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The Entomological Society of America -

»
SEPTEMBER, 1914
EDITORIAL BOARD

J. H. COMSTOCK, L. 0. HOWARD,

IvHaca, N. Y. ' WASHINGTON, D. C.
Cc, Jj. S. BETHUNE, W. M.. WHEELER,

GUELPH, ONTARIO, CANADA. Boston, Mass.
Cc. W. JOHNSON, P. P. CALVERT,

Boston, MAss. PHILADELPHIA, PA,
V. L. KELLOGG, J. W. FOLSOM,

STANFORD UNIV., CAL. URBANA, ILLS.

HERBERT OSBORN, Managing. Editor,
COLUMBUS, OHIO.

{
f

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE SOCIETY
COLUMBUS, OHIO

Entered as second class matter April 11, 1908, at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio,
under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

The Entomological Society of America.

FOUNDED 1906. See

&
OFFICERS 19174.
Presiient-—P sP CALVERT eee Tireigcliie -Ae Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
First Vice-President—Jas. G: NEEDHAM... 202.000, 0.00 00024, Ithaca, New York ©
Second Vice-Presideni—C. GORDON HEWITT...) 050.0 200020. Ottawa, Canada
Secretary-Treasurer—A. D. MACGILLIVRAY. .. 2.62.26 fee ende cess Urbana, Illinois

Executive Committee—THE OFFICERS‘and HERBERT OSBORN, W. M. WHEELER,
V. L. KELLOGG, NATHAN BANKS, HB. P.. FELT, J. M. AtpricuH.

Committee on Nomenclature—H,. T. FERNALD, E. P. FEvT,T. D. A. CocKERELL

Price List of Publications.

Annals, Vols. I, II, III, IV, V,; and VI complete, each.... 00. .0... 6.80 e200 $3.00
Annals, Separate Parts except-as below, each ..0. 0.0... cle cee cc venceees 1.00
Annals :Vots: Vand-Il)Part -3,/eaed, cain te Fd od eee ba cae bg ewe ee -50

Antials Vol} LV i-Part IV each nae oe a es ae 1.50

REPRINTS FROM VOLUME I.

Préicedines of first three meetings; Constitution, By-Laws and List of
TAGRNDGEE SE Fo Pa ia Peccs tie fn BCRk Oeigd DIALER he CV he pesliteics ewe e abide h eens

WHEELER, WM. M:—Polymorphism of Ants.....2c. Jusicsesavccecbeveccveces> 305

OsBORN, HERBERT—The Habits of Insects as a Factor in Classification..... .20

SEvERIN, H. H. anp SEvERIN, H. C,—Anatomical and Histological Studies
of the Female Reproductive Organs of the American-Saw Fly, Cimbex

Americana, Reach on ye oa ae a RS heel ie Sek Been ree 25°

FELT, E. P.—Some Problems in Nomenclature... ....0.. 5.000 vests euevaee 10
Hammar, A. G.—On the Nervous Systém of the Larva of Corydalis cornuta L. .25

BRADLEY, J. C.—A case of Gregarious Sleeping Habits among Aculeate
PAVIMEDOPERT AS sees aiimine ey rek e ve SMES ob illo sa hehe Oe coo eae 10

Davis, J. J.—Notes on the Life History of the Leafy Dimorph of the Box-

elder Aphid, Chaitophorus negundinis Thos. ........0... ee dees cee cee 10
Hamsieton, J. C.—The Genus Corizus, with a Review of the North and 7

Middle: American Species i050 Sree Sate enn cc eA oe A ou ee bbe ee 25.
GrrauLt, A. A.—Biological Notes on Colorado Potato Beetle............... 25

Grrautt, A. A.—A Monographic Catalogue of the Mymarid Genus Alaptus.. .25

SEVERIN, H. H. and SEVERIN, H. C.—Internal Organs of Reproduction of

Male Sawfly, oo ete 5 ss cit, mau ue picks coe Nee atin ce VC eae sb etiain's tales .15
SmitH, C, P.—A Preliminary Study of the Arane Theraphose of California.. .75
Davis, J. J.—Studies.on Aphididae... 00.00. s ieee bacco cacwereseeccese 20
Riey, W. A.—Muscle Attachment of, Insects: 2.0... . cece cevecc cc ecccceeees .15
NEEDHAM, J. C.—Critical. Notes on the Classification of the Corduliinze

(Odond tases 32 xs Be eC Loh AR aes cee ae ale 15
Howarp, L. O.—A Key to the Species of Prospaltella with Table of Hosts

and Descriptions of Four New Species... 2.2.2.2. ccc ccecbeseccteccececes 15
Hoop, J. D.—Two New Species of Idolothrips........... yee pe telly eke eA

Address

ANNALS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA,
Biological Building, State Univ., Columbus, Ohio.

ANNALS

OF

The Entomological Society of America

Volume VII SEPTEMBER, 1914 Number 3

SPIDERS COLLECTED BY MR. C. WILLIAM BEEBE IN
BURMA AND BORNEO.

With Plate XXVI.

ALEXANDER PETRUNKEVITCH, PH. D.

Family Theraphoside.
Haplopelma Doric (Thorell). One female from Kuching, Borneo.

Family Drasside.
Drassodes Drydeni n. sp. One male from Pongatong, Burma.
Drassodes ignobilis n. sp. One female from Tabu Pum, Burma.

Family Pholcide.
Pholcus phalangioides Fussl. One female from Wahsaung, Burma.
Family Theridiide.
Theridion sarapus Thorell. Two females from Pongatong,
Burma.
Dipoena tristis n. sp. One female from Tabu Pum, Burma.
Enoplognatha marmorata L. One immature female from Tabu
Pum, Burma.
Family Linyphiide.
Erigone longipalpus F. Two males and two females from Tabu
Pum, Burma.
Linyphia sp? One immature female from Tabu Pum, Burma.

Family Clubionide.
Clubiona tabupumensis n.sp. One female from Tabu Pum, Burma.
Clubiona sp? One young from Tabu Pum, Burma.
Clubiona sp? Two young from Wahsaung, Burma.
Palystes sp? One young from Wahsaung, Burma.

169

170 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

Family Argiopide. p

Nephila maculata F. One female from Wahsaung, Burma.

Nephila clavata L. Koch. Two females from Tabu Pum, Burma.

Leucauge tesselata (Thorell). One female from Pongatong,
Burma.

Gasteracantha arcuata F. One female from Kuching, Borneo,

Gasteracantha frontata Bl. Two females from Kuching, Borneo.

Theridiosoma sp’? One young from Tabu Pum, Burma.

Araneus microtuberculatus n. sp. One female from Tabu Pum,
Burma.

Araneus Beebein. sp. One female from Wahsaung, Burma.

Family Thomiside.
Philodromus tabupumensis n. sp. One female from Tabu Pum,
Burma.
Bomis sp? One young without abdomen, from Wahsaung, Burma.
Porrhopis sp? One young from Wahsaung, Burma.

Family Lycoside.
Lycosa stictopyga Thorell. One female from Tabu Pum, Burma.
Lycosa (Pirata) sp? One immature female from Tabu Pum, Burma.
Lycosa sp? One young from Tabu Pum, Burma.

Family Oxyopide.
Oxyopes sp? One young from Wahsaung, Burma.
Oxyopes sp? Two young from Wahsaung, Burma.

Family Salticide.
Evophris sp? One young from Wahsaung, Burma.
Evophris albopatella n. sp. One male from Wahsaung, Burma.
Cobanus Beebei n. sp. One male from Central Borneo.
Ballus tabupumensis n. sp. One female from Tabu Pum, Burma.
Attulus sp? One young from Wahsaung, Burma.
Thiania sp? One young from Wahsaung, Burma.

Description of new species.
Drassodes Drydeni* n. sp. (Plate X XVI, figs. 1 and 2).

Total length 7.4 mm. Cephalothorax and all appendages brown,
abdomen grey. Sternum oval, pointed behind, broadly truncated in
front. Lip much longer than wide. Laminz mazxillares strongly
impressed. All femora slightly thickened. Cephalothorax much nar-
rower in front than in middle. Anterior row of eyes recurved, posterior
procurved. AME half their diameter apart, subcontiguous with ASE.
Eyes of second row aequidistant. ASE separated from PSE by less
than half their diameter. AME slightly larger than ASE. Anterior
row viewed from in front curved downward. Clypeus as high as AME.
First tarsus and metatarsus with a heavy scopula. Second tarsus with
- a scopula only in its distal half. Second metatarsus without scopula.

* In honor of Mr. John Dryden Kuser.

1914] Spiders from Burma and Borneo. C7

Heavy spines on all legs. Femur of pedipalp with a short blunt sub-
terminal apophysis on the inside. (Plate XXVI, fig. 2). Copulatory
apparatus with an extremely long and thin embolus (Plate XXVI,
fig. 1).

One male from Pongatong, Burma.

Drassodes ignobilis n. sp. (Plate XXVI, fig. 3).

Total length 5.9 mm. Cephalothorax and all appendages brown,
abdomen dark grey. All femora slightly thickened. Tarsi. without
scopule. Sternum oval, broadly truncated in front, pointed behind.
Lip longer than wide. Laminz maxillares strongly impressed. Fourth
legs with spines. All femora with two long, upright spines in median
dorsal line. No spines on other joints of first, second and third leg.
Anterior row of eyes recurved, posterior row procurved. PME about
their diameter apart. PSE about half diameter from PME. Eyes
of anterior row equal in size, contiguous. Anterior row viewed from in
front curved downward. Side eyes separated by about half their diam-
eter. Clypeus as high as AME. Epigynum as figured, much higher
than wide.

One female from Tabu Pum, Burma.

Dipoena tristisn.sp. (Plate X XVI, fig. 4).

Total length 4.8 mm. Cephalothorax and legs reddish brown,
Abdomen dark greyish brown with a narrow dark median line and two
pairs of transverse whitish bands. No spines on legs. Sternum
triangular. Anterior coxee widely apart. Lip wider than long. Ante-
rior row of eyes strongly recurved, posterior row straight, longer than
anterior. Eyes of posterior row aequidistant and equal in size. Side
eyes contiguous, equal. AME smaller than the other eyes. Eyes of
anterior row aequidistant. Clypeus as high as quadrangle. Epigynum
as figured.

One female from Tabu Pum, Burma.

Clubiona tabupumensis n. sp. (Plate XXVI, fig. 5).

Total length 7.8mm. Cephalothorax and all appendages yellowish
brown, abdomen grey. Anterior row of eyes much shorter than posterior
row, slightly recurved. Posterior row almost straight. Quadrangle
wider than long, much narrower in front than behind. Eyes of anterior
row aequidistant, separated from each other by somewhat less than
their diameter. PME somewhat farther from each other than from the
PSE. Distance between the PME equal to about 2'% their diameter.
Clypeus not more than half the diameter of the AME. Sternum a long
oval, pointed behind, truncated in front. Lip much longer than wide.
First and second tarsi and metatarsi with a thick scopula. Similar scopula
on distal half of third and fourth tarsi. First tibia with 2-2 long spines
below, first metatarsi with 2 long spines at base below. Third and
fourth tibiz with a row of 3 spines in median line below, 2 laterals inside

172 Annals Entomological Society of America __[Vol. VII,

and 2 laterals outside. Third and fourth metatarsi with spines below,
above and laterals. Epigynum very small, considerably in advance
of genital slit.
One female from Tabu Pum, Burma.

Araneus microtuberculatus n. sp. (Plate XXVI, figs. 6, 7, 8).

Total length 2.8 mm. Cephalothorax high, without groove or
stria. Abdomen with two tubercles or shoulders in front and two
prominent tubercles behind. (Plate XXVI, figs. 7, 8). Integuments
soft. Side eyes subcontiguous, on black tubercles. ASE much smaller
than PSE. Both rows of eyes recurved. Quadrangle wider behind
than in front, wider than long. PME much larger than AME. Cly-
peus lower than quadrangle, about twice the diameter of the AME.
Sternum triangular, broadly truncated in front. It is also truncated
behind, between the hind coxze which in consequence are separate. Lip
triangular, very wide. Chelz smooth, inferior margin with 3 teeth,
superior with 4 teeth. Pedipalpi with a claw. One dorsal spine at end
of all patellas. One inside lateral spine on first femur and tibia. Upper
claws almost cordate, with four teeth each. Third claw smooth.
Epigynum as figured. (Plate X XVI, fig.6). Colorinalcohol: cephalo-
thorax brown with a median white spot. Chelz brown, legs brown,
femora lighter than other joints. Sternum dark brown, lip and laminz
with tips of lighter color. Abdomen above mottled with white and
brown, tubercles dark. Sides whitish with three dark lines. Below
almost black. Spinnerets brown.

One female from Tabu Pum, Burma.

Araneus Beebein. sp. (Plate X XVI, figs. 9, 10).

Total length 2.6 mm. Cephalothcrax with a somewhat recurved
groove. Clypeus not half the diameter of the AME. Quadrangle
much wider in front than behind. Anterior row strongly recurved,
posterior row slightly recurved. AME are the largest eyes. Chelz
distinctly longer than thick. Inferior margin with 3 teeth, superior
margin with 4 teeth. Abdomen oval, considerably overlapping cephal-
othorax. Sternum triangular, widely truncated in front, produced
behind between the fourth coxze which are separate. Pedipalpi with a
claw. Legs with many spines. Two rows of long bristles below all
femora, especially on those of the first and second pair. Epigynum as
figured, brown and relatively very large. (Plate X XVI, fig.9). Color in
alcohol : cephalothorax greyish brown, legs yellow, sternum, lip, laminz,
pedipalpi and chele also yellow. Abdomen (Plate XXVI, fig. 10) above
grey with white iridescent spots, a transverse anterior black band and
a large median more or less triangular black spot pointed backwards.
Below grey with iridescent white spots.

One female from Wahsaung, Burma.

1914] Spiders from Burma and Borneo. 173

Philodromus tabupumensis n. sp. (Plate XXVI, fig. 11).

Total length 4.8 mm. Cephalothorax 1.8 mm. long, 2.0 mm. wide.
Legs 2134. Anterior row of eyes shorter than the posterior row and
recurved. Posterior row very slightly recurved, almost straight.
Anterior eyes about equal in size, AME farther from each other then
from the ASE. PME smaller than the PSE, the distance between the
PME much larger than between the PME and the PSE. Quadrangle
narrower in front than behind, about as wide as long. Clypeus 1%
diameters of the AME. Sternum longer than wide, emarginate between
hind coxze which are widely separate. Spines on all segments of legs
and palpi, except tarsi. First femur 2.2 mm. long, second 2.6 mm.
Color in alcohol: cephalothorax light brown with black marginal and
three black longitudinal parallel bands. A narrow, curved black band
runs in front of the eyegroup, touches the PSE on each side of the head
and merges with the median longitudinal band at the posterior margin
of the cephalothorax. Legs yellow, spotted above with dark brown.
Abdomen above light brown with two dark brown V-shaped spots
pointed forward, sides dark brown, underside altogether light yellow.
Epigynum as figured.

One female from Tabu Pum, Burma.

Evophris albopatella n.sp. (Plate X XVI, figs. 12, 13).

Total length 2.7 mm. Legs 4312. Inferior margin of chele with
one tooth, superior with a row of eight teeth. Of these only the prox-
imal two are large, while the others are exceedingly small. (Plate XXVI,
fig. 12). Cephalic part shorter than thoracic. Eyegroup wider in
front than behind. ASE very prominent. Eyes of second row minute,
situated in middle. Iridescent white scales above AME, between
side eyes on face and along the edge of the cephalothorax which is very
dark brown. First, second and third femur, patella and tibia dark
brown above and below. Fourth femur yellow with a dark brown spot
above at distal end. Fourth patella and tibia yellow above with two
lateral dark brown lines, below yellow. All other joints of all legs
yellow. Palpi dark brown except patella which is covered with white
iridescent scales. Sternum, lip and lamine dark brown with yellow
edges. Chelze reddish brown. Abdomen above yellow with two
parallel longitudinal dark brown bands and white iridescent scales.
Below yellow with a median dark brown broad band. Tibia of pedi-
palp with a curved apophysis, copulatory apparatus.as figured. (Plate
SOV I, fig. 13).

One male from Wahsaung, Burma.

Cobanus Beebein.sp. (Plate X XVI, figs. 14-18).

Total length without mandibles 9.0 mm. Cephalothorax 3.8 mm.
long, 3.1 mm. wide. Chel long, with long, curved fang. Length
of chele without fang 3.8 mm. Superior margin with two teeth of

174 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

which the subapical one considerably larger than the proximal. Inferior
margin with two teeth. (Plate XXVI, fig. 14). Legs 3142. Cephalo-
thorax high. Eyes of second row small, situated behind the middle.
Measurements of legs: First leg—femur 4.6 mm., tibia+patella 5.5 mm.
metatarsus+tarsus 4.8 mm.; Second leg—femur 3.3 mm., tibia+ patella
3.5 mm., metatarsus+ tarsus 3.6 mm.; Third leg—femur 5.2 mm., tibia+
patella 5.1 mm., metatarsus+tarsus 5.8 mm.; Fourth leg—femur 3.0
mm., tibia+patella 3.7 mm., metatarsus+tarsus 4.5mm. All legs with
many heavy spines. ‘Tibia of first leg curved, with 4-4 spines below.
First metatarsi straight, with 2-2 long spines below and laterals. A
heavy comb of black hair above and below first patella, a comb of
shorter hair on distal half of femur and one of quite short hair on back
of first tibia (Plate X XVI, fig. 15). Claws as figured (Plate XXVI,
fig. 17). Sternum longer than wide, lip not reaching half of laminez.
(Plate XXVI, fig. 16). Tibia of pedipalp with a straight apophysis, copula-
tory apparatus as figured (Plate XXVI, fig. 18). Color in alcohol:
cephalothorax red-brown, with two lateral white patches and a fringe
of brown hair around the eyes. Chelz above red-brown, below black.
Fang black with red-brown tip. Pedipalpi yellow. First femur and
patella very dark brown, tibia yellow with dark brown distal end,
metatarsus and tarsus dark brown.. Other legs brown, fourth leg
lighter. Lip and laminz dark brown, sternum reddish brown. Abdo-
men dark grey above and below.

One male from Central Borneo.

Ballus tabupumensis n. sp. (Plate X XVI, figs. 19, 20).

Total length 5.7 mm. Legs 1423. Cephalothorax flat and square.
Eyegroup wider behind than in front. Pars cephalica longer than pars
thoracica. Eyes of second row minute, situated considerably in front
of middle. Posterior row somewhat shorter than width of cephalo-
thorax. Chelz short and heavy (Plate XXVI, fig. 20) with a humped
back carrying a row of tubercles. Inferior margin with three teeth of
which the middle one is the smallest. Superior margin with a row of
12 very small teeth. Sternum much longer than wide, posterior coxze
contiguous. Lip longer than broad, laminze very long with emarginate
outer edge, wider at end than at base, inclined over lip. First leg much
heavier than the others. First femora dilated. First tibia with 3 - 3
heavy spines below and no laterals. First metatarsus with 2 - 2 very
heavy spines below, the first pair reaching beyond the middle of the
article and the second pair almost to the base of the claws, no laterals.
Claws with a single tooth. Epigynum as figured (Plate XXVI, fig. 19).
Color in alcohol: cephalothorax, chele and first leg very dark brown.
Abdomen and femora of second, third and fourth pair brown. Other
joints of second, third and fourth leg yellow with dark spots. Under-
side dark brown.

One female from Tabu Pum, Burma.

1914] Spiders from Burma and Borneo.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.

Drassodes Drydeni n. sp.—male.
Fig. 1. Copulatory apparatus of male.
Fig. 2. Femoral apophysis of pedipalp.

Drassodes ignobilis n. sp.—female.
Fig. 3. Epigynum.

Dipoena tristis n. sp.—female.
Fig. 4. Epigynum.

Clubiona tabupumensis n. sp.—female.
Fig. 5. Epigynum.

Araneus microtuberculatus n. sp.—female.
Fig. 6. Epigynum.

Fig. 7. Sideview of abdomen and cephalothorax.

Fig. 8. Dorsal view of abdomen.

Araneus Beebei n. sp.—female.
Fig. 9. Epigynum.
Fig: 10. Dorsal view of abdomen!

Philodromus tabupumensis n. sp.—female.
Fig. 11. Epigynum.

