a dairy convention held in the State of New York I heard a man in a position of authority state that it would pay the farmers of that State to shoot and bury one-half of the dairy cows there. I also heard another gentleman of equal prominence there, and a man occupying an official position, say that not more than one-third of the dairy cows in the State were' actually yielding a profit to their owners. I do believe that one-third of our dairy cows are not yielding their owners a profit. The first means of improvement in this respect, I would suggest, would be to eradicate the thoughtless indifference of these men who have never made up their minds as to what a cow is for, and improve them into keeping better cows in a better way. The average yield per cow has often been cited at three thousand pounds of milk per year. I would leave myself upon record as saying that the average yield of the cows of Ontario is over three thous- and pounds per annum each, but is under three thousand ponnds per annum when measured by the cheese factory season. I got a large number of returns, which were made by cheese-makers who took some pains to verify their correctness from which I find that the largest yields per head of the best herds supplying milk to eighty factories, through the whole cheese factory season of six months and one day, was 3,500 pounds, and the average of the poorest herds going to the same factories during the same time was 2.235 pounds. What is the matter with our cows ? If the cow is a con-

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

trivance of nature to aid the farmer in producing more food from his fields, it is a very clumsy and inefficacious contrivance that consumes the keep of six months and gives back only that amount of milk — a contrivance which, instead of being a source of profit, is only a burden and expense to the man who has to keep it in running order. I think these cows are made the wrong way. The man makes the cow. The dairy cow has been the product of man's skill, and reflects that. She is an artificial product, and the main operative agency in improvement is the brain of man. The man who refuses to use his brain simply lets nature and the cow do the worst they can for him — that is, the best they can for themselves, but the worst for him. To succeed in moulding the cow we must go back and get a proper male. The man who wants to make a China tea-cup does not go to a brickyard and get his clay, nor does the man who intends building a steam engine go the bush for his piston-rod. We must have the proper material, and the only material that is at our hand which can be worked into the best possible form for the use of man in the dairy cow is the material inherited from cows and balls that have had milking power and milking records. If we do not begin there we have to refine the material, which is unnecessary labour when we may have our raw material of the right quality to begin with. A man should no more think of using a bull in his dairy herd that has been kept fat from its calfhood up than he would think of using brick clay to make a China tea-cup. Such an animal is not the bull for a dairyman. Let it have a record of eight or ten thousand pounds of milk per year behind it in dams back for two and more generations. Again, a man who wants to buy a bull to head a dairy herd, will go to a stable and find a bull calf that suits his notions as to its points. He will then go into the cow stable of the stock breeder and ask to see the dam of that bull, and find perhaps a lean cow, a large cow, a large milking cow with an angular frame, not rounded and padded with flesh below her skin. " But," he says, " have you got a calf from this other big fat cow 1 " " Yes." " What do you want for it ? " " Fifty dollars more than for the other one." He goes back and buys the calf from the fat cow, and still expects that he is going to succeed in improving his dairy herd. I do not care whether the cow be a Jersey, Holstein, Ayrshire or Shorthorn, the dairyman who buys a bull from a fat cow usually makes a mistake, and if he keeps that bull fat afterwards he destroys what probability there was of getting improved blood into his herd. The man who does not know what kind of a cow he wants will never make a heifer shapen that way ; but the man who has the ideal of the cow he wants, will make his heifer grow that way for him. Then the present of our dairying strikes me as being weak in this respect, that even if we had good cows on the average we have not learned to feed them economically. We have 2,235 pound cows, hut these same cows are five-acre cows, need- ing the fodder from five acres to prcduce that small quantity of milk, viz. : three acres of pasture and two of fodder. There is no adequate return for the labor spent upon such animals. Instead of five-acre cows we want to have a good many of one-acre cows, and instead of 2,235 pounds as a record we want at least a record of 7,000 pounds. A man may feed a cow on one acre which will give him 7,000 pounds of milk a year, and he is making a good deal more food per acre than the man who makes only 2.235 pounds per cow and has to feed her the fodder ot five acres. As a man produces food he creates wealth, and will have his own share in the handling thereof. Now, I do not want to denounce an evil without suggesting a remedy for it. Reduced acreage is the thing, and I would recommend the farmers to sow some rye. Two acres of winter rye is enough for a one hundred acre farm, and that will furnish food early in the season before the other crops are fit to use. Then bran should be fed ; bran or pease meal, or something like that when early pasturage is rank and not calculated to give the best results. Oats and pease cut in the green state should then be fed ; and after they are through there should be a crop of ensilage corn ready, of some variety that will give a large growth of leaf and stalk, full to overflowing with nourishing properties. If he would have that, the farmer must give up the old-fashioned prictice of sowing three bushels of corn to the acre. » Last year many men who sowed a quarter of a bushel to the acre reaped a most satisfactory crop.

A successful dairyman, whose hairs are grey and whose bank account is heavy, gave me this statement as his experience. He bought bran and fed fodder corn by the most

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. l&tO

improved methods, and he found that the supply of milk yielded by his cows was largely augmented thereby. The bran cost him 614 per ton After one week's experimental work he went to the cheese factory and found that at the price cheese was then selling for he had made just 82.41 more in the value of the milk than the extra cost of the bran had been to him. He had got enough milk to pay for his bran and leave him a profit of

I in one week, besides having his cows in better condition, able to give more milk for a longer period that season. The manurial value from feeding the bran was not the least important gain.

Having said so much upon that aspect of the question, I will pass on to the consid- eration of our factory equipment — buildings, utensils, and so on, in which we are very far behind indeed. Cheese factory buildings are not on the average such as are adapted to the present requirements of dairying. They should be constructed in such a way as to enable those managing them to have perfect control of the temperature. I find from the reports of Instructors in Western and Eastern Ontario that many of them are very imperfectly constructed in this respect. The equipment of utensils is quite inadequate to the needs of the present system of cheese-making, and in some instances these are kept in such a state that the less they are used the better for the cheese. There is also improvement needed in the class of men who are employed in running cheese fac- tories. The men who run our cheese factories to-day are not men of che same ambition as they were ten years ago. In many instances I find the sole ambition of makers is to make a cheese that will pass. Ten or fifteen years ago there was a feeling of rivalry between makers to make cheese th.it would please — to reach a higher standard that would please everybody, the eater included. That is what is wanted. We want cheese makers who are enthusiastic about their work, and will take the pains to make themse'ves mas- ters of all the details of their business. I need not refer to prices beyond saying that even during a year of moderate prices such as we have passed through, no part of the farm work has left the same profits as the cheese-making and dairying industry. If that can be said after a year of moderate prices, with 2,235 pound cows that take five acres to feed, what could we not do in a good year with the right; kind of cows rightly fed, and with buildings and appliances of improved utility. The future of dairying, to my mind, is bound up with the future of the farmers of this province of Ontario. If by any means the farmers of this province can have their ene awakened into action they will make lots of money out of cheese, but if they cannot be led to think and read and work for themselves they can never, by any extraneous process or method, be helped very much. Therefore let us work at the man who keeps the cow that gives the milk that makes the cheese. In doing so we u'et these individuals waked up into acting intelligently, and if we do our success is assured The foundations of the business will be established, its field extended, its profits increased, and our reputation will certainly be much higher than it is at present. We want better cows kept by better men, better and yet more economically fed, so as to produce better milk ; we need the highest class of men that can be induced to be cheese-makers, for the cost of an extra ten or twenty dollars a month is nothing compared with the desirability of supporting and strengthening our prime industry of cheese-making. We require besides to have a cheaper summer feed for our cattle. It will be found that by carrying ensilage from the winter to the folio-wing summer it is possible to get the cheapest food for cows. Then, having this, it will be found possible to make cows milk at least ten months in the year, and the milking season should begin, not in March or April, but from November to January. If the cheese factory is to be made profitable the cows may come in early, and then when the cheese factory closes as a cheese factory it can be opened the next day as a butter factory. One set ot buildings and apparatus will flo for the whole year. The skim milk can be used for the purpose of raising the best class of calves. When the spring comes the milk will not be needed for thp calves, and it can go to the factory for cheese-making. I think winter dairying is full of the greatest promise in Ontario- full of great possibilities. If we only avail ourselves of these new openings for the exer- cise of intelligence — these starting points for new enterprise and the achievement of new results — we shall have no occasion to be ashamed of either the past, present or future •of our dairying industry.

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53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

8.— THE HOG AS AN ADJUNCT TO THE DAIRY.

