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" ~ —_— ~ “a —_— ° ” ~ we eh ~ — ~~ ~ - Pond ? ¥ + = - ed — ow ~~ am -_ _ tee ow". ~~ “ ° a At —_ ——~ ~ os - a “—e ~ - . pe > Sana a a a eS 4 i 4 ae ~ ™ v3 wt - se . ewe p we ee Se ee ee ee PTE ee TT, Ta re Te SET r ay Pea 74 ‘£m ae ey a ab! ras we e ‘ ne ee 7 OS ame > oe ea td Uy wl ty ey 1% eae oa TS SH FA \ EEN VF JULY-DEC., = ASS a _ ~ ~ THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC | MAGAZINE ' INDEX ~ = = = 191 @ ==! =, =— = = = lath 4 i y= will Camm nn ot Seg at U & Mea SF li <1 iveallinall July to December, 1919 tm ne hin Cillian PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C. Deft dl] Hi bis GEOGRAPHIC ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. JOHN EB PILESBURY President GILBERT GROSVENOR, Director IIENRY WHITE, Vice-President JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Vice-Director O. P. AUSTIN, Secretary GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, Associate Secretary JOHN JOY EDSON, Treasurer EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE GILBERT GROSVENOR, EDITOR AND DIRECTOR JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Associate Editor and Vice-Director WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER RALPH A. GRAVES FRANKLIN L. FISHER Assistant Editor Assistant Editor Chief of Illustrations Division JESSIE L. BURRALL Chief of School Service - BOARD OF MANAGERS 1918-1920 1917-1919 1919-1921 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL CHARLES J. BELL WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT Inventor of the telephone EresudentSancnicas Security and Ex-President of the United States }. HOWARD GORE pene any FRANKLIN K. LANE i Prof. Emeritus Mathematics, The JOHN JOY EDSON Secretary of the Interior George Washington University Chairman of the Board, Wash- ington Loan & Trust Company C. M. CHESTER H A. W. GREELY — Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- Arctic Explorer, Major General DAVID FAIRCHILD merly Supt. U. S. Naval Ob- U. S. Army In Charge of Agricultural Explo- servatory rations, U. S. Department of GILBERT GROSVENOR Agriculture FREDERICK V. COVILLE Editor of National Geographic : C. HART MERRIAM Botanist, U. S. Department of Magazine : ‘ie Member National Academy of Agriculture ROBERT FE. PEARY Sciences RUDOLPH KAUFFMANN Discoverer of the North Pele, O. P. AUSTIN Managing Editor ‘The 1eaaaee Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy Statistician Star GEORGE OTIS SMITH 4 : alk Director of U. S. Geological Sur- eens BY ats £ T. L. MACDONALD vey ommissioner U. S. Bureau o i Da peAniCusl Lighthouses ? re tee Pierce of U.S CONC, SLU, 38 Be eae formerly “Ise , iL é : , F ly Member U. S. Con- Formerly Director U. S. Bureau Coast and Geodetic Survey pease a Nepseihe aa ce cae HENRY WHITE Wild-Game Photographer JOHN E. PILLSBURE Member American Peace Com- : ; Bee otn aad Reese We S- GRANT SQUIRES Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- Ambassador to France, Italy, Military Intelligence Division, merly Chief Bureau of Navi- etc. General Staff, New York gation ORGANIZED FOR “THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE” To carry out the purpose for which it was founded thirty-one years ago, the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Magazine can use, generous remuneration is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be ad- dressed: Editor, National Geographic Magazine, 16th and M Streets, Washington, D. C Important contributions to geographic science are constantly being made through expeditions financed by funds set aside from the Society’s income. For example, immediately after the terrific eruption of the world’s largest crater, Mt. Katmai, in. Alaska, a National Geographic Society expedition was sent to make observa- tions of this remarkable phenomenon. So important was the completion of this work considered that four ~ expeditions have followed and the extraordinary scientific data resultant given to the world. In this vicinity an eighth wonder of the world was discovered and explored—‘‘The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes,” a vast area of steaming, spouting fissures, evidently formed by nature as a huge safety-valve for erupting Katmai. By proclamation of the President of the United States, this area has been created a National Monument. The Society organized and supported a large party, which made a three-year study of Alaskan glacial fields, the most remarkable in existence. At an expense of over $50,000 it has sent a notable series of expeditions into Peru to investigate the traces of the Inca race. The discoveries of these expeditions form a large share of tne world’s knowledge of a civilization which was waning when Pizarro first set foot in Peru. ‘Trained geol- ogists were sent to Mt. Pelee, La Soufriere, and Messina following the eruptions and earthquakes. The Society also had the honor of subscribing a substantial sum to the historic expedition of Admiral Peary, who discovered the North Pole April 6. 1909. Not long ago the Society granted $20,000 to the Federal Government wnen the congressional appropriation for the purchase was insufficient, and the finest of the giant sequoia trees of California were thereby saved for the American people and incorporated into a National Park. ~ Copyright, 1920, by National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. All rights reserved. =: 2 BAe CON TENTS PAGE feareaesn Decorations aud Insienia ‘of Honor and Service......./....-.20-.¢-00--e +08 502 america s South Sea Soldiers. By LorENA MACINTYRE QUINNG..........---eccescereene 267 Heeween Massacres in. Van. By MAYNARD OWEN WILLIAMS..:..........2-20-+-ece-ecceee 181 Saemcerieetcezen Desert, Lhe, «By CARL Jo LOMEN.. 2.0... ce eect eee ene eee 538 Welemratine Christmas-on the Meuse. By Captain CLIFTON LISLE.............2.0000-50% 527 Curious and Characteristic Customs of the Central African Tribes. By FE. TorpDay....... 342 Mesceadants of Contucius, The.. By MayNARD QWEN WILLIAMS..............-+22-2-0:- 253 Exploring the Glories of the Firmament. By WILLIAM JOSEPH SHOWALTER............-. 153 Exploring the Unknown Corners of the “Hermit Kingdom.” By Roy C. ANDREWS....... 24 Geography of Games, The: How the Sports of Nations Form a Gazetteer of the Habits Badetistores of their leoples. «By: J. R. HMDEBRAND.............0..0-00ceneesees 89 Pacman Ae by DAVID -HATRCHILD.. 6.0 i 0s close eee ce cae ce es ecececcweeteanes 57 Isle of Capri, The: An Imperial Residence and Probable Wireless Station of Ancient ees En ee OED Net ICT MUNIN thane ok icre sicja ticles ac'o Sie cosa ne sca eeele es denlesea ele os 213 Land of Lambskins, The: An Expedition to Bokhara, Russian Central Asia, to Study the eka) Sieep- industry... By Ropert K. NABOURS..............0000cceccccccaaceecs 77 Land of the Stalking Death, The: A Journey through Starving Armenia on an Ameri- rece rabbi shy VI RPYV EEE CHAPTER ...0)2 coc aik downs coe ds oe bse since e wneled eps vee 393 Be ecrotliolt. Rotogravure insert, VIII plates. .... 2.2... 0. ccc cae ede esse eee eense 49 Mexican Land of Canaan, A: Marvelous Riches of the Wonderful West Coast of Our Rete tceptblic. Ey ARBDERICK OPMPICH. $. 2050; 060s. cea cece cca cucnsuccucencee 307 Progressive World Struggle of the Jews for Civil Equality, The. By Witt1am Howarp ee RN aie op eS ais Ars SoU Ta GAs Gos « bgalb'el'g, ds a ava wade Oe ee dees I Rise of the New Arab Nation, The. By FREDERICK SIMPICH...........0.ececececececes 369 Romance of Military Insignia, The: How the United States Government Recognizes Deeds of Heroism and Devotion to Duty. By Col. Roperr E. Wy iuir, General Staff, ee PU er eee ec a ho Behe As Nevis 6 Axle od vvie eeusos vel mala batcewe ees 463 eeearaune—China’s, Holy Land. By CuaArtis K. EpMuUNDS..\...........-.cccceeccecces 231 Shattered Capitals of Central America. By Herpert J. SPINDEN............0..cccecceee 185 syria: The Land Link of History’s Chain. By MAyNarD OWEN WILLIAMS............. 437 Vanishing People of the South Seas, A: The Tragic Fate of the Marquesan Cannibals, Noted for Their Warlike Courage and Physical Beauty. By Joun W. Cuurcn...... 275 Meeayvers of the World. Rotogravure insert. VIII plates...........0. cc cece ccececccue 145 Where Slav and Mongol Meet. By Maynarp OwEN WitiraMs. Color insert. XVI Dos pect igh BON REISE 208 5 5 eet ee a a ga aoe ec oe ee et 421 INDEX FOR VOL. XXXVI (Juty-DecemBer), 1919 AN ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED INDEX CO \ Oe Page Aaronson, Julius, Private, U. S. Army, Company G, to9th Infantry: Decorated with the Distin- guished Service Cross with bronze oak leaf (ol Kies hee eee at ee eee aw ere. Aric Artes ole 0-0 Abbots 210 bp CharlesiG cicsseccraataos ensiae eelonel tone encvorers 168 ANeapulcoy, Miexic oy i. ah a cciincereeeie) cepts eter tolcteonenen 307 Aces wearing trophies of war won in the air...ill. 492 INCOR Syl opens cokes one oe TN aa eae oneeeer eee 440 Acropolis crowned by the sentinel city of Heizan- (el hate eR RICO cD SacE ee SIChe Armee cicero AA Actium* Greece; “Battle obs. gem on ne erate eee 216 Adams, Wnelish astronomers. ee aed 57, Aden, Arabia. .ill., 387; text, 312, 371, 378- 380, 390-391 Advance Section, Service of Suppl y, rmy: Iba, Ologéocanodcuae ill. (colored), 517; text, 525 Aerial acrobatics acwevere ieee eisiccensmers eran ener ancien ill. 143 Aérial granaries, Bapinji tribe, Congo Free See ill. 355 Fschyliuss Greek: poet. aa. -. coke coer eee 221 Ae hanmistam vert: ec ccanssis costs) ais) leaare oy oamsten eon caat suepees 462 NEAT CARN ota ete one raters Guar cae Cie keae ate reey Noh ensuehe 371, 378, 443 Africa, The champion high jumper of.......... ill. 130 Agha Khan, Moslem leader: Manifesto from..... 369 Aeawaeorsicty, IJPomsers “BinGlesoocdaccsoocccoodanaode 100 Asriculttuney tA rabia, aie s ceis ie ode eo: s.cieene els chores 381 Agriculture, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.... 295 mNerencelhibone, IMIESSCOQ>aqoce500accesennobb000 309, 315 Agricultune, Symlay ois cots, «sei les ese terete 444 Agua Fria Ranch, Sonora, Mexico..............-. 319 awe), (Gwanemes WOlWBG®.dcoscccnccs05n0500mk 203 Ahkat =Desert;. -Acabias < Sit acts ius oo ste ele nate eet 380 Airplane engine, The development of.......... ill. 139 ASIAISICA Sze yeep w tay tena Stumans eas ot ates crate tee nal oh ues cee 545-546, 548 Alaskan and his dumb friend, the reindeer: An ill. 547 AMjaskan Peninsula’ Sevnsvecvevecvan a encoie ee kOe 539 MibangNilotntainsaelitallyneerce weitere ene rien 227 “Al Bedoo,” or “The Dwellers in the Open deeb ola le eee re i eeeiairen Shen y nde Ar tai Ce Lee i oe oa ae INIbeEtoteAnitstiiayeAnchidtkenemerceieeion oeieeeieine Albricer, General, Malian) Army. 26 ee seer: ill. 466 Albuquerque, Affonso de, Portuguese navigator AICAMCON GUC Ot. eis ois eases orererocenela oineotete eas Skene 375 Aleppo, Syria...... ill., 456; text, 371, 380, 437, 443, 448 Alexander the Great: Use of mirror on Alexan- driant Pharos. 5.1... soe Osis Ie eae 221 AMlexandretta; Sy tiasscs «>see ect eae sane eemetests 437 Mexand riary soy pty secs se ree ca cheicreisteeee 219 Alexandria, Egypt: Jewish population of........ I Alexandrian Pharos, Mirror on: Old story of.... 221 Alexandropol, Russian Caucasus........ 407, 414, 418 Alexandropol, Russian Caucasus: Armenian or- PUANS HAC es sne otescgeisisiensccnesexe CPA ete ee eee ill. 409 ““Al Hadr,” or “Dwellers in Fixed ocalities”.... 373 Ali Hotrthicaliph: cic cee cate co corn cenae 390 Allenby’s crusade in Palestine.................. 360 Alletly, Russian Caucasus: Population of........ 418 Allied generals honoring General Petain at Metz, Germany” Ficvyerek-d neater setesied cake a One Geceaueor ill. 466 Almada, Senor: Occasion of-his daughter’s mar- EN ICIS CHOC IRICRS AGL DEES H lo'by HON DIG OS bo ese 309 Aleem on Mactey plant. Wextcoe je eienr encircion 321 Altar screen, Church of the Cerrito de Carmen, Guatemala (CityenGuatemalanmeiierleriieie ill. 211 Alvarado, Jorge de, Founder of La Bermunda.... 202 Alvarado, Pedro de, Founder of Ciudad Vieja.... 202 Alton Beach, Miami, Florida: Aquaplaning off, ill. 108 Amapala, lon dttraseajcsiererstnsrehetonece tics ocokseite 211 Amatitlanneity,Gllataimalaerycueieieciiieiaieeinen 197 Amatitlan wake, Gitaternaldinsterlsei areata ier 197 Ambulance Service, U. S. Army: Insigna of.. ill. (colored), 517; text, 525 America has contributed baseball and the city playground to sport 105, 109, 121 oe ee eee eee esr eaeees IV ENTRIES IN CAPITALS REFER TO ARTICLES Page American Arabian Mission, Bahrein Islands, Per- sian Gtllf a. ciesese's os 0.% dha sie oo elena ee 378, 389 American Committee, Tiflis, Russian Caucasus: Work among the Armenian refugees........... AMERICAN DECORATIONS AND INSIGNIA ~ OF HONOR AND SERVICE (2) 2 een 502 American fashions feed frugal Chinese........... 253 American, idea iof Arabs: 3.) »5.] 0-6 eee B78 American large-fruited hawthorn.......5...0e08 59 American Museum of Natural History: Expedi- tion, to IKOreay oie. ..iee 0 0 oie eo cls oi eee 25 American naval officers receiving the French Legion of Honor Decoration: On board the U.S. S.-Pennsyluania......... - eee ill. 468 American officers: British decorations received by ill. 473 American Papaw> ..0...40 vs<0 oe See 59 American Red Cross Relief Camp, ‘‘Manuel Estrada Cabrera:’’ Hospital section of, Guatemala City, Guatemala: i224 0.5 bet oe ee eee ill. 206 American Relief Committee, Armenia....... 404, 407, 409, 412, 417-418, 420 American relief train: Yezidi refugees stealing a PIGS OM AN ice io)s o5.e sinless: 5) 510 ee eee ill. 403 American rescued by Kikela from Marquesan Cannibals: 666 ok Vala oe os» 05 8 ete ree 302 American salesmen, Mexico ................... 311 American steam-shovel: Mexican use of the...ill. 320 AMERICA’S SOUTH SEA SOLDIERS. BY LORENA MacINTYRE QUINN eee 267 “Am-nok’”’ (green duck), name given Yalu River by Koreans 5 oi) occ sietece.s closed a eee ele eee 48 Amur River, Asia..c.0s.< 222 > 4 ten Spee 254 Anacapri Road, Capri Island, Italy.............. 216 Anwezas, Arabia: o i.5 o% eae cide oe cietereieneleteie ete ae ener 371 Anatolia, Asia Minor PPP EEOC abo bo CO oc 369 Ancestor worship is universal in Korea....... ill. 46 Ancestral city of Rothschilds, In Frankfort-on-the- Main, tO \'ei.:0:4. ose de. 4 ao sce sie eee one ill. 18 Andrews, Roy C. Exploring Unknown Corners of the ‘Hermit Kingdom’... aise.) Dee As Andromeda nebula <2 ire. -..1.5 2 eee oe tle aye Amimals; Atia Dials creel. er eel ers ee 383-384 Animals, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean....... 282 Animals, Wald; Anabias. 4.5. ... 2 2 <5 eee 384 Animals, Wild, Congo Free State............ 363-365 Annimals) WWalds sMiexicor rites si eee eee 319, 322 Annapolis Wireless Station.................00-- 162 Annuaire des Establissements Francais de VOceanie: Population, Marquesas Islands, Pa- Cifie’ OCEAN 2nd e dee. obs bts e 0.6os eee eee 306 Anthropological research, Central Africa......... 359 Antigua, Guatemala: Destruction of......... 203-204 Antigua, Guatemala’s second capital............. 203 Antiochsy Sivtlairscuociews «\osoue teeter ore ill., 454-455; text, 446 Antioch, Syria: Roads to.. <\.... «21,6 ill. 454 Antlers: Use made of by the reindeer..... 545-546, 554 Antung at the mouth of the Yalu River.......... 48 Apia, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean............. 274 Apricot of China, lhe) walde... | .eenieee eee 66 Aquaplaning off Alton Beach: Miami, Florida, ill. 108 Arab camp at the foot of Mount Sinai, Persia, ill. 392 Arab fortifications, Specimen of.............. ill. 389 Arab gateway to old Maskat, Oman........... ill. 375 Morality. A aversenets scstaveioee: asarntomns ill., 370, 372, 375, 376-377, 379-382, 384-387, 389-392; text, 369-393 Arabia: Aristocracy. of...) . 20... se on se nee 375 Arabia: Division of by ancients................. 380 Arabia: Government of .% ..%.+ 2. sole ieee 371 Arabias \Mapi Of: svi. seine nitte ce eee ill. (map) 374 Arabia: Physical geography of............... 378-380 Arabia: Rise of the new............ 360, 371, 373, 393 Arabia: “Munkish atithonitys 1m), <4 ariel aeereenenea 371 Arabian: Desert o/c Secs occ cites ee 437 Arabian DOrses’ 0/050 jo: 378 Arabia’s trade with the United States........ 390-391 meipiowancuage, lerms £fOm.....)..:..0+.2202 378 Arabic name for Hebron is El-Khalil, The........ 8 PREDIC TOL INOLEA.. obs vejncce cesses cee'’s Wie as) POG ASP ANTHETICAI 1dEA Obes. seco nc cece lacciwecie 273 REM IMETSESOICICES ccs sce o eeu sce tees eels eee wees 378 PMP @OMECAL ATTICA. occ ccc sce nee wes ceees 360-361 Arab’s contribution to the science of medicine. 375,378 PMGNSMMMESCEIPtION Of .ccc sint es cece detec swes ayia Bs emcee UTCAEION OL <.cc.ccccc cnc coe emis see vse eee 375 PREM Ci (Maserkeels se vice alee 6 hse See es eelne cee B73 EME MO ISIE OL tHE FACE.) os ee ee ccs eee ene 373 EMA PINEIT STON (Ob. ws = disci oes es bee eee wlew ole ve 375 EMEMIESMVISION VOL, PATaACISCe-nea.. oi se sage vee ee nies es 377 Pee U MM NsTTVENI TA) laecio ss cscs sors © wise ene ese lees we ene 181 Me PRAIA TEE AN STAC he: c)ci/c} aici. sifersielie'-s atiesio sa a ap soauerie 0 "0 414 machina iCtesiphon: Ruins Of........02.02.0.0 380 PRACT TI Ga L MEiys os sasicve o.0@ a, 000-0 «mee ce bes nls 6 i TIRES? | 4.8 aid86 Ged CI RORE PORES One CRC noe 100 Anchery on horseback: Ancient......:....... lle OO) mneresmeomted, Arabia... ss. e605. cs ss 0s ee eee nl, Bae Maenimedes, Geometrician .........60.0550es 220-221 AMPQIIG 5 - a aloo OW O) CRONE CHOI ECR Coenen 539, 541 PRECHGNOCEAN 22. : +2... Shomer tebe dies s 6 evap ay co eulay/etel simi ce 555 Argentina, Texas, and Palestine: Rural colonies DAMEN SPMIN error ieyotavcie's S.recetels ess sg aele se ee Gere s 23 ATE Ome, IDRAINCE lo. Slo cn Ce CID nner acae 443 PRBISROCHAC MOL AT ADA cs. ccc vee nes tess sca cg ssa B75 EIZ OED 2.6 68 6015 16 COI REET ee nee BOyjic, Aili “Ark in Flood’ Medals: Issue of, by Queen PAS EMO MalAMG occ sede soca ceicr saa en 464 JXERTGIIE, 6 C66 COORD DO eras 181, 393-420 Armenia: Youthful volunteers who tramped from ReMid tO Vall. «0+. .%s«- ill., 182-184; text, 183-184 PAUP CE MIME LOW Mel icieia.c * arele s-sos's eye siais a Sau eae ss ill. 419 Armenian children begging a train-ride........ ill. 404 Armenian children eating their dole of boiled rice, NEC INIISSIITINCATICASUS, «20s cca ss onsaecses il. are Armenian children, Igdir, Russian Caucasus. .ill., 412; text, 409, 412-413, 417-418 Armenian children, Tragedy of....... ill., 404, 408-410, 412-415, 417; text, 404, 407, 409, 412-413, 417-418 Armenian children weaving rugs in the American Committee shops at Erivan, Russian Caucasus ill. 413 Armenian orphans, Alexandropol, Russian Cau- ThEGE 1 oo Geld Se eRe tere ea eae ill. 409 Armenian orphans, ‘Tiflis, Russian Caucasus: American Committee’s work among........ 404-405 Armenian orphans working under the direction of an American Relief Committee............. ill. 415 cuvitnevnidiin LP IERH CRIM ee ene ee he 254 Armenian refugees...... ill., 396, 403-404, 406, 408-410, 412-415, 4173; text, 393-420 Armenian refugees carding wool in Tiflis, Russian 0 SS «2 Sg eet Bee re ill. 396 Armenian refugees, Karakillissé, Russian Cau- SRR Te, coe eins Caer ats cause Sh wlb es sewed 405 Armenian refugees, Tiflis, Russian Caucasus. . . 403-404 Armenians seeking what warmth the sun can give ill. 414 Army Artillery School, U. S. Army: Insignia of ill. (colored), 517; text, 526 mmole Wiatthew: .Simile by........cccececseess 388 Pepeeetenar River, Armenia......cc.ecseeseceess 407 Art of conversation in Georgia, Russian Caucasus. 401 Artemid to Van, Armenia: Youthful volunteers who tramped from........ ill., 182-184; text, 183-184 Artist’s Model, Capri Island, Italy .......... ill. 229 era) (UMMC are sc are Siete a, ok cate a Sian cus Si oh a Ge es 380 MES Ori te far ot efi an crnii a oo) michoue jee wraen Pie raiw Ss 75 Asakenazim or German Jews... 2. sce. e eee et cece 5 ns. ca ota SSR Ae tee dae ieee ee 449 Asia: Card and board games developed in southern ot RereMUNA TC CUMPEt rere ola oo ce ac < Sie ak cl Go tere ow ie wile 307, 462 BTCA CHINE LAZO Sc cise Kcienciew are ola da ce navea e's 275 MEDS STi vate oicida so wi. nls ale Vidhale ob ae «denier 393 Pee atii-pal Of ASSYTId..c.es see e cna scenes ill. 90 PMSUROMOMETS, PAtience Of... cweccscevenecccucs 165 Ataona,’ Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean... .ill., 288; TEXt,, S03 Atgamar, Russian Caucasus: Population of...... 418 Athos, Monte: Turkey in EBurope............... 223 Atmosphere: Effect upon the telescops........... 162 Augustus, Emperor: Occupation of Capri Island, HUET KA Ray Gh ORCS RRS eae 213, 216, 219, 220, 231 1919 Vv Page Australia, “Speering the alligator,’ An aboriginal CETEIMIOM Ys ory siete, bua ple taie! sae blstara vo lebeseher a icpetet ae ill. 96 Automobile race, Indianapolis...............-- ill. 139 Ava-Ava, or Ava-ti: Native intoxicant, Mar- quesasistand Pacihc: Ocean,..2+202-n2000452 297 Ayesha, Favorite wife of Mohammed............ 378 IA Ze Dailatione CLSiae sect as:stsis sielp « Wo aso ois oie oka 6 397 ANZHeCOpr Aller Wray ce Reteie eke wae ole ot ont setae arene b 307 di ee ipabeel-Wardeb Sitaltsl Ob. cs sin o0ass once becatees 379 Balbylotiasmrts aerate, eters ieee eo ee sete ee 327 Babylonia: Seat of Jewish ecclesiastical authority. 3 pau tomate PalimiGgeisirnsog cu ek eae ciao ee oo cies a Bacchus Temple, Baalbek, Syria: Ruins of the ill., 450; text, 450 Backgammon: as played i) Burma... ses es ee 89 Bagdad, Mesopotamia......... 327, 3715) 37.57 376s 3005 384, 389, 443 Bagdad, Mesopotamia: One of the gates of....ill. 380 Rae dacdwratlivrdyerrs ates sae ale 380, 457- 458, 462 Bahrein Islands, Persian Gulf........ 372, 385, 388-390 Bahrein Islands, Persian Gulf: Ownership of..... 389 Bahrein Islands, Persian Gulf: Population of..... 390 “Baja,” or Lower California, Mexico.......... 326-327 Sbayanegue7;s San salvadore -Aes-. os ss see ee ill. 186 Baker, Newton D., Secretary of War, United ERECS feet oe ke ct lace) a Brace bid bitte es beeen oe ill. 477 Balcappkaissiane Caticasttsha.).. ete siete cicieie eiomie or 399, 444 Bakiweses natives: Atctcistcigsteiercrettepats scr alelate orutalote ill. 350 Bakwese natives, Congo Free State....... ill., 343, 350; text, 343, 350 Baldpate ducks, Lake Merritt, Oakland, California ill. 3345 text, 43 Bearish tee tap lo sie a abel sole widlanetoreod aie Stns ee 399 iBaltisnol=)Golieotse ates, c.- as setice mcm oe ne ill. 135 Ralhirelnistatiamelrt diana =. <2. peers ora oi ccclers Go eee 462 Bambak Defile; Russian Caucasus.....:......-.- 405 Bambala fashions in hair-dressing, Congo Free Sita eicicac cad nicl ok ill., 343, 350; text, 343, 345, 349-350 Bambalasidearot ammortalityess..2 s+ seen. eee 345 Bambala natives, Congo Free State...ill., 343, 346, 362; text, 342-343, 345 Bambalastraders, Congo Free State.+.-.....26-+0 359 Bambala tribe, Congo Free State........ 342, 345, 349 352-353; 359 Bamboo; Blantation, of edibles. ....-+22+s2e. ce ill. 61 Bamboo cable ferry on the Siku River, A...... ill. 60 BamboomnOOdS= 5 oeten-< ico ciere cieve, ola hele. 5 ee eee ore ill. 66 Band, Fita-Fitas, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean ill., 266; text, 272- 273 Band, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean: Bee ill., 266; , 272 Raticits. sonantiutes Charig. ~ 5's nis eae wae ccc an Be iio ARTS ne Ta ete Seta sor wean Sule oreo ede Pear misec 448 Baobab) trees .Lropical A ftica.. - cee c eeine « - ill. 354 Bapinji bellringer, Congo Free State.......... ill. 348 Bapotos tribe, Congo Free State: Chief of the. .ill. 365 Barney owls... -. ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate Ill, 49-56 Baseball to sport: America has contributed.. .ill., 136: text, 105, 109 Basket made of straw braid, Shantung, China.... 257 Basoko natives, Congo Bree State...0..........- 359 BASSO nae Ache lal clon tesecsg Acetic t ebapeti chai etre 380, 388, 301 Bat RCAVeG re WHORTCOR 282, 302 Bay of Pusa. Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean... 283 Bay of Vaitahu, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. 303 Bayanzi women, Congo Free State: Hair dress of GI retain a nr et nere a ecw nin Reatela © oe, a Gist a kw nies ill. 358 Bazaar streets of Maskat, Oman.............. ill. 370 Beacon signaling. Roman methods of..... 221, 224, 227 Beauty behind “Blinkers,”? Arabia............. ill. 380 Beck: Bnerayine Gompany. sess wc 5s wm sx os ence 464 Bedouin camp in the Heyaz, ROCESS eters © ate ete ate Smite Ke. a/d wth ne cae a whoa oc ye aL 382 VI THE NATIONAL GEHOGERAPEHIC MAGAZINE Page Bedoutnuclanss Ara Dida eee ieee eine 371 Bedouins, Arabias. esc 2. B75, BBs Ay Goin Seu, GO2 Bedouins training for war against the Turks...ill. 384 Beersheba, halestine:. scene i.e ier cir eae ils AL Beersheba, Palestine: Wells of. .ill., 447; text, 445, 447 Beilane Sy Gian se tere oh iats eee tee ee ne ae ill. 446 Beirut, Syria. .ill., 438; text, 438, 442, 454, 456-457, 462 Beirut, Syria: Syrian Protestant College...... 454-456 Belle of the Bambala tribe, Congo Free State. .ill. 346 Belongings of the Armenian dead: Disposition MAAS YOR jth! ie. 2 fo ein id rei ealineretens wis eames Seon iets 410-411 Beni Lamb tribes, Mesopotamia.........-... KVATIRVAS Benson Admirals WS. Navyys-eeceeee ree ill. 476 BOLUM SCA) ca kia mich cee erie cis te sacle ee Ree 555 Berlin, iGenrmartiyersctjs qo ue nett Gee nero ee eo 380 Berlin-to-bacdadeuoutes. cere 437, 443-444 Bessel pAstromomer . ccysche aude el alte elcee eee Sis IB etal sAMitiaices pertira nists ooh anseeiecnere Fc heise Creare 168 BETWEEN MASSACRES IN VAN. BY MAY- INGASRAI) <@)VVEEGING: VV aTse Ae TVAIVINS = Sees netarae et eeaeeneeege 181 Bichorns ss Wext corps cen she So eee oe 322 Binds. Arabia. .vercteves,svesare caaelone Oy oeiabaie meee eel 381, 383 Birds, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.......... 282 Biedstys Nex COs te cce eon er cit eceneee hereon nea Eee 3190 Bete fill:e Sygic Wece aps eens Penbenieintces micta G Alone cre crCec ee > 444 Bistrandinssa Movi ti tess hin eiacle ice Otero eran 379 Bjurstedt, Molla, of the twelfth century, Margot WWAUSMIEIT Gs Jalnce ors evento siecle restate eRe eee eae 132 Black, General, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal #98 Black:death*soncery? a6 .c.o.cts oe ee oe tn oe eee IACI SOO salto ctstaorstsun taller t comin errors 10, 393, 396- Bee Blashfield, EK. H. Designer of Testimonial to be given to American soldiers wounded in battle clara Whe Worllel Weis so50o50esd00000 50550 ill. 465 Bloemfontein, Orange Free State................ 444 Bloodtaskastonic ys ikoncanenre ranean ene ence 31 BlietGrotto, Capri lsland italy erie e ee 216 Blue Grotto, Capri Island, Italy: Rugged path leadinesiromnvallacejote Capiintomnenen eerie ill. 218 Bltienheroneeeee rene (rotogravure insert), Plate V 53 Blunt; Wady JAniasi.c see ee oe ee 380 Board games developed in southern Asia, Card EUTVGIL 5 ayis se ncveiw idl 450) Suchenoc tale CREE Gee a ena QI Boatenaciniy ii. stole. cues Aes er ill. 128-129 Bornean Of lsermin, Stel. oacancconvooednuese 440-441 ipoats | Congoukiver: Nathvela seni eeernie ill. 363 Bae h-dolala ise. she, chershcatere crane MRE ee Reece 65 Bokale, A native of Congo Free State............ 367 Bokhara, Russian, dunicestat sateen aie 444 Bokhara, Russian Turkestan: Caravan arriving at MMATKSE Ges acts ste evans Site Mt OG ce Ue ill. 84 Bokhara, Russian Turkestan, Hospitality in...ill., 82; text, 79 Boleo Mine, Santa Rosalia; Mexico....2..+5.5.-8 329 Bolshevist sevolutions sche ee Cee ee ee 307 Bond ofiplay; “Mie isc scene ee 140-141, 143 Bontoc Igorot, Slapping game of the Philippines ill. 140 Books on scrolls: Jewish scribes at Saloniki writ- i ATO SACTEC ase ode cue eee eee ill., 2; text, 3 Border problem between the United States and IVIEXICO™ \oo2s 2 ois a5 Sets Eee TR eA eee S27 Boundary dispute between the Georgians and PXEMICMIANS. ...\c°s2)2 ssonarete Cette eae eines Oe 39090 Bow) dehooting. with. thes sacaos ote acti ee 89 NORA Oot seicieiieiese 4 oie chara Cea ene eee ee QI, 125, 128 Boxing bout on a U. S. Training ship, A...... ill. 124 Boxing, Jack Broughton, nese father of... 225, 020 Boy scouts of Armenia... .ill. (color insert), Plate IV, 2 Bracelet of a Muri, Bambala tribe, Congo Free a SEATE: ‘ie a's 0 ava cals nse %e's GE oer ee nee 342 DLATULEY:, \ICLENLISE! cnvs\ cup cesalolereine al eae eee een eee ee Brasswork factory, Damascus, Syria............. Bread line, Van, Armenia, ill. (color insert), Plate 1x 429 Pacific Ocean. .ill., 298; text, 283, 287, 208 Breadfruit, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Pits for Onin OL’ artis cit oye ate eer eee 287, 289 Breadfruit, Marquesas Island, 61-36 Bremen, Cases Seite) « osdedeee nughie ep ae Nee Te : Aes Was British decorations received by American officers es . ill. 7 Prise Mone railway \Ara bia ras fener eee eee eee 380 3ritish Navy General Service Medal......... 471-472 Page British officers receiving the American_ Distin- guished Service Medal from General Pershing ill. 478 British soldiers: How they brought about peace between Georgians and Armenians............. 399 “The Broad Way to Heaven,’ Path leading to Tai Shan Mountain, Shantung, China:......... 241 “‘Bronchos,”’ MEXICO»... ., sce +» <)cvs 1c) SRO Eee B28 Bronze Badge of Courage: Red Cross nurses and American soldier patients wearing the....... ill. 482 Bronze tablet in a Tai Shan temple, Shantung, Chea es he che es distle a rege re ces citer onsen ill. 243 Broughton, Jack: English “father of boxing”. 125, 128 Brown, Lytle, General, S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal....... ill. 477 Bufflehead ducks, Lake Merritt, Oakland, California 331 Bulgaria... i. foe a icsjeis bye rele « afte 0 oe ee 397 Bullfight in Spain, A..s..% =< +e eee i ees YF Bigll-fightine@ ieee scjeleieers ci s/e' s-esaleche eeeieneeemene 94, 100 Bull-fighting, Mexico ............+-.2++++++00-. 94 Bullock train laden with American flour...... ill. 416 Bunder Abbas, Persia.... 5.0% 2 2+ ieee 388 Burden- bearers, A @onzerch olPeeane Ici cic ill. 29, 32, 44, 45 Bureau of Education: Introduction of reindeer into Alaska) 2.2 c.ci6 uals et ssa be eee Rin; Sst Biareatiot standards, (Chineses-ci se eee Ml, 2G Burma, India ss 5... 3 liexe é-0.ace sco ave ole, eet ee nee 444 Burros, Mexico. . s.c2 cc 4 ss os vee +o) OE ene 323 Burton Sim Raichanrd eb Ganiciss seen 373, 380 Bushite, Peétsias oc sces 4 os 0 oe 21s. eee eee 388 SoZ Cable ferry on the Siku River, A bamboo..... ill. 60 Caborca; Mexico! es ois 6 3a cco 0s 2 eee eee 330 Cesar, Julius, Roman’ generals). eee eee 216 Caltos, Heyiptics diane sper er accesiesc ta ome 371, 393, 443-444 Cairo-to-Calcuttay Express. -14 ec els eee ene 443-444 California, Gulf of... 3...3c..%0 ae eee 319 Calionula sed loadedidices- =. seein 92 Calisthenic @rills. oj. ek gets eee rill, iesyae Camel caravan from Birejik, "Giria ao oe a 444 Camels Disembarkinedwot ae. ae) eee ens 72 CAMEL OF THE FROZEN DESERT, ie BY: CARL J. WOMEN. 20... 54500 o EEE 538 Camel train, Jerablus, Mesopotamia........... ill. 444 Camels; (Arabias <2. 02 sce eto en eee ill. 3723 textes Camel?s: thorn! plant. China set eee 2-63 Camino Real, Royal Highway: Guatemala..... ill. 200 Camotan, (Guatemala (i522 0 eee eee ill. 210 Camouflage Corps, U. S. Army: Insignia of.... ill. (colored), 517; text, 526 Camp Pontanezen, U. S. Army: Insignia of.... ill. (colored), 517; text, 526 Campania from the limestone cliffs of Capri Island, Tally Ses icicles aw o weepasavensce eee eee ill. 227 (Carmona, imlhy ooonasscaccco- ill., 214, 226; text, 276 Cangue or Neck-stock, China........ ill., 232; text, 231 Cannibalism, Bambala tribe. Congo Free State.353, 359 Cannibalism, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean... 275, 285, 306 Cannon, Muzzle-loading. Muskat, Oman......... 376 Cantel, Guatemala: Market-place, Earthenware Sale? ncewins 246 de Sa; Doane oe eee ill. 200 Cantel, ‘Guatemala: Panoramic view of........ ill. 208 Canvasback ducks, Lake Merritt, Oakland, Cali- oN ol izle WIR aN Haorcicnaie Cees es orc ill, 332, 3343 texteseu-se4 Cape of Good Hope... 0: ../.5.. 2s a eee 311 Cape San Tjucas.. io 0 i oes ooo de. 379 Cape. "Towns Attica. ¢.5dicc. 2 «5 = ce oe eee 444 Capital ot Armenia) Vian histonice eee 181 Capri Island, Italy: Acquisition of by Augustus 216, 219 Caravans, Chinas), Kqtapment lof. cece 233 Carding wool in Tiflis, Russian Caucasus: Arme- MAT. TELUS CES. se, sick, aacce ede opehene teen raane ea ill. 306 Cathredal, Ataona, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean nee bs sarap kon See eee ill. 288 Oriel lsilainicl, IMAIN~. Koo chao anesoo. ill., 214-215, 218-210, 221-222, 225-226, 228, 230: text, 213-231 Capri Island. Italy: Modern costumes of..... ill. 217 Capri Island, Italy: Panoramic view of........ ill. 230 Capri Island, Italy: Path leading from village to Bite“ Grotto ays tic weeded orion eee ill. 218 Capri Island, Iitalv:) Pharos of .... 45. 210-220, 224, 227 Capri Island, Italy: Seizure of by English........ 210 Capri Island, Italy: Villas clamhering up rocky CLS OL cinta eo eae cee eae fie Foal ae ill. 222 INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVI, 1919 VII Page Caravan en route for the Wu Tai Shan, China: Plant-collecting ............---e+s+sseeeee Ess Caravan arriving at market, Bokhara, Russian CP SEES TIBI EL pep ORCRY CID CTE CL IOCICRE Coe Rae a ill. 84 MII NADIA ciate aceiaia oe. caiereicte ie so levetsysnelel evs /s.,6.0 AG/as Caravansary, Tiflis, Russian Caucasus......... ill. 398 Carchemish, Mesopotamia: Ruins of........ 458, 462 Card and board games developed in southern Asia gI emmimortiie. ELolaid. Au ets eaice cs soc eaajecees il 9g Card games, Origin PO ee Ne! 93 Gareo-poats, Grand Canal, China........s....- ill. 250 EMITS NAS oA cs efey ch, cjcreciene, cuars loves, ape, 088 eeuee e/a oie 539 Carol service in the village church, Peuvillers, Ee CHTRISEMAS | LOLS soc esis ecince oe ete ss 532-533 Carranza has abolished bull-fighting in Mexico.... 94 Mee RENO MC OSE RICA «5 cic ic cee ssc ens,ec0 cess ccc ess 0s Ze Carter, W. H., General, U. S. Army: Decorated muabietnes Vedal of Honor... . cc. s sss shee nes ill. 484 Carthaginians and Pheenicians loved swimming.. 89 Racmincathe Great of Poland. ...5......6.ec cess - (LESTSTin SB. d6 Cae SOIR A ELE eae eae 39 Caspian terns...ill. (rotogravure), Plates II, VII, 49- ep Castello de Barbarossa, Capri Island, Italy: Ruins PD oo on 2 agnia oselaic, s ale ein salsa 0/6 6 e's ill. 226 Castiglione, Monte, Capri Island, Italy: Roman PVGETIEGIEVAlLGILING) Ofl.!. soc css seeee cow ce esas ill. 219 Castle Rock, Van, Armenia, ill. (color insert), Plate VIII, 421-436; text, 181 Simedral, Antigua, Guatemala................ ill. 203 TEM GHRIL 60.6 bs OOO OE IIe Seer arian 332 Pe AMP Nat TAIT Pra ny Sint coome als: ones one. ovece (Susie's. Weyettye ere Siete 383 EAR MEVIIGRICOMC rns. sc ac a clet ce Sad eaeee seeds Ain CS 5 A Se See cecil eerie 462 Cave in Castle Rock, WansesAnin ental. o s-sict< cies mie se 419 emremie Victelipelalictswiecc csc. ence ccesveececee aes II Cerne OITE Ca MEA lygc sie. s o e.a,s 0.0 « o o.0 60s ese ele veyees CELEBRATING CHRISTMAS ON THE MEUSE. Pew LAN CLIFTON LISLE.....2...565. 527 Cemetery, Guatemala City, Guatemala: Ruins of ill. 207 @earial Africa... :......-. nite 343-344, 346-358, 360-366, 368; text, 342-368 Gentral African tribes........00... Ge io eee 342-368 (ei. Jie ree nr ee nee 185-212 - Central America: Earthquakes....... ill., 186, 205-207, 2o9,20r- text, 195, 1875192,197,202-205, 21 Central America, Map of: Showing principal vol- TEMS ob obo gC Oe ill. (map) 194 Central Park, New York Citv: Skating in..... ill. 116 Central Records Office, U. S. Army: Insignia of ill. (colored), 517; text, 526 Cerrito de Carmen, Guatemala City, Guatemala ill., 208-209, 211-212; text, 204-205 Cerrito de Carmen, Guatemala City, Guatemala: Destruction of by earthquake.............. 204-205 Cerrito de Carmen, Guatemala City, Guatemala: Rescued image, Services being held before. .ill. 212 Weamireate Of Merit. ..2...-....6250- 472, 475, 498-409 Certificate of Merit Badge, U. S. Army........ ill. (colored), 504; text, 498, 502 2 AG al OC1ee rr 539 Chandler, C. De F., Col., U. S Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal....... ill. 477 Chapel of the Angels, Church of the Holy Beetieet PETUSAIEM |. cs eee cee wisla nc eis 450 Character of the Jewish people.................. I Charlemagne sought to popularize archery....... 100 Charles I of England: Medals issued by..... 464, 468 Charles II of England: Medals issued by........ 468 Charles V of Spain, Bull-fighting perpetuated NM oro ens cea pics aicte oem, one Sie cagielor uals 04, 100 Chart of the heavens....... ill. 170, 174, 176, 177, 179 Chart of the sky, A photographic... .ill., 178; text, 169 Chart showing the relative size of the sun, moon, PMTHATOLN (PlanetS....e.scccescesseccuecsce ill. 180 Charter of general privileges to the Jews......... 10 Meera Nerryy TANCE... ccc cee wh b ese acta’ 253 Chateau-Thierry hero: Pershing decorating a..ill. 490 Chater, Melville. The Land of the Stalking Death 393 Cheberi de Tustiniano, Antonio Maria, Conqueror. 205 EERO TUNA Sars Cais Qa wicca each bia ox wees cee 251 Chemical Warfare Service, U. S. Armv: Insignia 21) OER Ae See ill. (colored), 517; text, 526 MILT US GRREES sc. cix ao Sid ue bine Ck als Rakes seeg’ 25 PREIS Gch. Ak'y lve cic Woem i cock ea kaa Gus 75 MOPPING MC MITIEGE: Les sue easiest aeeatuaees 75-7 Chief of the Bapotos tribe, Congo Free State...ill. 365 Chieh Chou, Southwest Kansu, China............ 73 Page Chien Lung, ‘Chimese emperor....2..5...) 74: Ghinteseshorse-ChestmuUts .)-1 aisicicrwicc 2 oeiee lene eee 65 Chinese hot-houses and forcing-houses.......... 66-67 Chinese jujube or Ts’ao...... dl) oe. 74. ars 3 59, 75 Whine Se apuakKGunspe tries cere a Scie exe ious erence apnea ill. 259-260 Chinese, Lower California, Mexico............... 329 ChinresepEenimaye seh. wis Stalsters c/s! wie = chargwrersiareis) caatae = Chinese mandarins under the old régime....... ill. 263 Chinese pxonias ........... 00 ss eee ee eee ewes 67 Chinese persimmon, Tampoan seedless......... ill., 69; texE, 59 Chinese pistache tree.............-. ill., 64; text, 65, 76 CGhinesesnekrieeratOn CALS a civ. = <0 sale nioe sree ill. 262 Chinese smoke tree (Rhus cotinus).............. 73 Chinese ‘sumac (CRRUS JAUGNICE))\<\- « « v= sen wo wis wien 73 Chinese teavolnveaehesys =< cc. ss ava ers lota spear ave efo ate ars 75 Chinese Turkestan: Kirghiz women at an inn in ; ill. 59 Chinese white-barked pine tree, The.......... ill., 70 text, 65, 76 Chinktatiee Wiantesa,. CRINd o6 iteidatona sina aa 251-252 Girauammla, Gratemdla vin « san acs ooreme'< son tin we 205 Ghony Ghitnoary sesnit. IS ObGascen cinteciereae iapere sae 28 Chou Kung; Founder of the Duchy of Lu........ 249 Christmas box from home: Soldiers receiving DELETE ONS sie terade ero Tava eee. ot ee cin Rhee olen et eaaeie waive ill. 535 Christmas day on the Meuse: Sports indulged in.. 534 Christmas dinner on the Meuse, France.......... 537 Christmas earthquake in Guatemala.............. 197 Christmas in Northern France............... 527-537 Christmas in Paris with the aid of the American Ried: Croset’ “Celebravinies .< cccnsie cee ee Oak Sie ill. 5209 Christmas landscape in Northern France...... 527, 530 Christmas on the Meuse, France............ 527-537 Christmas tree presented Captain Clifton Lisle.... 527 Ghuontchale (Monroltar css weal sa cea eins 6 Church at Camotan. Guatemala, on the road to the ancient Mayan City, OF Reone sg Gc criaiets ic ill. 21ro Church, Tohn W.: A Vanishing People of the SOibh ee sarr te stents, te eee eb e takalene wines © xcaleratcl sie: 3 275 Church of the Cerrito de Carmen, Guatemala City, Guatemala........ ill., 208-2090, 211-212; text, 204-205 Church of the Holy Se -pulcher, Jerusalem....... ¢ 449 Cicatrices as tribal marks in Central Africa... .1ll., 344, 346, 352, 365: text, 249, 352, 365 Cicatrization, Central Africas an tribes...... ill., 344, 346, 352, 365; text, 349, 352, 365 ROR ERIC LENO. «cy kek atvcern's ‘ale uC nee ww 8 aw ol 22> VIII Page Circle Bar Company, Lower California, Mexico... 327 Citation Stars: America’s unique.. ill, (colored), 5053 text, 499 ‘Citations? Direc ity pesvor sens ciate ies 485-486 “City of Abraham the friend of God,” El-Khalil PLE ast ve ee ope Maat atte Sess each ene cea eee einte City of harrowing silence (Alexandropol, Russian Caucasus) g Lia MUA Pecan fet eaapcsletin Sek GN a Renee A cy cauawene 407 City play-ground to sport: America has contributed HL efeceray ees eeet COR onc ee Io OREO lee er ae 105, 109, 121 Ciudad Vieja: Account of the destruction of, by Domingo itiarnOosp ware wc code ue oitoes 202-203 Ciudad Vieja, Guatemala’s first capital........... 202 Civil Equality: The Progressive World Struggle of the Jews for, by William Howard Taft..... I Civil) Wars Medal UNS: Army: ee. «- ill. (colored), 504; text, 502 Cival War Medalh Ue S) Navy ace ill. (colored), 508; text, 506 Clark, Alkyaim Gs, OWICIEN soo5r0cc0naccoacKe seis ais{6) Clemenceau’s speech to the Sultan’s Grand Vizier. 371 Cleoxenus HRS ria ate peut Ms So ente ys Rt PMNNY toe ads ool 223 Clerk-Maxwell, Scientist ..... EERE RE ENR 158 ClerkeneANenes) Mi Astronomer: .-i seg. cee 169 Climbing parasite of the Congo Free State, A...ill. 366 ‘Chin IDaimges | lilies cloiacm 2).doensdcdoncaues ill. 07 Coco oil, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Use (OLDS harriers Aelia in oa Ap a re ie AN aid A 289-290 Coco palm, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean..... ill., 284, 300; text, 282-283, 207 Code messages of the ancients. . SAI, QAG-BAN, BAG, BAG) Cottees Walds Mexicote ass soins ae aa neon 314 Cojutepeque Lake, Salvador..................+-- 197 @olorade idelta-c ses. ee ee ae eee 327 ColloradOmsRavien tya.c see eee eran ont ee oe este 327 Coma Berencis, The Hebulatia eee nee see ill. 169 Comet, Halley’s Bani RR OE RDI S PRT oeaa 153-154 Comet which lost its tail as it flew away, A..... ill. 154 Commandantyot WanseArmentce ai) ie ill. 184 Comonfort, Ignacio, Mexican soldier and states- TIVANTOY * val evicrierts dic cesane ISRO sess Dae eUe eae eco o a en See 28 Concert on the sands, Tiburon Island, Mexico: Ser olndianguar on pee eee ear aeons ements 324 Confucian cemetery, Kiifu, Shantung, China.. 247, 249 Confucian cemetery, Kufu, Shantung, China: “Grovenofethetl puleu Sage, asinine rrr 247, 249 Confucian temple, Ktfu, Shantung, China: De- HOIEOMN Oigdaccscaccccgccocc ill., 248; text, 242-243 Cenfucian temple, Kufu, Shantung, China: “Hall Of Perrectiony 6 acres Mena eee 243 Confucian temple, Kifu, Shantung, China: Image Oe (Commer Tia UN2>oscosccdccuccccesauenc 243, 246 Confucian temple, Ktifu, Shantung, China: Stone pillars) of then sas citar ence ill., 248; text, 243 (COMICS Sooo6 cso 231, 241-243, 246-247, 249, 252 Confucius, Image of, Confucian temple, Kiifu, Shant tne. (China. i-2 seen ewe o ee eee eee 243, 246 Conftucius Sepulchen octamer Dee Oe ene il. 64 Confucius’ tomb in Kifu, Shantung, China: Grove SUT OUTNGITE 5c sis are ae MeN ence ses ae cee eee nll, 2a Confucius’ wife: Shrine to, Kifu, Shantung, (Gy nikal neers Pore RAR Ar Wem A A AN oe St ee SS 247 Congosiiires sStatedss Ae ea eee ee 342-368 Commo Iihver, (Cermnteall IRC co cocoascaseceece 342, 359 Congo xylophonists and their home-made instr1- MEMES 3S aie die dheho sueee es Roo er eee aes jill. 348 Gonenessiot Berlina see eee EE, W75 2S Congress) of Nations at Paris, The............... 23 Congressional Philippine Medal, U7. S. Army.... ill. (colored), sox; text, 475, 503 Convent, Ataona, Marauesas Islands, Pacific Ocean 303 Conversation in Georgia, Russian Caucasus: Art of got Cook, Captain, English navisatotes. «see 282, 298 Cook, Capt. James, Discovery of Hawaiian Islands ill. 99 Cook’s occupation of the Marquesas Islands, Pacific Oe ata nites artes tne oa ee ee 282, 2908 Coolie car express at Chon Chin...... ill., 34; text, 28 Coolie carrying a load of seaweed, A.........., Hh, 32 Coolies laboring to check the Yellow River, China il]. 228 Cooliess Sharnituricss © linia mene ill., 254-256; text, 253-254, 265 Cooper; -Kenintoteree fen eects ree 213 Coots, Lake Merritt, Oakland, California. .ill., 335-336: text, 331 Copper, Santa Rosalia, Lower California, Mexico.. 329 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Page Copra, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: How AACS a5 sie sl seus 2 eeesttoreic ote eee Se ill., 290; text, 303 Copra, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Manner of weighing \...6)).5)4> 0. vele Se eee ill. 287 Copra, Medium of exchange, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean... .ill., 284, 287, 290; text, 284, 287, 303 - Coptic chapel, Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalemy ici. 6 ies. s cones 0 oe ere 49 Corn, Grinding on a metate to make tortillas...ill. 314 Cortez, Hernando, Conqueror of Mexico...... 207, 327 Coseguina, INicaragtiay Violcanor eee ener 2d Costa, Rica, Volcanoes: 1.4 185, 205, 212 Costumes, Capri Island, Italy: Modern......... WN, Baan Costumes of Korean men......... ill. 26, 28, 30, 39-40 Costumes of Korean women...ill., 26, 27, 29, 30, 41, 45 Costumes, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean: Native tY PE. OF oc. ccicdie oe oe ele aslo alee Oke ill. 272 Cote d’Horgne, France....... .% + cee eee 527 Cote de Morimonit, Eranice. = ss iene tenes B27 Céte du Chateau, France... ... (2) 527 Cotswold and Lincoln ewes with their half-blood Karalcull lambs ona Kansas rancher snaanee ill. 86 Council of Blood: 2465.00 6 oe eh eee ee 100 Court of Honor, Hotel des Invalides, Paris: French war heroes receiving American decoration. .ill. 469 Crap-shootine. INorth VAvEEicae seein een WEY 92 Crater lake, San Salvador Volcano: Salvador, DN evaleal a tate wun fre ete ce evel. ane) een HN Gecopie Crater, San Salvador Volcano, Salvador....... ill. 193 Craters of Izalco Volcano, Guatemala......... ill. 193 Craven, he, Capt, Wars, Nave Decorated with the Legion of Honor..-.... +254 400 ill. 476 Crawford) Wi We Mes anichimicaien ites 77, 86 Cresta Run toboggan ‘slide, St. Momitzane ees ml, sei Cricket at Ladysmith, Englishmen played....... 165 Cricket game, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean. .ill., 270; text, 272-274 Cricket game, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean: Wa- tives assembled to witness..... ill., 270; text, 273-274 (Crermanaeils, (Claumage Aieeevinaerat: OF. .-5506¢- ill 2322228 Wes, Beit Crockery menders, Samarkand. Russian Turkestan ill. (color insert), Plate X; text, Plate X, 421-436 Croix de Guerre ec. 5. on ode Se cee 482- 483, 488 Croix de Guerre: Red Cross nurses and American soldier patients decorated with the.......... ill. 482 Croix de Guerre: Y. M. C. A. workers decorated with the icc. 2 sae ees » oes 20) oe) es Cree ill. 483 Crowder, General, Provost Marshal General, U. S. Army: ~Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal... ..5. 0.0.2.0 0 ee eee 495 Croz, Juaty - see oe ose coisas 0 «ele ei eer 205 Cruising ground of Sinbad the Sailor............ 379 Crusade, The (childrents. : oto seen QI C@tesiphou, Arch ots) Ixus (Oba cee eee 380 Cuban Occupation Medal, U. S. Army........... ill. (coloneany 505; text, 503 Cuban Pacification Medal, U. S. Army........... ill. (colored), 505; text, 503 Cuban Pacification Medal, U. S. Navy........... ill. (colored), 509; text. 507 Cucumbers in China and koreans eee 67, 69 Cueva, Beatriz de la. Widow of Pedro de Alvarado 203 CURIOUS AND CHARACTERISTIC CUSTOMS OF CENTRAL AFRICAN TRIBES. BY E. TORDAY gio tue eng ie)» ocbile [nica aries 4 eee 342 Customs, Central African tribes............. 342, 345 Cuttings) Packanewotenm one aeneennenen nN eneeear Cygnus, The Swan: Constellation of the..... ill., 1790; text, 177 @zecho-Sloval: States:) Views -. =) eine iene eee 23 Czecho-Slovakia® 2.2.65... 5 3.005 biel 437 COD 7 Pak Ota sevivc tas aie ecdae cys ee avons ie ccc Boece eee enone a 332 Daly, Dan, Sergeant of the U. S. Marines: Re- ceiving the French Médaille Militaire...... ill. 480. Wamaseusy* Syvwiawes seis os > sewers ite ee eee eee 437, 458 DartdoxenerotSviiclCuises rie nicl ieienenetnie enter eneen 07 Damivillers; France ..6 sce. 5 cece a> cane eee 530 Dan; Palestine: ssc se. casi ec « dette lone ae eae 445 Dancing Spanish aah ecoss oe se ache) Meee MIPS Gis Mandyof the South Seas, Av. ae ill., 332-338, 340-341; text, 331-332 Ducks, Wild: Lake Merritt, Oakland, California: Feeding of POE nin RiegAce ie Bie Oe ea ill. 338 Ducks, W ild: Lake Merritt, Oakland, California: EET AOTC ar, apene Aaa! CMe Le ae ee 332 Ducks, Wild: Lake Merritt, Oakland, California: Panoramic VACW SK Oe he aie ase ok PR il. 337 Ducks, Wild: BUNtan a ne Sc eee i oe 332-333; 339 Ducks, Wild: Shovelers. sees e ill., 333; text, 339 Duke Kung, The seventy-sixth descendant of Con- CUES fava detec) atoll a etegs eee ill., 252; text, 247, 2 Du Petit-Thourars, Admiral.......... pei " 208 Durango Meena sts. cen ea ecg ok ve tog ae 314 Dyewoody Wextco- Userstose so.) ceete oo. Sos 315 - 3s 2.5 eee ee 307, 405 Georgia, Russian Caucasus: Art of conversa- NG) TAMA TU Mol ane neitey siete ovo) e\ cise) crievelis\ orale) sie ale See Vese sa cereve 4OI Georgian and Armenian boundary dispute........ 399 Georgian blackmailer, Curbing the cupidity of a.. 405 Georgian mode of entertainment................ 402 Seauetins, (Characteristics Of ......6..00.0e2008% 403 BEES MC UISLOMS) Of. enc ci eae 8 eet tee ees 402 GEOGRAPHY OF GAMES, THE: HOW THE SPORTS OF NATIONS FORM A _ GAZET- TEER OF THE HABITS AND HISTORIES See eR PROPLES. BY J. R. .HILDE- PETER TID) es Rie Oe eck nen ne 89 Ree RMGSIATI CAUCASUS 2c ie dares o0e ie yea bce ane 400 RbeSTUR EIN MME Oy axor oN sis, 5i-515 5,5 eae faesaPevels. dias, say alenecd 369, 443 aan Sane eEMBT YTD i (5)'01.: Sincayo.sye.cpa vue alka ds wg heise. 327, 371 Mme Horope, Lhe... cece ee ces i Gy 2G eae ee TEATICCs ee Gea esis obi ews siece sd oa e eats 530 5 MELEE MS aE 379 Gillain, General, Chief of Staff, Belgian punye ill. 466 Gillain, General, Chief of Staff, Belgian Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal. 495 Glacier National Park, Hikers on Lower St. Mary Le TIRE 9 cole 5 OOO RIONOIEIIG FED CLONER ORS Sean anc ee TO sake) Meemens.. Greek farmer: boy......0.0..00+0e0ee8s 128 Glories of the Firmament, Exploring the. By Minlivamieioseph Showalter: 5.054. as20.oeseem ee Teg) Goats at a Bedouin camp in the Hejaz, Arabia ill. 382 Goethals, General, General Staff, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal. 495 Golden eagle, The........ ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate I, 49-56 feoleen Gate; San Francisc0s.........ccbeeesess 329 Goldeneye ducks, Lake Merritt, Oakland, Cali- MEPREM Ais. fC oe A al bic shoe. bole eek aliaidlecs wave Setar CSELIE got 5 CCAIR S ss SiS ee eer We rsh, 137 isolt had its beginning om 1Ce.........0..05 133, 140 Golovinsky Prospekt, Tiflis, Russian Caucasus.... ill., 397; text, 397, 401 Good Conduct Medal, U. S. Navy....ill. (colored), 508 text, 506 Gorgas, General, Surgeon General, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal 495 Page Gortchakoff, Prince, Description of the Jews.. Paste: Government Of A tabiaan veuec. lok, ous one an 371 Governor’s inspection of Tutuila, Samoan Islands, Pacey © ceattts: ect cinee aoe Oat nee hse wi des 272 Graciass JHoadirast yo scat hoe ay eee aa Ze Graintghlects, "ROMman ayaa. 2) ciofe.s ores selec otietoas 224, 231 ill. (color insert), Plate XI, 421-436 Granada from the summer palace of the Moors, INC SIM DG EROS Mts tiec nt elars tlh ta ora eaten ae iis) 42 Granada, Spain Gate Of Wustices. 1-1 cee ns rE aay Granaries, Aérial, Bapinji tribe, Congo Free State il. 355 Grand: Canal (Chinas... 5: ill., 250-251, 2543; text, 249 Grand Shereef, Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia....3609, 378, 375 Grand Vizier’s appeal to the Council of en, esce: Conterence acy, --¥. tae con eed oe ee 7a Grange Pren Weancencs a nei) ae a seeks ae 534 Grant, General, U. S. Army: Decorated with a gold medal for services in the Civil War...... 472 Grant, W. S., Col., U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal........... ill. 477 Grazing land for reindeer, Alaska............... 549 Great blue heron, The... .ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate V, 409-56 Greatbritashieve sea te myn 3 cote re ae ne ee 3890 Great Darkness (“la Oscuridad Grande’), The.. 211 GreateWippetiocs. eres erie ee ill.,172; text, 170,174 GLEeCes Morte Sart Soe ma te So he Dee 213 Greeksexplorersis hele eens Oa s oe tee eee 380 Gseckawer ie aoe tres ees 216, 220, 223-224, 443 Greennmanuring, WexicGcc on since sic ate dees erie Griffin, R. S., Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy: Decorated With the I esiom of Honor... =... so= eee ill. 476 Grosvenor, Gilbert: ‘‘Reindeer in Alaska”........ 539 “Grove of the True Sage,’? Confucian cemetery, Kitus-shantune. iChinar. ae. gees eo oe aan eae 249 Grove surrounding the Confucian tomb in Kiifu, Shantiunes Chintaas scr cos oo fe ee ill. 247 Guadalajaray Mexteor s,s .ic 12 chcs sere wclese 318, 320 Gusarlovey Mexico yee: ses ces hao oe a we a0 Guatemala City, Guatemala.............. ill., 205-207: . text, 185, 197, 202, 204-205 Guatemala City, Guatemala: Destruction by earth- (UNE Spheres tester ey craety ciate Orpen) Ser, NGL or ke eae ane onere Daieens 185 Guatemala, Earthquakes........ ill., 205-207, 200, 211; text, 185, 197, 202-205 Guatemala’s first capital: Ciudad Vieja.......... 202 Guatemala’s second capital: Antigua............. 203 Guatemala’s third capital: Guatemala City, Guate- TINA Reeiapededauee ceases eee ere ill., 205-207; text, 204-205 Cuaymas: sMiexic onsets. ao secret ehere yoann ill. 312 Gurja Wakes Salwador aco. 1. eclc ae cs eee so elarcierntera nie Gist Otero DAB re yore cate ee ca ko tcaaeh 378 Gulf ror Bonsecas Salvador ower ow ele « A clee oe lee 205, 211 Cultvoremecibn Chinawtyecs «scsi otek mene 255 Galtr oie Salerno Tl talagec daers: cater wncte es acne oie 213 Gulls, Lake Merritt, Oakland, California...... ill. 336 text, 331 Gun-bearer bringing in the quarry, A Korean. .ill. 44 Gypsies ok Spain. dancine-\. 4. «.ecoeeeeen sone i}. 9s Gyroscopic top, Liberian native spinning the..ill. 141 Hackenschmidt of Nippon, Sukune was the...... 125 Fadenclassie WArabiaier< < axc oon eee Moe eit inlorse-chestnut, ‘Chinese... 0. 5-3. eee 65 Horsemanship, Persian children taught.......... 89 FN OLFSE=T a CIHI Gs a1. + = one.aisy cues shales CR ill., 104; text, 124 Horses, Arabias.....:.c..0 000 e 60 6 on Oe 383 Florses): Korea). <2. o..e.0is:0.0/s10 + oor eee Hot-air furnaces, Korea........... ill., 38; text, 28- SS Hot blood as a tonic, Korea. .... ids. eee 31 Hotel made of doors (Hotel Roma, Guatemala City; Guatemala). 2... ..4.... =< oan eee 202 Hotel Roma, Guatemala City, Guatemala........ 202 Hot-houses, Chinese..........<.-. 2 os see ee 66-67 House-boats, Grand Canal, China............. ill. 250 House of reeds; Congo Free State... os eee M356 Houses, Congo Free State: Native type of..... il. 356 Houses, Kwilu River, Congo Free State: Native PY PE! OF sc..0cna ig os ee diets a io eee ill. 356 Houses, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Con- SERUCHIOM,) Of eta eucic posloroeeneeeieoene ill., 290; text, 280 Houses, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Fur- nishings Of the.’......i:..). c/s 006 eee . 289 Houses, Northern Korea............. ill., 39; text, 28 Howe, A. G., Capt., U. S. Navy: Decorated with the Legion of Honor ove. 6/010: 0S alee eeenene eae ill. 476 Hozando, Korea: A tiger-hunting lodge at..... i, 35 Hsuchow ful Shantiunea | Chinas see eee See! Fiuahwka Chieti. Walkie. sneise: see ill. 282 Hula-hula, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.. 296-297, 299 Human pack-horse of Korea, The............. AE vA Human sacrifice, Jews charged with............. 10 iiuman sacmiices, (Chinas. .5 sei eee eee 65 Humboldt, Alexander von, German scientist and AUTHOL sts Sioke) eis dies thejard aS = bosiwe = r 309 Humphrey, Charles F., General, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Medal of Honor........ ill. 484 Hunter, Frank O’D., First Lieut., Air Service, Pilot, 103d Aero Squadron: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross and four a oak-leaf clusters... .) scsi. echlnoe ee 498 eee) OF PLANTS, A. BY DAVID PARR: : a9) 060 Buin gi00)/0 ysl 6) # leyrenrs) SO eee 57. Hurtada de Mendoza, Garcia, Viceroy of Peru.. — : : : 275-276 Eluss (persecutions) in) Bohemia. see 9, 10 Hutu tree, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.... 233 Hyat River, China..........03% 5.0006 «ce eee 251 Hwang-ho (Y ellow River, China), Tantrums of.. 255 Hyenas, Congo Free State.....sss+. se eee 364 IG) ee Ibanez, A movel | by esi. cscs). a0 2 5) ee 94 Ibn Batutah, Arab writer... ...:/:... 0. 388 Tehang, ‘Chinas’ s.3dccue, ties Sos oon 2 ce 61,73) 75 Ichanis, lemon} The wilde...) 4. 5 eee 73 Igdir, Russian Caucasus......... 412, 414, 416-418, 420 Igdir, Russian Caucasus: Desolation of. - 414-418, 420 Igdir, Russian Caucasus: Starving women in the COW IMOR «5. Stejerevscans cncherssenevele cians cleles eee ill. 406 Illustration of the paths or orbits of the earth, moon, and planets around the sun, An...... ill. 166 Tlopango Wake, Salvador... .....:..0an 5 see 197 Immortality: Bambala idea of........+-0-.seeee 345 Imperial Walley, California..... .o.. sone 327, Imports,.. Arabian. ¢ci.'s9 asses seas) eee 3901 Tmurisy MeXi¢O\s 2% .s)ce dine «doe oe 5 a's 329 Dini, So essiaere = ciaecereien ec echelon aniston 443-444, 539 Indian Campaign Medal, U. S. Army............ ill. (colored), 504; text, 502-503 Indian camps; Mexico. oc cs. 0a ose cee 307 Indian girl washing clothes in the Yaqui River, MOI COy sai 54:5 aroiavecanc! a evaleue svete eure niet eee ee ill. 316 Indianapolis Speedway Classic............:..-5 ill. 139 Tndians; . Mexico x... oes.) svan renee on eee 307, 323 Indus ‘River, British India........0ee0 eee 373 Uoyalbigs WeMNexy, Uyanewsioy Inaba 6 GGn0aocosonssuasac- 444 Industries, Arabia Industries, Syria INDESS FOR VOLUME -XXXVI, 1919 Page Inn, Chinese Turkestan: Kirghiz women at an, ill. 59 Inscriptions, Tai Shan Mountains, Shantung, CINEING. ‘6 Be Gegieeeoiee One ae Oren ieee i ee 240-241 Inseriptions, Church of the Cerrito de Carmen, C@naremala City, Guatemala... 052.2. 5-6cs 2's wees 205 kasenipiions of Ksarhaddon..........50......+ ill. 452 Inscriptions of Rameses the Great............. ill. 452 Insignia, U. S. Army. .ill., 464, 526; ill. (colored), 504- 505, 508-509, 512-513, 516-5173 text, 463-526 Mimemmiacriaxes, Arabia .. i. fs... ce we ee le ee ees 378 Intoxicants, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: NV Me CMP Pa aa Gea nha i aicur’s wid ee SDs cds atte See 2907 ieezee asta Rica: Volcano. {5.2.26 cc sees 185, 212 Irazi, Costa Rica: Volcano, State of eruption.... 185 Irrigation, Imperial Valley, California........ 327, 329 tenieation. Mexico; Methods of......-..........- 309 ieenvacdy, Valley, Burma, India........2......2.< -444 Irtish, Siberia, Vegetable gardens along the....ill. 62 Irwin, Neh... Capt. U:-S.Navy: Decorated vith the Legion ‘of TRGAGioas occ ake eee ill. 476 Mesinicommics erm allitaliyis sler c's os G.bis ees se eb ode vee 216, 227 ihe babylotian primcesS. 2.2... . ceeds -e 385, 388 Welemdaor Samos, Greece... 6 ee see eee cee tees 216 mene Or CAPRI, THER: AN IMPERIAT, RESIDENCE AND PROBABLE WIRELESS STATION OF ANCIENT ROME. BY JOHN PNMMINGINIGIVIEAUN) os ge cous ce ee ws we aie cede cee wees DUR Italian coast from the limestone cliffs of Capri Is- Laing. Iie, gia ceooehe rei oe eo eee 226 Izabel, Governor of Sonora, Mexico: Reward gineredl GenGs seus oe a ors Ge uk k aercnor ae aes 325-326 izaleo. Salvador: WVolcano......-... ill., 198; text, 197 iizaleow Salvador: Volcano; Crater.......5..... ill. 198 Izalco, Salvador: Volcano, Description of. By [lim Le SiG ee eee 197 Izaleo, Salvador: Volcano, Eruptions............ 197 SGiiee Jackson, Dr. Sheldon: Inerest in the reindeer in- DESTIN oo 40 b pel ORE OE eee ae en 555 James I of England: Medals issued by........... 464 Japanese, Lower California, Mexico.............. 329 Japan’s intensive efforts in developing Shantung, SIRS 6 oo. Bich ole SIC OGRE REC a ae ere 259, 265 Jardine, W. M., President of the Kansas State Neiman College. 5s. . oes. eee es See ween ec ee 77 Jebbel Shamars, Bedouin, Arabia................ 371 Jebel Akdar or Green Mountain, Oman........... 379 Jerablus, Mesopotamia ........ ill., 444; text, 437, 444 Werte balestinetsccoc ccs cette as fae ees ess 448 ) CEESHIISI eee eee 1-3, 360, 437, 445, 448-454 Wemastlem- at Master time... is... 6. eee eee es 449-454 Weaecalem: othe Arch of Vitus. 2... fn. . GUE Page Jiewss Wmiteds States. -ernee eae: ll 22rttext 13. 075920 hiddanpilicsazesAtnalicee cs cape eile cee 384, 386, 391 jaddayMeiaz,~ArabiacQPOme Ob sc ies tactae a> cele ae 372 same talbral ic fae ie oa ceavateiaes sea berets Se eat e Bicone 391 Jiu-jitsu was evolved from wrestling............. 125 Jotices Marshal, Prenehy Army...’ sco. 25: 22 e ill. 466 Joffre, Marshal, French Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Senvicel:Miedalepy es mapa asec 495 Johnston, Gordon, Capt., U. S. Army: Decorated with the Medal of Honor Se ree a eis ill. 484 Joinville, near Paris: The Pershing stadium at..ill. 144 Jones, John Paul, Capt., U. S. Navy: Awarded Ele efo) Kalin asVELOLEY enrich HOSE RR eT I eat oR IS ee 472 Jordanmliner: ow Neo ce con eee eee hoe ae 445, 448 WordaneVvialley sacra ests cic ea res ee ne cere 448 Juarros, Domingo, Central American historian: Account of the destruction of Ciudad Vieja.. 202-203 Juarros, Domingo, Central American historian: Ouctatonabromie.- ees oe caney i ero oe ee eee 185 ipadeassPalestinier. seus See oe eta eee Are 448 Judean elateaus Ralestinesas ae omoeee sonore soe 448 Jitrzo- Slav States Mewsint to oe we wae oe eee ale 23 Jujube or Ts’ao, Chinese...... WA ail, Gise aiende F/I sums "Ghar cotemtste reas eioters tae cane ete ill., 259-260 inks Grande Canale Ghinaveesee sce es aoe ill. 260 Junks, Yalu River: Chinese draught men towing ; ill., 36; text, 48 ipiters, Uelanmet fone secels.sterc oe ill., 180; text, 167, 168 AMPIFEIIS MOONS As cccstsaymiete cies BE Sere alee sre Oe 157, 168 Soh? Kaiser’s plan for a railway port on the Persian Gillies Rese eon eee ee ee eres 380 I cis ieie,s ae 6 cl she le, .. ill. 206 MeMBAC Kin Ios, AMAIA. a... sees elu sc sic se) - ee oases 384 Manyema girl, Congo Free State: Cicatrizations PONE eer che esc cei see SUNT aa alee wise We ill. 346 MiamzocwOnee: bame; .Yaquis, Mexico.......6-.5... 323 Map, Central America: Showing principal vol- EBINOSS. ” 'n ce SRO RR a aero ill. (map) 194 ila, IX@REG) 5o 3 Glaestc once ron eto CREE IDReRS roe Toro ie 24 Wie Nilosaics!) Palestine... 0266 0c6 5.72 oes ee ees ill. 460 Meeotstie heavens, A picture............ Wks, UGS text tga, 70077551 70 DP OKELE Ms ATADIA 6.6. e cee s cece ill. (map) 374 Map, sketch: Shantung, China......... ill. (map) 235 Map, Sketch: South Pacific-Archipelagoes, includ- ing the Marquesas Group........... ill. Gnap) 281 plaids Sigacis Saar eee ill. (map) 441 Map, Sketch: West coast of Mexico and the Penin- Om OWer CaAlfOriia. 05. . bce 4 oe be els ss 310 Maranosmurcint to ilolland’. 5. S5.ces cc. sens TO, 103} PVE Tre Som ANVAINO = Hoe o/s scars acd) Seisdinc a saves pe nyse ill. 100 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, Celebrated Roman PHN HED et WP yea, cliev we vilciias 2 Siigsia Saws Give hawk! e.g. sle Sus eee e's 220 March, General, Chief of Staff, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal. 495 Margot was the Molla Bjurstedt of the twelfth ESUMISCH IAN gmemer ener edsTana te oiic\cns eueniclayieds (suey is a saiote ust aue, oueleus |e 132 Marine Corps Good Conduct Badge, U. S. Navy.. ill. (colored), 508; text, 506 Marine Corps, U. $.: Emblem of, formed by EMME RSI oy ce stash oc. sicte ene ah ieisine sy Paciie as ou 4 ill. 520 Marines, U. S. Navy, Second Division: Decoration Mmm yoecretany, of the Navy..0.....:...--- ill. 467 Manker Guanajuato, Mexico.....5.....0...--- lll, Gaz Market-place, Bokhara, Russian Turkestan....ill. 84 Meanmket-place, Cantel, Guatemala............... ill. 200 Marquesan bringing home a load of fresh’ bread- aC MMMP ATI Ol Ga tichetetc’s winvedel sia aie ss Sthiee ee atniera's ill. 208 Marquesan children, Life of the..... Noceeiieies 295-206 Marquesan dance (Hula-hulan).......... 296-297, 299 Marquesan home on the Island of Tahuar....ill. 292 Marquesan maidens are the Island “‘distillers”.... 207 Mieduesan marriage CuStoMS.........eese eee eses 295 Mey teSAN MEN.........0ecens ill 2820204. 208, 305; text, 285, 294, 295, 298 Marquesan miracle: The legend of Uapu’s sand- Gs Soa Sar eee BG euspe tits Made OR ero 302 Marquesan natives illustrating the killing of a victim to be used for sacrifice and “long pig’’.. ill. 293 Marquesan rejection of civilized customs and loss RESMMEMES ONY 0, errr yess Sih ciatsharavevane wre wuseccrate eames sale ao 303 Marquesan women, Beauty of....... ill., 276, 296, 304; texts) 276-277, 265 Marquesan: women, Life of .............-..++289-291 Marquesan women, Things forbidden ........286 287 Marquesans: Group of, in new costumes....... ill. 294 Miro mescniswlaStony Ofee cdeic sc seers 6 sexes gatas 275 1919 XV Page Discovery of.. 275, 277, 282, 304 Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: English occupa- CLOT Oe acters ea alee Sees SE Eee ee ee oe 282, 208 Marquesds Islands, Pacific Ocean: Family records Obcmrevetatave steven oie racr aver arayecvernyn, oie tenatene er cictersiet lens 275 Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: French occupa- TIO ODMR Weeks «clos eater eee ee oe 298-299, 303 Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Naming of.275, 277 Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Natural beauty Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: OL Stl eaters ware siereiehee oa ao ony ciehaide eee ill. 300 Marquesas Isiands, Pacific Ocean: Spanish influ- CNCSEUP OM errs Mee: Stee uate oer Rie siebe thot eas etme tous 281 Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Spanish occupa- CLOT NO Lesterare) cal wieder eee eens cuss (ict ats 275, 277, 281-282 Marriage customs, Marquesas Islands, Pacific OCCATF Ae Rem Nara Dla eta Pe eee 205 Marsss Plametci aia canes sisrereccveen ill., 180; text, 167, 168 Masahara Kondo Company, Lower California, INNEXAC OWpenes ctatensad repent eerie Pa ere aN S ateeee oer eeoie 320. Waseia, INicarrac@s WOWZIO. 55-0¢04dnes5+4ne5¢ Divi Miaskat yO mlante t exerts tual a5 scvenye a a Whe QO S755 Bone text, 370-371, 375, 379, 383-385, 390, 391 Maskatas Oman azaciestrects Onan eens ill. 370 Maskat, Oman: From the harbor entrance of..ill. 376 Maskat, ‘Oman: Gateway to oldi. ccs =. sos 5. 02 il. 3275 Massacres in Van, Between. By Maynard Owen Weill amish recor cesrcoa tiered kere Gen IE OE ae 181 Massacres of the Jews under the Plantagenets.... 9 Waseaies, IMlenGiIOsein ite @hoosbonosadnnasocrscn- 290 Massicon Monte Ltalliy sis eras ois cyosn iio re avert 227 MASTERS OF FLIGHT. * (Rotogravure insert) VIII plates, 49-56 Mattress of kaoliang stalks and sacks. of clay. used to check Yellow River, China....ill., 237; text, 232 Matu tatua, or Family geneology, Marquesas islands .weactieyOceant..cest en eae ee ee 275 Maxfield, L. H., Lieut. Commander, U. S. Navy: Decorated with the Legion of Honor....... ill. 476 Ilene, bao bie vals, INTE old ao hoe obeab ca huosoeanoee 323 Naw aminav ery IVIEXIC ON sar shel. sve orare sie 8 eset ciate 323 IMA Ber LaTeVLCXICO ee'9-y ota i aroylie eirayet atone aay aes een ee a 311 Micccawetlejazsm Arabian nieces 369, 371-373; 380 Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia: Tourist trafic of...... 372-373 Meccalpilerins sim Beinits soya se eee een chee ill. 442 Medal for Naval Engagements in the West Indies (Sampson Medal), U. S. Navy... .ill. (colored), 509; text, 507 Medal of Honor: Bronze oak-leaf cluster........ 493 Medal-of-Honor men who won distinction on battle- HKSIGIS joMror qua) tds Worle! WWeies sobs ooqenace- ill, 484. Medal of Honor Rosette, U.S; Army !..2s..22- ill. (colored), 504; text, 502: MiedalSofstonor Rosettes Us S. UNavy.. voce see. ill. (colored), 508; text, 502 Medaltormlonora We) Seem yee nolan ill. (colored), 504; text, 472, 475, 478-479, 488, 491-493, 498-499, 502 Miedaltot pelonon is Wiis Nawy sae ill. (colored), 508; text, 491-492, 506 Medals awarded a New Jersey doughboy....... ill. 494 Medals awarded by East India Company...... 469-471 Medals awarded St. Vincent Island Militia....... 469 Medals, badges, decorations, British Army: His- COTW OO E i Mecautahe, wreieiaie sisted hese ete are aro 464, 468-472 Medals, badges, decorations: Etiquette of wear- ing t=) Medals, badges, decorations: History of...... 463-464,. 511, 514-515, 518, 521-522, 524-526 Medals, badges, decorations: Precedence of... .487-48& Medals, badges, decorations, United States: His- TORY (Olvera ara 472-475, 478-479, 491-493, 496, 408-503, 506-507, 510-511, 514-515, 518, 521-522, 524-526 Medals issued by Charles I of England....... 464, 468 Medals issued by Charles II of England......... 468 Medals issued by James I of England............ 464 Medals issued by Queen Elizabeth of England.... 464 Medals issued by William and Mary of England 468-460. Medals (Military), Presentation of... .ill. 467-470, 473, 476-478, 480-481, 483, 485, 489-490 Medals: Ribbon of identification attached to...... 481 Medals, U. S. Army..ill. (colored), 504-505; ill., 464; text, 472, 474-475, 478-480, 491-493, 495-496, 498-503, 506 Medals WU. Si Nawyiweks thw de ill. (colored), 508-509; text, 491-493, 506-507 Medals with clasps: Origin of the system of...... 470 XVI Page Medina: Avalbitay 25.1.) tetees 4 eee ar ien et Bikes BIB BKK) Mediterranean DIGACES ec ere taevans ors entcton ede eerie 219 Medium of exchange, Bambala tribe, Congo Free Si eee METS NMA aA e eS aoitaruntinte orcs Same 359 Medium of exchange: Marquesas Islands, Pacific (Ol cers ET ney St RTr. CrcncnO Drmcloota setae er om mieuora G ill. 284 Medium of exchange, Shantung, China........... 265 Mei, or Breadfruit, Marquesas Islands, Pacific OCean ea EA eee Acie eee elements 283, 287, 289 Melon men of Samarkand, Russian Turkestan... . ill. (color insert), Plate XII; text, Plate XX, 421-436 Melville, Herman, Author of ““ypee2.....5..--.- 306 Menameh, Bahrein Islands, Persian Gulf........ 388 Mencius, Chinese philosopher............... 231, 249 Mendana, Alvaro, Spanish navigator...... AWS, By Ae -Mendana’s occupation of the Marquesas Islands, Pacific: Oceans vac ister ies ase ave eles: abe eee 281 Mendelssohn, Moses, Jewish philosopher.......... 5 AN? 2 IKOmeEin mElMedoccaconctas ill., 36; text, 28 Wilerrtebinie RIBS Soobocagaonhnognades ill., 180; text, 167 Meritorious Service Medal, U. S. Navy.......... ill. Coleeedye 508; text, 506 Merivale, Charles, English historian............. 224 Wiemy, Iiecsrainl Aine, oo46daccdoceacodaconcs 62 Mesopotamia..... 323, 369, 371, 373, 378, 380, 437, 443, 448, 462 Mess Hall of the 158th Infantry Brigade, Meuse, EGTRMIVC Ciistetepe locos hoch raven searte atetTon lar Saeiromerente ancl egemeu eed neke 535-530 Metius: Concentration of the rays of the sun in a lens" miaides Of: 16s 6 arovesetetinene cucce eneva rs shale tEeeee ne 158 Metz, Germany: Allied generals honoring General Pe taiinwatee:s cakes choline te Seeks eee nee eo Ree ill. 466 Mexicali, Lower California, Mexico.......... 327, 329 Mexican Border Medal, U. S. Army............ ill. (colored), 505; text, 503, 506 Mexican Campaign Medali Us S! Navyaeens.. see ill. (colored), 509; text, 507 Miexiean childtien: 3 ach: ca see se a eee ill. 328 INT esxst Cat Tal BS eva a aee tse, cuss she ome oy Cee ICI etre eee ae ill. 308 MEXICAN LAND OF CANAAN, A: MARVEL- OUS RICHES OF THE WONDERFUL WEST COAST OF OUR NEIGHBOR REPUBLIC. IBM TRIRIDIDIBIRICIK ~ SIUMUPICIEL. cadacacecc0cdss 307 Mexicans peonroneskor meanketer ern reer teen ere ill. 308 Mexican rurales of the old regime............. ill. 328 Mexican women. by pes ote eniaa yaa lll, Qing Mexico. .ill., 308, 310, 312-314, 316-318, 320-322; 325- 326, 328, 330; text, 307-330 Mexico, American immigrant’s influence upon..... 309 Mexico and the United States: Hopeful sign of better vrelations)...iv.cceies cere an eee tee 311 Mexicors Development otaeere rae eee cree er 309 Mexico? [Tie 1lscecwtkeencteere fo eee Oe ere omoe exe eae 318 Mexico Tune (Om: icticecterce stn ee een ore oe 307 Mexico: Map of the West Coast and the Peninsula OLN ower Calirorniae ViexiComennene eee 310 Mexico: Outdoor weaving in sunny.............. ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate IV, 145-152 Mexico?) Wealthioie. a: ccsmerrnclicsue tr eon 330 Meyer, Frank N., plant-hunter for the United States Department of Agriculture. .ill., 76; text, 57-59 Mievers citts, toeNmenicaertiicrieiien ire citi sie ieoince 75 Meverisespinach: substitutesnriimcmoe oer ceric 76 Miami beach Hlondase mere entre ace 253 Miami, Florida, Aquaplaning off Alton Beach..... ill. 108 Michelson, Albert A.: Erection of speedometer for light} sHonty Wy er.:. acieacetar reer ota 157-158 Mid dle Sas tein sicrecis ane cunenerseteverle 369, 371, 385, 390, 393 Milky: Ways une! ci. J oven dowltenh eco een on eae 179-180 Milling, T. de W., Col., U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal...... ill. 477 Mills, A. L.., General, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Medal of Hono: 3.:caeaset enor pee ill. 484 Milo Kofi Cnotona:sesc.cteseeheele Meare lareutete BER ee oR ioe gi Minerals, Lower California, Mexico.............. 330 Minetals,« Mexico sss at-ssleAcedarte bite che ee 307, 309 Ming tombs, Shantung, China: Road to the. Saf 264 Mio, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.......... 283 Mirror of the Mount Wilson telescope... .ill., 164-165; text, 158, 162 Mirrors, Use of by Romans for signaling......... 221 MISETIO; GULAIV «, 2 betocheens eis Massile throwing’ sc. ceterni ee cei Cee ee 97, 100 Missionaries, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean 298-299, 302 front of one of Petra’s LeAnfowof-peeholol | Oto ong nonnocgabour ill. 459 Missionary teachers in rock temples: THE NATIONAL GHOGRAPEHIC MAGAZINE Page Moab; Syria i eg/raase.o b evere elesguoue elie eiereleletel a nema 445 Mobunda native, Congo Free State............ ill. 347 Mocha Yemen, Anabias 2.6 ss-0 eee eno 380, 391 Mohammedan Scriptures: Studying the.......... ill. (color insert), Plate XVI; text, Plate XVI, 421-436 Mohammedans aid Allenby’s crusade in Palestine 369, 371 Momotombo, Nicaragua: Volcano................ 211 Money, Shantung, China: Forms of........... 55 208 Mongo tribes, Congo Free State.............. ill. 344 Mongolia. Chtugutchaky se @ 7 eee eee 63 Mongolian lambs: i... 2.5.2... 5+ 5: cues See 86 Monte Athos, Murkey in) Hunope.--. son eee 223 Monte ‘Cavo,. Italy .. ac sos ack «3 ees oe ene 227 Monte Chigni, Italy. ..2... 22. s2.iee ae eee 223 Monte Epomeo, Ischia Island, Italy............. 216 Montefiore, Sir Moses..:... 4.0 )..5> cee eee 23 Monte Massicoy Italy. is... .. 2.1. deel eeeEeeeee 227 Monte Solaro, Capti Island, Salyanseeee Alera text, 220, 227 Mionttatucons inane: a .)+ ener cee eee eee Moon and planets around the sun, An illustration of the paths or orbits of the earth... 2 een ill. 166 Moon at eighteen days old, The.............. MULE seis Moon through @ 36-inch telescope, "THES eee ill. 159 Morley, S. G., Carnegie Instituion.............. 189 Mosaic map of Palestine and Egypt........ ill. 460 Moslem fighters of India... 4. see eee 369 Moslem political power centered in Mecca....... 383 Mosque of Hebron, Entrance to the.......... is Sor Mosquitoes, Congo Free State............... 365, 367 Mooss;), Alaskai. oi. cue). 0c odie olele 1s /ola raha nee eee 545 Mosul) Mesopotamia sacs cena eee 380, 443 Monltiony2rokessom &. Re eee cee 160, 181 Mount Ararat, Asia....... ill., 402; text, 408, 414, 420 Mount Baker, Washington: Mountain climbing. Sih, iz Mount sermon, Siyacial sits ieleeeieie ene 448 Mount Kasbek, Kussian Caucasus............. ill. 400 Mount Kremlin, East Vurkestan- 2 eee eee 254 Mount Newton oni the moon. | --). +) MUL, aeisig Mount Ploskaya, Russian Caucasus.............. 394 Mount) Silpias, Antioch, Syria: =. 5. eee 454 Mount Wilson telescope, The t1oo-inch mirror of DNS ees hee Aa ill., 164, 165; text, 158, 162 Mountain climbing, Mount Baker, Washington. .ill. 112 Mountain Island of Capri, Italy. aS oi i3.0°0"6 TU gyi Mountain scenery, Shan Hai Kwan, China....ill. 63 Mountains anear Mane-shiati.n ible inn tanne 66 Miotmted ‘courier of YAlaskare eee ill. 546 Mounting a big telescope, Diagram showing the usual method: Of .4..0.2))..12 2 «aes ooo ill. 160 Wloybimanbaver thal, IM@ineels GB ooocaapoaboodnDbo oo ae ooe il. 47 Mourning in the Congo Free State........... i; 353 Moyanzi natives, Congo Free State........... ill. 343 Mik-lnk on Boot, Allaskaly se steerer 551 Marnateras Wake sSpanishe Ganices) see i eei=enei tna 95 Murad the Fourth. 2.0... 2s.) «> ose eee 371 Muris, Bambala tribe, Muris, Bambala tribe, Congo Free State: Brace- LetS: (Offwceie cece ots 0s sis these sie) cil eee 342 Muryantei, “Korea... .04's eysrscl-s se eee eee 28-29 Musan: Korea's... Re so nccenclece ill., 43; text, 29-30 Musan, Korea: Southern gate of.............. il. 43 Musan, Korea: Students’ dormitory at...:.. a, Sho eae Musical instruments, Congo Free State... .ill., 348-340; text, 348-349 Musical instruments of the Seri Indians, Mexico ill., 326; text, 324 sony? Nablus, Palestine. £2.05 siccs0c.0sts.700 ne Oe 448 Nabour s, Robert K. The Land of Lambskins...... “99 Natcozari, “Miexico 2.5.0.5 eiteet olen eke eee 309 Najob Azoura, Author of. ‘le Reveil de la Nation NTA]? Vai and 4k ievetire'ere aials n fore ole eseisie sie aa aoe yeeaeee 369 Namu-ehi, or Koko, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Native intoxicant of............... 297, 303 Nanking kwianiestiyn@hinial sreteclcieite sterol casein 235 Namntillois, France’: 2°si,5s1. te ate > Geet care ere ee 537 Naples) Italy Descriptionl Of. eee oe eine 213 National food, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.. 287 National Parks: Uncle Sam’s matchless play places. 103 Natives, Armenia..ill. (color insert), Plate V, 421-436 Natives, Capri Island, Tally 2h0h5 13 soo ill., 217, 228-229 Natives, Congo Free State... co ..6 assets ill., 343-368 [ENDEX, FOR VOLUME XXXVI, 1919 Page Natives, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean...ill., 276; text, 275-277, 285 Natives. Viexico; Types Of..2ls..:.s--t eo. 308, 313 Natives, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean: Courage PN eee ease g se hello cians avec wader eye ebay Wicsseyie venom dyad ous ws 274 Navajo blanket, Southwest United States: Weav- - ing the multi-hued....ill. (rotogravure insert) Plate III, 145-152 Naval station, Pago Pago, Samoan Islands, Pacific OCEHINS 33S Be angle ee eR Eee eee il, 2702 were, 2Gz Naval Observatory, Washington...........:..... 165 Naval Observatory, Mount Wilson............... 162 iINaway Cross; WG SsUNE Ma ened colonel ill. (colored), 508; text, 478, 498-499, 506 Navy Distinguished Service Medal. .ill. (colored), 508; text, 506 INGaiP IBEISIES choo iO aOR e nor eee eee 3755 392) 437 ““Nebaa’”’ issuing from a rock cliff, Syria: A..ill. 449 INebuleecs.< ss. « ill., 169, 172-175, 1773; text, 180-181 Neck-stock or Cangue, China....... sillee 2325 text, 231 INSHMCMDESerb,ecATaD Iai. aj 5 < @ cuets wie ele cysts we wie a0 380 Negro family outside the walls of Jidda, Hejaz, ALTO o oboG de dec eU Dol Once ae enna ill. 379 INe@fiGl, ANd tie yoiy eieno SOs eee eee ncaa 380-381, 383, 390 IN esate Nigel athens) seies es aie sp ecetin fenenevtyisvene: 8: s: eusiie aie. 3 Sa 384 Neptine Planet. 2c... 245. ill., 180: text, 157, 167-168 Netherlands, The stilt and the seas are traced 1© Wie Sooaee | GIES ANB fo ee CO CIN Oo ac ea eee QI Nevada 5... - ClO Bin TOD ON ORO ClO OE SIO Se ene 332 Newcomb, Dr. Simon 5 SS Sacer eer ea ete 157, Lo2 INNA ETSS Ciygeece ci etarc yc) si cveue) ol sicidce awev'ee aig) sie's wuz osfieic @ eile 390 New Jersey doughboy: Decorations of a...... ill. 494 STAI UGAA Coos sec vie escs + oi cis ccc seve ee Stas ols 153 Ngombe tribe, Congo Free State................- 359 Nitcaracinasharthiattakes....s.<.ss6cs 00sec. 205, 211 Nreanaatae aces NGCaractia. sacs cess ceeces ce sc 211 NifGaraetiame VOLCANOES. «5.4 se nese eee cee e s 205, 211 Nicaraguan Campaign Medal, U. S. Navy........ ill, (colored), 509; text, 507 Nicholson, W. J., General, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal...... A Niebuhr, Eighteenth Century traveler........... 380 iiMONOVeOrOds WRUSSIa\. «Geel sis s ss cs esc cs ees oe 254 INGI@ TRURV]I oscr-6-G Sse CRORO TE ECROMCRENG OR RCRORC LER OCH ean ne eee aon 437 INiil@ Weallllesis sieGictaretato: oR ene OES Beoatn Cre cae Oe ane ree 443 Ninetieth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of.... ill. (colored), 516; text, 522, 524 Ussa Anmy-sinsienia of... . ill. (colored), 516; text, 524 Ninety-second Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of.. ill. (colored), 516; text, 524 Ninety-third Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of. ill. (colored), 516; text, 524 Ninety-first Division, Ninth Corps, U. S. Army: Insignia Sie ae ill. (colored), Siz; text, 524 Meaty ONVESOPOLAMIA alice ce ale oe esa bees ete sos 437 HES UCN Tal 7 OUD a8 cs sil even wevay's\ o's ears goat chee see 6 lee 307 INMontdormonm INONnSAtONnes csc cece sew ec nes Zils BBp AO Nonsatong, A wayside temple on the road to Korea alt 46 Nonsatong, Ou INONTGl Osa bm axio.d Cit 6 3 ere 1335 40 Noondzy siesta amid historic Petra’s templed Suits ill. 459 ag Africa: Crap-shooting, ‘Rolling the stones’’ 3.6.0 6.6 OB SEND OROE CEO TALONC ICR RC ROnT PRC one aise iil, @2 North Russia Expedition, U: a Army: Insignia of (colored), 517; text, 526 Northern France: Waste a peers of war.... 530 Northern Korea, Main street in a town of....ill. 34 pron, Mr. J. B., “Manchuria” spinach produced "oo oOo gions VASO CEIGId 6 CO GIO 610 0. cos OIE ClO CIatD 76 PeraanecIayEP Ens) cochay ie Mle ste 2 hs lon cean gece paisa 4 539 Norway, A girl of the Hardanger region........ ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate I, 145-152 iepilaminin Coma Berencisc. 4. seen oos secede es « ill. 169 Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. .275, 299 Nymph of Samoan Islands, S@r2 Pacific Ocean....ill. 273 “Oannes”’ 5 Oasis scene in the New Arab kingdom of Hejaz LL 3377 Obregon, General: Story of Yaqui Indian........ 323 OIOSGIAYEUATIETAS Wy ae ae 162 Occupations, Capri Island: Tally... c.5.ces eects 221 Occupations, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. 285, 289, 294- 295, 303 XVII Occupations, Sinavauiare, (Civils cons oo nnsoo7 a5 253-254 Ojos Negros Ranch, Lower California, Mexico... 327 Old Medal of Honor, U. S. Army..ill. (colored), 504; text, 502 Old Medal of Honor, U. S. Navy..ill. (colored), 508; text, 506 Old@ testament vtic terre o voraerde eee oe ems eh Dares 3 Olympian andy Pythian games, ‘Whe. ..-5.ci- >. sae 109 Omantee ee la men ooo sone 376, 378-379, 381, 383-384 Ometepes = Nicaraeaasy \Violeanioune sm ater eeee oer ZT OimmiadGdynastye omer ae eee ee reine 393 Omoo, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean......... 281 158th Infantry Brigade, S. Army: Christmas On! thie MiGuUSes Tom Omer iecriers-cnereeate eieisioe eine lees 527 Onion sprouts, sthertorcine obs... oe eee oe 67 Orbits of the earth, moon, and planets around the sunt Anpilnstration or thempaths one see ese ill. 166 Orchard of Chinese jujubes, The first American tS 72 Orderor they Cimcinmatieuyccetye nee a eres eiervctene ote 475 OrdersSHOreteniey seus) < elo ctemeie celeioe ein oleh Ore 480-481 Organ in a shattered church, Northern France.. ill. 528 Orion, A view of the great nebula in. .ill., 175; text, 181 Ornaments, Bambala tribe, Congo Free State..... 349 Oreos, Coste IRiene WOlCHROs6ccocnccsosns ouoss- 212 Oisnoraa IB" Soo caodocecaudueocaooac 369,371, 393 Outdoor exercise and sports, The ardor of British women ioe Pca R OMRON eer Ohh A Stora oceans 89 Owls, Barn..ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate III, 40- ee £6p?? IPacava, Gueuenmalls WOMCEO. oc oocccaescaecasese 205 PackhOrseson INoreay elutes iti te eel ee aero ule 244 Paddlers, Wagema tribe, Congo Free State....ill. 360 IPeoniasy Chinese ss hc.jc'eie.o eccis.scedovegeye tess at alte celelntsl cus ates 67 Paepaes, Marquesas Islands, ill., 280, 301; text, 280, 285, 301 Pagoda, Taian, Shantung, China. .ill., 246; text, 234-235 Pago Pago, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean... .ill., 271; text, 267 Pago Pago, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean: Naval Sbatl Omen meena teteerexcrere caster ieoenr etek ill, 2703 text, 267 Patketu-sank ICOneanesacLed em OLtimbtatie essere eee eer 38-42 Palace of the Grand Shereef, Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia 369 Rallatimen Ells, Rome cleyere sto she ccokecoterie aie © emeietess eee 1PMNISCTHbaVSE a0 p Care DOMCIOIO On CODDGoas Connor 369, 378, 437 Palestine: Madeba mosaic MIVA) | Ole etna store oe roo . 460 Palestine:! Scene: tl si.s.esers vote toe en ree 3 IPaligsinmes INGUIN Wns ooacsunsogcasousc+ uss ill. 7 Palestimmeaniyelcallyrntr lc vers wetererciacsiy shove cicler evelesonsteneests 3 [eelerEhTes Sie Ie Sousbagoda coo oooAbAcgenes - 380 Palmer, Bruce, Col., U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished ’ Service Miedallvece ues k a i: 477 Palms, Samoan! Islands, Pacific Ocean. <¢....... ill. 274 Ralomverde: bushes saNlexi com miiiesteiieieeieere 307, 323-324 Panartna(Cameallicn s ctdt ie syece so picisienen sie ue eee 311 Pan-American Peace Palace, Cartago, Costa Rica: DESERUCTIONNOL aby, WiOlGan Oe eer eoireieisi ceils alee 212 Pandanus, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. .283, 289 Pera Ibis Wiowanenta t@eGl (Ome) 4 5 Se ya noe Bale Panorama, of Cantel. (Guatemalas ees = ee ill. 208 Papawe, CAIN ChACAN =r. 2 iciousiawat «60 apeporeinyers euvisiele Sreieie rors 59 Parachutines trom anecaisp lan Geieiseieeieietaisiells aisles ill. 142 1 EY cl teales ee Si RIS MEV ENC ORIENT CROMER See RC RI ERS 388-389 Parise) COneressu Of | Nation Sutil «stata peistsie iets) sie) eieishe 23 Park Commissioners, Board of: Oakland, Cali- LOMITA 2a acy spteg etseat aveie Ars leper Seal eae pacer ectmate ora Seales kel ooe 331 Parka (A combination coat and overcoat), Alaska fll., 544; text, 548, 551 Parks, Oakland, California: Wild ducks in....... 331 Parthenope: (CNaples)iaarc, ccm cia sina a actetel ais craic qucre 228 REO RGIS, WI, Soe gaa sec ill., 519-520, 522-523, 5253 text, 519-520, 522-523, 525 Patriotic Societies, United States: Growth of. 475 Peace Conference, Grand Vizier’s appeal to the Gomme] VOLE AEeTIC crm. cerstete os aale s)he civic nleietel bere eseicte 371 PEACH sell citer rar tarcck ine ee afar ake chee ci creieieinlereierete ex 71,75 iPeachjor Chinays bherwildioe. we. «cm ill., 67; text, 66, 75 IP Car LORESES: UVVAlCaia ier ctaictalate wise, svaime Oereaiey a eiake eaters 61 Pear-growers, The fire blight the curse of........ 75 (Pea elOSStir tan eatin nwclonsl cf olctere ici sis’mtedatateneretes pherohene seats 75 Pearl divers, Arabia: How they work............ 388 Pearle PORtSs ig LALA Leaeye onic ha cs ee we Pee eres Peper 388 RGAGISC IAT aa raters tcretal ctelnieiein, a ane sag «ceierelmrane eee 385, 388-389 Pearls, Arabian legend on the origin of.......... 3890 IPEAGamiE wwOMmencericOneain sites 01 cle lela mieten ernie eee ill. 20 SOVANUL Page Pechili, - Gultvot e@ lita sees ase enare tern 255 Peking, Jeltolsy aor tiie Ome ae er eke elit yer teteeinete aetna 61 Peking Peat malsle eis aeie cits seerehs sree elev eteuelletenstanerenee 66, 73 Pelele, or Lip plug natives, Congo Free State. .ill., 351; text, 359- 360 ill. (rotogravure insert), Plates IV, VI, 49-56 Reanagela, IMSL Soosopoosns ange codoooD DDO KbS 471 Pennsylvania, U. S. S.: American naval officers receiving the French Legion of Honor decora- Pelican, The. ELOY COxnls lNORNRG! Wad Gasaooedvoddconesbadnddo ill. 468 Peri of the Miarattesan paradise) Avs eretele ill. 304 Rerben lislaraal) AOE cond socan ood ooo obo ads O90 379, 387 Perkins, James i, Lacut. Coles Us oneAnmy seDeco- rated with the Distinguished Service Medal..ill. 477 Pershing, John J., General, Commanding General American Expeditionary Boreas. eee ill. 466 Pershing, John J., General, Commanding General, American Expeditionary Forces: Bestowing the American Distinguished Service Medal on a sree), Cpe lesmiotslel, WrnKerSoag doanubos dinacones ill. 478 Pershing, John J., General, Commanding General, American Expeditionary Forces: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal.............. 495 Pershing, John J., General, Commanding General, American Expeditionary Forces: Decorating a Chateau-lhiterinvallenOnansee einen eae ill. 490 Pershing stadium at Joinville near Paris, The..ill. 144 ME GSI a tye secuchs clave elas auotane soho esaee ensue 371, 389, 393, 444, 462 PRersianuchildnentisnrselctcre sear eto na sete loka 890 iRersian)Glitess act. eee oe ee ee 376, 378-380, ae Rercsieya Greil? COPS COWIARYs oscoa0coc0osceuaG0KE 379 Iperccreha (Call? GleWSs loc ocub as doo ncmoeooaD Noe O60 59,75 Rersrane lambs... 8 score ccie ene en ae oaeney erence yee eivomol vey ehienels 5 Persian: witestlenssstecrone sine ree acoso il, Bae Rercimmme@m, (Chinese. oe0cccnetcco0d0 ill., 69; text, 59 Perna, Siciaedaronniime WM>oacccps00c0000nn00000 100 Bests MEXICO) a. o ue ain «ite ote ast etedeccheuer eel aneeel evemtecs 319 Petain, General, Commander-in-Chief of the French LN oat 2 ae aaa Ae ert ris ery ceed eo CRE IC O aie Oo ill. 466 Petain, General, Commander-in-Chief of the French Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Veal Sines sue, iri cbaranenc oebcts licks comment ysmatieusretotorse reucttene 495 iReters) se upil jot sBessellsmc acme acierters kerciete reeks 155 Retroelyphs., Mexicomeeis emis. o sere iene einer arene 322 Peuvilliers, France: Christmas service of the Third Battalions. cis pla cteteeenstie Gas see ee ERPs 530, 532-533 Pharos, Alexandria, Egypt: One of the seven WONGEHS! oan clh a role eee otal eee eee 219, 224 iebeyeos, (Cayo lisileyacl, MWillfcoasscoscac 219-220, 224, 227 Philip IV of Spain, Bull-fighting was perpetuated ND" as aez ss vey edhe als ites Cuanmvaraten tote lemanencteyencmeltueuo ovecenaye 94, 100 Philippine (Caripercin Wieck, Wo Ss INENAYoocosooc ill. (colored), 509; text, 507 Philippine Occupation Medal, U. S. Army...... ill, (colored), 505; text, 503 Philippines, A tug-of-war in the.............. ill. 126 Philippines, Bontoc Igorot slapping game of the ill. 140 Philo of Alexandria, Jewish philosopher......... 5 Ce RA Cay ais ese aaversis, ayeilevs tetorenelionedepetantone ckevetertepeheter net: 256 Ceri CLANS) 5 aia iava evens sa ol sus voreretelsclel ov cuouereherersheenmreneters 443 Photograph of missionary teachers in front of one of “Petras! rock. templestmrencrimae bec eieicret ill. 459 Photographic chart of the sky, A....ill., 178; text, 169 PhirsacitassElomens) prinCcessmoismeerecieiteeiienierere 109 Physical ‘georraphy of Arabia. tele tciee 378-380 Pickering MAStROnOmer ss) siecretemiel oe ence 168 Pictorial geography: An ancient idea of...... ill. 460 Pigs, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.......... 282 Pilgrims from Mecca besieging a Russian steamer ill. 439 Pillars, Shantung, China le 2AShtextyeaa Pinetree, (CHImese Wosrscvscain eteisteveierare ill., 70; text, 65, 76 Pintail ducks, Lake Merritt, Oakland, California ill., 333-334; text, 331-333 Confucian temple, Kifu, Pirates, Mediterranean: 32 sense etitccere caren teee 219 Pirates) Ob: POmpeysS dayne. mie phere ien eae 216, 219 Pistache tree, Chinesesmcn.. 7 asec ill., 64; text, 65, 76 “The Place of ‘Thanksgiving,’ Chinese temple, Tai Shan Mountain, Shantung, China......... 240 Planets around the sun, An illustration of the paths or orbits of the earth, moon, and...... ill, 166 Plantagenets, Massacres of the Jews ‘under the. 9 1 Et Ho hits hs Coy ote amNY ab LOL) Mr) ch.cc8 Poe cecuy'oud Liceche Caio eh cho 0-0 307, 309 Plant-collecting caravan en route for the Wu Tai 1 Chao ©) ohn CMe ra teree tele Hay eee ain he a Hoc) mace Ul, Estey THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Page Play-ground to sport, America has contributed the CAAA Pee oe nin ara irtC Dic LNT A G.O Oo 00.0 105, 109, 121 Play. spirits “MWe 2 aii.4 sees eere 6 40 pe ane eeeeen IOI, 103 Play, “Mhe: ‘bond: Of... clic eos a een 140-141, 143 Playing marbles 4.5 s)s:c5 vies ae wel ieneus selene neem ill. 100 Pleiades, A Yerkes photograph of some of the nebule of the.......... PERRO og oi6.0 50.0 il 174 Poas; (Costa Ricas Violeanoiy. is «aie nek teen 212 Poincare, President of France.................- 466 Point Barrow, Alaska’......./. 2c: 7-)eie sienna eee 539 Pointed @anchesseAtabianneriee ries ill., 375, 390; text, 375 Poipoi, or Fermented breadfruit: Preparation of by Marquesan natives........ ill., 286; text, 287, 289. Poison ordeal employed as a judge, Bambala tiabes Congo! nee States. -ibieleeieenteteee 342, 345 POItIETS. 5 0 c:c'e ss: 01's. 8 Se) eosin ere gelato ehelel sl Chee Ret ERR eee 100 Polar ence 5 conserve mievelolonetotercuets silsjes a crepeletone aoa co 437 Poland, Jews) Of-/.) 2). 6c 6:6 4.4 «,41s 0l 0) 4) 21 ean eee 10 Polaris se aie-Gieie goaiele eves gina alee ches ee 170, 174, 176 Polo, International, .ls.- se seen eee ill. 104 Poly bitsy Greels historians). eerie ener ieee 223-224 Polybius, Signaling methods, ancient.......... 223-224 Poly damias of bhlessalitaa sien aie een tenons iene ete QI Polyesiams y/2)s sis dieccck'e se oe oe te oleie ene ene een 275, 290 Pompey a tratesh onus Cchyeie telnet ene te 216, 219 Pontic Mountains, Russian Caucasus............ 401 Pontine’ Marshes: ‘tally: 2 = 2c sei ae pr crentien erence nnn 227 Poplars, Chili Province, China, A row of...... ill. 65 Population, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. .282, 306 Port Clarence Bay, Alaska. <0.) .\-\smcststentee teen 539 Porter, American naval officers: Discovery of Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean............. 277, Porto Rico Occupation Medal, U. S. Army.. ill, (colored), 504; text, 502 Portugal, The distaff of the spinster in ‘the Douro District, Northern....ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate II, 145-152 Postal Express. Service, U. S. Army: Insignia of ill. (colored), 517; text, a 526 Potaidon, Korea) so). )uecis. se 0. eile ae Oe 2, 48 PROGRESSIVE WORLD STRUGGLE OF THE JEWS FOR CIVIL, FOUAMIIY. ht ianrs Walt 1 WAIVE EO WEAVRUD PAGE ID oe eet eee I Promomtony. a Ga piyieelisleariclesslttallyeeneenleten anne ill. 230 Pua, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean........... 283 Puamau Bay, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.. 282, 302 Puamau Valley, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. 306 Publictsquanes| Capri island yy italive emia ills We Puerto: Barwioss Guatemalay.. ieee ene 202 Pukow, Kiangsu, China. 2.3.2. os eee 2215 Pulque, Mexico: Gathering of.............--. ill. 321 Piumbeditham baby lonuckerecierrieicieiei teeters Punta Tragara, Southeastern promontory of Capri Usland, Waly: ccc o%,ca cle bse sieeie = chee eee il 2s Puryon, Korea: The old walled town of......... 28 Pusa, Bay of, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.. 283 Pushkin, Tiflis, "Russian Caucasus. . 9-9 ill. 398 “Putting on deer horns;’’ Favorite gesture of the WAGQUIS e isis ieie le © dcoecpacs: «(ti eretene sds) othe cen nee een ill. 318 Pweto, Congo Freel@tate... 2... 4. . Se eee 364 Pythian’ @ameS) .\. 6s ci acs suensre @» miceea'«. 9 ele eae eee 109 Pythons Concoul Lee: Stater nt aeee eo areeeee ill. 368 Ou Queen of Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands, Pacific OCCA. Hee bie sairgjavere oo! 6 hepa ae oyaPelenen ec een ill. 283 OQuezaltenango, Guatemala........... ill., 199; text, 205 @ureros; Spanish) |Chroniclens see 259, 265 Shantung, China: (Map of =. 5.25 sone ill. (map) 235 Shantung, China: Vast reservoir of labor........ 265 SHANTUNG, CHINA’S HOLY LAND. BY CHARLES K.. EDMUNDS.....°2222eee eee 231 Shantune icoolies: fom Prance.- oo - 7 eee eee il, 2a Shantuns, coolies in) Erance:..o- oee eee eee ill. 256 Shantune)coolies), Size Of... eee Eee eee ill. 254 Shantin¢g coolies; War work of...) oe eee eee 253 Shat-el-Arab River, Turkey in Asia.............. 380 SHATTERED CAPITALS- OF | CENREAE AMERICA. BY HERBERT J. SPINDE WN eeamtes Sheik of Koweit,; Arabia... .......4s0e pee eee 380 Sheik of the Beni Lam tribes in Mesopotamia. .«.. 371 Shensi,, Citta: . ds. si. s ons ee 265 Shereef of Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia........ 3690, 371, 375 Shiba, Mount Hennon) Sytia. -- eee eee eee 448 Shield of the United States, formed by soldiers, Camp Custer, Battle Creek, Michitoaneee es ill. 51g Shields, Walter Ce. Superintendent of the North- western District of Alaska, Bureau of Educa- tion: ““he Ancient Ground”. ose eee 548 Shinkarbachin’ village. ‘Koreas -2ee eee 48 Shitsu, Emperor’ of China....-...2- eee 251 Shoulder insignia, U. S. Army..ill. (colored), 512-513, 516-517; text, 463, 501, 510-511, 514-515, 518, 521-522, 524-526 Shoulder insignia, U. S. Army: How it came ADOUE 6s 2 sielece'e c)ieud ere) s Se. ese) ee eee 501 Shoveler ducks, Lake Merritt, Oakland, Cali- LOEMIA +24, ois%i sda Giese ee ill., 333; text, 331 Showalter, William Joseph: Exploring the Glories of the Firmament ....0..¢. 5 9. se sen eee 153 Shrine to Confucius’ wife, Kitfu, Shantung, 4 Chimals Aw 60 iso siaie'e ee ov nie oie « clensts siete 247 Shuntehbfu (Peking, China). 252.2. 2)5-5-- ene 254 Siberia, Plants sought by Frank N. Meyer in..... 57 Siberia, Vegetable gardens along the Irtish....ili. 62 Siberian American Expeditionary Forces, U. S- Army: Insignia Of s..02-....>% ci. 08 + eee ill. 526 Sidewall< restaurants, Chinas...) eee ill. 256 Sidon}. Syria. 226 6 oe lb. die oreo ale a 256 Signal drum of dried deerskin, Mexico........ il. 325 Signaling: Greek gaethods of...) 32-5 223-224 Signaling, methods, Ancient... ...-.1- 4-15 Signaling, Roman methods of. .219-221, 223-224, 227, 229 Siku River from Tibet to China, A bamboo cable Ferry (OM EWE ob) os.oi5 ate ce ayers ol 0 woo ene il. 6o Silpius, Mount, Antioch, Syria. ~~. 22 serie 454 Silver "River of Heaven, Japanese name for The Milky: “Waly oieis's vs oicte\ epee sw ree he os eee eee 184 Simpich, Frederick: A Mexican Land of Canaan. 307 Simpich, Frederick: The Rise of the New Arab Nation Simpich, Frederick, and Juan Thomas, chief of the SEVIS Sseps: sahelie: orcs ian loa iehersisr etna bs a ee Wh gag Sinaloa; Mexico: 25s erecve alales-0 wiceere tensors oeneeenenene 311; -3a5 Sinbad the Sailor, Cruising ground of............ 379 Sipan, Armenniass i isie ists: rr srstslois wis (2 +10 cele 181 Siren land charged with classical memories GNanles)) vc scths sicie ts his chon niet eta eee 213 Siren socks! of, (Capi island alitaliyens eee ill. 228 Sirius, The “Dog Star,’ Canis Major....154-155, 181 Sitio de Nino: Guatemalan sere ieee rere eee 190 Siva, Dhe ancient worship) of Jawa. cect eee 275, Sixth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of........ ill. (colored), 512; text, 514 Sixth Corps) Us Ss. Aumiy lnsienianot:. eerie ill. (colored), 516; text, 525, Skaters.) Notways ada" cecimentmobem erm ttasiits 7 Skates INethenlarmdSn ccrectewsteerercts en teyenen etoile eee Sheatinng eo Sroocexe co orcuc ror okt ede epenevcrses ee atch amepokeneeetede ill. 116, ae INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVI, 1919 Page Pema Seandinavia, The.........0.c0.seees0s ill. rog lo ULt ... J eS eee eer ill. 109-116 Skin vats for curing Karakul skins: Bokhara, Rus- coer Be SEACCS E82 5c) = =) Scie 's © av clsrcre 1s COR ee eer ey ee ee 391 Persie in Captivity ......-0.--s.0+-ecsess 77 SPSMMEEEHCHHGH BOXED. 25. 6+ cs 0 se ee cede enc euess 128 Slapping game of the Philippines.............. ill. 140 oo. EST 2.03 pe ae ete en 378 pmees Grand: Canal, China.......cc.se6-s: ill. 260 Smallpox epidemic, Marquesas Islands, Pacific (ELE. 5 SR OS eae 209 Smoke tree, Chinese (Rhus cotinus)............ 73 Snakes, Congo Free State... - ill., 368; text, 367, 368 2:1. J Se ee ee eee ee eo Petar system, The.............. ill., 166; text, 167-169 erNMeaste, Italy..........-- ill., 214; text, 220, 227 Soldier receiving a Victory Button........... ill. 497 Soldier sharing his Christmas box with a French LishTh, AS S60 SSSR ep Cen oe san ne eeere ee ill. 531 Soldier wearing the Distinguished Service cers i lll. 40¢ Soldiers gathered around a piano, singing Christ- mas songs, Meuse, France....-...........-- tllea5 42 Soldiers, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean: Native ill., 266; text, 267, 272 Soldiers singing the old songs of home and Christ- Sree TI SCMMET TICE o/s Sais cic Soo vn Se os 3 oS Os ill. 528 Soldiers taught to drill on ice, Holland........... QI Lil f Gi. eG) See ee eee 307, 311, 322 Sonorans “Tne Yankees of Mexico”’.......... 309, 311 Pe aameettsian: (Mecca): ...... 552-8 -.0005.0086 369 lili. ifiiiic SOS ee ae 275 South Sea Islands, A weaver of Santa Cruz, La Perouse Islands. .ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate VI, 145-152 South Pacific Archipelagoes, including the Mar- Wiesas croup=, Map Of. .....5....s65s- ill. (map) 281 Seen est lagla-lila— ss > et 296-297, 290 PPMEESCAR STATIS). coo) oc ass. cc cies ss ccs ae sees 275-306 South Sea Soldiers, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean ill., 266; text, 267, 272 Southern Asia: Card and board games pened in. QI Southern Bambala youths, Congo Free State....ill. 362 Sumner gate of Musan, The................ ill... “42 PeMbr ea enesiSkeL. fOT. 25... 5 = so cas on Se ees ill. 257 Soy. Santee an the making, Pots of...<....6.... ill. 66 Poh... 253 SS ee eee ere 393 Sein, cA\ UDOETIIE Fg CTT eae ee ce ill. 94 Peep MENET ADEE NIETO 2s a5 oS. Soa wis wid walle ae 5 Spanish American War Medal, U. S. Navy. : ill. (colored), 509; text, 506-507 Spanish Campaign Medal, U. S. Army.......... ill. (colored), 504; text, 503 Spanish explorations: Marquesas Islands, Pacific DERE ..> 65552303 ene 275, 277 Spanish girl ‘captured by the Seri Indians, Mexico. 326 Spanish influence upon Marquesas Islands, Pacific Sed ase nics icine sigh eo Saietas Ss 281-282 Spanish inscriptions, Church of the Cerrito de DEERING ACMAIA. o. oases a icles = 6 ares ale Ove os 205 Seas Jews, Sephardim or...........:....00.. 