APSA SAAR AR, Stl leg TTT ATT Eas $62>5)938 Vanes a Heaheel ye: en Ciyeee Vapi yay eebasseeyetey eevee eres seereysy ata ot abate < e Bahk Beloeeas PeVTTTEY 3 FLT pees POs Syeress ye ye Sessa x43 oH iW BOG > . TEU ppaseses 4 2 eR RRR Aa) WY IXERELR revyyss A) : SAVES EEE et PPIERY SS YER ELE ARNOT eyes SSTEPESSUS phavedseees ibys eee Eber oy i PEPER ETE SEER TAYE Soy See sebthad Smithsonian Institution Libraries Given in memory of Elisha Hanson by Letitia Armistead Hanson eH Dak THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY Editor GILBERT H. GROSVENOR Associate Editor JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE Assistant Editor WILLIAM JOSEPH SHOWALTER Contributing Editors A. W. GREELY ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Arctic Explorer, Major Gen’! U. 8. Army DAVID G. FAIRCHILD eM In Charge of Agricultural Explorations, Member National Academy of Sciences Devtiof@Asnculture O. H. TITTMANN Former Superintendent of U. S. Coast HUGH M. SMITH and Geodetic Survey ROBERT HOLLISTER CHAPMAN N. H. DARTON U.S. Geological Survey Commissioner, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries WALTER T. SWINGLE™ FRANK M. CHAPMAN Vol. XXVII—January-June, 1915 COPYRIGHT 1915 BY ( THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY XX HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D. C. Renee ae an ss WASHINGTON. D. c. SUD canes wipes _ PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEI = TOL : 3 j “y nly Ay : ; j vs i : : 4 ip iS cS He 3 é " CONTENTS Giimnpestoteaklollandeyby WALLTAM, WISNER CHAPIN 5-5: ae) cess le lo si) ihenCityaot jacqueline, by ELORENCE (CrAtG ARBRECH TDs. .4> 4.2 a-4- eee -e 2 de cri 34) 35 Pharitres pio teed ise aero tees ke eee eee ee 4 Cheese trade of, MNS teheguevenssntrcvereuscht siexonches clon ionaiens 7s Ona, TR OSE UES ae BONO a Se ence Re Jou aan Hea WA, dy 30k Children of, ; URE en Aine ate itt a aAtot ch Syepiaye Il, 08; 26;°27,.20, 49 Costumes in, TU RSS TAP e trai tie Rata Re Neate it 14, 27, 28, 42 ARK C yey Seat coches aga He 18, 19, 23, 43, 45, 49, 56 Ciupboard-bedsavot a menos secre eae 23 Customs) Owainte, sera acre cesta iter: 7,9, 49 Dikes and dunes of, APN a Sea earn ioc aa Un eich earnest Seagate A 4,5 PREC MIE piGeiceranes onal yo apes oe Stat p Ne ee on nee I AD Yoyoasl (onde isla ante ee ten oor AWronetenien uel alckele eho E56 O) Family life in, MDL tis Seesere perepenciret ad uence ni faves above oe Glo leo abel 20 Fisher-folk of ANNA Se eeetenre) Weaver aye rsteee otanaxe te reve ystni sti crates eet 26 EXE er Nera erte ioe el ct ere aati 18, 24 IDUkayeyaks- shila AAI GE eA eee EN eT Uae 17 Folk-types of, Tilas.) -%)-.- (3555.13, 15, 21, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46 Hague, The, ni COT ta City acy see cue ree Ne One lacie sie sae 2 IMA Sr CR ar Ne SS Et eh aes Ray ey Une Alar Dulce 5 Napoleons) attitude! towards... cece eeene - 2 Reat=bo eSiotitara ava cc ctieue cme ware oh cian teree 24 iBhysicalicharactensStics nother esl eee I Populationwqo tin. ese ee a eee eee 28 ASK SSAC tates eae ae eT eh Te aT ek 28 dhulipaandustiryoteereee eae tacts rane 24, 25 Windmills of, NUR GIG Noe reas it eet th RNG tere ao a ale ated UALS cE SRS 6,7 MUR Oak taegararetah teats ee on ay ae Ea oe ibe Ta? aT eG, Women of Da SS aerae ss Sesser ys 10, 41, 42, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51 AINE ScE Nar pre Oeesnspere teers ee tee ies 23 Holy Land, The, OVEMLY Oty Vecsey: Alene site ile este ee ew 204 TEL OUT IRS APRON NOUDANE KO es Ney ee 521 ETO'O Ria yee R ue aisen ret cee rat ote ees ele ence 2 FLO MSE-bOatinouacieneem ee le lect eae nee Ss 7; Eunkyar lskelesivy[reaty, Of: ace.0 0 esmenn oe see 457 OA) [oe Tcl sie Viitisy oersgsasscc rae arhgegin nw aes rapa e Ge Ne wa eal aa iMhe Aieceal fy 521 Idro, LIfe SEN IA Cale eer iigneae ata Hea Gua aun OM Re ca 553 IMPRESSIONS OI IDANLASSHOONG Ds Sonon aoe ones 293 Incas, The, Account, PATI MM OLE repel sraneteronelarseletemn sy eat S 177 Gradleo tas ty rar eons Gen ade Mabini 179 Wastastrongholdeo tenets eae nee T8o, 181 Muallitataygesch'o oligo temerity rier eran ene 176 Montesinos’ IST OT yatO Larsen salevsy sinew tale 173 INeligiomMotngnyentn uaa coe ceva an ene 179, 180 Indian baby, An, IDE Uniepsie tet icici ene Sues ci crel aeR ER CRe ee EN ote te 81 Indians, American, At work, ILI eese geet ers ae LON hak ee eV Eg 8 72, 82 Bewildermentpiote ene ever ie een aires 73 ID RTODIh ASS: WSO oo uokuobocuodoubouobnuien 83 aE UG AVEL © Tah pe OTe sees ae oe tu ao oe a Oe IE 84 SUNBUIT ee O tinted opto ice se ee eee ee cy coat 87 mlomes of, NMS Sar evaneiensncycecra avons ets Mea Ae 6, Live stock of, pene Da SR rye ces iit ee cerete tye nee te ani ae tee a ae 74, 86 RRO RESS Hy Oba Moras aen see eye al oie race cate Se 83 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Page Indians, American, StAtStlesuco fieace cea eee eRe 3 AS Status Ot caer mk Ma tal iy hen oe 73 ART EE OLN s Bean ay cats Sa MORNE