From Bulletin xxx, issued by the Bureau of Industries on " the Swine Industry in Ontario," I quote the following sentences from pages 40-41 : " During the last eight years 60,000,000 lb. of hogs, valued at 83,160,000, have been slaughtered in bond in Canada for exportation. What change is necessary in order to enable the Ontario farmer to supply this pork ?" On page 7 of the same Bulletin it is stated that during the five fiscal years 1884-9, "there were also imported to be slaughtered, in bond, 41,155,383 lb. of hogs, live weight, valued at $2,044,398, which with the imports for home con- sumption make a total deficit of $9,409,597 in the five years, being an annual average of $1,881,920 ; or, if the duty be added, an annual deficitof $2,167,800."

The facts presented in these quotations indicate that there is a large demand for hogs and their products that might be and ought to be furnished to our own markets with profit, by the dairy farmers of the Province. By way of further introduction of this subject, I will quote some passages from an address which I had the honour to deliver before the Dairymens' Associations in 1889. "Dairymen neglect one of the best servants they can have in the animal creation, when they do not avail themselves of the hog to aid in making money from the by-products of milk. The attitude of farmers towards the pig has been an unfriendly one. It is a popular, though untrue, saying that " the only good Indian is the dead Indian," and farmers seem to cherish a similar belief in regard to the hog. That opinion, however, is in direct opposition to the best interests of the men who keep cows for the manufacture of dairy products. If the man who keeps ten cows will fatten twenty hogs in the summer and half as many in the winter, he will find, perhaps to his amazement, that this little branch of business will bring him in more money and profit than he thought could be made from it. Whey is a valuable hog feed. There are nearly seven pounds in every hundred pounds of whey which the hog can use to advantage. The composition of whey is as follows : — Water, 93 per cent. ; nitro- genous substances, 0.92 ; fat, 0.35 ; milk sugar, 4.65 ; lactic acid, 0.33 ; ash, 0.75.

These elements of food value in whey should produce at least two pounds of live weight in hogs. One hundred pounds of whey, fed in the most judicious manner, should produce two pounds of pork ; it will not do it when fed alone, but fed in combination with other foods it will. Sows, like cows, should be selected for their profit-making powers. A man who knows well enough that unless he has a good dairy cow he need expect no profit from her, often acts as though he believed that anything that grunts and squeals will make money for him out of its feed ; but the squealing and the grunting are the main part of it with some hogs. In selecting a sow, she should be selected first for her length, then for her depth and then for her breadth. The three qualities should be valued in that order of merit — length, depth and breadth. A sow should be made to farrow in March or April and in September. A breeding sow should never be fed upon decayed food. The waste from the kitchen and the table is wholesome feed for pigs when it is fed clean and before it becomes decomposed ; but a never-empty and con- sequently never-clean swill barrel is a menace to the health of the hogs and a hindrance to profit. A breeding sow should always get as much salt as she likes to take ; her food should be salted and she should have access to salt besides ; she will not thrive without it. The quarters of breeding* sows during the winter should be comfortable. They too often lie in and under strawstacks, or out in open sheds, and the other swine which are being wintered lie with them and on them to make more warmth. Dead pigs and sickly pigs from birth are the consequence. Their sleeping places should be well ventilated and dry.

A boar should be selected for length, depth and breadth. He should have propor- tionately large bones, for small bones are indicative of a weak constitution and a disposi- tion to lay on lard instead of muscular meat. A plentiful supply of hair indicates a strong constitution, and a predisposition to lay on flesh.

Young pig3 should be suckled for about three months ; if they are weaned when five or six weeks old they will not do as well. The sow can nurse them as well as not

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if properly fed, and the pigs will grow and thrive so much the better. Skim-milk, butter- milk and bran should form some part of a milking sow's ration. It is profitable to scald or boil her feed' until after the pigs are weaned.

The little pigs should always have access to cold water for drinking. In feeding and fattening these little pigs, they should have the trough room in length, not in depth. Many of the hog troughs, I see around the country, seem to have been constructed with the object of affording bath accommodation for the pigs, so deep and wide are they that the pigs take headers right into them. The feed room of the trough should be in length and not mainly in depth for all sizes of hogs and it should be kept clean. Pigs have the reputation of being filthy animals, but a pig will keep itself clean if it gets instruction in that way for one week and a good example. The feed for little pigs should be sweet not sour. In the souring of whey, some of the sugar is converted into acid. Lactic acid has no feeding properties. It has a slightly helpful digestive action, so that whey or milk which is sour will do a pig no harm, but part of the food value has been lost. Thoroughly sour whey is extravagant food and unsuitable for pigs. All meal fed with whey had better be of a mixture of grains : pease, wheat, middlings and bran are suitable. And let me remark in passing, that since a farmer can frequently grow thirty bushels of " goose wheat " to the acre, in this time of cheap wheat, he cannot market that so well any other way as through his hogs. With their mixed feed, pigs should receive a liberal allowance of salt every day ; charcoal or wood ashes are very beneficial when hogs are fed mainly on whey. A very small quantity of saltpetre and sulphur once a week would help to keep them thriving when the whey is unavoidably sour, as it will sometimes become in spite of the best of care. A mixture may be made of eight pounds of salt, ei^ht pounds of charcoal, half a pound of saltpetre and one pound of sulphur. The hogs may be allowed to take all they like of the mixture. Pigs should have some green feed in the summer time when penned up ; half an acre of clover will yield the best returns in pork when fed to pigs that are also given whey and grain in combination therewith.

The sleeping quarters of pigs that are being fed should be dry, clean and well ventilated. The best weight at which to sell hogs in order to realise the highest price and the best returns for food consumed is from 150 to 200 pounds, live weight."

The following tables give the observed results from five of the pens of hogs that were fattened during the season.

On Aug. 9th sixteen hogs were separated into three pens, containing 6, 5 and 5 respectively. They were divided to be as near alike as possible in age, size and breeding None of them were pure bred, though most of them showed Berkshire or Chester White points. They were all fed on middlings only, with salt and w^ter, and were allowed as much as they could eat, being fed three times a day. The middlings were nii:*3d with cold water in the troughs immediately before the time of feeding.

Weight Aug. 9th.

Weight Sept. 13th.

Gain.

Middlings consumed.

Middlings consumed per ft. of in- crease live weight.

Pen 1

6 hogs. 5 " 5 "

586 ft. 465 " 399 "

924 ft.

726 " 673 "

338 ft. 261 " 274 "

950 ft. 836 " 908 "

2.81 ft. 3.20 " 3 31 "

2

5

16 hogs.

1450 ft.

2323 ft.

873 ft.

2694 ft.

3. OS ft.

The average live weight of the hogs on Aug. 9th was 9G.6 lb. each.

Sept. 13th " 145.2

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53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

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The object in feeding the middlings was to prepare the three lots for an experiment in the feeding of corn meal alone, pease meal alone and a mixture of bailey meal and middlings alone in the fattening of these 16 hogs. The hogs of each of the three lots in pens 1, 2 and 5 were weighed every week. The meal in each case was fed, as were the middlings, mixed with cold water in the trough, immediately before the hogs had access to it. They were fed three times a day and each pen was allowed as much as the hogs would (at. In the tables I have arranged the figures under four feeding periods of four, four, four and three weeks each.

Pen 1 — Six hogs fed on cornmeal only with water and salt, Sept. 13th to Dec. 28th.

Feeding period.

Sept. 13th to Oct. 12th . Oct. 12th to Nov. 9th . . Nov. 9th to Dec. 7th... Dec. 7th to Dec. 28th . . Sept. 13th to Dec. 28th.

Weight at

beginning of

feeding

period.

924 lb. 1184 " 1447 " 1666 "

924 lb.

Weight at end of feed- ing period.

1184 lb. 1447 " 1666 " 1842 " 1842 ft.

Gain.

2601b. ?63 " 219 "

176 " 918 lb.

Cornmeal consumed.

1111 lb.

1174 "

1161 "

911 "

4357 lb.

Cornmeal consumed per 11). of in- crease live weight.

4.27 lb. 4.46 " 5.30 " 5.17 " 4.74 lb.

Pen 2 —Five hogs fed on pease meal- only with water and salt, Sept. 13th to Dec. 28th.

Feeding period.

Sept. 13th to Oct. 12th. Oct. 12th to Nov. 9th . . Nov. 9th to Dec. 7th... Dec. 7th to Dec. 28th . . Sept. 13th to Dec. 28th.

Weight at Wei htat beginning of d £ f d.

[feS ^,-iod.

726 1b.

945 " 1140 " 1390 "

726 lb.

Gain.

945 lb. 1140 " 1390 " 1534 " 1534 lb.

2191b. 195 ' 250 " 144 "

sos lb.

Pease meal consumed.

Pease me 1 consumed

per lb. of in- crease live weight.

1049 lb.

931 "

1126 "

815 " 3921 lb.

4.79 lb. 4.77 " 4.50 " 5.66 " 4.S5 lb.

pen 5 pive hogs fed on a mixture of barley meal and middlings alone

and salt, from Sept. 13th to Dec. 28th.

with water

Weight at

beginning of

feeding

period.