5,9 Spanish War Service Medal, U. S. Army........ ill. (colored), 505; text, 503 Spearing firsh, Kealakekua Bayeld wd eee ill. 99 “Spearing the alligator,’ An aboriginal ceremony, 1-2 2) 30 a ee eee re ill. 06 PERMEMNIMEMGr Tan THE oni nice ceed cence akccwa - 164 PEESEEmISeGne, THE . 2.0.0.5. keen ce ee oe 158, 162-165 PERRO THE JEWS 2.5. oui os sills fac eas eee cee we Speedometer for light, The Newcomb-Michelson.. 157-158 Spinach substitute, Meyer’s...................-- 76 Spinden, Herbert J.: Shattered Capitals of Central RAEN MM eh Sos cree. nia sayeilainacciaie Sia Gehe a ciwin wlslw die a 8 185 Spinning and weaving, Korean women...... 1. (rotogravure insert), Plate VIII, 145- 152 Spinoza, Jewish PHUGSAPHEH.< | cles iowie wenn stokes Se 5 Swiral nebula, One of the........--....-.+s- ill. 172 Sports behind the lines, World War............. 103 Sports of Nations Form a Gazetteer of the Habits and Histories of their Peoples, How the. By sO LSS Von RS er ee 89 Sports, Christmas Day on the Meuse, France.... 534 27 CESS TES ee ere ‘122- 123 Spraying the finishing lacquer on peated Service Medals at the Philadelphia Mint... .ill. 487 Stambpent (Constantinople) .....0cccccccscs cece 371 XXI Page Sianleywilles Congo Pree state.2-<.- 220-0 <= 360-361 Starving women in Igdir, Russian Caucasus... .ill. 406 pete of Liberty, formed by soldiers, Camp Dodge, owa Salsdinia ai stwiwla stnle sleiciela ules) a's els a) aa atetod olatale i 522 Steam-shovel, American: Use of in Mexico. il. 320 Steese, J. G., Colonel, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Seuvice, Medalo: sas.) oc ill. 477 Stephens, John L.: Description of Izalco activities. 197 Stilts, Netherlands Sn i ee yaar See are gI Stone pillars of the Confucian temple, Kifu, whantang China ase. beso ste ill., 248; text, 243 Stone-throwing in Perugia, Italy................ 100 Strada Krupp, Capri Island, Italy............... 216 siicaits of “Bah-el-Mandeb.. 3. acs0 «senda Sock ne 379 Street attire of Seoul women.................. Cl oe ES Street in a town of northern Korea.......... ill. 34 Street scene in Jidda, Hejaz, Arabia........... ill. 386 Street scenes after earthquake, Guatemala City, Gyinteniai ne cers tees aa ce ee eae ae ill. 205-206 Student’s dormitory, Musan, Korea, ‘As..2. 2... te 43 Students of Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, STAT Eee nd SA On aeee oe ill., 452; text, 454-456 Studying the Mohammedan Scriptures.......... ill. (color insert), Plate XVI, 421-436 Subtiahap. Wicaravtia: on... ack ca seecasis oes Soa 211 Suetonius, Roman biographer and historian...... 216 Suezs Canale ees ey, See eae ie wis Ae 380, 442, 444 SuPar aGrowine Oo WERICO GW sc css oa dc eae ceo 314 Sultan’ SHCONEOL OVER WATADIAL vicmce sate lee see ee Baie Sil fan Ss OPE es (SyCiaic-s Sache aco5s aie Siew ohana 448 Sumac, Chinese (Rhus javanica)..........e..00s 73 Sun, moon, and major planets, Chart showing the Telitivelsizev Or Enea. 226 Aacsee eee eee oes ill. 180 Sans: Paxplasions.en. the 2. 2628.46.25 ill., 163; text, 164 Sunderland, A. H., General, U. S. Army: Deco- rated with the Distinguished Service Medal. .ill. 477 Saugarkaver,, Manchariaes 66.5.) dc- 26 ose Re ones 254 Suppliant at the ““Temple of Good Fortune,’”’ Korea ill. 46 Surf-board riding, Honolulu, Hawaii.......... ill. 98 Swinimning sand divine... soe 2 cael oee oeae ill. 118-122 Swither, H. C., Colonel, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal...... ill. 477 Symonds: “Baglish tariter.. sos. 0 2d.6 cece wee ter 213 SWEMGHSe (eiialyae. clas 4 aco las cece eres 220 Oyhiae ase se ewe ill., 438-442, 444, 446-456, 459-461; text, 369, 371, 373, 378, 437-462 SW ATE Fe GV SPAS ers com Ree Se pn ee heen ote. vey Syilia pb OHNGALICS OL.n4 teint bead se es eee eee 437 SHAM EUEe AOE Van wi o/c aecral sieiels oie eee ates 443-445 Syauaee ackyohra past. » Mallon? IRivee, (Clings >oauacacosunbcd0G0ou000 ill. 240 Abehaer CIMT 6oacoccadsnboouCanocl DOS OOD NO ONO 75 Tank Corps, U. Sp Aveianie2 Inaenraiaiay sto 4 -cec couse ill. (colored), 517; text, 525 Abeyale Sports sin TNMCBocoscacccou00gc0e00000 ill. 105 Tantrums of the Hwang-ho (Yellow River, China) 255 Tappa cloth, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. .283, 289 Tappa cloth, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Manufacture Osada ls Bie aha heth rad henomete rapenchoeene rte teaees 289, 303 Tapu, “The law and the prophets” of the Mar- GREK ESSN EIS IG Gig Or OTM ROROR DES CRO ORO OS Qe OI0'S. 6.0.0 286 Tara (A piano): The pride of the mess hall on the WIGERe, IEMOS sodccnenscdcdobooO7Gqe000000 536-537 Tashkent, Russian Department of Agriculture at.. 87 agiietiT ANTE GoooocoacoppecogodOcnUD dco ddaS 373 MINAEATS Weretediectieians onecciettspe a Tacds oa eres caterer Mecebonale 397, 407, 414 Tattoo artist, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean 291, 303 Tattooing, Bambala tribe, Congo Free State...... 349 Tattooing, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Art Oe bob CtraO RO OGL EI NC CREE CORIO CHORDIE Oro 0 291, 294, 303 Taurus Mountains, Turkey in Asia............. 437 Tavera, Charles, Lieutenant, French Army....ill. 476 Taylor, D. W., Rear-Admiral, U. S. Navy: Deco- rated with the Legion of Honor.......... ill. 476 Taylor, General, U. S. Army: Decorated with a gold medal for services in the Mexican War.. 472 Tcherkesoff, Georgian anarchist................. 305 Mchitay, «Siberia sss .cy.0h aioe se daseua ssredeceie ee ee IN ee 254 Meaolive, Chinese: <... Sassen hier ee oe 75 Tehia: Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean........ 205 ‘Nehwantepec, Mexico v «ic hrstc ares ete einer ene 309, 318 Tehuantepec Railway, Mexico.................-- 318 Ae, IMUSeoeNIE, Soccancc0000000005006000000 437 Velen, IRnssein (CAyiCAISoococcaconcod0n0 000000 395 Telescope, Dearborn Observatory............ 155, 159 Telescope, Diagram showing the usual method of siOVaHbakes Gy Noo gn ogoUeO CUO OUDUOD OOO OR OOC ill. 160 Melescope; The) v..sratevesiee ccciets onetey svecueuens 159-160, 162-163 Telescope, The Yerkes refracting............ ill., 161; text, 159, 162 Teller, Alaska: Reindeer imported at............ 539 Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek, Syria: Ruins of ae ill. 450 “Temple of Good Fortune,”’ Korea........... ill. 46 Temple on the road to Nonsatong, Korea...... ill. 46 Temples near the summit of Tai Shan Mountains, Chita yee ee She ee eee ill. 245 Temples, SUaeene Chiinaeeneeere ill., 245; text, 239-240 Tennis: The ancestry of....ill., 132-134; text, 132-133 Tenorio, Costa Rica: Violdatio ie) eee eee 212 Tenth Division, U. S. Army, Insignia of........ ill. (colored), 512; text, ae TepicwVERICO: ceichepeioiate: ois Neko eres er eee 1s Terns, Caspian. .ill. (rotogravure insert), Plates II, Vir, 49-5 Testimonial to be given American soldiers wounded im battle during thes World \Wiatetitee: ill. 465 Testimony and watch sent Kikela by President TTT COV A see cel cireisatio. cts ore sepahirceial setae vessel ee neMele renee reene 302 Mexass kiutal scolonies ot ews senile 23 Thayer, W. S., General, U. S. Army:. Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal...... ill. 477 Worbkecl Avan, (Wi, SG, Avaryys Mines, Os oonce00 ill. (colored), 512; text, 511 Third Corps School, U. S. Army: Insignia of. ill. (colored). 517: text. K25 DiirdaCorps, Wa oA cuive nsiomiamotener ere ill. (colored), 516; text, 524 Third Division, U. S. Army; Insignia of SGienehereers ill. (colored), 512; text, 511 Thirteenth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of.... ill. (colored), 512; text, 514 Thirteenth Engineers, U. S. Army: Insignia of. ill. (colored), 317; text, 526 Thirtieth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia Of eins ill. (colored), 513; text, 515 Thirty-eighth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of. ill. (colored), 513; text, 518 Thirty-fifth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of. ill. (colored). 612: text. 515. 518 Thirty-first Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of... ill. coalesce) Bigs wendy, iG Thirty-fourth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of.. ill. (colored), 513; text, Sing Thirty-ninth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of. ill. (colored), 513; text, 518 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Page Thirty-second Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of.. ill. (colored), 513; text, 515 Thirty-seventh Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of. ill. (colored), 513; text, 518 Thirty-sixth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of.. - a (colored), 513; text, 518 Thirty-third Division,.U. S. Army: Insignia o ill. (colored), 513; text, 515 Thrasyllus, Athenian commanderee se eee 229 Ti, or Marquesan mango, Marquesas Islands, Pacific ‘Ocean: fic sai ook oe BLE eee 283 © Tia Juana, Mexico..:..20% 6.2 cope eee 399 Tiber River, Italy .:s..-.0350. dee eee 4 Tiberius, Emperor: Occupation of Capri Island, TH aly. we, arte ite dea sda a eee eee 213, 224, 229 Tiburon Island, Mexico. 5... 0.0 seen 323 Tientsin,, Chili, China.,.\..:..0.0 2c eee ABS Aye Titlis, Russian Caucasus... 1c ill., 397, 398; text, 396, 401-404, 408 Tiflis, Russian Caucasus: American Committee’s WuOwels Ebanonals mone o50q00n000eccs 0505 040G 404 Tiflis, Russian Caucasus: Pushkin Avenue...... ill. 398 Tiger hunt in the Korean mountains, A...... es, SE text, 30-31 Lignisanckeya ims Asiae ere PER: dc 372, 380 Tigris Valley, Dutrkey. in’ Asta. ne see 181, 443-444 Tiki, or God, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.... 285-286 Tobacco, Korea. -.5)).000 co. «+ os clon See 70 Toboggan slide, St. Moritz....... MP cy coo MME seats Tobogganing, St. Paul) Minnesotaseee eee ill. 117 Toeplitz, Mrs. Martha: San Salvador volcano, Description of stages of eruption.......... ill. 195 Toeplitz, Mrs. Martha: San Salvador earthquake, StOry Of. yo. 6.0 de alee ce > tc 3i0/et ein 187 Toledo: J@ws. . 5.20 2% 0.0096 2 eee 5 Toltees, “Mexico. 216+. s:<.3.2 sila ecee nee 321 Tomas, Juan, Chief of the Seri Indians, Mexico ill.. 212: text. 222-224. 226 Tomb of Ali, “The Lion of God, ” Nejef, Arabia. 390 Tomb of Eve, Jidda, Arabia... .(..2 32m eee eee 372 Torday, E. Curious and Characteristic Customs of Central African Tribes... 2.2%. be eeeeOe 342 Tortillas, Mexico. ......<..+ on ss eee 314 Tossing Eskimo women in a blanket........ ens mers Tou, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean.......... 283 Tour d’Ordre, Boulogne, France............ 219-220 Tourists in Palestine........... sno eee eee Ny Towel merchant, East Side, New York, A...... WT ey Trade, Bambala tribe, Congo Free States aaa 359 Trade route across Syria and Mesopotamia...... 443 Transcaucasian Commission... nee 3907 Transcausasus.. “s\cc's 0 buss os onde 409, 414 Transit. of Venus......2..... «0 2s eee 165 Transportation, Mexico +). 2.4.2. s4ece eee Bg. 20S Traveling behind the reindeer, Alaska........ ill. 548 Treaty of Berlin: ....5 2.2.22 3 oOo 7, BS Treaty of San Stephano, The...) .Qyo7.n eee 15 Treaty between Korea: and the United Boe 25 Triangulum, Nebula in the constellation of. vill. 173 Tribes,. CentralfA frica............. ss see 342-363 Ts’ad, or Chinese jujube....ill., 72, 74-75; text, 59, 75 Tsetse-fly, Congo: Free State...., .2 eee 364 AWeioeva, Slower, (Clin), «so 500cca54- 231-232,259, 265 Tsingkianpu, Kaangsu, China... eee 254 Tsingtau, Shantung (China’s Atlantic City)....258-259 Asinine, Shantiumes) «\Chaniaer sein eieeeieeneene 241, 249 Tsowhsien,. China’. .2..... 0.00 00. ae eee 249 Tucson, Arizona sec. 2 20s see 322 Tug-of-war in the Philippines, A.............. ill. 126 Tumacaciri,, Arizota -.... . ss «so. 00e een 329 Tumen Rivet, The... cs 0. «se. eee 25, 31,39) 42 Tumen Valley, Thess sis 4. aest Ghee Oe Bl 3336 Turkestan: duc siie eis Sic vie aia alctaleee ol 371, 462 Turkestan. Agricultural Society. .- 7/2. einen Turkestan: Kirghiz women at an inn in Chinese ill. 509 THAT SY ys jops.topatiarni aio a dy 0.8 Blew. 0 in See 369, 389 Turkish Armenia (sie! secc 500 ested s 0 one Glen 414 Durkish)-authority, sit Atabialesc silat eter aera 371 Turkish): Empires ¢y23 Ws coats Cele Se eo ae 385 Turkish light santillerye sina ee lo eee eee 371 Tuarkish: tKOOPS:*<, visions is sesh ok aie eee Goh Gale nee es ee 405 Turkoman of Russian Turkestan: A..:i......... ill. (color insert), Plate VII, 421- -436 Turkoman skipper with his desert ship makes the port of Merv, Russian Turkestan: A.....-. ill. (color insert), Plate II, Wai -436 INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVI, 1919 6 Page TULKS 2222-22 eee ee eee eee e eee 371, 378 SURMEHSRGMIVCNISIC? 2.2 5 sts o 0's c oic.0 flee sleie aus wets ee as MUL, agian Tivasainw_ Gh Cp Ge geee iese ene Conic Oeiacoias acai ease 212 Tutuila, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean... .267-268, 272 Tutuila, Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean: Gover- REMEPMEEISPICCLION Olin <.- 5 cis ics sie ace eta ses 8 oie 272 Tweedie, Colonel: Author ‘’The Arab Horse’’..... 383 Twelfth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of...... ill. (colored), 512; text, 514 Twenty-eighth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of. ill. (colored), 512; text, 515 Twenty-ninth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of.. ill. (colored), 513; text, 515 Twenty-seventh Division, U.S. Army: Insignia of ill. (colored), 512; text, 514-51£ Twenty-sixth Division, U. S. Army: Insignia of ill. (colored), 512; text, 514 jeaphius, tedir, Russian Caucasus.............06- 418 iene, Ancient city of Phoenicia..........+..+..- 256 Memmbemian sea, Italy. ...2.. 2... ce ewes ewes 227 SF) 22 Uapu, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. .297, 299, 302 Uapu, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean: Sand- PREM NMI STOR. is cists eiele sis dia isis cle soho << eiee esis 302 Veranne, JIGS: cecee GOO te nS cco a ieerenioe 23 Wilysses, Hero of the Trojan war...........s.0. 228 Uma, or Native sweet potato, Marquesas Islands, Pacuie OQecdiais jas aed op te a eOeiC Tee acre 283 Wrartorms, Tiflis, Russian Caucasus.............. 401 Meese xemy~ Insignia Of..........2.s00% ill, 464, 526 Geos. Army: Insignia of...... ill. (colored), 504-505, 508-509, 512-513, 516-517; ill., 464, 526; text, 463-526 . Army: Insignia of (Diveioie A At ones i. (colored), 512-513, 516-517; ill., 526; text, 463, 501, 510-511, 514-515, 518, 521-522, 524-526 v Peeasmy: Medals of the. .......¢5.2500.06+- ill. 464 S. Army: Medals of the... -ill. (colored 504-505; cect, 472, 474-475, 478-480, 491-493, 495-496, oe 50 U. S. Army, 158th Infantry Brigade: Christmas on SR MMOMETAS Cetera so o)n Sit c.g Sate ackiki'w g's ob actos stew 523 United States, Jews......... (22 atext. iassh 7 eOn2e U. S. Naval officers receive the Legion of Honor aig ePPMEMB EY D10 CO are yan a aloce| sig 5).c Sis ies aie Sue Slecais seis oo2' 5 ill. 476 U. S. Navy: Medals of the...... ill. (colored), 508-509; text, 491-493, 506-507 Wrage: states: Shield of the.s..........s..6: ill. 519 peied States. trade with Arabia....<...-.... 390-391 S. Training ship, A boxing bout on a...... ile 24 Aaeee TP BNIETES Gtaicutpeecne rer ill., 180; text, 157, 167-168 Ures, Mexico Beene ape ter sialic er aivoSar ceaire manietta suamsuedevegaay wne.Aat oa 309 US SSUUFEYa (DGENE 5 aise Cle Rn meee EMR ae th Gone ean (7s Utensils, Seri Indians, Tiburon Island, Mexico.. 324-325 SON 2? Vaehehu, Queen of Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands, EDCUES OYSEETIE Gia Be ee OO ee eae ill. 283 Vaitahu, Bay of, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. 303 Vallendar, Germany Re Ree Tale MONS dle et teiebo ieee te 467 Valley in the vicinity of Seoul, Korea........ ill. 28 Van, Armenia: Youthful volunteers who tramped moma Artemid tO. 2.5.2.2... 200 ill., 182-184; text, 183 WIEST ENTE occ soe ave as 6 da Siecd wae eoehdle a goa ewe oe 181 VANISHING PEOPLE OF THE SOUTH SEAS, A: THE TRAGIC- FATE OF. THE MAR- QUESAN CANNIBALS, NOTED FOR THEIR WARLIKE COURAGE AND PHYSICAL, EEN yY. BY JOHN W. CHURCH......... 275 Wanishing race: Marquesans, A................. 306 Vats for curing Karakul skins, Bokhara: Skin..ill. 83 Vegetable gardens along the Irtish, Siberia....ill. 62 Beet eES A WLEXIC OL eis. o ciciels Srey we enw, oe slevelalte sy le. 307, 314 feretipies,, ohantung. Ghina. >... c = siento ss ok > alc 241 War a blessing in dreadful disguise, The...... 19-20 Warble fly, Alaska: Effect upon the reindeer. .547-548 Warehouse of Karakul skins, Bokhara, Russian Tigreesta met A Us orth Fas odin, oeers Meceackela « kpate o etota eee ill. 85 Washing Karakul skins, Bokhara, Russian Turke- SUA Pieri, ovevas s Crerat ohare Such ure Gia se SINR n eer enewenete te oe ill. 85 Washington, George: Enjoyed hunting’and fishing 141-143 Washington, George, General, U. S: Army: Awarded ay coldemedaliise wml. stem relcicate warchone 472 Washington’s Walking Club, The ‘‘Wanderlusters”’ ule 2354 Watch presented Kikela by President Lincoln.... 302 Water, Digging for, Lower California, Mexico. Jill. 330 Water-hammers, Korea Secyope ee tata tm ahete ce M37. texts 31 Waters jumps Btonyy bbe... fants Semis t wok on iH. 107 Waters Oyilectetacotits ccreietaterets ones ans nels Sarees 445, 448-449 Waterloo WWledalewn. catchers chile wo kis dakigie es weaetcions 471 Waters, Dr. H. J., President of the Experiment 1 Station of the Kansas State Agricultural College. 7 Way of the devout Chinese pilgrim: Path leading to summit of Tai Shan Mountains, Shantung, (Glabidich Soke eee IONS CCI ae PRE SEEM OPER OEE Ga. ill. 244 Wayside temple on the road to Nonsatong, A..ill. 46 Weaver-bird nests, Kwilu River, Congo Free State ill. 358 ~ XXIV Page Weaver of Santa Cruz, La Perouse Islands, South Pacific Ocean, A..ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate VI, 145-152 WEAVERS OF THE WORLD. (Rotogravure MnSente). «> VaR Pla tesierersacravcresen-dstsy sparenctoneueme: foie toneve 145 Weaving homespun linen, Serbia................ ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate V, 145-152 Weaving, Mexico, Outdoor.............0.20e08- ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate VIII, 145-152 Weaving shops, Igdir, Russian Caucasus: Children ATL CVE) -2.'c Gist slscd ehatete al aveamelienetaceeeeshaten ara ecko eremenertee 409 Weaving the Navajo blanket, Southwest United States....ill. (rotogravure insert), Plate III, 145-152 Wethaiwei, .sohantuneyy China... 5 -1-ros elas ZNse. Well on the Samaria road, Palestine.......... ill. 453 Wells of Beersheba, Palestine..................- 445 Wen-ho River, Ching). Gules. 1 eee 241 Wen-ho River, China: Fishing in the........ ill. 261 West Coast, Mexico.............0.. 307, 309, 314, 318, 319 Westervelt, W. A., General, U. S. Army: Deco- rated with the Distinguished Service Medal. .ill. 477 Weygand, General, Chief of Staff to Marshal Foch ill. 466 Whalen, American whaler: Capture by Marquesan Cannibal sigs cic 's cin Sets aneetee sia see ol seek sera ope eelioks 302 WHERE SLAV AND MONGOL MEET. BY MAYNARD OWEN WILLIAMS. .2.0...5.0.. - color insert, XVI Plates, 421-436 Where the mountains often tremble (Central FATITE@NICA)) iaiece ele ovens teas tenagoeiercietarctoteceucushete tMoneweteteieka 185 White-barked pine tree, The Chinese.......... ll oe text, 65, 76 White man’s vices and virtues, Marquesas Islands, IPaciic, Oceans 23 Visedinigh Sean nd oe tee see nae 297, 299 Whittlesey, Charles W., Lieut. Colonel, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Medal of Honor. .492-493 Waldapricots «China cai. bee creiereuetere nate ial oieloieteneins 66 Wad. Cattle Mexico ita wcitin ed a slge stars aleaclarees amie 311, 314 WILD DUCKS AS WINTER GUESTS IN A CITY PARK. BY JOSEPH DIXON.:....... 331 Wild ducks in parks, Oakland, California: Cost of sXe OOK OF pt attra PY AEs airs enn ne as Se RP oe DPS S| Sentient A Bair Wild fowl, Lake Merritt, Oakland, California..... 331 Wald fowl Mexico pny. 4 ibne ieiled fais alas ch arthe lotohne hens 319 Wiildspeach, Chimay). cie/sr6. aes woke ill., 67; text, 66, 75 Waldipeare s£OneStES i i: :o-2)stev helm ere cree w cuenta eloneneper ens 61 Wilgus, W. J., Colonel, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal...... ill. 477 Wilhelmina, Queen of Holland.................. 329 William and Mary of England: Medals issued by 468-469 Williams Bay, Wisconsin: The Yerkes Observatory PUL ia ie tates eG dive soncke'lonlers No CKO te ill., 156; text, 160, 162 Williams, Maynard Owen. Between Massacres in Waits Weveteratevedess eachevevous clei ahoiever et stctisiansvavers ha: afaehene seniors 181 Williams, Maynard Owen. The Descendants gf COmE CIS 5. 5 ae rhe ne tune ies lc ake eee eo reat ne ei Williams, Maynard Owen. Syria: The Land Link of AEistory-si: Chain cctyatstaiinye sisscis elena elerchateusne char 437 Williams, Maynard Owen. Where Slav and Mon- PoliMeet.” is cede. color insert, XVI plates, 421-436 Willow @hinesesl 20 vat Gare ie ae mei ates Gs Wilson, Henry B., Vice-Admiral, Commander-in- Chief of the American naval forces in France: Decorated with the Legion of Honor........ ill. 476 Wilson, John M., General, U. S. Army: Decorated wath the Medal jot Melonony.) slo. a sieke ee ee ill. 484 Wingate, G. A., General, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal....... ill. 477 Winslow, E. E., General, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal...... ill. 477 Wireless stations, Capri Island, Italy: Ancient. .220, 224 Woeévre River, Frances. skier celeeroiiere. seks 530, 534 Women, Bambala tribe, Congo Free State....ill., 346; text, 345-346 Women, Koreas Life of 45 sce ate dotucincrn eros 4t Women, Korea: Street attire of.............. ill. 26 Women, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean...... ill., 276, 296, 304; text, 277, 285-287, 289-201 Women receiving the Croix de Guerre from the Erenew: High’ Commissioner... .h. «cn cne sciaes ill. 483 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Page Wood carvers, Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean. 303 Wood, Leonard, General, U. S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal...... ill. 477 Wood nymph of Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean. .ill. 273 Woolley, €: Leonard) cic eee 457- -458, 462 World Struggle of the Jews for Civil Equal ity, The Progressive. By William Howard Taft.. I World’s greatest tourist town (Mecca).......... 372 Wyllie, Robert E., Col., U. S. Army. mance of Military Insignia: How the United States Government Recognizes Deeds of Heroism and Devotion to Duty =./.: 22 «eee eee 463 Wyllie, Robert E., Col., S. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished "Service Medalv. 322. ill. 477 Woaestlers, Persian: ae: Es cies il. 125 Wrestling oon valeyeve 8) 0: sie eles .ellevo oleae eee QI, 125, 128 Writing sacred books on scrolls, Jewish scribes at Saloniked .c.ocs2%svenere eleteh a toe ee il estext; 38 Wu Hu north of Nanking. .42 pee eee 61 Wu Tai Shan, China: Plant-collecting caravan en route for the....+.-.-../+.55 oe ill, 58 Xerxes, King of Persia...:.:..2e-e Seo ene 221 Xochitl, Indian girl of the Toltec tribe......... ove Qe E22, Viachtinn gi o.cieic ciao do a coiole: suavetelodeNol te Seen ill. 106 Yale-Harvard boat-race, New London, Connecticut ‘ill. 128 Yalu River, China, The....... ols RSet 25, 40, 42, 48 Yalu River: Chinese draught men towing junks tp! the? cicts 1 Saatcelatetoneltaterate BPR oa Ao ill., 36; text, 48 Yang tao, ‘Chimaiins...'s. sa sis sleet eae 73 Yangtze River, China...... 20057, O1,:235) 240,025 eens Yangtze Valley, China... :.\...:s.1scct soe ee eee 444 Yankee mining company, Nacozari, Mexico...... 309 Yaqui boy soldiers and their signal drum of dried deerskin . os og 060 a0 0s 2 scyeie ieee iil, 325 Yaqui Indians, Mexico..... ill., 316, 318; text, 318, 323 Yaqui River, Mexico: Indian girl washing cloth es AY tHE) od artiea o violas «0 0 orto ot eho eee ill. 316 Yaquis, Favorite gesture of the............... dl gae VWaqui Walley, Mexico .)......4-)eeeeee eee 307, 309, 319 Yellow River, China: Dike work.............. ill. 240 | Yellow River, China: Engineers directing Shan- tung coolies in curbing flood...............- ill. 236 Yellow River, China (Hwang-ho)......... ill., 236-239; text, 232-233 Yellow River (‘‘China’s Great Sorrow”). .ill., 236-230; text, 232-233, 255 Yellow Sea. oe sic cee sieele ole wy velo auction nena 255 Yemen, -Arabiat nue necro eeaee 380-381, 383-384, 301 Yenchow, Shantung, China.......... 241, 249, 252, 261 Yentzu, Favorite disciple of Confucius........ 241, 249 Yerkes Observatory at Williams Bay, Wisconsin, Tae hs ailecd us aithoreherebaneserete eno ill., 156; text, 160, 162 Yerkes photograph of some of the nebule of the Pleiades, : Ags... .'s .,sialslou 2 jsts see ill, 174 Yerkes refracting telescope, The. .ill., 161; text, 159, 162 Yezidi refugees stealing a ride on an es, relief train. 3 14.i. sees dels sees eee ill. York, Alvin C., Corporal, U. S. Army: Decomaeetie with the Medal of Honor..........ssseee, na» 495 Young, C. C.: Purchase of Karakul sheep........ 87 Young, H. H., Col., U. Army: Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medalicin nesneer ill. 477 Y. M. C. A. workers receiving the Gee de Guerre. ill. 483 Yucatan; Mexico «ose 00 0ied « ole 0 tree eee 322 Yuma, Colorado 2%. oii)... .:les/e 4 le oe nee 327 Yung Cheng, Chinese emperor.................. 243 COTg de Zappo Zap tribe, Congo Free State: Women from MULE |e Sepia ie inh aleve o) aie fo, mb RRDIU ROSEN alle o1cllat crore ae ill. 347 Zerafshan, River of Russian Central Asia........ 87 Zionist) movement, Dher asec csc cls eieneteneneenae 23 PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEILER INC., WASHINGTON, D. C. relied aN willieedttthi OS rrrlitinelineedinnnt tee hee FOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE JULY, 1919 ot CONTENTS The Progressive World Struggle of the Jews for Civil Equality 15 Illustrations WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT Exploring Unknown Corners of the Hermit Kingdom _ 31 Illustrations ~ ROY C. ANDREWS Masters of Flight A Hunter of Plants 18 Illustrations DAVID FAIRCHILD The Land of Lambskins 15 Illustrations ROBERT K. NABOURS PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C. = —— =——=—= ——=—= SSS = = = ad -— _—, 3S 1; } Diem. S 6 Uke) S << ae | wes y | hh, Sin Hines Mo em er Gy ine LZ soil rere NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY GEOGRAPHIC ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. JOHN. EE, PILLSBURY, President HENRY WHITE, Vice-President O. P. AUSTIN, Secretary GILBERT GROSVENOR, Director. JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Vice-Director GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, Associate Secretary JOHN JOY EDSON, Treasurer EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE GILBERT GROSVENOR, EDITOR AND DIRECTOR JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Associate Editor and Vice-Director WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER Assistant Editor 1917-1919 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Inventor of the telephone J. HOWARD GORE Prof. Emeritus Mathematics, The George Washington University Noe NV iG. RTs eye Arctic Explorer, Major General U. S. Army GILBERT GROSVENOR Editor of National Geographic Magazine PA OVB DIED S IO BEND ANIROG Discoverer of the North Pole, Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy GEORGE OTIS SMITH Director of U. S. Geological Sur- vey O. H. TITTMANN Formerly Superintendent of U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey HENRY WHITE Member American Peace Com- mission, and Recently U. 5. Ambassador to lIrance, Italy, etc. RALPH A. GRAVES Assistant Editor BOARD OF MANAGERS 1918-1920 CHARLES J. BELL President American Security and Trust Company JOHN JOY EDSON Chairman of the Board, Wash- ington Loan & Trust Company DAVID FAIRCHILD In Charge of Agricultural Explo- rations, U. S. Department of Agriculture C. HART MERRIAM Member National Academy o f Sciences ©, PP AWS iain Statistician GEORGE R. PUTNAM Commissioner U. S. Bureau of Lighthouses GEORGE SHIRAS, 3p Formerly Member U. S. Con- gress, Faunal Naturalist, and Wild-Game Photographer GRANT SQUIRES Military Intelligence Division, General Staff, New York FRANKLIN L. FISHER Chief of Illustrations Division 1919-1921 WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT Ex-President of the United States FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the Interior Co) Mi. Cri Sabie ix Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- merly Supt. U. S. Naval Ob- servatory FREDERICK V. COVIGLA Botanist, U. S. Department of Agriculture RUDOLPH KAUFEPMANN: Managing I¢ditor The [Evening Star T. lL. MACDONALD M.D," AL Cas: SS LOS INMOUE CIEL Formerly Director U. S. Bureau of Census JOHN FE. PILLSBURY Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- merly Chief Bureau of Navi- gation ORGANIZED FOR “THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE” ‘Yo carry out the purpose for which it was founded thirty-one years ago, the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Magazine can use, generous remuneration is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be ad- dressed: Editor, National Geographic Magazine, 16th and M Streets, Washington, D. C. Important contributions to geographic science are constantly being made through expeditions financed by funds set aside. from the Society’s income. For example, immediately after the terrific eruption of the world’s largest crater, Mt. Katmai, in Alaska, a National Geographic Society expedition was sent to make observa- tions of this remarkable phenomenon. So important was the completion of this work considered that four expeditions have followed and the extraordinary scientific data resultant given to the world. In this vicinity an eighth wonder of the world was discovered and explored—‘‘The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes,” a vast area of steaming, spouting fissures, evidently formed by nature as a huge safety-valve for erupting Katmai. By proclamation of the President of the United States, this area has been created a National Monument. The Society organized and supported a large party, which made a three-year study of Alaskan glacial fields, the most remarkable in existence. At an expense of over $50,000 it has sent a notable series of expeditions into Peru to investigate the traces of the Inca race. ‘The discoveries of these expeditions form a large share of the world’s knowledge of a civilization which was waning when Pizarro first set foot in Peru. ‘l'rained geol- ogists were sent to Mt. Pelee, La Soufriere, and Messina following the eruptions and earthquakes. ‘The Society also had the honor of subscribing a substantial sum to the historic expedition of Admiral Peary, who discovered the North Pole April 6, t909. Not long ago the Society granted $20.000 to the Federal Government when the congressional appropriation for the purchase was insufficient, and the finest of the giant sequoia trees of California were thereby saved for the American people and incorporated into a National Park. Copyright, 1919, by National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. All rights reserved. Entered at the Post-Office at Washington, D. C., as Second-Class Mail Matter. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. rro3, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 1, 1918. Mamilton {atch “The Watch of Railroad Accuracy” TTT en OTC Jo Yehin Yenes ~ MIP HNL of ‘the Grternutionul Gell Teuinament oe uyuist 15 1010 CTT TT Tak TTT aT LA. Worthwhile Jrophy HY waste money on a cup that stands for a lifetime on the mantel when you can give the winner of your tour- nament a Hamilton Watch, a worth-while trophy that will tick for a lifetime in his pocket and always give him accurate time? ACTED ATT Deeg TTT MOTT TO CTT Db 7 u A cup is a trophy a few friends will see on the occasion of a visit. A Hamilton Watch is a constant friend which will constantly save him time. If it is known that he is punctual, others will be punctual with him. And a Hamilton owner is always punctual. DAXTITTTDDPZARTTTT DOAaT TTT > y There is no tournament or competition that does not cali for accuracy of mind or body—tennis, golf, track, polo, chess, whist, baseball, football, basket-ball, boxing, rowing and water WAND sports. An accurate watch for an accurate man is the most appropriate prize. The accuracy of the Hamilton is the reason why it is called “The Railroad Timekeeper of America.” Most railroad men Carry it because accuracy is a matter of life and death on our railroads. And a Hamilton will pass the time inspection now ARTZ AT TTT enforced on practically all of America’s railroad mileage. See the Hamiltons at your jeweler’s. Prices, $34 to $170. Movements, $18 ($19.50 in Canada) and up. Send today for “The Timekeeper,’ which tells the story of the Hamilton, and shows the various models with prices. CCT Ua TTT Zea TTT eT TTT HAMILTON WATCH COMPANY, Dept. 35, Lancaster, Pa. NGG AN AAACORLY >< nUMDANTLOTSA~. > ae i", by La < pea Se Dns N | mh WP” My | “ely 6 big ni We (ig ‘yo OR years these facilities have kept pace with the demands for foreign banking service. Under the pressure of new and increasing demands they have been ex- panded and now include the complete facilities of the Mercantile Bank of the Americas, the Asia Banking Corporation and the Foreign Bond and Share Com- pany, in which a substantial ownership interest is held. HESE affiliations, together with long established connections with 5000 for- eign banks, provide customers of the -Continental and Commercial Banks with unusually prompt and convenient means for transacting banking business not only in the big commercial centers of Europe, the Americas and the Orient, but in the remotest places of trade throughout the world. Ir. oF ~S WR gs We ! ue h i y Jrun areas, 0 q \ vil aRe- A 2 4e | es i is ("} peer m1 Coy N01 aes | " Nya | fe H iis RT ITTNBS: i i i \ ue whe rarest TTT Participation in financing foreign loans enables these banks to perform an important fundamental service for increasing American Foreign Trade DIRECT PERSONAL BANKING SERVICE rendered in Great Britain France Italy China Japan Spain Peru Cuba Colombia Venezuela Brazil Nicaragua Honduras Ecuador Costa Rica Salvador Guatemala Philippines CONTINENTAL and COMMERCIAL Nationa Bank of Chicago CONTINENTAL and ComMERCIAL TRusT AND SAvincs BANK CHICAGO Ue swear = = a } “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” = For Example Take radiator construc- tion as an example of GMC thoroughness. This vertical-tube,continuous fin core is the most effi- cient known. It does not depend on solder for as- sembly strength. It is firmly bolted together. It rests on two brackets bolted to the chassis frame; no springs or dash-pots are used. ~1 GMC; 1 Driver, TRUCKS isplace 16 Horses; 4 Drivers; 4 Wagons One GMC and one driver are doing the work that 16 horses, 4 drivers, and 4 wagons used to do for the New Dells Lumber Company, Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Starting at 7 o’clock in the morning, this. GMC truck makes 20 to 30 trips a day, delivering green mill wood over town under all conditions of weather. It hauls 314 tons at a load and is always on the job. Estimate the cost of feeding, stabling, grooming, and harnessing 16 horses. Figure the upkeep of four wagons. Then figure the wages of four drivers, and consider the employment problem involved. This is a typical example of GMC truck utility. Your business may be different, but among the GMC models, ranging from 34 ton to 5 tons, is one admirably fitted for your work. Behind every GMC is the backing of the General Motors Truck Company and its policy of plain, honest quality. Let your next truck be a GMC. GENERAL MOTORS TRUCK COMPANY One of the Units of the General Motors Corporation Pontiac, Michigan Branches and Distributors in Principal Cities (518) “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” The Family at Work Here is Took-a-le-kee’-ta’s cousin, An’ne- and cozy even when the cold winds sting vik, with her mother, father, and baby brother, mother’s face. In the house she takes off her Nee-wak. She likes to sit on the log and coat with the fur hood and ties him to her watch father carve a knife or a scraper from back with soft strips of leather. walrus tusks. Father’s name is Koo-gak, and She has fur slippers and seal-skin boots to he is often called Koo-gak the Hunter. Her wear over them. Do you think she must be mother’s name is Too’ma-sok. too warm in her fur clothes? Oh, no! In On the back of mother’s fur cloak she has winter she wears two fur suits, the inner with a warm pocket, in which Nee-wak rides safe the soit fur next to her skin. Eskimo Life SZ © National Geographic Society Page 3 Washington, D. C. A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION ONE-FIFTH ACTUAL SIZE OF ONE SHEET OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY PICTORIAL GEOGRAPHY (TRADFE-MARK) Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. In response to the insistent demand of teachers and educators, the wonderful National Geographic illustrations are now being printed ON SEPARATE SHEETS, especially for the use of our Schools. With each picture are TWO HUNDRED WORDS OF ILLUMINATING TEXT in large, clear type, easily read by children. They are printed on heavy glossy coated paper and will stand much wear. ‘The sheets are NINE BY ELEVEN INCHES. They are arranged under topics, in sets of twenty-four and forty-eight sheets. GROUP 1, Section 1.—TOOK-A-LE-KEE-TA AND HER HOME IN ESKIMO LAND—Twenty- four pictures (two of them in color) show Arctic life—the people, their manner of dress, mode of living in summer and winter, the vegetation, flowers, and animals! GROUP 1, Section 2—MACHLA AND HER HOME IN THE SAHARA—Twenty-four vivid pictures (two of them in color) illustrate life in this burning sea of sand, with its oases of date palms, its picturesque caravans, tent homes and the patient camels! GROUP 2, Section 1.—THE LAND, WATER, AND AIR—Forty-eight wonderful pictures (four of them in color) include all natural forms of land, water, and air! Peninsula, island, delta, mountain range, peak, divide—these and forty-two others have stepped out of the printed page and become realities. GROUP 3, Section 1.-—-THE UNITED STATES—Forty-eight pictures (four of them in color) depict the surface, climatic conditions, natural wonders, and chief historic buildings. THE PICTORIAL GEOGRAPHY is obtainable only from Washington headquarters. Order at once. CUT ON THIS LINE — ae Department B, National Geographic Society, 16th and M Streets, Washington, DiGi in , 1919. Please send ........ sets of PICTORIAI, GEOGRAPHY, Eskimo Life (24 sheets). are ee cs % oe ss Sahara Life ‘“ ce NE 8 ae = _ 4 ef Land, Water, and Air (48 sheets). | ak. Roo orgs a United States (Prelim.) “ ss for hwhiehwl, Encloseu. strc ae cise le ctereeeerete Dollars. Prices (including postage in the U. S. A.): For one each of above four sets if ordered For 24-sheet sets, LO BSEMEI 9 Prats talate’ ayers esoucie Cipeltete) eta. a /euavon eee $2.75 Mer Sin Sle SSEC ie wits wretetereneberauoiere creum tomate $0.50 s oF UNUZUTAT OD vias steive tehalioneveteN eve ei eon aioke reel es caso meen elevatorelelevelanetene ‘or 48-sheet sets, Pet ‘single cctuee: Secau ean en oe Street. wAididiresstut accrarcsimicace Pinto ee occ e crest enccep 7-19 CGitvaraticins tavern cin i No matter how care- ful a driver you may be, when roads are wet and slippery, wt is next to impossible to avoid skidding unless your tires are equipped with Weed Tire Chains. GGG Yj, id like that When a car skids, it “shoots” over the road, the tires being pressed down on the grinding surface by the weight of the car— the rubber tread is ground away—the fabric is stretched and weakened—separation and disintegration begin—with the inevi- table blowouts and punctures. Only a crazy man would dream ot spinning his tires on coarse sand paper or on a rough file—which is exactly the effect of skidding. Every time you skid you wear off miles and miles of tire service and you well know what tires cost these days. Weed Anti-Skid Chains Protect Tires Weed Chains continually shift—“‘creep’’—backwards around the tire and thus the cross chains do not come in contact with the tread at the same place at any two revolutions of the wheel. When you drive with chainless tires on wet, skiddy, slippery roads, if you are lucky you may escape accidents that threaten your life and the lives of others; but you can’t escape the injury to your tires—you reduce their service by hundreds of miles. *‘At the first drop of rain’’ put on your Weed Chains American Chain Company, Inc. BRIDGEPORT Xe/ CONNECTICUT In Canada: Dominion Chain Company, Limited, Niagara Falls, Ontario Largest Chain Manufacturers in the World The Complete Chain Line—All Types, All Sizes, All Finishes—From Plumbers’ Safety Chain to Ships’ Anchor Chain “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” wears out tires Be suspicious of tender gums L E. suspicious of any tenderness or bleed- ing ofthe gums. This is usually the first stage of Pyor- rhea—an insidious disease of the gumsthat destroys theteeth and undermines bodily health. Gradually the gums become spongy. They inflame, then shrink,thus exposing the unen- ameled tooth-base to the rav- ages of decay. Tiny openings in the gums form gateways for disease germs to enter the system. Medical science has traced many ills to these infecting germs in the gums weakened by Pyorrhea. They are now known to be a frequent cause of indiges- tion, anemia, rheumatism, and other serious conditions. So watch carefully for that first tenderness or bleeding of the gums. Try Forhan’s immediately. It positively prevents Pyorrhea (Riggs’ Disease) if used in time and used consistently. And in preventing _Pyor- rhea—it guards against other ills. Forhan’s(For the Gums) cleans teeth scientifically as well. Brush your teeth with it. It keeps the teeth white and clean. If gum-shrinkage has already set in, start using Forhan’s and consult a dentist immediately for special treatment. 35c and 60c tubes All Druggists FORHAN CO. M200 6th Ave., N. Y. JUDD & DETWEILER, INC. MASTER PRINTERS 420-422 ELEVENTH ST. N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. If you travel —once in a while or frequently —on short trips or long tours —for business or pleasure you cannot afford not to insure Baggage and personal effects Just figure out the value of your belongings, clothing, etc. Think of its chances of loss from fire, theft, pilferage, etc., while it is in transit, in hotels, club houses, and everywhere outside of yourhome! A NORTH AMERICA policy gives liberal protection and costs but a few dollars a year You insure your effects while in your home where they are under your watchful care—why not when you travel and they are subject to hazards beyond your control? Write today for specimen policy or consult any North America agent. Special policy issued covering Salesmen’s samples. Insurance Company ofr ORTH AMERICA PHILADELPHIA Agents Everywhere Assets over $30,000,000 Architects&Builders 4 Mausoleums, Monuments, : and Ultramorials. istinctive and Exclusive Designs Highest quality of material and workmanship. Pains- taking service and personal attention. f intending to erect a Me- morial of any nature, write for our booklet, ‘“‘Art in emorials.”’ Memorials Art Co. Studios: 103 Delaware Court DelawareAve.,Buffalo,N.Y. Representatives in Principal ities. SVAN “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” EGYPTIAN “The Utmost in Cigarettes” ‘Plain End or Cork Tip | People of culture and refinement invariably DREFER “Deities will: PORMERLY MADE! / iY Yy MV WAN RO pAL f i ae G = U2 PAU 5 TU YY YY . TIL halk hd /4 20 | case ps ZL - “Mention The Geographic—lIt identifies you” ANY wi ake fi OL Cena i ial aut | TMA inde 4. I 3 A N F F. mi HN f i Mi: 2 WY é i Hs i ul l ' vA Ue ‘ BANFF aes — a4" il : ui itt E sr =e =f | ae y, ———— i % ee if i) i - ——————— = = = : Ps = é al a i's fa 3 SE ai f rene ‘il ht a rah) i > COFFEE The Drink of Democracy is Coffee. It “cheers the Tar’s labor and the Turkman’s rest.” The tired trapper, the trainman, the shopgirl, the newsboy also the duchess and the ambassador— equally appreciate G. Washington’s Coffee, because it’s pure and it’s always good. Hence it hits the spot. Try it for iced-coffee. Made in the cup at the table—instantly. Just add the water—hot or cold. A REGULAR HOLD UP ND A few ounces of KAPO Ceibasilk as ap- to:th plied by us will hold up the heaviest per- Wwe NW son, in the water, for 3 months. x Neasternéy = . MADEIN: Sam. 1H Mine TaBee? Vo . ec yy ig NM GGL. £2 = CQ. a AS 2) le ENON LEV LF : LZ t (Used by U.S. and foreign Governments for this purpose. ) THAT’S WHY KAPO Ay Ue Va LIFE-SAVING GARMENTS Absolutely protect you from the danger of drowning and cramps and from all worry. Very light, comfortable, and secure. THEY ARE NOT FILLED WITH AIR SWIM-WINGS $2 For Bathing and Swimming WATER-VESTS $6 For Boating and Swimming OCEAN WAISTCOATS $12 For Travelers and Sportsmen For MEN—WOMEN— CHILDREN Chest measurements for all garments: —Size No. 1, 24 to 30 inches; Size No. 2, 32 to 36inches; Size No. 3, 38 to 44 inches; Size No. 4, 46 to 50 inches. Sold by Department and Sporting Good Stores everywhere; if not easily obtainable, will send Post-paid upon receipt of price. Send for illustrated Booklet KAPO MFG. CO. BOSTON, MASS., U.S. A. IT ISN'T SAFE TO WAIT — — Every hour of this wonderful all-water journey has its revelation of beauty and historic interest— Niagara, the Sub- lime: ‘foronto— ‘The Queen City of Canada;”’ the Venetian-like Thousand Islands, the thrilling descent of the marvelous rapids, the Canadian Metrop- olis, Montreal; the miracle-working shrine of Ste. Anne de Beaupré—an hour from Quebec; the stupendous Capes ‘Tnrinity” and “Eternity’’—higher than Gibraltar—are all on this route. A thousand miles of travel— A thousand thrills of pleasure. Send 2c postage for illustrated booklet, map and guide, to John F. Pierce, Ass’t Traffic Manager, Canada Steamship Lines, 107 Cc. S. L. Bldg., Montreal, Canada “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” ———— —S The Beauty of RED GUM in Natural Tomes ONLY PARTLY EXPLAINS WHY IT IS ‘“‘AMERICA’S FINEST CABINET WOOD.” IT ALSO ‘‘BEHAVES WELL.” Yj Residence of E.C. Delafield 3 Wy y y Yj by Z or ' in Hiverdale-on-Hudson, ty (fp y Y Wish eee Ist, V0, (C g j J y Ask for booklet, AmericAN Harpwoop Mrrs. Assn., Gum Division ciiLbanset, Mempuis, Tenn. «QX0 AHL OL AOL V,,NMOUT WAVM ‘HOIN V ANOL TVYALWN SII ‘HONOL AHL OL NILVS SV LHOS LAX “‘GOOMGUYVH PNIFAGNA NV EUROPE WAS USING AMERICAN RED GUM FOR FINE CABINET- WORK YEARS BEFORE AMERICA’S PRIDE AWOKE TO ITS OWN. DUES RECOMMENDATION FOR MEMBERSHIP nnual membershi in a See PORE ee membership abroad, $3.00; Canada, $2.50; life membersbir, $50 | NTA TIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY pavable to National Geographic Society, and if at a distance remit by The Membership Fee Includes Subscription to the New York draft, postal or express order. National Geographic Magazine IN THE PLEASE DETACH AND FILL IN BLANK BELOW AND SEND TO THE SECRETARY To the Secretary, National Geographic Society, Sixteenth and M Streets Northwest, Washington, D. Ii nominate —- 2 >) Address___. for membership in the Society and Address of Nominating: Member “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” Guide to Safe 6% July Investments UR July Investment List is a guide to safe and dependable investments, yielding full 6%. It describes a well-diversified list of sound first mortgage bonds, safe- guarded under the Straus Plan, in $1,000 and $500 amounts, matur- ing in two to ten years. Every investor seeking sound se- curities which free their holder from worry and care should write at once for our July List. Specify Circular No. G-908 S.W.STRAUS & CO. Established 1882 Incorporated NEW YORK CHICAGO 150 Broadway Straus Building Detroit Minneapolis San Francisco Philadelphia 37 years without loss to any investor TT estasuisheo 1665 STEED Well-Secured Steel Bonds Netting (ki First mortgage bonds in denomi- nations of $500 and $1,000 Security nearly 2% to | Favorably located Earnings 4 to | Ownership unusually strong Profitable market for output Send for Circular No. 1037-D Peabody, Houéhteling & Co. (ESTABLISHED 1865) 10 South La Salle St., Chicago, III. UT estaccisHeo 1665 STN TIINMNIN NOOO) ke DENBY MOTOR TRUCKS Reputation must be built; it cannot be bought. Denby Motor Truck Company Detroit Michigan BROWN BROTHERS & COMPANY Philadelphia NEW YORK Boston Established 1818 1825 1844 Liberty Bonds Victory Notes Convertible Bonds of Industrial and Railroad Corporations Farm Loan Certificates of Bonds Indebtedness BROWN, SHIPLEY & COMPANY Established Founders Court, Lothbury Office for Travelers LONDON, E. C. 123 Pall Mall, LONDON, S. W. “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” VORY SOAP had a good many unusual experiences during the war, and was found in many strange bath-tubs. Perhaps in none did it give more pleasure than in the one mentioned below, in a letter written on board one of the army transports: “We all had a bath in a large canvas arranged for the purpose a few days ago, about 25 being under the hose at one time. Best of all, we had Ivory Soap. It certainly seemed like home to rub in the mild Ivory lather from head to foot and then feel the delightful exhilaration following a brisk rub down.” i553, WW3¥¥’”’%}>as YU 7, YY Yj YE Yj tho His VL iliiitiiitomm “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” VOL. XXXVI, No. 1 WASHINGTON JULY, 1919 THE NATTONAIL GEO GIRAIP HIG MAGA ZIINIE COPYRIGHT, 1919, BY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. WASHINGTON. D. C. THE PROGRESSIVE WORLD STRUGGLE OF Mee \bws FOR CIVIL EQUALITY* By WiLLtiAm Howarp Tarr AvutTHorR, IN THE NaTIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, oF “SoME REcENT Instances oF NATIONAL ALTRUISM,” “Ta ARBITRATION TREATIES,” ““WASHINGTON: Its BEGINNING, Its GrowtH, AND Its FUTURE,” “CREAT BrITAIN’s BREAD Uron THE Warers,” “THE HEALTH AND MoRALE OF America’s CitizEn ArMyY,”’ AND “THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS” ITHIN the limits of this article one can hope to give only the merest sketch of the history which the subject of the Jews involves. I need not pause to emphasize the re- markable character of the Jewish people. They are unique in that for eighteen hun- dred years they have had no country, have been dispersed to the four quarters of the globe, and yet have retained their religion, their cohesion, their intelleetual: Gapacity, their loyalty to their race;-and have, whenever there was any pretense of equality of opportunity for them, forged their way ahead into positions of prominence, influence, and power in business, professions, in philosophy, in art, in literature, and in government. They have at the same time made loyal subjects or citizens of the countries in Which they have lived whenever they have been accorded any reasonable pro- tection of civil rights. No other people has ever been subjected to such continu- Ous persecution in denial of opportunity to make a living and pursuit of happi- ness, in humiliating restriction upon their liberty, in exclusion from education, and * An address delivered by the ex-President, William Howard Taft, before the National Geographic Society at Washington, D. C. indeed in actual physical cruelty and massacre. THE DISPERSION OF THE JEWS. BEGINS During the three hundred years before Christ, the Jews were under Greek con- trol and influence. Jerusalem was at- tacked many times and sacked, with the consequent dispersion into other coun- tries of many of its people. They mi- gratede-intos: Syria: mtoz-Arabiay. into Egypt, and became numerous and promi- nent in Alexandria. Indeed, there were, it is said, as many as a million Jews in Egypt before the Christian era. When the Roman and the Parthian empires constituted the world, Jews were to be found in every commercial center, and in each there was a Jewish com- munity and synagogue and a relationship maintained with Jerusalem. The Jews flocked to Rome. Tiberius issued an order excluding them, but it was only enforced for a short time and they returned in great numbers. Al- though the Emperor Claudius announced his intention of banishing them again, they were so many that he gave it up. In the first and second centuries after Christ, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Trajan, and Hadrian found the Jews of Palestine 2 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ee : : : Photograph from R. S. Cresswell JEWISH SCRIBES AT SALONIKI WRITING SACRED BOOKS ON SCROLLS, AS IN THE OLDEN DAYS This work is very beautifully executed on parchment in strong black ink. The Oral Law, so called, of the Jews was codified by rabbis, after the expulsion from Jerusalem, into the Palestinian Talmud. ‘The written law was the law of Moses, contained in the Pentateuch and known as the “Torah.” “Prophets” and the “Writings” (see page 3). unruly and undisposed to yield to their authority and campaigns were waged against them. Jerusalem was taken in the year 70 by Titus and the Temple de- stroyed. In the year 135 it was taken again by Hadrian’s generals and the city destroyed. THOUSANDS SENT IN BONDAGE TO SPAIN Hadrian rebuilt the city and_ substi- tuted a temple to Jupiter in the place of The remainder of the Old Testament was divided into the the temple to Jehovah. The Jews were expelled from the city and forbidden to come within sight of its walls. This brought about the great “diaspora,” or second dispersion, which sent the people of Israel to the uttermost parts oreime earth, some going voluntarily and others taken as prisoners. It is said that 80,000 prisoners were sent to Spain, where they found the Jewish communities which had moved on from Rome. PROGRESSIVE WORLD STRUGGLE OF THE JEWS 3 : ~. De Sete Photograph by Maynard Owen Williams A SCENE IN PALESTINE, WHERE THE JEW HAS BEEN A STRANGER IN HIS OWN LAND FOR CENTURIES After two millenniums of exile, the Jew may now return in safety to the land of his fathers and abide there with the assurance that his civil as well as his religious liberty will be safeguarded by civilized nations. After the expulsion from Jerusalem, the scribes and Pharisees established a school and Sanhedrin at Jamnia, in Pal- estine, and somewhat later the center of church authority became Tiberias, on the Sea of Galilee, and for two hundred years an autonomous patriarchate under the Roman Empire flourished there. Here were institutions of learning in which the rabbis codified the traditions called the Oral Law into the Palestinian Talmud. The seat of Jewish ecclesiastical au- thority then passed from Tiberias, in Palestine, to Babylonia, where great schools were established at Nehardea and Sura. In Babylonia three institutions of learning were conducted by the rabbis, who in the course of two hundred years framed the Babylonian Talmud. The written law was the law of Moses, contained in the Pentateuch and known as the “Torah.” The remainder of the Old Testament was divided into the “Prophets” and the “Writings,” so called. WITHOUT HOME OR COUNTRY In the laws of Moses and the Talmud was to be found a collection of rules of conduct—physical, social, political, re- ligious, moral, and philosophical—a strict and literal compliance with which became the life of the Jew. They offered a field for his study and mental occupation and discussion with his brethren which never ended. His duties thus prescribed were to be performed in the home and in the synagogue and in the academy, and these centers supplied to him what the father- land was to others more fortunately situ- ated. The Torah and the Talmud established a direct relation to God on the part of each individual and an accountability for ¢ AuUbyue poystius eopnf JustouUe YOIYAM ITM wst]eepr sues pue AjlueUINny Wem owes Jey} 91NINF IY} FO P[JOM UMOUYUN oY} OUT PreMIOJ AIIVI []eYS YoryM pue ‘YyMOoA JO sory oy} YM Yomb,, oq ]yeys yorym Bapnf mow ev ut say edoy toy, ‘ajqissodun st vapnf posojsot & OUT SoTIXo9 94} o[qUIossvat 0} Jey} UlejUreU JYSNHoYy} YSImof FO siopeoay Aurjy NVd OL GUYVMHJIYON INIOd SIHT WOW SHHOLAALS SMAL YHL JO HNOH LNAIONV HHL : V€aHSaaad NI ANHOS V PROGRESSIVE WORLD STRUGGLE OF THE JEWS 5 every minute of his waking hours that absorbed his attention and his interest. With no home, no country, no kindly sympathy from any one but his own kind, he found his happiness within his own circle and in the refuge from sorrow which his life within the law gave him. Their great historian says of the Jews: “In the vicissitudes of their fate for a great many centuries they were saved ‘by their own inner life, pure home life, idealism of the synagogue, and belief in ultimate Messianic redemption’ from utter demoralization and despair.” JEWS GRANTED FULL FREEDOM BY SARACENS From Pumbeditha and Sura, in Baby- lonia, in the eleventh century, the seat of Jewish ecclesiastical authority seems to have passed to Spain, where, under the Saracens in Cordova and Toledo and Granada, the Jews were given full free- dom and scope for their activities and for the practice of their religion, and for the further discussion of the Jewish faith and philosophy. The two Talmuds are very voluminous, page imethe centuries after their issue their legal contents were digested and condensed into more usable form for daily consultation and use. From time to time philosophers and leaders of Jew- ish thought appeared. Philo of Alexandria, Maimonides of Spain, and Moses Mendelssohn were the three great lights, the first in the begin- ning of the Christian era, the second in the Middle Ages, and the third in the eighteenth century and late enough to furnish the type to Lessing for that won- derful character of Nathan der Weise. False Messiahs appeared and misled many to their sorrow. Mysticism played its part and books promoting it were written, causing protest and controversy. Commentaries were published by some Jewish leaders of thought which were pronounced heretical by others. Spinoza, the great philosopher, was excommuni- cated by the Dutch rabbis. But in spite of these differences, con- stantly during the seventeen centuries of gloom and woe, somewhere in the world was a religious center of Jewish authority to which Israel turned for hope and in- spiration. | The strictly orthodox Jews have al- ways adhered closely to the rabbinical law of the Talmud, but under the influ- ence of Mendelssohn and the leadership of other liberals among his successors a division occurred, and there arose a lib- eral and reformed school among them, which grew in number as the conditions for their assimilation with the local en- vironment became more favorable and they were relieved from the forced ex- clusiveness and misery of the Ghetto. TWO JEWISH TONGUES The speech of the Jews has had an in- teresting history. Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Arabic, and all European lan- guages were from time to time spoken by them. Finally, in their wanderings, there grew up two hybrid mediums—one the Yiddish, or Jargon, and the other the Ladino. The former, which has an extensive literature, is based on the medieval Ger- man, but is written in the Hebrew -char- acters and is mixed with Hebrew and in- fluenced by the vernacular. It is used by the Ashkenazim, or German Jews of northern and eastern Europe. The latter, the Ladino, or Spaniol, is Spanish in its basis and mixed with He- brew and Turkish. It is used by the Sephardim, or the Spanish Jews, and has been carried by them to Africa, Turkey, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece. Recurring now to the history of the race after the second dispersion: In Rome, after the Christian era, Jews and Christians flocked in great numbers. In the chaos of skepticism, religions, and philosophies, there was a cult among some of the Romans that led them to embrace Judaism; but generally the Jews were exclusive, unexpansive, and con- temptuous of other religions. They were especially hostile to the Christians, whom they regarded as traitors to their race for failing them in the wars of Vespasian and Titus, and whom they did not hesi- tate to accuse of many shortcomings in order to stir up Roman hostility against them. THE LONG, DARK NIGHT OF JEWISH HISTORY The Christians differed from the Jews in that they were most active mission- posn SeM YOIe 9} UdYM ‘sosV PPI] 24} Sulinp pasewep Ajpeq atam AY], ‘“atuoyY Justoue FO suUlelat poinidinos Jsouy oy} Suowre s1e YyoIe sty} JO SJolfet ayy, ‘UvI}IWOd ‘IOsso9ons S.JaAOI}Sap IY} JO Uslal IY} SUlINp ‘Io}e] Sead UdAdja [JUN poayeoipep jou sem qT ‘OL ‘Gq “VY UI Wayesniaf jo ‘ MOLMLSWIANVO GHHONVAE-NAAYS GHYOVS aH aNV SMAl HAMLdVO AHL ONIMOHMS “SOLI JO HOUV HHI SHLVYOORC HOIHM JAITAY yoes ay} pue smaf dy} JO Jeafop ot} d}eIOWWWIUOD 0} poeta sem “EI]aA OY} FO }UULUNS 94} SUMOID YOIYM ‘SHIT, FO Yory [eydumisy, yeors yy, WAY \\\ ae zs ke Besa Photograph by Maynard Owen Williams TOURISTS IN THE HOME LAND OF THE CHOSEN PEOPLE No other region of equal size on the face of the earth has exercised so potent an influence on civilization as Palestine, the geographical cradle of the Children of Israel. aries, and they thus brought down on their heads persecutions which were di- rected nominally against both Jews and Christians, but the severities of which the Jews were able to escape. The result of this situation in Rome and elsewhere placed the Jews at a great disadvantage when the Roman Empire became Christian under Constantine, and from that time on, in one form or an- other, we find constant Christian perse- cution of the Jews. In the long, dark Jewish night, after Christianity became the creed of the Ro- man emperors, down to the nineteenth century, there were only two or three countries and comparatively short periods in which the Jews enjoyed tolerance, prosperity, and power and were able to develop the genius of their race. In the eighth century Charlemagne, correctly estimating their value as sub- jects of his empire, granted them toler- ance in religion and encouraged them in the development of a trade which greatly helped his empire and made many of _ them “rich “merchants, “Chew fact . that there were Jewish communities in every Creat «commercial center, even (Of) tie most distant parts, gave them a marked facility in conducting international trade. Charlemagne’s son and successor, Louis the Pious, continued his father’s wise and kindly treatment of them. THE JEWS FLOURISHED IN SPAIN A little earlier than Charlemagne the Moslem invasion of Spain in 711 estab- lished the Crescent in the peninsula Arabian and African Jews, who, after the persecution of them by Mahomet and Omar, had ingratiated themselves with their successors and had been given op- portunity for education and development, accompanied the Saracens into Spain and there met their brethren, who had been ereatly abused by the Visigoths and who were only too glad to unite in aiding the following of the Prophet to establish a kingdom. There they developed trade, poetry, philosophy, science, and literature and ee ee eee eee ‘mOyesqY SNOT[eqel ou} FO SiajJenDpeoy oy} Sem W pue ‘sieah uoddAas Ue} VOU TOF yeydes Spraeq SeM jT “oJoY $}u9} sy poyoyd oavy 0} posoddns st weyeiqy “wWepy jo soejdyjsq oy} se sTYy} soAIs uOIpesy ATIvO UY .¢POD FO PUdIsZ oy} “WeyeIqy FO Aj 9Y},, St I Jey} JOVF OY} 0} SUTIIOFOI “[eYY{-[H SI syuRyqeyUL Ooo'z JO AO SIYy} JOF otUeU dIqeIY OJ, ANILSHIVd :HOVU HSIMAL AHL JO SHVIOH JO AIOH ‘IVOIHdVID0TD V ‘NONaTH woyesniaf ‘Auojod uesiitsury Aq yde1soj0yg so 8 ° PROGRESSIVE; WORLD STRUGGLE OF THE JEWS 9 art. They became ministers of the gov- ernment and its representatives abroad. dhe kindly ~Saracenic soil : MYOA MUN NI ONIAINUV SNVHdYO MANITAH NVISSOAY 16 PROGRESSIVE WORLD STRUGGLE OF THE JEWS ey France, England, and Germany in- sisted that the new governments to be constituted should embody in their con- stitutions a declaration in favor of re- ligious and civil equality for all domiciled within their jurisdiction. wee bhis was not favored by Russia and was very bitterly opposed by Rumanians. Nevertheless, on the approval of Prince Bismarck, who presided in the congress, the treaty required that, as a condition of recognition by European governments, the constitution of Rumania should con- tain declarations and guaranties of civil and religious liberty and equality for the Jews, and Russia signed the treaty. +The Rumanian authorities deliberately framed a plan by which to evade the re- quirement of the treaty. They provided in their constitution, Article VII: “The difference of religious creeds and conditions does not constitute in Ru- mania an obstacle to the acquirement of civil and political rights and their exer- cise.” EVADING THE TREATY IN RUMANIA They then provided for naturalization and enacted. that naturalization could only be granted by a law and individu- ally. It was‘held by their government that Jews were aliens, although they had been living in Rumania for hundreds of years and had been subject to draft into the Rumanian army and had served as soldiers. In this way they avoided the effect of the constitution upon Jews, and their statesmen openly prided themselves on their acuteness. By adopting the constitution to which I have referred, the Rumanians procured the recognition of European countries. Since then they have heckled and harried the Jews by restrictions upon their livelli- hoods, by refusing admission to the ele- mentary public schools of more than 5/% per cent of their number, and in second- ary schools of more than 7% per cent, and in many other ways. | Although this is in direct violation of the Treaty of Berlin, the signatories to the treaty have not thought it best to intervene. Bulgaria and Serbia complied with their obligations. THE PALE OF THE. SETTLEMENT The law which required the Jews in Russia to live in the cities of the Pale of Settlement produced a great congestion. They were forbidden to engage in so many trades and callings that their means of livelihood was most limited. They had no pelitical rights and were thus kept excluded from government employ. They were denied secondary and uni- versity education except to the extent of a very small per cent of their number, and they were so hemmed about with police restrictions as to subject them to oppressive. blackmail. The result has been that the great majority of them are ignorant, and even before the war at least, a. third* of: them were in direst misery and destitution. There are in the world over fifteen million Jews. Of these, six millions are to» be: found’ in the ten’ provinces of Russian Poland and the fifteen prov- incess called’ “the: Pale of -Settlement.” There are upward of 2,250,000 Jews in Austria and Hungary. There are 615,- 000: in Germany. There are 270,000 Jews in Great Britain, 100,000 in France, 45,000 in Italy, halé a. million: in Assia, 250,000 in Rumania, and there are 3,- 300,000 in the United States, of whom a million or more live in the city of New WOR. The Jews in the United States, down to 1880, did not exceed a quarter of a million, but since the oppression, po- groms, and massacres in Rumania and in Russia immigration has increased to the figures given (see also page 20). THE GREAT JEWISH PROBLEM OF TODAY As I have said, in all parts of Europe and America, except Russia and Ru- mania, legal discrimination against the Jews has largely ceased and civil equality is accorded them. The present great problem, therefore, is to secure civil equality for them in Russia and Ru- mania. How is the present condition in those countries explained? Prince Gortchakoff in the Berlin Con- gress described the Russian and Ru- manian Jews as a great scourge upon 18 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE IN FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, THE ANCESTRAL CITY OF THE ROTHSCH IDS? aes MOST FAMOUS FAMILY OF FINANCIERS IN THE WORLD Maver Anselm Bauer, the founder of this family of Jews, was the son of a small mer- chant. The boy became a money-lender instead of a rabbi, as had been planned, and from the counter of the sign of the ‘Red Shield” (Rothschild) there developed a financial institu- tion which became more powerftl during the nineteenth century than any monarch in Europe. It was Rothschild’s gold which enabled Britain to carry on the Napoleonic wars, and it is said that the English Rothschild was present at the Battle of Waterloo to witness the triumph of Wellington. any people. Bismarck’s answer was that the policy of restriction had given them the character which is now made the basis for complaints against them. Mirabeau in the French Assembly said, in answer to a similar charge: “If you wish the Jews to become better men and useful citizens, then banish every humiliating restriction, open to them every avenue of gaining a livelihood. Instead of forbidding them agriculture, handicrafts, and the mechanical arts, en- courage them to devote themselves to these occupations.” RUSSIA'S PLAINT AGAINST THE JEWS It is probably true that the Russian Jews do devote themselves to trading in money, and that the Russian moujik is subject to abuse in this respect of which the Jews take advantage, but it must be borne in mind that the restrictions upon the Jews as to livelihood have been and are such as to drive them into money- lending. Indeed, this cause dates from the middle ages, when, as already said, canon law forbade among Christians the lending of money on interest and left that business open for the Jews, who perforce became the money-lenders of Furope. The few avenues of employment for Jews forced them into the conduct of inns and the selling of liquor. This, as I have pointed out, was a heritage from the Polish nobility. Even if the charge made against the Russian Jews of fraud and trickery has PROGRESSIVE. WORLD STRUGGLE OF THE JEWS 19 foundation, it is not to be wondered at, when man’s hand is against them, when’ they are desperate in their efforts to live, when they have a faculty.in trade born ‘of the severest necessity. The objection to them that they work together in the interest of each other may well be true. When general society is against them all, they naturally stand together for self- protection and for self-support. THEY MAKE GOOD SOLDIERS One can hardly expect that they should feel entirely grateful to a goyernment which makes life so hard for them, or that the desire to serve.in the, army should be strong in them. And yet the reports from the World War indicate that they have made good soldiers, and the history of the Jews in all countries in which they have settled has been that they have rallied to the support of the government under which thev lived. Their patriarch, Samuel of Nehardea, sixteen centuries ago laid down the rule: “The law of the government is the law” ; and in the eighteen or nineteen centuries in which the Jews have been wandering over the face of the earth, rebellion and treachery to the government under which they lived have not been frequent among them. A number of them in Russia under the old régime doubtless had revolution- ary and subversive tendencies, apparently confined to Jews of university education, who found difficulty in earning a live- lihood under the restrictions and who naturally cherished resentment. With their active minds, with their genius for trade, cultivated by centuries of necessity, they prefer trade to manual pursuits, but many of them are skilled artisans in many countries. DENIED EDUCATIONAL PRIVILEGES They do not follow agricultural pur- suits because they have long been for- bidden to own land, and by this long - deprivation tneir tastes have been formed for city life. They have been cooped up in gnettos of the city and, perforce, have formed the habits of an urban popula- tion. ‘proper health of the rest of the population. So Denied the cpportunity for education, they are ignorant; but no people in the world manifest so much anxiety to se- cure education and improve the opportu- nities when offered with such earnest- ness and success. It cannot be good for a country like Russian Poland and the Pale to continue 6,000,000 of its inhabitants in such a per- sistent condition of poverty and demor- alization. It must interfere with the development, prosperity, and large a congestion of this kind must make a sore spot in the economic, political, and social life of this part of Russia. In spite of their deplorable condition and the immigration it stimulates, the Russian Jews are very prolific and their number is not diminishing. Their pres- ence in Russia has been a continuing fact and the policy pursued in respect to them up to the Revolution did not remove it or alter it and it was not a success. In aid of the Christian peoples of the Balkans and Armenia, the Russian Gov- ernment did a great work, for which those peoples should be very grateful. ‘The conduct of Russia toward them was in marked contrast to its attitude toward the Jews within its own jurisdiction. Is it too much to hope that the drastic ex- perience of this war may lead Russia to a different view ? A BLESSING IN DREADFUL DISGUISE If the war’ does help the Jew, it will indeed be a blessing in dreadful disguise. One-half the Jews of the world have had to bear its miseries, its cruelties, its suf- ferings. They lived in the theater of war between Russia and Germany and Austria. In tus region, almost without ceasing, the campaign continued. The Russians laid waste the country in order to embarrass their pursuing enemies, and between the two armies the population, of which the Jews were a large part. suffered untold horrors. As soon as the war came on, as soon as mobilizations were initiated, Germany and Austria, on the one hand, and Rus- sia, on the other, vied with each other in a cultivation of the good-will of the Poles and the Jews. Russia promised that an autonomous 20 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Poland would be created from all three of the incomplete tribal districts of the partitioned kingdom. Some of the lead- ers of the Austrian Government an- nounced an intention of giving autonomy to Galicia. When the war came to an end, tremen- dous governmental changes occurred in the countries where the Jews are so greatly congested (see also page 23). The dreadful destruction of life, the necessity for rehabilitation of these coun- tries where the war raged with such vio- -, lence and destruction, must necessarily give greater economic value to every man who survives. The loyalty which the Jews have shown to their respective gov- ernments in these countries under a most trying ordeal ought to impress their gov- ernments with the claim that they make to equal treatment. While it is true that in the past much of the cruelty to the Jews has been imme- diately prompted by popular prejudice, nevertheless it is also true that, with the increase of popular control in all coun- tries, their condition has ultimately been much improved. A war like this, which must be carried on by the people, in- creases their ultimate power. REPRESSIVE MEASURES ALWAYS HARMFUL Harsh and repressive measures have not helped the solution of the Jewish question. The result reminds one con- stantly of A‘sop’s fable of the contest be- tween the wind and the sun in removing a man’s coat from his back. The harder the wind blew, the closer the man held the coat to his body. It was only when the sun with its warm rays increased the temperature and created discomfort that the man removed his coat. The harshest persecution and injustice merely strengthen the peculiarity of the Jew in his adherence to his ancient cus- toms, in his exclusiveness, in his use of cunning to avoid outrage, and in his ad- herence to his religion and its ceremo- nials. Give him the sunlight of freedom and the balmy encouragement of equality of opportunity and he assimilates himself to his environment with all the quickness of perception, all the energy, all the en- terprise, all the persistence with which he is so remarkably endowed. If education and opportunity and free- dom and equality are extended to them in the next generation, the traits to which objection is made will become less and less conspicuous, and Russia’s great do- main, which needs people of energy, peo- ple of keenness, people of enterprise, people experienced in trade, people of financial genius, will find a benefit in the Presence Oni tiem) ews: JEWS IN UNITED STATES From the East End of New York and through centers of population in this country where Jews are gathered, by the million and hundreds of thousand, come the youth of the race who soon manifest a spirit of Americanism and get on. They succeed in trade, they succeed in the professions, they succeed in business, and they move their homes to less crowded districts and acquire all the taste and views and fashions of their fellow-countrymen. They cultivate little or no solidarity in politics, and they manifest a disposition to disintegrate as a community. They retain a loyalty to the race) bitteenm@tea strict adherence to the ceremonial, and they intermarry with Gentiles. A number of modern books written by Jews deplore this fact. They fear that Israel will be swallowed up in the na- tions. They are an excellent, law-abiding part of our population. Of course, crim- inals come from among them, poor and miserable as some of them are, but the criminal statistics do not show their per- centage of criminals to be as great as that of the entire population. When we consider the congestion in New York in the East End of one million Jews, and that this has come within the last thirty years, it seems remarkable that it has not given more trouble to our civ- ilization and our government than it has. These are the lessons which an investi- gation by Russian statesmen into our ex- perience would furnish. STRENGTH OF THE JEWISH CHARACTER The Jews of the world, in countries where they have had equal opportunities, have won their way not only to great financial power, but to places of com- manding influence in journalism, in the © Edward Gross Company © Curtis Publishing Company ESTHER “from India even unto Ethiopia,” the Jews ance at the hands of Esther, the niece of and resourceful. The story ling in Even in the days of Ahasuerus, who ruled were objects of persecution; but they found deliver Mordecai, who not only was “fair and beautiful,’ but courageous of this Jewish heroine, aside from its religious significance, is one of the most appea all literature. to _ ‘(oz pue Zt sased aos) OQZI IUIS S]VAIIIG Woy} FO JsOU ‘VOTIOUTY Ul SMof OOO‘COL’E 91% 919, J, ‘SOIOYS INO O} SJURISIWIUUT YSstMmof *xoq devos pjO Ue UO jSo1 PapPIoU-YONU FO SdJNUIT MOF V SULT} “STOMOY JO XNJUI oY} JOF Sosnevd Aue OY} JO DUO SYM UOISII4SoI SIYT, ‘UoUt st Ajyeroods osoym ‘sjueYoIoW Gand oY} FO 9UO IJOY 9S DAA “S}YSIS -3]}}9G JO B[eq IY} FO Soto Oy} Ul AATT OJ Me] Aq poatMbo1 a19M vISsNy SUIJSIIIJUL PUL SNOLIND JOF OUILU IIQV}IIIA & SI OpPIG Jsvy SYIOR MIN JO SMOf dU} ‘sSYOURIOY OY} JO MOIYJIOAO 34} FO dU} oY} OF dQ MYOA MAN SHCIS ISVA WHHL 40 UNV HOW TAMOL V SMYOA MAN “ANVW‘ISI SI'TTA LV Mal NviIssnu V Iq) “M “Vv Aq ydessojoyg es r 22 PROGRESSIVE WORLD STRUGGLE OF THE JEWS 23 professions, and in business. They have retained always an acute interest in the welfare of their coreligionists through- out the world. Their religious training has inculcated in them the duty of charity to all—Jew and Gentile—and they have given unsparingly to aid their brethren in distress. Individuals like Sir Moses Montefiore have given much time, money, and effort all over the world to the cause of their race. Baron Hirsch and Baron Roths- - child have planned and carried through rural colonies of the Jews in Palestine, in Argentina, and in Texas. The Zionist movement to secure a mi- gration of Jews back to Jerusalem does not meet with the undivided support of the Jewish people, but it certainly has substantial strength as one project for relief of the congestion in east Europe. During the World War the Jews of this country and elsewhere raised a fund of nearly $25,000,000 with which to aid their poor peoples suffering in the train of the war. In the countries where they have money, power, and influence, great Jew- ish committees have long been organized to help in securing civil rights, religious freedom, and equal opportunity for the oppressed of their race. The influence of the leaders of the Jews in Europe and America upon the Congress of Nations at Paris in behalf of the better treatment of the Jews has been weighty and we can be sure that it Was courageously and wisely exercised. The direct interest we have in the Jew- ish question in these Eastern countries Was stated by Secretary Hay to the signatories of the Berlin Treaty in pro- test against Rumania’s persecutions and breach of her treaty obligation, to wit, that we are the world’s refuge for such people, driven out by measures of op- pression and restriction, and their coming in great numbers in their present condi- tion imposes an unfair burden upon us. We may rejoice that more than half the members of this great race have won their long progressive struggle for merely an equal chance with other men; but we cannot tear out that distressing page in the history of Christian civilization con- taining the record of seventeen centuries of persecution. cE, cE WS EN CELE NEW USE ATES? 1 Oo BE PROTECTED The result of the war and the breaking up of Russia and the giving reign to the principle of self-determination of racial units have created seven independent European States in central and eastern Furope. Of these, the Baltic Provinces, Poland and the Ukraine, as well as the Czecho-Slovak State and the Jugo-Slav State, have many Jewish citizens. In addition to this, the Greater Rumania, which is to receive Transylvania from Hungary, is another State which will have many Jewish citizens. The German treaty specifically pro- vides that the five great Powers shall make future treaties with Poland and with the Czecho-Slovak State securing the religious liberties of the people who constitute a minority in those States; and it is understood that similar provisions are to be included in the Austrian treaty in respect to the Jugo-Slav State and Rumania. It is to be hoped that the securities ex- acted in these treaties will be of a char- acter more effective than were the re- quirements of the Congress of Berlin in respect to Rumania. Indeed, we can be sure that they will. The prejudice against the Jews still remains in those countries, and cannot of course be eliminated by mere legislation. But Jews can be given equal rights and be protected in those rights, and secure the equality of oppor- tunity through such protection. The League of Nations is to be a con- tinuous body and will have power enough to see to it that treaties of this character are performed by nations which the war has in fact created and which will con- tinue to be dependent for some years upon the League for their own integrity and independence. I c A. y ume% Musan Z °Munyantai mm Paik-tu-san > Men j Chon Chin’, U/ Seshin) Qf pC ea: « fo} ( > SamcheyongsNonsaton J: YOUT™ | (Nojidoy © XX. 5 ax \_ °Potaidon ~~ = Heizanchin O 4 | ; 5 Shinkarbachin MATSU SHIMA BR TSU-SHIMA ; | a 6—CoR Shimonosek1 al oO 50 100 STATUTE MILES A MAP OF KOREA: THE REGION TRAVERSED BY MR. ANDREWS’ EXPEDITION (SEE ACCOMPANYING ARTICLE) EXTENDS ALONG THE UPPER COURSES OF THE TUMEN AND THE YALU RIVERS 24 PE LORING UNKNOWN CORNERS OF? VEE See RMIE- KINGDOM’ By ‘Roy C. ANDREWS AUTHOR OF “‘SHORE-WHALING: A. Woritp INbustrRyY” With Photographs by the Author LTHOUGH Korea has.a civiliza- tion extending nearly 4,000 years into the past, many of the na- tives in the north have never seen a white man. ‘They are living among the hills today much as did their ancestors cen- turies ago, worshiping mythical gods in the rocks and trees on every mountain- top, keeping their women in semi-slavery, and dying in ignorance that beyond the narrow confines of their own peninsula lies a world replete with undreamed of wonders. Wrapped in the mantle of Oriental se- clusion, for centuries Korea successfully suarded the secrets of her mountains and her people; but at last the clamor of for- eigners at her doors could no longer be stilled, and she yielded reluctantly inch by inch, although realizing that the foun- dations of her weak government were crumbling beneath her. It was in 1882 that the first treaty with Korea was signed by the United States, and foreigners took up their residence with official sanction at Chemulpo, the seaport of the capital, Seoul. Even with this foothold in the new country the un- welcome visitors pushed their way but slowly into other parts of the kingdom, and as late as 1897 only a relatively small portion had been visited by white men. SECRET OF THE “DRAGON PRINCE’S POOI,” DISCOVERED BY MISSIONARIES After the Russian-Japanese war of 1904, however, when the country was freely opened to foreigners and its rail- way had been completed, the exploration of the northern part progressed. by leaps and bounds, until the only extensive un- known area lay along the north central boundary between the Tumen and Yalu rivers. This was said to be a region of treach- erous swamps, densely forested plateaus, and gloomy canons—a vast wilderness, treasuring in its depths the ghostly peak of the Long White Mountain, wonder- fully beautiful in its robes of glistening pumice. The secret of its summit, where the “Dragon Prince’s Pool” lies far down in the ancient crater, had been learned as early as 1709 by two Jesuit missionaries, coming from the north through Man- churia, but the approaches to its base from the south and west in Korea had never been traversed by a white man. Its zoology, except by inference from that of remote surrounding regions, was less known than its geography, and this led the American Museum of Natural History to send an expedition to make a study of its fauna. JAPAN AIDS THE AMERICAN EXPEDITION Before any non-resident foreigner can go into the interior, permission must be obtained from the Bureau of Foreign Affairs at Seoul, for the Japanese insist on knowing the “reason why’ for the visits of all foreigners to the remoter parts of their newly acquired possession. The Museum’s expedition was given the enthusiastic support of the government, however, and was furnished with one of their official interpreters, a Japanese who spoke Korean, Chinese, and a little Eng- lish. A Korean cook who knew some English was also engaged, and developed into a valuable assistant after he had be- come convinced that he was not the leader of the expedition. At first he was the source of endless trouble; for, like all Koreans, he saw in his position as ‘man of all work’”’ an op- portunity for extensive graft. 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S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Among explorers no individual receives less recognition for signal service to civilisation than the hunter of plants. His name 1s not written upon new-found lands nor upon Iutherto uncharted seas. But through lus vision, his daring, and his fortitude he enriches the waste places of his home land and helps to feed thousands of today and millions of the future. Columbus of horticulture. -T IS one thing to go hunting for | wild animals and quite another to go hunting for plants. In the one case there is the excitement of the per- sonal danger and the immediate result of the game, followed by the memories that crowd in as one sits before the open fire and talks of the days that are past. In the other, the excitement of per- sonal danger exists to a lesser extent, there is no game to be immediately eaten, but with each passing year there is the increasing interest which comes from the growth and spread of the plants one has found and imported; the orchards or avenues or fields of grain or the beauti- fication of thousands of city dooryards. Frank N. Meyer was a plant-hunter fiomenic United States Department of Agriculture. He hunted plants in China and Siberia and Turkestan and in the Caucasus, and he was drowned on the second of June last, in the muddy waters Simone, Yanetze River, after nine ofthe most picturesque years that any one could imagine, spent in the dense forests of northern Korea, in Chinese temples perched on distant sacred mountains, and in wanderings through the orchards, gar- dens, and cultivated fields of that vast Oriental country. A LIFE OF ADVENTURE AND SERVICE What a life! To wander with a defi- nite, soul-absorbing object, on foot, from village to village, inquiring his way and learning as he went of some new plant variety which, because of its perfume, the deliciousness of its fruit, the color of its 57 The plant-hunter is an unsung flowers, the shade it cast, its alkali resist- ance, or its hardiness in bleak northern regions, might be worthy of sending to this country for our farmers, horticul- turists, or lovers of dooryard plants to grow. As Meyer stood before one of these new plants to which chance and his flair for new things had led his footsteps, he tried to picture in his imagination the re- gion in the United States where it would grow; to wonder in what particular it might prove better than that which Americans were then cultivating, and what use they would make of it after it developed to full size and produced its fruit or flowers. It was his business to look ahead and predict the future of his discoveries. His was different work from that of the botanical explorer who collects for a museum, who is only look- ing for species that are new and have never before been collected and placed in the great herbaria of dried specimens. While Meyer did indeed find a new species of hickory,—new to science—had a new lilac named after him, and added thousands of specimens to the herbaria of the country, his work was primarily the getting of living material of culti- vated useful plants or their relatives. He sent in hundreds of shipments of living cuttings and thousands of sacks filled with seeds of the useful plants of the countries through which he traveled, with the result that there are now grow- ing in America fields and orchards and avenues and hedges of Meyer’s plants which, could he only have lived, would 58 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE PLANT-COLLECTING CARAVAN EN’ ROUTE FOR THE WU TAI SHAN: CHINA Unlike the gold-diggers’ caravans, the mules are not loaded with picks and shovels and panning outfits. They are carrying bales of the moss in which florists pack plants, sacks in which seeds are shipped, and driers in which botanists press leaves and flowers. It was with this kind of an equipment that Frank Meyer traveled many thousands of miles in the out- of-the-way parts of Asia, looking for the relatives of our cultivated plants and others which could be grown somewhere in America and give pleasure and prosperity to millions. have gladdened his heart and made him realize in a tangible way what a great pioneer work he was doing. AN ENRICHER OF THE GARDENS OF THE WORLD To Meyer, plants appealed just as to some people dogs or horses do, and this intense interest made him pack his col- lections with infinite patience, wrapping them in moss and Chinese oiled paper and burlap with his own hands before sending them by mail from some point in the interior of China to Washington. Meyer was a Hollander by birth and spent his childhood among the gardens of Amsterdam, rising through his own talents to be the assistant of Hugo de Vries. His passion for travel took him on foot across the Alps and into Italy to see the orange groves and vineyards of the Mediterranean, and later led him to explore America and northern Mexico on foot. This restlessness, combined with his love for plants, drew him to my at- tention at a time when we were searching for some one who could travel over the roadless regions of China. Meyer’s work has always seemed to have a peculiar fascination for magazine and newspaper writers, and numerous are the picturesque accounts of his “ex- periences.” Somehow, when I stand in an orchard and reach up into one of the trees and pick from its gray branches some of the large seedless persimmons which are the result of his work, I feel that he has left something more tangible, more inspiring, as a result of his travels, than is represented by the stories of mid- night attempts on his life by ruffians in Harbin or threatened shootings by Chi- nese soldiers in the Kansu Province, ex- citing as those experiences were. DENTE ROOF PLANTS 59 Sa MEYER’S FELLOW-INMATES OF AN INN IN CHINESE TURKESTAN “This is the house where we stopped for the night. much interested in the photographic apparatus and wanted their pictures taken the host, did not know exactly what to think of such an instrument. The three ae women were A Dsun Gan, Wew ere tw elve people in this house, representing six different nationalities.”—From one of Meyer’s letters. In addition to the actual introduction of seeds and plants, Meyer has rendered great service to our horticulture by show- ing us what the Chinese have done to im- prove their native fruits. They have de- veloped their native persimmon from wild, inedible forms to varieties four inches in diameter and delicious as fruits can be; their native hawthorns they have made as large as small crab-apples, with an excellent flavor and texture all their own, suiting them peculiarly for preserv- ing, and out of the native jujube, or Ts’ao, they have evolved scores of varie- ties, some of which are as large as apri- cots and with a flavor which puts them when candied into the class with the Per- sian date (see pages 68, 609, 72, and 74). HE DISCOVERED METHODS AS WELL AS PLANTS Our horticulturists can be proud of what they have done for many plants, but they have not yet begun to improve the native papaw, which is the largest wild fruit growing within the confines of the United States ; nor have they selected our own large-fruited hawthorns, of which we have many more varieties than the Chinese. While Meyer’s travels were not in the main in what a geographer would call un- mapped regions; while he made no geo- graphic discoveries, his observations on the plants which the people use and their manner of using them constitute a real contribution to our knowledge of the foreign countries through which he trav- eled. His first expedition in the years 1905- 8 was into North China, Manchuria, and northern Korea; his second, in 1909-11, through the Caucasus, Russian Turkes- tan, Chinese Turkestan, and Siberia ; his third, in 1912-15, through northwestern China into the Kansu Province to the bor- ders of Tibet, and his last expedition in search of plants began in ae when he ‘Ooquieq ay} FO Sasn dy} JO 9UO JO UOLPeIISNIII Sty} UIeJqoO 0} apis eUTYD oY} UO syoo4 SUISUBYIIAO OY} payeos TATE "JOC J, WoIZ “euryD ‘nsueyy FO soutAojd usd}s9M dy} soyeredas YOM “ANY NYIS oy} uo Arsoy ve smoys YydesSojoyd oy, ‘Spider years oy} JOAO pohey oie 9Z}sue_ IY} UO S}eOq IY} YOIYM YAN sayqeo FO oInjoeFnueUt oy} JOF SI VUIYD Ul OCOquIe 2Y} JO Sasn snouIpHyyNU 94} JO 9uQ VNIHO OL IAGlL WOW AMMA WITVO OOAUNWVA V 60 ees * AN. OLD PLANTATION OF THE EDIBLE BAMBOO Thousands of hillsides in China are covered with bamboo groves. green leaves the sunlight falls with a greenish tint. Through their thin Their plume-like stems rise 50 feet into the air and for 30 feet are without a branch—just jointed, brilliant green tubes, the most fascinating things in the world to put one’s hand on. For decades these groves furnish to their owners an abundance of young shoots in the early spring—shoots which are as good to eat as asparagus—and poles so light and from which so many things can be easily and quickly made that they belong in a class by themselves. This bamboo can be grown from the Carolinas to Texas, and there is no reason to doubt that our grandchildren will wander, as do the Chinese children, through beautiful groves of this wonderful plant. went in quest of the wild pear forests in the region of Jehol, north of Peking, and the region around Ichang. He was caught at Ichang by the revolution and for many months was unable to escape. ‘The con- finement and uncertainty with regard to the great war and an attack of illness had by this time combined to bring on a re- currence of a former attack of what amounted to nervous prostration, and be- fore he could reach the encouraging com- panionship of people of his own class he was drowned in the waters of the Yangtze River near the town of Wu Hu, thirty miles north of Nanking. HIS LETTERS PICTURE STRANGE CIVILIZATIONS Meyer’s letters are the letters of a real traveler. When written from cold, dirty inns, they reflected his surroundings of discomfort; from the sublime moun- 61 tain tops or mountain passes of the Cau- casus, they were filled with his quaint philosophy of existence. From Buddhist temples in the Kansu Province of China, on the borders of Tibet, they gave pic- tures of that strange civilization forty centuries old. LEFT ALONE IN TURKESTAN Writing from Samarkand, Turkestan, he said: “Alone in Samarkand! My assistant yesterday got tidings from home that his presence was urgently needed, as the man in charge of his farm was severely in- jured by a horse, and he left me. The interpreter had left the day before, as his eyesight and general health had be- come rather poor these last days on account of the great heat, and so it has come to pass that I am left alone in this far-away land, with only a mere smat- 62 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE VEGETABLE GARDENS ALONG THE IRTISH: SIBERIA Imagine the agricultural explorer walking through these gardens in southwestern Siberia, examining each variety of plant, in the hope that among them somewhere he might find a new kind or a new strain of vegetable which would prove better in some particular than those which we already have growing in America. tering of Russian and no knowledge at all of the Sart language, which is much spoken here. I’ll get out of it, however. “On Saturday, June 11, we wanted to leave early, but I got a message from the police to appear before them. Something new, I thought. Well, we went and the whole thing was nothing but a curiosity FO; Sce Mle. “The captain, or whatever his rank was, asked my interpreter whether I really was a botanist, whether I only had interest in plants, and more of such suspicious ques- tions. He then told me that permission had come from St. Petersburg allowing me to photograph trees and plants only, and that for every locality I wanted to visit I had to get a special permit, either written or verbal, depending upon the 1m- portance of the place. But under no consideration would I be granted permis- sion to go to the Afghanistan frontier, as foreigners were not allowed! “We left the same day for Merv, where we arrived after midnight. The next day was exceedingly hot and the light so intense as to make one almost dizzy. We took out the collected herba- rrum material, which wasn’t all dry yet and gave it an airing—much trouble her- barium material causes on a journey! “In Merv there is a pretty park, where tall specimens of poplars occur. I also saw there, for the first time in my life fine, large specimens of Karakash elms. Very striking trees they are, with their umbrella-like shape and a dense mass of rather small foliage. ‘These trees will be highly appreciated by our settlers in the desert regions. “On Monday, June 13, there aacma great market held in Mery. ‘Turkomans Afghanistanese, Kirghizes, and many other wild-looking inhabitants of these regions here mingled one with another. I bought some barley, millet, and wheat, but found little new. THE CAMEL’S THORN OF THE DESERT “The desert around Merv is quite inter- esting. ‘The camel’s thorn covers tens of thousands of acres of land. It was A HUNTER OF PLANTS 63 THE INSPIRING MOUNTAIN SCENERY OF SHAN HAI KWAN, CHINA Among the enviable things about the explorer’s life are the scenes which his eyes are permitted to rest upon. A wonderful forest once covered the slopes of China’s mountains, now denuded as the result of the lack of a forest policy. in full bloom and its small pinkish-purple flowers, produced by the million, gave color to the landscape, just like the heath in northwestern Europe. “This camel’s thorn is a very useful plant here. First, it is a great feed for the camels, which are said to love this plant better than any other wild herb. Second, it is mown, dried, and used as gael. Nearly all of the bricks in the oases are baked through the heat of this plant. Third, it is a great sand-binder, growing even in pure, sterile sand, and being leguminous it prepares the soil by enriching it for better vegetation.” THE TRIALS OF THE TRAVELER Writing from Chugutchak, Mongolia, the explorer says: “Of the fourteen nights we spent en route I was under cover only four of them, and out of the other ten, one night we were disturbed by a wolf, two nights by rain, four nights by robbers prowling about, and the remaining three we made the most of. “But on the whole it was not a bad journey, so far as personal comforts were concerned, for the sheep and goats had just lambed, and wherever we struck a Kalmuck or a Kirghiz settlement we were able to obtain a goodly quantity of either sour or sweet milk. The spring had really started and the cold at night was not very great. A few times our milk and tea froze overnight, but we are so hardened that we didn’t suffer from the cold. “We had serious trouble with the guides. I hadn’t been able to obtain a man for the whole journey in Kuldja; so we took one from one village to another. The first four days it wasn’t so bad, but on the fitth day, having entered a robber district, our Kirghiz guide deserted us and, worse than that, took with him the general letter of introduction with which he was supplied by the Chinese prefect 64 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE in net ELA ete ete ste a THE SEPULCHER VOL CONEUCIUS “The sepulcher of Con-fu-tse is surrounded by old trees,” wrote Meyer of this sacred spot. “The large black trunk to the left belongs to an old male specimen of Pistachia chinen- sis which is several centuries old. The stems in front are Juniperus chinensis. ‘This whole group exhales a spirit of the gray, hoary past, from which influence one cannot escape.” of Kuldja. There we were, without any- body knowing the roads and in a district considered dangerous. “We marched according to a map I have and with the aid of a compass, and we finally reached a Kalmuck village, where I was received with great honors. The native chief had a special tent erected for me, killed a sheep, and was very friendly; and that was in the dreaded i a A HUNTER OF PLANTS 69 Bogh-dolah, where the Kirghiz guides had told us. that men are sometimes meechered ..11-ke sheep for sacrifice. ie seems . those things did. _ occur some twenty - five or thirty years ago, but now I hardly think anything like that would happen. In the days when Dr. Regel was bot- mmezinge. here, strange things were reported; even the Chinese practiced human sacrifices in times of epidemics and famines.” FINDING THE FA- MOUS PEKING EIR lene .is. a etter postmarked Pe- king: “On December 29 we started from Peking, en route to the We estern Moun- tains. On the way I secured some pic- tures of white- barked pine trees and some cuttings moe seeds Of” a Piece ly C111 m: That night we slept in a temple in the mountains where it was pretty cold, as there was no fire in these airy rooms. “The next morning a fine snow fell, but about one o'clock it cleared up and we got bright, cold weather. I utilized that time to get a lot of scions of the male and female pistache trees and had several men and boys at work to try to get a quantity of good pistache seeds, for most trees bore simply empty capsules. “T paid many 20-cent pieces and got but few seeds. These are very hard to get, for they are small and have about the Dutch painting. A ROW OF POPLARS IN CHILI PROVINCE, CHINA The trees, planted along the edge of a field bordering a stream and trimmed up high so as to make poles, had a peculiar appeal for Mever. They may have reminded him of some scene in Holland or of some same color as the ground from which they have to be picked. Notwithstanding my offer of a Mexican dollar for a small linen bag full, the natives were not will- ing to do the job. “The pistache is a fine shade tree, espe- cially the male form, and for the mild- wintered regions of the United States it will be a nice acquisition. “In a temple yard that same day I col- lected a quantity of scions of the Chinese horse-chestnut, which will probably be a good shade tree for the United States. 