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Vol XXXI. No. 6 eee

ASA FITCH
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

AND

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA.

Wer. xX. JUNE, 1920. No. 6.
CONTENTS
Skinner—The Genus Pyrrhocalles Ma- Editorial—Entomology in the United
bille with the Description of a New States National Museum........ 174
Form (Lep., Hesperidae)........ I5I | New Chief of Bureau in New Jersey.... 174
Crampton—Remarks on Dr. MacGilli- The Louisiana Entomological Society... 175

vray’s Paper entitled “The Eyes of Skinner—A New Variety of Lemonias

e ieee > AERIS - = is : oe pags Gee Mianid 6s: ape eRe ALE 175
eo aria > Skinner—Pamphila californica (Lepid.)
Fenaden (Homop.)....-=--.-- -- 155 a
Marchand—Thermotropism in Insects is)
159 Banks—A Rare Pamphlet (Hym., Lep.,
Chamberlin—The Spider of Saltair IS 2 176
Beaew (Arach:, Aran:).....<.:.-. 165 Schaus—Synonymy of Some Species
Ainslee—Notes on Gonatopus om- Ofpmiectas (Lepid:)- ac ss cow a 176
brodes, a Parasite of Jassids (Hy- Entomological Literature............ 177
PCM PEAGIHODP=)) eilae shea o.cceie ie «ee 169 | Obituary—Franklin Dye............ 180

The Genus Pyrrhocalles Mabille with the
Description of a New Form (Lepidoptera,
Hesperidae.)

By HENRY SKINNER, Philadelphia.

The genus Pyrrhocalles was described in the Genera In-
sectorum (Hesperidae) in 1904. The only species mentioned
is Pamphila antiqua Herrich-Schaffer and the localities given
are the islands of Cuba and Haiti in the West Indies. We
have in the collection of The Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia three forms: one from Haiti and San Domingo,
one from Cuba, and one from Jamaica. The insect from
Jamaica was described by Mr. William Schaus as Phemiades
jamaicensis.*

This is a perfectly good species and shows no tendency to
gradation. We have four specimens of a Pyrrhocalles from
eastern Cuba which I have always taken to be antiqua Herr.-

* Proc. U. S. Natl. Museum, 1902, 24, 440.
I51

152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

Schaff., but they do not agree with the description of antiqua.
The description of antiqua agrees perfectly with the speci-
mens from Haiti, and Mr. Schaus suggests that Herrich-
Schaffer may have had a Haitian specimen before him when
he described antiqua. Mr. Schaus also says that his Cuban
specimens all lack the small spots on the primaries and I
think all his specimens were probably collected by himself
in the Santiago region (Oriente). I have never seen any spe-
cies of Pyrrhocalles from Porto Rico and I do not know whether
there are any on that Island. Dr. C. T. Ramsden has a
fine collection of Cuban Lepidoptera, and I wrote to him for
information in regard to antiqua. His reply follows:

‘“‘My specimens certainly have not the spots you have drawn as on the
San Domingo specimens, but mine are all from the environs of Guan-
tanamo. Possibly those from western Cuba may have the spots. The
question is to get some from western Cuba and I shall try to get them.
The Herrich-Schaffer type may have come from around Havana as Gund-
lach did his first collecting in and about Matanzas Province. It is strange
that Gundlach (Cont. Entomologia Cubana) does mention these spots,
and probably did have a Cuban specimen before him. I have always
been in doubt whether Gundlach made his descriptions from specimens
before him and taken by himself, or whether he copied the Herrich-Schaffer
descriptions. I am inclined to think, however, that he made his own
descriptions from material before him. His descriptions in some ‘cases
are not quite complete, or at least not as complete as one should desire.
I have never detected a mistake, nor noticed any kind of nature-faking.
I notice he says he found the species only in western Cuba.”

To try and clear up the matter for the present I propose
the name orientis for the unspotted form found in eastern
Cuba. The type is a male from Guantanamo (San Carlos ?),
Cuba, taken June 25, 1910, for which I am indebted to Dr.
Ramsden, in the collection of The Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia.

It will probably be useful to have the original descriptions
as the works in which they are contained are not commonly
in libraries.

“Pamphila antiqua HS. One of the largest species, though with nar-
rower wings than statius. Black brown, all wings as far as about the middle

beautiful cinnamon-red, which color is finely divided by black ribs, on the
anterior wing as far as branch 3 and on the back wing everywhere reaching

Vol. xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 153

over the middle, in cell 3-7 of the primaries forms a bow-shaped row of
little spots, on its costal half, however, reaches only to the middle of the
wing. Underneath the ground-color lighter, and the wing strongly cov-
ered with cinnamon-colored scales, a bow-shaped row of still lighter spots
behind the middle, one such spot on the middle. The spots of the under
side lighter and larger than above.”’{ [Translation.]

Dr. Ramsden kindly sent me the description of antiqua by
Gundlach.

“Up to the present this species is known only from the Island of Cuba,
western part. I do not know the larva or the chrysalis. I do not see any
marked difference in the coloring of each sex. The insect is rare and visits
the flowers. On the upper side the four wings are brown (dark brown),
with their basal half of a pretty reddish cinnamon and a transverse line of
spots of the same color on the anterior wings. Under side of anterior
wings are dark brown with a band of spots which correspond to those on
the upper side, this band of spots begins at the base of the anterior border
then separating from it in a circle till it nearly reaches the anterior border.
The posterior wings below are of ferruginous brown color with an arc-
shaped series of cinnamon colored spots, as also a single central spot of
this same color, all of which are barely visible. Between the wings 50
mm.’’§ [Translation.]

The Jamaican species is readily separated by the difference
in the markings on the upper side of the secondaries. In
the Cuban and Haitian forms the black color does not extend
into the cinnamon color of the central area of the wing.

Remarks on Dr. MacGillivray’s Paper entitled
‘*‘The Eyes of Insects.’’

By G. C. Crampton, PxH.D., Massachusetts Agricultural
College, Amherst, Mass.

In a class of animals like the Insecta, which includes such a
diverse and mulititudinous array of forms ranging from the
extremely ancient and primitive types to the more recent and
highly modified ones, it is extremely difficult to discover any
features which are peculiar to one of the larger subdivisions
of the class, and which are characteristic of all of its members
without exception. Although it may be much simpler to
ignore these exceptions when they occur only in a few scattered

7 Corresp. Blatt Regensb. 1863, 17, p. 142.
§ Gundlach, Entomologia Cubana, I881, p. 150.

154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

instances, on the other hand, when such exceptions occur
quite constantly throughout the members of an entire order,
or similar larger subdivision of a group of insects, these ex-
ceptions become of sufficient importance to merit a reference
to them, especially in an article intended for general reference,
such as Dr. MacGillivray’s paper on ‘‘The Eyes of Insects.’’*
I would therefore call attention to one or two statements in
Dr. MacGillivray’s article which might be misleading to
anyone not familiar with the subject, although the main points
of the article are quite correct, and are well taken.

Dr. MacGillivray’s claim that “the developing compound
eyes of the adult can frequently be seen in the pupa of ento-
metabolous insects and rarely in their larvae, but these stages
are never provided with functional compound eyes’? would
appear to be too sweeping a statement, since exceptions to
this rule occur quite constantly throughout the members of
an entire order of insects, and a few scattered instances are
to be found in other orders. Thus, all known larvae of in-
sects belonging to the order Mecoptera have functional com-
pound eyes, and in full-grown larvae of certain corethrid
Diptera the compound eyes are so large and well-developed
that it is difficult to believe that they are not functional.

It is evident that Dr. MacGillivray means functional ocelli
when he states that ocelli are present “‘only in the adults of
exometabolous and entometabolous insects,’ but when one
examines the ocelli of a young grasshopper, for example, they
appear to be quite as capable of functioning as those of the
adult. While it is possible that the statement that ‘‘func-
tional ocelli are never present in nymphs, larvae, or pupae”
may be correct, it would have been much more convincing
if some proof had been presented in support of this view.
As was mentioned above, the ocelli of a grasshopper nymph
have every appearance of being as capable of functioning as
those of the adult, and it is difficult to believe that the ocelli
of full-grown nymphs of our larger Plecoptera, certain may-
flies, etc., are wholly functionless. The ocelli of the latter
forms are quite large, and would appear to be capable of dis-
tinguishing light from darkness—which is the function as-

* Ent. NEWS, xxi, 97-100, April, 1920.

Vol. xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 155

cribed to the ocelli of adult insects (in addition to the func-
tion of distinguishing objects close at hand)—and if the ocelli
of these nymphs are wholly functionless, the fact should be
brought out by experiment before it is stated as though it
had been conclusively proven.

