' BlHOmQ LiST SEP 15 1927 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CANADA Hon. Sir jAMES LOUGHEED, Minister; W. W. CORY, Deputy Minister FORESTRY BRANCH— BULLETIN No. 61 ) R. H. Campbell, Director of Forestry NATIVE TREES CANADA BY b"! R. MORTON, B.Sc.F. With notes on nomenclature and utilization by R. G. LEWIS, B.ScF. / lt>. ''\ ISSUED BY DIRECTION OF THE HON. SIR JAMES LOUGHEED, MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR OTTAWA, 1921 PRICE 50 GENTS 22510—1 ' y First impression, 1917, 5,000 copies Second impression, 1921, 5,000 copies 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 9 The Pines 13 The Larches 24 The Spruces 27 The Hemlocks 34 The Douglas Kir Group 38 The Firs 40 The Cedars 45 The Western Cypresses 48 The Junipers 50 The Yews ; 52 The Walnuts 53 The Hickories 56 The Willows 61 The Poplars 61 The Birches j 68 The Alders 73 The Ironwoods 75 The Blue Beeches 76 The Beeches 78 The Chestnuts 79 ^ The Oaks 80 The Elms 92 The Hackberries 96 The Mulberries 97 The Magnolias 98 The Tulip Trees 99 The Papaws 101 The Sassafras 102 The Witch Hazels.. 103 The Sycamores 104 The Mountain Ashes 105 The Service-Berries 107 The Hawthorns r 108 The Plums and Cherries 109 TheRedbuds '.: 114 The Coffeetrees 114 The Sumachs 116 The Maples 116 The Basswoods 127 The Dogwoods 128 The Gum Trees 130 TheMadronas 132 The Ashes 133 Comparative Tables of Species 139 22510— IJ ^ ILLUSTRATIONS— LEAVES, TWIGS, AND FRUIT Page jpine cones and leaves 152 Larch cones and leaves 153 Spruce leaves and twigs 154 Spruce cones 155 Hemlock cones 155 Hemlock leaves and twigs 156 Fir cones 157 Fir leaves and twigs , 158 Cedar and yew leaves and twigs 159 Juniper and yellow cypress leaves and twigs 160 Walnut and hickory twigs 161 Black walnut leaf and fruit 162 Butternut leaf and fruit 163 Hickory leaves, shagbark and bittemut 164 Hickory leaves, mockernut and pignut 165 Poplar leaves 166 Poplar twigs 167 Birch leaves and twigs 168 Alder and witch hazel leaves 169 Chestnut, beech, service-berry, ironwood, and blue beech leaves 170 Chestnut, beech, service-berry, ironwood, blue beech, and ash twigs 171 Oak twigs 172 Oak leaves 173 Acorns , 174 Elm and hackberry leaves, twigs, and fruit 175 Willow leaves 176 Red mulberry leaf and fruit 176 Magnolia leaf 177 Tulip tree leaf and fruit cone with carpels partly fallen away 177 Papaw leaf and fruit 178 Sassafras leaf and fruit 178 Sycamore leaf and fruit 179 Mountain ash leaf 179 Black gum leaf and fruit 180 Hawthorn leaves and fruit 180 Cherry and plum leaves and twigs 181 Kentucky coffeetree leaf and fruit 182 Redbud leaf and fruit 183 Sumach leaf and fruit 183 Maple leaves, silver, sugar, striped, red, and mountain 184 Maple leaves, Manitoba, dwarf, vine, and broad-leaved 185 Maple twigs ,• 186 Dogwood flowers and leaf 187 Basswood leaf and fruit 188 Madrona leaf 188 Miscellaneous twigs: Willow, sassafras, sycamore, basswood, mulberry, and redbud 189 6 Native Trees of Canada Page Miscellaneous twigs: Witch hazel, sumach, alder, coffeetree, magnolia, tulip tree, black gum, and mountain ash 190 Ash, white, leaf and fruit 191 Ash, black, leaf and fruit r. 192 Ash, red, leaf and fruit 192 Ash, green, leaf and fruit 193 Ash, blue, leaf and fruit 193 ILLUSTRATIONS—BARK White pine 195 Western white pine 195 Pitch pine 195 Sitka spruce 195 Douglas fir and western cedar .' 196 Western yellow pine 196 Cedar 196 Paper birch 196 Hemlock 197 Western hemlock 197 Large-toothed aspen 197 Cottonwood 197 Shagbark hickory 198 Bittemut hickory 198 Butternut 198 Yellow birch , 198 Ironwood 199 Kentucky coffeetree 199 Dogwood 199 Black gum 199 White oak 200 Red oak 200 Bur oak 200 Beech 200 White elm 201 Sycamore 201 Black cherry 201 Hackberry 201 Sugar maple 202 Silver maple 202 Manitoba maple 202 Basswood 202 White ash 203 Black ash 203 Red ash : 203 Green ash 203 ILLUSTRATIONS— TREES White pine 204 Lodgepole pine 204 Red pine .... 205 Jack pine 205 Illustrations 7 Page Pitch pine 206 Limber pine 206 Douglas fir 207 Western yellow pine 207 White spruce • 208 Black spruce 208 Western hemlock • 209 Eastern hemlock 209 Balsam fir 210 Alpine fir 210 White cedar 211 Red cedar 211 Black walnut ■ 212 Black gum 212 Bittemut hickory 213 Shagbark hickory 213 Eastern cottonwood 214 Hackberry 214 Red alder 215 Black cottonwood ., 215 Paper birch 216 Ironwood 216 Beech 217 Butternut 217 White oak 218 Red oak 218 Bur oak 219 Swamp white oak v 219 White elm 220 Rock elm : 220 Basswood 221 Sycamore 221 Kentucky coffeetrec .' 222 Service-berry 222 Silver maple 223 Sugar maple 224 Manitoba maple 224 White ash 225 Black ash 225 Sumach 226 Juniper 226 ? INTRODUCTION This book has been prepared to meet a growing demand on the Forestry- Branch for pubHcations of this kind. In it are described over one hundred tree species native to Canada, including all the commercial species and many of minor or no economic importance. Several of the species described are ordinarily little better than shrubs but are found in arborescent form somewhere in their natural range of occurrence. No distinct line can be drawn between trees and shrubs. They grade one into the other. Many trees are reduced to mere bushes when growing under unfavourable circumstances. The descriptions have for the most part been confined to those features of the tree by which it may be readily recognised in the field and, in order that the book may best serve its purpose, terms which are unfamiliar to one who has not made a study of botany have been avoided as far as possible. [Those desiring a more com- plete and scientific description are recommended to consult