66 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE POTS OF SOY SAUCE IN THE MAKING, COVERED WITH BAMBOO HOODS The manufacture and consumption of this salty sauce in China and in Japan is com- parable to the making and consumption of butter in Occidental countries. It is as universal in the Chinese dietary as butter in ours. The photograph shows a courtyard filled with jars in which a mixture of soy-beans, wheat, and salt is fermenting, and this mixture is protected from the sun and rain by cleverly woven hoods of split bamboo stems. Mr. Meyer made a careful study of this great soy-bean sauce industry and introduced a large number of varieties of the bean. “The last day of the year found us on the road in search of the famous Peking pear, for which I have been looking ever since | came to China and for which fruit I made quite a few trips in vain. “Tdidnt ‘strike: it santly Nem Viears Day, but then my joy was great to start the year in such a nice way. I procured a whole lot of scions from this pear and from other varieties, and I would strongly recommend the Department to distribute every scion or bud not needed, and to give them to practical, successful growers only ; for these pears will probably give us an entirely new strain of this fruit. A HAZARDOUS MOUNTAIN JOURNEY “The soil is rather sandy where these pears grow, and a short distance from the orchards it seems to be entirely sand. To prevent this sand from being blown away, the Chinese have planted long rows of small poplars. I send some cuttings of them; they may be of use in the United States for the same purpose. “On January 2 we proceeded on donkey back to the mountains near Fang-shan. We had to proceed dismounted most of the time on account of the passes be- tween the rocks, which were very steep. “T had heard there were some nice specimens on an old imperial tomb in these mountains, but to my great disgust I found that the trees in question had all been cut down some years previously. Yet the trip wasn’t in vain, for I found in these mountains the genuine wild peaches and apricots growing between the rocks. It seems that there are several varieties of these peaches. I send you herewith cuttings of three kinds, but doubtless there are more. “Besides outdoor plants, the natives have hothouses constructed of sorghum A HUNTER OF PLANTS 67 PEACH PITS FROM THE -WILD PEACH OF CHINA The wild peach of China is a species different from our cultivated peach. It grows on dry lands and lives where there is too much alkali in the soil for our fruit. The fifteen hundred pounds of pits shown in the photograph were imported into America, and there are now orchards on alkali soil in California, the underground parts of which are Chinese roots produced by these seeds. stems heavily plastered with mud and with vertical paper windows on the south side only. They are heated by flues, and to keep the air moist large open vessels filled with water are placed at sport dis- tances from one another. “Tn the forcing houses, also, eee open vessels are kept filled with liquid night- soil, so as to promote a healthy erowth. That the atmosphere in these places is far from being pleasantly odorous, one may imagine. To my amazement I saw forced cucumber plants with nice cucum- bers hanging onthem. If a young cucum- ber shows a tendency toward being crooked, the Chinese simply hang a piece of stone, tied to a string, on it and force it in that way to be straight. If we could only do this thing to crooked people, too! CUCUMBERS AT 50 CENTS EACH IN CHINA “T asked the price of these cucumbers and was told 50 cents apiece (Mexican). So this proves that Chinamen can afford to pay much for these luxuries. They do not grow their cucumbers in benches like we do, but have a few plants in a pot, first in a little soil, and when the plants get older more earth is added. “They also had fine Pzonias, which were forced into bloom in the ground above the flues, and when in bloom they were planted in pots. They sell for 50 cents per bloom. They certainly looked fine. “A totally novel industry was the forc- ing of onion sprouts. ‘There was one house just chuck-full of these. The tem- perature inside was about 90° F., and I ate my lunch there and was treated to onion sprouts, tea, and forced young leaves of the ‘tree of heaven.’ “Fight coolies, half naked, were work- ing among the plants and a furnace was burning. The scent of the onions and the odors from vessels with certain liq- uids referred to, together with the heat, the novel food, and the change of tem- 68 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE A CLUSTER OF CHINESE HAW FRUITS Every American boy who has lived where hawthorns grow knows that the fruits in this photograph are nearly, if not twice, as large as most of the American haws. They have the flavor of the wild haw, but are not so mealy in texture, and one becomes very fond of them as a fruit to eat from the tree, just as one does the crab-apple. In China, on the other hand, the haw is a culti- vated fruit; it is grown just as our apples are grown, on grafted trees. in Europe has set out an orchard of haws. Nobody in this country or It is of a beautiful red and orange color, has a flavor characteristic of the haws, and when dipped in melted sugar or when made into jelly it is delicious. perature while going from one house to another—it was about 20° outside—com- bined to produce an effect upon my consti- tution which made me feel far from well for a couple of days. “While in search of more seedless per- simmon orchards, we happened to strike a bleak region, and having eaten very little at breakfast, I got hungry at eleven o’clock. The first. village we struck couldn’t accommodate us, but the villagers said, ‘One mile from here is a nice place to get food and tea.’ “We proceeded only to find out it was an absolute falsehood. ‘These natives in turn said, ‘About one and a half miles farther on you will find an inn.” And again when reaching that spot there was nothing to be found. ‘The natives kept that game up until at last, at three o’clock in the afternoon, I came to a place where I could stretch out my cold, weary limbs on a brick bedstead with at least a nice fire underneath. “T closed my doors rather hard, for I] was disgusted and angry at this lying; but after having had a pretty substantial meal, I began to feel better and to think that the natives probably had deceived us to prevent our becoming discouraged at the thought of the long journey which was before us.” ie a = Sa costumes: most of them the year boiled with monepared in three or A HUNTER OF PLANTS 69 “From Kang-ko, Ixo- rea, he sent this pic- ture of customs and “This Korean coun- try is totally different from any other in the world. The people, for instance, are all dressed in white— some clean, most of them not, but still all mee in white. In their houses the whole floor is heated, in round. The entrances to the rooms are like windows, so small that one virtually has to crawl in. oe “The food is totally different, too. Rice is the national food, and mostly it is a poor quality of red grain, some beans. Cucumbers are the most favored vegetable, and at one meal one gets them four ways—cucumber soup, salted cucum- ber, fresh sliced cu- cumber, and cucum- ber water. From a baby who is hardly able to walk, up to the old gray-haired men, everybody eats cu- cumbers, and prefer- ably unpeeled. “Tea is unknown here; so the national drink is water. But now we come to a most interesting fact—they consume all their food and drinks out of brass bowls and cups; and there seems to be very little digestive trouble. How these peo- ple have come to learn the fact. that copper is a good preventive for alimen- tary complaints would be worth finding out. “Koreans all dress in clothes made of hemp fiber, and the material is hand- woven. Even their sandals are made out THE TAMOPAN PERSIMMON AS IT FRUITS IN CALIFORNIA This Oriental persimmon which Frank Meyer introduced into America is worthy of the widest consumption. ‘The fruits in the photograph, which were raised in California at the government plant- introduction garden, are three and and a half inches across and are seedless. They are of a deep orange color, with a characteristic deep groove around them, and when properly ripened they are delicious. of the same, fabric. The hemp,-is cut young, just before it comes to bloom, and the stems are placed in a closed clay oven and heated for some days. Then the bark comes off easily and with a little washing the fiber is ready to be dried and used. “The main crops here in the north are sorghum in some varieties, small millets, wet rice, different varieties of soy-beans, maize, and buckwheat. The vegetables are cucumbers, pumpkins, chili peppers, onions, and a poor, weedy cabbage. Gar- A WHITE-BARKED PINE TREE THREE CENTURIES OLD, NEAR PEKING, CIIINA Pinus bungeana, the white-barked pine of central China, as Meyer remarks, is “rather insignificant looking when less than a century old, but trees of 200 or 300 years of age are beautiful and serene enough to worship.” Minister Rockhill expressed himself to Meyer several years before his death as wishing that he might rest under a white-barked pine. ‘Thousands of these have been grown and sent Jow out to parks, cemeteries, and private places throughout America. The contrast between the brilliant white bark and the dark-green foliage makes it a most striking landscape tree (see page 76). den beans are also grown, mostly for the dry beans, though. {> wy 4 Iruits are absolutely unknown. Here and there one sees a wild pear or a wild plum, but the natives do not cultivate any. TOBACCO THE FAVORED PLANT OF KOREA “A plant of great importance with the Koreans is the tobacco. They give it 70 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE the best place in their fields, asthe whole race is addicted to ex-. cessive use of the leaf. Some very large- leaved varieties are grown in this country, some of which I have never seen elsewhere. I haven’ sbeenepaple yet to obtain seeds of it, fof, thesemmpeople live by the day. They don’t have any seeds for a bad year or so— oh, no ; let taeidayaon tomorrow take care of itself! In agricul- tural seeds, too, they sow everything at once, and if some is left, mix it up with other seeds and eat it. The new crops are not ripe yet, so there. are no seed to be had.” THROUGH PRIMEVAL FORESTS IN KOREA — In going to Hot-. ryong, Korea, Meyer. relates that for many days he traveled through primeval for- ests, camping at night in log cabins which had been erected for the accommodation of hunters. “These forests are splendid,” he writes. “They consist mostly of larches, then fol spruces, then pines and __ lindens, birches, poplars, and gigantic willows, found in patches or as solitary specimens. The willows attain the same enormous size as the conifers—from I00 to 150 feet tall. I measured larches that had a diameter of four feet, five feet above the ground, and by counting the annual rings of some of the felled giants, I found that most of the trees are between 12@sanGs 180 years old. A HUNTER OF PLANTS “ “Tremendous for- ese. fires tage. at times, and so we traveled sometimes for days through Beened areas. - A pitiful sight it is, but in these areas one can see the sun and the sky—a thing which is well- nigh impossible in the unburned for- est. “To explore the primeval forest is simply impossible. There is generally enly= one -trarl through it, and as soon as one leaves it he is in the entan- glement of vines, fallen’ and dead trees, undergrowth,— peat - bogs, mud- holes, and heaven knows what else. “Traffic is exceed- ingly light — some days we didn’t see a single. man or beast—and food is not to be found; neither is water, except at a few places. “There is an aw- ful gloom in these forests; birds are seldom seen or heard, and the qui- etude is almost op- pressive. Even the drivers of the horses come under the spell of the solitude, and our caravan proceeded in silence, except for the noise of breaking branches of trees and the sound of the horses’ hoofs touching rocks or tree stumps in the track. In some places a monarch of the forest had fallen across one’s trail, and then we had to make wide detours to keep clear of it.” This is a letter from Tai an fu, Shan- tung, China: “Yesterday I returned from a hurried to pieces. A PLANT HUNTERS HAUT, How the packages of seeds and cuttings used to come in from Meyer. He packed them with great care, sewing each package in cloth, but the long distance and the rough handling generally tore the outer wrapping This is part of a collection of rare specimens which Meyer made in Chinese Turkestan. trip to Feitcheng, bringing back with me eight grafted trees of the famous Fei peach. “We had much trouble in getting these peaches, as the people demanded the most fabulous prices; for instance, $40 and $50 per tree. My interpreter, through some diplomatic dealings, got a plot con- taining eight trees for $40, but we had to leave Feitcheng hurriedly, because the relatives of the man who sold to him had not been consulted and they wanted to take the trees back or destroy them. — — ti “PIUJO}TTE) OOYD Je ‘Uapiey woljoNposjUyT yur oy} uo poyeso] prey1O OT, “FF Mes JOAOU oY Inq ‘aA JO} ostidins ev se pouurjd sem psreyoI1o siz ‘aAtsy} Ady} o10yM SontTeOO] oY} ur ysed pute plo sivof OA} st SI JSO1f WOIf JoSuep [TB toyye ouoy “ALP [HUN woojq JOU Op soos} sysipseyo10 oqninf ayy ynq uM} Surwossojq ye yso1fz JO prop dy} sotuod 419A0 P]4OM oy} Jsowye symaz WourAIOS ANO FO SIS{PsVYIIO OY} OT, “PNIF YUM Pspeo] Uojjo S1e S901} PjoO-1esf-omy, “Bunodk AI9A Ivaq 04 eqninft ssoury) @ St W jnq “sunok oe sodt} OYJ, 9}SV} UT d[qQUIaSOL, YONI Os Ady} YIM ‘sozep ueISstod OY} 90ue{IOdUIT [eIOIOWIWIOD UT [enbo se ‘Jsotoqur Jernood e saqninf jo pavyos0 4say sty} 0} Sdyor}qe a10y} pur ‘SUIY} Mou AUL JO SUTUUTsOq dy} Jnoge SurjeuIsey SUIYJOWOS Si IIIT, (V2 HOvd OS'IV AUS) SHanfaLl ASHNIHO JO GUVHOYO NVOINAWV ISUIE AHL 94} FO IYWsStTIOJIeILYO Ayqissod [tm soqnint 42 A HUNTER OF PLANTS 73 Two of the trees are safely on the road to America now, however, and the others go with me tomorrow. BEDLAM IN A CHINESE INN “T cannot make up my accounts here, for conditions in the inn are too fierce to allow one to confine one’s thoughts to such work,” wrote the explorer from Chieh Chou, southwest Kansu, China. “Imag- ine an overcrowded inn, with merchants and coolies shouting and having angry disputes; with partitions between the rooms so thin as to make them almost transparent, with people gambling with dice and cards all night long; others smoking opium; hawkers coming in, sell- ing all possible sorts of things, from raw carrots to straw braid hats from Szech- uan, and odors hanging about to make angels, even, procure handkerchiefs. “Here you have a picture of ‘the best inn in town.’ ”’ OPPRESSED BY LONELINESS Occasionally, during the last year of his travels, a note of loneliness was sounded in his letters: “Of course, this exploration work, with its continuous absence from people who can inspire one, gets pretty badly on one’s nerves. One must be some sort of a reservoir that carries along all sorts of stores. Soldiers in the field have more dangers to face, but they get at least com- panionship and often recreation supplied to them. “For about one month now I haven’t seen a white person. “My new interpreter is of the sponge variety—that is, absorbing all and giving back little or nothing—and this work of mine is very hard for the Chinese to un- derstand anyway. ‘They seem to consider it a silly thing to spend so much money for a few seeds or plants.” Priere | annsitumein a small hole of a town, all surrounded by high mountains, on which a slight snowfall has been de- posited during the past night,” begins a letter written from a place designated as six days’ march west of Ichang, Hupeh. “The flanks of these mountains are brown with withered vegetation, but here and there a tallow tree stands out as a bit of flaming red and purple; some scrub of Rhus cotinus (the native smoke tree) is blazing carmine and a few bushes of Rhus javanica (another variety of sumac). are of an indescribably warm hue of orange-red. The Indian summer is speed- ing to its close and soon winter will set in. I am trying to round up several things which we would have collected long ago had those wild pears not kept me down at Kingmen. THE YANG TAO—GOOSEBERRY, RHUBARB, PINEAPPLE, AND GUAVA IN ONE “A few hours ago I delivered to the local post-office here a small wooden box, made to order, addressed to the American Consul General at Shanghai, marked D. A. 29 and containing twelve fruits of the wild Ichang lemon and some fruits of a smooth variety of a native fruit called the Yang tao. How these fruits will arrive after their long journey in winter time I have no idea. It is only an attempt, like so much in life is. “T am highly pleased with the Yang tao, and the more I see of it the more thoroughly convinced I am that it is a coming fruit for the southern United States. “The fruits keep well into winter, and they ship well, especially after having been subjected to a few frosts. They are of excellent flavor, being a combination of gooseberry, rhubarb, pineapple, and guava. They have the habit of setting one’s teeth on edge, just like pineapples and blueberries, and they are laxative! “But the vines are not hardy. Where one finds them growing well, one notices coir palms, loquats, privets, and bam- boos around the farmsteads. Zero tem- peratures may hurt them badly, I am afraid. “The plants also will have to be grown like muscadine grapes—that is, on high arbors—and they might have to be bruised to make them bear heavily. In the wild state, at least, I noticed that plants sub- jected to strong mountain winds, which twist them around at times, bore much more heavily than those growing well sheltered. “T am sure that in the rolling sections of the Carolinas, Georgia, northern Flor- ida, etc., where loquats survive for ten : ee a SS SSS = —_— = ~ Fas Sa SE —s = ie oad ene “(OZepUem SZ eis OSusesedwss) ‘JUIUIJUOD) UBSTIOUIY YON 9Y} JO SouyUOS 9Y} JO spisjno s1ayM{ue oy} Sodevosa sny} pue ‘osunf usAs 10 “Avy [un syeM oqninf oy} ‘surids 901} AJOMIIY & SPA 9JOY} EY} PowesIp 4stuLjoq OU “sueTySYD JO sduTAOId Ajivo oY} Ul woorq joor1de oy} pue “‘puowye oy} ‘Yoeed ay} s{IY AA dy} Url ‘enyY SsueyD Jesu ‘ALON ISoUTYD SIY} Potoaoosip JoAIP [HUQ aaqnfoal YSHNIHO AHL JO HONVAd ONIVIONT V WAU] AMOMOIH ASANIMO WILL “AYWAODSIG WIAA LNVIAOdWI NV S}so1f Sutids Wi. ss SQGER¥E 74 A HUNTER OF PLANTS 1) or more years, the Yang tao will do well, and of course in many parts of California it should thrive, too. CUT OFF FROM COMMUNICATION WITH THE WORLD “T wonder whether these parcels will ever reach you! I have not received mail now for a few months. Conditions here are as upset as ever; travel is nearly 1m- possible, except by an occasional Japan- ese steamer. Food supplies are running low, fighting has occurred near and around the city almost hourly during these last weeks, and everybody feels de- pressed from this long-drawn state of suspense. “The foreigners here have formed a defense committee, but, of course, a mere handful of white residents can do noth- ing against brigands in uniform, as nearly all of these Chinese soldiers are, and there are several thousands of the parasites around us. Last week I saw that some of these fellows took the hearts out of men whom they had shot, and mutilated the corpses in unspeakable wavs. They are going to eat these hearts to get courage! “Of late I have been assisting many of the foreign residents in changing their gardens and transplanting large and small trees. It took twenty-five coolies to re- move one large tea olive—a thing never before attempted in Ichang. Should all of these various trees pull through, my work will be tied up with this city for a hundred years to come.” SOME OF MEYER’S GIFTS TO AMERICA It would be inappropriate here to give a complete list of the hundreds of plant spe- cies and varieties which Meyer sent into this country. But when the roses bloom in New England, his Rosa sxvanthina, the hardiest of the yellow bush-roses, will be a mass of pale gold. When the ground thaws on the bleak plains of the Dakotas, thousands of his Chinese elms will put out faeir leaves and take their place in the wind-breaks of that treeless region. All the way up from Florida and Georgia and over the Canadian border this elm is now growing—a remarkably adaptable Bree: His ash from Kashgar will spread its branches over the alkali soils of Nevada. When cherries are ripe in California, his Tangsi cherry will be the earliest to ripen by a week or ten days. The peach-growers of California are watching orchards now five years old, the trees of which all have for their root sys- tems those of a wild Chinese peach which is resistant to drouth and alkali and which Meyer found was in common use as a stock by the Chinese. As the autumn peaches ripen, the trees of the Fei peach will attract unusual at- tention, for it is the pound peach of the Shantung Province and bids fair to take a special place among the canning peaches of this country. It was so rare a variety, and living peach budwood is so hard to ship, that Meyer had to make two long special trips of several weeks on foot to get it In parks and cemeteries, wherever it will grow well, the globular-headed wil- low deserves to find a place, and the first specimens, now growing at Chico, Cal- ifornia, and on the banks of Rock Creek Park, in Washington, D. C., are worthy of a special visit. CE DELICIOUS, PU puUBE The curse of pear-growers is the fire blight, which often ruins the growth of vears in a single season by killing the twigs and branches and even the trunk om the vtree. [ust how “tar the ‘hardy Ussurian pear, sent to us by Meyer, will prove to be immune to this disease we do not yet know; but Professor Reimer, of Oregon, who is an authority on the sub- ject, declares it is the most resistant of all the species of the pear genus. Until Meyer brought back the grafted varieties of the Chinese jujube and we planted an orchard of them in California, the name itself recalled only the jujube paste of our fathers’ time, which was used for coughs and colds. It bore no relation to the fruits, as large as good- sized plums, which, when processed, are as delicious as Persian Gulf dates (p. 74). When the boys and girls go chestnut- ting and see with growing concern that their favorite chestnut trees are dying and realize that unless we do something theirs may be the last generation to have the pleasure of gathering these most in- teresting of all nuts, it may be a comfort 76 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE THE EXPLORER MEYER WITH A BRANCH OF JUJUBE IN HIS HAND In 1906, when Meyer first saw orchards of this new fruit in China, he wondered if the trees would grow in America. He lived to learn that the trees not only would flourish, but would bear abundantly in this country, and he was gathering bud wood of all the horticul- tural varieties which he could find (see pages 72 and 74). to them to know about the little Chinese chestnut trees which Meyer has intro- duced and which are very resistant to the chestnut-bark disease. While this Chinese chestnut will not take the place of the American chestnut as a timber tree, we may expect from it an abundance of good, sweet chestnuts. MEYER’S SPINACH SUBSTITUTE In our hot summers, spinach, that most popular of vegetables, does not grow, but Mr. J. B. Norton, through careful selec- tion, has produced a strain, which he calls “Manchuria,” from seed which Meyer gathered in Manchuria. Guarding, as it were, the tomb of the great Confucius, stands a century-old tree of the Chinese pistache. In summer it casts a dense shade, and in autumn its scarlet foliage makes the landscape bril- liant, like the oaks in the Berkshires. There is now an avenue of these superb trees forming the entrance to our Chico Plant Introduction Garden, and it has already begun to furnish ample seed sup- plies to plant the country (see page 64). The white-barked pine, one of the most striking landscape trees of China, its brilliant white trunk contrasting with its dark-green needles, we have scattered by the hundreds through the drier re- gions of this country from large quanti- ties of seed which Meyer secured. One of them is growing over the grave of the most enthusiastic plant lover of all of our diplomats, the late W. W. Rockhill, U.S. Minister to China (see page 70). Imagine the old age which ‘such a hunter as Meyer might have had when in place of fading memories of forest encounters he could put his hands upon the trunks of great trees grown from tiny seeds which he had collected in his travels as a young man, or see with fail- ing eyesight the masses of flowers pro- a = THE LAND OF LAMBSKINS Vy duced by shrubs and trees which he first saw on the mountain slopes of China! To those who chase through life from one adventure to the next, heedless of whether they leave a trail or not, this may, perhaps, appeal but little; but to those who look ahead, imagining a better world here on this wonderful planet, the idea of having so definite and tangible a share in its enrichment must be very satisfactory. While without the hearty support of a force of men and women who have cared for his introductions, Meyer’s work would have been impossible, it is fitting that his name should stand out prominently, for his was the pioneer’s work and it depended peculiarly on his individual initiative. Meyer’s life activities have ceased, and the real causes of his death will always be a mystery. He came to this country a Hollander, a gardener by profession; he became an American citizen and he has given to this land of his adoption a host of lasting benefits. fink AND: OF LAMBSKINS An Expedition to Bokhara, Russian Central Asia, to Study the Karakul Sheep Industry By Rospert K. Nasours Or THE Kansas STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE With Photographs by the Author made use of the skins, hair, wool, and fur of animals to protect him- self from the elements and for purposes of adornment. However valuable and universally used are vegetable substitutes, the clothing products furnished by ani- mals are now demanded in larger quanti- ties than ever before; so much so that consumption has overtaken production, and the situation for the future is con- sidered critical by competent observers. Especially is this true with regard to the production of furs; it appears that the advancement of civilization increases the demand, while at the same time it de- creases the number of wild animals which, since time out of mind, have fur- nished mankind with this indispensable commodity. As wild fur-bearing animals have de- creased in numbers and the scarcity and prices of furs consequently increased, many individuals have been led to under- take the rearing of fur-bearers in captiv- ity, as, for example, the efforts to breed foxes in Canada and parts of the United States, and the wide-spread interest in skunk-raising. It is of significance that in one State alone the game warden, within a period of two years, issued more So time immemorial man has than fifty permits for breeding skunks in captivity. KARAKUIL, SHEEP AS A SOLUTION OF THE WORLDS FUR PROBLEM Attention has been directed recently to the ancient industry of Karakul sheep- raising to aid in restoring the equilibrium between the increasing demand and de- creasing supply of furs. The pelts of the young lambs of this breed of sheep, be- cause of their special qualities of warmth and beauty, appeal to persons of both sexes, old and young, of all stations in life and of all nationalities. There is, perhaps, greater possibility of restoring to mankind a supplv of furs from this source than from any other. Recently, through the generous codp- eration of Mr. L. M. Crawford, ranch- man; Dr. H. J. Waters, then president, and President W. M. Jardine, then di- rector of the Experiment Station of the Kansas State Agricultural College, the author traveled in Russia, Bokhara, and other parts of Turkestan largely for the purpose of studying Karakul and other sheep. On my first expedition to the East to study the Karakul, my Bokhara inter- preter, a man of education and influence FLOCK OF KARAKUL SHEEP GRAZING IN BOKHARA The feeding of animals is a serious problem in a country where green fades from the landscape except in the brief spring that stands between piercing cold and cruel heat. KARAKUL LAMB AND EWES: BOKHARA The kindly shepherd vies with the soft-eyed ewe in caring for the wobbly-kneed young- ster that 1s so soon to sacrifice his curly coat to some follower of fashion. Throughout the Near Ivast there is a community of life and trust between the sheep and his shepherd which has been the theme of many a prose poem since the time when David, the shepherd boy, P CPT . sang the song that has cheered the ages: “The Lord is my shepherd.” THE LAND OF LAMBSKINS 79 imeateairs of trade, government, and religion, gave me cordial and enjoy- able entertainment for two nights at ities heme in the oasis. During that time I did not se- cure a glimpse of yee iis three wives or the older daughters among his seventeen living children. Our host informed us, how- ever, that we were being duly scruti- nized by his wo- menfolk, as well as Dyaihey merch bors, through “peep- holes.” The women re- mained. - for the most part, in the kitchens preparing food and tea and sending them out to be served to us by the boys of the family. In order to con- verse with the na- NEWLY tive it was neces- Sary. to address, may be perpetuated. first, an English- Russian-speaking interpreter, and he, in turn, passed the message on through an interpreter who spoke Russian and the mame dialect. The part taken by the native in the conversation would then come to me reversely through the same interpreters. My conversation with actual breeders of Karakuls was confined, for the most part, to the owner of a flock of 800 who resided at the juncture of the oasis and desert steppes of Bokhara, where are found the outlying irrigation ditches, which during ordinary years contain water for only short periods—a situation that had forced this ranchman to move in and out at intervals and to depend upon wells continually. On arriving at the headquarters of the BORN LAMB: STEPPES OF BOKHARA The pursuit of beauty too often leads to cruelty, and some of the methods of securing unborn lambs are quite revolting. objects of beauty, wholesale destruction, popular indignation, conserva- tion, and scientific development—these are the stages through which the gathering of furs, feathers, and flowers has progressed. Now the ac- quaintance of even the fearsome skunk is cultivated in order that beauty Demand for Karakul sheep-owner, our party was re- ceived with kindly consideration, though with much curiosity and even suspicion, by the proprietor and two of his sons. However, as we Sat on the rugs in his quarters, in Oriental style, with shoes re- moved, and drank tea, cordiality soon de- veloped, and one after another of the men and boy attachés of the establish- ment joined the circle. At first the conversation, carried on with great difficulty through the two in- terpreters, consisted of questions about sheep-raising, the taking of pelts and marketing, with the cautious replies; but as time passed, the situation became more mutual, till eventually the tables turned and they were quizzing me concerning affairs in my country. 80 THE NATIONAL, GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE STEPPES OF BOK HARA BA HBOCK Or HIGHT HUNDRED KARAKULS: PARIS@ p and camels come from he steppes are now left to shee lons and the finest of lambskins e veliness, t ous of m y an is crossed b h Turkest d life wl Althoug which can fin ‘me town in Bol the sz Yet the most lusci < At no0on wellere served with a sump- CuOUS —fedstammatmentes licious, well - cooked Karakul - Ktimeead z mutton, with the very palatable Tatar bread, and sheep milk for those who desired lite and always tea. THE KARAKUL FLOCK AND ITS PANICKY SHEPHERDS After the feast we WEN + Ofit) Wane steppes through a ter- tific sandstorm and fierce July heat, over shifting dunes, where vegetation was con- spicuous largely by its absence. Here we fomndec considerable flock of Karakuls in care of two shepherd boys so ignorant and so hetei i= fied by the presence of westerners that only extremenmaree tion to their sheep kept them from run- ning away ain fact, when they first saw us approaching the flock was started off in such haste and driven so rapidly that the sheep and the boys were brought to a standstill only by Sreat exertion on the part of some of. the men, who, fortunately for the object of the excursion, were on horses instead of camels. So panic - stricken were these boys, or young men, that it was some time before we could calm them and secure their co- Operation in corral- ling, sotting, and cee otherwise assisting in the study and photo- graphing of the ani- mals. While the inspec- tion was in progress alam was born, the hair being a splendid type of Persian lamb, with beautiful black luster and tight, even curl (see page 79). As an illustration of the close personal attention the lambs receive till they are able to care for them- selves, the ewe and one of the shepherds seemed to vie with each other in attend- ing this helpless ar- foal: 1 he- flock drifted away and the lamb was unable to travel, so the ewe and shepherd remained, and finally the boy Sarnered it im his arms and came on up with the crowd. These shepherds, although extremely ignorant, especially in any civilized sense, and living the lives of the sheep night and day for months at a time, are said to know the members of their flocks individually and the parentage of efen sheep, even among large numbers. INTERBREEDING OF KARAKUL AND KIRGHIZ SHEEP Since numbers of the ewes of the fat- rump Kirghiz mut- ton sheep are yearly placed among the Karakul flocks for the purpose, as related by the owner, of keeping up the vigor, and since no written records are THE LAND OF LAMBSKINS 81 A YOUNG KARAKUI, RAM ON THE STEPPES OF BOKHARA A KARAKUI RAM IN BOKHARA Curiosity is a passion stronger than fear in many cases, and the timid Sarts and Bokharans who first fear the camera man soon bring their dearest possessions to him in order to have them photo- eraphed. The story current in many parts of the East that camera lenses are made from the eyes of murdered children may explain why many a fond mother protects her infant from the recording eye of the kodak fiend. KIRGHIZ, OR FAT-RUMP, SHEEP OF CENTRAL ASIA (SEE PAGE 83) In Syria, where the fat-tailed sheep are fed by hand, the fat of the tail forms the basis of some of the most delicious and indigestible pastries, and the tail develops until it touches the ground, and sometimes is so heavy that it must be supported by a trailer on wheels. HOSPITALITY IN THE HOME OF A WEALTHY BOKHARAN The host, on the right, owner of 800 Karakuls, spoke to the native dialect-Russian interpreter, holding the fan, who communicated with the author through the Russian- Iinglish interpreter, who is taking the photograph. Questions and responses went to the host through the same channel. Some one has spoken of talking through an interpreter as | “compound fracture of speech, followed by mortification.” SEEN VATS FOR CURING KARNKUE SKINS: BOKHARA Salt and barley meal are mixed with water to form the curing bath for the precious lambskins that will later form the fashionable fur collar. before it can be rinsed and dried. soft and pliable. retained, the observations and memory of the shepherds must be depended upon for knowledge of the grade of any individual. These Kirghiz sheep, fat rumped and tailless, and producing no fur, reach an extraordinary size, some of the largest weighing as much as 400 pounds. Their flesh is of excellent quality and remark- ably free of the often objectionable ‘‘mut- tony taste’ of western sheep. An edible fat is the principal component of the huge rump, which weighs many pounds and, when cooked, is used as a substitute for butter. Although undoubtedly shepherd boys do have remarkable memories of a kind, which is probably the main stock of their intellectual equipment, and their knowl- edge of the parentage of any particular Karakul is to some extent employed in the selection of breeders, my host stated that the breeding males and, to a less ex- tent, the ewes to be bred are selected al- most exclusively on the appearance of their fur at birth. The retention of an individual in the flock, especially a male, depends upon the value of the pelts of his progeny. There does not appear to be any well- defined Karakul breed with precise stand- ards, as among English and American 83 It takes two weeks to cure a skin Even after months of use, these sheepskin vats are still sheep. The full-grown animal varies greatly in size, from quite small to me- dium, with black face and legs. The fleece On the adult sheep is long sand coarse, the outside usually gray, and those with the least underwool are preferred. As a rule, the Karakul is inferior in con- formation to the well-known breeds of English and American sheep. The male lambs, except those to be re- served as breeding rams, are killed at birth or soon after and the pelts taken. If the pelts are not secured when the lambs are very young, the hair loses its curl and luster. Most of the ewe lambs of all grades are reserved for breeding purposes. Baby NKarakul is obtained by the killing of old ewes just prior to the birth of what would probably be their last lambs, and especially if they are believed to carry twins. Some of the methods of obtaining lambs just before birth are quite revolt- ing, such as running the ewes, at the proper stage of pregnancy, up and down steep inclines or actually beating them, in order to cause abortion. Karakul sheep are found almost ex- clusively in the emirate of Bokhara, Rus- sian Central Asia (Turkestan). CARAVAN OF HIDES AND KARAKUL SKINS ARRIVING AT MARKET: BOKHARA All camel trails in the Emirate of Bokhara, like the roads to Rome, lead to the market- place in Bokhara City, where furs are bartered for shoes, camel trappings for green tobacco, and rugs, whose beauty is destined to grace the home of wealth, for gaudy bead necklaces. The market-place at Bokhara is one of a vast chain of world stores where the native product is bartered for the exotic novelty—one link in the bond that is fast binding the peoples of the world through taste for a universal bill of fare. HIDE AND KARAKUL SKIN BAZAAR The same hot sun of the desert that acts as a mordant for the lovely dyes of the rug- weaver serves to perfect the pelts that are shipped from Bokhara to all parts of the world. I'rom here the pelts were formerly shipped to the great fall fair at Nizhni Novgorod, on the. upper Volga, but more and more the buyers are dealing with the producers in Turkestan itself. Priceless treasures piled in dusty squares and almost ignored by those who depend upon their sale for livelihood—that is one’s fleeting impression of a Bokhara market. 84 WASHING KARAKUL SKINS: BOKHARA Karakul lambskins are commonly seen in the United States and Western Europe in the form of overcoat collars, overcoats and wraps, and, more rarely, muffs, neck pieces, and caps. The skins are divided into several classes: Persian lamb, broadtail, Astrakhan, Shiraz, Bokharan, and Karakul lamb. The term Astrakhan is best known, and once included all sorts, from the flat, glossy broadtail, rippling beneath the hand like watered silk, to the heavy skins of cheaper grade whose curl is loose and coarse. A WAREHOUSE OF KARAKUL SKINS: CITY OF BOKHARA In Baku, in the spring of 1918, a good Karakul skin was worth two hundred rubles. The rich Tatars use this skin for their papachs and officers used the lighter grades for trim- ming their military overcoats, which were lined with sheepskin. In the Orient priceless treasures are obscured behind mud walls, and furs that are the envy of the followers of fashion are handled in the same impersonal way the bank cashier handles money. 85 | ‘AJILAILA [IeIPBOIq dy} FO SUIYS YSRIq Assojs ‘ojeorjep dy} WoIZ JUIIIWIp ojmb 4yzos pur SSOO] St Tel] ot} FO [AND dy} pue 1OJOD UL.o}YM AtuvasI a1e squUe] URI[OSUOT “SUTYS SoT[VtUs OY} WOIF SPCU JIL SOUT} JVOI-et1odo pue SSuIUI] ACT “UIO-]]4S 918 YoryM Jo Auvlu ‘squuel oy} Ul pettsep sr azis ueYy} sJdY}e1 Ayyenb We “Yo poiqysno1oy} Url wowrurod yOu die eurUIe}s pue azIs soUIS ‘Sposiq ULITIOUIY JO Samo O} pojeUu Uaaq ATTensn sARY SILI [NYye1esy GYOUMVAD “WW “I UN AC GINMO :HONVY SVSNVM V NO ‘SEN V'I TOMVUV dOO'Td-TIVH YAH HIM ‘SAM GIOMSLOO AGNV N’IOONIT 86 THE LAND OF LAMBSKINS Q7 “Elsewhere the light descends from above; in Bokhara it radiates upward,” tradition gives as among the last words of Mohammed as he was being translated to heaven. Between the ninth and four- teenth centuries Bokhara was the gather- ing place for the most studious men of Asia. It still has nearly a hundred col- leges where students learn to read the Koran, and there are more than 300 mosques. It remains a center of Islam- itic learning, though greatly diminished within recent years. The observer is im- pressed with the dignity, reserve, and con- servatism of the men. The women when out of their abodes are invariably heavily veiled. A more unfavorable situation for rais- ing live stock can hardly be conceived than that encountered in this region. Grass, to any extent, is available only from the first of March, soon after the winter breaks, till the latter part of May. A HAPPY, On the journey from the city of Old Bokhara to the steppes to study the Kara- kul sheep, across the Zerafshan and its innumerable tributary irrigation ditches, one encounters a considerable population of apparently satisfied and happy people, engaged for the most part in intensive agriculture. All work is carried: on in the most primitive fashion and with hand-made instruments of the kinds dating back thousands of years. One sees during the day horse, camel, or man-motived wheels raising the irrigating water from one level to a higher, the cutting of alfalfa with hand scythes and transporting it on the backs of donkeys, the reaping of erains, also by hand, and threshing with flails or by the tramping of goats, camels. and donkeys, and winnowing in the man- ner of Biblical times. Slow-moving, crude water-power mills on the main canals clean the rice and grind the grains. Occasional small flocks of sheep and goats, chaperoned always by some one, usually an old man or boy, even when there are only two or three, are seen grazing on the banks of ditches or vacant small fields. For many years the Russian Govern- ment kept several of its best engineers PRIAPFEIVE PEOPLE engaged in devising means of extending the irrigated areas as far as the available water allows. At the outbreak of the war this work was making good progress and considerable areas were being added to cotton culture. A beneficial influence was being exer- cised on the agriculture of Turkestan through the Department of Agriculture at Tashkent, an excellent general experi- ment station and the special dry-farming station, both located near Tashkent, and a lXarakul sheep-breeding station, near Samarkand. The semi-official Turkestan Agricul- tural Society was performing valuable services to the country in studying soils, climate, crops, introducing modern ap- pliances, and improving the markets. I have never become acquainted with a more intelligently active body of men. So far as could be observed, the ad- ministration of the country was highly beneficial The Russian railways af- forded transportation for exports and imports, and although the natives were badly cheated by the Western traders, many of whom were entirely without business ethics, their produce at least brought them something, and they were enabled to purchase many it] situation undoubtedly greatly improved over the times prior to the Russian occu- pation. Whatever may be said of the short- comings of the former Russian Govern- ment (and most that | Have read and heard about it does not coincide with my observations), it appeared that the na- tives were being aided in many ways and under very great difficulties, with the least possible disturbance of their re- ligion and customs. It must be remembered that, as in case of most of their own races with whom the Russian officials had to deal, these people are extremely ignorant and at the same time excessively conservative. It is not claimed that conditions were ideal, or ever promised to become so, but they were greatly improved and showed prom- ise of still further betterment. Fifty-four head of Karakul sheep, mostly rams, have been brought from Russia to America since 1909 by Mr. C. C. Young. These and their offspring 88 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE A KARAKUL LAMB NEWLY BORN IN KANSAS, SHOWING BEAUTIFUL GLOSSY CURL have been distributed widely over the United States and Canada, and the rams have been largely mated to ewes of American breeds. Marshall estimated that in 1915 the flocks owned in Texas, Kansas, and New York numbered 1,000 head of grades having one-half or three- quarters Karakul blood and 60 head of the pure Karakuls. Since then the numbers have certainly increased, and some very high-grade in- dividuals have been produced. But it will be necessary to import a number of new animals in order to get the industry properly under way. It is also desirable that some of the fat-rump, tailless Kirghiz sheep (see page 83) should be imported, since the suc- cessful production of Karakul skins in Bokhara is undoubtedly connected with, if not entirely dependent upon, the use of the large and vigorous Kirghiz ewes. “Mention Victrola XVII, $275 Victrola XVII, electric, $332.50 Mahogany or oak The Geographic—It identifies you” Sters Voice or Talking Mac $7.25 the pound at our agencies nearly everywhere —usually the lead- ing druggist. STEPHEN F. WHITMAN & SON,., Inc., Philadelphia, U. S. A. Makers of Whitman’s Instantaneous Chocolate, Cocoa and Marshmallow Whip “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” Forward— ROM your country’s rich mines, from fertile soil, from uncut forest, American Industry seeks raw materials to fashion into the myriad needs of modern life. But our industrial greatness is only partly due to bountiful nature. Unless men and management, with hands joined, are backed by invested capital, the wheels of industry will clog and halt. American Industry will need added capital to produce the foods and manufactured goods which the world de- mands. ‘This forward move- ment will mean a prospering nation of full-time workers — resulting in more proftt for all. The needed money to “carry on’’ will be raised by together! industrial bonds which will be offered to the public. Such bonds are the safe means by which the American people, their principal care- fully protected, share in the earnings of American Indus- try and, therefore, in Ameri- can prosperity. If chosen under sound ad- vice, these bonds are de- pendable income-bearing a4 . 2? 4 promises to pay. Their soundness is backed by the actual properties themselves. A thorough, painstaking analysis of each issue precedes our offering of bonds to the men and women of the country. Our recommenda- tions are at the free disposal of everyone who has learned the habit of saving money and now wishes to put that money to work. The National City Company National City Bank Building, New York You will find a National City Company Corre- spondent Office in 50 of the leading cities of the country. In each of these offices you can purchase Government, Municipal, Railroad, In- dustrial, and Public Utility Bonds of the highest character. Each of these offices is equipped to render unusual service to investors gen- erally, and to bond buyers in particular. BONDS SHORT TERM NOTES ACCEPTANCES “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” GRAFLEX For that difficult picture—a Graflex On the speedway, at the athletic field, in the midst of swiftly moving traffic—a Graflex will get the picture in a thousandth of a second. ‘ On the dull cloudy days, when you can take only@ietmac exposures with other cameras, you can make a slow, hand-held snapshot with a Graflex. In the shade of a tree, on the porch, even in a well @iehtcom room in-doors, you can catch those fleeting pictures of the children at play—the unconscious, unposed pictures of happy childhood— with a Graflex. The Graflex Focal Plane Shutter, the Graflex lenses, the Graflex mirror, that shows the picture right side up at the very instant of exposure—it is this combination that makes these ““impossible’’ pictures, possible. The Graflex uses Kodak film cartridges, glass plates or film packs, as you choose. Catalogue free at your dealer’s or by mail. FOLMER & SCHWING DEPARTMENT EASTMAN KODAK CO. ROCHESTER N.Y. “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” Averagi BES TEER A Comparison of Costs A graphic picture of the high cost of doing business is shown by the rise in a long list of commodity prices during the past five strenuous years. By the exercise of unparalleled economies, telephone rates have been kept almost unchanged. The fact is, the increase in the cost of commodities has resulted in what is equal to a decrease in telephone rates. In other words: The dollar which was spent for the telephone has bought more than twice as much as the dollar spent for the commodity. The activities of reconstruction which are now upon the nation have put a great burden upon the telephone. This condition has made necessary an advance in telephone rates. This advance does not exceed an average of eight percent; almost neg- ligible as compared with the advances in other lines of industry, yet enough to cover the increase in the cost of operation. Only through adequate revenue can there be assured the maintenance of a high standard of telephone service: AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY psi AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES Stern One Policy One System Universal Service “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” soe % — \y= Misi si tna IPC ANARAEE CO ODP <“e They couldn't believe it would happen — but it did. And that hospital fire cost the lives of ten bed-ridden patients and three nurses. Some five billion dollars of business property has been pro- tected from fire by automatic sprinklers. State Industrial Commissions are guarding the lives of factory employees by requiring this same unfailing protection in business property. The United States Govern- ment insisted on war industries being so protected, re HERE is not much chance of a fire in a hospital,” said the doctor. “Unless somebody overturns an alco- hol stove or unless there is defective wiring— or something happens in the heating plant— or unless—weil, I guess I'm getting myself in trouble here,” he ended ruefully. Many other good and useful citizens would say just what this doctor said. You never can know and appreciate fire dangers till you stop and think how many, many causes there are, and how worthless ordinary methods of preven- tion have proved themselves. Hospitals for the insane with splendid equipment for helping or curing the mentally unfit; hospitals where little crippled children grow strong and learn once more to play ; hospitals where the blind are taught trades so they can go back to a happy and natural life; hospitals where you one of the dull public | wounded heroes are made whole again; all with the finest of modern appliances, light, air, sunshine, heroic doctors and nurses —but no fire-fighting apparatus worth mentioning. Constant exposure to the worst kind of death in insti- tutions dedicated to humanity, the world over! Investigate your own Hospital. Find out for yourself what will mean safety for the patients. Don’t put on your nurses, those fine women. already giving their lives to the services of others, the cruel burden of responsibility in case of fire. See that your hospital is equipped with the Grinnell Auto- matic Sprinkler Sys- tem. Like a hundred firemen scattered throughout the build- ing, always on the job! When the fire starts, the water starts — no chance for the fire to spread. Read—‘“‘Fire Tragedies and Their Remedy” Parents, trustees or officials will find in “‘Fire Tragedies and Their Remedy ’’ the unvarnished truth and a path of imperative social ser- vice. Write forit today. Address General Fire Extinguisher Com- pany, 293 West Exchange St., Providence, R. I. GRINNELL AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM When the fire starts the water starts “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” ee FRI Ee pte HF RG PALE Fig Pare ae weer CAMEL Cigarettes pro: ] AMELS are in a class by i assay themselves—easily the most WG refreshing, the most likable cigarette you ever smoked. You can prove that! Simply com- pare Camels puff-by-puff with 18 cents 20Y cigarette in the world at a package @0Y price! Put quality, flavor and cigarette satisfaction to the utmost test! se Sey Es Dorit look WUMS OF ns, 88 the cost See tobacces blended in Made to meet your taste, Camels never tire it, no matter how liberally you smoke them! The expert blend of choice Turkish and choice Domestic tobaccos makes Camels delightful—so full- bodied, yet so fascinatingly smooth and mellow-mild. Every time you light one you get new and keener enjoyment! Freedom from any unpleasant cigaretty after taste or any un- pleasant cigaretty odor makes Camels as unusual as they are enjoyable. In fact, Camels appeal to the most fastidious smoker in so many new ways you never will miss the absence of coupons, premiums or gifts. You’ll prefer Camel Quality! 4 Camels are sold everywhere in scientifically sealed packages of 20 cigarettes or ten packages (200 cigarettes) in a glassine-paper-covered carton. We strongly recommend thiscarton for the home or office supply or when you travel. R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO CO., Winston-Salem, N. C, “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” ee How Teeth Look When the Film is Gone Al Statements Approved by High Dental Authorities This is to urge a ten-day test of a scientific method of teeth cleaning. We supply the test free. This method combats film—that slimy film which causes most tooth troubles. Old- time methods do not end it, as millions of people know. That film is what discolors — not the teeth. It is the basis of tartar. It holds tood sub- stance which ferments and forms acid. It holds the acid in con- tact with the teeth to cause decay. _ Millions of germs breed Pepsodent Pepsin long seemed impossible. It must be activated, and the usual method is an acid harmful to the teeth. But science has dis- covered a harmless activating method. It makes active pepsin possible. And countless tests seem to prove that this discovery has solved the greatest of dental problems. See the results for yourself. Send the coupon for a to-Day Tube. Use like any tooth paste. Note how clean the teeth feel after using. Mark the absence of the slimy film. See how teeth whiten as the fixed film disappears. PAT. OFF. inkeit. hey, REG.U.S. with tartar, are the en These results, when chief cause of pyor- The New-Day Dentifrice you know their cause, rhea. A Scientific Product—Sold by Druggists Everywhere will be a revelation. So it is that film They will change which wrecks teeth. It is ever-present, your ideas on teeth cleaning. They will ever-forming. It clings to teeth, enters crev- ices and hardens. Now dental science knows a way to combat it. Many careful tests have proved this beyond question. For general use the way is embodied in a dentifrice called Pepsodent, and that is what we urge you to try. Let It Prove Itself | Pepsodent is based on pepsin, the digestant of albumin. The film is albuminous matter. The object of Pepsodent is to dissolve it, then to day by day combat it. show you an easy, pleasant way to safe, white, filmless teeth. Cut out the coupon now. Ten-Day Tube Free THE PEPSODENT COMPANY Dept. 587, 1104S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill.: l I | Mail Ten-Day Tube of Pepsodent to | | | UNarrre re ee tits Oe. Mtoe iy Address. . “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” BA AN ELEPHANT CLEARING LAND IN CEYLON Scenes from Every Land (FOURTH SERIES 200 Full-page I/lustrations, 24 Pages in Matchless Four Colors, 20,000 Woras of Descriptive Text By GILBERT GROSVENOR, Editor National Geographic Magazine PON A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF GEOGRAPHY DE- PENDS THE WORLD’S PERMANENT PEACE. Next to actual travel, there is no better way to become acquainted with and understand the viewpoints of the peoples of other countries than through seeing them. We all cannot visit far-away peoples in person and meet them in the flesh, but through the medium of true-to-life pictures we can approximate a personal visit and learn much of their customs and conditions of life, which have so important a bearing upon the formation of their opinions. No better collection of such pictures exists than that contained in the National Geographic So- ciety’s “SCENES FROM EVERY LAND,” where a careful selection of 200 remarkable illustrations is reproduced. The members of the National Geographic Society have the opportunity, through the pictorial study of “humanized” geography, to know at first hand the peculiar character- istics and customs of the peoples of many lands—a knowledge that broadens their vision and makes them more sympathetic with the desire of other nations for enlightenment. “SCENES FROM EVERY LAND” is a geographic pictorial gem. Today as never before it is a duty and a responsibility to possess a working knowledge Lae “JAPANESE YOUNG WOMEN, UNDER BROAD SUNSHADE HATS, TRANSPLANTING RICE of GEOGRAPHY. Men everywhere are groping for a way to permanent peace. Peace can never prevail until men know each other and understand each other’s viewpoints, hopes, aspirations and habits. “SCENES FROM EVERY LAND?” in its 200 superb illustrations presents a fascinating bird’s-eye view of the world. Words, no matter how plain, often fail to convey complete understanding; moreover, one frequently forgets what he reads and hears. Seeing is believing, and to see is not to forget. Words are soon forgotten, but a picture remains engraved upon the memory; so it is that a good illustration often tells more than a column of text. “SCENES FROM EVERY LAND” contains 200 extraordinary geographic illustrations. In The Geographic each year approximately 1,2co illustrations from photographs are published—many in natural colors, others in black and white and in gravure. Periodically a volume of “SCENES FROM EVERY LAND” is issued, containing a selection of 200 pictures—one-eighth of them in full natural colors. ‘These are of the best illustrations from the Magazine and many entirely new subjects especially selected for this purpose. The pictures in “SCENES FROM EVERY LAND” are a selection from selections and the acme of geographic illustration. Consider “SCENES FROM EVERY LAND” as a pictorial text-book on geography, realize its importance on your library table, and then fill out the coupon below. Uo SSESRESEE SS Sas SasgsS sees oS jo at czas aoc asp osSeES SSS aaa ooo ceo o oa CUT ON THIS ‘LINE ==> si es BeprT.h, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, = j= +. = seeseseesess SSR ca: ee ae 1919. 16th and M Streets, Washington, D. C. Please send......copies of the Fourth Series ‘‘Scenes from Every Land,”’ bound in.............. fer which I enclose herewith.....................dollars. If several copies are desired, write names and addresses and send with BNF © reer ee eer os Oe See Oe eere ieee fared your card. : SPEC REA OOMESS Gra Sib chs u.ciore Mieke Mino Mine Rlereceis Alan's Bound in Royal Buckram, postpaid in U. S., $2.00 Bound in Full Leather, postpaid. $2.50 (De Luxe Edition) Rttgh INES GEAR Cre cielo 0 Wd sik’ ewe alesis Slew wie Even better than money “A. B. A.” Cheques are better than actual money for the tra- veler for several reasons: They are more convenient to carry— less bulky. They are safer, be- cause no one can use them until you have countersigned them. Your countersignature on an “A. B. A.” Cheque in the pres- ence of the person accepting the cheque, is the only identification required. They do not have to be changed into another kind of money when you go from one country into another. They are like dollars in the United States and Canada; like pounds, shillings and pence in the United Kingdom and the British Colonies; like francs in France, lire in Italy, and so on. In other words they are accepted internationally for payment of goods and services—“The safest, handiest travel! funds.” Get them at your bank, or write Bankers Trust Company, New York, for booklet and information as to where they may be had in your vicinity. Association $A A fection oe IN Chie Book of Birds “Ghe Osprey, oo or Fish-Hawk 200 Pages, Illuminated with 250 Matchless Subjects in Full Colors, 45 Illustrations in Black and White, and 13 Striking Charts and Maps. The Book of Birds is a gift to delight the naturalist who can spend days in the forest, the business man who has only an occasional hour in the woods, or the man or woman whose sole acquaintance with birds is made in the city parks. Placed in the hand of a boy or girl, it will inculcate an imperishable love of Nature and Nature’s winged children. Obtainable only from our Washington header eas: Bound in Royal Buckram (Stiff Covers) or Field Khaki (Flexible Covers), postpaid in U. §S., $3.00. Address Dept. H, THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, 16th and M Streets Northwest, WASHINGTON, D. C. Does | Your Boy Know The FLAGS 1,200 Fee in their Teas aioe 300 illaaencen in Black and White. The Insignia of the Uniformed Forces of the United States, ith Full Descriptions and Rules for Use. FLAGS OF THE WORLD isa handsomely bound volume of 150 pages, profusely illustrated with the flags of every country in true colors. Each flag is described. There is also an authoritative history of the Stars and Stripes. In this book, published for the first time, are the flags of the forty-eight United States, with complete descriptions approved by State officials. This book is a gift your boy willappreciate™ Obtainable only from our Washington headquarters. Bound in Royal Buckram (Stiff Covers) or Field Khaki (Flexible Covers), post- paid in U. S., $2.00. Address Dept. H, The National Geographic Society, 16th and M Sts., Washington, D. C. “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” O the man in the street an automobile tire is mostly hole—inside and out. He doesn’t know much about how it is made. But you can take the estimate placed upon Kelly-Spring- field Cords by thousands Of the most experienced motorists as a correct meas- ure of their value. “Mention The Geographic—lIt identifies you TOWNSEND’S TRIPLEX , Cutsa The Greatest ; Sanh . 86 Inches Wide Grass-cutter on Earth Floats Over the: Uneaaa Ground as a Ship Rides the Waves One mower may be climbing a knoll, the second skimming a level, while the third pares a hollow. Drawn by one horse and operated by one man, the TRIPLEX will mow more lawn in a day than the best motor mower ever made; cut it better and at a fraction of the cost. Drawn by one horse and operated by one man, it will mow more lawn in a day than any three ordinary horse-drawn mowers with three horses and three men. Does not smash the grass to earth and plaster it in the mud in springtime, neither does it crush the life out of the grass between hot rollers and hard, hot ground in summer, as does the motor Look well from any angle, com- mower. Slee 2 The public is warned not to purchase mowers infringing the fortable, efficient, fashionable. Townsend Patent, No. 1,209,519, December 19th, 1916. Shur-ons are so much better it Write for catalog illustrating all types of Lawn Mowers. is worth your while to insist on S. P. TOWNSEND & CO. 27 Central Avenue Orange, New Jersey the genuine. Optical specialists will be glad to show you the name stamped in the bridge of every Shur-on Spectacle or Eyeglass Mounting. KOR-KER Quality Beyond Question 3 . ELIMINATES TIRE TROUBLES : . Seals Punctures E. Kirstein Sons Co. } Stops Slow Leaks Sole Mfgs. Shur-on Optical Products Gives 50% more mile- Established 1864 Rochester Ni%. _ age. Preserves tubes. FO) / years’ success 1n 40 coun- tries. Not a filler. Does not affect resiliency. Keeps tires fully inflated. Prevents rim cuts, etc. Senzd for book- let. Dealer correspondence invited. Alcemo Mfg. Co. 73 Bridge St., Newark, N. J. CAST BRONZE TABLETS [| HONOR ROLLS :: MEMORIALS © Book of Designs Free. Correspondence Invited JNO. WILLIAMS, Inc., BRONZE FOUNDRY established 1875) 556 WEST 27th STREET “Dept.T” NEW YORK CITY Lantern Slides from Photographs in National Geographic Magazine So many requestsare being constantly received regarding lantern slides from thecopyright photographs in the Geographic that arrangements have been completed to supply them to members of the Society. Slides are not kept in stock, each order being made up as received, and will be delivered within two weeks after receipt of order, unless otherwise advised. : The copyright notice must appear on each slide. The purchase of lantern slides does not carry with it the authority to publish the pictures and they cannot be used for advertising purposes. : : ; Slides cannot be sent upon approval anda remittance mustaccompany each order. The slides will be carefully packed and sent by express collect. Prices in the United States (standard size), black and white, 75 cents each; colored, $1.50. Address DEPT.L, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, WASHINGTON, D. C. Shakespeare’ s “Seven Ages of Man” pay tribute to HORLICH’S oii. Malted Milk | Lu e e e From across every sea and land cd “*First the infant in the nurse’s arms’’ . ) **Words fail to express how grateful I am to Horlick’s aa ee. Pee ier Se Malted Milk. My babe was given up; it was said she would etters Bie Fare reproduced, im not live through the night. But the next morning it still opposite column) to the Horlick | t lived, and while we anxiously watched it, a neighbor per- offices, paying tribute to Horlick’s suaded us to try ‘Horlick’s.’ It was like putting oil on the Malted Milk. Mothers of contented wick of a dying lamp; she improved rapidly, and is now : : : the joy of the house’ babies, soldiers after a campaign, explorers back from the ice fields, “*Then the school boy with his shining high tension business and professional morning face’’ workers, invalids and the aged — “I raised five children on ‘Horlick’s,’ and they all love it all tell of the different needs that Id still. It can’t be beat as a nutritious lunch between “Horlick’s” has satisfied. meals for a growing boy or girl” *“Then the soldier seeking reputation 6c 5 999 é | Horlick’s” has proved itself at the cannon’s mouth’”’ to be an excellent food for Seer ‘Clara Barton of the Red Cross in her stories of the Span- age of Shakespeare’s Seven.” It ish American War tells how Colonel Roosevelt asked the is so complete in itself as to con- ee Cross to sell him some supplies for some sick men in . See is regiment, but she declined. We cannot sell them, but pet every oat i ee 3d you can have them for asking. Oh, then I do ask for necessary to sustain Hie even 0 them—All right, what is on your list? ‘he list was Hor- the most robust—and yet it is per- lick’s Malted Milk, etc. Colonel Roosevelt slung the heavy fectly digestible by the delicate sack over his shoulder, and trudged off through the jungle” i and the invalid. ° . : stomach of the infant and the invali “vA thonithe lover with his ballad **Horlick’s growth as a fountain favorite has been mar- cfs velous. A constant stream of young couples in the after- The Original Round Package noon and evening call for Horlick’s Malted Milk, choco- for over a third of a Century h late or plain. ‘Horlick’s’ is a favorite lunch hour drink around universities with the students. A glass makinga meal, they find it very economical and healthful’’ ‘‘And then the justice full of wise saws’’ ‘‘When I need an invigorator as the result of my work HO R Ta Cc K § i 5 I drink a cup of ‘Horlick’s.’ I have used it constantly for THE ORIGINAL i t several years, and find it cannot be beat for weak stomach, as adiet. In fact, it is all that is claimed for it”’ ‘‘The sixth age with spectacles on nose’’ **T am 50 years old, and consider it a fortunate day when a friend induced me to try a cup of Horlick’s Malted 6t Milk. I used it with benefit and pleasure two or three times a day. It is delicious and has done me a world of good” A nea : * red by Dissolving in Walel EXING OR MILK RE es ‘‘Last scene of all that ends this eventful history’’ “T could not do without it. It surely is a sleep producer SMALT U.S.A. ib! 7th and I am a nervous person, but Horlick’s Malted Milk NCH FOOD. § . Ree OUGH tates es has helped me greatly. I have learned by experience that ‘Horlick’s’ is as excellent for well people as for invalids” Trial sampie mailed upon request HORLICK’S MALTED MILK CO., Racine, Wis., U. S. A. “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” TRADE MARK BY) ER The City of GOODRICH me Akron. Ohio __ SE ee HAT steel is to iron; what the super-dreadnought 1 to the navy, Silvertown Cords are to tires. Invincible — the tires with the Twin Red Dia- monds on the sidewall. Buy Goodrich Tires from a Dealer ADJUSTMENT Fabrics 6,000 miles — Cords 8,000 miles. “Mention ‘The Geographic—It identifies you” Copyright 1919 by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. _ PRINGE ALBERT the national joy smoke Buy Prince Albert everywhere AY, you'll have a streak of smokeluck that’ll put ‘ebaccoissold. Toppyred bags, é A 2 : 3 ci tidy red tins, handsome pound pep-in-your-smokemotor, all right, if you'll ring-in = and half pound tin humidors— ith i : : tt d il and—that classy, practical] Bard at pinmiy pipe Or Cigarette papers and nail some ound crystal glass humidor Prince Albert for packing! withsponge moistenertop that keeps the tobacco in such per- Just between ourselves, you never will wise-up to ‘e¢f condition. high-spot-smoke-joy until you can call a pipe ora home-made cigarette by its first name, then, to hit the peak-of-pleasure you land square on that two-fisted- man-tobacco, Prince Albert! Well, sir, you'll be so all-fired happy you'll want to get a photograph of yourself breezing up the pike with your smokethrottle wide open! Quality makes Prince Albert so different, so appealing. And, P. A. can’t bite or parch. Both are cut out by our exclusive patented process! Right now while summer’s young you get out your old jimmy pipe or the “papers” and land on some P. A. for what ails your particular smokeappetite! R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO CO., Winston-Salem, N. C. 7 cRimMP cur & PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEILER, INC, WASHINGTON, D.C. SH oer: S 2 my 1S. Street W 18 Mill *? Janesville, implement of New York Retail Store, Singer Bldg. ” From the implements war of To the PARKER PEN CO \y prmneecnerncccrecen, . ke QAO & ; & %2.—=— Oo DO QWWW\C = Sean oc x : x C A, aBo ” . Sy A 2 Fo 5 rf So 2 Sq 8 an & } “4 ~ Ae a a 9 | ~ o ~ ZQcm sae > oa ! S&E yw ; Su 56 i=) Nom A ——SL_ SS un , fy LS 4 : \ wy ~\ ‘ NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE AUGUST, 1919 oat CONTENTS i Sntiin ie Ine unt hi Zp The Geography of Games J. R. HILDEBRAND 61 Illustrations Weavers of the World Exploring the Glories of the Firmament 21 Illustrations WILLIAM JOSEPH SHOWALTER / iinliinellnneiliane Between Massacres in Van 3 Illustrations MAYNARD OWEN WILLIAMS Mine ny, if PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C. JD: nd || ert AN 7 \4 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY GEOGRAPHIC ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. JOHN E; PILLSBURY, President HENRY WHITE, Vice-President O. P.-AUSTIN,. Secretary GILBERT GROSVENOR, Director JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Vice-Director GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, Associate Secretary JOHN JOY EDSON, Treasurer EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE GILBERT GROSVENOR, EDITOR AND DIRECTOR JOHN OLIVER LA GORCEH, Associate Editor and Vice-Director RALPH A. GRAVES Assistant Editor PE SOU Mele BO RAVE Ie, Chief of School Service WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER Assistant Editor 1917-1919 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Inventor of the telephone J. HOWARD GORYT Prof. Emeritus Mathematics, The George Washington University A. W. GREELY Arctic Explorer, Major General U. Se Army GILBERT GROSVENOR Editor of National Geographic Magazine ROBE Ra ee PATRAS Discoverer of the North Pole, Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy GEORGE OLS SMITE Director of U. S. Geological Sur- vey O. H. TITTMANN Tormerly Superintendent of U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey HENRY WHITE Member American Peace Com- mission, and Recently U. S. Ambassador to France, Italy, etc; BOARD OF MANAGERS 1918-1920 CHARLES J. BELL President American Security and Trust Company JOHN JOY EDSON Chairman of the Board, Wash- ington Loan & Trust Company DAVID FAIRCHILD In Charge of Agricultural Explo- rations, U. S. Department of Agriculture C. HART MERRIAM Member National Academy of Sciences O, 125 AOI SAIN Statistician GEORGE R. PUTNAM Commissioner U. S. Bureau of Lighthouses GEORGE SHIRAS, 3p Formerly Member U. S. Con- gress, Faunal Naturalist, and Wild-Gamte Photographer GRANT SQUIRES Military Intelligence Division, General Staff, New York FRANKLIN L. FISHER Chief of Illustrations Division 1919-1921 WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT Ex-President of the United States FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the Interior C. MM.” CHE Saiole Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, YFor- merly Supt. U. $. Naval Ob- servatory FREDERICK VY. COVE Botanist, U. S. Department of Agriculture RUDOLPH KAUFFMANN Managing [Editor The Evening Star T. L. MACDONALD M. D., Anas s. | N. D. -NORAEE Formerly Director U. S. Bureau of Census JOHN E. PILLSBURY Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- merly Chief Bureau of Navi- gation ORGANIZED FOR “THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE” To carry out the purpose for which it was founded thirty-one years ago, the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Magazine can use, generous remuneration is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be ad- dressed: Editor, National Geographic Magazine, 16th and M Streets, Washington, D. C. Important contributions to geographic science are constantly being made through expeditions financed by funds set aside from the Society’s income. For example, immediately after the terrific eruption of the world’s largest crater, Mt. Katmai, in Alaska, a National Geographic Society expedition was sent to make observa- tions of this remarkable phenomenon. So important was the completion of this work considered that four expeditions have followed and the extraordinary scientific data resultant given to the world. In this vicinity an eighth wonder of the world was discovered and explored—‘‘The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes,” a vast area of steaming, spouting fissures, evidently formed by nature as a huge safety-valve for erupting Jatmai. By proclamation of the President of the United States, this area has been created a National Monument. ‘The Society organized and supported a large party, which made a three-year study of Alaskan glacial fields, the most remarkable in existence. At an expense of over $50,000 it has sent a notable series of expeditions into Peru to investigate the traces of the Inca race. ‘The discoveries of these expeditions form a large share of the world’s knowledge of a civilization which was waning when Pizarro first set foot in Peru. ‘Trained geol- ogists were sent to Mt. Pelee, La Soufriere, and Messina following the eruptions and earthquakes. The Society also had the honor of subscribing a substantial sum to the historic expedition of Admiral Peary, who discovered the North Pole April 6, 1909. Not long ago the Society granted $20,000 to the Federal Government when the congressional appropriation for the purchase was insufficient, and the finest of the giant sequoia trees of California were thereby saved for the American people and incorporated into a National Park. Copyright, 1919, by National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. All rights reserved. Fntered at the Post-Office at Washington, D. C., as Second-Class Mail Matter. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 1, 1918. ‘uuo0D ‘Wodospig ‘voloury jo AurduroD s[1qowoso’y oJ, ‘uounirdaqd wong AIIIY Af ANOT Uopuo'yT pio ayy woLf pogopv afiq 7 Gd NOo TiN Ovo l y lo ads POAT ronscnt: deasnasatieioamotteleitteate nemannmnyrrorcerntanrertcecneee eo Se ‘meemevowe ce: >. His pleasure in getting dirty is equalled by his pleasure in getting clean if you give him Goblin Soap. It’s rich, easily made, creamy lather is pleasant to the skin, cleans it, and leaves it in a healthy condition. Good for otfice or home,shop or garage. Good for all purposes—meets every- one’s needs. If your dealer does not have Goblin Soap, please send us his name and we will see that you are promptly supplied. CUDAHY, 111 W. Monroe Street, Chicago 64 Macauley Avenue, Toronto, Canada Goblin Soa WORKS WONDERS “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” p This is What a Skid Does! 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District Sales Offices we Atlanta Philadelphia *Boston Pittsburg “Chicago Portland,Ore. ~ NewYork San Francisco “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” eee CUT ON THIS LINE The Statue of Liberty: New York Harbor This statue is often called “Liberty enlight- ening the world.” It stands on an island near the entrance to New York Harbor. Strangers coming to live in our country watch eagerly for this statue. It was given to us by the French people, and is the work of a French artist. In her right hand the figure of Liberty holds a torch. The torch is higher up than many a tall church steeple. ‘The statue itself is so large that all the pupils in your room could stand in- side the head at once. Hach hand is sixteen feet long, with fingers eight feet in length. How high would a finger reach in your school-room ? Fach eye is two and one-half feet from corner to corner. To visit the statue you ride across New York Harbor to the island in a small steamboat. In- side the statue there is an elevator which will carry you to the top, or you can climb up by stairways. Atthe top you look out from the head at all the wonders of New York Harbor. This shows you how Liberty looks at night, flood-lighted by powerful searchlights, so she can be seen far out at sea. United States—Page 47 @National Geographic Society Sub-topic: Monuments Washington, D. C. A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION ONE-FIFTH ACTUAL SIZE OF ONE SHEET OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY PICTORIAL GEOGRAPHY (TRADE-MARK) Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. The wonderful National Geographic illustrations are now being printed on SEPARATE SHEETS of heavy, glossy coated paper, NINE BY ELEVEN INCHES in size. I'wo hundred words of illuminating text accompany each picture as seen above. They are arranged in sets of twenty-four and forty-eight pages according to the topic to be presented, and the sets cannot be broken. ‘The following four sets are now ready. ESKIMO LIFE—24 Pictures (two of them in color) teach every phase of Arctic life, illustrating people’ homes, toys, the midnight sun, animals, and flowers. : SAHARA LIFE~—24 Vivid pictures (two of them in color) illustrate life in the hot, dry climatic zone, showing the sea of sand, the caravan, the tent homes, the oases with date palms, the date harvest, the camel, and ostrich THE LAND, THE WATER, THE AIR—48 Wonderful pictures bring the necessary definitions to life—moun- tain range, peak, divide, plateau, cape, delta, bay, voleano. ‘These and forty others stand out as realities to every student. Four of these are in full color. THE UNITED STATES—gives in 48 superb pictures an aeroplane view of our country, showing famous mountain peaks, rivers, lakes, parks, natural wonders, and government buildings. The Yosemite Valley, Crater Lake, The Capitol, and the Library of Congress are exquisite color prints. Every picture of all four sets passed three fundamental tests, emerging triumphant as possessing piquant interest, extraordinary teaching value, and exceptional beauty. Department B, National Geographic Society, 16th and M Streets, Washington, D:iCe oy eo eee ee re ee , 1919 Please send) -o-ea--s-pcere of PICTORIAL, GEOGRAPHY, Eskimo Life (24 sheets). .22. 228 e..00..... eee $0.50 na eees ee ie A f . Sahara Life, “‘ ik loi eee meen eee | OLS) oe a i, 4 Land) Water, and (Ain is shlects) 22220) Soe eee 1.00 eae United States (Prelim.) “ n Uo Le TRO) for which I Gri CLOG ok melee cc tic See Dollars. Prices (including postage in the U.S. A.): For 24-sheet sets. { Per single set - For 48-sheet sets. Per single’ Sétieae) 222s ee ee eee 8-19 For one each of above four sets if ordered together as 2500 She otek Se $2.75 ae “Bubble Grains This Morning” Millions know how children welcome Puffed Grains in the morning. How they revel in Puffed Wheat in milk at night. There are other cereal dainties. But what compares with these bubble grains— thin, flavory, toasted, puffed to eight times normal size? Why not let them greet the children every summer morning? Tidbits of Whole Wheat Consider Puffed Wheat, for instance. It is whole wheat, steam-exploded. In every kernel there occur more than 100 million explosions. Every food cell is thus blasted, so digestion is made easy and complete. The exploded grains are thin and fragile, flaky, flavory—nut-like in their taste. ‘They seem like food confections. Yet they form the greatest whole-wheat food which has ever been created. For Every Hungry Hour A bowl of milk with Puffed Grains in it gains a multiplied delight. All fruits taste vastly better if you mix these Puffed Grains in them. Then keep a dish of Puffed Grains, doused with melted butter, for hungry children between meals. “They are better than cookies or sweetmeats. Puffed Wheat Puffed Rice and Corn Puffs Each 15 Cents—Except in Far West Phe Quaker Qals @mpany Sole Makers (3164) “Mention The Geographic—lIt identifies you” = He analyzed all the courses of business different training EN years from now the big business institu- tions of the country will be headed by a new group of men. Where “are these “new, leaders coming from? How are they being trained? It is of the utmost im- portance for you to know the answers to these two vital questions. Such great Institutions as the Westing- house Company have been building for a decade or mone, ab gheat = expense and thought, facilities for successfully selecting, train- ing, and placing men to best serve the company and themselves. T. H. BAILEY WHIPPLE formerly manager of the Commercial Section of the Westiiighouse Educational Department. It was his duty to help select the men and recom- mend the kind sf training that would make Westinghouse men more successful. Mr. fYhipple’s additional duties have associated him also with the Westinghuuse Depariment of Publicity as Literary Supervisor superintendents. Each ofthem knew lis own job well and was successful init; buteachrealized that if he was to reach really large success he must under- stand the fundamentals that underlie a// departments. It was the privilege of the Alexander Hamilton Institute to give them in a short period the training that might other- wise occupy an active lifetime. £Does what experience and native ability can never do alone’’ Mr. Whipple watched the progress of these men. This is his verdict: “T know of no other preparation that equals vour Course for fitting aman to erasp his opportunity and succeed in it when it comes. “Tf conscientiously pursued, your Course, coupled with one’s daily problems and activities, unquestion- ably does for men what experience and Many of them have established educa- tional departments whose duty it is to ana- lyze every known course of business train- ing and select the kind of reading that will develop executive ability. One of the men to whom such investiga- tion and training work was intrusted is 1. H. Bailey Whipple, for nine years manager of the Commercial Training Section of the Educational Department of the Westing- house Electric and Manufacturing Com- pany. 327 men representing every department of business Mr. Whipple’s early research into educa- tional work induced him to enrol for the Alexander Hamilton Institute’s Modern 3usiness Course and Service in October, iis. In the succeeding years, 327 men in this great Company have enrolled. They represent every department of modern business—salesmen, engineers, auditors, corre- spondents, branch managers, foremen, credit men, native ability alone can never do.” One Course, one product: business executives In all, over 95,000 business men have en- rolled in the Alexander Hamilton Institute. These are mature men; eighty-five per cent of them are married. They have realized that for big things there must be big training, plus the experi- ence of others. The Institute has only one Course and only one product— business executives. Send for ‘‘Forging Ahead in Business’”’ the Institute has published a_112-page book entitled Forging Ahead in Business.’’ It gives the definite informa- tion that ambitious men seek; it tells why big business organizations have recommended this training to the men whoare some day to be at the head of those organizations, and what the Course has done for those men. 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C. 123 Pall Ma “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” ° COPYRIGHT 1919 BY THE PAOCTER & GAMBLE CO., CINCINNAT: | | SNUUUI2 2 LLL TAIZ ILI N IS N N \ . \ N N \ N N N N \ N N N \ N N \ N N N N N N N N N N N N N N \ N N N N N N N nN A}, Z Ny Outdoor sports frequently leave one’s skin so sensitive from exposure to sun, wind and salt water that it requires almost as tender care as a baby’s. ee such times one turns naturally to Ivory Soap—so pure and mild that physicians recommend it even for baby’s bath. Rub the ‘thick, creamy, bubiline lather down into the pores as usual. There will be no discomfort, because Ivory contains no free alkali nor any other harsh, irritating ingredient. Nor does it contain uncombined oil to leave a sticky, shiny film on the skin. It rinses easily and completely, so that one feels delightfully cool, clean and refreshed. il | AW Hi l. {pes pavOADees)9)| (WUE WARRVRARVARARAV VRUAAVVVAVARARAVAAR VAAL VLA AAUARUAVRAVVVVVVVVAVVAVVVAVAVBVNY \\ “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” . | WoL. XXXVI, No. 2 WASHINGTON AUGUST, 1919 THe NATIONAL GIEOGIRAPIAIG MAGAZINE ‘ COPYRIGHT, 1919, BY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. WASHINGTON, D. C. THE GEOGRAPHY OF GAMES How the Sports of Nations Form a Gazetteer of the Habits and Histories of Their Peoples By J. BR. HinpEpRaANnp CURIOUS paradox: the maddest A war men ever fought has had a tendency to turn the world to simple, wholesome play. Your Englishman no longer makes excuse for the time he spent at the bat or in the saddle. Centuries of cricket, tennis, and riding to the hounds forti- fied his home land in time of terrible stress. Some five million Americans, many of them snatched from desk and counter, are pouring back, having sensed the tang of open sky and outdoors while playing their games, football to ping- pong, behind the lines, as they waited to get into the biggest game of all. And other men from every clime— black, yellow, and tan—carry home the games they saw these sturdy Britishers and wiry Americans playing. The French played, too—played in a way peculiarly expressive of their national temperament. GAMES A KEY TO GEOCGRAPHY Note the reverse of the picture. Ger- many, with clanking armor and un- sheathed sword, gone stale from over- training for the fight she picked, may find in her neglect of play one reason for a colossal failure at arms and her maladroit diplomacy. Sports and games ever were magic touchstones to geography and to those allied sciences which provide the surest clues to how peoples live, and work, and think. In countless ways science bas learned about climates, and products, and cus- toms, and peoples of the past from toys, games, and sports. An entire new field of investigation was opened by the dis- covery that backgammon, as played in Burma, also was known to the pre- Columbian Mexicans. A new light is shed on an ancient civilization when we learn that there was a law among the Persians by which all children were to be taught three things: horsemanship, shooting with the bow, and telling the truth. Carthaginians and Phoenicians owed something of their maritime glory to a love of swimming, the sport by which they first mastered their fear of the sea. One wonders whether the more rapid strides made in England toward the political emancipation of women may not be traceable to the ardor of British women for outdoor exercise and sports. Equally significant in the history of nations is the decline of their sports. While the Persians observed the rigid regimen of the chase, as prescribed by “SUODIVUOLLE SUIPIIG-1VAN FO OFOLU dy} otUOD9q JoA JOU pry Jsay Ajopvs,, JOF ‘MOTI pue MOG UMO sIy Moaip ay UNS ay} Jopun Wool ULIASSY o40tU JO} Jsond sry Ul “Souttoyjo aovad sv UWotvYy SITY O} Sto}YoNVp joy} pooytsovs tu} Jey} FO stunisjaqg ssojdvy, JO ssury Jey. ,ANINYy,, STY SUM AJYSIUT OS PUB “jsIAYD DIOJoOd SdlInjUD XIS LIIASSW JO Uto[JOZUSYOFT WeITIAA oy} sea [vd-luvq-inssy NOTLIWUXA IVNOLLVYOOA GHNWIVIO SONIM WOT 5 arta . ~ x OO “was inviolate. DHE GHOGRAPHY OF GAMES ok Cyrus, their armies were victorious. While Spartan youths followed the rig- orous discipline of Lycurgus, their city Led by Alexander the Great in ways of abnegation and exer- cise, the Macedonians were invincible. The Romans extended their civilization so long as their gymmnasia — prepared youths to endure long marches and bear crushing burdens. DERE RNEENES= MEGB ISIN DOF. GAMES WE PLAY CEiIMATE It is fairly obvious that coasting is a sport of the zone where snow falls, and reasonable that those peoples most gen- erally proficient in swimming should be found in the equatorial islands, where limpid waters invite surcease from the scorching sun, but less well known, per- haps, that card and board games devel- oped in southern Asia, where zest for play is just as keen, but temperature dampens the ardor for exertion. The reactions of geography and sport are mutual. To the Netherlands are traced the stilt and the skate, which even yet have their work-a-day use in flooded and frozen areas, but are playthings for the rest of the world. The Governor of Namur once made an oracular promise to Archduke Albert of Austria that he should see two troops of warriors who fought neither on foot nor horseback. The Archduke was so impressed with the giantlike soldiers on stilts that he exempted the city perpetu- allv from duties on beer. Norway had a “regiment of skaters’ and Holland’s soldiers were taught to drill on ice. THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE Sometimes sports spread beyond na- tional boundary lines and express the Common ideals of an age. Thus the tournaments of the middle ages were the normal symptoms of the adventur- ous spirit reflected in the quests for the Holy Grail. In that period, too, was a striking, 1f pathetic, illustration of the imitative spirit which translates the se- rious business of adults into sport for children. In Franconia and Teutonia thousands of boys, some only six years old, hoisted banners bearing the Cross and started for Jerusalem. Some turned back at Mayence, some went as far as Rome, but of the multitude that went out on this play expedition few returned. Games invariably adapt themselves to the individual need for a balanced life, mental and physical. This fact was illus- trated by comments of civilian writers in the war zones, who told how English- men and Americans sought diversion in active play, while Frenchmen relaxed in more quiet fashion—smoking, reading, or day-dreaming by the side of, a-wel- come fireplace. Many moted this asa contradiction, in view of the supposed sprightly temperament of our Gallic cousins. But a sporting writer, in an article printed years before the World War, relates how, “tnlike his English coun- terpart, who seeks his relaxation by at- tending a football match and mauling the umpire when he does not approve of a decision, the workingman of France re- pairs to the comparative solitude of the jardin: de Vare’ and there practices the peaceful sport-of @archery 5; to which the writer appends this illuminating comment: “Probably this is typical of their different natures. The English- man, phlegmatic during his work, seeks excitement as a relaxation, while the more animated Gaul needs quiet during his leisure.” IN THE AGE OF PERSONAL COMBAT Just as the individual adopts games which meet his bodily need, so it seems that national pastimes are modified to foster and fortify the peoples who play them. In the age of personal combat there were men like Milo of Crotona, a veri- table Samson, reputed to have been able to break a cord wound about his head by swelling the muscles; or Polvdamas of Thessalia, said to have slain an infuri- ated lion, and to have been able to hold a chariot in its place while horses tugged at it. Those were the times when boxing and wrestling, most ancient of sports, were in their heydey, though they were not always gentlemen’s diversions, reck- “QOUIIOFIOJUL YONS WOIF J9IoyS SploYe siseo ue YSnor1y} Joos}s Jomnb sty} pue ‘spury JJosop 94} FO ,.1oJOOYsS -deid,, dy} SJsdTour uns Surys10d9s 9y} AJUQ ‘PUL pepeoy oy} sursn Aq surkejd oy} pousArfue vpnsyedg Usym pue ,‘ojnurur e ysnf url Apevot 9q,, OF vijyedoa[d JO} poem oY YM vIpuPXI;Y Ul Woy} YW powes AuojUY Yep] VoyM Aejd fo sjuowosdur ‘sjqerouoy petopisuoo sXemye JOU Fr ‘JUsTOUe aJaM ddIP IPRU pue d1I0}SIYoI1d si sayqqed Jo UINy oY} UO SuTPquier) “SUIS FO Hq JII109 A][eITIOJSI PUe IAISSoIdXa UB SI ,.S9U0}S JY} SUTTJOY,, VOINAVY HIYON :AONVHO JO ANVD LSAato S$ ,aTIOM SUSI OYNULAN ic yooIpue’y ® J1ouye’] wor Ydess0j,CUT ‘IeulUuras pur o1soy ‘Aydessoos Suryova} 10F syuot Aq IpeUl IJOM Sjos pur JeuOTPoNps d1oM adosny [PAdTpotu ul somes pivo StoyyNe,, Jo oUIeS UIOPOUW OY} OAT “p[f4oM oy} Ul IUeS JSOP[O dy} pour ‘ssoyo AQ pojsosons Udoq BAPY OF JYSNOY} 91e pur ‘ e BIpuy 10 ydASy 0} poynqiize ose Ajpesguas AY ING !souTqnoUOD sIy oSNUUe O} SpAVO poJUdAUT JOJoOdWo UL Jey} UO!IPRJ B dALY asSoUIYD oy, GNVTIOH ‘SLIM JO WILLVd V ee = ee é = a ne tn ey om ee ‘popivosip 10 pornfur 9 SdIqI9 puke SUMO} COT UY} sJOPY “Uredg ul sjsisiod ‘sropvjvil anoyeure yoy “AT dyiyd pu jiods oy} ‘UOT}ETSUeI] S}F 9dUTS J1ol{| 9NsoA Ivjndod v surary ‘zoueqy~ JO JaAOU 94} UT Jey} OAT sxovye ajidsaq ‘osnoy viedo are-usdo ue oyu poyJaauos usoq sey ‘OOO'gI suTyves ‘Aj OOIxXe]Y UT WHipeys jUsd kg ./S][oq pue proiq,, Suruvotu ‘preiuedg oy} skes ,“so10} A ued,, VNAUV NVWOW LNHIONV HHI JO WOLVIGW ID MHL SUNVIddnNS YOCVIVN AHL HOIHM NI ‘NIvdS #O LWOdS “IVNOILLVN AHL ojorysos19g *{ Aq ydessojoyg ee ‘ a a ae ee “OULL dy} 04 NLIOTOO SPIAT [NJ 40] IMI A OY} [ooyUvA UVstIOUIV 9} JO ,. sey Ayo ysturdg AAT “pjIOAA MON oY} poze Its usturde y L d ALOAO FLY} POATOSGO JO[IAVAP OUO ATVdv yey} : Od AUHL SHONVA WEL » A[JUdI01 IOPUOM | y AJUO SUTDUR)p jeg “solPep ysturds fo JSHUL p.AvLuv al “UVIT[LAIS oud fo UOLPVOIUOpt Apvo.s SI VULIIAIS,, “SOJULP LUAMO Syl ONSOA OY} FEY} “Yonoy) *o d S ou} | Ad NMONM WV MTION Hat M UNV’ yuny ISH LV CUE) os € UPLUYSITou IS WO $y r ¥ I oy} SUISdAD Re eOnG) OUesiests uleds UIOYJIOU JO ONSIIOJOVIVYD SV SE _VAMIUN]Y V’T,, Apoyeys OT, ‘OUISIICING =" R[hyUuRivy} v ‘2 ao) ST oe LE LO Ont Teck UIS JSNUL UL ee 7 OVA Dy AQ Ud}}IG St Vy, Oy, reer: O.10> WAT > ae eee ‘Kejd OJ datas 0} JuNY oy} Fo Arysnpur stay} ydepe saqisy aseaes MOY sozesjsAyI oursed oy J, yaods oArjttuiad sty} JO OYDs ABp-10I4] B Inq si ‘UONL}TAUT SHOoNeI S.JoxIeq SNID oY} ,(1eSID JWII-OAy & jo3 pur peay oy} UO URWOdeaN 3} H,, VIIVULSAV :,NOLVOITIV AHL ONTXVadS,, ‘ANOWAYYO IVNIOIMOUV NV ole) FIJIANS DOING A CLUB DANCE In this land where wives were buried with their husbands before civilized restraints were imposed, and where cutting off a finger still is a common sign of mourning, these most cruel and barbarous of the South Pacific islanders show a human love for song, dance, and story- telling. Their famous club dance is a martial exercise, with a low comedy motif, and the costumes of the picture are supposed to be extremely clownish. -oned by modern standards. Homer de- scribed the set-to between Epeus and Euryalus, wherein the latter was carried away, insensible, “his legs hanging pow- etless, his head dropping on his shoulder, and dark blood flowing from his mouth.” Even that combat was mild compared to the fistie encounter of Krenugas of Epidamnus and Damoxene, an historic “heavy-weight slugger” of Syracuse. NXreugas landed a hammerlike left on his opponent's pate, but Damoxene coun- tered with a mighty clout of his right to his adversary’s stomach. Huis nails were long and his hand bound with thongs. It is recorded that the Damoxene terror’s fist “sunk into the entrails, pulled them forth, and scattered them upon the arena, the poor wretch, of course, dying on the spot.” When missile-throwing became the technique of warfare the Italian city ‘dOULI-JOdUS SI] UO pvoy Sty UO spuv}s UOAD PUL ‘S}S ‘Quoid sal OYUM ‘opi adjeu ay} JO UoHIsod duo AJUO SopwASNyE oANJoid oy, “Aepudod j10dS STY} OYE JeYI S]JOMs OY} Sd}vIID JSBOO PURIST oY} SuoTe pod WeI0 9Y} JO TOHBUITOFUOD oy} TOF fouysed peuoNvu oy} poppour Aydvasoas ‘uirse Qld] “Jods OAMIUNSIP SMeME]T JO WOLILIM[Xo ol} JO IUTOS ployee Jqysnu uresz ssotdxa sutpaods Vv doy UO potas OdOd JYS1} & SUINTe AA TIVAVIL “NINIONOM TV TOS AMT, ONTO Adlinry) yy O QZZ1 NI SANV‘ISI HV, suljplog Aq ydvisojoyg MINITAOOSIG MOOD SHIVE ‘Ldvo ORCG SAN ‘TIVMV EH ‘AVE VOMUMV IVIL WV NGUNUAHSIT OM G9 100 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph by Harry F. Blanchard KNUCKLES DOWN ! youth reduced stone-throwing to a fine art, and in winter made use of snowballs on féte days. In Perugia as many as 2,000 would engage in this game. Defen- sive armor was worn, but many fatalities resulted. Mothers and wives protested, it is safe to assume; but there, as in Sparta, heed to feminine counsels was held to be unmanly Old English statutes furnish evidence of the encouragement of archery, and the reason therefor may be found in the fact that the Battle of Hastings saw the Saxons panic-stricken at the effective use of the longbow by the Normans, al- though later, at Poitiers and Agincourt, Englishmen won lasting fame by their employment of that weapon. Charlemagne sought to popularize ar- chery; Edward III forbade all other sports on holidays and Sundays, thus making the pastime subserve universal military training. BY THEIR PLAY YE SHALL KNOW THEM It almost seems as if by a people's sports you shall know. them. Taine thought literature was a sure criterion. But literature is not always precisely expressive, because it may become over- selfconscious under the influence of a Dryden; or it may bend to winds of fashion, driving a Shaw to preach soci- ology in plays and a Browning to teach philosophy in verse; and nearly always it seeks out the exceptional, sometimes focusing a people all awry, as if heroic France were to be adjudged through some of her erotic fiction. Play is more spontaneous. There is a wealth of suggestion in the fact that bull- fighting i in its most cruel form was an ob- session in the years when the Council of Blood was making revolting sport of hu- man life in the Netherlands. Charles V, by no means a robust monarch, felt called upon to celebrate the birth of his son, Philip II, by slaying a bull. It was that same son who sent the Duke of Alva upon his barbarous mission to the North Country. One could all but write the history of classic Greece from a knowledge of its games, and tell something of its philos- ophy, too. Plato, in our time, while not engaged on a Chautauqua circuit, would be. urging municipal playgrounds and swimming pools. a= —— a THE GEOGRAPHY OF GAMES 101 _ S Ss . ga Photograph by R. R. Sallows THIS SPORT WAS TOO BIG FOR ANY SMALL BOY TO RESIST The prospective victim being the largest man in Goderich, Canada, who weighed 460 pounds. “Every well-constituted republic,” he said, “ought, by offering prizes to the conquerors, to encourage all such exer- cises as tend to increase the strength and agility of the body.” He advocated State provision for teaching girls to dance and the use of arms for self-defense. THE PLAY SPIRIT AS A PIONEER FOR PROGRESS A Hawker sets out to fly across the Atlantic as a sporting proposition: and helps chart the course that soon will be plied by air carriers of work-a-day com- merce. Whirring motors churn about a banked speedway as thousands sense the zest of a breathless and death-defying game, but the play spirit which the con- test arouses—the spirit that ever drove men to higher attainment—generates the stimulus for bringing nearer to perfec- tion man’s new-found servant, the auto- mobile. Benjamin Franklin, employing a boy’s familiar plaything, snatched from the clouds a secret that outdoes the pranks of a magic carpet. ‘OpISATJUNOD. 