| ssaeuiBuq yo sdio> ‘Awiy
1 "Ng 124DEN\A
Ppupny 4sD0>
S40440
(%T1) SOBD
%T) OUlw 9
= puosu4S
Vb)
(%T) 2285 40 Ayayos (%tT) ‘4°S'N
"Kyadoig 4O U0ljd2401q “> (% |) upiuosyyiws -
f (%@) Aeaing j095 ©
(%z) seuwne -
(%€) ‘wo Absouq d1woyy *
(%) 221!MaS 4APPH “GN ©
a (%T1)
Adaing 24epo0es B {SPO ‘fp
— (%S 1) ¥st4 “wwoong “¢
(%2Z) vouppunoy
@2UGIDS |DUOIION “7
(%9€) AAPN “L
WwoOS Ad ADNIOV AG
(%T1) shening
(Yv 1) se21mes
(%) 224n0say °S'N “H
(%+) 4PPH “SN °|
4
|
non © O
(%8) 42H ‘e24n0sey “S'f)
(%8) Petiddy 44109H
@21NOS9Y UDBIO PjIOMA ©
(%61) 412°
@I1INOS9Y UDBIO PIO *
(%9L) paiiddy esueyeq
(%9€) esueyeq
(%9G) e2ue!sg >1spg
qiaovua
46
480 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Smithsonian
C.&G.S.
(<1%)
We. Bue
(<1%)
NAVY
(36%)
Figure 2 - Federal Support of Research
47
481
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
uonouny fq ia3png OONALL Aen - ¢ aun31y
- (497)
Aydns6ouna 9 |}!W
(%ve)
,424Desey r1SDg,,
AHdVYSONVIDO
JISva
JISVA
48
35-377 O—64-——32
482 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
OTHERS
OCEAN RESOURCES (ye)
(7.5%)
U.S. RESOURCES
(13.5%
SAFETY AT SEA
(11%) DEFENSE
(57%)
SERVICES
(11%)
Figure 4 - National Instrumentation Budget, Comparative Years
49
PROGRAM—1965
suv1i0d 4JO SNOITIIW
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
484
€961 1ospng dydei80uRI09 JeUONeN - g andy
(46t) s98D
“Pa $9 22'YO
"PY ewHOW
upiuosyyIWS
SSIPIIM 8 S8ueYysiy Hods ng
soulyyng
“AING “"|Oa5)
Das 4D Ajajyos
po 0. A
*Apadoig 40 uoly>a401q *y P4bo0g uolso1y YdDeg Auiy
"Ng 484Da\YQ
Ppipny jspo0>5
(461) sheaing uvax9 = ‘f¢
(%40Z) 8221495 uDaxD ||
(4) 4IPPH “SN OD
(49) 4sP2H ‘se2unosay ‘sn “4 |
(%6) Petiddy ysoeHq
‘S2ouN0sey UDB2Q POM “37 (%€) 2214485 YyyoDeH “qng °
(4S 4422H (%py) wop ABsauz s1woyy -
‘sa2INOSaY UD2DIQO PLLOM ‘q | q
9
S
(YTL) YSty “wwo yng “py
(4EZ) paddy ‘asuajeq ‘5 | ae (%GL) vouwpunoy aouaisg jouoyoy “¢
(“vpp) esuejyeq g a (4
L
(%€) 48410
(%61) Aeaing 2yepoedg B 4sD05 °
eee (4b) AON °
WwoOS Ad AINIOV AG
51
485
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Das 4D Ajajyos
Apadoig 40 u01}>8401g
(%48) sAeaing
(4OL) $22!1485
(%gG) e2unosay ‘sp
(4) 441P2H “S'/N
(%48) 44JP2H ‘e24nosay “s'f
(4T1) paddy ysyoeH
‘saoinosay UuD9309 PHHOAA
(%vZ) 4s122H
sesinosay uD3s30 PHOM
(%H§ 1) parddy ‘esuejeq
(%7e) asuajaq
(%4LS) 22uaiss sispg
1WOS Ad
1
>)
|
|
Ho
2)
eh 4
45
ZL61 128png ydessouvasQ jeuONeN - 1 9un3ry
al
a
Vv
‘PA JO O21HO
‘Py eWUDW
UuDIUOSYFIWIS
OHIPIIM 8 Seeysiy Hods ng
ssaaulBuq yo sdioy Auny
"Ng 124{DI\\
papns 4sD05
(%T) $49440
(%&) Aeaing jo29 *
(%€) soulwng *
(%+T) woy Absauq D1woyy ©
(%+E) 221495 YAPPH “4Nd ©
(%g) Aeaing 242epo0asd -g 4sD0D ©
(%@Z) ysig “wun,
(%9T) vowopunoy aduaicg jOUOI}DAY ©
(%TE) AACN ©
ADNIOV Ad
-nowrunor ©
J99|4 Wydessoueva2O [euONeN - g s1n3Iy
(871) (9Z)
TL6L £961
(s404 0007 4240)
Fry)
(S404 0007-0001)
wnig3aw
(suoy QOOL 42PUn)
TIVWS
itn)
Ke)
>
|
a
Military Surv 1390T FY 62 Jan 62 Navoceano Mar 64
Basic Res 1350T FY 63 Jan 63/Scripps Jan 65
Basic Res 1350T FY 63 Jan 63] U. of Wash. Jan 65
——— aK sel
Ocean Surv 2500T FY 63 Jan 63) Navoceano Mar 65
oTTS >
Coastal Surv 4100T FY 64 Jan 64 Navoceano Mar 66
= —
Ocean Surv 2500T FY 64 Jan 64 Navoceano Mar 66
—=— eel
COAST SURVEY
Coastal Surv 3000T FY 59 ——— | USCGS SURVEYOR
Coastal Surv 750T FY 61 June 61 Nov 62} PEIRCE
Coastal Surv 750T FY 61 June 61 Jan 63 WHITING
Coastal Surv 1600T FY 62 Oct 62 June 64
=
Ocean Surv 3800T FY 62 June 62 June 64
Coastal Surv 1600T FY 63 Oct 62 Oct 64
—
Ocean Surv 3800T FY 63 Oct 62 Dec 64
—=_— Sa
Coastal Surv 1600T FY 64 May 64 May 66
Coastal Surv 750T FY 64 May 64 May 66
Coastal Surv 750T FY 64 May 64 May 66
Wire Drag Auxiliary 100T FY 64
Wire Drag Auxiliary 100T FY 64
18
520
TABLE 95
ARRIVAL OF NEW SHIPS—Continued
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
BY
AGENCY FUNDED FY 61 FY 62 FY 63 FY 64 FY 65 FY 66
BUREAU OF COMM. |
FISHERIES
Fisheries Res. 1,000T FY 61 May 61 Nov 62 ALBATROSS IV
Fisheries Res. 650T FY 62 Mar 63 June 64
|
Fisheries Res. 700T FY 62 Dec 62 Dec 63
Fisheries Res. 150T FY 62 Dee 63 Dec 64
Fisheries Res. 800T FY 63 June 63 | June 64
Fisheries Res. 1,200T FY 63 Sep 63 Mar 65
Fisheries Res. 150T FY 63 EE
BUREAU OF MINES
Mineral Res. 1,000T FY 64 ~<
NATIONAL SCIENCE
FOUNDATION
Basic Res. 2100T FY 60 Woods Hole Jan 63 > ATLANTIS 0
Antarctic Res. 4600T FY 61 Nov 60 Nov 61/(Conv) USNS ELTANIN
Basic Res. 400T FY 61 Duke University
——__
Basic Res. 336T FY 61 Stanfor¢ University (Conv) | TE VEGA
Basic Res. 25T FY 62 U. Mich. INLAND SEAS
——_>—
Basic Res. 425T FY 62 U. of Mich. |(Conv)
OO
Basic Res. 735T FY 62 Texas A&M (Conv) ALAMINOS
<>
Basic Res. 1780T FY 62 <«—_——+> (Conv) ANTON BRUUN
Basic Res. 735T FY 63 Miami (Conv) | PILLSBURY
Basic Res. 735T FY 63 Oregon State (Conv)
—_—$__>—
Basic Res. 100T FY 63 Johns Hopkins
—-—=_
Basic Res. FY 63 ee (Cony)
Basic Res. FY 64 ee
19
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
meet the needs and capabilities of the institu-
tions contracting to perform ONR research.
These vessels are listed below.
ACONA Oregon State 154T (new)
FY 1959 University
HOH University of 90T (conv)
FY 1962 Washington
KYMA New York Uni- 90T (conv)
FY 1962 versity
TRIDENT University of 820T (conv)
FY 1962 Rhode Island
AGASSIZ Scripps Institution 400T (conv)
FY 1962 of Oceanography
With these added to the ICO construction pro-
gram, it is evident that not only is the category
of basic research receiving much-needed atten-
tion, but that, where appropriate, steps have
been taken to meet promptly the immediate
needs of growing establishments by making
available smaller craft through the medium of
conversions.
Present planning anticipates that ship con-
struction will reach a peak in the next few years
followed by a gradual decrease, as the present
backlog is overcome, to a level which will sus-
tain normal growth.
Although the shipbuilding program is ex-
pensive and accounts for a large part of the total
national program, the U. S. cannot expand its
oceanographic activities until we have sufficient
modern ships to meet the demands of research
and technology. An adequate shipbuilding pro-
gram is of major importance to the National
Oceanographic program.
D. SURVEYS
The Survey Program of the Federal Gov-
ernment for FY 1964 is budgeted at $20.23 mil-
lion. This represents an increase of $1.74 mil-
lion over FY 1963. The largest portion of this
represents increased deep ocean work of the
Naval Oceanographic Office brought about pri-
marily by the delivery of a new ship.
Surveys for FY 1964 are, for the purposes
of this report, separated into two categories:
Ocean Surveys, and those oceanographic (includ-
ing hydrographic) surveys which are related to
other missions of the various agencies but do
not fall within the rather narrow definition of
"ocean-wide surveys" originally proposed by
20
o21
NASCO. Ocean Surveys are the first attempt of
any country to undertake the systematic survey
of the entire deep ocean. The surveys are ac-
curately controlled navigationally, and include
mapping the shape of the sea floor; the magnetic
and gravity properties of the deep sea; the phys-
ical, chemical, and biological characteristics
of the water; geological characteristics of bot-
tom sediments; and the meteorology of the over-
lying atmosphere.
After a slow start in FY 1964, and a modest
increase to a total of $1.78 million in FY 1963,
this program undergoes more than a three-fold
increase in FY 1964 to a total of $6.04 million.
This is due to several factors. The first of
these is the assignment of the additional C&GS
Ships SURVEYOR and PEIRCE to full-season
operations within the Ocean Surveys concept.
The second is that both that agency and the
Naval Oceanographic Office are increasing their
participation in the Ocean Survey Program by
planning more time of other large ships for
this program. The third factor is the increased
effort of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
in placing biologists aboard survey ships, and
the beginning of the Geological Survey's partici-
pation in this program.
It is particularly noteworthy that, while the
FY 1964 support for Ocean Surveys has in-
creased by $4.26 million, there has actually
been a decrease of nearly $2 million in total
funds for other mission-oriented surveys. This
indicates that the total survey effort is expand-
ing toward Ocean Surveys rather than existing
mission-oriented work. The major expansion
in the Nation's Ocean Survey Plan will occur in
FY 1965. During that year, the Navy's first
vessel specifically designed and constructed
for this purpose will begin operations, as will
the two such vessels of the Coast and Geodetic
Survey.
The International Cooperative Investigations
of the Tropical Atlantic are described in Annex A
to this report. As an indication of the level of
effort for FY 1964, it is estimated that the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries will support
the Investigations from its research funds at a
level of about $1.1 million. ONR is planning to
support private oceanographic institutions in
this expedition at about $0.2 million, the C&GS
has one ship participating in FY 1963, and the
Coast Guard will have a ship in the FY 1964
phase. The Oceanographic Office, though not
participating with ships, is providing services
in assisting the planning. The total cost of the
U. S. portion of this program in FY 1964 is es-
timated at less than $2 million.
922
Department of Defense
U. S. Navy. Oceanographic surveys are
carried out for the Department of Defense by
the Naval Oceanographic Office. The major
portion of its effort is directed toward military
surveys, but for FY 1964 considerably more ef-
fort will be devoted to the Ocean Survey effort.
The TANNER and REQUISITE will be engaged
part-time in coastal hydrographic surveys inthe
Atlantic, with major emphasis inthe generalareas
of the Windward Passage and the North Atlantic.
A portion of the time of each of these vessels
will be spent on ocean surveys within the frame-
work of the term as defined by the Ocean Sur-
veys Advisory Panel of the ICO. The effective-
ness of these two ships will be increased by
their working as a team throughout most of the
field season. Similarly, the MAURY and SER-
RANO will be involved in comparable surveys
in the Pacific. The two major oceanographic
survey ships of the Naval Oceanographic Office,
the SAN PABLO and the REHOBOTH, will be
carrying out military project surveys in the
Atlantic and the Pacific respectively. It is pos-
sible that these two ships will also be able to
contribute to the Ocean Survey Program during
the working season, but this will be determined
by the rate at which the required military sur-
veys progress. The remaining three ships, the
PREVAIL, SHELDRAKE, and LITTLEHALES,
will be engaged in military project survey in the
Atlantic.
Survey funds planned for the Navy in FY
1964 total just over $11 million as follows:
TABLE 6
Costs of Operation and Technical Manning
of the Survey Ships
(Thousands)
TANNER $ 1,914
MAURY 1,914
SAN PABLO 1,260
REHOBOTH 1,260
SERRANO 758
PREVAIL 712
REQUISITE 672
SHE LDRAKE 672
LITTLEHALES 320
New Vessel (AGS 214) 840
Total $10,322
Support for analysis, interpretation,
and related activies for ocean
surveys. 873
Total for surveys $11,195
21
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Data from the above activities will be made
available to the scientific community through
the National Oceanographic Data Center. It is
not possible at this time to ascertain exactly
the amount of time that these ships will be en-
gaged in Ocean Survey work as compared with
coastal hydrography and other missions. It is
estimated, however, that the TANNER, MAURY,
REQUISITE, and SERRANO will devote 20 per
cent of their time to the Ocean Survey Program,
and the REHOBOTH 10 per cent. For the pur-
poses of this report, the ocean survey funding
for the Oceanographic Office is $.873 million
for data processing and other costs related to
this program and $1.178 million for ship time
for a total of $2.051 million out of a total survey
item of $11.195 million.
Prior high priority commitments prevent
the Oceanographic Office from participating
directly in the International Cooperative Inves-
tigations of the Tropical Atlantic, but as in FY
1963 this agency will contribute to this effort
through special compilation and printing activi-
ties for which funds are not earmarked specifi-
cally.
The Office of Naval Research will support
some of the activities of the private oceano-
graphic institutions taking part in the Interna-
tional Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical
Atlantic. An estimated $200 thousand will be
spent on this research effort by the private in-
stitutions in FY 1964.
Department of Interior
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries plans an in-
crease of $105 thousand over the $20 thousand
budgeted in FY 1963 for its part in the Ocean
Survey Program. These funds will cover the
cost of placing biologists and special equipment
items aboard the ships of other agencies engaged
in such surveys. Although BCF does not have
ships to carry out Ocean Surveys of its own, the
degree of cooperation with the Oceanographic
Office, the Coast and Geodetic Survey and the
Coast Guard has been high, and biologists are
routinely placed aboard the ships of these
agencies.
Geological Survey. The Geological Survey
budgeted no funds in FY 1963 under the heading
of surveys. For FY 1964, this agency has in-
cluded $15 thousand under this category. By
FY 1964 it is expected that the Ocean Survey
Program will have progressed sufficiently that
additional equipment will be needed for special
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
studies being planned by the Geological Survey.
The $15 thousand will provide for the equipment
to be used aboard ships of the Naval Oceano-
graphic Office and the Coast and Geodetic Sur-
vey.
Department of Commerce
Coast and Geodetic Survey. The Coast and
Geodetic Survey will receive a modest increase
of $313 thousand in survey funding for FY 1964.
Two new Class II ships, the PEIRCE and
WHITING, are scheduled for delivery late in
FY 1963 as replacements for existing hydro-
graphic survey ships. These ships will be
equipped to carry out both charting and oceano-
graphic operations. After shake-down cruises
in the Gulf of Mexico, both will be assigned to
the East-Coast with one of them operating full-
time on oceanographic-hydrographic surveys of
the continental shelf, while the other will be en-
gaged primarily in coastal! charting activities
with some supplementary oceanographic work.
The first Class I ocean survey ship, the OCEA-
NOGRAPHER, will be delivered in FY 1964. It
is planned to start operations with this ship on
Ocean Surveys in the North Pacific, continuing
the work of the PIONEER while that ship goes
to the Indian Ocean. The sum of $200 thousand
has been budgeted specifically for the additional
costs to be incurred in the latter half of FY-1964
in operating the PIONEER in the International
Indian Ocean Expedition.
During the first half of FY 1964 the
PIONEER will continue its ocean survey opera-
tions in the North Pacific between Hawaii and
the Aleutians. In addition to the underway op-
erations, a study of the current structure in the
boundary area between the sub-arctic and cen-
tral Pacific water masses is planned. Bottom
photography, sediment studies and cooperative
projects will be carried out with several other
agencies and private institutions. The SUR-
VEYOR will perform similar underway opera-
tions to the west between Midway and the Aleu-
tians and will run a line of synoptic stations with
the PIONEER. She will operate in areas of par-
ticular interest to the Navy.
In both FY 1963 and FY 1964, increasing
amounts of oceanographic survey work are being
added to the planned operations of the other
major ships. The EXPLORER, in FY 1964, will
carry out combined oceanographic and hydro-
graphic surveys in the Cape Hatteras area,
working within the general framework of the
study of the Continental Shelf of the East Coast
in which the Geological Survey and the Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution are cooperating.
22
523
The Duke University Marine Laboratory will
cooperate in these studies. The PATHFINDER
will conduct primarily hydrographic surveys in
the Hawaiian Islands area and in the Gulf of
Alaska. The HYDROGRAPHER in FY 1964
will be carrying out combined oceanographic
and hydrographic operations in the Flordia
Straits.
The survey activities of the Coast and Geo-
detic Survey, in FY 1964, reflect the continuing
trend of adding more oceanographic survey work
to the charting activities of the major ships, and
of increasing the amount of ship time devoted to
the ocean survey program.
Department of Health Education and Welfare
Public Health Service — Water Supply Pol-
lution Program. Surveys undertaken in con-
junction with water pollution represent marine
studies requested in federal enforcement actions
underway in Puget Sound and Raritan Bay, and
in the development of comprehensive water pol-
lution control programs for the drainage basins
of the Delaware River, Columbia River, Susque-
hanna River, Chesapeake Bay, and the tri-state
metropolitan area (New Jersey, New York, and
Connecticut). A special project will be initiated
to develop fundamental physical, chemical, and
biological data on the interactions of pollutants
and the marine environment, and the effects of
water movements, marine geology, and similar
factors on the dispersion and fate of pollutants
in estuarine and near-shore waters.
Radiological Health Program. Public
Health Service plans to continue its surveillance
activities in estuaries in relation to the dis-
charge of radioactive materials from nuclear
energy facilities. The purpose of these studies
is to determine in marine waters and in sea-
food the levels of radioactivity resulting from
nuclear weapons testing and other sources in
order to arrive at a better understanding of the
fate of radionuclides in the marine environment.
Results of these studies may disclose indicator
organisms useful in detecting radioactive pol-
lutants, as well as being useful in developing
mechanisms for the removal of radioactive
nuclides from the acquatic environment.
Shellfish Program. In cooperation with
coastal states, surveys of shellfish-growing
areas will be conducted in FY 1964.
Total funds for surveys to be conducted by
the Public Health Service in FY 1964 amount to
$600 thousand.
024
Department of the Treasury
Coast Guard. The Coast Guard plans to
spend $313 thousand for survey operations in
FY 1964; an increase of $102 thousand over
FY 1963. This includes operations of the Inter-
national Ice Patrol, the Bering Sea Patrol, Polar
Operations, Ocean Surveys Patrols, and the
Oceanographic Unit at Washington, D. C. Other
Coast Guard activities which contribute to the
national survey effort are the Ocean Station Ves-
sels, the Fishery Patrols, lightships, and off-
shore stations.
The operations of this agency are closely
coordinated with those of the Naval Oceano-
graphic Office and of the Coast and Geodetic
Survey, and space aboard Coast Guard vessels
will again be made available to scientists from
other government agencies and the private insti-
tutions.
Smithsonian Institution
Through the activities of the National Sort-
ing Center, the Smithsonian Institution will ob-
tain and process biological collections from
many ships engaged in the Ocean Surveys Pro-
gram.
TABLE 7
Summary of Proposed Support for
Oceanographic Surveys
FY 1964
(Thousands)
Other
Ocean Mission-
Sur- Oriented
veys Surveys Total
Naval Oceano- $2,051 $ 9,144 $11,195
graphic Office
Coast and Geodetic 3,849 4,131 7,980
Survey
Bureau of Com- 125 --- 125
mercial Fisheries
Geological Survey 15 --- 15
Coast Guard --- 313 313
Public Health
Service --- 600 600
TOTAL
$6,040 $14,188 $20,228
23
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
E. MANPOWER AND TRAINING
During the past year, the ICO Panel on
Manpower and Training has been conducting an
extensive study of the implications of an expand-
ing National Oceanographic Program on the
availability and employment of professionals
trained in oceanography. In the same context,
there was also some examination of the supply
of professionals trained in sciences directly
related to oceanography such as marine biology,
meteorology, and geophysics. The general
situation in oceanographic manpower, however,
appears reasonably clear.
While opinions differ as to the extent of
available manpower in different fields of ocea-
nography, the study has verified the existence
of a shortage of scientists trained in the two
areas given intensive study, physical oceanog-
raphy and marine taxonomy. Of course the lat-
ter field is much smaller in terms of manpower
requirements.
If the numbers of graduate degrees cur-
rently awarded in these fields may be considered
as an index of the number of scientists being
trained, one may conclude that a much greater
training effort will be necessary to meet the
requirements of the research programs pro-
posed for the close of the decade of the 1960's.
The two specific fields cited should be consid-
ered illustrative only. Continued study may re-
veal shortages in other areas as well.
The research programs currently proposed
by the ICO represent, in terms of expenditures,
an increase of two thirds from the FY 1962 base
to FY 1964. While scientific manpower require-
ments engendered by these programs are not
expected to increase in exact proportion, they
are expected to expand by perhaps 50 per cent
over the 1962 level.
Graduate schools awarded six doctorates
and nine masters degrees in oceanography in
academic year 1960-61, the most recent year
for which national data have been reported by
the Office of Education. Additional degrees
were awarded in related sciences to students
who can be expected to be strongly attracted to
oceanographic research. This number cannot
be judged with any precision with the informa-
tion at hand, but the total number of doctorates
awarded in related fields not requiring sub-
stantial additional training for application to
oceanography probably would not exceed 20 in
any recent year. A similar figure for masters
degrees might be 40.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
It seems clear that academic output at these
levels will not by itself meet the additional re-
quirements for professionally qualified personnel
of the FY 1964 program. Continued expansion
of in-service training programs will alleviate
some of this shortage. Some improvement may
also be achieved by increasing the ratio of tech-
nicians to scientists in order to free scientists
for more direct application of their talents to
research. For future years the research and
facilities programs of the National Oceanographic
Program, if properly implemented with this aim
in mind, could provide a good part of the seeds
for the augmentation of manpower specifically
trained in oceanography. For FY 1964, and for
the next few years of the program, the necessary
personnel to maintain effective expansion of our
efforts must come in part from related science
fields. There is already some evidence that this
mechanism is currently proving effective; it
probably will have to be more widely exploited if
the program as currently planned is to be ade-
quately staffed during the next two or three years.
In summary, shortages of qualified person-
nel now exist in some areas of oceanography. It
is almost certain that for the next several years
the number of personnel completing graduate
training in oceanography and related fields will
not satisfy the need for research personnel. In
order to prevent the personnel situation from
jeopardizing this program, major efforts must
be made in training programs for agency per-
sonnel, in the support of graduate students, in
construction of training facilities, in the more
effective utilization of present staffs, and, par-
ticularly for the immediate situation, in the
recruitment of larger numbers of individuals
from other scientific fields.
F. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS
Two principal international programs in
oceanography will officially be part of the
FY 1964 U. S. National Oceanographic Program:
the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE)
and the International Cooperative Investigations
of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA). Both will be
continuations of efforts undertaken during FY
1963.
The ICITA program will concentrate on the
study of the dynamic properties of the ocean and
atmosphere and the relation of these properties
to the fishing potential in the tropical equa-
torial belt between the east coast of South
America and the west coast of Africa. Included
in the program are synoptic oceanographic
stations to be made by all ships taking
24
529
part. These will all initiate at the same time
from the northern part of the area working
south, thus giving as nearly as possible a syn-
optic picture of the entire tropical Atlantic.
Population and productivity studies will be made
concurrently with physical and chemical inves-
tigations. Between synoptic surveys, the U. S.
and U.S.S.R. will occupy selected buoy stations
to make current measurements. The meteoro-
logical program will include satellite observa-
tions. The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Coast & Geodetic Survey, and several private
institutions supported with federal funds will
represent the United States. The National
Oceanographic Data Center will be the focal
point for the collation of the results of these
investigations.
The Interagency Committee on Oceanog-
raphy has designated the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries as the coordinating agency for this
effort. A report describing the preliminary
planning may be found in Appendix A.
The International Indian Ocean Expedition,
initially organized under the auspices of the
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
(SCOR), is now being coordinated primarily
through the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission. All aspects of oceanography are
being undertaken in this endeavor, with empha-
sis on the effect of shifting monsoon conditions
on the oceanic circulation and biological pro-
ductivity of the area. Four general programs
are being pursued. These are: (1) interaction
of the sea and atmosphere, (2) description of
the physical and chemical properties of the
water, (3) investigation of the living population
and, (4) a study of the geology and geophysics
of the Indian Ocean Basin.
It is expected that six U. S. ships and one
R5D aircraft will participate in the MOE during
FY 1964. Five of the ships and the aircraft
will be from civilian research institutions sup-
ported for the most part by funds from the Na-
tional Science Foundation and the Office of Naval
Research. The sixth ship will be from the
Coast & Geodetic Survey.
Several international working group meet-
ings will be held during this period to organize
an effective mechanism for processing, analyz-
ing, and interpreting the great quantity of data
obtained and for making them available to all
participants. The U. S. participation in the IIOE
is being coordinated by the National Science
Foundation. A detailed report of the program
will be found in Appendix B.
526
Numerous smaller international programs
will be undertaken cooperatively between the
U. S. and several Latin American countries. In
general, these will be regional studies involving
neighboring countries wishing to concentrate on
problems too large for the capability of any in-
dividual country. Examples of this type of pro-
gram are: (1) General Circulation of the South-
west Atlantic, (2) Investigation of the Brazil
Current, (3) El Nifio Study, and (4) Catalog of
marine plankton in the Mediterranean.
G. FACILITIES
The construction and improvement of shore
facilities to support oceanography is being con-
tinued in FY 1964 at a level of about 12.2 per
cent over that of the previous year. The recom-
mended expenditure for Government and non-
Government activities is $10.3 million. Although
the total increase is small, the facilities budget
includes $7.3 million to support research facility
construction for universities and other private
institutions to increase their capabilities for
training of oceanographers. The balance of
$3.05 million will be used for the expansion and
improvement of existing federal facilities and
for a modest program of new laboratory con-
struction. ,
In FY 1964 the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries plans to begin constructing, or will
have under construction, four new research lab-
oratories. In the spring of 1963 construction
will start on a new Biological Laboratory at
La Jolla, California, for research on tuna, sar-
dines, anchovies, other related species, and
oceanography of the California Current and
eastern tropical Pacific. In the summer of 1963
work will start on a new biological laboratory
at Seattle, Washington, which will be concerned
with the ocean-phase of salmon life history and
other fishery problems of the eastern North
Pacific. About the same time, construction of
a biological laboratory at Milford, Connecticut,
for specialized studies on large-scale artificial
culture of shellfish and other marine organisms
will commence. Construction will also get
underway on a Radiobiology Laboratory at
Beaufort, North Carolina, where the effects of
radioactive isotopes on marine life will be
studied.
The Geological Survey will establish a lab-
oratory on the West Coast for research in ma-
rine geology and geophysics. The Bureau of
Mines will house its marine resources and en-
gineering staff in temporary West Coast facili-
ties during fiscal year 1964. Plans will be
formulated for the design and construction of a
25
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
permanent Bureau oceanographic center at a
convenient location at a later date.
The Coast and Geodetic Survey will improve
its ship base at Norfolk, and will transfer its
Seattle operations to a newly leased ship base.
This latter installation is especially critical to
the Coast and Geodetic Survey program. As its
vessels for Ocean Surveys become available,
this facility will provide the necessary logistic
support for Pacific operations.
The National Science Foundation has pro-
grammed $7.3 million in FY 1964 in grants for
new and expanded oceanographic facilities in
universities and private research institutions.
The FY 1964 budget for facilities construc-
tion and improvement, as outlined in Table 8,
will help to relieve crowded working conditions
in many locations and will provide housing for
entirely new research groups and for training
of new oceanographers. It will also allow
growth in physical plants for research in step
with planned expansion in research, surveys,
and ships.
H. NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC
DATA CENTER
Manpower and Training. During FY 1962,
the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC)
provided personnel from its staff in support of
survey operations and for reciprocal training;
i.e., training of survey personnel in data proc-
essing procedures (primarily from the stand-
point of quality control) and the training of
NODC personnel in the many phases of survey
operations. In addition, the NODC has trained
visiting scientists and survey personnel in data
processing procedures for short term periods.
During FY 1964, the NODC will increase this
effort within the limits of available funds. The
NODC plans to recruit sufficient personnel by
FY 1964 to handle the ''data out"’ phase of its
work in keeping with its policy of providing
support service to the oceanographic community.
International Program. In its short period
of existence, the NODC has assumed responsi-
bilities connected with two international pro-
grams — complete responsibility for continuing
the function of World Data Center A-Oceanog-
raphy (WDC-A) and data processing responsi-
bilities for the International Indian Ocean Ex-
pedition (MOE). It has been suggested that, in
addition to its data processing responsibilities
to the TOE, the NODC undertake the preparation
of an atlas for the Expedition under the guidance
of an international board of editors composed of
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
527
TABLE 8
FACILITIES PROGRAM - FY 1964
(Thousands)
Dept. - Agency Purpose
DEFENSE - Total 250
Navy - Total 250
INTERIOR - Total 1,621
BCF - Total 1,290
Shellfish research laboratory, Milford, 1,165
Connecticut.
Tropical Atlantic Biological Laboratory, 125
Miami, Florida. (design)
GS - Total 279
West Coast laboratory for research in 279
marine geology and geophysics.
BSF&W - Total 52
To expand research facilities at Marine 92
Laboratory, Sandy Hook New Jersey
COMMERCE - Total 1,036
C&GS - Total 1,036
Construction of new ship base at Norfolk
and acquisition of leased base in Seattle,
Washington
NATIONAL SCIENCE 7,300
FOUNDATION - Total
Construction of facilities for physical and 7,300
biological oceanographic research and
education.
TREASURY - Total 50
CG - Total 50
For oceanographic units at Woods Hole. 35
For oceanographic facilities on two off- 15
shore structures.
FACILITIES - TOTAL $10,257
prominent oceanographers. During FY 1964,
the NODC will continue its responsibilities to
the WDC-A and the IIOE and will take on new
responsibilities to the IIOE within the limits of
available funds.
By FY 1964, the NODC expects to play a
major role in the International Cooperative In-
vestigations of the Tropical Atlantic. The NODC
has already done preliminary work in conjunction
with the Naval Oceanographic Office in this pro-
gram; namely, the preparation of a provisional
atlas of the environmental conditions of the area
of investigation. The suggestion has been made
that NODC provide data processing support to
this international program.
In addition, in FY 1964 the NODC hopes to
initiate, in conjunction with the Canadian Oceano-
graphic Data Center (CODC), a communications
528
network for receipt of oceanographic data from
Arctic areas. It has been suggested that the
University of Alaska might be the logical place
to initiate this service.
Ocean Surveys. With the acceleration of
oceanographic survey programs in the next ten
years, rapid communication of oceanographic
data will be essential to the success of a national
program in oceanography. A transmitting and
receiving capability to be established at NODC
and aboard ships will eliminate routine process-
ing of raw data aboard ships. Raw data can be
transmitted to the NODC and by the use of com-
puters it will be possible to transmit fully
processed data back to the ships for analysis
and planning future operations. Scientists
aboard ships will no longer be in doubt as to
whether they have obtained valid data, whether
their sampling has been sufficient, and whether
additional sampling will be required in thearea.
With present techniques aboard ships, it is vir-
tually impossible to have raw data reduced to
meaningful information before leaving the sta-
tion or area.
As in the past, the NODC will assist in pre-
survey planning through data analyses, data
summaries for particular areas, the production
of atlases, etc.
Instrumentation. The NODC will evaluate
the data output of existing instruments to pro-
vide advice on new instrumentation, and to assist
in choosing instrumentation to be purchased,
through evaluating the precision of a given in-
strument, quality of data obtained from the in-
strument, and the requirements to be placed on
the data. The NODC also will advise on, and
develop methods for, recording, reducing, and
storing data from present and future instrumen-
tation to obtain maximum use of the output from
new instruments.
New Data Areas. In FY 1964, the NODC
plans to develop a capability for processing
radiation and ice data from space satellites.
The processing of oceanographic data from
satellites will be done with the cooperation of
27
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
both the National Aeronautics and Space Agency
and the Weather Bureau.
At the present time, both the Naval Oceano-
graphic Office and the Coast and Geodetic Sur-
vey have amassed a considerable backlog of
bathymetric data. With retrieval systems cur-
rently under development the NODC will have
acquired a capability for handling these data
by the end of FY 1964. At that time, the reduc-
tion of this backlog may be initiated by contract
with industry.
IV. CONCLUSION
The National Oceanographic Program for
Fiscal Year 1964 provides for the further ad-
vancement of the Nation's effort in the marine
sciences. The experience of the past two years
has been heavily drawn upon for guidance in the
most productive use of the funding outlined
herein.
The ICO is nearing publication of its Long
Range National Program, and the FY 1964 pro-
gram has been prepared within the framework
of this long range planning, as will future annual
programs.
Within the functional areas of interest, the
ICO will have completed its study of the short-
age of oceanographic manpower and will have
outlined the problem and commenced the steps
to be taken in its solution. The 1963 edition of
the successful "College Curricula in Oceanog-
raphy" is also expected to prove helpful in this
regard.
Surveys will receive special attention with
promulgation of the ''Ocean Survey Plan.'"' The
ICO is hopeful that dissemination of these types
of information will aid communications in the
marine sciences and provide better guidance
for planning and conduct of projects. It is in
this manner that we believe we can be most
helpful in achieving the understanding of the
oceans so necessary for enhancement of the
national welfare.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 529
Vv
BUDGET SUMMARIES
29
35-377 O— 6435
530 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM BUDGET
(Thousands
President's
Actual Estimated Budget
FY 1962 FY 1963 FY 1964
A. BY AGENCIES
Defense $ 42,081 $ 55,246 $ 74,966
Commerce 23,567 24,024 24,792
Interior 14,252 16,102 18,960
National Science Foundation 17,321 18,160 25,801
Atomic Energy Commission 4,106 5,428 5,330
Health, Education, and Welfare ? 3,109 4,108 4,820
Treasury 134 511 1,152
Smithsonian Institution 217 431 531
$104,787 $124,010 $156,352
B. BY FUNCTIONAL AREAS
Research $ 39,023 $ 46,955 $ 62,565
Instrumentation 3,000 6,630 8,878
Ships 34,010 38,103 47,665
Surveys 17,366 18,487 20,228
TOE 1,974 4,002 5,854
Facilities 8,904 9,223 10,257
Data Center 510 610 905
$104,787 $124,010 $156,352
30
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Actual Estimated
Agency - Function FY 1962 FY 1963
DEFENSE - TOTAL $42,081 $55,246
Navy - Total 41,593 54,621
Research 15,692 19,559
Instrumentation 2,150 5,370
Ships Construction 13,600 18,153
Surveys 9,321 9,889
TOE 580 1,300
Facilities ——— ==
Data Center 250 350
Army - Total 488 625
Research 488 625
COMMERCE - TOTAL $23,567 $24,024
Coast & Geodetic Survey - Total 23,384 23,791
Research 196 482
Instrumentation 850 890
Ship Construction 14,185 14,400
Surveys 7,911 7,667
TIOE --- ---
Facilities 162 272
Data Center 80 80
Weather Bureau - Total 133 183
Research 123 173
Data Center 10 10
Maritime Administration - Total 50 50
Research 50 50
INTERIOR - TOTAL $14,252 $16,102
BCF - Total 13,619 15,320
Research 7,409 9,747
Instrumentation --- 70
Ship Construction 3,225 2,650
Surveys --- 20
TOE --- 102
Facilities 2,905 2,651
Data Center 80 80
INDIVIDUAL AGENCY BUDGETS
31
o31
President's
Budget
FY 1964
$74,966
73,892
$24,792
24,559
50
$18,960
16,900
532 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
INDIVIDUAL AGENCY BUDGETS - (Contd)
Agency - Function
INTERIOR - TOTAL - (Contd)
Geological Survey - Total
Research
Instrumentation
Surveys
Facilities
Data Center
BSF&W - Total
Research
Facilities
BuMines - Total
Research
Instrumentation
Ship Construction
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION - TOTAL
Reserach
Ship Construction
TOE
Facilities
Data Center
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION - TOTAL
Research
Data Center
HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE - TOTAL
PHS - Total
Research
Surveys
Facilities
Office of Education - Total
Research
TREASURY - TOTAL
Surveys
Instrumentation
Facilities
Data Center
SMITHSONIAN - TOTAL
Research
32
Actual
FY 1962
$217
217
President's
Estimated Budget
FY 1963 FY 1964
$ 494 $ 1,304
74 520
24 480
Be 15
a 279
one 10
238 344
238 292
= 52
50 412
50 224
ae 88
so 100
$18,160 $25,801
8,080 11,860
2,900 3,500
2,600 3,000
4,500 7,300
80 141
$ 5,428 $ 5,330
5,418 5,312
10 18
$ 4,108 $ 4,820
_4,058 __4,770
1,558 4,170
700 600
1,800 =
50 50
50 50
ssi $1,152
211 313
300 769
Beas 50
oe 20
$431 $531
431 531
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
533
APPENDIX A
THE INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATION
OF THE TROPICAL ATLANTIC
Prepared by Vernon E. Brock, International Coordinator, ICITA
BACKGROUND
In early 1961, two programs were proposed
for oceanographic and fishery studies in the Gulf
of Guinea:
1. A study of the demersal fisheries off the
west coast of Africa, by the Commission for
Technical Cooperation in Africa, South of the
Sahara (CCTA).
2. An investigation of the pelagic fishes of
the Gulf of Guinea by the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries (BCF).
Each proposal included plans for supporting
physical, chemical and marine biological stud-
ies. When a request for support to the Agency
for International Development (AID) by CCTA
brought its program to the attention of the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, it was pro-
posed that the CCTA and BCF investigations be
carried out cooperatively. In late 1961, ata
meeting in Lagos, Nigeria, the details of coop-
eration between these programs were formu-
lated.
The Bureau's proposed program was pre-
sented to and accepted by the Inter-Agency
Committee on Oceanography and approved by
the National Academy of Sciences Committee on
Oceanography.
In February, 1962, the BCF held a meeting
of oceanographers from the eastern United
States to determine their interest in a coopera-
tive investigation of the waters of the Tropical
Atlantic. At this meeting a high level of interest
was apparent, augmented plans for research
were developed, and it was proposed that these
be submitted to the Intergovernmental Oceano-
graphic Commission (IOC) for consideration as
an international effort.
The plans were presented to the Bureau of
the IOC in April, 1962, and at the suggestion of
this Bureau the U.S. Department of State issued
an invitation to interested Member Nations and
activities of the IOC to send representatives to
a Working Group Meeting in Washington, D.C.
33
The representatives met in June, 1962, and de-
veloped plans for the International Cooperative
Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA)
which were adopted at the Second Session of the
IOC in Paris in September, 1962. Nomination of
Mr. V. E. Brock of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries as International Coordinator by mem-
bers of the International Coordination Group for
the ICITA was approved by the Secretariat of
the IOC.
The ICITA plans developed at the Working
Group Meeting in June, 1962, and adopted by the
IOC involves mid-winter and mid-summer, mul-
tiple vessel, synoptic surveys of the Tropical
Atlantic, from Africa to South America and from
18° N to 18° S latitude. The first of these two
surveys, designated as EQUALANT I, was
scheduled to start on February 15, 1963; the
second, EQUALANT II, on August 1, 1963.
EQUALANT I involves two 15-day synoptic
surveys; separated by a 15-day period. EQUA-
LANT II will involve one 15-day, multiple ves-
sel, synoptic survey.
Fourteen vessels from seven nations are
scheduled to participate in EQUALANT I. These
include five from the United States (CHAIN,
CRAWFORD, EXPLORER, GERONIMO and
OREGON), three from the Soviet Union (LOMO-
NOSOV, ZVEZDA and OLONEZ), two from
Brazil (BAEPENDI and BERTIOGA) and one
each from Argentina (A.R.A. COMODORO
LASERRE), Republic of Ivory Coast (REINE
POKOU), Nigeria (KIARA), and Republic of
Congo, Brazzaville (OMBANGO). See Figure 1
for vessel tracks, EQUALANT I.
It is anticipated that 16 vessels from 10
nations will participate in EQUALANT II. These
include five from the United States (ALAMINOS,
GERONIMO, PILLSBURY and possibly the
HORIZON and one U. S. Coast Guard vessel,
three from the USSR, one each from Republic
of Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Republic of Congo
(Brazzaville) and possibly one each from Brazil,
Argentina, Spain, Japan and Poland.
In brief, the plans forthe programs common
to all vessels call for oceanographic stations to
534
2000 meters, with observations to the bottom at
120 mile intervals. Standard observations from
all of the 14 participating vessels during the
15-day periods include:
1. Temperature, salinity, oxygen and phos-
phate at each depth sampled at each station;
2. Measurement of the rate of primary
productivity using the Carbon 14 isotope tech-
nique and measurement of the standing crop of
zooplankton at least once each day; and
3.. Surface meteorological observations
(upper air observations from selected vessels).
In addition to the observations common to
each vessel, a number of oceanographic, biolog-
ical, and geophysical programs will be carried
out by scientists from activities operating the
vessels or by scientists from other United
States and foreign oceanographic laboratories
who will be working aboard the vessels.
UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION
IN THE ICITA
Research Vessel Commitments
EQUALANT I (February 15 to March 18, 1963)
Five United States vessels are scheduled to
participate in EQUALANT I; the CHAIN and
CRAWFORD (Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti-
tution), GERONIMO and OREGON (Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries) and the EXPLORER
(U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey). As may be
seen from Figure 1, the GERONIMO will work
in the Gulf of Guinea, the EXPLORER in the
central area, the CHAIN and CRAWFORD in the
western sector and the OREGON in the waters
off the northeast Coast of Brazil.
Special requirements imposed by various
research programs aboard these vessels and
logistical considerations will result in some
deviations by individual ships from the sched-
ules and plans as proposed by participants in
the IOC Working Group Meeting.
EQUALANT II (August 1 to August 15, 1963)
Three U.S. vessels, GERONIMO (Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries), ALAMINOS (Texas
A & M) and PILLSBURY (University of Miami)
are firmly committed to participate in EQUA-
LANT II; two others are tentatively committed,
34
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
the HORIZON (Scripps Institution of Oceanog-
raphy) and an as yet undesignated vessel oper-
ated by the U.S. Coast Guard. Various U.S.
Government and University activities, other than
those directly concerned with vessel operations,
will participate in the ICITA.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF PARTICIPATING,
ORGANIZATIONS
U. S. WEATHER BUREAU (USWB)
Marine Unit
Surface Observations - Surface meteoro-
logical observations will be assembled from
each vessel (standard six-hour observations
forwarded through Radio Central) and from
other sources in the ICITA area (merchant ves-
sels and shore stations) for preparation of daily
forecasts. These forecasts will be transmitted
to participants each day by the USWB. Where
necessary, instruments will be provided, vessel
personnel instructed, and log sheets and instruc-
tion manuals forwarded to each vessel. Weather
Bureau observers will be assigned to the EX-
PLORER, GERONIMO and CHAIN. Subsequent to
the ICITA field operations, the USWB will pre-
pare daily summary charts of selected parame-
ters for publication in the ICITA Atlas.
Upper Air Observations - The upper air
observing program includes NWSC supported
pibal installations of the GERONIMO and CHAIN
and ONSF supported radio-sonde observations
from the EXPLORER. The Weather Bureau ob-
server aboard each of these three vessels will
be assisted by a member of the scientific party.
National Weather Satellite Center
Special Cloud Observations - Observations
of clouds, including a simple sketch of high,
middle and low cloud layers and related data,
are to be made daily from each vessel. During
daylight hours these observations will be made
at time of TIROS satellite transits over the
ICITA area. Supplemental cloud photographs
will be taken by the USWB observers for corre-
lation with aircraft and satellite photographs.
Sea Surface Radiation Measurements - Six
vessels will be provided with Suomi-Kuhn,
radiometers to measure long wave radiation
from the sea surface.
Airplane Overflights - Overflights of the
ICITA area by fully instrumented USWB
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
hurricane reconnaissance airplanes are sched-
uled during the first synoptic period of EQUA-
LANT I (provided that a TIROS satellite is in
operation). Two DC-6 type planes will fly par-
allel tracks 300 miles apart from Recife to
Dakar and return the following day. If TIROS
operations permit, an extra flight may be made
from Dakar over the ICITA area prior to the
return to Recife.
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL
FISHERIES (BCF)
Vessel Operation: EQUALANT I - GERONIMO
and OREGON
EQUALANT II - GERONIMO
In an effort to standardize biological data,
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries provided
each participating vessel with all necessary
equipment and supplies for the determination of
primary productivity and measurements of the
standing crop of the zooplankton. Arrangements
are being made for performing the essential
Beta counting services for the primary produc-
tivity measurements and for determination of
the displacement volume of each zooplankton
sample.
Mr. Vernon E. Brock, Director, Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory,
Washington, D.C.,was approved by the IOC Sec-
retariat as the International Coordinator for the
ICITA. His duties, as defined in a resolution
adopted by the IOC, include, in part, ''coordinat-
ing and advising concerning schedules and pro-
grams of observations... .keeping all partici-
pants of the ICITA and interested organizations
informed...assisting, where practicable, in
procurement, loan and exchange of equipment...
convening meetings of the International Coordi-
nation Group and implementing the assembly
and preparation of the data resulting from the
ICITA for publication and preparation and pub-
lication of the Atlases."
U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC
SURVEY (USC&GS)
Vessel Operation: EQUALANT I - EXPLORER
Bathymetry - Plotting sheets and instruc-
tions for their use were prepared by the USC&GS
for use aboard each participating vessel, both
U.S. and foreign. It is anticipated that following
the field surveys these plotting sheets will be
535
assembled by the NODC and copies provided to
WDC/A and WDC/B.
Drift Cards - Several thousand drift cards
were prepared by the USC&GS for release from
the ICITA vessels. Each card, laminated in
plastic, carries instructions printed in English,
French, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian.
Tidal Data - The Tide Section of the
USC&GS will assemble all tide data from sta-
tions in the ICITA survey area for the period of
the investigations. These data will be prepared
for publication, as applicable, in both the Data
Reports and the Atlas.
Radio Central - The EXPLORER will serve
as radio central during EQUALANTI. The
communication capabilities aboard the vessel
were considerably augmented by the USC&GS
for the purpose. Instructions for transmitting
the encoded surface weather and upper air ob-
servations, as prepared through coordinated
effort of the USWB, USC&GS, USCG, USAF, and
NODC, were distributed to each vessel. The
daily forecasts for the survey area, prepared
by the USWB, will be received from NSS Wash-
ington and re-broadcast from the EXPLORER.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA
CENTER (NODC)
The NODC, at the request of the Interna-
tional Coordinator, assumed responsibility for
assembly and shipment of various encoding
forms for oceanographic data, coding manuals,
BT log sheets and instructions, meteorological
reporting forms and manuals, plotting sheets
for navigational purposes, and instructions for
selected standardized observations. (Translated
into French, Spanish and Russian by the Depart-
ment of State.) Sets of each of the above were
furnished to each participating vessel.
In cooperation with the USC&GS, the NODC
arranged the communication plan and schedules
for use during EQUALANT I. In addition to the
arrangements for communications among radio
central (EXPLORER) and the other vessels, ar-
rangements were made with Captain L. Capurro
of the Argentine Hydrographic Office for trans-
mission to the NODC of the data from at least
one complete oceanographic station each day.