such well known books as Sargent's "Manual of the Trees of North America" or Gray's "New Manual of Botany."] The description includes in the case of the more important commercial species a brief paragraph on the physical properties and uses of the wood. Where a genus is represented by many species, especially when they occur in the same range or where there is likely to be confusion between trees of different genera, their dis- tinguishing features have been arranged in tabular form for the sake of ease in comparison. The region over which each species occurs naturally in Canada is briefly described in the text and in some cases is shown by the hatched areas on accom- panying maps. It is not claimed that these descriptions and maps are absolutely correct, as the exact range of many of the species has not yet been clearly defined, especially of those trees extending into the unsettled north. However, from the reports of surveyors and explorers, as well as from a knowledge of the requirements of each species in regard to soil, climate, etc., the approximate range of the more im- portant ones has been fairly well determined. The province of Ontario, and especially that portion of it forming the peninsula between the Great Lakes, possesses a greater variety of tree species than any other part of the Dominion. Here are found growing trees occurring nowhere else in Canada. Trees such as the tulip, chestnut, black gum, papaw, flowering dogwood, and others characteristic of the forests of Ohio and other states to the south, reach their northern limits here. Similarly in the province of British Columbia, the mild and humid climate of the southern coast, Vancouver island, and portions of the Columbia and Kootenay valleys permits the occurrence of many species which are typical of more southern forests and which are not found elsewhere in Canada. 10 Native Trees of Canada The drawings herein were made by the author, for the most part from speci- mens in the collection of the Faculty of Forestry of the University of Toronto. To this Faculty thanks are due for the kind permission to use their collection. Thanks are also due to the British Columbia Forest Branch for the information regarding the range of trees native to that province. So far as space on a page of this size would permit the engravings illustrating the different species of the same genera have been arranged so that they may be conveniently compared. Nomenclature In selecting the common or vernacular names for the trees described in this book the chief consideration has been to avoid confusion. Existing names that have enjoyed accepted common use for many years have been retained wherever possible, if their use is consistent. Where two or more names are equally common one has been selected that best describes the characteristics of the tree and has, therefore, the highest name value. In this connection the name "red pine" has been chosen in place of "Norway pine" for Pinus resinosa, because of the darker colour of the wood as compared to white pine and the distinct reddish colour of the bark; whereas the name "Nor- way pine" has little or no real significance. When one name is used to describe two or more different trees confusion is sure to arise. In all such cases the aim has been to avoid this confusion, even at the expense of the name value of the name adopted. Two different trees, Ostrya virginiana and Carpinus caroliniana are called "ironwood," "hornbeam," and "hop hornbeam" indiscriminately. The name "blue beech" is also applied to Carpinus as the tree has smooth bark and is not un- like a young beech tree in general appearance. The name has never been applied to Ostrya, and it has therefore been used in this book, as it is at least distinctive. The names "hornbeam" and "hop hornbeam" have been discarded. In deciding among several possibilities common names were favoured when these were translations of the botanical names, as in the case of limber pine {Pinus flexilis). There are certain species native to British Columbia and the Pacific coast that are not found east of that province, although other species of the same genera are found in Eastern Canada. Among such cases are western hemlock (Tsuga heierophylla) and western white pine {Pinus monticola). In British Columbia these trees would be known as "hemlock" and "white pine" but the pre- fix "western" has been added in each case to distinguish these trees from their eastern relatives, hemlock {Tsuga canadensis) and white pine {Pinus Strobus). The first name given in the description of any species is the accepted botanical name following the Vienna Rules of Nomenclature (so called because they were adopted at an international convention of botanists held in Vienna in 1905). After the name of the tree is given the abbreviation of the name of the botanist who is credited with having first properly described the species. At the right hand side Introduction 11 of the page is given the accepted common name adopted by the Forestry Branch in all its publications. Following this is a list of the common or vernacular names used in Canada and the northern United States. Where the name has only local use confined to a certain region, this region is indicated in brackets after the name. Where a common name is marked by an asterisk the fact is indicated that the name is also used to describe one or more entirely different trees, or chat its use is to be avoided because of some other inconsistency. The importance of having a standardized list of common names of trees, if only for purposes of reference, is evident from the difficulties