Dr. MacGillivray’s statement that “‘Ocelli are never pres-
ent in ametabolous insects’’ appears to be entirely too sweep-
ing. All of the insects belonging to the ametabolous group
Machiloidea (which is considered as an order by many ento-
mologists) appear to have exceptionally large and well devel-
oped ocelli. In fact, the ocelli of these insects are propor-
tionately much larger than those of any other insects I know
of, so that Dr. MacGillivray’s statement in this matter can be
accepted only with.reservations.*

In calling attention to these exceptions to the general state-
ments made in Dr. MacGillivray’s paper, I would not min-
imize the value of the principal points brought out in his
article, since in the main these points are quite correct, and
are well taken. On the other hand, the exceptions to his
general statements are in some cases of sufficient importance
to merit mention, and should therefore be called to the atten-
tion of students who are referred to Dr. MacGillivray’s paper
in their general reading, or of anyone who contemplates mak-
ing a much-needed study of the different types of eyes found
among insects.

The known Membracidae of Ecuador (Homop.)

By Dr. FREDERICK W. GopincG, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
(Continued from page 136)

*Triquetra inermis Fairm. Rev. Mem. p. 280. Habd.: Province of El
Oriente, (Goodfellow); Macas, Province of Chimborazo, (Feyer).

*Triquetra obtusa Fowl. Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. (1894), p. 417. Hab.:
Province of El Oriente, (Goodfellow).

* In many ametabolous insects, as Dr. MacGillivray points out, simple
eyes occur in the position which compound eyes occupy when present in
higher insects. , In the ametabolous group Machiloidea, however, there are
well-developed compound eyes of the normal type, and in addition to
these, the Machiloidea have three ocelli located on the frontal region as in
higher insects.

156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

*Triquetra grossa Fairm. Rev. Mem. p. 280. Hab.: Province of El
Oriente, (Goodfellow). ¢

*Triquetra virgata Fairm. Rev. Mem. p. 282. Hab.: Normandie,
Province of El Oriente, (Feyer).

*Triquetra angustata Fairm Rev. Mem. p. 282. Hab.: Normandie,
Province of El Oriente, (Feyer). ;

*Triquetra ustulata Fairm. Rev. Mem. p. 281. Hab.: Normandie,
Province of El Oriente, (Feyer).

*Umbonia erecta n. sp. (See description on another page.) Hab.-:
Mangorisa River, Province of El Oriente, (Feyer).

*Umbonia ataliba Fairm. Rev. Mem. p. 278. Hab.: Canelas, Puyo,
Province of El Oriente, (Feyer).

*Umbonia spinosa Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 675. Hab.: Machala, Pro-
vince of El Oro, (Rorer); Normandie, Province of El Oriente, (Feyer).

*Hoplophora gigantea Fairm. Rev. Mem. p. 269. Hab.: Province
of El Oriente, (Goodfellow).

*Hoplophora vicina Fairm. Rev. Mem. p. 270. Hab.: Quito, Pro-
vince of Pichincha, (Walker); Cuenca, Province of Azuay, (Pachano);
Province of El Oriente, (Goodfellow).

MEMBRACINAE.

*Membracis jessica n.sp. (See description on another page.) Hab.:
Canelas, Province of El Oriente; Lliquino, Province of Tungurahua; Yaru-
quies, Province of Chimborazo, (Feyer).

*Membracis mexicana Guer. Icon. Reg. Anim. p. 364, pl. 59, f. I.
Hab.: Machala, Province of El Oro., (Rorer).

*Membracis tectigera Oliv. Enc. Meth. vii, p. 668. Hab.: Mangor-
isa River, Canelas, Province of El Oriente, (Feyer).

*Enchenopa ignidorsum Walk. List Hom. Brit. Mus., Suppl. p.
124. Hab.: Machala, Province of El Oro, (Rorer).

*Sphongophorus ballista Germ. Silb. Rev. Ent. ili, p. 231. Hab.:
Quevedo, Province of Los Rios, (Campos).

*Bolbonota pictipennis Fairm. Rev. Mem. p. 258. Hab.: Machala,
Province of El Oro, (Rorer).

*Guayaquila roreriana n. sp. and gen. (See description on another
page.) Hab.: Machala, Province of El Oro, (Rorer).

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW ECUADORIAN MEMBRACIDAE.
Centrogonia flavo-limbata n. sp.

Black, roughly punctured, furnished with numerous strong black hairs.
Head black, with two short vertical lines above middle, a longer line
reaching apex, a small dot near each eye, lateral borders and a dot on each
side of apex bright yellow; eyes prominent, pale yellow. Pronotum with
dorsum convex in front and lightly sinuate posteriorly, apex deflexed;
posterior process reaching tip of abdomen, lengthily deeply and broadly

Vol. xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 157

compressed on each side from humeral angles halfway to apex; furnished
with a strong percurrent median carina; a small tubercle and spot behind
each eye, anterior border and a dot on each side just above it, a spot above
each humeral angle, anterior two-thirds of lateral borders, and apex, yellow;
elsewhere obscurely yellow mottled. Below, the chest and abdomen,
femora except apices, black; apices of femora, and tibiae except apices
sordid yellow; apices of tibiae, and the tarsi brown. Long. 5 mm.; lat.
2 mm.

Habitat: Pifo, Province of Pichincha, 2,588 meters, (Cam-
pos). Described from one female.

Differs from its congeners by the black color, yellow lateral
borders, and strong percurrent carina. The apical fourth of
the tegmina is wanting.

ECUATORIANA pn. gen.

Ocelli equi-distant from the eyes and each other. Dorsum
of pronotum moderately elevated, with numerous irregular
longitudinal carinae, and bearing two large more or less quad-
rangular elevations, the first just behind humeral angles, the
second at middle; humeral angles developed into large flat au-
ricular processes; posterior process covering clavus and a
small part of corium. Tegmina with distinct veins; basal
half of corium coriaceous and punctured, emitting three
longitudinal veins equi-distant from each other and costa,
space between interior ulnar vein and interior border occupy-
ing half its area, third apical cell triangular, petiolate, one
discoidal cell. Wings with four apical cells, second subtri-
angular, petiolate, third long, broad, sessile. Tibiae not
broadened; tarsi of equal length.

The venation is nearly identical with that of Oxygonia
chrysura Fairm., while the general facies is that of a Tele-
mona.

Genotype: Ecuatoriana bactriana n. sp.

Ecuatoriana bactriana n. sp.

Black, mottled with yellow, pronotum with numerous irregular longi-
tudinal carinae and others passing to the superior border of dorsal eleva-
tions; median longitudinal carina strong, percurrent. Head triangular,
apex lightly produced. Pronotum convex in front; dorsal elevations
with superior borders lightly rounded, front and hind borders perpendi-
cular the latter of the second elevation lightly sinuate; sinus between ele-

158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '20

vations about equal in size to the second; apex reaching tips of tegmina;
anterior third of lateral borders, a bread band behind second dorsal ele-
vation and other irregular marks, yellow. Tegmina with basal half of
corium black mottled with yellow, extremities including first four apical
cells smoky, fifth cell large, subtriangular; discoidal cells long, very nar-
row, base formed by a transverse venule between ulnar veins before middle,
apex suddenly enlarged and curved to reach fifth apical cell. Below black,
tarsipale. Long. 10 mm.; lat. interhum.6 mm.; altitude of elevations 5 mm.

Habitat: Zufias, Province of Chimborazo, 2,000 meters,
(Feyer). Described from one female.

Tomogonia camposiana n. sp.

Head entirely yellow, eyes prominent, pearly color. Front half of pro-
notum bright yellow except as follows: two spots above each eye, humeral
horns, a broad stripe passing from humeral angles above lateral borders
for one-third their length, a broad longitudinal median stripe originating
some distance from base of pronotum, and posterior half of posterior pro-
notal process, shining black; lateral borders from humeral angles half way
to apex broadly pale yellow; apex far surpassing tip of abdomen, but not
quite reaching apices of tegmina. Tegmina transparent yellow, with a
broad stripe extending from base to apex of corium, interior border of cla-
vus,and nearly all of apical cells nearly black. Wings with four apical
cells, second small, sessile, fourth very small. Body below yellow, sides
of abdomen splashed with fuscous; ovipositor black; legs yellow, tips of
posterior tibiae and of tarsi black. Long. 10 mm.; lat. inter hum. 5 mm.

Habitat: Posorja, Province of Guayas, (Campos). Des-
cribed from three females. This species is nearest to viftati-
pennis Fairm., from Guatemala.

Named in honor of Prof. Francisco Campos R.

Umbonia erecta n. sp.

Very similar to ataliba Fairm., from which it differs in the median and
lateral lines being black none of which pass to apex of dorsal horn which is
reddish testaceous; the dorsal horn is long, very slender and erect and
placed behind humeral angles. Tegmina pitchy at base, with all longi-
tudinal veins piceous, cells transparent yellow, apex of corium darker.
Femora and tibiae testaceous, the latter with a fuscous stripe. Otherwise
as in ataliba. Long. 15 mm.; lat. inter hum. 8 mm.; alt. cornu. 7 mm.

_ Habitat: Rio Mangorisa, Province of El Oriente, (Feyer).
Described from two slightly mutilated females.

Membracis jessica n. sp.

Nearly identical in form and size with foliata, from which it differs in
being yellow with a broad vertical band extendingfrom lateral angles to
middle of dorsum, and a large quadrangular spot before apex of posterior
process, sooty black. Long. 15 mm.; alt. 8 mm.