9Y} JO I1O][-N[OF IY} OJUT passed jey} sorsojsiy pue sod18ipod pey spunoy oy} ey pu ATjsnpur s,URWOUIS B SVM SpoIqysnosoy} SUIsTRI oJoyM ‘purysuy PjO JO sayunod Sununy-xoF oyy Fo ouO st sip ~ GQNWIONG “AMLTSMLLSHOUOM SNOMIINIE LV SGNONOH AHL JO Law JsqIng *“M ‘Vv Aq ydess0joyg SS Dh ait pate ios mye ET diy 8 aby ‘a lee ao eee rwnrsss 0 6 nese pap Mila hii Me Vb TOZ THE GEOGRAPHY OF GAMES 103 Invention of the rubber bladder made football popular, of the gutta-percha ball added immensely to golf, and of the emeased sphere made tennis a keener sport; and so the story might continue to the mighty industries that provide the amusement to be had from motion-pic- ture play or from phonograph record. COLONEL ROOSEVELES INFLUENCE ~ ON SPORTS Theodore Roosevelt’s influence is gen- erally accounted in social, political, eco- nomic, and literary fields; yet time may Shew stat ome of the most. profound lessons he impressed upon American people was a deeper regard for health- ful, vigorous, strenuous outdoor sport. The story of how the weakling Roose- velt went to the open places of the West and played at broncho-busting and cattle- inenaine, “and later relaxed in African jungle from seven years in the hardest youn im tae “world; is an oft-told tale. Such an uprooting of one’s life, thanks to our national parks, is not necessary today. ~Miore and* more -is it the habit of young men and old to seek the health-giving recreations to be had in Uncle Sam’s matchless play places. Walking is one of the most healthful and invigorating of all pastimes and free minewehy one. Yer it is miich-neclected by Americans. Perhaps the automobile is to blame, in some degree; but the fact that walking is deliberate and lacking in that element so dear to the American heart, competition, also must be taken into account. | To the seasoned pedestrian “joy rid- ing’ cannot compare with “joy walking.” The latter affords the devotee intellec- tual delights that neither speed nor tivyalry can offer. To him walking is truly a royal road to learning—a ma- triculation in the God-given university of nature. ‘To walk is to open the book of natural wonders—to see the flowers and the trees, to hear and know the birds and all the voices of the outdoors symphony. Then, too, there is a walk for every mood and temper. Gladstone loved to walk in the rain; Browning delighted to stroll by night; Charles Lamb turned to the crowds of busy streets, while Words- worth stole away to the silent places. That protean sportsman, ‘Theodore Roosevelt, counted walking among his favorite recreations, and found a plunge through tuntraveled woods, across streams, up and down the hills, strenu- ous enough for him. Former President Taft likes walking, but prefers the sights Ci Wie Giay Sires. Kuropeans have a higher regard for walking than most Americans. Viscount Bryce, when ambassador at Washington, by his daily tramps learned to know the environs of the National Capital as do few of the residents. Fle frequently covered 15 or 20 miles in an afternoon. SPORTS BY HIND PHE EINES, EBL PED TO WIN THE WORLD WAR The World War has helped stress a higher claim for sport, more potent than the fact that plays and games register the habits and habitats of bygone peo- ples or that they stimulate mechanical invention; for it has proved that sport conditions the moral fiber of a people and tempers those mental qualities that advance civilization. Right up to 1914 it was almost bro- midic to laugh at the Englishman for putting his recreations in his “Who’s Who,” alongside of matters considered more weighty; for publishing massive tomes and cyclopedias of sport; for waging mighty word battles in print over the relative merits of the breech- loader and muzzle-loader for shooting erouse. Now the world knows that the Derby at Epsom, the cricket at Rugby, and the fox-hunts of Northamptonshire had everything to do with the bulldog determination with which he “carried on” one heartbreaking summer after another against vicious Hun onslaughts in Flanders. It is significant that the wise men of Washington, London, and Paris made every effort in war time to maintain the amusements of the people. “Millions for morale,” a familiar American slogan, was another way of saying “millions for play.” At the government’s behest, one welfare organization alone sent 25,000 baseballs and 15,000 baseball bats to France before half our men had arrived there. Even the sport-loving Britons are said Photograph by Paul Thompson ~ RAPID ACTION: INTERNATIONAL POLO The exciting moment pictured here affords. an extraordinary study of equine feet. “Tite hind feet of the center horse are both off the ground and the pony in the foreground is giving a splendid. demonstration of ankle action. In his sudden stop, two of his four fetlocks are touching the ground. Photograph by National Photograph Co. WHERE THE HORSE STILL, HOLDS HIS OWN Throughout the ages the horse has stood second only to the dog as man’s best friend and playmate. Feats of horsemanship date back to the first “thoroughbreds” of Arabia, which, according to Moslem tradition, were descended from horses that Solomon bestowed upon the Arabs. Modern racing had its beginning with the charioteers of the Olympiad. Only in recent times has horse-racing in the western world been associated with gambling. In the Middle Ages tennis was played for heavy stakes, and a Puritan writer of Elizabeth’s time, who excoriates most other sports, commends horse-racing as “yielding good exercise.” 104 ONE REASON WHY FRENCH CHILDREN ADORED THE BOYS IN KHAKI This was one of a series of “tank sports,’ which had no reference to the British tanks, though they were about as rough. to have admired and wondered at the American dough-boy, whacking out three-baggers amid the booming of Big Berthas, issuing occasional rain-checks in mid-inning when the downpour of bursting shell became too distracting. In one cramped trench, so the story goes, was a quartet of Yanks who ex- hibited the same spirit in playing “‘five hundred;” in others it was poker or -eommay. A whizzing shell all but ripped off the thatched roof. Drawled a lank, prairie-bred Yank: “Gosh, if Bom does that again, I’ trump my partner’s ace.” Not that taking one’s games to war is an American invention; the Yanks merely did it on a larger scale. Drake insisted on finishing a game of bowls before going out to encounter the Span- ish Armada. Englishmen played cricket at Ladysmith while the enemy shells burst above them. When the sea was calm, Captain Cook, on his long voyages, made his men dance the hornpipe to keep in trim. 105 Qualities of initiative and courage and endurance implanted upon American gridiron and diamond shone with glori- ous luster at Cantigny, at Chateau- Thierry, and in the Argorine. - ‘That is why one of the most valuable by- products of this crucible of suffering will be a realization in this country that the sinews which won the war are just as needful for the rigorous, bloodless battles of peace. AMERICA’S CONTRIBUTIONS WORLD'S PLAY TO- THE Back home, before the war, America had contributed two new things to sport: baseball and the city playground. It has been noted that sports of a nation afford an almost invariable ba- rometer of its progress in civilization. Baseball is one of the most complicated and highly organized pastimes known to any people. It is a veritable instrument of the most delicate precision in the world of sport. A South Sea islander no more could play it than he could AVMHDOIII NVIOO AL NO MV’I GaatdS SAINIVN SI AZHAAT AALS GdOod V Riese ANG Ss aso “yy Aq ydessojol gy ~< 106 ‘QIIM poqivg Youodkeq UNTFT Ysnosy] 9dVI opovjsqoO oy] AOF Surules, shoisuosuN UT suOoTVAUDS JOF pokvyd skoqjooyos ysysury oy} AVA dy} ‘AIO[LS IY} JO IeoSproy Uo] OY} JON ‘OOULILT UL OSeIIeq pur GQNVIONG WOwTIOS. NOMI ?a0VM WOINO! Wet NI dWOLl.WaLvVM ZH SNIM VIL SMON [eIJUND Aq Ydvisojoy ) citihiineee MOM RN Nhe ee bai O} se & [Jom se Jaxoo]UO dy} 0} S[[l4sy} pue Aof JO Sury} & SI Inoy VGINO TA ‘INVIN [SSS RASA ‘I9pit oy} ue Saft OF ye Ja}spoads yeoq-10}0N e& puIYyeq SuIppays-ees jo ysods SuljIoxe sty, >HOVAG NOVIV AIO DNINV'IdVOOV ING oe ee eae eer Ee eee ee Ee — —- 108 © G. R. Ballance SKIING DE LUXE AT ST. MORITZ Long the auto of Scandinavians, the ski, like the skate and the stilt, had a military use. Had there been a league of north European nations some centuries ago, its international army, passing in review, would have disclosed a Swedish ski regiment, a skating battalion from Norway, and Hollanders on stilts. Operate a linotype machine or deftly handle the paper money in a bank teller’s cage, Yet the instincts baseball satisfies—the zest of racing to a goal ahead of the ball, the deep satisfaction of diverting a swiftly moving object to serve his own ends, the mere impact of the speeding sphere against the instrument he controls, bag- ging the spheroid as it flies afield, the suspense of nine men as they await the pattets. tate—each and all find their counterpart in play as old as animals that walk on two feet and have enough gray matter atop their spinal columns to control nature’s laws for their human purposes. The foot-race ever was the most popu- lar of the twenty-four Olympian events. The Romans batted balls with the fore- arm swathed with bandages, and the Gil- bert islanders wrap cocoanut shells with cord so they will rebound to a blow from the Fopem ) palm; Velemenr s princess of Phzeacia is represented in the Odyssey as jumping to catch a ball tossed by her maids of honor; and the Chinese had a game in which a suspended ball was kept hurtling to and fro by blows from the players. Perhaps there was more sport than economy in the old Dutch habit that Washington Irving tells about, of having a lump of sugar swinging above the dinner table from which vari- ous guests at a New Amsterdam banquet took successive nibbles. Some historians assert that the Greek games, formed the foundation for the lucid thinking and the lofty art con- cepts that made her product classic. Yet the Olympian and the Pythian games at their best afforded no such spontane- ous, and at the same time intricate, inter- play of muscle and mind as baseball. Throwing, catching, and running are as old as man; but it took the American genius for play, no less distinctive than the American genius for science, indus- 109 Hee ee las me Z fi Photograph by Kenneth D. Smith YOU CLIP THE CLOUDS -ANDSSEE My TOPGROM AVINGS A Dartmouth College athlete making c L ski jump of about 75 or 80 feet, in perfect form Ilo THE WORLDS MOST FAMOUS TTOBOGGAN SLIDE This is Cresta Run, at St. Moritz, Switzerland, known as “battledore and shuttlecock™ because the coaster is tossed about by a series of corners, curves, and grades, no two ot which are alike. I SI Quads SIU, JOTI pue siyind A 9921S Uo}SUIYSE AA ‘rayeqg ‘IY Jo sadoyjs ay} uo > ‘sdpy 94} 0} 08 JouuRd Aayy asneseq sutdat pue SUIqUUI[) 10¥ JSIN [SIOAIUN 9Y1 To2eJ OYM ASOY} JO OWOUW dy} 9g [JOM FYoTUL SIT, LSU VOIMANV AWITO yde1s0j0ug SSS S S \ er ————————————— 1i2Z ‘uokue) pueig pue ‘ajiulosoX ‘ouoJSMOTIAaA 9Y} UT se “suokurs [eusxqe jo syjydop Surumed oy} oyur dood so ‘ainqord ay} ul UMOYS “Ye IoOINe[D Jo syved AjzO] ay} uodn 9zeB :syunuidiys 0} noqriies WOTF ,S[PUNUL PIM JUL}, II} YOVAZ IO Solar asy 9u0}G Suowe Apap ‘stamoy pra ouldpy yond pue soos} yso8Siq s.yJsva oy} Mora Ae aUO Way} Ul ‘P[FOM ot} FO Amo} puvjur ue ATenjsIA ploye Ady} JOF ¢ ASI BIIAWW 9ag,, ULY} VIOWW Op O} SI syxIVg [eUeeN s.weS apuyQ HSIA OF, MUVd ‘IVNOILVN UWAIOWID :AMVI AYVW “1S MWAMOT NO SYAMI soudepy Aq ydeisojoyg oh Photographs by W. R. Ross THE “WANDERLUSTERS” : WASHINGCTON’S WALKING CLUB Exercise need not be strenuous to be invigorating. These city folk are enjoying the world’s oldest and most democratic sport, traversing a few of the beauty spots that abound in the environs of the National Capital (see also page 103). 114 THE BOYS’ EXCUSE WAS, es SOMEBODY 115 STOLE OUR Photograph by R. R. CLOTHES! Sallows ‘uISnOo kxyunoo SI] SB SOnst}e}S Yeoy Ur par se dn mAoys p[moys PTH AjID at} Jey} Jepuom qyetus ‘1oop sty 7e sty} Se punoisfejd @ yous YA ALIO MYOA MAN :MUVd IVALNAO NI ONILVAS QAIOS WILY feuorjeusoyuy Aq ydersojoyg & SAAR 116 IOF UOHVOAI1 psoye ‘AtjUNOD oY} UL pUry JIS Wi TO Wr held e st AjnIp [eq aC o[(Vstaen sit je Tneq iS Os “seis Ipirem s11 oY } JO popusye Ajosrey Jsour “1IeF VIG $41 JVATUIVS sytods Jo}UIM “‘oATJOUT} SIP ATTenba ynq O}SI VILOSINNIW “1nvd ° Y Sit toy Qavd ur “toAtt yey} sAorduro ‘tddis ‘uosvas AIDAD puv ‘syyeq orjqnd szt ‘sysed dAISUD}XO S}I JOF “samMUIION ‘{UdIIT IIOUL $,A}ID DY} JOF S1oyeM UDZOAF S]L SoZ ‘proy S ISSITA, 9} JO YNouL dy} Ivou ‘surojIMQ MON se jsnf[ WS -IVAINYNVO STXOdS WOOGTNO AMT JO WWALVAA V SI ONINNVODOUOT, Eee ee eg en eee ee es 117 MAM ONIGNOOUM S VAXNVO IHL JO NVHL WIILVE YALVM GION JO NYOd ALIGININ, apris “y ‘9 Aq ydess0j0yg © SHIVMS NO ONITASQNVIHOIH V :a0VId AVId TIVdIOINOW V SV T4aalS GHOI NV SHSO INvd “IS MOH 118 PNB end Sern ae Photograph by Paul Thompson THI SCISSORS DIVE Every Roman girl was a Kellermann, from Martial’s description of water games and fétes, wherein maidens would “sport in a chariot like that of the fabled nereids and group themselves in the most varied designs”; and diving was an essential industry among the Syrians, who went out in fleets to dive for sponges, as do the old salts of Gloucester, Mass., to” fish; 119 OFF FOR A IOO-YARD RACE! Swimming was included in a Roman woman’s education. But of all swimmers perhaps the pre-Columbian Indians were the most proficient. One explorer reported, perhaps with some exa days ata ggeration, that the Brazilian and Peruvian natives would remain in the water eight time. Photographs by Paul Thompson. : 120 —— - premium on skill, yet THE GEOGRAPHY OF GAMES 1s) try, and commerce, to weld these motifs into a game that puts a admits of infinite va- riety; that srawest youth or trained ath- lete may play; and that Presidents and office boys steal away to watch. THE PLAYGROUND BIRTHPLACE If the Greeks paved the way for classic art by teaching adults io play and Great Britain followed in her footsteps with a more spontaneous and ‘democratic fervor, “America now appears as the most forward- looking nation in her attention to children’s playgrounds. In fact, the playgrounds for children may be con- sidered the distinctive contribution of this country to the world’s play. To gather statistics of play is like count- ing the sands of the sea or the children of the nation; but it is significant of the awakening interest in play to note that in 1918 more than 400 S@etes thaintained neatly 4,000 play- grounds, and the chil- dren who found relaxation on 340 of these playgrounds -from which reports were had on any one day would have ‘numbered scarcely less than the total population of Boston. Moreover, this was but a fraction of the opportunities for normal play, for it does not take into account the thousands of boys’ clubs and provisions for their special clientele which churches, parishes, private schools, and organizations like the Photograph by Paul Thompson TAKING A HEADER AT A FANCY DIVING MEET An officer of Captain Cook’s crew tells how, on a trip to the South Sea Islands, he handed some beads to a six-year-old youngster and they fell into the water. The child plunged from her canoe after them. Other trinkets were thrown into the water and the native men and women dived for them, showing such skill and staying under the water so long that the English “could scarcely help re- garding them as amphibious.” Y. M. C. A.,; Boy Scouts, Knights of Columbus, and numerous others make. One of the most characteristic adjuncts of the American school, city, town, or country district is its playground; and few are the city parks where the old “Keep Off the Grass” signs have not been superseded by invitations to play, and special provisions for games. There is nothing artificial about the games taught to children on American 122 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Phctograph by Paul Thompson INTE IG, Sai Despite our prowess in athletics, swimming is one field in which the palm must be con- ceded the ancients, if credence be given the marvelous tales of their aquatic feats, Plutarch tells how Antony engaged divers to attach fish to his hooks so he might impress his picnic companion, Cleopatra; but that shrewd lady engaged other divers the following day, and Antony found himself pulling in stale, salted fish amid peals of laughter from the Alexandria belle. right being a Hawaiian champion. > fo) playgrounds. They are products of a rich heritage of play tradition. Neither written history nor the faint traces. of prehistoric? times» carry “us =back to va period when children did not play. DEE TESTI NMOxy (Ole iO Maes Excavators in Central America found tiny rattles of bone and clay, as old as the pyramids of Egypt, in graves along- side baby skeletons. In Attica’s tombs were uncovered dolls of pre-classic days, made of ivory and terra cotta. Tittle Hippodamia had a miniature bed, with slats, for his dolls. Roman children’s toys were held in such high esteem by their elders that when the children grew too old for them they were offered to patron gods. Even today a similar as- sociation of religious ceremony and Three of the world’s speediest swimmers are shown set for a race, the one on the games is preserved, only it 1s with the acquisition of the toys, and not with their disposition, that Christmas and Easter are connected. For one who would study the deriva- tion of games, the average playground, no matter how crude, is a veritable mu- seum of archeology. Tools and weapons of one age frequently become the play- things of the next; and centuries later, when adults have deserted the sport, children adopt it. Many sports today are the survivals of obsolete industries. The canoe was the Indian’s common carrier, and the Tierra del Fuego women who paddled their craft astern while their masters fished from the prows, and plunged into icy waters to anchor their barks, were pio- neers of women in business and far from a THE GEOGRAPHY OF GAMES 12 ee) Photograph by Kenneth Kerr AN ESKIMO IDEA OF A GOOD TIMI No, the lady is not being punished for witchcraft; she merely is being crowned Queen of Love and Beauty by an Alaskan swain. The photograph was taken by a missionary at p grap J Point Barrow. There it is the custom for the Eskimo whaler making the biggest catch to be honored by the tossing of a woman in a blanket. Formerly this ceremony was observed after a victory in battle. The blanket is held taut by Eskimo boys and men. The more blasé belles always land on their feet; but a subdebutante is likely to have her head turned or her neck broken if this honor is too suddenly thrust upon her. paddlers or divers for sport’s sake. The Samoans who fashioned pearl shells to resemble small fish and attached tiny feathers for the fins may have been the precursors of fly fishers but their liveli- hood depended upon the catch. THE DEVELOPMENT OF GAME-HUNTING Game-hunting marked an important development in the life of primitive races. The Indian who stalked deer, the Semang black man who tracked snakes, the naked savage who hunted the rhi- noceros, snared wild birds at their drink- ing places, and trapped the tiger were not out for a summer’s sport. Methods of hunting were exceedingly primitive at first, but some tribes early developed an amazing technique. The Eskimo would wrap himself in skins and lie by the hour alongside an ice-hole to hacpoomeaaseal.s ihe larahmares: ot Mexacom felled trees by the score to set squirrels occasionally caught as the trees fell. More ingenious were the Tasmanians, who would clear a forest oasis by burn- ing, wait for the grasses to grow and attract animals, and then would set fire to a barricade of brush they arranged in the meantime, with exits near which they would take their stand and spear the frightened animals as they sought to escape. Malay wild men killed elephants by lying in wait until an animal descended a hill, and then they would drive a poi- soned bamboo splinter into its heel. Some African tribesmen camouflaged their spear-heads with bird feathers. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE A BOXING BOUT ON A U. S: "TRAINING SHIP Fuegians attained a low visibility by daubing themselves with mud and clay. Florida Indians donned skin and horns of deer to enable them to approach their prey Vig Ways of setting traps for animals and of poisoning spears were known thou- sands of years before Christ. The sportsmanlike Greeks shrank from use of poisoned darts in warfare for the same reason that they regarded archery as a Savage practice in combat. Even in war they declined to use instruments which would give one side an unfair ad- vantage. It was long before the horse, ridden so skilfully by the Arab and the Moor, became either a beast of burden or man’s plaything at the races. And whatever the civilized opinion of bull-fighting, that sport is a far cry from either the combat to death of human beings or the lack- sport diversion of watching two animals tear each other to pieces. The Span= iard will defend his national pastime by citing that the matador sins “agian greater risk than the hunter of the big- gest game, with the advantage ‘of “his firearms. Horse-racing is another sport that THE GEOGRAPHY OF GAMES 125 pie Se Photograph from Mabel D. Merrill PERSIAN WRESTLERS From the Nilesian country, where tombs bear pictures of ancient wrestling, this patriarch of sports spread to many lands, and varies in its style and rules from the jiu-jitsu of Japan to the “catch-as-catch-can” mode, as reported by that veteran sporting writer, Homer, when he wrote, “He lifts Ulysses, who, having now recourse to his extraordinary skill, kicks Ajax in the hamstring and makes him bend the knee. Ajax falls upon his back, dragging with him his adversary.” ‘dates back to remote antiquity. Prob- ably the French were the pioneers in turf sport as practiced in modern times, but it was natural that the English, with their love of outdoors and of animals, should have cultivated the horse for the race as they did the dog for the hunt. James I seems to have been the first royal patron of racing and Queen Anne further encouraged it. Even the austere Cromwell could not ‘part with his brood mares. One of them was concealed in a vault by the court ‘master of the stud at the time of the Restoration, when diligent search was ‘made to confiscate the Protector’s per- sonal property. Thus the animal became known in tradition and picture as the “coffin mare.” Boxing and wrestling are the more humanized forms of individual contests of strength. Naturally the programs of ‘the Olympic games, veritable encyclope- dias of ancient sports, included boxing and wrestling. Moreover the Greeks had one game, the pancrace, which combined both. Wrestling, at least, is much older than Greece, as indicated by the bouts pic- tured on tombs along the Nile. In Greece, boxing fell into disfavor in Sparta for an unusual reason. ‘The Greeks had developed sportsmanlike rules for the game, eliminating kicking, biting, and ear-pulling, and the bout closed when one boxer admitted his defeat. Lycur- gus held it improper for any Spartan to acknowledge defeat, even in a game! The Japanese have been devoted to both sports for ages. Sukune, Hacken- schmidt of Nippon, in the days when John was foretelling the coming of Christ, was deified, and from wrestling jiu-jitsu evolved. Boxing today is ex- tremely popular throughout the empire. Jack Broughton, English “father of AY MICH], FO Soetttiotia JUsTOUR Mey} IAO Inbotweg Fo Wau 2Apo} JO uve} eB fo Yydtunt4} FO yuowtout sy} sjordap ydersojoyd ayy SINIddIIHd :NOZNI NYTATAON wO SYALLVN Why, FO AWITSVd ALIMOAVA HHL SV DNIINOU-GVAl GYINVIddAS SVH NVM-HO-DN,, AHL “IONAN’TANI NVORVWIWVY Wann I9JSIIIOM “D uvsq Aq ydeisojoyg 126 ‘yoouy s,uruysod dt} Se padtos WY} S][eq SUIpyUT} o10M Siasuossout ystpouryy ApIvo oy} puv ‘sostoy OXI] ‘YOM YIM POYs JoI} IY} pvy stouuNns YSPyINy, poyoojoived ‘paom-Aq aumVdaq prods ay} WEY} FJIMS OS 919M S1OUUNA onDseg "fIvUt suUIAIIvS JO suBoUt peolprer-aid oy} JO [VALAINS VB ‘9dVI ABJOI B JO J1U4S Ot} St SIU J, NOISSHYd Xa TVIOVA NI ACOIS V uosdwoyy, neg Aq ydessojoyg 128 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Bihotostiee by Paul Thompson THE FINISH OF A YALE-HARVARD BOAT RACE AT NEW LONDON Rowing is one of the oldest known means of transportation and the newest form of racing. Trials of speed on the water were not common until a little more than a century ago, and to that fact is ascribed the slight advance of vessels of that day over those of ancient times. But as soon as boat and oar making were touched by the magic wand of sporting competition, radical improvements resulted. boxing” as it is practiced today, is be- lieved to have invented the modern box- ing glove and the division into rounds, but he scorned to train in order to meet a butcher named Slack, who belied his name, with a blow like a cleaver, and put the idol of British sportdom in the ex-champion class. _ Slack’s “punch” recalls the story of the mighty swing of Glaucus, a Greek farmer boy, whose father, after he saw him use his bare hand to pound his plow- share into place, thought him fit material for Mount Olympus. Matched with an adversary skilled in the fine technique of Greek boxing, Glaucus waxed de- cidedly “groggy” until, so the story goes, his father shouted “Strike, my son, as you did on the plow;” whereat the lad from the farm lulled his opponent to a swift sleep with a hammerlike blow. Avoidance of brutality in even the most grueling of the early Greek con- tests is indicated by the heavy penalty a contestant was compelled to pay if he inflicted death upon his opponent, and again in a peculiar style of boxing, which consisted almost wholly in defen- sive tactics. There is a legend concern- ing Hippomaches, who defeated three opponents successively by sheer attrition and left the field without having inflicted a single blow. FOOTBALL WAS A ROUGH GAME EVEN IN ELIZABETH S$ DAY Running, throwing, hitting, and kick- ing are the fundamental muscular op- erations of America’s characterisiie sports — baseball, football, tennis, and golf. The peoples of antiquity mani- fested all these instincts in cruder form. Luzon hillmen, the Polynesians, and the Eskimo and Sumatra islanders had THE GEOGRAPHY OF GAMES 129 Seeman db Photograph by Paul Thompson THESE LATTER-DAY APOLLOS ARE FIT SUBJECTS FOR THE CHISEL OF A RODIN games played by kicking a ball. Greeks played it, and the Roman game, harpas- tum, derived its name from the Greek “TI seize,” which is evidence that carrying the ball was practiced then. With shoes of hide, the medieval Italians played a game which seems the direct ancestor of the Anglo-Saxon college sport. Gae- lic scholars point to a football game in Ireland before the time of Christ, and until comparatively recent times Shrove Tuesday was distinctively an occasion for football as is our ‘Thanksgiving today. In old England football was even rougher than most sports of those hardy times. James I thought it was “meeter for lameing than making able the users thereof.” Henry VIII and Elizabeth ruled against it. Edward II frowned upon it for its interference with archery and also because of the commotion it aroused. In those times it was played in the city streets. A writer of the sixteenth century called it a “devilish pastime” and charged it with inciting “envy and some- times brawling, murther, and homicide.” Nevertheless, by the time of Charles Il football had become firmly established at Cambridge. It was ever held in high of Vp pL QA YG RE AN WOO ti iis GGCO@QW MG OF AFRICA Dats HIGH JUMP! CHAMPION The Inc ip a foot high. hes. ‘ Cc he ite attain astounding heights of 8 feet 5 e from a small term is jumpin z region itive here shown c an n best jumpers of his ist Afric c The E 130 HOW, EUROPEAN GIRLS ‘GO IN’ FOR ATHLETICS Photographs by Paul Thompson CALISTHENIC DRILL OF 17,000 TURNERS IN LEIPSIC 131 FT ——E———E Ee eEeEeEEEEEEEEeeeeEeEEEeeEeEerretttttteee 132 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph by Edwin Levick A PHENOMENAL SERVICE STROKE A former United States national tennis champion 1n action. esteem in Ireland. There, when all other sports were prohibited for archery’s sake, “onely the great footballe’ was exempt. Women joined with the men in playing it on Shrove Tuesdays. So many partici- pated that few knew the whereabouts of the ball. An expedient, which not so long ago aroused a furore in the American sporting world, was adopted by a player, who shook out the shavings with which the balls of those days were stuffed and carried it under his shirt to the goal. Abandoned as a general pastime be- cause of its roughness, it was retained in colleges until, within the past half cen- tury, it sprang into renewed popularity in greatly modified form. The British carried football into Jeru- salem when they recovered the sacred city. Missionaries have taught it to heathen tribes. The reason why it has become a hand- maiden of civilization and is so popular among college men of America was sum- marized by Howard S$. Bliss, writing about the Syrian Protestant college at Beirut, of which he was president, in an article for the Nartionat, GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE: “You will find the son of a prince play- ing football under the captaincy of a peas- ant or the son of a cook. We believe in football there and we have 17 or 18 dif- ferent football teams in college. The game develops the ability to receive a hard blow without showing the white feather or drawing a dagger. ‘This means that when the men get out of col- lege they will stand upon their feet as ce tage THE ANCESTRY OF TENNIS Likewise one must go back to the Greeks and Romans for the origin of ten- nis, which descended to England by way of France. In the twelfth century a game with ball and plaited gut bat was played on horseback. Then came “La boude,” in which the horses were abandoned. ‘This was a “royal game,” at least from the time that Louis X died after excessive playing had induced chills. Chaucer wrote: “But canstow playen racket to and fro,” while the church found it necessary to prohibit priests on the continent from spending too much time upon it. Margot was the Molla Bjurstedt of the twelfth century, famed especially for her back handstroke. Henry VIII of Eng- land was a youthful devotee, while Louis THE GEOGRAPHY OF GAMES 133 Photograph by Edwin Levick THE GAME WHERE EVERY MUSCLE COUNTS Few sports call into play so many muscles or combine mental and muscular activity to such a degree as tennis. Evidence that Romans soon forsook the Greek ideal of a sound mind in a sound body is found in the fact that. Horace and Virgil could not join their patron, Maecenas, at tennis because of weak eyes and poor digestions. It was a truly royal game when kings of. France and England played it; and it typified the democracy of the New World when ambassadors, generals, politicians, and cowboys joined Roosevelt's famous “tennis cabinet” back of the White House executive offices. XIV’s heavy expense accounts show sal- aries paid to caretakers of his courts. Complaint was heard at one time that there were “more tennis players in Paris than drunkards in England.” In Shake- speare’s Henry V are these lines: Ohad we have match’d our rackets to these alls We will, in France, by God’s grace play a set Shall strike his father’s crown into the hazard.” Manufacture of the accessories of the game became so flourishing an industry in England in the sixteenth century that appeal was made for a protective tariff against imported balls. Until that century the hand continued to be used for batting, but soon the racket came into general use. A match, probably played on a Windsor Castle court, is re- corded in which the King of Castile gave his opponent “fifteen” because the latter used his hand. Even tennis, like all medieval sport, was not free from the taint of gambling and charlatanism. It was charged that “cer- tayne craftie persons arranged for crack Lombard players to meet Henry VIII.” The monarch was induced to make wagers with these players until, losing large sums, he became suspicious and played only with amateurs. In one famous match the Emperor Maximilian was his partner, the two playing against the Prince of Orange and the Marquis of Brandenborow. GOLF HAD ITS BEGINNING ON ICE If tennis has a royal lineage, golf, which was later regarded as a rich man’s *‘stoyejoods JO soquinu SIY} JOVIPL O} ILS [TEqoseq V SdI}IO UPOTIOUTV JSOUL UI pue “YOIVUE JONIIID V PuURpOUY Ur ‘YYSy YI & OOFXoTY Ur WYysy [hq v oyv} phoma yt ured uy LWOdS HHL NI HONAOINGNI HAISSHOXA FO VINSHA V SV GyHId X SINOT ASOHM ‘AONVUL WO SINN WL GHLlIYHHNI VON V uosdwoyy, [neg Aq ydessojoyg —— Pees 6. ) a ‘Aroyore yo Aouvpusdse ay} pousyeosyy sodid -Seq puv Joywol] JO pur] oy} Ul Aytaepndod syt ‘19A\0MOY ‘C{ANJUdIO YJUsY OY} Aq ‘odoin, UsoyJAOU JO SolsjUNOD MO’T oy} Ut ynq ‘SpuR,ySIfE, YOIOIS dy} Suowe Suruulsoq s}t JOU pry, Ft “Forpod [vious 0} Aivsjuodg ‘ssutpunosins uUvIaqa]d Ul poyeUIsI1O JjOS ‘osvoul] [eAOI JO sysvod StU} 9]tY MA TOUSALVIVE LV HLOI SQONVA AML NO yorao’y urapip Aq ydessojyoy SNE TIS ... wn B ee Lic RO Photographs by Paul Thompson SLIDING HOME 136 A BUNKER SHOT NAVY TRYING FOR A FIELD GOAL PLACE KICK King James found football “meeter for lameing than making able the users thereof,” and another writer charged the game with inciting “brawling, murther, and homicide.” Small wonder, for entire towns engaged in it, and the whereabouts of the ball was of minor conse- quence. It remained for American colleges to put the ball back into football and take enough of the “kick” out to make it a red-blooded and humane sport (see page 129). 137 [eee a= ‘oes oy} O soyisinbet oursid oy} o1e AyIse pue ssoujtoye pue ‘uoTOR UI st sofv7d AraAd JO TeCIOOR elo Ides ua poneonS IM JUS 91n4o1d st j Ish I aul SUeLe || ihe jf I TS I F cc MBGIOOY JO FIGS OY T., Pell q Il [ot ST SUHAV Id AHL WO. ANVW LHOAVO SVH VYHWNVO AHL HOIHM NI SHCOLLLLV AUVNIGNOVULX 4H ALON :HSNY GNX NV WOT ONIANL uosdwmoy yy neg Sq ydeisojoyq AON Seer eS = as 138 ‘yuOnDaIF SSopT SuTLUODIq ATJURISUOD IIB SSUTLIOSJIOYS [RoTUPYet Aq Posnvy AvMyYSiyY dy} JO Sotpasvsy pue POdZILWTUIUT o1B “DJod ‘SopXV ‘Spot o1} ‘sopyNUY sultoo}s Fo Suryeaiq oy} Aq posnvo ‘s}liaplooe SULINO} SHYT, ‘S1OIUISUD JATJOUOJNL Aq Sie) jo sodA} [[@ WiOdJ pozeuIlUtyo ov AD} PoPoJOpP IIL S}JIofFop BSol} Se Ajpidva sv puv ‘aoe oy} JO pulis suo] oy} Seulinp posodxo ATqeyAduUl 91e WOTJINAYsS -uod Ayney pur sjods yeom 1OF ‘sort; AuVUT SuTAeS 10j d[qisuodso1 A[}DOAIP Usoq APY $}so} 9IUvINpPUO PUP poods yeois asayy, ‘[Nyssaoons A][}UoUTWD puev aqqissod ApyoIND svar osn Ff¥vso1ie 10F UoNVidepe s}t toy yu1od ay} OF dUTSU oLIITOSeS 9} Jo JUILUDAOACUIT OY} UL po}Nsot YIP} 9Y} UO UOT -IJaduiod YONG {ZSosulsud afIqowtojne JO StopINqg at} UIMJoq S}StXo TTA AVAIL Udy IY} OF JUoUUdoOJaASp sp somo AT[eHUPISqNs aurldiie ay} yy ‘ s =) Se) 2 > T > "i e Cc x ozirvar Auew MOY ‘9AOqV paANjord ‘ISseT) AvMposods sodeueripu] oy} Se YONs Soovt sfIqOUOjNe SsoupIM OLA ajdood pursnoy} poipuny 9%} JO ONIOVY WIIMONOLAV OL ANG AIADUVI SVM ANIOND ANVIdUIV HHL JO LNANWdO THANG HAL, a“ yo nh OLLIE RCAC IE 628 l 140 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph by Dean C. Worcester THE BONTOC IGOROT SLAPPING GAME OF THE PHILIPPINES There are two contestants in this remarkable pastime. One man sits on a bench with the thigh exposed to his opponent, who administers a blow with the flat of his hand with all the strength he can muster. After the stroke, judges examine the thigh of the man who has been struck. If the blow has been sufficiently hard to cause the blood to show beneath the skin, the striker has won the game, but if not then the opponents change places. The first contestant who causes the blood to show beneath’the other’s skin is declared the winner. Note the knots of muscle that spring out on the striker’s arm, back, and legs as he strikes. game, had most plebeian beginnings. Contrary to a widespread belief, it seems not to have originated in Scotland, but in northern Europe. Apparently it was first played on ice, being one of the winter sports adapted to the physical geography of the Low Countries. Even in the north, though, it evolved to a terra firma stage, as indicated by a sketch in a book illu- minated at Bruges, which shows three players, each with a ball and one club, playing on turf. By the fifteenth century golf had at- tained such vogue in Scotland that it threatened the cherished archery, and it is classed with “fute-ball” and other “un- profitabll sportis”’ by James IV. ‘That monarch, however, seems to have disre- garded his own edict, as did enough other Scotchmen to keep the game alive. Like tennis, golf was played by both sexes. Critics of Mary Stuart vemedman evidence that her husband’s fate weighed so lightly upon her heart that she was seen playing the game in the fields near Seton. To the Romans also is aseribediea game that suggests modern golf. It was played with a feather-stuffed ball, and called “paganica,” because the common people played it—another evidence of the game’s lowly origin. THE BOND OF PLAY America’s love of play is a distinctive part of her Anglo-Saxon heritage. Where two or more English-speaking people get together, be it in Bagdad or Buenos Aires, their common tongue makes the point of contact, but it gener- ally is their love of active play that forms the tie that binds their comradeship. THE GEOGRAPHY OF GAMES LIBERIAN NATIVE SPINNING THE GYROSCOPIC 141 Photograph by G. N. Collins ‘ROE Two of the inexplicable facts of science are that the primitive tribes of Liberia should have discovered the principle of the gyroscope long before it was known to civilized peoples, and that the Australian natives, who have not even advanced to the agricultural stage, should wield the boomerang, involving another principle of advanced physics, in a manner that white men cannot equal. The Liberian keeps his top spinning in the air for any desired time by repeated strokes with the small whip in his right hand. Certain oriental dignitaries visited London some years ago and were deeply impressed by their lavish entertainment. One thing puzzled them. Inquired one, when his curiosity got the better of his restraint, “Why make the women of your own families dance and why play so many games yourselves? We can get dancing girls and minstrels to entertain us?” Nearer neighbors than that never can understand why Englishmen and Americans play so hard. No explaining is needed among Anglo- Saxons for mountain-climbing, baseball, walking, or other active exercise. Colo- nial Americans brought the sports of England with them. George Washing- ton’s diaries attest his love of hunting Photograph from Central News PARACILUTING FROM AN AIRPLANE, WOMAN S LATEST SPORT Descent by parachute from the old-fashioned hot-air balloon used to inspire awesome ‘Ahs!” from the assembled thousands at county fairs and on circus grounds, but floating to carth after “cutting loose” from a gently swaying bag provided a far less exciting sensation than the sudden drop from a swift-flying airplane, such as this daring aviatrix is experienc- ing. The parachute of modern, aviation is the aérial navigator’s life belt. When the great British dirigible R-34 made its epochal transatlantic flight a few weeks ago, every officer’ and member of the crew was provided with one of these emergency devices, and by this means one of the officers descended from a height of 2,000 feet to superintend the anchoring of the craft at Mineola, Long Island. It 1s not improbable that the airship inspection service of the ee her be rigorous in its insistence that every passenger on a tr ansoceanic aerial express shall | - provided with a parachute, just as today ocean-going vessels are required to provide 1 life-preserver and seating place in a lifeboat for each person on board. 142 a ee eee Photograph by International Film Service THE NEWEST SPORT: AERIAL ACROBATICS Standing on the top plane of one “ship,” a very military aviator is seen here waiting to grasp the rope ladder suspended from another machine accomplished recently after several attempts. while both are speeding a hundred miles an hour should furnish “the thrill that comes once in a lifetime.” and he, like Grover Cleveland, enjoyed fishing, Most great Americans have played. Benjamin Franklin, who prized his min- utes and his pennies, was as enthusiastic a sportsman as that other versatile Amer- ican, Theodore Roosevelt. Franklin was an expert swimmer, as well as a pioneer 143 a feat which he successfully Transferring from one airplane to another fresh-air advocate, and once seriously considered an offer to become a swim- ming instructor. Lincoln has been widely acclaimed for burning the midnight pine knots; but he has received too scant credit for his daily practice of wrestling and running which developed his mar- velous endurance and capacity for work. ‘VOW A 94} YSnosy} spdoad ueoewy ay} Aq paynqisjtios Asuow YIM ssseuSue Atu1e ueotsauy fq coo‘ooT$ Fo 3sO9 v Jv YING seM YT ‘sIIeg IeOU ‘QI]IAUIO(L Je ST WHIprys oy, “WOds Ul ajyrp10I 2jUWIZUWI MAU dy} FO [LITOWO Surse] & Se adUeIy 0} Poyuasoid sem “SuIYysIag [e1over) Aq UONeIpep . . . . e . 7 ° . . . S}I JOjJe “WIMIPRIS SIU, “SOUT PalTY oY} PUlYyaq SaIEUoNeU IMOjJ-AjUIMY oIMOS 0} [TeGeseq JYySne} Avy} Jnq “ooURIY OF Sas ITY} dye} SAUL A,, oq} pip Ajuo JoN ‘snprod pue sXoqysnop jo suo Aq poynes Aynp ‘soueIy YYW soueye Avjd MoU solIaUIy JO [ves pure USIS OY} SI SIU], YMIV AHL WOW GAHdVYDOLOHd ‘SHINVDS GAI'TVIV-YALNI JO ANOS ‘WOAIGVIS ONIHSYAd 144 WEAVERS OF THE WORLD A GIRL OF THE HARDANGER REGION, NORWAY The people of this part of Scandinavia have to a large extent retained their medieval style of dress. The women wear a black skirt with a long white, deeply embroidered apron And a white Waist witha short velvet jacket embroidered in intricate design with brightly colored beads. Married women wear a white cap which almost entirely conceals the hair, and bridal crowns are passed from mother to daughter. These women excel in embroidery and weaving. I ql THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE THE DISTAFF OF THE SPINSTER IN THE.DOURO DISTRICT, NORTHERN PORTUGAL The spindle and the distaff are still employed here for producing the best linen thread used in the beautiful laces for which Portugal is famed. Woolen yarn for the family clothing is also spun by this primitive method. Rustic life in Portugal is not a dull, dreary grind, for each epoch of the farming year is celebrated with a festa, and of fairs and such gatherings there is no end. I] a WEAVERS OF THE WORLD WEAVING THE MULTI-HUED NAVAJO BLANKET: SOUTHWEST UNITED STATES Such a primitive loom as this is said by ethnologists to have originated with the Chilkat Indians of Alaska. This tribe still produces some wonderful blankets, but those of the Navajos of the Southwest are better known to the world at large. The warp is hung over a long pole, as shown in the picture, and mythological figures are woven into the piece in brilliant colors. ITI "94N}X9} [N}IOpUOM PUL USisap oReILQUT jo soqe] [NyINvag aonposd Adyt YINOG dy} UT Jnq ‘oUTM} Jo adv] pue YIOM JOU ISIOD JALIM SUOId ay} YHON 9YPUT “jSaq oY} O} JSapnad oy3 wos Apypenb ur aSues SOHN} ‘OOIXAJ Ur asja BuryzAsoAa ay] : ODIXAW ANNAS NI ONIAVAM YOOGLAO js} 4 N < oO < =) = a> Ay < a4 oO © sai a) ~J < A S be < vA fy ae be WORLD =~ 4 A WEAVERS OF THE “YU ROPS OTM | B IO} SiOgR] JY poddo}s sey oyM ‘Ape] Plo opBII] SITY dInQvay Joyouy “AIOpOsquud YORU YILM pd}Pe1Oddp $}o SIYJ AQ “IWoOY }e SjUuIUIeS OUI Opew pue UdAOM ‘UN VIGdHs -*NANIT PIRI iy SM Ins s A it UU] IYI M 94} JOAO Pot? 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PocavORIUN Gel ELE GLORIES Owes ele FIRMAMENT By WILLIAM JOSEPH SHOWALTER Autuor oF “Cuicaco Topay AND Tomorrow,” “New York, THE METROPOLIS OF MANKIND,” “‘STEEL, InpDustrRy’s GREATEST Asset,” ““‘How THE WortpD 1s FED,’ ETC. EALING with distances in the endless reaches of space where D a million miles are but as an inch in terrestrial measurements; study- ing worlds that are as much larger than ours as a mountain is bigger than an ant-hill; gauging the velocities of celes- tial travelers that outfly the speediest Spad that ever chased a Hun as an ex- press train outruns a snail; reckoning with forces that make the tremendous eruptions of a Katmai seem weaker than the bursting of a mustard seed, the as- tronomer is an explorer of realms that overpower the layman’s comprehension and overwhelm his imagination. But luckily this layman can check up the celestial geographer in a way at once The grapes brought back by Joshua when he was sent to spy out the Promised Land were not half as sure a corroboration of his story as are the fulfilled prophecies the astronomer brings back from his incur- sions into the depths of space. He tells of stars that are trillions— aye, sextillions—of miles away; of suns that are hundreds, and even thousands, f of times as bright as the orb of our day; of forces that are thousands, and even millions, of times as great as the power with which the earth sweeps round the sun. THE ASTRONOMER AT THE BAR Does he know what he is _ talking about? Let us put him on trial and see. Our witnesses shall be heavenly bodies and forces themselves. The first one we shall call, out of the thousands who could testify, is a comet—Halley’s. Here is its evidence ; pees. faba, comet. > For * countless generations I had been swinging through space. When I approached the earth | men believed me a messenger of evil. They knew precious little about me or my kind. In 1682 I appeared on one of my excursions into realms bounded by the earth’s orbit. A little before that Sir Isaac Newton had worked cut the funda- mental principle of celestial mechanics, namely, the law of gravitation. “He had a friend by the name of Halley. ‘This man undertook to see whether or not I was subject to that law, and whether, indeed, Newton’s interpre- tation of it was correct. Looking back over the twenty-four comets that had been recorded as invading the precincts of space set aside for the earth, he found that three of them had traveled a similar path and all the others diverse paths. “Applying Isaac Newton’s law to me, he said that I was traveling thirty-four miles a second when I was nearest the sun, and that I had turned round and was headed for the regions whence I had come. He said I would travel out into space some three billion miles, my gait slowing down as I journeyed, and that when I got ready to make the turn to come back I would be loafing along at the celestial snail’s pace of a mile a second. | PREDICTED N75. YPARS AH EAD “Furthermore, he figured out my mass and many other details about me. Then he said that if he was right I would come back in about seventy-six years, the exact month of my coming depending on how much influence Jupiter and other planets would have upon me, which he had not had time to calculate. “T knew that he had fathomed my mystery and solved my secret. But the people of the earth did not. They said: ‘Ch, yes, Halley is a cheap-John notori- ety-seeker. He is trying to get fame by a prediction that will attract attention, but he postpones the date of the comet’s reappearance to a time when he is dead and his forecast forgotten!’ “But Halley “stood pat’ and called on an impartial posterity to witness that it 154 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph from Yerkes Observatory A COME! WHICH LOST ITS TAIL AS IT FLEW AWAY—A SORT OF TADPROLDETOE THE HEAVENS Before the time of Halley the visitations of comets were looked forward to with dread. So ephemeral are most of them, however, that Barnard has observed a central passage of one of them over a star of the ninth magnitude, yet the star remained distinct and seemed to be floating through the comet instead of the latter's passing before it. was an Englishman who had first pre- dicted. the, Tetra Or, 2 comet youre enough, in the language of the street, ‘he had my number.’ With less proportion- ate departure from his schedule than the Congressional Limited makes in its Washington-New York run, I reap- peared, having traveled some seven bil- lion miles in the interim. So I have to admit that Halley must have known what he was talking about.” SIRIUS, KING OF THE STARRY EMPIRE, TESTIFIES The next witness is a star—Sirius by name. His evidence may be somewhat self-incriminating, but perhaps it is even more valuable therefor. It makes the seven billion miles that Halley’s comet travels between its earthly visits seem only a morning constitutional. his testimony: Here’s “For tntold -centuries 1 had been shining down upon the sons of men with my bluish-white light. I was the king of kings of the starry empire, ruling my own: constellation, Canis Afajor, and at the same time excelling all of the omer stars in the heavens for brightness. I am third among fixed stars—that is, those outside the solar system—in nearness to the earth, but I was to men only a star and nothing more. They called me the ‘Dog Star’ and said my constellation was one of the hounds of Orion. “But one day that man they call Ed- mund Halley got to studying my habits. [le made a series of notations in the year 1718 to the effect that 1 wasemen behaving as fixed stars are supposed to deport themselves, drawing attention to the fact that I frequently changed my position on the path I was traveling. He hinted that it might be that I was departing from the straight and narrow BXPLORING THE GLORIES OF THE FIRMAMENT N55) Photograph from Yerkes Observatory THE MOON AT EIGHTEEN DAYS OLD By measuring the length of their shadows, astronomers have been able to determine the height of the mountains of the moon. diameters of 125 miles. way, though he made no charges that such was the case. “More than a century later another astronomer came along—Bessel was his name—and he undertook to interpret my behavior. Although I was forty-seven trillion miles away from him, he and his pupil, Peters, pronounced me a ‘gay dog,’ with an affinity they could not see, though only because they lacked tele- scopes powerful enough. They said my affinity and I were coming in the sun’s direction, overtaking that luminary at the rate of nearly six miles a second, and that we traveled around a common Mount Newton is 24,000 feet high, and there are twenty-eight that are more than three miles high. There are volcanoes on the moon with center of gravity once every 48.8 years. “Another half century passed, and meanwhile telescopes were undergoing improvement. The circumstantial evi- dence against me was mighty strong, but still no one had yet seen my affinity, and I felt pretty safe. ‘Then came along that eifted optician, Alvan G. Clark. He was adjusting what is now the Dearborn Ob- servatory telescope. When he trained that instrument on me, I saw that the jig was up with my secret. My affinity her- self. was seen, and I have to admit that Bessel and Peters knew what they were talking about.” . ‘3 "(ZQI pue ogi Ssased 4xo} 998) AynoyIp JnoyM ada1d-a49 9y1 01 193 sfemye Ue JOATOSqO 94} Jey} OS ‘patoMOT PU PosteI oq UBD SWIOP 9Y} JO IOOH oy, “Worljytsod oy} JoAajzeyM ‘adoosaya} 24} JO pus pieMAYs dy} JOAO Sutuado JoynYys oY} SULSUIIG siy}-‘poaToOAoI oq UL fF VY} OS PojONIJSUOS ST 4YSII OY} Je OWOP SIq OYJ, ‘s}UsWNIJSUT SuTyoIeas-sudAvaY JOYyJO AUR pUe IOI ased U0 UMOYS BdOdSoTO} SUNIVIZOI SIq oY} SOSNOY 3] “P[JOM IY} UI JsoUTZ OY} JO QUO ST ‘UISUODSIAA ‘AVG SUILITTIAA Je ‘ATOJCAIISYG SeyxIOR sy] e. AdOOSATAL ONILOVUTAA TSHLVadD S GTYOM AHL JO AWOH FHL AiO AIOSGO SeytaA wos1z ydess80j0yg i woe —— eee eeEEEeEeEeEeEeEeeEeEeEeEeEeEEeEeEeEeEeeEeEeEeEeEeEeEEE eee = - = _ 150 EXPLORING THE GLORIES OF THE FIRMAMENT The next witness is a planet, Neptune (see pages 167 and 168). NE PRUNE LEE ES) EES) SLORY “Tf you please, sir, I long flattered my- self with the thought that I was an uncle that you Earth-ites never knew you had. I am an elder brother of Mother Earth, though for ages and ages she and her chil- dren never suspected my existence. “But back in the ‘forties’ of the nine- teenth century my brother Uranus over- took me in our Marathon around the sun. ‘Though our track is a billion miles wide and he has the rail, yet whenever he passes me I fret him so much that he gets a case of ‘nerves.’ “Twwo astronomers, Adams of England and Leverrier of France, each working without knowing that the other was en- gaged on the same problem, undertook to diagnose my brother’s case of nerves and to explain his perturbations. Each finally reached the conclusion that the trouble was caused by me, as yet an un- discovered planet. “They figured that I, though undis- covered, must be nearly a billion miles farther out in space than Uranus; that I must be eighty-five times as big and sixteen times as heavy as the earth. They also calculated that I must have a year twice as long as that of Uranus and 165 times as long as the earth’s. “They said that the perturbations of Uranus were due to the fact that every now and then he got between the sun and this hypothetical me, and that the rival pulls of the sun and myself upon him were responsible for his nervous- ness. And then they, in effect, made a most audacious prophecy. ‘They said that if they were right about it I would put in my appearance at a certain hour, Gea certain day, in a certain spot of the heavens, to answer whether their conclusions were right or not. “And, sure enough, I was right there, Johnny-on-the-spot, exactly on schedule time and in my assigned position. I am quite ready to testify, therefore, that a man who can project his mind nearly three billion miles into space and recog- nize my unseen presence by the effect 157 I have on my brother comes pretty near to knowing what he is talking about.” Our next witness as to the credibility of astronomers is a ray of light. We will hear its story: pucsowietimayray or lent. ‘Once men thought I was instantaneous. They tried by various devices and expedients to ascertain whether I was or not. But by no experiment they could make were they able to discover that it required any interval of time for me to pass from one place to another. “However, a man by the name of Roemer finally found that an eclipse of Jupiter's moons seemed to occur about sixteen minutes later when the earth was on the side of the sun away from Jupi- ter than when on the side nearest that planet. “He concluded that this was not be- cause the moons were behind time, but because it took me sixteen minutes longer to come to the earth when crossing its orbit than when not having this extra distance to travel. Here was evidence that I was not instantaneous and indi- cations that I travel at the rate of about eleven million miles a minute. “But these astronomers were not sat- ished with that deduction or the tests that followed. Finally Dr. Simon New- comb and his associate, the talented Pro- fessor Michelson, decided to put me to a test I could not dodge. DEVISING SPEEDOMETER FOR LIGHT “They erected a great revolving mir- ror in the grounds at Fort Myer, over- looking the Washington Monument, 2% miles away. At the latter’s base they set up a stationary mirror. ‘Then they turned the revolving mirror at the rate of 250 revolutions a second, which sent me hurtling through space toward the fixed reflector. It caught me and hurled me back as though it were a tennis player and I the ball. If on returning I should reach the identical spot on the revolving mirror from which I had departed, they would know that I was instantaneous. “On the other hand, if I did not come back to that identical spot, they could conclude that it took me some time to make the trip—the time represented by 158 the interval required for the revolving mirror to move the distance between the spot of my departure and that of my return. They found, by noting the di- rection I was hurled. after returning, that the mirror had. turned 2% degrees between my going and coming, which, at 250 revolutions per second, amounted to. 1/40000th “ot a second. 1 had trayv- eled 4% miles in that time. So they knew that my velocity is 186,330 miles per second— seven times around the world before you can say ‘Jack Robin- son’! Thus was Roemer’s deduction conclusively sustained. “Then other men invented a wonderful instrument called the spectroscope which forces me to write my life story on a photographic plate (see page 162). By this means they can tell whether I origi- nated in an incandescent gas or from. a solid body; whether or not I came through a cool gas in leaving the star that started me; and, 1f, so, whether that gas was under pressure or free. “Now every message | bring, whether from ‘the nearest plamet; the farthest star, or the remotest nebula, can be de- coded and read. “In the words of Abbot, the message may be faint and hard to read, but it tells of. the materials of which the stars are made, their temperature, their velocity, their brightness, their distance, etc.” A WIRELESS WAVE WITNESS The last witness to the credibility of the astronomer is the electromagnetic wave. It deposes as follows: “Yes, I take my hat off to these astron- omers. After that canny Roemer proved that light 1s not instantaneous, another eminent scientist undertook to find out what it really consists of. By purely mathematical processes, this Mr. Clerk- Maxwell came to the conclusion that light is a matter of waves, some of them inap- preciably short and others tremendously long; many too short to be seen and some too long. “I knew he was getting close to my secret, for I am a long wave, sometimes many miles long, whereas the X-rays are often less than the billionth of an inch in length. ‘Then came another man, Hertz by name. He placed a great sheet of THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE metal against the wall of a, room and sent me toward it. I was reflected like sound by a sounding-board. ‘There were two points in the room where the spark would not jump the gap. ‘They were half a wave-length distant from one an- other. He was thus not only able to de- tect me, but to measure my length and my velocity. eiven Branley found how to make an extremely sensitive detector which would catch me. Sir Oliver Lodge developed this into a coherer and employed it in signaling. Wireless telegraphy followed apace, and every boy who has a wireless set uses me because these astronomers, mathematicians, and physicists calculated, detected, and harnessed me.’ Thus endeth the testimony, which Lelie be added to, corroborated, and reinforced a thousand fold. A PENETRATING EYE A visit to an astronomical observatory and a study there of two or three of the instruments with which the astronomer works gives some clue to the secret of the vastness of his power, as compared with the layman’s, in penetrating the mysteries of space. Of course, the first thing that claims our attention is the big equatorial tele- scope, which multiplies the power of the astronomer’s eye as much, perhaps, as a locomotive throttle multiplies the power OT all engineer's arm. It 46) auemmei: from the jong fashioned from a block of ice, with which Metius concentrated the rays of the sun and set fire to a piece of wood, to the great 100-inch reflecting mirror of the new Mount Wilson tele- scope (see pages 164 and 165). The mee of the human eye is about one-fifth of an inch in diameter. It brings to a focus on the retina only so many rays of light as fall within such an area. If it were one inch in diameter and could bring to a focus all the rays entering it, our vision would be twenty- five times as strong: if six inches, and the rays entering could be centered on the retina, we could see an object nine hun- dred times as faint as those visible with the unaided eye. We cannot regulate the size of the pupils of our eyes at will, but we can EXPLORING THE GLORIES OF THE FIRMAMENT 159 Photograph from Lick Observatory HOW THE MOON LOOKS, THROUGH A 36-INCH TRLESCORE A day on the moon is four of our weeks long. tion to the size of the earth as those on the moon, there would weigh only as much as a five-year-old boy here. If our mountains were as high in propor- they would be fifteen miles high; a man Note the size of the sphere in the telescope by extending the arc in the upper left-hand corner into a circle (see page 165). build an artificial pupil that serves the Same purpose. Men call such artificial pupils telescopes. Imagine trying to fill a narrow-necked bottle by catching rain- drops as they fall. Rain falls all around, but only a few drops go into the bottle. Put a wide-mouthed funnel into the neck of the bottle and see how much more water vou catch. The telescope is merely a light funnel, wide-mouthed enough to catch many rays of light and to bring them so close together that they can all enter the pupil of the human eye. Many of these huge instruments have tubes of greater diameter and length than the dimensions of the most powerful gun ever built. ‘They have grown larger and stronger in a way that is startling. In 1861 the 18-inch Dearborn telescope was the biggest in existence. It was when adjusting that instrument that Alvan G. Clark discov ered the elusive companion of gay Sirius (see pages 154 and 155 THE BIG YERKES INSTRUMENT Typical of the big refracting telescopes is the 40-inch equatorial at the Yerkes Ob- servatory. The outstanding impression one gets when studying the surpassing delicacy of its mechanical manipulation is that our knowledge of the infinitely large comes from our mastery of the in- finitely small (see page 161). The big lens of this instrument w eighs a thousand pounds and is carried in the upper end of the six-ton, 62-foot tube, which is 52 inches in diameter at the center. To train this big spyglass on a 160 Hage Oe Or oO” Declination circle SG DIAGRAM SHOWING THE USUAL METHOD OF MOUNTING A. BIG, TELESCOPE The big telescopes are so mounted that the principal axis is on the meridian. and parallel to the axis of the earth. Then, as the earth moves from west to,east, a clock movement carries the barrel of the telescope in the oppo- site direction, so that it always points at the same spot in the sky as long as an observation is being made. The other—or declination axis—is at right angles to that of the earth, and is used to train the instrument on the path of the star under observation. star and keep it there requires that it be mounted on two bearings, one at right angle to the other. To understand the function of these two bearings, imagine yourself on a merry-go-round, looking through a spy- glass at a house away off in the distance. In order to keep the house in the field of vision, you would have to move the big end of the glass backward as you traveled forward. The earth is the merry-go-round and the star is the house in the distance. So there has to be one bearing that will permit the line of vision in the tele- scope to move backward just as fast as the earth moves forward. Our terres- trial merry-go-round is rotating at the rate of about 1,040 miles an hour at the THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Equator, but the sun and the stars are so distant that we seem to pass them very slowly, though their speed as well as their brightness is magnified in the telescope. To keep the telescope moving back- ward as the earth flies forward is at once a very big and extremely delicate task. Imagine swinging a huge instrument 64 feet long and weighing, with its movable parts, 22 tons, through the air with such nicety of poise that the spider thread in the eyepiece, which is 1/6000 of an inch in diameter, is kept constantly cutting in two a star image that is 1/2500 inch in diameter. Yet that is what is done at the Yerkes Observatory with the big telescope. In the case of the Mount Wilson 1oo-inch reflector, the parts to be moved weigh 100 tons. In all the instruments the move- ment is made by a huge clockwork that carries the big barrel as steadily as ever an hour-hand of a full-jeweled watch was driven by its mechanism. “SHOOTING THE STARS But if we imagine ourselves in the merry-go-reund and looking at the house in the distance through a spyglass, we not only have to turn it backward as we move forward in order to keep the house in view, but we cannot see it at all if the glass be pointed too high or too low. However, when we get our spyglass at the proper elevation we do not have to raise or lower it thereafter. So also with the big telescope. The astronomer has to put it in the nightly path of the star across the sky before he can follow it in its journey. To do this requires a second bearing, or axle. The observer consults his star tables to see exactly how far above the Pole the star’s path is. He then moves the lever of an electric motor, and the great tube begins to rise until it is trained on that path. A big graduated circle, distinctly marked and numbered, tells the approxi- mate position. For the exact position, it is adjusted with a slow motion, the ad- justment being determined by a very fine circle, the marks on which are read through microscopes. The astronomer now consults his star tables again and finds the star’s position Photograph from Yerkes Observatory THE LARGEST REFRACTING INSTRUMENT IN THE WORLD: THE YERKES 40-INCH TELESCOPE ful as the human optic. A human eye to be as powerful as it is would have to b e 25 feet in diameter, and the man who could possess such an eye would have to be 1,200 feet high also page 158). 161 162 in its apparent nightly path at that mo- ment. He pulls a switch, and the big instrument sweeps along the star’s well- beaten track until its approximate posi- tion is reached. The slow motion is brought into play, and the big barrel swings directly on the star, which the clockwork, in turn, causes the telescope to follow as: it. jounueys “across “tne heavens. Suppose that with your merry-go- round spyglass you should have two spider threads crossing one another at right angles, and that the house you were looking at was a mile away; and then suppose that the glass was so pow- erful that you could see the head of a nail at that distance; and then ftirther suppose that you kept the intersection of the two spider threads trained on that nailthead Then you, hayeva fair measure of the delicacy of the adjust- ments of the Naval Observatory, Yerkes, and Mount Wiailson telescopes. Formerly the floor of the observatory was stationary, on a level so low™=that when the instrument was pointed at the zenith a man sitting in an ordinary chair could look into the eyepiece: but when looking at a star nearer the horizon the observer had to climb up a glorified step- ladder twenty or thirty feet high and observe his star from such an unstable perch. Now, however, the floors of modern observatories can be raised and lowered like an elevator. The domes are made to revolve, so as to bring the shutter- opening over the object end of the tele- scope (see page 161). TAKING PICTURES OF DISTANT WORLDS Many of the star observations are not made with the eye. A majority of them are made with a photographic attach- ment. Often a photographic plate on the big telescope will record in minutes what would require days to work out with eye observations. At the Mount Wilson Observatory some photographs are taken that have to be exposed for four nights. Think of the wonderful perfection of a driving clock that makes possible four all-night exposures of a given group of THE. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE stars, no adjustment being required for speed, but the photographer having to keep a constant watch for such changes as the quality of the air, so as to adjust the instrument to meet them! Powerful as the big telescopes are, they have their limitations. An instru- ment that magnifies six thousand diame- ters might be employed, theoretically, in low-altitude work. Stich) ayteleseape would bring the moon to a distance of only forty miles. ATMOSPHERE LIMITS THE TELESCOPE But the power that would bring the moon so close, except on high mountains, would also magnify greatly the tendency of the air to obstruct our sight; and, as the late Dr. Simon Newcomb once said, the moon might be brought that close, but our view of it would be as though we were looking at it through a tiny pinhole and several. yards on miami water. Under such a view the whole at mosphere would look like the air over a hot automobile engine or above a stove— full of heat waves. It is those waves that cause the fixed stars to twinkle. The observatories on mountains and high plains get rid of so many atmos- pheric difficulties that it is possible to magnify one hundred diameters for each inch of diameter of the minmons aie big 100-inch reflector on Mount Wilson therefore has a magnifying power of ten thousand diameters. In other words, an object two miles distant would appear as big as if it were only 12% inches in front of the unaided eye. The big mirror will gather-in a quarter of a million times as many rays as the pupil of the eye receives unaided. But next to the big equatorial telé scope in an observatory the spectroscope claims chief interest. A wonderfully versatile instrument it is in applying the third degree to light. Light is composed of waves of an infinite variety of lengths. The shortest wave-length the eye can see is 1/70000 of an inch long and the long- est is I1/40000; yet the Annapolis Wire- - less Station makes use of wireless waves more than ten miles long, and the Bureau of Standards employs X-rays a billionth of an inch short (see also page 158). EXPLORING THE CLORIES OF THE FIRMAMENT ] — Nae Photograph from the Mount Wilson Observatory TERRIFIC EXPLOSIONS -ON TA SUN Think of eruptions so powerful that they hurl streams of gas farther from the sun than the moon is from the earth, with a velocity frequently of a hundred miles a second and some- times of two hundred. They leap up in great jets and flames, often changing their appearance greatly in a quarter of an hour. The highest “prominence” here depicted reaches about ninety thousand miles into space (see page 164). The spectroscope takes the visible rays and their closest neighbors above and be- low—the ultra-violet and the infra-red— tears them into shreds, and assorts them according to their wave-lengths with as much certainty as a banker assorts the different denominations of his money. It not only analyzes the light that comes irom the sun and the stars, but lights that come from all the earthly elements. It tells with equal fidelity whether a red par- ticle is dried blood or colored paste, or whether a ray of light came from iron or from soda. It once revealed new lines in an European mineral water. Forty tons of the water had to be evaporated to get two teaspoonfuls of the element, but the spectroscope had detected its presence. In our childhood days we all recited the stanza, “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” : but we no longer need to “wonder what you are’; for now, as one authority tells us, “Unto the midnight sky we the spec- troscope apply.” A photograph of the sun through some of the more powerful spectroscopes shows several million of the telltale lines. So- dium has only two, calcium has seventy- five, and iron has more than two thou- sand. Thirty-nine of the common ele- ments in the earth show lines that have perfect matches in position, arrangement, and character in the sun. TLOW TORN There are three classes of spectro- scopes: In the one type the light is broken up by being passed through prisms; in the second class the light ray is torn apart by the lines of a diffraction grating through the same process that gives the opal its color; in the third kind the light is separated by being passed through a “stairsteps’ of optical glass. The telescope has proved that the same laws of mathematics and mechanics that govern the fall of an apple, the dropping of a tear, or the rise of steam from a tea- EGE SES APART 164 THEN California, will bring a hundred million new stars into the ken of man. masses of gas or are they other universes in the great sea of infinity? NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph from Press Illustration Service “oN ETR SUPREME COURT OF ‘tHE HEAVENS” This hundred-inch mirror, which has just been installed at Mount Wilson Observatory, Are the nebulz Are the dark spots known as “coal sacks” holes in the heavens through which astronomers can peer into starless space, or are they biack masses of gas curtaining off from our view worlds beyond them? Scores of such questions have arisen and are to be’submitted to this wonderful mirror for answerl, kettle apply as well to the sun of the day and to the stars of the night. But the spectroscope proves that the chemistry of coal-stove and test-tube is also the chemistry of sun and star. With it man went 93,000,000 miles away to find the helium that is in the very air we breathe and that soon will give buoyancy to the dirigible airships of our navy.” FIERY FLAMES LEAPING INTO SPACE It is thirty years since solar promi- nences, those fiery flames that shoot out from the sun to distances greater than that from the earth to the moon, were first discovered. Formerly they could be observed only during the few minutes of New Balloon Gas,” in GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE for May, *See “Helitm—the the NATIONAL IOTO. total eclipses of the sun, and it was pos- sible to study them for only fifteen min- utes in a quarter of a century. Then Professor Huggins found that by screen- ing off the disk of the sun and widening the slit of the spectroscope we may see these prominences at any time. With the spectroheliograph it is pos- sible to get pictures of the sun and these prominences in the light of a single sub- stance, so that the astronomer is now able to study them any bright day. ‘Think of explosions so powerful that they hurl material three hundred thousand miles into space with a velocity of two hundred miles a second! (see page 163). Not only does the spectroscope tell us of the materials of which the sun and the stars are composed, but it also tells us whether a star is headed toward us or EXPLORING THE GLORIES OF THE FIRMAMENT SSS 165 TRANSPORTING THE PRICELESS HUNDRED-INCH MIRROR FROM PASADENA TO MOUNT WILSON (SEE PAGE 164) The motor truck carrying this treasure of the astronomical world up the great mountain was geared down to four miles an hour. away from us, 1s coming or going, and how fast. Did you ever notice, in traveling, when meeting a train on a double-tracked rail- road, how much higher the pitch of the bell is as it comes toward you than when going from you? More sound-waves reach your ears as the train comes toward you than as it goes from you. The same is true with the light-waves in the spectro- scope. If the star is coming toward us, the lines shift toward the violet or higher pitch ; if receding, toward the red. And these shifts are always proportional to the speed of the star; so that not only the coming and the going are recorded, but the velocity as well. THE PATIENCE OF ASTRONOMERS The patience with which astronomers make their studies in their unrelenting pursuit after truth is unsurpassed in any field of human inquiry. At the Naval Observatory in Washington computations based on a single series of observations have been in progress for a period of nineteen years, but are not yet completed. The results of the various expeditions that observed one of the transits of Venus were for half a century under cal- culation and comparison. A single investigation of the inequali- ties of the changes of the moon required g,000 hours of hard calculations by a trained mathematician. There were 13,000 multiplications of series, contain- ing some 400,000 separate products. The whole computation required the writing of nearly five million digits and plus and minus signs. And even then the author felt that much remained to be done be- fore he could construct the tables he had undertaken to make. OUR STUPENDOUS INSIGNIFICANCE Before starting out to explore the heavens and to make a biographical sur- vey of its more prominent folk, one here might well revert to that old, old ques- tion: “What is the good of it all?” Are (OO oud 90S) UMO INO UvY} J1981v] 10 I51L] Sv SW9}SAS IVTOS J9YyIO FO SuOTTIU 9 ALU OLY} JVY} Yury 0} Surzvure SEQ] “Ajottuo avoddesip prnom Aoyy SUGIO Ifa} 1OF posh savy aM ayes oy} OF Woy} Pehpet om ft “peepuy “(ogr eased 20s) ozis UL PIIVIIGSENXI YOU UMVIP doy 91v Sjouryd oy, “SUIMvApP & UT sapo.1d WOT ITQeYSIMsursip oq OF ATpavy sv poyesuoja aI] OS ov Sosdif]o oy} ‘Peondyypo o4v sprqao osoyy MTU AA “SOZIS DANVJOI troy} UL UMOYS d.1v sjouLd ay} FO SUC1O OUT, NOS Wl GNOOYV SMINWId GNV ‘NOOIV TWMIUV GL MIL, lO “S1aNO. wo SHUUVd WIL fO NOLLVALSO’TI NV proystung "Tf yoqiy Aq ume skep J6ZQ A2Y pig ‘puozaes yad Sa/IW EZ 62 UND WOU Saji OOG‘096'SE :AINIIayW SAep OL b2Z 424 PIG ‘puozas sad soyils 52/2 UNG WQ4 Sil OO9'SE/'Z9 :Snuay SACP S2'S9E Aae PIS “puoras ued Saylw $'9/ UNG WOLf SILI '9/% ‘ZEQ'ZE6 :YzIeF SACP 89 424 PIS *puozas 4ad SOW OG '+/ “UNG WOOLY Safi OOL 945 '14/ Suey ~~ gp10ua7s J suvakgg| ay PIS FT ung Wouf Sap? 000 4 as vad sazlWl 22% — sueatpg “ey pig “Puc? 7 snuein $0 1g40 ung wou sai 009'26L'282 surah gg/ uolnjoOAay JBaLapIG ~Ppuodes dad sajiu ZE°E — _ ung Woy Sanu OOI'SSPEEL eS GUNZCAN JO 79 166 EXPLORING THE GLORIES OF THE FIRMAMENT Gi the fruits of astronomy worth all the labor and thought expended on it? The thoughtful man, realizing how vastly it enlarges his appreciation of the great First Cause, how wonderfully it teaches us the stupendous smallness of our place in the universe, finds it both good and profitable. But even to the man who-looks for direct physical benefits and every-day good, its worth will appear. Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude depend upon it, time signals are born of it, safe navigation at sea were impossi- ble without it. State and national boun- Gemies are often fixed by it. Yet the indirect benefits excel, if that my De, tne direct ones. When Roemer discovered the velocity of light, little did he suppose that the interpretation of his discovery would lead to wireless com- munication. It is interesting to have a look at our -own earth in its relation to the worlds that people the sky. When a mighty storm sweeps over the ocean, when a great war devastates a continent, when a Katmai blows off her head, when an earthquake destroys a populous city, men stand overwhelmed and awed at the spec- tacle ! But how little and insignificant are such forces, measured by the majestic might of the earth as it sweeps on its course around the sun! An eminent physicist has estimated that the power developed by a million Niag- aras in a million years would not equal the energy expended by the earth in a single second as it circles round the sun. And yet so perfect is the mechanism that, flying around its axis at an equa- torial speed of more than a thousand miles an hour, and around its orbit at more than eleven hundred miles a min- ute, all the mundane influences of which astronomers know could not change the length of its day as much as a second in a hundred thousand years. : WHERE THE KARTH BECOMES A DROP IN A RESERVOIR But as soon as one looks out into space with the eye of the astronomer, there comes the discovery that in all its seem- ing greatness the earth is so small that even a telescope ten thousand times as powerful as the strongest instrument now in existence would not reveal it to an astronomer on any fixed star. Compared even with the sun, our planet’s insignificance becomes evident. More than 1,300,000 spheres like ours would be needed to make a bulk equal to that of a single sun (see pages 166, 180). Perhaps our most graphic picture of the solar system is given by Herschel. Imagine a circular field two and a half miles in diameter; place a library globe two feet in diameter in the very: center: eighty-two feet away put a mustard seed. The globe will represent the sun and the mustard seed Mercury. Pub @, CISIZMCE Ol 112 TEE DIAS 2 prea: and another at 215 feet. These will rep- - resent Venus and the earth, both as to size and distance. A rather large pin- head at a distance of 327 feet will speak for Mars, and a fair-sized tangerine a quarter of a mile distant will stand for Jupiter. A small lemon at two-fifths of a mile wills play the role of Saturn, a large cherry three-fourths of a mile will answer for Uranus, and a fair-sized plum at the very edge of the ie will ane Neptune (see pages wls7, aloo): SIGE D-SEEING, tk SOLAR SYSTEM. In our celestial tour there is time for only a passing reference to the moon and the planets. Eighty moons would be required to make one earth. A player there could throw a ball six times as iameas i cam be thrown on American diamonds. A man weighing 150 pounds there would weigh goo on the earth. The earth receives as much light and heat from the sun in thirteen seconds as it gets from the moon in a whole year. Mercury is almost the “unseen planet.” Being very close to the sun, it is nearly always engulfed in the rays of the dawn or overwhelmed in the haze of twilight, and thus rarely gets a chance to shine out. At some stages of its journey ings Mercury almost breaks the solar system’s speed limit, dashing wildly along at a pace of more than two thousand miles a minute. 168 Venus was an unusually interesting ob- ject in the sky during July of this year. Not again until February, 1921, will it appear as bright and fair in the evening sky. It has phases like the moon, and these can be seen even through a good field-glass. Its day is believed to be the same length as its year, which is 224 of our days. WILL A STAR FORETELL, OUR WEATHER? Mars always challenges interest. Its day is about the same length as ours, but its year is nearly twice as long. Al though astronomers generally take less interest than laymen in the surmise as to whether other planets, and stars are in- habited, since they, more than laymen, realize that this is a problem that must in all human probability remain un- solved, the question is more often asked about Mars than any other planet. It is quite generally believed that Mars has ice-capped poles. The telescope re- veals white spots at the poles that have every appearance of being like our ocean Polar region. ‘They advance toward the Equator in winter and retreat in sum- mer. In the summer of 1916, Pickering, who, with Lowell, has led the school of astronomers who believe they can see canals on Mars, said that he found the white caps stretching farther down to- ward the Equator than he had ever seen them before. He said that if there was any connec- tion between the weather of Mars and that of the earth, the winter of 1916-17 would be the coldest in many years. And it was. May it yet be possible to do long-range weather forecasting on the earth by studying the waxing and the waning of the ice-cap on the South Pole of Mars? Swinging around the sun at a distance five times as remote as that which sepa- rates the earth from the source of its light, having a year nearly twelve times as long as ours and a day less than half as long,Jupiter is as much bigger than the earth as a tangerine is larger than a pea. Ile has nine satellites, seven of them re- volving around him in one direction, the other two pursuing an opposite course. Saturn, with its wonderful rings, is one of the finest objects in all the skies THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE through a telescope of even moderate size. Uranus is barely visible to the naked eye, while Neptune (see page 157) can be seen only with a telescope. ‘Whether studied as the head of the planetary family to which the earth be- longs, or whether as an average member of the great household of suns that dwell in the distant skies, Old Sol has many thrills for the student. To the inhabitants of the earth the fact that he shines is the most important phys- ical consideration in life. From him we derive warmth, light, and power; without him the oceans and even the air itself would freeze; and, of course, under such conditions, life would be impossible. TIES THAT BIND With what firm ties he holds his family together well-nigh defies the imagination. Prof. Charles G. Abbot estimates that a steel column five hundred miles thick would be required to keep Neptune in its path around the stm wi the Mereemonr gravity were removed. Sir Oliver Lodge has estimated that the pull between the components of the double star Beta Au- rigze is twenty million times as great as the force that keeps the earth in its path. Prof. F. R. Moulton says that the heat that reaches us from the sun amounts to more than two trillion horsepower, in spite of the fact that two billion horse- power goes off into space for every single horsepower that comes to the earth itself. While the stars appear to us about as much like the sun as the fipentesmotesa summer night, yet the patient investiga- tions of astronomers show not only that the sun is a star, but that it is by no means either the largest or the brightest of the celestial family. Assured that it is a star and know- ing that the next. nearest one is tiyee hundred thousand times as far away, astronomers addressed themselves to the task of learning about the other stars by studying our own. ‘They found that there are some like it, giving’ oieaie same kind of light, though most of them send us, through the spectroscope, mes- sages that tell quite different stories. With the fundamental facts about the sun in hand, most astronomers are now engaged on star studies. A photographic EXPLORING THE GLORIES OF THE FIRMAMENT 169 Photograph from Mount Wilson Observatory THE NEBULA IN COMA BERENCIS A little poleward from a line drawn between Regulus and Arcturus is the constellation Coma Berencis (see the chart on page 170). The nebula shown here is a part of it, and is thought to be so far away that a light ray leaving it today will not arrivé on the earth for thirty thousand years. It is the fastest-moving object yet discovered in the heavens. Travel- ing at the speed it is going in its headlong flight through space, we could go around the earth in One minute. chart of the whole sky is being prepared by the observatories of the world. This chart requires the taking of 22,000 photo- graphs, each covering four square de- grees of sky (see page 178). MAPPING A UNIVERSE Each photograph has in it several stars whose positions have been fixed by direct observation. From them the position of every other star shown on the plate can be fixed by measuring, with a machine employing high-power microscopes, their exact. places in the photograph. The completion of this work will record the position of at least eight million stars. When we consider the solar system— with its great sun, its eight planets and their twenty-seven moons, and its eight hundred asteroids—as occupying an area whose diameter is nearly six billion miles (some six million times as far as from New York to Chicago), it is amazing to think that there may be millions of other solar systems as large or larger than our own, comparatively close to us as star distances go, though so remote that their planets could not be seen by the astrono- mers of the earth, even with telescopes as much more powerful than the biggest ones now in use are stronger than the naked eye. THE ACME OF ISOLATION So careful an astronomer as Agnes M. Clerke tells us that a skiff in a vast, unfurrowed ocean could not be more ut- terly alone than is our solar system in its little corner of the universe. She continues : “Yet the sun is no isolated body. To each individual of the unnumbered stars strewing the firmament, down to the faintest speck of light, it stands in some kind of relationship. ‘Together they master its destiny and control its movements. Independent so far as its domestic affairs are concerned, it is 170 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE YOH ,NYFH noz\ T ; ] I ne eee ieee NORTH LATITUDE 6TH 5 he Jucy 307 Il PM SUMMER TIME Aue. IST J0 pm i a0 Aus. 2974 9 pm ss oD Sept. 147 8 pm w WD ::# DOUBLE, TRIPLE AND QUADRUPLE STARS o CLUSTERS AND NEBULAE Drawn by Albert H. Bumstead, @ National Geographic Society A CHART OF THE HEAVENS AS THEY WILL APPEAR TO RESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTHERN CANADA AUGUST I5 AT 10 P. M., AUGUST 22 AT 9.30 P, M., AUGUST 29 AT 9 P. M., AND SEPTEMBER 5 AT 8.30 P. M. The lines on this chart corresponding to meridians are separated from each other by the distance the stars appear to move across the sky in one hour. ‘The lines corresponding to parallels show the direction of the stars’ paths from the time they rise to the time they set. By remembering that the stars within the space bounded by two meridian lines sink into the western horizon every hour, and that a corresponding stretch of new sky arises out of the eastern sky in the same time, the major portion of the chart will be usable hours after the time named. This, of course, does not apply to stars near the North Pole, like the Great Dipper. They never set—the daylight merely puts them to sleep. Do you belong to that innumerable throng who have never made personal friends of the stars? If so, you are missing one of the easiest and most delightful diversions of evenings in the open. The first formality is to meet the Great Dipper, which might be called the supreme announcer. Its pointers, Merak and Dubuhue, will then escort you over to Polaris, king of celestial directions. All the roads of heaven lead to his throne and all the highways of earth are oriented with reference to his position (see pages 173-179). WESTERNY HORIZON EXPLORING THE GLORIES OF THE FIRMAMENT Al Drawn by Albert H. Bumstead, © National Geographic Society A PICTURE MAP OF THE HEAVENS, CORRESPONDING TO THE CHART OF THE STARS PRINTED ON THE OPPOSITE PAGE The center of this map, with the bright star Vega outstanding, represents the part of the sky directly overhead, and the circu m ference represents the einen On account of the absorption of light by the atmosphere, the stars near the horizon are rarely visible, and then only the brightest ones. The map, however, is complete down to the horizon. The map is made for latitude 40, but is approximately correct in other latitudes within the United States and southern Canada. To locate a star or a constellation in the heavens, first find it by name on the chart on the opposite page. You can then easily transfer your eye to the same spot on this page After forming a mental picture, face that section of the horizon which is nearest the object and hold the map, so that the corresponding section of it is at the bottom. ‘Then run your eye up from the horizon until you find the star or group that corresponds to the picture. Vega will interest you greatly. Old Sol is carrying us, and indeed his whole Pauli: in a headlong flight toward her, at a gait of more than 700 miles a minute (see page 172). The stars that mark the handle of the Great Dipper will take you on their sweeping curve to Arcturus, a sun so bright that it outshines ours, as a flashlight outshines a lightning- bug, yet so distant that it seems only a point of light to us. From constellation to constella- tion you can go, tcl ig acquaintances that will give you the friendship of the royal hosts of heaven all through the years (see page 176). LZ: THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph from Yerkes Observatory ONE OF THE SPIRAL NEBULAS This wonderful mass of whirling matter is at about the center of a circle that would be made by the continuation of the are which forms the curve of the handle of the Big Dipper. One of the same type—the great Andromeda Nebula—is said to be approaching the earth at the wonderful speed of 12,000 miles a minute. Astronomers generally hold that of such whirling masses as these are worlds created (see page 177). bound up, as a star, to the other stars by influences reaching across the uwun- imaginable void that separates them.” A TERRIFYING PACE Spectroscopic studies and sky observa- tion alike tell us that our sun and his family are all headed in a great migra- tion across the sky toward a point be- tween the constellations of Hercules and Lyra (see picture, page 177). The speed with which we are travel- ing in that direction is twelve miles a second. ‘The velocity of an artillery shell is around 3,000 feet a second; that of the sun 63,000 feet. An artillery shell with the velocity of the solar system through space would, according to Kup- EXPLORING THE GLORIES OF THE FIRMAMENT Photograph from Yerkes Observatory A VIEW OF A NEBULA IN THE CONSTELLATION TRIANGULUM There are cradles and tombs in the heavens, with mewling infancy, gay youth, settled middle age, mellow advanced years, and lightless death as stages of the journey between them (see text, page I81). pax, penetrate a sheet of steel four city blocks thick. Think how far we travel every year and how complex our journey! In the first place, those of us who live near the Equator cover upward of nine million miles in our flight around the earth's axis. In the second place, in our jour- ney around the sun we travel nearly six hundred million miles. While we are doing all this we are also being car- ried off into new and untried regions of space at the rate of four hundred million miles a year. Is our great family journey through space along a straight road, or is it re- volving around some greater body, even as the earth revolves around the sun and the moon around the earth? ‘The astronomer tells us frankly that if the sun has an orbit its curve as yet defies detection. 174 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph trom Yerkes Observatory A YERKIS PHOTOGRAPH OF SOME OF THE NEBULA IN THE PLEIADES Imagine a drop of water expanded into a sort of supersteam so attenuated that it would fill a globe sixty-two miles in diameter. posed of gases as rare as that. Referring to the picture of the heavens on page 171, and to the map accompany- ing it, let us survey the sky as it will appear at the hours and on the dates given therewith. Of course, the Great Dipper will first claim our attention, as it is the princi- pal “landmark” of the heavens. It will be seen westward from the Pole Star, with its Pointers guiding the eye to Polaris and its handle sweeping in a broad curve toward Arcturus and Spica. THE GREAT DIPPER The star at the bend of the handle of the Great Dipper is known as Mizar. Insignificant though it looks in its small- ness, it radiates more than a hundred times as much light as the sun, and is nearly five million times as far away. It is believed that some of the nebule may be com- Its light has to travel three-quarters of a century to reach the earchugelauiema great triple luminary. The combined mass of two of its members is many times as great as that of our sun; they swing around their common center of gravity every twenty days. Following the line of the Pointers eastward, one’s eye picks up Polaris, the only bright star in its neighborhood. Shining down upon us from a point almost midway between the zenith and the northern horizon in the latitude of Washington, this humble star of the second magnitude tells little of its glory. Yet it is so distant that the light-waves entering the eye as one looks at it today left it forty-five years ago and have been traveling at the rate of more than eleven million miles a minute to reach us. Photograph from Yerkes Observatory A VIEW OF THE GREAT NEBULA IN ORION (SEE PAGES 180-181 ) “The central portion of the Huyghenian region in the nebula of Orion is the opening of a colossal cavern in the primordial stellar floor. The nebula is no longer a flat surface. One peers within cosmic deeps; one looks into a chasm before which all powers of imagination are submerged, and feasts the eye with supernal splendors. It is like looking in at a door and to the rear of a cave, deep within glittering nebulosity. The chasm is the most beautiful object visible to human sight. Pillars, columns, walls, facades, bulwarks, stalactites, and stalagmites are within deeps of deeps. They glow and shine superbly with pearly light.’ 