that frequently arise out of this confusion of common names. A purchaser of lumber, structural timber, pulpwood, ties, cooperage stock, or other forest products should be able to specify the wood of a certain species with- out the possibility of misunderstanding. He can only do this by resorting to the botanical name or to a standardized common name. The average layman has neither the time nor the inclination to memorize botanical names, although he is able to recognize the different species and to give them the common name used in his neighbourhood. If, however, this common name does not correspond to the name used elsewhere he is sure to be misunderstood. While the universal adoption of a standard list of common names is only an ideal it is hoped that the list given in this book will at least be a step in the direction of uniformity of nomenclature. 17^ )3> THE PINES The pines (Pinus) are widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. Eighty species are known and thirty-five or so are found on this continent. Nine occiu: in Canada. Three of our pines are found only in Eastern Canada, four in the West, and one species extends right across from the Atlantic to British Columbia. All pines are evergreens and have needle-like leaves which are clustered in bundles of from two to five. One species, not native, has solitary leaves. The leaves vary in length from one to fifteen inches. The cone takes from two to three years to ripen. No cones ripen in less than two years. The native pines are sometimes divided into two groups, the soft and the hard pines. The soft pines have their leaves in bundles of five and their cones are pendulous and have thin scales. The hard pines have their leaves in bimdles of two or three and have cone scales which are quite thick and woody. The soft pine group includes White pine, Pinus Strobus Western white pine, Pinus monticola Limber pine, Pinus flexilis White-barked pine, Pinus albicaulis The hard pines are Red pine, Pinus resinosa Jack pine, Pinus Banksiana Pitch pine, Pinus rigida Western yellow pine, Pinus ponderosa Lodgepole pine, Pinus Murrayana PINUS STROBUS, Linn. WHITE PINE Common names: White pine, cork pine, Weymouth pine, pattern pine, sapling pine, pumpkin pine, eastern white pine, yellow pine*, Quebec pine (England). French names: Pin blanc, pin jaune*, pin potiron, pin Weymouth, pin baliveau, pin du lord. This tree under favourable conditions sometimes reaches the height of 175 ft. and the diameter of 5 ft.; but in the average stand it is rarely found ever 100 ft. high or more than 2 to 3 ft. in diameter. It is the tallest and most stately of all conifers in Eastern Canaaa. 14 Native Trees of Canada It has the smoothest bark of any eastern pine. On limbs and young trunks under 6 in. in diameter it is, as a rule, greenish-brown in colour and quite smooth. Later it becomes roughened by shallow, flat-topped, broad, longitudinal ridges, greyish-brown in colour. On account of its thin, resinous bark it is greatly subject to damage by fire. The branches usually grow out at right angles to the trunk in more or less regular whorls of five. On old trees, or those growing in crowded stands, this is not so apparent. The crown is more or less cone-shaped in young trees, becoming flat-topped when old. Its wide-spreading roots and deep tap-root make it very wind-firm and, as a rule, it is only the much-exposed mature trees that are overthrown. WHITE PINE The needle-like leaves grow in bundles of five and are from 3 to 5 in. long, soft, delicate, and of a clear light green colour. In cross-section the leaves are triangular. It is the only nativ^e pine east of British Columbia with five leaves in a bundle, and is, therefore, not likely to be confused with any other. The cones are from 5 to 10 in. long, slender, curved, and stalked. The scales are thin and have no prickles at their tips. The white pine ranges from Newfoundland to Manitoba. It does not extend north of the height of land dividing the waters of the St. Lawrencfe and the Great The Pines 15 Lakes from those of Hudson bay. Its best development as a timber tree is reached in the Great Lakes region, where it is frequently found in pure stands on sandy lands. It will grow well on either sand or clay, but does best on well-drained sandy lands. For many years white pine was the most important lumber tree in Canada, but of late years it has given way to spruce. The wood is soft, easy to work, easy to season, and, once properly conditioned, holds its shape as well as any other coniferous wood known to commerce. It is used in every part of the construction of buildings from shingles to sills, and a list of its other uses would include practic- ally every wood-using industry in Canada. PINUS MONTICOLA, Dougl. WESTERN WHITE PINE Common names: Western white pine, silver pine, mountain Wey- mouth pine, white pine (British Columbia). French name: Pin argente. The height of the average western white pine tree is about 90 ft. and its dia- meter about 2 ft. It occasionally reaches a diameter of 6 ft. and a height of 250 ft. 16 Native Trees of Canada In dense stands it produces a tall, slender tnink and a narrow, conical crown of short, wide-spaced branches. The branches are usually slender and drooping, but when growing in the open it frequently extends one or more stout, horizontal branches 10 or 15 ft. beyond the others. This peculiar habit enables a person to distinguish the tree from a considerable distance. The bark on young trees and branches is silvery-grey, thin, and smooth. On older trees it is purplish to brown and broken into square