Vol. xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 159

Habitat: Canelos, Lliquino, and Yaruquies, Province of
El Oriente, (Feyer). Described from four females.

Dedicated to the memory of my wife, one of the victims of
yellow fever.

GUAYAQUILA n. gen.

Pronotum armed with a compressed porrect horn in front,
destitute of lateral carinae but with a percurrent median
carina; dorsum flat, broad at humeral angles, gradually at-
tenuated to an obtuse apex which reaches tip of abdomen,
but shorter than apices of tegmina. Generally golden silky
pubescent. Tegmina similar in shape and venation to those
seen in the genus Membracis. Wings with four apical cells,
second broad and quadrangular, fourth minute. Front and
middle tibiae broadly dilated, short; posterior legs three
times the length of front legs, hind tibiae with strong sharp
spines. Facies of Aconophora.

Genotype: Guayaquila roreriana n. sp.

Guayaquila roreriana n. sp.

Uniform cinnamon brown, silky pubescent. Front horn with a com-
pressed broad edge, not pointed but rounded at apex, convex between
superior and inferior borders longitudinally, with a median longitudinal
carina, but destitute of lateral carinae. Tegmina semi-opaque uniform
brown. Body below brown, posterior edges of abdominal segments and
anal segment paler. Tibiae testaceous, spines of hind tibiae black. Long
9 mm.; lat. 3 mm.

Habitat: Machala, Province of El Oro, (Rorer). Described
from one male of which the head is wanting.

This species is named in honor of Prof. J. B. Rorer.

I desire to express my gratitude to Professors Campos,
Rorer and Pachano, and Messrs. Goodfellow and Feyer for
a multitude of favors in my endeavor to make the entomology
of Ecuador better known.

Thermotropism in Insects.
By WERNER MARCHAND, New York City.

While the phenomena of helio- and phototropism have
been extensively studied, concerning thermotropic reactions
we have practically no data. The consequences of uneven

160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

heating on the plasmodia of Myxomycetes have been studied
by Stahl (1884), who observed that the plasmodia will move
when opportunity is offered, from water of 7°C. to water of
30°. In accordance with this reaction, the plasmodia of
Fuligo septica will migrate in the fall, in consequence of the
cooling of the air, several feet deep into the warmer layers
of the tan bark where it hibernates. In the spring the move-
ment is in the opposite direction, towards the now more
strongly heated superficial layers.

For protoza, M. Mendelssohn (1895, 1902 a, 6) has des-
cribed, under the name of Thermotropism, the observation
that Paramecia gather at a definite end of a trough when
these ends have different temperatures. In the words of
J. Loeb (1918): “‘the organisms were put into a flat trough
resting on tubes through which water was flowing. When
the water in the tube had a temperature of 38° at one end of
the trough, while the tube at the opposite end was: perfused
by water of 26° the organisms all gathered at the latter end.
If then the temperature of the water in the two tubes was
reversed the organisms went to the other end of the trough.
If one end had the temperature of 10°, the other of 25°, all
went to the latter end.’’ Mendelssohn’s observations form
the only case of thermotropism mentioned by Jennings (1906)
and by Loeb. The latter author is of the opinion that in
this case we are in all probability not dealing with a tropistic ©
reaction but with a collecting of organisms due to the me-
chanism of motion described for Paramecium by Jennings.
When these organisms come suddenly from a region of mod-
erate temperature to one of lower temperature, the activity
of their cilia is transitorily reversed, but owing to the asym-
metrical arrangement of their cilia they do not go back in
the old direction but deviate to one side. This can lead to
a collecting of Paramecia such as Mendelssohn described.

No cases of thermotropism in higher organisms are men-
tioned by recent authors, and this should seem astonishing,
since the effect of changing temperatures must be universal
and ubiquitous. However, a tropistic action of heat upon
the organism may be obscured by the direct action of tem-
perature upon all life-processes.

Vol) xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 161

Among insects, cockroaches are known to prefer warm
places, and so undoubtedly do numerous other insects. In
fact, an attraction by heat must be quite general, and is
probably found at the bottom of such instincts as that of
ants to bring their offspring to the surface of the earth when
the stone covering the colony is heated by the sun’s rays.
Subterranean larvae also probably move upward and down-
ward with regard to temperature. While roaches and domes-
tic crickets seek the heat of the stove, the field crickets,
ground beetles, etc., are found in places exposed to the full
sunlight. Hairy caterpillars, like those of Malacosoma,
seek the sunshine and apparently derive advantages from
being heated by the sun’s rays, but whether they are attracted
by a purely thermal stimulus is doubtful (Howlett, 1910).

Graber (1882), to whom we owe so many fundamental
observations concerning the function of sense-organs in lower
animals, seems also to be the first to have noticed tempera-
ture reactions of insects. According to this author, who
experimented with the cockroach Blatta germanica, the an-
tennae of Blatta are more sensitive to certain extremes of
temperature than are, for instance, the lips and finger-tips
of man, which are the most sensitive parts of the human body
as regards temperature.

If a specimen of the Blatta is blinded previously to the
experiment, and then its antenna approached with a red-hot
needle or with the point of a very cold object, the stimuli
thus afforded will produce an effect even at a distance from
which the human skin does not perceive any sensation, the
effect on the animal being that the affected antenna is with-
drawn.

Graber’s observations show that there is in certain insects
a highly developed sense of temperature, but the behavior
of Blatia in his experiments cannot be called a tropism in
the ordinary sense, which would involve oriented movements
in which the orientation of the animal is affected. by its
reactions.

Observations on what appeared to be a negative thermo-
tropism, were made by the writer (Marchand, 1917) on the

162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

wingless Tipulid or snow-fly, Chionea alpina Bezzi, an insect
which habitually lives on the snow, the species in question
in the high mountains of Switzerland. If Chionea was kept
in a glass tray, about one and one-half feet long, and covered
with wire netting and with two glass-plates in such a way
that the middle portion, at least one third of the whole length,
was covered only by wire netting, the two ends in addition
by the glass plates, and if the cage was oriented so that one
end of the trough was directed towards the open air (of a
porch) at about freezing temperature, the other end towards
the heated room, the insect would come to rest at the under-
side of the free portion of the wire netting and at the ex-
treme border of this free portion in the direction of the open
air. Inasfar as it refused to go under the glass plate, positive
phototropism (heliotropism) seemed to be excluded. If
the cage was turned 180° the insect assumed the correspond-
ing position on the other side of the tray. In addition, it
could be observed that Chionea avoided the approaching
finger at some distance, and that this effect could be increased
if the hand was heated by means of an electric light bulb.
In this case, the insect could be driven, by merely approach-
ing it with the hand, under the glass-plate-covered portion
of the tray. The negative thermotropism seemed stronger
in the light than in the shade. If the animal was running
over the snow, approaching it with the finger was sufficient
to cause it to change its course but in this case an optic re-
action is not excluded.

More characteristic cases of thermotropism are found among
mosquitoes. Concerning mosquitoes, Howlett (1910) was
the first to observe a positive thermotropism as underlying
the biting instinct. This observer carried out a series of pre-
liminary experiments and found that shed blood or human
sweat did not attract the females of Culex fatigans or Stegomyia
scutellaris any more than water. On experimenting with the
effects of heat, however, it was at once found that the fe-
males of Stegomyia scutellaris were readily attracted by the
hot air radiating from a test-tube containing hot water; the
male mosquitoes, on the contrary, paid no attention to it.

Vol. xxx] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 163

As a result of a number of similar experiments he concludes
that (a) the bite of a mosquito is a reaction to the stimulus
provided by a hot surface, (6) that the mosquito is attracted
to the hot surface mainly by the warm air rising from it,
and (c) that the strength of the reaction is, within certain
limits, proportional to the differential temperature of the
surface, 2. e., the difference between its temperature and the
general air temperature at the time, and that this difference
must be positive.

Howlett’s experiments were not known to the writer when
in the fall of 1915 some observations were made on mosquitoes
of the species Anopheles punctipennis Say, which confirm
the results obtained by Howlett in Stegomyia, and render it
probable that the basic tropism underlying the bloodsucking
instinct is a thermotropism (Marchand, 1918). If female
adults of A. punctipennis were placed in a lamp-chimney
which on one end was closed by a covering made of cheese-
cloth, and at the other end was brought in contact with a
heated glass-plate, with a sheet of filter paper between serv-
ing as a foothold, the mosquitoes were seen immediately to
go to that end of the lamp-chimney where the glass plate was
and to alight on the filter paper. Here they began to attack
the surface with their probosces, trying to bite through the
glass plate. In fact they could be seen bending their pro-
bosces as a result of their strong efforts to pierce the surface.
They consequently reacted to the heated glass-plate in the
same way as if it were the skin of a vertebrate host. This
experiment was repeated with different sets of mosquitoes,
usually five or six at a time, and always with the same result.
The number of specimens refusing to attack the glass-plate
seemed not greater than that usually observed of specimens
refusing to accept blood food when offered. Males showed
the same reaction but much less strongly; in this respect
my observation differs from Howlett’s. Male Anopheles
are also slightly attracted by human skin but are not able
to pierce it. On the other hand, hibernating females of
Culex did not show even a trace of this thermotropic reaction.
These mosquitoes, however, also persistently refused to take

164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

blood food. This fact is of some interest when compared
with the behavior of Chionea. While Chionea as a winter
insect is normally negatively thermotropic, in the mosquitoes
the thermotropic reaction appears to be absent in the winter
months, when the insects cannot fly about and therefore
cannot obtain blood food. More observations, however, are
necessary to gain a complete insight into these phenomena.