Weight a', end of feed- ing period.

Gain.

Feed consumed.

Mixture of barley meal

Feeding period.

Barley.

Middlings.

and midd- lings con- sumed per Ib.ofincrease live weight.

Sept. 13th to Oct. 12th.... Oct. 12th to Nov. 9th

Dec. 7th to Dec. 28th

Sept. 13th to Dec. 28th....

673 lb.

S7; '

1070 '

1275 "

673 1b.

8771b. 1070 " 1275 " 1403 " 1403 ft.

204 lt>. 193 "

205 " 128 " 7301b.

399 lb. 436 " 486 " 351 " 1672 lb.

399 1b. 419 " 489 " 361 " 1668 lb.

3.91 lb. 4.43 " 4.75 "

5.56 "

4.57 lb.

■■

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53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

The following table is arranged for comparison of the quantities of feed consumed per lb. of increase live weight: —

: g period.

O'jrn m< ai consi per lb. of increase •

live weight.

Pease meal consumed

per lb. of increase

live weight.

Mixture of barley meal

and middlings consumed

per lb. "f increase

live weight.

Sept. l'-.th to « >ct. 12th

4.27 lb.

4.79 lb.

3.91 lb.

Oct. 12th to Nov. 9th

1.46 "

4.77 "

4.43 "

Nov. 9th to Dec. 7th

0 ■'

4 50 "

4.75 "

Dec. 7th to Dec. 28th

5.17 "

5.60 "

5. 50 "

Sept. 13th to Dec. 28th

4.74 lb.

4.85 lb.

4.57 lb.

On November 9th, after a period of preparatory feeding, eight hogs of similar a^e and breeding were weighed, and left four in each of two pens. They were not pure bred, but in appearance would have passed for Berkshire hogs. A test was undertaken with them to obtain some information on the value of rape ensilage for fattening purposes. The four hogs in pen 6 were fed on middlings only, with water and salt mixed in the trough before the hogs were allowed access to it. They were fed three times a day, and were fed as much as they would eat. The four hogs in pen 7 were fed on about one-third the quantity of middlings consumed by the hogs in pen 6, and were allowed as much rape ensilage as they would eat. The treatment otherwise was alike. The feeding lasted from November 9th to December 21st, when the supply of rape ensilage was exhausted.

The following table shows the comparative quantities of middlings and rape ensilage •consumed : —

Pen <i :

" 7:

Feeding period.

i »ec. 21st

beginni

f eei ! peri ..

Weight at end of feed- ing period.

•>"" lb. 11641b.

905 " I 1084 "

Gain.

Middlings and rape ensilage consumed.

Mid- dlings.

Rape ensilage.

259 lb.

181 "

1491 lb. 487 "

28401b.

Middlings consumed per lb. of in- crease live weight.

5.75 lb.

According to this one test one pound of middlings is equal to 5.12 lbs. of rape ensilage for the production ot pork. The cost of the rape ensilage in this case could not be correctly calculated.

T desire here to call attention to the fact that in the feeding of the hogs in Pens 1, 2 and 5 from August 9th to September 13th on middlings only, from an average weight of 90.6 lbs. each up to 145.2 lbs. each, only S.08 lb. of middlings were consumed for each pound of increase, live weight, whereas in feeding the hogs in Pen 6, on middlings only, from an average weight of 226.2 lbs. each up to 291 lbs. each, 5.75 lbs. of middlings were consumed for each pound of increase live weight.

The twenty-four hogs of Pens 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 were killed on December 31st and Janu.iry 1st. The last feed was given to all the hogs on the morning of 30th December. The hogs of Pen 1, and numbers 4 and 5 of Pen 2. were killed on January 1st. The following table will give some interesting and probably useful information. The live Weight oi ■ ch hog was taken immediately before it was killed, and the dead weight was

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53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

taken immediately after it had ceased to bleed, dressed and hung up where they would not freeze, was taken :

The hogs were all scalded, scraped, On January 6th the dressed weight

Pen.

O c8

. a o.B

Fed on

Live Weight

Dead Weight.

Dressed Weight.

Weight of lard on guts.

Percent, of shrinkage from live weight to dressed weight.

/

1

2 3 4

Middlings and rape Ensilage.

2184 lb. 254$ " 224" " 212 "

5 lb. 2 oz.

5 " 10 "

6 " 2 " 4 " 14 "

\

260 lb. 249 "

254 lb. 242 J "

V14.3 percent.

•{

1 2 3 4

Middlings.

298 " 282 " 259 " 305 "

292 " 273 " 252 " 300 "

257 " 245 " 225 " 2644 "

71b. Ooz. 6 " 11 " 6 " 2 " 6 " 11 "

Vl3.3 percent.

r

i

I

1 2

3 4 5

Barley-meal

and Middlings.

273^ " 283 " 238 " 298 " 2534 "

2664 " 277" " 232 " 291 " 2464 "

2294 " 242$ " 201$ " 251" " 211 "

71b. 9oz. 10 " 1 " 7 " 14 " 6 " 4 " 6 " 0 "

1

[>15.6 percent. )

f

■

1 2 3

4 5

Pease-meal.

2894 " 288" " 301 " 2794 " 312$ "

2824 " 282$ " 293$ " 273$ " 305$. "

2384 " 242" " 246 " 2324 " 2614 "

7 lb. 14 oz. 9 " 12 " 9 " 0 " 7 " 12 " 6 " 15 "

1

J-17.0 percent. J

r

i i i

1 2 3 4 5 6

Corn-meal.

295 "

3424 " 241" " 3324 " 283 " 2774 "

2904 " 336$ " 235$ " 326 " 2764 " 271$ "

257| " 2934 " 206J " 2874 " 238$ " 237" "

6 1b. 2oz. 9 " 0 "

6 " 10 " 5 " 13 " 8 " 11 "

7 " 4 "

1

[-14.1 percent.

1 J

One hog of each lot was cut through in front of the shoulders, behind the shoulders and in front of the hams. It was intended to photograph these sections had the differ- ence between the proportions of fat and lean from the different kinds of feed been decidedly apparent. The difference would not have been evident to the eye from an exact photograph. A few of the notes made on the spot are transcribed here : —

Com- Meal Fed. — Lean meat rather brighter in the color than the others ; equal to the pease-meal fed in firmness and proportion of fat and lean ; lard more chalky in shade than others.

Pease-Meal Fed. — The color of the lean meat hardly so bright as the corn-meal fed.

Barley- Meal and Middlings Fed. — Oolor of the lean meat rather pale; larger pro- portion of lean to fat than in the corn and pease-meal fed ; flesh and fat softer in body than in the two other lots.

In the following table is shown the order of quality under the three heads of " color," "largest proportion of lean to fat," and "firmness of flesh and lard."

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Order.

Color.

Largest proportion of lean to fat.

Firmness of flesh and lard.

First

Middlings and rape ensilage.

^{SSwi

Third

Barley-meal and middlings . .

Barley-meal and middlings. .

Barley-meal and middlings. .

Middlings

Middlings and rape ensilage.

Fifth..,

Middlings and rape ensilage.

e^1! Pease-meai :::::::::

Other hog-feeding has been in progress. From the data given in these tables, and from conclusions safely reached by observation, I desire to point out that as a ho.; be- comes older and heavier there is a gradual increase in the quantity of food consumed per pound of increase live weight. It is not prudent to base a scale of the per cent, of in- creased consumption of feed upon these few tests, but I may mention that in the case of feeding hogs upon middlings only from 226.2 lb. each up to 291 lb. each (pen 6), they consumed eighty-six per cext. more feed for every pound of increase live weight than did the hogs from 90.6 lb. each up to 145.2 lb. each.

By comparing the quantities of feed consumed per pound of increase live weight by the hogs in pens 1, 2 and 5 on corn-meal, pease-meal and barley-meal and middlings re- spectively during the first eight and the last seven weeks the following results appear: —

Feeding period.

Corn-meal consumed per lb. of increae live weight.

Pease-meal consumed per lb. of increase live weight.

Mixture of barley-meal and middlings consumed per lb. of increase live weight.

Sept. 13th to Nov. 9th. Nov. 9th to Dec. 28th.

4.36 1b. 5.24 "

4.78 1b. 4.92 "

4.1Glb. 5.06 "

The increased per cent, of the consumption of feed per lb. of increase live weight in the hogs in the second period from Nov. 9th to Dec. 28th over the rate of consumption during the period from Sept. 13th to Nov. 9th is as follows : —

In corn-meal fed hogs, 20 per cent, more feed per lb. of increase live weight.

In pease-meal fed hogs, 3 per cent, more feed per lb. of increase live weight.