blocks about 1 in. thick. The inner bark has a cinnamon-red colour. Owing to the thinness of the bark the tree is easily damaged by fire. Its fairly deep root-system protects it from serious injury by strong winds. The leaves are bluish-green in colour and are borne in clusters of five. They are from 2 to 4 in. long and, as a rule, shorter, coarser, and stiffer than those of the white pine of the East. These two trees, having widely-separated ranges, are not liable to be confused. The only five-needled trees within the range of this tree are the limber pine and the white-barked pine. The general appearance of the western white pine makes it easily distinguishable from these two trees. The leaves of the limber and white-barked pines are more clustered at the ends of the twigs. The cones of the two latter trees are different from those of the former, and the trees are usually found growing at a higher elevation than the western white pine. The cones of the western white pine are from 6 to 18 in. long and very much larger than those of the white pine of the Hast, which they otherwise resemble. The tree is found throughout the southern part of British Columbia, includ- ing Vancouver island, up to an elevation of about 6,000 ft. It is commonly found on poor, sandy situations, but prefers deep, porous soils on slopes and in river valleys. It is rarely found in pure stands, but is usually mixed with western hemlock and Douglas and white firs. Lumber sawn from western white pine is similar to that of eastern white pine, and is used for similar purposes. PINUS FLEXILIS, James LIMBER PINE Common names: Limber pine, Rocky Mountain pine. French name: Pin blanc de I'Ouest. The limber pine is a tree 25 to 40 ft. high and 12 to 24 in. in diameter. The trunk is short, thick, limby, and crooked and the crown is irregular, due to irregular whorls of thick limbs. Much of the limber pine growth is little better than shrub- bery. In old trees the lower branches are very long and hang down. The young branches are exceedingly limber, hence the name. The wood is used locally only. The bark on young trees and branches is whitish-grey and smooth. On trees over 12 in. in diameter it is dark brown, nearly 2 in. thick, and broken by deep fissures into irregular plates. The leaves are borne in clusters of five and are IJ^ to 3 in. long. They are dark green in colour, stout and rigid, and densely clustered at the ends of the branches. The Pines 17 The cones are 4 to 10 in. long and of yellowish-brown colour. The scales are very much thickened at the tips. This characteristic helps one to distinguish the tree from the western white pine. At maturity the cones split open and the seed escapes. The. colour of the cone also fades after a time. This tree is found in Canada only in the Rocky mountains in southern British Columbia and Alberta, at an altitude of 5,000 to 6,000 ft. It usually occurs singly or in small stands. It is adapted to a great variety of soils, but is most often found on dry, rocky, and exposed slopes. In southern Alberta it is found on the tops of the foot-hills. PINUS ALBICAULIS, Engelm. WHITE-BARKED PINE Common names: White-barked pine, white-stemmed pine, scrub pine. French name: Pin a blanche ecorce. WHITEBARKEP PINE The white-barked pine is a small, scrubby tree, very much stunted, and in exposed sites is reduced almost to a creeping shrub. It sometimes reaches a height 22510—2 18 Native Trees oj Canada of 30 ft. and a diameter of 10 to 18 in. The crown is matted and the root-system spreading and strong. The wood is used only for firewood. The bark is whitish and little broken except at the base of the trunk, where narrow cracks break it into whitish scales. It is rarely over 3^ in. thick. The leaves are stout, rigid, and curved, of a dark yellowish-green colour, and 15^ to 2}/2 in. long. They are borne in bundles of five and are usually much clustered at the ends of the branches. The cones are V/i to 33^ in. long, much shorter than those of the limber pine. The scales are very thick and of a purplish colour. The colour does not fade as readily as in the case of limber pine. The cone does not split and allow the seed to drop out, as with the limber pine, but remains closed and retains the seed for some years. This tree forms the timberline on the mountains in British Columbia and Alberta, and is generally found in inaccessible places at an altitude of 6,000 to 7,000 ft., on shallow, rocky soils in open, park-like stands. PINUS RESINOSA, Aiton RED PINE Common names: Red pine, Norway pine*, yellow pine*, Canadian red pine (England). French names: Pin rouge, pin resineaux, pin de Norvege*. The red pine is a tree 75 to 125 ft. high and 2 to 3 ft. in diameter. The trunk is erect and has very little taper, and, when growing in dense stands, is clear for over three-quarters of its length. The bark, which is intensely reddish-brown in colour, separates into broad, irregular, flaky scales. In contrast with the darker bark of the white pine, with which it is frequently found growing, the trunk has a scraped or rubbed appear- ance. The bark is thick and resists fire fairly well. The branches come out in distinct whorls and the crown is round and open. The twigs are red, and stouter than those of the white pine. The roots are wide- spreading, deep and wind-firm. The leaves are needle-like, 3 to 6 in. long, flexible, flat on one side, and rounded on the other. They are borne two in a bundle and are distinguished from those of the jack pine, the only other pine in Eastern Canada with two leaves in a bundle, by their greater length and the fact that