NE at Wea Menara 83 Types, Milt s sy eeeueaete senor eee eee By /3 ThS> F/O, BS United pate as Seas Obscene Hee Wealthy cofetsac iors o sea 0 ta a SE ee eee as Innsbruck, Austria, Scenes in, DMS Sy Sieeiatiee oo cachinc ieee ieee pe 352, 355, 375, 630 Ireland, Children of, Da SEAR eesti Paiste ees bs ehalitenas epee Se eS 404, 405, 406 Costumes of, Massy eeeesse st, oy, wc Saley.cloasyeits enop ceva Ree 402, 405 Folk-types of, DURE Cr ineteneern tenn aon cn srat tain eon 6 402, 403 Scenes in, TAT rhe eS a es ay Fa 5 ce OR 401, 408 TSO Hake ee eee eee sere ceenca land ne CCA eae eS 553 Italy, Boundary, Natural northern, of. 22.9 -06- 537 CharmiyVotiwiieswie ie vas ea aoa 537 Folk-types of, : TNs 5 eee eGR eee 613, 614, 615 Our debe tore ae On a ee 537 Scenery of, i) Reece ety rare Miam nen ce Menieaies ty Oh 616, 617, 619 bet i Jacqueline, “Countess of Holland and Zeeland”....... 29-39 Jaffa, Scene at, Dass hyo techs es as Us Cee tt ee 303 Jenkins, Hester Donaldson, Bulgaria and nits: womenmcece acne 377 Jerusalem, Panorama of, PUL tass: eee ected evcichawes es stax aecorerere) See enn 315 Scenes Be Eye cn Sac Craton ae aal coretor nea HOV) 5 OA Gitin SER John of Werden Sse iter eyeviews alent al airat oan EN Il7Z Jordan) GRiviernge since) n eens eestor ee 206 Justinian saEmperonee oa wale ene eee eee 471 i Ce Kiev eid, DECRG er Met ESTER REM EAtEIERES Eas otal do o.cv0 Gc 104 KINGDOM OM SIDR WAV AMEN Don conueo sacl do b> 417 Kingsley, Charles, Quotation fromt se aes Some oe eee 24 Kiosk of Bagdad, Entertor,) tus ea ccinde cs vouts oni chee SCS 477 Kashon™ River visas eich wlan ccceng coishions Gaon 296 SON Tal? sr a ae ea o dutc recs that ee Ae 428 Konigsee, Bavaria, 1 Ue eee er NIRS ean em HARE A oo 6 6 364 Krakatoa, : Mr ptrOm s Obie, Sisc owisiells Gree tosh oe ee ee 59 Krasveski, Quotation iromd v.2h.c06 sie ee eee 88 “py Lane, Franklin K., Secretary of the Interior, AC city; of mealized dreams. cis sce ecient 169 From the war-path to the plow..........+.. 73 DE DAamO rm tomes arsbeiloretss asuclauerarncusteeame cece ete onareee 293, 296 WembergyGaliciay.. screw ee mare ee ee 95 Ligurian | Alps sic sinevicners aeierelaeiecis Sele ae eee 537 Wimbune ers Cheeseaascrecetrvesietenen eet ene 15 Lisbon, Portugal, : : Harthquakenofi17isiciss acne eee 59 Lomibardyiiananrenevcvelsiereioic a seuetoeiere poe einen remote 537, 554 Wuganos Wakekryiaseuter vies acre 5537554 “ 554 Walewsproversmillistmaeuteteaatsicticmeen ue 548, 549 Wameo, Wine ILAgE Ibis Goscocooccboo oddubUs Oude 186 Maps, showing, Austro-Italian Alpine region, The........... 374 BilackeS cam bhemoateswtoncmmcrcimeciiieiccicn 532 Bulgaria SRIVGLU YSIS a elle an eee a ee 421 Frontier cities of Italy and Austria-Hungary. 628 PU eGisHaNS 125 RS enous 8 Chee crete ee ice Sao eR mee RES i 312 Venice, Seaboard POSITION MOLE tere re 630 “War Zone’ about British Isles............ 149 Marken UST awa ests eee sates tan ts este ets WOR ne a eg Ze Waring, Sim (Cleanses aa 6ooopcooocusue edad s n73 Mariposa Grove, California, TODS Siok Si aNS Slo erstere cr Era ee CH ENGI EC Ceci eee en eres pee am 202 Maria Theresa, OFM AMIS CLA eavepateueisiny weretetsVexcies icusrevevenaisnerepeneieteie 88 Vara Oragplisl cia diver een ices coveuicre cre misueleusvere neuen: 436 Marmora Sea, Boating on,. TADS eg tes Sahs ec eey a Ce eence a nies ay Sine et RENE 452 Shara ten omen otters eyereceoslens, cileie ai leveysee 436 IBlOE GpriNES EroO~iNels ooo s0ccd0oddnoadubdGuUS 443 On the shores of, MENTS let Hoey eave wrcieleie eis\elineapstersnets 450, 451 Settlementseran ours 4 sensei eer 443, 447 Size OMe tore ie ac falco ate Sic Rahs, Niece ae ola aie ane 435 Views over, Ce TS pee peered Sears eae aust arstiohevate Bib 444, 445 Mausoleum of Selim II, WANTS Sere New cneuc vere w st alee oletesr et eucicusiedeysilays; sean chee 460 McMillan, James A., SenatonstrompyeMirchtgami=nieie sche ryciete -varersie 277 Messina, Mit emuthemediatiqitake mailllwtSijercccce eye leyess a1 eteils = eyreie 64 Middelburg, HO itis hepenemenetet a nehster ay ereesrsciaua tera inisnsetecs 36, 44, 54, 55 ARGSE(E Giese eA OnE REID 29, 30, 43, 45, 49, 56 MinGlsinnipanehor, VASel liSsrO\ese he soos bee codoedo lnoo dS 66 Milan, Italy, Siemmnceaies WO aowversis Ohls hoe soon anoode SG, SS Miolesmoneel IN 556 be candoodooob oom 448, 457, 464, 46S Womagm, iach; Winn coducpsedsuusbeasuobeooodD 447 Mountain passes, UNIS: Bo peaoes 339, 331, 343, 349, 350, 356, 376, 624 IMOMPESNOS, ISinaeMNGlss a dicnecoseadeoosod sos 173, 174 Mount of Olives, | Warerwasnr, orm lthlexrciayscelncveys esi a worse oraue lous ies 296 Wrotinteylel Gem disasters cis teresa clee escuela sare 57 Wloses, “Worl obi alts s 6 coco oecocussoooobouD ooo 205 Munster, ‘ CINGEOINIES:-Chis.5 mein aod Soo oe Cla oe LD7, alOwier=DOxeS VOL: cere eic s sciel ones Siok ele. esha seeeien DELO Market-place in..... 1 FSG eA OO SOE 109 Niermrimealisiy Thilsh aacacdoetodapcos GododapEs 107 petty LOWRY Meritle ey as