In barley-meal and middlings mixture fed hogs, 21 per cent, more feed per lb. of increase live weight.

I consider that it is possible by a judicious mixture of grain in hog-feeding to obtain one pound of increase live weight up to 200 lb. for every four pounds of grain fed.

The floors of our feeding pens all have their fall towards the trough ; that arrange- ment leaves the back part of the pen always dry for a sleeping place.

Hog manure is one of the best fertilisers ; in feeding hogs little is taken off the farm, much is left on it of manurial value, and satisfactory money returns may be realised in addition. For these reasons 1 believe the hogs of this province are an un- recognised and undeveloped source of wealth for the men who will endeavor to under- stand and use them well.

189

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A 1890-

9.—FODDER CORN AND THE SILO.

Indian corn (Zea Mays) is cultivated in every quarter of the globe. The plant is believed to be indigenous to South America, though the origin of its use as an agricul- tural product is still obscure. The remains of charred cobs have been dug from Indian mounds; and the Spaniards in the course of their conquering inroads found it growing as a holy ornament upon the graves of Mexicans. Mention is made of the discovery of cultivated corn fields about the mouth of the Kennebec river, Maine, in 1605. Oartier found waving corn fields at Hochelaga in 1635. Its spread into Europe is believed to have been from America by the ships and hands of the Norsemen long before the adven- tures of Columbus. From Mediterranean ports it was spread through Europe, and as everything foreign in those days was called " Turkish," it carries the name of " Turkish corn" to this day in many of the kingdoms there. As an agricultural product it is of vast commercial importance to the farmers of this continent, and its enormous yields, without serious exhaustion of the fertility of the soil, have made it the means of rapidly enriching the districts and countries where it has been grown successfully. Contrary to the belief of many farmers in Ontario, it can be grown to advantage for fodder purposes in every section of the province. In the counties in Ontario where it is valued for its grain producing qualities, the average yield per acre in 1888 was 78.2 bushels in the ear against the officially stated yield of 26.3 bushels (shelled corn) in the corri-growing States. With this crop, as with the more commonly grown cereals, the several varieties attain their maximum of service and value in the most northernly limits within which they can be grown to maturity. In the season of 1889 corn was ripened successfully as far north as Minden, Haliburton. It can be grown for fodder ourposes profitably in every part of the whole province.

While a loose loamy soil is thought to be best adapted for its growth, large crops can be obtained from clay lands as well as from sandy soils. The varieties are practically innumerable. They are due to climatic conditions, selection, cross-fertilisation ana cul- tivation. Attention to the controllable treatment will doubtless enable the farmers of this province to develop varieties more suitable and serviceable to themselves than any that are yet known. The height, attained by the plants of different varieties, ranges from two feet to fourteen feet. The number of nodes or joints on each stalk is irregular. The leaves vary in size and number. Ears may be carried at any node ; sometimes two or three are borne on one node ; occasionally as many as ten ears form on one stalk. Tn our climate, varieties that carry more than two or three ears per stalk have not been ripened. The number of rows of kernels on each cob may always be evenly divided by two ; they range from eight rows up to thirty- six. The kernels vary in shape, size an<l color. Sixty-eight varieties were grown during the season experimentally. The valuable and essential pecularities of most of them will be presented in tabular form. A bulletin of instruction on the methods of cultivation that should be adopted was issued early in the season. A second edition was called for in November. The following is the bulletin which contains simple cuts to illustrate the way of constructing silos adapted for the economical preservation of green crops in their most digestible state.

Fodder Corn and the Silo.

No single subject connected with agriculture is to-day creating so much discussion, or receiving so much thoughtful attention from the farmers of Ontario as that of ensilage. And it deserves more attention than has yet been given to it. A lingering prejudice still exists in the minds of a few farmers against the construction and use of silos. That feeling, which is unworthy to be called a judgment, had its origin in the partial failures of some of the first efforts to introduce the ensilage system of preserving fodders into this country. But as the causes of such failures, (or, at the best, only partial successes), have been discovered and can be always guarded against, remedied or removed, satis- factory results may now be relied on with certainty.

In the handling of any perishable commodity, hap-hazard treatment will give hap- hazard results. Occasionally no loss may be sustained, but generally the damage and*

190

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

loss will be proportionate to the absence of applied knowledge and skill. A clear know- ledge of " how to do il " and " the doing of it " just that way will enable farmers as well as other men to successfully cope with the things most difficult to do well. Tne simplest aud easiest jobs need similar preparatory equipment and performing ability in the men who undertake them. The curing of a crop of fodder corn in a silo is now an easy and invariably satisfactory task to the farmer who follows right directions with reasonable prudence.

Let me make clear the use of the new names. A silo ('from the French) is simply an air-tight building, box, tank, compartment, trench or pit into which fodders in a succulent state are jut for preservation and curing. Silage, or as it is sometimes written eiisilaye, is the feeding substance after it has been so preserved and cured. Hence there are corn silage, clover silage, oats and pease silage, etc.

Former Results. — It used to be stated that there was a loss on the feeding value of fod- ders when put into and taken from a silo. When the silage was partially rotten, of course that was the casn,, but a similar depreciation of quality and consequent loss in feeding value would result if hay, grain or straw were allowed to become rotten in the mows or granary. The rotting was and always is resultant from unsuitable conditions. These the silo is intend- ed to guard against and remove. Then came the period when scientific (1) men and others loudly advertised the presumption of those who stated that they found the feeding value of the fodder increased by the heating in a silo. However, the cows agreed with the statement, and in estimating the feeding value of a fodder the verdict of the animal that c msumes it is al ways worth more than the opinion of the analyst. "You cannot take anything out of a silo you did not put into it," was the bravado used as a silencer. Rut the fact still contradicts the assertion. Would a dairyman pay any heed to " a book scientist " who told him with scholarly dignity and unbecoming contempt for facts that he could not take anything out of his cheese curing room which he did not put into it % He knows he puts in green, uncured cheese, almost wholly indigestible, and that he takes out cured cheese almost wholly digestible. In the same way, to some extent, cured silage has a higher feeding value than the dried fodder.

Growing the Crop. — The manner in which the crop is grown has very important in- fluence on the possibility of its advantageous curing. In Ontario the corn crop is the most suitable for ensilage uses. It should be grown to near maturity. Thereby the several plants will contain the largest amount of nourishment, and will also be capable of long preservation without loss. The feeding value per acre is also highest when the crop is almost mature when cut. The conditions requisite for securing that degree of growth in the corn plants in our province are : (1) early planting, (2) thin seeding, (3) frequent cultivation.

(1) Planting. — The land for a corn crop should be drained, either naturally or by artificial underdrainage. It should be worked into a fine seed-bed. To attain that I recommend for most Ontario soils deep fall plowing, and only surface cultivation in the spring. Early planting should be shallow, that the sun may warm the seed-bed and seed and so prevent rotting. A liberal quantity of barnyard manure worked into the soil will be profitably applied. Phosphate fertilisers are said to be valuable.

(2) Seed. — Thecrop should be grown in rows. If the land be very weedy it can perhaps be cleaned more economically by planting in hills. The largest variety of corn that will grow to near maturity in the locality is the sort that should be used. Three seeds to the hill three feet apart both ways will be enough. The rows should be from 3 ft. to 3 ft. 6 in. apart. The seed should be put in not thicker than one grain every six inches in each row. A common force-feed seed drill may be used, all the spouts except two or three being stopped up.

(3) Cultivation. — Level cultivation is preferable to '' hilling up " or "moulding up." As soon as the corn appears two inches above ground it should be harrowed over with light harrows. That treatment will keep down any growth of grass and destroy tender weeds. The harrowing should be repeated twice before the corn is six inches high. Frequent cultivation between the rows or hills afterwards will keep down weeds and pro- mote growth. The cultivation should be continued, but after the corn grows to be t«T<»

191

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24.)

A. 1890

feet high it should be shallower. That may be kept up until the stalks are higher than the man and the horse. When the lower leaves begin to turn yellow and the ears of corn are in the milky stage, and quite fit for boiling for table use, the crop should be cut.

Theory of Curing. — It is possible to cure silage to advantage, and in such a way that it may be preserved indefinitely, mainly because the cells of plants continue to live after the stalks are severed from the roots. It is the function of plants while growing to deoxidise carbonandaccumulate the energy of the sun for the future service of lower animals and man. It is the function of animals to oxidise and so expend the energy previously stored in the plants and which the animals have appropriated in the form of food. The cells of plants in the stalks, leaves and grain, after these parts are separated from the root or whole plant which bore them, simulate the action of living animals so far that they begin to absorb oxygen and evolve carbonic acid. In this manner is heat generated. And if these cells be robust from sufficient maturity, the temperature will be considerably increased. Robust cells from plants almost mature are also much less liable to become the prey of minute bacteria. They are able to resist their attacks. If confined in bulk in the presence of ordinary atmospheric air, they will raise the temperature to a point between 125° and 150° Fahr. When the temperature is maintained anywhere between these points for some days the life of the cells is destroyed, as are also the spores of mould, etc., which will have been deposited from the air on the plants or parts of the plants These spores are practically everywhere disseminated. Hence in building and filling a silo the observation of a few simple requirements are indespensible to success.