they are not twisted. Seen at a distance the foliage appears to be growing in dark green tufts at the ends of the heavy branches. The cones are 2 to 2Y2 in. long and more or less spherical when open. The scales are thickened at the top and have no prickle. The red pine is found from Nova Scotia to lake Winnipeg but reaches its best development in Ontario. It grows best on deep, loamy sand or gravel, and on such soil is often found in pure stands. Red pine lumber is not always separated from white pine on the market. The wood is more resinous and darker in colour than white pine, and, being harder and stronger, is more valuable for structural timber. PINUS BANKSIANA, Lam. JACK PINE Common names : Jack pine, Banksian pine, princess pine, grey pine, scrub pine*, cypress* (Quebec and Maritime Provinces), juniper* (Quebec). French names: Pin gris, pin de Banks, pin chetif, cypres*, pin des rochers. The jack pine is found right across Canada from Nova Scotia to the Rocky mountains and the valley of the Mackenzie. It reaches its best development as a timber tree in northern Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. In the open or on unfavourable sites the jack pine is small and scrubby, but when growing in pure dense stands it develops a straight, clear trunk and reaches a height of 60 ft. and a diameter of 24 in. It grows on very poor soils and is found growing in pure stands on dry, deep, coarse, sandy lands. It is also found grow- ing on bare, rocky situations in scrubby, open stands. In northwestern Alberta the jack pine meets the lodgepole pine {Finns Murrayana), a tree which it closely resembles and which is sometimes difficult to distinguish from it. For a comparison of these two species see Lodgepole Pine. 19 22510— 2J ^^^^ JACK PINE F. donMs/ono The bark of the jack pine, which is thin, has a reddish-brown colour, with a yellowish tinge in the top of the tree. The inner bark is slightly reddish near the base. It is roughened by narrow, rounded ridges which separate into small, thick plates. The leaves are very short, }^ in. to 1)^ in. long, twisted, and in bundles of two. In cross-section they are very flat and in colour are bright yellowish-green. The cones are from 1 to 2 in. long and are usually found in pairs, one on each side of the twig, curved and pointed towards the tip of the branch. The scales are thickened at the tip but are without a prickle, except on young cones. The cones are persistent and remain on the branches many years. Jack pine is often considered a tree weed, but its wide distribution and common occurrence in Canada make it a tree of considerable commercial importance. It is used to a large extent for railway tics and fuel and in the manufacture of kraft pulp. The wood is weak, brittle, and perishable, and is usually of small dimensions and knotty, but it is sawn into lumber and used for rough construction work. It is often sold mixed with red pine. PINUS RIGIDA, Mill. PITCH PINE Common names: Pitch pine, scrub pine*, jack pine*, rigid pine. French name: Pin h. feuilles rigides. Under the most favourable conditions the pitch pine will reach a height of 60 ft. and a diameter of 2 ft., but usually it is a low tree about 30 ft. high and 6 to 8 in. in diameter. The broad, open crown and the many crooked and persistent dead branches give the whole tree a very scraggy appearance. This is our only conifer that possesses the power of sprouting from the stump. 20 The Pines 21 The bark is reddish-brown in colour and coarse-scaled. On old trees it is thick and deeply furrowed with broad ridges which separate into loose scales. The twigs, which are stout, remain rough for some time after the leaves drop. They are frequently found sprouting in clusters directly from the bark of the trunk. The roots penetrate deeply into the soil where it is not too heavy. The leaves are needle-like and in clusters of three. They are 2 to 5 in. long, stiff, and somewhat triangular in cross-section. This is the only pine in Eastern Canada with three leaves in a bundle. The cones are 3^ to 3 in. long, spherical in shape when open, and without a stalk. The scales are thickened at the tip and have a stiff, curved prickle. The cones are very persistent and dead ones often remain sticking to the branch for five or six years. The pitch pine has a very limited range in Canada. It barely extends from the Northeastern States across the Canada-United States boundary into New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario. It enters the latter province at the Thousand Islands, where it is found growing with the red pine among the rocks. The only use of this pine in Canada is for firewood, and it has no commercial value. PINUS PONDEROSA, Dougl. WESTERN YELLOW PINE Common names : Western yellow pine, bull pine (British Columbia) yellow pine, British Columbia soft pine, jack pine*. French name: Pin a bois lourd. Under particularly favourable conditions the western yellow pine reaches the majestic height of 160 to 170 ft., or more, and a diameter of 5 to 6 ft. Ordinarily it attains a height^f 75 to 80 ft. and a diameter of 2 to 2J^ ft. Grown in a dense stand the trunk is straight, clear of branches, and has very little taper. The bark on old trees is very thick, 3 to 4 in., and is broken into plates 3 ft. long. The surface of each plate is flat and scaly and of a reddish tinge, while the furrows are deep and dark grey in colour. The bark of young trees is dark and fissured into firm, scaly ridges. On account of its thick bark this tree, except when very young, is rarely damaged by ground fires. The branches are short, stiff, much branched, and turned up towards the end, giving the tree a very characteristic appearance. Young twigs when broken have a smell similar to that of orange peel. This pine is peculiar in having leaves in clusters of both three and two leaves. Three is the more common number to find. The leaves are very stout and stiff, and vary in length from 5 to 1 1 in. They are dark green in colour and grow in heavy, brush-like clusters at the ends of the branches. This is the only pine native to western Canada with three leaves in a bundle. The cones are 2J^ to 5^ in. long, and 1)^ to 2 in. in diameter. Their colour, when ripe, is extremely variable and runs from grass-green to dark purple. The scales are tipped with a prickle. When the cone drops a few of the scales at its base are often left sticking to the branch. 