tetera naar! dee araslepeye see st Aide vanes als 110 Scenes in, MUMS setevery seonencvorsnees Mucus LL Ali 3s ThA. 1i55 DLO Streetss a Clean LO seleas suewinesale cae ole dace « 109 Stuckey titlss:g Sit ou Gidea oan Co One 110, I12 Sainiclayy viata GoW oul pao n Coton Ee eae 109, II7 Town hall of, TODS eS ar ore ee RAE ere eet i CUE re na ae a 113 Music, DD iatchpeloviemtOies Aci teeeen oat sre als aietiste koe 5 1PolAinGl, IRwissiem,./try Aba oh aos oeeosoceeeood 2} Mlwsliion eeemelgs Somascocee oa pan Coeoe aoe a aces 308 GGING Naples, Italy, WIA SAR eee cretonte cts akenecatslte lavas Siebavane ts 610, 611, 612 Napoleon, Louis, lan, @prsontoyal Ge JelolllevaGls o5onguooucdoaqu0bos 5 National Geographic Society, The, Board of Managers’ meeting...............- 218 INGE Lo dboo Bo oeee BO OGLO CIRO AR ERE ERROR ES rR IC Onorers 447 INS@OmTeGTIEN; Ciomaeis a bntn a Glbtocs cro Caen re aie ceeraioaia 447 North Sea fisheries, Aninual@herrin cy catchy amr eer-pel\ele sore cher s)elells 151 ID Oger neon o Chega eole ceroiae Ni cakcinicpecineoe ee the mez Europe’s dependence upon..............---- 142 Igrigia, Goris: Caulelle sis ooggcoudedadounocsbuc 152 Resions) Sharing yam: themerercie lle) -i-le T42, 145 “Richest food source of the seas’”’........... 141 Seriousness of shortages from.............. 142 War GlisiiinoAmisS 8s ooo dcodcconaqdspoansode 142 Nuremberg, HSCEI Oe ee Tee ae te [onic oe es oeiaseua laser o a US role serie eumieret one 140 eK)” Page Old gabled town in Germany, PUELIL tas Moyet Ae ree tis gee NR Le raion ae I ATS a OW ed ea 120 Old inne sor hans ae iolycie eaieve a reuarecvalehet ine ranuae men ten ores 109 Olsen testing machine, , “Most powerful in the world,’’ SLAM TS ee Se Op oan oer roacian ah ire eape nse ctebep ict ay soma. 167 Only survivor of St. Pierre, TAU a seytis Wis peOt aet SE Ua ovens op apeiron ese ge rag ue eg She 61 Orphanage, Holland, MUMS SAM eetedheerenet eiecar ete atay Poked steers yebercusia en memes 53 @Oxphansaingeelolllanidsereeyenccrnersescrescici eRocreratere 9 Osage Cmlior® On Worls; Ait cascucocecocdodocopo00 83 iy BE Pachalcutina vile ee peictonehsieret ce ieioke tebseencie eeeiensietet 173, 174 Palestine, Mp peanancemolpscrracctwinclae ce ener ee toel> 204 Caves Enstonicxsintwr tay ener oer ere i reine 299, 300 Iddoyakhiahia CONS COMO RCC G oO oe ome a oaCe no 204 Folk-types of, DALTATS eee tee hemes hepenenstueretertus yor See ae 298, 299, 300 GRACO IKG MEN MENAS Ts scoaoechocaarenebuude 305 Newer Lestamentanvs aes dcmtommcrsraeeicuraen te 310, 311 Mosaic map of, d ODE Koiisenst trey ee oerccics eG eee eomaic Cb ecRD creo kclo terete 306 Old Mestam emt yeaa ctacia ane citar oe rere ee 310 Pile rimyswvle wip Oit eon epee borncn tera aoiuseeh necks 317 Possibilities; (oft recs horse ters eae actors 308, 310 Realitanditheyideall ere aeiaeret arsine tena 313 Scenes in, DUES Sooo Eos 295, 301, 304, 309, 311, 314, 316 Siz elo fe ee i ee ee On eo sare ne een eee ST 293 Summary nofeee seme acre ernee py iat 298 Mraditioniandmlesenda ine yaeiiereuceuse ete. 306, 308 Wain Seite neta su een ee ey re Sra iag eirensmey eiatane Rakeme eT Res oe 305 Panama Canal Zone, Harthqualesmomeckseakpvescan ictus nro erkere 57 Panama Pacific Exposition, I/O CATIOTIREO Tata ce oe Cpe one coe ae Nicaea 169 Ornamentationyateaw se ces sisi ya toerernelcotlel- 170 PalacemoteabimeswAntse alte cpeieiitceteercereisnerceet eter 169 Mhersienuhicanlcemotaltasraciscitvett- el-pasrernenocseicts 171 Pair Cerrina etc ACN eae ta cesileh centr ceriante coniasecs Lens srenedetre de 443 Pacis eylnea tye Obiakor ole ciae korea 457 IDZAIMMMMCOIN TID). HXOIPNINID Gwiacconsoonbooocao0ce 88 Pavia, Italy, Church of San Michele at, LOUISE Se eigea omiotcsaig Hoa Gn histo cn ctosio- 538, 539 IMIGINOITOS Oia do hoo snosdobMoboooMoaood ona OOC 541 Reat=bogs! ote Hollander meer cts teleierecn aon iets ereney< 2 Peru, (Nae ale: MUNEIOMI! Ola oagdoobboanoouoobanbbed 173 IDS AehhakoNay WOME Wssoundogoc0gdouGoeuoaGdGC 210 Highlands of, DOD aia eo era oood aclu paoog 215, 216, 217 MTN bcll saath eters Re aes caen Reha TR ere nate 210, 211 Mapping region in southern........ 207, 208, 2 Problems kornstudiys ateieeserrrreneciacicy akan 212, 216 Peter the Great, IDtKdeln MNGUNS OiconccocoouoodouaDeedocuudd do 12 Philipopolis, Bulgaria, AN See eeu eia a oO ShAIS biG BiccMO-GeecL OM oMAaIn End oc 397, 398 Cpilica IMac ooosoodooodosdoSROddoDOOODUogUE 100 Poland, INOSHHA'S (ARE OB socccopedodoogoopDbSoGsDGe 05 Gira te TAR ee aes se creae Gia teicrpeney my ctetieliay stolons QI RETNOUS GOMS OlinscoooecnancddopcoacunebooveE 105 Folk-types of, TOUKDIER eG overs ol eerencroiarcg MICE Eons obid Sorciens 90, 94, 96 Germany’s part of Pause Wane) Ser S Neue at ar one atacae ave bessr clare 100 (GreENGSe BINGE Oliscasodcoccodco0oscenonooDGN gr IRLOS OMANI, Oloocoouphasppocapaguccocsadouas 104 MERC MONS Os coecdnsoaboboodocduoOOUbTUSCS Qt INO BUSSE Larrea er eee Panta mses oe eeaeeel 103 PE ROMINS OlscconvescbusdocognoeDOCOoD ONO 89 LHEMOMEGI UNG vodosoddgouboarooacapouEeouOD 88 IDEASATILS AO Lope eee oe none A ob here eae neiotsrtiensi 103 IRDSSEia PROWMNCE Oassacaonccodcuoaveocbon0e gI RUSSianeT.e PRESSLOMMIM tart e-tererelele llaleneualrarons 93 SIZ EMO ATICLEN ane rere resort ease ieee toren 890 Warsaw horse market, 1D Rhian Shee Rem ein COO IO OG Gem a CRESS 89 Wiealerressy goteyssrccscrisner ste eraielonsie eeatenetoneny lores 106 SWO TE Tes O fps cecil eteiel seis tous ooitclonetsncre-ster-cexekeyeyails 105 Poles tm AmmiemiCAcs osadconsocoosco0do0oDdOOCd ood 106 x THE NATION Page Port Royal, Earthquake destruction MOrescocdH oe ood bolas 59 “Powder-box of Europe”’....