Concerning other bloodsucking insects, so far no data are
available. Hog lice, Haematopinus suis, failed to give a
thermotropic reaction but this appears not astonishing since
these insects live permanently on their host, and being wingless,
would hardly be able to find the host by means of a tropism.

A distinction should be made between a mere aggregation
of insects in a definite temperature-optimum and a true
thermotropism in which there is an oriented movement in
the direction of the source of heat, or away from it. Olive
C. Lodge (1918), found that house flies will congregate around
a Bunsen burner in a definite circle, the size of which varied
according to the distribution of the heat. This was tested
by placing larger or smaller pieces of asbestos over the flame,
when the flies arranged themselves in larger or smaller circles
respectively. The temperature of these circles was very
constant, varying between 42 and 44°C. If the gas was
turned off the flies came nearer the burner and climbed up
the stem of it, but when it was no longer warm they dispersed
in all directions. Heated baits were visited most frequently
when their temperature was at 38-48°C. The impression
is gained that the flies prefer a definite optimum of tempera-
ture, but it remains to be seen whether there is any specific
reaction to heat, as is apparently the case in the mosquitoes.

The problem, what particular sense-organs of the thermo-
tropic insects are affected by the radiation of heat from ob-
jects producing the reaction, seems not yet entirely solved.
According to Graber (1882), whose experiments were men-
tioned, the sense of heat (Warmesinn) is developed, at least
in Blatta, chiefly in the antennae, and to a lesser degree in the
cerci (Analborsten). The functional interpretation of the
well-known specific nerve endings of the antennae has there-

Vol. xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 165

fore to reckon with the fact, that these appendages are not
only organs of the tactile and olfactory sense but also of the
sense of heat perception. It may be of interest in this con-
nection that, at the moment of biting, the Anopheles mosquito
will lift the two long palpi at right angles to the proboscis;
these might be supposed to be the seat of heat-perception
but according to Graber the function of the palpi is olfactory
and this even to a higher degree than in the antennae.

LITERATURE QUOTED

GRABER, V. 1882. Die chordotonalen Sinnesorgane und das Gehér
der Insekten. Zeitschr. f. mikrosk. Anat. Vol. XXI, p. 132-133.

Howtett, F. M. tg910. The Influence of Temperature upon the
Biting of Mosquitoes. Parasitology, Vol. III, pp. 479-484. See also
Patton, W. S. and Cragg, F. W., A Textbook of Medical Entomology,
London, Madras and Calcutta, 1913.

JENNINGS, H. S. 1906. Behavior of Lower Organisms, pp. 70-72.

LopcGE, OLIVE C. 1918. An Examination of the Sense Reactions of
Flies. Bulletin of Entomological Research, Vol. IX, Part 2, pp. 91-176.

Logs, J. 1918. Forced Movements, Tropisms and Animal Conduct.
Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., p. 155.

MARCHAND, W. 1917. Notes on the Habits of the Snow-Fly (Chi-
onea). Psyche, Vol. XXIV, No. 5, p. 142-153.

Ip. 1918. First Account of a Thermotropism in Anopheles punctipennis,
with Bionomic Observations. Psyche, Vol. XXV, No. 6, p. 130-135.

MENDELSSOHN, M. 1895. Ueber den Thermotropismus einzelliger
Organismen. Arch. ges. Physiol. IX, 1-27.

Ip. 1902 a. Recherches sur l’interférence de la thermotaxie avec d’
autres tactismes et sur le mécanisme du movement thermotactique.
Jour. Physiol. et Pathol. générale, IV, 475-488.

Ip. 1902 6. Quelques considérations sur la nature et le role biologique
de la thermotaxie. J Physiol. et Path générale, IV, 489-496.

STAHL. 1884. Zur Biologie der Myxomyceten. Botan. Zeitg. See
also O. Hertwig, Allgem. Biologie, 2. Auflage, p. 147.

The Spider of Saltair Beach (Arach., Aran.)
By RavtpH V. CHAMBERLIN, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

About ten years ago the newspapers of Salt Lake City
gave considerable space to accounts of what was characterized
as ‘‘a plague of spiders’”’ at the Saltair Beach resort, Great
Salt Lake. At that time spiders were recorded as occurring

166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

in countless numbers in and over all the buildings at the resort,
stretching their webs on every available support. Each
morning the attendants, armed with brooms, would endeavor
to clear the webs and spiders from the dressing-rooms and
other more used parts of the buildings; and each succeeding
morning webs and spiders had reappeared as if by magic.
The pavilion at this resort stands over the water on piles a
considerable distance from shore; and the extensive spaces
beneath the floor of the pavilion and on the piling in general
harbored a seemingly inexhaustible supply of spiders which
each night swarmed over the buildings, seeking unoccupied
sites for their webs. For a year or two the plan of gathering
and destroying the cocoons late in the season was tried in an
effort to 1id the place of the pest. Cocoons by the bushel
were gathered by the attendants working systematically
in and about the building and from boats beneath the pavilion.
This is said to have relieved the situation. Evidently, how-
ever, the efforts were later abandoned; for, upon visiting
the beach in 1918 and again in 1919, I found the spiders
holding undisputed sway in their wonted places, they and
their webs occurring everywhere. People have apparently
become used to the sight and correspondingly tolerant of
these feared but inoffensive creatures.

It is popularly believed that several kinds of spiders occur
at Saltair, but I observed only one. Of this I collected several
hundred specimens. In this species the males, as often, are
formed differently from the females, are of a much lighter
color, and would, by the layman, naturally be regarded as a
distinct kind. The light abdominal markings, normally
yellowish in color, are not uncommonly bright red, partic-
ularly in the males, giving thus the ‘“‘red spider,’’ commonly
accounted as a third kind, which an employee at the beach
assured me was especially dangerous!

The spider is one of the orb-web weavers (Argiopidae),
and belongs to the genus Neoscona, commonly included in
Aranea. the Epeira of most earlier writers. In Neoscona it
falls in the group in which the males have the coxae of the
fourth legs armed beneath with a conical process. Hereto-

Vol. xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 167

fore this group was known to include but two, or perhaps
three, American species, namely oaxacensis (Keyserling) of
Mexico and Central America and vertebrata (McCook) of the
southwestern United States. In the Biologia Centrali-
Americana F. O. Picard-Cambridge describes a species cont-
fera from Mexico and Central America, and places vertebrata
in synonomy with oaxacensis; but a study of material from
the type locality of vertebrata (San Diego, California) and
elsewhere in the southwest shows that vertebrata agrees in
all details except in size with conifera as described by the
author mentioned, and differs correspondingly from oaxa-
censis. Conifera is thus probably a synonym of vertebrata.
The Saltair Beach spider is close in general structure to these
forms; but it is an obviously distinct species, and one which
seems never to have been named. It is a much more darkly
colored species than vertebrata, with relatively longer legs,
and differs in structural details as indicated in the description
below. Thus far it has not been taken anywhere excepting
at the Saltair Beach. The types of this species are in the
collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.

Neoscona salaeria sp. nov.

Q.—Adult females in full color have the integument of carapace and
legs from mahogany to black, without any distinct markings. Sternum
black with a narrow median longitudinal stripe of yellow. Labium and
endites black with anterior and mesal borders, respectively,pale. The
carapace and sternum clothed with gray hair, the legs with gray and
brown hairs. Abdomen in general blackish, showing above a narrow
median longitudinal stripe, much as in oaxacensis, formed by numerous
small yellow dots but with no spots or marks oi yellow as large as those
occurring in vertebrata or oaxacensis; on the lateral parts of the dorsum,
especially anteriorly, similar small yellow dots may occur in varying
numbers, the median stripe sometimes dissolving in a larger anterior area
formed by such dots. Very often the dorsal yellow markings are almost
wholly obliterated. Venter with four yellow spots, two just caudad of
the epigastric furrow and two in front of the spinnerets. Abdomen
clothed with shorter gray hairs and longer, more sparse setae of brownish
color. Younger and freshly molted females are light colored, with dis-
tinct markings like those of the males, a similar red color often showing
on the abdomen.

168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

Abdomen elongate oval. Femora of legs armed beneath with two
widely-separated series of spines, the spines of these series on the anterior
legs shorter and more slender than those of the anterior and caudal sur-
faces, and the spines of the anterior row more numerous than those of the
caudal. Scape of epigynum geniculate at the beginning of the distal
‘‘spoon,”’ the proximal division long, in profile a little curved, much as in
vertebrata. In ventral view the scape is seen to be narrow, not at all or
but weakly clavately expanding, not conspicuously so as it does in the
other species, and it does not show the lateral lobes or tubercles at the
sides of the main process. See figs. I and 2.

