Philhtiae Zoological Expedition
1946-1947

NARRATIVE and ITINERARY

HARRY HOOGSTRAAL

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

VOLUME 33, NUMBER 1

Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

APRIL 18, 1951

Philippine Zoological Expedition
1946-1947

NARRATIVE and ITINERARY

HARRY HOOGSTRAAL

Field Associate, Department of Zoology

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

VOLUME 33, NUMBER 1

Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

APRIL 18, 1951

PRINTED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF

The Edward E. Ayer Lecture Foundation Fund

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS

CONTENTS

PAGE

List of Illustrations 5

Introduction 9

List of Collecting Localities 15

Itinerary of Expedition 22

Summary of Specimens Collected 28

Operations on Luzon Island 29

Operations on Mindanao Island 35

Operations in Palawan Province (Palawan Island and Adjacent Groups) ... 68

Index 85

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

1. The Philippine Bureau of Science.

Fig. 1. Drawing of facade of Philippine Bureau of Science building, before

World War II.
Fig, 2. Ruins of Bureau of Science building, 1946.

2. Industrial development in the Davao region, Mindanao Island.

Fig. 1. Dipterocarpus logs.

Fig. 2. Manila hemp drying near Davao.

3. Second-growth timber, Mindanao Island.

Fig. 1. A tarsier in the second-growth coastal scrub at Caburan, Davao.
PMg. 2. Clearing second-growth timber for a Manila hemp plantation.

4. Mount Apo Range and Mount McKinley base camp.

Fig. 1. The Mount Apo Range from the northeast. The main peaks, from
left to right, are Mount Apo, Mount McKinley, and Mount
Washington.

Fig. 2. Insect-sorting bench at Mount McKinley base camp.

5. Mossy forest on east slope of Mount McKinley.

Fig. 1. Mossy stunted forest (elev. 7,200 feet). Photograph by Donald

Heyneman.
Fig. 2. Mossy forest (elev. 6,400 feet).

6. Mount Apo.

Fig. 1. Ground palm and arboreal fern at Mainit camp (elev. 4,300 feet).
Fig. 2. Boulder field below crater (elev. 9,600 feet).

7. Lake Linau.

Fig. 1. View from crater border of Mount Apo. The light area in the

center is grass, that to the left of the lake is a bog.
Fig. 2. Vegetation at border of lake.

TEXT FIGURES

PAGE

1. The Philippine Islands. The islands named on the map are those on

which the Philippine Zoological Expedition of 1946-47 made collections . 8

2. Luzon, showing localities at which the expedition collected 31

3. Southeastern Mindanao, Davao Province, showing localities at which the

expedition collected 37

4. Profiles of Mount Apo Range, southeastern Mindanao 49

6

6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

5. Southwestern Mindanao, Cotabato Province, showing localities reached by

the expedition 63

6. Palawan Province, showing islands and localities reached by the expedi-

tion 69

7. Diagram showing distribution of vegetation in the Puerto Princesa area,

Palawan Island 71

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

ISLANDS MARKED ARE THOSE

ON WHICH PHILIPPINE ZOOLOGICAL

EXPEDITION OPERATED 1946-1947

BUSUANG/y».
TAMALPULAN<.\j\

CULIONV^ Q^Ofjp

Fig. 1. The Philippine Islands. The islands named on the map are those
on which the Philippine Zoological Expedition of 1946-47 made collections.

The Philippine Expedition

INTRODUCTION

The Philippine Zoological Expedition began its field operations
less than a year after the termination of hostilities of World War II
in the Pacific area. The plans had gradually evolved in the course
of war-time correspondence with Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator
of the Department of Zoology, in Chicago Natural History Museum.
Each of us considered that we should avail ourselves of the oppor-
tunity to use some of the surplus stores of United States Army
equipment already in the Pacific and the services of experienced
and enthusiastic naturalist-soldiers who were willing to take their
discharge overseas for the purpose of collecting zoological specimens
of species poorly represented in American museums.

Lieutenant Donald Heyneman, Infantry, Army of the United
States, a pre-war student at Harvard University and an enthusiastic
naturalist and observer, quickly volunteered to join the expedition.
Mr. Floyd Werner, a student of entomology, who had recently been
discharged from the Army, was employed by Chicago Natural
History Museum, and arrived a few weeks after our Mindanao
operations began. He had also been a pre-war Harvard student
and had been employed by the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

The Philippine Islands (fig. 1) were selected as our locale, and an
opportunity for mutual benefit to Chicago Natural History Museum
and the Philippine National Museum presented itself. The Bureau
of Science building in Manila (see pi. 1) and the once important
Philippine Museum collections had been destroyed in the war, and
the Museum personnel was eager to get into the field again. Arrange-
ments were accordingly concluded between Chicago Museum and
the Honorable Jos6 Camus, Undersecretary of Agriculture and
Commerce of the newly established Philippine Republic, whereby
the Philippine Government furnished the services of several expedi-
tion members, whose salaries it paid, and Chicago Museum, besides
furnishing its own personnel, agreed to pay all expenses and to
identify and store all specimens, which were to be divided between
the two institutions, until such time as the Philippine Museum
should again have facilities to care for its collections.

9

10 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing, Director of the Philippine National
Museum, and Dr. Canuto G. Manuel, Curator of the Zoological
Collections, made their museum staff members available for the
field work. Their personnel varied from time to time as individuals
were transferred to other governmental duties or were detained in
Manila. Those who were members of the expedition at one time
or another are as follows: Messrs. Dioscoro S. Rabor, Manuel
Celestino, Arturo Castro, Gregorio Edafio, Godofredo Alcasid,
Herminio R. Rabanal, Pascual Convocar, Prudencio Afionuevo, and
Telesforo Oane. Afionuevo and Oafie were employed first by
Chicago Natural History Museum and later by the Philippine
National Museum.

While we were preparing for the expedition, officials of the
United States Army requested us to continue the exploration of
little-known areas of the Philippines for rare and new species of
mosquitoes that attack man, a project that I had initiated in my
military capacity in the Nineteenth Medical General Laboratory.
The Army provided supplies and travel facilities in return for speci-
mens and such data as we could obtain on the prevalence of insect-
borne disease in the areas visited.

We were aware that travel would have to be limited because of
high costs, so we chose the three most important Philippine type
localities of mammals as our base points and decided to concentrate
our collecting in these areas. The localities selected were (1) Mount
Data in Mountain Province, Luzon; (2) Mount Apo and the sur-
rounding lowlands of Davao Province in Mindanao; and (3) Puerto
Princesa in Palawan. Our side trips were to be made as opportunities
offered themselves and funds allowed. By specializing on mammals,
and collecting as many as possible of other vertebrate and inverte-
brate species, we were able to obtain a satisfactory representation
of the fauna of several parts of the archipelago. As a result of the
cordial relations established between the two museums participating
in the expedition, it is hoped that collections from intervening areas
can gradually be obtained through co-operative efforts.

The Philippine Republic at this time was hardly beginning to
recover from the great losses suffered during World War IL Inter-
island steamship sailings were uncertain and greatly reduced in
number, and the boats were crowded. Most of the few roads in
Mindanao had deteriorated, and few bridges remained. Plane
service to populated places was excellent, however, and accidents
were rare.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 11

While we were able to obtain a considerable amount of our
provisions and supplies from surplus United States Army stores,
we were continually harassed during the first six months we were
in the field by our inability to get deliveries of specialized equipment
ordered from the United States. For several months we collected
birds and mammals with only rat traps and two old shotguns, our
ammunition consisting of skeet loads from Army stores.

The Moro areas of Mindanao were closed to travel at this time
and lawless elements in other areas, as well as unsettled political
conditions, necessitated some caution. However, with a reasonable
amount of care, we were able to operate with few untoward incidents,
and the great friendliness of a large portion of the population of
the Philippines was so genuine that we were willing to overlook
many difficulties.

In all, the expedition remained in the field for about twelve
months. April and May of 1946 were spent in Mountain Province
and in Abra Province, Luzon. Much of July and early August
was spent at dock or at sea en route from Manila to Davao, Min-
danao. The entire party spent three weeks of August, all of Sep-
tember, and part of October on Mount McKinley, where Werner
joined us on August 20. From there we moved to the lowlands of
Tagum Municipality at the north end of Davao Gulf for a few weeks.
Later in October, and continuing into November, we established
camps on Mount Apo, and smaller field parties worked the Davao
and Cotabato lowlands until February, 1947. Lieutenant Heyneman
returned to the United States late in December, 1946, because of
illness. The period from February to mid-May, 1947, was spent
in the islands of Palawan Province. During the last days of May
and the first few days of June, 1947, Werner collected insects at
Las Bailos and Mount Makiling, in Luzon.

A considerable botanical collection was made, at least parts of
which will be reported on elsewhere. Mr. Gregorio Edaiio, a veteran
collector of the Philippine Museum, was largely responsible for these
collections. In the mountains of Davao few of the party could resist
the temptation to bring representatives of the magnificent flora,
especially mosses, ferns, and orchids, back to camp, and Edafio's
work was often confined to the pressing and drying of the specimens.
These collections were left with Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing, Director
of the Philippine Museum, who is distributing them to specialists
for study. Similar sets are to be deposited in the herbaria of the
Philippine Museum and Chicago Natural History Museum.

12 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

Acknowledgement of help and co-operation given the expedition
by many persons is a great pleasure, because of the fine friendships
formed and also because the assistance of many individuals con-
tributed so much to the success of the expedition. In Manila, Dr.
Marcos Tubangui, of the Bureau of Science, and his family, offered
us the hospitality of their home, considerable storage space for
supplies, and much good advice. Colonel D wight M. Kuhns,
Medical Corps, United States Army, Commanding Officer of the
Nineteenth Medical General Laboratory (now known as the Third
Medical General Laboratory) extended many courtesies, as did his
successor, Colonel H. Livesay. Numerous other members of the
Laboratory staff, among them Lieutenant S. A. Edgar, Captain
Calvin Calmon, Major Thomas Moore and Captain Carl Bruck,
gave valuable assistance. In the offices of the newly formed Philip-
pine Republic, the Honorable Jos^ M. Camus, Undersecretary of
Agriculture and Commerce, made the official arrangements for our
work. Our friends. Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing, Director of the
Philippine National Museum, and Dr. C. G. Manuel, Curator of
the Zoological Collections, took an active interest in organizing the
expedition.

In the field, our many hosts were so largely responsible for our
good fortunes that much of the credit is due them. At Davao City,
headquarters for our Mindanao operations. Major Clinton Feeney,
the Enemy Property Custodian, supplied us not only with pleasant
living quarters and good food between trips, but also with valuable
laboratory and storage space. The members of his staff. Lieutenant
William Patton, Captain Thomas Bilbo, Sergeant Walter Thompson,
and Corporal Albert Shipske, were as friendly and co-operative as
Major Feeney. At Puerto Princesa, headquarters of our operations
in Palawan Province, Major Howard T. Wright, Air Corps, Com-
manding Officer of the Palawan Army Air Base, was also cordial
and helpful. He has enriched our collections with numerous speci-
mens obtained by himself and by many members of his command.

At Caburan, Davao Province, Mr. William Joyce, his brothers,
John and Henry, and their families showed us great hospitality,
gave us much information, and materially assisted in collecting
tarsiers and the monkey-eating eagle. At Madaum, Davao Province,
Mr. Richard Bownass and his family extended their hospitality and
gave us the use of valuable facilities at the International Harvester
Company plantations. Mr. Bownass also encouraged his employees
to bring in valuable specimens. At near-by Maco, Mr. Pedro de la

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 13

Pina showed equal hospitality to our group. In Davao City, Mr.
Merle Robie, manager of the Columbian Rope Company, was in-
valuable because of his great store of information on Mindanao,
and because of his assistance with arrangements for shipping speci-
mens. The entire staff of the Philippine Army Military Police
Command at Davao City stood ready to assist us at all times. Mr.
Guino of Davao City generously did a major repair job on the expedi-
tion truck without cost to us. Finally, in Mindanao, the kindly
chief of the Bogobo village of Todaya on Mount Apo, who is known
as Impit Bogobo, earned our gratitude by his hospitality and active
assistance.

While we were in Palawan, we received much assistance from
the Provincial Governor, the Honorable Alfredo Abueg. When the
Philippine Surplus Property Commission took over the Palawan
Army Air Base during our stay. Major Cesar P. Roces and Captain
Delfin C. Cella continued the interest and co-operation of Major
Wright. At Iwahig, Major E. B. Misa, Director of Prisons, and Mr.
Paje, the local Superintendent, allowed us to operate in the Penal
Colony area, an important type locality and collecting area, and
Mr. Barney French, who has great knowledge of Palawan animals,
contributed valuable information and specimens. At Brooke's
Point, we received the hospitality of Mr. William H. Edwards,
without whose sage advice the trip into the Mantalingajan Mountain
Range would hardly have been possible. The assistance of Mr.
Roy Blank on Balabac Island made our short stay there profitable.
On Busuanga Island, we were indebted to Mr. William de Carbonel,
the Joaquin family, and the Sandoval family for hospitality and
assistance.

We are also indebted to the President and the Director of Chicago
Natural History Museum, Mr. Stanley Field and Colonel Clifford C.
Gregg, and to the Chief Curator of Zoology, Mr. Karl P. Schmidt,
for having made the expedition possible, as well as for advice and
encouragement. To the late Boardman Conover, member of the
Board of Trustees and Research Associate in Ornithology, we are
indebted for active interest and for contributions to the financing
of the expedition. Mr. Frank C. Wonder, of the Museum's taxidermy
staff, was indefatigable in obtaining and packing our special equip-
ment, a difficult task in those post-war days.

These notes of indebtedness would hardly be complete without
further mention of the members of the field parties by whose efforts
the collections were obtained. Lieutenant Heyneman spent many

14 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

hours helping with the preHminary plans and arrangements and was
tireless in obtaining and packing supplies. In the field, before his
departure for the United States because of serious illness, he was in
charge of innumerable trying details, and his care and enthusiasm
never failed. Mr. Werner, an excellent insect collector, not only
enhanced the collections with innumerable difficult-to-find inverte-
brates, but often took charge of field trips and collected vertebrates
as well. Mr. Rabor, now Assistant Professor at Silliman University
in Dumaguete, was invaluable because of his knowledge and experi-
ence and his great love for field work. Mr, Celestino, trained by
his father, who made many of the classic PhilippiQe collections,
was a field man of ability and experience and it was a pleasure to
have him with us. Mr. Castro, a newcomer in the field, was assiduous
in the preparation of specimens. The botanical collector, Mr.
Edano, besides making his own collections, often tended camp and
endeared himself by his pleasant company and tales of his thirty
years of collecting experience. Two trainees, Messrs. Anonuevo and
Oane, learned much about the work of an expedition, and did much
preparatory work. Mr. Alcasid, a member for part of the period,
though trained as a conchologist, collected a number of vertebrate
specimens and became proficient at field preparation techniques.
Mr. Convocar, botanical assistant, learned mammal and bird prepara-
tion techniques while on the expedition. On the Luzon trip, Mr.
Rabanal did general collecting.

The photographs that illustrate the present paper were made by
Lieutenant Heyneman or myself. The maps in figures 1-6 are the
work of Miss Margaret Bradbury, Staff Artist, Department of
Zoology. Figure 7 was made by Miss Norma Lockwood, formerly
Staff Artist.

LIST OF COLLECTING LOCALITIES

Localities appearing on expedition labels are listed below, and
the municipality, province, and island (and, where necessary, island
group) of each are indicated. Each locality is noted on a map or
sketch in this paper with the following exceptions:

(1) Localities listed as "near" another locality are close to that
locality and for reasons mentioned below are not spotted on the maps.

(2) Villages on very small islands are indicated here and on the
labels but not on the maps.

(3) Numerous names of places in and contiguous with the
boundaries of Iwahig Penal Colony are not shown on the maps but
they appear on the labels and in this list. The penal colony is in
Puerto Princesa Municipality but is not within the municipal
jurisdiction.

Certain towns that are municipal seats are listed, though they
were not necessarily collecting localities, because other localities
within these municipal areas were worked.

Municipalities always bear the name of the municipal seat.

We have been unable to learn the names of the municipalities
in which our Luzon localities are located.

A Philippine province is equivalent to a state in the United
States and a "municipality" to a county. Reference of Philippine
localities to their proper province and municipality is important
because of the frequent repetition of certain common names.

Davao City (the city proper) is within an incorporated area
that is referred to as Davao City Province. Numerous other
villages, barrios (hamlets) and sitios (named localities) are outside
the city yet within the province. A number of islands and island
groups may be incorporated into a single political province, or there
may be several provinces within a single island.

The large number of names of places quite near one another
may be cumbersome, but we judged it necessary to use them because
of striking dissimilarities between the specimens collected at near-by
points. Unfortunately, we were unable to learn the exact position

16

16 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

of a number of localities for which place names were used by some of
the Filipino members who were sent out on independent side trips.
As a result some localities are listed on labels as "near" others.

Local variations exist in the spelling and pronunciation of many
place names, especially among the different dialects, and in this
list I have used the names appearing on the United States Coast
and Geodetic Survey Maps, as far as available. For names in
Palawan Province, United States Army maps are our authority.
I have made every effort to obtain the correct names for those
localities not appearing on maps. The difficulties that may arise
in obtaining a single name are numerous. Several times we received
from municipal authorities a name that was not in common use
among the local populace. In remote places the authorities some-
times speak a dialect different from that of the local people and may
modify the name to suit their own dialect. Differences between
the name used in official documents and that used by the local
residents are not infrequent; for example, most of the population
of Davao City will tell one that near-by Mount McKinley is Mount
Apo.

Elevations are listed here for specific localities in mountainous
areas, but not for mountain peaks.

Aborabod, Culion Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan

Province.
Aborlan Municipality, Palawan I*rovince, Palawan Island.
Abra Province, Luzon Island.
Agusan, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao Island.
Akbul, near Dadiangas, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao

Island.
Arena Island, Aborlan Municipality, Palawan Province.

Baay, Abra Province, Luzon Island.

Babuyan, Puerto Princesa Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Baclayan Camp (6,500 ft. elev.), east slope of Mount Apo, Davao Province,

Mindanao Island.
Baclayan River (sulfur fumarole) Camp (7,700 ft. elev.), east slope of Moxmt Apo,

Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Bacungan, Puerto Princesa Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Badiang (est. 2,000 ft. elev.), near Tagabuli, Santa Cruz Municipality, Davao

Province, Mindanao Island.
Baguio, Mountain Province, Luzon Island.