-2-+--++ssesstneeee 417 PrimCesse Uslespeaiisvertehcietetentolerehoicll she -leueroneneoienenatorene 436 POMONA GoocoosacosagsooucHdnOOOdRADCHDOUAgO 435 «Q” Quedlinburg, German, Scenes in, INGE: SaodcdccenosonoaD0-0D 7bp00 121, 134, 135 G0) Record stones, Indian, UNIS, ca oocoobonooocsunoGooMomen Sc 176, 204, 205 WPESdE nodgodugooodcouueaGe 186, 203, 205, 206, 207 Religious troubles in Balkans..........-++--- 380, 383 Riefler clock, é U. S. Bureau of Standards, MME; soogoupnoududbobocoHoGeODaoOd0NNCS 159 Riva, Scenes at, IMnaS “eisie's peo boss ooD eae 360; SS 5525 557; TPekAE Gown Soe comes op dooseGcaondiuooc OO.UOo 533 Rivienas of aViatm otayerkereie le) seit -nokewelct-) =t-k-lehele rrr 443 Robert College, Constantinople, DNS woadaoubouUcdcdooseHUoKooDoUCUEaOS 397, 400 IRGKat coodousbuoanoduoacboudnonguDewaudS 443, 447 Roland of Halberstadt, The, IOUS Ghee bold AS oRuooD ooo cb add biocmo UdoouC 108 Romeo and Juliet, ISkoyaS.\Oityn coon boon oooododoD od doomEoUH O00 567 Rosamunda, wife of Alboin.............-.-.---- 563 Rothenburg, Germany, Views of, nas Aa cusda encusticuoeeeedaaste eects T3013 7s SOs USO Desde epics ba ae roe aoc oars 125, 140 Rotterdam, Hollaad NOS Ae aya eh nesecn ina Mimter sera IEO 2 Ruskin, @Wotationmebromleryerep lee ileteler-celtekwelr sy verh lest 563 Russia, INGEbe IBAGiCian, GOI, OlscocccarcccoosgpGouGS 417 Seamoutlets) Possiblesmtoryersiiciarcuel-heretepelenenerelle 418 IRtssiassmeolishy pro blemeieapersostevemeoner |e eicheiienenel her 2 IRGPASMAITS sooddoede cones odad do oboaguauasadogES 100 Ruwenzori Mountains, Mt. Stanley, OTERO acre ooioloncin ame Oo UlO Oke 194 Valley vegetation among, Mtns tay Seca iafcxenanspecetotoseiteneritecohs 196, 197, 198, 200 QS Salcantay, Mt., MSO ES Sa Srariake ae itoae tvcliatoreresatcreusvarey nee 207; 208, 209 INNRBISS: coher eke Giese erOtN Ore ae RR eic cee CRA ERC ea eeROID 217 Sancta Sophia, INGS Ors sob Goodoanooooo goons Goo OOM oUuOOT OCS 468 Aa. temo, WSS ho oo doddoos saan oUdCouUGS 480 INTIOMRCS Chisgtobondsodnodooboodo a DoondO UU 471 (Cie Cheon Wead On poled HMOs OOOO 475, 476 (Crusadersm profanation ofc ctmueiiaeiei cist 481 WOM Of eee aii i aospay sean) senaitccayauel a veneyen chs cusvess 479 MELASEO Tay OP pees teal cilejcresedenstieaeicnersccuetetevel sists Usiahalers 469 ustiniangs: restoration soleus recensione lereneen tetelor 4690 WEEKS: Ososgnaadondeceahogocaccoodannnagobe 468 IME OmIES! Oboe ete eisho ais kor euuetsic uate Tevevays 481, 482 Miraculousmarcdeine bul dingy a sekewstcicmiorcre iene 474 Ottomanwnecardetoracrta terreno 482 RAISsiaysudeb tat Ossi cepen steko eo erences iotacmtekaeiers 479 SittatlOny mo Pek Neer tap weterma s/c stae amen esau rotate 468 Mimeginebuildingpe ascetics iain 474 View of, IDNR) Groton inemin cenicia censtorrcrc ot rol cedic o Rte chine 478 Sanwhranciscomearthquakerriarescirien ticle error 57 Sunken forest, A, dO UKENS te artnan Sierras Grchenc cnet ech ceorOc ood. DERE ORG oes 67 San Michele, Church of, LEIS)? Secs CA PRI ITER SEER ONS GIST IG cIRRG 538, NGS tee oie a petarn Sake o ms Sia oa aie col eemer Ss cee * : oe Scaligeri, Burial grounds of, IUCR DSS Se eee Sine Haets coaches osptala lane a ola 565 MSCE Soovopoadoso dbo Dl ob DosGdoMboNG 567, 569 Scheveningen, The Dutch Atlantic City, ALLA Seep peden Vcear sveniohensiovcts levote hee sycucmerses iceaneevans ay/ AN GSP elo 6 Ge ORO ee OLR ere ie eats eas 2 AI, GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Page acento aucqdecaspasogddopddodocsouHOUaGOC 390 Servia, INGHAM AMO OCU G OU GOOD Oe OU Ca vod OG OO UG6.0 8 6 417 NPAC BEMIS Os ouoocarsooccupecosounageocbe 22 Constitutionmoteppe atc steerer iinet 420 Costumes of, IDS saeco ocubab ood ol 425, 427, 429, ee IDE reasons Memon oud oo odo done n00.50 000: Folk-types, INNES ean cosens panei 419, 423, 425, 426, 427 Grow thro fimeaercscanion cline ee neniere 420 IELRHOIN, Ol p oo oan enassoogoGdc000d00D0000 431, 432 Und ustries Oto rise ese aeieeecuem ye onie ae 422 Beri emesents Ole miciccrel-relcaatevoheteteieneetekene 428, 429 Wikkareiease ileoagoooancoDdDKD0dDOoDUs0DCCDD 427 Social Yorganization! (Of-)-xjorocil- loki retel 424 Women of, ION Gosec odo oooodKs 427, 428, 429, 430, 432 Showalter, William Joseph, Assistant Editor, The NaTIonaL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, lekicahetoreral IPOlkinloGaaqoqobiadbacccacccd0nDOG 88 The Kingdom of Servia..........