22 Native Trees of Canada In Canada this tree is found only in the interior of southern British Columbia. It will grow on almost any kind of soil and, owing to its deep tap-root, will thrive in very dry, sandy, and gravelly situations. The wood of the western yellow pine is fairly soft and the better grades resemble the wood of white pine {Pinus Strohus), PINUS MURRAYANA, Balf. LODGEPOLE PINE Common names: Lodgepole pine, black pine, scrub pine*, shore pine (Coast of British Columbia), western jack pine, white pine* (Alberta), cypress* (Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan.) French name: Pin de Murray. The lodgepole pine has a very large range, extending over the whole of British Columbia and into the Yukon territory on the north and the western part of Alberta on the east; and is extremely variable in its characteristics. In the western part The Pines 23 of its range, near the Pacific coast, the tree is ordinarily 20 to 40 ft. high and 6 to 20 in. in diameter, while farther east it is 50 to 100 ft. high and has a diameter of 12 to 24 in. The eastern variety, usually growing in dense stands, develops a tall, dean, slender trunk. The coast trees are shorter and have branches extending all the way down the stem. The thickness of the bark is another variable feature. Throughout its western range it is 1 in. thick, reddish-brown, and deeply furrowed. In Alberta and throughout the eastern part of its range the bark is thinner, greyish- brown in colour, and comparatively smooth. L0(7GEP0LE PINE Its leaves, which are borne two in a bundle, are 3^ to 1 in. long on the coast, and 2 to 3 in. long in its eastern range. The leaves on the eastern trees are thicker than those of the coast. The cones are of a shiny-brown colour and the scales are tipped with a prickle. On the coast they are ^ to IJ^ in. long and farther east 1 to 2 in. long. Like those of the jack pine (Pinus Banksiana), open or closed, they adhere to the branches for a great many years after maturing. Like the jack pine, the lodgepole pine produces cones at the early age of 7 to 10 years. In northwestern Alberta, in the region about Lesser Slave lake, this species meets the jack pine {Pinus Banksiana), which it closely resembles, and these two 24 Native Trees of Canada trees are sometimes difficult to distinguish. The bark of the lodgepole pine, how- ever, is as a rule thinner, darker, and broken into finer scales than that of the jack pine. The foliage, too, is darker than that of the jack pine, and the leaves have the appearance of being more bunched towards the ends of the twigs in plume- like clusters. The leaves of the jack pine are more scattered along the twigs and slightly more twisted. The cones of the lodgepole pine are, as a rule, a little more slender than those of the jack pine. They are also more roughened by knobs and have a prickle at the tip of the scale, which is ordinarily absent in the mature jack pine cone. The cones on both trees are curved; those of the jack pine slightly more so than those of the lodgepole pine. This tree grows best on sandy, moist slopes, and plateaus, but is found grow- ing on a great variety of soils from dry gravel to swamps. This is the "jack pine" of the Rocky mountains and the Pacific coast. It is used for mine props, poles, railway ties, and fencing, and is sawn into lumber for rough construction. Its earliest use, from which its common name is derived, was for Indian teepee poles. The wood is similar to that of eastern jack pine {Pinus Banksiana) . THE LARCHES Nine species of larch (Larix) are known, most of them confined to the north- em parts of the Old and New Worlds. Three species occur in Canada two of which are confined to the West. The only species found in the Bast also extends into the West, and, along with the black and the white spruces, forms the northern limit of tree growth in this country. A new species, the Alaska larch (Larix alaskensis), has recently been discovered in the North. It has as yet been but very little studied but it is possible that it may also be found in northern Canada. The larches as a whole are tall trees, with straight, gradually tapering stems. The wood is of high technical value and used for the same purposes as that of the hard pines. They can be readily distinguished from other cone-bearing trees on account of their leaves being borne in brush-like clusters of from twelve to forty at the end of short spur-like growths or knobs which stand out from the twigs. The leaves of the pines are also borne in clusters, but are always done up in separate bundles of from two to five. The leaves of the larches drop off each year leaving the tree bare during the winter. No other native cone-bearing trees do this. LARIX LARICINA (Du Roi) Koch TAMARACK Common names: Tamarack, larch, hackmatack (Maritime Pro- vinces), American larch, juniper* (Maritime Provinces), black larch. French names: Tamarac, meldze d'Amerique, epinette rouge*. The tamarack is a tree 60 to 70 ft. high and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter. The trunk is straight and cylindrical. On young trees or those growing in dense stands the crown is narrow, but as the tree becomes older the crown opens up and becomes irregular. With slight crowding the trunk clears itself quickly of branches. The Larches 25 The bark is roughened by small, roundish, flat scales of reddish colour which flake off abundantly. The twigs are slender and pliable and in winter covered with knobby buds. They are from yellowish- to reddish-brown in colour. The leaves, needle-like and M to 13^ in. long, are somewhat triangular in cross-section and grow in clusters of from twelve to twenty on short, spur-like growths or knobs on the twig. They drop off every fall and leave the tree bare in winter, as is the case with all the larches. ^"^"^^^ Appro/ /mote nor ///em //m/J' of TAMARACK L. laxicitiBi The cones are small, rarely more than }/2 in. long, stalked, and composed of about twenty chestnut -brown scales. This tree is found from Labrador to the Rocky mountains and north to the mouth of the Mackenzie river, where, along with the black spruce, it is found at the northern limit of tree growth. In the southern part of its range it is confined chiefly to bogs and swamps and there associates with black ash and balsam fir. In the north it is found in better-drained situations, such as slopes of rivers and streams. For strength and durability the wood of the tamarack is surpassed in Canada only by that of Douglas fir, which it closely resembles. Its use for shipbuilding was extensive in past years but the supply of suitable material for this purpose is now very limited. The wood is valued for pumps, tanks, and cisterns, for build- ing construction, and vehicle supphes. It is highly valued for ties on account of its strength and hardness, and for poles on account of its tapering form. 26 Native Trees of Canada LARDC OCCIDENTALIS, Nutt. WESTERN LARCH Common names: Western larch, larch, western tamarack, tamarack. French name: Meleze occidental. The western larch is a large and symmetrical tree 100 to 180 ft. high and 3 to 4 ft. in diameter. The trunk is very long and clear, and the crown is very small and narrow when growing in crowded stands. The bark on old trees is very thick and a splendid protection against fire. It is deeply furrowed to form large ridges and is reddish-brown in colour. On young trees it is thin, scaly, and greyish-brown. WESTERN LARCH Z occ/cfGn/a//3 The leaves are 1 to 2 in. long, triangular in cross-section and a pale yellowish- green colour. They grow in clusters of fourteen to thirty at the ends of little spurs along the twigs. They all drop off in the fall as do those of the other larches. The twigs are brittle and somewhat downy. The Larches 27 The cones are 1 to 13^ in. long, stalked, and the scales densely coated with down. The pointed bracts, which are attached to the underside of the scale, project beyond the margin and are bent backwards. This tree in Canada is found only in southeastern British Columbia. It makes its best growth on heavy, deep soils where there is an abundance of moisture. Sometimes it is found in pure stands but often mixed with lodgepole pine and Douglas fir. The wood of the western larch is similar to that of the eastern species. As it is possible to obtain material in large dimensions the wood is used extensively for structural purposes. Sawn into lumber it is used for shipbuilding and house construction. Ties, poles, and piles are also among its more important uses. LARIX LYALLII, Pari. ALPINE LARCH Common names: Alpine larch, mountain larch, Lyall's larch. French name: Meleze de Lyall. The alpine larch is 30 to 40 ft. high and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter. . The trunk tapers very much from the base to the top and is very branchy, and in general the tree has a stunted appearance. The branches, which extend widely and usually turn up at the end, form a very irregular crown. They are tough and not brittle as in the case of the western larch. New shoots are covered with a fine white down. The bark is thin, even in old trees, reddish-brown, and furrowed into flat ridges of loose scales. The leaves, which drop off in the fall and leave the tree bare, are needle-like, 1 to IJ/^ in. long, more or less four-sided in cross-section and are borne in clusters of thirty or more on a sptu-like growth. A cross-section of a leaf shows one resin duct in each of two angles while that of the western larch shows only one. The cones are 1}^ to 2 in. long, somewhat larger than those of the western larch, and are reddish-purple in colour. The scales have a fringe of white hair on their margin. The pointed bract attached to the underside of the scales projects out much beyond them and is then bent back. These bracts are not seen in the tama- rack, and in the western larch they are as a rule only slightly bent. The alpine larch is strictly a tree of the mountains and forms the upper timber- line in British Columbia and Alberta. Usually it is found at an elevation of 6,500 to 7,000 ft. on open, grassy slopes associated with the limber and white-barked pines. The wood is used locally only. THE SPRUCES The spruces (Picea) are widely spread throughout the northern hemisphere. Eighteen species are recognized of which seven occur in North America and five in Canada. Two of the native spruces are confined to the West and one to the East. The other two species are to be found from the Atlantic westward and northward to the mouth of the Mackenzie river on the Arctic ocean. 