Vertical sections of temperature, salinity, den-
sity and oxygen will be maintained as these data
are received via teletype through the Potomac
River Naval Command.
It was proposed by the participants in the
June Working Group Meeting that the NODC
536
assemble, exchange and publish the data from
both EQUALANT I and II, and prepare and ar-
range for publication of the ICITA Atlas. A
proposal for review by the International Coor-
dination Group (the ''Editorial Board") is in
preparation.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM (USNM)
A scientist from the USNM, working from
the GERONIMO, will collect and preserve fishes
(shipboard trawl hauls, night lighting, and shore
collections) for return to the National Sorting
Center. All zooplankton samples collected dur-
ing the 15-day synoptic periods are to be
shipped to the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Biological Laboratory, Washington, D.C. After
determination of displacement volumes, these
samples will be sent to the National Sorting
Center, USNM, for sorting, identification of
organisms, and preparation of lists of such
identifications.
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT (AID)
Funds were provided by AID for support of
the CCTA Trawling Campaign and for purchase
of oceanographic equipment for use aboard the
REINE POKOU (Republic of the Ivory Coast) and
the KIARA (Nigeria).
U.S. NAVY OCEANOGRAPHIC
OFFICE (USNOO)
The USNOO assisted in preparation of the
salinity samples for use in intercalibrating the
data from analyses made aboard the participat-
ing vessels, provided bathymetric charts for
use aboard the vessels and prepared and
printed a compilation of charts depicting the
distribution of various oceanographic proper-
ties in the ICITA area.
U. S. COAST GUARD
Vessel Operation: undesignated vessel in
EQUALANT II (commitment not firm).
36
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
The United States State Department arranged
clearance for U.S. vessels to operate in terri-
torial waters of foreign nations, expedited,
through arrangements with American Embas-
sies, the shipment and delivery of equipment to
the participating foreign laboratories and ves-
sels, and translated instructions for various
types of observations and sampling techniques,
common to each vessel, into French, Spanish
and Russian.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
Vessel Operation:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution -
CHAIN and CRAWFORD in EQUALANT I
Texas A & M - ALAMINOS in EQUALANT
II
University of Miami - PILLSBURY in
EQUALANT II
Scripps Institution of Oceanography - HORI-
ZON in EQUALANT II (commitment not firm).
U.S. scientists from Bingham Oceanographic
Laboratory, Yale University, Institute of Marine
Sciences of the University of Miami, New York
University, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
and Johns Hopkins University will undertake
various oceanographic, marine biological, geo-
logical, and geophysical programs aboard the
U.S. vessels. Oceanographers from Texas A&M
will participate aboard the Argentine vessel
A.R.A. COMODORO LASERRE.
The details of programs summarized above
relate primarily to EQUALANT I (February -
March, 1963): Preliminary plans for EQUA-
LANT II (August 1963) were prepared by partic-
ipants in the June IOC Working Group Meeting.
Preliminary plans and schedules are now in
preparation; some final details must await con-
sideration of results from EQUALANT I.
35-377 O - 64 (Face p. 536)
CRUISE TRACKS EQUALANT I
50 eae INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TROPICAL ATLANTIC
SFlppe ®
Fogol'o Sita
CHAIN BUOYS
‘\
\ FEB. 15-24
‘MAR. 18-27
x
f--
aS eee)
\. FEB.I5-MAR.I0 ee
\. MAR.I5- APR.7 ax
. CRAWFORD .
LOMONOSOV
Cayenne
: MAR. 4- MAR.22
‘
‘
~
MAR. 6-15
So Luk
(Maranheo)
ie : ; sae REINE POKOU
LEGEND con *
BRAZIL CRAWFORD
CHAIN ;
ha JAN.3I-FEB.2I
OREGON mi
. Naa,
Orig
cile
ARGENTINA
GERONIMO
EXPLORER
MAR. 18 -APR. 5 FEB SS Mans
MARI8- APR.5 hee
Sao Salvador $b — Benguela
=
Novo Redondo
St Helena ©
mayer ORO WASH OC
H.0.17169
FIGURE 1.
bossy + fe
es-e1.aaa/ \
is vS~ai AM,/ A
OL AAM 81.839
acA-81.naM 4
ARES
eee
Tey bs 234
oe
“~~,
\
)
gee
=
a
ae
\ :
bom Oa
A
Mein
ak ay Logins > 4
G . ae *
Bi ee
Le aw
Y ee na
ry +e
( A
sige é ie wot
gb 4 et om
eget OR 7: i,
Air n i
P, er a yr OD) Sepa
. ce a Cae Pea ll ‘ a, | SRDHIRETE oe Perea:
oad | de . de
kane P me
f ot mee Toe
aad Pu
Tree IeF st + sta ga ea ah
Met
th © Lume
y ‘
7,
‘ y i w\
Nd \
ae hy
‘ r Riywy Te wenger
\ ‘
a x e : ¥
: * hoetelive
ya . (DAL hme As a
Ky ve - ts 2 nae gh” Recighualo
SOO viee Ae ¥ ‘
We aa ef
hn
ORY
'
} Seva ig Bonk
¥ ar vit Prgms Pol
ig ay RS nag NR ty ct a il =
ty -->
yea: Epw Prny
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
537
APPENDIX B
UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION
IN THE
INTERNATIONAL INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION
Prepared by John Lyman, Indian Ocean Coordinator, National Science Foundation
ORGANIZATION AND HISTORY
The International Indian Ocean Expedition
(IIOE) was conceived at the first meeting of the
Special Committee of Oceanic Research (SCOR)
of the International Council of Scientific Unions
(ICSU) in September 1958. United States par-
ticipation was initially planned by the Commit-
tee on Oceanography of the National Academy of
Sciences (NASCO). The preliminary plan was
presented to the Federal Council of Science and
Technology in May 1960, and approval for United
States participation was announced by the White
House on June 13, 1960. Scientific responsibil-
ity for the United States participation was as-
signed to the National Academy of Sciences -
National Research Council, and the National
Science Foundation was directed to plan and
coordinate Federal support for United States
participation in the program.
At the request of the Director of the Na-
tional Science Foundation, other Federal agen-
cies with potential interest in the IIOE appointed
representatives to serve as single points of
contact and facilitate communication among the
agencies. As a result of meetings of these rep-
resentatives held during the summer of 1960, it
was determined that the preliminary plans were
inadequate to carry out the stated aims of the
IIOE, particularly in the areas of biological
oceanography and of air-sea interaction, and
following international meetings held by SCOR
at Copenhagen and Helsinki in July 1960, NASCO
enlarged its Indian Ocean Expedition Panel,
set up five Working Groups (Biology; Geology,
Geophysics, and Bathymetry; Meteorology;
Physical and Chemical Oceanography; and Ex-
pedition Data, respectively), and drew up an
enlarged program for U. S. participation.
During the spring of 1962 it was agreed be-
tween SCOR and the new International Oceano-
graphic Commission (IOC) that henceforth the
Secretary of the IOC would have responsibility
for coordination of the IIOE. Simultaneously
NASCO, as the United States adhering body to
SCOR, has felt it inappropriate for it to continue
39
to coordinate the United States participation in
the IIOE, and full responsibility for the United
States program thus has been assumed by the
National Science Foundation.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
The original Presidential directive in June,
1960, provided that United States participation
in the ITOE would be funded by normal budgetary
process. Accordingly, the United States Navy,
historically the chief Federal sponsor of basic
research in oceanography through its Office of
Naval Research, agreed to permit vessels whose
operations it finances through research con-
tracts at Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and
Lamont Geological Observatory to undertake
cruises to the Indian Ocean. Likewise the data-
processing facilities at the Navy Oceanographic
Office were put at the disposal of the U. S. par-
ticipants, and survey vessels in the Indian Ocean
were assigned to make oceanographic observa-
tions in support of the IIOE.
The National Science Foundation, which
supports research through grants made as the
result of applications proposing specific re-
search projects, encouraged United States re-
search institutions to submit proposals for re-
search connected with the IIOE, and took steps
to augment its available research funds by the
inclusion of a special item for the IIOE, com-
mencing with its Fiscal Year 1962 budget.
Other Federal agencies have been less
successful in obtaining the additional funding
required to permit them to operate themselves
in the Indian Ocean or to support research there
in fields related to their specific missions, and
in some cases the National Science Foundation
has transferred funds to enable these agencies
to carry out urgent programs related to the
IIOE.
The following tabulation, extracted from
the 1963 National Oceanographic Program,
538
prepared by the Interagency Committee on Oce-
anography of the Federal Council of Science and
Technology (with the addition of information
from the U. S. Weather Bureau) summarizes
planned Federal support of the U. S. participa-
tion in the ILOE through Fiscal Year 1963:
THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS
Fiscal Year 1961 1962 1963
USN 760 580 1,300
NSF 3 - 1,500 4,000
Bur. Com. Fish. - - 70
Weather Bureau - - 792
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM
BY DISCIPLINES
The United States program for the IIOE, in
accordance with the original stated aims of the
expedition, is devoted to the scientific examina-
tion of four great areas of interest in the Indian
Ocean. The first of these concerns itself with
the problems of why there is an ocean basin in
the first place; what are the forces that have
shaped and are continuing to shape the basin;
what are the resemblances between this piece
of the earth's crust and any other; and how is
the basin of the Indian Ocean dissimilar from
other ocean basins? The technicues used in
attempting to answer these questions are pri-
marily geophysical and geological, and they have
been or will be employed on expeditions sent out
by Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Lamont
Geological Observatory, Stanford University,
and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
The second broad area of investigation in-
volves the chemical and physical description of
the waters of the Indian Ocean, and the study of
their motions. The techniques used involve
sampling of the waters in predetermined pat-
terns, with respect both to horizontal distribu-
tion and to vertical spacing of the samples;
concurrent precise measurements of water
temperature; subsequent chemical and isotopic
analyses of the water samples; and determina-
tion of current flow at various depths by all
possible means. All United States ships partic-
ipating in the IIOE will be equipped for such
water sampling, and the direct measurement of
current flow is the particular object of a Uni-
versity of Rhode Island expedition embarked in
the Scripps Institution vessel ARGO (Knauss,
1961).
40
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
The third major field of interest is the liv-
ing populations, plant and animal, of the Indian
Ocean. All United States ships will be equipped
to sample plankton and to observe surface bio-
logical phenomena, and some will measure pri-
mary productivity. The research vessel ANTON
BRUUN will have biological oceanography as her
primary mission, and the Stanford University
vessel TE VEGA will concentrate on biological
and physiological studies of island groups and
other shallow water areas.
The fourth main area of research is con-
cerned with the interaction between the ocean
and the atmosphere. Several of the U. S. re-
search vessels that will work in the Indian
Ocean will be equipped to make upper-air me-
teorological observations, but the United States
will have the greater part of its meteorological
effort based ashore. Observations from mete-
orological aircraft of the U. S. Weather Bureau
and of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
working in connection with the International
Meteorological Center that has been established
with the assistance of the Government of India
and the United Nations Special Fund; from me-
teorological satellites; and from meteorological
buoys (to be planted in the Bay of Bengal and
Arabian Sea with the help of the Indian Navy),
will be utilized in the program (Ramage, 1962).
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS
OF INSTITUTIONS
As indicated in the preceding paragraphs,
research programs of all United States vessels
participating in the IIOE will contribute to at
least two of the four fundamental areas of inter-
est; many will contribute to three; and some to
all four. For this reason, it is more practical
to describe the programs in detail by setting
forth the past, present, and planned cruises of
each institution.
SCRIPPS INSTITUTION
OF OCEANOGRAPHY
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography of
the University of California at San Diego plans
to undertake three major cruises to the Indian
Ocean under the overall direction of Dr. Rob-
ert L. Fisher. The first of these, called MON-
SOON, was carried out by the research vessel
ARGO according to the following itinerary:
1960
19 October
23 October
13 November
14 November
18 November
7 December
10 December
1961
2 January
6 January
15 January
17 January
22 January
Schedule
ARGO left Darwin
Joined by M/V MALITA
MALITA detached
ARGO arrived Jakarta
ARGO left Jakarta
Arrived Mauritius
Left Mauritius
Arrived Fremantle
Left Fremantle
Arrived Hobart
Left Hobart
Arrived Wellington
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Program
Geological-geophysical exploration,
under Dr. R. L. Fisher. Emphasis on
two-ship seismic refraction work
between Darwin and Jakarta.
Same program, except for seismic
refraction. Emphasis on heat flow,
large-volume water-sampling;
topography.
Same
The following observations were made between Darwin and Wellington:
Underway Observations
Stati
Precision depth recordings
Gravimeter recordings
Towed proton precession magnetometer recordings
Insect collection, nets on superstructure
Bathythermograms
Surface Water Samples (for radio caesium).
on Operations
Seismic refraction stations
Gravity cores
Piston cores
Heat flow measurements by temperature probe
Hydrographic casts to bottom
Special 2-liter water samples
Midwater trawl hauls
One-meter standard plankton tows
17-cm vertical microplankton hauls
Bottom samples (biological)
Rock dredges
Large-volume water samples (c}* and trace elements)
Bottom photography
539
17,000 miles
15,500 miles
16,000 miles
13,800 miles
618
29
13 stations
18 stations
18 stations
In addition, some seismic reflection shooting was carried out, occasional air samples were
taken, gravity was measured in ports of call; rocks and biological specimens were collected in ports
of call; and large organisms were dip-netted at light lures on most night stations.
The second Scripps cruise, called LUSIAD, is also being carried out by the R/V ARGO, accord-
ing to the foll
1962
27 June
24 July
27 July
25 August
28 August
25 September
Owing itinerary:
Schedule
Leave Singapore
Arrive Mombasa
Leave Mombasa
Arrive Colombo
Leave Colombo
Arrive Cochin
41
Program
Studies of equatorial circulation during
one monsoon season, under Dr. John
Knauss. Hydrographic casts and direct
current observations with the aid of
anchored buoys.
540
1962 Schedule
1 October Leave Cochin
26 October Arrive Port Louis, Mau.
28 October Leave Port Louis
Arrive Fremantle
Leave Fremantle
Arrive Port Darwin
Leave Port Darwin
29 November
2 December
23 December
27 December
1963
15 January Arrive Jakarta
18 January Leave Jakarta
14 February Arrive Visakhapatnam
17 February Leave Visakhapatnam
15 May Arrive Mombasa
18 May Leave Mombasa
7 June Arrive Cape Town
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Program
In company R/V HORIZON: two-ship
seismic refraction work under Drs.
George G. Shor, R. W. Raitt, and R. L.
Fisher. Bottom-sampling; hydro-
graphic casts; heat-flow measurements.
C }4 collections under Dr. N. W. Rake-
straw. Topography, magnetism, grav-
ity, underway measurements; under
Dr. R. L. Fisher.
Repeat equatorial circulation during
second monsoon, under Dr. Knauss.
Geological-geochemical-geophysical
observations under Drs. George Bien,
John Belshé, and Charles Keeling.
The itinerary of the R/V HORIZON during LUSIAD is scheduled as follows:
1962 Schedule
Leave Suez
16 September Arrive Aden
Leave Aden
Arrive Cochin
17 September
27 September
1 October Leave Cochin
26 October Arrive Port Louis, Mau.
28 October Leave Port Louis
Arrive Fremantle
Leave Fremantle
Arrive Port Darwin
29 November
2 December
23 December
Besides serving as consort to the R/V
ARGO between Cochin and Port Darwin, the
HORIZON will carry out hydrographic studies
between Suez and Cochin and from Port Darwin
she will return to San Diego via the Pacific.
Figure 1 shows the track of MONSOON and Fig-
ure 2 that of LUSIAD.
The third planned Scripps cruise will be
carried out by the R/V SPENCER F. BAIRD be-
tween February and May 1964 under W. R.
Riedel. Emphasis will be on detailed strati-
graphic, geochemical, and heat flow develop-
ment in the central and eastern Indian Ocean
where earlier cruises have indicated areas of
especial interest. Continuous underway magne-
tometer recordings will also be made.
LAMONT GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY
Three cruises of the R/V VEMA have been
planned as part of the IIOE.
42
Program
Conduct underway reflection profiling
of Red and Arabian Seas.
In company R/V ARGO; two-ship seis-
mic refraction work under Drs. George
G. Shor, R. W. Raitt, and R. L. Fisher.
Bottom-sampling, hydrographic casts,
heat-flow measurements.
VEMA 16 Itinerary Figures 3 and 4
27 December 59 Left Cape Town
22 January 60 Arrive Mauritius
25 January 60 Left Mauritius
22 February 60 Arrive Fremantle
26 February 60 Left Fremantle
14 March 60 Arrive Adelaide
16 March 60 Left Adelaide
31 March 60 Arrive Wellington
Under the direction of C. Fray, as Chief
Scientist, VEMA made the passage from Cape
Town to Mauritius and from Mauritius to Fre-
mantle. More than 8300 miles of topographic
track was recorded with a precision depth re-
corder in the southern Indian Ocean. The ex-
istence of a mid-ocean ridge and associated
rift valley was verified by six crossings of this
topographic feature. A towed magnetometer
produced a continuous plot of the totai intensity
of the earth's magnetic field along the ship's
041
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
A pe
YD AY Hinosr
NOINN
[Seer |
T96T* Ue L-O96T* 490 |
| £yderZourscg9
1 jo
UOT NAT 4ASUT
sddtaog
NOOSNON
oer,
ayeutxouddy
43
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
542
OSuy-SaGNis TWid3es
WOZIwOH -STONAS Wid3ds
%
ws
Z ons
Udi
HONauL WvIS3NOON!
4O $310N4S 2113N9VA ONY
AAIAVED “JIHSVEDOdOL WID3dS
£961 aunp-c96T aunt
fydeaZoues0g Jo uotynyTasuy sddtaszos
QVISNT 1OgJ syoesy, pouueTd
44
043
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
20// 200/ 206 208
gS
vidvaeisny : BS
St rt eee moots = oo
€ oIn31q
LOHS 4VvjJOS
NOILVLS DIHdVYSONGAH
NOILVLS VWYH3ANV9
3400
ooe@
98S $931
91 3SINYD VWW3A
v9
SNILISNVN
——— —_—— —— —
37%
45
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
044
P ans
Lous uvsos » |
® NOILVLS OIHdVY9ONGAH + |
' 6 NOILVLS VY3NVO 2 |
300 0 |
oe 882 S937 :
91 3SINYD VWN3A |
5 eae
: |
|
I
Was
oO£
46
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
track. Forty-seven piston cores of the bottom
sediment were obtained. Multiple photographs
of the bottom were taken at 23 stations. Thirty
hydrographic stations were occupied and con-
sisted of serial observations of temperature,
salinity, and oxygen. Sixteen large volume wa-
ter samples, representative of all of the water
masses, were collected for C-14 age determi-
nation. Biological collections included 11 bot-
tom trawls and 80 plankton samples. Additional
observations included measurements of the heat
flow through the ocean floor, and propagation of
sound through the SOFAR channel.
Under the direction of John E. Nafe, as
Chief Scientist, VEMA made passages from
Fremantle to Adelaide and from Adelaide to
Wellington. During the early part of this pro-
gram seismic refraction measurements were
undertaken in cooperation with HMAS DIAMAN-
TINA. During the remainder of the passage the
program of observations underway and at sta-
tions was closely similar to that of the Cape
Town to Fremantle traverse.
VEMA 18 Itinerary Figure 5
3 June 62 Leave Cape Town
20 June 62 Arrive Mauritius
22 June 62 Leave Mauritius
12 July 62 Arrive Fremantle
14 July 62 Leave Fremantle
1 August 62 Arrive Wellington
Underway Observations
Precision depth recordings
Gravimeter recordings
Magnetometer total field intensity recordings
Bathythermograms
Seismic reflection
Surface water temperature
Station Operations
Seismic refraction profiles
Gravity cores
Hydrographic casts
Large-volume samples for C14, H3 Sr, Cs
Microbiological sampling
Plankton sampling
Bottom trawling for biological specimens
Sound velocity and transmission measurements
Bottom temperatures and temperature gradients
Bottom dredging for rocks
Bottom photography
In Port Observations
Rock collections
35-377 O—64_36
545
Manik Talwani, as Chief Scientist, directed
the work of VEMA from Cape Town to Mauri-
tius. Marcus Langseth was in charge from
Mauritius to Wellington. The underway pro-
gram included continuous magnetic, topographic,
gravity, and seismic reflection measurements.
At the Stations cores and Camera Stations were
the most common combinations, with more em-
phasis than usual being placed on plankton sam-
pling. In the area south of Australia a number
of bottom trawl stations have been occupied.
The passage from Bass to Wellington was be-
gun about July 25th. Particular emphasis is
placed on comparison of total sediment thick-
ness with that found in the Atlantic Ocean.
VEMA 19 (1963)
VEMA 19 (1963) is being planned to enter
the Indian Ocean via either Suez or Cape Town,
proceeding to Kerguelen and thence to Freman-
tle. The new R/V CONRAD, to be operated by
Lamont Geological Observatory, will also spend
three months in the Indian Ocean in 1963.
During all VEMA cruises, the following
program is being carried out under the su-
pervision of the investigators named. Dr.
Maurice Ewing is the principal investigator on
all VEMA cruises.
Bruce Heezen
J. L. Worzel
J. R. Heirtzler
R. Gerard
J. I. Ewing
M. Ewing
Charles Drake
J. E. Nafe
J. 1. Ewing
C. Fray
R. Gerard
W. Broecker
P. R. Burkholder
Alan Be
Alan Bé
J. 1. Ewing
M. Langseth
C. Fray
M. Ewing
C. L. Drake
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
546
G Indy
= hor == Wwe Soi, Te 00) SP i. 06: St SR EE Ee ee eee ee, ee eee: oz
ri Boe es ees |
' a \ *
(97eUt24TR) 61 VWHA ae
|
|
|
|
\
soup
Poi ee €96T-296T
ay. | | £1072 AIESqQQ
; Vata” se: > Eee eee Fo i We) ee [Teotsop~oe5
es f, A, veuns g vy 1 CENEI. m™, Vy, — viavuyv ae quourey
fe Sa ‘ Gi. = : aa
4 mek at, RF aca he S & | 60 pue et
a Naess syns y oN A & Sastnig
=) a a Fy, Janws : WWHA
a Ea i. ee one eee eee FEST ES NB WN ProesL pouuera |
-001 306 SOG GOL ea a eOO EE SORE Oe =e =
48
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 547
UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND
Under Dr. John A. Knauss, the Narragansett Marine Laboratory of the University of Rhode Island
is carrying out two three-month studies of the equatorial current circulation in the Indian Ocean
~ aboard the R/V ARGO, whose cruise itinerary has been given above. Planned locations of the sec-
tions are shown in Figure 6.
WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, under the direction of Dr. Paul Fye, is planning the
following cruises to the Indian Ocean:
1963 June - Nov. ATLANTIS Physical and chemical studies in Red and Arabian Seas
and Agulhas Current (Figure 8)
1964 Sept. - March CHAIN Geophysics and submarine geology between Socotra and
Cape Agulhas (Figure 7)
1965 Sept. - March CHAIN Geophysics and submarine geology, Cape Agulhas to
Laccadives, Chagos to India, India to Suez (Figure 7)
1965 Feb. - July ATLANTIS I Physical and chemical studies in Red and Arabian Seas
and Agulhas Current (Figure 8)
The programs indicated for the CHAIN and ATLANTIS II respectively are the primary ones.
The CHAIN cruises will also include physical and chemical oceanography and the ATLANTIS II
cruises geophysics and submarine geology. Key scientists involved in the above program are Earl E.
Hays, J. B. Hersey, C. O'D. Iselin and A. R. Miller.
In addition, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution will also have scientific responsibility for
the operation of the R/V ANTON BRUUN, which will be devoted primarily to biological work. Under
the direction of Dr. John H. Ryther, assisted by Dr. Edward Chin, the following schedule has been
established:
Arrive Sail
1963
Cruise 1 (Feb. 8) Feb. 18 Bombay Dredging and bottom trawling on conti-
Feb. 26 Feb. 28 Puket, Thailand nental shelf additional (Figure 9).
Mar. 13 Mar. 16 Rangoon
Apr. 15 Apr. 18 Vizagapatam
Apr. 29 May 2 Madras
May 7 Bombay
Cruise 2 = May 17 Bombay Midwater and/or surface collecting
May 19 May 22 Ceylon additional (Figure 10).
Jun. 27 July 2 Port Louis, Mau.
Jul. 22 - Bombay
Cruise 3 - Aug. 1 Bombay Midwater and/or surface collecting
Aug. 21 Aug. 25 Port Louis additional (Figure 9).
Sep. 16 - Tamatave
Cruise 4 - Sep. 27 Tamatave Dredging and bottom trawling on conti-
Oct. 11 Oct. 15 Aden nental shelf additional (Figure 11).
Nov. 5 Nov. 10 Karachi
Dec. 1 - Bombay
49
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
548
“pyin 3109
50
549
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
L eanst gy
6961-1961 oa
T96TTEI6T “NIV
VolNsv Hinos: |
NOINN i
201
™
bata a) VMIANVONVAL s
Sy ‘
»
v
ot
“NIVHO A/}
NOTAaD
(s3sinud 3011
4AN3YYND 40 SONI
-ONId 3H1 NO G3SVE
NOISIA3Y OL LOarEns)
s96r
HOUVNN-#96L 1d aS
v96t
HOYVA- £96) 143s
NOIINLILS NI
JIHdVYSONV3D0
310H SQO0M 3HL 30
sasinud
Av IISAHdO039
93S0d0ud
OL +09 205 Ub
51
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
590
8 9Ind14
08 OL 209
06 Or ply soz
0
ie
oe ery
INZYYND SVHINSV
@ V3S NVI€avUuV
AHdVY9ONV300
AvOISAHd}
ell
S961
AVW-AYVOANUS
ITSILNVILV cece
LAVUINIV
WV 9190108031 39N
® ILAv3A09NSI0
HLIM BAILVHY3Ad009
AHdVYSONV3AIO
TVOISAHd
€96) AON-3nnr
TL SILNYV TLV oom
52
dol
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
~ 29S Ob OF 202
Sc PO
1 OuwwOa ITiud \
TV NoIsEastog|
fe Shor
Voluswy Hinos:
NOINN
01
NnNua NOLNV
£9/‘dIS-9NV
€ ASINYO
£9,'Ydv-934
} 3SIndd
53
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
502
OT 91nd
| 1VONIE
NOTABOE ©)
(Pe)
Yd NOLNV YW, é
f~
SN!
tm
Gola HiINOSs?
*b9d3S-9nV
8 ASINYO
€9,‘1Nr-AVW
2 3SINYD
Nanda NOLNY
ay |
94
503
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
IT ernst
OF Pela 202
o2l Olt 209 ee hn a
oS TOuwnGs aoniua
4 NOIES 35504
Ob
Ob
2 Nanya NOLNV
ce
“Sh Or
2 Gols Hinos
NOINn i
1 NoWnaM
| 9
> Arian 202
1 ranvivoow
rowers! | auaueonen
a * sorvuyD
“if soovouve)#
j 7 [s
ol ne winowy, 01
= aon, F
Zp IO Sy 1 2ONAGIADLd
= VAY
JLNvUIMY
. soDvH>
n 5 a
i ) 77:
& 3 ‘ mm G2779HIATE
| 4 NOWUE NOLNY
*
anor"
ashe ft Vas NVIEVYV
VvuLoz0¢
' IvoNg@
"
Nvrrvany
v9‘ Tnr-Nar
: . 4 \ | 2 3SINYyd
cy! Re bee fe wos ~——«| £9,030 pio)
sao : Qe ae sino
Nanya Nouny |
an rr Ne eT Ae sean
55
504
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Midwater and/or surface collecting
additional (Figure 12).
Midwater and/or surface collecting
additional (Figure 13).
Dredging and bottom trawling on con-
tinental shelf additional (Figure 11).
Dredging and bottom trawling on con-
tinental shelf additional (Figure 10).
Dredging and bottom trawling on con-
tinental shelf and island groups addi-
tional (Figure 13).
Arrive Sail
1964
Cruise 5 - Jan. 13 Bombay
Jan. 24 Jan. 28 Victoria, Seychelles
Feb: 755 Feb. 9 Port Louis
Mar. 13 Mar. 17 Diego Garcia, Chagos
Mar. 23 Mar. 26 Cochin
Mar. 28 - Bombay
Cruise 6 - Apr. 9 Bombay
Apr. 30 May 4 Port Louis
Jun. 1 - Durban
Cruise 7 - Jun. 12 Durban
Jun. 23 Jun. 27 Lourenco Marques
aye, 3) Jul. 13 Tulear, Madagascar
Jul. 26 - Durban
Cruise 8 - Aug. 6 Durban
Aug. 19 Aug. 22 Beira
Aug. 27 Aug. 30 Mozambique
Sep. 9 Sep. 13 Zanzibar
Sep. 25 - Tamatave
Cruise 9 - Oct 13 Tamatave
Octs5 Oct. 12 Port des Galetes
(Reunion)
Octals Oct. 30 Victoria
Nov. 6 Nov. 17 Diego Garcia
Nov. 25 - Bombay
A full listing of the scientific personnel scheduled to participate in the ANTON BRUUN
cruises is given in the Appendix.
Under the direction of Professor Andrew
F. Bunker, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu-
tion will also operate a four-engined meteor-
ological aircraft over the Indian Ocean during
1962, 1963, and 1964. The plane will be in-
strumented for the large-scale determination
of turbulent transport and the various terms
in the heat budget. Four six-week trips are
planned. The ATLANTIS II will be equipped
with meteorological instruments and will make
observations in assistance of the program.
1963 October - December A
1964 February - April B
June - September Cc
On Cruise C a party of physiologists will
be embarked, and emphasis will be placed on
obtaining live Latimeria for physiological
study.
56
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
The Research Vessel TE VEGA will under-
take three cruises for biological and geological
collection and observation in and around island
groups and shallow water areas, landing shore
parties on atolls for intensive two- to three-
month studies. Extensive investigations of each
region by auxiliary vessel. Small boats, dark
room, some laboratory space, diving equipment
and dredging and experimental trawling to 100
fathoms. The following schedule has been es-
tablished (Figure 14):
Singapore - Nicobars - Andamans - Colombo
Colombo - Laccadives - Maldives - Chagos - Mauritius
Mauritius - Seychelles - Comores - Zanzibar
U. S. COAST GUARD
During May 1961, the U. S. Coast Guard
Icebreaker EAST WIND, returning from a trip
500
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
GL eAns1y
OL 209 20S Or 00
le fe
1 Gdwmed a5s1ue
>
iad
TV NOIESaSSO¥|
——
Oo
¢
4
4
Sh eOL
fyoiuav Hinos; *
NOINN
1 woonay ag j f See
Terahenn | ier AS po
5
J
2 -01
se &
: B\s 1
Soe vA IANVONWA : +
im earanoare ‘Pa ae:
A 7 iy
iR
Pu %
0
“ CS RONYE NOUNY
anor
’
zo U
H909 tm = 01
Vvu10306
=
EF irobAta EY eto} TWOWIE
a
Avawos ©
vas NvigVvyV
£9,YVW-NUP O}
G 3SINYO
e ye
: oe Nanua NOINY
en er Ee 1A AWS. .
teas, s IN ee
> “S ———! See
07
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
' 006
€1 ensta
Me Pie Oh
{vorusv .inosr %
% NOINN i
ae ae fr { i
fox: Bee. ra
pera ; 3 fa ~~ be eae
1 zanclwoow
a) = 6 nana pou |
C
eS,
sie
norsao I |
that WES
vONaa 4 NIHOOQ Septaors
———— Ny
01
a1 BiNVeIY
o
i
nears |
¥y
ace
mront penanvonet\
eEeN te he
b9,‘AON-L90 |
6Ss/189
bO'AVW-ddv
9 3SINYS
eh LonvavHse
Nnndd NOLNV
58
D070
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
els
”, Uh '
So LF foanvos
02
Od, ofall 001 106 ay +02 Ob 0 02
—— Tauenas abana
VolNav Hinos; ¢
NOINN
1 NOINNay
VORA aL
0
; 7,
Ol
1 vM10309 by
a
Re!
VIS NVIGVYY pat ®
J
P96! ‘d3S-NAP
9 :3SINwO !
b96h YdV-II4
@ :dSINUO
€961‘930-190
V :SSINYS
— at
et at 2 AL wnune 4
59
508
to the Antarctic with oceanographic observers
from the Hydrographic Office aboard, occupied
a line of hydrographic stations from Fremantle
west to 78°E, and then north to 4°N. Her track
is shown in Figure 15.
U. S. NAVY
Survey vessels of the U. S. Navy have oc-
cupied hydrographic stations in the Persian Gulf
and Andaman Sea, as shown in Figure 15.
Swinnerton and Sullivan (1962) have reported
some of the results.
The research vessels CHAIN of Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, ARGO of Scripps In-
stitution of Oceanography, and CONRAD of La-
mont Geological Observatory are owned by the
U. S. Navy, and their operations are supported
by the Office of Naval Research. The Office of
Naval Research also supports part of the oper-
ations of the VEMA and HORIZON. The Navy is
also providing one R5D aircraft for use in the
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution meteor-
ological program and is supplying a NOMAD
weather station. Support has been given to the
National Oceanographic Data Center for re- —
search on data processing for the NOMAD buoy
observations.
U. S. WEATHER BUREAU
Four planes of the Weather Bureau Re-
search Flight, normally based in Miami, Flor-
ida, in hurricane observation, will operate in
India from May to July 1963 and again in Janu-
ary and February 1964. The Weather Bureau
is also assigning two professional meteorolo-
gists to the International Meteorological Center
at Bombay. Radiosonde equipment is being
loaned by the Weather Bureau for installation
on the ANTON BRUUN and ATLANTIS II.
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL
FISHERIES
The research program of the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries in the Indian Ocean has
the following objectives:
1. To study the distribution and abundance
of adult tunas in relation to the circula-
tion during the two monsoon seasons.
2. To study the relation of the apex preda-
tors (tunas, marlins, sharks, etc.) to
the food-chain, standing crops and pro-
ductivity.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC
60
PROGRAM—1965
a. Organisms eaten (qualitative and
quantitative analyses of stomach
contents).
b. Standing crop of nekton (qualitative
and quantitative analyses of mid-
water trawl collections).
c. Standing crop of zooplankton (quali-
tative and quantitative analyses of
zooplankton collections).
d. Phytoplankton productivity (C‘* up-
take).
3. Investigate subpopulations (serology of
apex predators: tunas, billfish, and
sharks).
4. Distribution and abundance of larval and
juvenile fish (plankton and night-light
collections).
5. Zoogeography of zooplankton and zoo-
plankton forms as biological indicators
(distribution and abundance of selected
zooplankters such as copepods of the
genus Candacia).
6. Taxonomy, occurrence, and distribution
of demersal fishes and invertebrates.
This program will be carried out by per-
sonnel of the Bureau's Biological Laboratory,
Honolulu, aboard the ANTON BRUUN. On
cruises 2 and 5, a party of 8 fishermen and 3
scientists will be embarked to engage in long-
line fishing as follows:
a. On each cruise, fish 60 baskets of
gear at each station. Occupy 16 sta-
tions along each of two meridian; 13
of the stations to be at 5° latitude in-
tervals and remaining 3 stations to be
occupied in areas of high abundance.
b. Data and biological samples to be
collected.
(1) Catch (by species) and effort.
Length and/or weight of each fish.
Sex and general state of ‘matura-
tion.
(4) Preserve stomachs in 10 percent
formalin.
(5) Preserve ovaries in 10 percent
formalin.
509
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
O21 201k _ 2001 206 208 202 09 0S Ob
1 Ouvmaa apniud
pone 02
| |
{ = 0%
i
Dyson OO,
fr. Of
volusv Hinos; ‘f
NOINNA
ems fe
3 oS 202
en!
=
a yeO!
wvereva,\ euanvonval) A a 1
i: 1- Y |
=i y a
i 20
i)
20!
|
apes
3
i
1 1 3 33 g
a> | ! Na
soon | mee) wrarzevz," voanvonva) ; SS i
, be eoanoars hey te z oe
~~
RACH
aa joo
Beret! been ey ae
wie be 4 ie ea i Ee =e 1961
/) anf aie rit 7) SS ay vaune a : Ge Ww 4 a N " 3 o i . Ke
WSOMMOS| ; H 2 Ys. Sey
\ ; rar Cert t e af aN. |S") 270°Sn
? : cas A _lanvs AY H
; YEN
Or a ee = = Ses a - Se
21 ih 2001 06 08 202 09 0S UP
64
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Andaman Sea. The actual tracklines in the An-
daman Sea will depend in part on the results of
the work of the ARGO which returns from this
area in the early summer of 1963. In general,
however, there will be a series of sawtooth
crossings of the Andaman Sea carrying out all
of the standard underway observations with
special attention paid to the bathymetry and the
gravity work. Sediment cores and bottom photo-
graphs will be taken in the Andaman Sea along
these lines. Rock dredgings will be attempted
at places where the topography suggests that
rock outcrops might be present. Planned track-
lines in this area will be modified in the field
as dictated by the bottom topography and gravity
anomalies encountered. The pattern will include
at least two crossings of the Andaman-Nicobar
Ridge into depths of at least 3000 meters ~’est
of the ridge. These could conceivably be through
Ten Degree Channel and Duncan Pass. At the
northern end of the Andaman Sea, special lines
shall be run to determine if submarine channel-
ling extends seaward of the mouths of the Irra-
waddi River.
From the Andaman Sea, the ship will pass
into the Bay of Bengal where the underway op-
erations, cores (or dredgings), and bottom
photography will continue along a series of
East-West lines at approximately two-degree
spacing from the coast of Burma out to approx-
imately 88°E. Topographic, gravimetric, or
magnetic anomalies found along these lines will
be developed more fully. Special care will be
taken along the more northerly of these lines to
look for any southerly extension of the Ganges
Canyon. This has been surveyed in some detail
by the Pakistan Navy as far as the edge of the
continental shelf. The GALATHEA'S lines
showed that it extends south into the Bay of
Bengal beyond the shelf, but its extent is not
known. It is possible that the valley found by
the ALBATROSS east of Ceylon may be the ex-
tension of this Ganges Canyon. After a stop at
Calcutta, the PIONEER will carry out a detailed
survey of the Ganges Submarine Canyon sea-
ward of the continental shelf. The canyon will
be traced as far seaward as is possible. Cores
will be obtained from the canyon floor where
possible and attempts will be made to dredge
the canyon walls. Bottom photographs will be
obtained where camera lowerings appear feasi-
ble. If the canyon terminates well north of the
latitude of Ceylon, the east-west lines previously
65
563
run in the eastern Bay of Bengal shall be con-
tinued westward from 88° to the coast of India.
If the canyon continues south to or beyond Cey-
lon, it shall be followed to its termination with
cross sections run at frequent intervals.
On the termination of this project, the ship
will proceed to Trincomalee, Ceylon.
Leg III - Trincomalee to Djakarta
HO Charts 2523 and 3689 show hard ridges
through which has been cut a submarine canyon
that heads in Trincomalee and Goddiyar Bays
on the northeast coast of Ceylon. The canyon
has apparently been cut in quartzite and other
hard Pre-Cambrian rocks. The canyon extends
seaward to depths of at least 800 fathoms where
the soundings terminate. As the ship leaves
Trincomalee, this canyon will be traced seaward
with a set of profiles, and an attempt will be
made to dredge the steep walls. Sediment cores
and bottom photographs will be obtained where
possible.
Upon the completion of the canyon survey,
three north-south sections of oceanographic
stations will be occupied from 5°N to 5°S along
84°E, 88°E, and 92°E. Stations will be at 5°,
4°, and 3°, and at 1/2-degree intervals to the
Equator for a total of 17 stations along each
profile. The stations at 5°, 3° and 1°N andS
will be deep stations to the bottom, the others
will be to 2000 meters. Standard bottle spacing
will be used, except that depth of stations and
bottle spacing may be modified in the light of
other results obtained before the PIONEER
sails.
From the southern end of the easternmost
line (5°S, 92°E), the track to Djakarta is tenta-
tively planned to accomplish two crossings of
the northwestward extension of the trend of the
Java Trench. These would be underway obser-
vations as described above. The first line
would approach the Sumatra coast near Padang
and then turn southwest continuing to the latitude
of the Sunda Strait, thence due east through the
Sunda Strait to Djakarta. The tracklines be-
tween the end of the oceanographic stations and
Djakarta are only tentative and will be changed
to supplement the work of the ARGO currently
operating in this area. ;
064
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL SCHEDULED TO WORK ABOARD R/V ANTON BRUUN
CRUISE 1
R. T. Abbott
J. E. Bohlke
Hans Brattstrom
Brinton
M. Cohén
. J. Hargis
S. Hida
Isarankura
C. LaFond
LaFond
Norris
T. Pruter
Sudara
PP a ABA 0 FI
CRUISE 4
R. J. Barsdate
Robert Bieri
M. A. Byrd
L. S. Cieresko
R. C. Dugdale
R. Foster
F. Fraga
T. S! Hida
J. K. Kunnenkeri
R. Norris
A. T. Pruter
M. Watson
S. Watson
L. P. Woods
CRUISE 7
O. L. Bandy
M. A. Byrd
M. R. Carriker
E. Cutler
B. C. Heezen
R. J. Menzies
R. Norris
V. Orr
D. F. Squires
W. Wieser +
s
E
-M
R. Norris
R
M
CRUISE 2
M. A. Byrd
R. C. Dugdale
S. McDowell
J. A. McGowan
R. Norris
R. Shomura
S. J. Townsley
CRUISE 5
. J. Kuenzler
. M. Mullin
. Shomura
. Vannucci
CRUISE 8
J. Boss
. A. Byrd
B. Collette
Della Croce
Frontier
M. Johnson
. Menaché
Norris
M. Peres
D. Por
Springer
M. L. Wass
OU BEA eR
66
CRUISE 3
A. W. H. Bé
Robert Bieri
T. Chen
L. Clarke
C. Dugdale
W. Ebeling
W. Fell
H. Gibbs
J. Hargis
M
VO sts Pwo
n
. J. Townsley
CRUISE 6
R. H. Backus
D. M. Cohen
G. D. Grice
W. J. Hargis
G. W. Mead
D. McGill
R. Norris
P. J. S. Raj
CRUISE 9
F. G. Carey
W. J. Hargis
E. Kirstauer
R. Norris
E. L. Pierce
R. H. Rosenblatt
J. M. Teal
M. Watson
S. Watson
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 565
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1961
KNAUSS, John A., The International Indian Ocean Expedition, Science, 134: 1674-1676.
1962
RAMAGE, C. S., The United States meteorology program for the International Indian Ocean Expedi-
tion, Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 43: 57-61.
SWINNERTON, J. W., and J. P. SULLIVAN, Shipboard determination of dissolved gases in sea water
by gas chromatography, NRL Report 5806, 13 pp., U. S. Naval Research Lab.
67
y
th
A eee
Ki Maine
ay wis
t. Pater.
» MES bo, pe
i; “Wigsdk
‘woreh.
* ONY
a ag
bet Witte pik
SHURE
a
Hh Pe
Allen,
Haris
ite
Yo |
Oo wh
Kies hey
Ay) Asi HK Btiily HE
ft bitvre de #
th Shier
M Weuaeat
Smee d
Chute 0
Hi,
‘ ae
i ty i
Be ae
Bynis
Culbothe
WN, Sate. raat:
By h fey
* if be antain
if pal
tenet
Vie ia bag,
APPENDIX 7
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—FISCAL YEAR 1965,
SUBMITTED BY HON. JAMES H. WAKELIN, JR., ASSISTANT
SECRETARY OF THE NAVY, INCLUDING LETTER OF TRANS-
MITTAL, DATED MARCH 19, 1964, ADDRESSED TO SPEAKER
McCORMACK AND SIGNED BY PRESIDENT JOHNSON
J ror
: au a
T RERI“ZESGIA
| POLAATY CA0aTI— MASDONT HHA AgDOHAM 1 r
TVATEBIBGA AL WIAMAAW B BMMAT KOR Ya c
RMAAT TO AITO vi APIO YVAM WaT 10
‘POWAMIA OF GRRBGHAA beer Af BORAM O
VORVHOL THACI2AAT YX GAKOIR IMA MR
in 2 ert DCE YEAME ESSAY SOONER DRS SINC AED aay Matra etme as Ales
FISCAL YEAR
1965
INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE ON OCEANOGRAPHY
of the
FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
‘United States of America
ICO Pamphlet No. 15
March 1964
569
570 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Donatp F. Hornic, Chairman
Director, OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NyLe C, BRADY GLENN T. SEABORG
Director, Science and Education Chairman
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
HaroLp BRowN JAMEs E. WEBB
Director of Defense Administrator
Research and Engineering NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Joun C. CaLnoun, Jr. N. E. HALABy
Science Adviser to the Secretary Administrator
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY (Observer)
LELAND J. HAWORTH RAGNAR ROLLEFSON”
Director Director, Office of International
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Scientific Affairs (Observer)
J. Hersert HoLtomon DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Assistant Secretary for ELMER B. STAATS
Science and Technology Deputy Director
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE BUDGET (Observer)
BOISFEUILLET JONES
Special Assistant to the Secretary
for Health and Medical Affairs
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION
AND WELFARE
EDWARD WENK, Jr.
Technical Assistant to the Director
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Execulive Secretary)
INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE ON OCEANOGRAPHY
James H. WAKELIN, Jr., Chairman
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
(Research and Development)
RapM. H. ARNOLD KARO JoHN N. WOLFE
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
I. E. WALLEN
Donatp L. McKERNAN Museum of Natural History
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR Enwann WENK, JR. (Observer)
RapM. R. D. SCHMIDTMAN OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Us icoast euers ROBERT FLEAGLE (Observer)
Fae ee ee eee nu! OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RAGNAR ROLLEFSON
. ee: : EnocH L. Ditton (Observer)
Office of International Scientific Affairs BUREAU OF THE BUDGET
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Harve J. CARLSON ATHELSTAN SPILHAUS (Observer)
; NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION COMMITTEE ON OCEANOGRAPHY
Harry G. HANSON
Public Health Service
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,
EDUCATION AND WELFARE
RosBerT B. ABEL
Office of Naval Research
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
(Executive Secretary)
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM
PART 1: SUMMARY
FISCAL YEAR 1965
Interagency Committee on Oceanography
Federal Council for Science and Technology
MARCH 1964
Ou
co |
=
O12
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I
Foreword eee
I
II
Ill
VI
VII
Vill
Introduction ......... sree enone EL 5
Oceanic Research to Meet National Goals
. Improve National Defense
. Manage Resources in the World Ocean
. Facilitate Intelligent Legislation and Regulation
. Safeguard Public Health
. Protect Life and Property Ashore
Strengthen Basic Science
. Conserve Resources Held in Common
ae, ep) eal Teal te) fo) tee} a=
. Recognition of Foreign Policy Implications
FY 1965 Plans and Budgets
Interpretation of the FY 1965 Oceanography Budget uu...
A. Balance Between Research, Surveys, and Facilities ............ eh Mere
iByeATeas) selectedstom special pm phasiseregananttentetene aes
Relationship with Other Federal Research and Training Programs
Program Management ....
A. Planning and Coordination
B. Development and Review of Annual Programs
C. Gap Filling
D. Long Term Investments in Manpower Training
E. Data Control
Our Present Posture in Oceanography
Problems and Emerging Issues
ill
© © © co co TJ JI TI I ~H WP CO 6 OF CO ND NO HO SO
—
On Oe)
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM
PART 1: SUMMARY
FISCAL YEAR 1965
Interagency Committee on Oceanography
Federal Council for Science and Technology
MARCH 1964
FOREWORD
This summary of the National Oceanographic
Program for FY 1965 has been prepared particu-
larly for the U.S. Congress, as a background for
their consideration of the President’s budget trans-
mitted to the Congress January 21, 1964. An ac-
count is given of the diverse ways in which the
oceans contribute to the Nation’s security and
welfare, and an outline is presented of specific
plans and the associated funding required to ad-
vance our understanding of the sea and to exploit
this understanding. Also, details are provided of
the steps being taken under Federal leadership to
strengthen and coordinate this program with due
regard for thrift in the use of both manpower and
appropriations.
The National Oceanographic Program involves
participation of scientists, engineers, technicians,
and administrative officers from numerous univer-
sities, government agencies, and industry. But it
is the Federal Government that has had to assume
leadership and responsibility for funding a pro-
gram which both the Executive and Legislative
Branches have specifically endorsed to meet our
national needs.
From FY 1958 to FY 1964, Federal support has
grown from around $35 million to $124 million.
Support for the FY 1965 program, now before the
Congress, is projected to come to $138 million.
These funds are contained in the budgets of eight
major departments and independent agencies, a
distribution which illustrates the diverse ways in
which knowledge of the sea underpins accomplish-
ment of a variety of important statutory missions.