Building a Silo. — If a silo be erected as a separate structure, its foundation had better be a low stone or concrete wall. A clay floor raised above the outside level to prevent damp- ness will be cheapest and best. A sill of planks may be bedded on the top of the foundation wall. A common balloon frame may be erected by using as studs 16 ft. or 18 ft. planks, 2 in. x 10., or 2 in. x 12 in., placed 2 or 2| feet apart. To secure them safely at the bottom against lateral pressure while the silo is being filled, they should be mortised and toe- nailed, or cut so that the heels will extend down in front of the sills as shown in Fig. 2. To give additional security, the planks for the sills may be cross-lapped at the corners, as shown in Fig. 1.

(A) Studs. (B) Inch lumber.

(Fig. 2.) (C) Tar paper. (D) Matched or planed lumber. (F) Outside siding. (J) Post.

192

(E) Tar paper.

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

The roof will give additional strength to the sides tor resistance to outward pressure if it be Made after the truss pattern. Instead of ties or joints running straight across from the tops of the studs or the plates, where they would be in the way during the tilling, they she uld extend like false rafters from the top of each stud to the rafter opposite, being sjiked to it at about one-third of its length from the ridge. On the inside of the studs should be first nailed a lining of inch lumber running horizontally. It should be so put on as to make lock-joints at each corner, as shown in Fig. 2.

A covering of tar paper, with the edges lapped four inches, should then be tacked on. Over that should be put inch lumber running horizontally, planed on the exposed side and all the better for being tongued and grooved. That will make a practically air-tight building. To make it also frost proof, the outside of the studs may be covered In a similar way. A single thickness of lumber can be made to do, but the double boarding, with paper between, is preferable, since the tar paper is thus kept close against the outside boards.

(Fig. 3.)

A) Studs, if; Inch lumber. (C) Tar paper. (D) Matched or planed lumber. CE) Tar paper. Outside aiding. (J) Post. (K) Stone foundation. (L) Sill. (M) Clay floor covered with cut straw.

The door should be of the ice-house style. A space between two studs may be left hnboarded, or may be sawn out flush with their sides. Cleats may then be nailed on and the short boards fitted in. Care should be taken to so place strips of tar paper that they will make the joints at both sides of the door air-tight. A 10 or 12 inch board should be fastened into each comer to extend from the bottom to the top, and 'the space behind should be filled with sawdust. To preserve the inside lumber it should receive a

13 (A.C.) 193

53 Victoria.

Sessional Tapers (No. 24).

A. 18fc0

coating of coal tar, mixed with a few ounces of rosin, applied hot and liberally. Where a mow of a barn or part of some other building is to be fitted up for silage uses, the inside finish of the silo should be the same as for a separate structure.

_j

II II II \Tf

=

^

—

' —

=

KOfl

'V (II

1

<MI II If

1 ^ \

-T7

i w

I

ll

II

.1

x

J

i

ttjj

i

if

>>„

(Fig. 4.)

A) Studs. (B) Inch lumber. (C) Tar paper. (D) Matched or planed lumber. (E) Tar paper. (F) Outside siding. (G) Door. (H) Cleats. (I) Outside door on hinges, and in two or three pieces. (N) Corner board. (0) Sawdust.

Filling the Silo. — For economical filling the tools, implements and conveniences should as far as possible, be adapted to the cheap and easy performance of the work. That implies the making the best use of the machinery already owned on the farm. For the cutting of the corn in the field I prefer and recommend a common corn knife, or an old-fashioned sickle. A strong reaper may do the work by horse power, but if the crop be heavy and the corn from ten to twelve feet high the rakes will not clean the board, and stalks will be dragged behind. For a hauling convenience an ordinary waggon may be made to serve by putting the wheels from a front axle on the hind axle. A truck or a waggon with low wheels and a large flat platform may be used. In either of these cases, by trail- ing a gangway behind the persons loading the fodder may carry it up in armfuls. These are not the best conveniences, nor do I recommend that way of loading. In the way now to be described the handiest kind of a truck can be provided. Three strong pieces of timber 6 by 6 inches and each 1 2 feet long are used. Strong poles will serve the purpose if flattened on one side. They are placed 16 inches apart, centre to centre, and the middle piece is extended 3 feet beyond the two outside ones. Three feet from the other «nds of the two outside pieces a 2-inch plank, 8 feet long, is securely bolted across the three 12-feet pieces. A covering of planks is continued, each securely bolted, until the platform comes to the end of the two outside pieces, leaving the middle piece extending. Then by removing the reach from a common farm waggon, the platform so constructed

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

can be attached to the under side of the axles. The middle piece will serve the double purpose of a reach and front support. It can best be attached to the front axle by a long king-bolt passing down through it. A large flat washer and a screw nut with a key under it will make a strong, suitable and safe connection. A brace passing back from the top of the king-bolt to the front plank of the platform, will improve the attachment. The two pieces extending beyond the platform at the other end are to be attached to the hind axle on the under side. Two clamps passing over the axle with a bar and nuts beneath the six by six pieces will fasten them securely to the under side. The" hounds" can be used as a brace by attaching the end of it to the middle piece through the hinder plank of the platform. A rough sketch accompanies this to make my description more easily and clearly understood.

The stalks may be filled into the silo without cutting, but more labor is involved and the work of emptying lor feeding is rendered doubly difficult. Any strong cutter, with capacity for a large quantity per day, will serve the purpose. Carriers should be attached unless the cutter stands on a level with the top of the silo, which ordin irily is neither practicable nor desirable. Horse power or engine may be used. Everything in the way of machinery equipment being ready, the filling may be commenced. From six inches to a foot of cut or uncut straw should be placed evenly over the bottom of the silo. Every farmer with a large crop should provide two of the carrying platforms already described. If the corn field be near the silo, one team will do the hauling. The stalks can be loaded most economically direct from the roof. If the crop be as ripe as it should be, wilting will be unnecessary. The person cutting the corn might as well throw it on the low platform as on the ground, and thus avoid the double handling. The teamster might at the same time be loading on the same platform the corn which will have been cut and laid in armfuls on the ground during his absence from the field with the previous load. At the silo the corn can be fed into the cutter from the waggon platform. The horses may be changed from the loaded to the empty waggon. At the cutting box two men will be required. A. 2-inch cut is as good as an inch and a half, and both are better than one inch or less. During the filling, care should be taken to occasionally level the heavier parts of the stalks out against the sides of the silo. The filling may proceed every day, every second day or every third day as may be found convenient. In either case the contents should be tramped around the sides and in the corners just before the addition of a new layer. When the silo is full, after the lapse of two days the sides and corners should be again thoroughly tramped, and afterwards covered with a layer from two to three feet thick of any kind of straw, cut or uncut. It should be laid on close, and for that reason cut stray is rather preferable. It should also be closely tusked around the sides and into the corners. The silage may be thus left to cure and to keep until wanted, be that time four weeks or ten months.

■ md Cost of Silos. — A silo 10 feet wide by 50 feet long by 16 feet deep, inside measurement, will hold about 125 tons of settled corn silage. That is a desirable and con- venient shape and should not have any partitions. Every 100-acre farm should have one of at least of that capacity. From the foregoing data the probable cost may be easily calculated. Where lumber is cheap and the farmer does most of the teaming work, the necessary cash outlay need not exceed 61 per ton of capacity. It will vary according to the finish of the building, the quality of lumber used, the price of material, etc. Tar paper can be pur- chased and put on at an expense of from 2h to 3 cents per square yard. Fifteen tons of silage per acre may safely be reckoned on. Every two tons of well cured corn silage has a feeding value equal to one ton of ordinary hay for the production of milk or the main- tenance of cattle, horses and sheep ; and 100 tons of silage can be grown and cured at a total cost for rent, seed, labor, ect., not exceeding 8150.

Summary. To sum up the whole matter —

1. It seems to be essential that the silo be air-tight.

2. The crop to be ensiled must be grown to a stage when the several plants will be almost mature.

195

53 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

3. The crop to be ensiled should be put in loosely at first, to permit of quick and sutlicient heating ; only the sides and corners should be tramped.

4. The filling may proceed every day, every second day or every third day with equally satisfactory results.

5. The silage may be covered with cut straw to a depth of two feet ; or it may be left uncovered altogether at the expense of wasting only the top six inches or less.