Neoscona salaeria sp. nov. Q

Fig. 1. Ventral view, and Fig. 2. Lateral view of epigynum. (Setae not represented.)

o.—In general obviously lighter in color than the female. Carapace
fulvous to brown, with a median longitudinal line and a broader band
above the lateral border on each side from choclate-colored to black.
Sternum as in the female. Legs fulvous or brown, each tibia with a broad
black annulus at-each end and the metatarsus with a narrow annulus at
proximal end and a broader and more distinct one near middle and at
distal end, of which commonly only the distal one is distinct. Tarsi
darker distally. Legs darkening and the annulations becoming more
obscure in older specimens, and brighter and more strongly marked in
newly-molted ones. Abdomen with the same coloration as in the female
but the yellow pattern typically more strongly developed. Often the
light markings of the dorsum of the abdomen are bright red in whole or
in part instead of yellow. The yellow spots on the venter often connected
along each side.

Vol. Xxx1| ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 169

Ventral spines of femora of legs more strongly developed than in the
female. Tibia of second legs beneath with the usual two stout basal
spines, with no group of smaller ones distad of them such as found in
oaxacensis; on the anterior face a double and in part triple series of short
stout spines which are typically from thirty to forty in number. Coxae
of fourth legs each with a prominent conical apophysis beneath. Coxae
of first legs with the usual chitinous hook. The median apophysis (clavis)
of the bulb of the male palpus formed almost exactly as in vertebrata, the
larger lobe not expanded at all distally.

o@.—Length to 14 mm. Length of cephalothorax 7 mm.; width 6 mm.
Length of tib. + pat. 1, 11 mm.; of tib. + pat. IV 9.2 mm.

Q.—Length to 15 mm. Length of cephalothorax 7.4 mm.; width 6.2
mm. Length of tib. + pat. 1 10.5 mm.; of tib. + pat. 1V 10 mm.

Notes on Gonatopus ombrodes, a Parasite
of Jassids (Hymen., Homop.)*

By C. N. AINsLiE, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.

On July 10, 1910, in Fort Collins, Colorado, a jassid, a
female Cicadula 6-notata, flew to a lamp by which the writer
was seated and attracted attention by her peculiar behavior.
She seemed deformed, walked jerkily and was continually
flipping her wings. A lens disclosed a small striped sac pro-
jecting from or attached to the abdomen between the fourth
and fifth segments. This jassid was captured and mounted
in balsam for future study.

Since that date a number of leaf hoppers aflicted in a
similar manner have been taken in various parts of the middle
west and a few adult parasites have been reared from these.
The object of the present paper is to offer some facts that
have been gathered regarding the habits of these parasites.

The writer is indebted to Mr. S. A. Rohwer, a systematist
of the Bureau of Entomology, for a determination of the
parasite and for helpful criticisms of this paper, and to Mr.
D. M. DeLong of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, who kindly
determined the jassid hosts concerned in this study.

It may be said at the outset that while this parasite may
possibly attack jassids more or less promiscuously, regard-

*Published by permission of the Secretary of Agriculture.

170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

less of species, no case has come under the observation of
the writer in which any other species of jassid than this
particular Cicadula has been taken with the sac of Gonatopus
ombrodes attached. Perkins records G. ombrodes as reared
from Deltocephalus sp. at Columbus, Ohio. Farther than
this, no data are at present available to the writer regarding
the range of victims attacked by this parasite.

The sub-family Dryininae, or Anteoninae, to which the para-
site under consideration belongs, is a most interesting Mutilloid
group of the Proctotrypidae. This group, recently has been
most admirably treated both from a taxonomic and biologic
point of view by Mr. F. A. Fenton.* Its members confine
their attacks to certain homopterous insects belonging to
the Fulgoridae, Jassidae and Membracidae. In most cases
the larvae of these parasites live partly within the body of
the host and partly within felt-like sacs that project between
the abdominal plates of their victims. One most peculiar
feature of this group of parasites is the chelate anterior tarsi
with which the females of nearly all the species are armed,
a character which, according to Ashmead, is found nowhere
else among the Hymenoptera. This bit of apparatus, which
closely resembles the finger and thumb of man or the oppos-
ing claws of raptorial birds, only much more viciously hooked
and spined, proves a most successful and formidable weapon
when employed in the capture of prey. And it must be borne
in mind that this grasping appendage is supplemented by
lightning-like activity on the part of its owner, making her
more than a match for even the nimble jassids.

Comparatively little attention seems to have been given
to this group of insects until recently. In Europe certain
species have been given detailed study.

It is not an uncommon thing to find a Cicadula carrying
two dryinid sacs, one on each side, attached to its abdomen.
Usually these sacs are of equal size, indicating that the two
eggs were deposited during the same attack. Occasionally
one sac is noticeably larger than the other. More than two

*The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XVIII, pp. 177, 243 and 285. Num-
erous figures.

Vol. xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 171

have never been found by the writer on a single individual
of this species. It is more than probable that in such cases
of double infestation one or both of the guests must perish,
since it would be manifestly impossible for one small jassid
to afford nourishment sufficient to carry two equally rapacious
larvae to maturity. The survival of one larva in such a
case would perhaps account satisfactorily for the disappear-
ance of the other.

‘The dryinid sac referred to throughout this paper is rather
short oval in form, is usually quite symmetrical and when
mature measures about one millimeter in its major axis, the
minor axis a trifle less. It is light brown in color and is
barred transversely by several, three to five, narrow bands of
darker brown that give it the appearance of having true seg-
ments. It has a dull surface, finely rugulose, projects from
behind the second, third or fourth abdominal segment and is
found most often on the left side of the abdomen although
they occur on either side.

Adult G. ombrodes have been bothreared and taken with a net.
Only a few have been captured in the open and these on lawns
where parasitized jassids abounded. It is probable that
their activity and watchfulness would ordinarily forbid cap-
ture in the open, since they would naturally escape by falling
to the ground on any sign of disturbance such as would be
produced by the approach of a sweep net. Males are very
uncommon and the females must outnumber them at least ten
to one, judging from rearing results obtained by the writer.

It has been learned during these studies that in every case
it appears to be the female jassids that fall victims to the
attacks of the ombrodes. This may be due in some measure
to the superior agility of the male jassids in eluding the
spring of the parasite or because the females, being generally
larger, are preferred as hosts because more likely to success-
fully nourish the young larvae. Nymphs so far as known
are free from attack, since only adult females have been
taken carrying the sacs.

These parasites are rare during the early summer and only
begin to multiply towards autumn. They are seldom seen

172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

before July. One parasitized jassid was taken by the writer
June 1, 1915, the earliest date recorded during these observa-
tions.

Only the mature larval and the adult stages of the parasite
are treated in this paper, since opportunities to acquire in-
formation regarding the appearance of the egg, time of in-
cubation and the various instars of the insect have been
impossible during the progress of fragmentary studies.

EMERGENCE OF THE LARVA. :

August 6, 1914, a series of infested Czcadula 6-notata, all
females, was captured and placed in a large tube vial with a
supply of fresh grass blades. Only those were chosen that
bore well-matured sacs as very poor success had been pre-
viously had in rearing parasitic larvae in captivity. Even
when well supplied with abundant food the jassids would
frequently die in the course of a few hours when confined in
‘a cage, and when taken with small sacs would never survive
to their maturity.

From this lot thus caged a number of dryinid larvae issued
during the first day, wandered a while about the containing
vial and finally established themselves on grass blades or in
corners where they constructed cocoons. In order to secure
more definite data, two jassids with single sacs in an advanced
stage were then selected and placed in small shell vials with
bits of fresh grass. These vials were kept under constant
observation under a binocular with thirty diameter power.

For an hour or more these jassids were very uneasy, con-
stantly on the move, flipping their wings and continually
trying to disengage the sacs by kicking at them with their
spiny hind tibiae. This nervousness becomes more pro-
nounced as the parasitic larva nears maturity as jassids with
small sacs seldom manifest distress in any manner.

At 10 a. m. a perpendicular rent or slit was noticed in the
sac attached to one of these prisoners, and the white body
of the larva in violent agitation was visible through this
rupture. The opening was in the rear or pouch-like end of
the sac, at right angles to the brown bands and was plainly

Vol. xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ie

the result of the muscular contortions of the larva within.
The membrane composing the sac seemed very tough and
leathery but gave way slowly to the compelling force inside.
When the delivery first began the jassid seized a grass blade
firmly with its feet but soon let go and raced down the tube.
It then forced its beak into another blade and with its claws
took a firm grip that was never relaxed until death came nearly
three hours later. In every case where an emergence has
been witnessed, the host has always died during the final
act, when the larva leaves its victim. And in each instance
life continues with strange persistence to the very farewell
move of the destroyer.