Yet, these components are fundamentally linked
together because all agencies must draw on the
same pool of scientific results. We have learned
that research conducted for one purpose will often
simultaneously serve for other practical ends; in
order to provide for coordination and for mutual
use of the results of research, there is an increasing
use of the “delegated agent’’ concept by which one
agency with specialized interests and competence
undertakes responsibility to support a critical ele-
ment of the program on which all other agencies
depend. Accomplishment of the government-wide
objectives thus depends significantly on support
for all parts of the program.
The President, in implementing this articulated
program, has sought to coordinate its varied parts
through the Office of Science and Technology
(OST) and the Federal Council for Science and
Technology (FCST). The Council’s Interagency
Committee on Oceanography (ICO) is called upon
to identify collective goals, to coordinate plans for
their achievement, and to make recommendations
for government-wide programs.
Carefully reviewed by the Council and OST,
these recommendations are then employed as guide-
lines by the participating agencies and the Execu-
tive Office of the President when making choices
as to priorities out of the entire spectrum of com-
peting needs for all fields of science and for all
functions of government. The product of this
process for FY 1965 has been integrated in the
President’s Budget for FY 1965 and is abstracted
in Special Analysis H.
Further details as to objectives, plans, and co-
ordination, together with an outline of emerging
issues that may influence the future development
of a vigorous program in oceanography are set
forth in this report.
573
574
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
I. INTRODUCTION
This Nation’s destiny has been vitally influ-
enced by the sea since the days of the early dis-
coverers and explorers. In their role as an im-
mense defensive moat, the oceans have permitted
the growth of our remarkable economy and the
~ development of our free institutions. The oceans
have also served as open highways for peaceful
commerce.
In the modern world, while these influences
which mutually fostered development of this Na-
tion as a world power remain important, there
are additional reasons for seeking a more thorough
understanding of the sea. Oceanic resources offer
an untapped potential for nutrition, for minerals,
for recreation, and for understanding the planet
on which we live. Storms tidal waves, and ice pre-
sent threats to life, to coastal beaches, to ships, and
property; damage from water and waves runs annu-
ally to hundreds of millions of dollars. Thought-
less contamination and pollution of the sea by
man can be disastrous. ;
The oceans are the last great frontier of our
planet. Apart from seeking to describe the geog-
raphy of this 71% of the earth’s surface, scientists
have looked to the sea for solutions to broader
questions concerning the origin of the universe
and the mysteries of life.
Despite these compelling reasons to understand
the sea, national awareness of its importance, and
interest in its exploration, have been uncertain
and variable.
In 1958, this country was spending less than
$35 million annually for studies in the oceans, out
of a national basic research budget of well over
$1 billion. Concerned that this feeble effort seri-
ously thwarted fulfillment of their statutory mis-
sions, a number of Federal Agencies requested the
National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to identify
the national requirements for oceanographic re-
search and to propose a ten-year program for their
accomplishment.
The Academy’s report catalyzed action by both
the Executive and the Congress and provided an
eloquent source of awakened public understand-
ing of man’s relationship to the sea. Almost im-
mediately after release of the report, the 86th
Congress took the initiative to examine its impli-
cations. In March 1959, Representative George
P. Miller began a series of extensive hearings under
the House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Com-
mittee. In April 1959, Representative Overton
Brooks introduced H.R. 6298, the first of a series of
bills extending through the 88th Congress, which
are concerned with strengthening the Nation's
oceanic research. In June 1959, Senator Warren G.
Magnuson introduced Senate Resolution 136 ex-
pressing Congressional intent to stimulate oceanog-
raphy as a matter of national policy. This Resolu-
tion passed unanimously. In July 1960, the House
Science and Astronautics Committee released a com-
prehensive report (number 2078) concurring with
the goals enunciated by the NAS and indicating that
the Committee was “open to persuasion’ that an-
nual Federal support should grow to levels of about
$160 million by 1970, rather than the $80 million
projected by the Academy. Acts of Congress passed
in 1960, 1961, and 1962 expanded the research
functions of the Coast and Geodetic Survey 1, Coast
Guard ?, and Geological Survey 3. H.R. 6997, which
would formalize the Executive planning process,
is pending.
The Executive Branch also acted on the basis
of the Academy recommendation. In 1959 the
Federal Council for Science and Technology, then
a newly formed “science cabinet,” undertook ap-
pointment of the Interagency Committee on Ocean-
ography to lay plans to correct the serious defi-
ciencies in the program. Increased funding was
begun in the FY 1960 budget. On 29 March 1961,
shortly after his inauguration, President Kennedy,
in a special message to the Congress, took note of
the comparatively primitive state of oceanography
in relation to its potential for the Nation, and
urged a step increase in funding for FY 1962 that
should bring this field into better balance with
other scientific and technical fields.
This was a conspicuous policy decision of the
President to make sure that this Nation would not
again lapse in its quest for knowledge of the sea.
Although the short-term practical needs for oce-
anic research were recognized, the intent of this
program was first to strengthen and expand the
tiny nucleus of oceanic scientists interested and
capable of doing fruitful research in the oceans,
and to provide modern tools for such research—
ships, instruments, and shore-based laboratories.
Strengthening these resources was a critical pre-
requisite to meeting the aggregate and competing
future requirements for these limited capabilities.
"+ Public Law 86-409, April 5, 1960 (74 Stat. 16).
* Public Law 87-396, Oct. 5, 1961 (75 Stat. 61).
5 Public Law 87-626, Sept. 5, 1962 (76 Stat. 427).
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
In 1963, the Federal Council approved the ICO’s
Long Range National Oceanographic Plan (1963-
1972) (ICO Pamphlet No. 10) which sets forth
in systematic form the objectives of the program,
substantive plans, requirements for funds, man-
power, ships, and facilities, and roles of partici-
II. OCEANIC RESEARCH TO
The Long Range Plan states that the national
goal is “To comprehend the world ocean, its
boundaries, its properties, and its processes, and
to exploit this comprehension in the public in-
terest, in enhancement of our security, our cul-
ture, our international posture, and our economic
growth.”
It is important to note that this statement and
its elaboration express the harmony of views of
the National Academy representing the scientific
community, the Federal Council representing the
President and Executive Departments, and the
Congress representing the nation as a whole.
Specific objectives or applications of our oceano-
graphic research program reflected in this broad
statement of goals arise from the following six
national needs to:
A. Improve National Defense
B. Manage Resources in the World Ocean
C. Facilitate Intelligent Legislation and Regula-
tion
. Safeguard Public Health
Protect Life and Property Ashore
Strengthen Basic Science
. Conserve Resources Held in Common
. Recognition of Foreign Policy Implications
Ome o
A. Improve National Defense
This Nation is dedicated to preserving world
peace. As a matter of policy we maintain military
capabilities necessary to meet challenges to the
peace. As a matter of policy, we maintain military
—the Polaris deterrent, antisubmarine and mine
counter-measure forces, carrier attack and amphib-
ious forces—all depend for safe, effective operation
on accurate knowledge of the ocean environment.
Development of nuclear propelled submarines
makes submerged operation for very long periods
possible, and this creates in the under-sea region
an arena for extensive naval operations, one that
must become familiar to us. It is essential that we
observe and study the sea from the surface to the
575
pating agencies for its development over the com-
ing decade. The President approved and _ for-
warded this plan to Congress through the Council
Chairman. The FY 1965 budget is the first of the
annual ICO budgets which has been prepared
within the context of the Long Range Plan.
MEET NATIONAL GOALS
ocean floor, the topography of the bottom, the
peculiarities of sound transmission through the
sea, the many complex effects of ocean turbulence,
currents, fish and plankton concentrations on naval
operations, especially on the detection and track-
ing of underwater vehicles. This information is
essential if we are to use the sea for concealment,
and if we are to anticipate the concealment which
our competitors may attempt.
B. Manage Resources in the World Ocean
Fish are a potent source of protein for the diets
of many underfed peoples of the world. But we
know very little of growth patterns and habits of
particular fish, reasons for their migration, or of
means to increase stocks and catches.
Ocean water and especially the ocean bed may
be the source of minerals that the world must ex-
ploit when ores and fossil fuels now found on land
are depleted. These resources are now unknown
in richness and distribution. Extensive, sophisti-
cated surveys may be required to inventory this
potential.
C. Facilitate Intelligent Legislation and Regulation
The “law of the sea” has historically been more
conscientiously accepted as a code of international
behavior than any other. Yet changes in prevailing
rights of sovereignty, transit, and conservation in-
creasingly depend on technological facts and sci-
entific understanding. State as well as Federal
legislators and policy makers must increasingly
depend on oceanic science. When the interests
of recreation, commercial fishing, sport fishing, oil
exploration, and waste disposal compete for use of
the same coastal resources, wise decisions that ex-
tend beyond preservation of the status quo can
only be based on the fullest knowledge of the
properties of the sea and its coastal areas. Inter-
national disputes on defense aspects and fishing
rights, which now occur with greater frequency,
and matters of ownership of undersea mineral re-
576
sources, sovereignty of straits or restricted waters
or of strategically located sea mounts are a poten-
tial source of tension, and must be subject to agree-
ments based on better data than now available.
D. Safeguard Public Health
Because of its size, the ocean has often been
regarded as an unlimited reservoir for waste dis-
posal. Yet, as we have learned about pollution in
an apparently unlimited expanse of fresh air, the
ocean must similarly be protected against unwit-
ting disposal of oily and industrial waste, sewage,
and radioactive materials. Data are required con-
cerning the potential dilution of waste by ocean
currents and concerning the food chain which may
involve transfer of substances or bacteriological
organisms harmful to man. Such inquiries have
become urgent in an increasingly urbanized society
wherein effluents may be concentrated in estuarine
and in-shore waters that are simultaneously sites
for recreation and the habitat of attractive sea
food.
E. Protect Life and Property Ashore
Improve weather prediction. Weather and cli-
mate on land are critically influenced by the sea.
Droughts, floods, blizzards, and tornadoes a thou-
sand miles from the sea coast are generated as part
of a complex process, driven by moisture evapo-
rated from the oceans. Without collection of es-
sential oceanic data related to meteorology and the
interaction of wind and water, accurate weather
forecasting will always be limited to short time
intervals.
Protect lives and property. The violence of the
sea in storm-propelled or tidal waves and hazards
from ice pose threats to life and property. Warn-
ings of tsunamis and hurricanes and of icebergs
are often of life-and-death importance. Also im-
portant is an understanding of the phenomena of
beach building and erosion, of countermeasures
by man which will contribute to the protection
of life and of private property.
F. Strengthen Basic Science
Past experience has demonstrated that our na-
tional welfare is critically related to the quality,
scope, and vigor of our scientific base. As the
demands of national security, of economic devel-
opment, and of related technical fields become
stronger, it becomes more and more important
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
that we provide a reservoir of intelligence—of
knowledge and of skilled talent—to meet specific
requirements and also to serve as a long range
investment to meet the unforeseen. Basic research
is important for its possible application. But it
also provides answers to important questions re-
garding the world around us, the origin of the
planet itself, the processes by which the continents
are formed, the evolution of life itself. Those who
pursue such knowledge for its own sake and share
it with humanity as a whole satisfy man’s basic
curiosity and need to understand the world in
which he lives. In the past these men have helped
modify man’s ways of thought in complex and far
reaching ways. The Federal Government has made
it a matter of de facto policy to maintain the
strength of the U.S. scientific enterprise, and to
broaden its geographic distribution around poten-
tial centers of excellence. Expanding the man-
power base in oceanography is a specific objective
of this program.
G. Conserve Resources Held in Common
Strengthen the fishing and shipping industries.
In the face of severe foreign competition, the Con-
gress has provided direct protection and subsidy
for the fishing and shipping industries. Such sup-
port may become more effective if oceanographic
information is fully and aggressively applied. With
a better understanding of fish behavior and de-
ployment of modern equipment, the fish catch can
be enhanced. Also, using data on surface wave
spectra, and improving sea state forecasting ships
can be more efficiently designed and routed for
fast freight delivery and reliable passenger serv-
ice.
Assist off-shore oil and mineral industries, and
recreational development, Although there are
numerous indications of rich mineral and oil
deposits that one day will claim commercial in-
terests, their exploitation does not provide im-
mediate incentives to private investment. Because
geologic maps of the continental shelves and
of the deep ocean are non-existent, the possible
economic benefits from the mining of common
substances or of trace elements that have been
concentrated by the sea are unknown. Such map-
ping, and study of prototype techniques for ex-
ploitation, which is beyond the present capability
of private interests, can be considered a logical
extension of mineral surveys and pilot plant op-
eration on land. These activities are of increasing
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
importance to our national economy as world-
wide demands for resources increase. In regard
to our rapidly growing demand for recreational
opportunities, oceanic research will aid protec-
tion and even extension of beaches, sport fishing
development, safety for boating, swimming, surf-
ing, and skindiving.
H. Recognition of Foreign Policy Implications
In addition to six explicit factors motivating
oceanic research, there is another concerned with
implementing foreign policy. Maintaining a strong
military capability is the necessary first step toward
world peace. But hunger and malnutrition con-
Ill. FY 1965 PLANS
The national program in oceanography repre-
sents the consolidation of plans of various agencies
whose statutory missions encompass achievement
of these previously described goals: the Navy pri-
marily has responsibility for defense; Interior’s
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, Gelogical Survey and Bu-
reau of Mines for resources development; the Coast
and Geodetic Survey, the Coast Guard, and Army’s
Corps of Engineers are concerned with protection
oT
tinue to debilitate many newly emerging nations
and threaten their desire for self-determination.
We are committed to helping other nations find
their rightful destiny and to employ science and
technology where it may lessen world tensions and
meet economic and social needs. We thus seek -
information about the sea that may help those
nations which suffer from indigenous protein de-
ficiency to use contiguous living resources of the ~
sea more effectively. In addition, because the oce-
anic phenomena affect all nations and are too
extensive for any one to explore alone, coopera-
tive international expeditions offer fruitful avenues
for discourse, planning, and use of scientific re-
sults to mutual advantage.
AND BUDGETS
mission for verifying safety of low-level radioactive
waste disposal; and the Public Health Service for
protecting the health of our citizens.
The trend in the aggregate obligations by these
agencies for oceanography is shown in Table 1:
Table 1.
Federal Obligations for Oceanographic Research,
Surveys and Facilities
of life and property; Maritime Administration with FY 1960 $ 55 million
improved sea transport; the National Science Foun- FY 1961 62
dation, Office of Education, and Smithsonian, for FY 1962 104
developing our national research and manpower FY 1963 124
resources, and to maintain the strength of the FY 1964 (estimated) 124
U.S. scientific enterprise; the Atomic Energy Com- FY 1965 (proposed) 138
Table 2
FY 1965 Obligations for the National Oceanographic Program, by Agency
Defense
Commerce
Interior
National Science Foundation
Atomic Energy Commission
Health, Education and Welfare
Treasury
Smithsonian Institution
35-377 O—64-— 38
Actual Estimated Proposed
FY 1963 FY 1964 FY 1965
$ 55,475 $ 54,631 $ 66,619
23,645 23,752 20,486
16,104 16,509 19,652
19,700 20,200 20,600
3,516 4,167 4,730
4,108 2,855 3,280
511 1,152 1,822
607 605 881
$123,666 $123,871 $138,070
578
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Table 3
FY 1965 Obligations for the National Oceanographic Program, by Function
(1)
Research
Instrumentation
Ships
Surveys
International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE)
Facilities
Data Center
(11)
Ship construction
Surveys and data collection in support of
research and agency missions
Research, Instrumentation, IIOE
and Facilities (Navy)
Research, Instrumentation, IIOE
and Facilities (Civil)
These budgets represent the collective plans of
Federal Agencies, coordinated in planning and
execution by the Federal Council’s ICO to meet
the collective goals outlined in the preceding sec-
tion and simultaneously to strengthen the base of
research and training resources required for the
future.
A summary of budgets is given in Volume 2,
with a breakdown by agency, year, and functional
area.
The FY 1965 budget for oceanography achieves
the goal, enunciated by President Johnson in his
budget message of January 21, 1964 to meet na-
tional needs while keeping costs under tight con-
trol. The oceanographic component has also been
developed from careful planning in relation to
other needs and requirements which compete for
Federal support. Finally, the research budget was
developed taking into consideration the rate at
which this field can grow so as not to outdistance
Actual Estimated Proposed
FY 1963 FY 1964 FY 1965
$ 46,410 $ 58,722 $ 69,143
6,658 6,386 9,110
37,250 27,387 21,350
18,036 21,916 25,014
5,802 5,582 3,979
8,875 2,937 8,420
635 941 1,054
$123,666 $123,871 $138,070
Actual Estimated Proposed
FY 1963 FY 1964 FY 1965
$ 37,250 $ 27,387 $ 21,350
18,671 22,857 26,134
26,700 31,917 41,177
41,045 41,710 49,409
$123,666 $123,871 $138,070
the specialized science skills upon which it de-
pends.
It should be recognized that this national pro-
gram in oceanography is a multi-disciplinary enter-
prise that embraces both basic and applied research
in classical disciplines of biology, physics, chem-
istry, as well as engineering applications related
to the sea. Moreover, expansion of knowledge
about the sea entails a dual activity of (a) stating
and solving problems using methods of mathe-
matics and the basic sciences, and (b) observing
the gross features of the ocean. Historically the
first endeavor was characterized as “oceanology,”
the charting and mapping being designated as
“oceanography.” These two mutually supporting
activities are in this budget termed “research” and
“surveys.”
Research has been classified by five problem
areas, shown in Table 4:
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
579
Table 4.
FY 1965 Obligations for Oceanographic Research, by problem area
Objective
. Physical properties and motion of the sea
. Ocean-atmosphere interrelationship
. Biological properties
. Structure and history of the ocean floor
. Modification of the sea
Totals *
GB oo PO
Approximate Proposed
FY 63 BY SOs: FY 65
11,812 15,000 20,524**
4,000 5,500 5,890
15,000 18,500 18,611
12,500 15,000 19;235 =e
8,900 10,000 8,862
52,212 64,000 735122
“These figures include support for research performed within the International Indian Ocean Expedition Program.
They equate to the sum of the Research and IIOE functional areas in the budget tables. By prior arrangement, the
meteorology program carried out within IIOE is reported by the Interdepartmental Committee on Atmospheric Sciences;
this tends to depress the apparent support given to objective II.
®*Some areas of research have received increased emphasis because of new development or urgent needs in these
areas. Marine biology has been a field set aside for special emphasis.
These categories of research problems, while
mutually exclusive, are necessarily arbitrary. Ship
operating costs, small laboratory equipment, and
expendable supplies are included with research.
The International Indian Ocean Expedition has
been separately listed in Table 3 because of the
very extensive nature of U.S. commitments but, by
class of activity, it is considered research.
Again, further details are set forth in Volume II.
It should be understood that a substantial frac-
tion of the research is conducted in private and
university laboratories and that grants and con-
tracts are awarded by the National Science Foun-
dation, Office of Naval Research, and other agen-
cies on the basis of merit and available funds.
Surveys can be characterized best by the follow-
ing table showing the number of ships by geo-
graphical areas in which survey operations are
scheduled during FY 1965.
Table 5.
FY 1965 Operating Areas of Survey Ships
Atlantic
Western Atlantic 4 large 1 small
Southeast Coast of USA 1 large 4 small
North Atlantic 1 large —
Gulf of Mexico 1 large —
Western Tropical Atlantic Zancai
Pacific
Western Pacific (mostly
Japan-Philippines area) 4 large 1 small
Eastern Pacific 1 large —
North Pacific 4 large —
Indian Ocean 1 large —
Unassigned (on shakedown) 3 large —
These surveys include measurement of water
depth, water temperature, salinity, magnetic field,
gravity, samples of bottom sediment, and biota.
Capital plant expansion in the form of new
ships, new instrumentation, and new shore facili-
ties, are also detailed in Volume II.
Funding for the National Oceanographic Data
Center, a Navy-administered but jointly funded
data bank, is also separately described.
580
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
IV. INTERPRETATION OF THE FY 1965 OCEANOGRAPHY BUDGET
A. Balance between Research, Surveys, and Facilities
The $138 million proposed for FY 1965 repre-
sents 11% growth over Congressional appropria-
tions for FY 1964. Considerably below Presidential
requests, FY 1964 appropriations just equalled FY
1963 levels. To maintain the effective cutting edge
of research and training, the new budget has been
carefully tailored to foster growth in the conduct
of research. Levels are proposed of $73 million,
up from $64 million in FY 1964 and $52 million
in FY 1963. Sustaining this momentum has been
accomplished by slowing down ship construction.
In the long run, the program may benefit by this
decision because of the opportunity deliberately
taken to evaluate performance of new ships already
in operation or funded, before proceeding with
construction of duplicates. Opportunity will also
thus be afforded to explore the emerging potential
of such unconventional data gathering tools as
unmanned buoys, submarines, and FLIP-type plat-
forms. Growth in research funding is not a direct
yardstick of growth in program scope, however,
because unit costs of doing research continue to
increase annually, and because ship operating ex-
penditures are now reflecting important additions
to the oceanographic fleet.
Another consideration in preparing the FY 1965
budget was an assessment and confirmation of the
balance between funds, number of ships, and num-
ber of available qualified oceanographers.
B. Areas Selected for Special Emphasis
Relative emphasis as between goals is best under-
stood by reference to the budget breakdown by
agency. As revealed in Table 2, roughly half of
the budget is supported by the Defense Dept. and
associated with national security. This is consist-
ent with the 46% of the total Federal R & D
budget funded by the Department of Defense.
New growth in the National Oceanographic pro-
gram is primarily in the Navy’s component, re-
flecting heightened interest in environmental fac-
tors which influence naval performance.
Considered by problem area, a sharp growth in
physical oceanography and geophysics, problem
areas I and IV has resulted.
Two special substantive areas have been identi-
fied and earmarked for special emphasis. These
are the air-sea interaction, problem area II, and
research in the deep oceans (parts of all five prob-
lem areas). In both cases, an expansion in research
effort is being encouraged because of the increas-
ing opportunities to solve old problems with new
tools for research—buoys, deep diving submarines,
telemetering, etc. Inasmuch as program planning
must precede funding, the attention being directed
to these areas will not be reflected in later budgets.
However, special studies are being made that will
be published as separate reports by the ICO later
this year.
Geographical areas receiving special attention
in Fiscal Year 1965 include:
a. Indian Ocean: The International Indian
Ocean Expedition, involving significant support
from twelve nations, will continue. As field opera-
tions phase out in FY 1965, attention will center
on data analysis and dissemination.
b. Tropical Atlantic: Field operations in the
International Cooperative Investigation of the
Tropical Atlantic, involving ten nations, will ter-
minate. Effort will be mainly devoted to data
analysis and publication of atlases.
c. U.S./Japan Investigations of the Pacific: Pur-
suant to a bilateral agreement between the two
nations, a number of individual cooperative proj-
ects in Pacific oceanography will be prosecuted.
V. RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER FEDERAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROGRAMS
To facilitate understanding of the oceanographic
program, it is important to recall that other pro-
grams sponsored by the Federal Government con-
tribute to knowledge of the ocean, although they
are not catalogued under this definition. For ex-
ample, basic research in classical disciplines such
as biology, geophysics, mechanics, and even mathe-
-]
matics and now in engineering contribute impor-
tant fragments of answers to questions about the
sea.
Expenditures for basic research as a whole, in-
cluding oceanography, are expected to grow as
follows.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Table 6
Expenditures for conduct of Basic Research
(in millions of dollars) +
FY 1963 FY 1964 FY 1965
All agencies 1,350 1,657 1,809
NASA (including
booster costs) 525 727 790
All Agencies
except NASA 825 930 1,019
1 Source; The Budget FY 1965, Special analysis H; Page 409.
On the more applied side of the program, the
Navy is funding programs in ASW and in ship
hydrodyn- mics. In response to the THRESHER
disaster and a subsequent special study of deep
submergence vehicles, the Navy is expected to ex-
pand its capabilities for search, rescue, and sal-
vage.* These separate new programs should con-
tribute engineering knowledge concerning ships,
structures, vehicles, and equipment to operate in
and under the sea, results that should provide
better tools for basic research, and also lay ground-
581
work for engineering application of oceanographic
research. Basic research and civilian engineering
stands to gain greatly from a program of Navy
development, and special steps are being taken to
assure a rapid flow of new engineering information.
Accelerated physiological studies on manned
free diving under Navy sponsorship, should lay a
durable base for a more concerted attack on the sea.
Coordination is also being effected with other
government-wide programs, developed under the
Federal Council, such as for air-sea interface re-
search of mutual interest to the Interdepartment
Committee for Atmospheric Sciences and the In-
teragency Committee on Oceanography.
Finally, in the areas of manpower, education,
and training, numerous programs funded by NSF,
National Institutes of Health, and the Office of
Education provide fellowships, matching funds
for research facilities, etc., that may concurrently
serve needs in oceanography, although not so de-
lineated. Such support was recently expanded for
graduate education in engineering, through a new
training grant program in NSF.
VI. PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
A. Planning and Coordination
The national goals expressed in the Long Range
Plan and restated in Section II are reflected in
existing statutory requirements of some 20 Federal
Agencies. Yet, the program as a whole is not the
specified responsibility of any single one. When
stimulation of this field was deemed necessary, it
Was necessary to choose between strengthening ex-
isting programs, or excising jurisdiction for ocean-
ography from the many agencies now involved
and recombining these interests in a new Federal
Oceanographic Agency. Because of the relevance
of research in the oceans to broader missions: to
defense, to the protection of public health, to im-
prove weather forecasting, etc., the first alternative
was chosen. Coordination thus became essential
to the healthy growth of this program, to minimize
both unwitting duplication and to minimize gaps.
The role of the Federal Council for Science and
Technology, and of its Interagency Committee on
Oceanography in coordination and in program and
budget planning has already been described.
In addition to these continuing responsibilities,
* Report of Deep Submergence Systems Review Group,
March, 1964
the ICO has taken the initiative in the following
matters. Oceanographic data collected by separate
agencies are now centrally standardized, depos-
ited, and made available for distribution. Ships
schedules of all agencies and laboratories are
published in advance to permit the efficient shar-
ing and utilization of facilities by others. Gov-
ernment-wide manpower requirements are co-
ordinated. To foster interest on the part of young
students, a report cataloguing oceanography cur-
ricula of all U.S. universities has been published.
A special study has been undertaken to determine
the demand, the sources of supply and the mobil-
ity of oceanographic manpower, as a guide to
the investment of future training funds and as
a model for understanding manpower dynamics
generally. Under ICO direction, with Coast and
Geodetic Survey acting as a delegated agent, an
operations analysis is being conducted to optimize
planning for effective, economical surveys using
modern techniques of data gathering, and to meet
a variety of needs for data. Finally, in concert
with the State Department, the ICO develops
plans and U.S. position for international coopera-
582
tive efforts, especially for the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Such inter-
change is in our national interest because it fosters
the collection of data beyond the capacity of a
single nation. Cooperative research also provides
an additional avenue for world understanding.
B. Development and Review of Annual Programs
This is the fourth annual development of a
government-wide program in oceanography trans-
mitted to the Congress. By no means a rigid blue-
print, the plans developed by ICO are intended as
guidelines to individual agencies and the Executive
Office of the President when making final budget
determinations.
The planning process comprises three steps:
1. Preparation of programs and budgets on a
functional basis by ICO Panels, their screening,
refinement, and consolidation by the parent com-
mittee;
2. Evaluation of that program by an independ-
ent panel of consultants, convened by the Director,
Office of Science and Technology, and by the OST
staff; and
3. Consideration of these proposals, recommen-
dations, and criticisms by the Council, with en-
dorsement that represents a single coherent plan-
ning guide for all participating agencies to use in
budget preparation.
The quality of research is sustained in each
agency by the normal processes of proposal evalu-
ation, contract, or grant administration, and by jus-
tification processes at various levels in the agency.
In addition, as noted in the planning sequence, the
collective plans and programs of agencies are sub-
ject to further review by consultants from industry
and universities convened by the Office of Science
and Technology. These consultants evaluate the
proposals by the ICO for scope and balance, and
test them against the needs and opportunities as
set forth by the National Academy of Sciences
Committee on Oceanography (NASCO), supple-
mented by more recent contributions from the
scientific and engineering community.
C. Gap Filling
Insuring that important research problems or
possibilities for development are not overlooked
is the most important administrative function re-
lating to the oceanographic program. Gaps in the
program may occur through (a) the emergence of
new fields lying between the missions of existing
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
agencies, and (b) through delay in recognition of
new possibilities.
Each of these possibilities is monitored continu-
ally by the ICO through its research panel, by OST
through its staff and consultants, and by the Na-
tional Academy of Sciencies through its Committee
on Oceanography. Examples of problems and po-
tentialities which have been identified in this way
include marine biology, air-sea interaction, deep
submergence vehicles, and ocean engineering.
D. Long Term Investments in Manpower Training
Federal stimulation of oceanographic research
carries with it the responsibility to support the
longer term training of the manpower needed to
carry Out the program in the future. A large num-
ber of well trained scientists and engineers will be
required to carry out future programs, and the
changing demands of a science which is rapidly
becoming more and more sophisticated must be
reflected in steadily improving quality of our uni-
versity teaching programs. The Federal Govern-
ment through its fellowship and training programs
and through research grants and contracts, is sup-
porting rapidly growing educational programs in
Oceanic sciences at uMiversities scattered through-
out our country. In many cases a trained scientist
and a curious, energetic student may explore na-
ture together on a campus remote from the sea,
obtaining their original data or testing their hy-
potheses through cooperative arrangements with
other institutions.
E. Data Control
To meet the need for a centralized repository,
the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC)
has been established in Washington, D. C. Policy
guidance is provided by an advisory board repre-
senting six supporting agencies and the National
Academy of Sciences. The Naval Oceanographic
Office furnishes administrative support.
In addition to its original functions of organizing
data collection, archiving, and editing of inherited
data, the NODC now devotes much of its effort
to serving the research users of data. For example,
56% of the total dollar receipts for FY63 data
services were for data evaluation and analysis.
By its charter, NODC is “responsible for acquir-
ing by exchange, gift, or purchase, oceanographic
data of scientific value from domestic or foreign
sources.” To this end, exchange relationships have
' been established with the new Canadian Oceano-
graphic Data Center and similar arrangements are
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
in process with upcoming centers in Australia, New
Zealand, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The
transfer of World Data Center A, Oceanography
(WDCA), a repository for IGY results, to space in
the data center has simplified these exchanges. In-
ternational agreements have been made to facilitate
exchanges between WDCA and its counterpart
WDC-B, in Moscow. NODC also cooperates with
the International Council] for Exploration of the Sea
(embracing 16 European nations) and 30 other
583
foreign oceanographic organizations. NODC is proc-
essing the data from the International Indian
Ocean Expedition and the International Coopera-
tive Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic.
NODC is promoting and using modern tech-
niques of data handling and retrieval. Under pres-
ent development are systems for sorting and re-
trieving biological and geological-geophysical data,
better data interpolation techniques, and field
quality control methods.
VII. OUR PRESENT POSTURE IN OCEANOGRAPHY
A great deal of progress has been made, and the
FY 1965 budget proposals within overall budget
guidelines are minimum to sustain the program. If
the President's FY 1965 proposals are accepted, then
during the past five years the Federal Government
will have invested $134 million in new ships ex-
pressly for oceanography. For the first time in this
Nation’s history, we have the beginnings of a fleet
of efficient floating laboratories and are starting to
replace the present inadequate facilities. With the
addition of ships newly completed or funded, ton-
nage of ships for oceanographic and fisheries re-
search will have increased more than 50%. Also,
during the past five years, the Federal Government
will have invested $39 million in new shore facili-
ties. Most important, the annual support for con-
duct of research and associated instrumentation
will have grown from approximately $27 million in
FY 1960 to $83 million in FY 1965.
The number of scientists and engineers will have
increased from 1600 estimated in 1960 to 3000 esti-
mated in 1964 and industry has responded by
developing its staff, facilities, and planning capa-
bilities focused on research and development.
This current year is one of overall modest budget
growth. It should also be one of careful analysis
—by members of the scientific community engaged
in research; by the Executive Branch charged with
utilizing fruits of that research for accomplishment
of assigned missions; by industry which contributes
new engineering tools for the conduct of research
and which serves as entrepreneur to transfer sci-
entific discoveries to practical benefit; and by the
public and its legislative representatives who give
expression to the collective concerns through deci-
sions on policy and appropriations.
Such analysis should be aimed at identifying
those scientific areas that have ripened to a point
where a more concerted attack would be produc-
tive, and those practical policy, security, economic
or social needs which can be met only by selective
emphasis on special areas.
VIII. PROBLEMS AND EMERGING ISSUES
Questions which the Executive Branch will be
examining this year include:
1) Manpower—Is our supply of high talent
growing rapidly enough to meet the needs and op-
portunities in this field? If not, what collective
steps by universities and Government are necessary
to accelerate education and training?
2) Private Investments—Are results of research
being enunciated effectively to the private sector
of our economy, so that as users of research results
they may assess opportunities for investment in
underwater engineering applied to fishing, mining,
recreational developments? Are these opportunities
of such value to the Nation to meet economic and
social needs that additional incentives are needed?
10
3) Participation by industry—How may the en-
gineering competence of American industry be
more effectively blended with American science,
for a concerted exploration on the sea frontier?
4) Policy-making—How may fruits of research
be wisely introduced into Federal, State and Inter-
national legislative and regulatory processes, so that
policy and administrative rules may be responsive
to new facts about the sea; and how may policy
makers become partners in formulating questions
about the sea requiring research?
In short how may the U.S. program be further
advanced, developed and coordinated to satisfy the
long range goals: to comprehend the sea, to explore
it, and to exploit these resources?
Lien ALG Ai aetieyh pala:
Apebige tae
; peter nian
ghide Soren teh Ashe
Stats RReOU He
eeuniesee ty bacibvesh Tm painprict ats: tigated Pie st
(dren tbs
eGR
v aie as
ax bute
DUTT
tek wiupatsc: peimer
ewe shed sbiegeaastinl
sot
PBPIOS bs
shogun
SR eIeve - a
adie: Hap BER ett
nial) Saiabas Harllee 3 or" ¥ etinaesecieealy | bt OT
MOT are
HP ALOR AOA LGN san tpi ite Earnie 1 3lly EDs
eviaead boxintl br oa
RAS:
& onys? he Meperpa cht wer taious
usted! awoatl 4 Availdn
re SAIS Tarik ale Fame? errs
nett cophetort ied: mete ty Ni
nS: abil ued
wig. tt oped
i : i : ae iy aig! sapegin ye aii
9B: herded ees ‘ t% ase, “Eyed
NRA eae MBrais? cdaeric JacdsRntersne ae
aad Stages
-
“at
cbetimthow (anni,
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM
FISCAL YEAR
1965
PART II: THE PROGRAM AND ITS COST
MARCH, 1964
586
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part II
Introduction
Chapter I-OCEANOGRAPHIC EFFORT
A. Fields of Research
ne
. Deep Sea Research Vehicle Program
Physical Properties and Motion of the Sea
2. Ocean-Atmosphere Inter-Relationships
3. Biological Properties
4.
5
6
Structure and History of the Ocean Floor
. Modification of the Sea
B. Oceanographic Services
I
Za
Ocean Surveys
National Oceanographic Data Center
C. International Oceanographic Programs
1.
2.
. US-Japan Investigations of the Pacific
International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) ...
International Cooperative Investigations of
the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA)
3
4. US-Latin American Programs
De
6. Program for World Oceanographic Study
Cooperative Study of the Kuroshio .
Chapter II-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESOURCES
A. Ships
B. Instrumentation
C. Facilities
D. Manpower and Training
Chapter ITII-NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PLAN BUDGET
A. By Agencies
B. By Functional Areas .
C. Individual Agency Budgets ......
Appendix—ICO Oceanographic Survey/Research Ships ..0........00000.
13
15
17
17
17
19
21
24
26
27
28
29
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
33
35
35
35
37
37
39
39
39
40
43
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
587
INTRODUCTION
Federal support for the National Oceanographic
Program for Fiscal Year 1965 has been developed
within the framework of the recently completed
Long Range National Oceanographic Plan (1963-
1972).* This plan sets forth the national goals
and describes the contributions of the various fed-
eral agencies to these goals. The program is carried
out in part by scientists and technicians in govern-
* Federal Council for Science and Technology, Oceanog-
raphy, The Ten Years Ahead, A Long Range National
Oceanographic Plan, 1963-1972 Interagency Committee on
Oceanography Pamphlet No. 10, June 1963, 58 pp.
ment laboratories, bureaus, and offices; and a most
essential part is carried out by universities and
research institutions with government support. In
the following pages a concise account is given of
the federal effort proposed in FY 1965 to maintain
the momentum in oceanography developed in the
last few years and to modify the direction and pace
of the program in the light of new knowledge or
of new perspective. The total budget proposed
here is $138 million, $14 million more than was
appropriated by the Congress in FY 1964. The
relative emphasis of the five fields of research are
portrayed in Table I on page 2.
Table I*
National Oceanographic Program Research Budget, by Problem Area
(thousands $)
FISCAL YEAR.
PROBLEM AREA Esti- President's
mated Approximate Budget
1963 1964 1965
1. Physical Properties and Motion of the Sea $11,812 $15,000 $20,524
2. Ocean-Atmosphere Inter-Relationships 4,000 5,500 5,890
3. Biological Properties 15,000 18,500 18,611
4. Structure and History of the Ocean Floor 12,500 15,000 19,235
5. Modification of the Sea 8,900 10,000 8,862
Total Research Budget $52,212 $64,000 $73,122
* These figures include support for research performed within the International Indian Ocean Expedition Program. They
equate to the sum of the Research and MOE functional areas in the budget tables. By prior arrangement, the meteorology
program carried out within IIOE is reported by the Interdepartmental Committee on Atmospheric Sciences; this tends to de-
press the apparent support given to objective II.
088
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Chapter I
OCEANOGRAPHIC EFFORT
A. Fields of Research
1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MOTION
OF THE SEA: $20,524,000
Description and understanding of the distribu-
tion of temperature and salinity, of the velocity of
ocean currents, and of the concentrations of various
chemical elements and compounds is central to the
total oceanographic program. Description is based
on observations of many kinds taken at sea, and
understanding develops through the application
of the methods and principles of mathematics,
physics, and chemistry to ocean data. Thus, a wide
range of research contributes to an understanding
of the physical properties of the sea, and the results
are applied to the investigation of such diverse
problems as biological productivity of the sea, ship
design, and weather forecasting.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
UNITED STATES NAVY
Office of Naval Research: $8,682,000
ONR supports research through contracts with
umniversities, research institutes, other government
agencies, and industry. An extensive program will
be directed at obtaining time series measurements
of physical quantities in the deep ocean. Long
range telemetering buoys are being developed by
the Convair Corporation. Together with the neces-
sary shore command stations, and sensors, experi-
mental buoys will be used by Texas A&M, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, Lockheed Aircraft
Corporation, University of Wisconsin, the Navy
Electronics Laboratory, and other institutions. In
addition to current studies other experiments will
be undertaken to determine the energy spectra of
internal waves both in the open ocean and in con-
fined bodies of water.
Oceanographic institutions will intensify at-
tempts to measure and understand oceanic currents
and circulation. Direct measurements will be taken
of the Yucatan and Florida currents in the Gulf
of Mexico, the Gulf Stream and the equatorial
currents in the Atlantic, the California and the
equatorial currents in the Pacific, and the equato-
rial currents in the Indian Ocean. General circu-
lation patterns will be studied by using tempera-
ture-salinity relationships, chemical isotope mea-
17
surements, biological population distributions, and
electronic computer analysis of improved theories.
Investigation of the Tropical Atlantic will con-
tinue through investigation in both the Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, New York Uni-
versity, and Texas A&M as part of the Inter-
national Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic
(ICITA) , and investigation of the Indian Ocean
will continue through the Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, Lamont Geological Observatory,
University of Rhode Island, and Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution as part of the Interna-
tional Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE).
* * *
Naval Oceanographic Office: $1,547,000
NAVOCEANO supports research through con-
tract and also conducts in-house research, particu-
larly that directed toward military planning and
antisubmarine and mine warfare.
Investigations of oceanographic conditions in
the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia and in the Green-
land Sea will be continued and extended to other
areas, in collaboration with Canadian oceanog-
raphers and those from the University of Washing-
ton. Newly developed buoy capability will be fur-
ther exploited to study time variations of deep
ocean currents, their temperature, and other en-
vironmental conditions. Measurements of back-
ground isotopic radiation, initiated in FY 1964,
will continue. Full-scale studies of the use of iso-
topes in determining the three-dimensional circu--
lation patterns of the oceans will be carried out.
Research and development directed toward im-
provement of oceanographic instruments and mea-
surement techniques will be continued.
* * *
Bureau of Ships: $1,956,000
Using improved sensors mounted on oceanogra-
phic towers, surface ships, and the bathyscaph
TRIESTE, studies of the distribution of sound
velocity will be continued. In collaboration with
the Office of Naval Research, BuShips will sup-
port the Navy Electronics Laboratory investigations.
of wave generation and wave spectra. Increased
emphasis will be placed on an analytical ap-
proach to accumulated data by combining statistics,
oceanography, computer technology, and acoustics.
The degree of stability of oceanographic variables.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
for large ocean areas will be assessed. Field pro-
grams on surveillance of sea ice will continue.
* * *
Bureau of Naval Weapons: $2,330,000
In FY 1965 new oceanographic research ships
will be used by Bureau laboratories to conduct
experiments important to weapon system design,
development, and predication of systems perform-
ance. The University of Washington Applied
Physics Laboratory, using a deep-sea unmanned
vehicle will continue to study the horizontal varia-
bility of physical properties. The Naval Ordnance
Test Station, China Lake, California will use a
recently developed sound velocity-temperature-
pressure measuring set to study the microstructure
of physical and chemical properties.
* * *
Bureau of Yards and Docks: $100,000
In order to allow more accurate and effective
design of piles for shallow water structures the re-
duction and analysis of data collected on a three
foot diameter pile, located in 100 feet of water in
the Gulf of Mexico, will be continued. A time and
spectral analysis of the data will be conducted to
determine mass and drag coefficients.
* * *
UNITED STATES ARMY
Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research
Center: $290,000
The Corps of Engineers plans to intensify its
study, both in the laboratory and in the field, of
tidal flow at inlets and in estuaries in order better
to understand the processes of silting, shoaling,
and beach erosion. The Corps hopes to simplify
evaluations of estuary and lagoon flushing charac-
teristics.
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Coast and Geodetic Survey: $512,000
The ships of the C&GS will operate in coastal
waters and in the deep ocean. Data collected on
cruises will be used for charts and atlases of ocean
properties. C&GS will also support the research
efforts of other Federal Agencies and scientific in-
stitutions.
For FY 1965, plans include participation in the
international study of Antarctic tidal phenomena,
as well as research in deep-ocean tides, propagation
of tide waves along U.S. coasts, long-period tides,
and tsunamis.
18
589
Coastal currents will be studied, and work will
continue on the development of a system for auto-
matic measuring of currents and their variations
with time.
Ocean survey data will continue to be utilized
in research on general dynamics of the deep sea,
with special emphasis on the study of oceanic
fronts.
* * *
Maritime Administration: $50,000
In order to promote safety and efficiency of ship
Operation a research program is supported through
contract with the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology. Experimental and theoretical studies of
Ocean wave spectra and their effect on ship motion
will be continued.
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: $2,740,000
Because of the intimate but obscure relations be-
tween the physical state of the sea and the pro-
ductivity of the sea, BCF is committed to an ex-
panding program of research on physical and chem-
ical oceanography.
In FY 1965, field work will start on a synoptic
study of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean in
which knowledge of the response of the ocean to
the atmosphere will be an important objective.
Also, this year, the Bureau will initiate a coopera-
tive investigation of the oceanography of the trade
wind zone in the Central Pacific.
Work will continue on a fishery-oceanography
program in the Tropical Atlantic as part of ICITA.
Environmental investigations in the western North
Atlantic will be intensified.
The Bureau will increase its support of oceano-
graphic buoy development; it will cooperate with
other agencies in the use of buoys for collecting
physical and chemical data and monitoring en-
vironmental changes.
In its continuous study to relate changes in the
ocean climate to variations in fish occurrence and
abundance, the Bureau proposes to support in
every possible way the collection of more lengthy
time series of oceanographic data.
* * *
Geological Survey: $142,000
The USGS will intensify its efforts to determine
the effects of fresh water and sediment discharge
from land areas on the composition and physical
properties of marine water within bays and estu-
590
aries and on the Continental Shelves of the United
States. The objective of these studies is to deter-
mine the quantities and composition of water and
sediments carried to the ocean by rivers, and to
determine the distribution and precipitation of
sediments and associated wastes in marine waters.
Studies of the dynamics of mixing fresh water and
salt water and the loss of fresh water from aquifers
that extend beneath the continental shelf will con-
tinue. Also to be studied will be chemical reac-
tions taking place within sediments and rocks on
the sea floor.
* * *
National Science Foundation: $2,175,000
NSF grant and contract support will include,
in addition to its usual support of research at uni-
versities and institutes, major efforts in the Inter-
national Indian Ocean Expedition and a continu-
ing program of Antarctic oceanography conducted
aboard the USNS ELTANIN.
Theoretical investigations and model studies on
general circulation and exchange rates are being
conducted at Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology, New York University, Lamont Geological
Observatory, Johns Hopkins University, and the
University of Washington. Such work will advance
our understanding of oceanic current development
and of estuarine and coastal circulation.
Major field studies aimed at elucidating the
character of both deep and shallow water circula-
tion are being undertaken by Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic In-
stitution, Oregon State University, the University
of Miami, University of Southern California, Uni-
versity of Connecticut, Yale University, University
of Washington, Texas A&M College, and the Uni-
versity of Rhode Island. These will be in close co-
operation to similar work supported by ONR.
The chemistry of sea water is being investigated
by various means. Amherst College, Scripps, Wash-
ington, Woods Hole, and Miami are active in this
work.
* * *
2. OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTER-
RELATIONSHIPS: $5,890,000
The ocean and the atmosphere constitute an
interacting mechanical and thermodynamic sys-
tem. Thorough understanding of such problems
as weather prediction, acoustic communication
channels through the sea, the behavior of the Gulf
Stream, or the upwelling of cold water, which may
19
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
sustain a rich growth of biological material all
depend in complex ways upon the interaction of air
and water. The most critical research needs in
this area may be grouped in the following way:
(a) laboratory and field studies of the physical
chemistry of the interface and its role in transfer
through the surface, (b) development and testing
of instruments and platforms to measure wind
stress and vertical transfer of heat, water vapor,
carbon dioxide, and other materials, (c) coordi-
nated field programs comparing several independ-
ent methods for measuring vertical transfer, (d)
development of observation, data collecting and
processing systems covering large ocean areas, and
(e) incorporation of effects of interaction in large
scale dynamic problems (e.g., 30 day weather pre-
diction). Planning in this area has been carried
out initially by the National Academy of Sciences
and by the Joint ICO-ICAS Committee on Air Sea
Interaction.
The need for increased effort in this area and,
especially, the need for centralized coordination
of field programs has been recognized by the ICO
and by the Interdepartmental Committee on At-
mospheric Sciences (ICAS). As a result the De-
partment of Commerce has recently been assigned
the responsibility for leadership in coordination of
activities which contribute to a coherent national
program, in stimulation of interest and under-
standing of those parts of the program which need
strengthening, and in administrative coordination
of area studies in which universities, research in-
stitutions, and government agencies may partici-
pate. A small staff is being assembled for this
purpose.
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
UNITED STATES NAVY
Office of Naval Research: $2,734,000
Stereophotography of the sea surface will be
used in a program sponsored jointly by ONR,
NAVOCEANO, and the Applied Physics Labora-
tory of Johns Hopkins University. The program
will involve stereophotography conducted from
aboard ship by ONR, to determine capillary wave
spectra. Measurements of radar backscatter to de-
termine the spectra of larger wind waves will be
taken by the Applied Physics Laboratory, con-
currently with aircraft stereophotography con-
ducted by NAVOCEANO.
A four-engine aircraft has been made available
to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution by the
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
joint efforts of ONR and NSF, for operation in
the Indian Ocean during FY 1964 and FY 1965.
Observations made from this airplane will include
dropsonde humidity and temperature, wind, solar
and albedo radiation fluxes, turbulent transport of
heat and water vapor, nuclei counts, cloud distri-
bution, and radar observations of precipitation
areas.
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography will
establish a series of wave recorder stations across
the Pacific Ocean, from New Zealand to the Aleu-
tian Islands. The purpose of the program will be
to measure the changes in surface wave spectra
as the wave trains traverse the ocean and to de-
termine the effects of the trade winds on these
spectra. The program was initiated because earlier
measurements indicated a discrepancy between
theoretical and observed values.
* * *
Naval Oceanographic Office: $865,000
Emphasis in FY 1965 will be placed on develop-
ment of specialized sensors and observational tech-
niques for accurate measuring of energy fluxes
across the interface. In particular, simultaneous
observations of the eddy fluxes of momentum and
heat will be attempted at two elevations near the
sea surface utilizing extremely sensitive and accu-
rate cup anemometer and temperature probes now
under development. Field studies will be con-
tinued on ARGUS ISLAND, an instrumented
tower near Bermuda, and these will include joint
data collections by ship and aircraft whenever
possible.