Evophrys albopatella n. sp.—male.
Fig. 12. Chele.
Fig. 13. Copulatory apparatus.

Cobanus Beebei n. sp.—male.
Fig. 14. Chele.
Fig. 15. First leg.
Fig. 16. Sternum, lip and lamine.
Fig. 17. Claws.
Fig. 18. Copulatory apparatus.

Ballus tabupumensis n. sp.—female.
Fig. 19. Epigynum.
Fig. 20. Chele.

1

5

VoL. VII, PLATE XXVI.

ANNALS E. S. A.

THE RAVAGES, LIFE HISTORY, WEIGHTS OF STAGES,
NATURAL ENEMIES AND METHODS OF CON-
TROL OF THE MELON FLY (DACUS
CUCURBITAE COQ.).

Henry H. P. SEVERIN, Ph. D. Harry C. SEVERIN, M. A.
WILLIAM J. HARTUNG, B. 5.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
i, ‘Thane heveinioin rare eS Wecnetenotchoie hence Oe erie chek ie ee Ah oeich ait emer 178
TL, INT SRraRCENTE Wha ee i cetera re ari 179
Bee Meceription of Wieclon Ply so. so. 22 yc ye. oe ie ves tin inte nie 179:
MieesiclduOpsenvationsan ateumpkiny Patehwss . 2.22425. qs -6 52 oo 180
1. Oviposition in stems of pumpkin vines.................... 181
Ferm OApOSth OM 1h PELOlES OLIEAVES Sn. 2 tio d. wah sails dene on eee 181
San Ow ipOStioni is) puimpkam HOWCES. 0, sc. a= «<A hleee oe 5 181
ES Oeap OSI OFAN PTI IS. esi ts wie ase @ oe © cag on Ss Sie aS 56 altsy
pum ler teers OLS LC TLIS Oey Sy EAN aie. & Seaboraegecnctolsie chores name eeeaeesrs 182
eecieegirye © PCbiglese peta otis sk as Sho ose 183
Ficy CALEV CRIN on Oye RO) des Steer, cst a RO ence arn areca 183.
Si, IStipoIry THO) \olbbachoy cial x oy sem cin emig cn eto opens aa bout caer on 184
@). SHIA, WOSiialale eens. sou ad ooo bom ao eecud cm eCU onda ae 185
WieMEB BOOGIE amts erent cen kari etnies Mauer ccs Oe ecla AS SR ets cyemeennanene de 185
10. Number of melon flies bred from the food plants........... 185
“77 EATERS IESE 265 ip ae er ce 186.
Rie SMethodstok indiucingrovipostiOne aes seo 187
(2s hactilesbrstlestom Guero pOsttot meee. a acer tae cae ate 188
1350 Process OfoOviposibionsss sors: seem cca sean 6 sess 188
14. Number of eggs deposited in a receptacle.................. 189:
fee NimibermonipereresrinlOvarieSe =. .ashaws) ele ee oes. at aoa 189
16. Duration of the egg, larval and pupal periods.............. 189
17. The effect of temperature on the egg period............... 189

18. The effect of decay of food on the rate of development of the
GRE S5 COS heck eel ee Goan RIO ee Ie inet Se aaeeeee 189
(OM mbherettect of dryine foodsontthe larvae)... 20.6 sine oo sss 190
20. Respitation of larve in liquified pulp: 2... 20.6.6. -. 5s... 191
PM Tpit Naik OF LALV cane. os coum cies «Teste be oe Sees eee es 191
220 Peedine mabits ofthe melon flies: so... cece ee os ey LOI
De OOMmMelOngitesiManiteSst leat. 5, avi Scie ctl oh as evade wae = ote ee 192
24. Number of days required before the adults begin to oviposit 192
25 Sunimaryonsuages on the life history. ..255/5--...5-.--2° 192
20a Niimbenonk cenerapions annually tase te tes soe oe 193
VII. Weights of the Eggs, Larva, Puparia and Adult Melon Flies....... 193
Welltiene Natural Hnemies. 0 .2)c. ..2c¢u0 AS SOS Ge USNS ae ee 197
DSc) TMIGTROGIS Girl Croan brio) hehe akties oot iia arora ieee nine Or ee 198
27. Experiments in destroying infested vegetables............. 198
Rea SCREECHING OPEL CMON gy ele aie Se oe cirain s O15 5 cfarsn a eheust es 200
PO oe eG AL CLOPSHomt cp eckerp te cians setnetin sie clays ices he Siero ors aa Ss 201
SOP grass tere tena rokiersicesie claret Rian a Shares yap naad chayAec alison 201

31. The use of vegetable, animal and petroleum oils to trap the

IMELOME HAC Saver ea Reece ae ere el yee ee won ale Save cis tore ie tele a
Saye opel [rte all fx rise) OSB: Onan cigs. on irr eee arr Be AE aa NL ere mea 202
Bor emeOISOned mall SOLANA se eiyaccdnn sisters ea nding Sees sls Maa cet ets 202:
DS LER S IVE 0) 0" oa eae get nt Roe ae RAS ck ve er 207

178 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

I. INTRODUCTION.

The most destructive pest of the Cucurbitaceze in the
Hawaiian Islands is commonly called the Melon Fly (Dacus
cucurbite Cog.) or the Bitter Gourd Fruit Fly in other parts
of the world. Previous to the accidental introduction of this
insect into Hawaii, melons were sold at ten cents each, but
today the consumer often pays from fifty cents to one dollar
for a watermelon. It has been estimated that the loss in the
Hawaiian Islands amounts to almost a million dollars annually,
in tribute to this fly, or a little over five cents a day for a family

¥e.
J
wy

BS

Text Fig. 1. Melon fly, Dacus cucurbite Cog. (After Perkins).

of four, on an estimated population of 192,000. When one stops
to consider that the Hawaiian Islands are smaller than the
state of Rhode Island, that the principal agricultural products
are sugar, pineapples, coffee and rice, one realizes what a tre-
mendous amount of injury this fruit fly causes to the limited
vegetable crops grown in the islands. This trypetid has been
allowed to play havoc unmolested for a period of sixteen years
or more, so that today in many localities swarming with the
pest, barely do the seeds of some cucurbits germinate, when
the seedlings are “stung’’ by the flies; the larve which hatch
trom the eggs devour the tissue of the stems and cause decay,
then the maggots penetrate into the roots and completely
iestroy the plants.

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 179

II. NATIVE Home.

Some difference of opinion exists as to the native home of
the melon fly. Muir (5, p. 17) “found that India was its original
home’”’ and later on, Froggatt’s (5, p. 17) investigations showed
that the melon fly was widely distributed over India and also
Ceylon. Perkins (10, p. 36) believes “‘its true home is no doubt
in China or Japan.’”’ In a map showing the fruit fly regions
with steamship connections to California, Compere (2, p. 728)
. records the danger of introducing the pest into that state from
the following sea ports: Hawaiian Islands, Timor, Manila,
Nagasaki, Hongkong, India and Singapore. Compere claims
that this pest is rarely found in the Philippine Islands and he
informed the writers that the melon fly was originally native
of these islands. It was imported from one of the above men-
tioned countries into the Hawaiian Islands about the year 1897.

Text Fig. 2. Wing of melon fly. (After Froggatt).

III. DESCRIPTION OF MELON FLY.

The melon fly is wasp-like in its general shape and behavior
and resembles a hornet (Polistes) somewhat in color but is less
than half as large. The head is yellow in color; the thorax
is reddish yellow marked with a number of light yellow areas
and the abdomen is yellow on the first two segments and red-
dish-yellow on the others. At the base of the second, abdom-
inal segment is a transverse black line, which unites with a
black, dorsal, median line on the next three segments. A
lateral, brown spot is usually present on the fourth and fifth
segments. The transparent wings are marked with brown
bands. A brown band extends along the front margin of each
wing and ends in a large spot at the apex; another brown band
extends along a fold of the wing near the body; between the
distal ends of these bands is a transverse marking (Text fig. 2).
The legs are light yellow in color.

180 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

Compere (2, p. 710) recognized the melon fly as a new species
in Hawaii and sent specimens to Coquillet (3, pp. 129-130)
whose original description follows:

“Dacus cucurbite.—Head light yellow; the occiput, except
the sides and upper margin, reddish-yellow, an ocellar black
dot, front marked with a brown spot in front of its centre, and
with three pairs of orbital brown dots, a black spot on each side
of the face near the middle, and a brown spot on the middle
of each cheek; antenne, palpi, and proboscis yellow, the latter
mottled with brown; thorax, reddish-yellow, the humeri, a
median vitta on the posterior half of the mesonotum, another
on each side, above the insertion of the wings, uniting with an
irregular band which extends upon the pleura to the upper part
of the sternopleura, also a large spot on each side of the metan-
otum, encroaching upon the hypopleura, light yellow; scutellum,
except its extreme base, light yellow, bearing two bristles; abdo-
men light yellow on first two segments, reddish-yellow on the
others, the extreme base, a fascia at the bases of the second and
third segments, usually a lateral spot on the fourth and fifth, also:
a dorsal vitta on the last three segments, blackish or brownish;
first segment of the ovipositor of the female slightly longer than
the fifth segment of the abdomen. Wings hyaline, the apex of
the subcostal cell, from a short distance in front of the apex of
the auxiliary vein, the marginal and submarginal cells, the
median third of the first basal cell, and a large spot in upper
outer corner of the first posterior cell, brown, this colour en-
croaching on the third posterior cell and bordering the sixth
vein almost to its apex; posterior cross vein bordered with
brown, this colour extending to the hind margin of the wing;
upper end of the small cross vein is also bordered with brown.
Halteres light yellow. Legs light yellow, the broad apices of
thé femora and the last four joints of the tarsi reddish-yellow;
hind tibiz reddish-yellow or dark brown. Length, 6 to 8 mm.
Type No. 4,207 in the United States National Museum.”

IV. FIELD OBSERVATIONS IN A PUMPKIN PATCH.

Casual observations on the injuries caused by the melon fly
have been put on record but no intensive study of its destruc-
tive work has as yet been published. In our work careful
examinations were made of different parts of pumpkin plants
to ascertain the following points: (1), where the pest deposits

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 181

its eggs under natural conditions; (2), the external indication
of egg deposition and (3), the injury caused by the larve.
Observations were also noted on other host plants injured by
this fruit fly, but these were not so extensive as those made on
pumpkin plants.

1. Ovztposition in stems of pumpkin vines.—The melon fly
often deposits its eggs in the stems of cucurbit seedlings. In
pumpkin vines the eggs are often laid within the tender stems
near the growing ends (plate X XVII, fig. 3), but the pest is not
able to puncture the older and tougher stems with its needle-like
Ovipositor. A gummy substance exudes from the wound and
hardens in the form of a small, resinous lump on the stems
(plate X XVII, figs. 1 and 2).

2. Oviposition in petioles of leaves —Occasionally the melon
fly deposits its eggs within the petioles of the leaves. The
external indication of oviposition, as in the case of the stems,
is shown by the resinous material which accumulates at the
region where the petiole was punctured by the ovipositor.

3. Ovtposition in pumpkin flowers ——Eggs were found on
the outer and inner surfaces of the corolla and its lobes (plate
XXVII, figs.4and 7). When the melon fly oviposits on the inner
surface of a corolla, 1t punctures the closed flower, glueing the
eggs either at one end in a mass or scattering them loosely on
the inner surface of the corolla and its lobes. At that region
where the flower has been punctured it becomes discolored
(plate X XIX, figs. 20 and 21).

Dacus often oviposits within a receptacle formed by its
ovipositor in the anthers or column of the stamens of the stami-
nate pumpkin flowers. More often, however, eggs are de-
posited in the tissue of the cup-shaped disc formed by the
union of the calyx and corolla, or the eggs are simply dropped
loosely into this cup-shaped disc. Occasionally, the eggs may
also be found within the peduncle of the staminate flowers.

The pest also deposits its eggs in the stigmas and styles
of the pistillate flowers. The trypetid does not enter the male
or female pumpkin flowers to lay its eggs, but punctures the
corolla from the outside with its ovipositor. Wherever the
ovary of the pistillate flower has been ‘“‘stung’’ by the female
fly, a resinous material covers the wound (plate XXIX, fig.
18). Within the ovary, the ovipositor forms a small receptacle
in which the eggs are laid (plate XXVII, figs. 5 and 8). Eggs

182 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

are often deposited in the constriction between the perianth
and ovary, as is shown by the resinous substance found fre-
quently in this region (plate X XIX, fig. 19).

Green staminate and pistillate buds are often “stung’’ by
the fly, the eggs being laid in the various parts of the unopened
flowers (plate X XVII, fig. 6), as has just been described for
the mature flowers.

4. Ovtiposition in pumpkins—The trypetid deposits its eggs
in small, green pumpkins, but the larger, uninjured pumpkins
are immune from the attacks of the pest, because the fly is
unable to pierce a hard rind with its ovipositor. If, however,
the rind of a large pumpkin has been injured, the fruit fly will
lay its eggs within the wound. The insect will oviposit in an
exceedingly small hole extending through the resinous substance
of a healed wound, such as is often due to a previous infestation
by the pest (plate XXVIII, fig. 10). On a pumpkin in the
field, eighteen melon flies were counted with their ovipositor
inserted within a crack extending through the resinous exuda-
tion of such a wound and new arrivals were coming continu-
ously to oviposit in the same place. At the end of that day
the resinous material was removed, and hundreds and hundreds
of eggs were found closely packed in the pulp beneath the crack.

After the melon fly “‘stings’”’ the unripe pumpkin and squash,
the tissue surrounding the receptacle in which the eggs are laid
is killed, probably by a secretion which the fly pours over the
eggs. In the further development of these cucurbits a de-
pression results (plate XXVIII, figs. 9, 11 and 12) wherever
oviposition has occurred. Small pumpkins which have been
‘stung’ repeatedly, may assume all sorts of abnormal shapes
in their further growth (plate XXVIII, fig. 12).

5. Injury to stems.—The recently hatched larve devour _
the tissue of the tender stems of young cucurbits and cause
decay, then they penetrate the roots and destroy the plants
entirely. Several acres of watermelons under observation
were replanted a number of times and, without exception,
every plant was destroyed in this way. The maggots often
destroy the terminal shoots of old pumpkin vines by penetrating
from one internode to another and feeding on the tissue of the
tender stems. A yellowish substance, probably the excrement
of the pest, stains the undevoured fibrous tissue of the stems.
No maggots were found in the old stems or roots.

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 183

The old stems of the pumpkin vines are often infested with
the larva of a Cerambycid (Apomecyna pertigera) which is
able to penetrate through the hard nodes. More often, how-
ever, this beetle larva was found in the roots of the pumkin plant
(Text fig. 3.)

Text Fig. 3. Root of a pumpkin vine split open lengthwise showing the larva of a
Cerambycid (Apomecyna pertigera) which feeds on the tissue of the
roots and occasionally of the stems.

6. Injury to petioles —Melon fly larve, which had recently
hatched, were found within the petioles of leaves, but nearly,
full-grown maggots were never observed within this part of the
plant. In order to ascertain whether the pest could complete
its larval period within a petiole, ten maggots of different sizes
were placed within a half dozen leaf-stalks. All of the larve
obtained sufficient nourishment from the wall of the petioles
to complete their development. While most of the maggots
bored out of the petioles to pupate, others pupated within the
leaf-stalks close to the node of the stem.

7. Injury to flowers—The larve that hatch from the eggs
deposited in the anthers, first feed upon and destroy these
structures (plate X XIX, fig. 28); then they may eat out the

184 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

column of the stamens (plate X XIX, fig. 29); next the pests
may work their way down into, and entirely destroy the cup-
shaped disc beneath the column and finally they may penetrate
into the long peduncle. The flower often drops from its stalk
(plate X XIX fig. 30) on account of a decay which follows an
infestation. The wall of the peducle is now eaten until only a
thin, papery envelope remains, which encloses a yellowish
substance similar to that observed in the infested stems. No
evidence was found that the larvz pass through the node which
shuts off the hollow peduncle from the stem, but at this node
puparia were occasionally found.

In the pistillate flowers the larve devour the stigmas and
styles, leaving a decayed mass to which the corolla clings. The
maggots then descend into the ovary and often the withered
corolla becomes detached (plate XXIX, fig. 25) and drops
to the ground, leaving a black, flower scar (plate X XIX, fig.
22). As the ovary is devoured, decay sets in, the pulp becomes
spongy (plate X XIX, figs. 23 and 24) and the channels are filled
with wriggling maggots. After the larve bore out, the ovary
turns black and either detaches from the pumpkin vine (plate
XXIX, fig. 27) and drops to the ground, or remains adhering to
the vine as a dried, shriveled mass (plate X XIX, fig. 26).

8. Injury to pumpkins.—A green pumpkin which is in-
fested with a small number of melon fly larve may continue to
grow after the maggots have bored out, but when attcked by a
large number of the pest, the pumpkin turns black and decays.
After the larve have bored out of a green pumpkin, the wound
becomes covered by a gummy substance (plate X XVIII, fig. 10).
During the further development of this cucurbit, the resinous
material often cracks and a second oviposition may occur in the
crevices. If a ripe pumpkin is reinfested with a large number
of maggots a rapid decay changes the pulp into a semi-liquid
mass possessing a most sickening rancid odor. The rind may now
collapse (plate XXVIII, fig. 15), and the thick, liquid contents
then oozes out. After the maggots bore out, only the rind
containing the seeds remains. A glance at plate XXVIII, figures
15 and 14, shows the remains of two pumpkins which were turned
over to show the side that had been resting on the ground. In
such cases the seeds drop to the ground and often germinate.
\Vhen a ripe pumpkin is reinfested with a small number of
larve the rind does not collapse (plate XXVIII, fig. 16) and the
seeds within the semi-liquid pulp may then decay.

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 185

9. Injury to string beans:—An examination was also made
of the injury which the melon fly larvz cause to the seeds and
pods of green-podded string beans. It was found that the
maggots feed upon the seeds and also the fleshy part of the pods
(plate XXX, figs. 31 and 32). After these portions have been
consumed the inner surfaces of the pods turn black (plate XXX,
He. 33).

Dead Dacus larve were found within the seeds and pods
of string beans. Sometimes the dried bodies of the maggots
were found protruding from the pods (plate XXX, fig. 39);
these evidently died in the process of boring out of the host.
Pupation, which normally occurs in the ground, often takes
place within the dried pods (plate XXX, figs. 36 and 37).

V. Foop PLANTs.

In the Hawaiian Islands the melon fly has been bred from
the following food plants:

VEGETABLES. FRUITS.

Cucumber Mango. Bred by Terry (11, p. 32).
Egg Plant ?Orange. Bred by Ehrhorn (4, p. 337).
Kohlrabi Papaya.

Muskmelon.

Pumpkin.

Squash.

String bean.

Tomato.

Watermelon.

Wild cucurbit (Sycos sp.). Bred by Van Dine. (11, p. 32).

In India, Froggatt (5, p. 18) bred Dacus. cucurbitze from
melons, bitter gourds and egg plants.

10. Number of melon flies bred from the food plants.—To
determine whether the pest could obtain sufficient food material
from the corolla of pumpkin flowers to complete the larval
development, the corolla was removed from six staminate
flowers in the field and each corolla was then placed in a breeding
jar together with recently, hatched, melon fly maggots. The
larve during their development obtained no other food than
that furnished by a single corolla. One male and one female
melon fly succeeded in completing their life history on this
food supply.

An experiment was now performed to determine the number
of melon flies which could be bred from an entire staminate
flower including its long peduncle. A dozen, infested, stam-

186 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

inate flowers were cut from pumpkin vines in the field and
placed in twelve breeding jars. The following figures indicate
the number of adults which were reared from each flower:
10, 14, 19, 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 37, 63 and 64; a total of 375
or an average of 31 flies for each flower.

A similar experiment was performed with a half dozen
pumpkins. The cucurbits were of different sizes and were
taken from the field and placed in separate breeding jars. The
following figures show the size of the pumpkins and the number
of adults reared from each.

From a pumpkin 24% inches long, 277 melon flies were bred.
From a pumpkin 3 inches long, 183 melon flies were bred.
From a pumpkin 31% inches long, 378 meldn flies were bred.
From a pumpkin 31% inches long, 464 melon flies were bred.
From a pumpkin 4 inches long, 637 melon flies were bred.
From a pumpkin 434 inches long, 283 melon flies were bred.