Baguio, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Balabac, Balabac Island, Balabac group, Palawan Province.
Balabac Island, Balabac group, Palawan Province.
Balcayo, near Dadiang^as, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao

Island.
Banaag, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 17

Bankarohan, Davao City Province, Mindanao Island.

Baracatan, near Todaya, Mount Apo, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Bataguen, Cuyo Island, Cuyo group, Palawan Province.

Beto, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Bintuan, Busuanga Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan

Province.
Binuan, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Bonobono, Brooke's Point Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Borongotan; see Burungutan.
Brooke's Point (village), Brooke's Point Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan

Island.
Brooke's Point Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Bugad, near Dadiangas, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao

Island.
Bugasan, Bugasan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Bukidnon Province, Mindanao Island.

Bula, near Dadiangas, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Buluan, Buluan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Burungkot, Upi Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Burungutan (also known as Borongotan), Upi Municipality, Cotabato Province,

Mindanao Island.
Busaon, near Madaum, Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Busuanga Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan Province.

Cabudlungan, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Caburan, Caburan Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Caburan Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Cagayan (town), Cagayan Municipality, Misamis Oriental Province, Mindanao

Island.
Cagayan Municipality, Misamis Oriental Province, Mindanao Island.
Calamianes group, Coron Municipality, Palawan Province.
Calian (also known as Kalian), Malita Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao

Island.
Canigaran, Puerto Princesa Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Caiion Island, Puerto Princesa Municipality, Palawan Province.

Capilit Cave, near Upi, Mount Cabalata Municipality, Cotabato Province, Min-
danao Island.

Carmelita, Busuanga Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan

Province.
Casuyan, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Central Cave, Cotabato City, Cotabato Municipality, Cotabato Province, Min-
danao Island.

Centro, Cuyo Island, Cuyo group, Palawan Province.

Conel, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Coron (town), Busuanga Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan

Province.
Coron Municipality, islands of Calamianes group, Palawan Province.
Cotabato (city), Cotabato Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Cotcot (est. 6,500 ft. elev.), Mount Data, Mountain Province, Luzon Island.
Crater Lake Camp (ca. 9,000 ft. elev.), Crater, Mount Apo, Davao Province,

Mindanao Island.

18 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

Culaman, Caburan Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Culion Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan Province.
Culion Leper Colony, Culion Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group,

Palawan Province.
Cuyo (town), Cuyo Island, Cuyo group, Palawan Province.
Cuyo Island, Cuyo group, Palawan Province.

Dadiangas, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Davao City, Davao City Province, Mindanao Island.

Davao City Province (an incorporated area with rank of province), Mindanao

Island.
Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Del Monte, Bukidnon Province, Mindanao Island.
Digos, Santa Cruz Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Dimaniang, Busuanga Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan

Province.

Esperanza, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

General Luna, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Halang, Naic Municipality, Cavite Province, Luzon Island.

Icadambanauan Island, off northeastern Palawan, Palawan Province.
Imulnud, Brooke's Point Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Iwahig and/or (=) Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Kabaksalan, Pikit Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Kabelnekan {ca. 1,400 ft. elev.), Mantalingajan Range, Brooke's Point Munici-
pality, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Kainay, Abra Province, Luzon Island.

Kalian; see Calian.

Kamansi, Mati Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Katagatan {ca. 1,300 ft. elev.), Mantalingajan Range, Brooke's Point Municipality,
Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Kidapawan (town; new site), Kidapawan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Min-
danao Island.

Kidapawan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Kitituan, near Kidapawan (town), Kidapawan Municipality, Cotabato Province,
Mindanao Island.

Klaja, near Conel, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Lacaron, Malita Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Lagao, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Lagaoriao, Cuyo Island, Cuyo group, Palawan Province.
Laguna Province, Luzon Island.

Lakandula, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Lake Linau (7,800 ft. elev.), north slope of Mount Apo, Davao Province, Min-
danao Island.
Lapuan, Malita Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Lapulapu, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Las Baflos, Laguna Province, Luzon Island.
Lawa, Malita Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 19

Libby (Airfield), Davao City Province, Mindanao Island.

Libertad, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Libuganon, Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Licuan, Abra Province, Luzon Island.

Liguasan Marsh, Liguasan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Liguasan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Luangbay Cave; see Sitio Tegato.

Lungsod, Cuyo Island, Cuyo group, Palawan Province.

Maco, Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Madaum, Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Magallanes, near Digos, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Magupo, near Madaum, Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Mahupa, Culion Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan Province.

Mainit, Brooke's Point Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Mainit Camp (4,300 ft. elev.), east slope of Mount Apo, Davao Province, Min-
danao Island.

Makinis, Culion Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan Province.

Malabutuan (also known as Marabutuan), Caburan Municipality, Davao Province,
Mindanao Island.

Malagdas, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Malalag, Santa Cruz Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Malamig, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Malasila, Kidapawan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Malita Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Mallu, near Dadiangas, Buayan Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Mamalod, near Calian, Malita Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Mantalingajan Range, Brooke's Point Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan
Island.

Marabutuan; see Malabutuan.

Masigit Marsh, Pikit Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Massisiat, Abra Province, Luzon Island.

Mati (town), Mati Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Mati Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Matutungan (est. 2,500 ft. elev.), Santa Cruz Municipality, Davao Province,
Mindanao Island.

Mauyon, near Babuyan, Puerto Princesa Municipality, Palawan Province,
Palawan Island.

Mayo, Mati Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Meran Camp (6,000 ft. elev.), east slope of Mount Apo, Davao Province, Min-
danao Island.

Midsayap (town), Midsayap Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Midsayap Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Misamis Oriental Province, Mindanao Island.

Montible, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Mount Apo, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Mount Balabag, Mantalingajan Range, Brooke's Point Municipality, Palawan
Province, Palawan Island.

Mount Batuan, Caburan Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Mount Busaw, Caburan Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Mount Data, Mountain Province, Luzon Island.

20 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

Mount Kapiligan (also called Mount Kapilingan), Mountain Province, Luzon
Island.

Mount Makiling (often spelled Maquiling), Laguna Province, Luzon Island.

Mount McKinley, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Mount Pantod, near Tagabuli, Santa Cruz Municipality, Davao Province, Min-
danao Island.

Mount Tacob, Caburan Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Mountain Province, Luzon Island.

Namalnawan, near Dadiangas, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Min-
danao Island.
Naiigi, Upi Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Neto, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Olimpog, near Dadiangas, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

Paidu-Pulangi, Silik Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Palawan Island, Palawan Province.

Panacan, Aborlan Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Pangawaran, Busuanga Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan

Province.
Parang (town). Parang Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Parang Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Penaplata, Samal Island, Davao Gulf, Samal Municipality, Davao Province.
Pikit (town), Pikit Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Pikit Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Puerto Princesa (town), Puerto Princesa Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan

Island.
Puerto Princesa Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Pulangi River, Pikit and Liguasan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao

Island.

Quinawitnan, Samal Island, Davao Gulf, Samal Municipality, Davao Province.
Ramasamey Island, Puerto Princesa Municipality, Palawan Province.

Sadsapan, near Dadiangas, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao

Island.
Samal Island, in Davao Gulf, Samal Municipality, Davao Province.
San Carlos, Cuyo Island, Cuyo group, Palawan Province.
San Nicolas, near Coron town, Busuanga Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes

group, Palawan Province.
San Pedro, Culion Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan

Province.
Santa Ana, suburb of Davao City, Davao City Province, Mindanao Island.
Santa Cruz Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Santa Teresa, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Santiago, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Sibulan {ca. 1,000 ft. elev.), base of Mount Apo, Davao Province, Mindanao

Island.
Sikatuna, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Silik, Silik Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Silik Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Sinaksakan, near Todaya, Mount Apo, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 21

Sinamay, Busuanga Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan

Province.
Singay and/or Singay Manganese Mines, Busuanga Island, Coron Municipality,

Calamianes group, Palawan Province.
Sitio Taglawig, near Maco, Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao

Island.
Sitio Tegato (Luangbay Cave), Davao City Province, Mindanao Island.
Siuk, Culion Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan Province.
Sorsogon, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Sputon, near Dadiangas, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao

Island.
Sudu, near Meran, Mount Apo, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Tagabuli, Santa Cruz Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Tagbuni, Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.

Taglawig, Sitio; see Sitio Taglawig.

Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.

Talikud Island, Davao Gulf, Samal Municipality, Davao Province.

Tamalpulan Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan Province.

Tanabog, Babuyan area, Puerto Princesa Municipality, Palawan Province,

Palawan Island.
Tanog, near Dadiangas, Buayan Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao

Island.
Tawang Cave at Quinawitnan, Samal Island, Davao Gulf, Samal Municipality,

Davao Province.
Taytay, Malita Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Tegato, Sitio; see Sitio Tegato.

Tigoplan, Brooke's Point Municipality, Palawan Province, Palawan Island.
Tigoplan River, Mantalingajan Range, Brooke's Point Municipality, Palawan

Province, Palawan Island.
Tindog-Bato (est. 2,000 ft. elev.), Santa Cruz Municipality, Mindanao Island.
Tipunan, Mount Data (est. 5,500 ft. elev.). Mountain Province, Luzon Island.
Todaya (2,800 ft. elev.). Mount Apo, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Tuganay, Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island.
Tulawa, Busuanga Island, Coron Municipality, Calamianes group, Palawan

Province.

Ugis-Aya Plantation (beside 3,000 ft. camp). Mount McKinley, Davao Province,

Mindanao Island.
Upi, Upi Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.
Upi Municipality, Cotabato Province, Mindanao Island.

ITINERARY OF EXPEDITION

During the course of the expedition, several parties were in
different places in the field or coming or going from the various base
camps for various p>eriods. For this reason a locality itinerary has
been outlined by provinces, under the name of the island or island
group, in as close calendar order as possible. The island, province,
and municipality of any collecting locality found on the expedition
labels can be ascertained by referring to the list of localities (p. 16).

Names of expedition members participating in each trip are
listed.

LUZON

MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

Personnel: Rabor, Celestino, Castxo, Rabanal, and Alcasid.
Localities: Mount Data, including Cotcot and Tipunan; Mount
Kapiligan; and Baguio.
April 2-May 5, 1946.

ABRA PROVINCE

Personnel: Rabor, Celestino, Castro, Rabanal, and Alcasid.
Localities: Massisiat; Baay; Licuan.
May 10-28, 1946.

LACUNA PROVINCE

Personnel: Werner.

Localities: Las Baiios; Mount Makiling.

May 28-June 5, 1947.

MINDANAO ISLAND

Personnel: Hoogstraal, He3meman, Werner, Celestino, Castro,
Edaiio, Alcasid, Anonuevo, and Convocar.

PROVINCES OF MISAMIS ORIENTAL AND BUKIDNON

Small collections were made in the vicinity of Cagayan, Misamis
Oriental; just above Agusan, Bukidnon; and at Del Monte, between

22

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 23

July 25-30, 1946, while our boat, en route from Manila to Davao
City, lay at anchor at the Cagayan dock,

DAVAO CITY PROVINCE

The Mindanao Island Permanent Base Camp was maintained
at Davao City from August 4, 1946, to February 24, 1947. Collec-
tions were made in Davao City, including the suburbs of Santa
Ana and Bankarohan.

At Sitio Tegato (Luangbay Cave) collections were made by
Hoogstraal, Heyneman, and Celestino on October 22, 1946.

LOWLANDS OF DAVAO PROVINCE

In Tagum Municipality, collections were made in Madaum,
Libuganon, Busaon, and Magupo, by Werner, Alcasid, Castro and
Edano, October 8-20, 1946, and by Castro, October 20-November 3
and November 20-31; at Tuganay, by Castro, November 20; and
at Maco and Sitio Taglawig, by Hoogstraal, Heyneman, Celestino,
and Afionuevo, October 9-19.

In Mati Municipality, including Mati, Mayo, Kamansi, and
Parombon, collections were made by Convocar, December 23, 1946-
January 14, 1947.

In Santa Cruz Municipality, collections were made at Malalag
by Werner and Castro, November 27-29, 1946.

In Malita Municipality, collections were made at Lacaron by
Werner and Castro, February 3-10, 1947, and at Lawa by Celestino
and Oane, December 27-29, 1946.

Collections were made at Calian, including Lapuan and Taytay,
by Celestino and Oane, December 29, 1946- January 30, 1947.

In Caburan Municipality, including Culaman, Caburan, Mala-
butuan. Mount Batuan, Mount Busaw, and Mount Tacob, collec-
tions were made by Hoogstraal, January 8-28, 1947, and by Oane
and Afionuevo, February 12-21, 1947.

HIGHLANDS OF DAVAO PROVINCE

Mount McKinley

Collections were made by the entire party as follows: at 3,300-
foot (base) camp, August 9-October 6, 1946; at 2,800-foot (valley)
camp, August 17-23; at 5,200-foot camp, August 18-September 1
and September 28-October 2; at 6,400-foot camp, September 1-12;
and at 7,200-foot camp, September 9-30.

24 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

Mount Apo

Collections were made by the entire party as follows: at Todaya
Village camp, 2,800 feet, October 17-November 23; at Lake Linau
camp (north slope), 7,800 feet, October 27-November 5; at Meran
camp (east slope), 6,000 feet, November 3-10; at Baclayan camp
(east slope), 6,500 feet, November 9-17; at Baclayan River (sulfur
fumarole) camp (east slope), 7,700 feet, November 12-18; at Crater
camp. Crater Lake, 9,000 feet, November 14-17; and at Mainit
camp (east slope), 4,300 feet, November 17-21.

Highlands of Santa Cruz Municipality

Collections were made by Celestino as follows: at Badiang (est.
2,000 feet), «at Matutungan (est. 2,500 feet), at Mount Pantod
(est. 2,500 feet), and at Tindog-Bato (est. 2,000 feet), December 9-
16, 1946.

COTABATO PROVINCE

Small collections were made at Parang, Parang, on August 2
and 3, 1946, when our boat stopped there en route to Davao City
from Manila.

Northern Cotahaio Province

Werner, Alcasid, Edario, and Aiionuevo left Davao City on
December 1, 1946, arriving at Pikit on December 14, where they
collected in Masigit Marsh. They also collected in Liguasan Marsh
as far south as Buluan, December 18-23, arriving at Cotabato City
on December 24, and at Upi on December 31. They collected at
Upi, Nangi, Burungutan, and Burungkot for several days, leaving
on January 11, 1947.

Southern Cotabato Province (Buxiyan Municipality)

Hoogstraal and Castro left Davao City and arrived in Buayan
on December 5, 1946. They collected at Buayan, Dadiangas, and
Lagao, December 5-9, and at Conel, including Klaja, December 9-
18, 1946.

Castro collected at Conel, Balcayo, Namalnawan, Olimpog,
Sadsapan, and Sputon until December 21, 1946, and at Buayan
and the near-by localities of Akbul, Beto, Bugad, Bula, Calung-
kingad, Mallu, Neto, Sputon, and Tanog from January 7 to 30,
1947.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 25

PALAWAN ISLAND AND ADJACENT ISLANDS

Personnel: Hoogstraal, Werner, Rabor, Celestino, Castro,
Anonuevo, Oane, Edafio.

Major Howard T. Wright and his staff, stationed at Puerto
Princesa, and Mr. Barney French of Iwahig added many specimens
to our collections.

PALAWAN ISLAND (INCLUDING CANON, RAMASAMEY,
ICADAMBANAUAN, AND ARENA ISLANDS)

Puerto Princesa Municipality

The permanent Palawan Province Base Camp was established
on the beach several kilometers west of Puerto Princesa town on
March 8, 1947, and was maintained by various members of the
expedition until May 25.

Collecting stations in Babuyan-Bacungan area: Babuyan,
March 14-22; Mauyon, March 20; Tanabog (elev. 1,400 feet),
March 17; Bacungan, March 23-31. Bats and sea birds were col-
lected on Canon Island, a tiny mangrove sand spit just north of
Puerto Princesa Bay, on April 17. Birds were also collected on near-
by Ramasamey Island on the same day. Collecting personnel were
Werner, Castro, Edaiio, and Oane.

Iwahig Penal Colony

Temporary camps were maintained at Iwahig Penal Colony by
various members of the expedition, and specimens were obtained
from there during the entire length of our stay in Palawan Province.
Other collecting places visited during the course of these activities
were Baguio, Banaag, Binuan, Cabudlungan, Casuyan, Esperanza,
General Luna, Iwahig (Colony headquarters), Lakandula, Lapulapu,
Libertad, Malagdas, Malamig, Montible, Santa Teresa, Santiago,
Sikatuna, Sorsogon, and Tagbuni, all in Iwahig,

Brooke's Point Municipality

Camp was established in the village of Brooke's Point on April 23,
1947, by Werner, Rabor, Celestino, Oaiie, and Edano, and main-
tained there by one or more of these members, when not elsewhere
in this municipality, as noted below, until May 16. On May 14,
Rabor joined the party that touched here en route to Balabac
Island. All collections, except as noted below, are from the im-
mediate vicinity of the village of Brooke's Point.

26 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

On April 27, Werner, Oaiie, and Edaiio departed for Mount
Balabag in the Mantalingajan Range, collecting en route and at
the following points on Mount Balabag: Imulnud (elev, about 150
feet), April 27 and 28; Tigoplan (elev. about 180 feet), April 28-
May 2; Tigoplan River Valley and Mainit (elev. from 500 to 2,000
feet), May 1-3; Kabelnekan (elev. about 1,400 feet). May 2; Kata-
gatan (elev. about 1,300 feet). May 4; south slope of Mount Balabag,
where collecting stations were established between 2,800 and 5,000
feet elevation.

A few specimens were taken near the village of Bonobono by
Hoogstraal and N. Ferrar, an agricultural inspector, on May 16,
while en route from Balabac Island to Puerto Princesa.

Aborlan Municipality {Arena Island)

Werner and Rabor collected a series of rodents and birds on Arena
Island on April 2, while their boat, en route to Brooke's Point, was
at anchor. Hoogstraal and Werner collected insects at Panacan on
May 17.

Icadambanauan Island

Hoogstraal collected invertebrates on April 5, while en route
from the Calamianes to Puerto Princesa.

CALAMIANES ISLAND GROUP
Personnel: Hoogstraal, Rabor, Celestino, and Anonuevo.

Busuanga Island

Collecting stations: Coron, March 23 and 24; San Nicolas,
March 13; Singay Manganese Mines, March 13, 24, and 25; Di-
maniang and the following near-by points: Bintuan, Carmelita,
Pangawaran, Sinamay, Tulawa, March 14-22.