Investigation of time and space variations of
the surface thermal structure will be continued by
using airborne radiation thermometer, buoys, and
survey ships. Particular attention will be paid to
the installation of accurate and reliable sea sur-
face temperature sensors on all ships of the synop-
tic net, to upgrade the reliability of oceanographic
analyses. Studies of two-dimensional wave spectra
will be made cooperatively with ONR by using
stereophotogrammetric techniques augmented by
joint surface-aircraft platforms. Continued inves-
tigations of the one-dimensional wave spectra
within the limits of the linear theory are also
planned.
Oceanographic similarities between different re-
gions will be studied, to develop methods for pre-
dicting conditions in areas where little or no
Oceanographic information is presently available.
* * ¥
20
591
Bureau of Ships: $500,000
Laboratory and field work will be conducted by
the Navy Electronics Laboratory to gain a better
understanding of the fundamental physics of ice
formation and breakup. Field observations on tem-
porary ice stations will be made in cooperation
with ONR and NAVOCEANO.
At the Navy Electronics Laboratory, the effect
of heat balance on energy transfer in ice (ocean
cryology) will continue in studies of sea-ice physics.
Computer programming and correlations between
data furnished by the Weather Bureau and data
obtained in the field will be sought to predict heat
radiation levels. Albedo, formation of surface pools,
and brine processes will be actively investigated
as factors affecting sea ice thickness and bearing
strength. Relationships will be established among
brine content, plane wave velocity, and flexural
strength. Controlled experiments, including for-
mation of under-ice brine cells, will continue in
the laboratory pool.
* * *
UNITED STATES ARMY
Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research
Center: $200,000
Recent effort has been directed toward improy-
ing wave generation theory. Data to be collected by
automatic reading stations in coastal waters will
provide valuable data to support the research
effort.
The Coastal Engineering Research Center, pres-
ently engaged in measuring the effect of fetch on
wave generation, will intensify this effort next year.
Additional basic data will be provided by install-
ing five more wave gages in water of limited fetch.
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Weather Bureau: $208,000
In addition to carrying out its responsibility to
the overall program in air/sea interaction which
was described in the introduction to this section,
the Weather Bureau plans to carry on the follow-
ing program.
A study will be made with the U.S. Lake Sur-
vey and the University of Michigan of turbulent
exchange processes near the water surface in Lake
Michigan, as it contributes to our knowledge of
similar processes in the ocean. Research will con-
tinue on the development of a numerical compu-
tation program for the prediction of storm surges
592
and transient wind generated currents near the
ocean shore. Empirical storm surge prediction
methods will also be developed for critical areas
of the sea coast. These two activities are a part
of the basic severe storm (hurricane) research pro-
gram of the Weather Bureau. The empirical
storm surge program utilizes data from Coast &
Geodetic Survey supplemented by Army Corps of
Engineers information. The present air/sea inter-
action program will be closely integrated with the
oceanographic activities of the Coast and Geodetic
Survey.
As a part of its studies of tropical meteorology
and hurricane research, the Weather Bureau will
obtain data and information on wind stress at the
ocean surface by means of surface observations from
ships or other platforms augmented by data ob-
tained from aircraft. The Weather Bureau will
carry out radiosonde and surface synoptic meteoro-
logical programs, aboard research vessels, in coop-
eration with the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Na-
tional Science Foundation, Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution, and other agencies.
The Weather Bureau will continue developmen-
tal work on the “MAMOS” buoy and on portable
infrared radiometers for use aboard merchant
ships in obtaining sea-surface temperatures.
2 2 2
Coast and Geodetic Survey: $25,000
Variations in sea level provide a sensitve indi-
cator of the influence of the atmosphere on the sea.
As in the past cooperative efforts with the
Weather Bureau will be continued in studies of
sea level variations and increased research will be
conductd to determine the cause of observed “wind
tides.” Cooperative developmental work on a buoy
system for measuring interface features will also
continue. The Coast & Geodetic Survey and
Weather Bureau expect to initiate a joint project
on instrument evaluation. The two agencies will
also cooperate in sponsoring a special symposium
on air/sea interaction.
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: $998,000
Research on the effect of the atmosphere on the
ocean is concentrated in the central Pacific trade-
wind zone and in the eastern Pacific where air/sea
interaction is thought to have a strong effect upon
the distribution and abundance of commercially
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
valuable fish, such as tuna. Bureau laboratories
at Honolulu, San Diego, and Stanford have been
active in this work for several years. Based on this
work an expanded program of observation and
analysis will be directed at understanding changes
im ocean structure.
* * =
National Science Foundation: $300,000
Major projects currently being supported by NSF
include studies of energy interchange at the surface,
conducted at the University of Washington, and
studies of heat and water vapor exchange between
ocean and atmosphere, conducted at the University
of Michigan. Research support will continue to be
given to these and similar projects, as proposed
by competent scientists,
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY
Coast Guard: $60,000
In 1963 CGC CASCO was outfitted as a proto-
type installation for oceanographic observations
from weather ships. By the end of FY 1965,
twenty-four of the Coast Guard’s 32 ships will have
been similarly outfitted. By the end of FY 1965
four offshore towers along the Atlantic Coast will
be equipped with wave gauges, tide gauges and
other observational equipment for use in air/sea
research. A research program dealing with the
origin, drift, and attrition of ice hazards to navi-
gation will be continued as part of the Coast Guard
International Ice Patrol Operations. Research will
also be conducted to improve search and rescue
techniques.
* x *
8. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES: $18,611,000
A comprehensive understanding of the distribu-
tion, ecology, physiology, the behavior, and the
interrelationships of the many marine organisms
is needed in order to plan wisely for use of the sea
as a greater source of food and to anticipate the
response of marine life to environmental changes.
To achieve such understanding requires a large
scale collection and identification program, and
also includes related studies of the physical and
chemical properties of the ocean in the ocean sedi-
ments. Thoughtful effort is needed to develop a
view of marine life on the planetary scale.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
UNITED STATES NAVY
Office of Naval Research: $2,142,000
Contracts and grants will continue to support
research concerned with fouling by marine organ-
isms, to protect swimmers and survivors of ship
sinkings from attacks by poisonous or carnivorous
marine animals, to understand effects of biological
organisms on sound propagation, to predict and
control bioluminescence, to understand the me-
chanics of fish propulsion, and to understand marine
animal communication.
A new program on ship fouling involving other
ICO bureaus and scientists from many foreign
countries will be undertaken. Samples of test
panels which have been subjected to fouling in dif-
ferent areas of the oceans are to be shipped to a
single laboratory within the United States where
the fouling organisms will be identified. The pres-
ent studies which are confined primarily to fouling
in shallow water will be extended to fouling in
the deep oceans, with particular emphasis placed
on sessile organisms and acoustically significant
marine animals.
Further effort will be directed toward a better
understanding of primary productivity and stand-
ing crops of marine organisms as these subjects
are related to problems of interest to the Navy.
Efforts will be made to develop computer pro-
grams for rapid taxonomic and ecological evalua-
tion of marine organisms. Increased emphasis will
also be given to the closely related biochemical
taxonomy and the genetics of marine organisms.
* * *
Bureau of Ships: $200,000
Research conducted by the Navy Electronics
Laboratory is directed at scattering and attenua-
tion of underwater sound by plankton and nekton
and the noises originated by marine organisms.
Both phenomena may interfere with sonar per-
formance and complicate submarine detection.
By using the bathyscaphe TRIESTE, scientists at
NEL will investigate the biological populations of
the sea and correlate the observed characteristics
of marine life with physical and chemical prop-
erties of the water at various depths.
During past dives of the TRIESTE, locations
of the scattering layers and their composition have
been determined by a surface ship employing 12
ke echo sounders, while TRIESTE maneuvered
up and down through the layers.
35-377 O—64——_89
22
593
The deep scattering layers in the deep ocean will
continue to be investigated during FY 1965. Bathy-
scaphe TRIESTE and surface ships will support
this effort. Taxonomic studies will be continued
in FY 1965 in areas of interest. Acoustic cross
sections will be correlated with the species observed.
* * *
Naval Oceanographic Office: $20,000
NavOceano has made detailed studies of the
seasonal setting and growth rates of fouling organ-
isms in coastal waters. Recently, such studies have
been extended to include the deep water of the
Tongue of the Ocean near the Bahamas and they
will be extended to other areas including deep
water locations. Results have shown a decrease in
fouling organisms from the surface through the
euphotic zone, with drifting forms below that
depth and some boring organisms on the bottom.
Collections of marine organisms will continue to
be made on Antarctic oceanographic cruises and
sent to various universities for study. Also, a study
of the distribution and ecology of bioluminescent
forms will continue.
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: $9,050,000
Research is needed to achieve three major ob-
jectives vital to the mission of BCF: 1. To obtain
maximum sustained yields from the sea’s living
resources; 2. To reduce the cost of locating and
catching fish to a minimum; and 3. To improve
basic knowledge of interrelations among the living
resources and their environment in order to predict
fluctuations in availability and distribution.
Explorations off the Columbia River have re-
cently given evidence that commercial quantities
of fish and shellfish may occur up to depths of at
least 3600 feet. As a result of such exploratory
fishing, commercial operations have started in a
number of areas on what were unknown or under-
exploited resources.
The Bureau will continue to devote considerable
research effort toward gaining a better under-
standing of the oceans and to develop reliable
methods for predicting places and times of fish
concentration. For example, since 1959, annual
predictions based on changes in ocean circulation
have been made for the catch of the Hawaiian
skipjack fishery. These data are proving to be of
considerable importance to the fishing industry.
594
In conformity with international agreements re-
search will continue on various marine animals.
BCF has pioneered the use of serology, or blood
group analysis, in the identification and separation
of races, or subpopulations, of marine fishes. Ex-
pansion of university support for taxonomic re-
search is planned.
Bureau scientists have also made important con-
tributions to the knowledge of the physiology and
behavior of fishes and invertebrates and
strengthen their efforts in the field of taxonomy.
Expansion of these studies at Woods Hole, La
Jolla, and Honolulu is planned.
The Bureau participates in a number of inter-
national commissions concerned with the conserva-
tion and use of marine resources. Much of the
Bureau’s research effort will continue to concern
salmon and fur seal in the North Pacific, tuna in
the Eastern Tropical Pacific and groundfish in the
shallower coastal waters.
Studies will be continued on the artificial culture
of marine organisms, particularly shellfish in order
to determine their response to changes.
will
* * *
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife: $262,000
The BSF&W research program consists of the
following two objectives: 1. Life history studies of
fish species, to fill gaps in knowledge about distri-
bution in space and time, age, rates of growth,
identity, sizes of populations, migratory habits,
food habits, reproductive seasons, enemies, para-
sites, and diseases; and 2. Analysis of environ-
ments, to identify and measure factors affecting
distribution, movements, abundance, and well-be-
ing of game-fish species.
Laboratory and field research will continue at
the Bureau’s Atlantic Laboratory on Sandy Hook,
New Jersey, and its Pacific Laboratory at Tiburon,
California.
Several broad-based programs are planned for
FY 1965. The Bureau plans full participation in a
coastwide cooperative effort to study the life his-
tory and environment of game species. Charter
vessels will be used for inshore and continental
shelf investigations.
Construction of a field laboratory has been
planned on Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, to
study migration of fishes along the Atlantic coast.
Research will be conducted on the life history
of such species as sea trout, bluefish, swordfish, and
sharks, principally through support of graduate
students in universities,
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
The environmental tolerances and behavior of
marine fishes in seawater tanks will be studied.
* * *
Geological Survey: $56,000
USGS will extend its research efforts on modern
organisms and sedimentary environments to gain
a better understanding of fossil marine fauna and
ancient sedimentary rocks. This information is im-
portant in increasing the accuracy of correlations
between land and sea areas in the exploration for
oil and other resources. In cooperation with BCF,
the USGS will continue environmental studies of
sessile marine organisms contained on and in sedi-
ments of bays and the continental shelves.
* * *
National Science Foundation: $5,925,000
NSF will continue to support a wide variety of
studies of life and living processes in the sea. In
FY 1965, an orderly continuation of growth is
planned to support research in systematic biogeo-
graphic and analogical relations of marine animals
and plants and their interactions with the marine
environment. Increased support will also be pro-
vided for shiptime in biological oceanography and
for the expansion and improvement of marine lab-
oratories and their graduate training programs.
Two oceangoing vessels, one in the Pacific and one
in the Atlantic, will be used cooperatively by
scientists from many universities throughout the
country with emphasis on basic research and grad-
uate training in marine biology.
* * *
Smithsonian Institution: $881,000
Within the National Oceanograhic Program,
the main responsibility of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution will continue to be the collection, preserva-
tion, and study of marine materials made by the
Smithsonian Institution itself, by other Federal
agencies, and by private organizations referring
collections to the Institution. The Smithsonian
Oceanographic Sorting Center will process speci-
mens collected for the National Program as a serv-
ice to the scientific community. During the past
year, nearly 4000 lots comprising over 300,000
specimens were sorted for distribution to special-
ists in various groups for study. This modest be-
ginning includes the first collections from the two
large cooperative oceanographic efforts: the Inter-
national Indian Ocean Expedition (ILOE) and the
International Cooperative Investigations of the
Tropical Atlantic (ICITA).
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
The addition of taxonomists in FY 1965 to the
marine sciences staff will increase the quantity of
systematic research. The Smithsonian Institution
will participate in expeditions of other govern-
mental and private vessels, to gather information
on the kinds and distribution of organisms in the
sea.
The Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center
will expand its capabilities to embrace the areas
of algology, sedimentology, and planktonology.
Improved methods of sorting and the introduction
of mechanical devices will be exploited to speed up
sorting. The volume of collections processed is
expected to increase tremendously.
*
* *
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,
EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Service: $75,000
PHS is concerned with water quality for all
legitimate uses, purity of foods delivered from the
sea, and the effects of marine organisms on the
human body.
Another PHS objective is to determine the iden-
tity of medically or pharmacologically important
substances which may be produced by marine or-
ganisms.
Earlier studies on marine organisms which pro-
duce toxins (such as paralytic shellfish poison) will
be continued. Emphasis will be placed on the
ecology of marine organisms producing neurotoxins
which are endangering public health. PHS will
also continue studies of marine substances which
appear to inhibit the growth of certain human
disease-producing viruses and bacteria. A research
program will be undertaken in cooperation with
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries on the ecology
and growth characteristics of the bacteria respon-
sible for Type E botulism toxin in fishery products.
* ba *
4. STRUCTURE AND HISTORY
OF THE OCEAN FLOOR: $19,235,000
Very rapid strides have been made in the last
decade in observing and understanding the struc-
ture of the 70% of the earth’s crust which is covered
by the sea and in reading the history of the earth
as revealed in ocean sediments. New instruments
and instrumental techniques of great precision and
great power have been applied to these problems:
precision depth recorders, acoustic refraction tech-
24
595
niques, gravity meters, sensitive magnetometers,
deep coring facilities, and ocean bottom photog-
raphy. Understanding of the structure of the ocean
floor and of the sediments will contribute very
greatly to the larger understanding of the earth’s
structure and history, and it may have economic
benefits in ocean mining of minerals and drilling
for oil.
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
UNITED STATES NAVY
Office of Naval Research: $9,572,000
Using new seismic instruments and observational
techniques, Lamont Geological Observatory,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Texas A&M
University, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution will continue comprehensive seismic
investigation of the bottom structure of the Atlan-
tic and Pacific basins and the Indian Ocean. In the
same oceans, Woods Hole and Texas A&M will
make geomagnetic measurements. Lamont, UCLA,
Oregon State, and the University of Hawaii will
take gravity measurements. Continued effort will
be applied in FY 65 to developing still better
techniques for measuring the thickness of sediment.
In addition, a modest but comprehensive pro-
gram will be undertaken to determine from
manned ice islands the structure of the Arctic
Ocean basin.
* * *
Naval Oceanographic Office: $261,000
To improve the accuracy of gravity measure-
ments from ships, gravity ranges are being estab-
lished off the United States, in both the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans. A mathematical formulation
to reduce the gravity field to different altitudes
above sea level is being programmed for a com-
puter.
Observations of variation in telluric currents and
the relation of telluric currents to the geomagnetic
field will be continued in FY 1965. Recently initi-
ated studies of temporal variations and small-scale
spatial variations in the geomagnetic field will con-
tinue. Improvements in automatic processing of
marine geophysical data (gravity, geomagnetism,
telluric currents) will also be made in FY 1965.
*
Bureau of Ships: $1,125,000
Geological-geophysical research will be supported
at the Navy Electronics Laboratory and at the La-
596
mont Geological Observatory, with emphasis on
problems of sound propagation applied to under-
sea warfare.
In FY 1965 studies will continue of geological
structure, sedimentation processes, and mass physi-
cal properties of sediments, by using the TRIESTE
and other vehicles. Research on deeper off-shore
areas will be emphasized. Theoretical studies of
properties, useful in determining stability of sedi-
ments when only partial information is available,
will require emphasis on the interrelation of shear
strength, density, porosity, and consolidation. La-
mont Geological Observatory and NEL will con-
tinue their complementary investigations. Addi-
tional properties, including electrical resistivity, will
be measured. Stereo-color photographic techniques
for sea floor work will be improved. Observational
and instrumental techniques for obtaining informa-
tion on the processes of erosion, turbidity currents,
and sediment transport will be developed. Im-
proved acoustical techniques for probing and re-
cording the bottom and sub-bottom characteristics
will be emphasized.
* * *
Bureau of Naval Weapons: $75,000
The Bureau’s Naval Ordnance Laboratory will
continue to investigate the earth’s magnetic field
and its sea-floor fluctuation. In the coming fiscal
year, DEEP-DIP will be used in an expanded pro-
gram of data collection and analyses.
* * *
UNITED STATES ARMY
Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering
Research Center: $290,000
Tide and wave studies will be intensified to re-
late quantitatively storm wave attacks and resulting
shore erosion. Investigations will attempt to lo-
cate in 30 to 50 feet of water potential beach sand
sources for beach re-supply off the Florida and Dela-
ware coasts.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Coast and Geodetic Survey: $188,000
In-house research will continue in marine grav-
ity, magnetism, estuarine and shelf structure, and
sediment transport. For FY 1965, the projects
planned include continuing study of heat flow
through the sea floor, theories of the origin of ocean
basins, submarine geomorphology of the western
Aleutians and East Coast Shelf, sedimentation of
25
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
estuaries and coastal regions, sub-bottom acoustic
properties, and the nature of marine magnetics and
gravity. Preliminary research in the area of marine
seismology will be initiated. A cooperative pro-
gram with the USGS is being planned to study the
offshore geological properties along the Pacific
Coast of the continental United States.
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
Geological Survey: $520,000
New maps of regional topography, marine sedi-
ment distribution, and underlying geologic struc-
ture are being prepared as part of the joint USGS-
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution study of
the marine geology and hydrology of the Atlantic
continental shelf and slope. Similar studies of
marine geology and hydrology of the continental
shelf and slope along the West Coast will be initi-
ated in FY 1965 in cooperation with the Coast &
Geodetic Survey. The Geological Survey will be
responsible for operations on land, including proc-
essing and laboratory studies of samples collected
at sea and will acquire and analyze existing geo-
logical and geophysical information needed to in-
terpret the off-shore data. The C&GS will be re-
sponsible for operations at sea. Scientists of the two
organizations will collaborate in the collection of
samples and data at sea and in the interpretation
and publication of the results.
The USGS will continue to collect and interpret
existing geological and biological data concerning
the Gulf Coast and Alaska continental shelves.
Operations on the Atlantic continental shelf will
be augmented by the addition of bottom coring.
Studies of bottom samples and geophysical data
from the North Pacific Ocean and elsewhere, col-
lected by the Coast & Geodetic Survey and by
other organizations, will continue.
* * *
Bureau of Mines: $104,000
The small economic evaluation programs of
ocean floor minerals, carried on with the coopera-
tion of Oregon State University and Scripps Insti-
tution of Oceanography, has revealed the exist-
ence of possible valuable nearshore deposits of
glauconite and has indicated surprising variability
in the composition of deep sea manganese nodules.
In order to extend these investigations, engineer-
ing studies of deep sea mining equipment will be
initiated in FY 1965. Collection and analysis of
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
minerals will be continued with the cooperation of
universities and institutes.
Mining methods, cost research, and metallurgi-
cal work on manganese, phosphorite, and other
commercially valuable sea minerals will be con-
tinued.
* * *
National Science Foundation: $7,100,000
Geological, geochemical, and geophysical oceano-
graphic investigations are supported at many uni-
versities and research institutes including: Miami,
California, Delaware, Illinois, Washington, Michi-
gan, Southern California, Georgia, Florida State,
Columbia, Lehigh, California Institute of Tech-
nology, Oregon State University, Massachusetts In-
stitute of Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Yale, and Rice. :
The FY 1965 program will highlight continued
expansion of effort in bathymetric investigations;
age determination of marine sedimentary deposits;
paleotemperature studies; sediment distribution
studies and drilling operations; organic and inor-
ganic geochemistry; sediment transport mechan-
isms; and seismic, gravity, and geothermal inves-
tigations.
* * *
5. MODIFICATION OF THE SEA: $8,862,000
Undesirable and dangerous effects of pollution
of coastal and estuarine waters on food resources
and on recreational areas are already well known
and are likely to imcrease unless checked by wise
planning. The potential danger of release of radio-
active material in the ocean also needs thorough
and continuing study. In each of these cases re-
search of various kinds is essential.
The ocean also can be deliberately modified in
local areas in order to achieve certain desirable
results: beach erosion can be controlled, surface
waves minimized, evaporation reduced, etc. At
present, achievements of this sort are minimal; but
research directed toward increased useful modifica-
tion of the sea is needed.
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
UNITED STATES NAVY
Office of Naval Research: $400,000
In 1965, Chesapeake Bay Institute will continue
their investigations of dispersion using the recently
developed rhodamine-B dye-tracer techniques.
26
597
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and
Scripps Institution of Oceanography will study
organisms concentrating certain radioactive isotopes
to determine the rate of radioactivity introduced in
the oceans by fallout from nuclear weapons tests.
The program of measuring carbon dioxide con-
centrations and the carbon-14 ratios in the oceans
and atmosphere will be continued at University of
Rhode Island and Scripps Institution of Ocean-
ography to determine whether man’s activities are
resulting in an increase of climatic temperatures.
% * *
Naval Oceanographic Office: $19,000
Investigation of natural background isotopic
radiation, which has been recently initiated, will be
continued and extended.
* * *
UNITED STATES ARMY
Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research
Center: $333,000
Studies of tidal changes resulting from man-made
works in the tidewater areas will be investigated
both in the laboratory and in the field, leading to
a better understanding of flushing characteristic
of bays and estuaries. Quantitative studies to re-
late-tidal flow to man-made changes in inlets will
be initiated.
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: $865,000
The Bureau will continue investigating the ac-
cumulation of radioactivity by marine species and
its transmission to man. Research will also be
directed toward understanding the effects of pesti-
cides on commercial fish. Estuarine studies con-
ducted to determine the effect upon commercial
fish of proposed engineering changes in coastlines,
waterways, marshes, and bays will continue.
Investigations will be undertaken in FY 1965 on
marine and brackish-water pollution. Research
on rapidly changing coastal and estuarine envi-
ronments will be expanded to determine the ex-
tent to which engineering and industrial develop-
ments are altering the natural biological, physical,
and chemical regimes and, consequently, the pro-
ductivity of these areas.
In cooperation with the Atomic Energy Com-
mission, research on the biological effects of radio-
active materials will be continued and expanded,
with more attention paid to the use of radioactive
598
tracers in studies of feeding and nutrition of marine
organisms.
* * *
Geological Survey: $60,000
Studies of the distribution and disposal of radio-
active materials and organic wastes within the
marine environment will be included as part of
general studies on marine geology, sedimentation,
and hydrology referred to earlier in this report.
* * *
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION
AND WELFARE
The HEW budget includes an estimated $50,000
for fellowships granted by the Office of Education
under the National Defense Education Act. These
fellowships are described under the Manpower
and Training section of this report.
* * *
Public Healih Service: $2,430,000
PHS has initiated studies on the effects of munic-
ipal and industrial waste. discharges on water
quality and aquatic life in the estuaries and in
coastal areas. These studies will be conducted in
Raritan Bay, the Chesapeake-Susquehanna River
Estuary, Puget Sound, Columbia River Estuary,
and the Delaware River Estuary. Further studies
will be supported by PHS research grants concerned
with the following: oceanographic factors affecting
design of sewers (University of California) ; rela-
tionship of the environment to ocean pollution
(University of Southern California) ; methods for
sea water analysis (New York University); ocean
outfall diffusers (Oregon State University); estu-
arial pollution factors (Oregon State University) ;
insecticides in marine environment (Texas A & M
Research Foundation) ; metabolism of marine bays
(University of Texas) ; effects of thermal effluents
on marine organisms (Virginia Institute of Marine
Science); feasibility of waste disposal in marine
environment (University of Southern California) ;
estuarine pollution problems (University of
Florida) .
PHS shellfish sanitation laboratory facilities at
Kingston, Rhode Island; Dauphin Island, Alabama;
and Purdy, Washington, will undertake research
on the fate of pathogenic microorganisms (includ-
ing viruses) in the marine waters and on the ac-
cumulation of suspended, colloidal, dissolved, and
radioactive pollutants by shellfish. Additional re-
search facilities under construction in Rhode Island
will be used in investigating the effects of pollution
27
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
on shellfish and other aquatic life, on recreational
facilities, and other water use.
* * *
Atomic Energy Commission: $4,705,000
Scientists of BCF, supported by the AEC, will
continue to study the distribution and abundance of
fish, shellfish, and other biota in limited oceanic
and coastal regions of particular concern to the
AEC. Increasing emphasis will be placed on eco-
logical studies of the marine food web, to demon-
strate and measure the cycling of nutrients and
trace elements.
A part of the AEC’s marine sciences program will
be devoted to measuring and defining the chemical
and physical forms which radionuclides can take in
sea water. Processes which dilute and those which
concentrate radionuclides will continue to be
studied using tracers such as rhodamine-B and
short-half-life radioisotopes.
The AEC will support studies to define and to
measure coastal circulation or to determine the
possible influences of one estuary on another or of
the open ocean on a particular estuary. On a large
scale (ocean basin size), AEC will support studies
to determine mixing times and circulation patterns.
Techniques will include measurement of distribu-
tion of fallout nuclides, cosmogenically formed
nuclides like carbon-14, and natural partitions of
activities in the uranium and thorium decay series.
Studies of oceanic sediments to determine mecha-
nisms of formation and rate of deposition are
among other objectives to be pursued.
* * *
6. DEEP SEA RESEARCH VEHICLE PROGRAM
The oceanographic community recognizes an
urgent need for underseas vehicles to provide an
additional degree of freedom to oceanographic re-
search. A few federal agencies have enunciated
their interest in DRV development, as embodied
in various chapters of this report.
To meet the need for concerted attention to the
development problem, the Interagency Committee
on Oceanography has documented the scientific
requirements of many branches of oceanography
for deep submersibles and selected this area for
special emphasis beginning in FY 1965. The re-
quirements and the program proposed to satisfy
them will be described in an ICO Pamphlet supple-
mentary to this volume.
The primary objective of the proposed DRV re-
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
search program is to apply the advantages offered
by this unique tool to urgent research problems in
oceanography. Deep sea research vehicles will
enable a more “‘personal” type of research than
has traditionally been the case in a science frus-
trated by the high pressure environment. The
trained mind and eyes can be taken to the source of
information, on a relatively stable working plat-
form. Another advantage offered by a well
equipped DRV concerns the instantaneous control
over the experiment, by the observer on the spot.
Delicate adjustments and revised programming of
instrumentation can be executed to adjust to the
requirements of the observer. The DRV platform
aids in lowering the observational sensitivity thres-
hold commensurate with the superiority of the eye
over most instruments. As a test platform, it per-
mits on-the-scene evaluation of new devices and
instrumentation. f
Potentially, the greatest value of the DRV lies in
its own development process. Clearly, the United
States must attain a deep ocean engineering capa-
bility if it is to exploit its surrounding waters more
eficiently and completely.
An entirely new technology is needed to build
in this environment the off-shore structures, moored
buoys and bottom mounted arrays of instruments
important to research and national defense. Deep
sea research vehicles will enable the marine engi-
neer to survey and study undersea areas where he
plans to build. With a DRV, model structures and
equipment prototypes may be located where their
performance can be observed long enough to under-
stand the limitations which are imposed by the
sea environment.
These, then, are a few of the immediate, prac-
tical applications of the DRV to marine engineer-
ing. The ultimate exploitation of the ocean floor
presents engineering problems of a new and dif-
ferent kind. DRVs will be needed to survey and
explore mineral deposits. Then, to mine these
resources man will have to go underwater—to work.
Tools will have to be developed to dig, drill and
manipulate safely at tremendous pressures. Ex-
perience obtained in DRV construction and oper-
ation is needed to design and to build these future
engines of the deep.
Out of a broadly conceived program for research
using underseas vehicles can come an understand-
ing of search and rescue techniques that would help
locate and recover lost vehicles, space capsules or
other items on the bottom of the sea. This subject
28
599
is being examined in cooperation with the Navy's
Deep Submergence Systems Review Group.
Fiscal Year 1965 plans encompass operation of
existing vehicles in various research projects and
design and construction of new models.
The only vehicles which will be available to the
oceanographic community in FY 65 are the bathy-
scaph TRIESTE, the ALVIN, and possibly the
ALUMINAUT.
The Bureau of Ships will fund TRIESTE’s in-
vestigations at the Naval Electronics Laboratory.
These will include studies of: (a) wave generation
and wave spectra; (b) the Deep Scattering Layer;
(c) correlation of characteristics of biological popu-
lations with physical and chemical properties of the
water; (d) fine-grain structure of the ocean bottom;
and (e) sedimentation processes. These studies are
planned for both near-shore and deep off-shore
areas. TRIESTE has infinite depth capability, can
carry 3 occupants, and can cruise at slightly more
than a knot.
The Office of Naval Research will sponsor the
evaluation of ALVIN’s capabilities at the Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution. This study will
be important in determining the future roles to be
played by DRV’s in oceanographic research. It is
believed at this point that the ALVIN type of
vehicle will have particular application to under-
water acoustics, biological and geological investi-
gations. The ALVIN will be designed to carry two
operators at a speed of 2-4 knots at depths up to
6000 ft.
The Office of Naval Research plans to construct
one DRV in FY 65. It will utilize the ALVIN’s
spare pressure sphere and thus will be similar in
capability to that vehicle. Design and construction
plans for FY 65 are still somewhat fluid; at least
with respect to Navy’s program they will depend
to a great extent on the findings and recommenda-
tions of the Deep Submergence Systems Review
Group.
The ALUMINAUT is being constructed by
Electric Boat Company under contract to the Rey-
nolds Metals Co. Completion is expected in 1965.
It is being designed to carry three operators at
cruising speeds of 4-6 knots, to depths up to 15,000
feet.
* * *
B. Oceanographic Services
Ocean surveys and operation of the oceano-
graphic data center are services which the federal
government carries out for the benefit of the entire
600
oceanographic community, universities and research
institutes as well as government agencies.
1. OCEAN SURVEYS: $25,014,000
The survey program is aimed at the intelligent
collection of accurate and meaningful data at sea,
data required both by various specific mission-
oriented agencies and to serve the basic purpose
of providing a framework of oceanic knowledge
upon which future exploitation and research must
depend.
The rationale, purpose, and objectives of the
survey program have been spelled out in detail in
the National Plan for Ocean Surveys (ICO Pub.
No. 7, May 1963).
The survey program is responsive not only to
the immediate demands of the Federal agencies
for oceanographic data, but also provides the basic
information which the research oceanographer
needs to formulate the questions he must ask—
questions for which his own research work at sea
will provide the answers. rs
Surveys are planned and carried out on a field-
season basis. This runs generally from January or
February to November and thus overlaps two fiscal
years. As in previous ICO reports, the discussions
that follow are for the 1964 field season and cover
the latter half of FY 1964 and the first half of
FY 1965.
The survey schedule, as presented here is drawn
in general terms, still subject to change in specifics.
The operations research study of ocean surveys
funded by the Coast and Geodetic Survey will be
completed during the first half of FY 1965. The
survey program for subsequent years will reflect
this detailed analysis of the government’s ocean
survey operations.
*
NAVY—$14,704,000
* *
Atlantic
USS TANNER—Deep water hydrographic surveys
in Western Atlantic, coastal surveys of Central
America.
USS REQUISITE—Military oceanographic-hydro-
graphic surveys (Oceanographic stations, acous-
tics, bottom reflectivity) .
USNS GILLISS—Surveys in western Atlantic for
Navy Laboratories (prediction of three-dimen-
sional thermal structure, sound transmission and
water characteristics, buoy arrays for heat and
water exchange in deep water, “meso-scale” struc-
29
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
ture near Gulf Stream, electromagnetic phe-
nomena) . :
USNS SANDS—Scheduled to join fleet in 1965.
AGS— (Unnamed) 2250 tons. Shakedown in early
FY 1965. Automated collection of temperature,
speed of sound and ambient light data vs. depth.
Also bathymetric, sea surface temperature, mag-
netic field, and gravity data.
Pacific-Indian
USS MAURY—Hydrographic surveys of Manila Bay
and Subic Bay, shoal investigation.
USS SERRANO—Works with MAURY in Philip-
pines. Upon completion will conduct oceano-
graphic surveys in Western Pacific as schedule
permits.
USS REHOBOTH—Oceanographic surveys of Point
Arguello, California, currents by measurement
and computation.
USNS DAVIS—Cooperative cruise of Oceanographic
Office and west coast Navy laboratory, San Diego-
Philippines-Japan. Oceanographic and acoustics
measurements with submarine BAYA. Experi-
ments with underwater research vehicle and ship-
board positioning system for vehicle.
USNS LYNCH—Will be completed during FY 1965.
Will work with Davis and icebreakers in studies
of polar water masses and their circulation. This
information will be used in sea-ice predictions.
AIRCRAFT—WV-2 aircraft with side-looking radar
will be used for all-weather ice studies.
COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY—$9,101,000
Atlantic
EXPLORER—Oceanographic/hydrographic surveys
of Sonda de Vieques, P.R. Later in the year will
shift to area of east coast of U.S. and continental
shelf area of Cape Hatteras, doing magnetic sur-
veys, oceanographic stations, deep-sea photog-
raphy, coring operations, biological studies, and
current studies. Duke University will cooperate.
HYDROGRAPHER—Hydrographic surveys off-
shore north of Miami, then Sabine Pass in the
Gulf of Mexico. Oceanographic stations and bot-
tom samples.
WHITING—Hydrographic surveys off South Caro-
lina and Florida. Whiting will also survey Nan-
tucket Sound area if not used in cooperative Gulf
Stream studies.
PIERCE—Same as WHITING, but with more ex-
tensive work in the hydrographic surveys. If Gulf
Stream surveys are not carried out, magnetic,
photographic, and bottom material studies will be
done cooperating with Geological Survey.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
MARMER—Current studies in the Chesapeake Bay
in cooperation with Virginia Institute of Marine
Sciences and Chesapeake Bay Institute.
Pacific-Indian
PIONEER—Working International Indian
Ocean Expedition in Bay of Bengal, Andaman
Sea and Indian Ocean, enroute measurements of
gravity, magnetic field, bottom topography, tem-
perature structure, surface temperature and
salinity, surface and upper air meteorological
observations, plankton hauls, productivity stud-
ies. Cooperating with Weather Bureau, USGS,
NavOceano, BCF, Scripps Institution of Oceanog-
raphy and University of Hawaii. Special surveys
in Philippine, Yap and Mariana Trenches. Special
intensive study of Palau Trench in cooperation
with Geological Survey.
SURVEYOR—Profiles of gravity, magnetic field,
bottom topography, and other oceanographic and
meteorological observations between Hawaii and
the Aleutians, east of 170°W. Also, intensive
study of a selected seamount in cooperation with
University of Hawaii and USGS. Water circula-
tion, and changes in geophysical properties near
seamounts will be studied. Oregon State Univer-
sity is cooperating to supply gravity meter and
geophysicists.
PATHIFINDER—Hydrographic, magnetic
oceanographic surveys off Maui and inshore sur-
veys in Cook Inlet, Alaska.
BOWIE and HODGSON—Water
Puget Sound, Washington.
LESTER JONES and PATTON—Hydrographic
surveys in Clarence Strait and Carroll Inlet,
Ketchikan, Alaska.
OCEANOGRAPHER-—Shakedown trials, some oce-
anographic surveys depending on scheduled time
available.
DISCOVERER—Same as OCEANOGRAPHER.
in
and
circulation in
U. S. COAST GUARD—$439,000
Atlantic
Ocean Station Vessels. Eighteen of the ships of this
type will be equipped with oceanographic
winches and laboratories developed from tests of
different methods used on board CGC CASCO.
Monthly observations of standard sections are
planned. Plankton samples will be taken in co-
operation with Lamont Geological Observatory.
Underway plankton samplers are being used be-
tween stations “B” (56-30 N, 51-00W) and “D”
30
601
(dt N, 41 W) in cooperation with Edinburgh
Marine Laboratory.
EVERGREEN —Survey Grand Banks-Labrador Cur-
rent-Gulf Stream area from March through July
for International Ice Patrol Operations. Will
enter Labrador Sea and Davis Strait on a post-
season cruise. Also will make thirtieth annual
occupation of the oceanographic section between
Labrador and Greenland.
AIRCRAFT—Airborne radiation thermometer
flights between Cape Cod and Cape May, in co-
operation with Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife.
Pacific
NORTHWIND-—Survey and research operations in
Arctic Ocean. Cooperation with ONR, Nav-
Oceano, and non-government agencies.
OCEAN STATION VESSELS—“N” (30°N-140°
W) and “V” (34°N-164°E) will receive instru-
mentation as noted under Atlantic above.
AIRCRAFT —Airborne radiation thermometer
flights in cooperation with BCF.
U. S$. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY—$20,000
Atlantic
Research in cooperation with the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution in Atlantic Continental
Shelf Program. Ships of other agencies will provide
working platforms on opportunity basis.
Pacific
Palau Trench work in cooperation with C&GS,
cooperating with Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
and C&GS with dredge and photographic methods
in study of submarine lavas of the Pacific. Joint
C&GS survey from U.S. Pacific Coast westward.
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES—
$40,000
Atlantic
The BCF plans to continue to place biologists and
biological sampling equipment aboard the survey
vessels of other agencies working in the Atlantic.
They will also participate in the final phases of the
International Cooperative Investigations of the
Tropical Atlantic and conduct investigations on
the distribution of bottom fauna in the northwest
Atlantic in relation to geological factors.
Pacific
The BCF will continue to place biologists and
sampling equipment aboard the survey vessels of
602
other agencies working in the Pacific. During FY
1965 they will conduct preliminary cruises in the
central Pacific to develop methods and test equip-
ment in preparation for the Trade Wind Zone
Oceanography Program which will get under way
with full-scale field operations early in FY 1966.
The Bureau will continue its studies on surface
temperature distribution in the eastern Pacific and
the production of temperature charts.
BUREAU OF MINES—$30,000
Pacific
Survey activity in the Pacific Ocean will be con-
centrated in the occurrence of minerals in the waters
and under the seas. The major efforts will be in
and on the Continental Shelf, although some effort
may be directed toward the deep sea occurrence of
manganese nodules and other related minerals.
U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE—$680,000
Atlantic
Continued studies of deterioration of water
quality in coastal areas affected by urbanization
and industrial development. Effects on food supply
and recreational use will be studied. Surveys of
Atlantic and Gulf Coasts will be directed from
laboratories at Kingston, Rhode Island and Dau-
phin Island, Alabama, respectively.
Pacific
Studies of coastal waters affected by urban and
industrial development, and special study of prob-
lems of deterioration of water quality, to be directed
from laboratory at Purdy, Washington.
2. NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA
CENTER: $1,054,000
To meet the need for a centralized respository of
oceanographic data, the National Oceanographic
Data Center has been established in Washington,
D.C., under the guidance of an Advisory Board,
representing six supporting agencies and the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences. NODC is a central
clearing house for data received from government
agencies, scientific institutions, and other nations
engaged in research and survey work. NODC com-
piles, processes, and preserves data in a form per-
mitting rapid retrieval. All ICO programs produce
data for the NODC.
dl
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
C. International Oceanographic Programs
The importance of international cooperation in
oceanography has been recognized through the in-
creased participation of the United States and other
countries in several intergovernmental oceano-
graphic programs. This growth is largely attribut-
able to the work of UNESCO and the Intergovern-
mental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). The
Commission was launched under the auspices of
UNESCO, and currently includes fifty member
governments from all parts of the world. The pur-
pose of the Commission is to promote scientific
investigation into the nature and resources of the
oceans through the concerted action of its mem-
bers. In bringing together the oceanographers of
many countries, the Commission has focused atten-
tion on oceanographic problems beyond the capac-
ity of individual nations to handle. Deliberations
of the Commission have also been concerned with
international problems of data exchange, standard-
ization of equipment, intercalibration of techniques,
allocation of radio frequencies for oceanographic
use, exchange of scientists, and other problenis
fundamental to successful international coordina-
tion and cooperation.
1. INTERNATIONAL INDIAN OCEAN
EXPEDITION (IIOE)
Although the Indian Ocean’s 28,000,000 square
miles cover over 14 percent of the earth’s surface,
relatively little was known or understood about the
region prior to the initiation of the ILOE in 1960.
The objective of the IIOE is to delineate the fea-
tures of the ocean’s topography, circulation, and
distribution of living organisms. This goal will be
attained by research efforts in air/sea interaction;
studies of physical and chemical properties of the
ocean’s water; investigation of life in the sea; and,
geological and geophysical studies of the ocean’s
basin. Most field aspects of the expedition will ter-
minate in Fiscal Year 1965.
Nations participating with the United States in-
clude Australia, France, Germany, India, Indonesia,
Japan, Pakistan, Portugal, South Africa, Thailand,
and the United Kingdom. Nearly 40 ships, of which
12 are American, share responsibility for the field
operations.
The U. S. budget for FY 1965 for the IIOE
amounts to nearly 4.0 million. The United States
has contributed slightly over one third the total]
support for this expedition, with most of the re-
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
mainder coming from Japan, U.K., Australia.
U.S.S.R., Germany, France, and India.
An interesting highlight of the IIOE has been the
establishment of two data centers: the International
Meteorological Center, Bombay, India; and, the
Indian Ocean Biological Center, Ceylon, India.
Both centers may become permanent establish-
ments after the completion of the IIOE.
2. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TROPICAL
ATLANTIC (ICITA)
The objective of the ICITA is the detailed in-
vestigation of the marine environment in the
Tropical Atlantic, for purposes of efficient exploit-
ation of its fisheries resources. This program was
conceived and planned in 1961 and 1962. Other
participating nations include the Soviet Union,
Brazil, Argentina, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Republic
of Congo (Brazzaville) , Spain, Japan, and Poland.
Field operations commenced February 15, 1963,
as Equalant I and continued through March 18,
1963. Equalant II took place August 1 to August
15, 1963. These phases have been successfully com-
pleted.
Thirteen and 11 vessels participated in Equalant
I, and Equalant IT, respectively. Many foreign and
American scientists and students participated in the
program, with the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R., each con-
tributing from 14 to 14 of the total support of the
program. Significant information on the fluctua-
tion and physical-chemical properties of the equa-
torial undercurrent were obtained. In addition,
effective data exchange arrangements, communica-
tions, and standardization techniques were estab-
lished. Based on the results of the achievements of
the first two phases, the IOC Bureau in October
1963 approved a further extension of the program.
Equalant III will be a more loosely coordinated
program with scientists free to explore leads de-
veloped during Equalant’s I and II, but, as in the
other phases, will include a quasi-synoptic program.
It will be conducted in the spring of 1964, and it
is expected that several additional countries will
Participate. Data from Equalant I are scheduled
for publication in early 1964. Equalant IJ data were
being processed at the end of 1963. The $3 Million
costs (to date) to U.S. agencies, are split among
the research categories wherein the work has been
reported.
The ICITA program has been closely coordinated
with the Guinean Trawling Survey which is ex-
ploring the near shore fishery resources of the Gulf
32
603
of Guinea. The Survey is primarily supported by
the U.S. Agency for International Development
(AID) .
3. U.S-JAPAN INVESTIGATIONS
OF THE PACIFIC
The National Science Foundation is coordinating
the U.S. participation in the U.S.-Japan Coopera-
tive Science Programs. The overall aim of the pro-
gram is the fostering of close working relations be-
tween the two governments and the pooling of their
resources toward solution of common scientific
problems. Work in two areas has been initiated in
the Pacific: “Earth Sciences of the Pacific’ and
“Geography and Ecology of Plants and Organisms’;
and this work involves four on-going oceanographic
projects. It is probable that this number will be in-
creased somewhat in FY 1965.
4. U.S.-LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAMS
As a result of the National Academy of Sciences’
Inter-American Conference on the Marine Sciences,
several small programs in oceanography will be
undertaken between the United States and various
South American nations. The first to be initiated
will be a cooperative effort between Panama, Co-
lombia, Equador, Peru, and the United States to
investigate the “El Nino” phenomenon. Other pro-
grams, notable in the exchange of teaching and
research personnel, are being considered.
Numerous smaller international programs will be
undertaken cooperatively between the United States
and other nations—principally the Latin American
countries. In general, these will be informal pro-
grams arranged between the scientists of individual
institutions. An example of these are the joint in-
vestigations in the South Atlantic by the Lamont
Geological Observatory and the Argentine Navy Hy-
drographic Office. This cooperative effort has been
continuing in an effective manner for nearly a
decade.
5. COOPERATIVE STUDY OF THE
KUROSHIO
A multi-nation investigation of the Kuroshio
current has been proposed for commencement in
FY 1965. The objectives are the:
a. detailed description of the Kuroshio current
proper and the water masses of the surrounding
regions;
b. examination of the living populations of the
region;
604
c. study of the interaction between the ocean and
atmosphere.
The United States has been urged to cooperate in
this study, but has not yet committed any funds or
effort. Countries committed to date include Viet-
nam, Hong Kong, Philippines, Nationalist China,
Korea, Japan, and the U.S.S.R. Periods of 30-45
days each have been proposed for actual field oper-
ations to occur during the summer and winter of
1965 and 1966.
6. PROGRAM FOR WORLD
OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDY
A Long-term Comprehensive Program for World
Ocean Study is being developed for the Intergov-
33
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
ernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), by
the Special Committee on Oceanic Research
(SCOR) of the International Council of Scientific
Unions (ICSU) , IOC’s advisory body on the general
scientific aspects of oceanography. SCOR is drawing
up a General Scientific Framework around which
the comprehensive study will be built. The initial
phases of this program are planned for FY 1965.
The following categories of scientific problems
are being examined: near shore processes and rela-
tionships, biology of the open ocean, geology of
the sea floor and the earth beneath the sea; hydro-
dynamics of ocean waters, physics and chemistry of
ocean waters, interactions between sea and air, and
applications of oceanic research.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
605
Chapter II
OCEANOGRAPHIC RESOURCES
Oceanographic resources consist of the capabili-
ties needed to support the oceanographic effort:
A. Ships; B. Instrumentation; C. Facilities; and
D. Manpower and Training.
A. Ships: $21,350,000
For FY 1965, the ICO is recommending funding
for construction of five new ships, for the outfitting
of one other to provide a capability for oceanog-
raphic work, and for design studies for a ship
planned for future construction.
The budget is down sharply from the shipbuild-
ing budgets for FY 1963 and 1964; the drop in
budget will have the effect of delaying the creation
of a fully effective oceanographic observing pro-
gram as outlined in the Ten Year Plan. The level
has been chosen as the minimum building program
needed to maintain the momentum in oceanog-
raphic research developed in the last few years;
that is, the minimum needed to replace obsolete
ships and to keep research groups working at an
effective and efficient pace. A listing of 100 oceanog-
raphic survey/research ships is offered in the Ap-
pendix.
The various agencies contribute to the oveanog-
raphic ship building program in the following way:
Coast and Geodetic Survey: $9,000,000
The C&GS will build one survey ship of approxi-
mately 2,800 tons which will be largely self-sustain-
ing in its operations and capable of carrying out
hydrographic and oceanographic surveys anywhere
in the world. It will have a wide range of data-
collecting capability and will work primarily in
support of the Ocean Survey Program. Capabilities
for servicing oceanographic buoys and supporting
deep research vehicles are being included in the
design of this ship.
Coast Guard: $50,000
The CG will design an oceanographic ship to
replace EVERGREEN in International Ice Patrol
and other CG oceanographic research and surveys.