+.-...0---- 417 Siberian belle, A, NiihicereR oe cUn oD OUODoDDOROm OOO Ob OU CoD 00 416 Siberian Infantry, RAD ET aioe ntited an SeemOnor om aio.G o0.0'0'D0000 102 Smith, Dr. Hugh M., “Great American Fish Culturist”........... 149 Sobieski,¢ Kang, of sRolamdias a icjetreteloreneierialetetmenkons 907 SYcva lava ae ERE ee LO a HACE POGUE o dloc 10000 59 Sofia, Bulgaria, ala tn eS RAR idmame atest g'b.0,0.0.0°0.0 304 URES aa EHH OIL e Re CO OMeD OcOtoS 397, 398; 399 Solari, Cristoforo, MER HG MIeee of, MSR i rotichsusstra uote ite venetiede tone uc Wel tem OR Romoneme Re 546 SOME PERSONAL, a CoSMeS WITH IDARUPEKOWUVNITS; | GaaccpeneocbesoocdboG00U0G 57 Spaarne River, Haarlem, ‘Holland, IDI ER Seo cite OOo Goa Olt DOG 00-.010'0.00.0 31 Standards, U. S. Bureau of, Apparatus, UNE naocabS GooosomHooc uO aC RRo UGAe WEG. 156, 157, 159, 160, 162, 164 Delicate instruments) anys. chee cl ne -esieklep earn mS (7 Heat measurements Dy. ..).5. (<7. 26 eee 165 IMative Swimmer ieiicresieleiel verre tencicken i RancioreRe Retr 153 Optics division Of.........06. 002-25 - ene 165 Pablichservwicesnotemactcielsteicve sities srererre 166, 169 Short measures, Destruction of, ADRS eee In nee seine aaa 8°6.0'0'0.6 0 0:0 0-0 168 Studies in aneroid barometers by............ 163 Waltiablemworlksvofiesccieccclehsrcrstelheielstetetneterhe ite 158 Wiedman hyocgoadnoodooouoneudd5c0000 161 Standard of weight, U. S., HORE RR Mie ae ee eerie ccs oi9.0,0'0.0'0.0.0 154 Sider MacocudomenopooabododnocBageoDoco0daS 38 Stores 1 nest, Hoiland, SE tr Conc Oo prince bi du'o.0°0.0.0-6.00 9 STORY (OF) MACHU) ELC CHIUs Ein aan: 172 The Peruvian Expeditions of the National Geographic Society and Yale University. Strassburg, Germany, Kammerzell’sche Haus, The, IOS tans erent ear banc cian cibio\0.0 0.0 00 130 Sweethearts, IMM) ‘Saaoondcuccsooddoccode oD Dao DODCD ODOC 410 GREY Aor, MiCwiMES sooouauccoOdDOboMDoOO DO OpOOC 296, 305 Taft, William Howard, formerly President of the United States, Washington: Its beginning, its growth, and HE, ARIK poadoGoadOCoCoUnoo Goad adda0600 221 Tamerlane ee eraret ae eh eras ene erro Reeneteneaeieke 448 “EIDE NTG) GonabbocDeoueUOnDGaNO 173, 174, 176, 178 Ter Goes, Church of St. Mary Magdalene at.......... 38 ‘Macatelamersy «Ci tygaeir ter telletekelerlere terre yten P 30 Market-place in, IMR Sco abboooasemOUGAudS 38, 390, 41, 50, 51 Ose dubpsocsocdasdduubooonoconbsobedo 43 “Niven coooognooo UDO OOO COOOONsS AnD ODD ODDO 553 U Mhaonecle Go ee nao hes ond olocoo doen Song ocTsoleoGS 306 TOWN OF MANY GABLES, THE.......- Se LOy, ‘Trebizond, Water siromt rote tllisiycreereieretaictepeneveterhelsieteKensr-ye 456 ADS ease ye Sore POCO Diino G ninicu.ddc00'0.0 010-0 457 INDEX: FOR VOEU MIE DOO, 11915 XI Page re Crore IE oc eceacosucndosoDesOUeD 332, 337, 341 ‘Trentino, talliareras pect olenurachersicciieverslcutetoclscerraciciaye 541 Troy, Homer’s, INOS: Ohio ciara cee a SRI RODD Ro Ree 531-532 Ruins of, MTS Sep get iN cekererevenciousiotoy cNoreevenel 525, 526, 527 PINES ate teeter eMac e nas anes risicnectnanra Gree aseieumisdy te 22 Scamander River near, HUN a Spar eyeaie teu steed Acretepaitetenchoney sueterckelelreie tere vatiorecs 523 GINS EAB, Accie Sede tose Heese sieerren siete cteoss ay anaes? ep 5 26, SiG LNA EIOMM OL tae a csisice Seeneneteircucteus i yatsile cue eteuedeconsin wueus 521 Wire wa betores: 1lluisiccictarsieteteyesefonet decisions ans.e Geousse 520 Turkey (Ottoman Empire), Holketypeswote. lS arses sereleleiele ecrevc) sels o1 6 460, 461, : 463, 465, 475, 476, 525, 530 ‘Turks (Osmanli), HN GWAC EMO Lait ll Cssijeteleiateeees oreke avereuerwiensis) slefececssieave 448 ‘Tyrol, Cagiles “Ors, alltisc co dieocauanacos 328, 329, 334, 338 Cities of, iG; A oeses-cosdSones amomomets 3305) 35550 S57 Folk-types, illus...... 323.1324. 1340) 3415) 355s 305 DOME OMS) -“Sholo a noo Ud manoM ocho Mado ous Gol oo 321 HEGTO MPLS S IT estore srencverevaiaiece: svoteteneucusiic Sahersrareyerencie 341 MEET EST NIGWisy (Oba crass antec sie rebarsieicesaksrie ation sie 537. Kaiserjager of, ALANS eRe ahaa vsavs es veus csyeveperaiy havesabanerre cate 351 BIN xx Eulpalens en cesta nisieh cl cien sretavarsrekecsiene 324, 332, 340 Mailhitaryeacharactenmotvrsrrerccireteicisiebele seis es B2e322 Pastures in, JING. ooewrone cao Shore oO poo Cote 325, 620 Va tstal OLS TIMI sanetratlebaileRoia ol shereusnine ais; lel erehencuetjsbolens 332 Peoples, Successive, Of. 2.2... .>-.-. 9... 