The struggles of the larva for freedom continued without
cessation for an hour. At 12:15 it became quiet for thirty
minutes, possibly for rest, withdrew into the host’s body and
the rent in the sac nearly closed. At intervals now the
jassid moved its legs feebly. At 12:45 the larva again be-
came active and for forty-five minutes labored most strenu-
ously until it gained its entire freedom. Not all larvae are
so fortunate for unless conditions are exactly right at this
stage emergence is checked and death ensues.

The last few minutes were marked with extraordinary
exertion. Peristaltic waves ran cephalad in rapid succession
and each one served to propel the body an infinitesimal dis-
tance farther out. It will be understood that emergence
was backward, for the tapering head was the last thing to
appear. Even when finally free it seemed unwilling to leave
its happy home for it remained for some little time thrusting
its head again and again into the abdominal cavity of the
jassid through the remains of the now much tattered sac.
After about fifteen minutes of hesitation of this sort it moved
away from the dead body of its host and began to travel.

The progress of the larva is peculiar. Its caudal end is
first slightly advanced cephalad, then a constriction pro-
gresses anteriorly, this being followed in quick sequence by
others, all this action tending to propulsion forward. Loco-
motion is certainly energetic even if not at all rapid.

(To be Continued)

ENTOMOLOGCICAT NEWS

PHILADELPHIA, PA., JUNE, 1920.

Entomology in the United States National Museum.

The combined report of the Committee of the Entomo-
logical Society of America on Entomology in the National
Museum and of the Museum Committee of the American
Association of Economic Entomologists, by its publication in
Science for March 5, 1920, and elsewhere, has now been before
the entomological public for three months. Doubtless, ento-
mologists approve the report. The proceedings of the St.
Louis meeting (December 29 and 30, 1919) of the Entomo-
logical Society of America, at which the Committee made its
report, have been published since the preceding number of
the News was closed for printing. Those proceedings state
that the National Research Council was to ‘“‘be informed
of the [presumably entomological] needs of the National
Museum and their consideration and support be urged.”’
Although we have no hint as to the action that will be taken
by the National Research Council, we look to it for a favor-
able report. The Council’s support alone will hardly accom-
plish the desired results and we imagine that much individual
work in gaining the attention and aid of Senators and Repre-
sentatives will be necessary. To be most effective these ef-
forts should be completely organized and systematized by
the Society and the Association named above.

Notes and News

ENTOMOLOGICAL GLEANINGS FROM ALL QUARTERS
OF THE GLOBE

New Chief of Bureau in New Jersey.

We offer our congratulations to a valued contributor to the NEws,
Mr. Harry B. Weiss, who, on May I, was appointed Chief of the Bureau
of Statistics and Inspection in the New Jersey Department of Agriculture,
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Franklin Dye.

174

Vol. xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (75

The Louisiana Entomological Society.

A note announcing the formation on March 5, at New Orleans, of a
society under this name appeared in Science for April 16, 1920. It has
a membership of about twenty-five and is domiciled at the Natural History
Building of the Louisiana State Museum. The President is Edward
Foster, the Secretary-Treasurer E. T. Holloway.

A New Variety of Lemonias (Lepidoptera).

Lemonias palmeri marginalis n. var.

The wings above have an orange marginal border about I mm. wide
and the ground-color of the wings is lighter than in palmeri and the white
spots contrast strongly with the background. This variety has quite a
different facies from the species.

Type male and paratypes male and female from Acme, California, Aug-
ust 8, 1919 (Morgan Hebard). Types in the collection of The Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. —HENRY SKINNER.

Pamphila californica (Lepidoptera).

Pamphila californica Wright was described and figured in Wright’s
Butterflies of the West Coast, 1905, p. 241, pl. 31, f. 423, b, c. This is
one of the numerous varieties of Pamphila comma.

Another Pamphila californica was previously described and it is a diff-
cult one to make out from the description. The author of the species
is P. Mabille, Bull. Comptes-Rendus, Soc. Ent. Belg. 1883, p. Ixviii.
This translation of the description will probably be of interest to the
students of the Rhopalocera in California:

“ Pamphila californica n sp.

Wings brownish, mixed with fulvous near the costa, with a thick oblique
fuscous streak; end of cellule fuscous; fringe grayish. Wings beneath
ochraceous.

“This species greatly resembles P. linea of Europe. Superiors brown,
with bright fulvous spots on the costa and around a thick black streak
running obliquely from the extremity of the cellule to the inner border.

“The end of the cellule is somewhat darker brown. Beneath, superiors
ochraceous. with the middle of the disk brighter and the streak faintly
reproduced. Inferiors ochraceous, one or two pale yellow dots faintly
seen between the nervules. Underside of body yellow like thewings. One
male from California.”’

Two new names are proposed by Mabille and Boullet for North American
Hesperidae in the Bull Ent. Soc. France, 1917, page 100: Pholisora pirus
semicaeca and Hesperopsis arizonensis. The former is described from
one male from Utah, and the latter from one male from Arizona.

HENRY SKINNER.

176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

A Rare Pamphlet (Hym., Lep., Neur.)

The Museum of Comparative Zoology has a copy of a reprint of an
article which was to have been published in the Transactions of the Chicago
Academy in 1870. But the big fire came and destroyed the stock, and
few, possibly only this one, copy of the reprint was sent out. It is en-
titled ‘‘ Notice of Hymenoptera and Nocturnal Lepidoptera collected in
Alaska by W. H. Dall, Director Sci. Corps, W. U. T. Exp., by Dr. A. S.
Packard, with a List of Neuroptera by P. R. Uhler and Dr. H. A. Hagen.”
Extract from Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. II, pp. 25-32, pl. 2. 1870.

In this article Packard describes Vespa tripunctata (p. 26), Vespa alas-
censis (p. 27), Phragmatotia dallii (p. 29) and Gastropacha alascensis (p. 29).
Uhler describes Perla (Nephelion) dallii (p. 30) and Hagen Cryptothrix
insularis (p. 31). Various described species are recorded. The plate
figures Bombus frigidus, B. occidentalis, B. flavifrons, B. lacustris, B. kirby-
ellus, B. nivalis, Vespa norvegica, V. arenaria, V. tripunctata, V. alascensis,
Platarctia borealis, Arctia caja, and Phragmatobia dalli1. The new species
have never been recorded in any catalogue, nor the paper referred to.
Whether it can be considered as ‘‘published’’ depends, I suppose, on the
existence of other copies. The ‘“‘W. U. T. Exp.” is the Western Union
Telegraph Co. Expedition, and it was the expedition upon which Kenni-
cott lost his life. Reports on the birds were published the preceding year,
and Scudder noted the butterflies in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., in 1869.—
NATHAN Banks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Synonymy of Some Species of Thecla (Lepid.).

The following synonymy will be of interest to Lepidopterists. The
first name has priority.
Thecla thordesca Hew.—zenaida Dyar.

““ elsa Hew.—primnoza Dyar.
cambes G. & S.—syvix Dyar.
philinna Hew.—greppa Dyar.
uterkudante Dr.—elimes Dyar.
bianca Méschl.—ostrinus Druce.
“proba G. & S.—climicles Dyar.
xeneta Hew.—devia Méschl.
atrox Butl.—gentilla Schs.
canus Druce.—bunnirae Dyar.
amphrade Schs.—posetta Dyar.
autoclea Hew.—callides Dyar.
serapio G. & S.—mesca Dyar. 9.
sabinus Fldr.—promissa Méschl.
pan Drury.—tirrhaea Moschl.
tella Schs.—castrena Jones. @.

W. Scuaus, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Vol. xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 177

Entomological Literature.

COMPILED BY E. T. CRESSON, JR., AND J. A. G. REHN.

Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural
Sciences, of Philadelphia, pertaining to the Entomology of the Americas (North and
South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American ento-
mology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology of
insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species, will be recorded.

The numbers in HEAvVy-FACED TyPE refer to the journals, as numbered in the following
list, in which the papers are published.

All continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installments.

The records of papers containing new genera or species occurring north of Mexjco are
all grouped at the end of each Order of which they treat.

For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Record, Office of Ex-
periment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London.
For records of papers on Medical Entomology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B-

2—Transactions of The American Entomological Society, Philadelphia.
4—Canadian Entomologist, London, Canada. 5—Psyche, Cambridge,
Mass. 6—Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 7—Annals
of The Entomological Society of America, Columbus, Ohio. : 9—The
Entomologist, London. 10—Proceedings of The Entomological Society
of Washington, D. C. 13—Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Clare-
mont, Cal. 17—Lepidoptera, Boston, Mass. 20—Bulletin de la Societe
Entomologique de France, Paris. 21—The Entomologist’s Record, Lon-
don. 60—Maine Agricultural Experiment Starion, Orono. 64—Para-
sitology, London. 68—Science, Lancaster, Pa. 88—Occasional Papers
of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 100—
Biological Bulletin of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,
Mass. 107—Rivista del Museo de la Plata, Buenos Aires. 108—Journal
of Genetics, Cambridge, England.