This vessel, to be constructed with funds planned
for FY 1966, will be ice strengthened and complete-
ly equipped for oceanographic research in arctic
and subarctic waters.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: $1,700,000
BCF will build a replacement for an exploratory
fishing and oceanographic research vessel used in
the tropical Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Funds
are also being requested to equip a new ship (whose
construction was funded in FY 1964) for high-sea
salmon investigations and related oceanographic
studies in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific.
National Science Foundation: $1,500,000
NSF must be responsive to scientific proposals
received; its program, therefore, is not as firm as
those of other agencies. NSF expects to provide
about $1.5 Million for ships, for university and
other private laboratories. It is estimated that this
will include one small vessel for general oceanog-
raphic research.
Navy: $9,100,000
Navy is requesting two ships to support the aims
of the National Oceanographic Program.
A 1,320 ton survey ship will be built to work
with the larger vessels or carry out independent
surveys and to assist in research projects in support
of military requirements. This ship will replace
the USS REQUISITE, a 23 year old converted mine
sweeper, which is being decommissioned in early
calendar year 1964.
One of the Navy’s 1,350 ton oceanographic re-
search ships will also be built for assignment to a
private research institution, for use on research
projects supporting Navy needs. ‘Three of the
AGOR Class oceanographic research ships are now
used by the Navy and by research institutions. The
new AGOR will incorporate improvements gained
in experience from the preceding three. Since none
of these ships is in the FY 1964 shipbuilding pro-
gram, the Navy is using this period to update the
design and firm-up an improved “second genera-
tion” of the class. This will be accomplished by
utilizing the results of a complete canvass of both
current and anticipated AGOR-users in order to
ascertain experience and requirements data.
B. Instrumentation: $9,110,000
Oceanographic instrumentation remains a criti-
cal factor in improving quality and increasing
quantity of oceanographic data. Replacement of
slow, manual handling methods for data collection;
and the development of new, automatic, and rapid
collection and computing methods is most promis-
ing. Present instrument development is directed
toward improving the accuracy, sensitivity, dura-
606
bility, and versatility of existing instruments, de-
veloping new instruments where existing gear is
inadequate, and the use of automatic measurement,
recording, analysis, and computation wherever pos-
sible and practical. Plans for FY 1965, by agency,
are as follows:*
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: $150,000
The Bureau is developing biological sampling
and measuring devices applicable to fishery science,
such as semiautomatic fish scale readers to deter-
mine the race and age of North Pacific salmon,
New England haddock, and South Atlantic and
Gulf Coast menhaden. This instrument will im-
prove accuracy and objectivity, standardize proce-
dures, and reduce costs of scale reading. Another
device under development is a towed vehicle which
will follow and record a given parameter, such as
temperature or salinity, while carrying a sampling
device or another sensor. A high-speed plankton
sampler which can be towed for long periods of
time is also under development.
Geological Survey: $150,000
The USGS is developing and testing instrument
systems for: (a) Automatic collection of samples
and continuous recording of information concern-
ing the physical and chemical properties of water
in streams, estuaries, and bays; (b) Mapping rela-
tive bulk densities, radioactivity, and other prop-
erties of recent ocean sediments; (c) Laboratory
analyses of textural, mineralogic, and chemical
characteristics of ocean sediments; (d) Collection
of bottom samples from the ocean floor in coopera-
tion with Coast and Geodetic Survey and other
offices; and (e) Procurement of geophysical data
pertinent to geological structures beneath the ocean
floor.
Bureau of Mines: $48,000
The USBM is continuing its studies of equip-
ment for the successful sampling, evaluation, and
economical recovery of mineral resources from in
and on the ocean floor. All aspects will be con-
sidered.
Coast Guard: $1,218,000
The CG will continue the outfitting of its ocean-
station vessels with oceanographic winches, labora-
tories, and basic instruments for the collection of
time series data. New winches and laboratories will
be installed on three WIND Class icebreakers.
* Additional funding for instrumentation is included under
research categories,
36
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Coast and Geodetic Survey: $850,000
C&GS is acquiring modern oceanographic, hydro-
graphic, and tide instrumentation, including signal
processing and automated recording equipment to
replace obsolete and cumbersome devices and to
increase the automation of shipboard processing
operations. A buoy system will be developed for
estuarine and Continental Shelf studies. Deep-sea
tsunami sensors will supplement the shore-based
sensors and will provide basic physical data for
studies of tsunami wave theory. The deep-sea
sensors may also provide an early warning capa-
bility to the existing network. In support of the
Survey’s study of basic tidal theory, the develop-
ment of a special tide gage for offshore use to
determine tidal characteristics at sea will be con-
tinued. Development of the automated current
measuring system, to replace the present system,
will be completed.
Office of Naval Research: $740,000
The ONR is sponsoring development of large
oceanographic and meteorological buoys. Two pro-
totype deep-sea buoys with high-speed telemeter-
ing capabilities for long-range communications will
be developed during FY 1965. This continuation
of a 2-year buoy-development program includes
construction of two discus-shaped hulls, 40 feet in
diameter, tests of electrical power supplies and radio
communication over distances as great as 2,500
miles, investigations of mooring techniques, de-
velopment of sensors, and engineering of telemeter-
ing and recording systems for buoys and shore com-
mand stations.
Naval Oceanographic Office: $5,909,000
The NavOceano will continue to expand its test
and evaluation capabilities and pursue the devel-
opment of oceanographic recording systems from
sensor to computer. The present program for test-
ing, calibrating, and evaluating of both standard
and newly developed instruments will be accel-
erated. The Shipboard Survey System now under
development will be carried to the field testing
phase. This system which consists of an under-
water subsystem, a hoist subsystem, and a data
handling subsystem, will be the first truly inte-
grated shipboard survey system with seismic, mag-
netic, gravity, and bathymetric, as well as oceano-
graphic recording capabilities. Data will be read
out in a format for direct use by the National
Oceanographic Data Center, In FY 1965 the Office
plans to develop more advanced sensors, capable
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
of much greater accuracy, sensitivity, and reliabil-
ity for this and other systems. Efforts toward de-
velopment of standard synoptic instrumentation
will be increased. This will include continued work
with ONR in buoy systems, i.e., development of
anchoring and moving techniques for both sub-
merged and surface models and appropriate in-
strument packages for them.
Public Health Service: $45,000
PHS is planning to modify present fresh-water
instruments for use in estuarine and near-shore
waters. In the first stages of this program, efforts
are being largely directed towards development of
instruments for automatic measurements of water
quality. In addition, automatic recording meters
will be utilized in estuarine waters.
C. Facilities: $8,420,000
Construction and improvement of shore facili-
ties in FY 1965 will continue at about the same
funding level as in FY 1964. About 65 per cent
of this effort will enlarge the research and training
capacity of private institutions. The remainder will
be used for the modernization of existing Federal
laboratories and for the financing of a limited pro-
gram of new Federal construction. Outlines of
programs by agency follow.
Coast and Geodetic Survey: $360,000
The C&GS has scheduled development of the
Norfolk Ship Base in FY 1965 as outlined in Phase
V of its master plan. This stage will complete the
conversion of the base to a modern facility for ship
support and data processing. The channel is to be
dredged and the administrative office constructed.
Office of Naval Research: $2,000,000
The ONR is sponsoring the construction of dock-
ing facilities at the Narragansett Marine Laboratory
of the University of Rhode Island to expand the
present pier to accommodate the new 180 foot
research vessel. Increased pier space is also being
provided for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti-
tution where present space is inadequate.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: $2,500,000
The BCF proposes to build a $1.5 million labor-
atory at Miami, Florida, which will serve as head-
quarters for research in the tropical Atlantic. Ex-
tensive work in exploratory fishing, oceanography,
and biology will be needed to develop the food
resources of this area, making the establishment of
the laboratory basic to a successful program. A new
37
607
$1 million biological laboratory is planned for Mil-
ford, Connecticut, to replace the present one which
is old and inadequate. It will be concerned with
specialized large-scale studies on the artificial cul-
ture of shellfish and on the control of shellfish
predators.
Geological Survey: $30,000
The USGS is establishing a marine research facil-
ity in the San Francisco Bay Area of California.
This installation will serve as a base for marine
geological, geophysical, and hydrological studies of
the Pacific Ocean floor.
Coast Guard: $30,000
The CG is continuing structural additions to
two light towers now under construction to permit
oceanographic measurements to be made. Surveys
from CG light towers will be made in conjunction
with the Fish and Wildlife Service, CkGS, Weather
Bureau, Corps of Engineers, and private research
laboratories.
National Science Foundation: $3,500,000
(Estimate)
NSF will invest about $3.5 million in shore facil-
ities at universities and other nongovernment re-
search institutions. Precisely what facilities will
be built and for whom, will be decided after pro-
posals are received and evaluated by NSF.
D. Manpower and Training: ($1.6 Million)*
Achievement of the long range goal in oceanog-
raphy depends critically on (a) the training in our
universities of an adequate number of high caliber
scientists to direct and carry out a research pro-
gram which is certain to become technically and
scientifically more complex, and (b) the training
of technicians capable of carrying out much of the
observational and laboratory program and of man-
ning the needed expansion of ocean engineering.
Sources of Trained Oceanographers
A 1962 study by the ICO reported that 35 insti-
tutions offer courses in the “marine sciences,’’ 29
institutions offer graduate courses, and graduate
degrees are granted by 17 institutions. A study con-
ducted by the Office of Education, summarized in
the following table, shows that between 1959 and
* This is included in the tabulations of research budgets.
The figures reported here include federal support of fellow-
ships and employee training programs in oceanography, but
do not include stipends paid to student research assistants
(which are also included under the appropriate research
categories) .
608
1962 the number of undergraduate and graduate
degrees granted in oceanography failed to increase
significantly. At the same time, graduate enroll-
ment did increase steadily and significantly, so that
it is reasonable to expect a marked increase in
graduate degrees within the next few years.
University enrollment and degree statistics rep-
resent only in part the sources of oceanographers.
According to the National Register, scientists re-
porting first specialties in oceanography hold their
highest degrees in that subject. Other fields from
which oceanographers come in significant numbers
are:
Biology: 21%; Geology: 20%; Engineering: 14%;
Physics: 7%.
ADVANCED DEGREE ENROLLMENTS AND
DEGREES GRANTED* IN OCEANOGRAPHY
BY U.S. UNIVERSITIES
1959-1962
Academic Years
1959 1960 1961 1962
Advanced degree enrollments n.a. 111 159 191
Full-time na. 92 105 126
Part-time mas IS) BOD
Degrees Hp Bil BD BO
Bachelors 2 6 6 2
Masters 15 Oy Mes Zz
Doctorates 10 6 Be 2
These fields provide a large and diversified pool
from which oceanographers will continue to be re-
cruited. However, competition from the parent
fields and from other developing science programs
is severe, so that it is doubtful that manpower ade-
quate for the expanded program of the Ten Year
Plan can be recruited without special efforts.
The Need for Engineers and Technicians
Attainment of the goals of the Long Range Plan
and profitable exploitation of the sea requires that
the field of ocean engineering be expanded and
strengthened. Instruments must be designed and
built to withstand the adverse environment of the
* Source: Office of Education—From Office of Education
earned degree study, which defines oceanography as a physical
science. Degrees in closely related fields of marine biology,
geology, geochemistry, etc., not included.
38
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
sea, new types of structures and vehicles must be
built, and man must learn to work effectively with-
in the sea. Capable engineers and technicians who
have first-hand acquaintance with the sea and its
special difficulties are scarce, and this lack of ayail-
able manpower inhibits industry from entering a
field in which it should play a large role. It be-
comes the responsibility of the federal government,
therefore, to encourage industry to turn its atten-
tion to ocean engineering and to stimulate and sup-
port the training of technicians for the wide vari-
ety of skilled tasks which are needed.
Agency Support of Education and Training
Fellowships are available to qualified graduate
students of oceanography in competition with other
fields through the broad programs of the National
Science Foundation, the Public Health Service, and
the Office of Education (National Defense Educa-
tion Act). The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
supports fellowships in oceanography through
grants for this purpose to selected universities.
Roughly one-third of the graduate student popu-
lation in oceanography is supported by fellowships-
and the total federal expenditure for this purpose
is estimated for FY 1965 as $0.4 million or 25%
of the total manpower funds in oceanography.
Research grants and contracts provide financial
support for about half the graduate students. These
students normally devote 20 hours per week to re-
search under the supervision of a faculty member;
this not only provides them with an income, but
in most cases the research experience which they
gain is a most important part of their training. The
National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Re-
search, Navy Oceanographic Office, Bureau of
Ships, Bureau of Naval Weapons, Atomic Energy
Commission, Public Health Service, and the Smith-
sonian provide contract and grant support of this
sort. Stipends paid to graduate students for re-
search is included under the appropriate research
budget.
Substantial employee training programs in
oceanography are conducted by the Navy (Naval
Academy and Post-graduate School), Coast and
Geodetic Survey, and the Coast Guard. Other agen-
cies provide limited support for employee training.
An estimated $1.2 million or 75%, of the total
manpower funds will be allocated to all employee
training programs in FY 1965.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
609
Chapter III
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PLAN
BUDGET
Based on a 1958 study of the potential of ocean-
ography to contribute to the national welfare by
the National Academy of Sciences, the Executive
Branch and the Congress, concerted steps were
taken to elevate this field from its comparatively
primitive state of resources and activity to one in
healthier balance with science and technology as
a whole and more responsive to national needs.
The Federal oceanographic budget has grown
from a FY 1959 level of $32 million to $55 million
in FY 1960 and to $62 million in FY 1961, with a
budget supplement in FY 1962 totaling $105 mil-
lion. Growth to $124 million in FY 1963 completely
leveled off in FY 1964 as a result of Congressional
action upon the President’s Budget.
Although the FY 1965 budget has been kept
to a minimum consistent with requisites, there is,
nevertheless, some proposed growth. The research,
instrumentation, and facilities components which
form the cutting edge for scientific accomplish-
ments will grow from $68.0 million in FY 1964 to
$86.7 million, thus preserving the momentum al-
ready established. The program will thus continue
progress toward goals set forth by the late President
Kennedy in his message to the Congress in 1961
and the more detailed projection of the recently
published long range Federal plan in oceanography.
Ship construction, however, will be slowed.
A number of major program components have
been previously identified as deserving further
study and emphasis: deep sea research, and vehicles
requisite for its accomplishment; a more vigorous
study of air/sea interaction; and a detailed ration-
ale for future survey operations. Such studies are
now in progress, and will be elaborated upon in
subsequent reports, explaining the basis for those
budget elements in the FY 1965 budget and setting
the stage for extension of this activity in future
years.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PLAN BUDGET (Thousands)
Actual FY 1963
A. BY AGENCIES
Defense $ 55,475
Commerce 23,645
Interior 16,104
National Science Foundation 19,700
Atomic Energy Commission 3,516
Health, Education and Welfare 4,108
Treasury 511
Smithsonian Institution 607
$123,666
B. BY FUNCTIONAL AREAS
Research $ 46,410
Instrumentation 6,658
Ships 37,250
Surveys 18,036
TIOE 5,802
Facilities 8,875
Data Center 635
$123,666
35-377 O—64——_40
Estimated FY 1964
President’s Budget FY 1965
39
$ 54,631 $ 66,619
23,752 20,486
16,509 19,652
20,200 20,600
4,167 4,730
2,855 3,280
1,152 1,822
605 881
$123,871 $138,070
$ 58,722 $ 69,143
6,386 9,110
27,387 21,350
21,916 25,014
5,582 3,979
2,937 8,420
941 1,054
$123,871 $138,070
610
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Cc. INDIVIDUAL AGENCY BUDGETS
AGENCY—FUNCTION
Actual FY 1963
Estimated FY 1964
40
President's Budget FY 1965
DEFENSE—TOTAL $ 55,475 $ 54,631 $ 66,619
Navy—Total 54,850 53,557 65,506
Research 19,900 26,426 32,278
Instrumentation 5,500 4,455 6,649
Ship Construction 18,200 8,200 9,100
Surveys 9,600 12,944 14,704
IIOE 1,300 803 250
Facilities = 233 2,000
Data Center 350 496 525
Army—Total 625 1,074 1,113
Research 625 1,074 1,113
COMMERCE—-TOTAL $ 23,645 $ 23,752 $ 20,486
Coast & Geodetic
Survey—Total 23,412 23,519 20,203
Research 394 839 650
Instrumentation 768, 973 850
Ship Construction 14,400 13,000 9,000
Surveys 7,505 8,109 9,101
IIOE _ 125 75
Facilities 265 332 360
Data Center 80 141 167
Weather Bureau—Total 183 183 233
Research 173 165 208
Data Center 10 18 25
Maritime Administration—
Total 50 50 50
Research 50 50 50
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 611
C. INDIVIDUAL AGENCY BUDGETS (Cont'd.)
AGENCY—FUNCTION Actual FY 1963 Estimated FY 1964 President’s Budget FY 1965
INTERIOR—TOTAL $ 16,104 $ 16,509 $ 19,652
Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries—Total 15,320 15,494 18,210
Research 9,747 11,757 13,499
Instrumentation 70 120 150
Ship Construction 2,650 3,107 1,700
Surveys 20 20 40
IIOE 102 154 154
Facilities 2,651 195 2,500
Data Center 80 141 167
Geological Survey—Total 496 498 998
Research 476 474 778
Instrumentation 20 24 150
Surveys _ — 20
Facilities — - 30
Data Center — _ 20
Bureau of Sports Fisheries
& Wildlife—Total 238 464 262
Research 238 257 262
Facilities _ 127 —
Ship Construction — 80 —
Bureau of Mines—Total 50 53 182
Research 50 53 104
Instrumentation — _ 48
Ship Construction _ = —
Surveys = — 30
Data Center = = at
NATIONAL SCIENCE
FOUNDATION—TOTAL $ 19,700 $ 20,200 $ 20,600
Research 9,200 10,600 12,000
Ship Construction 2,000 3,000 1,500
IIOE 4,400 4,500 3,500
Facilities 4,000 2,000 3,500
Data Center 100 100 100
41
612 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
C. INDIVIDUAL AGENCY BUDGETS (Cont'd.)
AGENCY—FUNCTION Actual FY 1963 Estimated FY 1964 President’s Budget FY 1965
ATOMIC ENERGY
COMMISSION—TOTAL $ 3,516 $ 4,167 $ 4,730
Research 3,501 4,142 4,705
Data Center 15 25 25
HEALTH, EDUCATION &
WELFARE—TOTAL $ 4,108 $ 2,855 $ 3,280
Public Health Service—Total 4,058 2,805 3,230
Research 1,558 2,230 2,505
Instrumentation _ 45 45
Surveys 700 530 680
Facilities 1,800 — —
Office of Education—Total 50 50 50
Research 50 50 50
TREASURY—TOTAL fy lil $ 1,152 $ 1,822
Coast Guard—Total $ 511 $ 1,152 $ 1,822
Research — — 60
Instrumentation 300 769 1,218
Ship Construction = = 50
Surveys 211 313 439
Facilities — 50 30
Data Center _ 20 25
SMITHSONIAN—TOTAL $ 607 $ 605 $ ©6881
Research 448 605 881
Facilities 159 — —
49
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 613
APPENDIX
ICO OCEANOGRAPHIC SURVEY/RESEARCH SHIPS
43
614
Name
TANNER
MAURY
TOWHEE
SHELDRAKE
SERRANO
SAN PABLO
REHOBOTH
LITTLEHALES
ARCHERFISH
BOWDITCH
DUTTON
MICHELSON
CONRAD
GILLISS
DAVIS
SANDS
LYNCH
KELLAR
AGOR-9
AGOR-10
AGS-26
AGS-27
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Type
Large AGS
Large
Large
Large
Large
Medium AGS
Medium
Small AGS
Medium AGS
Large AGS
Large
Large
AGOR
AGOR
AGOR
AGOR
AGOR
Small
AGOR
AGOR
Medium AGS
Medium AGS
AGS
AGS-28
UNITED STATES NAVY
Source
ex-AKA
ex-AKA
ex-AMS
ex-AMS
ex-ATF
ex-AVP
ex-AVP
ex-YF
ex-SS
ex-Cargo
ex-Cargo
ex-Cargo
new const.
new const.
new const.
new const.
new const.
new const.
new const.
new const.
new const.
new const.
Built
1944
1943
1941
1943
1947
1942
1942
1945 ©
1943
1944
1944
1944
1963
1963
1963
1964
1964
1964
1965
1965
1965
1966
Proposed FY 1965 Program
AGOR
Small AGS
new const.
new const.
1967
1967
44
Use
Coastal surveys, tender
Coastal surveys, tender
Coastal & nearshore surveys
Coastal & nearshore surveys
Coastal & nearshore surveys
Mid-Ocean surveys
Mid-Ocean surveys
Harbor surveys
Ocean surveys
Ocean surveys
Ocean surveys
Ocean surveys
Ocean research (Lamont)
Ocean research (Navy)
Ocean research (Navy)
Ocean research (Navy)
Ocean research (Navy)
Coastal & nearshore surveys
Ocean research (Scripps)
Cost
Millions
$ 4.5
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
44
4.4
Ocean research (Univ. of Washington) Ath
Ocean surveys
Ocean surveys
Ocean research (Texas A&M)
Coastal & offshore surveys
9.4
8.2
4.5
46
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
UNITED STATES NAVY (cont'd)
615
NAME LOA DRAFT BEAM DISPL COMPLEMENT SOURCE .AGE MISSION
CREW Sc
TANNER CLASS 426 17 53 6500 330 8 AKA 1944 Precise coastal surveys. Serve as
TANNER operating tender providing sup-
MAURY 1943 port for smaller ships, boats, and
shore parties. Equipped with
helicopters. Chart production
capability and electronic posi-
tioning equipment.
SAN PABLO CLASS 300 13 41 2600 174 8 AVP 1942 Deep-water oceanographic and
SAN PABLO hydrographic data. Basic ships
REHOBOTH for collection of deep-ocean en-
vironmental data for pro- and
anti-submarine warfare. Con-
duct the “ocean-wide survey” to
meet the VCS and national re-
quirements for a widespread
knowledge of the oceans.
BOWDITCH 455 24 62 13,000 80 15 CARGO 1944 Deep ocean surveys for special
BOWDITCH fleet requirements.
DUTTON
MICHELSON
REQUISITE CLASS 221 11 32 1250 82 2 AMS 1941 Nearshore, shallow and medium
TOWHEE depth hydrographic and oceano-
SHELDRAKE graphic work, either for charter
SERRANO 195 15 39 1235 82 2 ATF 1943 surveys or for special military
Projects such as mining and
mines countermeasures work.
Mid-deep equipment, test. and
evaluation by shipborne and
bottomed sonar arrays.
LITTLEHALES 136 11 31 600 19 1 YTB 1945 Shallow water oceanography for
military requirements.
ARCHERFISH 311 17 2200 55 4 SS 1943 Project SEASCAN
GILLISS CLASS 209 14 41 1320 26 15 NEW 1963 Basic and applied oceanography.
(AGOR) Acoustic test of environmental
GILLISS effects on instruments.
CONRAD
DAVIS SPECIAL FEATURES:
SANDS 1964 Lab and office space,
LYNCH 1964 acoustic silencing,
AGOR 1965 oceanographic winch,
AGOR 1965 deep anchoring, bow propellor,
antiroll tanks, van storage.
KELLAR CLASS
(Small AGS) 209 14 41 1320 26 15 NEW 1964 Same as REQUISITE Class.
45
616 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY
NAME LOA DRAFT BEAM DISPL COMPLEMENT SOURCE AGE MISSION
CREW Sc
Ocean Survey Ships
OSS-31 PIONEER 312 14 41 2600 103 15 1943 Complex Oceanographic capability
OSS-32 SURVEYOR 292 16 46 3150 90 21 1960 Complex Oceanographic capability
OSS-01 OCEANOGRAPHER 303 18 52 3805 85 20 1964 Complex Oceanographic capability
OSS-02 DISCOVERER 303 18 52 3805 85 20 1964 Complex Oceanographic capability
OSS-28 EXPLORER 220 16 38 1900 79 21 1940 Complex Oceanographic capability
OSS-30 PATHFINDER 229 16 39 2000 79 20 1942 Complex Oceanographic capability
Medium Survey Ships
M-SS-20 FAIRWEATHER 220 13 42 1615 70 12 1964 Hydrography & limited oceanography
MSS-21 RANIER 220 13 42 1615 70 12 1965 Hydrography & limited oceanography
MSS-19 HYDROGRAPHER 164 14 32 1160 48 10 1930 Hydrography & limited oceanography
MSS- Not named 230 13 42 1630 70 12 1966 Hydrography & limited oceanography
Coastal Survey Ships
CSS-28 PEIRCE 163 10 33 760 30 6 1963 Hydrography & limited oceanography
CSS-29 Whiting 163 10 33 760 30 6 1963 Hydrography & limited oceanography
CSS-26 BOWIE 136 8 24 267 24 4 1940 Hydrography & limited oceanography
CSS-27 HODGSON 136 8 24 267 24 4 1943 Hydrography & limited oceanography
CSS-30 Not named 169 10 36 770 30 6 1965 Hydrography & limited oceanography
CSS-31 Not named 169 10 36 770 30 6 1965 Hydrography & limited oceanography
Auxiliary Survey Vessels
ASV-80 PATTON 88 8 2 eer 4: 12 3 1941 Hydrography & limited oceanography
ASV-79 LESTER JONES 88 8 21 157 12 3 1940 Hydrography & limited oceanography
ASV-89 MARMER 101 10 22 270 14 3 1932 Hydrography & limited oceanography
ASV- Not named 85 150 - = 1965 Wire drag boats for harbor and
ASV- Not named 85 150 = a 1965 waterway obstruction surveys
Medium AGS (SCB-226) 280 15 48 2550 41 34 NEW 1965
226 1966 Same as SAN PABLO Class
Large AGS (SCB-193) 380 16 53 4100 300 8 NEW Same as TANNER Class
PROPOSED FY 1965 PROGRAM
AGOR NEW _ 1967
Small AGS NEW 1967
Ocean Survey Ship (modified) Complex oceanographic capability. (Now
OSS- Not named 2800 in preliminary design stage.)
(approx.)
46
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
U. S. COAST GUARD
617
SHIPS WITH OCEANOGRAPHIC CAPABILITY—EXISTING (FY-64) AND PLANNED (FY-65) PROGRAMS
Oceanographic Vessel
(WAGO)
International Ice Pa-
trol, Arctic and Sub-
Arctic Surveys.
CGS EVERGREEN
LOA 180’
DRAFT 13’
BEAM 37’
DISP 1025
CREW 48
SC 6
AGE 1943
SOURCE-Convy.
buoy tender
Icebreakers Ocean Station Vessels (Weather Ships)
(WAGB) ¥
High endurance cutters outfitted for surface and
Polar resupply, ice- upper air meteorological observations on six U.S.
breaking and ocea- Ocean Stations. These ships are being equipped
nography. with oceanographic laboratories and winches for
CGC NORTHWIND
time-series oceanographic observations.
CGC EASTWIND -
CGC WESTWIND
ee oy 327-ft Class
BEAM 63° WEG
DISP 6500 | INGHAM
CREW 234 | CAMPBELL
SC 18 | SPENCER
AGE 1944 | TANEY
In 1965 a new vessel
will be designed to
replace EVER-
GREEN. New ship to
be approximately
200-ft long @ 1500
tons. To have ice-
breaking capability.
FY-64
311-ft Class 255-ft Class
(WAVP) (WPG)
CASCO MENDOTA
YAKUTAT
HUMBOLDT |
COOK INLET
CASTLE ROCK
BARATARIA
BERING STRAIT
350-ft Class
(New Construction)
one ship in FY-64
FY 65 PROGRAM
In 1965 new and] BIBB
larger laboratories} DUANE
will be installed on
icebreakers. New oce-
anographic winches
to be provided.
HALF MOON ESCANABA
ABSECON OWASCO
MACKINAC WINNEBAGO
ROCKAWAY CHAUTAUGUA
CHINCO- MINNETONKA
TEAGUE
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
NAME LOA DRAFT BEAM DISPL COMPLEMENT SOURCE AGE MISSION
ELTANIN 266 20 51 3800 32 1957 Oceanographic research
ANTON BRUUN 243 1700 15 1963 Oceanographic research
ATLANTIS II
PILLSBURY
ALAMINOS
YAQUINA
Not named
CATAMARAN
TE VEGA
INLAND SEAS
(Not named)
Listed with WHOI
Listed with U. of Miami
Listed with Texas A & M
To be delivered to Oregon State U.
To be delivered to Duke U.
To be delivered to Johns Hopkins U.
Listed with Stanford U.
Listed with U. of Michigan
To be delivered to U. California, Scripps
47
Oceanographic research
Oceanographic research
Oceanographic research
CONVERSION 1964 Oceanographic research
NEW 1964 Oceanographic research
NEW 1964 Oceanographic research
Oceanographic research
Oceanographic research
NEW 1964 Oceanographic research
618 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
NAME LOA DRAFT BEAM DISPL COMPLEMENT SOURCE CONSTRUCTION MISSION
CREW Sc DATE
ALBATROSS IV CLASS
ALBATROSS IV 187 14 = 1000 «15 12 1962
CHARLES H. GILBERT 123 = — $83 11 5 1952
TOWNSEND CROMWELL 158 = =- 600 8 1963
GEORGE B. KELEZ 167 - = OO is 6 1944
BLACK DOUGLAS 152 14 = 87111 5 1938 Ocean research
DELAWARE 147 15 = 518 13 4 1950 (bio-chemistry,
GERONIMO 143 15 = 760 15 12 1945 meteorology,
UNDAUNTED 143 15 = 760 15 12 1945 and fisheries) .
DELAWARE (replacement) 150 = = 650 — = NEW 1964
DAVID STARR JORDAN 171 = - 14, 1 = = NEW 1964
(Not named) 200 14 200 a — NEW 1965
GEORGE M. BOWERS CLASS
GEORGE M. BOWERS 74 8 - 91 8 2 1956
SILVER BAY 96 = — 163 = 4 1956
MURRE II 86 - - 250 5 1943
CHINOOK 35 - = Sie 2 1938
JOHN N. COBB 93 10 - 250 «(ill 4 1950
COMMANDO 65 _ - 69 — 5 1945 Ocean research
OREGON 100 10 = 219 11 3 1946 (bio-chemistry,
KINGFISH 43 4 = HD 4 1954 meteorology,
PHALAROPE II 40 — =i 10 _ 2 1932 and fisheries) .
RORQUAL 65 6 - 50 3 4 1941
SHANG WHEELER 50 5 — 25 4 4 1950
ASOSA 48 5 = 19 3 3 1941
LOUISE 39 3 - QB 3 1948
Proposed FY 1965 Program
OREGON replacement 150 600 1966 Ocean research
48
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS
619
NAME
LOA DRAFT BEAM DISPL COMPLEMENT
CREW
sc
SOURCE AGE
MISSION
BROWN BEAR
HOH
AGOR (not named)
AGASSIZ
ARGO
BAIRD
HORIZON
OCONOSTOTA
PAOLINA-T
H. M. SMITH
AGOR
(not named)
ACONA
ALAMINOS
GERDA
JOHN ELLIOTT PILLSBURY
USNS JOSIAH GIBBS
CONRAD
VEMA
TRIDENT
ATLANTIS I
ATLANTIS II
CHAIN
CRAWFORD
GOSNOLD
INLAND SEAS
65
180
213
143,
180
102
80
128
132
80
180
75
177
300
200
180
142
210
213
125
99
27 750 11
a oh e
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
21
8
Listed with Navy research ships
SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY
15
14
10
14
10
— 825° —
40 20/9" —
33 997 18
— 825) —
= 2066 —
22 170 9
29 561 12
14
24 ARS
15 TUG
14
4
5
10 YP
Listed with Navy research ships
31 300 12
10 NEW
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
22 154 6
8 TRAWLER
TEXAS A & M COLLEGE
ae Ch) es
14
UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI
- 135 —
- 935 —
5
20
HUDSON LABORATORY
42 2800 48
24 AVP
LAMONT GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY
17
Listed with Navy research ships
17 AUX. SCHOONER
33 734 19
NARRAGANSETT MARINE LABORATORY
19
= 856 =
28 500 17
= 2300 —
41 2100 29
24 322
= 304 —
13
WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION
9 KETCH
25
23 ARS
8 CGCUTTER
7
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
49
1934
1943
1944
1944
1944
1944
1944
1944
1945
1965
1961
1948
1943
1944
1923
1931
1962
1944
1927
1948
Oceanographic research
and student training.
Oceanographic research
(biology, chemistry,
meteorology, fisheries,
seismic instrument
development, and
student training.)
Oceanographic research
Oceanographic research
Oceanographic research
Oceanographic research
(acoustics, chemistry, and
instrument development) .
Oceanographic research
and student training.
Oceanographic research
(acoustics, plankton,
magnetics, and bottom
photography) .
Oceanographic research
(bathymetry, bottom
biology, chemistry,
instrument development,
and student training) .
620
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS (cont'd)
NAME LOA DRAFT BEAM DISPL COMPLEMENT SOURCE AGE
CREW Sc
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
TE VEGA 135 17 28 270 «15 15 CONV. 1963
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
KYMA 65 = 17 95 = = 1952
DUKE UNIVERSITY
(Not named) 117 11 28 295 mel) 15 NEW 1964
50
MISSION
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 621
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
March 19, 1964
Dear Mr. President: (Dear Mr. Speaker: )
Recognizing the continued interest by the Congress in advancing
this Nation's program in oceanography, I am pleased to forward
advance copies of two publications of the Federal Council for
S:ience and Technology that set forth Government-wide plans
and budget details.
These reports, entitled "National Oceanographic Program, Fiscal
Year 1965, Parts I and II,“ contain an account of oceanic
research to meet national goals, in keeping with the long range
considerations previously submitted to the Congress. Informa-
tion is also included concerning proposed funding for research,
surveys, new ship and laboratory construction, and :oncerning
program planning and coordination by the Council's Interagency
Committee on Oceanography (ICO), to minimize unwitting duplica-
tion and program gaps.
The proposed Federal budget in Bass ge aa is $138 million.
This is 11% more than Fiscal Year 1964 appropriations, which in
turn @qualled those for Fiscal Year 1963. This proposed growth
is an absolute minimum if the country is to maintain the
momentum necessary to achieve those objectives in oceanic
research which have been previously enunciated by both President
Kennedy and the Congress to enhance our military defense; to
develop marine mineral and fisheries resources to control
pollution; to predict more accurately storms and tides that
endanger life and property; to assist state, national and inter-
national bodies in wise legislation and regulation of commerce
on the sea; and to extend scientific knowledge generally.
I especially should like to cali attention to the Government-
wide character of this program. Statutory responsibility for
the conduct of related sectors are vested in a number of ©
“separate agencies. Special measures are thus being continued
by the Office of Science and Technology and the Federal Council
for Science and Technology, with the assistance of the ICO, to
achieve effective interagency planning end coordination.
Sincerely yours,
{sf Lyndon B. Johnson
Honorable Carl Hayden
President pro Tempore of the Senate
Washington, D. C.
Honorable John W. McCormack
Speaker of the House of Representatives
Washington, D. C.
wei ‘SoTHW RET
A TULLE HAW
fo ool emir, th ceed | soba
Jat saod! bas
oy aaa ee
¢ [axebe BaaogG
. fo f W ,a8¢ ) See ae a iy Beers } any hie Coli ®, ;
daworm Deaoqot4 atc? .fOQL yeeY Jace 102) eaone ame
Ey ee! hfs 3 i i
b- od asoauose: petreial? bra Lax er i
“ c 2 Peng vs wr ¢ i at ‘eae ‘ a an mo fe
J Bens ixhe Tom hoe 3 ele : tie +g G qa
“otot bua Latolfan yeseve valehe oo. py saqorg ripe orkt ® 504
i so nba 4 Lit eS 2 | i St ae oP. te ee Me ~
forensy apbalwod! otittaeioe bracxs se: se8
GR ait | yy.
eT
gies F gts , “i
i & £5 3 158
pyle fev
etwatat Hts IO sy oa
sev tistnere ges TO | oytyeakt oxtd "te"
A > uths sara
af -
| sf Wan ea ike
APPENDIX 8
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIONAL OCHANOGRAPHIC
DATA CENTER—FISCAL YEAR 1962, SUBMITTED BY MR.
HAROLD W. DUBACH, DEPUTY, NODC
623
OF e
+ : ]
a
“
r
j
— ia
=~
SEALE e torn) fe eee Loop Soe prt ttn hi ph giana mt nthe ions ma
Ne hei ete Sry nt neers Ah wrrchh- messes pees rita nea ep Vpn
8 RRA
f
HUTAMDPOMAUOO TAMOTTAK GUT tO TROGHeE
im Yes GarriMave wer faay TaoeiT—
me Des ca A nee OO seyret bemnhee tae
som epee a A ele he tre a ARPA males ered
Sidhu webatehemeanticsadenmensdacamentreaer 4
Senne apiacaspeiuetiandereei atta ee enn nn
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
NODC
(JULY 1961—JUNE 1962)
625
35-377 O—64——41
626 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER
(July 1961 through June 1962)
On January 16, 1962 the National Oceanographic Data Center completed its first full year
of operation and on June 30, 1962 finished its first full Fiscal Year. Some of the work in Fiscal Year
1962 was a continuation of the task begun in 1961 of completing the organization of the NODC.
In addition to this task the NODC has made a number of significant accomplishments during this period.
In the area of physical-chemical data, the computational capability of the NODC in the pro-
cessing of oceanographic station data was speeded up by a factor of 25 to 1 by conversion to the
new 1401-7070 computer system.
A new format for listing oceanographic station data which eliminates the need for separate
wiring boards was developed. Both publication listings and regular listings now can be run by using
the same wiring board.
During Fiscal Year 1962 the NODC staff developed a standard form for recording physical-
chemical data. This form was designed to incorporate most of the suggestions of the oceanographic
community, so that it would adequately serve consumer needs. This form has been adopted by the
International Indian Ocean Expedition, and will be especially printed for participants in that expedi-
tion. The first Working Group of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission has recom-
mended to the Commission that this same form be used by participants in the forthcoming International
Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean.
A new punch card format for physical-chemical data was also developed by the NODC staff.
The format was developed concurrently with the recording form to eliminate coding operations when
data are submitted on the NODC form. A provisional bathythermograph log was printed and dis-
tributed. After a period of testing by components of the U.S. Navy Fleet the log is currently under-
going revision. The log is also currently used by other nations.
Work has begun on the development of a BT punch card to digitize both data in the NODC
archives and future BT data. This card is being developed concurrently with the BT log and in concert
with the oceanographic community.
In the area of publications the NODC released, in December 1961, the joint IGY WDC-A-
NODC publication Oceanographic Vessels of the World. This publication has stimulated such great
interest that a supplement is currently in work. The first publication in the catalog series, Reference
Sources for Oceanographic Station Data, was also released in FY-62. By the end of FY-62 the first
two publications in the Manual Series, M-1, Oceanographic Conversion Tables for Use by the Interna-
tional Indian Ocean Expedition, and M-2, Processing Physical and Chemical Data from Oceanographic
Stations, were in press and will be released early in FY-63.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 627
During FY-62 NODC has published a monthly NEWSLETTER, consisting of approximately 8
pages and containing information on activities of NODC and items of interest to the entire scientific
community. The NODC has provided back-up information for articles appearing in magazines and
journals; namely, Rockets and Missiles magazine, the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
the Mariners Weather Log, and the U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings. The NODC also prepared an
article which appeared in the March issue of Transactions of the American Geophysical Union.
Papers on the work of the NODC were presented at numerous meetings of scientific and
related societies such as, the Joint Government-Industry Symposium on Oceanographic Instrumenta-
tion, the American Society of Computer Machinery, the Research Society of America, and the Special
Libraries Association.
In the field of research and investigations the NODC has been working on the development
of a geological-geophysical data holding-recall system and presented its findings to the Ad Hoc Com-
mittee on Geology and Geophysics in June 1962. A similar program for biological data is also
under development.
An analysis of bathythermograph data has also been begun to evaluate the data in NODC
archives and to evaluate incoming BT data.
A new computer program was written to detect instabilities in physical-chemical data from
oceanographic stations. This has considerably cut down premonitoring work necessary in quality
control procedures. Work is progressing on reprogramming for the computation of sound velocity
according to Wilson's method and test runs of this program have been made for special projects.
In order that the NODC will truly represent an interagency concept, three additional agencies
with an interest in oceanography have been invited to participate in the support of NODC. These
agencies are the U. S. Coast Guard, The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the
U.S. Geological Survey. During FY-62 the Coast Guard and the Geological Survey responded
favorably to this invitation and have agreed to support the NODC beginning in FY-64. The other
agency had made no definite committment by the end of FY-62.
628 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
The sponsoring agencies and their representatives on the Interagency Advisory Board are:
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
Dr. Vincent Schultz
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
Mr. Howard Eckles
COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY
Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Jr.
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Dr. John Lyman
NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE
Mr. Boyd E. Olson
OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH
Dr. Arthur E. Maxwell
WEATHER BUREAU
Mr. Robert Schloemer
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES:
Dr. Milner B. Schaefer
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
Dr. Donald Pritchard
The Johns Hopkins University
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER
Dr. Woodrow C. Jacobs
Director, ex officio Member of Board
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 629
POLICY DECISIONS BY THE NODC ADVISORY BOARD
FOR FISCAL YEAR 1962
The following items, quoted or paraphrased from the NODC Advisory Board Minutes, represent the
policy decisions made by the Board during FY-62. These are arranged by subject, not in chrono-
logical order.
BUDGET MATTERS
The board established at the 18 January 1962 Meeting the following policy in regard to sub-
mission of NODC budgets: ‘‘(1) Budgets will be submitted two years in advance; (2) the NODC will
submit the preliminary budget to the Board on 1 September [of each calendar year]; (3) The Board
and the NODC staff [will] devote the period from September to January to budget review; (4) at the
first meeting in January of each year the Board will act on the budget for the Fiscal Year beginning
18 and 6 months in advance, respectively.”
EXCHANGES
At the Meeting of 18 January 1962 the board set the following policy, *‘. . . International
exchanges other than those to which we are already authorized by the Board [are to] be handled
under the IGY WDC-A &- B agreements.”
REQUESTS FOR SERVICES
At the Advisory Board meeting of 17 April 1962 two decisions were made on requests for
services.
1. In order to expedite initiation of work requested by government contracting oceano-
graphic institutions, a special allotment would be set up by the Office of Naval Research on which
these institutions could draw. Authorization to begin work would be on verbal approval from ONR.
2. The NODC will volunteer the services of its personnel to assist in oceanographic surveys
both at the national and international levels.
WORLD DATA CENTER-A (OCEANOGRAPHY )
On 5 July 1961, the Board decided that ‘‘WDC-A [should] not be terminated but instead
moved physically to NODC; a component should be set up within NODC to permit its continuation,
but functions of WDC-A would be carried by NODC.”
At the meeting of 14 August 1961 it was decided that a letter to the NODC be prepared
by the National Academy of Sciences ‘‘authorizing NODC to assume responsibility of the WDC-A
and to insure that it carries out all aspects of its job... The NODC accepted responsibility for the
WDC-A on 8 March 1962.
PUBLICATIONS
At the meeting of 30 October 1961 the Board made two decisions on policies governing
publications of the NODC.
1. “Review of publications by the Board prior to publication is not required but members
of the Board in the Washington area would . . . do so if requested by the Director.”’
2. Although NODC ‘‘publications have prices listed on them, [they] should be sent free of
charge to contributing activities.”’
630
SUMMARY OF FUNDS
DATA IN: This is a fiscal summary of funds received and expended in Fiscal Year 1962 covering the
normal operating costs required to process oceanographic data into existing standard holding-
recall systems.
RECEIPTS
Supporting Agency
Atomic Energy Commission $ 10,000
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 80,000
Coast and Geodetic Survey 80,000
National Science Foundation 80,000
Navy 250,000
Weather Bureau 10,000
Total Agency Support $510,000
Navy (for Facilities and Equipment) 60,000
Total $570,000
EXPENDITURES
ANNUAL GROSS
ALLOCATIONS OBLIGATIONS
PERSONAL SERVICES $355,150 $351,441
PERSONAL BENEFITS 28,000 27,420
TRAVEL 4,150 3,977
RENTALS 16,850 16,723
PRINTING 5,400 5,230
CONTRACTUAL SERVICES
JITCO $ 33,000 $ 33,000
SANYO. 22,385 22,385
Hydro Support
(Includes 1401-7070 Exp.) 24,015 23,828
Misc. 1,200 1,200
CONTRACTS (TOTAL) $ 80,600 $ 80,413
SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS $ 18,500 $ 18,557
FACILITIES, HOUSEKEEPING SERVICE 50,000 48,328
SUPPORT COST, EQUIPMENT 11,350 11,335
TOTAL $570,000 $563,424
DATA OUT
RECEIVED SPENT CARRIED FORWARD FY-63
$60,410.48 $23,503.95 $30,845.04
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Amount of Contribution for FY 62
BALANCE
$3,709
580
173
127
170
$ 00
00
1,672
15
$6,576
UNSPENT
$6,061.49
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 631
PERSONNEL
The NODC started Fiscal Year 1962 with 60 employees and completed the year with 65
full-time employees and 2 part-time employees. The ‘‘on board"’ count at the end of the year in-
cluded 26 professionals ranging from GS-5 to GS-16, 20 scientific support personnel ranging from
GS-4 to GS-7, and 21 administrative and other support personnel ranging from GS-3 to GS-9.
Status of personnel during FY 1962 is shown in Table 1 and Graph]
POSITION DESCRIPTIONS
During the past year several key positions have been written and all Branch Head positions
have been graded out with the exception of the position of the Head of the Information Branch.
RECRUITMENT
The NODC has had considerable trouble in recruitment of professional personnel at the GS-5
and GS-7 level. It is felt that a more vigorous recruitment program should be placed into effect to
recruit these people when available and exceed ceiling if necessary. Experience shows about 85%
of recruitment commitments in this category decline prior to their reporting date.
632
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF
POSITION (Grade)
Oceanographer, GS-16 (PL SIS) ASS. wing
@ceanographer GS4e eh eae eee
@ceanographer, GSAS a nn ae eee
@ceanographensGool2 nh ee eee
@ceanographerGS-alilipga ee eae ee ee
@ceanognraphen-2GS Wi
O@ceanographerGS-7. we oe eee: Soak)
@ceanographer~;Gs-5) sane oe oe eae
Oceanographer (Geol.), GS-12...................
@ceanographer, (Biols)"GS-IMi= = sae) see ee
Mathematiciann.GS-l\Sn pee Soke) Sees Sie cae
Cartographer. GSalilices aa oes Aaisee ae oe eee
Geophysicist (Earth Physics), GS-11...............
PhysuscienceNech.\GS-7/2 525-5 tes oa a epee
Phys» Sciencemlech!, GS-6 Ne-heet. A aoe MeN
Physt’Science lech: #GS-Sise jremtises? 0558 Se -
PhysesSciencejilech. vGS-4inen tipeties SSanee One Ee
AdministrativeyAssts1G 9-9) anne
StatisticalsGlerke'GS-Ab ae) nce) cele ere eicntan en eee
EAMiProjectatlannerGS-74), 905 ne eee
Student Trainee (Oceanography), GS-3
Scientitical lustratona GS-6 einstein eae ene ene
Scientificilllustratonn GS-5 sense ener
NabwEquips © peratoin GS-4 ne ene
NabwEquips©peratonnn GS-3) iene ee eee
CardiPunchi@peratonn GS-4 ener
GardiPunchi©peratom GS-Se eee een
Secretanya(Stenos)GS-Olmni re elaine
Secretary (Stenos), 'GS-5).5 a ed he, JL Pe
Glerkg(Stenos)MGS-Si ree coe ences s Sr ster sega
Secretary (hyping) GS- ory ee ee eee en eee
Glerk=Typist7?GS-40. os ee ce he a OM
Glerk-Ty pistGS=3h nee he ad a8 co sine
POSITIONS
Total
FILLED VACANT
633
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
GRAPH 1
STATUS OF NODC PERSONNEL
Rkik&& k&k& Qik: hh hhh Mh SSS SS SS SS WM SSS SS SOOO
©
lee I)
EK ISSSSSSS SSS SSS
SaaA01dW4 JO YSEWNN
V////A ASSIGNED AND DETAILED
22522] RECRUITMENTS AND COMMITMENTS
HE) “TRANSFERS OUT OR RESIGNATIONS
634 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
PRODUCTION WORK
Bathythermograph Data
Graph Number 2 shows the level of bathythermograph (BT) data processing and Graph
Number 3 receipt of BT's during Fiscal Year 1962.
The contract let to John |. Thompson Company (JITCO) of Washington, D. C. to reduce the
backlog of BT data was terminated January 1962. During the same month, the processing procedures
of BT data were re-evaluated and certain quality control checks have been added to increase the
quality and usability of the data. Other modifications are expected to follow in the near future.
These revised procedures, along with loss of manhours to fulfill ‘‘data out’' requests, have reduced
our monthly production from 6,000 observations per month to about 1,500 per month.