2222 total.

From twelve, infested, green-podded string beans gathered
in the field, the following number of melon flies were reared:
4,7, 11, 11, 12, 14, 15,15, 16, 16, 18 and 26; a total of tegen
average of 13 flies for each pod.

VI. Lire History.

Although the melon fly has been very destructive during
the past sixteen years in Hawaii, the duration of the different
stages of its life history have never been determined. Clark
(1, p. 6) makes the following statements on the life history of
this pest. The fly “‘stings’’ not only the fruit with its ovipositor,
but also the young and tender growth of the vines, depositing
a number of eggs, which soon hatch into small, white maggots
that feed on the tissues of the fruit causing it to decay. After
the maggot has attained its growth, it descends into the soil
where it develops into a small chrysalis of a light, yellowish
brown color, and in about ten or twelve days comes out a
perfect insect, ready to repeat its mission of destruction. I
do not know how many generations it will produce in a year,
but in the warmer and drier districts I believe it will breed the
year through, except possibly a while during the winter months,
and then its development is only retarded by the cooler weather,
which prevents the chrysalis maturing so rapidly.”

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 187

Van Dine (11, pp. 32-34) gives the following contribution
on the life history of the melon fly: The life history covers a
per.od of about three weeks. The number of eggs which the
female deposits varies from 5 or 6 to as many as 15. After
hatching from the egg, the larve burrow into the tissue of the
melon and feed on the interior. When fully developed the
larve leave the infested melon or vine and enter the soil directly
beneath, where at a distance of an inch or so from the surface
they pupate.

Marsh (9, p. 156) writes, ‘In the insectary an effort was
made to work out the life history of this fly, but little progress
was made owing to the fact that the cages in which the speci-
mens were confined were too small.”

11. Methods of inducing oviposition——Various methods
were adopted to induce melon flies to lay their eggs in different
food plants placed in a pumpkin patch swarming with the pest.
One method followed was to cut a non-infested, ripe pumpkin
in half and the trypetids which were probably attracted by
the odor of the pulp, would visit the cut surfaces and deposit
their eggs. Even the removal of a small piece of the rind from
a pumpkin or squash would be sufficient to attract and induce
the insects to oviposit. Another method used was to make a
semicircular cut through the peel and pulp near the surface
of cucumbers, egg plants and tomatoes and the loose flap was
~then pinned back like a lid. After the females had deposited
their eggs in the pulp, the lid-like peel was pinned into its normal
position again, thus covering the eggs.

In one experiment about a square inch of the rind of a
pumpkin was removed and in a short time melon flies began to
visit the injured vegetable. The flies wandered about upon
the rind until they found the exposed pulp, when they began
to feed upon the exuding juices. At times as many as twenty-
five specimens were clustered together in this small area. So
closely crowded were the insects that their wings, which are
usually held at almost right angles to the long axis of the body,
overlapped. More and more individuals were attracted to the
cut area until the newcomers were actually forced to walk
over the bodies of the earlier arrivals, some of which were now
laying eggs without apparently being disturbed, for the ovi-
positor was not withdrawn.

188 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

12. Tactile bristles of the ovipositor.—The melon fly often
seeks a suitable place wherein to oviposit by walking about on
the cucurbit with the tactile bristles at the end of the ovipositor
(Text fig. 4) in contact with the rind. These tactile bristles
probably assist in locating a hole in the rind, or possibly discrim-
inate between hard and soft surfaces. One specimen was
observed with its ovipositor inserted within a pin hole which
was made in a pumpkin and another female fly in orienting
itself over this wound, would take a step or two backwards,
grope around with the tactile bristles and finally push the
ovipositor into the same hole. When a piece of the rind has
been removed the flies apparently seek a soft area in the pulp
with the tactile bristles of the ovipositor. The fruit flies will
readily locate and oviposit in a slit which has been cut in the

pulp.

Text Fig. 4. Distal end of the ovipositor of Dacus cucurbite showing
the tactile bristles.

13. Process of oviposition.—The process of oviposition can
readily be observed in the field with a hand lens. When once
the fruit fly has found a suitable place, the abdomen is bent at
right angles to the long axis of the body and then the distal,
needle-like part of the ovipositor moves up and down in the
proximal, tube-like portion. As the ovipositor is forced into the
food plant, the female, in endeavoring to get a firmer foot-hold,
will let go with the tarsi and claws of the middle and hind legs
and grasp anew hold. The tube-like, proximal portion is thrust
deeper and deeper until it disappears entirely and the eggs are
then deposited. If, however, this tube has not been pushed

ntirely into the host plant, the eggs can actually be seen gliding
1 the ovipositor at the rate of one in about every fifteen
seconds. Two specimens were timed during oviposi-

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 189

tion and it required seven and nine minutes respectively to
complete the egg laying period.

14. Number of eggs deposited in a receptacle—The number
of eggs which the pest lays within a receptacle varies from one
to forty. The insect often punctures various parts of the host
plant with its ovipositor and yet does not deposit any eggs.

15. Number of ripe eggs in ovaries.—-In order to ascertain
the number of ripe eggs present in the ovaries, eighteen melon
flies were captured in the field and dissected. The average
number of mature eggs found in the two ovaries was forty-
eight; the largest number of fully-developed eggs dissected from
one specimen was séventy-four and the smallest number ob-
tained from an individual was twenty-two. The number of
eggs which one female is able to lay during its natural life was
not determined.

16. Duration of the egg, larval and pupal periods.—After
melon flies had been induced to oviposit in pumpkins, squash,
egg plants, tomatoes, cucumbers and string beans in the field,
the vegetables were transferred to breeding jars and a careful
record was taken of the different periods of the life history.
The following table shows the duration of the egg, larval, and
pupal periods of Dacus:

TABLE I.
DURATION OF THE EGG, LARVAL, AND PUPAL PERIODS OF DACUS CUCURBIT.
Fisxt _ Egg period Larval period Pupal period
(hours) (days) (days)

1205700) 0) .Gis Aa are 30 47 10-13
SCLC Se eee eee ee 32 a-7 11-14
icon planmte. i.jir0 2 22s,5 0: 31 5=1t 12-14
SHOMAAL OS ate Se. ochre os 36 5-8 12-13."
@tremniber... 000s. 33 5-9 12-14
imine DEAN. ...5.:5..... 31 5-10 | 11-12

17. The effect of temperature on the egg period.—Pumpkins
containing eggs which had been recently laid were exposed to
the hot sunshine, while others were kept in the shade under
field conditions, but no marked difference in the duration of the
egg period was observed.

18. The effect of decay of food on the rate of development of
the larve.— One important factor upon which the rate of develop-
ment of the melon fly larve depends, is the rapidity of decay of

190 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

the host plant which follows an infestation of the pest. A
large number of maggots in a ripe pumpkin cause decay more
rapidly than a smaller number in a similar host of the same size.
The following table shows a comparison of the rate development
of the pest in rapidly and slowly, decaying, food plants:

TABLE II.

COMPARISON OF THE RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE MELON FLY LARVZ IN RAPIDLY
AND SLOWLY DECAYING HOSTS.

Rapidly Number | Larval | Slowly Number | Larval
decaying of period | decaying ot period
hosts | larve | (days) || hosts larve (days)
(244 334 | ea 4
Ys ey eA! 434 52 5
Pumpkin............ hes 7 i ePanni ee | 196 6
6 634 8 7
1 8
4 5 4 8
| i BL | 4.
Heo plantas san 16 : Beep plant- te ace a a
| 38 8 1 il
| |
Cucumber. eres | oa 3 Cucumbers 27-25 6 9

It is possible that’ the rap'd decay of vegetables is caused
not only by the enzymes secreted by bacteria, but also by the
enzymes of the sal va of the melon fly larve. The enzymes
change the pulp into a thick liquid and it may be possible that
the maggots absorb some of this food directly through the body
wall. Larvze swallowing and possibly absorbing liquified food
probably would require less time to complete their development
than maggots feeding upon solid food.

19. The effect of drying food on the larve.—In string beans
which gradually dry up during an infestation, there is a marked
individual variation in the growth of the melon fly larve, even
when hatched from the same batch of eggs. In a dried, bean
pod the larval period is longer than in a decaying one. In the
laboratory the maggots often died in the seeds and the pods
of dried string beans, a fact that was also observed in the field.
In all probability, these larvee died from lack of moisture due
to the drying up of the string beans.’

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbttae. 191

20. Respiration of larve in liquified pulp.—Melon fly
larve in a decayed tomato were observed to obtain a fresh
supply of air by pushing the posterior spiracles above the sur-
face of the liquified pulp. The stem of this tomato had been
cut out and many maggots were found suspended from the
surface film with their bodies immersed in the liquid. When
the finger was snapped against the tomato, the larvae wriggled
down into the liquified pulp, but sooner or later, they would
come up to the surface film to breath.

21. Jumping habit of larve—When nearly, full-grown,
melon fly larve are removed from the host, they exhibit a
peculiar habit of jumping, but this behavior is not manifested
by the smaller maggots. The larve curl the body in a circle
(plate XXVIII, fig. 17), the jaws attach to the posterior end
of the body, and then by a sudden muscular relaxation, they
spring about six to eight inches into the air.

22. Feeding habits of the melon flies —As a rule, Dacus feeds
during the early morning from sunrise to about ten o’clock.
During the hottest part of the day thousands of these insects
may be found at rest under large leaves of plants in or near an
infested field of cucurbits. The flies were frequently found
several hundred feet away from their breeding grounds, feeding
upon the flowers of the glue bushes, sunflowers and Chinese
bananas. Nota single fruit fly was ever seen entering and feed-
ing within the carolla of pumpkin flowers or morning glories,
but after a rain, specimens were occasionally observed lapping
up the small droplets of water on the lobes of the corolla of
morning glories. Melon flies feed upon the juices of injured
or infested cucurbits in the field. Many individuals were ob-
served feeding on the juices exuding from sweet corn. One adult
was noticed feeding on a dead and partly decomposed cafer-
pillar.

When a piece of the rind of a pumpkin was removed, large
numbers of the pest were attracted to the exposed pulp and fed
upon the exuding juices. When a common house fly also
visted the pulp to feed and approach a melon fly already en-
joying a meal, the latter would dart forward and chase the former
away, but when laying eggs the fruit fly would not withdraw its
Ovipositor even when the house fly crawled over its body.

192 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

23. Do melon flies manifest fear?-—A melon fly is keenly
aware of movements within its field of vision. When a large
Odonata flies above a melon fly at rest on a cucurbit, the try-
petid may tilt its head to follow the flying insect with its eyes.
When one approaches a pumpkin slowly and carefully upon
which a specimen is feeding, the fly may tilt its head and sway
its body from side to side by bending the legs at the tibio-
femoral joints. At such times a slight movement on the part
of the observer will cause the fruit fly to take wing. The
swaying movements of the alert insect may possibly be inter-
preted as an external indication of fear. Howlett (7, pp. 415-
416) believes that this swaying movement ‘“‘seems to be asso-
ciated with ‘courtship’ in all species of Dacus that occur at
Pusa.’’ When the head of Dacus cucurbite is lowered, however,
and the insect walks about with the wings held almost at right
angles to the long axis of the body one can then ap pea the
pest without danger of causing flight.

24. Number of days required before the adults begin to ovtposit.
—An attempt was made to determine the number of days re-
quired before the egg-laying period begins, after the melon
flies issued from the puparia. A large number of adults upon
emerging, were kept in breeding jars and fed on diluted molas-
ses, fruit and vegetable juices and on water. After having
been kept in captivity for eight days, three females were dis-
sected but no fully-developed eggs were found in the ovaries.
A daily dissection of three fruit flies was continued from now
on, and at the end of fourteen days twenty-three ripe eggs were
counted in the two ovaries of one fly, but others did not show
mature eggs in the ovaries at the end of sixteen days. At the
end of seventeen days, thirty-one eggs were dissected from the
ovaries of another specimen. In all probability, the effect of
confining the insects in breeding jars plays an important part
in the rate of development of the eggs.

25. Summary of stages of the life history—The duration of
the different stages of the life history of Dacus cucurbite may
be summarized as follows:

DAYS ;
Egg periods. 40 oe ete eee 1l4y— 1%
Larval perigdis: ia ee eee 334—11
pal pero. as. eee keen ae 10 —l4
y laying begins. ee 14 —17 after the adults emerge.

29 —4314

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 193

26. Number of generations annually.—In the Hawaiian
Islands one brood of melon flies is followed by another through-
out the year. Since the duration of the complete life cycle
may vary from twenty-nine to forty three days, one would
expect from eight to twelve generations a year. Assuming
that a single female produces only ten descendants and that the
sexes are produced in equal numbers at the end of the year she
would be the ancestor of from 100,000,000 to 1,000,000,000,000
offspring.

VII. WEIGHTS OF THE EGGS, LARVAE, PUPARIA AND ADULT
MELON FLIES.

Accurate weighings of the following stages in the life history
of Dacus cucurbitze were taken: eggs (plate XXXI, fig. 46)
a few hours after these were deposited and again shortly before
hatching; larve after hatching and every day thereafter (plate
XX XI, figs., 47 and 52); recently, formed puparia (plate XX XI,
fig. 53) and male and female melon flies.

Pumpkins, in which melon flies had been induced to deposit
their eggs, were taken from the field to the laboratory and three
hours after oviposition, the eggs were removed and counted in
two lots, each containing one hundred eggs. Each batch of eggs
was placed upon a small piece of filter paper and weighed in a
weighing bottle. The eggs were then transferred from the
filter paper into a pumpkin and twenty four hours later, the
same eggs were removed and weighed again. The weights of
the eggs three hours and twenty-seven hours after deposition
were as follows:

TABLE III.

WEIGHT IN MILLIGRAMS OF EGGS OF DACUS CUCURBIT4 AFTER DEPOSITION, BEFORE
HATCHING AND LOSS IN WEIGHT.

3 hrs. after 27 hrs. after Loss in wt.

deposition deposition in 24 hrs.
Wt. of first 100 eggs... .| 2 6. 1-2
Wt. of second 100 eggs..| 4.5 (jel 1.4
Average wt. of 1 egg...| 0735 0605 013

The result shows that each egg on an average, lost .013
milligrams in weight, during the twenty-four hours between the
two weighings.

194 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

After the second weighing, the first lot of one hundred eggs
was put back into the pumpkin and the second batch was placed
between moist filter paper. These lots hatched respectively
in thirty and thirty-two hours after deposition. The hatching
of the first batch of eggs was observed under a binocular micro-
scope in order to remove the larve before they had an oppor-
tunity to feed. The weight of the maggots and the difference
in weight between the eggs and larve are recorded in the
following table:

TABLE IV.

WEIGHT IN MILLIGRAMS OF RECENTLY HATCHED LARV4: OF DACUS CUCURBITZ, AND
DIFFERENCE IN WEIGHT BETWEEN EGGS AND LARVZE.

| Difference in wt. between
eggs and larve

Wt. of 100 tly hatched larv | Eee
8) recently Natche arve | 3 hse, zeae 7 ae oes

| deposition deposition
‘Hatched from first 100 eggs............ Feel 3. 1.8
Hatched from second 100 eggs.......:. 5.6 Ne 5)
Average wt. ofl daryaz...- = Senos cee 049 | 0245 0115

The two hundred, recently hatched maggots weighed one-
third less than the eggs after deposition and about one-fifth less
than the eggs before hatching. This loss can be attributed,
in part, to the shedding of the chorion and vitelline membrane.

The one hundred larve which hatched from the first batch
of eggs were fed upon a hard, dry pumpkin while the other one
hundred maggots were fed on a soft, juicy pumpkin. The
following table shows the weights of the larve after they had
fed a day.

TABLE V.

WEIGHTS IN MILLIGRAMS OF LARV4 OF DACUS CUCURBITZ FED UPON A HARD, DRY
PUMPKIN AND A SOFT, oe PUMPKIN.

| |
| Fed on dry, | Fed on soft, | Difference
| hard pumpkin | juicy pumpkin Juicy pumpkin | nwt in wt.
Wt. of 100 larvee 1 day old....... | 62656 | a7.
Wt. of 1 larva 1 day old......... | . 266 836 Oo

it is evident from this table that the larvae which fed on
‘t, juicy pumpkin for one day weighed over twice as much ©
maggots which fed on the dry, hard pumpkin. Further-
‘ormer had increased their initial weight over eleven -
latter over six times at the end of one day.

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 195

Fifty of the one hundred larve which fed on the soft, juicy
pumpkin were weighed at intervals of one day throughout
their larval life. In order to remove all of the pulp, which
adhered to the bodies of the maggots, they were carefully
washed and dried with filter paper before each weighing. The
following table shows the daily increase in weight of the larve,
daily increase over the initial weight, and increase or decrease
of weight over the previous day:

TABLE VI.

DAILY INCREASE IN WEIGHT, DAILY INCREASE OVER THE INITIAL WEIGHT AND INCREASE
OR DECREASE IN WEIGHT OVER THE PREVIOUS DAY IN MILLIGRAMS OF THE
LARV4 OF DACUS CUCURBIT#.

Age of {Wt.50/ Wt.1 Increase in wt. | Increase or loss of wt.

larve | larve | larva of 1 larva over of 1 larva over pre-
| initial wt. vious day
At hatching. 2.8| .056
der iday..': . 31.8| .636 .58 .98 increase
iercdayse-...| 101-2) -2.024 1.968 | 1.388 «
3 days....| 801.6 |16.032 15.976 | 14.008 «
4 days... .|1021.7 |20.434 20.378 4.402 «
4/4 days....|1004.3 |20.086 20.03 | .348 loss
—

The daily increase in weight over the initial weight may be
stated as follows:

After feeding 1 day a larva weighs 11.3 times its initial
weight.

After feeding 2 days a larva weighs 36.1 times its initial
weight.

After feeding 3 days a larva weighs 286.2 times its initial
weight.

After feeding 4 days a larva weighs 364.8 times its initial
weight. ;

After feeding 414 days a larva weighs 358.6 times its initial
weight.

The minimum increase over the initial weight occurred dur-
ing the first day of the larval life and the maximum increase
took place during the third day.

The daily increase or decrease in weight over the previous
day may be put as follows:

The first day a larva acquires 10.3 times the weight at hatch-
ing.

196 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII

The second day a larva acquires 2.1 times the weight of the
first day.

The third day a larva acquires 6.9 times the weight of the
second day.

The fourth day a larva acquires .27 times the weight of the
third day.

In 41% days a larva lost .017 times the weight of the fourth
day.

The minimum increase in the daily weight of the larvz over
the previous day occurred during the fourth day and the maxi-
mum increase took place during the first day. During the last
twelve hours of the larval period, the maggots decreased in
weight. In all probability, this loss may be attributed in part,
to the evacuation of the contents of the alimentary canal pre-
vious to pupation.

After the fifty larvee bored out of the pumpkin in 414 days
they were allowed to pupate in moist sand. Twelve hours
later the sand adhering to the newly-formed puparia was washed
off and the moisture adhering to them was absorbed with filter
paper. After the puparia were thoroughly dried they were
weighed in a weighing bottle. Other melon fly maggots which
bored out of pumpkins in 334 and 4 days were weighed, and
twelve hours later the newly-formed puparia were weighed.
The following table shows the average weights of the mature
larve, the puparia twelve hours after the larve bored out of the
pumpkins, and the loss in weight after pupation:

TABLE VII.

AVERAGE WEIGHTS IN MILLIGRAMS OF MATURE MELON FLY LARV, WEIGHTS OF THE
PUPARIA TWELVE HOURS AFTER THE LARVA BORED OUT OF THE PUMPKINS
AND THE LOSS IN WEIGHT AFTER PUPATION.

:

Age of Werage wt.| Average wt. | Loss in wt. Loss in wt.
larvee llarva | 1 puparium after pupation %
el eee
435 days..... 20.086 | 18.95 | 1.136 5.6
4; Gage 22.509 | 20.336 2.173 9.6
20.87 19.0534 1.8166 8.7

334 days.....
|

The results show that twelve hours after the melon fly
e bored out of the pumpkin and transformed into puparia,
a loss of 5.6 to 9.6% in weight.

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 197

Is there a difference in weight of the male and female melon
flies upon emerging from the puparia? The following table
shows the weights of two lots of flies shortly after the wings
were expanded:

TABLE VIII..