Conditions and .Results. — In the following four sets of conditions and results, I have tried to put the whole theory. By " life " I mean life as in the cells or life in the spores, which would be destroyed by a temperature above 125 ° Fahr. If air finds admission through a knot-hole or crack or, down the sides from neglect of tramping, it will carry spores with it and so introduce new life.

Silo Conditions. Results.

A. Life in the cells in the presence of air. Oxidation generating heat.

B. Life in the spores in the presence of air. Mould.

C. Life in the cells with no air. Fermentation.

D. No life in cells or spores with no air. Preservation.

Growing a Corn Crop for the Silo.

The field set apart for growing corn was one of twenty acres of area ; its soil was a clay loam, apparently nearly uniform in quality on the surface ; the land lay almost level; the inclination towards the north-east was not sufficient to call for more than passing mention. The intention was entertained to clean the field from thistles and to provide a crop for the filling of the silos. The land was plowed in the fall, one-half only of the field received a dressing of manure, which had been hauled out during the winter. Part of it was plowed under in the spring and part was cultivated on the top by the use of the disc harrow and spring-tooth harrow. There was no apparent difference in the crop from these two different treatments of the manure.

Each variety of corn was planted across the field, running across both the part that was not manured and the part that was manured. There was a marked difference between the two sides of the field, in the appearance of each variety, during the whole period of the growth of the crop.

A force-feed seed drill was used to do most of the planting. It was found to be in every way as serviceable as the corn planter. The rate of seeding was gauged by driving the seed-drill for a distance of 100 feet on the bare lane; the number of grains that dropped from each spout, that was allowed to run, were then counted ; the gauge was varied until only the number desired would pass through within 100 feet. When 150 grains of the large ensilage varieties were dropped per 100 feet in each row, from 15 to 18 lb. of seed were required per acre, with the rows three feet apart. The drill was set to plant as shallow as possible; the seeds were put in at an average depth of two-and a half inches.

As the crop on the part of the field that was not manured, came up and continued to grow, it was seen that it was altogether too irregular to afford any useful data, for comparison with the yield of the same varieties on the manured land, or for comparison between the yield of the different varieties on the unmanured land. Within a few feet of each other in the same row, the height and weight of the plants would vary as three is to one, on the part of the field where no manure had been put ; there was a generally uniform height, during all stages of the growth in the plants in the same row, on the part where manure had been applied. For that reason mainly, no weighings or analyses were made of the corn from the parts of the rows where no manure had been put.

196

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

The following may be mentioned as observed differences resulting from the

APPLICATION OF BARNYARD MANURE :

(1) The corn on the manured half of the field was on the average from 2£ to 3 feet taller than on the other half when both were cut in Septemi

It tasselled out from a week to ten days earlier.

(3) The varieties which carried an average of ten ears or nubbins to every ten stalks on the manured part of the field, bore an average of only three small nubbins per ten stalks on the unmanured land.

Over a large portion of the field either "sulphate of ammonia" or "superphos- phate " was applied with the seed in every second row of corn, across both the manured and unmanured parts. The use of these commercial fertilisers produced no observable effect on the rapidity of the growth or the weight or quality of the crop. The absence of noticeable results from the application of concentrated fertilisers may have b^en due to conditions of soil or season which eluded observation.

After the corn-planting was commenced the weather was exceptionally unfavorable* On the morning of 23rd May, a light frost hurt slightly the plots that were up ; and on the morning of 29th May, the frost was so severe as to cut back to the ground all the corn plants that were above it. These frosts were followed by heavy rainfalls, which left the field too wet to permit the planting to be resumed before June 11th. After the planting was finished, frequent and heavy rains came and almost entirely prevented cul- tivation or hoeing. Until the first week of July, the corn had a very poor chance to grow, while the weeds had to be left in undisturbed possession of the field. That state of matters very much increased the labor required to clean the field afterwards. The follow- ing was the method of cultivation : (1) light harrows were used after the corn was about four or five inches high ; (2) as the long-continued rains had caused the soil to become very hard, a two-horse cultivator, that stirred the ground on both sides of one row at a time, was improvised to loosen it to a depth of three or four inches : (3) shallow cultivation with a one-horse scuffler was then continued ; (4) hand-hoeing between the plants in the rows was done twice, and in places oftener, to complete the task of exterminating the thistles.

Although it has been practically decided by the judgment of those who have had the longest and most successful experience, that corn for ensilage should be grown in hills or rows, it was considered desirable to plant some at different rates of seed per acre, to gain further information on the comparative quantities and values of the yield per acre. Some useful knowledge may also be gleaned by a comparison of the yields from the same variety when planted at different dates. The unusually cold and wet weather, which prevailed until the end of June, hindered the early-planted corn from having the advantage which ordinarily would accrue to it from the longer period of growth

I have gathered the most of the information gained from these comparisons and examinations into a number of tables.

Table I shows the quantity of seed per acre, the mode and time of planting, the date of the various stages of growth, and the yield in green weight of the several varieties tested.

107

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

49

2

"a>

1

g '■2

a *=

■3.8

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O 0! •g

0

E o

03

14

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p.

01

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Date of —

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c

Varieties.

a

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00 00

3

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<- %

CD "

as

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Mammoth J Southern Sweet, j

Red Cob Ensilage ...<

Mammoth S. S

Red Cob Ensilage

Giant Prolific S 1 Ensilage • . . )

Pearce's Prolific

Sibley's Pride

of the North

Pearce's Proline

Red Cob Ensilage <

Giant Prolific S f

, Ensilage. . (

la&b lc

2c

2d

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14b 14c 15b 15c

16b 16c

3 ft.

(1

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7 in.

3 ft.

7 in.

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IC

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cc

cc

lb.

15

28 18

18

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15"

196

152

15

15

28

165

180

18

20

56 31 28 15

30 16

May. 7 22

8

( (

22

June 11 May 8

June 18

13

May 22 cc

June 11

CI

l(

Aug. 26

Aug. 30

Aug. 30

Sep. 7

7

lb.

22 << 21

20 22

( c

21

it

2

21

8

24 cc

28

IC

26

29

ft

27 28

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29

26 27

5

25 19 27

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Sep. 5 Aug.30

29

( t ((

27 28

29 26 27 28

8

25

21

27

Sep. 5

Aug.30

7 7 7

7

CC

22

7

7 7

6

10 5 4

0

0

7

!

0

5 10

6

5 0 7

7 9

22,045

25,389 29,356 31;233

44,719

44,126

34,043 31,929 29,910 41,582-

27,22S

29,701

32,82S

42,932 37,710 28,726 23,642

34,158

24.757

Note. — Lots la, b and c badly injured by frost May 29 ; lots 5, 6, 10 and 11 were virtually broadcast and not cultivated.

Tablb II. — Showing average result of analyses of Corn in Table I.

c

*i S-' - CD CD -g

CD

Per cent, of crude protein.

Per cent, of soluble carbo- hydrates.

Per cent, of crude fibre.

Per cent, of fat (ether extract.)

o

■43

U

9

Ph

.591 .793

80.421 74.768

1.391 1.038

11.841 16.040

5.331 6.854

.425 .507

The low percent, of water in the "corn in rows 7 inches apart" (broadcast), is doubtless due to the faot that the stalks had become somewhat withered and dry at the lower end before they were cut.

The weights per acre were calculated from weighing of 250 ft. of the crop, from two rows of each lot planted 3 ft. apart; a larger area of the broadcast corn was weighed.

Table III shows the results of the analyses of the ears (husk, grain and cob), stalks and leaves separately, from 160 corn plants, which were 10 average plants taken

198

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

from each lot grown in rows 3 feet apart, and reported on in Table I. Tne plants were ■cut on September 18th and cured in bundles in the field for 10 days, after which they were put in a dry loft in the barn until the middle of November, when they were weighed and samp'ed for analyses. The green weight was 300.75 lb. and the cured weight was 169.18 lb. which was made up of

103 ears (husk, grain and cob) 32.40 lb.

160 stalks 102.30 " '

Leaves 34.48 "

Total 169.18 lb.

Division of Plants.

c 0) V *J

o a ft

o 2

. 3

si

§5.

. »

Ph 2

a

Per cent, of soluble carbo- hydrates.

o £ o

Q. -

43

u — - -J

o

a j <c-5

S 3

h

1/ P*

.11

.26 4.28

Stalk*

80.82 72.87 28.14

1.63 1.25 6.87

13.98 16.69 40.37

2.97 8.35

18„82

.49

.58

1.52

Leaves

Table IV shows the results of the analyses of the leaves and stalks separately, from 1 0 stalks from each of the lots of broadcast corn reported on in table I.

Division of Plants.