CuLion Island

Arrived at Culion Island Leper Colony Headquarters on March
25. Hoogstraal and Aiionuevo departed for Palawan on April 3,
Rabor and Celestino on April 10. Camp was established on March 25
and broken on April 2 at San Pedro, and the following near-by
points were visited and collections made: Aborabod, Makinis, and
Mahupa. At Siuk, camp was established on April 3 by Rabor and
Celestino, and broken on April 10.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 27

Tamalpulan Island

A single bird and a few invertebrates were collected by Hoog-
straal on April 4, while en route to Puerto Princesa.

BALABAC ISLAND GROUP

Collections were made in the vicinity of Balabac town on Balabac
Island for fourteen hours, May 15, 1947, by Hoogstraal, Rabor,
and Aiionuevo.

CUYO ISLAND GROUP

Collections were made by Castro and Afionuevo in the vicinity of
Cuyo town on Cuyo Island, and in the near-by hamlets of Lagaoriao,
Lungsod, San Carlos, and Bataguen, May 24-30.

SUMMARY OF SPECIMENS COLLECTED BY EXPEDITION

Amphibians

Luzon ^"<i reptiles Birds Mammals

Mountain Province 24 85 450

Abra Province 24 473 29

Mindanao

Lowlands 1054 509 843

2,000-9,690 feet 946 522 356

Palawan and adjacent islands

Lowlands 929 766 998

1,000-5,000 feet 70 7 110

Totals 3047 2362 2786

Amphibians
and reptiles

Caecilians 21

Frogs and toads 1806

Lizards 720

Snakes 348

Turtles 55

Crocodiles 12

Miscellaneous 85

Total 3047

Totals
559
526

2406

1824

2693

187

8195

About four hundred fishes, mostly from fresh water, are not
listed in the summary.

An estimated two hundred thousand insects and other inverte-
brates were collected. When possible, specialized collections for
specific groups were made, but as a general rule the collecting of
vertebrates took precedence. Efforts were made to get as complete
a representation of ectoparasites as possible. Werner collected
several thousand specimens of ptilid beetles.

28

OPERATIONS ON LUZON ISLAND

Mountain Province

The high mountain mass of northern Luzon, lying just north of
the fertile plains of central Luzon, is roughly delimited by the borders
of Mountain Province (see fig. 2). To the biologist, Mountain
Province is a fascinating area because of its unusual number of
remarkable and endemic genera of rodents, and because it presents
the only extensive area of temperate vegetation in the Philippine
Islands.

The typical tree throughout the region is Pinus insularis, found
only here and in a very limited portion of western Mindoro. The
mountain area, apparently of recent origin, was originally a vast
plateau, now much dissected by the extremely heavy rains. Along
the road between Trinidad Valley, just outside of Baguio, and
Mount Data, the area is one of considerable uniformity, charac-
terized by long and often parallel north-south hogbacks and well-
eroded V-shaped valleys that probably never drop below 4,000
feet elevation. Ranges are often connected by saddles.

Extensive logging is carried on throughout the area and the
resulting erosion is considerable. Innumerable patches are cleared
and burned by the Igorots for short term camote gardens. The
fertile Trinidad Valley supplies much of the vegetable produce for
the Manila market, and the near-by gold mines have been in large
part responsible for the great economic wealth of the Philippines.
Malaria, which before the war was restricted to foothill areas of the
Philippines, has apparently become established to at least a limited
degree in Trinidad Valley and certain other localities in Mountain
Province. A few specimens of Anopheles minimus flavirostris, the
chief vector, have been taken in irrigation ditches there since the
war. It is recognized throughout the Philippines that the tremendous
movement of peoples during the war, especially into previously unin-
habited areas, has spread malaria into lowland and highland areas
where it has never before been recorded, and that it is being main-
tained to some extent either by marginal populations of the chief
vector or by vectors of secondary importance.

29

30 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

During the dry season, which lasts from November to late May,
the climate of Baguio is always pleasantly cool, and rains are infre-
quent. During the rainy season, the rains are heavy and incessant.
The record for greatest rainfall in the world for a single day was
made at Baguio. The temperature at Mount Data, about 2,000
feet higher, is some degrees lower and the winds at night make a
warm sleeping bag much appreciated.

In spite of our lack of equipment, the expedition's Mountain
Province operations were hastened, to take advantage of the last
of the dry season, and they were entirely in the hands of the Filipino
staff. Lieutenant Heyneman and I were able to visit the Mount
Data camp for observation for a week and for three days respectively,
and the account of the local flora is a result of our notes. After this
visit to Mount Data, we collected insects for a day or two at Baguio.

MOUNT DATA AND MOUNT KAPILIGAN^

Mount Data, the type locality for Whitehead's astonishing col-
lections of endemic genera of rodents (1893 and 1895), reaches an
altitude of about 8,000 feet, almost the highest point in Mountain
Province. The peak is unique because of its flat plateau (about three
miles long), which supports a well-developed mossy forest. The
outer or western slope extends into the lowlands of Lapanto, and is
apparently the area worked by Whitehead. The inner or eastern
slopes, transected by the highway at some 7,000 feet, end in a
partly cultivated valley at some 5,500 feet, and are the principal
areas worked by our party. The party, headed by Dioscoro S.
Rabor, collected on these slopes from April 2 to May 4, 1946.

The mossy forest on the summit consists largely of oaks {Quercus
spp.) and mountain yews (Taxus wallichiana Zucc), together with
several other hardwoods and tree ferns. The forest is dark and dense,
and most of the trees are dwarfed and shrubby. Ground ferns com-
prise most of the low vegetation. Bushes and small trees are often
heavily entwined by vines and rattan. A heavy growth of moss
covers the trees and the ground, together with a considerable variety
of ferns, liverworts, lichens, epiphytic orchids, and other herbaceous
plants. The soil is rich with wet, woody matter and rotting leaves.

The summit forest ends abruptly at the edge of the plateau,
except along the several steep watercourses, where a ravine forest
somewhat similar to that of the summit persists down to about
5,500 feet. The herbs and shrubs of the ravine forests are consider-

1 From notes of Harry Hoogstraal and Donald Heyneman.

Showing Mountain end Abro Provinces
and Expedition Label Localities, with roads.

PHILIPPINE ZOOLOGICAL EXPEDITION

Fig. 2. Luzon, showing localities at which the expedition collected.

31

32 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

ably more numerous than those of the summit, making the ravines
difficult to penetrate; the moss and epiphytes gradually diminish
as altitude is lost.

The pine forest of the slopes is parklike in aspect, and the grass
cover is thick almost everywhere, though considerably thicker above
the road than below it. Bracken fern and a few composites are
found among the grass. Patches burned for camote plantings are
frequent. Invertebrate collecting was markedly poor here.

The narrow Nabilnagan River Valley at the base of Mount Apo,
about 5,500 feet elevation, is cultivated, with several tiers of rice
paddies reached by irrigation ditches. Some parts of the valley
are swampy. All trees have long since been removed and the non-
cultivated areas are overgrown with grass and Compositae.

Mount Kapiligan (also known as Mount Kapilingan) is just
opposite Mount Data and joined with it by a connecting ridge. It
is apparently less frequented by Igorots than Mount Data, for the
giant rats (Crateromys and Phloemys) persist there, though they have
been exterminated from Mount Data.

In May the party moved to Kilometer 96 on the road, at a
place known locally as Cotcot, and collected here and at Kilometer
100, halfway between their new and old stations. Mr. Rabor tells
us that this area (about 6,500 feet elevation), on the far east side
of Mount Data, is a mixture of pine forest and extensive grasslands
resulting from logging and burning.

Abra Province'

About May 10, 1946, the collecting party, composed of the same
personnel as the Mountain Province party, established camp at the
Rest House at Massisiat, about 45 kilometers from the Abra pro-
vincial capital, Bangued, and about 80 kilometers from the west
coast of Luzon (see fig. 2).

The area collected ranges in elevation from 1,900 to 5,000 feet
above sea level and includes five vegetational types: primary diptero-
carpous forest; mixed second growth and bamboo; rain forest; pine
forest; and open grassland areas.

In the lower localities, around Baay and on the lower mountain
slopes, from 1,500 to 2,500 feet above sea level, the forest is primary
Dipterocarpus, chiefly the following species: anisoptera, pentacme,
hopea, shorea, and vatica.

1 From notes of Dioscoro S. Rabor.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 33

The vicinity immediately surrounding the camp site is mixed
second growth and bamboo thickets (Schizostachyum sp.). The
bamboo forms dense clusters on the hillside, with large intervening
patches of open grassland, and in these patches there are also areas
of low second growth forest and smaller remnants of primary diptero-
carpous forest. The steep hillsides are covered with dense thickets
and this growth extends downward in the valley between the hills.
Banyan and balete trees (Ficus spp.) abound in the area, and are
favorite feeding trees for birds.

Rain forest predominates higher in the mountains, and consists
of tall and lower trees, dense shrubs, herbs, ferns, and rattan. Bird
life is impoverished in this area.

Grasslands exist above the rain forest on the mountains, and
pines, either singly or in small stands, dot the scene. Carabao and
cattle roam wild in bands in these grasslands, and constitute a
menace to persons who venture among them.

Work in this area was completed on May 28, 1946.

Laguna Province^

A short collecting trip was made in Laguna Province between
May 28 and June 5, 1947, by Werner, chiefly for the purpose of
collecting insect topotypes, while the rest of the expedition personnel
were winding up various details in Manila. He lived on the grounds
of the University of the Philippines Agricultural College and School
of Forestry at Las Bailos, and collected in this area as well as on
the slopes of near-by Mount Makiling. The mountain has two peaks
separated by a valley. The higher of the peaks (elevation about
4,000 feet) has an area of mossy forest considerably larger than
that of the lower peak.

Cavite Province

We did not visit Cavite Province, but Dr. Marcos Tubangui of
the Bureau of Science in Manila presented us with three specimens
of the island painted quail (Excalf actor ia chinensis) and the Philip-
pine button quail (Turnix suscitator fasciata) from Halang, Naic,
Cavite. This spot is not far from the road between Manila and the
Cavite Naval Base, a little more than an hour's drive southwest
from Manila. We understand from Doctor Tubangui that this

' From notes of F. G. Werner.

84 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

area is one of extensive grassland and that this little quail, which
he is using for malaria experiments, is quite common and easily
obtained there.

OPERATIONS ON MINDANAO ISLAND

Mindanao Island is second only to Luzon in size in the Philippine
archipelago. Its eastern portion (that is, exclusive of the Zamboanga
Peninsula) is the largest compact land mass in the island group.
The rugged peninsula consists of a great north-south mountain
range. Zamboanga, at its southern tip, is the only town of impor-
tance. A number of the faunal elements of the peninsula differ from
those of the rest of the island. Mount Malindang, near the northern
end, rises to some 9,000 feet and is the second largest mountain, and
possibly the oldest, on the whole island. In early Pleistocene times,
the peninsula was probably separated from the remainder of Min-
danao. At the southern tip, Basilan Island supports a fauna in
part endemic. To the south, forming important stepping stones
for Malayan and Bornean faunal elements, the Sulu Archipelago
extends in an almost straight line between Borneo and the Zam-
boanga Peninsula. Unfortunately we were unable to explore this
group of islands and the peninsula, but a small collection made by
the Crane Pacific Expedition in 1929 is available in Chicago
Museum.

The compact eastern mass of Mindanao is composed, in the north,
from west to east, of the provinces of Misamis Oriental, Lanao,
Bukidnon, Agusan, and Surigao. We touched, very briefly, in the
first and third of these provinces. The northwestern part of the
island is a plateau covered by more or less sparse grass and much
dissected by deep, heavily forested ravines. There are also high,
completely unexplored mountains in the area, and commercial and
military aviators have repeatedly told me that one or two of those
in the region of Lake Lanao are well over 10,000 feet in altitude.
Between the western section and the also unexplored Diuata Moun-
tains of Surigao on the northeast coast lies the marshy valley of
the Agusan River. Apparently the Bukidnon-Lanao uplands and
the mountains of Agusan and Surigao were separate islands in early
Pleistocene times.* The uplands of Agusan and Surigao extended
into the southern part of the present island, but those of Lanao

1 R. E. Dickerson, Distribution of Life in the Philippines. Manila, 1928.

35

86 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

and Bukidnon were separate from the Cotabato Islands, which
form the southwestern part of the great eastern mass of present-day
Mindanao.

The southern part of Mindanao is composed of Cotabato Province
in the west, and Davao and Davao City Provinces in the east (see
fig. 3). Our expedition worked a number of lowland localities of
Cotabato, but unfortunately could not reach those of the south-
western coast, where certain animals, such as the shrew, Crocidura
parvacauda, are apparently localized on the eastern Mindanao land
mass. The highlands and lowlands of Davao and Davao City
Provinces west of Davao Gulf received extensive and intensive
attention from our group. Small series of the fascinating and im-
portant vertebrate fauna of Davao Province had previously been
taken by various American and European collectors, and it was
our purpose to obtain more extensive collections on which to base
a more adequate knowledge of this fauna. High mountain ranges,
unexplored and unmapped, border the coasts of Cotabato and
Davao. Between these ranges the marsh and lake country of
Cotabato, also sparsely inhabited, extends to almost the southern
end of the island. The fertile Koronadal plains of southern Cotabato,
around Sarangani Bay, support a heavy population.

Economically, Mindanao is important for the production of
hemp, copra, ramie, rattan, rubber, corn, rice, lumber, grazing,
fishing, pearls, shells, copal, and gold, and these resources are by
no means fully developed.

The mean annual minimum temperature for Davao City is
18.7° C, the annual normal is 26.9° C, and the mean annual
maximum is 35.4° C. These figures are about 0.5° C. higher for
Cotabato City. All but the northern end of Mindanao Island is
out of the typhoon belt. The great south-central mass of the
island, with which the Mindanao section of this report is chiefly
concerned, is an intermediate seasonal type, with no very pronounced
dry and rainy season; 2,290 mm. is the annual average rainfall at
Davao City, and 2,272 mm. at Cotabato City. Inhabitants in one
place or another recognize some degree of dry or rainy seasons.
These of course vary considerably with exposure to winds and
relation to mountain masses. The usual stories of "unseasonal
weather" greet one in Mindanao as everywhere, and it is difficult
to form any but a general idea of the climate and rainfall during the
course of one year's stay. Along Davao Gulf a map spotted with
the locations of good hemp plantings would probably be equivalent

Fig. 3. Southeastern Mindanao, showing locaHties at which the expedition
collected.

37

38 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

to a map of that area indicating those parts that receive rain the
year around.

Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon Provinces^

LocaHties in these provinces were visited by expedition members,
except Werner, who had not yet arrived from the United States,
between July 25 and 30, 1946, while our boat, en route from Manila
to Davao City, discharged and took on cargo at the Cagayan dock.
A few months previous to this, I had traveled extensively in these
provinces and made small collections that are now in Chicago
Natural History Museum. Cagayan can be reached by road from
southern Mindanao when Moro disturbances in Lanao Province do
not close this section. Formerly a road ran east and west out of
Cagayan along the North Coast of the island but it is now impassable
westward out of Cagayan and extends eastward only to Bugo.
Just before it reaches Bugo the road turns south and climbs sharply
through narrow scrubby ravines to the grassy Bukidnon plateau
(elevation about 2,000 feet). This is the Sayre highway, which
once ran to the south end of the island but is now passable only
as far as Malaybalay. We did some collecting at Del Monte,
Bukidnon, and in the near-by grasslands. Just above the village
of Agusan we made a collection of frogs and insects from a swift
rocky stream, and we also collected frogs and snakes at night in
and about the streams near the town of Cagayan.

Davao City Province

DAVAO CITY

We arrived at Davao City by boat from Manila on August 4,
1946, and were invited by the United States Army Enemy Property
Custodian to make our headquarters in his bodega, which we used
as our base camp until our final departure from Mindanao in
February, 1947.

Davao City is a frontier town bustling with activity and com-
merce (see pi. 2). The port, on Davao Gulf at Santa Ana, a suburb
of the city, is rather exposed to the elements and a new, more pro-
tected deep-water dock is planned for Sasa, eight kilometers north.

Around the city and gulf, the land is grassy or second-growth
forest, and there are many overgrown coconut and hemp plantations.

• From notes of Harry Hoogstraal and Donald Heyneman.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 39

Inland, one travels over grasslands to the foothills of the Apo range,
where some stands of original forest remain among the plantations
and second-growth forests. Further inland the country is still
primitive. The Davao River, bordered by wide marshes, lies between
high banks in a valley from fifty to three hundred feet wide. The
river is sluggish during the dry season.

SITIO TEGATO (LUANGBAY CAVE)i

Sitio Tegato is a place name given us by our guide, Velencio
Pilar, who owns the piece of land we visited. It is reached by
turning right at Kilometer 4 on the Davao-Cotabato highway and
traveling inland five kilometers on a road made for hauling timbers.
The trip was made on October 22, 1946, by Hoogstraal, Heyneman,
and Celestino, together with Pilar, for the purpose of collecting bats
from Pilar's cave, to which he gave the name of Luangbay Cave.
After leaving the road we walked on a narrow, slippery trail through
a dense second-growth forest into a narrow ravine, at the head of
which the mouth of the cave opened horizontally before us under
the overhanging knob of the hill above. En route to the cave,
about two hundred yards from the mouth, we found a single bat
hanging about four feet above the ground in a shrub. The main
hall of the cave runs straight into the hill for about two hundred
yards and then turns downward and branches into a network of
smaller tunnels, some of which are blind alleys and mere depressions
in the wall. One of the side tunnels circles into the hill and comes
out at a different entrance; another branch returns to the main
passage. Almost everywhere the sides and lower walls are covered
with bat guano.

Thousands of bats squeaked in every available cranny of the cave
and many flew about when we disturbed them. The large dog-
faced bats (Rousettus and Eonycteris) were most abundant in crevices
high in the main hallways while in the smaller passages a tiny black
bat hung on the open walls near the ground. Three species (Rhino-
lophus and Hipposideros) with grotesque faces were found in small
offshoots of the lateral branches. The largest of these (probably
R. rufus) usually hung at ten to fifteen foot heights along the wall
and ceilings, particularly at the ends of the side tunnels and blind
alleys.

A large number of parasitic Diptera and mites, as well as some
ticks and fleas, were found on the bats. Many other parasitic

1 From notes of Harry Hoogstraal and Donald Heyneman.

40 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

Diptera were taken crawling on the walls, in the guano, or in flight.
A large colony of ants was busily carrying cockroach oothecae along
a well-worn trail in the dry guano. Several specimens of a tiny
snail and of a distinctly marked click beetle were also taken in
guano. Moth larvae that inhabit a flat case were common in the
guano and the adults of those we reared were identical with those
species taken on the walls of the cave. Several kinds of small
Diptera were also common on the walls. A large species of cock-
roach was abundant in the crevices but camel crickets were rare.
We also took a variety of scorpions, millipedes and centipedes in
the cave.