537, 541 : Beene in, MLNS ate rarenatotetsvetshevevensicleilajeieltose GAAS Gari. Been 335, 347, 409, 412, 623, 624, 626, 629 SPUN HenO Lp se o psa taetoae ais a sel eeiiacoceisceve cei aveieversherssove 332 TOEPSES Til Go so co no OOOO DE oooo oS 3355 337 WASIEIS Sing o cto cOcO cole IOIcoe 322, 330, 621, 625 Women of, MALIN TAS ceeisyeOrtces verte: site concyeleysususr casio cs 323, 365, 369 Ch ape Usrulbpraie, Wellkaye se scnueodmeauoneosieonoouoeooas 174 U:. S. 8S. Wateree, HUW tr Sasa veierace iors | ccichioce’ cis este hel sue: oie eveheseitis ielere\ =) 70 INES SE yo croc DERE OSE CE SI ene 60, 61, 67, 71 ONE) Velasco, OVOLROM ATOMS Sool odb oun bocoso ooo beodoOnS 186 Wenclianvind(Caledan “oo snononoudeeoooseo a ood duoc 602 AV BEGINING S se rears ge etree vetclci snchives iataloaevenele at aleserieeue: wievere 587 Venice, PNG Seri alliatOntetet tel siehietecc creo ae a iehere Rete el shes cre ooehedeee 608 Bridge of Sighs, The, at KTS hepetch ce ettars mic Cree aa ea aE ene eas nee 372 Doge’s Palace, Details of, MAUD ASG eyes pen ess seaneye se reckucuelle elias Saas 584, 585 PIKE sxcbpabhatsiresihe cern ce) obd WNT LH ONAL UY a 593 Views of, HINT Ta Seperate reer aa ees yl perce nen ee eal: a 582, 584 DMT EO TIS O be seimirs casneaietom vase oatelanerle easicecestea ate 595 WOTTON Olaodooaopaas dunes ono oe dopaouD 601 Golden Palace at, OE Se acca oe ae hua wars ater. Usireayiei sconkenatn Sen 573 GConclolkig: Onis eka gate mrss orcad orien roreneteeaS 601 Grand Canal, The, TIDES SS AEN eS eae pecs alc NR en eee Et cy 576 Harbor of, INNS. po oocooo mod pen aeons BOO oe 574, ue lmao, Ibe. Oooo soodsooooboDooGouG THAT OOMSHU OLA TTR ea eee elec k een neh eaters ae INES ASH Ree ROSEY Alt nore at aie aDActate iS eukoeeane, Se mlslsveyonana 607 ING Hitenlath elaro tiemenencnsiaucrenic oimighctetauainkokousnsessstincnauies 588 Palaces of, UTR EICii cglerrckotmentecoy a cei ate neReaey Men STE 378, 606 AIRES arena sea tome aeayion a onan Vatnereas Pra 601, 602 Railwayalbidd estore sister sti iereielcicuenens) steele 602 Rialto bridge at, TESS ns loes GHG Gin eerertn NOs OISISRere oases eit 580 Scenes in, Me Se yee Neeser sieresiist oie Rie) Wish, G70 Ge Shadows amidiisplendorsofe eee ceils. 505 Page Venice, St. Mark’s Cathedral at, Details, Illus... 590, 591, 598, 599, 600, 603, 605 Exteriors, MASA Moveqeysietonerererecratee fone 583, 589, 592 Interiors, Ta SEV iee ae slatetaveysrveroperere 594, 596, 597, 604 Beatin Watt ncre ci ic aistel eros eee 588, 593 Winged lion of, TNs eay nye eastetercucetoneteles cyatelaleracaccustiohers Reve teueiete 586 Verona, Italy, Italiantaqualttysoberemierceierieeicri emcee 554 Market? placewots -arrsncmiite siete een. 567 Roman arena at, STAT Ta Sacer Dey SS es neleal er AUSTEN Us am cate Rat Ob Si7As a Ned Ale Inde SOO ODA ORR OA HIN eS 572 Riuskinvsmeributemtolrenrstcencterrercisicrectenielercietete 563 Scaligeri OPA eieciatce elena uerarshoinielens Buteeaeee 567, 569 Scenes in, Illus.... 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 564, 566, 568 Trad HOTS! G Lee i Rei aie ee ARE aac 563 Vilcabamba the Old....... shaneheveneyans 180, 181, 184, 185 SAViiToIns cote thems umes ete RSE Nn cst rte 179, 180 MistulaoRavier2 euch ar arraete ete cee ei eae eee QI Volcanoes, PM ikectsh Of tar ones cimemeacraie ae ea ae 59 Relationgof; tomearthawakese-y -cace cence 57 Vollendam, Holland, Below sea-level at, Illus. l epeaceaspio dey s lapleweea a tai ceearna cliche lvls eee a ors 3 Fishermen of, Talla S2 Hates iiegeosdlecueliseataty ote teue sea ona tae teeae eee 26 Sunday in harbor of, MAS Ra syesteraitierastavectrambobebareie arena eoewetateliuarsaetees me) Leb gaa re petarel a nea ere etmin Em mite aire aan eee siae at aaa 17-18 ‘Winter transportation in, Das hairedetonarenveaslehereteneiancrsrieaverecebsions hax catglepeisle 16 cow? Wales, Folk-types of, IDM Boobies omen EO Oe REO AO ACO OO 407 Warsaw, Russian Poland TUS ease pe evareeeeate nisin Sie eae ges 89, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97 ENS are eRe HN Shel At a Ph REN rae ee ce Sumer ae gt “War Zone’’ about British Isles, Mia piisho war oeinvericheisiecseyateente ieteterebalsiey te imiorer cue 149 Washington, D. C., Army War College, NTT e a ererevepers wun ects \anseeraperavaice sale ptaie ey etusatensteMly Zit Beauty solani Bee Meee cepenegetn ee Se BuildensiesobAscscsrecicecre ccua ti onotens a creushscensvesiete 277 Capitals, Population of other, compared with. 285 Capitol, The, at, \ Interiors, ; UIE. iioa arb. om Hama NU DOT OO 290, 291 Views of, IOI: Son eigoaodada. 220) Al aii. mri ZexKs) Carnegie Institution at, MALTS aera ata eee cccats aste ot enteny oeaneyemopateucione 269 Columns, The, of, JUGDIS Se pr aiodie dig cra meoda Utne Gace eT esTOn waictte Continental Hall of the Daughters of the American Revolution, MNT Set eae a yeh sett cucael a eesEs SoU snewensuataeel tate 265 Engraving and Printing, Bureau of, INNES abou 8 Sie ua siehesaen cyan alee Sedhaistecalehace. aie iss 253 Hine) Arts) \Commission andes .94 aie ace 279, 280 George Washington Elm, The, in, TPMtv Sei ey secre ve ust esuses wisi auctav Na Ware Baden eit MES Jletiers ongar Gem nares essere ice are tt eno George Washington Memorial Hall. IPO POSE deymattepeccyal tours rsra oy NeteVnel pone weWeevorcctelns 268 IEA Dob devas Selina Se a anieee stearic tcaBione Gecko creators 