WEIGHTS IN MILLIGRAMS OF MALE AND FEMALE MELON FLIES SHORTLY AFTER EMERG-
ING FROM THE PUPARIA.

Number of : | ros z Difference in weight
fies Weight | Weight 1 fly | ofa @ and @ fly

500 47.52 | 9504 |

509 48.9 | .978 | .0276

409 51. | 1.275 |

309 45.69 | 1.523 | 248

It is evident from this table that the female melon flies are
heavier, on an average, than the males shortly after they issue
from the puparia.

VIII. - NATURAL ENEMIES.

Predaceous insects sometimes prey upon the melon fly. At
all times of the day the yellow dragon fly (Panatala flavescens
Fab.) was observed flying over a pumpkin patch teaming with
pest, and one would be inclined to believe that the melon flies
are sometimes preyed upon by this predaceous insect. A
number of dragon flies were captured in this field and the con-
tents of their alimentary canal was examined, but no remains
of the melon fly were found. A predaceous bug (Zelus peregri-
nus Kirkaldy) was observed sucking out the juices of a melon
fly ona sunflower. Staphylinids or rove beetles were frequently
seen within infested pumpkins but whether or not these feed
upon the melon fly maggots was not determined.

The European, horn fly parasite (Spalangia hirta Haliday)
was bred from the puparia of the melon fly. These puparia
were gathered from beneath infested pumpkins; some of these
puparia were partly exposed from the ground; while others
were taken from one to four inches below surface of the soil,
the usual depth, however, being one to two inches. From five
hundred puparia which were collected on March 25, three
parasites emerged on May 4, 1912. It is evident that this
parasite is of little importance in the control of the melon fly.

198 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII ;

IX. METHODS oF CONTROL.

27. Experiments in destroying infested vegetables.—Van Dine
(11, p. 35) formerly stationed at the Hawaiian Agricultural
Experiment Station, recommends that all melons and vines
infested with melon fly larve should be collected at intervals of
five or six days and covered with earth to a depth of several
inches.

A number of experiments were performed to determine the
distance that melon flies, after issuing from the puparia, were
able to burrow through sand and soil. In the first experiment
several, hundred puparia were placed on two inches of dry,
sterlized sand at the bottom of a cylindrical, museum jar
(24x1114 inches) and this jar was then filled with more of the
same kind of sand. A similar vessel, half filled with dry sand,
was then inverted over the top of the above mentioned jar.
This was done by placing a heavy, glass plate over the mouth
of the jar to be turned upside down, inverting the same above
the other vessel and then pulling the glass plate out from be-
tween the two jars. A similar experiment was conducted with
wet sand which had been previously sterlized. The puparia in
both experiments were arranged in a circle close to the wall of
the jars so that when the fruit flies emerged and burrowed
through the sand their paths might be seen. When the trypetids
emerged, many would bore up to the region where the jars came
in contact with one another and then escape through the small
spaces between the jars. These small spaces were due to par-
ticles of sand which rested on the rims of the jars. One could
scarcely believe that these large flies were able to flatten their
bodies to such an extent as to squeeze through such small
spaces as existed between the jars.

It was evident that some of the melon flies were not able to
burrow as far as others, for many died at the upper end of the
channels before obtaining their liberty (plate XXXI, fig. 45).
Flies would frequently bore into an excavation made by other

burrow slowly round and round and finally die in this endless
Usually, however, most of the trypetids showed
orientation and bored directly upward. This nega-

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 199

tive reaction to gravity is common with many insects after
emerging from the egg or pupa.

As there was a possibility that the melon flies might have
been hindered by being against the glass, holes two and three
feet deep were drilled in hard soil with a fence-post borer. At
the bottom of these holes 500 puparia were placed. The pupa-
ria were then covered with sterlized dry or wet sand or soil.
After these pits were filled each hole was covered at the surface
with a large mouthed jar which rested tightly against the solid
earth. The following table shows the number of melon flies
which succeeded in boring through two and three feet of sand
or soil:

TABLE IX.

NUMBER OF DACUS CUCURBITZ WHICH BURROWED THROUGH TWO AND THREE FEET
OF SAND OR SOIL.

Number of feet puparia were buried........... | 2 | 3
Number of puparia buried in each hole........ 500 | 500
Number of flies that bored through dry sand..| 34 2
Number of flies that bored through wet sand.. 8 | 0
Number of flies that bored through soil....... 5 0

It is evident from this table that a larger number of melon
flies were able to bore through dry sand than wet sand, and that
very few specimens succeeded in making their way through the
more lumpy soil.

Burying infested cucurbits and the vines in three feet of
soil would require a considerable amount of labor. Lime,
which is often thrown into the garbage-can to destroy the larvee
of the house fly and blue bottle fly, would probably destroy the
melon fly maggots if it was buried in sufficient quantity with
the infested vegetables, but this method would increase the
cost.

In an experiment melon fly maggots were submerged in
fresh water for a period varying from two to four days, in order
to determine whether such larve would pupate and give rise
to flies. Larvze were selected which had bored out of a pumpkin
and were ready to pupate. These maggots were submerged
in seven inches of distilled water which was renewed daily.
After remaining in the water for two, three or four days, the
larve were transferred to filter paper and after pupation, the
puparia were placed in moist sand in a breeding jar. The
following table indicates the results obtained.

200 Annals Entomological Society of America __[Vol. VII,

TABLE X.

NUMBER OF MELON FLY LARV4® WHICH PUPATED AND ISSUED AS ADULT FLIES, THE
LARV-E BEING SUBMERGED IN SEVEN INCHES OF WATER FOR A PERIOD OF
TWO TO FOUR DAYS.

Number of | Days submerged | Number | Number of Adults
larve in water | pupated | dead pupz reared
|
100 2 75 28 47
100 3 16 11 5
100 4 0 0 0

From this experiment one could conclude that infested
vegetables may be submerged in a barrel or tank of water for
a period of four days and then plowed under without danger
of having melon flies emerge from this material. By following
this method a valuable fertilizer is added to the soil. Un-
doubtedly, certain chemicals could be added to the water which
would destroy the melon fly larve in the infested vegetables in
less time, but this again, would increase the cost.

Burning or boiling maggoty vegetables is somewhat expen-
sive on account of the fuel consumed. The old vines in seri-
ously, infested, cucurbit fields were often pulled out of the
ground, raked together in piles, the infested vegetables were
scattered within these piles and then all was burned. Some
kinds of infested vegetables could be boiled and then fed to
hogs.

28. Screening or netting —Attempts to grow the various
kinds of Cucurbitacee in Hawaii are carried on mostly by
Japanese and Chinese. Many of these cultivators screen the
newly set cucurbits with pieces of gunny sac, paper bags,
newspapers or straw. Some of the growers screen their melon
and cucumber beds with cheese cloth or mosquito netting but
as Froggatt (5, p. 18) states, ‘‘though it kept the flies out it also
kept all the bees and small insects that, under ordinary con-
ditions, fertilize the flowers, so that very few melons ever set
and matured.’’ Hand pollination could be resorted to, but
this method would require a considerable amount of labor.

ne individual who attempted to grow pumpkins hired a
anese who removed from the vines, the staminate flowers
ere seriously infested with the larve. Screening the

t at all practical except possibly for a few vines in a

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 201

garden. Covering the newly set cucurbits requires constant
attention and cannot be recommended, if the question of labor
is taken into consideration.
£9 Trap crops——Marsh (9, pp. 155-156) made a test of a
trap crop by planting cantaloupes among cucumbers. “It
was thought that the cantaloupes would prove more attractive
to the flies than cucumbers, but such was not the case, as the
cucumbers were more badly damaged than the cantaloupes, and
in the end both crops were practically destroyed by the larve.”’
30. TZraps.—In Honolulu a Japanese glass fly trap is
used by many of the Oriental merchants to capture house
flies, blue bottle flies etc.; the insects enter the trap to feed
and are drowned in soapy water within the apparatus. As
this trap is similar to our American style of glass fly trap, a
description of the Oriental type is not necessary. A Japanese
fly trap with molasses as a bait was wired in a large orange
tree and in twelve days nineteen male and fifty-eight females
Mediterranean fruit flies and three male and one female melon
fly were found drowned in the soapy water. Two of the Ameri-
can style of glass fly traps with molasses as a bait were placed
upon the ground in a pumpkin patch but no trypetids were
caught in these. A dozen of the common, mosquito, screen,
fly traps with molasses diluted either with water or stale beer
as a bait were fastened to sticks above the pumpkin vines but
not a single fly was found in the traps during the five days that
they were kept in the field.

ol. The use of vegetable, animal and petroleum oils to trap
the melon flies.—Recent investigations have shown that certain
vegetable and petroleum oils attract enormous numbers of male
fruit flies of different species. Howlett (7, pp. 412 and 414) found
that citronella oil has an attraction for the males of the peach
fruit fly (Dacus zonatus Saund.) and the three-striped fruit
fly (Dacus diversus Coq.) but the attraction in the last case,
however, seems perhaps a trifle less powerful than with Dacus
zonatus. Froggatt (5, pp. 13 and 17) found that the mango
fruit fly (Dacus ferrugineus Fab.) is also attracted to citronella
oil but that the melon fly (Dacus cucurbite Coq.) never came to
this oil. According to Illingworth (8, p. 160) the apple maggot
or railroad worm (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh) avoids citro-
nella oil.

202 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

We found that many of the oils derived from crude petroleum
attracted the males of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis
capitata Wied.), but rarely was a specimen taken in animal
or vegetable oils. Our experiment with kerosene shows that
of every thousand Mediterranean fruit flies captured only
three, on an average, were females, the remainder being males.
It is noteworthy to mention that the Queensland fruit fly
(Dacus tryoni Frogg.) and the Mexican or Morelos orange
worm (Anastrepha ludens Loew.) are not attracted to kerosene.

The vegetable, animal and petroleum oils listed in the
following table were poured in pans and placed upon the ground
in a pumpkin patch which was swarming with melon flies. The
number of pans used, the number of days each oil was tested
and the results obtained are stated in the following table:

TABLE XI.

NUMBER OF MALE AND FEMALE MELON FLIES CAPTURED IN ANIMAL, VEGETABLE AND
PETROLEUM OILS.

Pans o 2

(Citnone lias i225 oe tee ween 2 5 days “ah 2

Vegetable oils { Turpentine... 1201070777 1 16 hours 0 0
\Coceanit:: * an) eere ee ee 2 5 days 0 2

Animal oils, -.=/Whale <r oar ana) ane Cae 2 5 days 2 4
Wanminana) Pine oe 2 ~ «idee 1 1
(Kerosene about 120° Bé..........___ 3 5 days 2 3

Petroleum oils \Gasoline about 86° Bé...... || 1 16 hours 0 0
\Benzine about 63° Bé....... 1 1 16 hours 0 0

6 12

In all probability, the specimens were not attracted to these
oils but came within the sphere of influence by accident, became
stupefied and dropped into the oil.

32. Night trabs—As the melon flies show a strong positive
reaction to light, an attempt was made to capture the pest with
anight trap. Herrick’s moth trap was placed ina pumpkin patch
but not a specimen was caught. A seventy candle-power
nunting lamp was placed above the moth trap and the light

ays were directed towards thousands of melon flies resting

ler sunflower leaves in the pumpkin patch but not a single
was attracted to the light.

‘soned bait spray.—Striking demonstrations have

_ the effectiveness of the poisoned bait spray in

olive fly (Dacus olez Rossi) in Italy and France

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 203

and the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) in
South Africa.

Recently similar control measures have been used in the
United States and Canada against the apple maggot (Rhago-
letis pomonella Walsh), the cherry fruit flies (Rhagoletis
cingulata Loew. and Rhagoletis fausta O. 5.) and the currant
or gooseberry fruit fly (Epochra canadensis Loew.). We have
tested the effectiveness of the poisoned bait spray to control
the Mediterranean fruit fly under Hawaiian conditions. The
method adopted was to wire ten kerosene traps in different
parts of an orchard containing about four hundred fruit trees.
The total number of fruit flies captured in five weeks was 10,239;
of this number 10,203 were males and only 36 were females.
During the following five weeks the poisoned bait spray was
applied to the treés about once a week. The total number of
fruit flies captured in the kerosene traps during these five weeks
was 182, of which number 93 were caught during the first
week.

As already stated Dacus cucurbite requires at least two weeks
under laboratory conditions before the egg-laying period com-
mences. Under natural conditions, the flies seek food during
this period and subsist on a variety of sweet substances already
discussed under the feeding habits of the melon fly. In capti-
vity, the adults show a fondness for diluted molasses and they
fed on this liquid until their abdomens became greatly distended.
One can readily understand that if this insect is attracted to
diluted molasses under natural conditions, that the greediness
of the fruit flies for this sweet when poisoned, would be the
weak point in the life history to attack the pest. If this poisoned
bait is applied in the form of a spray to the food plant, when
the trypetids issue from the puparia, no doubt large numbers
would be killed before the egg-laying period begins.

The poisoned bait was prepared according to the following
formula:

Brown sugar 21% |b.
Arsenate of lead 5 oz.
Water 4 gal.

The solution was prepared by dissolving the brown sugar
and lead arsenate through cheese cloth in cold water so as to
strain out all foreign material including ants, which in the
Hawaiian Islands frequently gnaw through the paper sacs

204 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

containing the sugar. The mixture was thoroughly agitated
by pumping the liquid back upon itself with a common, garden,
brass spray-pump. To kill the enormous numbers of melon
flies quickly in a badly infested cucurbit field, one ounce of
a soluable poison such as potassium arsenate or sodium arsenite
dissolved in a small quantity of water, was added to the solution
instead of arsenate of lead. The pump was provided with a
rose, sprinkler nozzle which throws a fine, mist-like spray.

Shortly after sunrise the insecticide was applied to all of
the foliage within the pumpkin patch and also to the vegetation
bordering the same, such as glue bushes, algeroba trees, bananas,
sunflowers, castor oil beans, weeds and grass. As already
stated in the discussion of the feeding habits of the adults, the
pest was found feeding on flowers about a hundred yards away
from the breeding grounds. To spray all of the feeding grounds
which often consisted of dense brushes of glue bushes, would be
practically impossible. The results obtained after spraying
were rather striking. . Before spraying, thousands and thousands
of melon flies could be found resting on the lower surface of
the leaves of the sunflower and castor oil plants, but after
Spraying, only here and there could a specimen be found.
In all probability, these living flies had recently emerged from
puparia, or came in from the neighboring feeding grounds or
from surrounding cucurbit fields. The soluble poisons, how-
ever, burned the foliage and can not be advocated.

A few days after the application of the first spray, all of
the pumpkin vines and bean plants were pulled out of the ground
and raked together in piles. The infested pumpkins were
scattered within these piles and then all was burned.

To determine whether the melon flies coming from their
feeding grounds or from the surrounding fields of cucurbits
could be controlled, watermelon seeds were planted in a field
adjacent to the former pumpkin patch. The seeds sprouted
before we were able to make a vigorous campaign in surrounding
cucurbit fields. The watermelon plants were sprayed with
the bait, using arsenate of lead, but frequent rains washed
off the thin film of Sugar and left the plants subject to

of the pest coming from outside sources. As
‘eather became settled, a fresh application
made to the watermelon plants and sur-
station, but the tender stems of many of the

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbttae. 205

watermelon plants were already infested. Whether the pest,
which has been allowed to increase unmolested during
the past sixteen years, can be controlled under Hawaiian
conditions when one individual sprays and his neighbors
do not, is problematical. In all probability, better results
could be obtained with the poisoned bait spray in a well
isolated cucurbit field away from the valleys where rains are
less frequent during the summer months.

Marsh (9, p. 155) tested a poisoned bait spray to control
the melon fly in the Hawaiian Islands. He writes, ‘‘The baits
were prepared by sweetening water with molasses and adding to
the solution arsenate of lead or Paris green. These baits were
then applied, at frequent intervals, to the foliage of infested
‘cucumbers with a gardener’s syringe. With the aid of the syringe
the poisoned liquids were shot into the air above the beds of
cucumbers and allowed to fall on the foliage in fine drops. In
the experiment with Paris green the application was made
daily from September 9 until October 14. The formula used
in this experiment was as follows:

Molasses 1 quart.
Paris green 14 ounce.
Water 11% gallon.

Neither the experiment with arsenate of lead or with Paris
green proved effective. The flies were frequently observed ,
feeding on the poisoned liquids, but evidently they did not
relish them, and so failed to consume a fatal dose.”’

Fuller (6, p. 26) stationed in Natal, South Africa, tested
the poison bait spray to control the Mediterranean fruit fly and
melon fly. Trials which have been made in several citrus
orchards to control the Mediterranean fruit fly with the poisoned
bait spray “have been attended with remarkable etfects, and
where treatment has been applied for the melon fly which
attacks, squashes, marrows, pumpkins and the like, it has
proved equally successful.”

206 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XXVII.

Fig. 1. Resinous lump which heals the wound produced by the Ovipositor of the
melon fly, in the tender stems near the growing ends of the pump-
kin vines.

Fig. 2. Resinous lump somewhat enlarged. ]

Fig. 3. Split stem of pumpkin vine near growing end, showing the eggs depos-
ited by the melon fly. ‘

Fig. 4. Eggs deposited on the outer surface of the corolla and its lobes.

Fig. 5. Longitudinal section of the ovary of a pumpkin, showing the eggs depos-
ited within a receptacle.

Fig. 6. Green pistillate bud with the corolla cut open, showing the eggs depos-

ited on the style and inner surface of the corolla.

g. 7. Eggs deposited on the inner surface of the corolla.

Fig. 8. Cross section of the Ovary of a pumpkin, showing the eggs deposited
within a receptacle.

PLaTE XXVIII.

Fig. 9. Squash showing depressions caused by the oviposition of the melon fly
during the early development of this cucurbit. The tissue surround
ing the receptacle in which the eggs are deposited is probably
killed by a secretion, and in the further development of the cucurbit
a depression results.

Fig. 10. Healed wounds due to a previous infestation of the melon fly. This
trypetid is unable to puncture the hard rind of the larger pumpkins

with its ovipositor, but often the resinous material covering the

Fig. 11. Depressions and healed wound in a ripe pumpkin.
Fig. 12. Pumpkin, abnormal in shape, as a result of being ‘‘stung’’ by the melon .

Fig. 15. The rind of a seriously reinfested pumpkin collapsing due to decay
caused by the larve.

Fig. 16. When the pumpkin is not seriously reinfested with the melon fly larve,
the rind does not collapse. Such partly decayed cucurbits often
serve as hosts for other insects which complete the work of de-
struction.

Fig. 17. Pumpkin cut in half showing the decayed pulp and seeds, and the larve
which have jumped out of the decayed mass.

Fig. 20. Discoloration on the corolla indicating the region where the fly has
punctured the closed flower to deposit its eggs within the stigma
or style.

leaving a black flower scar. The larve in this case devoured the
stigmas and styles and descended into the Ovary.
124. Longitudinal sections of two ovaries showing a spongy decayed
pulp caused by the Maggots.
letaching from the Ovary after the larve have devoured the
s and styles and descended into the Ovary.

1914] Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae. 207

Fig. 26. Dried and shriveled pistillate bud still adhering to the pumpkin vine
after the larve have bored out of the ovary.

Fig. 27. Pistillate bud detaching from pumpkin vine after the larve have bored
out of the ovary.

Fig. 28. Two anthers of pumpkin flowers; one anther has been partly devoured
by the maggots.

Fig. 29. After the larve have destroyed the anthers, the pest devours the column
of the stamens.

Fig. 30. The maggots finally penetrate into the'long peduncle of the staminate
flowers and feed on the wall of the stalk. The flower often drops
from its stalk due to decay caused by the larve.

PLATE XXX.

Figs. 31 and 32. String beans split open showing the melon fly larve feeding on
the seeds and flesh of the pods.

Fig. 33. After the seeds and flesh of the string beans have been devoured the
inner surfaces of the pods turn black.

Figs. 34 and 35. External appearance of the infested bean pods.

Figs. 36 and 37. Melon fly pupz inside of pods.

Figs. 38 and 39. Melon fly larvee which have died while attempting to bore out
of the string beans, probably due to the drying of the pod.

Figs. 40 to 44. Dried and shriveled string beans after the melon fly larve have
bored out. These bean pods do not drop to the ground but remain
adhering to the plant.