Pilar told us that the larger bats in the cave are frequently used
for food by near-by residents.

Highlands of Davao Province

We spent eight weeks (August 9 to October 6) on Mount
McKinley and five weeks (October 17 to November 23) on Mount
Apo. Near-by Mount Washington we did not visit. The range of
which these mountains are a part extends from southern Mindanao
along Davao Gulf north through Agusan Province into the north
end of Mindanao Island.

The Apo range (see pi. 4, fig. 1), as the southern part of this
mountain chain is usually called, is unmapped. The names Mount
McKinley and Mount Washington appear on no maps that we have
seen. We obtained them from a United States Army Intelligence
Report on this area, although the name Mount McKinley also
appears in Hachisuka's Birds of the Philippines. Certain features
of Mount Apo and the Apo range now spotted on maps are badly
out of place. The location of the peak of Mount Apo, and its eleva-
tion, have been established by triangulation by the United States
Coast and Geodetic Survey and so are undoubtedly correct.

When viewed from the docks at Santa Ana, Mount McKinley,
Mount Washington, and Mount Apo look near-by, the first two
closest and green to the top. Mount Apo, to the south and west,
looms white as though covered with snow, but the white appearance
is due to the boulder fields at its peak. The sulfur fumaroles just
below the peak cause a thin cloud of haze that adds to the illusion.
When one travels from six to ten kilometers out of Davao City on
the Davao-Cotabato highway the view appearing in the photograph
(pi. 4, fig. 1) presents itself. Mount McKinley and Mount Wash-

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 41

ington are joined with Mount Apo by a saddle 6,000 feet high and
some four to five miles in length, and they are connected with each
other by a saddle about 7,000 feet high. The two form a huge
horseshoe-shaped ridge. The continuation of Mount Washington's
ridges to the west of Mount McKinley leaves between the two a
huge, steep conical center that gives the impression of an immense
crater with one side blown out. These steep interior slopes are
considerably drier than the eastern slopes of Mount McKinley,
which stop most of the clouds driven in from Davao Gulf. Mount
Apo is a tremendous mountain mass rising to 9,690 feet and about
a fourth the width of the entire island at this latitude.

Mount McKinley is in line with the winds that blow in from
Davao Gulf and its slopes above 4,000 feet are drenched the year
around. We visited the mountain in a relatively dry part of the year
in the lowlands (there are no pronounced wet and dry seasons),
but it rained most of the time, day and night, usually lightly but
sometimes very heavily indeed. As might be expected, the moss
and epiphyte growth on the trees, and the moss on the ground and
on rocks is wonderful to behold. Above 6,400 feet the high winds
stunt the forest wherever it is exposed.

Mount Apo, on the other hand, besides offering a much greater
variety of habitats, is considerably drier on the east slope. Its
north slope approaches that of McKinley in rainfall and in the
profuse growth of mosses and epiphytes. Moss is common on the
east slope below about 7,000 feet, but not nearly so luxuriant as on
the north slope and on Mount McKinley. At 7,000 feet the east
slope of Apo becomes increasingly drier, and at our 7,700-foot camp,
just below the great sulfur fumarole visible from the lowlands, the
vegetation is stunted, thick-leaved, and heath-like. Above this
camp, except for certain protected valleys, vegetation disappears
except for some grass, huckleberries, and bracken ferns. In the
peak craters on the flat ridges at the top the grass is heavier but
there are only scattered shrubs and no trees. Trees are said to
continue, however, on the north slope, which we did not visit,
between 8,000 feet and the summit.

MOUNT MCKINLEY 1
Sea Level to 3,800 Feet

To reach Mount McKinley, one goes as far as Turil on the
Davao-Cotabato road and then turns west and begins the gradual,

1 From notes of Harry Hoogstraal and Donald Heyneman.

42 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

upward climb to the end of the "road," at 3,200 feet elevation.
When the roads are dry and one knows how to by-pass the five-
foot-deep gullies, the trip can be made in from two to three hours
in a jeep or truck. The expedition's first attempt to reach the end
of the road took three days, during which time the jeep turned over
on its side several times. All forest has been cleared up to 3,000
feet, except in narrow, steep stream valleys. Because of the com-
bination of frequent year-round rains and volcanic soil, fine stands
of Manila hemp border the roads on both sides.

On August 9 we first reached our base camp at 3,300 feet. Around
the camp was a large grassy clearing, and on the north side the
ridge fell steeply for some three hundred feet, and was covered
with dense dipterocarpous forest that had been slightly cut over.
A small, rapid, rocky creek flowed through the densely shaded
forest at the bottom of the narrow valley. The forest down to the
creek furnished us with rich collections of invertebrates and herpeto-
logical specimens. The forest was of the type common in uninhabited
parts of the Philippines; there were many tall trees of considerable
variety, numerous shorter trees, and rather few shrubs and herbs.
We made a number of collections in the humus and soil, which
were particularly rich in phalangids, spiders, small beetles, and
crested orthopterans, not to mention small frogs and some small
snakes. The stream at the bottom of the hillside contained deep
pools, rapids, swift eddies, and quiet ponds, beside many large
rocks, and was densely shaded by the trees and shrubs along its
bank.

We frequently collected around the camp, for the grassy clearing
had a characteristic fauna. Among the most interesting of the insect
phenomena was the great variety of Hjonenoptera and Diptera that
congregated on certain plant leaves and grass stems during much
of the day, especially later in the afternoon. We often stood in
one spot for half an hour swinging a net and bottling the hymen-
opterans and flies that came within reach as fast as we could move
our hands (see pi. 4, fig. 2). Specimens of Rattus were not nearly
so common at the edge of the clearing as on the plantation lower
down the slopes, where human activities offered a great selection of
hiding places and a greater variety of food. Our first specimen
of the rare tree shrew, Urogale everetti, was taken in a small patch
of talbac near the cabin. Numerous logs around the edges of the
grassland and clearings were rich in invertebrates. Beside the
cabin an abandoned coffee plantation and a much overgrown vege-

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 43

table garden offered a variety of invertebrates, some different from
those we took elsewhere. Our impression of the 3,000-foot level is
that it is very definitely an area of faunal intergradation between
the upper and lower altitudes.

The variety of second growth about the plantations between
2,000 and 2,800 feet supported a fauna typical of the lowlands.
We took numerous caecilians that Celestino captured as they
slithered away when he lifted a large mass of decaying grass. These
are the first records of caecilians from Mindanao. The only speci-
men previously recorded from the Philippines was taken at Palawan.
The Manila hemp plantations harbor relatively few animals except
some lizards and banana frogs, fruit-eating birds, especially certain
pigeons, Malay civets (Viverra) and palm civets (Paradoxurus) .
The birds and mammals eat the small, mealy bananas that grow
on the hemp, and their droppings, studded with the small, hard,
black banana seeds, are numerous on the road. We were told that
tarsiers (Tarsius) might be found in the hemp but we found none,
although the decaying plants were often fertile collecting places
for scavenger and predacious insects. Predacious Hymenoptera
and Diptera, and frequently Homoptera, sunned themselves on the
broad leaves of the plants.

As soon as we had disposed of our equipment and arranged our
working space, we began cutting a trail up the ridge through grassy
openings, virgin forest and second growth. Naturally, a variety
of invertebrates, amphibians, and birds frequented this ecologically
heterogeneous stretch. We trapped few mammals here, although
we secured the one and only mountain tarsier obtained between the
virgin forest and second growth. Another mammal that delighted
us here was the elusive pygmy squirrel (Nannosciurus), which in-
habits the older second growth and the original forest, and extends
into the mossy forest on the few trees with little or no moss, up to
at least 6,400 feet. Our specimens were the first of this genus taken
from the east side of Mindanao. They could frequently be heard
chirping, but they are so quick and small that we seldom got a shot
at them, and, we regret to say, even more seldom could we locate
the animal after it was shot.

After 3,800 feet the trail passed through virgin forest alone.
Beginning at about 4,400 feet the woodland began to assume a
gradually increasing mossy forest aspect until we reached 5,200
feet, where the rich moss and epiphytic growth made every outline
fuzzy.

44 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

Intermediate Mountain Forest (3,800 to 1^,800 Feet)

It is evident that the typical species of lowland Dipterocarpas
disappear in the intermediate mountain forest, but because of the
absence of literature pertaining to this type of forest and the fact
that our botanical collections have not yet been identified I cannot
report on the species composing it. Many of the trees are oak
{Quercus). It is, however, a forest that varies locally. Tall Pan-
danus, common only at this elevation, are scattered throughout
or in a few places are grouped in great stands. A few of the trees
are tall, but most of them vary greatly in diameter and height.
Tree ferns are common and extend up to near the summit. Heights
and densities of shrubs and herbs vary in all degrees. Almost every-
where there is a good layer of humus. Moss and lichens are very
frequent and become more so as altitude is gained, but this growth
is not nearly so luxuriant as above. We did not camp in this forest
but collected in it frequently on our numerous trips up and down
from our mossy forest camps to base camp.

Mos^ Forest (^,800 to 8,000 Feet)

From 4,800 feet to just below the peak there is a well-developed
mossy forest. To say that it rained almost all the time during our
several weeks' stay there is to state the situation quite literally.
Not only the density of the moss-covered trees but the continuous
clouds and haze make this forest so dark during the day that we
often used our flashlights to collect and sort invertebrates, and it
was necessary to light our Coleman lanterns by three o'clock in the
afternoon. We maintained camps at 5,200 feet from August 18 to
September 1 and from September 28 to October 2, at 6,400 feet
from September 1 to 12 (see pi. 5, fi.g. 2), and at 7,200 feet from
September 9 to 30 (see pi. 5, fig. 1).

From 4,800 up to 6,400 feet the mossy and epiphytic growth
becomes increasingly heavier. Beginning at about the 6,400-foot
camp and extending to 7,700 feet, the forest is considerably stunted
except in well-protected valleys. One is usually climbing over or
crawling under or slipping through a mass of soggy, moss-covered
roots and tree trunks. Few of the trunks exceed a foot in diameter
at eye level yet their mossy covering makes them appear to be from
two to three feet in diameter.

At any elevation in the mossy forest few invertebrates meet the
eye, but when we began to beat the trees with stout sticks, pull
apart or comb the moss, or look underneath it on tree trunks and

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 45

branches, logs, rocks, or soil, the variety and quantity of small
animals were amazing. Bird life is rich in these forests but the
numerous tiny birds that unconcernedly flew within a few feet of
us were often too close to shoot (and at this time we had no suitable
weapons or ammunition for obtaining them). Some of the least
known of the Philippine birds were obtained in these forests. We
saw no deer here, though we heard a few in the distance, crying like
excited, yelping dogs. Monkeys reached the 6,400 foot camp, but
seldom in bands; usually there was only a lone old male that
chattered at intruders. Small mammals were not common, but by
persistent collecting we managed to get good series of Rattus, Apomys,
Bullimus, and, best of all, the seldom collected and important in-
sectivore Podogymnura truei. We saw some bats in the mossy forest
but were unable to collect them. No lizards reach this elevation,
but several species of frogs and toads reach the lower limits of the
stunted mossy forest, where they disappear. We collected no frogs
or toads near or above our 7,200-foot camp, though on some nights
when the wind was not too high we heard what we thought was a
single frog with a plaintive peep, a long way off. Up to the 6,400-
foot camp we frequently beat frogs out of tree ferns and less com-
monly out of small trees. At night the frogs provided a cacophony
of sounds that drove us to desperation because, try as we might, we
were seldom able to track down the little noisemakers. Some of
these frogs lay their eggs in moss or under bark, and tiny, four-
legged, tail-less replicas of their parents emerge. A single adult
was found with each batch of eggs. We found a few of these clusters
and watched the embryos gradually losing their tails and developing
hind legs, as tadpoles do in the water, and then finally emerging,
smaller than many of the beetles we were collecting. We encountered
one species of snake from 6,400 feet down to the base camp, but in
the mossy and mossy stunted forest we found very few others.
Those we did find were curled up in moss or wet logs.

Just below the stunted forest we chopped a tall tree and made
interesting collections of invertebrates living in and on it from
ground level to about a hundred feet. The collection was not as
large as we had hoped, but it included a number of insects we did
not take within reach of the ground. In some dry, mealy vines
high up on the trunk we found some of the most showy insects of
our entire Philippine collections, a large, metallic pachyrrinchine
weevil and several scarab beetles and their larvae. It was interesting
that we also found large earthworms in the dry vines about fifty
feet above the ground. Near our 6,400-foot camp several seepage

46 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

areas in small valleys provided species that we did not take else-
where. Of chief interest to us were the numbers of the tiny trichop-
terans that inhabit rock-cases, the invertebrates on and under the
rocks about the seepage areas, and the rather greater concentration
of invertebrates and tiny frogs in the tree ferns and small trees
here as compared with the rest of the forest.

The mossy stunted forest that began near our 6,400-foot camp
extended to the upper three hundred feet of the mountain. Many
of the trees in it are twisted at crazy angles, the branches are gnarled,
and the roots are largely above the ground. The trees seldom exceed
twenty-five feet in height, and a conifer (yew?) is common among
the hardwoods. The moss reaches its greatest density in this type
of forest, the atmosphere is always saturated, and it was almost
always so dark that it was necessary to use a Coleman lantern in
camp during the day. The winds were chilling. The temperature
varied between 51° and 57° F., but we often felt cold because of the
saturated atmosphere and the difficulty of drying out. Working in
the moss meant getting soaked from head to foot and staying wet
until sleeping time.

Birds singly and in flocks were common in the forest, and we
took some that we did not take below, but many of those shot
could not be found in the moss or the trees and ground. Mammals
were scarce but we did trap a few specimens of Rattus, Apomys,
and Podogymnura.

In the mossy stunted forest we noted a subtle change in species
of invertebrates. These changes can best be analyzed after study
of the collections. There was, however, no subtlety about the
change in invertebrates found on the upper three hundred feet of
the mountain, where the density of the moss diminishes, the vegeta-
tion is drier, and the trees are straighter and as tall as those around
4,000 feet.

The trees on the almost flat summit ridge are rather openly spaced
and not nearly so mossy as those below. Apparently because of
the northeast to southwest direction of the ridge, it is more protected
from the heavy winds that hit the slopes just below it, and for the
same reason it receives less rainfall. We found a considerable drop
in numbers of species, and some differences from those below,
among the invertebrates we collected on the summit. Few birds
and no mammals were taken there, though berry-like mammal
droppings, which we did not encounter elsewhere, were common
on the ground.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 47

We were so busily engaged in the work of collecting and preserv-
ing the specimens from the magnificent fauna of these drenched
slopes that we made only brief excursions into the drier interior
slopes of the mountain, a fact which we now regret, for our small
collections of invertebrates from these slopes are entirely different
from those on the exposed slopes. The forest on the dry slope is
without moss, very well drained, and exceedingly dense and entangled
with shrubs, rattan, and climbing Pandanus.

MOUNT APO^

Sea Level to Todaya (2,800 Feet)

After terminating our work on Mount McKinley we spent a
couple of weeks in packing specimens, sorting equipment, and
warming up and drying out by collecting in the lowlands of Tagum
Municipality, at the north end of Davao Gulf. Then, on October 16,
Heyneman and Alcasid left to investigate the road and general
situation at the base of Mount Apo. Alcasid remained to get a
lean-to built for base operations at the Bogobo village of Todaya
and to secure guides and carriers. Heyneman returned after a few
days with his report. On October 22 Werner started up to the base
camp with the second group, consisting of Edano, Convocar, and
Afionuevo. Heyneman, Celestino, and I remained at Davao City
to complete shipping arrangements, make last minute purchases,
and collect in the Luangbay Cave. On October 25 we started for
Mount Apo (see fig. 4). Castro, who had been left at Madaum
to obtain additional series, arrived at Todaya about November 4.

Mount Apo, an active solfataric volcano, is the highest peak in
the Philippines, 9,690 feet above sea level. For our ascent we chose
the route via Sibulan (at about 1,000 feet elevation) because of its
proximity to Davao City and because we could drive to Sibulan,
though with difficulty, in our truck. From Sibulan to Todaya, the
slippery, steep trails are tiring.

The population of Sibulan is a mixture of peoples, mostly Bogobos,
who operate small hemp stands near-by. A few of the Bogobos
from Sibulan may venture into the lowlands a few times during their
lives, but those who live higher on Mount Apo state that none of
them ever go below the town. Sibulan is reached by turning west
(right) off the Davao-Cotabato highway at the 27.5 kilometer mark
and going inland eight kilometers through a Spanish cattle range,
through the village of Baracatan, and thus up to Sibulan. Werner

1 From notes of Harry Hoogstraal and Donald Heyneman.

48 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

made small collections of insects on two occasions when he passed
through Sibulan.

On October 26 our party and eleven Bogobo carriers started off
from Sibulan, crossed and recrossed the raging Sibulan River, and
reached our makeshift shelter at Today a in the early afternoon.

Much has been written about the fierceness of the Bogobos,
their custom of wearing certain colors of headbands to indicate the
number of people they had killed, and their belief that the more
human livers they ate the stronger and braver in battle they were.
Anthropologists and early American occupation troops vouch for
these facts, but since the middle 1920's the Bogobos have been
converted to Christianity and they now practice with consistency
and unaffected willingness the Christian precepts of generosity,
kindliness, helpfulness, and strict honesty. Their clothes, highly
decorated with beads and shell disks, are still woven from Manila
hemp and dyed from local juices; their women still jingle- jangle
with innumerable little bells as they walk or work; and the same
unique, beaded betel-nut bags, betel-nut knives and bush knives
accompany the men wherever they go; but the long spears they
carried in former times are now only infrequently seen, and a stout
staff forms the substitute. Isolated as they are, the Bogobos are
the happiest and best provided for of any of the peoples we saw
in the Philippines. They exchange hemp for the outside goods they
require, such as salt, fish, tobacco and Chinese beads (and the luxury
of matches). Their fertile fields supply them with more than
enough corn, upland rice, cooking bananas, and camotes, and when
they desire meat they can kill a chicken or spear a deer or a wild
pig-

Their houses are constructed of bamboo, which grows in enormous
stands on the Todaya plateau. The bamboo is held together with
the rattan vines that grow in the forest, and the shingles are made
from cut sections of the bamboo stems.