The NODC has agreements with Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) and Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution (WHOl) for exchange of BT data. Under the arrangement, NODC pro-
vides to SIO two prints of each completely processed BT observation for the Pacific and Indian
Oceans; SIO provides NODC with one print of each SIO processed observation. NODC provides
to WHOI one print of each processed BT observation for the North Atlantic Ocean; WHOI provides
NODC with one print of each WHOI processed observation.
The NODC has been investigating means of automating the processing of BT data. At
present, we are testing and evaluating an Automatic BT Slide Holding and Advancing System de-
signed and built for us by the Instrumentation Division of the Oceanographic Office. It is estimated
that this device may save up to 3.0 man years of work annually along with the elimination of con-
siderable repetitive handling and sorting of glass BT slides. Additionally, IBM, Gulton Industries and
Hytech Corporation have expressed interest in developing an automatic scanning device to read and
digitize BT slide negatives or prints. Each has been supplied the necessary samples of data and
material for the development of such a system.
Also planned for the near future are the construction and installation of an Automatic Film
Feed and Cutting System to be adapted to the BT cameras and the conversion of the Ozalid machines
to operate under the Anhydrous System. It is hoped that the automation of many of the BT proc-
essing procedures will reduce the time required for the digitization of the more than 750,000 bathy-
thermograph observations in the NODC archives.
Oceanographic Station Data
Oceanographic station data production is shown by month and for the period covered by
this report in Graph 4. The average production rate has been about 5,000 stations per month. A
total of 60,619 stations (of which 11,537 were coded and keypunched under contract with the Sanyo
Surveying Company of Japan, but computed and edited by the NODC) was processed during the
past year; the oceanographic station data archives now total about 215,000 stations. The reduced
production rate in the last quarter of Fiscal Year 1962 was caused by the transfer of personnel from
production work to Data Out projects for NUOS, BCF and others. It was impossible to recruit the
additional staff required to maintain work in both areas. Personnel shifts were made assigning priority
to Data Out projects and temporarily de-emphasizing routine production work.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 635
Oceanographic Station Data
At the beginning of Fiscal Year 1962 the NODC archives consisted mainly of oceanographic
station data for the North Atlantic Ocean area; during the year, increased emphasis has been given
to processing data for the Pacific and Indian Oceans. To the best of our knowledge the only un-
processed Indian Ocean data are recent observations which were received by NODC late in Fiscal
Year 1962. The Indian Ocean Geo-Sort is completed and a listing is being readied for release.
Work has begun to adapt the existing holdings to the approved NODC Physical-Chemical
Oceanographic Station Punch Card and recomputing sound velocity values according to Wilson's
formulas. It has been definitely established that the basic NODC files will retain material in metric
units insofar as feasible.
636
NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
GRAPH 3
BT RECEIPTS
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
(0)
JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV _ DEC | JAN FEB MAR APR
1961 1962
— — — SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY
WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION
e@eeeceeeee OTHERS
O————©_ UNPROCESSED SLIDES
MAY
JUN
637
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
638
4
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 639
MAJOR DATA OUT PROJECTS
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES PROJECT
The NODC contribution (20 charts, 1 table, and a bibliography of oceanographic station
data sources) to the BCF brochure ‘‘Provisional Oceanographic Charts, Tropical Atlantic’’ was pre-
pared for use by the participants in the IOC Working Group Meeting on International Cooperative
Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic, which was held at NODC on June 20—23, 1962. This docu-
ment served as a review of existing information and was of assistance in the planning of cruises,
particularly in positioning of the station lines and the spacing of the stations along these lines. In
addition, the NODC ‘‘Proposal for Exchange and Publication of Data and Preparation and Publica-
tion of an Atlas'’ was accepted with minor modifications by the Working Group. With this proposal,
NODC is obligated to participate in the EQUALANT | and EQUALANT Il programs. The Data
Center will accept, process and exchange data with the participants, and prepare and publish Data
Reports after each synoptic survey; the proposal also included a requirement for the preparation and
publication of an atlas of the Equatorial Atlantic under the guidance of an International Board of
Editors.
DATA EVALUATION PROJECTS
During the last part of Fiscal Year 1962 the National Oceanographic Data Center undertook
two data evaluation projects. The first, which is being done for the Office of Naval Research, is
concerned with evaluations of data obtained during the hurricane CARLA from an unmanned weather
buoy designated NOMAD (Navy Oceanographic and Meteorological Automatic Device) which was
moored in the middle of the Gulf of Mexico. Work was begun at the end of Fiscal Year 1962.
The NODC will investigate data collected from this weather buoy during the passage of
hurricane CARLA to assess the value of similar unmanned buoys in the prediction of oceanographic
conditions during storm surges, abnormal tides, and other extreme oceanographic phenomena
resulting from hurricanes.
This project, which is expected to take approximately 9 to 12 months to complete, will have
as its final product a summary report consisting of text, charts and graphs showing the relative con-
tribution of a buoy system to the accuracy of analysis of enviromental conditions in an open marine
area and a marine coastal area.
The first phase of the second data evaluation project, undertaken for the Navy Underwater
Ordnance Station (NUOS), was completed during Fiscal Year 1962. This project consists of a
thorough examination and comparative analysis of historical data and contemporary data collected
in a deep sea area. Special techniques for manual interpolation of various oceanographic param-
eters at standard levels were devised. Some of the basic work which has been done manually
will be programmed for machine plotting in Fiscal Year 1963. It is expected that this project will
be extended at least 6 months into Fiscal Year 1963 depending on the exact specifications received.
640 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
DATA REQUESTS (Reimbursable)
During the Fiscal Year 1962 the NODC completed 27 reimbursable requests for data ata
cost of $23,503.95. As the scientific community became increasingly aware of the facilities available
at the Data Center, the diversity of requests increased. Although requests for basic data predomi-
nated, requests for information which require analysis and special handling were especially notable
during the last quarter. It is expected that the need for these more complex ‘‘specialized’’ requests
will increase significantly during the coming Fiscal Year. Funds expended during this Fiscal Year
increased 6 times over Fiscal Year 1961. Reimbursable requests completed during Fiscal Year 1962
are summarized in Table 2, and itemized in Table 3.
EXCHANGE WORK (Non-Reimbursable)
The NODC encouraged and developed oceanographic data exchange programs with all
activities in any country indicating a desire to participate. Punch cards for about 8,000 Japanese
oceanographic stations were added to the archives of Pacific holdings. Approximately 2,500 stations
from the North Polar Front Survey were forwarded, in publication format, to the International Council
for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in exchange for receipt of these data. The relocation of WDC-A
for Oceanography, in facilities adjacent to-NODC in the last quarter of Fiscal Year 1962, will help
in centralizing the United States foreign exchange effort. The survey activity in two international
oceanographic programs (IIOE and ICITA) during the next fiscal year will significantly increase the
amount of oceanographic station data to be exchanged; we also expect to begin the exchange of
biological and geological data during Fiscal Year 1963. Exchanges of data are summarized in
Table 4, and given in detail in Table 5.
INFORMATIONAL ITEMS (Non-Reimbursable)
About 35 inquiries requesting either small amounts of data or answers to single questions
were answered during the fiscal year and were provided at no cost. In general, data and informa-
tion costing less than $25.00 to supply were provided at no cost.
Data inquiries involving only nominal costs are answered without reimbursement.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 641
TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF DATA REQUESTS (REIMBURSABLE)
(July 1961 — June 1962)
NO. OF COST TO
REQUESTS TREO FADETA CONSUMER
27 Listings $23,503.95
Reproduction
Services
Research
35-877 O—¢64—__49
642 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
TABLE 3
DETAILED LIST OF DATA REQUESTS (REIMBURSABLE)
ACTIVITY
Lt. Kang, Republic of Korea
Lamont Geological
Observatory (Wust)
NHO
Code 3000
NHO
Code 3500
NHO
Code 3412
NHO
Code 3300
Lamont Geological
Observatory (Heezen)
Western Electric
Naval Underwater
Ordnance Station
Naval Research
Laboratory (Stewart)
TYPE OF DATA
AND/OR
NO. OF OBS.
5500 BT prints
1036 stations oceano-
graphic station data
Listings oceanographic
station data
Services for survey
in TOTO
BT search and reproduction
Ocean station data and
sea and swell listings and
punch card reproduction
Ocean station data
listings
417 stations
Oceanographic station
data
Analysis and supporting
services of ocean data
from TOTO
1874 BT prints
31 pages of sea surface
temperatures
SERVICE PROVIDED
AND
COST TO CONSUMER
Reproduction
$ 343.07
Listings
$ 75.61
Listings
$ 1,051.89
$10,428.09
$ 211.43
Listings
$ 1,056.64
Listings
$ 362.50
Listings
$ 97.84
Services
$ 5,306.02
Reproduction
$ 69.16
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
ACTIVITY
ONR (LeSchack)
Scripps Institution
of Oceanography
Gulf Coast Research
Underseas Cable Corp.
Loral Electronics
Socony Mobil Oil Co.
Arctic Institute of
North America
Colorado State Univ.
(Riehl)
Tufts University
(Mac Donald)
New York University
University of
California
TABLE 3 (CONT'D)
TYPE OF DATA
AND
NO. OF OBS.
Ocean station data
225 stations
754 stations
Ocean station data
150 stations
Ocean station data
50 stations
Ocean station data
BT and ocean station
data listings
Heat flow search
and abstracts
Ocean station data
listings
502 obs
BT prints
544 stations
Ocean station data
Ocean station data
listings
876 photo copies
Vityaz Cruise
SERVICE PROVIDED
AND
643
COST TO CONSUMER
Listings
$ 17.07
Listings
$ 25.15
Listings
$ 9.23
Listings
$ 65.53
Listings
$ 79.63
Research
$ 96.22
Listings
$ 75.08
Reproduction
$ 20.93
Listings
$ 19.23
Listings
$142.97
Reproduction
$ 53.20
644. NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
ACTIVITY
University of Southern
California (Malkus)
University of
California (Reid)
Harvard University
(Stommel)
Coast and Geodetic
Survey
Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries (Wash. Lab.)
Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries (Hawaii, HBL)
TABLE 3 (CONT'D)
TYPE OF DATA
AND
NO. OF OBS.
1400 obs
BT prints
Duplicate ocean station
data listings
993 stations
Ocean station data
Ocean station data—all
data submitted in FY62
Supporting services
for ICITA
30,000 stations ocean
station data; punch
card reproduction and
listings
SERVICE PROVIDED
AND
COST TO CONSUMER
Reproduction
Sa 238
Listings
$ 125.34
Listings
So vale
Pub. Listings
78.78
Services
$1,449.59
Listings
$2,134.28
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 645
TABLE 4
SUMMARY OF DATA EXCHANGES
(July 1961—June 1962)
NO. OF NO. OF
EXCHANGES eg areola OBSERVATIONS COSTM OE NODE
13 BT prints 111,559 $ 5,606.35
1 Ocean stations 3,281 $ 180.00
1 Computed punch $17,967.00
cards
iene 114,840 $23,753.35
646 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
TABLE 5
DETAILED LIST OF DATA EXCHANGES
(July 1961—June 1962)
TYPE OF DATA SERVICES PROVIDED
ACTIVITY AND AND
NO. OF OBS. COST TO NODC
Argentina 82 BT prints $ 4.00
Canada 20 BT prints $ 1.00
Great Britain 5,931 BT prints $ 296.00
pda apes cat 56 aoae
Japan a Bunch $17,967.00
Netherlands 94 BT prints $ 5.00
New Zealand 754 BT prints $ 38.00
slo 17,214 BT prints $ 3,560.00
WHOI 28,485 BT prints $ 1,424.00
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
ACTIVITY
Cc&GS
F& WS
NHO
Chile
ICES
Union of South Africa
TABLE 5 (CONT'D)
TYPE OF DATA
AND
NO. OF OBS.
18 BT prints
529 BT prints
2325 BT prints
4 BT prints
2,581 stations
3 BT prints
AND
COST TO NODC
$ 26.00
$116.00
$180.00
647
SERVICES PROVIDED
648 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
AND PUNCH CARD FORMATS
GEOLOGICAL, GEOPHYSICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL DATA
During FY-62 NODC began its investigation of various possible information and data storage
and retrieval systems that might prove suitable for adaptation to geological, geophysical and bio-
logical oceanography material. A system has been proposed and a pilot project begun; it includes
a potential for location and recall of both digital and non-digital types of material.
In addition to investigating various storage-retrieval systems, some study of useful supporting
equipment will be required.
Concurrently, the NODC is developing proposed digitization schemes and punch cards for
geological, geophysical, biological, ice and other physical data for presentation to the oceanographic
community. A few preliminary test cases have been put on punch cards; upon completion of the
test the results will be circulated to the scientific community for comments and further recommendations.
Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Jr. has been appointed chairman of the ad hoc NODC Advisory Com-
mittee on Geophysical and Geological Data; its purpose is to advise and to provide technical guidance
to NODCin the developing of the marine geophysical and geological storage retrieval problem (s). The
ad hoc Committee on Geological Data met on 25 June 1962; those in attendance were:
CHAIRMAN—Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Jr.
MEMBERS:
Mr. Jack Kofoed—U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
Mr. James Trumbull—U.S. Geological Survey
Mr. George Keller—U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office
Dr. Robert Schmalz—Pennsylvania State University
Dr. H.G. Goodell—Florida State University
Dr. Joe S. Creager—University of Washington
Mr. John Hathaway—USGS Denver, Colorado
Dr. Woodrow C. Jacobs—National Oceanographic Data Center
Mr. Harold W. Dubach—National Oceanographic Data Center
Mr. Robert VY. Ochinero—National Oceanographic Data Center
Mr. Robert W. Taber—National Oceanographic Data Center
Dr. Anthony R. Picciolo—National Oceanographic Data Center
Mr. Franklin D. Derenge—National Oceanographic Data Center
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 649
The ad hoc Committee on Geophysical Data met on 26 June 1962; those in attendance were:
CHAIRMAN—Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Jr.
MEMBERS:
Mr. Hyman Orlin—U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
Mr. Michael Smalet—U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office
Dr. J. Lamar Worzel—Lamont Geological Observatory
Mr. Martin Kane—U.S. Geological Survey
OTHERS:
Dr. Woodrow C. Jacobs—National Oceanographic Data Center
Mr. Harold W. Dubach—National Oceanographic Data Center
Mr. Robert V. Ochinero—National Oceanographic Data Center
Mr. Robert W. Taber—National Oceanographic Data Center
Dr. Anthony R. Picciolo—National Oceanographic Data Center
Mr. Franklin D. Derenge—National Oceanographic Data Center
Items considered by both Committees were:
1. Items to be included on punch card format.
2. Units and codes for punch cards.
3. Plans for an information retrieval system for data reports.
4. Adequacy of plans and timing as outlined on action milestone charts.
Based upon the recommendations of the geological-geophysical ad hoc committe, the NODC
plans to proceed on the programs as follows:
1. Preliminary punch cards for bottom sediments and gravity will be developed.
2. Preliminary formats will be circulated throughout the marine geological and geo-
physical community for comments. ‘
3. Revised proposed formats will be submitted to the NODC Advisory Board
for approval.
4. Development will continue on punch card formats for other geophysical and geo-
logical projects.
5. Development will begin on a system for bathymetric data as soon as a subject
specialist is recruited.
Data Reports in IGY WDC-A for Oceanography will be indexed.
7. Data Reports in |IGY WDC-A for Geomagnetism, Gravity and Seismology will
be indexed.
S
650 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS FOR
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
OCEANOGRAPHIC STATION DATA
The punch card format for recording oceanographic station data was revised and approved
by the NODC Advisory Board on 12 May 1961. This card format was designed in conjunction with
the recommendations of the EPOC Committee on Machine Processing of Oceanographic Data and
others in the oceanographic commmunity.
AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING
Procedures for processing data into the new Oceanographic Station Card were in the final
stages of development by the end of the fiscal year. In Fiscal Year 1963 these procedures will be
implemented; new cruises will be reduced and processed in accordance with the requirements of the
new card format.
A new routine has been added to the computer program (IBM 7070) to compute the velocity
of sound in sea water according to the formulas developed by Wayne D. Wilson. Suitable codes
have been set up for the punch cards and listings to identify stations containing velocities computed
by Wilson's formulas.
During Fiscal Year 1963 it is planned to convert the EAM system of archiving these data
(punched cards) to an EDP system (magnetic tape). The EDP archiving system will greatly increase
NODC capability for processing (updating, inventorying, arranging, analyzing and evaluating, select-
ing, disseminating, etc.) these data to meet user requirements and will provide greater flexibility
and responsiveness. In addition, improved computer interpolation, computation, and quality control
techniques are planned.
BATHYTHERMOGRAPH (BT) DATA
In addition to conducting studies on the validity of BT observational and processing
procedures, the NODC staff has been working on a revision of the Provisional Bathythermograph
Log and a digitization scheme for putting BT data on machine punched cards. Considerable
progress has been made on the development of a BT card format, and NODC expects to submit its
format for comment to the oceanographic community early in Fiscal Year 1963.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 651
PUBLICATIONS
NODC Publications in print and available for distribution are as follows:
Publication G-2, Oceanographic Vessels of the World
Publication C-1, Reference Sources for Oceanographic Station Data (Provisional)
Publications in draft are as follows:
Publication G-1, Introduction to the National Oceanographic Data Center
Publication C-2, Catalog of BT Data, World Wide (will replace SP-12 Part Ila which is
now out of print)
Publication C-4, Catalog of Oceanographic Data, Indian Ocean
Publication C-5, Catalog of Oceanographic Data, North Pacific Ocean
Publication M-1, Conversion Tables for Use by the International Indian Ocean Expedition
Publication M-2, Processing Physical and Chemical Data from Oceanographic Stations
The NODC NEWSLETTER is now forwarded to approximately 520 recipients; some of these
receive several copies. Judging from letters received concerning this NEWSLETTER it appears to be
well accepted throughout the oceanographic community and by private industry and international
activities. The NEWSLETTER is published at the end of each month, and contributions on work and
activities of scientists which seem to be of general interest are included in the NEWSLETTER.
652 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
IGY WORLD DATA CENTER A, OCEANOGRAPHY
The World Data Center A, Oceanography, was officially relocated in Building 160, Washing-
ton 25, D. C. on 8 March 1962, at which time Dr. Jacobs assumed its directorship. The bulk of the
reference material from the Department of Oceanography and Meteorology of Texas A & M was
delivered on that day; the remaining materials were transferred before the end of June 1962.
At the time of the transfer the WDC-A holdings included data from about 25,000 oceano-
graphic stations plus a variety of other data in various forms. Since this transfer, 763 stations have
been added to the holdings; two shipments of documents have been received from WDC-B. A cross-
index reference system of WDC-A and NODC assigned oceanographic cruise numbers has been
established.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 653
FUTURE PLANS
During the last half of Fiscal Year 1963 the NODC plans to initiate a pilot program to
develop techniques and procedures for direct communication between NODC and survey ships so
that raw observations can be serviced by NODC during the course of survey activities. By use of
computer programs, NODC could perform the thermometric corrections and further process the data,
returning the results to the ship's scientists for use in modifying survey plans as may be required for
the research investigation underway.
The NODC will continue the functions of WDC-A; it will continue to contribute to major inter-
national programs such as IIOE and the International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical
Atlantic as the opportunities to be of service present themselves. A direct communications link with
the Canadian Oceanographic Data Center, its east and west coast oceanographic laboratories, and
an Arctic laboratory is in prospect.
The NODC expects to obtain, by the end of Fiscal Year 1964, a total picture of the process-
ing problems related to satellite recorded oceanographic information (radiation and ice data). This
program will be done in cooperation with NASA and the Weather Bureau.
By the end of Fiscal Year 1964 the NODC plans to have schemes for processing, holding
and retrieving some types of marine geological, geophysical and biological data available for
presentation to the oceanographic community.
Respectfully submitted,
A ]
i 7) /
Ge Cc ee
W.C. JACOBS
Director
1 July 1962
Approved by NODC Interagency Advisory Board
at meeting of 20 July 1962
to eee “a aelliviee cousue He srwos per geek 00H. a bosivene pa”
hob ar? opaaety tedtrnut bre encitadtics nittemonedt at meted: blua> .
108 besiupey 6d iemie ay armoky rons peihibtven ii -oeu vot ateilveiia’ g ‘gine
pasa
te etary at of tet casita Nahe meee
feaiqort orf! Yq" ath SANTN NS, avd 200 as > “Bai mn he
Fite Hea, a fordisnupheveD. a Saprita aovienaerigatt icseaNs noly
| pat me ev ae Pi i a 8 AG
ie Bhi
epi Seapine
OePhigeeos eeweiiol Tak fhe: Comorian of Ccearndgrcghy ad ai
aldeonocd nit Ayia iretetyny Sugoh ay wrOks agate lap Je tag at velo ape OF
ant? (niee, pub bon p retail a tes wie Ceres irda
yoeie Ned tine A te ‘na
Gp reag VTS) Bi MPN NTY OB Met ee ‘A it we AUR PRUNES,
Lerdbtodhicgrina nag ign ne, sarvonaiayod at Encke OOM edi, MeL
wud rere hole dovigplaid hae olnginetioen, lpauptose. an)
Sido hivig bused, Atinuuenenny
? ne
‘Sottihdue yilutiveqced tue
COCOA SD WY
rein
SHOT hati
eed yrorvba yonngon
APPENDIX 9
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC
DATA CENTER—FISCAL YEAR 1963, SUBMITTED BY MR.
HAROLD W. DUBACH, DEPUTY, NODC
>
1 oi
he r al ehefe a, Cee
‘Hou a ne Pa ee: aes,
~ = See wd
eel
‘ ay
i
qi f ; hed
ep YRS HUI TM NESS LTTE RRS: NG Act ME EE
Hl
me
@¢ XIGuaATIA
DIBTAHDO“ANOO JAMOITAM. CHT SO TH
AM Ya GuTrimase goer AAMT es
vente ap tnt met mb i ii rr mat mem ne
~ ie PES CAIN OTC NG A CC NERA a EL LOLS LLANE LENS COSY
Gilt
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
NODC
(JULY 1962—JUNE 1963)
Washington 25, D.C.
fer)
OU
“1
35-377 O—64—43
658
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Resumevof: Work). oc 3..0 ski ere nae RMS ees aie ey hse ee 1
Sponsoring Agencies of the NODC and Representatives on
the! Interagency, Advisory Board sec). ae sok a ee oo eee ee 3
Summary of: Funds: .).2 405 0 a OR a 4
FY-63 Policy Decisions of the NODC Advisory Board....................... 5
Production: Work: 2205 Aig aie sds tie tee re eel nerd eM hyo Ey I 6
MajoriDataRequests!: cis: = 2 ae Pete a She a cate aes 7
Summary of Data Requests). 2i::c 5 cc.) 5 eng on ehes 2 a ee 9
Exchange Work2ic sic siecle elk cea Sistas re) aiteleney alk eit ea a iat oi (a oo 13
Development of Systems and Punch Card Formats......................... 16
Development of Systems for Physical and Chemical Data.................... 18
NODG ‘Publications: 2.0.80) 3. najida ee ie A eae 19
IGY World Data Center A, Oceanography.............................-.- 20
World'DataiGenter,/A,; Publications... {62.0 + 4 2s on ne eee 21
Administrative Matters). 5 inc Ge ole oe ouslee slo as a gle ee 22
Future Rlans.cc0 ssf sie cepa tolls Nien an STA UN aaey ls ok On rr 23
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 659
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER
Fiscal Year 1963 has been an outstanding year for the growth and development of the NODC
despite many obstacles and the increasing pressure of data collected during numerous oceanographic
surveys. The emphasis on production was somewhat shifted during the year in the interest of main-
taining quality of dcta rather than quantity of data. Much effort had to be devoted to developmental
areas for streamlining the processing procedures for oceanographic station data and BT data, to in-
crease the quality of the latter, to handle the current flow of data, and to anticipate the increased
receipts of the data. The NODC undertook several studies on the problems of quality in BT's and
their digitization. In addition to these studies, numerous commercial organizations have presented
proposals for automation of BT processing. For a special request, the NODC undertook a manual
digitization program of BT's; however, a manual system would never be able to cope with the present
archived analog BT's nor incoming data, so this interest and cooperation from industry improves the
outlook on the BT problem. Investigations are already under way to provide for greater automation
of the oceanographic station data processing system.
The scientific community has become increasingly aware of the NODC and the services and
data which it can provide; for example, the reimbursable requests for data and services represented
a monetary increase of about 10 times more than those for FY-62. Indicative of the trend of
services being requested of the NODC is the fact that of these reimbursable requests over 50% of
their dollar value was for data evaluation and analysis.
The data services for which there has been no charge have also increased significantly. The
exchange activities of the NODC have increased and will probably continue to increase over the next
few years with the involvement of NODC as a contributor of services to international oceanographic
expeditions. Minor requests for which there has been no charge have increased to about 15 times
the number for FY-62.
To increase the capability of some of the younger and less experienced NODC staff members,
we have taken advantage of several training programs and training opportunities; for example, each
year, new employees at the GS-5 or -7 level enter a technical orientation-training program under the
Civil Service Training Agreement. During FY-63, the NODC sent two employees to the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution for an advanced course in oceanography; personnel from NODC served
on five different oceanographic survey cruises.
To enable the NODC to process data other than physical-chemical data, the programs for
developing holding-recall systems for geological-geophysical and biological data have been given
added impetus. Ad hoc committees have been convened for these types of data to review the work of
the Data Center to date in these areas and to provide guidance.
The publications of the NODC and presentations of the Director, Deputy Director, and staff
before various scientific groups have considerably publicized the Data Center and its work. The
NODC NEWSLETTER, for example, now has a distribution of over 1,000 copies in the United States
and abroad. The Director of NODC has made presentations to such groups as the Federal Council
for Science and Technology, the Navy Research and Development Clinic, and the Eastern Pacific
Oceanic Conference.
660 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
In addition to his presentations to these groups, the Director has served as Chairman of
the Joint ICO -ICAS (Interagency Committee on Oceanography — Interdepartmental Committee
on Atmospheric Sciences) ad hoc Panel on Ocean-Atmosphere Research, has been an observer on
many of the committees of the ICO and has served as a member of the Intergovernmental Oceano-
graphic Commission (IOC) working group on data exchanges. Members of the staff have presented
papers to the Navy Research and Development Clinic, the American Society of Limnology and
Oceanography Sixth Conference on Great Lakes Research, and the Atlantic Estuarine Research
Society. Members of the staff have contributed or have started articles or material for such publica-
tions as the Mariners Weather Log, the American Zoologist, the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science
and Technology Yearbook, a book on hydrospace, and the Hidaka Memorial Volume. The Director
and two members of the staff were asked by the American Geophysicai Union to edit technically
English translations of three Russian scientific volumes.
Letters have been sent to those government agencies with an interest in oceanography, but
which are not sponsors of the NODC, inquiring as to the possibility of their becoming sponsors.
By the end of Fiscal Year 1963, three had responded affirmatively. The Coast Guard and the
Geological Survey will become sponsors beginning in FY-64, and the Beach Erosion Board will become
one of the sponsors of the NODC in FY-65.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 661
The sponsoring agencies and their representatives on the Interagency Advisory Board are:
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
Dr. Vincent Schultz
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
Mr. Howard Eckles
COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY
Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Jr.
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Dr. John Lyman
NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE
Mr. Boyd E. Olson
OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH
Dr. Arthur E. Maxwell
WEATHER BUREAU
Mr. Robert Schloemer
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Dr. Milner B. Schaefer
Institute of Marine Resources
Dr. Donald Pritchard
The Johns Hopkins University
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA CENTER
Dr. Woodrow C. Jacobs
Director, ex officio Member of Board
662 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
SUMMARY OF FUNDS
DATA IN: This is a fiscal summary of funds received and expended in Fiscal Year 1963 covering the
normal operating costs required to process oceanographic data into existing standard holding-
recall systems.
RECEIPTS
Supporting Agency
Atomic Energy Commission
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Coast and Geodetic Survey
National Science Foundation
Navy
Weather Bureau
Navy (for Facilities and Equipment)
EXPENDITURES
PERSONNEL SERVICES
PERSONNEL BENEFITS
TRAVEL
TRANSPORTATION
RENTALS
PRINTING
CONTRACTUAL SERVICES
SANYO
Hydro Support
(Includes 1401-7070 Exp.)
Misc.
CONTRACTS (Total)
SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS
FACILITIES, HOUSEKEEPING SERVICE
EQUIPMENT
RESERVE
TOTAL
DATA OUT (REIMBURSABLE MONEY)
RECEIVED
$220,234
Total Agency Support
Total
ANNUAL
ALLOCATIONS
$380,300
36,000
8,300
200
15,700
4,000
$ 18,000
32,834
3,666
$ 54,500
13,900
40,000
19,500
3,000
$575,400
SPENT
$170.720
$ 10,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
259,400
10,000
$519,400
56,000
$575,400
GROSS
OBLIGATIONS
$386,531
37,004
6,963
315
13,735
4,873
$ 18,000
34,042
3,666
$ 55,708
11,048
32,467
16,401
$565,045
Amount of Contribution for FY-63
BALANCE
$—6,231
—1,004
1,337
— 115
1,965
— 873
$00
—1,208
00
$—1,208
2,852
7,533
3,099
3,000
$10,355
CARRIED FORWARD FY-64
$49,514
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 663
POLICY DECISIONS BY THE NODC ADVISORY BOARD
FOR FISCAL YEAR 1963
The following items, quoted or paraphrased from the NODC Advisory Board Minutes,
represent the policy decisions made by the Board during FY-63.
At the meeting of 15 January, the Advisory Board
decided that it was not mandatory that the Chairmanship and
Vice-Chairmanship be rotated each year. Both Chairman and
Vice-Chairman may serve consecutive terms.
It was the Advisory Board's decision at the meet-
ing of 20 July that the reciprocity in data exchange be left to
the discretion of the Director of the World Data Center-A
(WDC-A), Oceanography; the Board felt that the distinction
between NODC and WDC-A _ and the respective areas of
obligation and responsibility should be clearly set forth by the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC).
664 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
PRODUCTION WORK
BATHYTHERMOGRAPH DATA
ANALOG PRODUCTION
During Fiscal Year 1963, the NODC received 61,714 bathythermograph (BT) observations.
It is estimated that approximately 20% of these BT's were recieved from ships involved in survey
operations.
A total of 12,184 BT observations were processed and archived; 48,736 ozalid analog copies
of these data were distributed to the contributors and to others having a standing requirement.
Emphasis was placed on the processing of survey and exchange type data primarily because more
usable BT data could be archived per man-hour and because a greater percentage of these observa-
tions are taken in ‘‘sparse data lanes.”
Processing procedures for BT data were evaluated and revamped in order to increase the
processing rate without an undue sacrifice of quality. Indications are that an average of approxi-
mately 3,000-4,000 BT observations can be processed (as analog cards) monthly using the revised
methods during the first quarter of FY-64.
The agreements that the NODC has with Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) and
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) for the exchange of analog BT data continues.
However, negotiations were started with SIO to receive their BT data in a digitized format rather
than in the conventional analog form. It is planned to approach WHOI with a similar proposal.
DIGITIZATION
BT data, as currently archived at the NODC, are at best ‘‘unsatisfactory"’ from the standpoint
of usability. These data must be digitized according to the common need of all for efficient utilization
by the oceanographic community. Impetus (including funds) for initiating the ‘‘standard”’ digitization
of BT data was provided by the Navy Electronics Laboratory (NEL); approximately 40,000 digitized
BT observations were requested for an area in the Pacific Ocean. A total of 8,204 was completed;
15,242 additional observations were in different phases of production at the close of the fiscal year.
During FY-63, five unsolicited proposals were received for an automated reader—digitization
system; it is anticipated that eight others will be received during July and August 1963. Full imple-
mentation of automated BT processing direct from the slide is planned for Fiscal Year 1964.
OCEANOGRAPHIC STATION DATA
Oceanographic station data were pfocessed at an average rate of about 1,600 stations per
month. The production for Fiscal Year 1963 totaled about 20,000 stations. (Of these 8,000 were
coded and keypunched under contract with the Sanyo Surveying Company of Japan, but computed
and edited by the NODC.) The NODC Publication M-2, ‘Processing Physical and Chemical Data
from Oceanographic Stations,"’ and new coding forms were used by about 15 domestic and foreign
contributors in submitting about 1,500 stations to the NODC for processing; it is hoped that the
number of contributors using the new coding forms will increase from about 7% in FY-63 to 50%
during FY-64.
The archives of ocean station data now totals about 235,000 stations; most of the station
data added to the archives were from the Pacific, Indian, and South Atlantic Oceans. Additionally,
approximately 25,000 stations for these same oceans were in various phases of completion at the
end of the fiscal year. :
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 665
MAJOR DATA REQUESTS
During FY-63, the NODC completed or began work on ten major ($2,500 or more} data
requests. These were largely from government agencies which included the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries (BCF), the Navy Electronics Laboratory (NEL), the Naval Underwater Ordnance Station
(NUOS), the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), the Naval Air Development Center
(NADC), and the Office of Naval Research (ONR). Private institutions and commercial organizations
that made major use of the NODC’s data and services consisted of the Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, the Raytheon Corporation, and the Martin-Marietta Corporation.
The requirements of all the major requestors made each project mutually beneficial to the
requestor and the NODC. The requestor was able to obtain services and data which might not have
been available otherwise, and the NODC was able to increase its capability in various phases of data
handling and analysis.
Projects summarized below are given by subject rather than individually.
DATA SELECTION
The requests from the Raytheon Corporation and the Martin-Marietta Corporation required
the selection of certain oceanographic station data and special studies of sound velocity. The selec-
tion for Martin-Marietta was based on areas which are quasi-homogeneous with respect to oceano-
graphic conditions. The requestor was provided with a listing of stations and special magnetic
tapes for further computational work on sound velocity analyses.
For the Raytheon Corporation, selection of data was made by analysis of specific areas with
characteristic sound velocity structures; they were provided with listings and punch cards of selected
data.
DATA SELECTION AND SPECIAL PROCESSING
At the request of the Naval Air Development Center (NADC), the NODC has begun a selec-
tion of oceanographic stations suitable for sound velocity studies in particular ocean areas. At the
end of FY-63, the initial data selection was about 30% complete. After the data selection is
completed, graphics will be generated by high speed automated plotting equipment. These graphics
will be analyzed to define and delimit oceanic regions with basically similar sound velocity structures.
DATA DIGITIZATION
In November 1962 the NODC began work in answer to a request from the Naval Electronics
Laboratory (NEL) for all available physical and chemical data for the period 1949 through 1959 in
specific areas of the Pacific Ocean. Inasmuch as *he requirement was for all data to be in digital
form, preliminary work was required to develop an adequate ‘‘all-purpose’’ digitization scheme to
provide BT data on punch cards rather than in the analeg form.
On the basis of previous studies on digitization by the NODC, it was agreed to record the
temperatures from the BT trace at constant intervals of 10 feet or 5 meters. The temperatures were
read from the NODC archive analog prints. At the end of FY-63 8,204 of approximately 40,000
BT analog prints were coded, digitized, and punch cards and listings delivered.
Other data forwarded in answer to this request consisted of approximately 290,000 punch
cards of surface temperature data and about 80,000 cards for approximately 11,000 oceanographic
stations.
666 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
DATA ANALYSIS
A special study begun in FY-62 was continued during FY-63 for the Naval Underwater
Ordnance Station (NUOS). This request required the development of special data processing, inter-
polation, quality control, and computational techniques for oceanographic station data. The NODC
has prepared for NUOS numerous special graphs, analyzed plots, and computed products based on
900 oceanographic stations. In addition, the NODC has been analyzing various aspects of the
physical environment for this study. A final report on this work request will be submitted to NUOS
at the end of the first quarter of FY-64.
During the last quarter of FY-63 the NODC was requested by the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries (BCF) to conduct a special analysis of maximum and minimum bottom temperatures on
George's Bank. All available oceanographic station, BT, sea surface temperature, and air tempera-
ture data were investigated and a search was conducted for descriptive literature on bottom
temperatures in the area. Data were selected and plotted on base charts and analyzed for
expected maximum and minimum temperatures. The contours which have been constructed will be
drafted and these final products and a brief text will be provided to the BCF.
DATA EVALUATION
During the second quarter of FY-63 the NODC was able to recruit personnel with oceano-
graphic/meteorological background to work on a project requested by the Office of Naval Research
(ONR) late in FY-62. The project consists of collecting data from the transmissions of the Navy
Oceanographic Meteorological Automatic Device (NOMAD), inspecting and comparing these data
with other independent data collections, and evaluating the data for use in oceanographic and
meteorological applications.
All the data concerned with NOMAD have been collected, collated, and plotted for analytical
purposes. A pilot study has been completed and an evaluation by comparison with independent
data is about one-half completed. A final report on the evaluation will be submitted to ONR during
the second quarter of FY-64.
In addition to the evaluation of the data, the NODC has been requested to provide an
“optimum placement of NOMAD buoys” design.
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography has requested the NODC to develop a computer
program for surface current data. This program will summarize the H1-9 surface current data by
one-degree squares and month. The computer program will provide resultant vector speed, direction,
and the Vy and the Ve components. The average speed will be computed without consideration
of direction. If, however, observations number less than four, only the individual current observa-
tions will be printed out.
The program was begun late in June. The work is scheduled for completion in August 1963.
DATA REPRODUCTION
The Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) has requested a major amount of data
for particular ocean areas for various geographic and operational studies. For the Indian Ocean,
the NODC has provided the sea, swell, and sea surface temperature data properly arranged for
magnetic taping. By the end of FY-63 approximately one-half of the station data requested had
been provided. For a specified area of the Eastern Atlantic the NODC has provided to the
NAVOCEANO all BT's (analog), summaries of sea surface temperatures, sea, and swell, and station
data for approximately 10,000 stations of 30,000 stations in the area.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 667
SUMMARY OF ALL DATA REQUESTS
(REIMBURSABLE WORK)
During FY-63, the NODC completed 51 reimbursable requests for data from 25 different
activities; 10 additional requests were in work at the close of the fiscal year. In addition, reim-
bursable funds for such projects as WDC-A, Oceanography, personnel assisting on surveys, and
other ‘‘special’’ funds were received. These are not included as ‘‘request’’ items. Funds received
for the projects totaled about $220,000. This represents a monetary increase of about 10 times
the reimbursable monies received for requests in Fiscal Year 1962. The following table shows by
percentage the types of services provided.
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF TYPES OF DATA SERVICES
NO. OF % OF TOTAL
TYPE OF SERVICE REQUESTS DOLLAR RE ZEIPTS
(%) (approx.)
Station Data Reproduction and Search 44 2
Data Evaluation and Analysis 17 56
BT Search and Reproduction 13 2
Combined (2 or more types of data
for a specified geographic area) 13 35
Surface Data Reproduction (Currents,
Waves, Sea Surface Temperatures) 10 4
Miscellaneous 3 1
The trend toward more complex analytical or interpretive requests which was expected in
Fiscal Year 1962 developed in Fiscal Year 1963; however, the expected diversification in the types
of data requests did not materialize. It is expected that as processed geological and biological
data become available in future years, requests for these types of data will grow. Reimbursable
items received during the Fiscal Year are summarized in Table 2, and completed requests are itemized
in Table 3.
668 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF DATA REQUESTS (REIMBURSABLE)
(July 1962—June 1963)
NO. OF COST TO
REQUESTS CONSUMER
Completed 51 $130,792
In Work 10 * $ 49,154
“Special Projects” $ 40,288
TOTAL $220,234
* Carried forward to FY-64
“Special Projects’’ include funds for World Data Center-A, Oceanography; for abstracting
and bibliographic work by the American Meteorological Society; and for the training of foreign naval
personnel in Data Center procedures.
At its meeting on 16 October 1962 the NODC Avisory Board recognized the desirability of
supporting the abstracting of the oceanographic literature as part of an overall data/information
retrieval program. After a briefing by Mr. Malcolm Rigby of the American Meteorological Society
it was decided to support the Society as the most logical organization to accomplish this work. AEC
offered funds for the initial support of this work in FY 1963, providing the work would continue to
receive support after FY 1963 in the NODC’s regular budget.
The abstracts of the American Meteorological Society are published in Meteorological and
Geoastrophysical Abstracts. A special bibliography (including abstracts) on Oceanographic Instru-
mentation appeared in the April-May 1963 issues. Future issues will contain special bibliographies
on the Indian Ocean, Subsurface Currents, and Heat Flow through the Bottom of the Ocean. In
addition, oceanographic abstracts appear routinely in each issue.
For a description of the work of World Data Center-A, see pages 20 and 21. The NSF pro-
vides support for this function.
10
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 669
TABLE 3
DETAILED LIST OF DATA REQUESTS (REIMBURSABLE) BY ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY
Raytheon Corporation (Paster)
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Sandy Hook, New Jersey
(Walford)
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Washington Laboratory
(Ckamberlain)
Naval Oceanographic Office
Code 3300
Naval Oceanographic Office
Code 3400
Naval Oceanographic Office
Code 3500
Naval Oceanographic Office
Code 3800
American Miscellaneous Society
(Petrie)
Naval Weapons Laboratory
Coast and Geodetic Survey
(Starr)
Sikorsky Aircraft Company
(Withington)
University of Miami (Burke)
Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution (Yensch)
TYPE OF DATA
AND/OR
NO. OF OBS.
Sound Velocity Analysis
Temperature and salinity
data—Gulf of Mexico
Maximum & minimum tempera-
tures George's Bank
Ocean station data; sea and
swell listings and punch card
reproduction
BT search and reproduction;
station data; sea and swell
listings; punch cards
Ocean station data and
publication listings
Ocean station data publication
listings and punch cards;
statistical summaries
Wave, wind, temperature data
482 BT prints in Gulf Stream
Ocean station data listings;
listings of Caribbean Geosort
Selected BT data
Ocean station data
BT and ocean station data
SERVICE PROVIDED
Computed V, and analysis
Search and reproduction
Research & analysis
Data reproduction
Search & reproduction
Data reproduction
Data services and
reproduction
Search & reproduction
Reproduction
Reproduction
Analysis & reproduction
Sorting & reproduction
Reproduction
670 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
TABLE 3 (CONT'D)
DETAILED LIST OF DATA REQUESTS (REIMBURSABLE) BY ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY
Colorado State University
(Riehl)
University of Washington
(Coachman)
Naval Research Laboratory
(Stewart)
Bell Telephone Laboratory
(Taylor)
Naval Electronics Laboratory
San Diego (Anderson)
Lamont Geological Observatory
(Donn)
Marine Advisors (Horrer)
Ocean Science and
Engineering, Inc. (Volkmann)
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Washington Lab. (Austin)
Martin-Marietta Company
(Webb)
American Telephone and
Telegraph Company (Magruder)
Lockheed-California Co.
University of Miami (Rinkel)
TYPE OF DATA
AND/OR
NO. OF OBS.
5,091 BT prints
Ocean station data and
punch cards
Ocean station data
Ocean station data (1,000
stations)
Ocean station and BT data
Ocean station data
Wave roses and wave
observations
Surface currents, MS 042 and
079
Ocean station data in ICITA
area, 2-part listings
Sound velocity selection; station
data for TOTO on magnetic
tape
Bottom temperature data
between Vero Beach and
St. Thomas
Ocean station data listings and
punch cards
Ocean station listings and
punch cards of Tropical Atlantic
SERVICE PROVIDED
Reproduction
Reproduction
Search & reproduction
Search & reproduction
Search & reproduction
Analysis and reproduction
Reproduction
Sorting and reproduction
Reproduction
Analysis and reproduction
Search
Reproduction
Reproduction
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 671
EXCHANGE WORK (Non-Reimbursable)
The NODC continued to encourage and develop oceanographic data exchange programs
with all activities. Punch cards for 5,233 Japanese oceanographic stations were added to the archives
of Pacific holdings. Approximately 1,220 stations were forwarded, in publication format, to the
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) in exchange for receipt of the same data
in raw form.
The establishment of data centers in Canada and Australia should facilitate and, to some
degree, increase the exchange of data with these countries. It is expected data centers will also
be organized in the near future in Japan and Great Britain. Exchange was initiated through World
Data Center A (WDC-A) for Oceanography with the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE)
and International Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA). It is expected that practically all
data from international expeditions in the future will be acquired through WDC-A. It is also likely
that all oceanographic data for declared national programs from 1960 onwards will be acquired
through WDC-A. When this is an officially recognized requirement the work load in WDC-A will
probably double.
On 7—10 August 1962, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Working
Group on Data Exchange met at the NODC. Dr. Jacobs attended as representative for WDC-A.
This meeting and its accomplishments are further discussed under ‘‘IGY World Data Center A,
Oceanography” in this report.
Table 5, Detailed List of Data Exchanges, shows the countries and institutions with which
NODC exchanged station and bathythermograph data. The cost to NODC is also itemized. It should
be pointed out that one of the chief advantages to the exchange program isa financial one; namely,
the high ship/observer costs involved to obtain data vs. the low cost to process data taken by and
available from others. It has been estimated, for example, that acquisition of station data through
the exchange program pays off ona ratio of 100:1 (observing costs: processing costs).
TABLE 4
SUMMARY OF DATA EXCHANGES
NO. OF NO. OF
EXCHANGES TYPE OF DATA OBSERVATIONS COST TO NODC
9 Ocean stations 10,973 $ 649.00
16 BT prints 45,620 2,281.10
1 Computed punch 5233 250.00
cards (stations)
GRAND
TOTAL 26 56,593 $3,180.10
13
672 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
COUNTRY
OR
ACTIVITY
Argentina
Canada
Chile
Denmark (ICES)
Great Britain
Japan
New Zealand
Peru
Poland
Union of South Africa
USSR
Venezuela
Yugoslavia
U. S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey
Columbia U. (Hudson Lab.)
Miami, Univ. of
Naval Oceanographic Office
TABLE 5
DETAILED LIST OF DATA EXCHANGES
TYPE OF DATA
AND
NO. OF OBS.
3,053 stations
5,000 stations
3,312 BT prints
2,210 BT prints
1,220 stations
877 BT prints
3,596 BT prints
5,233 station (punch card)
2,383 BT prints
130 stations
See WDC-A Section (Exchange
through WDC-A channel)
178 stations
181 BT prints
See WDC-A Section (Exchange
through WDC-A channel)
1,000 stations
See WDC-A Section (Exchange
through WDC-A channel)
4,008 BT prints
15 BT prints
33 BT prints
292 stations
7,432 BT prints
14
COST TO NODC
OF
SERVICES PROVIDED
$270.00
200.00
165.60
110.50
49.00
44.00
180.00
250.00
119.00
15.00
25.00
9.00
75.00
200.00
1.00
2.00
12.00
372.00
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 673
TABLE 5 (CONT'D)
DETAILED LIST OF DATA
COUNTRY TYPE OF DATA
OR AND
ACTIVITY NO. OF OBS.
New York Univ. 65 stations
Naval Underwater Ordnance 1,408 BT prints
Station
Washington, Univ. of 35 stations
2,868 BT prints
Rhode Island, Univ. 90 BT prints
Scripps Institution of 11,092 BT prints
Oceanography
Texas A&M 47 BT prints
Woods Hole Oceanographic 6,068 BT prints
Institution
EXCHANGES
COST TO NODC
OF
SERVICES PROVIDED
2.00
70.00
1.00
143.00
5.00
555.00
2.00
303.00
INFORMATIONAL ITEMS (Non-Reimbursable)
About 460 inquiries requesting small amounts of data, publications, literature data references,
and general information queries were answered during the fiscal year and were provided at no cost
to the requestor. This represents an increase of about 15 times the number reported for Fiscal Year
1962. Although the majority of these items concern subsurface physical oceanography, nearly all
phases of the marine environment are covered.
Data inquiries involving only nominal costs (under $30) are answered without reimbursement.
15
35-377 O—64—_44
674. NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS AND
PUNCH CARD FORMATS
GEOLOGICAL, GEOPHYSICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL DATA
The investigatory work began in FY-62 concerning possible information and data storage
and retrieval systems suitable for adaptation to geological, geophysical, and biological oceanography
material continued during FY-63. The status of development follows.
GEOLOGICAL-GEOPHYSICAL DATA
During FY-63, the geological-geophysical program developed according to guidance by the
ad hoc Committee for Geological and Geophysical Data under the chairmanship of Dr. Harris B.
Stewart, Jr. The committee indicated that the most valuable initial contribution of NODC would be
the development of a system of recording and disseminating information on core, grab, and dredge
samples taken by government and non-government institutions with emphasis on non-government
sources. Accordingly, NODC submitted for final approval, a master geological station card for
core, grab, and dredge data to the ad hoc Committee for Geology. We plan to complete during
FY-64 detail cards for specific geological analysis to be tied into the master card.
A master geophysical station card and associated specific analysis cards are being studied;
it is hoped that approval of these cards can be obtained early in FY-64.
Collections for a thesaurus of geological-geophysical terms for the purpose of developing
a non-digital storage and retrieval system have begun but efforts in this direction will not be
concentrated until digital procedures are well established.