PLATE XXXI. Ss Fe

Fig. 45. Channels in moistened sand made by melon flies after emerging from the
puparia. The black areas in the channels represent flies which
died in their attempt to burrow through the sand.

Fig. 46. Egg of melon fly.

Fig. 47. Recently hatched melon fly larva.

Fig. 48. Melon fly larva after feeding one day.

Fig. 49. Larva after feeding two days.

Fig. 50. Larva after feeding three days.

Fig. 51. Larva after feeding four days.

Fig. 52. Mature melon fly larva after feeding four and one-half days.

Fig. 53. Puparium of melon fly.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Clark, B. O., 1898. The Hawaiian. I, No. 27, p. 6.

2. Compere, G., 1912. Mon. Bull. State Comm. Hort., Cal. I, No. 10, pp.
709-730.

3. Coquillett, D. W., 1899. Ent. News, X, No. 5, pp. 129-130.

4. Ehrhorn, E. M., 1911. Hawaiian Forester and Agric. VII, No. 11, pp.
336-338.

5. Froggatt, W. W., 1910. Dep’t Agric. New South Wales, Farmers’ Bull.
No. 24, pp. 1-56.

6. Fuller, C., 1909-10. 7th. Gov. Ent., Dep’t Agric. Natal. p. 26.

7. Howlett, F. M., 1912. Trans. Ent. Soc. London. pt. II, pp. 412-418.

8. Illingworth, J. F., 1912. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 324, pp. 126-188

9. Marsh, H. O., 1910. Rept. Div. Ent. for 1910. Bd. Agric. and Forestry,
Hawaii. pp. 152-159.

10. Perkins, R. C. L., 1902. Rept. Gov. Ter. Hawaii. p. 36.

11. Van Dine, D. L., 1907. Ann. Rept. Hawaii Agric. Exp. Sta. for 1907. U. S.

Dep’t. Agric. Office Exp. Stas. pp. 30-35.

ANNALS E.S A

\

OL. VII, PLATE XXVITI.

VOL. VII, PLATE XXVIII.

ANNALS E.S. A.

Severin,

VOL. VII, Pra TE XXIX,

S. A.

ANNALS E.

‘VOL. VII, PLATE XXX.

ANNALS E. S. A.

Severin.

VOL. VII, PLATE XX

Severin,

SOME NOTES ON LIFE HISTORY OF LADYBEETLES.*

By Miriam A. PALMER

The species treated in this paper are the more common
forms found in Colorado; namely, Hippodamia convergens
Guer., Coccinella 5-notata Kirby, Coccinella monticola Muls.,
Coccinella 9-notata Hbst., and Adalia melanopleura Lec.,
annectans Crotch, coloradensis Casey, and humeralis Say; also
incidentally, Olla abdominalis Say, Hippodamia sinuata Muls.,
and parenthesis Say, Coccinella sanguinea Linn., and Scymnus
sp. Special attention was paid to the duration of the life
cycle, and habits regarding egg-laying and feeding, with inci-
dental observations on injurious influences and other points,
also descriptions were made of the beetles in all stages.

Hippodamia convergens Guer. -
This is our most common species, and may be described as
follows:

Aduli: Fig. 1, Plate XXXII.

Head black, with pale frontal spot connected laterally with the eyes;
pronotum black with pale narrow border along apical and lateral mar-
gins; the two discal marks distinct and converging posteriorly; elytra
yellowish red, each with a scutellar spot and with six other spots rather
small in size and never united; the three posterior ones more developed
and constant. The spots are frequently lacking altogether and the
elytra immaculate. Legs black; length 6 to 7 mm.; width 3.5 to 4mm.

Fegg: Fig. 2, Plate XXXII.
Pale to deep amber yellow, even as deep as yellow cadmium in some
cases; length 1.13 to 1.33 mm.; width .49 to .55 mm.

Larva: Fig. 3, Plate XXXII.

First instar: Entirely black with exception of pale area on lateral
and dorso-lateral margins of first abdominal segment; meso- and meta-
thorax each with two large setaceous areas and small setaceous spot
laterally; abdomen with three pairs of rows of setaceous areas. Second
instar: Same as first except that margins of pronotum are often pale
yellowish and the pale spots on the first abdominal segment are now
light orange colored, and in addition to these, faint orange spots are
seen similarly placed on the fourth segment. Third instar: Same as
before except that it is more orange colored in the light spots. Fourth

*This paper is an outgrowth of breeding cage work with the Coccinellids,
assigned me by Professor Gillette as a part of his Adams fund project on Life His-
tories of the Plant Lice and Their Enemies. Acknowledgments are also due to
Professor C. P. Gillette and Mr. L. C. Bragg for determination of Plant Lice
herein mentioned.

213

214 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VI,

instar: Same as third except for the addition of pale orange spots on
the 6th and 7th segments on dorso-lateral portion, not extending later-
ally. Some larve show quite a bluish frosted appearance over the black,
more especially toward the later stages. Length about 9.5 mm. for a
full grown larva.

Pupa: Fig. 4, Plate XXXII.

Ground color brownish yellow throughout; pronotum with black
lateral margin and an anterior and a posterior pair of black spots;
wing pads black along posterior margin and over apical half; each
segment with sublateral and medio-latera] spots. Spiracles black.
Sometimes mich lighter in general color and only a dot found on wing
pad at basal third. Legs black. Length 5 mm.

Life cycle records* were made as follows:
Egg stage (22 records*) 3-7 days, mostly 3 days;
Larva stage (22 records) 10-28 days, mostly 14 days;
Pupa stage (22 records) 4-9 days, mostly 4-5 days;
Egg to adult, mostly 21 days.
Adult stage (13 records) 3-4 months for the summer generations.

A hibernating female lived 8 months and 12 days, dying May
25th, having laid eggs from April 27th to May 19th. This female
would doubtless have lived longer under natural conditions.
The weather was wet and unfavorable and the female was eVvi-
dently in a weak or unhealthy condition as evidenced by the
poor hatching of all the eggs. Another hibernating female
lived until July 6th. All the females which had laid eggs before
going into hibernation died either during the winter or in the
spring before laying any eggs. A male which had hibernated
lived 9 months and 8 days, dying June 13th.

The earliest egg record obtained was April 27th, the latest
record in 1908 was September 3rd, and in 1907, was October
30th. The earliest beetles reared emerged June 22nd and the
last one lived until September 22nd. Under natural conditions
and in early spring, doubtless the first generation emerges as
soon as the latter part of May or even earlier, according to the
season. There were at least three generations obtained ina
season.

The females would usually begin to lay within five days
after emerging and the longest egg-laying record obtained was
1 month and 18 days. Several egg counts were made. They
are as follows: 130 eggs (in 20 days), 199 eggs, 296 eggs, 312
eggs (in 1 month and 15 days), and 399 eggs, by different

*The term, record, in this sense shall be understood to mean, not notes made
on a single individual, but on an egg patch and the beetles resulting therefrom.

1914] Life History of Lady Beetles. 215.

females respectively. These numbers are certainly far below
what the beetles are able to lay under favorable conditions in a
state of nature. The number of eggs laid in a single batch was
usually about 30, though the number varies considerably both
above and below this number. When in good laying condition
a female will deposit from one to two batches a day.

Food records—Several records were taken on the feeding
capacity of both larvae and adults for plant lice. One larva
ate 50 Prociphilus fraxinifolii Riley, another half grown, ate
33 Macrosiphum gaurae, and another half grown, ate 105 Chait.
negundinis Thos., in a single day. Entire counts of the whole
number of lice eaten during the larval period were taken in
four cases and are as follows: 264 (57 M. gaurae, 56 Chaitoph-
orus negundinis, 151 P. fraxinifolit), 309° (71 M. gaurae 137 C.
negundinis, 101 P. fraxinifolit), 585 (423 C. negundims, 72 P.
fraxinifoli, 90 M. rosae Linn., small), and 576 (263 C. negu ndinis,
54 M. rudbeckiae Fitch, 114 P. fraxinifoli1, 57 S. schizoneura
lanigera Hausmann, and 88 M. rosae), of all sizes, by each
larva respectively.

A pair of beetles, male and female, ate 150 Chattophorus
populifolii Fitch, in one day, and 120 Aphis setariae Thos., on
another day. A male made the following records on different
days respectively: 200 M. gaurae Will., 30 M. rudbeckiae, 33
A. torticauda Gill., 60 C. negundinis, and 75 M. cerasi Fab.,
these lice being of all ages and sizes.

A female ate on different days, 36 M. rudbeckiae, 180 C.
negundinis, 165 M. cerasi, 110 A. helianthi Monell, and 120 A.
setariae respectively.

The amount eaten varied very considerably on different
days. For 12 hours before molting the larvae would sometimes
eat comparatively little, while for several days before pupating
they would be extremely voracious. Female adults always ate
the most when laying eggs. The temperature also affected
their appetites very remarkably, the highest records being made
on dry hot days, while in damp cool weather they often ate
almost nothing.

The state and temperature of the weather was indeed a
very important factor in the welfare of these insects. Cold
damp weather would very much retard the rate of growth of
the larvae and the egg-laying of the females and would seem to

216 ~— Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

encourage diseases. Another injurious influence was the prac-
tice of cannibalism among the larvae and also the eating of eggs
and pupae by both adults and larvae. A female would often
eat her own eggs. As a rule, these habits were not practiced
unless there was scarcity of food and in some cases not even
then, while in other cases these deeds would be perpetrated with
apparently no excuse. Individuals seemed to differ widely
in this respect. Some kinds of lice proved injurious in the
breeding cage. Large lice such as M. rudbeckiae and M. am-
brosiae Thos., caused the death of several beetles by smearing
their mouths shut by means of the glue extruded from the corni-
cles so that the beetles starved to death. Probably the results
would not have proved fatal, had the beetles not already been
somewhat weakened by other injurious influences, and were it
not for the unnatural conditions of the breeding cage so that
the lice were restless and walking about constantly.

The larvae, especially in the younger stages, seemed to
prefer smaller lice in the cages, though out of doors they were
frequently found feeding on large ones with no apparent diffi-
culty. This protective function of the cornicles, however,
would probably, even in nature have more or less of an injurious
effect on the beetles.

This ladybeetle seems to be a very general feeder on plant
lice. One beetle was observed to eat a larva of A phidoletes

whether it would make a practice of this in nature was not
ascertained, probably not, as in other cases the larvae of A phi-
doletes were rejected. An unusually hungry beetle or larva
would often chew or suck about on the leaves which were put
into the cage with the lice. They seemed to do no visible
injury to the leaves and were probably only sucking and licking
off the honey dew left by the aphids. Both the beetles and

plant lice. They do not seem to touch even newly laid
eggs of Aphididae. .

he species of aphididae which were used for food in the
ling — were as follows: Aphis gossypit Glover, A.
ont Oest., A. carbocolor Gill., A. torticauda Gill., A. helianthi

mr
a

1914] Life History of Lady Beetles. 217

Mon., A. pomi De Geer, A. cerasifolit Fitch, A. medicagints,
Koch, Phorodon humuli, Schrk., A. oenotherae Oest., A. brassicae
Linn., Chaitophorus negundinis. Thos., C. populicola Thos.,
C. populifolit Fitch., Macrostphum ambrostae Thos., M. rud-
beckiae Fitch., M. pist Kalt (?), M. rosae Linn., Hyalopterus
arundinis Fab., M. cynosbaitt Oestl., Lachnus sp., Melano-
xantherium smithiae Monell, Myzus cerast Fab., Prociphilus
fraxintfoli Riley, S. lanigera Hausm, and Melanoxantherium
bicolor Oestl.

Outdoors they were observed feeding on A. pomi, M.
rudbeckiae, C. negundinis, Myzus cerast, Mac. on Euphorbia,
A. airtplicis Linn., M. pisi, and M. cynosbati. Although these
were all the lice noted, H. convergens has been found feeding on
practically all of the common plant lice; in fact, it does not
seem to be at all particular, and, both because of the wide range
of its feeding habits, and on account of the comparative hardi-
ness of constitution, probably does as much or more in con-
trolling the plant lice than any other Coccinellid.

Hippodamia sinuata Muls.

This species also is a comparatively common ladybeetle
about Fort Collins Colorado though it does not seem to rank
very high in economic importance in this vicinity.

Adult: Fig. 5, Plate XXXII.

Head black with fine apical line of whitish and median pale spot
connected laterally with the eyes. Pronotum black with pale border
along anterior and lateral margins with tendency to abbreviated acute
line before, though this is often wanting; two converging discal marks
as in convergens; elytra yellowish red with suture black from one to
three-fourths of entire length and each with four spots, the first near
humeral angle, the second, a large one, just back of the middle, near the
suture, the third slightly caudo-lateral of this, and another at apical
fourth, the second and third spots very often united and frequently
humeral spot, also, joined to second spot by means of vitta, coalescence
of third and fourth spots occasionally occurs, thus completing the entire
amalgamation of all the spots; legs black; general shape rather narrow;
length 5-6 mm., width 3-3.9 mm.

Egg: Fig. 8, Plate XXXII.
Amber yellow; length 1.4 mm.; width .6 mm.

Larva: Fig. 7, Plate XXXII.

First instar: Black except pale spot on lateral margin of first
abdominal segment and lateral and dorso-lateral of fourth abdominal
segment. Second instar: same as first except that pale spots are more
pronouncediy yellowish. Third instar: same as preceding but spots

218 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

have become orange and in addition the anterior and posterior borders
of the pronotum have become yellow orange (pale), also dorso-lateral
spots of yellow on posterior margin of metathorax, (which seems to be
a distinguishing mark in this species) and faint yellow spots dorso-later-
ally placed on fifth, sixth, and seventh segments, and whitish median
line on all thoracic segments; length 8.5 mm.
Pupa: Fig. 6, Plate XXXTI. - '
Ground color amber yellow covered with black except median line
of yellow throughout though somewhat broken at segment margins;
pronotum bordered with black; wing pads black except light spot on
shoulder, meso- and metathorax with pair of black spots, abdominal
segments black except median area and yellow orange spots on first and
fourth segments laterally placed, fainter ones similarly placed on fifth,
sixth, and seventh segments; legs black; length 5.7 mm.

Life cycle records were made as follows:
Egg stage (3 records).3-6 days.
Larva stage (3 records) 21-23 days.
Pupa stage (1 record) 8 days.
Egg to adult, 32 to 37 days.

From these figures it would appear that the life cycle of this
species was considerably longer than in the other species studied.
This may, however, be partly due to the fact that these records
were all made in the latter part of the summer so that the beetles
were overtaken by cool weather towards the end of the larval
stage.

In nature this species does not seem to be a very general
feeder, being found, by Mr. Bragg, almost exclusively in the
gtass, or more especially on the Carex, feeding on Rhop. braggit
Gill, and Callip., flabellus Sanb. In the breeding cage,
however, it readily fed on Mac. rudbeckiae, Mel. Smithiae, Aphis
cornifolit, Rhop. pastinaceae Linn., Aphis heraclei Koch, and ~
Chait. populicola.

Hippodamia parenthesis Say.

This species -anks about equal with H. sinuata in economic
importance.

Adult: Fig. 9, Plate XXXII.

Head black with pale abbreviated median dash from the front and a
spot next each eye, usually connected with median line, sometimes
entire front portion of face pale; thorax black with anterior and lateral

‘sis and median abbreviated acute line before white, also square

pase; clytra pale reddish with yellowish area in middle of poster-
‘ed with common large spot near the base connected with
/ ac with humeral spot, and pair of parenthesis shaped

1914] Life History of Lady Beetles. 219

dashes on posterior half sometimes united into a single large lunule;
legs blackish to black, tarsi brownish; general shape, somewhat pointed
posteriorly; length 4-5 mm., width 2-3 mm.

Egg: Fig. 10, Plate XXXII.
Amber yellow; length 1 mm., width .4 mm.

Larva: Fig. 11, Plate XXXII.

First instar; general color grayish or blackish; head shining black
except medio- anterior portion, setaceous spots black, as in all the other
species reared, dorso-lateral and lateral portions of first and dorso-
lateral portions of fourth abdominal segment pale, nonsetaceous portions
of thoracic segments rather pale. Final instar; head black except
medio-anterior portion, which is brown; pronotum bordered with pale,
meso- and metathorax with whitish median portion; yellow markings
as follows, lateral and dorso-lateral spots on first and dorso-lateral
spots on fourth abdominal segments orange yellow, and faint indica-
tions of dorso-lateral spots on fifth, sixth, and seventh segments pale
yellow; length 8 mm.

Life cycle records were made as follows:
Egg stage (1 record) 3 days.
Larva stage (1 record) 11 days.
Pupa stage (1 record) 6 days.
Egg to adult, 20 days.

This life cycle appears relatively short, but this is probably
due to the fact that this batch was reared in July when the
weather was specially favorable.

This species, like H. sinuata, has been found chiefly in the
grass and Carex feeding on Rhop. braggit and Chait. fabellus,
tho in the breeding cage it seemed to thrive on Rhop. pastinceae.

Coccinella 5-notata: Kirby.

Ranking next in order, or perhaps equal with HH. convergens
in economic value, is Coccinella 5-notata. This is somewhat
larger and more robust species and may be described as follows:

Adult: Fig. 12, Plate XXXII.

Head black with triangular pale spot next each eye; pronotum black
with subquadrate pale spot at the anterior angles; elytra brownish red,
marked with common subbasal fascia and a transverse spot on each
elytron before the middle, near the suture, and another at apical fourth.
Sometimes the subbasal fascia is broken into three spots, sometimes
there is also a dot on the anterior lateral portion of the elytra. Length
5.5 to 7.5 mm.; width 4.5 to 5.5 mm.

Eggs: Fig. 13, Plate XXXII.
Light to deep amber yellow in color; length 1.31 to 1.37 mm.;
width .53 to .60 mm.

220 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

Larva: Fig, 14, Plate XRXIT.
Indistinguishable from that of H. convergens until it reaches the third
or fourth instar when the head becomes pale, except on the posterior
and lateral margins, which remain black. Also, the yellow spots on the
abdomen are usually a stronger orange color and the dorso-lateral spots
on the 6th and 7th segments are lacking. The light blue frosted appear-
ance is sometimes more pronounced than in H. convergens. Length
about 12 mm., for a full grown larva.
Pupa: Fig. 15, Plate XXXII.

Ground color pale brownish yellow, tinged in places with pinkish,
paler, as a rule, than in the case of H. convergens. Pronotum with nar-
row black margin all around, except on median posterior portion; wing
pads black on posterior and apical two-thirds of anterior margin, also
two spots, one at basal third, and the other at apical third. These
spots often coalesce, darkening the whole apical two-thirds of the win

pad. On the metathorax is a pair of black spots on the posterior

markings, and by the paler ground color, but this does not always hold
Legs black. Length, 6 mm.
Life cycle records were made as follows:

Egg stage (15 records) 3-5 days, mostly 3 days;

Larva stage (13 records) 11-19 days, mostly 13 days;

Pupa stage (12 records) 3-8 days, mostly 4 days;

Egg to afte mostly 20 days.

Adult stage (4 records) 2-3 months for the summer generations.

The efforts to carry this species through hibernation all
resulted in failure, but seven beetles were captured before May,
19, 1908, which, in all probability, had hibernated, as no
larvae had been observed before that time or for some time
afterwards. The last of these beetles lived until August 14th,
and must have lived for nearly a year, as the beetles in the
cages which went into hibernation began to emerge August
6th. In the cage of these seven captured beetles, eggs were
found from May 19th to August 7th, a period of two months

nd eighteen days.
Ege records were made ag follows: 368 eggs (in 2 months
and 9 days); 469 eggs (in 1 month and 11 days), 532 eggs (in 1

month and 8 days), 539 eggs (in 1 month and 2 days) respective-
y ngle egg batches often contain as many as 60 eggs; the

1914] Life History of Lady Beetles. 221

average size, however, would be nearer 30 to 50. A beetle in
good laying condition would often lay one or two batches a day,
though in the breeding cage this rate was not kept up very
long at a time.

The femaie would usually, under favorable conditions, begin
to lay from four to ten days after emerging and continued in one
case for one month and eleven days, and in another, the longest
record, for two months and fourteen days. The third genera-
tion was reached in a season in the breeding cage and both
2nd and 3rd generation beetles went into hibernation but none
survived, the hibernating quarters being unsatisfactory. The
earliest eggs obtained in the spring were found May 19, 1908;
the first generation began to emerge June 17th, and their first
eggs were laid June 26th. . The last of this brood lived until
September 21st. The latest record of eggs obtained was
september 14th. That year there was much cold wet weather
during August, which very considerably checked the egg
laying so that the beetles would very probably have laid for
at least a month later under favorable conditions.