We were particularly interested in Todaya because it is con-
sidered one of the most important type localities for mammals in
the Philippines, as a result of Major Mearns' visit there early in
the century. We were fortunate in securing series of his unique
genera and species. While the majority of our group was stationed
higher up on Mount Apo, the Todaya camp was maintained by two
or three of our Filipino members who did some shooting and trapping.
Certain of the Bogobos were assiduous collectors and brought to the
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50 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

caecilians from the Sibulan River and many tree shrews, Urogale
everetti.

Todaya (2,800 Feet) to Lake Linau (7,800 Feety

Throughout our stay in Mindanao we had heard of a fantastic
lake on the side of Mount Apo. This lake, which had been much
visited by Japanese biologists during the Japanese occupation, was
reputed to have a unique fauna, besides being the haunt of large
pelicans. The lake was discovered by American oflficers in 1928
and later visited by Hachisuka, the Japanese ornithologist-explorer.
He reports the name as Faggamb, but since we could not elicit any
name except "Linau" (a name common in many Filipino dialects
for "lake") from the Bogobos, we prefer the name Lake Linau on
our labels. We found no pelicans or unique aquatic fauna at Lake
Linau, but there was enough of interest to repay us for our efforts
in getting there. We made the trip in a day and a half from Todaya.

Our group circumvented the climb up the terribly steep slope
above the Todaya plateau by going off at a gradually climbing
angle and coming back again. Then we did some rather strenuous
up and down climbing, through streams and across forested ridges
until we reached a rolling plateau with beautiful, tall, rather close-
set trees and little undergrowth. At the far end of this plateau we
crossed the Mainit River and, beyond it, experienced steeper going up
the Baclayan River bed, which was dry at the time. By three o'clock
in the afternoon we had reached Baclayan (elevation 6,500 feet).
The climb that day had been up the east slope. There was some moss
on the ground and on the trees up to this elevation, but only a frac-
tion of that found at the same altitude on the near-by east slope of
Mount McKinley. Below Mainit, at 4,300 feet, there was almost
no moss. Early the next morning, Tuesday, October 29, we started
out. That day's march was gradually from east to north, up and
down ridges, some of them rather precipitous. As we approached
the north slope the moss and epiphytes became increasingly more
dense. About two o'clock a vacant space showed from a ridge top,
and then the wondrously beautiful vista of Lake Linau came into
view.

During our ten-day stay at the lake, which is at 7,800 feet altitude,
the temperature varied between 50° F. at night and 60° during the
day, though on four days it rose briefly at mid-day to 64°. Sun

' All place names in the following paragraphs are Bogobo place names for
uninhabited hunting spots.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 51

shone through the haze for less than fifteen hours during this time;
it drizzled at least three-fourths of the time, and rained considerably.
On the last three days of our stay, heavy rains and cold, strong
winds made the spot a bit difficult.

The lake is about a quarter of a mile long (from east to west)
and almost as wide, although obviously the size varies with the rain-
fall. At the time of our visit we estimated that the dimensions were
about three-fourths of the maximum. In some places an eighty-
foot dropline failed to touch bottom. The water is deeply colored,
greenish-blue. It receives some drainage from the hills around it,
but only small trickles of streams flow into it. Tall grass and reeds
grow out into the water, and the edges, where they are not flat, are
mossy (see pi. 7, fig. 1). We took no aquatic birds, mammals, fishes,
or distinctive crustaceans at the lake, but many insects were taken
on the surface, where they had been deposited by winds, and a single
caddis fly larva was found in the moss at the edge. Two species
of dragonfly nymphs, two species of dytiscids, several small species
of hydrophilids, chironomid larvae, and notonectid bugs (but no
water striders) comprised the aquatic insect fauna of the lake, in
addition to mosquitoes. Among the reeds and grass at the edge,
a number of larval specimens of an apparently new species of Culex
(Culex) were taken, as well as others that cannot be differentiated
from Anopheles lindesayi henguetensis. These larvae were reared to
adults, and the larval and pupal exuviae associated with the in-
dividual adults, the system used for several thousand mosquito
specimens on the expedition. Some mosquitoes, apparently the
same species, were found in a seepage pool beside a rock near the
lake.

We spent many hours pulling up the moss at the edge of the
lake, tearing it apart, and floating it on the surface. A fine variety
of invertebrates kicked themselves out when so treated, among them
many carabids of several species, staphylinids, especially Stenus,
spiders, cockroaches, phalangids, amphipods, isopods, and myriopods.

The lake is set in a bowl-shaped depression, the sides of which
are covered with grass (where the trees have been cut), slightly
open mossy forest (open for the same reason), and dense mossy
forest (see pi. 7, fig. 2). At the west end is a bog, which Werner
visited on the raft we made. The bog is of about the same size as
the lake. At its west end, a stream, which is the headwaters of a
large river, emerges and, dropping down the steep mountainside,
flows into Cotabato. The bowl-shaped ridges around the lake and

52 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

the absence of a characteristic aquatic fauna in it, suggest that it
may be a recent volcanic crater.

The stems and leaves of the grasses in the open forest and at
the edge of the lake contributed only a few distinct specimens to
our collections. The open mossy forest, so far as we can now ascer-
tain, had much the same fauna as that of our 6,400-foot camp on
Mount McKinley. The dense mossy forest, however, yielded an
appreciable number of invertebrate forms that were new to the col-
lection. By taking advantage of the short and intermittent periods
of sunlight, we collected many fine insects in flight. The moss here
was particularly rich in invertebrates.

Of mammals, we took only a few small rats (Rattus and Apomys)
and insectivores (Podogymnura truei). We saw and heard a few
small bats but were unable to obtain specimens of them. We were
frequently awakened by deer calling within a couple of hundred
feet of our camp, and there was some evidence of pigs, but we did
not secure specimens of these. The same mossy forest species of
birds as those on Mount McKinley were present here. A few addi-
tional species, probably attracted by the water, were taken along
the edge of the lake. These were the migratory gray wagtail,
Motacilla cinerea, and a single snipe, Gallinago megala, both migrants
from northern Asia. We took no amphibians or reptiles of any
kind during our stay at Lake Linau, though frogs and toads were
common and there were a few snakes in similar forest types (but
not at equivalent altitudes) on Mount McKinley. One frog with
eggs was taken under the bark of a log in a non-mossy, open spot
at 6,800 feet, eleven hundred feet below the lake, on the northeast
slope of the mountain.

We collected at least fifty species each of orchids, ferns, and mosses
within the immediate vicinity of the lake. The trees in the forest
are not as tall as those in the mossy stunted forest of Mount
McKinley. Trees continue up the north slope to the peak of Mount
Apo, according to Hachisuka, but on that slope we did not climb
more than five hundred feet above the lake. On the mountainside,
above the lake, the trees become noticeably smaller and more wind-
swept, and at the top of the ridge all we could see was tall grass;
it is possible that trees persist in sheltered valleys that were hidden
from us by the mists.

The Bogobos insisted that it would be impossible to carry the
loads up the north slope to the peak, and on November 3 we began
sending equipment down to Meran, on the east slope.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 53

Meran Camp {6,000 Feet)

The Meran camp was maintained from November 3 to 10. We
had decided to collect at this spot when we passed it on the way to
Lake Linau because of the grassy streams and the open forest. It
was apparent that over a long period of time a few Bogobos had
lived there and had cut trees here and there in the forest. We
collected in both the undisturbed and the cut-over forest, and, as is
so often the case, the cut-over forest was richer, at least in varieties
of invertebrates. Oaks were scarce. In the cut-over forest there
were areas both of little and of much undergrowth. The few large
trees had smooth bark and lacked buttresses. There were many
trees of six inches to two feet in diameter spaced about twenty feet
apart. Frogs were obtained from the stream and by beating trees.
Deer and pig were shot near-by, Apomys, Rattus, and about a dozen
Podogymnura were trapped, and pygmy squirrels, Nannosciurus, were
seen and heard. Most gratifying of all, the rarest of Philippine birds,
Malacocincla (Leonardina) woodi, known only from the type speci-
men and much sought by other collectors, was obtained.

The minimum temperature was 56° F. and the maximum 66° F.
We had light rains in the late afternoon and evening each day of
our stay.

Baclayan Camp {6,500 Feet)

Our Baclayan camp (6,500 feet) and Baclayan River (sulfur
fumarole) camp (7,700 feet) should not be confused because of the
close similarity of locality names. Unfortunately the possibility
that these locality names might cause difficulty did not occur to
us when we were in the field.

We camped beside the dry, white sand bed of the Baclayan River,
at a hunting spot known to the Bogobos as Baclayan. The camp
was maintained from November 9 to 17. We visited it only for
three days, but part of the Filipino group, who suffered badly from
the cold at higher elevations, remained here while we worked near-by
and at the peak of Mount Apo.

The forest at Baclayan camp was what we term a ravine type,
with the trees close and of varying heights and diameters, and with
dense undergrowth. There is almost no moss, but the humus layer
is thick and moist. Along the dry river-bed a species of conifer
and another of a thick-leaved shrub are common. During the one
day we recorded the temperature, it ranged from 53° F. at night to
60° F. during the day.

64 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

Baclayan River (Sulfur Fumarole) Camp (7,700 Feet)

On November 12 we left Baclayan and after about three and
one-half hours of steady climbing, we reached our Baclayan River
camp. The camp was located just below the point where tree and
shrub vegetation disappears on this slope. The hissing of the great
sulfur fumarole, about three hundred feet above us, could be heard
at almost all times.

The route to this point traverses a variety of forests in which
large trees and shrubs and herbs needing moisture are found only
in ravines and valleys. Where not so protected the forest becomes
gradually lower and more scrubby and drier in appearance. On the
ridge, from about 7,200 to 7,900 feet, the trees are not over twenty-
five feet in height and are usually lower. They are scattered on the
slopes but are dense in the small, protected areas. Grassy spots
are common, and some dozen or so species of blooming herbs grow
in the rock crevices or grass. The leaves of the shrubs and shrub-
like trees are thick, and there is no humus. Ferns of the xeric type
are common. Near the camp we found pitcher plant (Nepenthes)
with Tripteroides mosquito larvae in the pitchers. This was the
only place in the mountains where we found pitcher plants from
two to eight feet above the ground. A few trees in the dry forest
on the slope about eight hundred feet below camp contained dense
vines of a different species of pitcher plants, growing from twelve
to twenty feet above the ground. These also had Tripteroides larvae
in their pitchers, as well as an interesting variety of other insects.
The pitcher plants in the wetter forest were all very high up in trees.
(The vines of pitcher plants in dry grasslands elsewhere in Min-
danao lowlands and in Luzon highlands trail over the ground.)

The invertebrates in this dry, stunted forest were not especially
varied in species but were numerous in individuals, and, so far as
we can tell, are entirely different from those we took elsewhere
(except for one pentatomid and one weevil we took on the summit of
Mount McKinley). A few Apomys and Rattus were taken in the
forest, in addition to one as yet unidentified small rodent.

Baclayan River Camp to Peak (9,690 Feet)^

The trip from the Baclayan River camp to the lower level of
the crater ridge takes about four hours of steady, hard climbing.
The climb from the crater lake to the peak point takes another hour.

1 Of the three large peaks of Mount Ape, the southwestern one is the highest
and is the one referred to in this paper.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 55

Progress is best up the dry bed of the Baclayan River past many
sulfur fumaroles, steam-heated caves, and chunks of yellow sulfur.
The large andesite blocks in the river-bed are not too difficult to
scramble over or between, but are sometimes insecure. After we
burned our hands on little fumaroles we learned to watch where
we leaned for support.

At the head of the deep gorge we came to a ridge some five
hundred or more feet high, running at right angles (north and south)
to the gorge. The headwaters of the Baclayan River are at the base
of this ridge. Here we crossed fields of tremendous boulders (see
pi. 6, fig. 2), with huckleberry bushes sometimes widely scattered,
sometimes in dense stands. Bracken ferns were also scattered, but
just below the crater on one slope they were as tall as we were, and
impenetrable. Light growths of thin mosses and a very few her-
baceous plants were found in a few protected places in the boulder
field.

We entered the crater at the east end, where the wall is only a
few feet high. A shallow lake, less than three feet deep, covers the
flat bottom. If the water were to rise just a few more feet it would
spill over the low east wall, but there is little evidence that it does
this. The scanty grass is kept cropped close by deer, whose paths
are heavily worn. Low shrubs are scattered about the walls.

I tried to make a complete collection of insects in the crater,
but they were rare indeed on vegetation and under stones. On the
second day of our stay, I noticed groups of swiftlets coming in,
flying low and apparently feeding and then flying off. They repeated
these flights each ten minutes or so, and after a few such visits,
I left the sides of the crater and went down to the lake to see what
was attracting them. I found the surface of the water literally
covered with insects, among them beetles, flies, wasps, bees, stink
bugs and other Hemiptera. Just then a gust of wind came over
the west wall of the crater, and hundreds of insects were deposited
on the surface of the lake. I spent the rest of the morning and early
afternoon collecting these insects, which are among the most remark-
able of those taken on the expedition. Among some two thousand
specimens of thrips Dr. L. J. Stannard has found numerous species.
In two vials with over four hundred chermids (tiny homopterous
insects looking like miniature cicadas), over half a dozen species are
represented. From field comparison of this collection with others,
it is evident that many of the specimens come from high altitudes.

During our stay in the crater, the temperature varied from a
low of 46° F. at night to 59° during the day. While I was specializing

66 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

on the crater fauna, Werner and Heyneman climbed the crater ridge,
which requires about an hour, and tried to pick the highest point
from among several of almost equal height. The grass at the peak
is also kept closely cropped by deer. In some small marshy depres-
sions they found a few dytiscid aquatic beetles and some ground
beetles (Bembidion). They also saw a continuously singing pair of
starling-like birds with circling flight, and some thrushes and sun-
birds. Deer were abundant, but in three nights our one hundred
traps took no smaller mammals, and we saw no signs of any.

Mainit Camp U,300 Feet)

From the peak we went down to the Mainit camp (after a one-
day stopover to break camp at Baclayan), which had been established
on the Mainit River a few days earlier. The forest around Mainit
is of a peculiar type, and palms, vines, ferns, shrubs and herbs,
many of them spectacular and immense, are common (see pi. 6,
fig. 1). Invertebrates and frogs are numerous.

Lowlands of Davao Province

MADAUM AND VICINITY, TAGUM MUNICIPALITY^

A Manila hemp plantation, owned and operated by the Inter-
national Harvester Company, is located at Madaum at the northern
end of Davao Gulf. Werner, Castro, Alcasid, and Edailo were
stationed at this plantation from October 8 to 20, and Castro
remained until November 3, 1946, returning for additional specimens
between November 20 and 31. Rodents were scarce here, but
reptiles, especially pythons, cobras, and pit-vipers, and several
species of the burrowing snake, Typhlops, were collected in surprising
numbers. Aquatic birds of various kinds and shore birds were secured
from the mangrove and narrow beach areas bordering the Hijo
River and Davao Gulf. Insect collecting in this area was poor.

The Madaum area is flat and largely cultivated. Manila hemp
stands are extensive and there are many coconut groves, com fields,
and vegetable gardens. Second growth, old and new, of many
types, is interspersed among the cultivated areas, and clearing
operations in these provided numerous specimens. There are exten-
sive weedy marshy areas along the near-by Hijo River, and some
mangrove areas and small sand beaches along the Gulf.

1 From notes of Harry Hoogstraal and Floyd G. Werner.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 57

Almost all the herpetological species and most of the mammal
species except rodents and insectivores known from the Davao Gulf
lowlands are represented in the Madaum collections, in addition to
several species not heretofore recorded from the area.

During his stay in Madaum, Castro obtained specimens from
the near-by barrios of Busaon, Libuganon, and Magupo, and on the
trip from Davao City to Madaum he shot a number of bats at the
second ferry at Tuganay, near Madaum. At dusk one can see
thousands of these fruit bats flying from fifty to two hundred feet
above the ground, not close together, in a southwesterly direction.
We were told that they feed near Davao Gulf.

MACO AND SITIO TAGLAWIG, TAGUM MUNICIPALITY

The trip to Maco was made chiefly for the purpose of collecting
animals from the trees that were being felled for lumber there. Few
trees were cut during our stay, but they supplied a magnificent
variety of insects, many of them spectacular, which we did not find
elsewhere. Large Homoptera and, of course, Orthoptera, the variety
of which reaches fantastic proportions in the Philippine forest, can
be particularly well taken under these circumstances. The crashing
of branches from newly felled trees disclosed a number of subcortical
insects that leave the trees soon afterward because the wood rots
rapidly.

Our party, composed of Heyneman, Celestino, Anonuevo, and
myself, remained at Maco and Sitio Taglawig from October 9 to 19,
1946. Heyneman left about a week early to make initial prepara-
tions for working Mount Apo. Maco, which is just east of the
Hijo River, can be reached only by boat from Davao City or
Madaum, or by walking from Madaum. A canoe must be used to
cross the river. We maintained a base camp at Maco and a sub-
camp at Sitio Taglawig, some twenty kilometers inland from Maco,
at the edge of the original forest. The forest covers almost flat and
low hilly country, with many small streams flowing through little
ravines. The trees are tall and straight, forming a dense overhead
canopy, under which there are smaller trees. Herbs and shrubs are
scant except on hillsides or in ravines, where the tangle is often
thick. Almost any place where the ground is not steep one can walk
with little interference from ground vegetation and vines. The
forest is relatively cool, and has a good layer of humus. Frogs
and lizards are common in it, but snakes not nearly so apparent
as in second growth. We were disappointed in finding no arboreal

68 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

forms of vertebrates from trees that were being felled. Squirrels
are not rare, but are considerably more difficult to see than in the
Palawan second growth. Bird life is abundant, but much of it is
high among the crowns of the trees. Rodents are scarce, except at
the edge of the forest where several specimens of the everetti and
Bullimus groups of rats were obtained.

In a coconut grove near Maco, a number of flying lemurs were
found feeding in mango trees, and marsh birds were common along
the coast and near the Hijo River. The swampy country around
Maco was rich in insects, which were attracted to lights at night.

SAMAL AND TALIKUD ISLANDS, IN DAVAO GULF^

Samal, a low island in Davao Gulf just opposite Davao City,
is easily reached by the numerous outrigger canoes that wait for
passengers on the beach just off the road running north from Davao
City. We were interested in the island because of stories of its caves,
which were reputed to harbor many bats, strange insects, eels, and
fish. Celestino and Heyneman visited Samal between December 2
and 5 and explored its two caves. The first, Tawang Cave, near
the village of Quinawitnan, is in the eastern part of the island,
about a hundred yards from the beach and fifty yards from a planter's
house. The cave is in wet limestone and the main branch extends
about an eighth of a mile underground. The main entrance, a nearly
circular cave-in about fifty feet across, drops into a main tubular
horizontal shaft. Two vertical entrances near-by open from the
slope above the beach. Three species of bats and a few invertebrates
were taken from the cave, but there were no distinctive cave animals
among them.