GENERAL. Hewitt, C. G.—Obituary notice. 4, lii, 96. Bureau
imperial d’entomologie. (Le Natural. Canadien, xlvi, 221-6.) Holland,
W. J.—The development of entomology in North America. 7, xiii, I-15.
Holloway, T. E.—The Louisiana Entomological Society. 68, li, 386-7.
Johnson, H. L.—Methods of mounting insects. 17, iv, 22-3 (cont.).
La, P.—Le temps et les insectes. (Rev. Scient., 1920, 24.) Maheux,
G.—Le Docteur Hewitt. (Le Nat. Canadien, xlvi, 195-199.) Metcalf &
Osborn.—Some observations on insects of the between tide zone of the
North Carolina coast. 7, xiii, 108-20. Stone, W.—The use and abuse
of the genus. 68, li, 427-9.

ARACHNIDA, ETC. Chamberlin, R. V.—Some records of Cana-
dian Myriopods. 4, lii, 94-5. Nordenskiold, E.—Spermatogenesis in
Ixodes ricinus. 64, xii, 159-66.

Chamberlin, R. V.—New California spiders. Centipedes and mille-
pedes from near Claremont. Spiders from the Claremont-laguna region.
13, xii, 1-26.

NEUROPTERA. Sack, P.—Aus dem leben unserer einheimischen
libellen. (Bericht Sencken. Naturf. Gesell., Frankfurt a. M., xlv, I10-
25.) Smith, R. C.—The process of hatching in Corydalis cornuta. 7,

178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

xiii, 70-4. Williamson, E. B.—Notes on a few species of Progomphus.
$8. No! 77:

Banks, N.—A revision of the Nearctic Termites. (U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. 108.)

ORTHOPTERA. Caudell, A. N.—An economic consideration of
Orthoptera directly affecting man. (Smithsonian Rept., 1917, 507-14.)
Davis, W. T.—A dark form of Stagmomantis floridensis. 6, xxvii, 341.
DuPorte, M.—The muscular system of Gryllus assimilis. 7, xiii, 16-59.
Schmidt, P.—Catalepsy in Phasmidae. (Smithsonian Rept. 1917,
501-5.)

Hebard, M.—A revision of the N. Am. species of the genus Myrme-
cophila. 2, xlvi, 9I-III.

HEMIPTERA. Breddin, G.—Neue oder wenig gekannte neotropische
Hemiptera. (Abh. Senckenb. Naturfors. Gesell., Frankfurt a. M., xxxvi,
50-9.) Davis, W. T.—A belated Tibicina cassinii. 6, xxvii, 341. Some
records of Polyctenidae. 6, xxvii, 261-3. Ferris, G. F.—Notes on Coc-
cidae VI. 4, lii, 61-5. Funkhouser, W. D.—New Neotropical Mem-
bracidae. 6, xxvii, 267-77. Nuttall, G. H. F.—On Fahrenholz’s pur-
ported new species, subspecies and varieties of Pediculus. A criticism
of methods employed in describing Anoplura. 64, xii, 136-53.

Ball, E. D.—A review of the species of the genus Gypona occurring in
N. Am., north of Mexico. 7, xiii, 83-100. Davis, W. T.—A new cicada
of the genus Melampsalta. 6, xxvii, 340-1. Foot, K.—Preliminary
note on the spermatogenesis of Pediculus vestimenti. Determination of
the sex of the offspring from a single pair of Pediculus vestimenti. 100,
XXXVli, 371-84; I 385-87. Malloch, J. R.—A new species of Typhlo-
cyba. 4, lii, 95. Parshley, H. M.—Hemiptera from Peaks Island,
Maine, collected by G. A. Moore. 4, lii, 80-7. Patch, E. M.—Three
pink and green aphids of the rose. 60, Bull. 282. Woodruff, L. B.—A
review of our local species of the membracid genus Ophiderma. 6, xxvii,
249-60.

LEPIDOPTERA. Dattin, E.—Sur la classification de Tortricides.
20, 1910, 78-80. Drz, 4.—Les mechanismes qui provoquent l’eclosion
des papillons. Rev. Scient., 1920, 52-3. Ehrmann, G. A.—Papilio
pyrholochus n. sp. [S. Amer.] 17, iv, 20-1. Harrison, J. P. H.—Gen-
etical studies in the moths of the geometrid genus Oporabia, with a special
consideration of melanism in the L. 108, ix, 195-280. Lloyd, J. T.—
(See under Diptera.) McDunnough, J.—Notes on the life history of
Phyciodes batesi. Notes on the larvae and pupae of certain pterophorid
species. 4, lii, 56-9; 87-95. McMurray, N.—Papaipema impecuniosa.
Collecting notes. 17, iv, 17-19; 26-7. Verity, R.—On emergence of
the Grypocera and Rhopalocera in relation to altitude and latitude. 21,
XXXii, 65-70 (cont.).

Rothke, M.—Two new forms of Lumenaria. 17, iv, 29-31.

DIPTERA. Carter, H. F.—Descriptions of the male genital arma-
tures of the British anopheline mosquitoes. (Ann. Trop. Medicine &

Vol. xxx1] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 179

Parasitology, xii, 453-7.) Curran, C. H.—Observations on the more
common aphidophagous syrphid flies. 4, lii, 53-5. Ferris, G. F.—The
first stage larva of Cuterebra americana. 5, xxvii, 13-14. Lloyd, J. T.—
An aquatic dipterous parasite, Ginglymyia acrirostris, and additional
notes on its lepidopterous host, Elophila fulicalis. 6, xxvii, 263-5. Mor-
ley, C.—Collecting fungus gnats. 9, lili, 83-9.

Alexander, C. P.—Two undescribed Pediciine crane flies from the
United States. 4, lii, 78-80. Banks, N.—Descriptions of a few new Dip-
tera. 4, lii, 65-7. Bequaert, J.—A new nemestrinid fly from central
Texas. 6, xxvii, 301-7. Cresson, E. T., Jr.—A revision of the Ne-
arctic Sciomyzidae. 2, xlvi, 27-89. Felt, E. P.—New gall midges or
Itonididae from the Adirondacks. 6, xxvii, 277-92. Johnson, C. W.—
A revision of the species of the genus Loxocera, with a description of a
new allied genus anda newsp. 5, xxvii, 15-19. Parker, R. R.—Another
new sp. of Sarcophaga from Niagara Falls. 6, xxvii, 265-7.

COLEOPTERA. Bruch, C.—Descripcion de un Cerambicido extra-
ordinario de la Rep. Argentina. Nuevas especies C. hidrofilidos. 107,
xix, 340-5; 445-70. Catalogo sistematico C. de la Republica Argentina.
107, xix, 235-339; 346-441; 471-526; 538-73. Burke, H. E.—Collecting
some little known Buprestidae. 10, xxii, 72-6. Csiki, E.—Coleop-
terorum catalogus Pars 70, Scydmaenidae. F. A. W.—The meaning of
continuous variation in color. (Jour. Heredity, xi, 84-5.) Grouvelle,
A.—Description des Clavicornes nouveaux de la Rep. Argentine. 107,
xxiii, 234-56. Hays & McColloch.—Some observations on the genitalia
of Lachnosterna. 7, xiii, 75-82. Herrick, G. W.—The winter of 1918-
19 and the activities of insects with special reference to the clover leaf
weevil (Hypera punctata). 7, xiii, 101-7. Johnson, C. W.—Variations
of the palm weevil. (Jour. Heredity, xi, 84.) Pic, M.—Sur Baeocera
argentina. 20, 1910, 49-50.

Blackman, M. W.—Two new species of Pityophthorus from Colorado
5, xxvii, 1-5. Casey, T. L.—A revisional study of the American Platy-
ninae. Random studies among the American Caraboidea. Some de-
scriptive studies among the American Barinae. (Mem. Coleoptera, ix,
1-529.) Notman, H.—Notes and new species of Bembidium. 6, XXVil,
292-7. Schaffer, C.—Synonymical and other notes on some species of
the family Chrysomelidae and descriptions of n. sps. 6, xxvii, 307-40.
Timberlake, P. H.—Correction of two generic names in Coleoptera and
Hymenoptera. 4, lii, 96.

HYMENOPTERA. Ainslie, C. N.—A remarkable case of homing
instinct. 4, lii, 50-2. Bruch, C.—Un nuevo gorgojo del Prosopanche.
‘Contribucion al estudio de las hormigas de la provincia de San Luis. , 107,
Xxiii, 231-3; 291-357. Catalogo sistematico de las formicidos Argen-
tinos. Contribucion al conocimiento de los Bethylidae Argentinos y de-
scripcion de una neuva especie. Suplemento al catalogo de los formicidos
Argentinos. 107, xix, 211-341; 442-6; 527-37. Cushman, R. A.—

180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, ’20

Viereck’s family Labenidae with the description of a new species of Apecho-
neura. 10, xxii, 76-80. Jordan, H. E.—Studies on striped muscle struc-
ture VI. The comparative histology of the leg and wing muscle of the
wasp. (Amer. Jour. Anatomy, xxvii, I-66.) Spooner, C. S.—A note on
the mouth parts of the Aradidae. 7, xiii, 121-2.