175 176 Not one star, indeed, but three—a triple » sun—is Polaris. Until recently it was supposed to be a double star, but the newer high-power telescopes reveal that the brighter of the two companions has a closer companion of its own. VEGA AND ITS COMPANIONS In the zenith is Vega, the, bluish- white star of the: first maenitude. “that shines down with beautiful ‘brilliancy from the constellation . Lyra, the Harp. f x os 5 ah oe ee ae fe 2. sa Photograph from Yerkes Observatory e of a world that wrote its “image and superscription” imag on the photographic plate (see page 169). is the 1 dot fa by i ee OA Bye et yet every tiny ’ WD 4 < Hy 7) tr (e) on Q =) © i \S) Ww Hy 2) < Hy ee a ty > &. Se, i es b's ible to the naked eye 1S V1S Not a single star in this whole picture EXPLORING THE GLORIES OF THE FIRMAMENT directly south of the brightest star of the group is a little patch of light that can barely be seen. Whether this is a nebula, or whether another universe so immeasurably distant that its light is only a haze, has not been determined. The spectroscope seems to translate its light message as saying that it is composed of solid or liquid material surrounded by cooler gases (see picture, page L72).. Down on the northeastern hori- zon is the constellation Perseus, the Champion. Its brightest star is the center of a twinkling field regarded by many as the finest spectacle in the heavens when viewed through field-glasses. Its second star has been called Algol, the Demon. It varies in magnitude, losing two- thirds of its light between its bright- est moments and its darkest, which follow one another every sixty-odd hours. One might pass by Pegasus, the Winged Horse, with its famous square, in the southeastern heavens; Delphinus, the Dolphin, with its closely grouped stars, lying between Pegasus and Aquila; but away down on the southern horizon, on the very meridian, is a constellation, Sagittarius, the Archer, which rivets the beholder’s attention. It lies in a region full of star-clusters and nebule of great beauty. With the exception of a few minor constellations, this completes the list of the principal people of the sky visible at the hour named. But those who will take the trouble to watch as the months go by will see many others of rare beauty and striking appearance. Aldebaran, a star that is well past mid- dle age, as disclosed by its color, and yet driving toward us at the heart-breaking speed of two thousand miles a minute; Capella, so distant that our sun could barely be seen by us if as remote, but so bright that it outshines our sun as a candle outshines a fire-fly; Rigel, so hot that it would roast us alive if it were to come as close to us as the sun; Betel- guese, Sirius, Procyon, Castor and Pol- lux, Regulus, Spica and Fomalhaut—all Photograph from Yerkes Observatory A RIFT IN THE SKY This picture shows how thickly the constellation of the Swan is peopled with stars. parent abyss in the center? the answer. But why the ap- Astronomers are seeking these are in the heavens of the daytime in late August and therefore not visible at night. : But next March they will be in their glory in the night sky, vying in beauty with the Milky Way. ‘To know them is to add new joy to a walk in the open air on a clear winter’s night. One fain would pass on to ten thou- sand others of the hosts of heaven and to the wonderful stories they can tell The variable stars, like Algol, in which the brighter member of a double star is eclipsed by a darker one at regular pe- riods, are hard to pass by. THE “SPEED MERCHANTS” HEAVENS OF THE So, also, are the “runaway stars” that are speeding through space at gaits that astound the astronomer. In the southern heavens is a runaway called “242 in the fifth hour of right ascension, in the Cor- doba Zone Catalogue.” It is traveling 170 miles a second—eight times as fast as the average star. No. 1830, Groom- bridge, in the Great Bear, has a velocity of perhaps 200 miles a second. At that rate 1t could fly around the earth in a shade more than two minutes. Either the universe is vastly more ex- 180 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ERanUS Saturn Neptune Jupiter ) ° Mercury e Venus 238862 MILES Mars @--—-—------—--—------------------ 5 Earth Moon 0 100 000 200000 300000 = eG ee ee | Statute Miles Drawn by Albert H. Bumstead CHART SHOWING THE RELATIVE SIZE OF THE SUN, MOON, AND MAJOR PLANETS The stupendous size of the sun in comparison with the several members of its planetary family is emphasized by the distance of the moon from the earth as here plotted on the face of the sun. would weigh 2,764 pounds on the sun, 252 pounds on the moon. The differences in their sizes play peculiar tricks of gravity. pounds on Jupiter, 36 pounds on Mars, and 16 Spots on the face of the sun are often six times the diameter of the A hundred pounds earth, and prominences frequently reach so far into space that they would completely envelop our moon if they started from the earth tensive than the most advanced astrono- mer dares think or else these stars will run clear through it and out into God only knows where, unless they shall sooner pass close enough to some bigger star that can tame them. THE MILKY WAY Called the Silver River of Heaven by the Japanese, pronouriced by the ancient mythologists the dust stirred up by Per- seus as he hastened to the rescue of An- dromeda, the Milky Way sweeps in a vast circle around the celestial sphere. Herschel said it might be likened to a great grindstone. It is made up of mil- lions of small stars that cannot be sepa- rated without optical aid. This great star stream, way around the heavens, coursing its in a sweep that (see also page 166). may require as much as two hundred million years for its circuit, seems to have captured the vast majority of the folk of the universe, and is flowing in unending procession onward and on- ward. Here it branches and flows around an island in space; there it is crossed by a bridge of blackness; at another place it is narrow, as though passing through a gorge; and elsewhere it widens out as though flowing through an alluvial valley. Composed of great clusters of multi- tudinous suns, many of the individual members vastly larger than our own, one who looks upon the Milky Way can feel, with Buchanan Read, that the stars that are faintest to us may to diviner vision be the noblest of them all. Nor is it easy to neglect those wonder- ful objects of the sky, the nebulz, those BETWEEN MASSACRES IN VAN wonderful aggregations of gas or micro- scopic dust. Look on a winter’s night at Orion. Between Betelguese and Rigel ~ is his belt, and suspended from this belt his sword. The central star of this sword appears to the naked eye as merely a fuzzy little fellow that might be passed over without thought. THE INUTTERABLE GREATNESS OF THE NEBULA But train a big telescope on it and in- stead you see the most magnificent nebula in the heavens. Its diameter is thought to be twenty million times as great as that of our sun. Even if its density were as much more attenuated than air, as air is lighter than lead, it would still be, ac- cording to figures suggested by Professor Moulton, as much heavier than the sun as the great Pyramid of Cheops is heavier than one-tenth of an avoirdupois grain (see page 175). Of such attenuated material as this are worlds called into being under laws made in the beginning. How many worlds have met, and are meeting, the description, “the earth was without form and void”! And from such new-born worlds, with their blazing white light, of which Rigel is a type, down through the bluish white of which Sirius is a repre- sentative, and then through the yellow, like our sun and Procyon and Arcturus, 181 to the red ones, like 19 Piscum, and again to those that are black and eclipse their brighter neighbors in the variable stars, we run the gamut of star life, with here mewling infancy, there gay youth, else- where sturdy manhood and ripe age. And in the end come dead suns, derelicts in the ocean of space. When the sweet singer of Israel sang that “the heavens declare the glory of God and the firmament sheweth His handiwork,” he had never seen more than five thousand stars. With the lat- est Mount Wilson reflector three hundred million will write themselves upon the photographic plate. IN DAVID’S TIME AND OURS What in David’s time and with the naked eye were only gems to render a sky more beautiful and wondrous for mundane dwellers, are revealed, through such powerful instruments, as worlds and systems, immeasurably distant the one from the other, but each and all actuated by laws so all-pervading that they apply alike to infinitesimal and to infinite, so en- during that they survive all wreck and change, so powerful that all things created are controlled by them, and yet simple enough that with patient endeavor the as- tronomer and the chemist and the physi- cist are learning their principles one by one. BETWEEN MASSACRES IN VAN By Maynarp Owen WILLIAMS HE scene is Van, historic capital of Armenia, whose antiquity is proven by the inscriptions of the conquering kings of many tribes carved in Castle Rock. Tragedy is depicted in each ruined home, but the background is one of strik- ing charm. To the left, or southwest, there lies the majestic line of snow moun- tains which separate Armenia from the Tigris Valley. Before us are the peculiarly lovely waters of the lake of Van, with Nimrud’s cratered peak showing hazily forty miles away. A little to the north, one sees the graceful cone of Sipan, where the ark of Noah first sought rest, only to have this hoary-headed mountain resign its fame to mightier Ararat, still farther north. To the right—a ribbon of dark brown across the snow expanse—there runs the road of the retreats, the way that leads to the Valley of the Shadow of Death. My part has been building barracks out of fire-scarred mud shells, where once choice carpets and silk hangings gave a touch of Oriental luxury to a city of beautiful homes and green gardens, and providing work through which proud women could earn bread. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE PART OF THE BOYISH LOOP VANE: COMPANY OF VOLUNTEERS WHO TRAMPED FROM ARTEMID ARMENIA Through winter snows they came to petition the Armenian Governor for real guns with which to defend their homes. The oldest of these boys was twelve. They were self-trained and set out on their six-mile tramp without the permission or knowledge of their guardians in Artemid., In one huge house carpenters are fash- ioning windows and doors to make more habitable the hovels where the people herd. And tons of matted wool are there being cleaned, carded, and spun for cloth- ing to protect weakened womanhood from piercing cold. American charity is at work where misery is anesthetised by hope for future peace, where barefoot children, trudging through the crunching snow, smile as they swing small blackened pails in which they hope to get some watery soup to soften the black bread on which their lives depend. The Governor and I are closest friends. When he was young he ran an elevator in Boston and learned his English from BETWEEN MASSACRES IN VAN the kindly people mano: he ‘served. Now his is the task of husbanding this pitiful group of Ar- menians until victory cbaliecome to the Allied arms and lib- enge to the land he loves. As we returned one day from our tasks to the modest mud house which was the humble home of gov- ermment, we were confronted by a gro- tesque group of tiny lads whose ages ran from eight to twelve. The Governor sa- luted the small, but dignified, commander gravely and asked: eivinat. can the Governor do for these loyal citizens?” “We have come to exchange these wood- en guns which we have made for real cums) VVe want to protect our country.” mies have great need for all our guns, iiveemen,. said the Governor. ‘We only issue rifles to those who can drill.” The reply was immediate: mvencan drill, sir!” The busy man’s eyes twinkled a little at this delay, but he said: “Tet me see what you can do.” The 12-year-old leader gave a sharp command, and 28 wooden guns, carved from light boards, came to the snowy street with a thud. Up they came again to “present arms,” back to “right shoulder arms,” and then to “charge bayonets.” Not a smile showed on the youthful faces. Then the untanned skin moccasins shuffled back and forth in fours and around to “company front’—just such play at soldiering as makes us smile 183 TWO PRIVATES IN THE ARTEMID ARMY OF SMALL BOYS proudly, but with a little catch at the throat, whenever we see this youthful imitation of a world at war. But most of these small lads had a murdered father or a suicide mother, hounded to her death by Kurdish fiends, as his background. The Governor was deeply moved. “Where are your homes?” he asked, expecting that they came from some near section of the city. “We come from Artemid, sir!” was the challenging reply, mentioning a lake- side village six miles distant on the road to the Turkish lines. The day before there had been a heavy snow and the afternoon shadows were already lengthening. Even a strong man 184 eee: THE COMMANDANT OF VAN, THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE SON OF ONE OF ARMENIA’S POETS, PRESSE NGENG ea WOODEN SWORD TO THE CAPTAIN OF THE GROUP FROM ARTEMID would have difficulty in reaching Artemid that night. So Governor Hambartsoumiantz called in the youthful commandant and myself to a council, which resulted in the issue of an army ration of black bread, tea, and sugar to the boys, while a room was pro- vided for them in the headquarters of the city troops. Still the lads said they would not return to their homes unless they were given guns. Relief work is not a matter of stom- achs alone, but of morale So in the morning my head carpenter set to work on the choicest board we could find, and while he was fashioning it into a blade with all the curves of Saladin’s sword, the boyish company inspected the varied industries which American relief had es- tablished, and each received a pair of heavy woolen socks. Then the lads drew up at attention on the flat mud roof of our premises. There the young commandant, son of one of Armenia’s famous poets, grace- fully presented the 12-year-old captain with a saber, whose wooden fabric could not, conceal the lines which were smil- ingly, yet tearfully, worked into it by the master carpenter, who entered with all his heart into this simple commission of love. “This time we can only give your leader a sword,” said the Governor, who had left an important conference to wish these lads farewell. “But I wish you to keep up your disci- pline and training, for the time may come when we shall need your aid. Hold your command in readiness, Captain, for your country may call on you.’ “We shall be ready, sir!’ said the proud possessor of the new sword. Then he turned to his motley gang: “Right shoulder arms! Column right, march!’ And the volunteer army~ of Artemid started proudly on their long tramp to the village through which, a month later, the Turkish hordes passed on their way to massacre in Van. The thrill you get as the band goes by! - Or hearing the greatest bands on the Victrola How often do you get the chance to hear the mighty brass band of Sousa as it goes swinging past? Once or twice in a lifetime, perhaps. But on the Victrola you can hear it any day—with the same brave inspiration as if the big band was actually marching by. Not only Sousa’s Band, but Pryor’s also. And Conway’s and Vessella’s and the United States Marine Band, the Black Diamonds Band of London, Band of H. M. Coldstream Guards, Garde Republicaine Band of France, Banda de Alabarderos of Madrid—all the best band music of the world. These famous organizations make Victor Records because their leaders consider them the best records in the world. Victors and Victrolas in great variety from $12 to $95 There are Victor dealers everywhere and they will pices play for you any band music you wish to hear. Important Notice. Victor Records and Victor Machines are scientifically coordi- nated and synchronized in the processes of manufacture, and their use, one with the other, is absolutely essential to a perfect reproduction. Victor Talking Machine Co.,Camden, N. J. : PES Ss Sag eS aA NS “HIS MASTERS harap SOUSA “ : GN ae 48 : : - § REC. US. PAT. OFF a and his Band “, : : .. SS “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” re oor Se aS 6 SE) ee Ip oo sith eetuiaveveeerareccosnenenssccectovastrresseranscnavarieent0 2, <2 DOM M Ae \ MO 0 tH |S Su cttunetinefll Ife pa Ores {xn onetime) | ith opty} |) hry D 8 curmmanaeentae TTA h suet it ~ DopGge BROTHERS BUSINESS CAR Dodge Brothers Business Car continues to prove, in actual use, that it is an economical car UMM UDGULTCUCUD TESA CODD AM ATOALUTONIOROCTANCOTLeonAacoNsaCaouLvoDOMLLEBTCOTAGUAADoNCeATNAATD: jamupaunaucruacpeod SS SS Sb EE SS SN SS LY Ce SY SY ae TS cS SY Se STS a> EE Yoweremy 1 premanst a aso CO eT a TTT DE vor a a> OT, We TT It is economical in its current cost- per-mile and over a long period of use Bee EE TO The haulage cost is unusually low TEE O PRR 2 ve ETT @ We, OEM D> RELDSTEN © UTLTITOST in RUDNPTRNALTAPDEDUDOUODEOERE _ c pace Tio. ap Ni Dooce BROTHERS, DETROIT sec UU ftp diidenpenanecnncnny anansesas\etoasceeas UARERESLOPESRUDSCREGS} OS SEOELSGOW oH SDLSRION) SSTOGONSn eC AEEELSDONSTLECOESREUNS LLEELILTIONNG foucrecouuoeaussassuonsssivsu7.%0ute:A0H0stH0COUOUOFOIOSUTESBITEG Te poo oie os “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” { SOO SIR OOO AMON These are Bond Days OON after the signing | touch with the investment of the Armistice, we | center of the country. 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East 20th Street S. P. TOWNSEND & CO. New Nene 27 Central Avenue Orange, New Jersey DUES RECOMMENDATION FOR MEMBERSHIP nnual membershi in e S., £2.00; eis membership abroad, $3.00; Canada, $2.50; ire membershir: $50 1 TATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY pavable to National Geographic Society, and if at a distance remit by The Membership Fee Includes Subscription to the New York draft, postal or express order. National Geographic Magazine IN THE PLEASE DETACH AND FILL IN BLANK BELOW AND SEND TO THE SECRETARY Wm ww ww ww ew ww wn on wn w= nw nn nn = ww nn nn = nnn = nw nn a nn nn wenn ene enn nee = == = To the Secretary, National Geographic Society, Sixteenth and M Streets Northwest, Washin§gton, D. C.: I nominate Address___.- for membership in the Society Name and Address of Nominnvine Member “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” REGULAR HOLD UP Not Filled with Air YOU CAN’T SINK WITH A KAP O LIFE-SAVING WING, WATER-VEST, OCEAN WAISTCOAT, OR CANOE AND MOTOR-BOAT PILLOW Because they are filled with Kapo Ceiba silk, a few ounces of which, as used in eur life-saving products, will support the heaviest person in the water for three months. For Men, Women, and Children Go to your department or sporting-goods store and see these wonder- ful life-savers, or send to us for a complete illustrated catalog. KAPO MFG. CO. 16 HARCOURT ST. BOSTON, MASS. JUDD & DETWEILER, INC. MASTER PRINTERS ECKINGTON PLACE AND FLORIDA AVE. WASHINGTON, D. C. Whether you are considering a simple memorial or one highly elaborate, your ideas can be sympathetically embodied in a monu- ment which will worthily reflect your taste and individuality. Write for Booklet 3. 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For points West and Canada, kindly add 25c. to cover cost of delivery. Our 1919 Fall Bulb Catalogue, containing complete list of bulbs for Autumn planting, sent on request. Simm (alter 30 and 32 Barclay Street New York 4 P PRIDEAOF “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” AY, what a trick you’ll turn for your tongue and taste and temper when you finally get down to bed-rocksmokes and let some of that topjoy Prince Albert float into your system! Just will put the quiz into your thinktank as to how much pipe or cigarette-rolling fun you’ve gone shy on—and, you'll work in a lot of double headers for quite a spell to get all-square! You can’t hit a happier job than to stock a supply of Prince Albert, jam that joy’us jimmy pipe chuck-full and blaze away! Why, it’s like falling into feathers when you’ve been batting- it-out-on-a-board! Prince Albert just can’t help doing you a clever turn because it won’t bite your tongue at any stage! Bite and parch are cut out by our patented process. You don’t need a percentage table to figure out what Prince Albert’s quality and flavor and fragrance will do for your happi- ness every time the clock ticks! You'll get the answer quick! R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO CO., Winston-Salem, N. C. RIN “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” the national joy smoke Copyright 1919 by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. CRIMP CUT LONG BURNING PIPE AND CIGARETTE TOBACCO eee a nnn 2 Prince Albert is sold in toppy red bags, tidy red tins, handsome pound and half pound tin humidors, and, in that classy, practica pound crystal glass humidor with sponge- moistener top that keeps the tobacco in such perfect condi- tion! Sheaffer Pens come in a va- riety of styles and prices, from $2.75 with clip cap and up. The one above illustrated is No. 366 CRM mounted in 144K. golda— Price $30.00. In rolled gold, No. 36 CRM— Price $8.00. In Sterling silver No. 26 CRM— Price $7.00. 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Sheaffer SHARP- POINT Pencils—good as the pen—entire- ly new idea—are simplified— efficient. From $1.00 to $50.00 with pocket clip. The Sheaffer SHARP- POINT Pencil here illustrated is the Puritan style. In Sterling silver, No. BD — Price $3.00. In Gold filled, No. CD— Price $3.50. In Solid Gold, No. DD— Price $22.50 ota oe Pd a “The kind that wont dry on the face !" Eee a good many years—depending on how old you are—you’ve been hearing that Williams’ lather “won't dry on the face.” Have» yausever stopped to think just what that signifies? Of course it doesn’t mean that after getting all Jathered up you can stop to play with the baby for half an hour, or run to a fire. But it does mean that you can put on the rich, softening, creamy lather, strop your razor well, go all the wa round at a leisurely pace, and finish off a velvety shave without having to lather the face a second time. That is the reason why a Williams’ shave is both quicker and more comfortable. Get Williams’ convenient Holder-Top Shaving Stick and try it tomorrow. Send 20c. in stamps for trial sizes of the four forms shown here. ‘Then decide which you prefer. Or send 6c. in stamps for any one. THE J. B. WILLIAMS CO., Dept. A, Glastonbury, Conn. After the shave or the bath, you will enjoy the comforting touch of Williams’ Talc Powder. Send 4c. for a trial size of the perfume you prefer—vViolet, Carnation, English Lilac or Rose. Williams Holder Top *s2cé LT HE ey A iAM OO, GLASTONBURY. CONN NUMBER THREE © THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ) MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER, 1919 oF CONTENTS The Shattered Capitals of Central America 31 Illustrations HERBERT J. SPINDEN Mere om nine Raid mtn S ini’) G inrilidinelinerdinn ihe Hii tut i@ limealline atti yr Ga Hittin The Isle of Capri 17 Illustrations JOHN A. KINGMAN jinn Shantung—UChina’s Huly ~ and 2? Alustrations - CHARLES K. EDMUNDS v, sell NbNnn td _ahe Descendants of Confucius—Toilers of Shantung 15 Illustrations MAYNARD OWEN WILLIAMS mA yy Op © aap \ nll fl imation % > TTP America’s South Sea Soldiers 8 Illustrations LORENA MacINTYRE QUINN 1, a) ay ‘A. , : > MLD ilies willie PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C. > lille ti thiutl niles FS —r- NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY GEOGRAPHIC ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. JORDIN CE, PILLSBURY: HENRY WHITE, Vice-President ©. P.LAUSTIN, Secretary President GILBERT GROSVENOR, Director JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Vice-Director GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, Associate Secretary JOHN JOY EDSON, ‘Treasurer EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE GILBERT GROSVENOR, EDITOR AND DIRECTOR JOHN OLIVER 1,A GORCE, Associate Editor and Vice-Director WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER Assistant Editor 1917-1919 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Inventor of the telephone J. HOWARD GORE Prof. Emeritus Mathematics, The George Washington University A] WW. GRISEE Y Arctic Explorer, Major General U. S. Army GILBERT GROSVENOR Editor of National Geographic Magazine ROBERT KE. PEARY Discoverer of the North Pole, Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy GEORGE OTIS SMITH Director of U. S. Geological Sur- vey O. H. TITTMANN Il'ormerly Superintendent of U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey HENRY WHITE Member American Peace Com- mission, and Recently U. Ambassador to I’rance, Italy, etc. RALPH A. GRAVES Assistant Editor JESSIE L. BURRALL Chief of School Service BOARD OF MANAGERS 1918-1920 CHARLES J. BELL President American Security and Trust Company JOHN JOY EDSON Chairman of the Board, Wash- ington Loan & Trust Company DAVID FAIRCHILD In Charge of Agricultural Explo- rations, U. Department of Agriculture C. HART MERRIAM Member National Academy of Sciences O. P. AUSTIN Statistician GEORGE R. PUTNAM Commissioner U. S. Bureau of Lighthouses GEORGE SHIRAS, 3p Formerly Member U. S. Con- gress, Faunal Naturalist, and Wild-Game Photographer GRANT SQUIRES Military Intelligence Division, General Staff, New York FRANKLIN L. FISHER Chief of Illustrations Division 1919-1921 WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT Ex-President of the United States FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the Interior C.-M. CEE Siig Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- merly Supt. U. S. Naval Ob- servatory IPREDERICK V. COWIE Botanist, U. S. Department of Agriculture RUDOLPH KAUFFMANN Managing Iditor The Evening Star T. Ll. MACDONALD MODS BACs: Se eNO INOIRMEEL Tormerly Director U. S. Bureau of Census JOHN &£.. PILESBURY Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- merly Chief Bureau of Navi- gation ORGANIZED FOR “THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE” To carry out the purpose for which it was founded thirty-one years ago, the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. of the Society, or other friends, are desired. st C Articles or photographs from members For material that the Magazine can use, generous remuneration is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be ad- dressed: Editor, National Geographic Magazine, 16th and M Streets, Washington, D. C Important contribt funds set aside from tl. largest crater, Mt. Katn .. tions of this remarkable p 10n. expeditions have follow an eighth wonder of the x area of steaming, spout’: ~ fis. By proclamation of th i cesiden Society organized and sup most remarkable in existen. “-’s income. ns to geographic science are constantly being made through expeditions financed by For example, immediately after the terrific eruption of the world’s ‘laska, a_ National Geographic Society expedition was sent to make observa- So important was the completion of this work considered that four ‘xtraordinary scientific data resultant given to the world. discovered and explored—‘‘The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes,” a vast ~vidently formed by nature as a huge safety-valve for erupting Katmai. 1e United States, this area has been created a National Monument. In this vicinity The ‘e party, which made a three-year study of Alaskan glacial fields, the cpense of over $50,000 it has sent a notable series of expeditions into ca race. The discoveries of these expeditions form a large share of “"sh was waning when Pizarro first set foot in Peru. ‘Trained geol- )Z1s' sre, and Messina following the eruptions and earthquakes. The Society also had the honor of subsc 4 substantial sum to the historic expedition of Admiral Peary, who discovered the North Pole April 6, 19 Jot long ago the Society granted $20,000 to the Federal Government when the congressional appropriation 10. the purchase was insufficient, and the finest of the giant sequoia trees of California were thereby saved for the American people and incorporated into a National Park. Peru to investigate the traces . the world’s knowledge of a civil. ogists were sent to Mt. Pelee, I. LLL Copyright, 1919, by National Geographic Society, Washington, T C. All rights reserved. Entered at the Post-Office at Washington, D. C., as Secon “lass Mail Matter. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided f n Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized Ju. 1, 19 | 4 “S Engineer Jesse J. brooksby, New York Central Lines, knows the value of an accn- rate timekeeper in keeping on sched- ule. For ten years he’srun his trains on Hamilton time. Back of Every Time-Table To get in ‘‘on time,’” trains must keep close to sched- ule every mile of the way. Railroad schedules are so complex these days, that to avoid confusion and delay trains must keep close to sched- ule every mile of the way. For every train, on every time-table, there are dozens of men—dispatchers, conductors, engineers—who work with an eye always on their watches. They time their trains with the watches they carry. Were these watches inaccurate, time-tables would lose half their dependability and convenience. ‘The Hamilton times most of the country’s fast limited trains. 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(ESTABLISHED 1865) 10 South La Salle St., Chicago Branch Offices: Detroit, Cleveland, Milwaukee, St. Louis TTT estasuisneo 186s ST TTD SII soe osxsneviss TTT a BROWN BROTHERS & COMPANY Established 1818 Philadelphia NEW YORK Boston Commercial Credits Drafts under our credits are purchased at fa- vorable discount rates by bankers everywhere, being negotiable in London as prime bankers’ acceptances, and “eligible” acceptances in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. BROWN, SHIPLEY & COMPANY Established 1810 Founders Court Lothbury Office for Travelers LONDON, E. C. 123 Pall Mall, LONDON, S. W. “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” OGPYR'GHT 1919 BY THE PROCTER & GAMBLE CO., CINCINNATI poke has all the qualities that people of refinement desire in a soap for their toilet and bath. It is white, as a skin soap should be. .It is unscented, but is faintly fragrant with the pleasing natural odor of its high-grade ingredients. Pelteis pure— contains only the choicest materials, which are cleansed and re- fined until free from all foreign matter. It is mild— so free from uncombined alkali that it feels grateful to the skin of a baby. It makes a thick soft lather of myriads of lively bubbles—a lather that can be rubbed : in thoroughly without drying on the skin. It rinses so a easily and completely that it never leaves a trace of 2 soapy stickiness or unsightly gloss. It floats. ate Can you think of anything else you would want in your ! . -m soap ? 3 IVORY SOAP “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” Moy. XXXV, No.3 WASHINGTON SEPTEMBER, 1919 THE NATIONAIL GEOGRAPIIIC MAGA ZIINIE COPYRIGHT, 1919, BY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. WASHINGTON, D.C. oe PERED CAPITALS OF CENTRAL AMERICA By HeErBert J. SPINDEN OMINGO JUARROS, the his- D torian, begins his account of the earthquakes that overwhelmed the first two capitals of Guatemala with this pious generalization: “From the time the first transgressors were expelled from Paradise, miseries, misfortunes, and calamities have formed a prominent part in every history.” The man-made cataclysms of the Great War have held the attention of the world to such an extent that titanic disturbances due to blind forces of na- ture have been all but overlooked. Even now the destruction wrought by re- peated earthquakes in Central Amer- ica—destruction as grim and heartbreak- ing as that made by steel and flames along the battle line in France—takes its chief sentimental interest from the fact that the Republic of Guatemala has been a sincere associate of the United States in the Great War. The city of San Salvador, capital of the Republic of Salvador, was destroyed on June 7, 1917; but it was rapidly re- built, and early in 1919 showed few in- dications of the terrible shaking it had received. On April 28, 1919, however, a still greater catastrophe overwhelmed the city, and practically all houses that had been restored were again leveled and many more deaths resulted. In December, 1917, and January, 1918, the total destruction of Guatemala City ‘Mother Earth. occurred, the heaviest shock coming on January 24, 1918. In October and No- vember of 1918 and as late as I9QI9Q in- tense vibrations were still being felt. At the present time the volcano of Irazu, in Costa Rica, is in a state of erup- tion, possibly due to the seismic disturb- ances farther north. WHERE THE MOUNTAINS OFTEN TREMBLE The recent catastrophes in Central America are but the latest of a long list recorded since the coming of the Span- iards. Scarcely a city between the fron- -tiers-of Mexico and Panama but has suf- fered from the dreadful instability of Many have been de- stroyed and rebuilt at other sites only to be again destroyed. The coats of arms and other insignia of the Central Amer- ican republics commonly show volcanoes. A certain volcanic quality seems to have entered into their political history. The circumstances of the recent earth- quakes in Salvador and Guatemala were strikingly different. The first was asso- ciated with a tremendous eruption of lava, but in connection with the other there was no eruption of any sort; only tremendous shakings, as though a giant with mountains heaped about his shoul- cers were struggling to free himself. Both these earthquakes were probably caused by a slipping or faulting of the earth crust, although there are no surface THE OLD-FASHIONED CONSTRUCTION: OF SAN SALVADOR Built with earthquakes in view, it is called Bajareque, and consists of a lattice of upright poles and horizontal cane rods, the interstices being filled in with mud and the whole surfaced with plaster. Almost all the destruction results from the ravages of termites (white ants), which eat the bases of the uprights so that the walls collapse when the quake comes. A HOUSE OF LIGHT CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION REDUCED TO A PILE OF DEBRIS BY THE FARTHOUAKE: SAN SALVADOR Structures of heavily reinforced concrete weathered the vibrations for the most part. 186 SH-GE EE RED CAPITALS OF CENTRAL AMERICA indications of this. In the case of San Salvador the earthquake doubtless oc- curred as a result of the eruption of the lava and the spectacular activity in the old crater that followed it. WHERE MISERY AND MADNESS REIGNED From the vivid story sent to the National Geographic Society by Mrs. Martha Toeplitz, I quote as follows: “Tt is Corpus. Christi day in Salva- dor’s beautiful and flourishing capital. Churches and dwellings are decorated and the streets filled with a throng in festal mood. The procession approaches, led by a band of musicians fiddling and scraping away in truly Southern fashion. White-clad maidens, with wreaths of flowers and veils flowing in the soft, warm breezes, priests and choir boys, the images of saints borne aloft, and the people—the typical ‘festa’ crowd. “Suddenly rumbling and grumbling below, darkness, crashing walls, cries and screams from the panic - stricken people. What a never-to-be-forgotten contrast! The bright sky, the festa, the pretty homes and gay shops, the fruit of years of labor and industry wiped out in less time than it takes to tell. “Where there was peace and happi- ness, misery and madness reign, and the earth, breathing heavily, shakes as though she wished to rid herself of all man-made ballast. Edifices crumble like packs of cards, showers of brick sweep the air, dull thuds and terrible crashes, screams and prayers for mercy, and with it all the wild, uncanny song of the church bells. “The world seems to have come to an end and Hell opens her gates. A new crater suddenly forms on the mountain side, acids explode in the drugstores, mains break, and the town, quivering in every limb and stone, becomes a sea of flame. “In vain do the bells chime in broken towers; in vain the tears and prayers! The quakes increase in violence till not a house remains standing, and a hundred red tongues of fire lick the ruins in mad fury. “Everything is broken, shattered, and burned ; but the furious elements are not yet appeased. Terrific thunder-storms 187 beat down upon the helpless people hud- dled together in the park, enter every hole and crack, and destroy whatever the earthquake and fire have left. “Days and nights follow without food or shelter, until very, very slowly the quakes become more infrequent.” The first shock at San Salvador came without warning, at 6.50 p. m., June 7, 1917. Although this quake was felt throughout a large part of Central Amer- ica and was recorded on the scrolls of seismographs in the United States, it was not the one that did the most serious damage in that city. It appears, how- ever, to have been responsible for the opening of the lava vents on the side of the volcano opposite that on which the capital is situated. HOW THE SHOCKS BEGAN The first shock was followed at inter- vals of ten minutes by two others which drove the entire population of the city into the streets and open squares. Then at 9.05 came the heavy shock which caused the greater part of the de- struction in San Salvador. An hour or so before this time the sky had been illuminated by the outpouring of liquid stone from the new vents, and it is not impossible that a slumping of the earth’s crust under the city itself resulted from the ereleasey of “pressure ‘axter..a. larze quantity of lava had run off. At this time a pounding sensation un- der foot was noted, as well as a horizontal Wave movement, and cracks are said to have opened and closed. Many persons declare they heard sounds of rushing water and some aver that the water-level in wells rose and sank... But Gis too, much to -ask for steady nerves and scientifically exact ob- servations when the earth shakes at night and the lights go out, when the air is filled with shrieks and prayers and chok- ing dust, and when in the dark the heavy tiles cascade from the roofs and the walls sway and fall. It is capable of proof, however. that temperatures under the earth’s crust near San Salvador were greatly increased. Artesian wells being dug on the Finca Modelo showed at first an increased water pressure and later an increased THE NEW VENTS IN THE VOLCANO OF SAN SALVADOR FROM WHICH ris aee: ayes POURED OUT ARE GREAT CREVASSES RATHER THAN CRATERS Steam still rises in puffs from one or two of the vents, especially from a vent to which the name “Thunderer” has been given. 1OOKING OUT OVER THE FUMING LAVA A FEW DAYS AFTER THE FLOW OCCURRED Many plantations were drowned by this strange flood, whose onslaught was so sudden that some of the natives were caught and buried by it. 188 SHATTERED CAPITALS OF CENTRAL AMERICA 189 temperature. The drills had to be with- drawn because at a depth of 2,000 feet they were greatly overheated. A LAVA FLOW WHICH WOULD FILL TWO PANAMA CANALS The lava flowed out from a series of eight or more vents, apparently situated along a fissure running down the moun- tain side. The area covered by the lava has a length of nearly seven miles, a breadth of over three miles, and an aver- age depth of perhaps thirty feet. The quantity of liquid stone that belched forth from the fiery mouths must equal twice the 200,000,000 cubic yards exca- vated from the Panama Canal. The lava is mostly dead black, but some- times brown with a metallic luster. It has a porous, stringy appearance, with bubbles elongated in the direction of the flow. The current structure is very in- teresting, and one sees petrified ripples, eddies, cascades, and foaming crests. Near the vents one finds very strange and beautiful forms, where lava has streamed and dripped like molasses and has then solidified before it could spread and lose its stringy quality. In company with a party of diplomatic officials and Mr. S. G. Morley, of the Carnegie Institution, I made a visit to the lava where it had blocked the high- way and the railroad, and again higher up the mountain side, where it had swept down through coffee plantations. Both Mr. Morley and I went far out over the broken crust to some fuming vents. It was apparent that the lava solidified quickly on the surface, and that the top crust was lifted bodily on the living streams below. The flow is not level, but extremely irregular, and in many cases the slabs are piled up in pressure ridges. The sides and the advancing front did not have sufficient heat to fire the vegetation, and even far out in the flow there are giant ceiba trees around which the lava has heaned itself like ice above a bridge pier. The vents from which the lava issued are not especially spectacular. For a long time they were too hot to permit a very close inspection, but now they can be approached easily. Steam and smoke rise from the vents and especially from one called the “Thunderer.” The high- est of the new mouths is considerably below the level of the bottom of the old Chater. An early description of the volcano of San Salvador runs as follows: “The city is situated.on.the. flank of a very high volcano, of wide circumfer- ence, which is now extinct, probably be- cause it consumed all the materials of a combustible nature which were in it dur- ing the period of its activity. It has an enormous crater, half a league broad and very deep. “In descending into it are found two terraces, or platforms, similar to those in limekilns. From the lower terrace rises a smoke so offensive that a Span- iard who reached there barely escaped suffocation. The mountain is covered from top to bottom with great cedars, pines, and forests of other trees.” . . . In this description no mention is made of the lake which in recent times filled the bottom of the crater and on which a rowboat had been launched for the pleasure of hardy picnickers (see page ORY A SIGHT THAT OVERWHELMED THE SENSES The recent activities in the crater be- gan some time after the lava had run out from the side of the mountain. It is not unlikely that the earthquake opened up the sealed chimney sufficiently to let water come in contact with the super- heated core of the mountain, and that the steam then blew out the obstructions. At any rate, the lake, with a fountain in the middie, boiled furiously for days. Then a black mass of cinders and lava forced itself spasmodically above the water. When the phenomenon was at its best, we climbed a steep road, through maize fields and coffee plantations, to the rim of the crater, nearly four thousand feet. The thickly peopled valley rolled out before us as we ascended, and far below us in the distance was Lake I[lopango, itself a great crater, and mountain ridge upon mountain ridge beyond that. But the sight in front, from the rim of the crater, overwhelmed the senses. Before us was a great funnel, over a mile in diameter and a thousand feet THE LAVA FLOW FROM THE VOLCANO OF SAN SALVADOR It had swept through a coffee plantation and had come to halt in a maize field. Finger-like side flows run off from the main stream, which is six or seven miles long. WHERE THE LAVA FLOW BLOCKED THE SALVADOR RAILROAD BETWEEN QUEZALTEPEQUE AND SITIO DE NINO The lava covered the track for a distance of over three miles. The railroad now passes directly over the lava. 190 STRANGE FORMS OF LAVA THAT DRIPPED IN A FINE STREAM AND SOLIDIFIED BEFORE THEY COULD FUSE AGAIN INTO SOLID MASS AN OLD CRATER LAKE ~ After the lava had flowed out from the side of the mountain (see pages 188-190) the lake in the old crater (see page 193) boiled dry and the old volcano of San Salvador, which had been quiescent for several hundred years, resumed its activity (see pages 195 and 106). IOI 192 WHERE THE LAVA FLOW BLOCKED THE HIGHWAY NEAR QUEZAL/TEPEQUE This spot is miles distant from the vents and yet the black lava is piled up to a height of 30 feet or more in rough pres- The vegetation was not set on fire because the stream of liquid stone was pushing forward and dropping on either side masses of lava already solidified and cooled. sure ridges. deep. ‘The walls were banded rocks, dull red and dark gray in color, showing the rings of growth by which the volcano had built up its cone. LOOKING DOWN INTO AN ACTIVE CRATER Clinging to the shelves and the sheer cliffs were vines and trees silvered with ash. In the dusty center of the dried-up lake was an opening like the mouth of a sunken tube, and from this opening. a black geyser of cinders and lava frag- ments shot up at intervals, with a throaty THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE noise, while the earth trem- bled. When the black geyser had forced itself to a height of perhaps four hundred feet, the steam burst out in jets of purest white from the poised mass. Then the cinders rained down and the lava slabs fell like the ciinkled ash of burnt paper around the mouth of the tube. The columns of white steam almost blotted out the background, as it blossomed into clouds and rose high above the rim of the crater. At this time there still were pools of violently agi- tated water near the mar- gin of the old lake. Later, when these were all con- sumed, the steam turned to smoke and the display of fireworks at night was worth the discomfort en- tailed by a vistrommude crater’s rim. | As the days passed, a little cone grew up around the mouth of the tube. The- process of volcano-building was dramatized for a hand- ful of humans in a gallery far above the stage. A CITY OF EARTHQUAKE SORROWS The first city of San Sal- vador was founded by Jorge Alvarado at La Ber- muda in 1528, but after about ten years the seat of government was changed to its present location. | San Salvador has been visited many times by disastrous earthquakes, espe- cially noteworthy being those of 1575, 1593, 1625, 1656, 1798, 1839, 1854,.mege. and 1917. Aside from the volcano of San Salvador which apparently had been dormant since the Spanish occupation until its recent outburst, there are many other volcanoes in Salvador, and some of them have been very active. THE CRATER OF THE VOLCANO OF SAN SALVADOR AS IT APPEARED BEFORE THE RECENT ERUPTION A lake occupied the bottom of the crater and the steep slopes were covered with pine and other trees. Contrast this peaceful lake with the present scenes (see pages IQI, 196). 193 AIWIdOVd GNV WATT NO TIOL AAVAH V GHIAWT SHTYALNAD XOX AAVH SNOILINYA ASOMM SAONVO'IOA IVdIONINd AHL INIMOHS ‘VOINAINV IVMINTO HO dVW V pesjsuing “TT “vy Aq umeiq ose IVD 5) by = ks SSTNA ALOLVIS Ol efeseyn ns color ; : . ~~ — SS sored Oo Rt | = ee sven! t oe spurs; Aeg | | < \<« | ~ pe yAOdNOH i) or E Perecaue uf Suna D . } ' is = f—f O 64 18 €8 $8 L8 ) anbadayrezenjo. WotR ss ites RURAL SA eynuMb eXt “f * WA Bae: Jot’ ie Cosueuafyezdhy 7 2—sydInd ap ZNIQ"s ( a O aulojoyreg's ° Teqoystug ues \ visyneg —~ Uenpues — Ss 194 ‘SydI0T VyjAwyy “S4py wos] ajoN—,“Ssouvy ysmyq Suoy ut djvaodeaad pur SuizziyM pur Burssity “JUSUPAVGULOG SNONUTUOS VB OMT P[LOM IY} [[V FOF SpuNos BJ “o1OLU PUR SOLU, AJUAM] UONRUOJP IY} Rado. S|[PM 19}e19 9Y} pur ydessouoyd BJO pslROd Surpunos od) ON SE Jose Aoye1D oy, “AOJ B JO Jey) oN!] Wooas pyNoM suns “ud ZF sy. JO Jey, YIM YIM poredtuos uorso[dxad uv Aq PaMOT[OF “Ie OY} UT Sty splvA OOL Joe Sostt UUNJOD vsyOWSsS VY “Joof ANO JO UMOAY) IIB IM JY} Buo.sys Os st dinssasd IV OT, “YIAVA IY} SV APPUOPOTA SV oTqUot} ST[PM JoPAD OY} Jey} ‘saysesd SULIIPUNY} Iiylt419} YONS ‘9d1OF SNHOPUSUAt} YONS YM YILOF punoqd Ady y, \ suluedo ue [pVUs Os ATOATVAPAdUIOD WOLF JOOYS P]NOD BART PUV SOUOJS DHURSIO YIM Po][ OWUINJOA YONS JO SpHoyd JY) I[qIpetouL sttoos JJ “UIR} -UNOF AI V SIZLTG 19}UI Ss} UL PUL POUAOF pL P[IOM SOW] OF oJvs v ov syt UP “ApoJopduuos poivaddesip svy oye] 9y} JO JURULOI JSP] JY, ONVO'IOA YOCVATVS NV s lV NOGA ah fO SHOVS Aa TOWARD THE END OF THE ACTIVITY OF SAN SALVADOR VOLCANO THE STEAM TURNED TO SMOKE OR AT LEAST SEEMED CHARGED WITH VOLCANIC DUST The old trail dows, the precipitous crater walls has been destroyed by landslides. The walls ; rise about 1,000 feet above the lake. 196 SHATTERED CAPITALS The volcano of Santa Ana was espe- cially violent in the sixteenth century. For the year 1643 an eruption is accred- ited to San Vicente. In 1844 a great lava flow, analogous to the recent one of San Salvador, broke out of the volcano of San Miguel. But the most romantic ‘story is that of the formation of Izalco volcano in historic times. A FLASHING VOLCANO WHICH ACTS AS A LIGHTHOUSE This cinder-covered peak, nearly five thousand feet high, has built itself up from what was level plain at the base of Santa Ana volcano in 1770. During its long periods of activity Izalco throws up clouds of smoke and steam in great puffs, lit from below by the flame in the crater. ‘These clouds rise high above the volcano and scarcely dissolve before others take their place. From this flashing effect, which can be seen far at sea, the volcano is known along the coast as the lighthouse of Cen- tral America. John L. Stephens, in his inimitable journals, describes a view of the activi- ties of Izalco in 1840: “We came out suddenly upon an open front, higher than the top of the vol- cano, commanding a view of the interior of the crater, and so near it that we saw the large stones as they separated in the air and fell pattering around the sides of the volcano. In a few minutes our clothes were white with ashes, which fell around us with a noise like the sprink- ling of rain. ERUPTIONS AT REGULAR INTERVALS “The crater has three orifices, one of which was inactive ; another emitted con- stantly a rich blue smoke; and after a report deep in the huge throat of the third, appeared a light-blue vapor, and then a mass of thick black smoke, whirl- ing and struggling out in enormous wreaths and rising in a dark, majestic column, lighted for a moment by a sheet of flame; and when the smoke dispersed, the atmosphere was darkened by a shower of stones and ashes. “This over, a moment of stillness fol- lowed, and then another report and erup- OF CENTRAL AMERICA LOT tion, and these continued regularly, at intervals, as our guide said, of exactly five minutes, and really he was not much out of the way. The sight was fearfully grand.” Salvador has many fine lakes that oc- cupy craters. Of these Lake Ilopango is perhaps the most interesting to the trav- eler. Lake Cojutepeque, with its sheer walls, is situated in the flanks of the great volcano of Santa Ana, which has been scarred and scored by so many wars of the giants. Lake Guija, on the boundary between Salvador and Guatemala, was formed by a lava dam from an eruption of San Diego volcano. Stories are current of towns submerged beneath its waters. The level of the lake is sufficiently above the level of the old valley to offer great possibilities of water-power below the lava dam. THE CHRISTMAS EARTHQUAKE IN GUATEMALA The series of earthquakes culminating in the heavy shocks that destroyed Guate- mala City began on November 17, 1917, with a shock centering in the region of Lake Amatitlan. A: large part “of the town of Amatitlan was then thrown down. From this date on the trembling of the earth was continuous, from ten to thirty light quakes being recorded everv day. Naturally the populace became more or less hardened to them, but there was much uneasiness concerning the out- come. The first disastrous earthquake fell on Christmas night, at about 10.20. It did considerable damage and served as a strong warning, which doubtless saved many. livess fOr.at"- 1.23 came “an ex- tremely heavy shock, which brought down many houses and killed, perhaps. fifty persons. All night, with a full moon in the un- troubled sky, the populace huddled in parks while the earth trembled. On December 29, in the afternoon, a heavy vibration again ran through the shaken city, and more walls fell. At 10.40-p. m., on January 3, a long and heavy shock brought down the towers of the cathedral and many other landmarks, SUIT} 9UO 4B JOY.SIy YONuU ssaqyqnop sem ouvsjoa oy, ‘SMO VAL] pue soyenbyjszeva Aq auop oSeurvp Aj19d0.1d ayy Avda. Hey} O1OUL U9}FO PUL PULL 91} Yoru A]JwoIS soouvdsjoa Aq jseopvoiq prosds sayse OU L, NWO'IOD LVAXD V NI ONISIN SI XMOWS THI HOIHM WOU ‘ONVO'IOA OOTVZI FO SUALVYO AHL FO IANO GUVMOL DNIMOO'T O PP2][211G ep owppossoy Aq ydesSojoyg > te re ad 198 epyod ¥ ‘IN wosyz yess OONVNALIVZENG :WIVNALVOD 199 GUATEMALA: CAMINO RIAL (THE ROYAL HIGHWAY ) LARTHENWARE SALE :‘ MARKET=-PLACE ar aware z 2 £ F tf \ Photographs from M. Rohde AT CANTEL, GUATEMALA A WAYSIDE SCENE Photograph from M. Rohde IN GUATEMALA: AGAVE (NOT THE KNOWN ALOE) 201 bere 202 while on January 24 came the fourth and heaviest earthquake. sufficient to ruin nearly every edifice. A HOTEL MADE OF DOORS A bit of personal narrative may not be out of place here. I was fortunate enough to arrive in Guatemala City about twenty minutes before the earthquake of january 24, 1918. As ehas: beemecatde three other heavy shocks had already left their mark upon the city. All the hotels were ruined and temporary shelter had to be sought in shacks set up in open squares. I secured a bed at the new Hotel Roma, which was constructed of doors taken from the old hotel of this name and erected in the old carriage yard in front of the railroad station. The sun-bad scarcely set and a. full moon was rising in an unblemished sky. For me there was not on this occasion any premonition, although at other times I have sensed the coming vibration for a brief moment, as one senses a coming storm. ‘The dishes on the table began to rattle and dance and the walls and tin roof to creak and sway. We crowded through the doors into the open street, stumbling and falling. From near and far came the roar of fall- ing walls. The yellow dust arose, ob- scuring the moon. ‘Then the trembling died away and ceased, but the dust pall lay over the stricken city. These last shocks apparently centered under Guatemala City, with a radius of destruction measuring thirty miles. Fear was felt lest the earth should give way before the fearful convulsions and a volcano form in the city itself. The deep cuts of the railroad running to Puerto Barrios were filled in, time and again, and only through untiring labor was the line kept open for long enough periods to rush in supphes. Not only were houses ruined, but water mains were broken and the people ex- posed to the dangers of using water which had oozed up in the streets. In the cemeteries the skeletons were shaken out of the burial cists and many remains were afterwards cremated. The loss of life in Guatemala City probably did not exceed two hundred. Only a few broken walls remain to THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE mark the site of Guatemala’s first capital, now known as Ciudad Vieja. ‘The site was selected by the conqueror, Pedro de Alvarado, on St. James Day, 1524, and the actual building was commenced three years later by Jorge de Alvarado. ‘The cfficial title of the city was “St. James of the Gentlemen of Guatemala.” The arms granted by Charles V in 1532 were “a shield charged with three mountains on a field gules, the center one vomiting fire, and surmounted by the Apostle St. James, on horseback, armed and bran- dishing a sword; an orle, with eight shells or, on a field azure; crest, a crown.” MYSTERY IN THE DESTRUCTION OF GUATEMALA’S FIRST CAPITAL, There is some doubt whether the de- struction of Ciudad Vieja should be ascribed to an earthquake, to a cloud- burst, or to the two combined, but it seems hardly likely that it can properly be ascribed to an actual eruption of the Volcan de Agua. The crater of this volcano is a grassy basin, containing a few pine trees, at the very summit of an almost perfect vol- canic cone, and there are no signs that a lake ever existed in ii) Ditesaceoumn given by Juarros of the destruction of Ciudad Vieja on Septembemum msn runs as follows: '“Tt had rained incessantly and with great violence on the preceding days, particularly on the night of the toth, when the water descended more like the water of a cataract than rain. The fury of the wind, the incessant, appalling lightning and dreadful thunder were in- describable. ‘The general terror was in- creased by eruptions from the volcano to such a degree that in the combination of horrors the inhabitants imagined the final destruction of the world was at hand. “At 2 o’clock on the morning of the t1th the vibrations of the earth were so violent that the people were unable to stand ; the shocks were accompanied by a terrible subterranean noise which spread universal dismay. Shortly afterward an immense torrent of water rushed down from the summit of the mountain, forc- ing with it enormous fragments of rocks and large trees, which, descending upon the ill-fated town, overwhelmed and de- SHATTERED CAPITALS OF CENTRAL AMERICA stroyed all the houses and buried a great number of the inhab- itants under the ruins ; among the many, Dofia Beatriz de la Cueva, the widow of Pedro de Alvarado, lost her life.” hE SECOND CAPITAL IS ALSO DESTROYED The capital was re- moved to a new loca- tion, a few miles far- ther away from the base of the Volcan de Agua, and rebuilt in great magnificence, as befitted the govern- mental and ecclesiasti- cal center of all Cen- tral America (as well as Chiapas, Mexico). This second capital is now called Antigua Guatemala. The various orders, including the Fran- ciscans, Dominicans, Capuchins, Jesuits, Recollects, Merceda- rians, Bethlehemites, etc., and the sister- hoods of Santa Clara and Santa ‘Teresa, built monasteries, nun- neries, hospitals, col- leges, churches, and shrines and the civil government erected many public buildings, including the splendid Palace of the Captains. But numerous earthquake shocks, often associated with eruptions of the Volcan de Fuego, continued to disrupt the most solid constructions. Great damage was done in 1565 and again in 1575- -76 and 1577. In 1581 there was an eruption of the volcano, and such vast quantities of ashes were thrown out that lights were necessary in midday. The years 1585 and 1586 were mem- orable for an association of earthquake and volcanic eruptions, beginning on toward the front. dome. 203 ONE OF OVER FORTY CHURCHES IN THE SHATTERED CITY OF ANTIGUA GUATEMALA This is a view of the ancient cathedral, looking from the apse The central part of the nave has fallen, as has the Antigua was the second capital of Guatemala and was de- stroyed by natural forces in 1773 (see text, page 204). January 16 of the former year and ex- tendine: ill) December 23 of the latter, when the greater part of the city was de- stroyed and many persons killed. On February 18, 1651, there were violent vibrations that caused much damage. A chronicle states: “The tiles from the roofs of the houses were dispersed in all directions, like light straws by a gust of wind; the bells of the churches were rung by the vibra- tions; masses of rock.were detached from the mountains; and even the wild THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE AN ANCIENT FOUNTAIN IN A PASTURE AT ANTIGUA GUATEMALA There are many such details to impress one with the quondam beauty of this shattered and abandoned capital. beasts were so terrified that, losing their natural instinct, they quitted their re- treats and sought shelter among the habitations of men.” TVs BEA TWACIE VES cAn iCal Warn Se RIWIINES Other disasters are recorded for 1670, 1681, 1683, 1684, 1687, 1689, and 1705. In 1717 the citizens became so alarmed at the terrifying phenomena that they asked leave to abandon the city, but be- fore the license arrived they had recov- ered from their fears. Ihe fate of Antigua Guatemala was sealed by the formidable earthquakes of 1773, culmi- nating in the dreadful convulsion of July 29. Today one finds a peaceful town domi- nated by majestic ruins that the ‘soft hand of Time has made beautiful. The refurbished facade of the cathedral looks down upon the central square of the city and conceals a vast extent of broken vaults. Through a side gate you enter the broken nave and pass down under the central dome, where the pendentives are rich with angels and labyrinthine scrollwork ; or you climb to the roof and walk gingerly over the grass-grown hum- mocks of egg-shell vaulting to the low parapets of the cornice. Throughout the modern town and, in- deed, far beyond its limits, one encoun- ters. the wrecks of temples or comes unexpectedly on fountains or wayside shrines. ‘There are said to be over forty edifices of divine worship in Antigua Guatemala—some restored in part, others utterly deserted. SEEKING SAFETY FOR A’ CIEY Ne ae SHADOW OF A CHURGH When it was apparent that Antigua should be abandoned, the government cast around for a likely spot for the capi- tal and finally decided on the present lo- cation of Guatemala City. The deciding argument for this site A STREET IN GUATEMALA CITY For mile after mile, houses are tangles of rafters and heaps of plaster and adobe. The ground will in most cases have to be cleared before reconstruction or restoration can take place. was the church of the Cerrito de Car- men, which in 150 years had not been damaged by earthquakes. So St. James of the Gentlemen of Guatemala was re- established in 1776 and until Christmas of 1917 did not experience a devastating earthquake—a record of nearly three hundred years for the site. Over the doorway to this church of the Cerrito de Carmen, leading in from the court, one may read in old-fashioned Spanish the following inscriptions: Right: “He who aided the foundation of this house was the illustrious Don Antonio Maria Cheberi de Justiniano, conqueror.” Center: “The Virgin Mother of God, conceived without the original sin. In mezo 1. El. S. (Jesus Savior of Men).” Left: “The founder of this was Juan Croz, religious of the seraphic national order of the Lordship of Genoa.” And now the church that stood on the rock for three hundred years is a ruin, its solid facade shattered, its roof fallen, its dome broken like an egg-shell. But the image has been rescued from its shrine and set up under a temporary roof. Before it services are held. From the fixed face of the painted Christ one has only to turn the head to see the streets of the “city that was,” spread out like a map—deserted streets blocked by fallen houses ; and beyond the far-stretching ruins rise faintly through the haze the toothed summit of Pacaya, and to the right of this the cone of the Volcan de Agua. NICARAGUA AND HONDURAS THE OF MANY EARTHQUAKES SCENES We need not sketch in detail the vol- canic actions that have been so ruinous in this part of Guatemala, especially in the cities of Quezaltenango and Chiqui- mula, but before closing let us review briefly the experiences of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica (map, page 194). Honduras lies almost entirely outside the area of active volcanoes and repre- sents a geologically old land-mass. How- ever, her territory comes down to the Gulf of Fonseca, which is a hotbed of Ass THE HOSPITAL SECTION OF THE AMERICAN RED CROSS RELIEF CAMP “MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA,” IN GUATEMALA CITY Located opposite the Military Academy, in the Reforma, 4,000 tents were loaned by the War Department, U. S. A. These were rushed from Key West. At the time this snap-shot was taken between 1,100 and 1,200 of these tents were set up and nearly all occupied, and foodstuffs were being distributed ; medical attention was provided and 8,000 persons had been vaccinated for small-pox and 5,000 for typhoid and paratyphoid. Escula Practica is in the background. 4: atid Photographs from W. G. Luckhardt GUATEMALA CITY Looking north on 16th Street east from 11th Avenue. ‘Typical of the destruction of the houses. 206 ESCULAY PRACTICA IN GUATEMALA CITY This handsome school building, in which the children of the republic were to receive manual training and instruction in the applied arts, had been completed, but not yet occupied, when the catastrophe occurred, reducing the edifice to a mass of ruins. The city of Guate- mala has a population of 100,000, of whom nearly five-sixths are of European origin. Photographs from W. G. Luckhardt CEMETERY ADJOINING THE GENERAL HOSPITAL IN GUATEMALA CITY Nearly all tombs were destroyed and opened. It is estimated that 11,000 bodies and four tons of human bones were gathered and cremated. 207 AUVNOS Ol'1dNd AHL NI CWITWUSSY SUAdLHSUOM WO SNOUHL AML ALON :HOUNHO AHL CGNNOYV GHYALSA ID SHNOH WZIFWOH HHL ONIMOHS ‘VIvWaALvaAD “GINVO SO VNVYONVd VY epyoy ‘WW Woz ydeisojoyg eee Aibsipiees a ‘£161 Jo oxen Apanjs asay} usdd ynq : (Fo a8ed 90s) HW punose peyides pry} tiey} pd OF pou Ss ry } S@ YOnuIseUr ‘dS JoyJOUR osoOYD 0} O4AT UI Aaessooou otuvsoq JI pue oyen NANYVO Ad OLLIWHO AHL FO HOW b dy} FO VdUDTOIA dy} OF paqwunoons ‘s1e9A IUJoJap SuL[LUIoJeNe) dy} ‘sivak OST Poo} Oof 10} Burpurys J9zye ‘STEM s Apeosye pey yoinyo JUostoue byyivo Aq poso.1jsop svar vpeuoyenr) Jo jeuides puosss sy} Woy A HO WIL TO MAIA IVAIHNAD Tore) Se IN THE VOLCANO OF IRAZU, COSTA RICA, ACTIVITY IS NOW TAKING PLACE This volcano has several craters, but the flow from these is mud rather than lava. A CHURCH AT CAMOTAN, GUATEMALA, ON THE ROAD TO THE ANCIENT MAYAN CITY OF COPAN \n example of the splendid edifices erected by the Indians under supervision of Spanish priests. Camotan is a village of perhaps 500 population. 210 Photograph by Valdeavellano THE ALTAR SCREEN OF THE CHURCH OF CERRITO DE CARMEN This beautiful little church, the most beloved in the city, and regarded by many persons as the very symbol of the stability of Guatemala City, has crumpled and crumbled before the reiterated shocks. and set up under a temporary shelter. While the church itself has been destroyed, the image has been preserved The worshiper can turn from contemplation of the figure of Christ to see the ashes and the debris of “a city that was” spreading beneath him in a panorama of devastation. volcanoes, and her principal southern port, Amapala, is situated on Tigre Island, a typical volcanic cone. Ancient lava flows and deposits of volcanic mud hardened into a light, friable stone are found in central Honduras. Earth- quakes have not entirely forgotten this Republic, for only a few years ago the flourishing town of Gracias was utterly wrecked. Nicaragua, almost equally with her northern sisters, has suffered heavily in the past from earthquakes and volcanoes. Leon, the metropolis of Nicaragua, was formerly located on the shores of Lake Nicaragua, near the base of Momotombo. This capital was destroyed in 1609 and removed to its present site, in the fertile valley of Subtiaba. Even here, how- ever, it has not ceased to suffer. Masaya volcano was active in 1522, when the Spaniards first entered Nica- ragua, and again in 1772, 1858, and 1908. Momotombo, which is nearly always smoking, has had periods of great activ- ity, especially in 1764 and 1852. Ome- tepe and Madera, with smoke issuing from their summits, dominate the scenery of Lake Nicaragua. A VOLCANO THAT BLEW OFF ITS OWN HEAD But perhaps the most sensational erup- tion recorded in the annals of Nicaragua is that of Coseguina, at the entrance of the Gulf of Fonseca. In 1835 this vol- cano blew off its head and scattered dust far and wide. The black pall obscured the sun for days, and old Indians still fix their ages and other events in rela- tion to “La Oscuridad Grande”—The Great Darkness. ‘The dust settled thickly over field and forest, and wild animals as well as tame died by thousands from thirst and hunger. deales NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC’ MAGAZINE Photograph by Valdeavellano RELIGIOUS SERVICES BEING HELD BEFORE THE RESCUED IMAGE OF ‘THE CHURCH OF CARMEN In Costa Rica the Cordillera sises to heights above 11,000 feet and boasts a string of volcanic peaks, some extinct and others occasionally active. Orosi and ‘lenorio are situated near the south- erm end of Lake Nicaracua, while the more famous peaks of Poas and Irazu are close to the old capital, Cartago, and the modern one, San José. Both of these volcanoes have been active in. recent years, and tie» latter (Irazu) had a period of marked activity in 1723 and 1726. Cartago was wiped out by an earthquake on September 2, 1841. Although it never afterwards rose to its former importance, it was rebuilt in part, only to be destroyed again on May 4, 1910, when the newly constructed Pan-American Peace Palace was over- thrown. THE GOOD GIFT OF VOLCANOES Lest the reader should close with the thought that these calamities render life and property too unsafe, be it understood that there are sometimes compensations. We all know that the annual flooding of the Nile in Egypt leaves a film of sedi- ment over the valley and restores the soil for the next crop. Similarly, ma) Cemeaat America the volcanoes from time to time throw out a vitalizing dust that enriches the soil beyond the possibilities of costly tertilizers. Throughout the world, vol- canic regions are ones of heavy popula- tion and great productiveness. There are losses—yes, but “out of death com- eae wenden lohie, In the case of Guatemala Cityeilmere are no compensating features, unless it be that this metropolis and diplomatic capital of Central America shall bemme= built in a more modern and beautiful fashion. The city’ can hardly (bemime. moved to another site, since it is a rail- road and commercial center, situated on the divide between the Atlantic and Pa-. cific. Rebuilding has been slow because of the difficulty in obtaining materials, but, now that the Great War is ended, it should proceed apace. THE Iskt OF CAPRI ‘An Imperial Residence and Probable Wireless Station of Ancient Rome By. Joun A. KINGMAN N NO part of Italy is the natural scenery more astonishing and de- lightful than in the Bay of Naples. The Italian travel literature of the last hundred and fifty years is rich in at- tempts to describe the picturesqueness of the district; but in the old days the tour usually ended at Naples, and by that time the fatigued diarists had pretty much run out of adjectives. Symonds, one of the best of the English writers on Italy, has done well by the locality; our Fenimore Cooper has written some agreeable bits about it, and the half-for- gotten American poet, Willis, epitomized all descriptions when he called it a col- lection of beauties which seems more like eeoiinacle than an accident of nature. Owing to the striking contrasts caused by the meeting of mountains, sea, and mountain islands, much of the charm of the bay can be caught by the camera. The painter has little advantage over a machine which reproduces the sculptured forms exactly, whereas the colors and curious quality of the atmosphere are be- yond both. Many lovers of Italy feel that a coun- try like Tuscany, with its softer color- ings and gentler contours, is more rest- ful and*somehow more wholesome to live -with,, and“‘that the. -Neapolitan scenery is too much like theater cur- tains come to’ life... Nevertheless, every person who arrives at Naples under fair skies and beholds this littoral for the first time cannot help being affected by its loveliness. A SIREN LAND CHARGED WITH CLASSICAL MEMORIES Many of the visitors feel something deeper than admiration; for them all of the coast scenery from Miseno to Sa- lerno has a strange and lasting fascina- to tion. Then there are the siren wor- shipers who have heard the mystic song and are content to let body and soul rest here forever; and to such willing victims of the picturesque, Naples is not a noisy, nerve-racking modern city, full of beg- gars and rogues and fleas; it is the old “new city’ —Neapolis. In the Bay of Naples the very at- mosphere, to such Neapolitan specialists, seems more bland and limpid than else- where on the peninsula, lending to the distances a more magical and haunting charm; the curving shore is picked vut and decorated with countless beauties, and high mountains descend abruptly to a tideless sea streaked with color, in which are set ethereal lilac-tinted islands. This southern Siren Land, in addition to its gorgeous aspect, is so charged through and through with classical mem- ories that it has much of the glory of Greeceand the serandenn Yor) ome. From this rare vintage is expressed a heady beverage esteemed by siren wor- shipers and lotus-eaters, numbers of whom have lived hereabout for genera- tions and who have found a particularly choice place of residence on one of its fairest spots—the mountain island of Capri, the Caprese of the great em- perors, Augustus and Tiberius. AN ESTHETIC WONDER OF THE WORLD Capri is a con- Seascape twenty Viewed from Naples, spicuous object in the miles to the south. Its profile resembles the storm-tossed waves, or a sphinx, or a vast heap of clouds brooding at sea, or a sarcophagus, or a crocodile—depend- ing on whether your viewpoint is that of bord) Byron, or Richter, or ° Willis, or Gregorovius, or Colonel Mackowen. Thus is seen the futility of description. "J99J OQH'I JO IWSroy e 0} vos 9Y} WoIZ ApJdnIqe SOSII OLJOS S}UOPT “IOJSIA 9} FO AMOIA SY} OF poppoyun st eruedwed snonSyucs 3y} Jo pue sajdeyy jo Avg oyi jo eueroued JuSoyIUSeU & puL]pesy tided sty} Fo Jurod osejuKA JY} WO ItidVO FO GNV'ISI NIVINOOW FHL 214 939019 snitoqry, 1otodurry 9 . «viv v ‘KSOOYJAU UBLIOY FO SPOL) Yast) 9.A[9M} Y} udyar Skep oy} JO I]o1 e st If ‘O5v INOIIOVUVA AHL SV NMONY SNVOU SQOLIDIONNd WINN AH DY} JO JOUOY UT PULISt dy} UO SeIIIA [HJyNvod ATOM} savok A}11Y} ALOJWOWIOIA sy} WO PotUNyXod o1oM oSHol uUeLUOY Vv JO SUINA OIL, L GNV ‘Itdvd JO AYOLNOWOUd NWILSVAH LAOS WIL ‘VAVOVUL VINOd ie) 216 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Capri is an esthetic wonder of the world. Its area is but six square miles; but surely nowhere else in the world are so much loveliness and so many interest- ing things packed in so little space. Artists have always flocked to Capri, each year bringing a fresh brood, con- fident in its ability to paint the unpaint- able cliffs and sea. Some of these lin- gered on, some to marry the handsome Capri girls; and Howell’s Englishman who came to the island for three months and stayed for thirty years is -not a unique case in this respect. Capri has the odd reputation of mak- ing its foreign residents eccentric, and there are many strange tales told on the island of their peculiar behavior. It has always been rather noted for its queer characters and human flotsam and jetsam. THE LURE OF THE GROTTO The fame of the Blue Grotto has made Capri a show-place, and for upward of a hundred years, day after day, the tide of seasick tourists has flowed and ebbed. In spite of these daily caravans, how- ever—in spite of the Anacapri Road, the Funicular Road, the Strada Krupp, much tasteless villa-building, and the vast hordes of Germans—Capri is still essen- tially unspoiled. It is true that the Capri womén gave up wearing their costume thirty years ago; that the old Greek forms have dropped out of the island speech; that the old days have gone forever; but, de- spite this, there has been a gain in con- venience and comfort of living for both Capresi and Forestieri, even at a loss of picturesqueness ; and the comforting fact remains that Capri’s beauty is rugged and perennial, not to be destroyed by man. After the murder of Julius Cesar, in B. C. 44, there was confusion, civil war, until the battle of Actium produced a lasting peace and seated Augustus firmly on the throne. When Actium was won the future Emperor retired to the Island of Samos, and as a matter of pleasant association must have enjoyed island life ever after. In B. C. 29 he left Asia and returned to Italy, and before his three days’ triumph at Rome visited Naples and near there heard Virgil read his Georgics. He also came to Capri and acquired it for a royal residence. The statement in Suetonius that some withered oak branches came to life when Augustus landed, and that this so pleased him that he obtained the island, must be taken with the modern skeptic grain of salt. “The usual compliment to great- ness,’ Mabie calls it. Augustus, though doubtless as super- stitious as any Roman, bought Capri be- cause that was the object of his visit. These miraculous incidents have a way of happening all over Italy in all days and generations. THE EMPEROR MAKES A DEAL IN ISLANDS It is not known whether Augustus had visited the island before. The Roman historians merely say that he received Capri from Naples, in whose possession it had been for hundreds of years, and in return gave the larger and more fruitful island of Ischia. Islands were in style at this time. But Ischia, perhaps, was discarded because of its reputation for eruptions of the vol- cano of Monte Epomeo, one of which oc- curred in B. C. 92; and there were prob- ably earthquakes, too. Besides, Capri was more intimate and exclusive and more easily transformed into an imperial »domain than the much larger and more thickly populated Ischia. In the opinion of the writer, who spent the greater part of one spring browsing about the Roman ruins on Capri, the property was acquired as much for state reasons as for private ones. In the first © place, it was an outlying island which probably needed protection—a strategic point, logically destined to become crown property. Undefended and neglected, it could be easily captured ; but a small gar- rison could hold it against any attack. The island at that time was twenty feet higher out of the water and even more inaccessible than now. PIRATES A PEST IN POMPEY’S DAY Capri was the first point in Campania where the Greeks obtained a foothold. and Augustus possibly did a far-sighted thing by securing it for the Empire, thus preventing its seizure by enemies or by THE WOMEN OF CAPRI NO LONGER WEAR THE PICTURESQUE NATIVE COSTUME The attractive black lace veil is still seen occasionally, however. Frequently Grecian features are to be observed in the women, a reminder of their ancient ancestry (see text, page 216). to — NI THE ROAD TO THE LANDING PLACE ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF CAPRI Photographs by Edith P. Kingman ON THE RUGGED PATH LEADING FROM THE VILLAGE OF CAPRI DOWN TO THE WORLD-FAMOUS BLUE GROTTO *T o . . . . I'he soles of the shoes worn by the natives of Capri are made of rope, as a precaution against slipping on the steep rocky slopes of which the island is in the main comprised. 218 ead Photograph by Edith ae P. Kingman BOTH. ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL RUINS COVER THE SUMMIT KNOWN AS THE CASTIGLIONE Important excavations unearthed walls, pavements, and bas-reliefs of rare archeological value. A few years later the thrifty peasants covered the ruins with soil and planted vines over the spot where once stood the palace of an emperor. pirates. There was certainly the matter of pirates to be considered. They have always been a pest of the Mediterranean. At the time of Pompey’s celebrated cam- paign against the Mediterranean pirates, 67 B. C., they were well organized and intrenched; they had naval stations and beacon towers in various places. Cen- turies later the English actually did seize Capri, in 1806, and called it the “Little Gibraltar.” They might have held it, perhaps, to this day but for the ill luck and incompetence of Colonel Hudson ‘Lowe, later Napoleon’s jailer at St. Helena. Fhe ruin of the Capri Pharos, the ancient lighthouse, so close to the largest: of the ruined palaces on Capri, is a para- mount point in the archeology of the island. ‘The selection of Capri by Au- gustus was most likely biased to a con- siderable degree by the fact that it was ideally situated for the Pharos. This Was one of the most important light- houses of antiquity. The limit of this article does not per- mit of any elaborate disquisition on Roman lighthouses, but enough informa- tion exists regarding them to show that they were permanent, costly structures and abundant, too, not merely in Italy, but also in Gaul and Britain. PHAROS, ONE OF THE SEVEN WONDERS The name Pharos comes from the enormous structure at Alexandria, built in B. C. 285, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, and which stood until the thirteenth century. This light- house was very high, owing to the low coast; but the practical Romans, wher- ever possible, placed their beacons on commanding headlands and made them relatively short and massive. One of them, Tour d’Ordre, at Boulogne, on the French coast, is illustrated in an old print. It stood until the middle of the seventeenth century. This was probably typical—a strong masonry tower with a fire that was kept burning at the top. As to details of design, the views that have come down to us, on medals, coins, reliefs, and Pompeian wall paintings, show a great variety of elevations. 9 220 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph by Edith P. Kingman EAST OF THE SUMMIT OF MONTE SOLARO IS THIS FORMER HERMITAGE OF SANTA MARIA CITRELLA Not far away are the extensive ruins of the Villa di Tiberio. “Imperious Cesar, dead and turned to clay, might stop a hole to turn the wind away”; and the corridors and vaulted rooms of the once magnificent retreat of the mighty Tiberius are now used as sheds for the cows of the workaday Caprians. The existing lower portion of the Capri structure is a mass of burned Roman brick, forty feet square and fifty feet high, sufficiently conspicuous to show in photographs taken from Monte Solaro, at the other end of the island, two miles away. Its original appear- ance is entirely problematical. It may have had two or three stories. The tower at Boulogne had several stories and was 200 ,feet high. The “Capri tower was not any higher than this, and in all probability not so high, as the ele- vation of the headland is about one thou- sand feet above the sea. It is one of the most valuable and interesting ruins on the entire island. THE ANCIENTS SIGNALED LONG DISTANCES What right have we to assume that Capri was a signal station—an imperial wireless station of ancient Rome? In the first place, we know that the ancients signaled in various ways and over long distances. They signaled by beacon fires, by beacon smoke, by pig- eons, by flags, and by shouting from one sentinel to another. Lighthouses are as old as the earliest chapters of the Bible. Beacon fires and beacon smoke were commonly used by the early Greeks, and there was no rea- son why the more practical Romans should not have employed improved methods, such as heliographing. We do know that at the siege of Syra- cuse by Marcellus mirrors were em- ployed by Archimedes; and though we may doubt the burning of vessels from shore by mirrors, as stated of that occa- sion, we can appreciate the blinding effect of many mirrors on the eyes of the navi- gators of the attacking vessels. That is what prebably happened during that con- THE ISLE OF CAPRI 221 FISHING IS ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS OF THE MEN OF CAPRI Cultivation of the olive tree and of the vine are also profitable pursuits, but the inhabitants rely chiefly upon the annual tourists’ crop for their livelihood. flict. At any rate, it shows that the great Archimedes, at least, had found some use for mirrors other than the usual one. THE USE OF MIRRORS BY THE ROMANS In imperial times the Romans had mirrors large enough to reflect the en- tire person; they even had mirrors of glass backed with tin instead of quick- silver. Although there are no references in ancient writings to the use of signaling by mirrors, such a simple and effective method surely must have been employed. A most significant thing is the old story of a mirror on the Alexandrian Pharos: “Alexander the Great placed on the top cf the tower a mirror constructed with so much art that by means of it he could see the fleets of his enemies at 100 leagues distance” ; and, to enter still more into particulars, “a Greek named Sodorus, after the death of Alexander, broke the mirror while the garrison. of the town was asleep.” Now any tradition, no matter how dis- torted, has its roots in truth; and this one leaves us with the feeling that there was. a mirror. cn the-tower... The most likely reason for its. presence» there is that it was used to signal with in day- light hours; in other words, it was used for heliographing. Signaling was certainly a common military practice among the ancients, and" ancient writers, such as Virgil, /Eschylus, and Herodotus, frequently alluded to it. CODE MESSAGES OF THE ANCIENTS An interesting case of long-distance signaling by relaying is mentioned by Herodotus, in which it appears that cer- tain tidings were sent to Xerxes in Asia by means of a line of beacon fires ar- ranged through the Greek islands. The ancients went further than sim- WARD AT DIZZY ANGERS KY S) CAPRI .ZIGZAG OF ROADWAYS WN 4 ‘ ROCK-IT1T: TIIE another by om one village to ie ing iccustomed to mount « c ints were vs the inhahitz « incient d « In flights of steps. N io | EIKE CLINGING IVY, VILLAS CLAMBER UP THE SIDES OF CAPRIS ROCKY CLIFFS The ancient home of the pleasure-loving Roman tyrant Tiberius is visited annually by 40,000 tourists in normal times. ply announcing some prearranged mes- sage; they had codes and sent long messages. The Greeks signaled on one occasion 100 miles at one jump. ‘This was from Mt. Chigri, 1,698 feet, to Mt. Athos, 6,500 feet. The subject is one of absorbing inter- est, but little touched on by archeologists. Polybius, the Greek historian, has de- scribed ancient signaling methods in con- siderable detail, particularly an ingeni- ous and elaborate method invented by Cleoxenus and Democlitus and perfected by Polybius himself. to Briefly, this method was about as fol- lows, the letters of the alphabet being arranged on five boards: AOE Se MP Baye. On Vv Cone M1 Re iW 1 N= Ott iar heel @, Z To send any letter, such as H, the sig- naling party raised two torches, because H is in the second column. Next, three torches were raised, as H is the third letter in its column. Very briefly, this was the theory. 224 The system was effective at about ten iniles, and, though designed for torches, it could be easily modified for mirror signaling, as it contains the fundamental principle of the best modern system of signaling. If the Greeks could invent such a theory of communication, it would seem likely that the Romans, a century and a half later, could have perfected its practice by using mirrors. Even our American Indians, having mirrors, sig- naled with them extensively, both on the plains and in the Rockies, the chief fre- quently being enabled to direct his war- riors with certainty from a distant point overlooking the field. MIRROR SIGNALS SEEN AT A DISTANCE OF 160 MILES Gallup’s Hand Book of Military Sig- naling states that ‘“‘under favorable con- ditions the distance to which messages may be sent and received is only limited by the curvature of the earth;” also, that “square mirrors are better than round ones only because they contain about one-quarter more reflecting surface for the same packing space.’ Round mir- rors are used now. Mirror signals have been seen with the unassisted eye at dis- tances of 160 miles. While this is, per- haps, a record, and although there is no statement -as to the size of the mirror, it probably did not exceed twelve inches square. The reasonableness of the Capri “wire- less” station theory tempts one to specu- late as to how much signaling was done and how it was done. It will be remem- bered that Tiberius, the unpopular suc- cessor of Augustus, spent eleven years of his reign on Capri, and without com- ing to Rome directed most successfully the affairs of the vast Empire. He even foiled the conspiracy of his trusted min- ister, Sejanus, who was supposed to have general charge of affairs after Tiberius retired to the island. Though Tiberius went to Capri an old man, he was the actual ruler—emperor in fact—and his heavy hand was felt all over the Empire until the very end. With regular news bulletins and reports, received daily if need be, containing con- fidential information, he would be able THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE to issue instructions and manage affairs as thoroughly as if he were in Rome. BEACON FIRES BY NIGHT, MIRRORS BY DAY Possibly the Publica acta (Senate Journal) and the Diurna acta (author- ized news) were sent to Capri by signal instead of by messenger. We can con- ceive that such a system, organized most likely under Augustus, must have oper- ated very smoothly after some years of experience and practice. I hazard the theory of mirrors because of its simplic- ity and convincing character. Signaling by beacon seems too primitive for the wonderful civilization of the Empire. Of course, at night-time beacon fires would have to be employed; mirror sig- naling was a fair-weather method. It is not entirely clear how the Roman lighthouses were managed. If the early representations on coins and reliefs do not mislead us, we may imagine a squat tower on a headland, perhaps 100 feet high and perhaps twelve feet square on top, with fire blazing all over the top platform. How long would the resinous wood fire last? During the long hours of darkness? It would not burn that long. Obviously, the fires must have con- sumed immense quantities of wood and been replenished at intervals throughout the night. In periods of storm and rain the operation of the Pharos must have been a trying task. Just how the fire was replenished is not very clear. The Capri Pharos appears to have been pro- vided with an outside staircase by which billets of coniferous wood could be car- ried up and thrown on the fire. ROMAN LIGHTHOUSES OPERATED EIGHT MONTHS OF THE YEAR It is most improbable that any Roman lighthouse could have been operated throughout the entire year. It was kept alight during the passage of the grain fleets and possibly then allowed to go out. Navigation began in March and came to an end in November. Accord- ing to Merivale, the sea was not used for one-third of the year. A little island like Capri would be de- forested in a short time, a year or two, £ii¥test LUCE? eons Caro Tanna ee THE PUBLIC SQUARE OF THE VILLAGE OF CAPRI WHICH NESTLES AMONG THE ROCKS NEARLY 500 FEET. ABOVE THE SEA This is the center of life on the island. As its capital, the village has a population of four thousand. | | OVI.RLOOKI Gi iy VA TAIN COACH. (CAMPANIA) FROM THE LIMESTONE CLIFFS OF VEARRY A PICTURESQUE REMINDER OF THE FREQUENT VISITS OF PIRATES TO CAPRI IN OLDEN DAYS Contrary to the custom of christening a castle after its builder, this historic pile, Castello de Jarbarossa, bears the name of the freebooter who destroyed it in 1544. 226 PES OH CAPRI Daud with such a greedy Moloch swallowing untold cords of firewood every night. However, wood was a cheap commodity in the Empire. There were trackless forests all over it. In England, and in fact everywhere on lighthouses, the exposed beacons of the ancients were used until recent times. The exposed “chauffer” type of beacon light burned, say, 400 tons of coal a year, in addition to vast quantities of wood. Coal fires were in use until 18106. The mirror system would cost no money to operate, would be easy to use, and by it long signals could be sent. In times of stress, the primitive beacon would have to be employed when there was no sun. Under the practical rule of the Romans, beacon signaling was doubtless somewhat advanced and by it long signals could be sent, perhaps by making the beacon flare up by adding periodically small quantities of oil. THE ROMANS EXCELLED IN ENGINEERING This is a mere surmise, without basis other than the general advanced charac- ter of Roman civilization, which lacked little we have today. ‘The Romans were not artistic, but they were wonderful mechanics, hydraulic engineers, sani- tary engineers, and great builders of all kinds of structures and highways. They had water pumps. They had perfected shorthand writing. The old writers do not tell us very much of Roman culture. None of them mentions a certain famous surgical instrument found at Pompeii, but it is there just the same. The distance in an air line between Rome and Capri is 130 miles—too long for direct signaling; but if we look along the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea we find numerous mountains affording points where the signals could be relayed. The frequency of the relaying would depend on the conditions. The highest point on Capri is Monte Solaro, 1,980 feet. Sig- nals were probably not sent from here, but from the eastern headland. The Pharos: was about 1,000 feet above sea- level. A line drawn from the Pharos to Monte Circeo, on the Campanian coast, just grazes the Island of Ischia; but the line of sight would be well above the isl- and) as ithe summitneot- Circeonis, 1,775 feet. RELAY STATIONS FOR MIRROR SIGNALING On a clear day it is possible to stand on this storied summit and, facing north, see the dome of St. Peter’s in Rome, and. turning to the south, see Ischia and Capri. “From the mountain promontory ol Circe, now? called: Circeo., or Cir cello, from almost any point on the Bay of Naples sufficiently elevated to get the sea horizon toward the west- northwest, we can see the high mass connected with the mainland by the Pontine marshes, whose low shores are invisible at this distance.” There is a semaforo at Monte Circeo in actual oper- ation today, just as there is also a sema- foro on the “telegrafo” hill at Capri. From Capri to Monte Circeo in an air line is 77 miles—a long shot for mirror signaling when we consider that the record for heliographing with the un- assisted eye in America in modern times is 160 miles. Still it was not impossible with a large mirror in the clear air of ancient Italy. Probably also the vision of the ancients was exceedingly keen, and doubtless signaling was in the hands of those gifted with extraordinary powers of vision. Nothing could have been easier than to increase the number of relay stations, although we may be sure the efficient Romans would signal over as long dis- tances as possible. TACITUS REFERS TO LONG-DISTANCE SIGNALING A suggested line of stations with no range more than 44 miles long is. sub- mitted to those of a speculative turn of mind. Rome to Monte Cavo, in the Alban Mountains, 18 miles; thence to Monte Circeo, 39 miles; thence to Monte Massico, 44 miles; thence to Capri, 44 miles. A Pompeian fresco of quite recent discovery shows Monte Cavo as_ being very conspicuous when viewed from the Palatine -Hill.. The clear’ summit is boldly visible. Perhaps the Palatine Hill was the “sending” station in Rome. THE SIREN ROCKS OF CAPRI The city of Naples was originally called Parthenope, in honor of the siren of that name, who drowned herself because Ulysses, hero of the Trojan War, succeeded in eluding her fatal embrace by putting wax in his ears so that he could not hear her seductive song. FOUR NATIVES OF CAPRI "he two in the doorway are waiting for an invitation to dance the tarantella, for which they will expect a half franc each from the spectators. The dog and the cat are quite content to be left alone. to iS) (oe) Ee SEE OF CAPRI When Tiberius re- tired to Capri he took | with him, among oth- ers, the mathematician and astrologer, Thra- syllus, who would be an expert on optics, if there were any such at this time. Moreover, the Emperor was the greatest general of his time and would be intimately acquainted with long-distance sig- naling in its every detail. There is a passage in Tacitus that refers to signaling from Rome to Capri. This is as follows: “Mean- while he [Tiberius] was upon the watch from the summit of a lofty cliff for the sig- -nals which he had or- dered to be made if anything occurred, lest the messengers am should be tardy. Even when he had quite foiled the conspiracy . ¥ of Sejanus, he was still haunted with fears and apprehen- sions, insomuch that he never once stirred out of the Villa Jovis for nine months.” Without undue ef- fort of the imagina- tion, we can picture Tiberius receiving the signals from Rome announcing the treachery of Sejanus, and we can sympa- thize with him in this final distress. Added to the enforced early separation from Vipsania, his first wife, a lifelong sorrow ; the disgrace of Julia, his second wife; the death of his splendid son, Drusus, and other personal domestic afflictions—this final disappointment, the defection of his friend and trusted min- ister, must have come as a cruel blow to the old man. 229 roo mes Mey i Photograph by Edith P. Kingman WIS PICTURE HANGS IN MANY GALLERIES This sedate gentleman is not a painter, but the most famous artist’s model of Capri. The fact that Augustus and Tiberius made Capri their special retreat gives it a deep and lasting significance. The island was the favorite home of them and their families for nearly seventy years. ‘They are the two greatest execu- tives in history ruling consecutively— both clear-headed, hard-working admin- istrators, whose labors established the supremacy of the Roman Empire and brought about a wonderful period of peace unequaled in history, before or since. They both lived long, full lives ‘AojuOWOId sity) UO pa}daI19 UOT}eS ay} Aq poarodo1 gjeusis s1ydeisoljey—_ssoporim,, Aq ‘snuvfog “1ojstuIU poysn4} sty yo Axo yen) SY} FO pousvs] oy Jey] osttuIMs suetsiojsIy pure systSojoayoiv duOS MHMSNV SH, A AVN GNV'I “dvi SIHL ¢g¢HNOX LV SONINAddVH HHL JO SMAN ATIVE LAD AH GIG MOH ‘TNdVO WONT GTXYOM AHL GHINU SNAG, NAHM 230 SHANTUNG—CHINA’S HOLY LAND and died natural deaths in an age when murder or enforced suicide or violent death of some sort was the almost in- variable end of greatness. After these towering personalities, Seapm drops cut of history and for some reason does not seem to have 231 been patronized further by the imperial family. But though Capri was never revisited by the emperors, the Pharos still guided the precious grain fleets through the channel between the island and the main- land for many centuries. SHANTUNG—CHINA’S HOLY LAND By CHARLEs K. Epmunps PRESIDENT CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE HE ancient Kingdom of Lu, now the Province of Shantung, is China’s Holy Land. As the scene of many remarkable events in the early history of the people up to 200 B. C., and containing the highest of the five sacred mountains of China, which for two score centuries has been a great Mecca for de- vout pilgrims, this region would be justly famous. But it is particularly celebrated as the birthplace of Confucius and Men- cius, philosophers and statesmen whose fame has gone over the earth. In ascending the sacred mountain and in visiting the birthplace, temporary abodes, and the final resting place of Confucius, we are carried back to things hoary with age, and to the sources of the power that has so long held China in its grip. The people of Shantung are, on the whole, rather conservative in their atti- tude toward foreigners and things for- eign. The chief manufactures are strong fabrics of wild silk, ornaments of a vit- reous substance like strass, snuff-bottles, cups, etc., straw braid, glass, and excel- lent rugs of many sorts. The streets of Tsinan, the capital, are wider than in the south of China, where carts, and even barrows, are practically unknown. Here the deep ruts in the granite slabs of the street pavement in- dicate the stream of traffic that grinds along on squeaky wheels. The shops all open upon the street, the fronts being boarded up at night. The sign-boards, in colors gay and characters large, relieve the monotony of gray brick and uniform structure of the buildings. A STRANGE FORM OF CRUELTY TO CRIMINALS One of the most striking buildings which one sees shortly after leaving the railway depot at Tsinan is the new police Station and jai: In most of the large cities of China today there has been a marked improvement in the police sys- tem and in the treatment of criminals. But on one occasion, along one of the main streets of the city, we saw three men exposed in a neck-stock or cangue which has long been used in China as an effective punishment for minor misde- meanors. The culprits stood day after day on a prominent street, exhibiting on the cangue their names and offenses. H. E. Wu Ting Fang, formerly Chi- nese Minister to the United States, was charged on his return to China with the revision of the penal code, and the more cruel forms of punishment are not so frequent now as formerly. Nevertheless the accompanying illustration (page 233), secured in Tsinan, shows that the terrible method of cage-executions was still in use up to a few years ago. After several days of public exhibition and starvation in a wooden cage, the victim was strangled by the removal of the bricks from under his feet, so that he hung on the wooden frame about his neck. Sometimes a mass of quicklime was placed on the floor of the cage so that the victim’s feet dangled in it. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph by C. K. Edmunds THE NECK-STOCK OR CANGUE WAS FORMERLY THE INSTRUMENT USED IN PUNISHMENT FOR MINOR MISDEMEANORS Culprits were forced to stand day after day on a prominent thoroughfare with their names and the nature of their offenses displayed on the heavy wooden yoke. If there were space, we would refer in more detail to other evidences of the change now under way in China, such as the rise of militarism and the rapid development of educational facilities, perhaps the most important and signifi- cant change of all. Tsinan boasts a large and flourishing provincial college and many lower schools. But the chief inter- est of our journey lies outside Tsinan. CURBING “CHINA’S GREAT SORROW” Only six miles away runs the Yellow River, known as “China’s Great Sor- row,” because of the frequent changes of its course and consequent flooding of this the most densely populated region of the whole country. The last serious break in the dikes oc- curred in September, 1902, near Liu- Wang-Chuang, and the illustrations on pages 236-238 show the remarkable way in which Chinese “engineers” effected its repair. The original breach of 1,500 yards was reduced by building out from each side successive buttresses composed of kaoliang stalks (Barbados millet) and sacks of clay, each buttress being secured to the previous one by ropes and piles. The final opening of 55 feet was, after two disastrous attempts, effectively closed in March, 1903, by lowering a huge mat- tress of kaoliang stalks and clay by means of more than one hundred ropes, each eight inches in circumference, which at a given signal were let out one foot on each side. The rush of water through the open- ing was reduced by the construction of a projecting groin on the upstream side, and to prevent canting of the mattress, due to the impact of the current, which had frustrated the earlier attempts, it was anchored to the opposite side of the river by many 15-inch hawsers. The width of the river abreast of the SHAN TUNG—CHINA’S HOLY LAND Wee breach had been 600 feet, but was reduced to 300 feet by the formation of a sand-bar on the opposite side of the river. Hordes of workmen with baskets and barrows were set to work on the top of the dike bringing material to rein- force the repaired section. THE EQUIPMENT OF A CARAVAN From Tsinan our journey was ten days by cart over typical rough Chinese roads in a ceneral southwesterly direction. Our party con- sisted of myself, a student- interpreter and recorder, a cook, and three carts (with carters whose bad behavior we shall not soon forget), in which food, tents, cloth- ing, and bedding packed in huge baskets were carried, but in which we did not essen. cide, for the carts had no springs. For this reason also our surveying instruments were carried on the shoulders of two men, a third being supplied for relief. This caravan advanced about 25 miles a day. After the first stage to Taian, we were accompanied by a military guard of two so- called soldiers, who were expected to keep the wun- ruly carters in check, but who proved to be nearly as bad as they. For the most part we lived on the country as we went. Sweet potatoes, ege-plant, cabbage, turnips, and carrots were easily secured. Good rice, such as we know it in south China, was scarce, but chickens and eggs, pork, persimmons, hard pears, a few peaches, and abundant dates, supplemented with a few tinned goods, enabled us to live sumptuously. As a rule, we stopped at the regular village inns, crude and uncomfortable, but affording needed shelter for the page 2 the man’s civilization’s gallows, electric chair, and guillotine. standing on a pile of bricks, is placed on exhibition with his head ihroush a wooden collar. moved until the culprit is starved and strangled to death. Frequently there is an added refinement of torture in causing feet to dangle in quicklime. oe) oN) 0 5 Bian s Photograph by C. K. Edmunds THE EXECUTION-CAGE IN WHICH A CONDEMNED CHINA- MAN IS STRANGLED TO DEATH Not to be confused with the cangue, or neck-stock (see 32), this instrument of torture takes the place of Western The victim, Day by day a brick is re- whole party of eleven souls and three cart-mules. The roads through this section of China are mostly ruts, which sometimes attain a depth of 70 feet in the loess de- posits. For a good part of our way the road lay along the bank of a wide, shal- low river cutting across the loess for- mation. To judge from the height of bridges and the markings on the land, the tributaries to this stream, although dry when we saw them, must be violent tor- rents during the rainy season. 