The second cave, in the center of the island near the village of
Penaplata, was flooded and filled with mud, so that we could not
enter. Shrimps were collected in the pools at the entrance. In
the hope of collecting in other caves, the near-by island of Talikud
was visited, but all the caves were sealed, and only some pre-Spanish
human bones and very old pottery, which we deposited in the
Philippine Museum, rewarded the effort.

MATI MUNICIPALITY

Mati is the t3T)e locality of the largest described species of
Mindanao deer, and Convocar was sent there on December 23,
1946, to secure topotypic deer and other specimens. Mati can be

1 From notes of Donald Heyneman.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 59

reached only by water, though a small air-field is now in preparation.
Convocar returned on January 14, 1947, with small collections from
the area around the town of Mati, as well as from Kamansi and
Mayo, on the short roads extending north and south out of Mati.
We have been unable to secure information about this area, and about
the location of Parombon, the fourth of Convocar's localities.

LACARON, MALITA MUNICIPALITY^

Flying lemurs (Cynocephalus volans) are especially common in
the coconut groves at Lacaron, and Werner and Castro took the
boat to that locality, with eminently successful results. They started
the trip on February 3 and returned on February 10, 1947. Lacaron
is a small village devoted to copra manufacture. The town lies in
a wide stretch of coastal plain. The members of the party were
received very hospitably by Mr. Patstone, a Spanish-American War
veteran, and his family, who housed and fed them. A few miles
south of Lacaron a number of specimens of bats of the genera Pteropus
and Acerodon were secured from separate colonies in a mangrove
area. A white-breasted sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) , which
nested in a tall lone tree near-by, is said to prey on the bats. Flying
lizards {Draco sp.) were common in the coconut groves, and several
crocodiles were taken along the edge of the beach.

SOUTHERN MALITA MUNICIPALITY

We had not intended to collect specimens in this municipality,
but Celestino and Oafie, bound as an advance contingent for Caburan
with collecting and preserving supplies, misunderstood their instruc-
tions and disembarked at the coconut plantation at Lawa. Celestino
was injured while landing in the surf, and remained in this area
until picked up on the return trip from Caburan. Oarie joined us
at Caburan in the middle of January. Celestino, who is an excellent
collector, could not go far afield because of his injury, and so his
collections were confined chiefly to such vertebrates as he could buy
or trade, and to insects that he found around Coleman lanterns.

There is considerable second growth in the Calian area, bordering
the extensive coconut plantation, and tarsiers are abundant in it.
During a part of their stay at Calian, Celestino and Oafie maintained
a camp at Lapuan, on a forested hill just behind the Calian planta-
tion, and also worked the near-by barrio of Taytay. The collection
of insects from Calian contains a number of species that we did not

1 From notes of Floyd G. Werner.

60 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

take elsewhere. The vertebrate specimens are much the same as
those in the other Davao Gulf lowland collections, except that
Calian is the only location where the pretty pygmy falcon, Micro-
hierax erythrogonys, was taken.

From time to time specimens were taken near Digos, in southern
Malita Municipality. It is at Digos that one turns west on the high-
way across the middle of Mindanao.

MALALAG, SANTA CRUZ MUNICIPALITY*

Werner and Celestino, accompanied by Mr. Pilar, of Davao
City, who was acquainted with the tarsier population at Malalag,
made a short trip (November 27 to 29, 1946) solely for tarsiers.

Malalag is reached by road from Davao City, though the last
portion of the trip is very rough and is sometimes impassable.
Quarters were in an abandoned copra shed at the end of the road,
on the seashore. A narrow mangrove area, bordered inland by low
hills, runs along the coast. Bamboo thickets at the edge of the
second growth were searched for tarsiers. This is as far north on
the Davao Gulf coastline as we found the large, noisy gecko (Gekko
gecko) in any abundance.

CABURAN MUNICIPALITY

Caburan Municipality is an isolated area on the west coast of
Davao Gulf inhabited chiefly by the Monobo (also called Manobo
and Kaburan) and Bila-an tribes. The trip to Caburan was planned
after persistent reports over a five-month period had indicated that
this was the likeliest place to find the monkey-eating eagle and the
tarsier. On January 6, 1947, Celestino and Oafie started to Caburan,
but they misunderstood the directions and disembarked at Calian
with most of the equipment. On January 8 I went to Caburan,
accompanied by Mr. C. H. Wharton, a commercial live-animal
collector who had just come down from Manila. Later in the month,
Oane joined me, but Celestino, because of an injury he had received
when landing in the surf, was forced to remain at Calian and we
picked him up on the return trip to Davao City on January 30.
Wharton returned to Davao City after about a week, by which time
his purchases had brought in so many tarsiers and other animals
that he could not handle more. Oane and Anonuevo returned to
Caburan between February 12 and 21, 1947, to investigate a supposed
monkey-eating eagle nest, and returned with a few other specimens.

' From notes of Floyd G. Werner.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 61

The low mountains that border the narrow coastal plain and
extend inland to the vast central Mindanao lowlands are virtually
unknown. Foothills come down to the sea throughout most of this
area, but the narrow, flat, coastal plains, wherever they occur, are
devoted to coconut plantations or are overgrown by a dense second
growth of small trees, particularly just behind the beach, or by a
ten- to twenty-year-old second growth of taller trees with herbs or
shrubs among them. There are numerous patches of much disturbed
remnants of original forest and also many small streams. Except
for some small clearings, the foothills away from the coast are still
covered with original dipterocarpous forest, though these will prob-
ably soon be cut over for the excellent timber in them.

Our activities in this area were chiefly in the second growth,
because this type of vegetation was so productive of specimens.
Superficially, the second-growth facies is drab, but upon examination
it appears that the clearing and regrowth, accomplished over a period
of some thirty to forty years, have produced enough varying situa-
tions to support a great quantity and quality of animal life. Here
as elsewhere, overgrown and more or less abandoned coconut groves
are rich in animal life. The forest streams, grassy areas, narrow
ravines, old second growth, and burned clearings have a variety of
inhabitants. Disturbed original forest with its many logs, small
cleared areas, and alternating dark and sunlit patches is especially
good for invertebrate collecting. Collecting for frogs, lizards, birds,
and many kinds of invertebrates is good in the original dipterocarpous
forest, and the species are generally different from those outside,
but a considerable part of this fauna occurs high in the trees and is
ordinarily unobtainable.

The number of rodents in the areas of second growth here and
elsewhere in southeastern Mindanao is far from large, possibly in
part because of the number and variety of snakes that flourish in
this type of growth. For some reason, both the Malay civet (Viverra)
and the palm civet (Paradoxurus) appeared to be rare in the Caburan
area. The tarsier, however, reached unsuspected numbers in the
second growth (see pi. 3, fig. 1). No monkeys were seen outside of
the original forest, but there they were abundant and supported a
population of monkey-eating eagles, each pair of which apparently
flies over an area about twenty miles in length. Small caves in the
rocks at several places up and down the coast near Caburan harbored
several species of small bats.

The municipal seat, Caburan village, consists of a few houses
on a low hill half a mile from the ocean. Four miles south of Caburan,

62 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

there is a small hamlet called Malabutuan (also known as Mara-
butuan), and about four miles north of Caburan there is another
settlement, called Culaman. Culaman can be reached either by
walking along the coast or by a pleasant walk over low hills and
through ravines about a mile inland. Our Caburan Municipality
collections come from these three localities and from three low
mountains just south of Caburan village. Mount Tacob, Mount
Busaw, and Mount Batuan.

Cotabato Province

NORTHERN COTABATO PROVINCE*

This trip (see fig. 5) began on December 1, 1946, and ended on
January 11, 1947, the party consisting of Werner, Alcasid, Edaiio,
and Aiionuevo. In August of 1946, a few collections had been made
in Parang, Cotabato, when the boat on which the expedition was
traveling to Mindanao stopped to unload part of the supplies.

The party left Davao City in the expedition's jeep and three-
quarter-ton truck, and was able to reach Malasila, Kidapawan, the
first night. The road was muddy and rough and there were delays
at fords where bridges had been blown up during the war. Malasila,
at about 1,300 feet altitude, is on the lower western slope leading
up to Mount Apo. The surrounding country is a fairly damp farm-
ing area, with some abaca and camote plantings fringed by much the
same type of second-growth forest as we had encountered on Mount
McKinley in Davao. On the second day, the party drove down
into the central marsh area of Cotabato but because of rain could
only reach Midsayap, a distance of eighty kilometers. The Midsayap
area is marshy and under extensive rice cultivation. The third day
dawned clear and the party reached its destination. Parang, on the
west coast. After some discussion it was decided to establish the
base a few miles north of Parang on a coconut plantation at Bugasan,
as it was close to a market region where guides could be secured
and the population advised of the desire for specimens. Dr. Soriano,
the director of the plantation, welcomed Werner and his party and
provided them with quarters and working space. The region ap-
peared to be a good collecting area, but the results obtained were
so disappointing because of dryness that the party moved on. The
area as far north as Malabang was tried, with the same disappoint-
ing results.

' From notes of Floyd G. Werner.

Fig. 5. Southwestern Mindanao, Cotabato Province, showing locahties
reached by the expedition.

63

64 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

On December 13 the members of the party returned to Parang,
and on the fourteenth they drove to Pikit, where they shot birds
in the Masigit Marsh.

On December 17, they moved to Paidu-Pulangi on the banks
of the Pulangi River. The next day they arrived at Kabaksalan,
and after collecting in the marsh near the barrio, they set out in a
thirty-foot dugout, together with supplies and food, for Buluan.

The trip through the Liguasan Marsh to Buluan took three days,
though the return trip was made in a single day. During this time
land was met with only once. The rest of the time the boat pushed
through great mats or floating islands of vegetation and through
channels from four to seven feet deep. The channels were full of
Utricularia, almost pure stands of it covering the shallower portion,
and the edges of the islands were covered with masses of pink lotus,
white water lilies and a vine similar to that of the sweet potato. A
three-foot grass was the principal component of the huge mats.

In the past this area has been known to "sportsmen" as a virtual
paradise, and the birds were so abundant that it was hard to fire a
shot in any direction without hitting one of them. Three species
of ducks were present, one, the "wandering tree duck," Dendrocygna
arcuata, in enormous numbers. The party scared up flocks of them
all day long. The teal, Anas querquedula, was only slightly less
abundant. The third, Aythyafuligula, called "papago," was scarcest,
being found only in a few ponds, and it was much warier than the
rest. These three ducks were the only ones known to the Moros.
Large numbers of other water birds were also present. Pheasant-
tailed and comb-crested jaganas walked over the matted bladder-
wort and water lilies, along with occasional moorhens and gallinules.
These latter were more often found deeper in the floating islands,
among the raised leaves of lotuses and in the grass. There were also
several species of rails, bitterns, and herons but these were particu-
larly difficult to obtain because the noise scared them farther into
the swamp. Search for the pelicans that allegedly nested in the
trees near Buluan proved fruitless, but the reports were so consistent
that it is quite possible that pelicans do stay there at least part of
the year. Occasional "Indian darters" or snake birds (Anhinga)
and the buzzards {Haliastur indus), wheeling overhead to watch
for choice morsels, completed the bird picture. Small passerines
seemed absent except for the "maya-maya" rice bird, which roosted
in trees along the river at night and presumably fed in the fields of
rice.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 65

Several crocodiles were brought in by Moros, who hunted them
at night with lights. Before the war the marsh was a rich source
of crocodile hides, which were exported to the United States, but
since the war the buyers have not reappeared. One group attempted
to trap small mammals on the edges of the floating islands, with no
success. None of the traps was ever sprung. Insects were abundant
but not greatly varied.

After leaving Liguasan Marsh, the party drove to Cotabato
City. Here a fair collection was made, including bats from the
Central Cave in the side of the limestone knob on which the Cotabato
Military Police Command is stationed. On one of the bats, Werner
collected an aberrant larva-like batfly, Ascodipteron, one of the prize
insects of the trip.

On inquiring about likely collecting grounds, Werner learned
that Upi, at the end of the road leading south, had some original
forest and was generally regarded as the best hunting ground in
the region. On December 31 the party departed by truck for Upi.
The road twists and climbs almost all the way, finally topping a
last rise and dropping into the fertile Upi Valley. Almost the whole
valley has been cleared and has grown up in grass. The town of
Upi, at 1,500 feet elevation, is a very pleasant place, with groves
of fruit trees planted by the Upi agricultural school. An Episcopalian
mission is maintained, and the whole area is considerably more pro-
gressive than the rest of Cotabato, with the exception of Koronadal
Valley.

At Upi, where the road ends, the gear was placed on a carabao
sled and the group walked for two days through the villages of Nuro,
Nangi, and Burungutan to Burungkot, where they entered the forest.
After having crossed hot grassland for hours they were agreeably
surprised to find the forest cool and moist despite the dry season.
Many of the original trees have been left and most of the area
serves as a source for construction wood.

The party pitched the tent at Burungkot on the trail south, to
keep in contact with the Tirurai and let them know that specimens
were wanted. Pygmy squirrels (Nannosciurus) were abundant, and
squirrels (Sciurus) at least frequent. Forest birds were present in
fair numbers and a good sample of the Philippine trogon (Harpactes
ardens) was secured. Wild pigs were numerous, and the tarsier,
known to the Tirurai as matudin, was said to be common in the
bamboo clumps in the grassland. However, our people were unable
to locate any, and the Tirurai, who regard tarsiers as deadly poison-

66 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

ous, refused to collect them. Insect collecting was good, particularly
around several felled trees.

The party stayed at Burungkot until the eleventh of January,
and then began the long trek back to Davao. One day was spent
visiting the Capilit Cave in the hills, several hours' walk from the
town of Upi, and at least two bats new to our Cotabato collections
were taken.

On January 15 the party arrived at Davao City, and at about
the same time the other scattered field parties began to come in.
Except for the short trip to Lacaron for flying lemurs, our Mindanao
operations drew to a close, and we spent the next three weeks pack-
ing and regrouping for the Palawan field trip.

SOUTHERN COTABATO PROVINCE (BUAYAN MUNICIPALITY)

Our activities along the southern coast of Mindanao were con-
fined to Buayan Municipality, on the plains and low hills bordering
Sarangani Bay. The wondrously fertile grassy lowlands are the
site of a large resettlement and agricultural experiment station,
known as the Koronadal project, which promises a great future
for southern Mindanao. A sizable population of Christian Filipinos,
many of them highly trained technical personnel, lives in the project.
To the east and to the west the gentle rolling grasslands are bordered
by the high mountains along the coasts, and to the north stands
lone and majestic Mount Matutun, almost as perfect a volcanic
cone as Mount May on of southern Luzon. What animal life this
isolated mountain harbors can only be conjectured — it may well
have subspecific forms related to those of Mount Apo to the north-
east of it.

On December 5, 1946, Castro and I flew to Buayan, and we
collected there for the next few days in the vicinity of Dadiangas,
Lagao, and in the Koronadal settlement area. On December 9 we
drove north to the end of the road, where the grasslands meet a
tongue of forest (much modified) at the small village of Conel, and
we remained there until December 18, 1946, when I flew back to
Davao City. Castro collected in the area until December 22, 1946,
and between January 7 and January 30, 1947. During this second
visit he spent some time with the Bila-an tribes at a number of
places, all within one or one and a half days' walk from Dadiangas.
The Bila-an place names appearing on his labels we cannot spot on
the map, and he cannot indicate their location with any degree of
accuracy. The place names are Akbul, Balcayo, Beto, Bugad, Bula,
Calungkingad, Mallu, Neto, Olimpog, Sadsapan, Sputon, and Tanog,

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 67

We were interested in the grasslands chiefly because of the
characteristic birds and the large straw-colored deer that abound
in it. The deer contrast sharply with the very dark forms of the
Mount Apo forests. The grasslands are well drained and almost
uniform, and insects and most other animals are scarce in them.

Moderate lumber cuttings in the forest at Conel have opened
it to a great variety of growth, and invertebrate and herpetological
collecting was especially good there. Cart wheels have been cut
out of the great buttresses of old trees in the forest and the resulting
round "windows" are from three to five feet in diameter. Numerous
logs on the ground provided good hunting for certain insects and
arachnids. Frogs were numerous in the streams and in the vegeta-
tion of the forest, lizards and snakes were abundant, and flying
lemurs were especially common in tall hollow trees. On a shrub over
a little forest pond, I found the frothy egg mass of a banana frog
(Polypedates). The tadpoles fall into the water after hatching. We
took some specimens in a near-by barrio, where second-growth forest
and grassland met.

OPERATIONS IN PALAWAN PROVINCE

The various groups of islands that fall within the political
boundaries of Palawan Province (see fig. 6) are of intense interest
because of their close biological affinities with Borneo and their
great dissimilarity from the rest of the Philippines. In addition,
they are the least explored and the least inhabited islands of the
entire archipelago, with the exception of the Cuyo and Calamianes
groups.

The terrain and climate of Palawan Island do not encourage
settlement and exploitation, and the resistance of the pagan tribes
quickly discourages encroachment in the mountains, which remain
virtually unknown to this day.

The southernmost islands, the Balabac group, of which Balabac
and Bugsuk are the largest, are seldom visited by boats and the
fauna is known only from a few specimens. Lying as it does between
Borneo and Palawan, this group deserves an intensive survey,
which should be quite easy for anyone who can get his supplies
transported and can arrange a sure way to return.

To the east of Palawan Island, in the southern Sulu Sea, Cagayan,
Sulu and several other tiny islands have a distinctive, impoverished
Palawan fauna known from only a handful of specimens. These
islands are even more isolated than the Balabac group, and we
were unable to visit them. Also to the east, about halfway between
central Palawan and Panay, is the Cuyo group, with a Palawan
fauna and some Panay elements also. This group, which is thickly
populated, is visited weekly by boats. No forest remains on the
island. Separated from northeastern Palawan by a small channel
is Dumaran Island, of some size, also worthy of considerably more
investigation, as are many of the tiny islands along the east coast
of Palawan. To the north, the Calamianes group, composed of a
great number of islands, carries the Palawan fauna to its northern
limits and is isolated enough for some speciation. Possibly a very
small fraction of the fauna has extended itself north to near-by
Mindoro Island, which, however, has the character of the Philippines
proper. The two important islands of the Calamianes group are

68

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 69

Busuanga, noted for its high quaHty manganese deposits, and
Culion, noted for its leper colony. Both these islands have a mod-
erately large population, are visited by one or more boats each week,

Route to Mt. Balobag in the

Montalingojon Ronge from

Brooke's Point Villoge

f.\ Summit ol

Ml. ea{otxi9

(51901!)