Stalks. Leave*

65.49 26.15

.97 4.48

Ph"3

23.66 42.08

» F!

8.86 21.85

QJ C3 4J

Ph**"

.65 1.65

.37 3.79

Table V shows the per cent, of the total quantity of dry matter in the plant, which were found in the ears (husk, grain and cob), stalks and leaves respectively.

Division of Plants

Ears (husks, grain and cob)

Stalks

Leaves

a

6

J2

tj to

CO U

J5

z.

-4=

V

31,

0)

TJ

T3

2

b

o

cc

o

12.6

12.7

6.1

30.6

48.

53.3

56.8

1

39.3

40.6

12.4

46.5 41.1

2

15. 83,,

It will be seen, in the case of these 160 corn plants, representative of the bulk of

4 ' per

the crop on the whole field, and none of which had reached maturity, that over ^. cent, of the total dry matter and over 50 per cent, of the total crude protein was contained in the leaves.

199

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Table VI shows the results 1'roin growing different varieties of corn side by side — two rows of each — to discover the comparative degrees of maturity attained in 100 days' growth, and also foi comparison of the yields per acre. All the varieties were planted in rows 3 feet apart, and the rate of seeding was as nearly as possible one grain every six inches in the row. The stages of growth were termed, — " Tasselling," " Silking," "Blossoming,"' "Out of Bloom," " Early Milk," "Late Milk." The weight per acre ■was calculated from the actual weighing of the crop of 250 feet of two rows of each variety. The dates of planting were from June 12th to June 13th and of cutting from September 20th to September 23rd.

Nanie of Variety.

Class.

Sheep Tooth White Dent . . ,

Hickory King do

Wisconsin White Flint , White Flint.. .

Egyptian Sweet , White Dent . . .

Wisconsin Yellow Dent | Yellow Dent .

White Dent . . ,

do White Flint . . . Yellow Dent

do White Dent . . .

do Yellow Dent . , White Dent . . . Yellow Flint .

do

do Reddish Flint White Flint.. Yellow Dent . Yellow Flint . White Dent..

Sweet

Yellow Flint . Striped Dent . White Flint . . Yellow Flint . Yellow Dent .

do

do

do Yellow Flint .

do White Dent.. Yellow Flint . White Dent..

do Reddish Flint White Dent..

do White Flint.. Yellow Flint . Yellow Dent .

Sweet

White Dent..

do

South Western .

Cranberry White Dent

Brazilian Flour

Sibley's Pride of the North

Edmunds Prim Dent

Mammoth Southern Sweet

Parrish White Dent

Horse Tooth

Wisconsin White Dent

Angel of Midnight

Pearce's Prolific

Compton's Early

King Philip Flint

Early White Flint

Pride of. the North No. 23

Longfellow

Red Cob Ensilage

Asylum Sweet

Golden Dewdrop

Calico Dent

White Flint

Longfellow

North Star Yellow Dent No. 21 . Woodworth's Yellow Dent . . .

Horse Tooth

Learning Dent No. 9

Canada Yellow

Longfellow Flint

Early Adams

Golden Dewdrop

Hickox

Evergreen Sweet

Self-Hneking

White Western

Giant Prolific Sweet Ensilage . . .

Tuscarora

100 Day Corn

Chester County Mammoth

Sweet Fodder

Crosby

OldCeloay

Green weight per acre ha lbs.

41,220 40,530 37,468 37,300 37,149 37,140 36,508 35,583 34,530 34,481 33,870 33,666 33,379 33,205 33,150 32,828 32,490 31.987 31,560 31,494 31.320 30,900 30,810 30,585 30,508 30,343 29,754 Jlt,522 29,087 29,070 28,333 28,170 27,656 27.847 27,135 26,280 26,115 25,260 25,230 25,230 23,954 23,775 22,823 22,395 21,375 19.285

Stage of g»owth reached.

Silking.

do Early miik. Blossoming. Early milk. Blossoming. Early milk. Tasselling. Early Milk.

do Silking.

do Blossoming . Early milk.

do Late milk. Early milk. Late milk. Early milk. Late milk.

do Silking. Early milk.

do Out of bloom. Early milk.

do

do

do

do

do

do

do Late milk. Early milk. Out of bloom. Silking. Late milk. Blossoming . .Silking. Early milk.

do

do

do I Late milk. J Early milk.

Table VII shows the analyses of average corn stalks, taken from the several varieties in Table VI ; they were cured from September 18th for 10 days in the field, and remained in the barn loft afterwards until November 14th, when they were again weighed

200

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 189a

and sampled for analyses ; they were divided into three classes, according to the height of the plants, the separate analyses of which will be found under the heads — " large,'r " medium," "small."

a a 55

Analyses.

Reachec

" Silking Stage."

Reached " Out of bloom " and " early milk stage."

.2 "a.

T

5

Large.

Medium.

Small.

Large.

Medium.

Small.

Water

p. c.

78.90

17.96

2.27 0.70 0.17

71.65

18.70

8.43 0.93 0.29

32.34

46.07

16.07 1.92 360

p.c.

78.68

18.92

1.70 0.53 0.17

69.32

21.11

7. '.<:.> 1.30 0.35

33.03

44.27

18.01 1.49 3.20

p.c.

72.25

23.77 {

2.77 0.99 0.22

73.90

18.03 {

7.13 0.62 0.32

25.73

46.67 {

21.32 1.89 4.29

p.c.

75.01 2.03

18.25 3.75 0.77 0.19

75.86 1.19

15.11 6.98 0.61 0.25

26.17

7.38

41.44

18.65

1.81

4.55

p.c.

66.23 2.79

25.17 4.39

l.l.-i 0.2!)

70.71 1.28

20.40 6.32 0.95 0.34

31.53

5.60

38.87

18.49

1.66

3.85

p.c.

Soluble carbohydrates I,

2.63

24.08 4.41

Aih

1.14 0.26

Stalks..

Water

73.38

Crude protein (

Soluable carbohydrates \

1.79

16.42

7.4&

0.57

Ash

0.38

Water

33.02

5.53

37.18

18.78

1.75

Ash

3.74

Table VIII shows the composition of these corn stalks in the green state, as calcu- lated from the analyses recorded in Table VII.

Water 81.006 per cent.

Crude protein 1.370

Soluble carbohydrates 12.124

Crude fibre 4.395

Fat (ether extract) 0.530 "

Ash 0.575

Table IX shows the per cent, of the total Quantity of dry matter in the plant, which were found in the ears (husk, grain and cob), stalks and leaves respectively, of the sample plants taken from the lots named in Table VI.

DiTision of Plants.

1 ( 'rude protein.

Soluble

carbohydrates.

( 'rude fibre.

1 <i (ether

hx tract).

~x

-

Ears (busk, grain and cob)

SUlks

25.6 p.c. 24.1 " 50.3 "

27.0 p.c. 35.2 " 37.8 "

13.4 p.c. 36.8 "

27.8 p.c.

33.9 " 38.3 '

2 p.*

13.4 • 80.4 " j

Leaves

This table in the main agrees with the conclusions drawn from Table V, viz.: that nearly if not quite half the total dry matter, valuable for feeding purposes is found in the leaf of the corn plants, which have not passed the stage of growth termed " early or late milk."

14 (A.C.)

201

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 24).

A. 1890

Since a stage of growth near maturity is on all sides acknowledged to be advantage- ous for the preservation of the crop in a silo, the following varieties are named as the best adapted of any that we have tested, for growth in those districts where the corn- growing season does not exceed 100 days.

Pearce's Prolific, King Philip Flint, Pride of the North No. 23 and Longfellow.

Where a longer growing season or a favorable one may be depended upon, the following varieties have shown that they are worthy of commendation :

Wisconsin White Flint. Wisconsin Yellow Dent Sibley's Pride of the North. Wisconsin White Dent.

Angel of Midnight. Golden Dew Drop. Canada Yellow. Horse Tooth, and others.

In sections of the province where larger varieties of corn will mature — enough to carry ears to the glazing or roasting period — the following varieties may be expected to return larger yields than those already mentioned :

Mammoth Southern Sweet.

fled Oob Ensilage.

Giant Prolific Sweet Ensilage.

Sheep Tooth.

Hickory King.

Parish White Dent, and others.

Silo Construction.

Besides the silo, built in the new main-barn buildings, one was constructed in the corner of an old frame barn-all above ground, which was being remodelled for cows for the Experimental Dairy. The plan of its construction was made to differ in some par- ticulars, from the directions given in the Bulletin xlii on Building a Silo. The finish on the inside of the studs was different on each of the four sides of the silo.

On one side of the silo, a lining of inch lumber dressed on one side, was nailed on the studs ; this was covered with a sheeting of tar-paper ; on the tar-paper was put a lining of inch lumber dressed on one side, tongued and grooved.