BIOLOGICAL DATA
During FY-63, major oceanographic institutions were personally contacted and correspondence
was exchanged with interested scientists from the United States and foreign countries with the pur-
pose of establishing punch card formats for several classes of biological data.
Upon receipt of comments and suggestions from the scientific community, NODC presented
the following proposed cards to a specially selected ad hoc committee, chaired by Dr. Bostwick H.
Ketchum, for review:
Identification card (location, vessel, institution, cruise, time, etc.)
Station Index card
Environmental card
Phytoplankton card
Primary Productivity and Phytoplankton Pigment card
Zooplankton card
BN Oo ON ae Ore
Benthos card
16
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 675
The ad hoc committee, which met on 8 March 1963, included the following:
Dr. Bostwick H. Ketchum—Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
(Chairman)
Dr. Robert J. Menzies—Duke University
Dr. John M. Sieburth—University of Rhode Island
Dr. Donald F. Squires—Smithsonian Institution
Dr. |. Eugene Wallen—Smithsonian Institution
Mrs. Beatrice Burch—Smithsonian Institution
Dr. Milner B. Schaefer—Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Dr. Elbert H. Ahlstrom—Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Mr. Joseph E. King—Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Dr. O. E. Sette—Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Mr. Kenneth W. Kaye—U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office
Dr. Robert Holmes—Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Mr. Thomas Austin—Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Recommendations of the ad hoc committee included:
1. Development of coding instructions
2. Development of a microbiological card format as outlined by Dr. J. Sieburth
3. Development of preliminary formats for a nekton card, a systematics and biogeo-
graphical card, and a bioacoustical card
4. Reconvention of the ad hoc committee to provide further guidance for the NODC
biological program
The NODC accomplished some work in the preparation of a thesaurus of terms to be used
for the retrieval of published and unpublished sources of biological information archived in the NODC.
Additionally, at the request of the Atomic Energy Commission, the NODC conducted a survey of the
status and availability of radiological data pertaining to marine biota and the marine environment.
17
676 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
OCEANOGRAPHIC STATION DATA
Although no new systems per se were developed during FY-63, a letter was sent out on
18 January 1963 inviting certain oceanographers to serve on the NODC ad hoc Committee for
Physical and Chemical Data. This committee will be asked to provide advice and guidance on such
matters as ice data, current data (both surface and subsurface), surface observations, and the
processing of oceanographic data from unmanned buoys.
In conjunction with the International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic (ICITA),
the NODC established an experimental communications system during the first phase (EQUALANT 1)
of this program. Depth, temperature, salinity, and oxygen data were transmitted by radio ona daily
basis from the Argentine research vessel: COMODORO AUGUSTO LASERRE. The messages were
immediately processed and analyzed under simulated conditions of a return message containing com-
pleted computed station data with precision evaluations, adequacy of sample spacing, possible station
relocation, etc. The success achieved in this system has introduced a number of very interesting pos-
sibilities for future investigations in oceanographic data radio transmissions.
A second communication system was attempted which made use of a modified International
Ship Weather Code (FM21.A, Surface Report from Ship in Full Form). The goal of this system was
the production of synoptic layer depth charts. Unfortunately, due to unforeseen circumstances, only
two ships were able to transmit layer depth values.
AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING
During FY-63, new computer programs for processing data into the NODC Oceanographic
Station Card were written and are in operation. In addition to the improvements in the punched
card for recording station data, several significant improvements were made to the revised IBM 7070
program. A few of these are: interpolation for additional standard depths (125, 700, 900, 1,100,
1,300, 1,400, and 1,750 meters); improved modification to the 3-point Lagrange interpolation method
to eliminate ‘‘nose-outs”’ (linearly interpolates a section of the curve); sound velocity routine (Wilson's
method) was revised to record values in meters/second and also to compute sound velocity starting
at any observed depth (surface or subsurface).
A list of computer programs in use at various oceanographic institutions was compiled with
the assistance of the EPOC Committee on Machine Processing of Oceanographic Data and
disseminated with the June NEWSLETTER. NODC plans to continue this computer program library
service on a continuing and improved basis to facilitate communication among oceanographers of the
various ADP applications and techniques developed and in use for handling data.
BATHYTHERMOGRAPH (BT) DATA
Work continued on the evaluation and validity of BT observational and processing procedures.
A comparision was made of various BT digitization schemes as well as a comparison of sea surface
BT reference temperatures measured by different instrumentation aboard the same ship. The BT
card developed during Fiscal Year 1962 for the digitization of BT data was distributed to the
oceanographic community for comments and final approval. These cards presently are being used
at the NODC and it is hoped will be used by SIO for their digitization in FY-64.
18
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 677
PUBLICATIONS
NODC Publications in print and available for distribution are as follows:
Publication G-1, Introduction to the National Oceanographic Data Center
Publication G-2, Oceanographic Vessels of the World
Publication M-1, Conversion Tables for Use by the International Indian Ocean
Expedition
Publication M-2, Processing Physical and Chemical Data from Oceanographic Stations
Publications in draft are as follows:
Publication C-2, Catalog of BT Data, World Wide (will replace SP-12, Part IIA
which is now out of print)
Publication C-3, Catalog of Oceanographic Data, North Atlantic Ocean
Publication C-4, Catalog of Oceanographic Data, Indian Ocean
Publication C-5, Catalog of Oceanographic Data, North Pacific Ocean
Publications in press are as follows:
Publication G-2, Oceanographic Vessels of the World, Vol. Il
Publications being reviewed are as follows:
Publication C-1, Reference Sources for Oceanographic Station Data
The NODC NEWSLETTER is now being forwarded to approximately 950 recipients (1,025
copies); a gain of 400 over FY-62. There has been continued favorable response to the publication.
A series of Progress Reports is being formulated ‘in-house’ to summarize the more
important development and analysis work, and to report on the work status for various major
projects and requests placed on NODC.
678 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
IGY WORLD DATA CENTER A, OCEANOGRAPHY
On 7—10 August 1962, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Working
Group on Data Exchange met at the NODC.
Attending were:
Dr. W. S. Wooster United Nations Educational and
Cultural Organization/Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO/IOC)
Commodore K. P. Ryzhkoy World Data Center-B (WDC-B)
Dr. P. H. Kutschenreuter World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
Dr. R. R. Revelle Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)
RADM. E. C. Stephan International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB)
Dr. J. R. Rossiter Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL)
Dr. J. W. Smed International Council for the Exploration
of the Sea (ICES)
Dr. W. C. Jacobs World Data Center-A (WDC-A)
The Working Group prepared a Provisional Guide for Exchange of Oceanographic Data
(NS/IOC/2-5(c)) which was endorsed by the 2nd Session of the IOC, Paris, 20—28 September 1962
(UNESCO/NS/180). As a result of recommendations of the Working Group and those of the
earlier 20—22 June 1962 IOC Working Group meeting at NODC (WP/WDC/62-2/Final, Appendix
C), the duties and responsibilities of WDC-A, Oceanography, have been increased to make it the
central collection agency for oceanographic data from international programs, currently the Inter-
national Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) and ICITA. Since WDC-A has traditionally handled only
processed data for cataloguing and dissemination, the receipt and handling of unprocessed (raw)
data, and coordinating the processing of these data, impose additional technical and administrative
problems and workloads not heretofore budgeted.
The preliminary draft of the final catalogue of data for the IGY/IGC period; i. e. July 1957—
December 1959, was received from WDC-B late in December. It required six months of intensive
work to verify the data holdings, edit the catalogue and prepare 216 pages of typescript copy of
text, catalogue materials, charts and indices, for final photo-reproduction and printing as part of the
Annals of the International Geophysical Year, Pergamon Press, London.
The 10th and 11th 6-monthly catalogues of data were also completed during FY-63 and
forwarded to the WDC-A Coordination Office for printing in the IGY General Report Series. The
10th 6-monthly catalogue was printed and distributed in October 1962, as IGY General Report No.
17. The 11th 6-monthly catalogue is currently in press.
During the period 1 July 1962 and 31 December 1962, data for 8,225 stations were
provided to WDC-B.
20
“eg RI RE
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 679
WDC-A PUBLICATIONS
No. 1. Atlas of Track Charts of IGY Cruises, Part |; North Atlantic, compiled by J.R. Lumby. 46
pp., Aug. 1960.
No. 2. Hydrological Observations in the Southern Oceans, compiled by Luis R. A. Capurro. 386
pp., May 1961.
Oceanographic Vessels of the World, compiled by Luis R. A. Capurro, Albert M. Bargeski, and William |
H. Meyers. Looseleaf, 1961.
No. 3. Oceanographic Observations in the Intertropical Region of the World Ocean, compiled by
Luis R. A. Capurro. Part |: Atlantic and Indian Oceans, Parts Ila and Ilb, Pacific Ocean.
September 1961.
No. 4. Productivity Observations in the World Ocean, Part | and Part Il, compiled by Maxwell S.
Doty and Luis R. A. Capurro. 625 pp., Sept. 1961.
21
680 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS
The NODC started Fiscal Year 1963 with 60 employees and completed the year with 89
full-time employees and 7 part-time employees. The ‘‘on board’’ count at the end of the year
included 47 professionals, 18 technicians and scientific support personnel, and 31 administrative,
clerical, and other support personnel.
A request has been forwarded to the U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office for the reorganization
of the Data Preparation Branch. The reorganization would permit more flexible use of personnel within
the Branch and consolidate the work program under the three major subject areas of specialization.
The present organization of the Branch has, from the outset, been considered a temporary arrange-
ment; the two sections being incorporated in the Branch as originally approved in January of 1961.
The revised arrangement should be better suited to the total obligation of NODC service to the
oceanographic community.
Recruitment for Oceanographers (Physical) at the GS-5 through the GS-7 level is very slow
due to lack of applicants on existing registers. A more active recruitment program whereby more
colleges through the mid-West and West may be contacted has been suggested and will be pursued.
The NODC provided training for several foreign officers during the past year. Among this
group were two Chinese officers who worked ‘‘on the job training’ for seven weeks and received
private instruction pertaining to the NODC operation. Numerous briefings were provided Naval
Reserve Officers and guest oceanographers.
Two NODC Oceanographers were accepted for a summer course in advanced physical
oceanography by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. It is hoped that at least one oceanographer
will be available to attend this excellent course each summer.
The NODC provided personnel for training purposes on three survey cruises during the year
under the supervision of the Naval Oceanographic Office.
The NODC provided pesonnel to assist on the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Ship GERONIMO
for two different cruises during the year. One of these cruises was related to EQUALANT I.
During the year, eleven oceanographers were assigned to the Civil Service Training Agreement
Program for oceanographers; all successfully completed the training. Eleven summer students and
several new employees (recent graduates) are participating in a 10-week (4 hours/week) orientation
course to acquaint them with the oceanographic work being done by the various activities in the
Washington area.
During the year, four physical science technicians were reclassified as oceanographers asa
result of their completing additir:nal required studies and course work to meet the qualification require-
ments.
Approximately 250 visitors from the civilian and Government scientific community were
received during the past year. Many of these visitors are renowned scientists; no attempt was made to
record the frequent ‘‘visitors’' from the local activities and laboratories who used the study room facilities
(some for an hour, others for several days) to peruse, select, and otherwise use the data available.
22
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 681
FUTURE PLANS
DATA OBSERVING AND RECORDING
Continue development of and promote world-wide use of standard or compatible coding forms
and/or cards to expedite automatic processing of data.
Evaluate data output of instruments to provide advice on new instrumentation and choice of
instrumentation in view of the precision of the instrument, quality of data obtained from the instrument,
and the requirements to be placed on the data.
COMMUNICATIONS
Expand mechanisms to facilitate the acquisition of all oceanographic data.
Continue data exchange with domestic organizations, international organizations, and future
foreign national oceanographic data centers and promote standardization of exchange mechanisms.
Continue function of WDC-A.
Establish effective communication and liaison with oceanographic institutions and orga:.1zations
for survey planning, survey operations, and receipt of data.
DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
Continue development of NODC standardized processing routines, and storage media, with
special emphasis on automation of quality control techniques and integrated data reading computer
systems.
Investigate and develop adequacy of present-day statistical techniques in light of future
observational procedures and requirements.
Determine the interrelationship of the various processes controlling the marine environment.
Conduct pilot studies and/or special analy ses concerning anticipated oceanographic problems
of mutual interest to the oceanographic community.
Using total archives and total computer capability, develop oceanographic control models (self-
modifying) based on basic dynamic oceanographic controls. These will provide a field quality control
service as well as NODC quality control.
DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
Continue development of holding-recall systems for digital and nondigital data and investigate
automatic indexing and abstracting techniques.
Establish oceanographic systems; e. g., a temperature system. Possible establishment of
merged files for particular end products.
23
682 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
DATA DISPLAY AND REPORTS
Develop automatic controls for desired data outputs or formats according to specific user
requirements.
Investigate and develop data display techniques; e. g., in-line or off-line devices for plotting
and/or contouring.
Publish a series of atlases, but give emphasis to the development of the types of charts
required; e. g., quasi-isentropic charts. These will be used for in-house quality control and also for
the use of the oceanographic community.
Compile and reproduce lists of publications containing information relating to the marine envi-
ronment; produce series of manuals on data processing techniques and catalogs of holdings; make
routine distribution of summarized and analyzed products.
NODC FACILITY AND SERVICES
Provide specialized personnel for surveys, projects, studies, etc.
Arrange for translation services, manual or automatic.
Establish a computer program library.
Continue and increase NODC's role in participation in National and international expeditions
and foster the use of NODC as the clearing house for the National effort in oceanographic data collec-
tion and the medium of exchange with other national oceanographic centers.
Establish adequate library facilities integrated with the data storage-retrieval system.
Respectfully submitted,
Lg C
W. C. Jacobs
Director
1 July 1963
Approved by NODC Interagency Advisory Board
at meeting of 15 July 1963
24
APPENDIX 10
U.S. OCHANOGRAPHY—A BOLD NEW VENTURE, ARTICLE
APPEARING IN THE EXPLORERS JOURNAL, DECEMBER
1963, BY DR. HARRIS B. STEWART, JR., DEPUTY ASSISTANT
DIRECTOR, U.S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, IN THE
OFFICE OF OCEANOGRAPHY
683
yueeay ee Ree
7) nel weet tyr
. *o. he, SE
oe Singh ie
ATM), Be
Ee A
Cel BRE
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 685
[Explorers Journal, December 1963]
U.S. OcEANOGRAPHY—A BoLtp NEW VENTURE
(By Harris B. Stewart, Jr.)
While the exploration of space has been getting most of the headlines, an
unacclaimed acceleration of the exploration of the world ocean has quietly been
taking place. Marine science may lack the appeal to the popular press which has
typified our space effort—certainly oceanography would be hard pressed to match
the public excitement generated by the manned orbital flights—but those of us
involved in oceanography are convinced that the future of man’s existence on this
planet is inextricably linked to his globe-girding sea. Our utilization of this sea
for our economic growth, for the improvement of our general welfare, and perhaps
even for our continuation as a species all depends on increasing our basic under-
standing of the sea, its contents, and the dynamic processes that cause the
variations we can measure.
But what of this increased effort in oceanography? What are we actually
doing? Perhaps the best way to illustrate the accelerated tempo of our marine
exploration is to list several very recent and apparently unrelated events which
are in fact part of a carefully worked out plan to provide the knowledge that
is needed if we are to understand the ocean in all its magnificent complexity.
This past March the Soviet oceanographic ship Lomonosov rendezvoused with
the Haplorer of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey along the Equator about
midway between South America and Africa. The Soviets had planted a buoy
for measuring subsurface currents, but poor visibility prevented them from
getting a good position for it. The Americans stayed in the area using the Soviet
buoy as a starting point for their own work in tracing the current eastward; and
when the skies cleared, they obtained a good position for the buoy and radioed
the position verification to the Lomonosov. This was no casual meeting of two
scientific ships in midocean. It was instead part of a whole network of opera-
tional plans developed at an intergovernmental meeting held the year before
at the new National Oceanographic Data Center in Washington, D.C. These
two ships were part of an armada of 13 oceanographic ships that were carrying
out a detailed synoptic survey of the tropical Atlantic. There were ships from
Argentina, Brazil, Congo (Brazzaville), Ivory Coast, U.S.S.R., and the United
States all working together on a carefully worked out plan to take a simultaneous
look at the structure and properties of the water masses extending across the
entire stretch of ocean from Brazil to the Ivory Coast.
This past spring the 2,500-ton Atlantis IT, a new oceanographic research ship,
was delivered by the National Science Foundation to the Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution. In early July the research vessel Pillsbury, a converted
Navy ship, was commissioned by the Marine Laboratory of the University of
Miami, and later that same month the keel was laid for the USCGS ship
Oceanographer, a 3,800-ton oceanographic ship being built from the keel up
specifically for the study of the sea. This ship and her sister ship, the USCGS
ship Discoverer, will be the largest oceanographic ships this country has ever
built. The Navy has two new ships for marine surveys and research, the Davis
and Gillis, and two more are in the early stages of construction. The Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries has just recently commissioned the Albatross IV which
will do oceanographic work related primarily to fisheries, the University of
Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography has a converted Navy ship
renamed the Trident which recently completed its maiden oceanographic voyage
in the Atlantic, and new oceanographic ships are slated for other U.S. universi-
ties carrying out research and teaching in the marine sciences.
In early May four young American Government oceanographers journeyed to
Moscow to meet for 4 days with scientists from Argentina, Brazil, Canada,
France, Great Britain, Japan, and the U.S.S.R. They were meeting to report on
what their respective governments had done on such topics as oceanographic
data exchange, standardization and intercalibration of techniques and equip-
ment for oceanography, to discuss international expeditions such as the Inter-
national Indian Ocean Expedition and the International Cooperative Investiga-
tions of the Tropical Atlantic, and to iron out the many difficulties that in-
variably develop whenever scientists representing different governments try to
work out agreements and arrangements to further governmental involvement in
international endeavors. This meeting was merely a precursor to the full-scale
686 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
meeting of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission under UNESCO
scheduled to be held in Paris next June.
Nothing was printed in the press about the really exciting cooperative expedi-
tion in the tropical Atlantic, only the local papers picked up the stories of the
various keellayings and ship commissionings, and the one small release from
Paris about the Moscow meetings was totally ignored by the wire services. It
is little wonder that practically no one is aware of the marine “great awakening”’
taking place in this country. Even if these various items had received the
public notice they deserved, there is little chance that their relevance to an
overall scheme would have been apparent. Yet there is such a scheme, and
these events and many others are part of this Nation’s bold new venture in
oceanography.
Thus the meeting of the Lomonosov and the Heplorer in midocean, the con-
struction of new ships for oceanography, and the trip of those four Americans
to Moscow were all part of a well thought out and carefully planned program
being put forward by the United States to insure that this Nation gets the infor-
mation it so vitally needs for the full utilization of the world ocean as our last
great resource on this earth. This new approach to learning about the ocean is
indeed a bold new venture, but it is just getting started. The mechanisms to
accomplish the task are newly formed, and scientists and governments are feel-
ing their way slowly—and rightfully so. This is no endeavor to be undertaken
on the ‘crash’ basis. New ships must be designed and their construction
planned well in advance so that they will be able to do tomorrow’s job as well as
today’s, so that they will not come off the ways any faster than men can be
trained to man them and to interpret the data they bring home, and so that their
continuing operating costs will not bankrupt the relatively small budget allotted
this aspect of the Nation’s overall scientific effort. New facilities must be con-
structed for training and research, and these must be plahned at a rate commen-
surate with the demand for the people they must train. The various research
activities should not in any way be controlled by a dictum of the Federal Govern-
ment, for the very essence of research is the unfettered quest for knowledge, a
quest that loses its challenge and with it its effectiveness when it is closely
directed. But the research projects underway should have an input to the
design of the survey program, the requirements of the researchers must be con-
sidered in the design of new ships and in the development of new instruments
and equipment, and the researchers must be apprised of work others are doing
and of the overall needs of the country in the field of marine science.
The Interagency Committee on Oceanography within the United States and the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission on the international level are both
currently involved with the formulation of national and international programs
in oceanography and with the coordination of the various elements that must
work together if the task is to be accomplished successfully. However, the real
excitement is in the work at sea. This has begun, but just barely. As the new
ships become operational, as new facilities are built to train new scientists in
oceanography, and as the research activity is stepped up, then the bold new
venture will in fact be well underway.
All of this may sound interesting—even if somewhat administrative—but why
is the United States so concerned with developing new knowledge about the
oceans that a “bold new venture” was necessitated in the first place? Probably
it was the report of the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Oceanog-
raphy entitled ‘“Oceanography—1960-70” that awakened this Government to
our real need for an expanded program in the marine sciences. The need, how-
ever, had been there for years. ‘Since the publication of the NASCO Report, as
it has come to be known, much has been written on the reasons for increasing
the U.S. effort in oceanography. However, most of it has appeared in budget
justifications for the Federal agencies involved, in reports of congressional
committee hearings, or in equally obscure publications. What little has appeared
in the popular press has either been overglamorized or else slanted toward the
particular aspect in which the writer had a personal interest. Perhaps the rea-
sons why the United States is embarking on an accelerated effort in oceanog-
raphy can be summarized most briefly as curiosity, economics, and defense.
Man is an innately curious creature, and in an age of general pragmatism we
often tend to downgrade sheer curiosity as a legitimate motivation for the
actions of men and of nations. Certainly it is this motive, which is primary in ©
attracting scientists to the field of oceanography. Man has been to both poles,
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 687
has conquered Everest, and has penetrated to the remotest portions of the
land. Only the oceans are left as the last great unexplored part of the earth.
The fact that knowledge of the seas will be of great value to mankind is probably
secondary in the minds of most oceanographers. To them the challenge is the
challenge of the unknown, the lure of new discoveries, the chance to glimpse pre-
viously unseen things, to learn and through learning to understand things pre-
viously unknown. It is the same challenge that caused men to want to reach
the poles or find a Northwest Passage, and it is the same challenge that caused
their governments to support their endeavors. Bare unrationalized curiosity is
indeed a valid motive for an increased program of marine exploration.
But as President Kennedy said in his message to Congress in March of 1961,
“Knowledge of the oceans is more than a matter of curiosity.” And indeed it is.
The United States is seriously deficient in reserves of such strategic resources
as manganese, cobalt, nickel, and copper. Yet we know that these very minerals
are to be found in profusion as potato-shaped concretions littering parts of the
ocean floor. These so-called manganese nodules have been dredged up from
depths generally on the order of 1 to 2 miles, and assays of their mineral con-
tent show them to be high in just these metals. The questions now are how
extensive are these deposits and how do we get them up and recover the min-
erals. But these are only a few of the minerals found on the ocean floom
Diamonds are now being dredged from the sea floor off South Africa, a lease for
the recovery of phosphorite has recently been granted off the coast of Cali-
fornia, and one for the recovery of gold has been let off the mouth of an Alaskan
river known to contain gold-bearing gravels. These, however, are merely ex-
ploitation of minerals on or in the sea floor. Sea water itself has been described
as a dilute solution of almost everything, and the definition is not too far from
the truth. The salts of the sea have been recovered through evaporation since
before the Christian era. More recently magnesium and bromine have been
commercially extracted from sea water. More minerals are there, it is pri-
marily a question of determining how they can be concentrated and recovered
cheaper than they can be obtained on land. The living resources of the sea have
been used since man first tasted fish and found that it was- good. But when
people are dying of malnutrition anywhere on earth, the marine food resources
are obviously not being adequately utilized. Man is still a hunter in the seas.
It is not until he is able to pass out of the hunting stage and into the farming
stage that he will be utilizing the marine food resources to the utmost. The
word “aguaculture” is new to our vocabulary now, but with sufficient knowl-
edge of the interrelationships between oceanic food stocks and their environ-
ment, it may indeed be possible to raise fish as we now raise livestock on land.
Seventy-one percent of the incoming solar radiation falls on the surface of
the sea. Because we as yet know so little of the heat budget of the oceans, we
know little of the quantitative role of the sea in the generation of our weather
and climate. Currently weather forecasts for 2 or 3 days in advance are possible,
but if the total role of the air-sea interaction in the generation of our weather
were known, it is highly probable that the weather could be predicted far in
advance. Perhaps we could even cause Mark Twain’s famous statement to be
changed to read: “Everybody talks about the weather, and at last somebody is
doing something about it.” This is not so farfetched as it at first might seem.
It has been proposed, for example, that large barges carrying nuclear powered
heat generators be anchored awash off the coast of California near Los Angeles.
The rising moist warm air would move eastward with the prevailing westerlies,
would be forced upward over the California mountains, be cooled below the dew
point, and drop much needed rain on parched southern California. At the same
time, the circulation generated by the rising air over the barges would pull the
smog-filled air out of the Los Angeles basin leaving that city with the constant
view of the Santa Ynez, San Gabriel and San Bernadino Mountains it once had.
Sea bottom atomic generators could be utilized to create rising ocean currents in
coastal areas. Not only would this affect the local climate, but also it would
eause an upwelling of the nutrient-rich bottom waters to act as a fertilizer for
the local fishing industry. Such schemes obviously cannot even be considered
until we know a great deal more about the oceans than we now do. Such hot
air generators or upwelling machines might do much more harm than good. The
point to be made is that if we ever expect to utilize advanced ideas such as these,
we must first have the basic oceanographic knowledge to predict accurately what
will happen once they are put into operation. Such knowledge does not yet exist.
688 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Nature has a way of making fools of men who tamper with her without first
arming themselves with knowledge of her reactions.
Improvements of transportation, protection against coastal erosion, improved
ship design, protection of life and property at sea, better marine navigation
through better charts, protection against natural hazards such as seismic sea
waves (the misnamed ‘tidal waves’), marine storms, coastal flooding, and ice-
bergs, all of these things depend for their final solution on increased knowledge
of the ocean and the processes that go on within it. These are mainly economic
benefits that can be expected from an increased effort in oceonography.
Perhaps the most apparent aspect of oceanography, and certainly the aspect
eurrently capable of obtaining the most support, is that of military defense. In
any conflict, the side that is most familiar with the environment in which the
fighting is taking place has a decided advantage over the other. It is primarily
for this reason that the Navy is supporting a strong and diversified effort in
marine science. More specifically, the effort is related to hiding our submarines
and finding those of a hostile power, to having our ships equipped with the best
knowledge and predictions of the marine conditions they will encounter, having
our naval forees utilize the sea to their advantage and to the disadvantage of any
antagonist. Since any future conflict will in large part be waged over, on,
and under the sea, it is imperative that the United States know more about the
sea than anyone else. It is that simple and that urgent.
The point to be made from all this is that man has at last come to realize
the importance of knowledge of the sea to his future survival. Within the
United States we have made our first attempt to establish a program whereby
this knowledge will be realized effectively and efficiently. The bold new venture
has in fact commenced.
APPENDIX 11
MAN AND THE SEA, BY JOEL W. HEDGPETH. A SERIES
OF LECTURES DELIVERED OVER KPFA, BERKELEY, CALIF.,
APRIL 7-138, 1964
689
35-377 O—64——45
Man and the Sea
by
Joel W. Hedgpeth
A series of lectures delivered over KPFA,
Berkeley, California, April 7 - 13, 196)
Distributed by Pacific Marine Station
Dillon Beach, California
691
692 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
I Marine Biology and Biological Stations
On the Pacific coast of North America, from Juneau to Ensenada, there are
some fifteen establishments which in one way or another are known as marine bio-
logical stations. Some of these operate all year, others open their doors only
in the summer time. In the North America alone there are at least 3) marine
laboratories associated with Universities. What goes on at these stations? Why
are they where they are--or, why do we have these institutions? These are among
the many questions asked by interested visitors to marine laboratories, and the
announcements that there is to be a new marine laboratory at Bodega Head and that
there are plans for a biggest and best one on Catalina Island have stirred up
more public interest. Sometimes there are strange notions about the work done at
marine laboratories--something mysterious is being done with starfish or crabs
or something like that--or the comically serious notion that rats were being
raised for scientific torture in the basement at Stanfords Hopkins Marine Station
at Pacific Grove, We say this rumor was comically serious because while it did
Suggest some misunderstanding of the activities at Pacific Grove, the most casual
inquiry would have revealed that there is no basement at Hopkins anyhow.
To answer such questions as what marine biology is all about and why people
work at marine stations, it seems best to go back to the beginnings with a little
history of marine biology and marine stations.
Marine stations, as places--usually some building or another, of course at
some seaside location, are not very old. The first one was started about 1859 at
Concarneau in France, and is still going. We always say that Aristotle was the
first marine biologist, and of course he was, and Charles Singer, the great his-
torian of science, wrote an imaginative description of Aristotle at work:
N_--we see Aristotle, the first and in many ways the greatest of
all naturalists, actually watching the creatures he loves. He is
leaning out of a boat in the great gulf that indents the Island
of Lesbos, intent on what is going on at the bottom of the shallow
water. In the bright sun, and in the still, clear water of the
Mediterranean every detail, every movement, can be discerned.
Hour after hour he lies there, motionless, watching, absorbed,
and he has left for us his imperishable account of the things that
he has seen with his own eyes,”
It is to be noted that Aristotle did not use a microscope; another part of
the description should also be noted--undoubtedly Aristotle spent a lot of time
observing -- just looking. Too often our modern biologists don't spend enough
time in just looking.
Marine biology -- and many other branches of biology, did not really become
a serious field of inquiry until the invention of the microscope -- the first
good lens systems for microscopes were invented around 1827 and it was not until
a few years after that that microscopes became generally available.
One of the first people to make use of such an instrument was evidently a
medical inspector at Cork, Ireland, J. Vaughan Thompson. We actually do not
know much about this man, other than that he was an army surgeon for many years,
who was obviously at heart a naturalist. Between 1823 and 1830 Vaughan Thompson
published four papers at his own expense. He worked out the life cycles of
e
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 693
barnacles, crabs and hydroids -- these latter are related to sea anemones. To
do this he not only used a microscope, he also used a net of fine silk towed
through the water to capture the minute immature or larval forms of these or-
ganisms. Thus was born the plankton net, still the indispensable apparatus for
capturing the minute life of the sea. Some professional scientists did not think
too highly of this work -- he was not, as the saying goes, "a man of authority".
The man of authority, who got credit for devising the plankton net, was
Johannes Muller, the Professor at Berlin. It was Johannes Muller who set the
pattern for trips to the seashore for the study of material, and who advocated
the establishment of marine stations. It is often said that Johannes Miller
was one of the last great universal naturalists, who tried to keep up with every-
thing and it is suspected that he died in 1858 from what we would call an over-
dose of sleeping pills. Be that as it may, Mllller should be remembered for one
endearing gesture -- in his later years, distressed by his doctoral dissertation,
he would steal copies back from library shelves and destroy them.
Vaughan Thompson was a highly competent amateur, and Muller was a marine
biologist because he was a universal naturalist. The first professional marine
biologist, who worked with the creatures of the sea exclusively, was Edward Forbes,
the Manx naturalist who lived from 1815 to 185). His posthumously published
Natural History of the European Seas was the first book on marine biology as such.
At the same time a contemporary of Forbes, Philip Henry Gosse (1801-1888)
published some of the first popular books on seashore life -- thus starting that
type of book that has done so much to attract people of all ages and interests to
the sea shore. His books set a fashion in England (and there were similar books
by Frenchman and Germans) that stimulated an amateur enthusiasm that has never
waned. One must remember another economic factor -- just as the microscope made
many studies of seashore life possible, so the building of railroads made it
possible for people to reach the shore easily -- and whet mav be more significant,
return in good time to their homes with their specimens. For a while it seemed
that no well ordered Victorian parlour was complete without a marine aquarium, and
young gentlemen accompanied their ladies to the seashore armed with a handbook to
Seaweeds or zoophytes and spent the outing learning the names for their mutual
edificatiou. There wasn't much else that could be done in those innocent days,
evidently.
Some idea of the lengths to which this passion for seashore studies could
go can be had from on George Henry Lewes, best remembered by posterity as the
principal man in George Eliot's life. Im a book titled "Seaside studies at
Ilfracombe, Tenby and the Scilly Isles and Jersey} published in 1858, we find
this passage:
"The fact is, the sea is a passion. Its fascination, like all
true fascination, makes us reckless of consequences. The sea is
like a woman; she lures us and we run madly after hers; she ill
uses us, and we adore her; heautiful, capricious, tender and
terrible! There is no satiety in this love; there never is
Satiety in true affection. The sea is the first thing which
meets my eyes in the morning, placidly sunning herself under my
window; her many voices beckoning me, her gently heaving breast
alluring me, her face beaming with unutterable delight. All
through the day I wanton with her; and the last thing at night,
I see the long shimmering track of light from the distant beacon
asia
694 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
aire -.-°
thrown across her tranquil surface -- dark now, and solemn, made
more desolate by the dark and silent hulls of anchored vessels,
but beautiful even in her somber and forlorn condition. I hear
her mighty sighs answering the wailing night winds. She lures
me to her. I cannot go to bed."
~~
acess eras
;
One wonders what George Eliot thought of this passage, written a few years a
after they ran off together. So much for Mr. Lewes, who was actually a rather 4
good physiologist -- he was not alone as a master of the purple passage -= for 5
as recently as a year or so ago an eminent witness before a congressional com- ;
mittee described the ocean as the placental fluid of the globe. Perhaps a better g
quotation to remember our Victorian fortears by is that of the Reverend Mr. -
George Tugwell -- one of several reverend gentlemen who became enthusiastic iy
students of seashore life and authors of books about it -- the Rev. Mr. Tugwell }
remarked in his little book about the English sea anemones: "But I must add as q
we stroll homeward, that one great.benefit to be derived from the pursuit of i
natural history at the seaside, is the intense relief and the renewed buoyancy
which it grants to a mind wearied and overtasked by the realities of daily life."
a ee
Who, in this time of overcrowded daily life, has stated the justification
better for such an enterprise as the Pt. Reyes National Seashore?
But let us get back to marine stations and their reasons for existance.
The first impetus for the establishment of marine stations was the great
interest in learning more about the plants and animals of the sea, many of them
too delicate to be transported away from shore. The early studies soon brought
forth much evidence, especially through the identification of developing stages,
concerning the relationships of the major groups of animals we call phyla. Most
of these major groups are best represented in the sea, and some of them like
Starfishes and their relatives, occur nowhere else. From the beginning marine
stations became necessary adjuncts to university training in zoology, and most of
them still serve this function. Many inland institutions require the degree
candidates in zoology undergo at least one exposure to seashore life, and the
summer enrollment of virtually all marine stations in the United States is filled
because of the demand for courses by students from all over the country.
In Sweden this requirement is applied to those who wish to become high
school biology teachers -- every candidate must take a course at a marine station.
Perhaps we will come to this someday.
But also from the beginning there was a practical motivation for marine
stations as well -- the need to understand and improve fisheries and the culture
of marine organisms for food. The oldest still functioning marine laboratory,
that at Conecarneau, was established to study oysters.
Probably the classical laboratory in the sense of pure science is that at
Naples, established in 187) by Anton Dohrn, a german professor. Dohrn started
his study of marine life at Helgoland, but after being nearly drowned in a storn,
sought a more kindly climate. The Naples station established on an international
basis, and is still essentially an international station, receiving some of its
support from the United States. People go there to study particular animals and
plants, or follow specific lines of study such as the function of squid nerves or
the learning behavior of the octopus, and the station is still essentially an in-
ternational service institution. One rents a "table" which may actually be a
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 695
small room, and makes his needs known. The scientific fishermen associated with
the station usually manage to have the needed animals waiting for the investigator
the next morning. One of the early fishermen for the station became so interested
that he developed into a first rate specialist in his own right - Salvatore lo
Bionco. A season at Naples is considered an essential part of the life of marine
biologists, and there are few who have not done some research at the famous
Stazione Zoologica.
There is only one such station as Naples.
About ten years after the establishment of Naples the English established
The Laboratory at Plymouth. As to be expected, this was peculiarly British, and
from its inception, was a mingling of pure and applied science, for one of the
patrons was the Royal Fishmonger's Company. Until the last few years, there was
no large permanent staff at Naples, but Plymouth has always had resident natural-
ists, who have worked on problems of fisheries, interrelations of plants and
animals in the sea and similar problems which are considered by many to be the
stuff of marine biology. The Staff at Plymouth numbers 17 or 20 resident scientists
at this time, exploring not only the venerable classical lines of zoology at the
seasnore, but the problems of life in the sea.
In 1886 the principal marine laboratory in North America was established at
Woods Hole. This was actually the successor of summer seaside laboratories started
by Louis Agassiz -- perhaps at the instigation of a geologist, Nathaniel Southgate
Shaler, a decade or so before. Woods Hole again is a different institutition -
administered by a private corporation and not directly affiliated with any single
university, although students and faculty members from many universities go there
during the summer. The summer population consists of hundreds of people. The
rest of the year the great buildings are for the most part vnoccupied, although
this last year a resident staff was added to undertake studies of the abundances
and changes of marine life in the area and to continue the still incompleted task
of systematics -- identifying and cataloging the kinds of animals and plants.
Woods Hole has become so crowded that serious consideration has been given
to the idea of a "Woods Hole of the West'', There are many advantages to the Woods
Hole idea, especially the opportunity for investigators to meet and exchange ideas
-- although some of them do not study marine organisms at all, but there is also
some concern about the advisability of another such establishment which would
have so much unoccupied space for a large part of the year.
The nearest counterpart to Woods Hole on the Pacific Coast is the Friday
Harbor Laboratory of the University of Washington, located on San Juan island in
Pugest Sound. This is actually the second marine station to be established on the
Pacific coast, founded about nine years later than the Hopkins Marine Station of
Stanford University at Pacific Grove. The original idea behind this station was
somewhat similar to that of Woods Hole, -- it was to be a joint enterprise of
several institutions. However, it is now essentially a part of the zoology depart-
ment of the University of Washington. Unfortunately its insular location has made
it difficult to undertake year round operations, and it remains primarily a summer
teaching and research station.
Stanford's marine station, founded in 1892, is a year round station. This
laboratory has a permanent staff of half a dozen investigators and has recently
gone to sea in a spectacular way with the TeVega, a sort of scientific school ship
for marine biologists. Currently in the Indian Ocean, TeVega carries a dozen
696 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
students who take course work en route and participate in the first hand experience
of working at sea.
We could go on with an itemized list of our Pacific coast marine stations,
but in so doing it would be easy to lose sight of the essentials. Marine stations
are where they are for several reasons -- usually the location is the best availa-
ble one nearest the main base -- be it university or fisheries board -- that shows
most promise of remaining in a reasonably undisturbed condition. Friday Harbor,
for example, is a secluded region with many kinds of organisms and several kinds
of environments - muddy, sandy and rocky bottoms, and not too remote from Seattle.
It has no open, wave swept shores. Tne laboratories at Charleston Oregon and
Dillon Beach were located at those localities because of the accessibility of
Several basic kinds of sea and shore environments. Some laboratories, located
many years ago, now find themselves surrounded by towns -- these are Hoplins, Cal
Tech's lab at Corona del Mar and the great Scripps Institution of Oceanography
at La Jolla. But one way or another all afford scientific access to the sea,
and to as diversified suite of environments and organisms as possible.
Let us return to the subject of marine biology. While each station serves
a slightly differert purpose, depending on the institution that supports it and
the people that sta it, all have one common aim: to gain a better understanding
of the organisms and the nrocesses of the sea. It might be remarked that this
does not sound very different from oceanography, but there are differences.
Marine biologists at marine stations do not necessarily go to sea, and marine
biological stations do not depend on large vessels, nor are they involved in major
expeditions. The line cannot always be clearly drawn between marine biology and
what some people regard as biological oceanography, nor should it be. But for the
most part the scientific effort at marine biological stations is related to the
shore and shallow sea, and to the phenomena of organisms that happen to live in
the sea. They work from the shore whereas oceanographers work from the sea.
There is work enough for everyone - or, we should say, questions for all.
One of the principal questions is how --- and how much do the animals of the sea
eat? It is not easy to examine this question on ship board, as precise measurements
have to be made not only of microscopically small amounts of food material, but
of the amount of oxygen consumed, and carbon dioxide give off, and so on, We
have a pretty good idea how much grain it takes to produce a hog for market, or
how much fertilzer we must use to grow corn in Iowa, but we know virtually nothing
about such matters for the fish, crabs and mollusks of the sea which are major
contributors to our fisheries, to say nothing of all the diverse inedible or un-
eaten organisms along the shore. But we must understand these processes if we
are to get anywhere with increasing our harvest of the sea. In recent years we
have become aware that our capacity to pollute our environment has increased ten
or perhaps a hundredfold in the last twenty years, and we have found detergents
in fish livers at sea and radioactive isotopes in oysters far from the sources
of the pollution. So we must know much more about how organisms feed in the sea
and how various kinds of substances are transferred from one organism to another.
Some of this work is carried on by establishments supported by such organi-
zations as the United States Fish and Wildlife service, but the economic - or
practical - orientation of such laboratories often allows little time for the
study of problems whose immediate application to the economic problem is not
apparent. It is often from disinterested or uneconomic - if we may use the word
in that sense - questions that unexpectedly useful knowledge may come.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 697
A famous example of this is the study of the poisonous nature of the Portu-
guese man-of-war. The French researcher Richet, who was a guest of the Prince of
Monaco, was curious about the nature of this poison, and made tests on various
animals. He found that sometimes there was no effect until the second test, and
thereby discovered tue phenomenon of allergy -- which he called anaphylaxis. And
who isn't allergic to something or another these days? This is also one of the
few discoveries in marine biology to be honored on a postage stamp.
The study of sea urchin eggs -- a perennial favorite for the summer habituees
of Woods Hole -= and of Bodega to be, no doubt, has yielded much significant infor-
mation about the fertilization process -- in fact a current school movie on sex
for teen agers shows the fertilization of sea uchin eggs in lieu of the human pro-
cess -- without, it must be said, making it clear that they are not watching the
beginning of human babies. Somewhere in the study of sea urchin embryology may
lie a Nobel prize, but in the meanwhile we have learned much about the initial
stages of development from this line of inquiry.
Other marine biologists study nerves of squid -- which has some of the
largest of all known nerves -- giant telegraph systems that enable the animal to
react swiftly, as anyone who has observed squid in an aquarium will remember.
Such studies give us insight into the mechanism of nerves -- how they work. Still
other marine biologists are interested in the ways by which marine and brackish
water organisms -- the creatures of bays and river mouths -- can adjust their salt
balance to the changing environment.
As for the plants of the sea, they present many fascinating problems. We
have all heard of chlorophyll, perhaps as something that is used to make green
toothpaste. But there are different kinds of chlorophyll in different kinds of
seaweed, wiich may have something to do with the circumstance that some kinds of
seaweed grow best near high tide while others grow only beneath low tide levels.
The efficiencies of these substances is a question of particular interest to
those concerned with harvesting seaweeds or hoping to understand the efficiency
of the plants of the sea as converters of energy.
These are some of the studies that go on at marine stations. Others are
concerned with the more general aspects of the plants and animals in the actual
environment -- the broad field known as ecology. Surprisingly little has yet
been done on the year to year changes in life along the seashore which may in
turn help us understand such spectacular changes as the great sardine collapse of
two decades ago, but beginnings of this sort of study have been made at Pacific
Marine Station in Tomales Bay and have just been startod -t Bodega. Without
such long range studies we cannot really say what the effects of man's tampering
with nature may be.
In these days of governmental support of science, many organizations are
actively interested in supporting and fostering marine biological studies at
marine Stations and university laboratories. Although its primary concern is the
application of information to naval problems, the Office of Naval Research has
supported many projects which might be considered pure science in addition to
Supporting research on the habits of creatures that destroy pilings and docks
and foul ships and buoys. The navy's interest in developing artificial breathing
systems for people and submarines has led to the support of studies of respira-
tion in gills in marine organisms and even such matters as how some types of
jellyfish maintain gas in floats. The ability of many marine animals - shrimp,
fish, and whales to produce sounds, some of which sound like machinery, is inter-
698 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
esting in their own right, is somewhat disturbing to the navy. One interesting by-
product of the study of sounds is a record of the various squeaks, rattles and
whistlings made by the different kinds of whales and porpoises. Yet, in spite ;
of its concern for practical problems, the Office of Naval Research is one of
the most enlightened supporters of research in the sea for its own sake. Research
for its own sake is often called "basic research" --- perhaps it would be better
to characterize it as inquiry into phenomena without a goal of immediate and ;
specific practical application. }
In recent years the Atomic Energy Commission has become an active supporter
of such research, especially in ecology, since it has become obvious that if we |
are to increase our use of radioactive materials, we need to know much more about
the present environment of coastal waters in particular. One of the greatest gaps
in our knowledge is that of the genetics of marine organisms -- what characters
may be inherited and the mechanisms involved. A modest beginning has been made
in this-field by Victor L. Loosanoff with clams, but until we know much more about
the genetics of marine organisms, we are not prepared for the atomic age.
Other agencies, such as the National Science Foundation and National Insti-
tutes of Health, support many specific projects in marine biology.
Indeed, the present support and future of marine biology seem to be ahead
of the recruitment of able workers. In 1961 over 250 students were turned away
from marine laboratories because there was not space enough for them, and 88
were unable to find financing to continue their studies. It is also interesting
to note that more than 600 were rejected because of lack of qualification for
graduate study - inadequate scholarship is probably the greatest single reason
for this rejection. The many young people who have been inspired by films,
television and popular articles on marine biology should ponder this unfortunate
circumstance, and remember that as in all other fields, the competition is getting
rougher every day. But for those who survive, there are few more rewarding
careers (except perhaps in actual money) than to be the member of a staff at a
marine station -- providing of course that you love the sea and the smell of the
shore at low tide and the salt water gurgling gently through your laboratory.
Joel W. Hedgpeth
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 699
II Oceanography
Oceanography, the scientific study of the seas and of all that is in and
beneath them, is comparatively recent as a formal branch of science. Although
mankind has been interested in the sea since before the days of Aristotle, and
Oceanographic ships have been exploring the seas now for ninety odd years, it. is
only in the last twenty years that the study of the seas has become a daily way
of life for so many scientists and that this endeavor has been supported on such
a large scale by governments and universities. Whether or not this support is
adequate for the problems that confront man in his hopes for understanding and
utilizing the seas is a matter to be taken up later in this series. In any event,
growth of interest in and activity in oceanography has been exponential in the
past two decades. There are many reasons for this -- some of them related to the
war, and the need at that time to understand waves and currents along strange
tropical shores, some of them related to the increasing concern over the future
of major oceanic fisheries and not least to the increasing popular interest in-
spired by such inventions as the self contained diving apparatus, which some call
aqua lung and others know by its unlovely acronym SCUBA --- short for self con-
tained underwater breathing apparatus -- and the atomic submarines that may move
about like fish, almost perpetually beneath the surface.
Today, more people than ever seem to be interested in knowing something
about the ocean and about the ways that it is being studied by scientists. Now
and then we get the impression that some of these people think the oceanographer
-- or oceanologist, as some would call him -- is a different and unique kind of
scientist following a very special sort of science only slightly less mysterious
than atomic physics. No one has ever defined oceanography in a way that satis-
fies most oceanographers, because oceangraphy is really not a science in its own
right, dealing with a limited suite of phenomena, but simply the scientific study
of the ocean and its physical and biological contents. Specialists in many
different disciplines are oceanographers -- mathematicians who derive equations
for wave patterns or analyse tides, biologists who study the abundance and dis-
tribution of plankton - the floating life of the sea - geologists who analyse the
composition of the mud at the bottom, and the man who tows a sea going tape re-
corder through a herd of whales to record their conversation. All these and
many others are oceanographers, and some of them do not understand what the others
are up to. But they all have one thing in common -- they go to sea for their
data,
We usually date the formal beginning of oceanography as Dec. 30 1872, when
Her Majesty's Ship Challenger made her first station after leaving Portsmouth on
a cruise that was to last more than three years and circumnavigate the globe.-. 1
station, incidentally, is simply a spot at which observations are made -- in this
case, at Lat )1°57'N, Long 9°2'W. ‘The depth was 1125 fathoms. Nothing very re-
markable was discovered as the dredge did not work quite right and came up half
empty - but with enough ice cold bottom mud nevertheless to chill a bottle of
champagne to drink to the success of the expedition.
What did we know about the oceans in 1872 that prompted such an expedition?
It must not be forgotten that this was not an expedition to chart passages and
shoals and rocks for commerce, although some of that work was done, nor was it
an expedition to find new lands for the Crown, for there were no unknown lands
left. Nor did anyone expect to find fold, spices or other such things. This was
an expedition -- and the first such -- sent out to satisfy the curiosity of man.