^,2800tl

Camp
* Imulnud

^

Kobelnekon
jmaoplon

/-

y SEA

Cooke's Point

ITRAIL

Localities and Islands nortli
of Puerto PrineesQ

CALAMIANES
GROUP

oBusuango Is.

Tamolpulan.\ sA^
CulionUiv »

SULU
QRomasomty Is. SCA

SOUTH CHINA SEA

S ULU
SEA

ofO BALA B AC
Balabacr^r,oboc ^^°^^

' OCuyo Is.
CUYO GROUP

PALAWAN PROVINCE

ISLANDS AND
LOCALITIES WORKED
PHILIPPINE ZOOLOGICAL
EXPEDITION 1947

Fig. 6. Palawan Province, showing islands and localities reached by the
expedition.

and are almost totally cleared of all forest except for scrubby second
growth.

Whatever islands lie in the unexplored waters west of Palawan
Island are unknown except by hearsay. It is possible that some
islands may have a bit of vegetation and a few bats or rodents.

In the center of these groups, magnificent Palawan Island, a
formidable mountain range with little or no coastal plain, extends
between 8° and 12° N. Lat. The island has been little explored.

70 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

and undoubtedly still has a large number of undescribed animals.
There are some passes through the mountains and it is possible to
walk from the end of the road north from Puerto Princesa to the
west side of the island in one day. A man with lumber interests
on the other coast frequently made the trip. We regretted that
because our time and money were running low we could not visit
the caves, navigable streams, and precipitous cliflfs on the west coast.

According to the published information concerning the islands
of Palawan Province, all of them have two pronounced seasons, dry
in winter and spring, wet in summer and autumn. The central-
eastern slopes and lowlands of Palawan Island are of an intermediate
type, with no very pronounced rainy period and with a short dry
season lasting only from one to three months. At Puerto Princesa
and Brooke's Point the rains were only light and infrequent. In
the mountains of the Mantalingajan Range, the rains were heavy.
The Calamianes were parched during our stay, as were Cuyo and
Balabac. The listed annual average rainfall for Puerto Princesa,
the only weather station reported for the province, is 2,216 milli-
meters, which appears to be about a mean for listed Philippine
stations.

Our mountain party did not take temperature readings, but in
the Calamianes and at Puerto Princesa, the temperature at night
usually fell to 72° F., sometimes to 70° F. During the day the
temperature reached from 83° to 94° F., with an average of 88° F.,
in shaded, breezy spots. The humidity was always high.

Palawan Island and Adjacent Islands

PUERTO PRINCESA MUNICIPALITY

Puerto Princesa (Town) Area

The permanent Palawan Province Base Camp, established on
March 8, 1947, and maintained until May 25, was located in the
headquarters area of the United States Army Air Base on an area
of the coast sometimes referred to locally as Canigaran, a few
kilometers out of the town of Puerto Princesa (see fig. 7). Outside
of the Puerto Princesa town area, our operations in this municipality
were at Iwahig Penal Colony and its immediate environs, and in
the Babuyan-Bacungan area. Near-by Cailon and Ramasamey
Islands were also visited. These localities are reported in the follow-
ing sections.

I EC 2 cc li: o

si

71

72 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

At present Puerto Princesa, the provincial capital, is served once
a week by the Philippine Air Lines and once a week by boats of the
General Steamship Company of Manila. The town of Puerto
Princesa has a population of about a thousand Christian Filipinos,
many of them well educated and hospitable. It is the only town on
the island with more than a handful of Christian Filipinos, and
serves chiefly as a shipping center and provincial capital. The
proximity of the large penal colony at Iwahig increases the town's
importance. Copra is the only local product. Sail boats and a few
small power boats bring in produce from other parts of the island
for shipment to Manila and distribute the goods from Manila, but
sail boats are not dependable because of storms or long calms, and
the use of power boats is restricted because of the high cost of fuel.
The harbor is well protected, but the entrance to it is tricky and
should be attempted only by navigators acquainted with the reef
that extends from one to two miles offshore along the east coast.
A reasonably good road extends from the town of Puerto Princesa
east to Canigaran, north to Babuyan, and west to the Iwahig
Penal Colony. A very rough road, with two bad forks, extends
south to Aborlan, and travel over it is precarious.

The Puerto Princesa area has been occupied since early Spanish
days and little original forest remains in the vicinity. Coconut
plantations and small agricultural plantings are scattered every-
where and the intervening areas are overgrown with grass and many
types of second-growth forest from five to a hundred years old. This
is the only extensive lowland area on the east coast of Palawan. It
is ringed by high mountains, most outstanding of which is Cleopatra's
Needle, just to the north.

We had hoped to establish a camp in the near-by mountains or
at least in the foothills, so that we might study the original forest
flora and fauna, but we were unable to procure carriers and guides
and our money was running out. As it was, the richness of the
second-growth area provided a constant stream of specimens repre-
senting a large proportion of the known vertebrate fauna of the
island, so that our time was profitably spent. Inasmuch as only a
few dozen rodent specimens had previously been reported from the
island, we gathered large series, and the resultant collections well
justified the effort.

As stated in the introduction to the section on the Palawan
Province, we worked this area during the dry season, and conse-
quently the forests and grasslands were all very dry. The small

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 73

streams were dry also. Rains fell on fewer than a dozen days during
our stay, though overcast days were more frequent. Humidity was
always high, and the temperature in the shade varied from a low
of 70° F. at night to well over 90° during the daytime.

All collections labeled "Puerto Princesa" are from five miles
off the coast east of town. A fringe of coconut groves borders the
entire length of this coast. Behind this, except in the airport area,
is an old second-growth forest with such thick undergrowth that
penetration is usually difficult. Large coral rocks are scattered
over most of the area, and the ground is covered with a heavy leafy
humus. The populations of some species of vertebrates and inverte-
brates were surprisingly large, as will be indicated in the field notes
on the various groups. Frogs and toads, snakes, and all but a few
species of lizards, however, were as scarce as at any locality we
visited in the Philippines, and considerably more so than at the
Iwahig Penal Colony. Within this area of forest there is some degree
of isolation and variation in spite of its rather similar facies through-
out (except of course at the edges, which differ considerably because
of different types of disturbance and adjacent growth). Large
populations of Rattus palawanensis and Tupaia could be found in
some parts of the forest, while in other parts, apparently quite
similar, we found no specimens.

In the vicinity of the airport all the forest has been cleared and
tall grass has taken its place. Some of this clearing was done before
the war and a recent growth of trees has established itself. There
are no streams here; in only a few places there are small, wet depres-
sions. Mangroves are scattered up and down the coast, but nowhere
in solid stands, and there is no spot more than a hundred feet above
sea level. There are a few small agricultural plantings in the area,
and a number of abandoned fruit trees, especially banana and
papaya, which are visited by birds and mammals.

The only land mammals heretofore listed from Palawan Island
(except for some localized listed races of squirrels) that we did not
obtain at this locality were the shrews (Suncus) and the bear cat
(Arctidis) .

Babuyan-Bacungan Area^

A party composed of Werner, Castro, Oaiie, and Edailo spent
about a week (March 14 to 22, 1947) in this area in the hope of
securing guides to conduct them into the mountains. Babuyan is

* From notes of F. G. Werner.

74 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

the northernmost extension of the road from Puerto Princesa and
is on the main route north. Directly behind the village is the
picturesque mountain, Cleopatra's Needle, and north of it a plateau
that is one of the most extensive highland areas of Palawan. Inas-
much as guides and carriers were unobtainable, camp was set up
on a small side arm of the Babuyan River, which is as far as one
can go by truck, and local collections were made. The entire area
is covered with rather scrubby second growth, apparently the result
of war-time neglect of agricultural land. There are several patches
of trees thirty feet high, and mangrove areas border the river. The
vegetation near camp consisted of low shrubs and scattered trees,
and small clearings in this growth were being made near-by. As
in most second-growth areas the ground cover was thin and the
soil extremely dry. Insect collecting at this station yielded negligi-
ble results during the extremely hot parts of the day, and a line of
rat traps was quite unsuccessful. The only small shrew (Crocidura
sp.) taken on Palawan was obtained here when Werner found it
stumbling across the path one morning. Of great interest because
it is unrecorded from the Palawan group is a naked bat (Cheiromeles) ,
which Werner shot early one evening as it flew low over the trees.
Tagbanuas from the barrio of Babuyan brought in specimens, and
some birds were shot from a boat on the river.

On March 20 the party went by boat to Mauyon, a barrio about
a mile upstream, where Werner did some collecting in the forest.

Canon and Ramasamey Islands^

These islets are just outside the reef that extends a mile or more
from shore, slightly north of Puerto Princesa Bay. We had had
reports of bat roosts on Caiion Island, and so, on April 16, Werner
and Oafie set out for a one-day trip in a tiny sail boat. Currents
and winds delayed the arrival until dark, when the bats were leaving
to feed, but in the morning the party located a colony of Pteropus
bats in the mangrove swamp and obtained a sample of these as well
as several nutmeg imperial pigeons. Several phalaropes were taken
on coconut-planted Ramasamey Island on the coral sand beach.

IWAHIG PENAL COLONY^

Base camp was established in the Colony headquarters, on
February 28, 1947, and several days later a field station was set

* From notes of Floyd G. Werner.

* From notes of Harry Hoogstraal and F. G. Werner.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 75

up at Lapulapu, on the Lapulapu River and at the border of an
extensive second-growth forest. This was our first camp in Palawan
Province, and Hoogstraal, Afionuevo, and Oafie had not yet arrived.
The relatively great distance from suitable collecting places, the
lack of transportation within the Colony, and the unavailability of
carriers for a trip into the forested mountains reduced the value of
our time here, and on March 8 we moved to the Palawan Army Air
Base near the town of Puerto Princesa and set up our permanent
camp. Later Castro stayed at the Penal Colony from time to time
to care for specimens.

A number of names of places in and immediately contiguous to
the boundaries of the Colony appear on the labels, and these are
listed in the Palawan Section of the Expedition Itinerary. We are
not sufficiently well acquainted with the area to discuss these places
specifically.

A large variety of situations exists within this area. Most of
the land is devoid of trees and is devoted to corn and rice. The
rice paddies are irrigated, and many are fallow and overgrown with
sparse grass. Other large sections are devoted to grazing. PYuit
and shade trees are common near the many small groups of human
habitations, and there are a few coconut groves. There are also
some forests, especially in the hills and low mountains to the west,
though most of these, especially those closer to the center of the
Colony, have been more or less disturbed. Canals run throughout
the Colony and in some places a dense growth of grass and weeds
borders the Iwahig River. Many of the small streams ebb and flow
with the tides. Mangrove borders most of the coast of Puerto
Princesa Bay. Except for the western part, almost all of the area
is exceedingly flat. The Colony has been in operation for some
forty years, and we were told that it is now considerably less fertile
than it was heretofore. A good gravel road connects it with the
town of Puerto Princesa.

On March 2 Werner traveled up a dry stream bed to the Agathis
forest at between 3,000 and 3,500 feet on an unnamed mountain
west of Lapulapu, Iwahig, and south of Thumb Peak. He stayed
overnight at the camp of some copal gatherers and was given a
Palawan peacock pheasant that they had snared. Insect collecting
on this trip was poor because of the drought.

Much of the knowledge of Palawan vertebrates is based on speci-
mens collected at the Colony. We were chiefly interested in mam-
mals from this area and we secured a good proportion of those known
from the island, many in excellent series.

76 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

BROOKE'S POINT MUNICIPALITY^

On this trip the expedition made what appears to be the only
zoological collection ever to come out of the mountains of southern
Palawan. The Palawan trip was at the end of our itinerary, when
our resources were stretched to the limit, and the isolation of the
Brooke's Point area and the extreme cost of reaching it with any
worthwhile amount of equipment made this a shorter trip than we
had wished to make. The mountains of Palawan justify an intensive
and extensive campaign of investigation by zoologists. The isolation
of the region and the hostility of the native tribes have previously
deterred exploration.

The party, composed of Werner, Rabor, Celestino, Edano, and
Oane, left Puerto Princesa in a launch and reached the tiny village
of Brooke's Point on the afternoon of April 23. There camp was
set up in an abandoned tin-roofed building, and Werner immediately
made plans to get to Mount Mantalingajan, the highest mountain
in Palawan.

While waiting for carriers, Werner made a survey of the area
for good collecting spots. Just south of the inlet was the spot where
Taylor collected the type specimens of Rattus palawanensis. This
is now a region of second growth. Most of the Brooke's Point
coastal area has been planted with coconuts, but a heavy second-
growth scrub is growing beneath the coconuts, and this scrub
supports a great variety of animal life. A mangrove swamp borders
the inlet about a mile south of the settlement and almost all the
rest is grassland and dry, scrubby second growth, with occasional
bamboo patches.

On April 26 the cargo boat arrived, was loaded, and left. On
the following day, the group proceeded, with a carabao and cart,
toward the base of the mountain. Starting in the afternoon, to
spare the carabao the noonday heat, the party reached Imulnud
barrio the first night. Here they collected a few rats in the buildings.
On April 28 they reached Tigoplan, as far as a carabao can go, on
the trail to Mantalingajan.

Tigoplan barrio is on the Tigoplan River in second-growth forest.
The party stayed there for four days and during this time they
picked up a few rodents and reptiles as well as plants and insects.

On May 2 Werner rounded up carriers and got the co-operation
of the assistant head man of the first and largest Palawan barrio,

1 From notes of Floyd G. Werner.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 77

Kabelnekan (1,400 feet elevation). The party reached this barrio
in a couple of hours, proceeding up the Tigoplan River and then
up a steep hill. The barrio spreads over much of the east side of
the hill and consists of scattered bamboo houses with cleared land
around them. Upland or dry rice is planted on slopes up to forty-
five degrees. The people are generally quite prosperous. They raise
rice, sweet potatoes, cassava, gab^ (an aroid, of which the rootstalk
is eaten) and sugar cane, and trade copal and rattan for their few
other wants.

That evening, the head man, Panglima ("headman") Osungan,
returned and he secured guides for the trip, even calling others in
from neighboring barrios, since the number needed could not be
supplied at Kabelnekan. Here Werner and his party learned first-
hand why they could not go on without proper preparation. The
Palawans use a set-spear to kill wild pigs and deter human visitors.
These spears are made of a heavy palm shaft with an exceedingly
sharp bamboo head and they are rigged to hit about shoulder high
on a pig when the trigger, a piece of stick or vine, is touched. No
further explanation was necessary, and Osungan was allowed to
make the arrangements from there on.

The first day the guides led the group over the ridge behind
Kabelnekan at about 3,000 feet, then into lush virgin forest in the
Tigoplan River Valley. The following day they worked up the
rocky and rapid river, crossing it many times and clambering over
rocks along the exceedingly slippery, steep trails. By late afternoon
they had reached the highest barrio on the trail, Katagatan (eleva-
tion about 1,300 feet), on the south side of Mount Balabag. Kata-
gatan is very primitive, with a few bamboo huts and a small clearing,
and is not nearly so prosperous as Kabelnekan. On the following
morning the party got up to 3,200 feet, and the tarpaulins and jungle
hammocks were set up on the bank of a small stream, apparently the
only water supply on this side of the mountain. Werner was under
the impression that he was on Mount Mantalingajan and was much
surprised to see this noble mountain to the west on a day when the
sky cleared. He was on Mount Balabag, in the Mantalingajan Range
east of Mount Mantalingajan and separated from it by a great valley
from which issue the headwaters of the Tigoplan River. Mount
Mantalingajan itself is called Iloilo ("poison") by the Palawans and
apparently is never visited by them.

Mount Balabag turned out to be well worth the trip. The camp
at 3,200 feet was in virgin forest, in the zone where copal is collected

78 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

from a species of Agathis, a huge tree with white bark. This tree is
scattered through the forest and is the largest species there. The
ground everywhere was saturated, for the rainy season was just
beginning, and rain fell almost every day. Frogs of several species
made a great clamor at night and insects were abundant and varied.
Up the knife-like, steep slope of Balabag the flora changed to the
stunted, moss-covered, heath-like growth of the cloud forest. Werner
trapped for small mammals at about 4,000 feet in the mossy forest
but succeeded in obtaining only Rattiis palawanensis and one other
Bullimtis-type rat. The insect and frog fauna of this high area was
as different as the flora, and collecting was good to the summit,
at about 5,000 feet. Two peculiar frogs were taken only near the
summit, on the moss on the ground. Besides the insects, amphibians
and mammals that were taken, the Palawans brought in flying
squirrels and a distinctive spiny rat. Squirrels and Tupaia were
fairly numerous and R. palawanensis was abundant everywhere.
The hoped-for prize of the trip, a very large rat with a white tail,
reported many times by the Palawans, was not taken, nor was the
bear cat, Arctictis, called "manturong" by the Palawans. This
animal was seen once but snares set for it by the Palawans were
not successful.

The party was able to spend only ten full days on Mount Balabag,
for the long delays at the start had stolen too much time. By
taking the lead in the column, Werner was able to conduct the
whole party back to Brooke's Point in one day, from 7:00 a.m. till
10:00 P.M., a distance which had taken almost two weeks to negotiate
on the way up.

ABORLAN MUNICIPALITY^

Arena Island (see fig. 6) lies offshore less than a mile and is
hardly more than a small, ten-foot-high hill of sand overgrown by
scrubby second-growth brush and trees. The launch on which the
Brooke's Point party was traveling anchored off here at nightfall
while en route from Puerto Princesa and, to pass the time, Werner
set a line of traps from the Pandanus zone along the shore into the
forest. It was with considerable surprise that he found a good series
of a large Rattus, poorly or not at all represented in our other collec-
tions, in the traps the next morning. Several nutmeg imperial pigeons
were seen on the island, and there were several opened nests of
the mound-builder birds {Megapodius sp.).

' From notes of F. G. Werner.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 79
ICADAMBANAUAN ISLAND (OFF NORTHEAST PALAWAN)

While our launch lay offshore of Icadambanauan en route from
the Calamianes to Puerto Princesa on April 5, 1947, we collected
some invertebrates on and near this island. Most interesting of
these were hemipterous marine water striders, which we scooped
up in a little cove at night when they came to a light hung overboard.