Records on the feeding capacity of both larvae and adults
were taken as follows: One larva ate 595 and another 621
aphids during the entire larval period. The lice used in these
counts were of all ages and sizes. One ate C. negundints 333,
M. gaurae 24, P. fraxinifolt 128, and M. rosae 110, total 595; the
other C. negundinis 445, M. gaurae 18, P. fraxinifolu 88, and
M. rosae 70, total 621. These lice were of all sizes. It will be
seen that C. negundinis was used more than any other one
species. One larva made the following records on single day
counts: during the first instar, 30 C. negundinis in a day; 2nd
instar, 84 C. negundinis; 3rd instar, 100 C. negundinis in a day.
These were days when all was favorable and the larva was on
full feed. An adult female when in best condition ate 200 A.
heliantht in a day.

The plant lice used for feed were the same as used for A.
convergens. This species seems to be just as general a feeder
as H. convergens and, being somewhat larger, would naturally
be expected to consume a few more lice, but it seemed to be
more delicate in constitution so that it succumbed more easily
to unfavorable conditions in the breeding cage. This species
was affected by the same injurious influences as were mentioned
for H. convergens.

229 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

In 1907 and 1908 this species, from casual local observations,
seemed to rank next to H, convergens, which was first in numbers,
but in 1909 it seemed to rank about fifth, with Z. convergens
sixth. During this year, the first in numbers seemed to be
C. monticola which, during the two previous years, had ranked

third.

Coccinella monticola Muls.
This species is quite similar in general appearance to C.
d-notata and may be described as follows:

Adult: Fig. 16, Plate XXXIII.
Head black with triangular spot next each eye as in C. 5-notata;
pronotum black with quadrate pale spot at the anterior angles; elytra

Larva: Fig. 18, Plate XXXITI.

Same as in C, 5-notata, except that in 3rd and 4th instars the head is
pale clear to the posterior margin, while C. 5-notata almost always has
a line of black along the posterior margin. Length of full grown larva
about 12 mm.

Pupa: Fig. 19, Plate XXXIII.
Ground color pale brownish yellow, usually paler than in C. 5-notata,
i ith pinkish Spots on lateral portions of Ist and 4th seg-
ments of the abdomen where the orange spots were in the larva. Black
markings were as follows: Three spots on anterior edge of pronotum,
and one on posterior lateral margin, wing pads with two transversely
duplex spots, one at basal third and the other at apical third, anda spot
at base close to posterior lateral] Margin, which margin is also black;

usually paler, Length 6.5mm. The pupe of this species can usually
be distinguished from those of C. 5-notata by the less extensive black
markings, though the two Species vary so as often to be indistinguish-
a} le.

Life cycle records were taken as follows:
tage (17 records) 3-8 days, mostly 4 days;
tage (11 records) 12-14 days, mostly 13 days;
* (11 records) 4-8 days, mostly 6 days;
', mostly 23 days.
2 records of summer generation) 2 months and 6 days, and
ud 12 days respectively.

1914] Life History of Lady Beetles. 223

Three beetles captured July 15, 1907 hibernated and the
last one died August 31, 1908, 13 months and 16 days from
date of capture. In this cage, during 1907, only four eggs
were laid, though it contained 9 beetles, but after hibernating,
eggs were laid rather abundantly, though they were infertile,
by one or more of the surviving three from May 11, 1908 to
July 18, 1908, a duration of 2 months and 7 days. Three
other beetles which were captured May 15, 1908, and in all
probability had hibernated, lived until September 8, 1908, so
they must have been a year old, at least, eggs having been laid
from May 18, 1908 to August 18, 1908, a period of three months.

No egg records were taken on this species, as only captured
females laid at all satisfactorily and these had doubtless laid
a portion of their eggs while still out of doors, so a complete
record could not be gotten. The earliest eggs obtained in the
spring were found May 11, 1908, laid by females which had
hibernated in captivity; June 16, 1909, from captured females.
The latest record obtained in the fall was September 3, 1909,
but as this was the only year that a record was taken and as
August was very wet and cool, the beetles would probably be
able to lay for a month later, at least, under favorable condi-
tions.

The earliest generation reared emerged June 24, 1908, and
began to lay July 17, 1908, and the last beetle died September
15, 1908, probably due to the unfavorable weather. Later
batches of the same generation which emerged July 4, 1908,
later went into hibernation but died during the winter. Beetles
emerging July 5, 1909, the earliest generation obtained that
year, went into hibernation.

It seems that this species may have both one and two
generations in a year, since some of what were evidently first
generation beetles went into hibernation while others of this
same generation laid eggs, infertile though they were, and died
before winter.

In feeding capacity they were about the same as 45-notata.
One larva from time of hatching to pupation ate 388 plant
lice, (23 A. torticauda, 65 C. negundinis, 165 C. populicola, 90
A. setariae, 45 M. ambrosiae); another ate 376 plant lice, (12
A. torticauda, 120 A. setariae, 174 C. negundinis, 40 C. populi-
cola, 30 M. ambrosiae). another ate 901 plant lice, (150 A.

224 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

gossypii, 480 A. heliantht, 19 A. setariae, 82 C. populicola, 140
A. pomi, 30 M. rudbeckiae); and another, 962 plant lice, (774 A.
gossypii, 108 M. pisi, 80 Myzus cerast). One larva during the
first instar ate 30 A. gossypit in a single day; in the 2nd instar,
100 to 130 A. gossypit; third instar, 150 A. gossypii. Of course
these records were made when all conditions were favorable.
No records were taken on the adult.

The range of feed seemed to be the same as for HH. convergens
and C. 4-notata. They were observed out doors feeding on
A. pomi, H. arundinis, M. cynosbati, and S. lanigera. Though
these were the only observations recorded they seem to feed on
practically every common species of plant lice.

As to injurious influences, they seemed to be affected by the
same factors as the foregoing species but seemed to stand
cool wet weather rather better. Some of these beetles got
rather badly pasted up by the glue from the cornicles of M.
rudbeckiae but it did not result fatally. One beetle was found
with one front foot glued fast to its head, probably the result
of an attempt to clean itself for which operation the beetle was
not sufficiently vigorous, the foot sticking fast until it dried.

A nearly full grown larva was observed to attack a good
sized pupa of M. ambrosiae, biting it in the side of the third
abdominal segment. The louse immediately struck the larva
in the face with its cornicle and discharged a quantity of glue.
The larva paid no attention to this but continued until it had
finished the louse, and, inside of fifteen minutes, every trace
of glue was removed. Evidently when the beetles and larvae
are in vigorous condition this protective device of these aphids
produces little result beyond temporary annoyance.

This species seems to be peculiar in several points of its life
history as compared with the other Coccinellidae studied; first
in the fewer generations in a season, and the consequent greater
longevity of the beetles; and second, in the non-activity of the
males. Mr. Bragg, who had dissected at least 100 monticola
specimens, found only one male and he has some doubt as to
its really being this species. No monticola has been observed
in coition either indoors or out except with C. 9-notata or C.
5-notata males. The eggs of a female captured mated with
C. 9-notata all proved infertile, even though the male was kept
with the female for over two months and was frequently

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1914] Life History of Lady Beetles.

observed in coition and the female laid a considerable number
of eggs. A male of 9-notata was introduced into a cage of
monticola which had been laying infertile eggs and though he
mated readily no fertile eggs were produced. One female
monticola was taken in coition with a male 5-notata. The eggs
were fertile and produced all monticola, but this female may have
been previously fertilized by another male so there is no evi-
dence that the 5-notata male had any effect.

There is a possibility of the males being weaker than the
females and so being killed in the struggle for existence before
they matured in the breeding cage, since about 50 per cent.
were, as a rule, lost when a number were reared together.
All the larvae from several -batches were reared in individual
cages. In this way 90 percent were brought to maturity and
in the adult state all were put together in the same cage, but
they always died down to the usual 50 percent before there
was time for sexual development to be really completed, so that
there is a probability in these cases of the males having been
lost because of having a more delicate constitution than the
females. This would also account for their scarcity out of
doors.

Two batches were reared in individual cages, maturing 17
beetles from 18 larvae and 12 beetles from 23 larvae respectively.
These beetles were not put together ‘but. were dissected by Mr.
L. C. Bragg as soon as mature, the first lot proving to be 7
male and 9 female and the second lot 9 male and 3 female.
This latter case seems evidence against the possibility of the
males being weaker than the females, as in this batch little
over 50 percent matured and 75 percent were males, The
only explanation remaining seems to be a sexual non-activity
for some reason.

A good share of the females captured proved to be infertile,
when, however, a female is once fertilized it seems to suffice for
the season. Females captured May 15, 1908, laid fertile eggs
until August 18, 1908, a period of over three months, after which
they very soon died.

In spite of this seemingly weak point in its life history, this
beetle seems to rank quite high as an enenvy of plant lice.

226 Annals Entomological Society of America __ [Vol. VII,

Coccinella 9-notata Hbst.

Description of adult, Fig. 20 Plate XX XIII.

Head black with pale triangular spot next each eye, or these spots
may be connected so as to form a broad white band across the face;
pronotum black with quadrate pale spot at anterior angles, and apical
margin usually pale, often broadly pale; elytra bright brownish red or
red ochre, with common scutellar spot, and each with four other spots,
the two small ones sometimes connected by a fine line, one in humeral
angle and the other near the lateral margin before the middle, and two
large ones, one near the suture and before the middle, the other rather
transverse and near the apex. Length 6-7.5 mm.; width 5-6 mm.

Egg: Fig. 21, Plate XX XIII.
Same as the foregoing species except, perhaps, a little smaller on
the average.

Larva:- Fig. 22, Plate XX XIII.

First instar: Entirely black or blackish gray, except pale dorso-
lateral spots on first abdominal segment, and with setaceous tubercles
as in the foregoing species. Second instar: Same as Ist except that
median and anterior portion of héad and anterior and posterior margins
of pronotum are slightly pale or dusky, the spots on the first abdominal
segment more yellow, and paler spots begin to show similarly placed on
4th abdominal segment. Third instar: Same as last except that pale
portions of head and pronotum are lighter, and spots on abdomen are
more orange colored. Fourth instar: Same as last except pale portion
of head which is light yellow. The larve of this species seem to be
identical in appearance with those of 5-notata but do not grow to quite
as large a size. Length of full grown larva 9.5 mm.

Pupa: Fig. 23, Plate XXXIII.

Ground color light reddish or brownish yellow, often with pinkish
spots on lst and 4th abdominal segments where the orange spots were
located in the larva. Pronotum with a pair of black dashes on anterior
margin, and a pair of black dots on the posterio-lateral margin; a
median pair of black spots on metathorax and 2nd to 7th abdominal
segments inclusive; Spiracles black; Wing pads with posterio-lateral
margin black and a round black spot at basal third. This marking of
the wing pad is comparatively constant and nearly always distinguishes
it from all of the foregoing species, though sometimes this spot seems
to spread apically so that the pupa cannot be distinguished from 5-notata.
Length about 6 mm.

Life cycle records were taken as follows:

Egg stage (14 records) 3-6 days, mostly 4 days;
Larva stage (8 records) 10-21 days, mostly 11-14 days;
Pupa (8 records) 4-5 days, mostly 5 days;
tgg to adult, mostly 20-23 days.
\t (7 records) 2 to 3 months for the summer generations.

1914] Life History of Lady Beetles.

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~J

Some of the beetles which went into hibernation were then
nearly four months old but did not survive the winter, probably
on account of improper winter quarters. Only one beetle sur-
vived. It had emerged September 14, 1908, and lived until
April 9, 1909

Four egg records were taken as follows:

435 eggs (in 1 month and 9 days); 493 eggs (1 month and 22
days); 950 eggs (in 2 months and 22 days); and 1047 eggs (in
2 months and 14 days). They laid from 40 to 68 eggs a day
when in full laying condition. Some of these beetles began
to lay as soon as one day after emerging. Others began at
7 days, and one at one and a half months after emerging. This
latter was in all probability not normal.

The 2nd generation was reached in the season when the
experiments were carried on, but, as a rather late start was
made in the spring, it is more than probable that they are able
to attain to the third generation when the spring is early.
The earliest eggs obtained were June 11, 1909 and the latest
record was September 2, 1909.

No exact feeding records were made with this species,
but judging from general observation they seemed to consume
as much as the foregoing species. Being as a rule somewhat
smaller than 5-notata and monticola, they probably ate a little
less. They seemed to take to the same range of feed as the
foregoing species in the breeding cage. This species seemed to
be susceptible to all of the injurious influences already mentioned
and besides these, several cases of parasitism were observed
in beetles captured out of doors. After emerging, the parasite
formed a silky cocoon underneath the beetle. The beetle,
though still alive, seemed unable to leave the cocoon of its
enemy and clasped it with all of its feet as though to protect it.
One was carefully examined and found to be perfectly free
from any attachment and the only reason for its rem ining
there seemed to be a partial paralysis. When taken off the
cocoon, which was accomplished with considerable difficulty
because of the beetle holding so persistently with its tarsi, the
beetle seemed to be unable to walk or even stand, and when
offered food it made vain attempts to eat. It seemed absolutely
helpless from inability to co-ordinate its movements.

228 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

There were no serious results in this species from the glue
thrown out from the cornicles of the large species of lice but this.
was probably only accidental and not because of any specific
resistent character. Once, a small larva, apparently in the
second instar, was observed to seize a full grown apterous
Macrosiphum ambrosiae which appeared to be three times the
size of itself. It first caught it by the right hind foot. The
louse struggled, dragging the larva about for a minute or two.
and extruded glue from the left cornicle. The larva then
managed to get hold just behind the right cornicle’ and pro-
ceeded to feed on the louse, though dragged about somewhat.
by the latter. Two and a half hours later it was found still
feeding on the louse, which was still living, but had extruded
no glue from the right cornicle on which side the larva was.
holding it. Unless for some reason the right cornicle contained
no glue, this action of the louse seems to be explained only by
awkwardness or stupidity. Indeed, the cases were extremely
few when the louse seemed to make any well directed effort to
smear its enemy.

Perhaps next in order might be classed several forms of
Adalia Muls., namely, melanopleura Lec., annectans Crotch,
coloradensis Casey, and humeralis Say. As these four forms
interbreed freely and seem to be identical in life history it.
seems best to treat of them here as one species, which indeed
they undoubtedly are. In the descriptions of the adults, however,.
they must be treated separately. In the larval and pupal
stages they seem to be identical in appearance but in the adult
state are strikingly different.

For full description of adults of these forms, see Annals of
the Entomological Society of America, Volume 4, page 283.

Egg: Fig. J, Plate XIX*
Pale to deep amber yellow in color as in the foregoing ‘Species.
Length about 1 mm.; width about .5 mm.
Larva: Fig. I, Plate XIX*.
First instar: Head and pronotum shining black, rest of body dull
black or dark grayish with a median row of paler spots from pronotum
of abdomen; 2nd instar, the same except lateral and medio-
le whitish spots on lst abdominal segment and a median pair
spots on 4th abdominal segment; pronotum bordered all
around hitish and with median pale line; 38rd and 4th instars;
col Diaciish gray or blue; median and anterior portion of head

Vol IV, Sept. 1911.

1914] Life History of Lady Beetles. 229

dusky or pale, a pair of pale spots on anterior lateral margin and three
on posterior margin of pronotum; also a pale median line, and pale
median portion of meso- and meta-thorax quite noticeable; spots on
abdomen more noticeable than in previous instars. Legs black. Length
of full grown larva 8-9 mm.

Pupa: Fig. H, Plate XIX*.

Ground color pale to sordid flesh color, tinged in places with brown-
ish. Pronotum with pale median line and broad lateral portion pale,
remainder dusky to black. Wing pads brownish to black, meso- and
meta-thorax dusky to black except median pale line; each abdominal
segment with three pairs of rows of dusky to black spots, median row
lighter on Ist and 2nd segments, giving a lighter appearance to that
part of the pupa. In dark specimens the markings are so extensive as
to almost coalesce, giving quite a melanic appearance. Legs brownish
to blackish. Length 4-5 mm.

Life cycle records were taken as follows:

Egg stage (84 records) 3-7 days in the spring, 2-6 in summer, mostly 3-8.

Larval stage (68 records) 11-18 days in the spring, 7-18 summer, mostly 15

spring and 11 summer.

Pupa stage (68 records) 5-9 days in the spring, 3-9 summer, mostly seven.

Egg to adult, mostly 21 to 23 days.

Adult (9 records) 1 month to 4 months, for the summer generations.

The records taken in the spring, April and May, it will be
noted, covered more days than those taken in the summer,
owing to the cooler temperature. Five beetles of first to
third generation that had laid a considerable number of eggs
and were from three to four months old, went into hibernation.
One of these lived until April 4th the next spring, aged 8 months
and 6 days. The rest died during the winter, though the hiber-
nating quarters were excellent. As there is a probability that
the first female captured, May 13, 1910, and with which the
start was made in the breeding cage, was not a hibernating
female, there is some uncertainty as to the number of each
generation. The beetles which survived hibernation were
the 4th or 5th generation and they survived in large numbers,
about 150 beetles in all.

_A pair of beetles, the female of which was 3rd or 4th genera-
tion humeralis that had laid no eggs, and the male 2nd or 38rd
generation annectans, hibernated Sieeeserally. and in the spring
the female laid eggs abundantly until June 12, 1911, and they
both lived until June 16, 1911, the female aged nine months
and the male nine months and four days. Almost all of the
hibernating beetles which were cared for were still living May

230 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

23, 1911, aged about eight months, and a number were living
June 12, 1911, but all died soon after, some being nine months
old or more.

The females would usually begin laying about :ix days
after emerging and continue for about three weeks. One
continued for three months, by far the longest record made,
but probably the most nearly correct as most records were
doubtless cut unnaturally short on account of the great diffi-
culty of keeping the beetles healthy in captivity. The hiber-
nating females of all the three forms began to iay in six days
after having been brought in from hibernating quarters and
given food.

There seemed to be at least four, and possibly five genera-
tions during the season that the experiments were carried on,
though 3rd generation and possibly 2nd generation individu-
als hibernated successfully. . There was no evidence of any
females which had laid eggs before winter hibernating and
laying again in the spring, though it may possibly take
place. The hibernating quarters used for these beetles were
excellent and apparently gave the beetles every chance.

The earliest eggs were obtained April 10, 1911, and the first
‘f the first generation reared emerged May 8, 1911. The
latest eggs in the fall were obtained September 16, 1910, but if
there had been no prematurely cold weather, the beetles might
have kept on laying for several weeks longer. From two or
three tests made, a female seemed not to be able to lay fertile
eggs longer than three or four weeks after being separated from
a male. If a new male was introduced; however, it seemed to
affect the eggs almost immediately and after two or three days
none of the progeny showed any of the characters of the former
male, even when little or no interim existed between the males.

No feeding or counts were taken on this species as all the
time in the work with these beetles was used in heredity in-
vestigation * and only such life history data as took but little
time were noted. On general observation it was evident
that they eat much less than the foregoing larger species, and
in the breeding cage, at least, will not eat as large lice as the
.bove ladybeetles. Probably out of doors, when the lice are

iet instead of restless as in the cages, they may feed upon

- Notes on Heredity in the Coccinellid Genus, Adalia Muls.”
t. Soc. of Am., Vol IV, No. 3.

1914] Life History of Lady Beetles. 231

larger species. Mr. Bragg says that he found them in numbers
with Prociphilus fraxinifolit, a species which, from their large
size and great quantities of honeydew, would have certainly
brought disaster in the breeding cage, for great care had to be
exercised in feeding these even to the larger species of beetles.
They seemed to thrive in confinement on C. negundinis, A.
setariae, A. heliantht, C. populifolii, C. populicola, M. san-
bornt Gill., Myzus persicae, Sulz., Rhopholosiphum pastinacae,
Aphis heraclet Koch, M. cynosbati. Outdoors they were
found with P. fraxinifolu. n 1910 and 1911 this species
seemed especially abundant. In the spring of 1910 the box-
elders were extremely lousy but by June 26, it was extremely
difficult to find any C. negundinis excepting the dimorphic
form which the ladybeetles seemed unable to eat. This species
of beetles, together with Syrphus larvae, seemed to be chiefly
responsible for the destruction of the lice. Again this spring,
1911, they seem to be the chief factors in cleaning up the box-
elder lice which were almost killing some trees.