234 f gf et bot A Lidl hdd Dod rin! y #, OLAS ALLLIALS ‘ SOOCG > ten hug 2 A nA AE Keke eS Ki fis abrude sch ial eck nicl THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE y Photograph by C. K. Edmunds A DEVIL SCREEN TO) KEEP AWAY. EVIL -SPURTasS Chinese “devils,” or evil spirits, unlike the more clever foreign variety, can only travel in straight lines. Hence the rich property-owner puts up a devil screen to keep them out just as a photographer makes a box light-proof because the rays don’t like to turn dark corners. in front fills up with rickshas or itinerant barbers. This blank wall lends itself to decoration of various kinds and soon the open space Pneumatic-tired rickshas have now almost driven out the old iron-tired variety. While superstition is still rife in China, a rapid develop- ment of educational facilities is in evidence in Shantung. This is the most densely populated re- gion of the whole country. Villages are very numerous and they are wonderfully alike. Even the smaller hamlets have a grocery shop or so, and most of the larger villages have temples. Most of the temples have ancient trees in their courtyards, and tablets recording restora- tions in the reigns of various emperors from about 1500 A. D. down. PLOWS DRAWN BY OXEN, DONKEYS, AND WOMEN We found most frequent restorations made by the famous monarch Chien lung, who reigned for sixty years in the middle of the eighteenth century. The village street is usually a streak of deep black mud. Outside the villages the roads are stony or sandy, as the na- ture of the land decrees. The level and gently sloping parts of the country are closely cultivated. Farm- ers plough in the field with three don- keys abreast, or two donkeys and an ox, or a donkey, an ox, and a woman! The hills are generally very barren, owing to the ruthless cutting of all timber and the long-continued raking of the ground for leaves and grubbing of the soil for roots, the great population being sore pressed HOt mipels This process has robbed the soil of a natural fertilizer and lessened its ability to retain water, so that the hillsides are the’ more rapidly made hare @amdiiuec stream beds raised, thus contributing to a chronic condition of floods and famine. The chief products of the region are peanuts, sweet potatoes, straw braid, and peanut oil, many loads of which passed us on their way to the rail end at Ts1- nan, on huge barrows with very squeaky wheels, always pushed by one man, some- times pulled by a second, while in case of an excessive load the man-power was assisted by a small burro. After two days of heavy carting, about noon of the third day, we sighted the pagoda, which stands as a sentinel guard- SHANTUNG—CHINA’S HOLY LAND 235 124 a vie Aan| . oFuchow 50 Re STATUTE MILES 122 Drawn by R. M. Parker SKETCH MAP OF SHANTUNG, CHINA’S HOLY LAND The area in black is the territory of Kiaochow, to the west and beyond the limits of which is the town of the same name. ing this approach to the city of Taian, at the foot of Tai Shan. Taian can now be reached by rail, on the line running from Tientsin to Pukow, on the left bank of the Yangtze opposite Nanking. According to Chinese records, ‘Tai shan was the “Holy Mountain of the Fast” and was visited and prayed to as a god by the patriarchs and monarchs of the hoariest ages. Certainly its sacred- ness was a well-established doctrine in the earliest historical times. It is men- tioned in the Shu King (Book of His- tory) as where Shun sacrificed to heaven B. C. 2254. It is accordingly celebrated for its historical as well as its religious associations. The monarch was supposed to visit it every five years, or at any rate once in his reign. The ascent in the early days must have been far more arduous than it has since become. Probably only the most active potentates ventured to pay their devo- tions at the summit. The redoubtable Ch'in Shih-huang, builder of the Great Wall and unifier of China, did so 200 B. C., and left two obelisks to commem- orate the fact, one at the top and one at the bottom of the mountain. A hundred years after Ch'in Shih- huang, the Emperor Han Wu-ti planted cypress trees a few yards to the east of ‘IOATI 91]} FO opts optsoddo oy} Uo YueG pues e Fo VoNKtUIOF oY} Aq Joo OOF OJ paonpat seM yNq ‘ja9F O09 U90q PRY Yoeasq oy} JO JsvoIqe JOUUPYS JOATT OY} FO YIPIM oy J, “JUIIAINS 9} OJUT Joa} OZI owtos SuNosfosrd pue ‘ysomyed 9Y} OY payonsysuoy ‘yoesiq sy} JO apis JaAti-dn 9} UO ULOIS SuljD9Hep B FO WOT INAYsuod oY} Aq poonpet ATsnoraord sem sulvedo vy} Ysnoiy} Yysns sy J, ‘Jouueyd Jodosd say} OJUT yoRq ssdjeM Jus] -nqiny oy} peusny siypy, “worisod ojur Suns AT[NFssooons SPA ssor}eUT 9sny eV UsyA ‘(osed oyisoddo uo uoNerAsH]]I 9es) Co61 ‘or Yosepy uO peso] APOATJIOYO SBM “YSO]T OIOM USUIYIOM AUBUT FO SOAT] OY} YOIYM UT sjdtu9}ye SATjONAJSOp OM} JoRe ‘sIy] pue Yooy SS OJ paonpol sem yYovoig ay} suvoUt sy} Aq ‘sopid pue sodor Aq ouo snorAord oy} 0} poutof suteq sso1qjnq Jo y1omyed Yoo ‘Ae[D JO syoeS pue syye}s Suvyory Jo sysomyed jo Solqos eB JO W1OF OY} UL SWep opIs Yeo WorIZ JNO Surpyinq Aq potedst sem iT “paMoyV JOATI oY} FO JSOW FE YSnoIyT, “opr spsed ooS‘T sem pue ‘Suenyo “SUL A\-HV’T Ivotl “ZOO “oquta}dag Ul potim990 “oY-SUeMFT OY} FO S19}eM dy} JOIJUOD Sout} [eWAOU UT YIYyA ‘SayxIp oy} UI YOeoIq snorsas 4sP] oT, ;MOTMOS TPVAID S,VNIHO,, JO GOOTI MO'TTXA COSIN ONIGYNO NI SHVIOOD ONOUNVHS ONILOWNIG SYTANIONA AALLVN SpuUNnWpy ‘Sf ‘OD wor Ydes80j0yg 236 ‘JayeM JNO Suidosay 10F dovyans pipuayds wv oxeuU pure Yell YIM $}OOT oY} FO posoduros st ‘sapis oy} Surpnypout ‘qromyed ou} JO 9087 Sly, “JoJeweIp Ul SOtUT ¢ 0} € ‘sjoor JO YOUN oy} pu “1oJOUIPIP UL YOUT Ue FO SYyANoF-901Y} ‘Suo] joot 9 WWoqe st Jes oy, +tOM WUOTONAJSUOD JOF ONZITA Foto SIT WIOF YIM SOO! 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K. Edmunds THE TRANQUIL LOWER REACHES OF THE YELLOW RIVER AS IT CROSSES SHANTUNG “China’s Great Sorrow,” this remarkable waterway has been justly called, for it has taken millions of lives as toll in its numerous floods and 239 Once in a single week it swun erratic changes of course. Gulf of Pechili, as formerly. ¢ its mouth southward a distance of 400 miles, emptying into the Yellow Sea instead of the this lower obelisk and built or rebuilt a temple there, the nucleus or forerunner of the present temple Tai Miao, which in its turn is the nucleus of Taian city. WHERE BUDDHIST, TAOIST, AND CONFUCIAN MEET The principal business of this “very religious” city is to cater to the whims and wants of the thousands of pilgrims who annually throng her streets. Everything is on sale from little yellow mud tigers to portraits of the “Mother of Heaven” and fine brass works and silks. _ Tai Miao is the “great tem- ple” which has grown up-since the time of the Czesars, and probably has been mostly re- built toward the end of the Sung Dynasty (1020 - 1120 A 2.) to accommodate the large number who, though coming to worship at the Holy Mountain, are unable to make the ascent. Passing the ferocious door- guards, we traverse the main hall of the temple, on the walls of which are fine, large fres- coes representing a horde of officials and gentry making a pilgrimage to Tai Shan, and enter the inner shrine to be- hold the image of the “God- dess of Mercy.” Leaving the city by the north gate and journeying about a mile across the plain, we see Tai Shan towering high above all other peaks in the range, as if keeping soli- tary watch over the country roundabout. On its slopes every sect, Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian, has its tem- ples and its priests practicing manifold superstitions to at- tract pilgrims to their shrines. The number of beggars who beset the road to the summit indicates the great crowds of 240 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph by C. D. Jameson TAMPING THE LAYERS OF EARTH ON NEW DIKE WORK ALONG THE YELLOW RIVER A circular disk of iron or,stone, about eighteen inches in diameter and from two to two and one-half inches thick, is attached to some ten pieces of rope with a man on each rope. With a song to keep the laborers in time, the disk is thrown into the air and falls with a most efficient thud. Piles of from four to six inches in diameter are often driven in this manner, the weight being slightly guided in its fall by one of the men. pilgrims whose offerings support such a vast and wretched throng. TEN THOUSAND PILGRIMS A DAY The great pilgrimages occur in Febru- ary and March, as many as 10,000 per- sons per day making the ascent. ‘The contributions of the faithful, even after deducting a good slice for the local au- thorities, not only provide the upkeep of the numerous buildings scattered from base to summit and of the far more numerous priests, but have sufficed for the construction and maintenance of one of the most remarkable mountain roads in the world, the Pan Lu, which, begin- ning just outside the north gate of “the city, winds up to the very summit, some six miles of a broad, evenly paved path- way, the steep parts, which are frequent, since it rises 4,700 feet in five miles, con- sisting of well-laid steps, of which there are sOme O;COOmiay alle Every few hundred yards in the lower part is a temple, the most prominent be- ing known as “Little Tai Shan,” chiefly patronized by old women and young girls who can go no farther. Another of these lower temples is known as “The Hall of Ten Thousand Fairies” and an- other as “The Place of Thanksgiving. All the way up, one is struck with the great number of inscriptions cut in the face of prominent rocks, sometimes in the most inaccessible places. These have been done at the instigation of pilgrims, who thus vie with each other in exhibit- ing their devotion. SHANTUNG—CHINA’S HOLY All along the names given to special spots are very picturesque. ‘The whole Read is called “The Broad Way to Heaven.” An especially large projecting boulder has its title cut deep in it, “The ie oupporting the Left Side of Heaven.” ‘At one place, where the mountain - stream has smoothed a broad, flat rock, apes cut large characters, expressing Prayers of the devoted. At” another place, where the stream plunges over a high wall of rock, the latter bears the quotation from the classics, “A running brook is clear in itself.” For some distance the mountain slopes on each side of the paved way are fairly covered with trees, cypresses mostly up HOm2,@@0 feet, cedars above that level. ies upper part of the ascent is very steep and begins at an arch called the “Stopping Horse Arch” and mounts past ties Upper Gate of Heaven’ to the last eighteen flights, along the sides of which heavy iron chains are hung for the use of pilgrims who reach this stage ex- hausted from their previous toils. On the sides of the gulch appear in- scriptions directing the pilgrims to “Enter gradually the Better Place” and “Cautiously approach the Region of Beauty.” At the very top is the inscrip- tion, “Ten thousand generations ador- ing.” | At PE TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN These eighteen flights end in a massive portal which gives entrance to the court of the middle temple group. We note the highly ornamented roof of the cen- tral pavilion, the huge bronze urn for the burning of written prayers, and the tall bronze tablet commemorating the visit of the Emperor Wan-li. Besides the chief shrine to the Budd- hist “Nurse or Mother of Heaven,” there are two other temple groups at the sum- mit, one to Confucius, containing a rep- lica of the large image of the Sage which we shall see in the temple at Kufu, where he was born, while on the very topmost knoll is one to the Taoist “Emperor of the Sky,” Yu-Huang. 3 The view from the summit is wonder- ful, but not so wonderful as the reach of vision ascribed to Confucius and Yentzu LAND 241 on their visit two dozen centuries ago. That they saw the sea, as claimed, is not unlikely, for from an elevation of 5,100 feet the horizon is some 85 miles in ra- dius, and the sea even now is only 100 miles away, but the strain on our cre- dulity comes when we are told that Yentzu spied. what he took to be a white silk cur- tain and something blue in front of it by the gates of Soochow. “No,” said Con- fucius, “that is a white horse, and the thing that looks blue in the distance is a bundle of beans.” “So great,’ adds the commentator, “was the holy perspicuity Ow Ulas Seren Great, indeed! for Soochow is a full 400 miles away in a straight line. STONES GEELATS ACT (AS LARISMANS In all the cities and villages of Shan- tung, and even in adjacent provinces, stones from J'ai Shan are much in de- mand as talismans. It is believed to be unlucky for a house to be so built as to face a turning or a cross-road. ‘To ward off evil spirits, stones from Tai Shan are inserted in the wall of the house so situ- ated, with the inscription, “A stone from Tai Shan. Who dares come this way?” Evidently the day of leisure which our carters had enjoyed while we visited the Holy Mountain:had spoiled them, for on resuming our journey they gave no end of trouble, until at last we were forced to present them to a district magistrate for reprimand and discharge. After that we proceeded on foot, with a convoy of carrying coolies, straight to Tsining, on the Grand Canal, where through the magistrate we hired a cart and an excellent pair of mules with a well-behaved driver, who carried us to Kufu, the birth and burial place of Con- fucius, and back in three days by way of Yenchow. On the road in the early morning we passed long lines of pack-donkeys, carry- ing grain and tobacco, and merchants riding to the markets on the backs of diminutive burros, accompanied by their attendants on foot. In crossing the Wen-ho by a granite causeway we saw a number of fishing nets operated in characteristic Chinese fashion. We reached Kufu in mid-afternoon, Photograph by Richard M. Vanderburgh WHERE THE ASCENT OF TAI SHAN BEGINS Like the Japanese Fujiyama, Tai Shan is the favored shrine of millions. During February and March nearly two thousand people to the mile may be using the paved road that leads to the summit from the city wall of Taian. Some pilgrims are carried to the heights in native chairs, while others, old and bent, but determined to reach the summit through their own exertions, fight heat and hardship and fatigue to reach the prize they seek—a pilgrimage to the sacred mountain where the Emperor Shan worshiped two thousand years before Christ and nearly fifteen hundred years before Con- fucius was born. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE When one has seen one temple in China, one has seen them all, but when one has seen all the temples in China, there is still the temple at Kufu to see. The buildings and arches are much the same as any other similar edifice, and there are doubtless larger temples, but there is a cer- tain air of respectability, a cer- tain atmosphere inherited from the past, that makes a deep im- pression on the observer. The approach to the temple is made along a wide avenue at right angles to the axis of the temple grounds, being in fact a section of the main street of the city, treeless and shut in on both sides by high walls. Within the gates, one’s atten- tion is first called to the small forest of stone tablets, five to ten feet high and three or four feet wide, which line the pathway, commemorative of imperial visits. The buildings stand in a park of splendid cypress trees, one of which, said to have been planted by Confucius himself, has its ancient roots carefully inclosed in a marble parapet, and from its twisted stump a tall and vigorous stem, itself some centuries old, projects straight aloft to pro- claim that the old root has sap and life in it even yet. As such it seems to typify or foreshadow a revival of that which is the most vital and worthy in the philosophy and teaching of the page. HOW THE VENERATION FOR CONFUCIUS GREW This Confucian temple, an enormous and magnificent place, and, having sent ahead our military guard to secure guides for the temple and cemetery, we lost no time (although we did lose considerable money in gratui- ties) in seeing the wonders of this proto- type of all Confucian temples throughout the realm. occupying with its grounds the whole of one side of the town, is the model of the Confucian temples found in all the cities of China. It is almost certamlyggnie growth of ages. The probabilities seem to be that, though the family revered the tablets of SHANTUNG—CHINA’S HOLY LAND their great ancestor from the first, there was no public venera- tion of Confucius in any State temple for several centuries. As Confucian doctrines gained more and more recognition, no doubt . a temple was erected near the birthplace of the Sage, and suc- cessive emperors, granting ever higher titles of dignity, no-doubt enlarged and beautified the edi- Hee. There was a rather complete restoration of the old buildings in the reign of Yung Cheng (1723-1736), from which time most of the present establish- ment probably dates. The main temple building stands on a terrace in the center of the grounds. The outer ex- tremities of the high carved roof are supported by great stone pil- lars about fifteen feet high, ten on each side of the building. ' The pillars at the front, are round and magnificently carved with immense dragons coiling around each pillar. They are perhaps the most remarkable fea- ture of the whole temple. We often carve in marble, but here are columns eight feet in circum- ference, some centuries old, carved four inches deep in solid granite. ‘They constitute a real marvel of. Chinese sculpture. The marble stairs and ramps leading to the shrines are also finely done. The pillars on the sides and rear are octagonal and _ trace- carved in the favorite cloud ef- fect with various figures. Within the main building, called ‘The Hall of Perfection,” sits the canopied image of the great Sage, of which there are not more than'two or three duplicates throughout the. Empire. Ordinarily, Confucian temples do not contain an image of the Sage, but a simple tablet before which veneration and devotions are expressed. The Chinese are masters in fine carv- ing and decoration, and their execution in this case corresponds well with the im- Pre a3 243 tue 42 Photograph by Richard M. Vanderburgh A SOLID BRONZE TABLET IN A TAI SHAN TEMPLE All along the Pan Lu, the great paved highway from the north gate of the city of Taian to the summit of the Sacred Mountain, six miles in length, there is an almost unbroken avenue of temples. Mecca for the Chinese of three faiths. The mountain is a perial rank and honors ascribed to the Sage. The size and beauty of the altar and shrine are imposing and in keeping with the dimensions and character of the building in which they are the center of interest. ~ All is -heavily lacquered and richly gilded. Handsome silk hangings serve the double purpose of ornamenta- tion and protection. The statue itself is of wood, larger than life size, and represents the Sage seated, holding in his hands the imperial tablet or scepter as a symbol of his sov- Photograph by Richard M. Vanderburgh THE WAY OF THE DiFvouU'T CHINES PILGRIM, WHETHER HE BE BUDDHIST, DAGISTY OR FOLLOWER OF CONPUCIUS WTS. wie THESE FLIGHTS OF STEPS ‘TO THE SUMMIT‘ OF TAI SHAN In a climb of five miles the pilgrim makes an ascent of 4,700 feet, by means of 6,600 steps on a well-paved highway. To get an idea of the exertion which such a climb entails, recall that there are only 900 steps in the Washington Monument. Dital TEMPLES NEAR THE SUMMIT OF TAI-SHAN The contributions of the faithful who make the pilgrimage to the “Holy Mountain of the East” by the hundreds of thousands each year not only provide for the upkeep of the numerous buildings scattered from the base to the summit, but have sufficed for the con- struction of one of the most remarkable mountain roads in the world, the Pan Lu. Photographs by Richard M. Vanderburgh THE TOP OF THE MOUNT Tai Shan was a sacred mountain for centuries before Confucius was born, in 551 Bb. C. 4 frie : Probably the great Sage marks the half-way stage on the long road that Father Time has trod since Tai Shan was first a scene of worship. lo It 246 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Bagi i Photograph by C. K. Edmunds THE PAGODA WHICH STANDS AS A SENTINEL GUARDING THE APPROACH TO THE CITY “OF TATAN AL i Hb BOOT SOB, Ai SEA ereignty in the realm of thought. He wears an imperial hat of ceremony deco- rated with twelve tassels of red and green silk ornamented with pearls and repre- senting the signs of the zodiac. NINE GARMENTS OF SILK FOR CONFUCLUS’ STATUE He is clothed in nine different silk gar- ments, on which the twelve imperial em- blems are embroidered, namely, sun, moon, stars, mountains, dragons, pheas- ants, altar-vessels, water-lilies, flames of fire, rice, axes, and classic characters. While nine of these were used for great princes, as well as emperors, the first three were exclusively imperial insignia. Thus is denoted the high rank with which Confucius has long been honored. In front of the image of the Sage are handsome lacquer tables carrying the various sacrificial vessels of priceless porcelain and bronze used in the rather elaborate ritual. Below the richly deco- rated beams supporting the temple roof hang numerous inscriptions done in gold on blue, black on gold, and gold on red. The decorations and enameling on the beams and pillars of the temple are ex- ceedingly fine and rival in richness the decorations of the temple of the “Aus- picious Year,” at Peking, which is some- SHANTUNG—CHINA’S HOLY LAND = Photograph by Richard M. Vanderburgh THE GROVE SURROUNDING THE CONFUCIUS TOMB IN KUFU The buildings of the temple at the birthplace of the wisest of China’s wise men stand in a park of splendid cypress trees. times wrongly called “The Temple of Heaven.” _ On either side and facing the center of the room are the images of sixteen of the Sage’s most famous disciples, all -canopied, and in receding rows of two, three, and three, eight on a side. One large room of the temple contains a very complete collection of ancient musical instruments. The terrace on which the main build- ing stands is flanked by two long rows of lower buildings, in which are tablets to Confucius’ principal disciples and ex- pounders. ‘To the rear of the main build- ing are also smaller buildings, one of which contains some 120 stone tablets, about 12 by 17 inches, cut, to represent scenes from the life of the Sage. A SHRINE TO CONFUCIUS WIFE The building which is of chief interest among the auxiliary shrines contains the tablet to the wife of Confucius. This simple and sole memorial to the Sage’s spouse is housed in a “Palace of Rest” in the midst of beautiful trees. Whenever offerings are placed on the altar before the statue of Confucius, so are they also before this tablet to his wife, only they are less elaborate. The temple grounds are separated from the rest of the town by the street that marks the site of the ancient village in which Confucius was born, the actual site of the house itself being marked by the Dulkets Palace; “for ‘there 1s “stall. a duke in Lu, the Holy Duke K’ung, the seventy-sixth lineal descendant of the Sage. Four times a year the Duke worships in this temple with the appropriate ritual. Besides the contributions from devotees and appropriations from Peking, estates of many acres are devoted to the sup- port of the temple and the supply of the great number of pigs, sheep, and cattle required for the sacrifices, for no sym- bolism of cheap paper images as substi- tutes for the real article, so common else- where in China, is allowed here. The Duke is also in charge of the up- keep of the great Confucian cemetery, which lies outside the city, and having ‘(tbe o8ed 1X9} 99S) oInjdpnos ssauIYD JO JoAleul [PII B aINiNsUuOD AY, ‘“SUOSVIP SuT]IOD sud PaAred o1v YIYM UodN ‘9dudIIJUMIIID Ul Joa} YBa pue Yysry JQ0J UseIJY ‘SUUIMJOD a}TUeIS FO Solas oY} ST ISVS JRIIS SVUIYD FO sde[GyIIIGq OY} UT OYIPS JWUOOYIUSeUT 9Y} JO IINyRay a[qeyIewer jsour oy, N4WOM TV WId NGL NVIONANOSD HAL JO SUYVTIId ANOLS AML YSsinqgtapueA “JV preyorny Aq sydvisojoyg See as ata ee ee men a aA ar Se SHANTUNG—CHINA’S paid our respects to him and, by virtue of a considerable fee to his subordinates, having obtained permission to visit this ancient burying ground, we go from the north gate of the city for about a mile along a wide avenue lined with cypress eapeees. We pass a striking archway erected to the memory of a virtuous widow by her family, who took advantage of the ex- traordinary publicity of this avenue to secure for their beloved extra recognition. WHERE THOUSANDS OF THE PHILOS- OPHER’S DESCENDANTS ARE BURIED The portal to Sheng-ling, built in its present form in 1755 by the seventy-first lineal descendant of Confucius, gives ac- cess to a park-like enclosure of over 500 acres, containing the sepulcher of the Sage and of all his descendants. The total is undoubtedly several tens of thou- sands of graves. When a family holds together for 2,500 years, it grows into a big concern—about 70 per cent of the population in these parts, even the sol- diers sent as escorts, claiming member- Smpeimetne clan. Ihe park is cared for by 200 attendants, whose families have inherited this duty for many hundreds of years. From the outer entrance of the “Grove or tae Irue Sage” an avenue of fine and ancient cypresses, about 150 on a side, leads to an inner inclosure, where are halls for worship and monuments of im- perial visits from the Sung Dynasty down. There are some fine archways, and the buildings are not to be despised, mie ine teally striking feature of the whole place is the splendor of the ancient EGeES, - 3 As one passes inward the monuments become more and more ancient. ‘The as- pects of the park are rather those of age ‘than of neglect. Presently we come to “The Holy Way,” closed in by walls like “The Emperor’s Way” from one palace building to another, thus denoting the 1m- perial ranking of the Sage. WHERE CONFUCIUS AND HIS SON SLEEP Finally, in very nearly the center of the whole inclosure, we come to two hillocks that cover the remains of Confucius and HIDE AILAKD 249 his son. In front of each is a simple stone altar and an inscribed pillar, the one before that of the Sage himself read- ing “Most Holy Ancient Teacher.” It is said that the earth forming the mound covering the body of Confucius has been brought from each of the eigh- teen provinces of the Empire. However that may be, it is certainly true that the influence of the Sage has been and still is felt throughout the whole extent of the great country; and the prophet himself, while in these latter radical days some- what dusty, still bears on his shoulders the vast commonwealth of China, whose moral basis, with all its deficiencies, is surely a great memorial to a great and wonderful man. Besides the Confucian temple and cem- etery at Kufu, there are sanctuaries in honor of Yentzu, the favorite disciple and companion of the Sage, and in honor of Chou Kung, founder of the Duchy of Lu. Also seventeen miles south of Ktifu lies Tsowhsien, where Mencius, the great expounder of Confucius, was born (B. C. 361), and there we find suitable temples in his honor and proper preservation of his grave. But space does not permit a more detailed reference to these, nor in comparison with the memorials of Con- fucius are they of any considerable value. Evening shadows had already over- taken us because of our long delay before the shrine of the wisest of the wise men of China, and in order to make sure of accomplishing our return journey to T’s1- ning in one day, we made an early morn- ing start from Kufu and by 9 o'clock had reached Yenchow. THE GRAND CANAL, BEGUN 2,500 YEARS AGO By dint of hard traveling during the rest of the dav, we reached Tsining, on the Grand Canal, at nightfall, and found to our delight that a good missionary there had already arranged for the hire of a roomy house-boat on which to make the descent of the canal, though, to judge by the looks of the sail, it would take us a long time to go the 500 miles to the Yangtze; but we did cover that distance in about fifteen days, the last stage being made by steam-launch. oe EIEN NTRALNPRTAAY $58 HOUSE-BOATS AND CARGO-BOATS ON THE GRAND CANAL: CHINA Once the Grand Canal was a nine hundred mile highway over which the tribute of an empire was borne to the capital at Peking. Then came coast steamers and railways, and the Grand Canal, silting up from year to year, lost much of its former glory. But in China, wind-power on small sails is cheap and the man-power at the heavy oars is little dearer, so an American corporation is soon to hegin dredging the Grand Canal. Photographs by C. D. Jameson NO DONKEY ENGINES OR ELECTRIC TRAMS TO OPERATE THE LOCKS OR TOW VESSELS ON THE GRAND CANAL The natives, young and old, male and female, take their places at the heavy stone-set capstans. A boat is seen almost through the gates of a lock. 250 Photograph by C. D. Jameson ONE OF THE LOCKS OF THE GRAND CANAL NEAR TSINGKIANGPU, IN THE PROVINCE OF KIANGSU The fall from one side to the other is some five feet, and the boats are pulled up the rise by many ropes carried by capstans on each bank. A house-boat is floating through the gates. The central section of the Grand Canal, although it is now paralleled by the Tientsin-Pukow Railway, which makes possible a thirty-seven hour service between Shanghai and Peking, is largely used by the Chinese, who, through their peculiar skill as oarsmen, move heavy cargo- boats with a minimum of effort. The Grand Canal, called in Chinese Yu-ho (Imperial River), Yun-ho (Trans- port River), or Yuliang-ho (Tribute- earing River), extends from Tientsin, in Chihli, to Hangchow, in Chekiang, a distance of about I,000 miles. Accord- ing to the best accounts, it was com- menced in the sixth century B. C. and finished only in A. D. 1283. ihe most ancient part is- the central section, between the Yangtze and the Hwairivers. The southern section, from Hangchow to Chinkiang, on the Yangtze, was constructed from A. D. 605 to 617. The northern and most recent section, extending from the old bed of the Yel- low River to Tientsin, was completed by the Emperor Shitsu in the three years 1280-1283 A. D. Our journey on the canal began in the northern section, which is the most diffi- cult to navigate; traversed the central part, where water is plentiful, and ended in the southern section, where we were again in rail connection with Shanghai, ot which had been our starting point two months before. he chief features of interest were two: the locks and their operation and the variety of traffic and craft on this ancient inland waterway, which, origi- nally completed as an easy route for grain transport to Peking, still plays an impor- tant local rdle for a very thickly popu- lated part of the country, though of late years most of the supplies for Peking have been forwarded by sea. HOW.THE LOCKS OF THE GRAND CANAL OPERATE In the northern part, owing to scarcity of water, frequent locks or dams are nec- essary and are passed with difficulty. The ordinary canal lock consists of heavy granite bastions, forming a gateway and carrying on their opposing faces deep grooves, in which are set heavy timbers to form a dam. These timbers are raised by means of heavy stone-set capstans. I ay * on eae ‘sy rT © am ee em Photograph by C. K. Edmunds DUKE KUNG, THE SEVENTY-SIXTH DESCENDANT OF CONFUCIUS In charge of the temple and cemetery at Kufu. Four times a year the Duke worships in the great temple with appropriate ritual (see text, page 247). THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. MAGAZINE The lock officials often keep long lines of boats waiting behind a closed lock by making daily promises to open, but de- laying day after day in the hopes of se- curing additional “inducements.” Such congestion was always relieved by the arrival of our boat, because we carried official orders for control of the locks. In its central and southern portions the Grand Canal, although badly kept up, is much more utilized, and several thou- sands of boats traffic on it. Of late years the development of launch-trains, com- posed of a steam-launch towing several double-decked barges for passengers and freight, has been extensive between such important places as Tsingkiangpu, Yang- chow, Chinkiang, Soochow, and Hang- chow. THE PEOPLE OF CHINA THEIR OWN BEST MONUMENT Our return to the wonderful foreign municipality of Shanghai suddenly awak- ened us from the spell which our visit to southwestern Shantung, China’s Holy Land, had put upon us.) And@ yer coming back from a region where evi- dences hoary with age reveal the power that has so long held China in its grip to a modern city whose very existence testi- fies to the industry and energy of this ancient and honorable people, we ap- preciated the fact that the Chinese, as the only people who have survived from a remote past, are their own best monu- ment. Whether or not the earth which covers the mortal remains of their great Sage has really been brought from the then eighteen provinces of the Empire, it is true that in these latter days this Sage of old still holds sway throughout the land, and it is an interesting fact that) taemie-— naissance of China today is in China’s thought closely associated with that teacher whose face at that remote period was toward the more ancient of the an- cients, in imitation of whom he saw his country’s only hope. | It 1s, therefore, natural that amen the President of the Republic should have attempted to establish the new national- ism by appealing to the people’s loyalty to Confucius and things Confucian. Pate DESCENDANTS OF CONFUCIUS By Maynarp Owen WILLIAMS AvutHOR oF ‘‘RussiIA’S ORPHAN RACEs,”’ AINTY Miss America motors her way to the Country Club dance, her tresses held in place by an unobtrusive yet effective net made of human hair. To her this is one of the new necessi- ties that appear as if by magic and help her to preserve her beauty for an appre- ciative audience. ‘To thousands of rosy- cheeked, raven-haired maidens of far Shantung the making of hair nets from the discarded queues of their brothers is their only means of livelihood. The almost invisible net serves fashion to preserve for another hour the loveli- ness of a moment. But the making of hair nets enables whole villages of wrin- kled old women of Shantung to put a little more food into ever-hungry stom- achs. The dictates of fashion say that the net must be as fine as spider web and much stronger, yet the hair from which the net is made is the coarsest hair that grows on human head. Miss America insists on absolute cleanliness, yet those nets are woven in a thousand smoky huts. Every modern scientific process is utilized to fit the product of unwashed workers for the vanity dresser of the most fastidious beauty. “Know thyself,” says Dame Nature to the world’s people, ‘and nothing is im- possible. Shantung and Miami Beach mige sisters.” - > AMERICAN FASHIONS FEED FRUGAL ; CHINESE * When the speedy roadster made hair nets a necessity, the hunger pressure in a remote province of 30,000,000 relented a littie. When the American male emerged from the woolen of former convention and donned the dapper suit of cool pon- gee, all the silkworms in Shantung had to work overtime, and their masters added a strip of pork to the family dish. iy) “BETWEEN MASSACRES IN VAN,” ETC. A pongee-clad crowd at Bar Harbor means a better-fed population in Weihai- wel. An American woman wears some Che- foo lace, and, thanks to her and the pur- chases of her friends, almond-eyed girls are being trained in mission schools 8,000 miles away. The doughboy back from the war is also a booster for Shantung, though per- haps he doesn’t know it. As he tells of the ever-smiling Chinese whom he saw making roads in France, he testifies to the fine qualities of some of the world’s best laborers. THE SHANTUNG. COOLIE DID. HIS SHARE OF WAR WORK HOW The Shantung coolie did his fair share of war work. A hundred and fifty thou- sand of him went out to better living con- ditions and a wider outlook when the British troopships steamed away from his peninsular home. Hundreds of him dropped shovel and seized gun or fought with clubs and axes when the breach at Chateau-Thierry yawned. Now some of those Shantung coolies are being returned to their homes with new thoughts and ideals, speaking Pid- gin-French, Pidgin-English, and what- not, but with wonderful tales to tell of the men by whose sides they fought. I saw them there in Tsinan and Tsing- tau—a bit cocky over their supply of ready cash, addicted beyond conversion to the cinema, but straighter, cleaner, and more alert than they were before. When China wants railways built or canals dug, here are the boys who showed the best Allied engineers what loyal labor really was. Nor will they have to wait long. An American corporation is only waiting for better transportation facilities before be- ginning to dredge once more the Grand Canal, which was binding China into an empire two centuries before the Great 254 “How big is a Chinaman?” is a frequent question. The Shantung coolie is usually tall and well built, trained down to fighting weight, slim-waisted and barrel-chested, although his awk- big is an American?” is a common answer. ward costume conceals the latter excellence. Wall began to shut out the rest of the world and 400 years before the birth in a Bethlehem manger of Him who was to affect China in a degree second only to Shantung’s great Sage. Christ—Confu- cius! ‘They divide the thoughts of the Shantung population today. The Grand Canal cuts across the very base of Shantung. But the pressure of population and the urge of the empty stomach have made the strapping big fel- lows of that province ever ready to mi- grate to any point where the clink of hard coin gives promise of a full dinner pail. Photograph from Lieut. Richard M. Vanderburgh EXTREMES LABOR SIDE BY SIDE IN SHANTUNG THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE When 30,000,000 people ° whose idea of a day’s work is 16 hours are crowded into a province the size of Iowa, there must either be industrial development in silk, lace, and hair or peri- odic migrations of labor to less thickly settled parts of the world. In summer the Shantung coolie is north along the Amur mining gold or har- vesting soy beans in Man- churia. -1 havewseemeatm carrying Harbin flour aboard the Sungari steam- ers, and he laid hundreds of miles. of ties onaive Trans - Siberian. <1) aye seen him juggling gaily- painted sticks at the Nijni Novgorod fair, and compa- nies of Shantung coolies fought for the Bolsheviks beside the . Kremlin, and against them near ‘Tichita: In ruined Van a Shantung coolie, heavily dressed against the bitter cold of the Armenian plateau, rolled into town ahead of twenty of his compatriots who brought flour to that starving city. FRANCE-TRAINED COOLIE TO “How BUILD HOME RAILWAYS Soon the Japanese will be laying the rails for their new railway concession from Kaomi, near Tsing- tau, to Hsuchowfu, whence a ‘Trans- Asiatic trunk line, which will be to the Trans-Siberian what the Union Pacific is to the Canadian Pacific, is some day to link Lanchow and Kashgar with Peking and Russian Turkestan. Another Jap- anese line will run from Tsinan to cut the Peking-Canton line at Shuntehfu. In building these railways the Shan- tung coolie will have his rightful place, and skill gained in France will stand him in good stead in linking his home prov- ince to the capitals of Eurasia from Madrid to Tsinan. the DESCENDANTS OF CONFUCIUS i) a Ou Photograph by eee Richard M. Vandesticah SHANTUNG COOLIES FOR FRANCE “Man-power!” shouted Europe; and Shantung answered with 150,000 coolies who knew no fatigue and who did intelligently and industriously the simple but essential tasks that they were given to do. restore France. The rivers of China have built strange elements into the character of the sons of Han. In the gorges of the Yangtze there is the humble tracker, the human tug, who conquers rapids by the power of naked thigh. Through his _heart- breaking toil at the woven bamboo cable, huge Szechuan junks are made to breast the flood and a million horse-power of Himalaya’s snows are triumphed over again and again by puny man. THE TANTRUMS OF THE HWANG-HO But the Yangtze below the gorges is a tame and steady stream. Its mood may vary, but it never runs amuck. ‘The Hwang-ho, or Yellow River, on the other hand, is the champion bucking broncho river of the world. It hurdles its banks, spreads death and desolation in its track, and commandeers Red Cross workers with a suddenness of passion that can- not be foreseen. While the Crusaders were fighting in Palestine, the Hwang-ho emptied into the Gulf ah Pechili, near Tientsin. ‘Then it swung its-motth southward 400 miles in a single week, and until 1852 emptied Now there is talk of a quarter million more Shantung coolies to help its yellow flood into the Yellow Sea. Then it had another tantrum—hurdled the whole promontory of Shantung and found its present outlet, facing Port Arthur. Today it is the constant menace to mil- lions of people who live in what may be its next river-bed. It is confined to its present course by huge dikes that tower above a million homes. The Shantung coolie has for centuries set the example for the little Dutch lad of the story-book, who stuck his finger in the fissure in the dike and thus saved his country. The old Hwang-ho goes mad every few years and lashes a million innocents with his swishing tail, but the Shantung coolie, like a modern St. George, enters the lists against the foamy-mouthed dragon and once more confines it within earthen embankments. Yellow River and yellow man—and the man _ ultimately wins. Then he goes ‘back to growing three crops every two years in an impoverished soil that has been cultivated for centuries and forces Nature to support as many Shantung farmers to the square mile as Photograph by Lieut. Richard M. Vanderburgh ‘SOLDIERS OF MENIAL SERVICE IN FRANCE In ancient Phoenicia: the mountains repelled and the fine harbors of the Syrian coast invited the men of Tyre and Sidon to become sailors and traders. In Shantung the ever- hungry stomach drives men to any corner of the globe where honest labor and hard coin can come to an understanding. Chinese coolies who have learned to sit down in companies of five hundred and be well fed are never going to be the sarne men who toiled sixteen hours a day for a mere*pittance. Chinese man-power is waking up. CHINA HAS ITS SIDEWALK RESTAURANTS, TOO, BUT NOT OF THE CAFE DE LA PAIX TYPE When an American woman buys a Chinese hair net, or an American man a summer suit whose pongee has been spun by Shantung silkworms, a family in the province known as China’s Holy Land adds a strip of pork to the day’s menu. 256 by C. D. Jameson A BASKET MADE OF BANDS OF STRAW BRAID TO HOLD SOY BEANS Photograph The bands, about eighteen inches in width, are wound round and round in a spiral from the bottom up, the bottom edge of the band being on the inside of the top edge of the band below, which overlaps it some four or six inches. This huge basket is filled with beans as it is built, thus holding the bands in place. ; is, Peg i Pag Ee Ot ty AD x — _ ONL “4424 «4 " “x on A CHINESE BUREAU OF STANDARDS Although to the visitor the Chinese seem careless in their standards of measurement or weight, the shoe is usually on the other foot. Until recently, even the silver bullion which served as currency was weighed and the seller bargained around until he discovered the most friendly steelyards. The Chinese stcelyard is not steel at all, but is made of some heavy wood, with the weights marked with small silver or steel points which are inlaid with Sreat, ‘Care; Ps 258 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph by C. D. Jameson A BOAT WITH WHICH THE CRAFTY CHINESE FISHERMAN MAKES THE FISH . CATCH ITSELF Attached to the long, narrow canoe is a thin board, painted white, one edge floating in the water. On calm, bright moonlight nights the canoe is swung out into the river across . the line of an advancing school of fish. The man sits quietly waiting and the fish, dashing at the white board glistening in the moonlight, land in the canoe. pre-war Belgium supported through highly developed industry. Does such a territory offer asylum to the Japanese? With such a man as the Shantung coolie, the Japanese farmer simply can’t com- pete. TSINGTAU, CHINA’S ATLANTIC CITY 4) Shantung is a land of villages, but it has its big modern towns as well. ‘Tsing- tau and T’sinan are two of the most rap- idly changing cities in the world. Ger- many laid their foundations. Japan is rushing them to completion. Tsingtau is the Atlantic City of the China coast. Its climate is excellent, its golf courses are well constructed, and it boasts modern hotels, miles of the finest motor roads, and clean streets. Behind it stretches a background of charming hills, where the scrap-iron and smashed cement of German forts spell the downfall of German military power and where millions of trees testify to German skill in battling against one of China’s most serious problems. Were China’s countless hills clothed in such forests as form the lovely setting PEE (DESCENDANTS OF CONFUCIUS ALL > . . Fare Photograph by Maynard Owen Williams “SHIP-SHAPE” ON SOME CHINESE JUNKS Thanks to the excellence of Chinese varnish, which resists hot and cold, fresh or salt water without discoloration, the Chinese houseboats or junks are models of cleanliness. From far Szechuan to the network of waterways around Shanghai, the Chinese houseboat is a floating credit to the by no means spotless towns. for Tsingtau’s fine homes, the Yellow River would purr instead of roar, and flood and famine would be banished for- ever from the land. When the Japanese captured Kiao- chow, they made, as one of the condi- tions of its return to China, the granting of a Japanese concession in the port of Tsingtau. During the war the Japanese built a new city upon low land surrounding the magnificent inner harbor of Tsingtau. In it the custom-house, the railway station, several harbors, and numerous industrial plants are now located. Germany developed a show-place at Tsingtau—a political and naval base in the Far East. Japan is fashioning there a beehive of industrial activity, having constructed scores of permanent build- ings in the concession which she, from the first, demanded as her price of re- turning Shantung to China. JAPAN’S INTENSIVE EFFORTS IN DEVELOPING SHANTUNG Tsinan has undergone similar trans- formation. A Chinese city with a Ger- man veneer has overnight become an out- post of Japan. The Japanese population in the overcrowded Province of Shan- tung has increased 6,000 per cent in five years. New buildings and barracks, guarded by stocky young men wearing the uni- form of Japan, have sprung up as if by magic. One of the most powerful wire- less stations in the Far East has been in- stalled. During the 21 years since our purchase of the Philippines, the United States has not expended there as much money as poor Japan invested in Shan- Le Photograph by C. D. Vouneson ONE OF THE SLUICES OF THE GRAND CANAL Notice the fisherman with his large net in the foreground. Ce Photograph by C. K. Edmunds THE MAN ON THE TOW PATH AND AT THE OAR IS THE CHIEF DEPENDENCE OF THE CHINESE JUNK WHEN THE WIND BLOWS UNPROPITIOUSLY ON CHINESE RIVERS The Grand Canal, China’s great artificial inland waterway, was begun in the sixth century before the Christian era, but was not completed until the end of the thirteenth century. 260 a Photograph by C. D. Jameson A FORM OF FISH NET IN USE THROUGHOUT CHINA The frame works on a hinge at the crossed uprights in the water. The long arm running to the right is raised and the net sinks below the surface to a suitable depth. When the fisherman who works the long arm feels that he has reason to think that some foolish fishes are over the net, he pulls down the arm, raises the net, and with a small scoop net lands any fish caught. About nine times out of ten there are no fish caught. Photograph by C. K. Edmunds FISHING IN THE WEN-HO The highway from Yenchow to Kiifu crosses the river by means of this broad stone causeway, in which several arched openings permit the passage of the stream and afford the Chinese disciples of Walton facilities to enjoy the sport to their hearts’ and stomachs’ content. 201 [Hey V St SIOATI SUIWI9} -OyFeI] SeUTYD JO U0 UMOP SuNeoYy S}JOyseq JayYIIM UI Paseoua ‘punos surjj[ds-1e9 ue pue YSIS eI JS 91¥ ssid oAT] euIyD JO syred Auew ur 4ynq ‘prides Ayyeroadsa jou SE ddIAJOsS wolzyeJodsues} oJ, Stoyicd ye} JO peojjyeoq YW ‘souUeW sty} ul peddit SuVO YOLVAASIVAAA ASANIHO YspPM VL “H wosz ydess0j0yg RS =~ S x « G tpayy Bitty 262 BEERS WS AEG Se Ss SNA aes “e 4 4 GIMK 4 4 4 OLD Rf R THE 4 4 Y MANDARINS: UNDI 4 iy S CHINE in e the bone 1 D on to the war and who are to 1 —_ » we) te — S fe) iS) Ww 1S OS o-_ oa ies) ) sy cD) Hw fo) a Be we Ww oOo Vv Po! ish or O a4 VO > Jus ee: Stic veo nn oO ect id officials of a few years ago t <-clez ll ese Sl Contrast with th ‘paling Sol] Joysve} years S$ VUIYD) ‘PaAO] sy sassaIdAd dy} JO apeys ay} ul ‘YOIyM edu NyNy ye ajdu1s} uernyuog aais ~soidur ATTenba oy} 90s 0} J1OYa oY} eYLUI JOU OP OYA SjsI1n0} JO Spaipuny Aq Aj1eaA PajistA oie SuLyag Jo yysou S(O], SUP Snowe oY ‘“sArony “UO SI SB d01S9p ¥ jesIS SB OJ polouoY 1B AjseUdC SUIT SMOLIJsNIT! dy} Jo sto1aduia oy} eUrYDO ul pur ‘ayIOUT SIY pue Joy}eF sly 1ouo0Y 0} URW 1y3ne} sey worse AtoAo AjIeaNy ‘ojdood 9y} jo AyeXo] dy} Sases yeo1s JO sUla}sAs [eoIy}a 94} YJIM IPIAIp diysioM 10j}Ssa9ue pue Ajord peri SaqNOL DNIN AHL OL GVO AH NO ith DbSeyNDANTS ‘ADP AD Ae ED ee SS SSD o = / = = = — =S== Sr Sw Ca¥ ig. Photograph by Ernest Harold Baynes MOTHER AND DAUGHTER This is a photograph of a wild chickadee feeding her young in June. She does not fear in sum- met the hand that feeds her in winter Make Friends with Nature’s / \ k f Bi d Feathered Wards in he Boo O 1T S 200 Pages, Illuminated with 250 Matchless Subjects in Full Colors, 45 Illustrations in Black and White, and 13 Striking Charts and Maps O OTHER Nature-book ever published at a moderate price equals The Book of Birds in the beauty of its illustrations, the fascinating quality of its authoritative text, and the charming intimacy with which it introduces the reader to shy Friends of Forest and Countryside, Seashore and Upland. 3 The three principal divisions of this beautiful book are the contribution of the gifted ornithologist and facile author, Henry W. Henshaw, formerly Chief of the United States Biological Survey. Dr. Henshaw possesses to a marked degree the rare faculty of describ- ing the haunts and habits of Nature’s wild creatures with the ease and grace of the born story-teller and with the insight and knowledge of the scientist equipped by wide experience and exhaustive research. And no author has ever had a more gifted or more sympathetic illustrating collaborator than has Dr. Henshaw in the noted naturalist-artist, Louis Agassiz Fuertes, whose 250 bird portraits, reproduced in full colors in this superb volume, have pre- served with wonderful fidelity not merely the richness of tint in plumage, but the animation and the personality, so to speak, of each subject. An engaging chapter is contributed by F. H. Kennard on “Encouraging Birds Around the Home.” Mr. Kennard persuades the reader to become a conserver of bird life, whether he be the possessor of a great estate or the owner of a window sill. ; That mysterious impulse which Nature has implanted in so many of her creatures—the migrating instinct—is the subject of a wonderful chapter by Professor Wells W. Cooke. George Shiras, 3rd, noted as a traveler and naturalist and as the inventor of a method whereby birds and wild animals make their own portraits, gives a delightful account of pho- tographing wild birds with a flashlight camera. The Book of Birds is a gift to delight the naturalist who can spend days in the forest, the business man who has only an occasional hour in the woods, or the man or woman whose sole acquaintance with birds is made in the city parks. Placed in the hand of a boy or girl, it will inculcate an imperishable love of Nature and Nature’s winged children. Obtainable only from our Washington Headquarters. Drert. H, Nationa Grocraruic Society. 16th and M Streets, Washington, D. C. Please! senda

GRINDING CORN ON A METATE TO MAKE TORTILLAS The tortilla is the staff of life in a Mexican family. of maize flour after the flour has been boiled with lime or water, and the resultant paste eround to a proper consistency on the metate, a volcanic stone in the shape of a druggist’s mortar. A second stone serves as a combination pestle and rolling pin. branded and’ iree,, timid asi deer, they Ox their forebears having strayed from the unfenced ranches. In spite of the many milk cows at large, in all these ranch homes condensed milk is generally used. To rope, throw, and milk one of the wild cows is rather an exciting task, and fre- quently “Mollie, the kind-faced cow,” will, when released, promptly chase her captors up the nearest tree. AMAZING DIVERSIZY (OF (PRODUCTS No other crop on’ the West Coast is more talked of than the garbanzo, or chick-pea. Each season buyers come all the way irom) Spainjaltaly,, ‘and (@ula, where most of these peas are consumed, and bid against each other, and, till the price is finally fixed, the excitement among the native growers is intense. ‘The annual crop is worth several millions and is shipped out by rail through the United States. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph from Frederick Simpich It is a sort of baked pancake, made ‘Tomatoes, too, come from Sinaloa in hundreds of carloads every winter and find a ready market in our western cities. Rice and sugar, grow, Jom eruewes cer Coast, are largely consumed in Mexico. Fach sugar-making season a corps of American experts goes to the West Coast froni the mills of Louisiana to handle the crop of one of the American plantations. - The taxes paid to the Mexican Govern- ment each year by this one sugar com- pany alone represents a large fortune. Wild coffee thrives on the hill slopes of Durango—a small but deliciously fla- vored berry—and thousands of natives gather their annual coffee supply from these uncultivated bushes. THE BAT HUNTERS One odd class of prospectors makes a good living hunting bat caves. In the hill countries of Sinaloa and Sonora the Mexican bat breeds by the thousands, \ A MEXICAN LAND OF CANAAN and makes its home in caves among rocky cliffs. Here deposits of guano ac- cumulate, small fortunes being some- times realized from the sale of one cave’s _ deposits. To locate a bat cave these guano-hun- ters work much as do the backwoods bee tree hunters in Missouri. They seek out a likely cliff, wait till dusk, and watch for bats. Soon, by close observation, they can locate the cave entrance from which the bats emerge. This bat is small, with flat head and broad ears, and gives otf a musky odor. That bright-red dye in the paper on your library wall probably came from away down in Sinaloa. But you would hardly have recognized it had you been at the receiving station in Culiacan the day the mule train got in from the hills, each animal carrying his 300-pound load of short, brown logs. It is in this form that the dyewood is shipped to the States, where it is ground and boiled. About 15 per cent of its original weight is soluble in water and represents dye matter and tannin. : = Uncle Sam also colors much of his army khaki cloth by the use of Mexican fustic dyewood, which likewise comes from Sinaloa. The Yankee buyers in Mexico bargain for the wood delivered at the railway, where they take only the hearts of the logs, with the bark and sap- wood chopped off. There are extensive forests of this hard, heavy, dense wood in Sinaloa, and the railway company prefers it for mak- ing ties. Because of the tannin in it, the bugs, white ants, and other insect pests do not eat it; its durability in the ground is remarkable. One small railway line put in fustic wood ties 35 years ago, and they are still sound. This tree belongs to the mulberry family. A FARM LESSON FROM MEXICO Not long ago one of our farm lecturers at Columbia University was telling of some new wrinkles in farming that he had picked up on a trip through Mexico. “One of these,” he said, “was a variant of our recently adopted system of green manuring that I first saw practiced on a Mexican bean ranch. ‘The bean vines were cut off with hoes just under the OL surface and the roots allowed to remain there to rot till the next planting time. “The Mexican had never heard of put- ting nitrogen into his soil and was merely following the formula he had learned from his Spanish and Indian ancestors, but he was doing effectively just what thousands. of American farmers have learned in the last generation to do—in- crease fertility by growing nitrogen-gath- ering legumes. But he did not stop there. All the bean vines, hulls, weeds, and field trash were raked into piles and were soon as dry as tinder. Each of these piles was buried with earth to a depth of perhaps six inches, so that the whole field was covered with mounds from two to four feet high. “In due time an opening a foot in diam- eter was dug at the base of each mound, and the dry vegetation inside set afire. Then the hole was closed till barely enough air could enter to keep the fire smouldering, but not blazing, and the smoke filtered through the loose earth above till the whole field had the appear- ance of a nest of miniature volcanoes. “After a few days all the combustible material had burned out of the mounds and they were broken down and scat- tered. From the Mexican rancher I learned that the practice had always been followed by good farmers in Spanish America and that it had been brought from Spain in the earliest times.” MORE TRANSPORTATION IS NEEDED Until recent years this coast zone was utterly cut off from the rest of the world except by sea. Even now no railway, and not even a passable wagon road, runs east and west across northern Mexico. In fact, few rich, civilized regions anywhere have so few miles of railway, in propor- tion to their area and importance, as this West Coast of Mexico. The north and south traffic is served by only one road, that of the Southern Pacific of Mexico (owned by the Ameri- can company of the same name), whose railhead in 1910 had been pushed as far as the picturesque old city of Tepic. Here, at the beginning of the Madero revolution, construction work was sus- pended. Eventually will be built this line . “MOYS WoryseZ e AVP ATpunevy AiIAo sayvul yoy ‘91Aap Surssp-sayjoy) InbeA 34} 9330N “ohyIA podojeasp ATYSIy e st “YINOS ay} 07 ‘seAeP_ oy} Suowre se ‘wary Suowe SSOUTUPIID JNq “SSoul[pOs FO pasnooe oq JaAdU PyNoo Aayy, “soyoedy ay} 0} aiqeaedutod ore smbex of, “OTXepT W1sy}TOU FO Saqli} UeIPUT ysapTIM puv ysar0O0d 94} FO 9UO FO JoJYSnep w& st sy, OOIXYN :YAAIM INOVA MHWL, NI SHHLOTIO DNIHSVM TAID NVIGNI NV yordwig Yoapeiy wos ydeisojoyg Wipbe-niryy, aée ij 316 “[pES MOPUTM uUojMe’T "Vy AtrezT Aq ydersojoy S) Yj uo IO dvy s s0qysiou VOIVNIS SIN ATOMALIEA®) Ino& ut Is Jsnf “Aolt1e UOWIWIOD siy} ul Suv LY HOVOOD SSVIO-CUIHL V NI YO} Yyory M UO Sde¥1jS ON 4 I~ oP) PUA ING THE NATIONAI, GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph by Dane Coolidge ON DEER HORNS” A favorite gesture of the Yaquis, the tribe that long has constituted the most lawless element of Sonora and has figured in many of the forays at the border town of Nogales. Even under the Diaz régime the Yaquis refused to recognize the Mexican Government. This attitude led to the assignment of troops to exterminate “them, but since these troops received extra pay they were provident of a good job, and no great inroads were made upon the rebels. through to Guadalajara, and thus connect San Francisco and Mexico City by a di- rect route. And, if an original plan is carried out, the line will be extended to Salina Cruz, the West Coast terminus of the Tehuantepec Railway. Just now this latter 1,100-mile stretch of fertile coast country is without a rail- way service to the north, and European freight arriving over the ‘Tehuantepec Railway must be hauled by water up to Manzanillo and Mazatlan. Wagon roads, too, are almost utterly lacking. Interior freight is carried large- ly by “burros. In. its more prosperous days thousands of pack-mules were used for carrying the back-country trade of Mazatlan alone. THE ENGINEER WHO LOST HIS CAP During the last year of the Great War the towns of western Mexico suffered no 4 little hardship through lack of transpor- tation; for weeks at a time not a vessel called at once busy ports like Guaymas. Life among American merchants and planters settled on this West Coast is not unlike that of the colonials in India, China, or the Philippines. Servants are numerous and cheap. Fruits and vege- tables grow in abundance. Nobody hur- ries. Nervous breakdowns and “worry” headaches are unheard of. Even the leisurely trains reflect the “manana” spirit. Not long ago I was a guest in the private car of a railroad of- ficial. We were running as a special, but seemed to be moving strangely slow even for a Mexican train. “Go up ahead,” the official told our brakeman, “‘and tell the engineer to speed up a little.” In a few minutes the brakeman came back and explained: A MEXICAN LAND OF CANAAN “The engineer says that coming up last night his cap blew off and went out the cab window. He wants to run slow go- ing back to see if he can find it.” “Fair enough!” growled the official. “The only quick thing in these parts 1s the Mexican jumping bean.” THE FISHERMAN’S ‘““PROMISED SEA”’ Ask any United States Navy officer who has “done a hitch” in Guaymas wa- ters what the fishing there is like! “When they’re biting good, you've got to hide behind a rock to bait your hook!” 1 once heard a sailor declare. Trolling for toro, red snapper, skipjacks, Spanish mackerel, yellowtail, cabrillo, and other sea fish is aptavorite sport. Once the fish-run came so fast and thick, crowding the sea so closely about our boat (we threw sardines overboard as bait), that we took in all except 15 feet of our lines, and actually caught the particular fish we wished out of the mixed school that leaped after us! “Not you, but you!” my excited com- panion would shout, jerking his spoon from before an undesirable fish and toss- ing it in front of a choicer species. ‘Then an eight-foot shark, darting suddenly up, grabbed the leaping skipjack I was play- ing, and took my fish, line and all, and much perfectly good American skin from a raw and smarting palm. There are more fish and more kinds of fish in the Gulf of California, it is said, than in any other known body of water. A cannery built here could provide food for thousands. Just now the surplus tons of fish serve principally to support countless pelicans, cormorants, and other fishing birds that swarm on the rocky shores and islands of the Gulf. WHERE WILD FOWL ARE A PEST Comparatively few fish are captured by the Mexicans, who employ no modern means. The natives are without nets and trawls; they usually “still-fish” at a depth of 100 feet or more for the giant jewfish and tortuava. Each boatman car- ries a short, stout club, and when he finally gets his fish to the surface and alongside his boat he kills it by pounding it on the head; then he drags it aboard. The rice planters in the Yaqui Valley ol9 will gladly buy you a supply of ammuni- tion and lend you a shotgun if you will spend your next vacation down there. At irrigation time, particularly, the wild fowl become a pest, for this West Coast lies on one of their great migration routes. From a blind beside a rice field I once got 22 redheads in less than an hour, working a 16-gauge shotgun as the evening flight came in. There are geese, too, and brant and curlew and many va- rieties of shore birds. blcie also thes Calitorma or valley” quail is amazingly abundant, especially about the wheat and tomato fields. Around unusually good feeding grounds you will find these birds not in coveys, but in armies, frequently 500 or 1,000 of them feeding together in one field. They are numerous in the mesquite covered hills also, and a covey may often be lo- cated by watching for the hawks that circle above the thicket where the birds are hiding. Among the rolling foothills, where they feed on acorns, myriads of “white wing” or Sonora pigeons make their home. At nightfall these birds flock down to the water holes or irrigation ditches by the thousands. Here is an American happy hunting ground for those who love the rod and gun. Some day, when its charms are better known, Guaymas must become a popular winter resort of soft breezes, blue seas, and ideal January outdoor days. WILD ANIMALS ABOUND AteAcha riae Ranch im Sonora, the Americans keep a_ professional lion- hunter, with a pack of trained dogs. Unless their prowling raids were con- tinuously resisted, the wild beasts would soon Overrun the ranch. Last year this hunter killed over 50 animals, including lions, tigers, and wildcats. Once he went into a deep cave after a wounded tiger, carrying his pistol in one hand, his torch im fae OuNer., The ranchers complain that it is almost impossible to raise colts, especially in the hill countries, for lions have been known to leap a 12-foot corral to get at them. The “burra” or black deer, and also the white tail, are very common. Ante- ‘puel Aap uo AWD OoIxa py Avp=19)}] ayy HM 29310.) 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OOIXMN NI WAOCTINd ONIWAALVY ‘YJAvo oY} FO ooVF olf} wiojy yd PAVATITIAL SSUTISCTT [LPSSAA wo.1y ydeisojoyd ioe) 322 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph from Russell Hastings Millward THE MARKET AT GUANAJUATO: MEXICO Note that the men wear trousers instead of the typical pajama-like costume of the Mexi- can. Formerly a recognized means of getting labor for public works in Mexican towns was to arrest road-builders, carpenters, masons, or whatever class of worker was needed, on some flimsy charge, and sentence them to “hard labor’ for a requisite period on municipal projects. Some years ago Guanajuato introduced a variation in this practice and replenished its treasury by fining all natives coming into town in the usual garments. ‘There also was a suspicion that some enterprising trousers-maker had influenced the city government. After their first sur- prise, the crafty country folk evaded the fine, and also avoided making a run on the trousers market by buying one pair per community and arranging schedules by which the busy trousers became ambulant jitneys, making three or four trips per day with different passengers. lope are still seen in north Sonora. While hunting on the coast near Port Libertad our party jumped a herd of 35 antelope. Nor must you go far into the Canadian north ‘or run over to Tibet to hunt the wary bighorn. Here-in northwest So- nora you can shoot him, if you can stand the heat and strain of a climb over blis- tering, inhospitable rocks, and can stalk and hit him after you locate him. One American hunter I know counted 24 of these majestic animals, filing in solemn dignity from the mouth of a mountain cave, in Lower California, where they had lain to escape the midday heat. Afterward, exploring one of these caves, my friend found an odd mat, an- cient and tattered, made of human hair. There were scraps of broken pottery, too, and a worn sandal of braided grass. On some of these cave walls are scratched crude drawings of men and animals. ‘These petroglyphs occur from Tucson all the way down to Guadala- jara—dim, puzzling records of a vanished race. A DIVERSITY OF RACES IN MEXICO Few Americans realize the diversity of races in Mexico. From Sonora to Yuea- tan over 50 separate dialects are spoken. All the inhabitants of the West Coast, however, with the exception of some hill tribes of Indians, can understand Span- ish. A MEXICAN LAND OF CANAAN Of these Indians the 8,oo0 Yaquis, with their crude Bacatete hill forts, their weird ceremonial masque dances and their warlike attitude, are easily most conspicuous. Many are enlisted with the federal army or employed as ranch hands and mine or railroad laborers. General Obregon tells a story, typical of the Yaqui’s subtle mind. Obregon once had occasion to warn his men against wasting their ammunition by shooting from the moving trains at ob- jects along the road. Halted one day at a station, Obregon heard a shot and saw a Yaqui lowering his rifle, smoke floating about him. . He went out personally and rebuked the Yaqui. “But, my General, I did not shoot,” pleaded the Indian. “It was some one who was here yesterday. ‘The smoke you see is old smoke.” The Yaquis with the federal troops are termed “Manzos,’ or “tame” Yaquis; those in the hills, wild and hostile, are the “Bronchos.” The latter are a vagrant lot, robbing ranches for food and ani- mals, carrying rawhide drums and water gourds, wearing sandals of green cow- skin—living by their wits. Pressed by hunger, they subsist as well on burros as beef. These burros, “the short and simple animals of the poor,” thrive by the thou- sand on the West Coast. Many run wild, like “the wild asses of Mesopotamia.” The Maya Indians, some of whom still carry bows and arrows, inhabit the flat coastal plain south of the Yaqui region along the River Maya. Excellent labor- ers, peacefully inclined, many of the Mayas are trusted helpers on American ranches and plantations. THE STRANGE SERIS OF TIBURON Most of the well-advertised brands of wild men are fairly familiar to the show- going American public. The head- hunter, the Pygmy, the Bushman and his boomerang are all old circus acquaint- ances. But right here at home, within 700 miles of chaste and classic Los An- geles, there dwells a lost tribe of savages whose very name is known to but few of us; for this tribe has never been tamed, boplitted.. jor even exhibited. Yetiit 1s older, perhaps, than the Aztecs; it may O23 even be the last living fragment of the American aborigines. The Seris, these strange people are called, and they inhabit a lonely, evil rock called Tiburon (Shark) Island that lifts its hostile head from the hot, empty wa- ters of the Gulf of Cortez. (Gulf of Cal- ifornia it’s printed on American maps. ) And all down this coast the name of T1- buron is spoken with a shrug of the shoulders, for these Seris are thieves and killers. It is even whispered that long ago they were cannibals. However, they did not try to eat us or even hint at it while I was visiting them. From where we anchored, off the north end of the island, it had seemed quite de- serted ; but no sooner had we waded from our whaleboat to the beach than two In- dians appeared, carrying a flag of truce. Then came others, in swarms, venturing timidly from the mesquite and palo verde brush. They were tall men, mostly very slender, with straight black hair; their teeth were remarkably white and sound. Except for a few bows and arrows, all were unarmed. (Later | learned that they had hidden their few old rifles in a neighboring arroyo before showing them- selves. ) A DISAPPOINTED CHIEF One picturesque old man, clad in tat- tered rags, an antediluvian “Stetson,” and rope sandals, advanced and asked in broken Spanish for the “Chief” of our party. We shook hands, and then, waiv- ing further formalities, he demanded a drink. Our failure to produce alcohol had an immediate and depressing effect on old Juan Tomas, as he called himself. It also seemed to upset the rest of the tribe, who yapped and chattered excitedly for several minutes. I was told afterward that previous ex- ploring parties had invariably started ne- gotiations with the Seris by offering whisky or mescal. Luckily I had brought some cigars, and when the tumult among the “wets” had subsided I produced these and gave them to Chief Juan Tomas. He made no move to pass them around; whereupon the other bucks again broke into noisy, jabbering protest. Then crafty old Juan lit a panetela, took a few puffs, and passed it to the Indian nearest 324 him. He, too, took a puff and passed the cigar on to the next; it finally disappeared in the crowd. But Juan held tight to the box. “What kind of a man is that?’ de- manded the Chief, pointing to a negro sailor in our party. “Es Americano, tambien,” I explained. “He’s not,” insisted the Indian. “I’ve seen Americans before. They come here to hunt. ‘They are not like that man.” But he did not pursue the subject or show any further interest in the black man. After some parley, the Chief agreed to lead us to the Seri village. It lay down the beach half a mile, toward the Sonora side. But when we got there it was not a pueblo at all, as other Indian pueblos usually are. It was little more than a place in the sand where the Seris ate and slept—just rude, flimsy shelters of mesquite and tules, or palo verde brush piled in circles about holes in the sand. Here and there a few big turtle shells were worked in or laid on the brush. No typical Indian huts, no tepees—not even the primitive but substantial ‘“‘ramadah” of the Pimas; in fact, the abiding place of the Seri 1s no more of a shelter than the pigs and calves of Iowa find on the lee side of straw-stacks. The Seri women, carrying bundles on their heads and chattering excitedly, fled up a canyon as we approached their vil- lage. But after a few minutes they be- gan venturing back, timidly, curiously. A CONCERT ON THE SANDS To add to the gaiety of the occasion, we brought from our ship a sailor who played the mandolin. It was incongru- ous, ridiculous—a mandolin tinkling off “Casey Jones” on this lonely shore. But our music failed to-soothe these particu- lar savages; on the contrary, it made the men dance and the women giggle. Then one sturdy, long-haired Seri dashed into the brush and emerged with—well, a fid- dle, for lack of a better word; just a square of dried hide, a stick with notches in it, and a “bow’’—merely a dried reed. He squatted down, stood the piece of hide on edge, laid one end of the notched stick on the ground and the other end on the THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE upper edge of the hide, and fiddled away—and sang. It was not unmusical, nor was it music, as our ears know it. “Sounds like filing a saw,” grunted one of our sailors. | “T’ll say he’s sho got some jazzummeip, : ventured George, the negro. One buck volunteered to dance.” He got a dried deerskin and laid it, hair down, on the sand. Leaping onto this improvised platform, with swaying body and waving arms the Seri scraped and patted the dried hide with his bare, cal- loused feet, keeping time to the whining fiddle. Then, one by one, a small group of women ventured out from the brush and formed a half circle about the dancer and began to sing. ‘They were a sad-looking chorus, to say the least—ragged, un- speakably filthy, their faces and limbs hideously tattooed with some blue color- ing matter, and their foreheads daubed with white bird-guano. In a worn canvas envelope, suspended on a string about his neck, the Chief car- ries an old letter signed by the Prefect at Hermosillo, acknowledging Juan Tomas as Jefe of the Seris and holding him re- sponsible for their good behavior. POVERTY AND DEGRADATION UNEXAMPLED Years ago these Indians inhabited a part of the Sonora coast and went trad- ing to Hermosillo and Guaymas. But their thieving, lawless habits kept them so much in conflict with the Mexican au- thorities that eventually they were driven back to Tiburon Island. For some months previous to our visit the Indians had not been to the mainland, by reason of a little affair wherein the tribe had murdered certain Mexican fish- ermen from Guaymas and burned their boat. ; Their poverty and degradation are per- haps the most absolute among human be- ings anywhere. No housekeeping, no gardens, no animals, no fowls to care for, no tools—just to fish, to kill a deer or a burro, or spear a turtle! (While we were with them bucks brought in a deer; it was eaten raw.) They had no utensils at all except clay ollas. One old squaw, ignoring us ut- terly, went on with her work making an A MEXICAN LAND OF CANAAN 295 Photograph by Dane Coolidge YAOUI BOY SOLDIERS AND THEIR SIGNAL DRUM OF DRIED DEERSKIN olla. She would take a ball of red mud (brought from the high part of the is- land), roll it between her palms into a rope-like shape, then build onto the grow- ing vessel. Finally, she would wet the clay strips in her mouth and shape the vessel with her hands and a clam-shell. Mongrel dogs, lean and_ shivering, skulked about, nosing into an olla of chopped deer meat, from which women and children were also eating. “How many dogs have you?” I asked Gieeae Chief. =ldon't know ; 1 can’t count,” he said. He made the same answer when I asked kim how many Seris there were. I judge, however, that there are not more than 200 Indians on the island. THE MAGIC OF BRASS BUTTONS EVEN ON TIBURON These Indians have practically nothing to trade; all they offered us were a few small pearls, deerskins, abalone shells, and one or two crude but water-tight baskets. One of our party offered small coins to a little girl to induce her to pose for a picture. She ran away. A tender of the noney to her mother made no impres- sion; but a few bright brass buttons (yes! even on Tiburon!) cut from the uniform of a petty officer closed the transaction. Such rags as the Seris wear they se- cure from time to time from stray fisher- men or hunters who go up the Gulf and call out of curiosity at Tiburon. Incredible as it sounds, these people were subsisting wholly on fish, bird eggs, and meat. The Chief begged us for flour and sugar, saying they had had none for months. Certain Yaqui outlaws once fled to Ti- buron. Governor Izabel, of Sonora, sent word to the Seris, offering a reward for the capture of the Yaqutis. “Bring them in with their hands tied.” the messenger told the Seris in sign lan- guage. Perhaps the sign was misunderstood ; anyway, what the Seris brought in were 326 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ir » Paes a Soa ee ee Photograph from Frederick Simpich AVVIOLING VIRTUOSO OK 11 BURON The instrument of this fiddling Seri—a square of dried hide, a notched stick, played with a dried-reed bow—is primitive. But the music? “Ah, SOME jazz,” pronounced the syncopa- tion expert of the party, a negro sailor from the “States.” the hands of the Yaquis, cut off and tied on a pole! Mexican observers say there is no marriage among the Seris; that they simply mate. ‘There are no priests nor medicine men, though many Seri babies in years past were taken to Hermosillo for baptism in the churches there. To mourn, they cut off their hair and paint their faces black. They place their dead in mesquite brush and dry them. When I got back to Guaymas, I learned from government records there that Juan Tomas’ real name is “Coyote-Iguana,” and that he: isimot a sen at all.) Weans ago Seris captured a Spanish girl as she was traveling from Guaymas to Hermo- sillo, and took her to Tiburon. At that time the island chief was a stalwart Pa- pago, who had also been kidnaped as a child. His vigor and shrewdness eventu- ally enabled him to become ruler of the Seris, and he took the Spanish girl as his mate. ‘The present chief, Juan Tomas, is the child of this couple. Years ago a Mexican punitive expedi- tion went to Tiburon, and while there of- fered to take the Spanish woman back to her people in Guaymas; but she refused to quit Tiburon. The Seris had tattooed her face; she was one of them. PENINSULAR CALIFORNIA The long, boot-shaped peninsula that swings down off the left-hand corner of the United States belongs to Mexico and is known on Mexican maps as “Baja,” or Lower California. Early Spanish maps of America showed California as an 1s- land, due, no doubt, to limited explora- tions of this peninsula. Scantly known as it is to the average American, this 800-mile-long strip of rocks, peaks, brush-grown mesas, and rare, fertile little valleys is a favorite A MEXICAN LAND OF CANAAN haunt for many Yankee naturalists,” fish- ermen, and big-game hunters; and here and there, in the more favored, well- watered, grassy spots of the higher ranges, hardy American cattlemen have built their adobe homes, where they en- joy the limitless freedom of vast un- fenced areas. The Circle Bar Company at Ojos Negros Ranch runs cattle over a leased territory of two and a half million acres, and a British corporation holds title to something like fifteen million acres | Away down at peaceful, picturesque La Paz, where Cortez repaired his schooners and where, centuries later, Walker, the Yankee filibuster, raised his flag, another Yankee today runs a busy little tannery, turning out 600 sides of good leather every day, for an American - shoe factory. Here and there, in hill and valley, Americans are delving for metals or growing the staple friyole. But the country as a whole, owing to its many desert, waterless areas, 1s but sparsely settled, and, as one writer says, “Tn all its turbulent, romantic history, since the halcyon days when Sir Francis Drake dropped his pirate anchor in Mag- dalena Bay, no wheeled vehicle has trav- ersed its rough and tortuous length.” Rich as are its mines and fat as are its herds of cattle, its chief source of wealth lies in the cotton-growing regions around Mexicali. A DIFFICULT BORDER PROBLEM At the Colorado delta, more than at - any other point on the whole border, the interests of the United States and of Mexico are closely joined. This is due to the singular topography of that region (part of it is below sea-level) and to the diversion of water from the Colorado River. In the opinion of many irrigation engineers and political students, this pe- culiarly delicate problem of irrigation water rights, as between planters on the American and Mexican sides of the line. respectively, can be solved satisfactorily only by some joint treaty between the two republics, involving either the fixing of a neutral zone or the sale of a small strip of territory. *See also, in THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC Macazineé for May, tg11, “A Land of Drought and Desert,” by E. W. Nelson. 327 Years ago private American interests built an irrigation ditch, taking water from the Colorado River near Yuma to irrigate the Imperial Valley in California. To avoid the difficuity and cost of cutting through the shifting sand dunes west of Yuma, the ditch, following a line of easier resistance, was carried south over the border into Mexico, thence west for some 60 miles, and finally north again into California.- Here the famous Im- perial Valley, which now boasts a popu- lation of 65,000 and farms worth a hun- dred millions, was developed, the waste water running down into the Salton Sea. 260 feet below sea-level. In return for the privilege of carrying this main canal over Mexican soil, the original promoters agreed to allow 50 per cent of its flow to be used in irrigating land on the Mexican side, where a great cotton-growing region, owned almost wholly by American colonists, has re- cently been developed. (In 1918 its crop was worth nearly ten millions. ) THE FATE OF A WONDERFULLY FERTILE VALLEY IS AT STAKE Because of the international meander- ings of this canal, it is easy to see that water rights are sometimes in conflict, and also that the farmers in California are uneasy, day and night, lest some harm come to the Mexican section of the ditch. If this life-giving canal should be cut or destroyed by some force in Mexico, the vast Imperial Valley would dry up and quickly revert to desert, just as hap- pened so long ago when Ghengiz Khan cut the canal above Bagdad and trans- formed the “sea of verdure” that Herod- otus saw into the wind-blown mounds and sand-filled laterals that mark the modern plain of ruined Babylonia. It is clear, then, why the governments of both republics are so concerned in safeguarding the international ditch. And as yet, notwithstanding its present great prosperity, the real development of this amazingly rich Mexican region has barely begun. South of the so-called “mud volcanoes,” east of the Laguna Salada and along the Hardy River, there stretches a vast, tule-grown area, flat as a billiard table and rich as the valley of the Nile, built up through age-long silt deposits from Arizona, Colorado, and Eno totane from Tred Simpich A GROUP OF MEXICAN CHILDREN, AFTER THE CEREMONY OF BAPTISM In few places are children so numerous, so loved, and so well cared for, according to their ae 4 9 ; S parents’ lights, as among the peons of Mexico. Smameorsta j ij "SERIO (> rig “ “y wt ee i % if g sa A oO a hg Ot ma © Hugo Brehme MEXICAN RURALES OF THE OLD REGIME Mexico, synonym of disorder in recent months, under President Diaz had one of the most efficient State police organizations in the world—the rural guards—who made the Re- public entirely safe for the traveler. There is a tradition that Comonfort founded the organ- ization on the theory of setting a bandit to catch a bandit, and formed from the outlaws themselves the nucleus of this body, which, under what has been called the “military Diaz- potism,” operated like the Canadian mounted police and the Pennsylvania State constabulary. 328 A MEXICAN LAND OF CANAAN Utah, and embracing perhaps a quarter of a million acres. If pioneering and settlement proceeds at the same rate for the next ten years as in the past decade, this part of Mexico will become the rich- est and most productive in the whole republic. NO PERMANENT JAPANESE SETTLEMENT IN LOWER CALIFORNIA Japanese immigrants, numbering eight or nine hundred and mostly of the coohe class, have settled here in the past five years. Nearly all of these Japanese, as well as some 2,000 Chinese, work in the cotton fields about Mexicali. A few of both races have leased various small tracts of land and are growing cotton and other crops on their own account; but not an acre of land in all Lower. Cali- fornia 1s known to have been purchased by either a Japanese or a Chinaman. Contrary to common report, too, only a very few Japanese—not over 50 at any one time—are operating around Magda- lena or Turtle Bay, on the Pacific coast of the peninsula. Most of these are em- ployed by the Masahara Kondo Company, a Japanese concern that supplies fresh Mexican fish to California markets and ships dried abalone meat to Japan. The Kondo Company has a concession from the Mexican Government for taking sea foods and whales, building drying sheds, wharves, etc., covering practically the whole west coast of Mexico; but so far it has operated on a very small scale, using only a few power boats built or bought at San Diego, Calif., and erecting drying trays at Turtle Bay. There is no permanent Japanese settle- ment anywhere on either coast of the peninsula. A MINING TOWN OWNED BY HOLLAND'S QUEEN From hot, lonely, isolate Santa Ro- salia, where Queen Wilhelmina of Hol- land and the Paris Rothschilds own the famous Boleo Mine, millions of dollars in copper matte are shipped each year. (Next to cotton, copper is Lower Cali- fornia’s chief export.) Rosalia is an odd, privately-owned, made-to-order city of some 12,000 329 troubled souls. Life there is depressing. As men are needed in the mines in larger or smaller numbers, they are imported or exported at the will of the French com- pany on its own steamers. The company owns everything, includ- ing the houses, stores, schools, play- grounds, markets, movie shows, the mil- lion-dollar breakwater, and all. Even the steel church was made to order in France, shipped around the Horn like a piece of knock-down Michigan furniture, and set up at Rosalia. The country for miles about is treeless, empty, and hot. Every necessity of life, except fish, is imported. Were it not for the rich copper in the blistering, hostile hills, no sane human being would linger long on this inhospitable coast. THE MAGNIFICENT HARBOR OF MAGDALENA BAY Magdalena Bay, although the finest harbor between Panama and the Golden Gate, is a lonely and empty spot. Save for a few petty customs officials quar- tered in a small group of weather-beaten wooden houses on the margin of the bay, the region hereabout is practically unin- habited. Some forty years ago an ill-ad- vised colonizing boom brought a few hundred misguided American settlers to the Magdalena Bay country; but the en- terprise failed because of scarcity of fresh water, and the settlers escaped only through the aid of one of our navy ves- sels. The region has certain possibilities, but it is no place for a tenderfoot. From San Xavier and ruined Tumaca- ciri, in Arizona, all the way down to Guadalajara there marches a line of stately old churches, which marked the northern advance of the cross. Signifi- cantly, too, these padres always chose to build near ample water and rich soil. Traces of their. old irrigation ditches, showing that they grew their own grain and fruit, are plainly discernible. There were cisterns, also, and loop-holed com- pounds for Indian defense in the days of the Church Militant. Even as late as 1879 Apaches attacked the town of Imuris, in Sonora, and some of the people took refuge in the old church of San Ignacio, near there. Its (ow) (SU) S THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph from Frederick Simpich DIGGING FOR WATER IN LOWER CALIFORNIA The long, boot-shaped peninsula has vast desert areas and ranges of barren fale which lie beneath a blistering sun, but there are also numerous fertile valleys which are the haunts of naturalists and big-game hunters. over extensive unfenced pasture lands. Here, also, hardy cattlemen prosper, their herds grazing The enormous mineral resources of the peninsula are as yet largely undeveloped, but perhaps its source of greatest potential wealth lies in its cotton-growing regions near the California border. scarred walls still show plainly where Apache bullets bit angrily at the thick adobe. In the old church at Caborca an Ameri- can filibustering party led by one William Krebs, bound by a fantastic oath to “free” Sonora, was shot to death. OUR COMMUNITY OF INTEREST far up in the wild Sinaloa hills are crude, tiny chapels, built by hermit priests. I met one old padre who had not been outside these hills for twenty years. He told strange tales of the hill folk and their primitive life. One Indian had lost a mule. He prayed that he might find it—and did, but it had broken its leg. ‘To show his thanks, the Indian made. a votive offering at the chapel, a tiny mule wrought from silver. But be- 4 fore bestowing his offering he broke a leg off the silver mule to balance the ac- count. Such is the story today of this awaken- ing region whose commercial future is so peculiarly tied up with that of our own Pacific coast. The purchasing power of its natural products is enormous. ven now, in spite of the waste and hazard of revolution, we buy from it each year mil- lions of dollars’ worth of ore, bullion, hides, cattle, garvanzos, fiber, and hard- wood; and nearly everything it uses from abroad it buys from us. Inevitably, when normal conditions prevail, its development will proceed along the same lines, and perhaps even obtain the same final prominence, agri- culturally at least, as our own State of California. WILD DUCKS AS WONG ER GUESTS IN A Ciny PARK By JosepH Dixon A Contribution from the Museum of Vertebrate Zodlogy of the University of California HE wild ducks which winter at Lake Merritt, in the city of Oak- land, Calif., afford a most striking example of the value which wild life may have to a community. The sane and eff- cient method here used to attract and safeguard the ducks has resulted not only in the preservation of the bird life in- volved, but also in making available for observation and enjoyment a peculiarly attractive display to a multitude of peo- ple. Moreover, the methods employed have been thoroughly in accord with the grow- ing democratic sentiment in America to the effect that our native wild life and game belong to the people as a whole and not to any one section. Lake Merritt is a V-shaped body of salt water, covering somewhat less than a square mile, almost in the center of Oakland. It is the oldest State game res- ervation in California, having been es- tablished by the Legislature in 1869. The attractions offered wild ducks at Lake Merritt, in estimated order of impor- tance, are: sanctuary, food, drink, suit- able loafing grounds. A large section at the east end of the lake is set off by a log boom, and boating is forbidden thereon during the winter months. Dogs not in leash are forbidden in the city park adjoining the lake, for there the ducks come out on the lawn eu@meare fed daily at 10 oclock. Of course, no shooting is ever allowed. Ee DAILY BOARD BILL OF A DUCK The city, through its Board of Park Commissioners, provides food and water for the ducks. During the past winter *For a detailed account of the various spe- cies of wild ducks, see Henry W. Henshaw’s “American Game Birds,” in “The Book of Birds,” illustrated in natural colors, with 250 paintings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. Published by the National Geographic Society. 331 (1918-19) feeding was not begun until the armistice was signed; thereafter four tons of whole barley were fed to the ducks in the Oakland city parks in 77 days at a total cost of $397.23, or at an average cost of $5.16 per day. The usual feeding period is about 100 days, and the average cost each year about S4oo. If we figure on the presence of 2,500 ducks, ihe amount of barley consumed each day by each bird would be little over one-half ounce, and the cost per bird per day about one-fifth of a cent. Of course, the ducks depend in major part upon natural sources of food. Several shallow cement drinking basins are maintained on the lake shore, and these are kept full of fresh water, being regulated by automatic cut-offs. The drinking basins are very popular with the river ducks, such as the Pintail and Bald- pate, but are rarely visited by the Canvas- back and other sea ducks. TWO CLASSES OF WILD FOWL ARE ENTERTAINED The wild fowl at Lake Merritt may be divided into two classes, those which come out and loaf on the lawn and those which remain on the lake. ‘The river ducks, such as the Pintail, Baldpate, and Shoveler, as well as numerous coots and eulls, spend considerable time when un- disturbed in sleeping and basking in the sunshine on the lawn. On the other hand, the sea ducks, Can- vasback, Scaup, Bufflehead, Goldeneye, and Ruddv (all characterized by having a vertical flap on the hind toe), prefer the open waters of the lake, along with the various diving birds, such as the Eared and Pied-billed grebes. The shore line is attractive to the Killdeer, that most ubiq- uitous of American wading birds. The ducks begin to arrive about Octo- ber of each year, and they scatter again at the close of the shooting season, Feb- ruary 15. Atterithisadate they are protected ainom shooting throughout the State and need no longer seek refuge im) daismeantc- tuary... Thus 4hemditetes leave Lake Merritt several weeks before they depart for their distant nesting grounds in the north. The time of arrival and departure varies with the different species. For in- stance, the” Pintatlacumes much earlier in the fall than the Canvasback, and also departs correspondingly early in the spring. In 1918 the Canvasback did not ar- rive in full force until early December, some time after the Pintail had arrived. On February 16, 1919, only one Pintail was seen on the lake where thousands were pres- ent a month "eanitcneme this date (February 16), when only one Pintail was noted, hundreds of Canvas- backs still thronged the wa- ters near the Embarcadero, and many individuals of this species were still pres- ent during the first week in March. Among the various kinds of waterfowl which regu- larly visit Lake Merritt each winter, the following four species of wild ducks occur in greatest numbers and are of particular in- LeReSt. The Pintail, or Sprig, one of the largest and most graceful of all our wild ducks, is the species found on the lawns in greatest ag- gregate numbers. Both the common name, Pintail, and the scientific name, acuta, have been given this bird on account of the long, rapier- like tail feathers, which form the most striking fea- ture in the male of the species. Photograph by Joseph Dixon There is no record of the nesting and Dakota northward. ‘The birds which winter in Cali- and Canada that migratory game birds do e¢ their annual pilgrimage. wild ducks. S 5) ks, the most famous of our American Cc it breeds from Oregon, Nevada, It is becoming an axiom in the United States WILD DUCKS AS WINTER GUESTS OF THE CITY OF OAKLAND but to all the sections the birds traverse durin le of California alone. not belong to the people of any one section alone, sHutet teas The hundreds of ducks shown are nearly all Canvasba of this species of duck within the State of California; fornia do not belong to the peop WILD DUCKS AS WINTER GUESTS =anrey ot ee a2 E r j EE Sh. Photograph by Joseph Dixon PINTAILS ASLEEP, OBLIVIOUS TO THEIR CITY SURROUNDINGS Most city folk would be much surprised to wake up in the morning and find their front lawn covered with wild ducks. district about Lake Merritt. Scenes such as this are frequent in the fashionable residence The birds here are very much at home and seem to know that they are in a veritable “city of refuge,” as far as ducks are concerned. Note that Pintails sleep lying down instead of standing on one leg, as is the case with Shovelers. In addition to this character, the male may be recognized in the field by having a pure white belly and breast, from which a conspicuous white stripe extends up along each side of the neck, almost meet- ing its fellow at the back of the head, but separating the dark-brown head and chin from the black hind neck. The female is smaller than the male and has a dingy instead of a pure white breast. The top of the head and the sides of the neck are brown streaked with black. The feathers of the sides and back are brown with whitish margins. NORTH AMERICA’S MOST FAMOUS WILD DUCK When shot at on the hunting grounds, the Pintails soon become exceedingly shy and wary. Showing far more intelligence than the Canvasback, they often refuse to come within gun range of the decoys. Yet these same birds are the ones which respond most readily to the man-made opportunity to secure rest, food, and freedom from enemies at Lake Merritt. The Canvasback, North America’s most famous wild duck, is the species occur- ring second in abundance at Lake Mer- ritt. During the winter of 1918-19 there were nearly 50 per cent more “Cans” present on the lake than there were the previous winter, so that this season the number of Canvasbacks and Pintails was nearly equal. The whitish, canvas-col- ored back of the male is the character which gives this duck its common name. Canvasbacks obtain their food by div- ing, and make little effort to secure food which floats on the surface of the water. When fed grain, they wait until it sinks to the bottom and then dive for it. When about to pick up barley in four or five feet of water, the neck is arched; then the bird springs clear out of the water and goes under with a little splash, spreading its stubby black tail and pad- dling vigorously with both feet mean- while. Eight or ten birds out of a flock ‘JO YVods OF [|v yV ]IV} OU SMOYs (FYSIA s9MOT) YOUGSVAUL) IP, *(19}U99 Jamo) oywdpreg oy} jo jivy dn-poeddy ‘aqqnys ‘divys ay} pure (oinjord yo UIS TVUL JJ9] JOMOT) [eJUIG ay} FO [Iv} poamo-dn APWYSYS “Ssuol oY} ICN "S9SSons JIU JOU IIe puv suOsiad snoLIeA Aq s}UNOD [eN}oe uO posed o1@ soinsy sAoqu ayy, “1e9A Suipoooid OY} UL SPA }I UY} 19}VI15 JUD Jod OF ysva] yw sum Avdd sty} syoVqseAUvD Jo JaquNU OTT, “Foquimu {v0} ay} JO Spsryy-OM} poynyysuod syoeqsvaued pue syreyurq 9}vp siyy iV ‘“suMe] jusoe[pe pue syk] oY} UO syonpP PIM OOO'S atom d19Y} ‘QIOI “gz Joqtuao9q] UC) “Joquinu [e}0} ay} Fo ‘ooS‘r ynoqe ‘uoHiod @ A[UO Sjuasoidat YIYM “UOTLAYSH][L sAoqe oy} wosZ pry oq ALU PIII OYE T UO 1OJUTM TIM SYMP p]IMa FO Joquinu ay} Jo evapr auog vA ONINYOW ADOOT V ONINOd “GNWIMVO “LIN “MV NO SULVd@IVa GNV ‘S’IIVLNId “SMOVUSVANVO uoxrq ydesof Aq yde1sojoyg * , - bad oe zs ~ ae - “ eo = ee x = pid - *~ wate roe e - a o om POI ace ~ = ? t t-. 3 ee > « 2 { = *€ tee @ Fin, * od 4 - 7 a wo us ot cow oe tit = « a * aac a Lad EF ets diated * ~ tee whe aa ete - ~ ee eah ty S 4 om = eg es ‘ % get st + "ta ee * ‘ * ’ : . 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F . 334 ‘SUIY-PUIY SV UMOUY ATUOWLUOD ‘S}OOD I1V PUNOISIIOF OY} UL Spsiq palreyqoq ‘MaIO[OO-YAVp Ip, “splewrg [je Ajivou o1v punosso10F oy} Ul SyoNp ou], AS¥o 00} 9 P[NOM Ht jON,, : poldet oy usyM ueLUsz1ods ons} B SPM oY yey} poMOYs wMYS sty EE ,.6}eY} OAL] YOuN( B OFUL JOYS & Joo OF Jerod oq) 10-4 Up]NoM j905),, :uNYyo si 0} pivs ‘Aq suissed ‘Aoy B ‘1ojVT .77LY} OI YOY B OJUT JOOYS O} JopsNU urvyd ysnf oq pjnoM }],, : plvs yavutot 91} SULIVIYIOAO URWO]JUIS Yo “MBS OY [[V A[JUNpIAD SeM JMIML OYJ, ,/91d} yeoul JO spunod pursnoy} B 1 dI19IT,,, :AWVUY JO 9UO} V YIM PodxAVUlo 2 I pue posned ‘Aq Suissed ‘uri v paddeus sem oanjoid sit} se ysnf IRN ITV NO WLNIM HOTA A SMONd VHT TO May V uoxtq ydosof Aq ydersojoy g To) “SYR BY} FO Joye Jepty ‘AIS IY} YIM JUa}UOD ATSuTUGVS ‘SUISed SUTYULIP OY} }ISIA 0} UdeS ATOIVI JIB ,SYONP Bas, JayJO pUe SYOEqSeAUeD SY, “ES SI YA YWIIOTY oye’ Je SyONp JOATI JO JoyeM YSo1} oy} Potoyo SuUOloeI}}e yuejzcd 4SOUI 9Y} JO o9UO SI SUISeG USUI MOT[eYS ISoy} UL JoJeM YSoIZ OY} JOA * o]JSVIMIN 0} STBOS SuIAIIVD,, JO Yoruls ACU syONpP PIIM JOF SUISLG SUTYUIIP SUIPIAOIg NISVd DNIMNIYG V LV STIND GNV “SLOOD ‘smond uoxtq ydesof Aq yde1s0j0yg 336 ‘9SULI ISO[D Je SyONp pjIM Apnys 0} Ajtunzs0ddo dy} JO ISeJUVAPL SUIYL} IIe S10}vdads Po}Sd1d}Ul JO SpLO] OjNe [vIdADS puL sioydeisojoyd OMY, “YsRopvoiq Ao[1Vq VjoYM Sulsojjwos Aq syonp dy} Surpoog JO poyjur oy) SMOYS ydessojyoyd 1OMO] OY, “Pue] BY} JO AV] 9Y} JO vopt poos & SoAls puke OM} oY} JO Jolie oy} st ydevssoyoyd s9ddn oy, “fq 08 sivof ay} SB SyONp ot} YIM iejndod A]sulseot1our SUILUODI SI }}LIAof 9YL’T JY} UOljJossv oy} JNO Avoq AoYT, “MOU puv Udy} JUsSatd syonp FO SsdoqunU dy} Sultedwiod JOF siseq ajqelfet B Prope ADY} DUIS ‘}S919}UL [LITLOFSIYY JO 91e ‘OS SivaX [e1IAIS UDxe} ‘sydersojoyd OM} dso J, LIAN AMV LV SMONdG @IIM FO SMAIA OINVUONVd OM, puryyeo “og sniq urumog Aq syde1s0}0y me a 337 FIRST CALL FOR DINNER In midwinter the ducks are fed daily at 10 o’clock. The moment the waiting birds catch sight of their approaching meal there is a wild scramble in the direction of the caretaker. The latter encourages the newly arrived and timid ducks to come ashore by cleverly imitating the mellow whistle of the Pintail. Many of the ducks fly in from the lake and alight on the lawn where the barley is being scattered broadcast. The ever-ready Mud-hens can be seen, at the Jower margin of the photograph, making frantic efforts to “get there first.” Photographs by Joseph Dixon WILD DUCKS SOON GROW ACCUSTOMED TO CITY LIFE At Lake Merritt the ducks have little fear of the many autos which pass hourly. When an auto approaches the ducks waddle off the pavement, and when a few feet distant often turn around, settle down, and go to sleep, as illustrated by the three Pintails in the middle foreground. Many autoists take advantage of the unusual opportunity thus afforded to watch the ducks at close range. This tameness of the ducks has increased people’s appreciation of the value of living birds and of native wild life in general. 