226, 228 Library of Congress, STM SHG eyeyse2 treks og nus ee cama dae ea eva Nica 273, 282 Library, Public, at NOUNS, ate esiia eacroten tha chs GUC NGier bist eter RG Geen ee 266 Lincoln Memorial at Da Sets ees ereten ieee eneer ee eres en ree 250, 251 Abe xctoties percs seine epee als iain ee yet Eor ra Mesh a stant ees 280 Map formano mise tOLmicuaracaiscrottecuctoe sree ers 245 Millet-Butt Memorial at, NUKE euiers an oie Dai tad a oS aba IaS 267 Model, Coloted: Otmultimatennncee cee eee insert Municipal Building at, I AN RERSEe oie eieairte ieee ea acs iesick cin a cunt Ore 269 XII Page Washington, D. C. Museum, The National, at, Exhibits among, at, STUIITTS Sa enc hercekey ey aula ae a perennaee 286, 287 View of, TITS PIE Se IE UL eet hes raat aerate 2257, National Geographic Society, Home of the, at, NHS Pessina ins erste ees isyenclecsciepsestmee2O2 Neiomell (weNiA: Oipncoccobosnodthonodsuencce 202 Pan-American Union at, INT SE Aven ewor ses avorrensionche retiree torcheactehewonsneoonabeeaeeee 264 Parks of, MNT See e a yikesectoeds tor iere tous fess exsbaerexeys 234, 258, 259 Patent Office, United States, at, MN aS as eee rerayavoac sh oueiay cere renteneyorelisuate el tmaswetore ms 263 Plan‘ Colored; of ultimatesi.-.. 5-1-1) insert at 245 Plane ibev master vOtermeric is secre eee 20) Population of other capitals compared with.. 285 Post-Office of, DNase eye Pom iaeaar ey ver eveeatie cbahia neceann ct nateaestenele 254 Proposed) developments (for): . 1-0). - . q caer Resi cen Nn ease tere EEE Re EO Tes 7 att c 125, 140 Wieliczka, Sale mimMes Abyss oe Oke eee 96 Walhelminay Queen vot Holland. = 55s hee 2 William II, German Emperor, Aththem@B osphonustan eee ore eee eee 464 Winter Palace, The, At) he tHag eta enrcis acne ee eee 2 COKE, MemOphOn! ccacsisialaarstevora cascaded eves ea ee Oe 448 wy Valovai essence cian steele eee DAE Eee 443 So Lex Zaandam, Holland eb g sae CARLY Haat ear a ena nn ne CiKio'o ob! iais £2 ELA dru gas?’ rials etiakccn hai lealsnelenses ates ce a ee ee 42 Leeland sara ee dieys ard Bas eck ms taleacote ten eae Ree 39,43, 56 VOL. XXVII, No. 1 Ey WASHINGTON LL) NattONAL GEOGRAPEIC MAGA ZIINIE JANUARY, 1915 GLIMPSES OF HOLLAND By WILLIAM WIsNER CHAPIN through intercourse or association with the natives of Holland, have often pictured in their minds the father- land of this honest, industrious people; but only by seeing the country can one appreciate its peculiar charm. Here is a section of the globe which was almost entirely overlooked by nature in the original distribution of iron and other metals, of coal, stone, and wood. In fact, to a great extent even the land itself was wrong side up at the start. With this discouraging beginning in mind, a visit to Holland for the sole pur- pose of observing the results accom- plished by patient, persevering labor and sacrifice would in itself amply repay a great amount of effort. The existence of Petrograd and Venice is regarded with wonderment, although they are cities cov- ering small areas. What, then, can be said of Holland, where the land, made and reclaimed from the sea, spreads out in great fertile meadows and _ plains thousands of square miles in extent! As nature is charged with discrimina- tion against Holland in the distribution of her gifts, so nature is entitled to credit for important assistance; for she has worked hand in hand with the builders of the main. The wind, ever an ally, has furnished the power in the battle through which the land was wrested from the sea; while even the water, against which Dutch ingenuity so long and suc- cessfully plotted, has repeatedly obeyed their summons and come to the rescue Pitecs: living in other countries, of besieged cities, overwhelming their enemies and preserving the nation. One-quarter of the whole kingdom lies below the normal level of the sea, while 30 per cent of all the territory of the country would be submerged but for the dikes. Holland’s chief defenses against the encroachment of the sea are its sand dunes, in which there have been but two real breaches in the course of centuries of erosion. ‘These dunes are covered with bent grass and protected as carefully from the ravages of the sea as a nation can protect them. The two breaches are filled now by the Westkapelle dike and the Hondsbossche sea defense, the for- mer over two miles long and the latter nearly three miles long. In many places the sand dunes are gradually being eroded away, and what are known as “sleeping dikes” or Holland’s reserves in her war with the waves. For a time Holland was one of the three ruling powers of Europe, and its political history is even more marvelous than its physical. Warfare has marked the existence of this sturdy people from the first; for when not fighting with swords as weapons, shovels and picks were the implements. Once so successful in her ascendancy as a world power, she has exchanged ancient grandeur for modern prosperity. She has beaten