These beetles seemed to have a more delicate constitution
than the other species reared and had to be tended with more
care, and even with the best care, hardly 25 percent could be
matured, and often less in the pure strains. The hybrids were

‘much more vigorous, and of them it was often possible to rear

50 percent to maturity. These beetles were susceptible to all
of the injurious influences which have been named, and besides,
they seemed to object to what might have been an odor left
by a certain species of ants, as the cottonwood C. populzfolit,
which is abundantly attended by ants, was rejected at times
and accepted at others with no other apparent reason.
On the occasion of rejection they would turn cannibal and almost
the entire cage of larvae would be lost in one day, as though
they had been left without any feed at all. It seems, however,
that in spite of their seemingly rather frail constitution, they
hold their own in nature pretty well, as during 1909 and 1910
and the spring, at least, of this year (1911) they ranked high
in comparative numbers out of doors and doubtless have been
very beneficial.

232 Annals Entomological Society of America __[Vol. VII,

Olla abdominalis Say.

This species is sometimes found, though it is rather rare.
One larva was found on a boxelder tree with C. negundims June
25, 1909, and was reared to maturity. It was taken when
nearly full grown.

Larva: Fig. 25, Plate XX XIII.

General color black, except medio-anterior portion of the head
which was pale yellow to dusky; anterior portion of pronotum and
median spot on posterior margin pale; median spots of pale yellow on
meso-and meta-thorax; dorso-lateral yellow spots on first abdominal
segment, and dorsal and dorso-lateral on 4th abdominal segment;
lateral tubercles pale or partly so. Median pale spot on median post-
erior margin of each segment becoming larger toward caudal end of
abdomen and giving the appearance of a pale median longitudinal line
the entire length of the abdomen. Legs black.

This larva resembled the Adalia larvee very much but grew to be
somewhat larger than they did. Length of full grown larva 10 mm.
Pupa: Fig. 26, Plate XX XIII.

Ground color whitish tinged with yellowish and brownish in places.
Markings asin Adalia. Length 5 mm.

Adult: Fig. 24, Plate XX XIII.

Head white except two black spots on the posterior margin; pro-
notum with (M) design as in Adalia, but with the white more extensive
so that the pale spots often run together in places; elytra pale maize
yellow, each with a row of four basal spots, a row of three just before
the middle, the inner one crescent-shaped, also one subapical near the
lateral margin. Sometimes this apical spot and the middle row are all
connected into a triangular black patch. Legs brownish yellow.
Length 4-6.5 mm.; width 4-5 mm. No work has been done with this
beetle further than the rearing of the one larva found. This larva was
found with C. negundinis on boxelder.

Coccinella sanguinea Linn.

This seems to be the species designated by Casey as Cycloneda
rubripennis Casey, and by C. W. Leng as Subgenus Cycloneda
sanguinea var. rubripennis Casey.

This species is comparatively if not indeed quite rare about
Fort Collins, Colorado, but seems to occur more plentifully in
the vaca of Boulder, Colorado.

Adult: Fig. 27, Plate XX XIII.
sae ad fae with broad white border next each eye, often also
ian pale spot and in many cases entire front of head white; prono-
tum bl lack wi ith rather narrow pale border along sides and extending
posteri sake ind internally along the base to about lateral sixth, apical
pale line quite narrow with median acute line often rudimentary, also
isolated sublateral pale spot which is sometimes narrowly connected to

1914] Life History of Lady Beetles. 233

the pale apical margin; elytra deep and bright scarlet with transverse
pale spot on each side of scutellum; legs black to brownish, tarsi brown-
ish; general shape broadly oval and rather strongly convex. Length
4.5 to 5.5 mm.; width 3.5 to 4.75 mm.
Egg: Fig. 28, Plate XXXIII. ~

Pale amber yellow; length 1.86 to 1.5 mm.; width .63 to .7 mm.

Larva: Fig. 30, Plate XX XIII.

First instar: Black or dusky with pale lateral spot on first abdom-
inal segment, setaceous spots black as in other species. Second instar:
Same as first except that fourth abdominal segment shows pale lateral
and dorsal spots, and sometimes lateral pale spot appears on fifth and
sixth segments, median of meso- and meta-thorax whitish to yellow.
Third instar: Same as previous except that yellow spots on fifth and
sixth segments and on median of thoracic segments are always pro-
nounced and anterior margin of pronotum is also pale, median of
abdominal segments whitish, giving effect of light median stripe;
median and anterior portion of head brownish, while lateral and posterior
portion is deep black; legs, especially front pair unusually long. Fourth
instar: Same as preceding except that the spots are more yellow and
latéral margins of all thoracic segments are pale whitish or yellowish;
legs still longer than those of the other species studied; general color
dark bluish. This larva strongly resembles the larva of Olla abdom-
inalis.

Pupa: Fig. 29, Plate X XXIII.

Ground color pale maize yellow, darker in spots, especially in the
depressions between the abdominal segments, a broad band along
anterior and lateral margins and a round spot within lateral margin on
each side of pronotum. Wing pads dark maize to honey yellow or
sometimes quite brownish with posterior margins always brown; black
markings as follows: Pronotum with a pair of black spots on anterior
and another on posterior margin, also an anterio-lateral pair less pro-
nounced, a pair of median spots on meso- and meta-thorax and on
abdominal segments two to six inclusive, third segment with three
pairs of spots; legs brownish honey yellow. Length 5 mm.

Life cycle records were made as follows:
Egg stage (7 records) 3-5 days, mostly 4 days.
Larva stage (7 records) 9-16 days, mostly 11 days.
Pupa stage (7 records) 3-5 days, mostly 4 or 5 days.
Egg to adult, 15 to 20 days.

This species has been observed by Mr. Bragg feeding on
Mac. solidaginis, and in the breeding cages it did well on Aphis
heraclei Koch., Rhop. pastinaceae, Mac. gaurae, Mel. smithiae,
Aphis setariae, Aphis oxybaphi, and Aphis heliantht.

Some larvae of Scymnus species, determined by Major
Casey as probably a new species somewhere in the vicinity of
cockerelli Casey and consobrinus Lec., were reared but no life

history notes were taken.

234 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

Adult: Fig. 31,Plate XX XIII.

Head black, yellowish red between the eyes; pronotum black with
lateral thirds yellowish red; elytra black; legs brownish red; entire
beetle covered with hairs; length 2.5 mm.; width 1.7 mm.

Egg:
Same color and shape as foregoing species but much smaller.

Larva: Fig. 32, Plate XX XIII.
Pale brownish throughout, but covered with six large tufts of waxy
secretion on each segment so as to render the larva quite conspicuous.
In the pupa the larval skin is not pushed down as tightly as in the
other Coccinellids studied, so that it gives the pupa a white cottony
appearance and doubtless affords it considerable protection.

This species has often been found doing valuable service in
keeping A. setariae in check on the plum. Professor Gillette
has often found it abundant with Schiz. lanigera on the apple.

GENERAL SUMMARY.

In general appearance and color pattern these species of
ladybeetles resembled each other most in the larval and pupal
stages. Coccinella 5-notata, 9-notata, and monticola resemble
each other so much as to form one group. They of course had
some characteristic differences but they often intergraded and
merged together so as to be indistinguishable until they matured.

H. convergens, together with H. parenthesis and H. sinuata
seemed pretty distinct in these stages but an occasional indi-
vidual was found which seemed to show no distinguishing
character. The Adalia beetles, O. abdominalis, and C. sanguinea
seemed to form another group in color pattern of the larva and
pupa. The forms of the Adalia seemed to be exactly identical
in these early stages. Scymnus, of course, with its covering
of waxy secretion, was entirely different. |

In life cycle periods from egg to adult, all the species thus
studied, H. convergens, C. 5-notata, 9-notata, monticola and the
genus Adalia seemed practically alike. From egg to adult
in HH. convergens took, as a rule, 21 days; in C. 5-notata, 20
days; in C. monticola, 23 days; in 9-notata, 20-23 days;
Adalia, 21-23 days. The age to which the adults lived seemed
practically the same, two to three and perhaps four months for
the summer generations. In C. monticola, however, it seemed
that the first generation commonly hibernate so that these
beetles would live to a greater age than even the hibernating -
beetles of the other species in which only the beetles emerging

1914] . Life History of Lady Beetles. 235

later in the season hibernated. There did not seem to be any
certain fixed generation to hibernate in any of the species but
there was no evidence of any females that had laid eggs before
winter hibernating and laying again the next spring, and none
' ever hibernated in other than the adult state.

Of all the species studied, C. monticola was the only one
where there was any difficulty in breeding males in captivity;
in all other species about half of the beetles reared were males,
but here there was no evidence of any, and only females cap-
tured already fertilized, laid eggs which would hatch. Many
of these captured laid infertile eggs or none at all, and none reared
in captivity ever laid a fertile egg and most did not lay at all.
For three years, no undoubted instance of the finding of a male
occurred either biologically by myself, or by Mr. Bragg, who
used dissection on-captured specimens and had no difficulty
finding males in any of the other species. Finally, however,
two batches of eggs were reared with special care, one lot
producing sixteen beetles from eighteen larvae hatched, and
the second producing twelve beetles from twenty-three larvae
hatched. The first lot proved, on dissection, to consist of seven
males and nine females. The: second lot consisted of nine
males and three females. Why none have been observed
mated, either in captivity or out of doors, and why Mr. Bragg
found so much difficulty in capturing males, still remains
unknown.

The egg laying periods seemed to be approximately the
same for all these species where records were taken, both for
the length of time for the individual, and for the laying season.
A female would often lay before being fertilized but not as well
as after. A female of Adalia would not seem to be able to lay
fertile eggs for more than about three weeks after being isolated
from a male. In C. monticola, on the other hand, if a female
was once fertilized, it sufficed for the season. In Adalia, when a
female was changed from one male to another, the later male
would take precedence over the former one, almost immedi-
ately, so that the eggs laid two or three days after and later would
develop the characters of the later male in every case.

In the individual egg records, C. 9-notata ranked first, the
four highest records being from 435 to 1047; C. 5-notata next,
with 368 to 539: then HH. convergens with 199 to 312, these
numbers representing the four highest records of each species

236 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

respectively. Owing to the difficulty in getting these beetles
to lay their full number of eggs in captivity, many of the num-
bers here may fall far short of what the beetles are able to do,
and the differences between the species may have been more or
less accidental, though C. 9-notata seemed very decidedly to be
the most prolific.

Considering the feeding capacity of the larvae and adults
of these species, there seemed little difference between them.
A larva of H. convergens was able to eat 100 C. negundints in a
single day, and the highest entire record was 576 aphids of
different kinds: A larva of C. 5-notata could eat 100 C.
negundinis in a day and the highest entire record was 620
aphids. A larva of C. monticola ate 144 to 190 A. cornifoli in
a single day, and the highest entire record was 962 aphids.
An adult of H. conver.ens ate 120 A. setariae in a single day,
and one of C. 5-notata, 200 A. helianthi.

Both in the per day, and the entire record of the larva, C.
monticola leads, and C. 5-notata ranks second. These species
are on the whole practically alike in feeding habits and what dif-
ferences there seem to be may be partly accidental as counts
were taken on only four larvae of H. convergens, only two of
C. 5-notata, and five of C. monticola, and only two counts of
C. monticola exceeded the other species, the other three being
no higher than in the others. The amount eaten per day
varied greatly with the larvae according to the weather and the
size of the larva, and in the adult it varied with weather and
egg laying.

In range of feed H. convergens, C. 5-notata, C. monticola and
C. 9-notata seemed practically alike and seemed to comprise
everything in the way of aphids except aphid eggs, though
the smaller species seemed to be preferred in the breeding cage.
Out of doors they all seemed to feed on the large species as well
as the smaller ones. For these four species of ladybeetles the
following plant lice were used as feed: A. cerasifoli1, A.
gossypit, A. oenotherae, A. carbocolor, A. taraxict, A. torticauda,
A. oxybaphi, A. helianthi, A. setariae, A. medicaginis, A. brass-
ice, H. arundinis, Lachnus sp., C. negundinis, C. populidola,
C. populifolit, M. gaure, M. cynosbati, M. pisi, Myzus cerast,
Macrosiphum ambrosie, M. rudbeckie, Prociphilus fraxinifolit,
Phorodon humuli, S. lanigera, Melanoxantherium bicolor and
M. smithie.

1914] Life History of Lady Beetles. 235

There was no evidence of any of these species feeding on
vegetable matter, though they often chew and suck about on the
leaves when very hungry and one newly emerged Adalia
beetle seems to have chewed up a portion of a half dried boxelder
leaf.

The Adalia beetles had to be fed on only the smaller species
of plant lice in the breeding cages, though out of doors they were
found by Mr. Bragg to be quite abundant with P. fraxinifolit.
Early in the spring, 1910 and 1911, they were very abundant
with C. negundinis and together with the Syrphus larve they
cleaned these lice off the boxelder trees, though they had been
very badly infested. The species used successfully in the lab-
oratory were C. negundinis, M. sanborni, Myzus persica, A.
setari@, A. helianthi, R. pastinace, and Macrosiphum cynosbati.

The injurious influences affecting these species were cool
damp weather, which C. monticola seemed to stand better than
the other species, very large lice that would extrude large
quantities of glue from their cornicles, a fungous disease re-
sulting from too much dampness in the cage or perhaps from the
decaying bodies of half eaten lice, and frequently beetles were
destroyed by a hymenopterous parasite known as Pertlitus
americanus. Ants, also, seemed to be hostile, in one instance
killing a larva and in another, an adult, this even in the breeding
cage where the ants felt strange and were frightened. Much
loss was’ occasioned by cannibalism, eggs, larve, pupe, and
even newly emerged adult beetles, while still soft, being eaten
by hungry brothers either larve or adults.

As to members in nature, the different species seem to rank
differently in different years. From casual local observations,
in 1907 and 1908, H. convergens ranked first, C. 5-notata second,
C. monticola third, C. 9-notata fourth, and O. abdominalis and
Adalia quite rare. In 1909, C. monticola was first, Adalia
annectans second, H. convergens, C. 5-notata, and C. 9-notata
not very abundant, and O. abdominalis only occasional.

238

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

OND oye O99

Annals Entomological Society of America | [Vol. VII,

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES.

PLATE XXXII.

Adult of Hippodamia convergens Guer. |
Eggs of Hippodamia convergens Guer.
Larva of Hippodamia convergens Guer.
Pupa of Hippodamia convergens Guer.
Adult of Hippodamia sinuata Muls.
Pupa of Hippodamia sinuata Muls.
Larva of Hippodamia sinuata Muls.
Eggs of Hippodamia sinuata Muls.
Adult of Hippodamza parenthesis Say.
Eggs of Hippodamia parenthesis Say.
Larva of Hippodamia parenthesis Say.
Adult of Coccinella 5-notata Kirby.
Eggs of Coccinella 5-notata Kirby.
Larva of Coccinella 5-notata Kirby.
Pupa of Coccinella 5-notata Kirby.

All drawings magnified five diameters.

PLATE XX XIII

Adult of Coccinella monticola Muls.

Eggs of Coccinella monticola Muls.

Larva of Coccinella monticola Muls.

Pupa of Coccinella monticola Muls.

Adult of Coccinella 9-notata Hbst.

Eggs of Coccinella 9-notata Hbst.

Larva of Coccinella 9-notata Hbst.

Pupa cf Coccinella 9-notata Hbst.

Adult of Olla abdominalis Say.

Larva of Olla abdominalis Say.

Pupa of Olla abdominalis Say. :

Adult of Coccinella (Cycloneda) sanguinea Linn.
Eggs of Coccinella (Cycloneda) sanguinea Linn.
Pupa of Coccinella (Cycloneda) sanguinea Linn.
Larva of Coccinella (Cycloneda) sanguinea Linn.
Adult of Scymnus sp. magnified 8 diameters.
Larva of Scymnus sp.

All drawings except Fig. 31 are magnified five diameters.

ANNALS HE. S. 4

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ANNALS E. S. A VOL. VII, PLATE XXXIII

Mirtam A, Palmer

ON A COLLECTION OF CRANE-FLIES (TIPULIDAE
DIPTERA) FROM THE FIJI ISLANDS.

By CHARLES PAuL ALEXANDER, Ithaca, N. Y.*

The following crane-flies were included in material sent to
Mr. Harry H. Knight by Dr. James F. Illingworth. The only
published reference to the Tipulid fauna of these islands is
included in Skuses Diptera of Australia (vol. IV, 2nd series,
1889) and his records are mentioned herewith. I am indebted
to Dr. Illingworth and Mr. Knight for this material. The
types are in the collection of the author.

Family Tipulidae. Subfamily Limnobinae. Tribe Limnobini.

Dicranomyia saltens Doleschall.

1857 Limnobia saltens Doleschall; Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind., vol. 14,
p. 390, pl. 2, fig. 3.

Two, a male and a female, from Nadi on July 27. This
seems to be the most easterly station so far made known for
this species; it has been recorded from southern India, Java,
the Philippine Islands, etc.

Dicranomyia illingworthi, sp. n.

Wings hyaline with sparse brown markings; Se short ending just
beyond the origin of Rs.

Male, length, 4.6 --5 mm.; wing, 5.2 --6.8 mm.

Male: Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne dark brown, the
flagellar segments globular in shape. Head dark brown.

Thorax rather uniformly dark brown, stripes on the praescutum not
well-defined, lobes of the scutum a little darker. Pleurze uniform brown.
Halteres pale, stem moderate in length. Legs, coxe light brown,
trochanters brown. Wings hyaline, veins brown; a small rounded
brown stigmal spot; pale seams at Scz, base of Rs and on the cross-veins
and deflections of veins along the cord and outer end of cell Ist Ma.
Venation: (See fig. 1.) Sc short, ending just beyond the origin of Rs.
Basal deflection of Cu, before the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites slightly darkened, the sternites pale, the abdo-
men rather transparent. Hypopygium with the pleurites short, cylin-
drical; dorsal appendage chitinized short, slightly curved and acute at
apex; ventral appendage large, pale, almost white, with the outline
rounded, the inner lobe produced mesad into a cylindrical, feebly
chitinized, point that bears two bristles which are directed caudad.
(See fig. 7.)

*Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University.

239

240 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

Holotype, &, Nadi, Fiji Is., 7-28, 13. Paratypes, 4 o's,
with the type.

Libnotes strigivena Walker.
Limnobia strigivena Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., V, 229, 1861.

This species is recorded by Skuse (Diptera of Australia,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, IV, series 2nd, 787, 1889).

Tribe Antochini.

Teucholabis fijiensis, sp. n.

Head dark; thorax with three brown stripes, pleurze spotted with
brown; wings yellowish with brown spots.

Male, length, 7 mm.; wing, 7.4 mm.

Male: Rostrum brown, palpi dark brown. Antenne with the
basal segments of the flagellum rounded, brown. Eyes large, contigu-
ous on the vertex; head dark greyish black.

Pronotal scutum dull yellow, brown medially above; a brown spot
on the lateral end. Mesonotal praescutum light yellow with three
stripes of which the median one is longest and broadest, extending from
the cephalic margin to the transverse suture. The lateral stripes are
short and narrow, behind, crossing the transverse suture and ending on
the anterior border of the scutal lobes; the lateral margin of the sclerite
is suffused with dark brown. Scutum and scutellum brown except the
median portion of the former which is pale. Postnotum dark brown.
Pleurz dull yellow, the episternites of the pro- and mesothoraces brown.
Halteres pale. Legs, coxe, fere and middle, brown, hinder pair paler;
trochanters pale yellow; femora yellowish brown with a broad brown
subapical ring; tibiz and tarsi brown. Wings yellowish, stigmal spot
large, prominent, a small seam on Scg; seams at the base of Rs, along
the cord and on the outer end of cell Ist Mz. Venation: (See fig. 2.)
cross-vein r at the tip of the long R; and so placed slightly beyond the
middle of Roi.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the caudal margin a little more
yellowish; the basal two or three sternites yellowish, the others more
brown. Hypopygium with the ninth tergite having the caudal margin
rounded and very feebly notched medially. Pleure short, clothed
with sparse long hairs. Dorsal appendage of the pleurite jointed at the
base, pale, clothed with numerous long hairs at the base, at the tip
slightly bifid underneath. The ventral appendage is a long elongation
of the pleura, not jointed at its base, darker and more chitinized;
toward the tip it is constricted, the actual apex expanded and bearing
a few small hairs. (See fig. 8).