338 WiLD DUCKS AS WINTER GUESTS frequently dive in unison, with almost military precision. When feeding under conditions just described, the ducks remain under the water from 10 to 30 seconds. ‘They are apparently able to see well under water. Whole barley and rice are the two grains most relished. ‘The Canvasbacks prefer the open waters of the lake, rarely going out on the lawns, although they regularly spend considerable time on the mud flats at the margin of the lake, sunning them- selves, preening their feathers, and sleep- ing or resting. THE DISTINGUISHING MARKS OF THE CANVASBACK In the field, the low sloping forehead is, in both sexes, the best distinguishing mark of this species. If a straight line were drawn from the top of the head to the tip of the bill, it would almost touch the top of the bill and the forehead for the entire distance. The male bird 1s characterized by having a white back, a reddish-brown neck entirely surrounded at the base by a broad black collar, and a black tail and rump patch, which latter, when the bird is resting on the water, is not completely covered by the white feathers of the back. The bright car- mine eye of the male is readily visible at a distance of 20 feet in good light. The female Canvasback lacks the con- trasting black and white coloring of the male and has a brownish, moth-eaten ap- pearance. The most conspicuous feature of the female, aside from the low sloping forehead, is a whitish, comet-shaped streak behind the eye. THE BALDPATES HATE TO HAVE THEIR PICTURES TAKEN The Baldpate or Widgeon is the spe- cies third in abundance at Lake Merritt. This duck receives its name from the broad streak of white which, in the male, extends from the forehead over the top of the head. A wide streak of metallic green is also to be seen behind the eye. The female lacks these two characters, but both sexes may be recognized, even in flight, by the small, short bill and by the white belly, which contrasts with the pinkish brown sides and breast. When resting on the water, Baldpates 339 may be recognized by their sharp but stubby tails, which stick upward at a much sharper angle than does the tail of the Pintail. While mingling freely among the Pintails even in flight, the Baldpates have been the most difficult of all the ducks to photograph at close range. It is hard to get them off by themselves, and when separated they usually manage to keep one or more Pintails between them- selves and the photographer. Aside from its peculiar spoon-shaped bill, which is the reason for its common names, the Shoveler, or Spoon-bill, is one of the most beautiful ducks in the United States. The bright-green head and neck, white breast, rich cinnamon underparts, and orange red feet and legs make up the brilliant color scheme of the male. In this bird one of the best field characters is to be found in the large white spot on each side, at the base of the tail. The female has the same peculiar bill as the male, but lacks his bright color- ing. THE BENEFITS DERIVED FROM THE SANCTUARY As will be seen from the photographs, the female Shoveler has a distinctly mot- tled appearance, because of the brown feathers on the back, breast, and sides being widely margined with ashy. In flight, both sexes may be recognized by the spoon-shaped bill, chunky head, short neck, and diamond-shaped tail. The Shovelers occupy a certain central portion of the lawn, to which they are very partial. Here they congregate in long, strung-out flocks, all the birds head- ed in one general direction, and doze in the sunshine. Each bird stands on one leg with its bill tucked away among the feathers of its back. To the city man or woman, often en- gaged in a sedentary occupation, the rec- reational: value of wild ducks is of far greater importance than any monetary value. To these people, the hours of re- laxation spent at suitable intervals during the winter, in the sunshine and open air of the park, observing and enjoying the blending colors and graceful movements of the ducks, may often be of very con- siderable importance in maintaining per- sonal health and mental vigor. ‘yJep WMO souslod OS]V “jJoo} O% Je OTQISIA ATUTeTG SE YOM ‘949 OY} JO SLIT SUITS JYSIq oY], “yoe[q ysotye Ayyeotydersojoyd pastopuerd oie piiq o[eUur oy} JO peol] 94} PUe YSU UMOI YSIppet osyy, “1oyear dy} FO sspo oy} WoOIF IeZ OS Ajoivs Ady} ynq ‘sioyzeeZ Jey} used pue Arp 0} sJOYyse ood ATJUONDoIF AMT, “XLT ey} FO Jozem uodo 34} J9pzo1d _SUeD,, BJ, “oureu s}t soroeds 9Y} UIAIS SVU YIM Jd}OVAIVYI OY} ST IP VUE 9Y} FO Ye PoLC[OO-sBaURS “YSHIYA OYJ, “9ULISIP 91S OY} JOF Pvoy -d10f puUe [Iq 94} JO do} OY} YONO} jsowye pphom ouly Siyt TTIq oy} JO diy oy} 0} pvoy dy} Jo do} oy} WoIZ UMVIP JOM OUT] FYSIeIyS B FI Jey} 930U ‘g]dtexe 1OF GYSII oY} UO Spsiq OM} YSAY OY} UT “YON Yoeqseauw) oy} FO yAvur SUIYSINSUT}SIP }Saq JY} SI peoya1OF Surdoys MO] oY} Sexes Y}Oq UT SMOVESVANVO WO AOVAE AED uoxrq ydesof Aq yders0j04g 340 SEERA pate ‘Ssoy UNSJOYS IY} pue V41OUL V41OWUVD 91]} Suisn oq Woos Qansevo{d PoystulluIpun T]}LM [EM joyuny-rsydeisojoyd Vv yons jey} 91B Sooueyd oT, "PARMAYS SQUID, OY SV [IVJUI oyeul ve dojs,, 0} 10 ‘SSUIM JOS UO (UT SUIJULIS,, S]IVJUIG JO YOY yyy jos 0} At} WUT JOT YSNl Jnq + s8ulySotojUL oq O} As®d OO} SI Sit} Jey} Aes ABUL DUO DWOG “S{fIYys 10fJ soyed jsey pue ‘uNSJOYS SITY OF SUof pue 1o}}HYsS Apoods v d}yNzIWSqns [JIM oY Fr Sxonp ppta Jo poods ou} Jsurese [[IyS SI YEU OF L110] oye’y ye Ayiuny -10ddo juvpunqe puy [JIM (‘seq of} UL S1oyjVoF PourVvysS-poojq FO JUNOWIL DY} JOU “GUTY} Ot} ST usdo dy} UL SUINO Olf},, WIOL[M OF ‘uviusy10ods oy, Od V Ad GUNALHOMT NAHM WAV’ A OL, ONIAAT SMING { Aq ydessojoyg uoxic, ydoso 341 342 Even the hunter should realize that the present tendency toward curtailment of his shooting activities will result in ulti- mate benefit even to himself. We cannot expect long to maintain any adequate supply of wild ducks if we continue to levy on the breeding stock by shooting more birds each year than there are birds hatched and reared in that year. No busi- ness man expects to continue drawing checks against his bank account unless he continues to make deposits in favor of that account. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE At Lake Merritt abundant opportunity is still afforded the true sportsman who wishes to match his skill against the speed of flying birds. If “the outing in the open is the thing, and not the amount of blood-stained feathers in the bag,’ then by substituting a speedy shutter and lens for his gun, and fast plates for shells, he may “pull trigger” to his heart’s content without destroying creatures which are more useful alive than dead, or depriving his fellow-citizen of something which is common property. CURIOUS AND CHARACTERISTIC CUSTOMS OF CENTRAL AFRICAN TRIBES* By E. TorbDAy MEMBER OF THE COUNCIL OF THE RoyaL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, MEMBER OF THE CouNCIL OF THE FoLtk Lore SOCIETY, ETC. With Photographs by the Author URING my seven years of travel 1D in the African wilds I have en- countered few peoples possessing stranger customs and presenting more curious contrasts than the Bambala tribe, who reside in numerous village communi- ties on the banks of the Kwilu River, a southern tributary of the Congo. Each village is under its own chief, who holds the position by virtue of his wealth and is succeeded at his death by {he next gleestaiman Ot une crew smietis principal function is to act as money- lender to his subjects. No tribute is paid to the chief, but he has a right to the ribs of every human being killed for food and to the hind legs of each animal ‘killed during the great hunts.; If a Chieti is young enough, he acts as leader in war; otherwise one of his sons takes his place. Intermediate between the chief and the ordinary freemen is an hereditary class called muri, who may not eat human flesh nor yet the meat of fowls. They are dis- tinguished by an iron bracelet and a spe- * This article, revised and edited, is based upon the author’s “Camp and Tramp in A fri- can Wilds,” a record of adventure, published by the J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. ~ cial head-covering of cloth, which may not be removed by any one under penalty of death, even if the offender did not in- tend to touch it. The bracelet of a muri passes at death to the nephew (sister’s son), who suc- ceeds to the dignity, and the heir must steal the skull of his uncle. The corpse is buried for some two months, then the skull is exhumed, painted red, and placed in the house its owner used to occupy. The nephew must gain possession of it at night without being observed, and, after hiding it for a few days in the bush, take it home to his hut. If a muri is killed in war, his bracelet is sent home, but the skull has to be stolen as before from the hostile village. ‘The chief privilege of a member of this class is the right to a portion of each animal killed in hunting. POISON TO PROVE THE JUSTICE OF ONE'S CAUSE In disputes, where two people of the same village are concerned, a poison or- deal is employed as judge. Whether a man is accused of witchcraft, parricide, or of some minor offense, he declares FOUR TYPES OF NATIVES IN CENTRAL AFRICA At the top and to the left is a Moyanzi youth: with highly raised scars, tribal marks, on the cheeks. ‘To his right is one of the Bakwese, essentially a tribe of warriors. They are never found without having at least a knife sticking in the bands they wear as ornaments round their arms, and they are always ready to use any weapon at hand. Below, at the left, is a northern Bambala native whose hair-dress differs considerably from that of his southern Bambala neighbor to the right. When freshly arranged the latter looks like a “toque.” The southern Bambala let their hair grow to a considerable length, removing only three or five longitudinal lines with the razor. The remaining hair is plaited into ridges, and to give it an appearance of greater length palm fibers are frequently plaited into the ends. Small nails with gilt tops are stuck into the ridges. 343 CICATRICES AS TRIBAL MARKS IN CENTRAL, AFRICA This style of embossed flesh known as cicatrization usually shows to what tribe a man belongs. Often it is a more reliable guide than language; for while language may undergo changes caused by a new environment, Congo peoples stick faithfully to their tribal marks. The concentric circles on the back are characteristic of the Mongo tribes. 344 CURIOUS CUSTOMS OF CENTRAL AFRICAN TRIBES 345 himself willing to take poison to prove his innocence. The poison, which is derived from the bark of a native tree (Erythrophleum guineense), is usually ground fine and mixed to a thick paste, from which are made five small loaves, and these are ad- ministered one after the other to the de- fendant. During the next fifteen min- utes, if it is a case of witchcraft, the by- standers call on Moloki (the evil prin- ciple) to come out. The poison usually acts very quickly ; it may kill the accused or cause purging or vomiting. The last-named effect alone is regarded as a proof of innocence. In the second case the prisoner is compelled to dig a hole. He is then given a fowl'to eat and enough palm-wine to make him quite intoxicated. After this he is laid in the hole, or possibly goes-and lays him- self down, and is then buried alive in or- der to prevent Moloki escaping with his last breath. A large fire is kept alight on the grave for two days, and then the body is exhumed and eaten. An innocent man is carried round the village, decorated with beads, and his ac- cuser pays a pig as compensation for the false charge. THE BAMBALA IDEA OF IMMORTALITY After a death from natural causes, women lament for several days, and guns are fired to keep off Moloki. The body is at first deserted by every one, but later it is laid out, painted with white clay, ex- posed for several days, and finally wrapped in cloths and buried with the feet to the east. The funeral is attended by near relations and idlers generally. A goat is killed and half of it buried, the rest being eaten. Pots are broken on the grave and a semicircular hut is set up Over it. During the mourning which follows, the village is deserted, and the inhabitants sleep for a time in the open. The hair is allowed to grow, and cut only when para- sites accumulate to an intolerable extent. After death the soul is supposed to wander about, and if the grave is neg- lected it disturbs and may even cause the death of its relatives. Otherwise it takes the Gor or an animal: if a chief: of a large beast, but it may also wander about iM fie ait. A RACE OF TALL, WELL-BUILT PEOPLE In color the Bambala are very dark brown, the hair is absolutely black, and the eye a greenish black with a yellow cornea. ‘The face is not of the ordinary negro type, but much more refined ; thick lips, for example, are quite exceptional, and only a small proportion have flat noses. The northern Bambala are strongly built and tall, but, as we proceed south- ward, with increasing scarcity of food comes a slighter type, which also seems to, begligltter im color, The hands and feet are. small, and, like those of all col- ored people, yellow on the palms and soles. ‘They pick up objects with their feet with great dexterity. In the north the women are not very good-looking, but farther to the south, where the males approximate a feminine type, there are real beauties among the softer sex. Both sexes wear practically the same dress—a strip of palm-cloth of its natural color, about a yard in length and half a yard in width, worn round the waist in front and falling to the middle of the hips behind. Sometimes a girdle of similar cloth is added or a roll of grass colored with red clay, and the women, like many other Bantu tribes, wear a string of beads under their cloth. Men wear skin aprons occasionally on which the hair is left. The garments are sewn with native-made iron needles and palm fiber thread. BAMBALA FASHIONS IN HAIR-DRESSING The head is partially shaved, and the bare portion is painted with soot and palm-oil. Hair is allowed to grow on the top of the head in the form of a cap, and in old age a piece of palm-cloth, dyed red, may be added to cover a bald spot or white hairs. As-a special decoration, a man who has slain a great enemy wraps the bones of the victim’s fingers in a cloth and wears them on his head; this is sup- posed to have magical virtue. There is another fashion of hair-dress- ing, which consists in leaving the hair at the back of the head only and making it up into tresses with soot and palm-oil. - U.ol sv os ‘spunoM oy} JO Supeoy oy} Surpsejor jo ssaooid [nyured os0w [Ws ay} Aq poMo]OF ‘YSoY 194 UL 9peUl SuUloq d1aM s}no dsap o[TYA poinpus dAeY ysntu sys Ured oY} UTSeUT 0} YNOWIp st }~ “NYoeq Joy uo sey JJIS eVUdAURT SI} SB je JO YIOM & YONS JO Jsvoq ued UDTIOM MOF yNq soqii} AULUL SUOWIE JUIIUUIOPe JO WIOF OPIOAVJ Ol} SI UOTPEZII}LIID) HSYTT NVWOH NI SYIAH, MYOM VOIWAV IVYLNYO AO ASOH, ‘SOOM NI SNOISHGC WAHL AAVAM VISV ‘IVYLNAD JO Sa1dOUd Y} UO puev Udttiopqe otf} to SIMAPESTD SY} FO JOsTjo [hot ysep-syqqod oy} 9}0Ny “Joqy juRyd Jo opel st proyo1o0F oY} Ssoroe pueq dy} pue ‘o}eIOGRID SI IINJIOD oY, “JosueIys B 0} JOJO AdYy iis Aue ir yum jured Ady} Jey} JOJO sty} JO puofz OS d1e AY, “ARID snoursnAs9z po10jo0o-pat YIM poAp o1e [Je ‘speoq pue ssursys je}uoWIeUIO “Arey ‘sat}o[O Jy} pet Ajeyapduroa pejured oie ustwoMm eyequieg ussy Nos [Ty NOStad WIOHM WHH LAA SMAHHO WAH ATAMAW LON SHONOY ADIUL WIVUNVE AHL AO ATI V oh _(SoOI8oU Yoryq,, SV OSuOd JOMOT OY} FO sJURIIqeYyUt dy} Jo yeods odood IVSvSE “MO[[OA Yep OFUL SOSAOLU STPNPIATpPUL UTe}1OD UL YOIYM “UMOAG -oyepooous 4yos e Aq pooryidot st Yseod }SoOM OY} UO UOLUUIOD OS ‘1OTOO YOP[C Off, “punof oq OF o1v SOOLSOU OF popnqiayye A]jensn soryst19}0e -1eYO oY} JO Moy AtOA SodA} DIOS UT “psUyat I1OU! SUIODDq SoAT}VU OY} FO SoINZVoF OY} JY} SOAIOSqO dY PAVMYSvI S908 Jo[OALIY OY} SV SHAIM OOF HIM GELIGuyto NIVIMAIIHO V “dVZ OddVZ JO AAI, MHL WO NVNOM V ‘tut, popraojd svt OINjeuU YOM YIM Arey AT[OOM JO SSVLLL YSIY} OY} UO Solpot OY ‘UNS OY} JO SABI OY} WOLF UOIJDOJOId AOZ SY “AJNBOK Sit] OF oNGL4yUOD ABLE SyUtty oy yey} Jyolqo AUe—SUIAIvD UspOOM jews eB JO ‘soAvOT JO YJPIIM B ‘sdoyyeoy FO SoyouNd FO ysisuod AeuL YIM ‘UOT}VVoID ATOUTT[IU 9yVIOGRIO ue JNOYYM s[qvjussoid JjoswIy Yury} Jou soop dAHeU vpUNnqo;y, VY ODNOD WHT JO SNOIDWUA HANWOS NI NAVA ANIA V AMVW SYAHLVAT ANIA 347 CONGO XYLOPHONISTS AND THEIR HOME-MADE INSTRUMENT As found among the Bapinji, this is a highly developed instrument of music; it is well tuned in a scale closely resembling ours. The blades are made of hardwood, and each blade has a separate sounding-box, consisting of a dry gourd attached underneath. Some of the players are real artists and have a repertoire of many tunes, but from the expression on the face of the musician at the right it may be inferred that some one has struck a false note. A BAPINJI BELLRINGER: HIS TOCSIN IS A WOODEN GONG la a) = = ° 5 ° 4 ° [he gong is a highly developed means of signaling at considerable distances and certain tribes are past masters in transmitting even the most complicated messages. 348 A DRUMMER BOY AND HIS AUDIENCE The drum is the principal instrument played at Congo dances. ; duced by it cannot be called harmonious, they are loud and rhythmic. While the sounds pro- The drummer is a man of some importance and the presents he receives for his performances constitute quite a nice income. The beard, too, comes in for adornment ; it is often fairly long, but it is bound up meer the chin; and pieces of clay are hidden in the knot to make its bulk larger. The eyebrows are usually shaved, as is the moustache. Numerous ornaments are in use, but, though the ears are pierced, earrings do not seem to be worn. Combs, made of wooden teeth bound together, serve the double purpose of adorning the wearer and providing a means of conveniently scratching the head. Brass bracelets are imported from Europe in great numbers, and men sometimes wear iron bracelets made in the country. Imported rings are worn not only upon the fingers, but upon the great toe, and beads are also worn by both sexes. Certain forms of ornament are re- served for men; these include teeth, hu- man, leopard, or ape, the leopard teeth being usually imitation. Small antelope horns are worn round the neck, and these, too, are imitated in tin. THEIR LODIES ORNAMENTED WITH SCARS Tattooing is rare, for the color of the skin will not allow the pattern to appear to advantage; all that is done is to make a quadrilateral on the arm with three or four needles. Ornamental scars are more elaborate. They rise above the surface of the skin, owing to artificial retardation of the healing process. Men have a line running over the forehead from the out- side corner of the eyes and a line across the chest, more or less straight, about one inch broad and often more than an inch above the adjacent skin; a lozenge pat- tern decorates the navel. The lozenge pattern is also usual with women, who 349 ‘S]qIssodtur sottjawos st ssaisoid JoyjAny pue Ys surosaq ‘sdoul 1009 Sv YONut os Suryjou 9]q SUI] Ol} Se ‘UMOP PS O} SUIY} OSIMUN UL PotOPISUOD SI yt “YOUU SUOT v -W9Set TIO pUL JOOS YIM pPozUTIOUe UoYyM “YIM ‘syoO] JURpUNGe Atay} FO uO Ud AA “}Se1 FO UOTTSOd dPIOALF & UT SUIPUL\sS SI DsaMye_ SI, pnosd AJOA 91 UdUT 9Y} Inq ‘speoy ITY} oAYS UOWIOM epuNqeg oy], SI UNO NO ‘OONINVWI V AMII—dWVal SNOT V YALAV ONILSAY AYXOTS SDNINMOU) SIH 359 ‘QARYIC SYIOT Potopunry sny} Joy} oYvIu 0} pasn o1e Sp10d o]IYM “fro wyed pue joos Jo o1nj}xXIUW eB st OOdtUeYsS Tloty pur ‘TOAIMOL ‘pullyoq SUC] MOLS O} Jey Alot} MO]T|e AI I, GVA AHL JO dOlL AHL AAVHS OL ADIL IZNVAVEG AH FO NYNOM ONOWVY NOIHSVA AHL SI WI ‘dy toddn 9y} 9ye10;19d 0} snuTWUOD FJas}t Snjd dy} poauopurgqe a. osoy} jeq ‘surseoddesip st uolysey oJ, Saxes Y}Oq Jo ACU Ol M "ACM SIU] UL SOATOSUIY} ULOPL ALY turewo’y oy} FO yynow sy} Jeou ofdoad oy} suoUy VOIddV JIVALNYHO JO SHAILVN HHL Ad NYOM SINTNVNUYO LSHCUIAM AHL JO HNO SI ‘9NId dI’l UO “ATA Tad AHL iy i i ' Q y i : : 351 Uhl Medd Zi “WELCOME, WHITE STRANGER!” In the Congo the traveler, if he has not made himself disagree- able, can always rely on the good-will of the women. hand, they resent an insult to the village or the tribe more readily than the men and stir the latter up to seek revenge. decorate both arms and body in this way. In addition the body is painted red. Clay is used for this purpose by the Bam- bala beaux and belles, who admit that the practice is) intended to, increase, tem; beauty. In the case of mourners, the ob- ject being different, soot is used by the men and brown clay by the women. HUMAN FLESH A RARE DELICACY The ordinary food consists of manioc flour made into a paste with water and boiled. ‘The leaves of the plant are also eaten prepared with palm-oil and pepper. Animal food is not limited to goats, pigs, THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE and other domestic small fry, for, frogs excepted, everything helps to make a stew, from ants and grass- hoppers up to man. Human flesh is, of course, a special deli- cacy, and “its mse Is forbidden to women, though they do not disdain to indulge secretly. Other titbits are a thick white worm found in palm-trees, locusts, rats, and blood boiled with cassava flour. Human flesh is not the only food for- bidden to women ; they may not eat goat’s flesh, hawks, vultures, small birds, snakes, animals hunted with weapons, crows, of parrots. To the rule against flesh killed with weapons there are two exceptions— the antelope and a small rat. Rich people, who can indulge in luxu- ries, eat kola nuts in great mumibers eee kind of native pepper is known, and oil is obtained from the palm-nut. But the chief condiment is salt, which is made of the ashes of water plants. ‘There is, however, a strong pref- erence for the imported salt, which is in crystalline form as a rule, the crystals be- ing perforated and strung on a string, which is dipped into the food-pot. Ona journey salt is eaten as a stimulant and salt water is also drunk. Earth-eating is by no means uncom- mon, and it is said to be good for stom- ach ache; the earth in use has an astrin- gent taste. As regards animal food, if there is abundance it is simply boiled and eaten with the fingers. It must be remembered On the other — CURIOUS CUSTOMS OF CENTRAL AFRICAN TRIBES 353 that meat for the Bambala is simply a bonbon, much as chocolates are for us. Once I killed an ele- phant, which the na- tives were at liberty to consume—blood, skin, and bones, if they pleased. After they had eaten as much as they wanted they came and asked for their dinner. Goats and pigs are slaughtered by being clubbed so as not to lose the blood ; but the Former. are also skinned alive and die under the knife, which is of iron, home-made, and as sharp as a Gazor. CANNIBALISM A COM- MON PRACTICE Cannibalism is an every-day occurrence, and, according to the natives themselves, who display no reti- Benee cexcept in the presence of state offi- cials, it is based on a sincere liking for hu- man flesh. Enemies killed in war and peo- ple buried alive after the poison test, or dy- me-as a result of it fSeentext, page.242), are eaten; so, too, are slaves, and farther north and near the river these are killed on rare occa- sions to provide a cannibal feast. In the latter case the body may be buried for a couple of days and a fire kept burning over the grave. The flesh is consumed in the ordinary way with manioc flour. I have never been able to trace any magical or religious basis for any of these customs. Vessels in which human flesh has been cooked are broken and thrown away, and this rather suggests some mag- ical idea, but the men say that the custom chest or the arms. SHE WEARS HER BADGE OF SORROW ON HER ARMS Mourning in the Congo may be expressed in different ways ac- cording to the tribe to which the bereaved belongs, and also according to the degree of relationship to the deceased. Sometimes the whole body is besmeared with clay of a certain color, sometimes only the It is usual for mourners to let their hair grow until the period of mourning is over. is only adopted to prevent women or other prohibited persons from using the same pot afterward. On the other hand, this prohibition against using the pot sub- sequently suggests that there was in the past some idea of possible magical effects, though women are at the present day de- barred from human flesh, as ae are from goat’s flesh, only in order that there may bea larger supply for the men. There is only one way of abolishing cannibalism in these countries, and that is not by making laws against it. On one occasion I gave one of my boys a tin of ‘ajse} juvsvoid ‘Joos e& sey JiNAF OYJ, ‘SOSHOY ILI 0} PoJVALSXI SOUITJOIUOS 91 S9d1} SUIAT] JO syUNs} oy} pur ‘yivq SHOIgY oY} WO1Z opel oiv sado1 pure YOLD YJOG “Joof OF FO JoJoUVIp & YIM Sopods SIy} JO 994} & JSvOO oY} Ivou PUY O} JUONDIAFUL jOU ST 4] NMONM SHHML LSHOUWT AHL TO ANO SI ‘VOIMAV IVOIdOUL AO AAILVN V “AVGOVa AML 354 *synu-punois sv sjonpo1rd yons 940}s 0} YOIYM ul AreueIS popusdsns & PostAap oAvY Ifurdeq oY} ‘UILUIOA T9YJO FO puv s}VI FO SUOTJep THI ILNIdVd WH TO GOO MHL GIVADMA\ penne | Vy SMELL d1dap IY} PIOAr MS) Ss IY V NV OL WO IVINAV Ne oe ‘SIOMOd [VIISLUL JVIIS DALY OF pasoddns o1e syoofqo Avpiuts pure ‘pot podp [leipury B JO [Jays oy} ‘syeut -1uv JO S]]Nys Moy ve ‘ysOM-a9UvI AG PopuUNOsINs souojs Jo deoy VY SINUVHD GOVITA 20 WIOd) JIOVIN VY ve » wea? Pad Te) 19 “9 A HOUSE OF REEDS In some parts of the Congo, when a house is to be built, a frame-work is first erected, and this is then covered with grass. It is a curious fact that village fires are a rare occur- rence, although the people keep a fire going all night, and no special precautions are taken to avoid conflagrations. THE HOUSES OF THE NATIVES ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE KWILU PRESENT A PICTURESQUE APPEARANCE ) prs Be ae ae . Pe 1 0 . I'he doors are covered with porches made of thatch, which seem to be resting on two wooden pillars; these are, however, purely ornamental. ‘The fowl-houses are smaller in size and round, otherwise they are imitations of the human habitation. ; 350 FISH TRAPS HURNISH MUCH OF THE BOOD FOR CENTRAL AFRICAN TRIBES The catch of low-water;periods is often cured so as to last during the rainy season, when the high water prevents the capture of a fresh supply. ote wh 9h, z . SHES GOING FISHING Fish are mostly caught in traps and in baskets. Some of the baskets are very and are fastened between the sand-banks; the fish do the rest. Fishing in the river is the occupation of the men; in swamps it is done by women. ,-- JO bs | : i £ WEAVER-BIRD NESTS HANGING LIKE FRUIT FROM THE LEAVES OF A TOWERING PALM In many villages along the Kwilu River the palm trees are covered with nests of a species of black weaver-bird. At regular intervals the natives take the fledglings and cook them whole in oil. They are considered a great delicacy. Note the youth at the left of the group in the foreground who seems to be intent upon keeping his costume on straight. It consists of a straw hat, evidently the gift of some European trader. 358 CURIOUS CUSTOMS OF “CENTRAL AFRICAN TRIBES sardines, telling him to give his compan- ions equal shares. With tears in his eyes he said that it was impossible; he could not eat sardines, for the cook had given him a kissi (medicine) to prevent him, and he would die if he ate them. I put him at his ease by giving him a stronger kissi from Europe, and to see him dis- pose of those sardines was a real joy. To wean the Bambala and other tribes from cannibalism it is necessary to give them a kissi, which will prevent them from eating human flesh under penalty of death if they disobey. I have not the slightest doubt that 1f some one in whom they had confidence adopted this means they would give up eating human flesh once and for all. BAMBALA TRADERS ARE EXPERIENCED PROFITEERS Among the Bambala every one is a dealer in live stock, which is exchanged for rubber, and this in turn is traded to Europeans for salt; the salt is exchanged for slaves, the slaves sold for djimbu_ (small shells, which serve as currency), and more goats or other live stock pur- chased in the country where they abound. In this export trade men alone are en- geaged; in the home trade—in food and potterv—women have in like manner a monopoly. The natural preference of chiefs and important men is for trade, but they do not regard labor as smiths or basket-makers degrading. The purchasing power of their unit of value may be judged by the fact that the price of a female slave ranges from 15,- 000 to 20,000 djimbu. A hundred djimbu will purchase one fowl or one big iron block or 12 ounces of salt; an iron hoe blade is worth 300 djimbu. The profits made in trade are enor- mous. Eight thousand djimbu will pur- chase ten goats, for which 250 balls of rubber are obtained; these are worth ten stone of salt, for which two slaves can be purchased, and the two male slaves will fetch 20,000 djimbu. ‘These operations take about a month, and the gross profit is 150 per cent. The trader, as a rule, goes in person and takes his own food. He spends nothing on clothes, and the question of shoe leather does not trouble him. He may spend a few djimbu on Brats, palm-wine, but there are practically no deductions from the gross profit except for losses by death of stock or by rob- bery. In Kolokoto 100 djimbu are equivalent to from four to six cents, American money; in:Luanu they may rise to a premium of 100 per cent; on the Lukula they fall to a value of three cents. Tak- ing the mean value, a man with a capital of $5 makes $90 per annum, even if he does not add to his capital. Jf he chose to put all his profits into his business, he would at the end of a few years be a rich man, but, of course, long before attaining to such a fortune he would be suppressed by jealous neighbors or highwaymen. Furthermore, the nature of their trade does not admit of unlimited extension. Credit is a well-recognized thing, not only from one market day to another, but for longer periods, and to people resid- ing at considerable distances. Interest amounts, as a rule, to 400 per cent per annum. Little anthropological research has been carried out in Central Africa, and the natives from inland are usually re- ferred to by the people from the river- side, and consequently by the Europeans, as “Ngombe,” which really means bush- men. Their appearance is certainly such as to inspire little confidence, their faces being considerably disfigured by cica- trices, without which no Ngombe would think himself presentable. Not only are the. Ngombe and the Bam- bala tribes cannibals, but most of their respective neighbors likewise, and their enemies know that 1f they fall into un- friendly hands they will be treated with the utmost cruelty. DN DEE LAND OF THE LTP PLUG If I described the Ngombe as ill-look- ing, what shall I say about the natives I met farther up the Congo near Basoko? Here the lip plug is in general use. At an early age a small hole is pierced in the upper lip, and this, by the insertion of wooden disks of ever-increasing size, 1s so extended that it finally measures more than two inches in diameter. If one considers, furthermore, that these people are cannibals and do not try to conceal it, it is easy to understand that 560 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE THEY TOIL NOT, NEITHER DO THEY SPIN, BUT AS PADDLERS THEY ARE UNEXCELLED These Wagenyas are members of a typical tribe of fishermen, among whom all work which is not connected directly or indirectly with fishing is perfogmed by women. No mau would carry a load; if he is asked to transport some of your luggage he will agree to do so, and then send his wife or wives to perform the task. On the other hand, they are ideal paddlers, and fatigue and fear seem to be unknown to them. a newcomer regards them with little sym- pathy. If, however, one lives some time among them, he gets accustomed to their lack of dress and weird ornaments, and comes at last to think these rather be- coming. Often I have heard two Europeans quarrel over the merits of the tribe with which each was best acquainted, and I have found that when I have referred to the pelele (the lip plug) with disgust older residents in the country have felt Cite; inuatiete Stanleyville, at the time of my first visit to the Congo region, was a curious mixture of an Arab, European, and negro town. Whatever harm the Arabs may have done to the natives, and there is no CURIOUS doubt that in their slave-raiding expedi- troms they have slaughtered them by thousands, they cer- tainly have taught them many a good phims. lt wasthe Arabs who introduced rice, Madagascar po- tavocs. beans, and many useful plants. They have taught the natives cleanliness and established schools in Many centers. I had expected to secure at Stanleyville all supplies necessary for my overland jour- ney, but when [I ar- rived I found that the natives themselves were exceedingly short of stores. There~ were neither camp beds nor tents to be had; and as for food, I was able to secure four pounds of flour, some sugar and tea, a few tins of preserves, and a generous supply Gipepickles. These goods were expected to suffice me for four months. I crossed the river under the famous falls in a canoe, and then my luggage was carted by men to a place above the falls where another boat was waiting for me. It was only a dugout, but was of immense size, being manned by 4o paddlers. At every village the crew was changed, so that the men were never taken far from their homes. Congo. BREAKING A STRIKE BY KIDNAPING A TRIBES WOMEN In one place the men refused to work, and it was only through strategy that I was able to proceed. The women alone were in the village, and the men, standing at some distance, mocked me. CUSTOMS OF CENTRAL AFRICAN TRIBES 361 PROOF OF THE CATCH IS THE SHOWING THEREOF Like the grapes which Joshua brought back from the land of Canaan, it frequently takes two men to carry one fish caught in the I instructed my boy to put a number of paddles into the boat, and then I invited the savage ladies to come aboard and sell me some food. I was relying upon the universal eagerness of the negroes in this region to trade; and the scheme did not fail me, for soon 30 women were in the boat bargaining. Without attracting their attention, my boy unfastened the rope by which the boat was secured to a tree, and before the saleswomen were aware of what was hap- pening they found themselves floating downstream. The effect of this maneuver was imme- THE SOUTHERN BAMBALA YOUTHS ARE RATHER EFFEMINATE IN APPEARANCE, BUT THEY HAVE GREAT POWERS OF ENDURANCE Always gay, easily made happy, they are friendly toward Europeans and make most desirable neighbors and companions. The northern Bambala are strongly built and tall, but farther to the south, with increasing scarcity of food comes a slighter type, which also seems to be lighter in color. The hands and feet are small and they use their toes with great dexterity in picking up objects from the ground. In the north the women are rather homely, but in the south genuine beauty is to be found among the softer sex. ; OFF ON A SHOPPING EXPEDITION IN THE CONGO Marketing is one of the duties of the woman in Central Africas) 1t 1s also one of len rar tana “2 \ aids co ° . . . great pleasures. Thus it appears that the joys of bargain hunting are not the exclusive pre- rogative of western civilization’s womankind. All blacks are born traders, but the female of the species is more clever than the male. 362 A=DUC-OUT LEVIATE AN: OF TEE. CONGO The native boats of the upper Congo are of great length; they are easily steered by two men, one in front and one behind, and Europeans usually travel by boats manned by forty or fifty paddlers. to place in it a table surrounded by four chairs. made must have been six feet. diate. Ihe men set out in their little canoes and demanded the return of their women. I offered to surrender one hos- tage for every man who would come aboard and take his place with a paddle. In half an hour I was continuing my journey triumphantly, as all the ladies had been redeemed from pawn. THRILLING INSTANCES OF COURAGE AND OVAL TY: In my travels in this region I found many records of extraordinary acts of heroism and loyalty. One man had had his feet burned off by the Arabs, but no torture could induce him to betray the white man who was being sought. An- other native had been hanged by his beard on the branch of a tree and had had his lips cut off, but he remained faith- ful to his friends. One of the most tragic instances of my whole seven years’ stay in the Congo oc- curred on the banks of the Luzubi River, when Makoba, a black boy who had proved his loyalty to me in a thousand ways and who had been responsible for saving my life when I myself had wished to lie down in the jungle and die, came to ask me if he could go to bathe in the stream. His request granted, off he went. It was twilight, and I was sitting quietly in camp, when I heard an awful shriek: “Bwana ango, Bwana ango!” I knew it io») I saw one dug-out which required a crew of eighty; it was broad enough The diameter of the tree of which it was was Makoba. The cry was then repeated from a greater distance, and once again farther away. I snatched my rifle, called to my men to follow me, and rushed to the river. At first I could see nothing, but soon [ observed traces of blood, and upon ex- amining the soil found the footprints of a leopard. The writhing on the sand showed that Makoba had been knocked over and dragged into the water. Holding my rifle over my head, | swam across the stream, beyond which my men soon found the spoor again, and we fol- lowed. Darkness overtook us, however, and we were forced to return to camp. I would not own myself beaten, and the next morning, after a sleepless night, we continued our search. At about 8 o’clock we found what was left of my faithful companion; the head had been torn off and half the shoulder had been devoured by a leopard. I lay in ambush, but the whole day passed without a sign of the foe. At last, when I thought I should have to give it up because of the darkness, the beast ar- rived, and a bullet from an express rifle avenged Makoba. AN ENGLISH MAN’S DEATH STRUGGLE WITH A LEOPARD Although lions are more troublesome than leopards in the Katanga region, the 364 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE THE SMALL BAMBALA DOOkKWAYS OFTEN RESEMBLE ENTRANCES TO TRAPS They are usually oblong openings. There is a special knack of getting into a hut, and the stranger who has not acquired this is sometimes unable to get in or out. In size and cleanliness, however, these huts compare favorably with those of many other tribes. latter take a considerable toll of the weaker part of the population; they usu- ally attack women or children. I heard of an English mining engineer who lost his life through one of these pests of the jungle. He was hunting fowl when he found himself face to face with the big cat and had no choice of flight. He poured the contents of both barrels of a shotgun into the animal, but the leopard sprang at him, knocked him down, and inflicted terrible wounds. The man attempted to reach his hunt- ing knife, but whenever he made the slightest movement the leopard, which was lying on him, mauled him furiously. After some time the jungle cat became weaker, and the Englishman succeeded in drawing his knife and stabbing it to death. When the rescuing party sent out to search for the hunter arrived, he was found lying upon the ground with the leopard still covering him, as he had not the strength to shake off the brute, and he was trying with his injured hand to roll a cigarette. ‘Two hours later he died from loss of blood. In my time the community of Pweto was outside the tsetse-fly belt, and we were able to keep cattle, our herd in- creasing splendidly. Lions never came near the place, and the hyenas, whose howling we heard every night, dared not enter the kraal. Our donkeys slept in the open, and one night a hyena attempted to carry off a foal; but it had gone toy the wrong address, and the next morning we found the aggressor with its brains kicked out. IN THE COUNTRY OF THE DESTRUCTIVE TSETSE-FLY Some years later the destructive fly in- vaded this region and all the cattle were destroyed. ‘The sleeping sickness made its appearance, and lions, too, had come, the latter in such number and with such impudence that it became necessary to post sentries at night, the men standing guard on the roofs of the houses. What lions will do when they get into man-eating habits, I had occasion to ex- perience on the Lukumbi River. Coming CURIOUSH CUSTOMS OF CENTRAL AFRICAN TRIBES home from one of my rambles, I reached a village situated near the river. I could not understand why the natives received me with such unusual manifes- tations of joy until I learned that eight man-eating lions had taken up their resi- dence near the settlement, and that sev- eral persons had been killed. The prowl- ers became so impudent that they would come at night to the village, leap over the fires which were kept up all around it, and, jumping on the thatched roof of-a hut, would break it by their weight and carry off the unfortunate occupant. Now the natives expected me to shoot all eight of their enemies. THE TRAVELER'S DOG GIVES A DANGER SIGNAG I had just prepared for dinner and my boy was approaching with my soup tureen, a highly-treasured piece of crock- ery, when there resounded the well- known “Whuuuua” of the king of ani- mals. Smash went the tureen, and the boy disappeared into the hut, from which neither threats nor cajolery could bring him, so I had to serve my own dinner. After lighting fires around the camp and arranging with the natives to pursue the enemy the next morning, I went to bed. I slept soundly until I was awak- ened by Sanga, my little dog, who, shiver- ing and trembling, was trying to crawl underneath my blanket, giving painful little whines. I got up cautiously and opened the door of the hut. When my eyes became ac- customed to the light of the full moon, I Saw just bevond the fire a grayish mass, and finally I distinguished the glittering eye of a beast of prey. With as little noise as possible, I re- turned to the hut and fastened a piece of paper to the front of my barrel to enable me to aim in the semi-darkness; then, kneeling and resting my rifle on the door- step, which was about a foot high, I took careful aim and fired. The shot aroused the whole camp and general confusion followed. My eye still on the spot where I had seen the animal, I waited; nothing moved. Then I went nearer ; the little dog, howling with fear, walked in front of me. She was afraid, but she knew her duty, did Sanga, and THE SCARS ON THE FACE OF THE CHIEF OF THE BAPOTOS MAKE HIM THE ADONIS OF HIS TRIBE To make these scars on the brow, nose, and cheeks is child’s play compared to the painful operation of making those on the lips. Neither boy nor girl, however, would like to be with- out them. never flinched. Nearer and nearer we came to the spot where I had seen the beast, and there we found a fine lion stone dead. FIGHTING THE “MOST DANGEROUS ANIMAL” IN AFRICA But there is a greater menace in Africa than the lion, the hyena, or the leopard. The mosquito is the most dangerous ‘“‘an- imal” in Africa: You can defend your- self against the king of beasts ; snakes flee before the approach of man; crocodiles are quite inoffensive on land; but the 5 sts. ho 7, kill their tree CONGO bly E TH but inevita 7; OF 4 eH oo = nN RS G fal fly forest slowly, 1 LMBI f the [ ARG Wahikesy (0) the iny of c \ CURIOUS CUSTOMS OF CENTRAL AFRICAN TRIBES mosquito displays in its warfare against the human race an energy worthy of a better cause. I used to begin breakfast at 5 in the morning, with the aid of two boys to fight the mosquitoes, while I breakfasted amid the fires of dried baobab fruit, which produces a strong and disagreeable smoke. But even these defenses were frequently ineffectual. I went to work, still protected by my two boys, who fran- tically waved branches on all sides of me, but without producing much effect. In the afternoon there was a change,’ but only in the boys. The first two retired exhausted, and their successors applied themselves with vigor to the work of keeping mosquitoes at bay. When eve- ning came, dense clouds of my tormentors obliged me to retire finally under my mosquito net. Apart from these little pests, there is an abundance of snakes in the Kinchasa region, which makes the keeping of do- mestic animals impossible. I have seen whole pigs swallowed by these reptiles. ASSEMBLING A RETINUE FOR AN AFRICAN R'LP When following the trail in Africa, it is quite impossible to venture into new country if one cannot rely upon one’s own people. Consequently, though I am highly conservative, I am likely to keep “my two servants for the whole time. I at once reject all who do not give com- plete satisfaction in the early days of their service. Accordingly, I sometimes find it necessary to engage and dismiss fully twenty boys in the first two months before I finally get one who is to my liking. On one of my journeys in the Congo I secured my boy under the fol- lowing circumstances: A European informed me that he was parting with his cook because the latter was vain and fond of dress, and never ready with the meals at the right time be- cause he was always engaged in beautify- ing his person. Now a negro who adorns himself to perform his culinary duties is a real treasure. If in a European settlement you see a man who is exceptionally dirty and dis- gusting in appearance, you may be sure he is a cook. The blacks insist on their 367 wives making use of spoons and other applances when they prepare food for their lords and masters; but precautions are deemed useless when it is only a European who is to consume the product. I have seen an exceedingly dirty individ- ual preparing meat-balls for his master by taking the mince into his hands and rolling it on his chest until it was shaped to his liking. I may add that his master was not present. But the aboriginal beau, whose name was Bokale, served me faithfully and gave much satisfaction till he was called to a higher sphere of duty as chief of a village. Upon learning of his weakness for self-adornment, I interviewed him at an early opportunity, giving him some good advice and practical illustrations, and assured him that for the first month he might serve up my food half cooked, burn it or otherwise render it uneatable, but that if after the expiration of his period of probation he did not serve me tip-top meals I would visit his iniquities with grievous unnamed penalties. In the course of my adventurous years in Central Africa I came to entertain a genuine respect and, in some cases, affec- tion for many of the black people of this little-known land whose inhabitants are so generally misjudged. The European or American who goes to Africa for the first time is prejudiced by the tales of white men on board ship or on the coast. He judges whole tribes by his observa- tions of the negroes on the coast—those who have all the vices of both the black and white races and the virtues of neither. BIDDING FAREWELL TO THE PEOPLE OF CONGO LAND If one wishes to know the negro as he is, let him abstain from forming any opinion until he leaves the littoral and meets the native of the interior, uncor- rupted by alcohol, European morals, and the love of gain either by fair means or fraud. I have twice crossed the Congo Free State and have never come across a tribe which was not naturally good-tempered and, in most instances, hospitable and trustful. On the day that I took my final leave THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE A PYTHON BEING MADE TO DISGORGE ITS DINNER—-A FULL-GROWN PIG “Pythons are very common in the Congo. feet in length and can swallow a whole goat, or, as in the case depicted, a pig. Some of them are as much as twenty-five No instance, however, has come to my knowledge of a child having been killed by them. When a snake has been killed by the natives, they make it disgorge its prey, and eat the snake food as well as the snake.” of Africa my steamer was scheduled to depart at 5 in the morning. I was awak- ened at dawn by a considerable stir on the quay. The people of the surrounding villages had come to see me off. When my luggage was put on board, every one fought for the privilege of rendering me this last service. Then the leave-taking took place. I had to shake many black hands, pat children on the heads, and give a solemn promise to return in the near future. | went on board and looked from the bridge down on the huge crowd, among whom was none who was not my friend. A curious mixture of feelings came over me. I was unhappy at the thought of leaving this land, and, on the other hand, I could not but feel proud to see the re- gret at my departure. While preparations were being made for pushing off, a native cried out, “Let us sing Deke’s (my name among the blacks) favorite song,” and the whole as- semblage broke into voice. The steamer whistled thrice, the cap- tain rang the engine-room telegraph, and off we went, while there stood my dear black friends waving their hands, cloth, branches, anything that came to hand, and shouting in the native tongue, “Good-by, Deke ; don’t forget us.” She most [a fa mous musical 1 instrument Victrola fame is based on Victrola quality. in the world More people all over the world have wanted and have bought the Victrola than any other musical instrument of its type. ‘It is the instrument which the world’s greatest artists have selected as the best. It is certainly the instrument which you will want for your home. Victors and Victrolas $12 to $950. Visit your Victor dealer. VICTROLA “Victrola” is the Registered Trademark of the Victor Talking Machine Company designating the products of this Company only. New Victor Records demons strated at all dealers on the 1st of each month, es Alea MACHINE CO.. gee, aes = j, dualie alwa 6, Master Tae WRK WWW wd WY SN WSS AK SSSR Important Notice. Victor Records and Victor Machines are scientifically coordinated and synchronized in the processes of manufacture, and should be used together to secure a perfect re- production. “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” BIO GE OTE LOR True Companionship is founded on a community of tastes. Superspun, the supreme silk shirting, typifies the companionship of men of taste and discrimination—those who appreciate the distinctive designs and lasting qualities of Empire Loomcraft Silks. In having your shirts made to order look Lan a for the Empire Loomcraft name in the Formerly called selvage. .Ready-to-wear, the label is SILKS. Empire Wash Crepe sewed in the shirt. REG. U.S. Par. OFF. B60 4S penore Other distinctive Empire Loomcraft silks are Mellowspun*, Shapspun’, Guildcrepe*, Chateau*, Commodore Crepe*, and Kingcloth*. (*Reg. U.S. Pat. Of.) | MW “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” _A wider vision for Investors AMERICA’S helping hand which has welcomed the world’s people to its shores will extend generously to the old world the needed credit to reconstruct its industries. ‘Thus will be strenethened the foundations of law and peace and order. In the extension of well founded credit to foreign countries, Ihe National City Company plans to do its part. 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And yet how greatly the consequences of this neglect could be reduced by the routine, systematic use of my original pepsin chewing gum for ten to twenty minutes after every meal. An adequate flow of saliva would be assured, the digestive processes aided, and nerve tension relaxed, with its essential improvement in the gastric blood supply. 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Suppose it was your girl t No long ago there was a fire in a business college in the heart of the business district of a Pennsylvania city. Five hundred girls escaped ; but— Three were injured— Seven were overcome by smoke— Five hundred mothers are now afraid to trust their daughters in such a building. Are you allowing that sweet young daughter of yours, or the son who will soon be able to help Dad in his business, to spend their long school hours in a building that looks all right, but is no more than a deadly fire trap? All over the country, in large cities and little villages, thousands upon thousands of boys and girls go to school in just such dangerousbuildings. Now, since children are compelled by law to go to school, common humanity demands that their lives be safeguarded against fire. | Fire drills?—Yes. Fire escapes? Of course! But if the flames spread so quickly as to cut off GRINNELL windows and stairways, all the fire drills and fire escapes in the world will not bring back one of the pitiful little victims of official negligence. Fire never does the expected thing. The only thing to do is to stop the first tiny flicker of flame. With Grinnell Automatic Sprinklers if a fire starts in a basement, or anywhere else, it will be kept right where it starts and be extinguished quickly. When the fire starts the water starts. Men have protected some five billion dollars of their business property from fire by the use of automatic sprinklers. Meanwhile our wonderful humanitarian in- stitutions and our fine schools continue to burn, criminally jeopardizing thousands of lives. With a one cent post card you might save i ? lives. Who knows: Read “Fire Tragedies and Should you hesitate Their Remedy” to send for a free If you feel too indifferent to hooklce that telley . “theseds winecchtiee ne what to do, what right have you just what to do? to blame others when‘a horrible calamity occurs in your town ? Think of your schools and write today, now, for this intensely interesting booklet. Address General Fire Extinguisher Com- pany, 293 West Exchange Street, Providence, R. I. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM When the fire starts the water starts “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” A NEW DAY HAS DAWNED FOR TEACHING GEOGRAPHY The Family at Work Here is Took-a-le-kee’-ta’s cousin, An’ne- and cozy even when the cold winds sting vik, with her mother, father, and baby brother, mother’s face. In the house she takes off her Nee-wak. She likes to sit on the log and coat with the fur hood and ties him to her watch father carve a knife or a scraper from back with soft strips of leather. _ walrus tusks. Father’s name is Koo-gak, and She has fur slippers and seal-skin boots to he is often called Koo-gak the Hunter. Her wear over them. Do you think she must be mother’s name is Too’ma-sok. too warm in her fur clothes? Oh, no! In On the back of mother’s fur cloak she has winter she wears two fur suits, the inner with a warm pocket, in which Nee-wak rides safe the soit fur next to her skin. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PICTURES ON SEPARATE SHEETS FOR SCHOOLS At the request of thousands of teachers, the incomparable National Geographic pictures are now available. They are printed on heavy, glossy-coated paper, NINE BY BLEVEN inches in size, with about two hundred words of illuminating text accompanying each one. (Page 3 of the Eskimo Series is shown above in minia- ture, one-fifth actual size.) Selected by a trained teacher of geography from thousands of remarkable pictures which the National Geo- graphic Society has gathered from every out-of-the-way corner of the globe, these “‘talking photographs” are being welcomed by the educators of the country as a most valuable aid in their work. These sets are now ready for delivery. Other series are being compiled. “ESKIMO LIFE” shows caribou, whales, seals, polar bears, snow houses, grown folk and children at work and at play. 24 pictures (2 in full color). “SAHARA LIFE” pictures the ostriches, camels, and caravans, the tent homes, the expanse of wind- tossed sand, the oasis, and date harvest. 24 pictures (2 in full color). _ “THE LAND, THE WATER, THE AIR” illustrates cape, bay, delta, divide, volcano, geyser. etc., 48 pictures (4 in full color). “THE UNITED STATES” presents the great rivers. mountain peaks, natural wonders, parks, and chief public buildings of our own country. 48 pictures (4 in full color). THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY ~ PICTORIAL GEOGRAPHY (TRADF-MARK) Rez. U.S. Pat. Off. These Pictures are obtainable only from Washington Headquarters. Order at once. Sroneaere: CUT ON THIS LINE | --:----20g2-272-22-2-- 25-22-22 Department B, National Geographic Society, 16th and M Streets, Washington, D. C.: ON i a ee tm ep ee ae a b) 191g. Please send _...°..__..2.-2.)sets! of Hskimo Life (4 Sheets), @uas ee eee eee BAe ae ae Keuy oi Spleen) Iie (As Gnegis)) O 2025 22 eee ee -50 ee Me PO, Soe sets of Land, Water, and Air (48 sheets) @ __.__.._ 1.00 ed eee sets of United States (Prelim.) (48 sheets) @_._.... 1.00 te i) ved Rs groups of all four above sets @____.._.-. $2.75 per group for whieh) Lenclosesosse._ eo ko ee Dollars. Postpaid in U. S. 99 ‘Faller-Bailt a er Me = Za Mt SES SN a 1 | ea a N nearly every important city and industrial center “Fuller-Built” Landmarks attest the part the George A. 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It holds the acid in contact with the teeth to cause decay. Millions of germs breed in it. They, with tartar, are the chief cause of pyorrhea. Watch It Get this free tube of Pepsodent and use like any tooth paste. Note how clean the teeth feel after using. Mark the absence of the slimy film. See how the teeth whiten as the fixed film disappears. You will know in a few days what clean teeth mean. Pepsodent is based on pepsin, the digestant of albumin. The film is albuminous matter. The object of Pepsodent is to dissolve it, then to constantly combat it. The way seems simple, but for long it seemed "| teas shows that teeth are not kept Why That Tartar If You Keep Teeth Clean? All Statements Approved by High Dental Authorities It is Due to Film This film is viscous, so it clings. It gets into crevices and stays. The ordinary dentifrice does not dissolve it. The tooth brush leaves much of it intact. That is why the best- brushed teeth so often discolor and decay. Every dentist knows this. 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NovEsS, Divector of Conservation: August 23, 1918 METAL WEATHER STRIPS “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” “Not the name of a thing, but the mark of a service” ALSO on this new lamp—the WHITE Mazpa—you find the mark of MAZDA Service. The high efficiency of this lamp, and its softened and gratefully mellowed brilliance are fresh indications of the fruitfulness of MAZDA Service in its constant search for better light. MAZDA is the trademark of a world-wide service to certain lamp manufacturers. Its purpose is to collect and select scientific and practical information concerning prog- ress and developments in the art of incandescent lamp manufactur- ing and to distribute this information to the companies entitled to receive this service. MAZDA Service is centered in the Research Laboratories of the General Electric Company at Schenectady, N. Y. The mark MAZDA® >. can appear only on lamps which meet the standards of MAZDA Ser-. ~ \ vice. It is thus an assurance of quality. This trademark is the \ property of the General Electric Company. 47x-2 SEARCH LABORATORI Ee’ 2 ®S “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” iy ipl N SS YY, RR SS “The Pullinest Belt’ The men in a certain munitions shop ian ep - were on piecework. ‘There always was a howl’ when a new belt was put on. They claimed no new belt would pull like an old one. As an experiment SparOak Belting was installed. Immediately-the ‘“‘howl’’ ceased, because production increased and, of course, the operators received more pay. Today there is never a complaint when a new belt.is installed, providing it is one of the “‘pullinest?? kind, as they call SparOak. © )par Oak Belting SparOak Belts grip from the start. A two- ply belt, the pulley side is G & K Spartan, a leather with the greatest pulley-gripping power ever attained in a belting material; the outer side is the finest quality G & K oak-tanned stock. The oak-tanned outer ply gives rugged endur- ance to withstand the severest service condi- tions. The Spartan leather next the pulley insures a firm grip. If you have a drive that is troubling you, write us about it. The Graton & Knight Standardized Series includés belts for every kind of drive. Our booklet on Standardization m belting describes all of them. It is sent free on request. The Graton & Knight Mfg. Co. Worcester, Mass., U. S. A. Oak Leather Tanners, Makers of Leather Belting and Leather Products Branches and Distributors in all Principal Cities Kni Standardized Series Tanned by us for belting use ed “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” SPAROAR BENNETTS TRAVEL BUREAU FOUNDED 1850 RAIL AND STEAMSHIP TICKETS TO THE. ETERNAL MEMORY “OF OUR MEN:>WHO SERVED IN. THE. GREAT ONFLICT : BETWEEN LIBERTY AND AUTOCRACY * GEORGE. S. ASKEY ALBERT LURCH - ARTHUR Gu ASKEY EUGENE L. MULLANEY “ HARRY R. EVERALL > RAYMOND H.- MULLANEY JAMES R:EVERALL °. FRANK Jo MOLAREN FREDERICK. R. FAIRTY ALEXANDER Ey OSTRANDER HARRY. C. FAIRTY *FREDERICK J. STIER WALTER FURMAN JOHN SANFORD *=" H. ROLAND FISH RALPH E. STEURER ; " GEORGE ’G. HYDE. - ALEXANDER S. THOMPSON, JR - RICHARD L. HYDE | WILLIAM R. THOMPSON -CARL A. HANSON... - H. KENNETH THOMAS CARE JACKENS - CYRIL B. WHITE GARDINER JENKINS WILLIAM F WHITEHEAD TOURS AND CRUISES OF DISTINCTION TO JAPAN, CHINA EGYPT AND PALESTINE NORWAY, MIDNIGHT SUN AROUND THE WORLD CAST BRONZE TABLET EUROPE 24" x 22", 45 Names, $135 WRITE FOR OUR PORTFOLIO OF DESIGNS JOHN: POLACHEK LITTLE BUILDING, BOSTON BR O NZ E-& [RO N e (o 506 5TH AVENUE SPRECKELS BLDG., NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO r Di STINCTIVE: METAL: WO RK: 476 Hancock Street. Long Island City, N. Y. BATTLEFIELDS BY AUTOMOBILE : ea . : RECOMMENDATION FOR MEMBERSHIP nnual membership Hae teenhaecr IN THE $3.00; Canada, $2.50; life membersin. $5. 1 DTATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY payable to National Geographic Society, and if at a distance remit by The Membership Fee Includes Subscription to the New York draft, postal or express order. National Geographic Magazine PLEASE DETACH AND FILL IN BLANK BELOW AND SEND TO THE SECRETARY To the Secretary, National Geographic Society, Sixteenth and M Streets Northwest, Washington, D. C.: I nominate for membership in the Society Name and Address of Nominating Member “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” Bf Lellor Lab Re Lady Randolph Churchill is the mother of Winston Churchill, Secretary for War in the British Government and the sister- & in-law of the Duke of Marlborough. i Se . & Biesthraeese2 Street, Hayle Vash 5 7 Zn as GT , Loe — oe e: ee, ? = Ree A — ee. = fix Gen ae See Rr ae = x é ee s g osha -& oe a 2 One yy SO r se < : J o s tee La (haw ot ee (Her ketter) vt Sho vee, - — “What an extraordinary man Mr. oe fo Edison is. He perfects his phonograph Q 5) «< to a poi here i lism i d oo wee, point where its realism is astounde So ing. Then he determines to make _ 2 OS 5 ee a 4 Ome . each Edison Phonograph, even the ~s oe least costly, an attractive piece of fur- : Se 2 Sos niture. Instead of the usual dentiste Lint ater = : like looking cabinet, his designers have ES — 2 S x We. succeeded in putting the character and <~ Le se la ~~ 6 oe OS a ie aaah shal 4 » “4 - ty seid ail. i : a eae Che SSS 1 4 po | Mri | MAGAZINE NOVEMBER, 1919 oat CONTENTS hii, ula vat oT A 2, eheillines, ] sat href tt | il TTT TT Ay Ww SIXTEEN PAGES IN COLOR The Rise of the New Arab Nation 18 Illustrations FREDERICK SIMPICH The Land of the Stalking Death 23 Illustrations MELVILLE CHATER Where Slav and Mongol Meet 16 Illustrations MAYNARD OWEN WILLIAMS Syria: The Land Link of History’s Chain 21 Illustrations MAYNARD OWEN WILLIAMS PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C. invade Nitinesdllhneee act AR a a ee ee Se nnn MEME PS Wel ie NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY GEOGRAPHIC ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. JOHN E. PILLSBURY, President HENRY WHITE, Vice-President ©: P. AUSTIN, Sectetary GILBERT GROSVENOR, Director JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Vice-Director GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, Associate Secretary JOHN JOY EDSON, Treasurer EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE GILBERT GROSVENOR, EDITOR AND DIRECTOR : JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Associate Editor and Vice-Director WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER Assistant Editor 1917-1919 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Inventor of the telephone J. HOWARD GORE Prof. Emeritus Mathematics, The George Washington University A. W. GREELY Arctic Explorer, Major General U. S. Army GILBERT GROSVENOR Editor of National Geographic Magazine ROBERT EF. PEARY Discoverer of the North Pole, Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy GEORGE OTIS SMITH Director of U. S. Geological Sur-% vey O. H. TITTMANN Formerly Superintendent of U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey HENRY WHITE Member American Peace Com- mission, and Recently U. S. Ambassador to France, Italy, etc. RALPH A. GRAVES Assistant Editor ESS wie a> Wile ede ls, Chief of School Service BOARD OF MANAGERS 1918-1920 CHARLES J. BELL President American Security and Trust Company JOHN JOY EDSON Chairman of the Board, Wash- ington Loan & Trust Company DAVID FAIRCHILD In Charge of Agricultural Explo- rations, U. S. Department of Agriculture C. HART MERRIAM Member National Academy of Sciences (Oy, dey AUSSI Statistician GEORGE R. PUTNAM Commissioner U. S. Bureau of Lighthouses ‘ GEORGE SHIRAS, 3p Formerly Member U. S. Con- gress, Faunal Naturalist, and Wild-Game Photographer GRANT SQUIRES Military Intelligence Division, General Staff, New York FRANKLIN L. FISHER Chief of Illustrations Division 1919-1921 WILLIAM HOWAKD DATA Ex-President of the United States FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the Interior C. M. CHEST Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- merly Supt. U. S. Naval Ob- servatory FREDERICK V. COVIELE Botanist, U. S. Department of Agriculture RUDOLPH KAUFFMANN Managing Editor The Evening Star T. L. MACDONALD M., D:, BASS: Ss: N. D2 NORA Formerly Director U. S. Bureau of Census JOHN E. PILLSBURY Rear Admiral U. S. Navy, For- merly Chief Bureau of Navi- gation ORGANIZED FOR “THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE” To carry out the purpose for which it was founded thirty-one years ago, the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Magazine can use, generous remuneration is made. Contributions ‘should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be ad- dressed: Editor, National Geographic Magazine, 16th and M Streets, Washington, D. C. Important contributions to geographic science are constantly being made through expeditions financed by funds set aside from the Society’s income. For example, immediately after the terrific eruption of the world’s largest crater, Mt. Katmai, in Alaska, a National Geographic Society expedition was sent to make observa- tions of this remarkable phenomenon. So important was the completion of this work considered that four expeditions have followed and the extraordinary scientific data resultant given to the world. In this vicinity an eighth wonder of the world was discovered and explored—‘‘The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes,” a vast area of steaming, spouting fissures, evidently formed by nature as a huge safety-valve for erupting Katmai. By proclamation of the President of the United States, this area has been created a National Monument. The Society organized and supported a large party, which made a three-year study of Alaskan glacial fields, the most remarkable in existence. At an expense of over $50,000 it has sent a notable series of expeditions into Peru to investigate the traces of the Inca race. The discoveries of these expeditions form a large share of the world’s knowledge of a civilization which was waning when Pizarro first set foot in Peru. Trained geol- ogists were sent to Mt. Pelee, La Soufriere, and Messina following the eruptions and earthquakes. The Society also had the honor of subscribing a substantial sum to the historic expedition of Admiral Peary, who discovered the North Pole April 6, 1909. Not long ago the Society granted $20,000 to the Federal Government when the congressional appropriation for the purchase was insufficient, and the finest of the giant sequoia trees of California were thereby saved for the American people and incorporated into a National Park. Copyright, 1919, by National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. All rights reserved. Entered at the Post-Office at Washington, D. C., as Seeond-Class Mail Matter. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Sec. 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized July 1, 1918. the time. On the accuracy of the watches they carry depends your safety when you travel—de- pends the speedy, undelayed progress of the trains you take. Because of their remarkable accuracy, Ham- iltton Watches are in demand in every branch of railroading—from the executive office to the lonely signal tower. Hamilton popularity as a railroad timekeeper has never been excelled. But any executive, any man or woman, who wants to be efficient in planning and carrying out the day’s work, should have a Hamilton. Are you planning to make a gift?) —Then consider the Hamilton Watch. ‘There’s scarcely any occasion, any season, that the Hamilton would not make an appro- priate, an ideal, gift. There are Hamilton watches for every taste—thin models and wrist watches for men, watches especially built for rough service, and ladies’ bracelet models. The prices range from $36.00 to $185.00. Movements, $19.00 (in Canada $20.50) and up. And there’s accu- racy, beauty, and enduring service in every Hamilton. See them at your jeweler’s. Send for ‘*The ‘Timekeeper.’? ‘There are some interesting facts about fine watch-making in this little booklet, and the various Hamilton models are illustrated with prices. HAMILTON WATCH COMPANY, Lancaster, Pa. With President and Engineer Hamiltons Are Equally Popular The railroad president, with his many appointments and hurried trips *cross country, finds an accurate watch one of his greatest aids. And in busy terminals, in yards and roundhouses, in every engine cab, are men who must perform their duties always with an eye on The ‘‘ Lackawanna Limited,”’ crack train into New York City on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, is piloted by a vet- eran engineer and run on Ham- ilton time. Engineer Charles Stevenson has been at the throttle for nearly three decades, and for 19 years has relied upon bis Hamilton Watch for the right time. “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” CAANDCLER SIX Famous For Its Marvelous Motor: The Year’s Most Pleasing New Sedan | HE season offers no other sedan so pleasing in the beauty of its lines and its furnishings as the new series Chandler Sedan. And there is none that may be compared with it at anything like its price. The new Chandler Sedan ts the highest expression of years of development in the creation of closed bodies. It is beautiful to look at, and most comfortable to ride in. It has style and refinement that must appeal to those who care for the finer things. This car seats seven persons most com- fortably, or five when the auxiliary chairs are not in use. The front seat is solid, not divided as in previous models, and the window posts are a permanent part of the body, not removable. The windows, however, may be lowered away or adjusted to suit the weather and the wish. The interior is upholstered in silk plush of pleasing pattern for cushions and plain tone for head lining. Interior fittings are in dull silver finish of Colonial design. Despite the largest production in the history of the Chandler company, the demand for the new series sedan will quickly consume the production for weeks to come. Your early order will be a safe- guard against disappointment. All Chandler bodies are mounted on the same standard Chandler chassis, famous for its marvelous motor SIX SPLENDID BODY TYPES Seven-Passenger Touring Car, $1795 Four-Passenger Roadster, $1795 Four-Passenger Dispatch Car, $1875 Seven-Passenger Sedan, $2795 Four-Passenger Coupe, $2695 Limousine, $3295 (All prices f. o. b. Cleveland) Dealers sn all Principal Cities and Hundreds of Towns CHANDLER MOTOR CAR COMPANY, CLEVELAND, OHIO Export Department: 1790 Broadway, New York Cable Address: ““CHANMOTOR” “Mention The Geographic—It identifies vou” -on Laundry Routes N increase in collection and delivery area to four times that covered by horse drawn vehicles has been effected by the Winchester Laundry, Boston, through the use of motor trucks. Four GMC Trucks, 34 to 1 ton capacity, are operating over the longer routes. With horse drawn vehicles, only the close-in routes could be covered successfully, and the income shown could not average more than $240 per vehicle per week. GMC Trucks covering the longer routes. are able to bring in business averaging $400 per truck at an increase in weekly operating expense over horses of only $20. This increase of 6674 per cent in volume of business with an increased collection and delivery expense of only 35 per cent has meant an increase in profit of still greater proportion. The GMC Model 16, 34 to 1 ton truck, is the model standardized by the War Department for all work re- quiring a truck of that capacity. GMC Trucks in the war made a remarkable record in the severest kind of ambulance work. GMC Trucks are built and backed by the General Motors Corporation, the strongest organization in the automotive industry. GENERAL MOTORS TRUCK COMPANY One of the Units of the General Motors Corporation PONTIAC, MICHIGAN, U.S. A. Branches and Distributors in Principal Cities (537) q st yy y 7 The GMC Multiple Disc Dry Plate Clutch will not slip, therefore cannot burn out; is. very smooth, saving engine, rear axle, and transmission. Requires no adjustment; no. lubrication; nothing to wear out except the asbestos plate rings. “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” NY “SN % ALOK \ g g KY w SSN WWww ev l"lop§»la_EF hhh 6" =bBlbéb$§“"' =t’*BTFVee FB 2 | DOTS TCO AAA = — os = =a Sa el == = ——) a —— eS = = — = = —— ———si = ———s ———s == — = = — ———s == —— ——— ———4 ——4 ——— = = = == al = ST —— = 7 ——I ———— = I — ad sd = SS = —— =" =| ——I == — sa —— ——— —— = = = =a ————s = —S] —— =—=— = =o = =o = ———F ——— =—S = — ——4 — =: — ll ——4 = =a Ss =—= = al = = =a aa = == —— —S — ———— = => = SSS ——— = —— — ——) = aed ——— = —— = —S ——— =, ——4 —— =— = SS — === = ——y =a ——— —— = —— —— — =a Ss —S a = — = os —— = mare =z = ——7 =a. — = — f= = =a << = lgicaeened eS pea = le; - More miles per gallon More miles on tires = IGHT gigantic plants and the use of a vast fortune in working capital are your guarantee in not only a good Maxwell, but a car that saves you $200 or more in the initial cost. A good car at a good value creates its own mar- ket, and how rapidly the market for the Maxwell has multiplied is shown by this fact: One Maxwell car is being turned out every 1/2 minutes of the — ' 12,000 men, 8 great plants, and a capital of $36,000,000 are making your Maxwell working day. Yet there are thousands who will seek a Maxwell this year and suffer disappointment. Probably enough can- not ‘be built to satisfy much more than 60% of the demand. For it is a greater Maxwell; better looking, vastly improved from electric system to rear axle; and the price is still at the daringly low figure of $985, f. 0. b. Detroit. MAXWELL MOTOR COMPANY, Inc., DETROIT, MICH. MAXWELL MOTOR CO. OF CANADA, Limited, WINDSOR. ONTARIO “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” Practice Putting on- It only takes a few moments to attach them when you know how. No jack re- quired. Study the directions. SSces Practice makes perfect. No danger of injury to tires. HE careful driver regularly gives his car “the once over” every few days before he takes it out of the garage. He gives a turn or two to the grease cups—tests out the brakes, sees that there is a sufficient supply of oil, water and gasoline and that the batteries are in good condition, etc. so doing he is assured, barring accidents, that he will have By no trouble on the road. But— HOW few there are that pay the slightest attention to the proper method of attaching Weed Tire Chains Rain comes on, the road and pavements suddenly become slip- pery and treacherous—the car slips ot skids—the Weed Chains, carried in nearly every tool box, are hauled out anda hundred toonethe driver has only a hazy idea how to attach them. He fumbles around, gets hot under the collar and falsely accuses them of being a nuisance. Women drivers are very numer- ous nowadays. They are driving out into the country over all sorts of troads—they surely need protection against the dangerous skid. How many of them know howto put on Weed Chains? Have you ever in- structed your wife, your sister or your daughter? The directions for attaching Weed Chains are simple yet most important. Avoid annoyances on the road—learn how easy it is to put them on correctly—practice in the garage and give the women instruc- tion. It will amply repay you in security, satisfaction and comfort. Printed instructions for attaching Weed Chains are packed in every bag—If. you desire a copy write us and wewill gladly mail it to you. Weed Chains are also made to meet the demand for an efficient traction and anti-skid device for trucks equipped with single and dual solid tires or with the very large pneumatic tires. They are so constructed that they satisfactorily meet the requirements of heavy truck service in mud, sand or snow. AMERICAN CHAIN COMPANY, INC. BRIDGEPORT \6/ CONNECTICUT In Canada: Dominion Chain Company, Limited, Niagara Falls, Ontario Largest Chain Manufacturers in the World The Complete Chain Line — All Types, All Sizes, All Finishes — From Plumber’s Safety Chain to Ship’s Anchor Chain General Sales Office: Grand Central: Terminal, New York City District Sales Offices: Boston Chicago Philadelphia Pittsburg Portland, Ore. San Francisco Observe these three fundamentals Lay chains over wheel! — with hooks toward rear, and tuck the slack under front part of wheel. Start car forward just enough to run over slack ends. Hook chains as tightly as possible by hand. ESS } Do Not Anchor “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” - NVOaGuOOg-+7 SUAHLOUG s9coc] ‘ \ SSE SSSR CSN SSS . g SN SV LEN N Av RSS Veit = ore ee i) onl (Uh Sea i: A From Sumatran Jungles to United States Tires United States Rubber Company plantations in Sumatra already total 100,000 acres. They pro- duce a substantial percentage of the company’s crude rubber requirements. Through its foresight in purchasing in 1910 these great tracts—now in constantly increasing production—the United States Rubber Company is able to realize substantial economies in price and vital advantages in the control of the quality of its raw material. This company is the only rubber manufac- turer growing its own rubber supply in any large quantity. What was a Malaysian jungle in 1910 is today a flourishing province of civilization. It is operated by 20,000 workers. It has modern rail- roads, towns, schools, hospitals and churches. The high quality of rubber received from these plantations—constantly enlarged—is reflected in the service given by United States Tires. United States Tires are Good Tires / “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” —< i fat TE. i WM, ay Z= = tigen hi fi. Reproduced from actual photographs taken at Edison Recording Studios, New York The blindfolded jury hears Hempel sing “Io non sono piul’Annetta,’’ while she stands beside the New Edison. HE BLINDFOLD TEST is the most severe of all - 2 r) . ° ANN 5 musical tests; shutting off a person s sight greatly In- _S creases his acuteness of hearing. Yet even the blindfold test has been y successfully met by the New Edison. Frieda Hempel, prima donna soprano of the Metropolitan Opera Company, New York, appeared before five of Thomas A. Edison’s musical experts to perform the test. She stood beside the New Edison. The blindfolds were adjusted over the eyes of the five men. As shown in the first photograph, Hempel then started to sing. The selection was “Io non sono piu l’ Annetta,” from the opera “Crispino e la Comare.”’ Suddenly Hempel stopped singing, but the song continued. The New Edison had taken up the song and was singing alone. ‘The five experts, even though their hearing faculties were at highest concentration, were completel;) unaware that Hempel had ceased and that they were listening only to the New Edison’s RE-CREATION of her voice. Two million people have heard similar tone-tests, publicly given by forty different artists. Five hundred representative newspapers have publicly recorded the fact that no one has been able to dis- tinguish the artist’s living art from its RE-CREATION by the New Edison. The proof of this is founded upon scientific fact; it is piled mountain-high. The New Edison brings you all the living artist can bring, excepting his physical presence. 5 TeNEW cA C Pe PES Agee et ee She Phonograph LU JL Seite es Se “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” Thirty seconds later! Hempel has ceased. The blindfolded jury is not aware that the New Edison 1s singing “To non sono piu I’Annetta’’ alone. RIEDA HEMPEL is called “Hempel of the Voice Supreme. ” You might think this is because of her technique—so flawless, so superb! Or because of her notes, pure as the chiming of silver bells. But Hempel is infinitely more than a vocalist. Hear her sing some song she loves, and suddenly you understand what it is that makes her great among the greatest in opera and concert. For you fall under the spell of a mysterious, lifting power—a power which transmutes every note into gold and every bar into angel-music. It is Hempel’s sublime artist-soul. Soul is that electric something, that transcendent something, that eternal something, which makes music the mind’s solace and inspiration. The soul of music is what Edison has caught and perpetuated in his RECCREATIONS. That is why he considers the New Edison the greatest of his inVentions. That is why the heart of the music-lover responds to a RE-CREATION by the New Edison, even as it responds to the art of the living artist. Go hear the New Edison. Hear it with your eyes closed, for that 1s the best way to listen to music. You will feel that the artist himself is standing before you, alive! Write to Thomas A. Edison, Inc., Orange, N. J., for the most interesting phonograph story of the year, “Edison and Music.” EDISON with a Soul” _ a Pir eee = “Mention The Geographic—lIt identifies you” TA Magnificent \ Tone and Design S HE beauty of Sonora tone— rich, pure, expressive — is matched by the beautiful design lines. Observe the “bulge” curves of the cabinet. These, found only in the finest furniture, are pro- duced by patented processes and are obtainable only in the famous FOR THE ADDING MACHINE The Highest Class Talking Machine in the World The Sonora is just what you need for entertainment. It plays ALL MAKES of disc records per- fectly without extra attachments. You will choose the Sonora for its won- derful tone which won highest score at the Panama Pacific Exposition and for its important features of construction, which include the extra-long-running, powerful, silent motor, convenient en- velope filing system, all-wooden tone passage, effective automatic stop, motor- meter, tone modifier,etc. A matchless line of upright and period styles is avail- able at prices from $50 to $1000. Today write for general catalog 37, The Daylight Lamp or period catalog 37X, which will be Ordinary artificial light has an excess of red rays which sent free on request. irritate the eyes. Daylight is the best working light because these harmful rays are subdued. Sonora Phonograph Sales : THE EMERALITE DAYLIGHT ATTACHMENT ninpany Bur. changes harsh electric light into soft daylight that increases > visibility and eliminates all glare and eyestrain. George E. Brightson, President Emeralite, always best, is now perfect for every reading need. New York City: 279 Broadway Buying an Emeralite means doing your best for your eyes— Toronto: Ryrie Building they are worth it. DEALERS EVERYWHERE ) Sold by electrical and office supply dealers. : Write for interesting booklet. H. G. McFADDIN & CO., 31 Warren Street, New York Makers of lighting specialties since 1874 . Za FOR THE TYPIST The War has created a great eae and STRATE opportunities for those who know French, Spanish or Italian. Another language doubles your commercial value. Prepare nowte better your position or increase your business. Brush up on the language you studied at school or college and make it of practical use. Equip yourself to read foreign books and papers. - ; ia ‘ ~d >» ) a | _ | WY 1 \ ¥ a | .v 7 ‘ a la ~ y LIAISON SERVICE (106) CAMP PONTANEZEN (110) <—s Wren ot Vj, Q g aw kk CENTRAL RECORDS OF FICE (114) 518 THE NATIONAL: GEOGiWwA PHC VAC AZING and July 27 to August 14. The whole division served in the Gerardmer sector August 14 to September 2; Meuse-Argonne, September 21 to October 1; Sommedieu sector, October 16 to November 7. The men of this division were 92 days in qttiet: sectors and 5 in active; advanced 12% kilometers against resistance, captured 781 Prisomers, andislost 1067 Inilled and soz wounded. Their device shows the old Santa Fe cross, which was employed to mark the Santa Me Irail/in the! old-days. Us trail started near Camp Doniphan. This emblem was adopted for marking the property and bag- gage soon after the organization of the division. 66. The Thirty-sixth Division was organ- ized from the National Guard of Texas and Oklahoma, at Camp Bowie, Texas. It went to France in July, 1918, and served in the Cham- pagne during the French offensive there, Octo- ber 6 to 28: it was 23) days" 1m active secror, none in quiet; captured 549 prisoners, ad- vanced 21 kilometers against resistance, and lost 600 killed and 1,928 wounded. The divis- ional “wmistenta 1s the detter “1, for. bexas: superimposed on an Indian arrow-head, for Oklahoma (not long ago the Indian Territory). 67. The Thirty-seventh Division was organ- ized from the ..National Guard of Ohio and West Virginia, at Camp Sheridan, Alabama. It went to France in June, 1918, and served in the Baccarat sector August 4 to September 16; Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 25 to Oc- tober 1; St. Mihiel sector, October 7 to 16; on the Lys and Escaut rivers, in Flanders, Octo- ber 31 to November 4; Syngem sector (Bel- gium), November 9 to 11—a total of 50 days in quiet sectors and II in active. It advanced 30 kilometers against resistance, captured 3,848 prisoners, and lost 977 killed and 4,266 wounded. one insignia was taken from the State flag of 110. 68. The Thirty-eighth Division was organ- ized from the National Guard of Indiana and Kentucky, at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. It went to France in October, 1918, but was never in the line. It was called the Cyclone Division; hence the “CY,” the insignia. 69. The Thirty-ninth Division was organ- ized from the National Guard of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas, at Camp Beaure- gard, Louisiana. It went to France in August, 1918, as a depot division, from which replace- ments were sent to the combat divisions at the front; therefore it was never intended to be in the line. The insignia shows the Greek letter delta, because the personnel came from the vicinity of the Mississippi delta, but it was never approved by the A. EF. F. It was sta- tioned at St. Florent and sent 10,156 replace- ments to the front. 70. The Fortieth Division was organized from the National Guard of California, Utah, Arizona, and Colorado, at Camp Kearny, Cali- fornia. It went to France in August, ro18, and, like the Thirty-ninth, was a depot division, be- ing stationed at La Guerthe, and sent 16,327 replacements to the front. It was known as the Sunshine Division, and the insignia carries out the idea. 71. The Forty-first Division was organized from the National Guard of Washington, Ore- gon, Idaho, and Wyoming, at Camp Greene, North Carolina, leaving in December, 1917, for France. This was the first depot division to go across and was stationed at St. Aignan, Noyers, and sent 295,668 replacements to the front, equivalent to more than ten complete divisions. It was known as the Sunset Divis- ion, and its members wore as their distinguish- ing device a sun setting over the blue waters Ol them mace: 72. The Forty-second Division was organ- ized from National Guard units left over after the formation of the preceding sixteen divis- ions, and 26 States contributed; hence the popular name of the Rainbow Division, which is carried out in the insignia. 3 This organization arrived in France in No- vember, 1917, and served in Lorraine, Febru- ary 17 to June 21, part of the? time guuder French command; east of Rheims, July 5 to 17 (including the last. German offensive) ; ~Trugny and Beuvardes, July 25 to August 3; St. Mihiel operation, September 12 to 30; Meuse-Argonne offensive, October 13 to 313. and again, November 5 to Io. The Rainbow Troops served 125 days in quiet sectors and 39 in active, advancing 55 kilometers against resistance, more than any other National Guard division, and was ex- celled in this particular only by the Second and Seventy-seventh Divisions. It captured 1,317 - prisoners. and lost 2,644 killed Vamd@m275 wounded. 73. 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The design was arranged on the parade grounds of the Marine Barracks at Paris Island, South Carolina. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE The Seventy-seventh advanced 71% kilo- meters against resistance, more than any other division; captured 750 prisoners, and lost 1,992 killed and 8,505 wounded, again more than any other National Army division. The insignia is self-explanatory. 75. The Seventy-eighth Division was made up of men from western New York State, New Jersey, and Delaware, and was stationed at Camp Dix, New Jersey. It went to France in June, 1918, and served in the Limey, Septem- ber 16 to October 4; the Meuse-Argonne, Oc- tober 16 to November 5, in which it relieved the Seventy-seventh Division on the extreme left wing of the American army. It advanced 21 kilometers against resistance, spent 17 days in quiet sectors and 21 in active, captured 432 prisoners, and lost 1,384 killed and 5,861 wounded. The original insignia was a semi- circle of red and was adopted in the United States for marking baggage, but when shoulder insignia was adopted in France the lightning was added to represent the popular name of Lightning Division. 76. The Seventy-ninth Division was formed of men from eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the District of Columbia and was stationed ‘at Camp Meade, Maryland. It went to France in July, 1918, and served in the Meuse-Ar- gonne September 16 to 30, capturing Mont- faucon. It served in the Troyon sector on the heights east of the Meuse, October 8 to 25, and in the Grande Montagne sector October 29 to November 11. It spent 28 days in quiet sectors and 17 in active, advanced 19% kilometers against resistance, captured 1,077 prisoners, and lost 1,419 killed and 5,331 wounded. The device of this division is the cross of Lorraine, a symbol of triumph dating back to the victory of the House of Anjou over Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, in the 15th cen- fury. 77. The Eightieth Division was formed of men from western Pennsylvania, West Vir- ginia, and Virginia, and was stationed at Camp Lee, Virginia. It went to France in May, 1018, and served on the Artois front, brigaded with the British, July 23 to August 18; St. Mihiel offensive, September 12 to 14; Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 25 to 29; also October 4 to 12, and November 1 to 6. It was only one day in a quiet sector, 17 in active sectors; ad- vanced 38 kilometers against resistance, cap- tured 1,813 prisoners, and lost 1,132 killed and - 5,000 wounded—a heavy record for only 18 days of fighting. Known as the Blue Ridge Division, its device shows three hills, repre- senting the Blue Ridge, one for each of the States which’ furnished the personnel of the division. 78. The Eighty-first Division was composed of men from the two Carolinas, Florida and Porto Rico, and was stationed at Camp Jack- son, South Carolina. It went to France in August, 1918, and served in the St. Dié sec- tor, brigaded with the French, September 18 521 to October 19; Sommedieu sector, November 7 to 11. It was 31 days in quiet sectors, ad- vanced 5% kilometers against resistance, cap- tured IOI prisoners, and lost 251 killed and 973 wounded. This is the division which is mainly responsi- ble for the adoption of these shoulder in- signia. The wildcat, which it chose in May, 1918, is common in the mountains of the Caro- linas. The cat is in different colors, according to the brigade, as follows: Headquarters, Ma- chine Gun Battalion, and Engineers, black: One Hundred and Sixty-first Infantry Brigade, white; One Hundred and Sixty-second In- fantry Brigade, light blue; One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Field Artillery Brigade and Am- munition Train, red; Field Signal Battalion, orange; Sanitary Train, green, and Supply Train, buff. 79. Men from Georgia, Alabama, and Ten- nessee comprised the Eighty-second Division, stationed at Camp Gordon, Georgia. It went to France in May, 1918, the second National Army division to go overseas, and went into the line on June 25, in the Lagny sector, bri- gaded with the French, remaining there till August 10; Marbache sector, August 17 to September 20, including the St. Mihiel offen- sive; Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 30 to October 31. It was 70 days in quiet and 27 in active sectors; advanced 17 kilometers against resistance, captured 845 prisoners, and lost 1,298 killed and 6,248 wounded. The letters “A. A.” stand for All American, the name by which the division was known. These letters are in gold for officers and white for enlisted men. 80. The Eighty-third Division was formed of men from Ohio and West Virginia and was stationed at Camp Sherman, Ohio. It went to France in June, 1918, and was a depot division at Le Mans, sending 193,221 replacements to the front. One regiment, the Thirty-third, served in Italy and was in the battle of Vittorio- Veneto. The insignia consists of the letters of Ohio in monogram. 81. The Eighty-fourth Division was formed of men from Indiana, Kentucky, and southern Tllinois, and was stationed at Camp Taylor, Kentucky. It went to France in September, 1918, but never got into the line. The insignia was originally adopted for marking property and baggage while in the United States. 82. The Ejighty-fifth Division was formed of men from Michigan and Wisconsin and was stationed at Camp Custer, Michigan. It went to France in August, 1918, was a depot division stationed at Cosnes, and sent 3,948 replacements to the front. It was known as the Custer Division, in honor of General Custer and also the camp at which it was trained, the insignia consisting of the initials C. D. One of the infantry regiments, the Three Hundred and Thirty-ninth, served in northern Russia. Basi A ME WALLER ETE Lg ADOT a © Mole & Thomas from Underwood & Underwood STATUE OF LIBERTY MADE OF MEN Fighteen thousand officers and men at Camp Dodge, Iowa, composed this picture, 1,235 feet long. From the base to the shoulder measures 150 feet; the right arm, 340 feet; the right thumb, 35 feet; length of left hand, 30 feet: the flame of the torch, 600 feet. 522 83. The Eighty-sixth Division was formed of men from northern Illinois and was sta- tioned at: Camp Grant, Illinois, If qwentute France in September, 1918, never getting into the line. It was known as the Black Hawk Di- vision, which is represented in the insignia. 84. The Figkty-seventh Division was formed of men from Louisiana, Arknasas, and Mis- sissipp1 and was stationed at Camp Pike, Ar- kansas. It went to France in September, 1918, and never got into the line. The insignia ap- pears to have had no special significance. 85. The Eighty-eighth Division was formed of men from North Dakota, Minnesota, lowa, and western Illinois and was stationed at Camp Dodge, Iowa. It went to France in August, 1918, and served in Alsace from October 7 to November 5; 28 days in a quiet sector, none, in active sectors. It cantured three prisoners and lost 29 killed and 89 wounded. The insignia was evolved by two figures “8” at right angles, the result being a four-leaf clover, representing the four States from which the personnel of the division came. It is in blve for the infantry and machine gun bat- talions, in red for the artillery, and in black for the remainder of the division. 86. The Eighty-ninth Division was formed of men from Kansas, Missouri, and Colorado and was stationed at Camp Funston, Kansas. It went to France in June, 1918, and went into the line in August, northwest of Toul; it was at St. Mihiel, in the sector Bois de Bouchot, and in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. It was 55 days in quiet and 28 in active sectors and advanced 48 kilometers against resistance, the second best record in this respect of the Na- tional Army divisions and exceeded by only five of the A. E. F. divisions. Jt captured 5,061 prisoners, the third best record in the A. E. F., being surpassed only by the First and Second Divisions. It lost 1,433 killed and 5,958 wounded. The division was known as the Middle West Division and the insignia is the letter “W,” which when inverted becomes an “M.” ‘The central open space is colored to show the organization as follows: One Hundred Seventy-seventh Infantry Brigade, sky blue; One Hundred Seventy-eighth Infantry Bri- gade, navy blue; One Hundred Sixty-fourth Field Artillery Brigade, scarlet; Engineers, scarlet, edged with white; Three Hundred Forty-first Machine Gun Battalion, half sky blue and half scarlet; Three Hundred Forty- second Machine Gun Battalion, half navy blue and half scarlet; Three Hundred Forty-third Machine Gun Battalion. half orange and half scarlet; Signal Battalion, orange; supply Train, purple, edged with white; Sanitary Train, white, with red cross, and Division headquarters, no color. 87. The Ninetieth Division was formed of men from Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma and was stationed at Camp Travis, Texas. It went to France in June, 1918, and served in the Saizerais sector August 24 to October 10, including the St. Mihiel operation ; Meuse-Argonne offensive, October 19 to No- ewspaper Union © E. H. Morrison from Western LAFAYETTE, THE LIVING INSIGNIA OF THE ELEVENTH DIVISION The emblem was formed by 15,000 men from all parts of the country, at Camp Meade, Maryland. This was known as the Lafayette Division, in honor of the famous French general who aided this country during its struggle for liberty. The front row of the bust was formed of the commanding general and his staff. The time consumed in forming this seal was three hours. Two sets of field telephones were connected with a specially constructed tower 75 feet high and the photographer gave instructions as to where the men should stand. An idea of the size of the seal and of the problem in perspective involved can be gained from the fact that the “Y” in Lafayette is 225 feet long and formed of men, while the “H” in Eleventh is 6 feet long and formed by laying service hats on the ground. “HDA: THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE vember 11. It was 42 days in quiet sectors and 26 in active; advanced 28% kilometers against resistance, captured 1,876 prisoners, and lost 1,392 killed and 5,885 wounded. The insignia consists of the letters T and O in monogram, the initials of two of the States from which the personnel came. 88. The Ninety-first Division, formed by men from Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Cali- fornia, Idaho, Nevada, Montana, Wyoming, and Utah, was stationed at Camp Lewis, Wash- ington. It went to France in July, 1918, and served in the Meuse-Argonne offensive Sep- tember 20 to October 3; west of Escaut River, Belgium, October 30 to November 4; east of Escaut River, November 10 to 11. The di- vision spent 15 days in quiet sectors and 14 in active; advanced 34 kilometers against resist- ance, captured 2,412 prisoners, and lost 1,414 killed and 4,364 wounded. The fir tree was selected for the insignia as being typical of the Far West, the home of the Division, and also, being an evergreen, was emblematic of the state of readiness of each unit of the organization. 89. The Ninety-second Division was formed of colored troops from all States, and before leaving for France, in June, 1918, was divided among several camps—Dodge, Dix, and Meade containing the largest units. It served in the St. Dié sector, Vosges, August 29 to Septem- ber 20; Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 24 to 30; Marbache sector, October 9 to No- vember 11. It was 51 days in quiet sectors and 2 days in active; advanced 8 miles against resistance, captured 38 prisoners, and lost 176 killed and 1,466 wounded. The buffalo was selected as the divisional insignia because it is said the Indians called colored _ soldiers “Duffaloes.’” The color of the buffalo varies according to the arm of the service. go. The Ninety-third Division was never complete. It was formed of colored troops from all sections and went to France in April, 1918. There a provisional division was or- ganized of these scattered units. It never had any artillery and was brigaded with the French from July 1 until the signing of the armistice, losing 584 killed and 2,582 wounded. Owing to the fact that it was incomplete, and never participated in action as a unit, the other statistics for it are not applicable. The official insignia is a French helmet, but a bloody hand, said to have been assumed from the insignia of a French colored colonial division with which the Ninety-third operated, was more common in actual practice. gt. The First Corps—Normally a corps was supposed to consist of four divisions, but this was by no means always followed. Neither was any corps constant in the divisions as- signed to it. One would be withdrawn and another substituted, according to the exigencies of the occasion. So it is impossible to give the composition of the corps which will be correct for all dates.