On another side of the silo, the construction on the inside of the studs was similar, with only the difference, that the inside lining of lumber was not tongued and grooved.

On the third side of the silo, the studs were lined on the inside with tar-paper ; on that was nailed horizontally, a sheeting of inch lumber tongued and grooved and dressed on the side next the inside of the silo.

On the fourth side of the silo, the finish on the inside of the studs was made by the use of only one thickness of inch lumber neither dressed nor tongued and grooved ; it was nailed on the studs horizontally.

The following concise statement may help to make the differences of inside finish, clear to the minds of the readers who have had no experience in silo building :

First aide ; studs 2"XlO"; inch lumber dressed on on one side; tar-paper; inch lumber dressed on one side, tongued and grooved.

Second side; 2"xl0//; inch lumber dressed on one side; tar-paper; inch lumber dressed on one side but not tongued and grooved.

Third side ; studs 2"X 10" ; tar-paper ; inch lumber dressed on one side and tongued and grooved.

Fourth tide ; studs 2"XlO" ; inch lumber as it came from the saw.

The lumber on all the sides was put on horizontally. The purpose of the differ- ences in the construction of the sides was to discover the cheapest way of building one that would preserve the silage.

I may here anticipate by reporting that up to the time of writing, with the exception of a ghort distance from the top of the silage there was practically no waste or spoiling against the Jirst, second and third sides. Against the Jourth side, the silage was decayed

202

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. 1890

or moulded for a space of from 4 to 6 inches in from the side, for the first six feet from the top of the silage ; below that the waste was confined to a space of about 4 inches around the seam between each two boards.

No particular statement of the. expense of the construction of this silo is here made, as it formed a part of th9 general remodelling of the barn. The expenses charged to remodelling the barn were also augmented by the remodelling of a stone root-house into an experimental piggery, and by making the necessary changes in the water supply, etc., to the creamery to fit it for winter butter -making in connection with the Experimental Dairy, etc , etc.

Sections of the inside of the silo were covered with a painting of coal-tar applied hot ; other sections were painted with crude petroleum ; other parts were left with the lumber on the inside bare. Since the two substances were applied with a view to the preservation of the lumber, nothing can be said yet, concerning their efficacy in that regard. However the parts, where the crude petroleum was applied, left the silage immediataly adjacent to them in a more natural state and with a more agreeable odor, than did those parts that were covered with the painting of tar.

I have no changes to make in the recommendations of the Bulletin in the part on Building a Silo, except to say that it is evidently unnecessary and without apparent advantage to have the lumber tongued and grooved.

Filling the Silo.

Two carrying platforms, almost similar in construction to the description in the Bulletin, were provided. They were found to answer the purpose admirably. The three main pieces of timber used as the carriers of the platform need not be heavier than 3" x 6" instead of 6* x G " as previously recommended. The platform need not be constructed of planks heavier than \Y instead of 2". In the Bulletin th statement is made, — " The stalks can be loaded most economically direct from the root. If the crop be as ripe as it should be, wilting will be unnecessary." Further experience has shown us that in the districts, having only a short season for the growth of corn, it la difficult to obtain a crop sufficiently ripe to obviate the need for wilting in the field. Part of the silo was filled direct from the root, — the plants were in the silo within an hour from the time when they were cut in the field ; part of it was filled with corn that had been wilted for from one to three days. No analyses of the silage has been made as yet, but an examination of it reveals the fact that to the smell and taste, the silage from the wilted plants contains less acid and is better preserved. Tin-'", conditions or treatments seem to be essential to the obtaining of the best quality of silage without waste from moulding or decay.

1. The plants shoud be grown to a stage almost mature.

They should be wilted in the sunlight, until the water which they contain is less than 75 per cent of the total weight.

3. The silage around the sides and in the corners of the silo should be tramped and packed thoroughly while it is being filled.

Covering the Silage.

Oh the top of the corn silage, a layer of millet silage was put for preservation ; on top of that a layer of rape silage was preserved for feeding to hogs as mentioned in another part of this report. The covering of the Bilage was a layer of straw about two feet deep. That is quite adequate when put on within two days after the last silage has been put in.

Feeding the Silage.

The silage from the silo at the dairy barn is being fed to milking cows. None of the tests or examinations into its feeding value are yet in a forward enough state to be reported upon here. When the silage is uncovered for feeding, unless the silo be frost proof above, it becomes chilled and is thus not in the best condition for offering to cattle. That may be guarded against by the putting of movable poles across the top of the silo and the placing of a layer of straw upon them.

203

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 24). A. Ib90

Cost of the Crop.

I have not thought it best to introduce here a statement of the cost of raising the corn crop and putting it into the silos. The work on the whole was experimental, and involved more than twice the usual labor for planting, weighing, etc. It has been my humble opinion in all my work in connection with the college and experimental farm,, that those in charge are always justified in causing a judicious expenditure of public money to obtain and disseminate information of value to the farmers, but not in growing corn or anything else for only direct profit or pay by the acre.

Correspondence on Corn and Silos.

The correspondence with farmers about the growth of Fodder Corn and the Build- ing of a Silo has become increasingly larger. I copy here extracts from thrae out of the many grateful and appreciative letters received.

From Mr. Robert Murray, Avening P.O., Simcoe Co., Ont. ..." Perhaps you "may remember me stating in a letter to you last spring, that I had planted two acres " of corn in the way you directed when here : I cultivated it the same way. Now that I " have got the crop cut and see what a large amount of first-class food I have, I wish to " thank you and to tell you that my expectations have been far more than realised. A " good deal of it was from 10 to 12 feet high. Wishing to know how many tons there " were to the acre, I measured off a piece and weighed the corn and the result was 27^ " tons. To be sure there was no mistake, I measured a second piece, which proved to be " a trifle more. I never had the like of it before. I am sorry I have no silo to put it in."

From Mr. John S. Read, Bay view P.O., Grey County, Ont. . . . "I write to " inform you about the silo you gave me some advice about. I sowed the corn June 18uh, " which was a month too late ; I could not sow sooner on account of wet weather, I " commenced cutting corn October 7th. I let it lie a couple of days to wilt, put it into " silo and left it 3| days, then levelled it down and tramped the sides and corners well. " I did not put in more than 10 tons at a time. It heated from 120 degrees at 6 inches " to 135 degrees at 15 inches from the top of the heap. It got slightly cooler toward the ,: bottom. I covered with tar-paper and put a couple of feet of straw on top. I opened at " the end of six weeks ; about 4 inches of top were bad, and four inches wide of the sides " were also bad for 2 feet down. Do you think it would be any improvement to put a. " few inches of chaff under the tar paper? The stock are very fond of it and are doing " well. The silage is pretty sour, probably more than it would have been if the corn had " been more matured. The silo is built inside of barn ; it is double boarded with rough " lumber with tar-paper between.

From Mr. W. M. Mills, Arden P.O., Frontenac Co., Ont. ... . "I write to " inform you of the complete success of my silo. We have been feeding it over a week " and my cows eat it greedily, so much so that they never appear to have enough of it. " ... I did not commence with my corn until June, I then sowed broadcast about " six acres. I then planted in drills four acres. We next planted in hills up to July " 12th eight acres, the latter on old June grass sod, dry upland, no manure. The most of " the first ten acres was well manured and a part not at all, but it made no difference. It " was all about as good as it could well be. The broadcast was as stout as possible. I lost " about half an acre by lodging and rotting ; the drills were superb, the hills were grand. " Riding through it on horseback I could not reach the top with my hand in the most of " it, and it was neither cultivated nor hoed. . . ." ,

JAS. W. ROBERTSON.

204

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 25). A. 1890

(No. 25.)

Statement as to the disposal of the Revised Statutes of Ontario for the year 1889. Presented to the Legislature, 3rd February, 1890. (Not jjrinted.)

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 26). A. 1890

(No. 26.)

Return to an Order of the House of the eighteenth day of March, 1889, shewing the number of documents filed under the " Custody of Title Deeds Act," up to the first day of January, 1889, and the amount of fees received. And shewing also, the amount paid in each Registration Division for the necessary books as required under the Act. Presented to the Legislature. 4th Feb- ruary, 1890. — Mr. Wood {Hastings.) {Not printed.)

53 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 27). A. 1890

ABSTRACT

Of Return to an order dated 18th March, 1889, shewing the number of Munici- palities in which the Act to impose a tax on dogs, and for the protection of sheep is in force ; the number of dogs assessed, the number of sheep killed and injured, and the amounts paid for the same in years 1886, 1887 and 1888, also, the Municipalities in which a by-law is in force for the assessment of dogs, without providing for damages to sheep, and the number of dogs so assessed for the years mentioned.

{Mr. Dryden.) 27

53 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No 27).

A. 1890

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