Holotype, #, Nadi, Fiji Is., 7-28,’13.

1914] Tipulidae from Fiji Islands. 241

Tribe Eriopterini.
Gonomyia (Leiponeura) fijiensis, sp. n.

Thorax brown, lateral margin of the praescutum yellow; wings with
the costal margin yellow, the membrane light brown and hyaline diver-
sified, stigma lacking.

Male, length, 4.9 mm. Female, length, 4.8-5.1 mm.; wing, 4.3-
4.4 mm.

Male: Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne light sulphur
yellow, the flagellar segments a little paler. The head bright sulphur

yellow with three pale brown marks, a median one on the frontal tubercle
and others on the sides of the vertex.

Pronotum light yellow. Mesonotal praescutum dark clove-brown
- the lateral margin between the pseudcsuture and the transverse suture
yellow, scutum, scutellum amd postnotum dark brown. Pleurz light
yellow, a broad brown lateral stripe, deepest ventraliy fading into the
yellow of the dorsal pleurites above, extending from the ventral surface
of the cervical sclerites through the halteres to the posterior portion of
the mesonotal postnotum; the area between this stripe and the praescu-
tum is light yellow suffused with brown near this stripe; sternites dark
brown. Halteres light sulphur-yellow. Legs, fore coxe light sulphur-
yellow except the extreme tip which is dark brown; trochariters light
brown; remaining coxe dark brown on the basal half, paler brown
apically and on the trochanters; remainder of the legs broken off and
confused in the vials with the legs of several other species, but they are
probably uniform dark brown. Wings with the costa and the subcosta
conspicuously bright sulphur-yellow, remaining veins brown; wing
suffused with brown and variegated in places with hyaline, as in cell Ri
which completely lacks a stigma, in cell R, lst My and elsewhere. Vena-
tion as in figure 3.

Abdominal tergites brown, broadly edged with yellow on the. caudo-
lateral margins, the brown always continuing to the caudal margin as a
narrow median line except in the Sth tergite where the lateral and
caudal margin is broadly yellow all around; sternites brown, very nar-
rowly edged with paler on the caudal margin; pleurites broadly and
conspicuously yellowish. Hypopygium with the 9th tergite short, broadly
coneave, yellow. Pleurites rather short, cylindrical, yellow, clothed
with long pale hairs, bearing at the tip two appendages; the dorsal
appendage is entirely fleshy with two arms, the one directed caudad, the
other cephalad, the caudal arm densely clothed with abundant pale
hairs, the cephalic arm with a chitinized bristle at the tip and about four
smaller bristles on either side, subequal in length and evenly spaced.
The ventral appendage is a long simple curved hook, very strongly
chitinized. The 9th sternite is very high, convex and bears at its tip
two strongly chitinized forked appendages that are directed caudad, the
outer fork being cylindrical, acute, the inner fork flattened, twisted and
directed entad. The penis-guard viewed from above (fig. 9) is narrow
at the base, broadening toward the tip, the lateral edges chitinized and

242 Annals Entomological Society of America _[Vol. VII,

passing into two sharp chitinized points; viewed from the side (fig. 10)
these sharp tips are direeted strongly ventrad and viewed from beneath
(fig. 12) they are seen to be decussate. Gonapophyses short, directed
dorsad at the tip which is blunt and truncated.

Female: Similar to the male but the head of one specimen is
entirely dark, the dorsal brown stripe on the pleurz clearer and narrower
not grading insensibly into the yellow of the dorsal pleurites.

Holotype, o, Nadi, Fiji Is., 7-28, ’13. Allotype, 9, and
paratype, 9, with the type. ;
Gonomyia (Gonomyia) varipes, sp. n.

Head yellow with a brown vertical spot; thoracic dorsum brown;
legs banded brown and white; wings with the costal margin conspicu-
ously bright yellow.

Female, length, 4.6 mm.; wing, 3.6 mm.

Female: Rostrum and palpi brown. Antennz with the two basal
segments light yellow above, brown on the under surface; the two or
three basal flagellar segments are yellowish, the remainder brown.
Head light yellow, a narrow transverse brown mark across the front
behind the antennz and a V-shaped brown mark on the vertex with its
point directed cephalad.

Pronotum light brown except the scutellum which is very. light
yellow, a continuation of the dorsal pleural stripe. Mesonotal prae-
scutum very dark clove-brown, uniform; scutum similar except the
median portion and the outer caudal angles of the lobes which are paler;
scutellum brown, the apical two-thirds pale; mesonotum light brown.
Pleurze and sterna brown except a broad yellow line extending from the
wing-root along the dorsal pleurites to the pronotum and a second
broad whitish yellow stripe extending from the fore coxe, above the
middle coxz to underneath the halteres. Halteres uniform light
sulphur yellow. Legs,—fore legs, coxe light yellow at the base, the tip
brown; trochanters brown; femora brown; tibize, extreme’ base and
apical two-fifths brown, the remainder china-white; metatarsus with
the basal half white, remainder of the tarsi brown. One other leg is
loose in the vial and belongs to either the middle or hind legs,—here the
base of the femur is yellowish passing into brown at the tip; the tibiz
all white except the very narrow base and slightly broader apex which
are brown and the metatarsus is white except the tip which is broadly
brown; remaining tarsal segments brown. Wings, costa very con-
spicuously pale sulphur-yellow, remaining veins brown; wing-mem-
brane with a light brown suffusion; cell Ri paler and containing the
oval brown stigma. Venation as shown in figure 4.

Abdominal tergites and sternites dark brown, the pleural region
paler.

Holotype, 2, Nadi, Fiji Is., 7-28, 713.

vi

1914] Tipulidae from Fiji Islands. 243

Erioptera (Erioptera) oceanica, sp. n.

Halteres dark at tip; wings light brown; male hypopygium with the
pleura bearing a chitinized knob at tip.

Male, length, 6.3 mm.; wing, 5.4 mm.

Male: Rostrum and palpi brownish yellow. Antenne rather
long, the flagellar segments rather elongate-oval; if bent backward the
organ would extend beyond the wing-base; scape brown, the flagellar
segments a little paler. Head dark brown and sparsely hairy.

Pronotum brown, clothed with brown hairs. Mesonotal praescu-
tum light brownish yellow without apparent stripes but with a row of
hairs on either side of the middle line; scutum, scutellum amd postno-
tum brownish yellow, the latter with a narrow brown median line.
Pleurz light brownish yellow. Halteres rather long, pale, the knob
dark. Legs pale yellow with the two apical tarsal segments brown.
Wings with a pale brown tinge, the costal region a little more yellowish;
veins brown. Venation as in figure 5.

Abdomen long and slender, pale yellow, the seventh sternite brown.
Hypopygium with the pleurites very long and slender, densely clothed
with long yellow hairs; at the tip of the pleurite are two appendages,
the one a dorsal chitinized appendage, slender at the base, swollen at the
tip and slightly roughened apically, and a ventral, flattened fleshy lobe
that is rather truncate at the tip. (See fig. 13).

Holotype, o&, Nadi, Eiji Is., 7-28, '13. Paratype, ¢#, with
the type.

Mongoma fijiensis, sp. n.

Trentepohlii group; wings subhyaline, indistinctly if at all marked;
legs without white bands.

Male, length, 6.8 mm.; wing, 5.5-5.6 mm.

Female, length, 8-8.6 mm.; wing, 6.4-6.6 mm.

Male and female: Rostrum and palpi yellowish. Antenne with
the basal segments pale yellow, the flagellar segments brownish. Head
' dark brown. Neck elongate, brown dorsally, yellow beneath. Meso-
notal praescutum light yellow with three elongate brown stripes, the
median one broadest in front, narrowed behind and ending at the trans-
verse suture; the lateral stripes are narrower, beginning just back of the
pseudosutural fovezee and continue back to the scutum where they
suffuse the lobes. Scutum yellow, except the central portions of the
lobes which are brown; scutellum and postnotum dark brown except a
marrow margin of yellowish. Pleure light yellow, the sterna a little
suffused with brown. MHalteres rather short, pale yellow. Legs, cox
and trochanters pale yellow, femora, tibize and the first tarsal segment
brown, the remainder of the legs broken off. Wings with a pale yellow
suffusion; veins light brown; stigma rather pale; indications of slightly
darker seams along the cord. Venation: (See figure 6). Fusion of
Ist A and Cur slight.

Abdominal tergites dark brown medially, this mark in the shape of
a long triangle with its point directed cephalad; sternites pale yellow.

244 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

Holotype, &, Nadi, Fiji Is., 7-28, 713.
Allotype, 9, and paratype, 9, with the type.

Mongoma, sp.

A species belonging to the fragillima and australasiae group
in the Macleay collection mentioned by Skuse (Dipt. Aust.,
vol. 4, series second; Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., Sept. 25, 1889;
p. 832, 833.)

Conosia irrorata, Wiedemann.

Sixteen females taken at a lamp at Nadi, Fiji Islands, July 28, 1918.
This series shows a great difference in size in the different individuals.
It was previously recorded from these islands by Skuse who noted a
specimen in the Macleay collection. (l. c., p. 837, 838). The reason
that this entire series consisted of females is undoubtedly due to the
nocturnal oviposition in this species. Series of photophilous craneflies
always show a preponderance of the female sex and many of these are
gravid specimens ready to deposit their eggs, the others having laid the
clutch earlier in the evening. When males occur at lamps or in trap-
lanterns it is probable that copulation takes place in the twilight or
early evening.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE XXXIV.

Fig. 1. Wing of Dicranomia illingwortht, sp n.

Fig. 2. Wing of Teucholabis fijiensis, sp. n.

Fig. 3. Wing of Gonomyia (Leiponeura) fijiensis, sp. n.
Fig. 4. Wing of Gonomyia (Gonomyia) varipes, sp. n.
Fig. 5. Wing of Erioptera (Erioptera) oceanica, sp. n.
Fig. 6. Wing of Mongoma fijiensis, sp. n.

PLATE XXXV.

Fig. 7. Hypopygium of Dicranomyia illingworthi; dorsal aspect of the pleurite.

Fig. 8. Hypopygium of Teucholabis fijiensis; dorsal aspect of the pleurite.

Fig. 9. Hypopygium of Gonomyia (Leiponeura) fijiensis; dorsal aspect. d—dor-
sal appendage; v—ventral appendage; p—penis-guard.

Fig. 10. Hypopygium of Gonomyia (Letponeura) fijvensis; lateral aspect. p—
penis-guard; pl—pleurite; s—9th sternite.

Fig. 11. Hypopygium of Gonomyia (Leiponeura) fijiensis; ventral aspect of the
9th sternite.

Fig. 12. Hypopygium of Gonomyia (Leiponeura) fijiensis; ventral aspect of the
penis-guard.

Fig. 13. Hypopygium of Erioptera (Erioptera) oceanica; pleurite, lateral aspect.
d—dorsal appendage; v—ventral appendage.

LATE XXXIV.

S.A.

)

C. P. Alexander.

ANNALS E. S.A. VoL. VII, PLATE XXXV.

Ge A lexander.

A NEW SPECIES OF CHEILONEURUS WITH A KEY TO
THE DESCRIBED SPECIES FROM THE
UNITED STATES.

By A. B. GAHAN,
(Assistant, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology.)

The new species of Cheiloneurus below described makes the
ninth species to be recorded from the United States. In order
to more easily distinguish this new form from those already
described a key to the species is included.

Superfamily Chalcidoidea.
Family Encyrtide.
Subfamily Encyrtine.

Key to the Described Species of Cheiloneurus from the
United States.

WRLC TIN ULC Sees pesristc hehe fy uns LS 8 oe tay ne a ecy Pee, ape) ryan Pear Stu oe 2

IES Artis alt ete eres an erase tne tea as Bee eal st pov ret ORS Si stiics cae Eee eee 9

2. Wings hyaline; last two funicle joints pale.............. diaspidinarum How.

ORG will Or PUSCUSa oe ye hs ccis oo Ss SORE A te ee ee I Es oe eee 3

Seenicsheruniele:jomt, longer, than ithe pedicel ,.= ii n04-2.¢..02 see eee One 8

Hirst tunicle joint equal tolor shorter than the pedicelay-.+-ssa45- ees eee 4

4. Body wholly pale testaceous, except the middle coxz more or less of the

mesosternum, the pedicel, first funicle joint, fifth and sixth funicle joints

andetherelubvwhichs are brownish oy. 62 6 a2 eee sete ee sweseyt Ashm.

Thorax not wholly testaceous, with a part at least of the mesonotum metal-

Teme OT per DLAC NaS cs nce eRe LG 5 eh Bale ly cat tay cha eR ae Rete Ra ee 5

5. Antennal club nearly as long as the funicle and much enlarged; pedicel as long

asmune two.succeedine’ funiele joimts..-a.-.. 4-2-2 22 oe dactylopu How.

Antennal club much shorter than the funicle and not much enlarged; pedicel

not as long as the two following funicle joints...................-...-..-- 6

6. Funicle joints all white; scrobes shallow and triangular. . .albicornis How.

Funicle joints not white; scrobes deeply impressed and semi- -circular........ 7

7. Scape flattened and somewhat expanded beneath, brown with a whitish

stripe from base to apex; pedicel and first funicle joint nearly equal;antenne
pepncsses; ocelli less than their own width from the eye margin...

3 60a BELO Ho GEE Be ES Ce a ae STOO Ie org Tee lineascapus Gahan.

Scape Senda pale; pedicel distinctly longer than the first funicle joint;

antennz only slightly compressed; ocelli about their own width from the

EVES SUDEP Yea als Pe Bien ek In eS CEE RECE TER Sint Shas RSE cushmant Crawford

8. Whole funicle as well as the club strengly compressed, all funicle joints except

Hhertiesb cistinerly, wider than long.....°.22..90---.--< amplicornis n. sp.

First and second funicle joints subcylindrical, following joints and club not

as strongly compressed; all funicle joints except the last distinctly longer

: (nO (WG Sy op entire Geib te Gere RIO Iae OO ere Tera oF cupreicollis Ashm.

ORES CULC MUTI ETUS bm LEG ayom 1. hci) cicieyaide 6 ole, ayn ate nisin 9) dot eee dubius How.

CMEC MI CTIMMEED LVCIENA Gatien ed cpcesste nein, alta cic stlie is eyes apdha\e «sent eal Soe ee ae 10

10. Marginal vein very short, scarcely longer than thick......... dactylopir How.

Marginal vein much longer, three or four times as long as thick............ 11

11. Forewing with a distinct clouded area below the marginal vein; scape not

appreciablys expanded. beneath. «22, enc... emer cushmani Crawford

Forewing without a cloud; scape distinctly though not greatly expanded

EMSA ime REE Me Nove ccs) Vice sie alive crake Si aiph eiorese eens Woe lineascapus Gahan.

248 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VII,

Cheiloneurus amplicornis new species.

Female—Length 1.5 mm. Head finely closely punctate, from in
front:much lengthened, the transfacial line about half the length of the
facial line, malar space long, scrobes short and very shallow, frons
narrow; ocelli in an acute angled triangle, the lateral ocelli scarcely
separated from the eye-margins; scape slender, pedicel distinctly shorter
than the first funicle joint; all funicle joints strongly compressed, the
first a little longer than its apical width, following joints much wider
than long; club compressed, not quite so long as the funicle and about
equal to the two preceding funicle joints in length; mesoscutum faintly
punctuate and closely covered with short pale pubescence; scutellum
and axillee minutely sculptured and opaque, the latter with a tuft of stiff
bristles before the apex; propodeum polished; abdomen apparently
smooth above. Head reddish testaceous, eyes and antennal flagellum
black; scape testaceous; mesocutum black, more or less metallic; scutel-
lum and axille pale orange-yellow; tegule, pleuree and most of the
abdomen reddish testaceous, propodeum and base of the abdomen
above polished metallic green; anterior wings fuscous, a narrow apical
border and the basal one-third hyaline; middle and anterior legs con-
colorous with the pleurze, posterior legs dark brown, fore tarsi and the
apical joint of the median pair brownish as are the posterior tarsi.

Type locality—Dalhart, Texas.

Type—Cat. No. 18801, U. 5S. National Museum.

Five specimens from the type locality reared by C. N.
Ainslie from a coccid, Eriococcus sp., infesting Bouteloua and
recorded in the Bureau of Entomology under Webster No. 5571.

NOTE ON THE NUMBER OF SPIRACLES IN MATURE
CHALCID LARV#.

By DanieEL G. Tower, M. Sc.,
Lafayette, Ind.

During a recent trip to Washington, D. C., while discussing
the life history of Prospaltella perniciost Tower a chalcid para-
sitic on the San Jose Scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., with
Mr. J. C. Crawford of the National Museum, he called my
attention to a translation of a Russian work published in 1912
entitled, Parasitic and Hyperparasitic Insects, by Iv Chewyreuv,
and in particular to a statement made by the author on page 16,
which is quoted in full: ‘‘In the same paper the author named
gave* (25, 35) a much enlarged drawing of Dibrachys bouch-
eanus Rtzb. This figure shows not a single spiracle, as if the
larva has not got them. While as a matter of fact it does have
them, and under the magnification it was drawn, they must be
quite evident; nothing is said about spiracles in the description’
either. The fact is that the arrangement of spiracles in mature
chalcid larve is very peculiar and as will be shown later, makes
it possible to recognize them at once and to distinguish them
from the larve of allied families. They have nine pairs of
spiracles, two of which are on the meso- and metathorax and
the rest on the first seven abdominal segments; hence, there
are no spiracles on the prothorax and last two abdominal seg-
ments. This is the peculiarity Howard did not bring out in
his drawing which is therefore incorrect.”

The statement made in the above quotation that all mature
chalcid larve have nine pairs of spiracles does not hold true in
the case of Prospaltella perniciosi, for the adult larva of this
chalcid has only eight pairs of spiracles, two pairs of which are
thoracic and six pairs abdominal.

In tracing the tracheal system of this scale parasite through
its two larval forms, one finds the tracheal system to consist in
the first larval stage of two longitudinal main trunks lying near
the surface, one on either side, each bearing ten short, stub-like

*(25, 35) refers in the author’s bibliography to Dr. L. O. Howard’s paper, ‘‘A.
Study on Insect Parasitism’’—U. S. Dept. Agri., Div. Ent. Techn. Ser. No. 5,.
p. 35, 1897.

249

250 Annals Entomological Society of America __[Vol. VII,

branches. During the growth of this form the two longitudinal
main trunks join anteriorly and posteriorly, forming an oval.
Spiracles are not developed during this stage.

In the second larval stage the tracheal system is at first
similar to that of the mature first stage larva, except that it
lies deep within the body of the larva. As this larval form
grows the first, second and fourth to ninth inclusive short
branches of each longitudinal main trunk grow rapidly and
terminally at the surface of the body develop spiracles during
the last stages of this instar. The third and tenth branches
remain short and do not develop spiracles.

The above shows the manner in which the eight pairs of
spiracles originate, thus proving that the statement made by
Iv Chewyreuv does not hold true.

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ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL Society. OF AMERICA,
Biological Building, State Univ., Columbus, Ohio.

7

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

PETRUNKEVITCH, ALEXANDER— Spiders Collected by
Mr. C. William Beebe in Burma and Borneo... -.-

SEVERIN, HENRY H. P., SEVERIN, Harry C., HART-
UNG, WILLIAM J.—The Ravages, Life History,
Weights of Stages, Natural Enemies and Methods
of Control of the Melon Fly (Dacus Cucurbitae
Gad) oie SRG ics nae aE ON ISU | Se RM Se

-PaLMER, MiriAmM A.—Some Notes on the Life History
of Ladybeetles

ALEXANDER, CHARLES PauL—On a Collection of
Crane Flies (Tipulidae Diptera) from the Fiji
TSlamds 793 ee SR BOS ot Sea e

Gauan, A. B.—A New Species of Cheiloneurus with a
Key to the Described Species from the United
SiatGe! be wee sucess yl Se eh

TowEr, DanrEL G.—Note on the Number of Spiracles
in Mature Ohalcid® Larvee#. SoC toe eh

-_s 2 eee wee ew we le e we ewe ee eee we ree

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