her swords into plow- shares and settled down to the enjoy- ment of the fruits of her labors, inviting to her shores the nations of the world to 2 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE pluck the olive branch of peace from her plant of arbitration. In opposition to Napoleon's pretext for annexing Holland to the Empire, which was that what land existed was the al- luvium of French rivers—the Rhine, the Scheldt, and the Meuse—an old proverb runs, “God made the sea, but the Dutch made the shore.” Such were some of the thoughts which filled our minds when the train bearing us from Hamburg entered the capital of the Netherlands, The Hague. He who has formed impressions of the country from the attractive posters advertising steamship and chocolate companies must be quite disappointed in finding that the buildings of the city are ordinary in ap- pearance, and that the people do not all wear awkward-fitting clothes of wonder- ful colors and clumsy wooden shoes; nor do they stand on the dike watching the yellow-funneled steamship as it passes, while sipping their cocoa. However, the disappointment will be short-lived. Having been deprived of fresh milk and cream during the several months of our sojourn in Japan and China, the many beautiful cows seen from our car window as we approached The Hague had prompted the craving for a glass of genuine half and half, cream and milk. So we set out to obtain it and devoted a full hour hunting over the town to gratify the desires. lad your quest been ton .a high mountain in this low-lying land, the search would have been quite as success- ful. Cream and milk are a commodity altogether too valuable in the manufac- ture of cheese to be sold for use as bev- erages. THE OLD DUTCH PRISON Our first visit was to the old city gate, used centuries ago as a prison. It marks the scenes of the most bloody events in the history of Holland. Its dismal dun- geons and array of accessories are indis- putable evidence that the early Dutch, like all other Europeans of that time, were past masters in ingenious methods of torture, and the rough crudeness of the instruments exhibited prove that little time was wasted in their construction and finish, THE WINTER PALACE The Winter Palace, built four hundred years ago, and now occupied by Queen Wilhelmina, contains furniture and bric- a-brac of almost priceless value. The exterior is ordinary in appearance and does not in the least resemble the popu- lar idea of the home of royalty. It was the square in front of this building on which the people gathered and anxiously awaited the announcement, from the bal- cony just above the main entrance, of the birth of their beloved Queen’s presump- tive successor, Princess Juliana, which event occurred April 30, 1900. The forest of The Hague forms one of the most magnificent parks in the world. The dearth of trees in other parts of the kingdom has been more than made up by this grand collection, which includes elms, oaks, alders, and the largest beech trees to be found in Europe. The value of this wood is so great and the bond of affection between the people and these monarchs of the forest so strong that on occasions when the government ex- chequer has run low and the sale of the trees been under serious consideration, the people by repeated sacrifices and vol- untary offerings have averted this catas- trophe. From The Hague a drive of a few miles through the forest proved a delightful route by which to reach Scheveningen, once a little fishing village, now Holland’s most popular watering place and resort of fashion. On this wide expanse of clean sand beach crowds of spectators gathered daily at the bathing time. Many of them reclined in the comfortable wil- low chairs with peculiar bath-tub-shaped backs, which entirely enveloped the oc- cupants and furnished protection from sun and wind while they enjoyed the frolic of the great rolling surf as it tossed the bathers in its final tumble on the smooth sand. The hotel buildings here are commodious and handsome, and a substantial iron pier connects the steam- boat wharf with the cement promenade above the beach (see page 8). AMSTERDAM AND ITS BRIDGES An hour on the train brought us to Amsterdam, Holland’s greatest city and The dikes of Holland serve not only to shut out the water, but in many places form the favorite strolling places of the people. The costumes seen in this picture and the situation of the houses behind the dike are characteristic of nearly all of the fishing towns of Holland. Photos by W. L.. Gifford LIVING BELOW SEA-LEVEL IN HOLLAND: SCENES AT VOLLENDAM The level of much of the land in Holland is shown by the houses in this picture. Dikes which keep the water from overflowing the country were built at vast expense and cost about $3,000,000 a year for maintenance. They have to be maintained along the rivers as well as across the breaks made by erosion in the sand-dunes that fringe the sea. 3 Nas.