700 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
Exploration of the seas of course did not begin abruptly with the cruise of the
Challenger -- for almost twenty years »efore 1872 British and Scandanavian
naturalists had been dredging in deeper and deeper water to find strange and
unknown animals. One of the greatest marine naturalists was Edward Forbes - or
) B's, as he pronounced his name. Forbes studied the waters of the Aegean Sea,
but was unable to find anything on the bottom below about 300 fathoms -- 1800
feet, and postulated there was no life on the sea at depths. This of course
stimulated others to go deeper and deeper. At this time, in the mid 19th century
a new piece of apparatus was developed that made study of the deep sea possible
-- the steam donkey engine. Fishermen were quick to adapt this engine to the
hauling of larger nets. It was a successor of Forbes. C. Wyville Thomson, who
became the prime mover for the study of the deepest parts of the ocean. It was
his enthusiasm from the British admiralty, which made survey ships available to
him -- vessels named H. M. S Lightning and Porcupine, for the study of the waters
north of Scotland.
It was soon apparent that some sort of life was to be found at all depths
that could be reached by the bulky rope hawsers and donkey engines of the day,
and further questions concerning the oceans were aroused by these preliminary
studies carried out during the late 1860's. Furthermore, the advent of steam
power to the fisheries greatly increased the haul of fish from the sea, and the
beginning of telegraphic communication made it necessary to understand more about
the nature of the bottom of the sea, across which the cables must be laid.
Thus was born the Challenger expedition. Although the name of the vessel
was singularly apt, it does not appear that the ship was selected because of its
name, but because it was available and suitable for the purpose. The Challenger
was an early version of a surplus naval vessel, so many of which are now in use
as oceanographic vessels in this country. She was a steam corvette, displacing
2,300 tons, which is about equal to some of the medium sized oceanographic
vessels now in use, such as the Chain at Woods Hole and the Argo of Scripps Insti-
tution. Sixteen of the ships 18 68 pound guns were removed and the ship was con-
verted for use of a floating laboratory. While the officers and crew were regu-
lar navy, considerable care was taken to select officers with surveying experi-
ence and interest in scientific matters. The Scientific staff consisted of six
persons, including the director, C. Wyville Thomson, and the staff artist. Only
one of this staff, the german biologist Willemoes-Suhm, had the doctor's degree.
The man who was selected at the last minute after another candidate could not
accept, became one of the great names in Oceanography. This was John Murray,
who succeeded Wyville Thomson as direétor of the collections and studies and saw
the publication of results through to a successful conclusion in 1895, twenty
years after the completion of the voyage.
When she returned from her long cruise in the cause of science, the Challenger
was decommissioned, and ended up ingloriously as a coal barge. However, her name
has been revived from time to time tor survey ships, although currently no ship
by the name of Challenger is in the oceanographic register.
The Challenger spent more than three years at sea, returning to England on
May 2) 1876. It was a long and fruitful voyage, expecially for the scientific
staff -- except for the loss of Willemoes Suhm, who died at sea. Wyville Thomson
survived the expedition by several years, and the remaining young men went on to
distinguished and fruitful careers -- John Murray as director of the Challenger
Office in Edinburgh, J Y Buchanan the chemist as oceanographer to the Prince of
Monaco (in those days the prince of Monaco was a great patron of oceanography),
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 701
and H N Moseley became Professor at Oxford. Moseley, the son of a mathematician,
became an eminent zoologist and one of the founders of the Marine Biological
Association of the United Kingdom. It was his son, H. G. J. Moseley who was con-
Sidered one of the most promising young men of his generation -- in his twenties
he determined that the properties of the atom were determined by its nuclear
charge. The loss of this young man at the age of 27 in the Gallipoli campaign
may have delayed the atomic age by a generation -- certainly this loss had much
to do with deferment policies for men of science in the second world war.
The Challenger's track included two crossings of the North Atlantic, a
meandering line down the south Atlantic and across to the Cape of Good Hope,
Thence to Kerguelen Island and to the edge of the Antarctic continent, north to
Australia, through the East Indies, north to Japan and across the north Pacific
to the Hawaiian Islands and southward to Chile, around the horn and back through
the Atlantic to England. In all, the Challenger logged 68,890 nautical miles on
her cruise. For some reason the Challenger did not touch any United States port.
In this long cruise she made 362 official stations, lost about 28 thermometers
and broke her dredging line eleven times. This is a remarkable record, not often
equalled by modern research vessels.
What were the questions that the men of the Challenger - and those who
stayed at home - hoped to find answers for in their long exploration of the deeps?
First, no one knew how deep the ocean was, or wiat was on its bottom. It was
thought that perhaps the great chalk formation of the Cretaceous period was being
actively formed nowadays at the bottom by the activity of organisms -- this idea
was known as "the continuity of the chalk! Then it was hoped by some that the
expedition would finc in the great deeps the survivors of the past -- the
ere
trilobites and primitive echinoderms of the paleozoic tines, and there was
Bathybius, the primordial life substance, a sort of giant amoeba like creature
that had been found in the sediment samples made by some of early telegraph cable
survey ships. Professor Huxley had named this creature Bathybius haeckeli for his
eminent German colleague and there was lively anticipation by some naturalists
that this organism might be found in abundance at the bottom. Among the other
questions was that concerning the nature of sea water itself -- whether it was
uniform the world over, or differed from place to place. But most of all the
question was --- what was on the bottom of the sea?
To answer these questions the Challenger dredged the bottom by dragging a
net modified from commercial fishing gear, dropped long sounding lines to the
bottom, captured water from the depths and took its temperature.
The Challenger found that there was life at the bottom almost everywhere,
although she did not achieve the sreatest depths -- these were not dragged until
1950 or so by the Galathea - that bottom temperatures were uniformly old, and
that sea water was pretty much the same everywhere. No living fossils were dis-
covered - no trilobites or other now extinct forms. Bathybius was never found
-- the chemist discovered that Bathybius was a colloidal precipitate of impure
Sulphate of lime in sea water and bottom mud from the interaction of preserving
alcohol and sediment. Thus Bathybius turned out to be an error - as Huxley re-
marked, it had not fulfilled the promise of its youth. Nevertheless, as the chen-
ist Buchanan said in his report on the true nature of this mysterious primordial
plasm, it "should not be allowed to pass into oblivion". Like Forbes! notion of
the lifeless nature of the deep sea, it was an error that stimulated thought and
research. It does not necessarily follow, of course, that bad ideas are better
than good ones, but sometimes a bad idea is better than none at all. Unfortu-
702 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
nately some people -- especially brash young one trying to get ahead -- get the
notion that they should produce ideas and theories without foundation simply to
stir things up. The lesson to be learned from the examples of the lifeless deeps
and bathybius is that there was some evidence at the time for these ideas, enough
evidence in fact to justify more careful investigation.
One of the major contributions of the Challenger expedition was the report
on the sediments -- in which the broad outlines of the deep sea deposits were
determined -- and the doctrine of the continuity of the chalk also fell by the
wayside. The prime result of the Challenger was the fifty large quarto volumes
of reports, whose familiar green bound covers are the cornerstone of every
oceanographic library. Most of these concern the life of the sea -- the animals
found on the bottom =-- and at the surface. Not much was collected in between
because the gear was not suitable. The other great contributions are on the
chemistry of sea water and the bottom sediments. As far as these aspects of
oceanography go, we have been filling in the details so broacly outlined by the
Challenger reports. Little was contributed to our knowledge of the circulation
of the oceans, because of lack of instruments and the necessary hydrodynamic
theories on which to infer circulation from the characteristics of the water.
Such theories were not developed until early in this century, primarily by
Scandanavian and German oceanographers.e
We are still seeking more refined answers to many of the questions raised
by those who went on the Challenger expedition, but many more have occured to us
as our knowledge has improved.
Now we want to know how many fish there are in the sea, not as kinds, but as
populations, and how much the sea can produce as compared to the land -- in terms
of plant production and rate of overturn in the food cycles. When the Challenger
sailed, ecology had barely begun, with the studies of the oyster banks of Helgo-
land by the german fisheries biologist Karl Moebius. We often hear from our
Sunday supplement literature that as our population increases we must turn more
and more to the sea for food and raw materials -- but if we are to do this, we
must realise how nrimitive our knowledge is. It is often stated, for example,
that there is no plant activity, or no active synthesis of food in the sea below
the depths to which light can penetrate. Yet we are becoming aware that this
may not be quite true -- some types of plant like organisms may well be actively
producing nutrient material in a different manner. We are also beginning to
realise that there is a marvelously complex and interrelated group of rather
small organisms in the sediments of the deep seas.
The questions we now ask of the chemistry of the sea water, concern elements
and substances not dreamed of by the Challenger's chemist, for now we need to
know about the distribution of radium, of artificial isotopes, and other sub-
stances of man's careless devising in the sea. Much more refined chemistry is
needed now.
Our studies of the sediments go deeper than those of the Challenger's geolo-
gists, for now we sink long tubes into the mud and study the layers in these
cores to gain some idea of what has gone on in the past. By method the layers of
ash that fell into the Mediterranean when Pompei was buried have been identified,
We are vitally concerned about ocean currents and circulation, both as an
aid to understanding the populations of fishes and other creatures of the sea,
and also as a necessary adjunct to controlling our potential pollution of the sea
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 703
by radioactive materials and other wast-s. While the broad outlines of oceanic
circulation have been drawn since the Challenger's time, we may still have such
startling discoveries before us that that of the Cromwell Current, a broad thin
current flowing beneath the surface in the reverse direction across the Pacific
toward the Galapagos Islands --- the existance of this current was not demon-
strated until 1950, and the mechanism that drive it is still not well understood.
Indeed, there was no provision for such a current in oceanographic theory.
In methods and types of gear we have advanced beyond the Challenger era --
at that time wire cable had just been developed by Lord Kelvin, and was not con-
sidered reliable enough -- so the Challenger used hemp lines for sounding and
enormous ropes for dredging. The steam donkey engine has been replaced by
electric motors. But still the operation takes time -- many hours for a dredge
haul. Thermometers are better, and all sorts of electronic gadgets to measure
the chemicals in sea water have been cevised. Most useful of all have been
the echo sounders and similar devices that not only measure the depth beneath
the ship but in some cases the thickness of the bottom sediments, producing
useful geological profiles. Positioning is of course more accurate. But the
prime instrument in oceanography is the oceanographer, whether he be basically a
physicist, chemist, biologist or geologist, and the people that help him ashore.
It has been estimated that for every researcher on ship, there should be ten
ashore to work on the data. But most of these shore people are the indians of
oceanography - we need them desperately, but of course most young people who
want to become oceanographers want to be chiefs.
Lately we have been trying to decide just what -- or who -- an oceanographer
is. In these days of IBM cards and record keeping, everything must be classified
properly. There is a federal register of scientific talent, and all working
scientists are asked to fill out rather complicated forms for this register.
Somebody converts these things to little rectangular holes on IBM cards. Recent-
ly in an attempt to estimate the total number of oceanographers, these cards were
fed through the machine, and about 5,000 cards fell out. There are nothing like
5,000 oceanographers, even if we count all the cooks and bottle washers. There
may be 5,000 people who have something to do with things in, about or from the
ocean, For example, I do not consider myself an oceanographer, but a marine biolo-
gist, who happens to specialize in the study of a group of animals found only in
the sea. But I have become recently involved in trying to promulgate a fool proof
questionnaire that will produce only the real oceanographers, those who work
actively with problems in the sea and who go to sea. So our questionnaire asks
how many months have you been to sea this last year, and what research papers
have you published about the sea, and so on. I am not qualified to fill out this
questionnaire -- or at least I have managed to do so in such a way that I probab-
ly will not be numbered among the salt water oceanographers -- this time my IBM
card should fall out in the miscellaneous pile at the end.
There ia a serious aspect to this attempt at classification, since the sup-
port of oceanography must depend in part on the estimated roster of available
people. There are probably not more than 350 or at most 500 people in the US
who really ought to be considered oceanographers. Yet we have plans for adding
more and more ships to the scientific fleet and some of us are not too sure that
we are going to have enough oceanographers to man these ships, especially at the
present rate of recruitment from universities.
An oceanographer is not only a scientific sailor, he is something of a jack
of at least several trades. A good many of the senior oceanographers have come
704 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
from other fields of study, carrying their special problems to the sea. Because
of its three dimensional nature, the ocean presents many complications even for
the simplest problem, such as going back to exactly the same place on the bottom
of the sea to take a second sample of mud or worms. As a result, more knowledge
of oceanic processes is expected of the next generation by those whe have le=™ned
some of these things the hard way. It has been facetiously said -- but perhaps
not so facetiously after all -- that present degree requirements are such that
many of the people who now hold degrees in oceanography would not now be eligible
for admission to graduate schools in oceanography. This is perhaps more simply
understood as a result of the increasing numbers of people who want to go on to
graduate school, and the correspondingly larger number of those who can meet more
stringent requirements - in other words, as in many other fields, the competition
is getting keener.
We often get requests from students in high school, and sometimes even from
grade school children, about a future in oceanography, and how to study for it.
Sometimes we get inquiries from their teachers as well, who seem to want to take
to sea to get out of the classroom. Often these questions include inquiries about
working hours and salaries. At the outset, it should be realized that oceanography
-- like any other scientific endeavor, does not observe union hours and that the
principal compensation is not the salary but the privilege of doing what you
really want to do and incidentally getting paid for it. As the Greek poet Oppian
said so long ago of the fisherman, the oceanographer should be daring, dauntless,
willing to lose sleep, and must be keen of sight, wakeful and open eyed. "He
must bear well the wintry weather and the thirsty season of Sirius -- he must be
fond of labor and he must love the sea."
Preparation for career in oceanography is not eas -- love of the sea is not
quite enough. Oceanography is such a mingling of C_..\ iui disciplines and
specialities that it is necessary for an oceanographer to know a little bit about
almost everything in addition to knowing a fair amount about some particular field.
In other words, there is really no "major" in oceanography. A student should
be basically a physicist, biologist, geologist or whatever, interested in the
processes of the sea as they pertain to his central field of study. As a result
virtually all institutions that offer degrees in oceanorraphy require first of
all a major in a particular field, and a broad background in related fields. For
example, a biology major who desires to become an oceanographer must also have
laboratory courses in chemistry and physics, and at least one course in geology.
All oceanographers are expected to have mathematics through calculus. Since
oceanography is one of the most international of the sciences, foreign languages
are essential and are becoming increasingly more so. The two preferred ones for
degree candidates are Russian and German.
The beginner in college should not hope -- or expect -- to start right in
with the ocean. Few institutions offer undergraduate majors in marine biology,
and only one -- the University of Washington -- offers an undergraduate major in
oceanography. But the requirements are so many that the course is really a five
year one anyhow. 4n oceanographer should begin his preparation back in high
school, learning his own language -- English in our case -- mathematics and the
start of his foreign languages. The best college training for oceanography --
as for any other branch of science -- is to get into the toughest undergraduate
school possible, and to work hard. Although oceanography does call for a diverse
background training, the diversity can be overdone. There is the sad story of
the young man who tried to do everything in his undergraduate years that was hoped
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 705
for by a committee of oceanographers who published a brochure on the ideal
education for an oceanographer. Unfortunately this young man overlooked the
essential requirement that he have at least one solid field of specialization.
As a result, when he presented himself for admission to graduate school, he was
unacceptable for admission because no professor would concede that he had the
background for any one subject. Perhaps the story is apocryphal -- but it does
serve as a warning that diversity of knowledge must not be confused with dif-
fusion of effort. Anything in excess is bad for the system -- including too much
salt or water.
While no one wants to discourage young people, it is only fair to remind
them that many are called but few are chosen -- but if the call is strong and the
response adequate, there is a good chance of being chosen. It is inevitable that
our national effort in oceanography will increase, for we have barely begun to
study the »%ceans and our future will depend much more on our understanding of
vuhe oeans the? it will upon bringing back samples of moon duste
Joel W. Hedgpeth -
35-377 O—64_—\_46
706 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
ITI The ways and means of Oceanography
Public understanding of oceanography ~ what it does and how it operates -
is not always in pace with popular interest in the subject. Too often, questions
are asked which suggest that the questioner understands no more than that oceanog-
raphy involves going out on the ocean with a boat, or down to the bottom in a
bathyscaphe, or perhaps drilling a hole through the bottom of the sea. The
drilling of a hole in the bottom is only incidentally related to oceanography --
if it is to be done at all, it has to be somewhere in the sea where the earth's
crust is thinner, and the budget for the Mohole is separate from oceanographic bud-
getse Oceanography, is more, of course than people who study the ocean, although
the people are the most essential part of oceanography. Oceanography is ships,
shore bases, instruments and logistics.
According to the 1961 compilation called Oceanographic Vessels of the world,
some 161 vessels of all types were in use as oceanographic research vessels all
over the world. ‘The list was probably incomplete before it was published, and
some vessels are included which can hardly be considered oceanographic in the
fullest sense of the word since they are 39-0 feet long and probably seldom get
very far from land. Of the 161 research vessels listed, 3 are in the United
States, and only 12 are listed for the Soviet Union. According to a more recent
listing of new oceanographic vessels, some 31 new vessels are now in service or
will be in the next few years in the United States alone. This however includes
some rather special objects, like FLIP, which is a long tube with a cabin on one
end that is towed to sea and upended to form a sort of floating submerged tower
to study the acustic properties of sea water, and a small two man submarine,
Another 3 vessels are conversions. While there is some duplication in the lists,
and some of the new ships or conversions will replace others now in service, it_
is nevertheless evident that the United States is doubling its oceanographic fleet
in about ten years time or less. A good part of this increase is due to the so-
called Navy Tenoc (Ten years oceanography) program. Each year the Navy is sup-
plying two or more vessels, generally termed AGOR, which is short for Auxiliary
General Oceanographic Research. These are not all constructed to a uniform plan,
although they are usually 200 feet or more in length. ‘Some are conversions --
adaptations of existing vessels, others are new, specially ocnstructed ships.
New research vessels cost between 2 and 3 million dollars to construct, and con-
version of an existing ship may cost a half million dollars. Among the AGOR
ships is the Eltanin, operated in Antarctic waters by the National Science Founda-
tion as part of the Antarctic Research Program. The Davis, used primarily by the
Navy, is based in San Francisco. Another is the Conrad, operated by Lamont
Geological Observatory. ‘his is not mamed for Joseph Conrad, but for Robert
Dexter Conrad, who had much to do with the Office of Naval Research in its early,
formative years. Another group of large research vessels is operated by the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of the Fish and Wildlife Service. It was the
predecessor agency, the U. S. Fish Commission, which built and maintained the
first vessel specifically built for the oceanographic research, the Albatross.
The name is now carried by the Albatross IV at Woods Hole. A few research vessels
are maintained by industries for special purposes such as testing instruments or
classified research related to military contracts. In all, it is possible that
by 1970 the United States alone will have an oceanographic fleet equal to the
world fleet of 1960.
As anyone who owns a boat -- even a fibreglass job with a trailer that is
towed out to a lake on weekends -- knows, it's not the initial cost, it's the up-
keep, that runs into money. The cost of oceanographic ships is high - good sized
i
|
t
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 707
vessels cost around 1,000 to 2,500 per day at sea, and the annual ship operating
budget of Scripps Institution of Oceanography alone is 2.5 million dollars.
These costs include maintenance, but cost of operating ships does account for a
large part of the national oceanographic budget. Yet the total budget is not
very large. Just how it will work out for 196 is uncertain, but it will proba-
‘bly be around $10,000,000. This is of course the Federal budget, and includes
the share of the Navy, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and Coast and Geodetic
Survey, Atomic Energy Commission and National Science Foundation. It does not
include the money from states and private industry, but this is a small fraction
of the total anyhow. It is difficult to estimate the total world wide budget for
oceanography, but it seems to be in the order of perhaps '!250,000, 000 per year.
Even without expansion of effort, oceanography is not going to get less
expensive. The cost of operating ships increases steadily -- despite the care-
less statements of one local oceanographic entrepreneur, universities do not use
students as crew to operate research vessels, but unionization of crews on re-
Search vessels will produce difficult financial problems. Oceanographic instru-
mentation is becoming more expensive as the instruments become more complicated
-- or sophisticated, and we have now reached the stage where no major oceanographic
institution feels properiy equipped unless it has a computer. Indeed, one of the
latest major research vessels has a computer on board to process results under
way. All that is now needed is an attachment that will produce the finished
progress reports for distribution when the ship docks. Somebody attempted to
reduce the costs of oceanography to specific details and came up with the esti-
mate that each figure, such as a temperature measurement, cost about $7 a number,
and a sample of sea water captured in a bottle cost $11 a fifth. Loss of gear
is inevitable, and instruments must be replaced. When one remembers that oceanog-
raphic vessels often must be at sea in rather rough weather (although of course
observations are impossible in heavy seas), it is remarkable that no major ocea-
nographic vessel has been lost at sea in the last twenty five years, and only two
since 1929. The French exploring vessel Pourquoi Pas?, a veteran of Antarctic
exploration, was wrecked on the shore of Iceland in 1936 with the loss of all but
one of her crew, including the commander, Captain Charcot, and the non-magnetic
research vessel Carnegie was destroyed in 1929 by fire in Apia harbor, Samoa,
with the loss of her captain and a cabin boy. Im view of the hazards involved,
the safety record of oceanography is much better than driving down the highway.
The most disastrous loss to oceanography is recent years was the airplane accident
in Mexico which took the lives of Townsend Cromwell and Bell Shimada while en
route to join an oceanographic cruise in 1958. A few years ago a vessel from the
University of Tokyo was destroyed by a volcano, with the loss of all on board,
including some well known students of volcanos, but this is not a usual hazard
of research vessels.
The estimated world oceanographic budget of approximately 250 million a year
may sound like a lot of money to some people, but it is infinitesimal along side
the $5 billion approved for space projects by Congress for fiscal 6. The
National Academy of Sciences committee on oceanography recommends an annual bud-
get of 600 million for USA by 1970. While a large part of the oceanorraphy money
may be spent for engineering and keeping ships going, a still larger percentage
of our space budget is not strictly speaking science -- it is hardware. And there
is no comparison of the practical benefits to be obtained by a fuller knowledge
of the ocean as compared with finding whether or not there is really life on Mars.
Let us say we do find that life is constructed of something other than DNA on
Mars -- very interesting, but so what? We still. have to live on earth, and the
ocean is the largest part of our earth.
708 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
As a distinguished British gentleman, Sir Frederick Brundett has remarked:
"The World must be mad to spend more in a year on space research than has been
spent in studying the oceans in the last hundred years". MY
3 TA en PS
Ships, of course, are the primary capital investment of oceanography. But M4
there are also buildings, Oceanographers do not spend all their time at sea,
but must process data, analyze results and prepare reports. It has been said i
that for every day at sea there are ten days of work on land. Another way of ;
putting this is that there should be nine or ten researchers and technicians
ashore for each man at sea. This requires buildings, and one of the most strik-
ing aspects of our oceanographic institutions is their crowded condition. WNo-
body seems to have enough space to work in and everybody needs more buildings.
Sometimes a close mingling of people has an advantage -- more ideas get exchanged.
But there is some limit to this, beyond which people simply get in each other's
way.
Our oceanographic effort is not however, overstaffed, even if the buildings
are crowded. Indeed, we are not sure where all the people are coming from to
staff the vessels and the shore facilities for our expanding oceanographic fleet.
Recruitment, in spite of all the public interest, is not as fast as we would like
it to be. We think there are about 500 - at the most - real oceanographers in the
business in the United States and the shortage is already acute in two fields --
straight physical oceanography (which ~alls for more rigorous mathematical back-
ground than other phases of the field), and taxonomy -- the people who must
identify all the kinds of plant: and animals found in the ocean, or at least those
which are most abundant. According to one federal agency, the manpower require-
ment for taxonomy is much smaller than for physical oceanography. This was
evidently written by someone who did not know what he was talking about, for the
identification of organisms is not amenable to computer techniques, and it has
taken years to get some of the most important animals identified. Our most crit-
ical need is biological oceanographers - good ones, who are specialists in
various critical groups of organisms.
At any rate, we have ships -- perhaps more than we need - buildings, but not
enough for the people we do have in most places, and people - critically short
in some fields. What are we doing with what we.have?
There are two broad aspects of oceanographic effort. The first is what is
known as surveys -- this is essentially similar to the mission of the Weather
Bureau-continuous retaking of observations at the sea to gather data for the chang-
ing environment, and to find out what is there at present. One of the great inter-
national efforts of this character is currently in progress, the International In-
dian Ocean Expedition. This involves ships of many nations including USA and USSR.
Much of the work of the US Navy's Oceanographic Office, the Coast and Geodetic
Survey ships and the Bureau of Fisheries is essentially survey in nature. This
must be kept up year after year, although some aspects of it maybe processed by
computers for more rapid results. Promising steps in this direction have been
taken by the Navy. An adjunct to the survey function of oceanography is the
National Oceanographic Data Center, where all data that can be reduced to square
holes on IBM Cards is being assembled. The Soviet Union operates a similar data
center, and the two are exchanging information.
The other aspect of oceanography is that involving research into special
phases or problems -- sometimes this involves surveys as well, but often expedi-
tions are undertaken to explore special problems or phases. Some of these have
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 709
come to attention because the routine data gathering has brought out problems.
So it is not always easy to separate these functions. A survey of fishery areas
in the mid Pacific revealed the Cromwell Current or equatorial undercurrent run-
ning against the grain, so to speak, just under the equator from west to east.
An immediate result of this discovery has been not only intensified study of the
oceanic region involved, but a lively reappraisal of basic oceanographic theory,
since it did not have ae RL for this observed phenomenon. The inten-
Sive, repeated surveys off the California coast, set in motion by the decline of
the sardine, have Descente to light oceanic fluctuations still not adequately ex-
plained, and provided data for a new and critical approach to the organization
of groups of planktonic or floating organisms. We even have the glimmer of an
idea of what may have happened to the sardines, but cannot say confidently that
the "average" or "normal" conditions of the waters along the California coast
are conditions of sardine abundance or sardine scarcity. It may take twenty five
years of surveys and data to get an answer to that question.
What oceanography should do, at least in this country, has been considered
by a number of national committees. In fact, from its beginning oceanography has
been organized by committees. A committee of the Royal Society determined the
course and scope of the Challenger Expedition that explored the oceans from 1872
to 1876. The oldest committee that still functions is known as the Conseil Inter-
nationale pour L'exploration de la Mer, a committee of representatives from
various countries of northern Europe, including the Soviet Union -- Russian
scientists were among the charter members in 1901. It has confined most of its
interest to the North Sea and the North Atlantic, with emphasis on fisheries
problems. It is now more familiarly known as ICES, from its English title,
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.
In the United States the course of oceanography has been charted -- or should
one say plotted -~- by two successive committees of the National Academy of Sciences.
The first of these committees flourished in the decade 1927-37. As a result of
its deliverations and reports, Scripps Institution was started on its way as a
major center of oceanographic research and new establishment was recommended for
the Atlantic Coast. Accordingly Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (not to be
confused with the much older Marine Biological Laboratory there) was founded in
1931. At the present time there are four research establishments at Woods Hole,
employing in all hundreds of people. It is a town whose chief industry is science.
And tourists in summer time -- scientific and otherwise.
The present committee on Oceanography of the National Academy, familiarly
known as NASCO, was established in 1957, and is responsible for much of the
stimulus that has prompted Congress and the various granting and contracting agen-
cies of the Federal Government to support oceanography.
ICES and NASCO are not the only committees. There is a veritable galaxy of
committees, both international and in each maritime country. Attempts to coordi-
nate oceanographic effort in the United States, at least in the Federal bureaus,
are made through ICO, the Interagency Committee on Oceanography, not to be con-
fused with I0C, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, and SCOR, the
special Committee on Oceanic Research. Both of the latter are part of UNESCO.
A recent publication of the United Nations lists some )5 committees involved in
one way or another in oceanography. In spite of all the multiplicity, there is
a sort of oceanography establishment. The same eminent individuals serve on
several committees and shift about in a sort of game of musical chairs from one
committe. meeting to another. Now and then our committees seem to get a bit
710 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
weary, and the last joint meeting of NASCO and ICO could only approve what was
already decided and further recommend air-sea interface studies as the most im-
portant thing yet to do.
From the sense of all these meetings has come statements of the broad aims
of oceanography. The ICO has surmarized these in terms of five objectives: One
- to describe the distribution of physical and chemical properties of the oceans
and to understand the dynamic processes which affect this distributions; two - to
increase knowledge of interactions between sea and atmosphere; three - to deter-
mine the kinds, distribution, adaptations and productivity of the living popula-
tions of the sea and to understand the interactions of the marine organisms to
each other and to the physical and chemical properties of the sea. This is to
many of us the ultimate and most essential mission of oceanography, and all other
objectives relate directly to it. Already the potential backlog of specimens
that must be handled from our increasing oceanographic effort has resulted in
the establishment of anew division of the Smithsonian Institution to sort the
specimens and see that they are placed in the hands of those who will study them.
The fourth objective is to describe and understand the geological, geochemical
and geophysical nature of the sea floor, including its relation to the adjoining
land masses. Insofar as the Mohole can be considered oceanography, it will fulfill
a small part of this objective. The fifth and last major objective is to deter-
mine the modification of the ocean resulting from man's activities. It is re-
assuring that at the highest levels of our committee establishment this problem
is recognized. Nor too many years ago the possibility that man could alter the
ocean was not seriously considered at all.
These objectives are carried out not only by the large government agencies
such as branches of the navy, coast and geodetic survey -- and the army, which
because of its charge for harbor engineering, studies beaches and harbors, and
the Fish and Wildlife Service, but by universities and private research institu-
tions. There are three big oceanographic institutions as such in this country,
Scripps Institution (not Institute, please) at La Jolla, the Woods Hole Oceanogra-
phic Institution at Woods Hole and the Institute of Marine Science at Miami.
There are quite a few other oceanographic institutions and departments of univer-
sities, andithere is even an oceanography department at Ann Arbor, “ichigan.
The work, of course, is actually done by oceanographers and the people at
the shore bases. The usual procedure is for those who actually want to do the
work to propose their project. Funding is provided in one way or another, through
grants or contracts. But the growing problem is that ship time eats up so much
of these budgets (since usually ship time is charged against each project) that
serious concern is now being expressed. It seems inevitable that ways must be
found to operate ships separately from specific missions as well as developing
more realistic accounting systems. One oceanographic ship operated, according
to the books, 13 months in one year!
In any event, the broad mission has filtered down fron the establishment,
and a lesser committee somewhere has approved the project and the money. Final-
ly the oceanographer can go to sea.
The life of an oceanographer at sea is not much different from that of the
commercial fisherman -- getting good data or observations is often as uncertain
as making a good catch of fish. Nor is it always certain that instruments will
work properly. Most of them do, but there is always the peril of a parted cable
-- and the valuable gadget sinks to the bottom. One of the informal standard
as
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 abel
rules of oceanography is that you should photogranh'a new piece of apparatus be-
fore you lower it in the ocean, because that is the last you may see of it. Data
must be gathered at all hours of the day anc night, and sometimes the process
takes most of a day. Some samples must be analyzed. immediately and others proper-
ly stored for later analysis ashore.
But data alone is not science, It is not enough to do something that hasn't
been done before == to sail to an unknown spot on the ocean just because no one
else has got there yet. The critical need in oceanography, as in all branches
of science, is for keen analytical minds to make useful summaries of data and
draw meaningful inferences.
Without people of this sort, our national oceanographic effort can become
constipated with data. So far, however, provisions for education of oceanograph-
ers are the smallest part of our budgetary thinking. It is to be hoped that this
will not continue to be so. :
Joel W. Hedgpeth
712 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
IV The Inexhaustible Sea
The title of our discourse is taken from a recent magazine article, but it
illustrates an opinion about our future expectations from the ocean that many in-
formed scientists view with some reservation. It is true that the seas of the
world cover the greater portion of the globe and that much can be expected from
them in the future. But our knowledge of the seas is only slightly less frag-
mentary than that of the moon, and some of the schemes and imaginative devices
proposed for obtaining resources from the ocean are only slightly less fanciful
that the devices suggested for bringing a sample of moon dust back to earth, and
almost as expensive.
The optimism of those who speak of the inexhaustible sea had best be tem-
pered by a remembrance of how we have regarded our terrestrial resources. It
was not much more than 60 years ago that men still spoke of the boundless wealth
and inexhaustible resources of the North American continent. Now we seem to
have transferred this attitude to the sea, but we have no real justification for
doing so. In short, our estimate of the inexhaustible resources of the sea is
based on our lack of understanding of the sea. It is also part of man's blithe
optimism that the future will always be taken care of, somehow, But the gloomy
prophets of the plundered planet school (as some have disdainfully called them)
are right in one essential: mankind cannot always hope that the future is
assured, unless he limits his numbers so that they do not exceed the carrying
eenacity of the earth. The solution to Los Angeles is not to commit all the
water of the western United States to its unlimited growth, but to stop Los
Angeles from growing. One of the plans for moving water to Los Angeles would
be so devastating to fish life, especially what is left of the salmon, that the
Fish and Game people have categorically recommended against the scheme. Thus
what we propose to do on land may affect the life of the sea and our expectation
of future harvest.
but there is also the implicit notion that we can do almost anything we wish
to our native environment, the land, as long as we have the sea to fall back on.
But because we are creatures of the land, the sea *i11 always to our secondary
reserve -- and what will it avail us to reduce our land to a vast denaturalized
desert of houses, highways, power plants and turn to -upporting ourselves on fish
meal and plankton soup -- if indeed that is possible? Man will not be able to
live on fish meal alone.
The eminent fisheries biologist Sir Alister Hardy has pointed out that
apparently several times in the history of life on earth certain animals have
been forced back into the sea to make their living. Porpoise and whale like di-
nosaurs evolved, and in later epochs the mammalian whales, seals and such birds
as auks and penguins evolved from terrestrial relatives. Perhaps this was due
to competition for food, Sir Alister goes on to remark that man's increasing
populations will force him back to the sea as well -- and he proposes a few fan-
ciful devices of his own -- underwater fish herding gadgets and perfected diving
apparatus that will enable us to stroll about in far deeper water than we can
now reach. At any rate, it is to be noted that this return to the sea will not
be the result of competition from another, more successful terrestrial mammal,
but from man's own pressure of numbers. Are we justified in the comfortable
notion that the sea is our ultimate safety valve?
The problem was concisely put some 1800 years ago by the greek poet Oppian,
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 713
who said:
But, since the sea is infinite and of unmeasured depth, many
things «7e hidden, and of these dark things none that is mor-
tal can tell; for small are the understanding and the strength of
men. ‘the briny sea feeds net, I think, fewer herds nor lesser
tribes than earth, mother of many. But whether the tale of off-
spring be debatable between them both, or whether one excels the
other, the gods know certainly; but we must make our reckoning by
our human wits.
Indeed we must, and one of the liveliest arguments among oceanographers and
marine biologists is precisely the question nut by Oppian around 180 AD: does
production in the sea equal or excel that on land? At least we hope that our
understanding and our wit have been sharpened since Oppian's day, and we may not
be too far from some sort of answer to this basic question of the productivity
of the sea. In the meanwhile, populer writers and TV script artists oversimplify
the problems and raise hopes whose fulfillment we cannot guarantee.
Consider, for example, the following statement from a recent magazine
article:
"--- the sardine population dwindled, and it never recovered, be-
cause by the time the environment improved in 1957, the feeding
grounds has been pre-empted by a kind of anchovy that has a limited
market as a food fish in the United States. Had the anchovies been
fished intensively during the lean year, Cannery Row might still be
thriving."
There are so many oversimplifications in this statement that it is hard to
know where to begin. However, it should first be pointed out that at the peak
of the California sardine fishery - around 1936-39 - the greater part of the
catch was not used for human food but for the production of fish meal for live-
stock food and oil for industrial purposes. The same thing is happening to the
herring fisheries of Europe. The peak production of California sardines has now
equalled or surpassed by the menhaden fishery of the South Atlantic and Gulf
states, which in 1961 accounted for about 5% of the entire fish catch of the
United States and Alaska. Menhaden are used exclusively for fish meal and it is
obvious that menhaden have replaced sardines in the economy, It is doubtful,
should the sardines return this month, that Cannery Row could ever catch up.
The State of California controls the percentages of whole fish that may be used
for reduction purposes, and at this tive virtually the entire sardine -- and
anchovy-catch is canned for food. 1961 was the lowest sardine pack in history.
Of course, some people might say that Cannery Row is thriving again -- as a
tourist trap.
The most serious misstatement is perhaps the idea that had we been as fond
of anchovies as of sardines as food, the fish canneries would have been able to
continue at something near their peak by simply switching fish and labels on the
cans. The idea that anchovies are replacing sardines is at best a hypothesis,
and I am not aware that anyone who has studied the situation would be willing to
Say that this was an instantaneous replacement of fish stocks, like changing the
guard at Buckingham Palace. It will be interesting to see what happens if the
menhaden population collapses -- what will happen then to the cammery rows
of the Atlantic and Gulf coast communities? When the herring disappeared frum the
714 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
baltic in the mid 15th century, the Hanseatic league of cities that depended on
them faded and the Dutch became the premier fishmongers of Europe for their turn.
No one knows why the herring of the Baltic disappeared -- perhaps some change of
conditions in the sea -- and they have never returned.
As yet, we have no way of adjusting to these fluctuations in natural popu-
lations of fishes in the sea. For example, while it is generally believed that
the sardines of the California coast declined because of changes in the tempera-
ture of the ocean, brought about perhaps by changes in the currents, it is also
suspected that a very heavy fishery at a period of unfavorable environmental
change contributed to the decline of the fish stocks. Conversely, however, we
have some evidence that a fairly heavy fishery of adults during favorable years
might have the reverse effect -- that is, removing the mature large fish makes it
possible for the young fishes to grow faster and replace the older ones that have
been removed.
Whatever happens in nature, it is doubtful that major population changes are
as simple as driving cattle off a range and turning sheep loose on it. Less than
- hyndred years ago it was believed by many eminent authorities on fisheries prob-
lems t -t the sea was so vast and the populations of fishes so immense that the
efforts of man, however intense, could have no effect on the populations, It
needed only a minute fraction of the population to replace the entire stock, so
abundant is the spawn of most fishes. Now we have evidence concerning the extra-
ordinary vulnerability of hatching and larval fish to changes in the environmert -=
how a drop of a degree or so of temperature may delay hatching perhaps several
days, so that the egg drifts beyond the point of no return, or hatches at a time
when other creatures that would eat it are just a little larger than they should
be, and thus eat more fish. These small changes apparently have a way of piling
up to produce unexpectedly large effects. And we have the example of the Baltic
herring to suggest that the process may not always be reversible.
Mankind has had two great lessons concerning the effect of his fishing activ-
ities on the stock of fishes. The bottom fish of the North Sea and waters around
the British Isles had been fished intensively up to 1°1h, and the catches were
dropping off, and the average size of the fish was decreasing. Fishing had gone
beyond that stage in the fishery when a harvest of the old mature fish enabled
the smaller and younger ones to srow up to take their place -- the whole fish-
eries curve was dropping. But the war of 191-18 made fishing impossible, and
imposed a closed season on the stocks of the North Sea. When fishing was resumed
in 1919, the fish were more abundant and larger. But man did not learn the lesson,
and by 1938 things were back to where they were in 191) -- or perhaps worse.
Then World War 2 imposed another long closed season, and the stocks again im-
proved. Now many nations that depend on the north sea fisheries have regulations
requiring that the mesh of the nets be large enough for the smaller fish to ex-
cape, but in no field of international relations is uniformity and compliance so
difficult to achieve as in fishery regulations.
When success is apparently attained, as in the halibut fishery of the United
States and Canada, the suspicion arises in some minds that the fishery is not
being regulated so mich on conservation grounds as on lines to maintain the
highest price for the fish. In any event, it was impossible for the fisheries
experts to be certain that the halibut was being fished to capacity in the east
Bering sea grounds, so in 1963 the Americans and Canadians grudgingly opened
these grounds to Japanese fishing.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 715
As we can see from the papers these days, we seem to be on the verge of some
sort of crab war in the Bering sea with the Russians. More such controversies
are inevitable as we increase our fisheries efforts, and it is certain that we
will not be able to achieve a rational exploitation of the valuable fisheries
stocks of the world ocean as long as the efforts of any one nation cannot be re-
stricted. The efforts of those wke agree to conserve Antarctic whales are futile
as long as other fishing nations sneak into the waters and capture whales of all
species and sizes. The United States cannot piously point the finger at another
nation, especially in the matter of whales, for the memorial to the great ods of
sperm whales, now forever gone from the seas, is New Bedford, Massachusetts. At
least we have made some modest beginnings toward the sort of international accord
that must be achieved in our cooperative international oceanographic endeavours.
The most striking of these is now under way, the Internaional Indian Ocean
Expedition. Under the auspices of the UN, this expedition which involves the
ships and scientists of many nations, has as one of its aims the increase of
knowledge about the resources of the Indian Ocean, primarily for the benefit of
the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean. Some of these, like India, do not
have the resources in research ships and talent to undertake such studies with-
out this assistance.
It is difficult to predict which essential step toward greater reliance on
the seas will come first -- complete international <¢cord or scientific under-
standing at such a level of sophistication that we can reasonably predict fisheries
stocks from year to year. One suspects the latter will come first. Yet it is a
difficult task, to understand the combined effects of man and nature in the sea.
One of the greatest fisheries investigations in the history of man was that under-
taken along the California and Oregon coast since about 199 to find out what had
happened to the sardines. As already mentioned, we are not sure how much of the
change was brought about by nature and how much by man.
But we suspect most of the change was due to nature. This is based partly
on the analogy of such past events as the 15th century disappearance of th Baltie
herring, the great tilefish catastrophe of 1882, but in particular on the cite.
stance that while conditions seem to be improving for sardines and the fishing
effort is minimal, the sardines are not coming back. Perhaps they will come back,
but as yet we lack the information to predict if or when. We cannot even answer
the question tnrat we may have this whole business the wrong way around, that actu-
ally the great sardine catches of the 1930's were made during an unusual period
and that the usual -- normal 2- or average state of affairs is indeed one of
colder waters, stronger winds and fewer sardines. So far, at least, we have no
indication of regularity in this process -- cycles of 7, 9 or 11 years or what-
ever. What we do know is that the warming up of the ocean in 1957-60 is not a
unique event -- something like it apparently occurred a hundrec years before.
We are often asked about the warming of the ocean water, especially since
this period seemed to coincide with more sharks. Perhaps it was simply that more
people expose themselves to sharks these days. It is misleading to think of the
ocean as warming up -- what actually happened was a shift in surface water,
brought about by some change in the wind and pressure system over the entire
Pacific basin. Decreased wind force reduces the upwelling of cold water near
shore, and even results in somewhat higher sea level along the shore. If we try
to understand the process as an actual warming up, we have to think of the amount
of heat required -- something like four times the heat of the sun that actually
reached the ocean in 1956-57. So evidently there was a shifting pattern in the
ocean, and the sharks, out in the warmer waters away from shore all the time,
716 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
simply moved in closer.
The changes we are talking about are of small magnitude as compared with
the almost daily fluctuations on land -- the temperature rise in 1957-58 along
central California was only about 3 degrees above the established average con-
dition. The observed changes in marine life offer some evidence in support of
what many naturalists have long suspected -- the life chains of the sea = from
the floating diatoms to the great fish stocks are to be considered a system that
is turning over at a rather high rate of speed - some of the smaller organisms
have life cycles of a day or a few days, and the great blue whale, largest
animal on earth, attains its full size in three or four years. But each level of
the chain decreases in total mass as we proceed form the first producers to the
last carnivores. There appears to be a great deal of lost energy in this system
of turn over, and now and then the suggestion has been made that we should harvest
our food from the lower levels -- the plankton -- instead of going to all the
expense and uncertainty of catching fish. People who suggest this apparently do
not realise that the plankton may be as equally spotty and uncertain.
Much more practical are the suggestions for the culture of these types of
organisms that we can utilize at the second step -- such animals as clams and
oysters. Oyster culture is our oldest marine industry -- practiced by the
Romans. But shellfish and alga culture -- such as the green Chlorella for which
so much was hoped a few years ago -- must be done in bays. We have given very
little heed to the use of our bays except as cloaca maxima. If we should ever
want to return San Francisco bay to a condition adequate for oyster culture, we
would have an almost impossible clean up job on our hands. Some of the future
proposals for water to Los Angeles, which include bypassing of unsatisfactory
water from farmlands and industries into San Francisco Bay would make the possi-
bility even more remote. San Francisco bay is gone -- as a scene for shellfish
and seaweed culture. This is a local example of what we may allow to happen on
a world wide basis while at the same time we talk about increasing our food
supplies.
Another possibility is that we may domesticate whales and seals and a
fanciful novel has been written about the great herds of whales controlled by
electronic fences and of the divers that shepherd them about. It may be more
practical to increase the nutrient content of shallow waters by stirring up the
bottom with compressed air jets, or eliminating by chemical means some of the
hordes of useless bottom animals like starfish that consume the greater part of
the available food material that might instead support fish. Something along
these lines has been suggested by Sir Alister Hardy, but admittedly we must be
much more certain about the significance of these animals to the economy of the
sea as a whole before we can proceed with confidence. Men's continuing war with
the agricultural pests on land is in large part a problem of his own making --
by the intense cultivation of uniform crops he has set up attractive conditions
for insects and viruses which in a state of undisturbed nature are only a small
part of the system.
Today we have added a new variable to the uncertainties of the sea -- radio-
active waste polution. Some of our Russian colleagues are of the opinion, and
they may have some evidence for this -- that any degree of disposal of radioactive
waste in the sea is potentially harmful, especially if it reaches the sea at
those times when fish eggs are developing. This problem needs far more intensive
study than it has so far received, even in England where studies are under way
in the Irish Sea around the outfall of their infamous isotope sewer at Windscale.
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965 TLT
We have such an isotope sewer of our own in the Columbia River, but the studies
that should be made -- of the structure of fishes -- conditions of glands -- num-
bers of scales -- fin rays and vertebrae -- are yet to be made. It means nothing
to catch a fish and measure its radioactivity if we do not look for possible
damage. To take a fishes' background count and conclude it is not affected be-
cause it still swims around is misleadings we do know that fish get thyroid cancers
or tumors from radioactivity. In examing the published work on the effects of
radioactivity on marine organisms, one is struck by the preliminary -- progress
report sort of atmosphere of these reports. When are we going to get down to
some serious work on this problem? The editors of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists
may be justified in getting the hands of their clock back a few minutes, but this
clock of pollution cannot be set back or halted, unless we are willing to accept
our obligation to our environment more seriously than we so far done.
I have discussed the biological aspects of the inexahustible sea because I
am a biologist. I can say little about other hopes expressed for man's future
from the oceans -- the mining of manganese nodules from the deep, or of phos-
phorite from the waters around Los Angelese A large chemical corporation did take
out a lease to go after this material but found that its costs estimates were off
by a factor of perhaps ten, and abandoned the effort. While the difficulties may
not be unsurmountable, some of the desired resources must be in much shorter
supply on land than they are now to make reclamation from the sea justifiable.
Our best success so far has been with evaporating salt (another ancient industry) ,
and obtaining magnesium from sea water. This is done on such a scale that the
incidental fresh water obtained is now the principal water supply of an entire
town in Texas. We have great hopes for fresh water from the sea -- or should we
say Los Angeles has. But the prospect of economical fresh water from the sea is
still so far off that we seriously discuss reducting most of the major rivers of
this state to a shambles of dams and ditches to deliver water South of the
Tehachapi. If we do manage to produce fresh water from the sea, will we tear up
all these waterworks?
As for many of the fanciful submarine tractors, self prepelled nets and the
like that have been suggested it must be remembered that the sea is a very diffi-
cult medium for machinery. It has enough salt to corrode but not enough to be a
good conductor, and pressure makes it necessary to fill potentially collapsible
spaces with incompressible fluids or construct heavy reinforcing against it.
Most of the elaborate devices of the Sunday supplements have yet to leave the
drawing boards, and the few that have been built, such as a self propelled sub-
marine tractor, have been plagued with difficulties. The sea has long been a
graveyard of fancy instruments. Someday, of course, our ingenuity will solve most
of these problems and some of the fancy gadgets will go forth to find out how in-
exhaustible the sea really is. In the meanwhile we spend our money on atomic
Submarines -- how many of these things do we have now, anyway -- and on rockets
to the moon. But, as one gentleman on a national scientific committee put it, it
is still more essential for us to study the ocean's bottom rather than to scratch
the moon's behind.
A ff
The netvona Research Council thinks our oceanographic budget should be 600
million by 1970; at present it is probably not more than 150 million per year and
it is probable that the efforts by other countries are correspondly financed.
This brings us to the final consideration in this notion concerning the inexhausti-
ble sea -- we are not going to get much for nothing out of the sea. Man never has,
for he has fished the sea at the peril of his life and loss of ships and gear.
So far, in all the long history of fishing, we have used essentially the same gear
718 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM—1965
that was used 1800 years ago. When we do devise some different way of catching
fish than towing nets or dropping baited hooks, we will still face the essentially
inhospitable environment of the sea, and will still remember the words of that
first author on fishing concerning the lot of the fisherman:
But for the toilsome fishermen their labors are uncertain,
and unstable as a dream is the hope that flatters their hearts.
For not upon the moveless land do they labor, but always they
have to encounter the chill and wildly raging water.
Joel W. Hedgpeth
vac
ete
Wes