- During the St. Mihiel offensive the First Corps consisted of the Second, Fifth, Eighty- second, and Ninetieth Divisions and the Seventy-eighth in reserve and was. the right of the attack, the Ejighty-second being the pivot on which the right wing turned. At the beginning of the Meuse-Argonne operation the First Corps consisted of the Thirty-fifth, Twenty-eighth, and Seventy- seventh Divisions in the line, with the Ninety- second in reserve. On this occasion it was the left of the American army, the Seventy-seventh Division being on the extreme left, next to the French, until relieved by the Seventy- eighth, which was later relieved by the Forty- second. After the armistice the First Corps consisted of the Thirty-sixth, Seventy-eighth, and Eightieth Divisions 92. The Second Corps contained only the Twenty-seventh and Thirtieth Divisions and operated with the British. The insignia, the figure “2” in Roman characters, having the American eagle on one side and the British lion on the other, is emblematic of this service. 93. The Third Corps during the St. Mihiel offensive was on the Meuse, making prepara- tions for the forthcoming Meuse-Argonne drive, which it opened with the Thirty-third, Eightieth, and Fourth Divisions in the line and the Third in reserve. It was the right wing of the operation, the Thirty-third being the extreme right of the movement along the Meuse for the first few days. In the reorganization after the armistice the Third Corps consisted of the Second, Thirty- second, and Forty-second Divisions and was stationed in the occupied German territory. 94.. The Fourth Corps at St. Mihiel con- sisted of the First, Forty-second, and Eighty- ninth Divisions, with the Third in reserve. It was the left wing of the attack from the east side of the salient. The Eighty-ninth was next to the First Corps, on the right, while the First was the left flank of the movement, mak-. ing contact with the attack from the west side the second day. , During the Meuse-Argonne drive the Fourth Corps held the St. Mihiel sector, but with different divisions. In the reorganization after the armistice the Fourth Corps consisted of the First, Third, and Fourth Divisions and was stationed in the occupied German territory. 95. The Fifth Corps at St. Mihiel con- sisted of the Fourth, Twenty-sixth, and one French colonial division. It was the left wing, attacking from the west side of the salient. The Fourth Division was no the extreme left, the pivot of that flank, and the Twenty-sixth on the right, making contact with the First Division from the other side of the salient on the second day. In the Meuse-Argonne the Fifth Corps com- menced the attack with the Seventy-ninth, Thirty-seventh, and Ninety-first Divisions in THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 52a © Mole & Thomas THE AMERICAN EAGLE IN UNIFORM Twelve thousand five hundred officers, nurses, and men at Camp Gordon, Atlanta, Georgia, made this symbol of American prowess. the line and the Thirty-second in reserve. It formed the center, having the Third Corps on its right and the First Corps on its left. In the reorganization after the armistice the Fifth Corps consisted of the ‘T'wenty-sixth, Twenty-ninth, and Eighty-second Divisions. 96. The Sixth Corps did not participate in the fighting. After the armistice it consisted of the Seventh, Twenty-eighth, and Ninety- second Divisions and was engaged in salvage work on the battlefields. 97. The Seventh Corps was organized to form part of the Third Army and consisted of the Fifth, Eighty-ninth, and Ninetieth Di- visions, being stationed in Luxembourg as a reserve for the troops in the occupied German territory. 98. The Eighth Corps in the reorganization after the armistice consisted of the Sixth, Seventy-seventh, and Fighty-first Divisions. 99. The Ninth Corps consisted of the Thirty-third and ‘Thirty-fifth ‘ Divisions and was engaged in salvage work on the battle- fields. too and ror. Schools were organized in the different corps, the insignia being the same for all, except the appropriate change in the numeral, 102. Before America entered the war there were several ambulance companies of Ameri- cans in the French army; these were all taken into our army, forming the Ambulance Serv- ice, which adopted the well-known Gallic rooster as its insignia, representing its former service with the French. 103. The Advance Section, Service of Sup- ply, was situated near the front and took the Lorraine cross for its insignia. 104. The insignia of the Tank Corps is em- blematic of the fact that tanks combine the functions of cavalry, artillery, and infantry, the yellow being the cavalry color, red artillery, and blue infantry. 105. The fleur-de-lis of the Bourbon kings was taken as the insignia of troops stationed in the Paris District. 106. The insignia of the Liaison Service is taken from the French General Staff insignia, with slight changes. The members of this Service formed the connecting link between the headquarters of our forces and those of the French, British, and Belgians. 107. Considerable sarcasm has been used when referring to the insignia of the Postal Express, a greyhound at full speed. The same insignia, but with the greyhound in silver in- i On bo Oo INSIGNIA OF THE SIBERIAN A. E. F. The shrapnel-shaped emblem is white, bor- dered with dark blue. In,the center is a bear (dark blue) on its haunches. The letter “S” in white is for Siberia. (This insignia reached America too late for reproduction in color.) stead of white, was adopted for the couriers which connected the War Department in Washington with General Headquarters in France; this was the only shoulder insignia adopted by the War Department, and its origin is due to the carrying of a small silver grey- hound by the King’s messengers of England (who perform the same functions as our over- seas couriers), for whom it is an open-sesame when desiring quick transportation. 108. The insignia of the Army Artillery School was never approved by Headquarters. The head is that of Minerva, goddess of war. oe The expedition to north Russia con- sisted of the Three Hundred and ‘Thirty-ninth Infantry, a battalion of the Three Hundred and Tenth Engineers, the Three Hundred and Thirty-seventh Ambulance Company, the Three Hundred and Thirty-seventh Field Hos- pital, and the One Hundred and Sixty-seventh THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE and One Hundred and Sixty-eighth Companies of the Transportation Corps. ‘The Infantry arrived in Russia in August, 1918, the other units at varying times up to April, 1919. The expedition was withdrawn in June, 1919, re- turning to the United States. The expedition co-operated with the forces of the Allies in their operations against the Bolshevist troops and lost 109 killed in action and 305 wounded. The maximum strength of the expedition was 5,630 on June I, 1919. 110. Camp Pontanezen was at Brest, through which the majority of the A. EF. F. passed on their way home. ‘The insignia represents the duck boards necessitated by the mud at Brest. 111. Before America entered the war a num- ber of Americans were in the French motor transport service; they were later taken into the United States Army, but a number were left with the French, constituting the Reserve Mallet, so named after the commanding officer, Captain Mallet, of the French Army. 112. The Thirteenth Engineers was a heavy railroad regiment and operated around Verdun. 113. The official colors of the Chemical War- fare Service are cobalt blue and golden yellow, and were selected because they are the colors of the American Chemical Society. The shoul- der insignia carries these colors on a shield. 114. The Central Records office was the clearing-house in the A. E. F. for the service records of all the men. 115. The chameleon was most appropriately adopted as the symbol of the Camouflage Corps. 116. The Railway Artillery Reserve con- sisted of the very heavy guns on railroad mounts which were used during all the major operations. The insignia shows a mythical bird, called an “oozlefinch,” standing on a rail, with an epi (curved section of railroad track) from which the guns were fired, above. 117. A railhead is the point where the stand- ard-gauge rails end near the front; from there all supplies are taken to the front line by nar- row-gauge railroads or. by divisional trucks or wagons. A regulating station is the point on a railroad where supplies, coming in bulk from the main depots in the rear, are made up for specific divisions and transhipped to the rail- head. The insignia for these branches are identical, except that the border for railheads is yellow and for regulating stations is red. 118. General Headquarters was at Chau- mont. This insignia was selected by General Pershing personally. _ 11g. The Service of Supply.—Both mame and insignia are self-explanatory, A SEQUEL TO THE FLAG BOOK ‘THE foregoing article and illustrations on Military Insignia constitute an interesting sequel or supslement to the National Geographic Society’s famous book, FLAG3 OF THE WORLD, issued originally as a single number of the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. The magazine edition of 725,000 was long ago exhausted, but a few of the FLAG BOOKS may still be obtained from the Society’s Washington headquarters (see full-page announcement elsewhere in this number). The nearly 1,200 illustrations in color of the flags of all nations, together with 300 illustrations in black and white which illuminate the FLAG BOOK, were prepared by the same artists and printed with the same care as the 119 illustrations in color of medals and insignia which accompany Colonel Wyllie’s article reproduced here. CELEBRATING CHRISTMAS ON THE MEUSE By CapTaAIn CiiFtTon LISLE TATE OF THE Ee DOUARTERS OnE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY BRIGADE, AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES HRISTMAS DAY, 1918, was for many Americans their first ex- perience of that season in a for- eign land, thousands of miles from home, among a people of different race, lan- guage, and sympathy. When we realize that over two millions of our young men were in France at the time, it seems ap- propriate, on the approach of another Christmas, to recall that day—a day we shall remember as long as we. live—our different Christmas. At that time active hostilities were over, _ of course, but many combat divisions still held their lines just where the fighting had ceased on November 11. The fol- lowing account tells how the men of my organization, the 158th Infantry Brigade, made the most of circumstances and cele- brated their Christmas with a spirit of cheer and good-will that overcame all ob- stacles, even rising above the curse of Meuse rains, the amazing mud and slime of French battlefields. - A MARVELOUS TREE The day began early for me and in a surprising fashion, to say the least, for upon waking up about dawn, | saw be- side my chicken-wire bunk a Christmas tree—a real, true Christmas tree—such as might well have been found in millions of American homes, but quite the last thing one would look for on the ruined battle area north of Verdun. The little tree stood about two feet high and was a marvel of ingenuity in its trimmings. One of the men had made the whole thing, spending hours of his time upon it, keeping it a secret until he had found a chance to put it beside my bunk on Christmas Eve, as I slept. The tree had been set in a sort of base made from a one-pounder projectile of the whiz-bang variety, which stood, in turn, on a cleverly carved stand. I be- lieve the wood for the latter came from on NJ a cigar-box, cut and whittled into shape, then carefully fitted together and pol- ished brilliantly in some mysterious man- ner. ‘The whole thing—tree, base, and all—rested upon a moss-covered board, around the edge of which ran a tiny rustic fence of wild-rose branches en- twined with ivy. By way of tinsel, the tree had been hung with little silver balls made from the tinfoil that comes round chocolate bars. Strands of burnished wire, thin as silk threads and shining like gold, puzzled me for a long time, until I found they had been “salvaged” from the inside mechanism of broken field telephones captured in battle from the Germans. Little beads hung here and there along the branches; they were those found in the long w ooden handles of German grenades. Red “pods and berries from the wild rose-bushes glowed in the jol- liest way among the green needles of the spruce. Surely there never was before or since a Christmas tree quite like it or a finer array of trimmings. During the whole day it occupied the place of honor at the mess, shining away as merrily as any tree at home. That little Christmas tree be- side my bunk at Réville meant more to me than any fancy tree I had ever seen. It sounded the note for the day. Christ- mas was to be Christmas still, all the mud and rain in France to the contrary. A CHRISTMAS LANDSCAPE IN NORTHERN FRANCE ; A fine, gray mist covered the plain, a sort of ground fog that rose from the flooded ditches and, swirling here and there in the breeze of dawn, half con- cealed the lowlands of La Thinte. ‘To the east, high out of the fog, I could see the three hills that dominate the land- scape—Cote du Chateau, Cote d’Horgne, and the Cote de Morimont. A light cap ‘apiapnd je Surarssyuey} FO snsoyo snoXof Ary} 0} JUST -1uvdurosoe Jus] ApIzaoyM PW [HUN UeSIO 9]}}I] SITY Suriredet UL Papssoons skoqyusnop 9soq} ‘soUueIY U1oy} SVNLSINHD GNV AWOH JO SONOS CIO AIIOD JAIGIIFT Wos1z YAeis0joOYT wl HL DNIONIS 10U Ul Lt I IINYS potopeys v jO SuInd oy} prury 528 , ouoYy,, JO Jitids [vMUosss oy porddns JUSIUI[D OUTUIWOF OY} JY} JOVF OY} SEM JsvoJ dy} pUe 991] SPLUYSTIU) 94} UeY} IYeYY Ul UdU dsoy} O} JULIO DIOW AVF ‘OY UMOYS UOLPAGa]90 94} WV OSHS PY} UO sAOqysnop 9y} Aq pootjoe1d sjustpsdxd ay} 0} .40S01 0} pey Joquias0q] se] dUeI UL SULIITOLUY 000‘000'Z 94} JO JR JON SSOUO CIM NVOIMANWV YH TO dlV AHL HEIM SI SVAN USIYHOD ONILVUGA TAO SSOI) p2Y UPoIIoWMYy wo.1y Ydes30j0yg 530 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE of snow rested on their summits, catch- ing the first oblique rays of the sun, until the ridges shone and sparkled like winter beacons above the shadows. Not a house could be seen. ‘The great plain of the Woevre might well have been a wilderness, so effectually had the cur- tains of fog been draped about it. As the sun rose higher over the distant heights of the Moselle, the mists began to grow thin, disclosing more and more of the valley. A church tower was the first sign to appear, the gilded cock of its weathervane standing proudly above the cross—the inevitable coq gaulois, a sure token of France. Another steeple followed—Damvillers, Réville, Etraye, Peuvillers—I counted them one after another as they came into view, all that was left of what had once been the churches in each little red-tiled village. © delere and@there “ereau 7 nents showed in the solid masonry of their towers, while gaping voids between the buttresses of their walls allowed one to look on the havoc within—upon shattered choirs and broken chancels, a shapeless cluster of stone and glass, the shards of what once had been priceless beauty. As the last shreds of mist drifted down the lowlands toward Gibercy and far- distant St. Mihiel, the full horror of the picture struck home.«-Not merely the torn and shattered churches, the piles of broken stones and roof tiles that told of one-time hamlets, not merely these had suffered, but the very surface of ‘the ground itself was ripped and wounded beyond all resemblance of its former self. Great shell-holes filled with stagnant water, some of them twenty feet across, yawned by the dozen where a few weeks before had been pleasant meadows. Countless smaller holes, the mark of ex- ploding 75’s, had pocked the cattle pas- tures until they resembled the waves of a choppy sea. THE WASTE AND WRECKAGE OF WAR Everywhere about me lay the waste and wreckage of war: piles of ammuni- tion left by the retreating Hun, each shell in its basket of enor boxes of hand grenades partly opened; unex-: ploded “duds still) halk puried inde ground, as they had landed during the days of battle; discarded gas-masks, hel- mets cleverly camouflaged for snipers, rifles, haversacks, even rubber boots lay here and there rotting in the water-soaked holes. | Upturned trees sprawled where they had been hurled by the high explosives, while a few great stumps still reared their splintered bodies above the level of ruin about them. Across the plain, running roughly i and south, just east of the little river of La Thinte, a line of tiny holes, scraped out by entrenching tool and mess-kit lid, marked the farthest advance of our troops when the firing had ceased on Armistice Day. A more lonely wilderness of ravage, horror, and destruction could not well be imagined than that laid bare before me in the growing light, as the mists swirled upward to meet the dawn of Christmas -Day on the topmost peak of Morimont. Down the road that runs from Dam- villers to Peuvillers, close by the Hospital aux Greves, once a German evacuation point for wounded from Verdun, I clat- tered along through the mist, mounted orderly beside me, our horses splashing fetlock deep in mud and water. We had left Brigade before sunrise, bound for the church at Peuvillers, where the men of the Third Battalion were holding an early carol service. A SENTRY’S GREETING A sentry by the roadside came to “pre- sent arms,” the snap of his rifle sling striking briskly on the keen morning air. A shout of “Merry Christmas!”, “The same to you, sir!” and we had parted ; but the day had been marked as different for both of us. It was Christmas after all, in spite of three thousand miles of sea be- tween us and home, in spite of the ruined battlefield of mud about us and the graves of our comrades, many hundreds of them, lying here and there along the woodlands of the Meuse, from the or~ dered rows on Hill 378 to the great circle of crosses that rings the heights of Mont- faucon across the river, a silent token of its storming. ‘More men appeared, as I rode along, walking in little clusters toward Peuvil- lers. Some, I saw, were wearing sprigs Photograph from American Red Cross SHARING HIS CHRISTMAS BOX WITH A FRENCH PEASANT The country-folk thought the Americans quite mad as they played their games, raced, and rolled through the rain and mud in celebration of the season, but the spirit of the holiday was interpreted by many generous episodes such as this. 532 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Photograph by American Red Cross “KEEPING OUR CHRISTMAS MERRY STILL” Nearly every billet in France where American soldiers last year celebrated their Christ- mas had its own particular “Tara,” battered, jiggly, and out of tune, but still with melody in its soul. of holly or mistletoe stuck jauntily in the sides of their oversea caps. Shouts of “Merry Christmas!” could be heard, as others came up from their makeshift quarters along the way. One group swung by me in the jolliest possible fashion, singing the good old carols with a will. They had got up be- fore dawn and marched round their huts in the mud, singing the Christmas waits— “Silent Night,” “Little Town of Bethle- hem,” ‘Good King Wenceslas,” and the OSE Everywhere was the mud; inches of it covered the road, while through it slopped the men in khaki with the evergreens in their caps and the songs of good cheer on their lips, bent upon keeping the spirit of Christmas as bright as ever it had shone at home. CAROLS AT THE VILLAGE CHURCH By half after 6 the village church was filled. Row upon row of men crowded the nave, their quaint leather jerkins glowing in the candlelight that shone down upon them from the chancel. High in the eastern wall a great hole opened in the masonry, marking the savage burst of a shell. I could see where it had been saeaaly filled with holly boughs. The men had gathered great quantities of the green for that purpose on Christmas E,ve. Small bits of stained glass, all that was left of once beautiful windows, clung here and there to the twisted bands of lead that latticed the carved stonework of the arches. These windows in chancel, nave, and choir had been the glory of the church once, the offering of praise and devotion from the hand of some patient workman-artist who had fitted them to- gether centuries ago, bit by bit, each glori- ous patch of color in its own appointed place, held there by the metal strips, the whole completed picture in its lacelike frame of chiseled stone and sharply pointed arch. Now they were gone, all their glory reduced to a few bright stars of vivid color that caught the morning glow and pierced the twilight of the nave with spears of light. The little church was gay with greens. All Christmas Eve the men of the bat- CELEBRATING CHRISTMAS ON THE MEUSE _ talion had been at work, some cutting the holly and dragging it in from the wood- lands, others wading out into the waters of the marsh and climbing great poplars after mistletoe that grew in clusters high up among the branches. Ivy had been gathered in long ropes and twined about the pillars of the nave. The altar, chan- cel, choir, and transepts, all were fresh and gay with green. The very walls were hung with it, so that I had to look twice to see the shell-scarred plaster beneath or the tattered Stations of the Cross in their frames. AN UNFORGETTABLE SCENE Cedar, spruce, holly, ivy, mistletoe, everywhere the Christmas greens, every- where a clean, fresh breath of out-of- doors, until the old and broken church must have thought itself young again, must have stirred to feel within its walls a spirit of reverence that had already ‘softened the scars of war, hiding them under the holly wreaths and garlands. The service was short and simple; just the singing of a few old carols, then the celebration of the Holy Communion. The fact that the form used followed that of the Episcopal Church made no difference whatever to the men of various denom- inations in the nave. It was curious to note how the broadening strain of battle, the common hardships and sacrifice, had done away with all feeling of sect. Later in the day, other services were held at Réville and the villages round about, but in spite of more elaborate singing and the attendance of the regi- mental bands, the impressive effect of the carol service at dawn was lacking. The scene in that ruined church at Peuvillers was one never to be forgotten, as the growing light sparkled through the remnants of old glass upon the crowded uniforms half hidden along the shadowy vaults of the aisles. It was a picture from the Middle Ages, accentuated by the white vestments of the clergyman standing high in the tapered chancel. “PRIEND OR FOR” Close by the church door, as we were leaving, I saw the men gathered round a granite boulder, a sort of rough monu- ment. Evidently it had been placed there 533 in the graveyard by the enemy during the period they had held the plain of the Woevre. The inscription was carved boldly across the face of the rock in Ger- iianee thread: “Whether it be friend or foe, In death alike united. To those who fell in defense Of their fatherland, IQT4.” By a curious coincidence that monu- ment of fellowship and forgiveness be- tween foes, a rare enough thing in this war of bitter feeling and national hatred, stood in the very churchyard where for the first time in many months our men had had a chance to attend divine service. Taken in connection with the ending of the war so few weeks before and the Christmas carols of peace and good-will we had just sung, it went a great way to- ward showing us that some of the Huns, at least, had been men who could respect the dead and appreciate the sacrifices of patriotism, regardless of country. A STADIUM OF MUD By noon the cheering effect of sunshine had long since departed and Christmas Day returned to the usual drizzle of northern France. Had it been possible to produce more mud, or deeper mud, or sloppier mud, the Meuse Valley would undoubtedly have done so; but the limit had been reached some weeks before. The fields were utterly impassable. Where the ground had not been carved into huge shell craters full of water, it was just brown and yellow clay of a con- sistence that stuck to our hobnails and would not let go. That was bad enough, but it kept on increasing about our shoes so alarmingly at each step that we had to carry a stick and pry off great hunks of it every minute or come to a standstill through lack of power to move our feet. The roads—what four years of war, lack of care and the shell fire of a modern battle had left of them—were somewhat better. ‘They were muddy all right, but only to a depth of two or three inches, and the mud was of the soft and slushy variety, resting on more or less solid un- derpinnings. That was a great help, for we could slop along comfortably enough without being pulled to a halt. It is no 534 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE exaggeration to say that we Americans had not known what mud could be like until we found it at its worst in the low- lands of the Meuse and Woevre. The plans for Christmas Day called for field sports in the afternoon. That seemed to be as near an approach to a real home Christmas as we could come under the circumstances. The prospects certainly were far from encouraging, but, be it ever said to the credit of the American dough- boy, he rose triumphant over all obstacles. The first problem was where to hold the sports. “Very clearly we could not use the fields, for no one can run where he cannot walk, nor jump where he can scarcely crawl. In the end, we had to fall back upon the road. The hundred-yard dash, the two- twenty, the running broad jump, the high jump, potato race, sack race, three-legged race, signal relay, Yorkshire wrestling— every last man in the outfit went in for something. Winners, led by the sergeant- major, strove through the mud and rain against the Dashers, captained by the first sergeant of brigade. The deeper the mud, the higher ran the tivalry, the harder struggled the men, until the shell-torn hollow, with its little ruin of Réville, echoed to the strangest cheers it had ever heard. The Brigadier himself came down from his shack on the hillside, plowing through the mud and crawling round shell-holes until he had reached a vantage point on the bank above the road. Here, the man who had taken Grande Pré, and thus broken the keystone of German resistance in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, stood all afternoon in mist and driving rain, shouting encouragement to the racing men with the same spirit that had led him but a few weeks before to take a first-line battalion forward tm person when it seemed impossible for anyone to advance. A MYSTERY TO THE COUNTRY-SIDE ERE NCH As the sports grew keener, our cheer- ing and noise grew louder, the hip-hip- hurrahs and three-times-threes attracting the attention of what few French refu- gees and poilus were in the neighborhood. They stood for a while along the roadside vainly trying to make out what it all could be about. It was too much for them, however. Clearly carol singing at dawn, then mad racing and leaping and tugging on a rope in the mud was beyond their ken. With significant shrugs and shak- ing of heads they went away. They had put us down as mad, quite mad; but, then, all American soldiers seem so to them, and it did not make much matter to us. We leit them to their own celebration of the day with vin rouge, stewed rabbit, and snails. The games went on with even louder shouts and hip-hip-hurrahs in the good old Anglo-Saxon way. MUDDY FIELDS MAKE FOR FUN The best fun of all were the sack race and three-legged race, for they were run off in the fields, where the mud and slime and ponds that had been shell craters only added to the comedy. Such slipping and sliding and falling in the mire could not well be imagined; It seemed as > though all the rain and soggy discomforts of the previous weeks had been but a preliminary setting of the stage, a pre- paring of the ground for the afternoon’s fun. We could forgive the country of the Meuse a lot, even the mud somewhat, while we watched the comical antics of doughboys in gunny-sacks hopping, wob- bling, sprawling head first over the course. It was a: reali course teem the way of hazards! Each contestant’s friends and backers cheered him on his way with fervent cries and entreaties, one Irishman urging his favorite to “Lep to it like a man, for the love of God and County Mayo!” The last two events in the games were a ple-eating contest and a tug o’ war. Sassamann, from Missouri, competed with Helm, from Pennsylvania, and the man from Missouri won. Arms locked behind backs, both men knelt in the mud, the pjes resting on the ground before them. At the word to begin, they spemt over and the race was on. It was an ex- cellent and a very practical demonstra- tion of the value of chewing. Fletcher would have appreciated it keenly. Missouri1’s son went to work in slow and deadly earnest, chewing each hunk well and swallowing it before bobbing for another, while Pennsylvania’s repre- CELEBRATING CHRISTMAS ON THE MEUSE 535 THE CHRISTMAS BOX FROM HOME There were seas of mud and a never-ceasing fall of rain throughout northern France during the last week of December. 1918, but no external incidents could dim the enthusiasm of those intent upon celebrating Christmas in the familiar American fashion. sentative attempted to win by a spurt. That bolt was fatal to success, for before long he had bitten off more than he could chew in a very literal sense of the words. The tug o’ war and Yorkshire wrest- ling over and the signal relay run far up the hillside and back, we left the muddy stretch of road and climbed to the little levelwhiere we had been billeted in shacks and dugouts vacated by the Ger- mans during our advance in the last days of the war. We had begun long before to plan this Christmas, and its crowning feature was to be the dinner. MAKING A MESS HALL There were two requisites for that— something to eat and a place to eat it in. Uncle Sam, all the home newspapers to the contrary, could not be counted on to furnish us much of either. Experience had taught us a lot and—well, “corn willie” in the rain seemed but a poor sub- stitute for the turkey and plum pudding of the old days; consequently we had be- gun work a fortnight before on our mess hall. There was, as a starter, a shack that combined a leaky roof partially knocked in by a shell, with one end wall and glass- less window. ‘There were, beside, suffi- cient uprights to hold the sagging roof in place. That was all. The building had been started by the Germans, but never completed. It looked hopeless and very nearly was so. We built the mess hall, nevertheless, thanks to the magic of “sal- vage’—the modern army’s substitute for Aladdin’s Lamp. ‘The roof presented the most serious problem, as it never stopped raining on it and never could be expected to. We solved it finally by tearing away the badly splintered boards, replacing them by others salvaged from a near-by German dump, and covering the whole affair with a huge piece of water-soaked carpet that had once graced a village parlor. We battened it down with salvaged nails and rope for all the world like troopship 536 hatches in (a wheayy, Wcea-9 eotranecly enough, it turned the weather in a way contrary to what we had dared expect. The walls were easy. Lumber was plentiful at the captured dump and a four-line team furnished transportation. Last of all came the question of windows, and that was a puzzler, for a pane of un- broken glass was rarer than hen’s teeth in all that shell-crushed plain. The men were patient, however, and contrived to locate a sufficient quantity, searching for days throughout the shelters and dugouts that burrowed deep into the hillsides. Our carpenter was, by all odds, the hardest-working person at Brigade, for while the other men were gathering ma- terial he was always kept busy trying to hold up his end of the job, and he suc- ceeded. On Christmas Eve the last board had been nailed on the walls and the last bench completed. We really had a mess hall that was worthy of the name. All afternoon we had lugged in the greens and hung them everywhere, until the rafters and unpainted walls were hidden under an amazing curtain of spruce boughs, pines, cedars, holly, mis- tletoe, and ivy. The old verse was liter- ally true: “To, Christmas Day is here at last, Let every one be jolly; The posts are all with ivy dressed, . And all the walls with holly.” Rickety German trench stoves about two) tcet. Mehessiood =in weacmconnier When they did not smoke too much, they kept the place comfortably warm, only threatening to burn us up at times, greens and all. TARA, THE PRIDE OF THE MESS HALL Tara, the pride of the mess, stood in a cleared place at one end, apart from the long tables and benches we had built out from the walls. Tara was a piano, a war- scarred veteran. ‘Tara by name, because having lost his entire front casing in action, he looked more like a harp than anything else and, thanks to a weakness in the legs, had to lean against the wall for support. Tara had fallen upon evil days be- fore coming into our hands. Originally French, four years of German pounding THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE had left their mark upon his keys. Then had come the Allied shelling, and ‘Tara, with front boards shot to splinters, had stood for many weeks while the constant drizzle of the Meuse had soaked down upon him through the roofless jumble of stone that had been a house. The effect was that Tara’s keys were mute, wedged solidly together, in fact—that is, until the trench stoves had got in their work. We had carried Tara with infinite trou- ble to the driest of our dugouts—the one where the moisture only dripped from the roof at one end. Here we had sur- rounded him with trench stoves all stoked to the limit and going full tilt, with a man specially detailed to keep up the fires. The keys, one at a time, had responded to this heroic treatment, until now, on Christmas Day, Tara had once more found his soul. SENDING A TRUCK ACROSS FRANCE The problem of food had seemed over- whelming at first. We might well have been in some mountain fastness, for all the free communication there was with the outside world. Such roads as there were presented more the appearance of quarries than anything else. Railways could not be considered. Our quarter- master depot had trouble enough in get- ting the very necessities of life out to us, let alone Christmas luxuries. Finally we cut the Gordian Knot by attempting the impossible and sending our little Ford truck all the way across France, from the ruined hills of Verdun, ‘om pasemore: Ménehould and the shell-torn forest of the Argonne; then east to the great Route Nationale and Paris. The Brigade Fund, helped out by a do- nation from the officers, had been put to good use and few, if any, troops of the A. E. F. still standing by their arms on the old battle line had a finer dinner than that we saw spread out before us as we entered the mess hall after our Christmas games. The men sat down on both sides of the rough boards that served as tables. When all had found a place, the General him- self entered the room. He spoke but a few words; yet no man present, officer or private, will ever forget the scene. It was a soldier’s greeting to soldiers, just CELEBRATING CHRISTMAS ON THE MEUSE the man who had led in battle wishing those of us who had served under him the best of luck and a Merry Christmas. He told us to remember the day, to keep it fresh in our minds as one Christ- mas that had been different. He closed with a word about our dead—those who had died, many hundreds of them, our own friends, not because their sacrifice had been necessary at all, but through lack of proper training and preparation in the years before. Every man who had faced death in battle knew that the Gen- eral spoke the simple truth. A CHRISTMAS DINNER SURPASSING ALL DREAMS In contrast to our usual bully-beef and potatoes, this Christmas dinner far sur- passed anything that we had dreamed of. Turkey—yes, real American turkey—was there ; mashed potatoes, tomatoes, stewed corn, celery, apple pie—it would have been a credit to the best chef in New York—yet every bit of it had been fetched at unbelievable trouble all the way from Paris; then cooked in an open shed, where the rain dripped down through the holes in the roof upon the small field range that smoked and sputtered in the mud below. Cigars and cigarettes had reached us from the “Y,” together with a fine supply of candy. No one can appreciate just what that Christmas dinner really meant to us un- less he realizes what had gone before. It sounds like the usual dinner at home, but one must remember that our surroundings were very far from usual. Aside from any of the fighting, any of the horrors of Montfaucon, Nantillois, Wadonville, Hill 378, and the rest, this Christmas dinner was the very first meal my men had been able to eat in four months with a place to sit down together and a roof to cover them. Since September they had stood in line, day after day, under constant rain, wait- ing for each meal, usually well soaked and muddy. When their kits were filled they had still stood, of necessity, in the rain, or found what uncomfortable shelter they could beneath some leaking shack or dugout pent. Now, on Christmas Day, we were in a warm room, sitting at tables and a real feast laid out before us. 937 There was no thought of a mess line. The cooks and kitchen police, though it meant far more work for them, would not hear of that. Volunteers hurried in with the food hot off the field range and served it to us at the tables. IN THE SPIRIT OF THE OLD SONG It was really an old-fashioned feast, taking the late afternoon and a good part of the evening before coming to an end. Then it was that Tara came into play, finding his long-lost soul, as though it never had fled beneath the scourge of shrapnel and H. E.. and endless rain. The more we hammered away at him, the looser grew his keys, until at last only a few notes stuck together at a time. ‘Farry Lauder,” “Where the River Shan- non Flows,’ even “Rosy O’Grady,” all the old songs of home and Christmas were sung over and over again. An oc- casional clog or jig, got up offhand, added to the fun. The players took turns, but Tara held out to the last, his blackened keys clicking and clacking away at a great rate, while all his mysterious insides jumped and jiggled about, exposed to public view in a scandalous way. Like everything else, Christmas came to an end at last. ‘The mess hall was de- serted and Tara left leaning against the wall once more, as mute as his famous namesake. ‘The trench stoves burned a while, then smoked themselves out. In the morning we had work before us, lots of it. Sudden orders had come in for a march to distant billets. Two days after Christmas we made packs and early in the morning marched away. ‘The mess hall shadsbeen- used just once. “C'est la guerre !” That was the last we ever saw of Réville ; but the picture of our Christmas Day there in the rain and mud of that shell-torn hollow is one that will never fade. It proved, for one thing, that it takes a lot to down the doughboy. It takes more than war and hardship and a longing for home, since in the face of all these, from the little tree at dawn and the carols on to the last cracked note from Tara, we had held our sports and made our feast with the best of them, as the old song says, “keeping our Christmas merry still !”’ ‘ode sievak Of ULI} SSd] VLIOGIG WOIF pajsodtut 199p OQZ‘T FO ISVIIOUI [NFIMAF OY} 9NJSUOD YIYM VLYSeTY UI STeLUTUe OOO‘OOI IY} JO Mof v oIe DSOI J, AGISTTIH GaaHAOOD -MONS ‘L.daMS-GNIM V NO ONIZVUD VHHAONINY NVMSVIV JO GYHH V : HINON NUZOWT AHL JO STANVO AHL YOA SAYNLSVd LNVSVaId Kah wR SR ~ on SSE ANN SS oc “Se Xs 538 ime CAMEL - OF THE FROZEN DESERT By Carr J. LOoMEN With Photographs by Lomen Brothers, Nome, Alaska HEN the circus comes to town and the steam calliope, calling with its raucous but seductive voice to old and young alike, allures the crowds to gaze in wonder at the grand parade, it is the camels and elephants that sweep the youngsters along crowded pavements in a wave of deepest interest. Not even Sheba’s queen, enthroned in state upon her regal car which milk-white horses draw, and dressed in jeweled robes that scintillate with rainbow beams, can prevent the tan-cheeked, barefoot boy or his urban counterpart from serving as an escort for those awkward beasts whose very shuffling tread bespeaks a haughty dignity. Strong iron bars imprison Leo and his tawny mate, but the camels can be studied at first hand. What matters it that somewhere be- neath the Syrian sun or beside the storied walls of far Peking the philosophic ship of the sandy desert calmly chews his cud unnoticed by the passing throng, or that in tropical Ceylon or India the plodding pachyderm belongs to the Labor Union rather than to the Players’ Club? The commonplace has only to be transported to another clime to make it interesting. THE ALASKAN’S OX, SHEEP, AND HORSE IN ONE Not less interesting than the camel of the Sahara or the Gobi is the reindeer, the camel of the frozen desert in Amer- ica’s farthest north. The average Amer- ican probably considers the reindeer only as the picturesque feature in an other- wise featureless Arctic landscape, or as the draft animal for a fur-clad foreigner with high cheek-bones and matted hair. But to Alaskans, Eskimos and whites alike, reindeer are today what lowing kine are to the dairy-farmers of Holland, humble sheep to the Australian wool- raiser, or bulky shorthorns to the Texas cowman—utility untinctured with ro- mance. Within a single generation, “Cupid” and “Vixen” and “Comet” and “Prancer,” those semi-mythological companions of ruddy Saint Nick which spring into action with the very first remembered syllables of the famous Christmas poem, have become the staple live stock of the Far Northwest of the American conti- nent. Santa Claus may use a motor truck or even an airplane in making his city deliveries, but in Alaska the reindeer is coming into its own. FIRST REINDEER IMPORTED 27 YEARS AGO In Europe and Asia the reindeer was domesticated in prehistoric times. Not so in America, where this species of the deer family, the Cervide, were known as caribou, and are still so known, to dis- tinguish them from the domesticated and imported animal. The first importation, consisting of only 162 reindeer, was landed at Teller, Alaska, on Independence Day, 1892.* During that year and the decade follow- ing, I,118 more were imported from Si- beria and landed on the shores of Port Clarence Bay. The reindeer imported trom Norway in 1808 were all draft ani- mals, steers, and are now extinct. From the outset the deer thrived, and as the number increased, other herds were formed from the mother herd at Teller. Roaming the frozen wastes north and south, from Point Barrow to the Alaskan Peninsula, there are today more than a hundred herds, aggregating about 160,000 deer. It is estimated that during this period more than 100,000 have been killed for food and skins; so that in less than thirty years the increase has been more than two hundred fold. Although the Alaskan reindeer indus- try fs still in its infancy, it is rapidly be- coming firmly established. *See “Reindeer in Alaska,” by Gilbert Grosve- nor, in THE GrocRAPHIC for April, 1903. ‘SSOUIVY IOI}-O[SUIS IY} JO IOALJ UT VYSLTY JnNoysSnoiy} popjvosip Suloq Ajyenpeis st siyy “sny Q[SuIS V FO S}SIsUOD YOM ‘ssourey JO s[A}s dde’] oY} SuLIvIM SI Avs. OY} OF [VUNUL }JeIP OYJ, “SUIPpoys JO ssodo4d UT SUIOY IY} JO ,.JOATIA,, OY} 9JON VAMUVN HNWON AHL YOX LVAW WAH HALIM NUdV’l SGWIS WHHANIAY 540 Cee CAMEL (OF TH FROZEN DESERT H41 LED TO WATER, THE REINDEER PROVES NO MORE AMENABLE TO PERSUASION THAN THE AXIOMATIC HORSE WHICH REFUSES TO DRINK The reindeer is not, however, highly prolific. ‘The female deer usually gives birth to but one fawn a year, and if there are twins, one (or both) of the young is liable to die. The rapid increase is due to two facts: One is the remarkable hardihood of the fawns, which only a few hours after birth are strong and fleet of foot. The contrast between the self-reliant reindeer fawn and the weak, knobby-kneed colt or calf is striking and has much to do with the tendency of reindeer herds to increase rapidly in spite of a low birth rate. As the social worker would say, the infant mortality is slight. The other factor in the rapid increase, and an illustration of the fact that early fecundity is not entirely a tropical trait, is the remarkable fact that yearling rein- deer frequently reproduce. Extreme cold rarely kills off the very young. The rigors of the Arctic and the forcing processes of tropical heat both serve to protect from extermination the fauna of the respective zones of each. Conducive to the increase may also be mentioned the fact that the herders have learned to keep a sharp lookout for strayed or lost animals, and to afford the herds all possible protection from wolves, lynx, and other predatory animals. Spe- cial care is given the herd during the fawning season, which commences usually with the first full moon after the middle of April and lasts throughout the month of June. WHERE THE REINDEER GETS ITS NAME The reindeer has been aptly named. Of all ungulate, ruminant, and gregarious animals, it is one of the most particular in the selection of its food. It pastures during the summer on tender mosses, lichens, mushrooms, algz, and grasses. Its typical home is Lapland. In the Lapp tongue the word “reino”’ means pastur- age, so that the word “reindeer’’ means an animal that pastures. During the long winter the deer subsist entirely upon moss, which abounds on the vast tundras and hills of Alaska, so that the deerman has almost unlimited grazing land for his herds. ; ‘spunod oof 0} OOF WOIF SulysiaM sopew Josiey oy} ‘AAvoy pue Suo0jjs St ynq ‘rap 9n1} oY} JO soe1s pue ArjourAS oY} SHYOe] Noqiivd ayy, ,{pUNOIN UdtIeg,, 94} pue ,pue[pOOM,, 9Y}—edIIOWW YION ut sotoeds yuejz10d “UT OM} 91e dIOY} YOIYM FO “Hoqised dy} YIM SUIpsaIq-sso1o Aq JI9PUIOI PayeoIysawWOp 9} FO UTvI}S dy} DAOIGUT 0} opel Suroq MoU IIe S}IO]"T SYAN MO wa AL GNV SWVAL WHAANIHA NOICNWVHO OM «a : we . = \ ~ : we vey ey | PSEC 542 ‘UOTIRITSOUIOP Ady} OF ONP AISI] SE STeUIIUY paao[od A]JOUNSIP JO dUOSoI1d oY} WY} s}todxo FO folfod Ol} SE y~ ‘“Avad OF AVDA WOIZ SHOs.UMU d10UI SUIMOIS 91e AOY} JING : dooys IPTC, SG VIB Se JHOGCe IIIM 1d9p OTM ‘RMSE V7 OFUL povAposAyul }SIL} I1OM Idd PUTol Ot} UdT] AA “IOY SIL]} Ul SOUIC|? fO Joqtunu OU} IJON SUMTINV HAVH YIAAUNIAM WIV GNV WIVIN LHL HLOd :SNYOH JO LSaNod Vv 543 SSS ee —— a Ph ee GLASSES OF FASHION AND MOLDS OF FORM IN ARCTIC ALASKA _ The Eskimo uses the hide of the reindeer in the manufacture of his principal article of attire, the parka, a combination coat and overcoat with hood attached. The sinews of the deer are used for thread. The ideal equipment for winter travel consists of two parkas, one worn with the fur turned in, the other with the fur out. The hood is trimmed with wolverine, to which frost does not adhere. THE CAMEL OF THE FROZEN DESERT 545 A DOE AND HER OFFSPRING Taking the government’s estimate of the value of a reindeer as $25, the one hundred herds of Alaska are worth $4,000,000. Not only is there a future for the reindeer industry as a food resource, but the hides offer an opportunity for the development of a glove industry equal to that of Sweden. It has been estimated that there are 200,000 square miles of this dry, coral- like moss in Alaska—enough grazing land Hon €O0.090,000 deer. This class of. pas- turage is suitable for no other animal ex- cept, it may be, the musk-ox; hence. these thousands of square miles of Arctic Alaska, were it not for the reindeer, would prove practically valueless and could not be permanently inhabited. There is only one drawback to this cal- culation: Inevitably the reindeer seek the coast in summer, to escape the swarms of mosquitoes and to lick up the salt depos- ited by the ocean waters. ‘The Lapps have a saying that “mosquitoes make the best herders in summer time.”’ It is believed, however, that if salt can be supplied in sufficient quantity inland, and if the deer can be taken to the hills, where land breezes will serve the same purpose as the sea winds in blowing away the mosquitoes, the animals can be per- suaded to overcome their inbred instinct for a seaside excursion in summer. One speaks of persuading because the Lapps, brought 10,000 miles from Nor- way as herders, and their understudies, the Eskimos, do not drive, but lead or follow the herd. The reindeer selects his own mossy pastures and goes unerringly to his breezy shores and salty waters with the coming of summer. CURIOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REINDEER The reindeer constitutes the’ genus rangifer, differing from that of ordinary. deer in the important particular that both sexes have antlers, which are shed an- nually. A study of the physical characteristics and the habits of this unique brand of live stock forms a fascinating subject for the deerman, only some of which can be mentioned here. He has observed that the antlers of the female remain much later in the spring than do those of the male, thus affording the mother a weapon with which to drive away the stronger 546 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE A MOUNTED COURIER OF THE FAR NORTH Reindeer were introduced into Alaska by the government in order to insure a food supply and economic independence for the natives living in those sections of the territory where the deer could be propagated. A number of Lapps were induced to settle in Alaska at the same time. ‘They have taught the Eskimos how to care for the herds and how to handle the deer as drat annals: male from good feeding places for her young; that the large antlers and brow- tines of the deer are not used, as stated by many writers, to scrape away the snow and uncover the moss, but that the deer use their hoofs to break the crust and paw their way to their feed; that while in motion a herd produces a peculiar sound, similar to that of an approaching hail-storm, a crackling sound, which some have claimed arises from the strik- ing together of the horny toes, but which in fact is due to the peculiar anatomy of the animal at the fetlocks, and is pro- duced by some sinew at that point when the foot is in action. Unlike most animals, the reindeer pre- fers to travel against the wind. Heavy Lip CAME OF VIHE, EROZEN DESERT 5A7 AN ALASKAN AND HIS DUMB FRIEND, WHICH SUPPLIES FOOD, CLOTHING, AND TRANSPORTATION One of the advantages which the reindeer herder enjoys over his southern brother herder of sheep and cattle is that in times of blizzard the deerman is not forced to remain with the herd. After the storm passes, he is able to estimate with approximate accuracy the location of his charges; for the reindeer, unlike most animals; prefers to travel against the wind and at uniform speed. long, whitish hair. hair about the head and shoulders and a growth of long, whitish hair under the neck are special protections against cold. So sure are the herders of this animal instinct that during the severe blizzards which often sweep over the country they can seek cabin shelter for themselves for days and still be able to calculate the ex- The neck and shoulders of the deer are protected by a heavy growth of act direction and the approximate dis- tance to the point where they will find their herds when the storm has passed. THE WARBLE FLY, DREADED PEST OF THE REINDEER A pest with which the reindeer herds- man must reckon is the warble fly, a sort ———< i i I fi I TRAVELING AT EXPRESS SPEED IN ALASKA In a report to the Department of the Interior, one of the Bureau of Education’s superintendents in Alaska states that in eight years he traveled He says, “I consider deer better than dogs for three-fourths more than 25,000 miles on tours of inspection, 11,000 of which were behind reindeer. In addition to the greater comfort when traveling with deer, they are more economical, for the deer finds its own feed.” of the traveling I have to do. 548 of Subway tourist among ticks and jig- gers. The aid of government specialists is not yet available and the herder does not know how to combat this insect, whose fiendish ingenuity still baffles him. The animal tick, which is about the size of a horsefly, first lays its eggs on the fetlock of the deer, which thus be- comes the Achilles’ heel or thes ene speedster. When the deer licks them off, the eggs are lodged in the animal’s mouth or throat, where they hatch into worms, which work their way up along the neck and down the back of the animal, under the skin. Having thus made life miser- able for their host, the worms finally gnaw or bore their way through the hide and become flies. Although not deadly, the warble fly causes much irritation among the rein- deer and reduces their vitality. So sensi- tive have the animals become to this pest that the buzz of a fly of any kind causes a noticeable nervousness among the en- tire herd. The warble fly is a handicap to the commercial deerman because the little worms, piercing the skin to escape, leave the hide punctured with tiny holes which lessen its marketable value. THE MAKING OF AN ESKIMO PARKA ; To the Eskimo the reindeer hide is less seriously impaired. His principal use of the hide or pelt is to make the warm, hairy parka, a cozy coat with hood at- tached. The hood and sleeves are sewn on with reindeer sinews, which do not rot like ordinary thread. The late Walter C. Shields, Superintendent of the North- western District of Alaska, Bureau of Education, in his published poem, “The Ancient Ground,’ gave the following graphic description of the making of the sinew thread: “Behind the rest, on heaped up skins, The oldest hag crouched on her shins. Her teeth were worn down to her gums, And rawhide thongs had scarred her thumbs. She split a sinew strip in two (Back sinew from the caribou) ; Between her sunken, oozing lips The stringy strip of sinew slips. She mumbles it ’twixt tongue and jaws, As through her mouth each strip she draws: She rubs it with her greasy claws Until each soft and moistened shred Becomes a long and pliant thread, Rubbed round upon her cheek.” ‘SsOuT 94} OF AVM S}T Med PUL JsNID dy} YeoIq 0} syooy s}L sosn ad9p ol, “TEFOS OY} YIM POIIAOD SI Pur] FO soyitur oAvNds Ooo'ooz uvY} 210UU JO voIe UY ‘dp SIy 10} pur “SOATIYY [vuurue SIU} (Ory M uO SSOLL OTT Q r . , ‘ > i [| SUIZRAS PoWUNTUN JsoLUyY sey BYSEPY UL UeLUSpzdYy oT, SSOW WOT MONS WHHL NI ONIODIG WONTAR 549 ! | ) | | | . Wi PO Ul Yul ilalliiiigillld MIE aH tif MMP WD ayy, th, Cun CL, Min PICTORIAL BULLETINS ON THE EARLY LIFE OF A FAWN The young animals are noted for their extraordinary hardihood. A few hours after birth they are strong and fleet of foot. Extreme cold rarely kills the fawns, which are usually born between the first full moon after the middle of April and the end of June. 950 REINDEER MEAT DRESSED AT NOME, ALASKA, FOR MARKET IN THE STATES The meat has a flavor between beef and mutton. and shipped to Minneapolis or Seattle for distribution. Alaska can support 10,000,000 reindeer. Using her arms, hands, and fingers as anatomical measuring sticks, the Eskimo seamstress makes the hood a perfect fit, and trims it with a fringe of wolverine. The finest traveling outfit contains two parkas—one worn with the fur in and with the hood trimmed with wolverine; the other with the fur out and trimmed with wolfskin. As frost does not adhere to wolverine fur, the latter is especially desirable to wear next to the face. The tiny hairy icicles formed on other fur from con- gealed moisture of the breath are most uncomfortable. The longer hair of the wolfskin trimming blows across the face, thus protecting it from icy blasts. Both parkas are worn at the same time. GIRES USE THEIR TEETH TO SHAPE BOOTS In northern Europe reindeer gloves are highly prized by reason of their warmth and because moisture does not injure them. They command three times the price, on the European market, of their closest rival, the heavy mocha glove. The Alaskans do not use reindeer hide for gloves, but they do make from it mit- tens and a warm boot or muk-luk. ‘The soles of the muk-luk are ingeniously on The carcass is frozen with the hide on It is estimated that the tundras of shaped to fit the foot by expert Eskimo girls, whose crimping tools are none other than their teeth. The Bureau of Education, acting under the Department of the Interior, first in- troduced the reindeer into Alaska, not as a live-stock proposition, but primarily to assist the Eskimo (who, like the Indian, is the ward of the Interior Department), and the industry has been developed by that department. The Eskimos own approximately 70 per cent of all the deer in Alaska, and the Bureau of Education has been much handicapped by the smallness of the $5,000 annual appropriation granted in recent years to care for the industry, in- struct herders, and administer general supervision over herds which cover a stretch of territory more than a thousand miles in extent. DEER BROUGHT TO ALASKA TO AID THE ESKIMO Congress would do well to double the amount, for it is safe to say that few, if any, appropriations made by that body bring as big returns as the “reindeer ap- propriation” handled by the Bureau of Education. ‘IOALIP pue pas surjnd ‘saynurut gz Uey} sso] UT Sopitu Uo} opeur sey Joosp Suloes yo ueds ev ‘kep ev sayrur SE 0}, Sz woIZ st JaAesy JO dIe4 jensn oY} aI MA HLYON NAZOU AHL NI ONIIMAVAL AONVASIG-ONO'T YO DOG AHL OL], YAHANIGNY AHL WHAANd SOWIMSHA 552 ‘sivok 991} Ul Joquinu ur opqnop qIAv pasy & ‘popusy Aysodoid Fy *soonpoadaa Apjuanbo.4 1IIpP SuUTpIedIA at -x9 oY], “Arnjuod v FO JoJAvND v Ul ATGQeyxIeWIAt PosvotoOUL VARY Sp4toy URYSeTY oy} “Ivod BP UMP} UO A[UO VXISV'IV “AVE NIAOTION UVAN WIHANTAY IO GUYtH V [} }eY} JOvF OY} UL Sol UOTPURd sulAvy Ayjensn ‘oytpoad jou SI DOP OY} IIIT AA poke) ‘goed Suizeis ayes e [eulue SunoA 9y} Sulinsut sny} ‘soovjd Sturpasof jsoq ay} WOIF sapTeUk ay} ABMS SIATIP YS Woy} YPM OF ‘TOAQMOY ‘UMPF 9} OF DIIAJOS FO 94 JOIP JOYJOU! 9Y} FO SUTOY IIT, TMALSVd ASSOW SLI WOW MONS AHL ONIAOWAY NI SYWILENV SII. AOId NA LON SHOd WHAHaNIAY AA ‘HATTA AVTINdOd OL ANVALNOD BN KET 554 LEB SCAMEE OF THE FROZEN DESERT |bo Secretary Lane has said that the im- portation of the reindeer is “the one con- structive thing done by the government for Alaska in nearly half a century.” When the white man began to hunt the whale, the walrus, and the seal, in the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean, he became a competitor of the Eskimo. The white man’s facilities for bagging this game soon put the Eskimo at a hopeless disad- vantage. Fortunately the government awakened to the necessity of providing these wards with a means of livelihood in lieu of what they had lost. Dr. Sheldon Jackson was the pioneer in realizing the possibilities of the rein- deer industry for this purpose. He ap- pealed to Congress, but did not await its action. The first reindeer brought to Alaska were purchased with funds raised by him through private subscription. The government in 1892 appropriated $6,000, the first of a series of annual appropria- tions made to continue the importations. Thus it came about that the Bureau of Education first fostered the reindeer in- dustry as a means of vocational educa- tion for 20,000 Eskimos who otherwise would have had to be supported or left to starve. The present need is for a sci- entific study of the animal. The impor- tance of the industry demands it. Of late years the industry has been taken up by a number of white men as a private enterprise. No objection to their entering the reindeer field has been raised on the part of government officials, as the development of outside markets for reindeer meat, skins, and by-products will thereby be promoted; but, in order to protect the Eskimo, a rule has been established that female deer may not be purchased from the natives. mee MEAT OF THE DEER AND ITS INFANT PACKING INDUSTRY A number of Lapps, originally em- ployed by the government to teach the Eskimos the occupation of herding, were permitted to borrow not to exceed 100 deer each. In five years they were to re- turn a like number, keeping the increase. From one such loan in 1901 a count of 800 was made in 1908. During that year the 800 animals were equally divided into two herds, one of which now numbers not less than 10,000. The meat of the deer is not “gamy” in flavor. It has been most aptly described as having a flavor between that of beef and mutton. The animal is butchered by modern methods, after which the carcass is frozen with the hide on and shipped to distributing points in the States, princi- pally Seattle and Minneapolis. There it is kept in cold storage until sold for food. Female deer are seldom killed. Of the males a certain number are set aside for breeding purposes and the rest are fat- tened as steers. The average life of a deer is about I5 years, but steers are butchered when three years old. Alaskan records are not sufficiently complete to show the number of fawns that the average female deer will bear, but it is estimated to be twelve or more. A. well-kept herd will more than double itself in three years. THE APPEARANCE OF THE REINDEER Most reindeer are dark brown in color, but the herds contain some spotted and white animals. White deer formerly were about as common as black sheep, but are becoming more numerous. It was feared that the increasing prevalence of these variations might indicate a weak- ening of the stock, just as the increase in the number of deformed animals is due to inbreeding ; but experts say not. Their theory is that the presence of the distinc- tively colored animals is due to their do- mestication, and that this fact makes for a greater birth rate, because of a process of natural selection by which some of the females will mate only with the white or spotted deer. Returned to a wild state, they would again take on a uniform color. Shortly the experiment is to be tried of introducing caribou* blood into the herds, in the hope that a larger animal will be produced and the breed improved. The reindeer has been called the camel of the Far North. It serves as a beast of burden, and is to the nomad of the north what the camel is to the nomad of the southern desert. Like unto its southern *See “Wild Animals of North America.” published by the National Geographic Society. ' : ; | : 556 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE THE RACETRACK OF THE REINDEER IS A TRACKLESS WASTE “brother” that “lives on its hump,” the reindeer draws on its supply of fat in times of want. For long-distance travel the Eskimo prefers the reindeer to dogs, as the former finds its own feed; not so the dogs. With improvements in har- nesses and sleds, the Arctic “camel” has become more and more popular in a transport capacity. The burden carried on a sled drawn by a single deer should not exceed 200 pounds. Surprising records have been made in long-distance travel and also in speed tests. Indeed, for short distances, the deer can outrun the dog or horse. At an annual reindeer fair in Alaska, two deer, pulling a sled and driver, made five miles in I4 minutes 32 seconds, and ten miles in 27 minutes 20 seconds. The usual rate of travel on long-dis- tance excursions should be from 25 to 35 miles a day, if the welfare of the deer is considered. Even then the deer can only be employed continuously in that fashion for from 15 to 17 days. While traveling it has no chance to graze. When com- pelled to do this at night it loses sleep. In consequence the store of fat which en- cases its body and furnishes reserve food and strength becomes exhausted. The Eskimo never prods or crowds the deer after it indicates its desire to quit the journey. He unharnesses tiene leaves it to find its way back to its herd, which it usually succeeds in doing. If it does not succeed in this, it is likely to join another herd. The ownership of reindeer is indicated by ear-marks. By marking the ears the reindeer of the various herds are distin- guished, and annually there is a general reassignment of animals to their owners. Several years ago the government asked for bids for mail delivery in Alaska by airplane. Sand-dune and ice-floe are already being traversed by winged mes- sengers whose only footprint is a fleeting shadow. But there will always be a great and increasing need in Alaska for the reindeer—the camel of the frozen desert. Kriss Kringle’s steeds will continue to be used in fiction and romance, but to the disillusioned more essentially as an ani- mal of the greatest practical utility, an animal of which it has been said that “it can be used to the last hair.” Victors and Victrolas $12. to $950 Victor dealers 2 everywhere i ae ee Victor Talking Machine Co. \ —L as Camden,N.J.. U.S.A. (HIS MASTERS VOICE” 4a Sif — ‘fOr quality always 10% OF they Masters Vorr® Icloe Talking Machi VICTROLA “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” G “a XG LK ROK WOO SO WOT WO WOO RO WT I NO EO OD SE OT I WY WOO WO WI WY WI SN Wi OO I TO OO TS TT TT OE SS LSS SO “w) Vase and flower Christmas Gift Suggestions pee mond cut, brilliant, and clear. OK OE TL SO SWE SO WO WIL WK WE SE HE renaissance in the vogue which favors crystal and cut glass provides new pleasure in Christmas gift selection. 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Ask the local ticket agent to help plan your trip—or apply to the nearest Consolidated Ticket Offce—or address nearest Travel Bureau, United States Railroad Administration, 646 Transportation Bldg., Chicago; 143 Liberty Street, New York City; 602 Healey Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. Please indicate the places you wish to see en request. -UNITED-STATES - RAILROAD -ADMINISTRATION: “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” route. ‘‘California for the Tourist’’ and other resort booklets, on WEN SS a BOOT) 7K — the gift that helps to make her Christmas merry — then keeps a picture story of the Christmas merriment. EASTMAN KODAK CO., Rocuester, N. Y., The Kodak City “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” meme er aT Died ’ Coy an Tym > 7] curr ~— NS OUBLE quick as he kicks out of the coverlids at-peep-of- day on the twenty-fifth, pass him a whack on the back, a peppy Merry Christmas—and— the smokesurprise of his life! —a pound of Prince Albert in that joy’us crystal glass humidor! Talk about “happy returns!” If you’re kind-of-keen to glimpse the sun- shine dividends doing the happy-hob-nob with the mistletoe, land on one of these radiant holiday handouts—Prince Albert all fussed up like a gold fish out for a strut in the holly woods! Never was such Christmas, or all-year, smokejoy as Prince Albert puts across to any man keyed for the pleasure punch of a jimmy pipe or home- rolled cigarettes! Never was such a glad-man-gift! P. A. is not only the sky-limit in smoke-delight-quality, but, get it right, our exclusive patented process cuts out bite and parch! Prince Albert has won by a mile all over the nation—it will win him! Prince Albert is also sold in handsome pound and half pound tin humidors in tidy red tins and in toppy red bags. R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY, Winston-Salem, N. C. ON. Copyright 1919 by : iP» I ‘ > HE PN X , R. Je Reynolds Tobacco Co, E J 2 ; i a AN . \ i q hi Prin y m hud \\B \ a CET oy UTORRENT pate PTA 4 x WwW AA TAN Ala , il z TTT M i; S 4 i ( A / mi MTD ee) AA “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” After five years of tests under able authorities, it is To All Men Whose Teeth Do Not Stay White All Statements Approved by High Dental Authorities The Reason is a Film Millions of men find that teeth brushed daily still discolor and decay. Tartar forms on them—tobacco stains appear. And with thousands pyorrhea gets a start. That is evidence that teeth are not kept clean. Your methods are inadequate. You leave a film—that slimy film. It clings to teeth, enters crevices and stays. The tocth brush does not remove it all. The ordinary tooth paste does not dissolve it. So, night and day, it may do a ceaseless damage. It Wrecks the Teeth The film is what discolors—not the teeth. It is the basis of tartar. It holds food substance which ferments and forms acid. It holds the acid in contact with the teeth to cause decay. Millions of germs breed in it. They, with tartar, are the chief cause of pyorrhea. Thus most tooth troubles are now traced to film. Dental science, after years of searching, has found a film com- batant. Dental authorities have proved its efficiency. Now it is embodied in a dentifrice, called Pepsodent, so every one may use it every day. We urge you to ask for a free 10-Day Tube and see what it means to you. A Pepsin Paste Pepsodent is based on pepsin, the digestant of albumin. The film is albuminous matter. The object of Pepsodent is to dissolve it, then to constantly combat it. Pepsin long seemed impossible. It must be activated, and the usual agent is an acid harmful to the teeth. But science has found a harmless activating method. Countless tests have proved this. And that method has made active pepsin possible. You can see its effects. And, when you know the reason, can judge them for yourself. Send the coupon for a 10-Day Tube. Pepsodent The New-Day Dentifrice now advised by leading dentists and sold by druggists everywhere Ten-Day Tube Free THE PEPSODENT COMPANY, Dept. 844, 1104 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, II1.: Mail Ten-Day Tube of Pepsodent to Look in 10 days Let your own teeth decide the right method of cleaning. Note how clean the teeth feel after using. Mark the absence of the slimy film. See how the teeth whiten as the fixed film disappears. The question is all impor- tant. White, clean, safe teeth are impossible with film. Cut out this coupon—learn the way to end it. “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” A Timely Talk with Santa Hello! Hello, up there! Gee! Is this really you? Well, this is Bob. Yes, I just thought I’d ask you about that Lord Elgin we picked out for Dad, you know. What’s that? You’ve got it all wrapped up and in the sleigh already? That’s bully! “Mention The Geographic—It Dad will be tickled to death —he’s still lugging around that old turnip he got when he was a boy, and it’s about an inch thick— And say, Santa—how about me? ‘There’s nothing I’d like half so— Aw, Betty, keep still a min- ute, cantcha? I just gotta tell him this— Hello? Yes, hello, Santa! Say, you know I’m getting plenty big enough to own a real he-man’s watch myself— the fellows wear ’em a lot younger nowadays— How’s that? Got one right in front of you—a Streamline! Oh, doy! And the tag says what— “For a Very Good Boy’? Say! Just watch me between now and Christmas! identifies you” ALAA > a ° ; g 3 z Adar! ZO he Z Se@eataueans SOL? OL San TAD | Wee er BI: ICAL CHA aus [Seis [acat 7CON ioeM TEDW Jeva con |20em [teow eva [gFRA |: iHANDY ls ANDY | SHANDY OLUuME Youume Sowse ssut |Zissut [Fissue Y |SSANDY -|ZHANDY |=HANDY |ZHANDY _|2HA) ume |vouwme |-vouume |ROLumE |vovun. |Nouume | SoLuME Sue |Fissue |Fssue }ssue a ue |zISsue |2issue t i>———— » Surely You Can Now Afford to Own This Great Library of Knowledge! ALL SETS REMAINING OF THE NEW ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA PRINTED ON THE FAMOUS INDIA PAPER OFFERED AT A BARGAIN. RE you one of those who do not own a Set of the new and wonderful Encyclopaedia Britannica because you THOUGHT you couldn’t afford it? Have you wanted this splendid library of facts ever since you first heard about it but NEVER INQUIRED how easily it could be purchased? This set would give you a tremendous advan- age. Think, too, what it would mean to you, to your children, to have access to the SUM AND SUB- STANCE OF ALL HUMAN KNOWLEDGE. Consider what a satisfaction it would mean to have at hand THE ANSWER TO EVERY QUES- TION which comes to an active mind. The Britannica covers the whole range of man’s thought and activity and achievement—it contains more than 41,000 special articles, more than 500,000 indexed facts. Both for profit and pleasure, the ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA HANDY VOLUME ISSUE Is one of the best investments any ambitious man or woman can make. To briefly describe its scope is impossible. It contains hundreds upon hundreds of articles on religion, philosophy, history, art, science, litera- ture, manufacturing, engineering, law, physics, commerce and scores of other subjects—41,000 arti- cles in all. It abounds in everyday useful facts that satisfy the inquisitiveness of the child mind, that enlighten the housewife, the farmer, the business man, the investigator, the educator and the lawyer. Men and women in all walks of life are among the 200,009 owners of the Eleventh Edition. IF YOU DO NOT OWN THE BRITANNICA, WHY NOT? This Is Your Opportunity to Own an India Paper Set What sets remain unsold, and these are comparatively few, are all that will be printed on the famous India paper. No more are procurable. As you know, this very thin but strong India paper made this great work more convenient to handle and more inviting to read. These sets are offered at prices and terms which make the Britannica a bargain to anyone who, like you, does not yet own a set. as First Payment brings you this Complete Set of 29 Volumes Containing 44,000,000 Words, 30,000 Pages, 15,000 Maps and Illustrations. Monthly Payments. The Balance Is in Small — But You Must Act Quickly Remember, this offer is for the new Britannica printed Gentlemen: Sign and Send This Coupon Today. | Sears, Roebuck and Co., Chicago, Ill. (Dept. 275.) your illustrated Book No. 5 Please send me, free, on genuine India paper. Act today—NOW—by clipping I the coupon and sending for the beauti- fully illustrated book telling all about the Britannica. i Sears, Roebuck and ; | I giving full information about the new Encyclopaedia Britannica. Also tell me what I will have to pay for one of the remaining sets of the Handy Volume Issue of the Britannica printed on genuine India paper. Name Postoffice — : : Parts 5 = Co., Chicago, Ill. State “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” SOO 7 WY Yl YY NM YMA | WU G7 WH, San Francisco fs Kansas City . Chicago AMERICAN CHICLE COMPANY Cleveland Yi, . Chew my Original Pepsin Gum regularly, ten minutes after meals, and you will undoubtedly notice its beneficial In the case of children who nowadays eat such a large effect on your teeth. proportion of soft food, it is absolutely necessary to provide them with some substitute for the harder foods which nature intended should contribute to the strengthening and preservation of the teeth. New York N flow of the salivary juices—which are nature’s cleansing HE chewing of my Original Pepsin Gum, by exciting the Gy, 4 Us UW, T72 | er properties for the teeth—will help to preserve and keep in perfect condition the teeth of men, women, and children. E My W3U«: The secret of sound, white teeth is a clean mouth HE TT eee HOO eee ee SSI It identifies you” “Mention The Geograpkic : ield a petesburg Gee ancoln REUSE CITE: LES POSE IN SHE WOH MARDEN TE HONG 3 N these immortal words the greatest American set us the example of an ever- sacred Memorial dedicated to the nation’s heroes. Every community— city, town or village %roup—wants to prove loyal pride by erecting, memorials to those who staked home and future, life itself, that Liberty should not perish from the earth. And now you too, perhaps, are thinking, in terms of memorial. For the time has come again —the heroes of the sreatest war in the world’s history call on you for remembrance! “Shall not perish from the Garth! Every monument you raise, every memorial you build, will be a reminder and a warning, that this nation must so Zovern itself as to continue in stead- fast loyalty to the cause and the men whose valor you com- memorate, “Lest we forget’— let their names and deeds forever stand in the sight of grateful people, a lesson in patriotism, a Suide to coming, Zenerations. Let us send a copy of a book on “Rock of Ages.” It is free to those contemplating, a family or public memorial. BOUTWELL, MILNE & VARNUM COMPANY Dept. H, MONTPELIER, VERMONT Quarries at Barre, Vermont — the Granite Center of the World View in Magnolia Cemetery Charleston,S.C We Baars ERY a : mA SSS aN ig SRP emcee, Res sant SERA Ses oe S SS < ‘ RB ~< “TW a ‘ wat vA Where Southern Bek neat % a Valor Lies SR eo” “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” GEOGRAPHIC BOOKS HOLIDAY GIFTS OF EDUCATIONAL WORTH ““SCENES FROM EVERY LAND” (FOURTH SERIES) With 200 Full-page Ulustrations, 24 Pages in # Colors, 20,000 Words . of Descriptive Text By GILBERT GROSVENOR, Editor National Geographic Magazine Curious people, picturesque landscapes, scenes of rare romantic charm and of fascinating historic association, the wonders and the glories of ocean, desert, volcano, waterfall, and mountain, camera reflections of the world’s industrial progress—all are presented in this volume which appeals with equal power to old and young, for its language is the universal language of beautiful pictures. It provides a never-to-be-forgotten lesson in world geography. Bound in Cloth, $2.00 Postpaid in U. S. A. THE BOOK OF BIRDS Two Hundred Pages, Illuminated with 250 Matchless Subjects in Full Colors, 45 Ilustrations in Black and White, and 13 Striking Charts and Maps The three principal divisions of this beautiful book are the contribution | of the gifted ornithologist and facile author, Henry W. Henshaw, formerly | Chief of the United States Biological Survey: ‘‘Common Birds of Town | and Country,’’ ‘“The Warblers,’’ and ‘‘American Game Birds.”’ Other chapters are entitled ‘Encouraging Birds Around the Home,’’ and ‘‘Our Greatest Travelers: Birds that Fly from Pole to Pole.’’ George Shiras, 3d, noted traveler and naturalist, describes photographing wild birds by flashlight. The Book of Birds inculcates in boys and girls an imperishable love for Nature’s winged children. A Christmas gift of per- manent value. Bound in Royal Buckram (stiff covers), or Field Khaki (flexible covers), $3.00. Postpaid in U. S. A. } 3 S Y ee da Gee ; ae AG CAM 223 6 d yee ee Ne e ra & we i i © © ‘WILD --ANIMALS®@ ee | |||CUWILD ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA - Mo ] Wustrated with 127 Portraits in Full C olor, Track Sketches, and Numerous Photographs There is no man better fitted to offer intimate studies of the big and little citizens of the mammal kingdom than Edward W. Nelson, Chief of the U. S. Biological Survey, who. prepared the text of this book. For forty years he has been the friend of wild animals, living among them and study- ing their habits and traits. “The late Theodore Roosevelt in reviewing the book said, “‘It is of interest to every intelligent out-of-doors man or woman. It 1s a delight to the lover of life in the open.’’ Bound in Royal Buckram (stiff covers), or Field Khaki (flexible covers), $3.00. . Postpaid m:U. S. A === STIMULATING AND AUTHORITATIVE = ENTERTAINING Dept. H, National Geographic Society Le eee eS copies of WiLD ANIMALS, Bound in Buckram or Khaki | Please send _ ......-copies of THE Book OF Brrps, Bound in Buckram or Khaki ; .-..-...-.--copies of SCENES FROM EvERY LAND, Bound in Buckram NWAIVERE irdiny's rete ey ek ee gg re hae ate FE NS BP aI fe NS Obtainable only from the Soctety’s Headquarters STREET! ADDRESS cM b sob as eee beeen S aes, 4 othe See eto ete air To Insure Holiday Delivery, Order These Volumes at Once CITY AND STATE-__.--... a SS GEOGRAPHIC BOOKS WILL SOLVE YOUR CHRISTMAS PROBLEMS FLAGS OF THE WORLD By Commander BYRON McCANDLESS, U. S. N., and GILBERT GROSVENOR: Twelve Hundred Flags in Full Colors, 300 Insignia Ulustrations in Black and White A handsomely bound volume containing epitomized histories of each flag and an authoritative history of the ‘‘Star-Spangled Banner.’’ In this book there are published for the first time the flags of each of the forty- eight States of our Union in full colors, with complete descriptions based on original research and approved by the State officials. This book is a gift your boy who has been in his country’s service will appreciate. Bound in Royal Buckram (stiff covers), or Field Khaki (flexible covers), $2500 Postpaid mi UW. S. 4A. THE BOOK OF DOGS With 128 Exceptional Dog Portraits in Natural Colors; Many TVlustrations in Black and White Illuminating Descriptions of the Dogs We Know, Demonstrating Their Loyalty, Sagacity, and Courage The text was prepared by Ernest Harold Baynes, America’s foremost authority on dogs, in collaboration with the celebrated artist-naturalist Louis Agassiz Fuertes. These men have that rare quality of writing ability which combines scientific accuracy with the human-interest element, making their work especially appreciated by the non-technical reader. ‘This book is full of interest and instruction for children and a delight to every adult who appreciates dogs. Bound in Royal Buckram (stiff covers), or Field Khaki (flexible covers), $2.00. Postpaid in U. S. A. WASHINGTON & W ASHINGTON—THE NATION’S CAPITAL Layers By WILLIAM H. TAFT, Former President of the United States, and JAMES BRYCE, Former British Ambassador Wlustrated with 35 Pages of Color, 59 Pages of Half-tones, 2 Large Panoramas, and a Map in Color William Howard Taft, former President of the Unitea States, and Vis- count Bryce, former British Ambassador, have written their impressions RS Ree of Washington, and they are especially qualified to speak authoritatively Sviectam iowann- Tier: because of their long residence in and close study of the Nation’s Capital. James BRYce- This book makes an ideal gift. zh Bound in Royal Buckram, $2.00. Postpaid in U. S. A. SUPERLATIVE PICTURES == FASCINATING TEXT == UNIVERSAL APPEAL (Ss sos aS S SESE SEES Se SSeS SES SS eR ace SSS SSS Zoo So SS Sse See SEES GUTH, ©) NOT, EATS INTIS arcs ee asec oar aria earns een Dept. H, National Geographic Society: Pleaseesend ese ae _copies of THE Book oF DOGS AS ee et ee copies of FLAGS OF THE WORLD copies of WASHINGTON—THE NATION’S CAPITAL INA = oe 2) SS ES Sak Seas Sasa o Se So SA St SE eg fe Pe ep ee Obtainable only from the Society’s Headquarters SPREAD DRE Som eee eye eee aes Sort Sere pe heat See inn: mean antes eGo nee a 58D. To Insure Holiday Delivery. Order These Volumes at Once CYrRVIANDES RATE S40 he cloaee aia sane eso discriminating taste. One of the most popular of these quality silks is Superspun, a Se chooses well who chooses Empire Loomcraft silk shirtings as a gift for the man of triumph of beauty and durability. Obtainable in both ready-made and custom shirts. Other Empire Loomcraft Silks, For those having their shirts all woven to meet the utmost SHuperspun made to order the Empire Loom- demands in wear and design, me craft name is woven in the selvage. are Shapspun*, Mellowspun*, : F ' . Ready-made, the label is sewed in Commodore Crepe*, Chateau*, impire oomecra Silk a & Aan nS pa one theshirt. Sendforbookofsamples. Kingcloth*, and Guildcrepe*. (FormerulEnibae WadhiGrene) Empire Silk Company, 315 Fourth (*Reg. U. S. Pat. Off) SHIRTINGS “~ MEN Avenue, New York. LPL NEL PMOL EE CE OE VETS SVAN Y ) “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” OLE LMA AME TN ND pp EO - he Cea Know Something About the “Works” ssembler : in the Watch You Buy HERE are limitations to human handiwork in watchmaking which American genius has circumvented by the miracles of machinery —— miracles which, for exactitude, precision and finish — transcend the skill of the human hand. We have told you that Waltham machinery creates a standard of accuracy unapproached elsewhere in the world. That the “parts” of Waltham movements are distinctive in material, de- sign and advanced process of manufacture. And when these “parts” come to the Waltham Master Assembler, they meet the eye, the skill, the knowledge of a master craftsman thoroughly conversant with the formulas exclusively invented and developed by Waltham genius in watchmaking. He is the assembler of the Balance and Hairspring (the heart and brain of the watch) which ultimately beats upon your wrist or in your pocket 432,000 pulsations a day, year in and year out. A transferring of energy into motion that is truly wonderful when we seriously think of it. The Assembler of the foreign-built watch, known as a “‘repasseur,’’ is to ke pitied. He knows no defined standard of quality. The material that comes for his inspection is of unknown quantity in accuracy of construction and finish. His capacity is rather that of a judge. He must decide on the barest information and appearance whether one part is good enough to equal or stabilize another. This condition exists because the foreign-built watch is an AND [ ) , 1A¥: assembled watch — the parts made in many shops and homes, with Aand ma- Waltham 71% Ligne chines; no standardization, no ideal, and every buyer of a foreign-built watch The movement is actually smaller than incurs this liability. a2 dime in diameter The Waltham Master Assembler is unique. He is a product of Waltham suprem- $175 to $1 000 or more acy in watchmaking. He is the human distinction hidden in this world-famed » watch — a unit in its performance which has placed it in actual competition depending upon the case above the world’s finest watches. He isa living symbol of Waltham, guarding day by day an international reputation, at once a guarantee to you that your purchase of a Waltham Watch is a lifelong investment. This story is continued in a beautiful booklet in which you will find a liberal watch education. Sent free upon request. Waltham Watch Company, Waltham, Mass. WALTHAM THE WORLD'S WATCH OVER TIME “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” IAMELS are unique—a real cigarette revelation ! That’s due to their quality and tothe unusual andexpert blend of choice Turkish and choice Domestic tobaccos ! Camels are sold everywhere in scien- tifically sealed packages of 20 cigarettes; or ten packages (200 cigarettes) in a glassine-paper-covered carton. We strongly recommend this carton for the home or office supply or when you travel. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Winston-Salem, N. C. yos enthusiasm for Camel Cigarettes will steadily increase! They will not tire your taste, no matter how liberally you smoke! And, each cigarette will just add a little more to the joy and content- ment the wonderfully refreshing Camel flavor hands you so lavishly ! Once you know Camels you'll prefer their blend—and what it gives you— the most fascinatingly mellow-mild- body ever realized in a cigarette—to either kind of tobacco smoked straight! You'll enjoy Camels freedom from any unpleasant cigaretty aftertaste and from any unpleasant cigaretty odor ! And, the longer you smoke Camels the more you'll appreciate that they are made to meet your taste ! Compare Camels with any cigarette in the world at any price—and forget coupons, premiums and gifts! “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” Look up “MONARCH” in the Phone Book The chances are that the very tele- phone exchange through which your message flashes is protected from noise, and soot, and cold by Monarch Metal Weather Strip—as many Bell Exchanges, including the largest one in the world, are Monarch-equipped and therefore Monarch-protected. Look up “Monarch” in the phone book today, or write us for name of our nearest representative—and let him explain how Monarch Strips can save money for you and add to the comfort and health of your family, or employees, or customers. “Monarch Outstrips ’em All” Bell Telephone Engineers selected Monarch Strips as their onestandard— because nowhere else could they get their two-piece, tubular Monarch construction—with one strip, on the sash, acting as acurved track for the other, on the frame—the twostrips interlocking toform an easy-Sliding, flexible but permanent and air-tight seal. Monarch Strips keep cold, noise, soot, dirt, and germs outside—keep heat inside—and save enough coal to make the luxury and com- fort of their use a by-productof True Economy. Look up “‘Monarch”’ in the Phone Book to- day. Orif it’s not there write us direct. Monarch Metal Weather Strip Co. 5100 Penrose St., St. Louis, U.S.A. Manufacturers also of Casement Window Hardware MONARCH METAL WEATHER STRIPS POWDER - ANTISEPTIC Pyorrhea prevention NYORRHOCIDE Soft, sensitive gums that bleed easily, flash a warning. They are the first symptoms of pyorrhea and consequent loss of teeth. For pyorrhea, dentists use and prescribe Pyorrhocide Powder. Itis scientifically compounded for that specific purpose. It is the only dentifrice that has demonstrated its efficiency in dental clinics devoted exclusively to pyorrhea research, If you have pyorrhetic symptoms as manifested usually in soft, bleeding, spongy, re- ceding gums use Pyorrho- cide Powder. Its twice-a- day use makes the gums firm and healthy Ss and it cleans and polishes the teeth, Pyorrhecide | Powder is eco- ® nomical because J a dollar package contains six § months’ supply. Sold by leading druggists and dental supply _ houses. Free Sample Write for free sample and our booklet on Pre- vention and Treatment of Pvorrhea. The Dentinol & Pyorrhocide Co., Inc. Sole Distributors 1478 Broadway, N. Y. Scientifically Perfected by Chnical Research We shall continue to offer through exhaustive scientific research, and by unlimited clinical fa- cilities, only such a dentifrice as is proved most effective—in promoting tooth, gum, 2; Ot: and mouth health. bedi Pr es. “Mention The Geographic—lIt identifies you” | - - THE HOUR OF PRAYER IN THE SAHARA DESERT Even in the heart of the desert the pious Moslem stops his journey five times each day, turns toward Mecca and bows in prayer, knowing that from every Mosque in the Mohammedan world at these prescribed hours the szwezz172 Photogravure in satin sepia, 7x 18 inches, ready foriraming, 50 cents, post- is calling the faithful to worship. paid. Framed, $4.00, express collect. iy LHASA—THE MECCA OF THE BUDDHIST FAITH ‘ppt OD Ze A ROUMANIAN PEASANT GIRL The women of the Ba kan countries are extremely picturesque in their native costumes. This artistic study ofa peasant girl with her water jars in satin sepia photogravure, 8 x 12 inches, ready for framing, 50 cents, postpaid. Framed, $4.00, express collect. The most remarkable picture ever taken of the world’s strangest capital— the Mecca of the Buddhist Faith—sit- uated in the heart of the Himalayas. The group of structures—palace, monastery and fortress—called the Potala and erected on the site of an earlier one, was commenced in 1645, but the city is estimated to be 1200 years old. express collect. Is the General Sherman Tree in the Se- quoia National Park. This giant among giants was already 2,000 years old when Christ was born. The picture has been reproduced in rich green photogravure, 9 x 23 inches, ready for framing, 50 cents, postpaid. Framed, $5.50, express collect. Photograyvure in luxuriant brown tones, 7 x 30 inches, ready for framing, 36 cents, postpaid. THE MAJESTY OF THE MATTERHORN This immense rock pinnacle, nearly 15,000 feet high, is one of the principal peaks in the Pennine Alps and one of the most difficult mountains in Switzerland to climb. Printed on heavy artist proof board 17% x 23 inches, ready for framing, 50 cents, postpaid. Framed, $5.50, expresscollect. ~ THE DOE AND TWIN FAWNS Arareand beautiful photograph by George Shiras 3rd, which was exhibited at two world expositions and received first honors. Itis one of a series which first attracted general at- tention throughout the world to the possibility of animal pho- tography at night. provides an exceptional subject for framing. 50 cents, postpaid. Reproduced in rich sepia photogravure, it 8 x 12 inches, Framed, $4.00, express collect. Framed, $6.50, THE PALMS Nature’s silent. sentinels on the banks of the ancient Nile. According to an Arab proverb a palm to prosper must “have its feet ina running stream and its head in the furnace of heavyen.’’ This subject is repro- duced in satin sepia photogravure, 8% x 22 inches, and copies suitable for framing, are 50 cents each, postpaid. Framed, $4.00, express collect. “BABES IN THE WOODS” These hungry American black beartwins were born in midwinter; ina month their eyes were open, and in two months they were following their proud mother about the great forests of the Yellow tone. This splendid picture is one of the most unusual Camera nature studiesever made. Printed in satin sepia photogravure, 11x17 inches, ready for framing, 50cents. Framed, $4.00, express collect. HOUSE OF THE RICH MAN, JERUSALEM In this holy city of Christianity there is the characteristic atm »sphere of the East, languor- ous lights and shadows and delicate tints of age-old architecture. Full color, 8x11 inches, suitable for framing, 50 cents each. Framed, $4.50, express collect. GIFTS THAT DELIGHT EACH RECIPIENT world.” en Se SN Ot 2 fa at . Rca € 2 ~¥ mii iad > THE LOST CITY OF THE INCAS: MACHU PICCHU, ANDES MOUNTAINS, PERU This city, probably built by the Incas 2,000 years ago, was discovered and excavated by Prof. Hiram Bingham, under the auspices of the National Geographic Soc ety and Yale University. Its beauty of situation and the mystery ofits past make it one of the most interesting groups of buildings in the world. 7 x 19 inches. Sepia photogravure, ready for framing, 50 cents, postpaid. Framed, $4.00.express collect. THE MONARCH OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES, ROBSON PEAK This wonderful mountain of British Columbia is located in a region which is literally the “‘top of the Surrounded by peaks 8,000 to 14,000 feet high, Mt. Robson is “a giant among giants andim- measurably supreme.” 16 x 44 inches, ready forframing, 50cts., postpaid. Framed, $8.50, express collect THE LURE OF THE FROZEN DESERT This North Polar land ofice and snow, which for years defied the most in- trepid explorers, was at lastconquered byan American who reached the goal for which so many had striven. Rich green photogravure, 7*2 x 22‘ ins,, ready for framing, 50 cents each, postpaid. Framed, $4.00, express collect. Send remittance with order at listed prices. Address Dept. H The National Geographic Society 16th and M Streets Northwest WASHINGTON, D. C. To Insure Holiday Delivery, Order Pictures at Once J%¢.No PAsTeE NEEDED ‘y ‘a ra alt U le @M to mount all kodak €& t t d A 2 it Billions A Heals a D pictures, post cards,clippings in albums oe ih, <= =) iit Made in Square, Round, Oval, sil a palin? ion, Ba | | ates! sepia, and red gummed paper. Slip oe i them on corners of pictures, then wet and stick. Z ee =! QUICK--EASY--ARTISTIC. No muss, no fuss. —— == ce At photo supply, drug, and stationery stores. Accept CUNARD no substitutes. There is nothing as good. 10 brings full package and samples from ENGEL MANUFACTURING CO. Dept. 15M 1456 Leland Avenue, Chicago ANCHOR Regular Services. : NEW YORK-—-LIVERPOOL NEW YORK—CHERBOURG —SOUTHAMPTON N.Y.—PLYMOUTH—HAVRE —SOUTHAMPTON NEW YORK —PLYMOUTH — CHERBOURG NEW YORK —PLYMOUTH—HAVRE -LONDON | . NEW YORK---MEDITERRANEAN SCHEDULES ON APPLICATION - 21-24 STATE STREET. NEW YORK ———— The National Geographic Magazine is treasured by each and all of its sub- scribers; its pages are full of items of interest too valuable to be thrown away or carelessly handled. Let Us Bind Them For You Es = EES See Put them in book form, both beautiful and economical; makethem an attractive addition to your “brane Back numbers supplied at reasonable prices; indices furnished gratis. Send for free booklet. illustrating different styles of binding, quoting prices, and giving shipping instructions. All We Rr Bane BINDERS Burgmeier Book Bindery, #:-21 Nee CHICAGO OR BRANCHES ‘AND AGENCIES DUES RECOMMENDATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Annual membership in U. S., $2.00; annual IN THE membership abroad. $3.00; Canada, $2.50; remanent. 22. | NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY Please make remittances payable to National Geographic Society, and if at a distance remit by New York draft, postal or express order. The Membership Fee Includes Subscription to the National Geographic Magazine PLEASE DETACH AND FILL IN BLANK BELOW AND SEND TO THE SECRETARY Sr nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn sw nn a nn nn nn nn nn nn = = =~ To the Secretary, National Geographic Society, Sixteenth and M Streets Northwest, Washington, D. C.: I nominate ____- SE aa BS IA OU ida 2 a ae UNM eee gal en ne rr Name Bad AGEEESS of Nominntns Member “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” TOWNSEND’S TRIPLEX The Greatest Cuts a Swath Grass-cutter on Earth Floats Over the: Uneven Ground as a Ship Rides the Waves One mower may be climbing a knoll, the second skimming a level, while the ‘third pares a hollow. Drawn by one horse and operated by one man, the TRIPLEX will mow more lawn in a day than the best motor mower ever made; cutit better and ata fraction of the cost. Drawn by one horse and operated by one man, it will mow more lawn in a day than any three ordinary horse-drawn mowers with three horses and three men. Does not smash the grass to earth and plaster it in the mud in springtime, neither does it crush the life out of the grass between hot rollers and hard, hot ground in summer, as does the motor mower. The pvblic is warned not to purchase mowers infringing the Townsend Patent, No. 1,209,519, December 19th, 1916. 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Gar ter CHICAGO = NEW ORK God Siife GEORGE FROST CO., BOSTON, MAKERS OF Velvet Grip Hose Supporters for Women, Misses and Children. 4 nll Ka ) L] LT] ( iB rt Nil (| Ke NR “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” with the American Express Travel Department to Cuba, Jamaica, Panama and the Canal, Costa Rica and Nassau 24 DAYS ON SOUTHERN SEAS A more ideal winter trip under more perfect conditions could not be imagined. The steamships chartered for the cruise are the finest and largest of the Great White Fleet. Parties limited in number to accom- modations available for those excursions for which there is ample time at each port of call. Experttour managers in charge. First Cruise Leaves New York Jan. 10th on Superb Steamship PASTORES Identical cruises January 31st on S. S. Calamares and February 21st on S. S. 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LaSalle St., Chicago, Illinois 2 HUPTERUSSITULTUUULTGULL UTD UVLUCCLULUUVOLOUU COUR ULIUACULOOLTULUANOLUCUOTOUUAUUUCUODOOOUUUUOUULTUUUTOOUTNOUUUOUUCTOUUONUUOUUUTOUTTCTLTOTOQNOGUOOTOOOTTTUUUUIUUT UNUM TUTTO OTUUTU IT TT eo Pe 9, . . . . ee = WE BSTERS NEW Whatever your question; — be it the pronunciation sg = INTERNATIONAL of Bolsheviki; the spelling of a puzzling word: COI = — the locaton of Zeebrugge, the meaning , of blighty, ace,tank,etc., this S SSS a Jez aw \ DICTIONARY Maite iy ens Ne nae i ebencr ASS ~ LE E G.&C.MERRIAM CO., SPRINGFIELD, MASS. P04" Ano, wola-PaPER QS y | 9) Words Defined Seen nn nnn nr nr nr nr nnn ae a a a a ae ee ee ee JIVREVNISUVUUNSOOEUTOOUTOOOSOUO ANNO tee avUVIUNANANUINTANMNNE Please send = YRS AS SSE BakS/ SO” 2700 Pages EP pages and {NAM Fe Pte aero SPR NE EE Reet OS ere Sc Ga ee XS ~ RS" 7 jy. 6000 Illustrations PREEVPOCKET MAPSVADDIREGS Hacc seein Sa ee ee Nat.Geo. ~S RT TOU UHI LUNUUATLEALUELUETLOTLEGIEATOLTLEGLEGLUGTRAEA OAT ENT ed TL “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” ue = = WammagnNNDESONNS NIHON BRASS THAT ENDURES The durability and beauty of things made of brass depend as much upon> the quality of the metal as upon the workmanship. Brass can be no better than the Zinc and Copper which unite to make it. The metallic zinc from our Franklin mines is the purest and most uni- form known. It gives brass the working qualities and freedom from defects that manufacturers of quality products must have to maintain the reputation of the goods and the house that makes them. Our Franklin mines are but one of our many properties. Zinc for brass is but one of our many products. Users of zinc in any form will find it an advantage to work with our research department in solving any manufactur- ing problems that may arise. Munn THE NEW JERSEY ZINC COMPANY, 1/60 Front Street, New York ESTABLISHED 1848 CHICAGO: Mineral Point Zine Company, 1111 Marquette Building PITTSBURGH: The New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pa.), 1439 Oliver Building HAA Manufacturers of Zinc Oxide, Slab Zinc (Spelter), Spiegeleisen, Lithopone, Sulphuric - Acid, Rolled Zinc Strips and Plates, Zinc Dust, Salt Cake and Zinc Chloride The world’s standard for Zinc products New Jersey ZINC mT “Mention The Geographic—It identifies you” HA ‘an {| = iz al A Never-Forgotten Gift At any hour—in any place—day after day —the SHEAFFER pen proves itself the perfect writing instrument. The SHEAFFER is a favorite gift for Yule- tide, because like a story without end, this gift goes on—It always writes all ways. 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Combination Sets, as shown in the illus- with clip cap Fort Madison, Iowa & tration — in sterling silver, $9.50; gold filled, $2.75 and up. $13.50; solid gold, $61.50 SHEAFFER (Gam r" In _ Pen illustrated Ny 7 oy. iF ey i wth il is No. 41-C, f } a | 4 \ with band and clip of rolled gold, price $6.00 SE Bey See al ct IN PENC Il li nh PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEILER, INC. VAT acurrarcTnr YT) (* © 1919 W.A.S.P. Co. 33 THE SHEAFFER Sharp-Point PENCIL is ‘‘ as gooa as the pen.’’ The pencil illustrated is known as the ‘‘Engine Turned’’ Design, No. BB, sterling _ silver, $3.00; CB, 20-year gold filled, $3.50. Other designs, from $1.00 in nickel to $40.00 in solid gold \ WR MG % PIE as ‘ oe are 2 nat or . “ re pra ey ire SMITHSONIAN INS ITUTION LIBRA AMEN i 3 9088 01623 7042 | Bp SES S BSR ETS. isk