Bequaert, J.—Hymenoptera collected near Boston, Mass., with de-
scription of a variety of Bombus affinis. 3, xxvii, 6-12. Cockerell,
T. D. A.—The bees of Peaceful Valley, Colorado. 6, xxvii, 298-300.
Fouts, R. M.—Some new parasites with remarks on the genus Platy-
gaster. 10, xxii, 61-72. MacGillivray, A. D.—Two new species of
Platycampus (Tenthredinidae). 4, lii, 59-61. Timberlake, P. H.—
(See under Coleoptera.)

Obituary

The State Gazette of Trenton, New Jersey, for April 19,
1920, recorded the death of FRANKLIN Dye on April 18, at
Trenton, at the age of 84 years, after a brief illness. A very
good account was given in this paper, of Mr. Dye’s activities
and public services while secretary of the New Jersey State
Board of Agriculture from 1887 to 1916. From 1916 until
his death he was Chief of the Bureau of Statistics and Inspec-
tion in the New Jersey State Department of Agriculture.
While secretary, Mr. Dye was responsible for the first official
document on entomology published by the state of New
Jersey. This appeared in the 15th Annual Report of the
New Jersey State Board of Agriculture, 1887, pp. 485-535,
and consisted of material taken from Riley’s ‘General Truths
in Applied Entomology,’’ which Mr. Dye assembled as being
of interest to New Jersey farmers and fruit growers. This
account appeared under Prof. Riley’s name. Late in 1887,
the first state entomologist, Rev. George D. Hulst, was ap-
pointed. He resigned the following year, 1888, and was
succeeded by Dr. John B. Smith during the same year. While
Mr. Dye apparently published no papers on entomology, he
was interested in its economic side and recognized its impor-
tance. During his long years of service he did all that he
could to advance such work in New Jersey.

Harry B. WeErtss, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

EXCHANGES.

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for
advertisements of goods for sale. Notices not exceed-
ing three lines free to subscribers.

B&S> These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow; the new ones
are added at the end of the column, and only when necessary those at the top (being long-
est in) are discontinued.

_ Wanted—All Saturnians, particularly Hemileucids, and material for
breeding them. Offer—Ornithoptera, Papilio, Hemileuca maia lucina,
Pseudohazis eglanterina, shastaensis, hera; Pupae of Marumba, Sphinx
cerystt and gordius, Panthea, Pheosia; Ova of Catocala relicta; etc., and
cash. J. D. Sornborger, Rowley, Mass.

Wanted—To purchase literature on Aphididae. Send list to A. C.
Baker, East Falls Church, Va.

Will exchange many entomological items for others not in my library,
or will buy unusual items of practical value. Can use a photomicrogra-
phic lens. J. E. Hallinen, Cooperton, Okla.

Wanted—For cash, or exchange. papers on insect biology, ecology or
behavior (especially aculeate Hymenoptera). P. Rau, 2819 S. Kings high-
way, St. Louis, Mo.

Brachynus wanted for cash or exchange from any part of North
America. J. W. Green, 520 McCartney St., Easton, Pa.

Lepidoptera Hesperidae wanted.—I will purchase or exchange and
also name specimens. South American species particularly desired.
Henry Skinner, Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pa.

For Exchange—lIowa Catocalae in A-I condition. Wanted, Cocoons

of Actias luna also other lepidoptera. Mrs. O. F. Hiser, Arnolds Park,
Iowa.

Will go to Kauai Island, T. H., to collect insects, etc., in highest alti-
tude, about end of April. Would like some good collector to go along
forcompany. Have been there twice last year. Address, J. Aug. Kusche,
Burlingame, San Mateo Co., Cal.

Lepidoptera—Offer many Western species and will collect next month
in Colorado desert, S. E. Cal.; will exchange or purchase. Desire rarer
Noctuids, fresh, full data. Chas. A. Hill, 644 West 36th St., Los Angeles,
Cal.

Books Wanted—Entomological News, Vol. 11, Nos. 1, 3. 5; Vol. 14,
Nos. 1,7. Brooklyn Museum Library, Eastern Parkway and Washington
Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wanted—N. A. Coleopterists interested in European Coleoptera.

Liberal exchanges and friendly correspondence. Mr. C. Crozet, 155, Via
Cavour, Rome, 23, Italy.

Japanese and Formosan Butterflies will be exchanged by S. Satake,
48, Aoyama-minami-machi, 5-chome Tokyo, Japan.

Wanted—To purchase or exchange papers and books on insect Biology,
Ecology, and Behavior, especially aquatic Hemiptera.—C. F. Curtis Riley,
Department of Forest Zoology, The New York State College of Forestry
at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.

Wanted—North American or European Coleoptera to determine in
exchange for specimens.—R. T. Garnett, 625a 14th St., Oakland, Cal.

RECENT LITERATURE

FOR SALE BY

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1900 RACE ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

DIPTERA.
798.—Alexander (C. P.).—New or little known crane flies from
Japan) (@ipulidae)s) (@irans..46, 1—2611920) pore ee oe .40
799.—Cresson (E. T., Jr.).—A revision of the Nearctic Sciomyzidae
(Acalyptratae). (Trans., 46, 27-89, 3 pls., 1920).......... 1.00
ORTHOPTERA.

800.—Hebard (M.).—A revision of the North American species of the
genus Myrmecophila (Gryllidae). (Trans., 46, 91-111,
121220) RAR eRe Ah ie ee nT A ol eae Re nig HA ei 35

A Year of Costa Rican Natural History

By AMELIA SMITH CALVERT, Sometime Fellow in Biology, Bryn Mawr
College, and

PHILIP POWELL CALVERT, Professor of Zoology, University of Penn-
sylvania, Editor of Entomological News.

Cloth, 8vo., pp. xix+577. Frontispiece (of 14 species of insects in colors),
137 black and white illustrations, 5 maps. $3.00.

Written in non-technical language but recording many new observations.
Notes on 250 species of insects (Orthoptera, Odonata, Neuroptera, Coleoptera,
Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera), 56 figured; on Arachnids
and other animals; on 230 species of plants (60 reproduced from photographs),
on human life and manners, volcanoes, earthquakes and Costa Rica in general.
Appendices on temperature and weather records, bibliographies on Costa Rica.

““The book is as interesting to the general reader as to the specialey 7
The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine (London).

“It is mainly an account of the plant and animal life of the country. We
know no book of travel that is so carefully written, or so full of detailed informa-
tion as to the haunts, habits and recognition marks of the commoner species. ’’—
Nature Study Review.

““The whole work well pays perusal, but there are some speciaily interesting
chapters for the student of nature, among these being ‘Juan Vilas —The Water-
falls’”’—Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society.

For sale by

The American Entomological Society, 1900 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa.

aa

a class use at the rate of 10 cts. per slide and up.
lual slides with authoritative determinations, 25 cts.
oy and up. Write for complete list and prices.

| MRS. H. E. EWING
A BOX 321, STATION A, AMES, IOWA

ieieande (Africa) specimens. Papilios, Charaxes, Junonia, Pierids,
iphalids, etc., Ist quality papered. $15.00 for 100 specimens in abeut

st Indies lot. From Bocce, Java, Celebes, Obi, etc. Papilios,

joptera, Tenaris, Euploea, Ideopsis, Leptocircus, Delias, etc., etc.
Bast 100. Papered. ist quality. pe Epes

¢ PICAL AFRICAN (UGANDA) BUTTERFLIES AND

MOTHS, ETC.
Material. Great variety. Apply for particulars and
= Z prices.

DUMMER, CARE JINJA POST OFFICE, UGANDA

FOR SALE

2Catches of all orders of insects from the eastern and western slopes of the
ocky Mountains. Argynnis, nokomis + nitocris + apacheana @ $1.00 2 $2.00
e Vol. xxx, No. 6, Entomological News). A. charlotti, carpenteri, edwardsi,
one, cornelia, B. triclaris, freija, frigga, many other uniques.

te for price lists: Ernest J. Oslar, 4189 Julian Street, Denver, Colo.

NEW ARRIVALS

From Colombia, So. America:
OVER 10,000 BUTTERFLIES, INCLUDING
Morpho cypris Morpho amathonte
* sulkowskyi Caligo spp.
From Cuba:
1500 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, INCLUDING

Papilio columbus Urania boisduvali
‘“ andraemon Erinyis guttalaris
“ celadon Protoparce brontes, etc.
** devilliersi
From Venezuela: From New Guinea: |
Over 5000 Lepidoptera 2000 Coleoptera
200 Dynastes hercules 200 Orthoptera

From Assam, India:
1200 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, INCLUDING

Papilio arcturus Kallima inachis _
‘* philoxenus Brahmaea wallachi
And Many Other Showy Species
| From Tibet (Bhutan)
Armandia lidderdalii Parnassius hardwicki

CATALOGUES OF :
ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES AND SPECIMENS
ON APPLICATION

If interested kindly send your list of desiderata for further information to
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