Calamianes Island Group

The Calamianes group consists of a number of islands, chief
among them Culion and Busuanga, just north of Palawan and south
of Mindoro. These islands, politically a part of Palawan Province,
comprise Coron Municipality. Geologically and faunistically they
are a part of the Palawan group, and they carry the characteristic
Bornean elements (of the Palawan types) ^ to their northern limits
in the Philippines. A number of Palawan animals have speciated
on these islands, while many others appear to be identical with the
Palawan fauna.

It is of considerable interest to note the presence of deer (Rusa)
on the islands of the Calamianes group, since they are absent on
Palawan Island. This fact has been used by some authors to show
that the Calamianes are older geologically than Palawan. It appears
to me that the strong possibility of the intentional planting of deer
by early inhabitants should be considered. Historically and to the
present day, small islands (such as those of the Calamianes) in the
Philippine archipelago have been earlier and more thickly settled
than most of the more rugged larger islands. Constant burning
and clearing in conjunction with human settlement have allowed
extensive growth of grass on these islands, and this grass can and
does support surprisingly large herds of deer in the Calamianes, as
it does on other islands, in spite of a rather large hunting population.
Old church records attest to the frequent attempts of Filipinos to
transplant deer from one island to another. The presence of a
carabao, described by von Mollendorf as a separate species on
Busuanga (absent on Palawan) is in all respects too questionable to
be used as a faunal indicator. The presence of Taylor's tree rat
genus, Insulaemus, on Busuanga and not on Palawan has also been
used by him as an argument to show the great antiquity of the

1 That part of the Bomean fauna which has extended to other parts of the
Philippines, assumedly via the Sulu archipelago and Mindanao, is considerably
different, probably because of age, from that which has invaded Palawan and the
Calamianes via the Balabac group.

80 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

Calamianes; Werner and Hoogstraal, however, took a dozen speci-
mens of this genus on Palawan. There is considerable research to
be done before the Philippine mammal fauna can be analyzed as
to zoogeography, except possibly in broadest outline. Some of the
animals not now found on the Calamianes but present on Palawan
may easily have been exterminated from the former by the intensive
and complete removal of the original forest from the Calamianes
long ago. The greater distance of the Calamianes from the dispersal
ai'ea of Borneo is also to be considered in comparing the fauna of
the Calamianes and Palawan.

The most succinct commentary on the conservation of what
little forest remains in the Calamianes might be the statement that
during our stay of several weeks there we were never out of sight
of at least one and usually several tall columns of smoke from fires
set to clear the land for grazing.

BUSUANGA ISLAND^

A few days after the party had assembled at Puerto Princesa for
the operations in Palawan Province, Hoogstraal, Rabor, Celestino
and Aiionuevo departed for Coron, Busuanga, via Cuyo. They
arrived at the town of Coron (not to be confused with near-by Coron
Island) on May 11, 1947.

The season at Busuanga was extremely dry, though numerous
small streams continued to flow out of the hills. All of the island
that we saw was grassland, with narrow areas of trees and dense
thickets along some of the streams and more or less scattered trees
here and there in the grasslands. A conspicuous tree everywhere
is the cashew, the fruit of which is a delicacy much sought by human
residents and visitors as well as by many of the local mammals and
birds. We learned, just before leaving Busuanga, that a small
area of original forest remains at Minuit, on the north coast of the
island, where Taylor obtained the type specimens of Insulaemus,
but we were unable to reach this place in the time remaining. The
low, rounded hills are much eroded and the grass on them, as well
as in many places in the lowlands, is often sparse and is continually
burned. We find it difficult to believe that these sparse grasslands
support the heavy deer population that they do, even though hunting
is unrestricted on the island. In spite of the extreme general dryness,
we observed and collected in a number of small depressions containing

* From notes of Harry Hoogstraal and Dioscoro Rabor.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 81

pools of seepage water. On near-by Culion Island, which we visited
later, such pools were found only in the stream-beds. Rice was
once extensively grown in the lowlands but has been almost entirely
abandoned because of poor yield. Grazing is localized on the island.

Busuanga Island has considerable deposits of high grade man-
ganese, and much of the land has been staked out with mining claims.
These deposits were first discovered by Professor J. Otley Beyer of
the University of the Philippines, who noted a considerable amount
of this rather rare metal among specimens of tektites or rizalites,
strange obsidian stones thought to have their origin outside of this
world, which were being sent to him for study during the early 1900's.

The Luzon Stevedoring Company's chief operations are in the
Singay area, several kilometers from Coron, and these we visited
later. The entrances of abandoned mines were good hunting places
for swifts, small fruit bats, and porcupines. Small areas of much
disturbed remnants of original forest and dense second-growth
forest, even those being ruthlessly cleared, remained in the Singay
area, and among these we obtained four specimens of an interesting
pale fruit bat (a new species of Pteropus) .

On March 14 our party encamped at the small barrio of Dima-
niang, where the Sandoval family extended us their hospitality.
During our stay at Dimaniang we visited and collected in the near-
by barrios of Carmelita, Pangawaran, Tulawa, San Nicolas, Bintuan,
and Sinamay, obtaining interesting series of specimens. A variety
of frogs was abundant in the pools and in the streams, and large
crocodiles, some of them reputed to be man-eaters, were common
in the rivers. Bird life was abundant but restricted to grassland and
open forest species. Among the mammals, we entirely missed the
remarkable tree rat Insulaemus, known only from the type specimen
taken on Busuanga, though we later secured a good series on Palawan.
The Rattus luteiventris group was present, but not in large numbers,
and several specimens of the Rattus palawanensis group were taken,
apparently for the first time in the Calamianes, along the water-
courses. As stated earlier, deer were numerous, as were wild pigs
and monkeys, the badger skunk (Mydaus), the porcupine (Thecurus),
the Malay civet (Viverra), and the palm civet (Paradoxurus) .
Squirrels (SciuriLs) were very common in some thickets, but tree
shrews (Tupaia) were not common. The scaly anteater {Paramanis
culionensis) is apparently localized on the island.

We were particularly interested in noting the high incidence of
fleas and mites, lice and ticks here as compared with the other low-

82 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

land averages throughout the PhiHppines and New Guinea, and we
attribute this phenomenon, in part at least, to the dryness of the
season. Possibly of equal interest among the insects was the variety
and quantity of aquatic forms concentrated in the small pools and
streams.

CULION ISLAND^

On March 24, 1947, we secured passage on a small launch bound
for Culion, an island similar in most respects to Busuanga. The
population is limited to lepers and those connected with the leper
colony. Second-growth forest, rather than open grassland, is more
extensive on Culion than on Busuanga, and great areas of forest
were being burned during our stay. Before the American govern-
ment took over the island for a leper colony in the first decade of
the 1900's, much of the fiat land was devoted to rice paddies. These
areas have now grown into sparse grassland with widely spaced
trees, and present a parklike aspect. The Filipinos call them parang-
land.

San Pedro, about ten kilometers west from the Colony head-
quarters, lies on one of the mangrove inlets that are so frequent on
Culion. A dense scrub forest, with many vines and shrubs, borders
the tidal rivers. A very small degree of moisture remained in the
humus lying in some of these stream-beds, and a considerable amount
of interesting insect life was concentrated in these spots. The only
phalangids found on Culion were taken in deep, horizontal holes
in the shaded side walls of one river-bed. The Java frogmouth
(Batrachostomus javensis chaseni), one of the rare birds taken on the
expedition, was shot in the dense thickets beside one of these stream-
beds, and in another one a number of bats were taken in bat nets
strung over a mucky pool. The mucky pools provided a great
variety of frogs and toads and some snakes. The Malay civet was
common here, though we found none on Palawan Island and were
not able to secure reliable reports of it there. The badger skunk
(Mydaus), which is common on Busuanga and Palawan, is ap-
parently absent on Culion. And we should not forget to mention
the king cobra (Naja hannah), which Celestino found looking him
squarely in the face early one morning as he walked up a dry river-
bed. In the grasslands at San Pedro, insect specimens were generally
rare, except on some trees and shrubs, such as the flowering duhat
tree (Eugenia sp.) and Pandaniis. While at San Pedro, collections

* From notes of Harry Hoogstraal and Dioscoro Rabor.

HOOGSTRAAL: INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE EXPEDITION 83

were also made from the near-by barrios of Mahupa, Makinis and
Aborabod.

Most of the small lot of insects collected by Celestino at Siuk,
a small hamlet across the bay from the Colony headquarters, were
different from those taken at San Pedro. Siuk has the same com-
bination of fiat grasslands and low scrubby forest hills that we
found at San Pedro, but there is no grazing there and the grass was
as high as a man. The forest was densely grown with rattan and
light bamboo. While the party was at Siuk, clearings were being
made in the grass and forest, and deer hunting was good in these
places.

TAMALPULAN ISLAND

Only one vertebrate specimen, a megapode, and a few inverte-
brates were secured from Tamalpulan Island, which we touched
briefly, en route from Culion to Puerto Princesa, on April 4, 1947.

Balabac Island Group

On May 15, 1947, we spent fourteen hours on Balabac Island.
The party was composed of Hoogstraal, Rabor and Afionuevo. We
had hoped to remain for several days, to collect forms related to
those of Palawan and Borneo, as well as those occurring on all
three islands, but the boat on which we travelled would not wait.
This, the most far-flung island group in the Philippines, is actually
in closer commercial contact with British North Borneo than with
the Philippines. It is visited but two or three times a year by
ships, although sail boats call more frequently.

Balabac Island is known to mammalogists because it is the only
one in the Philippine group on which the pretty little mouse deer
(Tragulus) occurs, though it has been established on near-by Bugsuk
Island. Attempts to transplant it to Palawan proper have failed.

We were able to collect only in a stream, a dry second-growth
forest with a few damp depressions in its floor, and an overgrown
coconut plantation. Afionuevo shot two mouse deer in less than
an hour, we purchased two others, and one was presented to us by
Lieutenant DeVera, commanding the military police station. These
animals are abundant on the island, and are eaten by the poorer
people or by all the population when other food is scarce.

Insect collecting was excellent in all types of growth in spite of
the dryness, and several kinds of frogs and toads were abundant in

84 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

the stream. Rodents were reported numerous in the houses, but
between nightfall and 10:00 p.m. my line of fifty traps in buildings
caught nothing. Two rats were taken in my outdoor traps, one,
the large form of Rattus luteiventris, in a dense thicket, and the other,
the small form of this species, in a rocky, grassy area. We had been
particularly anxious to obtain squirrels and tree shrews here, but
missed the two squirrels we saw. A good collection from Balabac
would have greatly enhanced the value of our Palawan series, for
the island has been but little collected and is an important faunal
stepping stone between Borneo and Palawan.

Cuyo Island Group

Cuyo Island is the most important of this group of numerous
small, low islands Ijdng in the center of the Sulu Sea between central
Palawan and Panay. It is of considerable interest because it is
an outlier of Palawan Province and has an impoverished representa-
tion of that fauna, much of which has speciated here by reason of
isolation. Most of the forests are completely cut over. The monitor
lizards (Varanus), which measure from three to six feet and are
extremely abundant, are a conspicuous element of the fauna.

I visited the island en route to the Calamianes for only a few
hours while my boat lay offshore, but Castro and Afionuevo collected
here from May 24 to May 30, 1947. These were the last vertebrate
collections made by the expedition.

INDEX

Abra Province 22, 32

Agusan 22, 38

Anopheles lindesayi benguetensis 51 ; min-
imus flavirostris 29

Anteater 81

Ants 40

Apo, Mount 10, 24, 40, 41; rainfall
41; sulfur fumaroles 40; vegetation
41, 47

Arena Island 25, 26, 78

Baay 22, 32

Babayun 74

Baclayan River 24, 53, 54

Baclayo 24

Badiang 24

Baguio 22, 25, 29, 30

Balabac Island 27, 83

Balabag, Mount 26, 77

Bamboo 32, 33, 48, 76

Bankarohan 23

Bats 39, 45, 57, 59, 65, 74, 81, 82

Batuan, Mount 23

Beto 24

Birds 43, 45, 46, 52, 53, 56, 61, 64, 67

Bogobo 47, 48; customs 48

Botanical collection 11

Brooke's Point 25, 76

Buayan 24

Bugad 24

Bukidnon 22, 35, 38

Bula 24

Buluan 24

Bullimus sp. 45, 58

Bureau of Science 9

Burungkot 24, 65

Burungutan 24, 65

Busaon 23

Busaw, Mount 23

Busuanga 26, 79, 80, 81

Caburan 23, 61

Caecilian 42, 50

Cagayan 22

Calamianes Islands 26, 79; fauna 79

Calian 23

Calungkingad 24

Camote 29, 62

Camus, Jose M. 9, 12

Canoes, outrigger 58

Canon Island 25, 74

Centipedes 40

Civet 42, 61, 81, 82

Cobra 82

Coconut 56, 61, 62, 72, 73, 76

Conel 24

Copal 77

Copra 59, 72

Cotabato 11, 24, 36, 62; rainfall 36

Cotcot 22, 32

Crater omys sp. 32

Crocodiles 59, 65, 81

Culaman 23

Culex sp. 51

Culion Island 26, 79, 82

Cuyo Island 27, 84

Dadiangas 24

Data, Mount 10, 22, 30

Davao City 11, 15, 23, 36, 38; rainfall

36; temperatures 36
Davao City Province 15, 23, 36, 38
Davao Province 10, 23, 36, 40, 56
Deer 58, 67, 81, 83
Del Monte 22, 38
Diptera 39, 40, 42
Dipterocarpus spp. 32, 33, 42, 61

Ficus spp. 33

Frogs 38, 42, 45, 52, 53, 57, 61, 67, 81,
82, 83

Gecko 60

Hemiptera 55
Homoptera 57
Hymenoptera 42

Icadambanauan Island 25, 26, 79
Insects 38, 45, 51, 66, 78, 83
Itinerary of expedition 10, 22
Iwahig Penal Colony 25, 74

Kamansi 23

Kapiligan, Mount 22, 30, 32

Klaja 24

Koronadal 66

Lacaron 23, 59

Lagao 24

Laguna Province 22, 33

Lapuan 23

Las Bafios 11, 22

Lawa 23

Lemur 58, 59, 66, 67

Libuganon 23

Licuan 22

85

86

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 33

Liguasan Marsh 24, 64; vegetation 64
Linau, Lake 24, 50; temperature 50;

vegetation 51
Lizard 84

Localities, collecting 15
Luzon 10, 11, 22, 29

Maco 23

McKinley, Mount 11, 23, 40, 41; rain-
fall 41

Madaum 23, 56

Magupo 23

Mainit River 24, 26, 56

Makiling, Mount 11, 22, 33

Malabutuan 23

Malalag 23, 60

Malaria 29

Malita 23

Mallu 24

Manganese 69, 81

Manila hemp 36, 38, 42, 43, 47, 56

Mantalingajan Range 26

Manuel, C. G. 12

Masigit Marsh 24, 64

Massisiat 22, 32

Mati 23, 58

Matutungan 24

Mayo 23

Meran 23

Millipedes 40

Mindanao 10, 11, 22, 35, 36; resources
36

Misamis Oriental 22, 35, 38

Monkey 45

Moro 11

Mosquitoes 10, 51

Mossy forest 30, 43, 44; vegetation 44

Mountain Province 10, 11, 22, 29

Municipality 15

Nabilnagan River 32
Namalnawan 24
Nepenthes 54
Neto 24

Olimpog 24
Orthoptera 57

Palawan Island 10, 11, 25, 68, 69, 70;

climate 70
Pandanus 44, 47

Pantod, Mount 24

Parang 24

Parombon 23

Personnel of expedition 9, 10

Philippine National Museum 9, 10

Pine forest 32

Pinus insularis 29

Podogymnura truei 45, 46, 52

Puerto Princesa 10, 25, 70, 72

Quail 33

Quercus spp. 30, 44

Quisumbing, Eduardo 11, 12

Rain forest 33

Ramasamey Island 25, 74

Rattus sp. 42, 45, 46, 52, 53, 54, 78

Reptiles 56

Rice 62, 75, 77

Sadsapan 24

Samal Island 58

Santa Cruz 23, 24

Scorpions 40

Shrew 36, 74

Sibulan 47

Sitio Taglawig 23, 57

Sitio Tegato (Luangbay Cave) 23, 39

Snakes 38, 42

Specimens collected 28

Spiders 42

Sputon 24

Tacob, Mount 23
Tagum Municipality 11, 47
Tamalpulan Island 27
Tanog 24
Tarsier 59, 60
Tarsius sp. 43, 61, 65
Tigoplan 76
Tipunan 22
Todaya 24, 47
Tree fern 30, 44
Tree shrew 42, 50, 84
Trichoptera 46
Trinidad Valley 29
Tripteroides sp. 53
Tubangui, Marcos 12, 33
Tuganay 23

Upi 24, 65

Fieldiana: Zoology, Volume 33

Plate 1

Fig. 1. Drawing of fagade of Philippine Bureau of Science building,
before World War II

Fig. 2. Ruins of Bureau of Science building, 1946

THE PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE

Fieldiana: Zoology, Voliune 33

Plate 2

Pig. 1. Dipterocarpus logs

Fig. 2. Manila hemp drying near Davao

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE DAVAO REGION
MINDANAO ISLAND

Fieldiana: Zoology, Volume 33

Plates

PMg. 1. A tarsier in the second-growth coastal scrub at Caburan, Davao

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Fig. 2. Clearing second-growth timber for a Manila hemp plantation
SECOND-GROWTH TIMBER, MINDANAO ISLAND

Fieldiana: Zoology, Volume 33

Plate 4

Fig. 1. Mount Apo Range from the northeast. The main peaks, from left to right,
are Mount Apo, Mount McKinley, and Mount Washington

Fig. 2. Insect-sorting bench at Mount McKinley base camp
MOUNT APO RANGE AND MOUNT McKINLEY BASE CAMP

Fieldiana: Zoology, Volume 33

Plate 5

Fig. 1. Mossy stunted forest (elev. 7,200 feet)

Fig. 2. Mossy forest (elev. 6,400 feet)

MOSSY FOREST ON EAST SLOPE OF MOUNT McKINLEY

Fieldiana: Zoolog>', Volume 33

Plate 6

Fig. 1. Ground palm and arboreal fern at Mainit camp (elev. 4,300 feet)

Fig. 2. Boxilder field below crater (elev. 9,600 feet)
MOUNT APO

Fieldiana: Zoology, Volume 33

Plate 7

Fig. 1. View from crater border of Alount Apo. The light area
in the center is grass, that to the left of the lake is a bog

Fig. 2. Vegetation at border of lake
LAKE LINAU

Publication 665