28 Native Trees of Canada The spruces can be readily distinguished from all other evergreens by their leaves which are sharp-pointed and, with two exceptions, four-sided in cross-sec- tion. They are single and stemless, and each is borne on a tiny projection on the bark of the twig. In arrangement they are not distinctly two-ranked, as is the rule with the hemlocks and firs, but either bristle out from all sides or, on horizontal branches, are twisted and crowded densely towards the upper side of the twig. The Norway spruce (Picea excelsa), a native of Europe, is extensively planted on this continent for ornamental purposes. It can be readily distinguished from our native spruces by its twigs and small branches, which have a decided tendency to droop, and by its cones, which are considerably longer — i to 5 in. The wood of the different species is very similar. It resembles that of the soft pines, but is lighter in colour, less durable, has a finer grain and is tasteless and non-resinous. Generally speaking the main uses of the spruces are for lum- ber, dimension timber, and pulp. PICEA MARIANA (Mill.) B. S. P. BLACK SPRUCE Common names: Black spruce, red spruce*, double spruce, water spruce, swamp spruce. French names: Epinette noire, epinette jaune, epinette batarde, epinette rouge*, sapinette noire (France), sapin noir. The height of the black spruce is about 35 to 40 ft. and the diameter from 6 to 9 in. At the extreme north of its range it is dwarfed to a mere shrub. ,^^^^ ' ' SPRUCE m err /a no The Spruces 29 Young trees have a beautiful, regular, and symmetrical outline but on old trees the slender, drooping branches, with upturned ends, form a narrow, open, irregular, and unsightly crown. The bark is thin, greyish-brown, and scaly. The inner bark has a reddish tinge. The end twigs are slightly coated with rusty-coloured hair. The leaves are 34 to 54 in. long and without stalks. They are blunt-pointed and four-angled in cross-section. Their colour is bluish-green. The cones are H to IJ^ in. long, and spherical in shape when open. The scales are stiff and will break if crushed. The scales are toothed on the margin, while those of the white spruce and red spruce are not. The stem of the cones is slightly curved and the cones are bent forward. Cones are not confined to the upper portion of the tree as with the red and white spruces. They remain on the trees several years after the seed has been shed. This tree ranges right across the continent from Labrador and the Maritime Provinces to Alaska and the mouth of the Mackenzie river. It is one of the most northerly-growing trees. In the East it is confined for the most part to swamps and undrained places. In the North it is found in well-drained valleys and oil stony slopes. It reaches its best development in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. It is associated chiefly with tamarack and aspen. Owing to the comparatively small size attained by this tree, its wood is of less value, commercially, than that of either the white spruce or red spruce. As a rule its slower growth produces stronger and more durable wood of finer grain, and on this account it is preferred to the other species for mining timbers, ties, and cooper- age. It is usually mixed with the other two eastern species when sawn into lumber or sold as pulpwood. PICEA RUBRA (Du Roi) Dietr.* RED SPRUCE Common names: Red spruce, yellow spruce. French name: Epinette rouge. The red spruce is a tree 50 to 75 ft. high and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter. The trunk is very straight but, unless grown in a dense stand, very branchy. The crown is conical and narrow. The branches extend out at right angles to the trunk, the lower ones drooping slightly. The new twigs are reddish-brown and slightly hairy. The root-system is shallow and spreading, and the tree is, therefore, fre- quently overthrown by winds. The bark is extremely thin and easily damaged by fire. It is reddish-brown in colour, covered with tight scales of irregular shape. The leaves are }/2 in. long, four-sided and pointed. They are straight or curved and, like all spruces, are without stalks. Their colour is yellowish-green. The cones are 134 to 2 in. long, oval, and oblong. They are stiff and very harsh to the touch when dry. They do not remain hanging on the tree as with the black spruce, but drop off during the first winter. The range of this tree in Canada is not wide. It is confined to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the eastern part of Quebec. It grows on a variety of soils 30 Native Trees of Canada but develops best in well-drained, moist valleys. It forms pure stands but is often found mixed with balsam fir, hemlock, white birch, yellow birch, and sugar maple. On account of its fine grain and textiu-e, and its distinct reddish tinge, the wood of this species is often preferred to that of the other spruces, especially for interior finish. The wood is stronger and more durable than white spruce, but is not always separated from the other species when sawn into lumber. It is a valuable pulp species and is used as lumber much in the same way as white and black spruce. PICEA CANADENSIS (Mill.) B. S. P. WHITE SPRUCE Common names: White spruce, single spruce, skunk spruce, northern spruce (Labrador), pine* (Hudson Bay), cat spruce (Nova Scotia). French names: Epinette blanche, epinette grise, epinette a biere, sapinette blanche (France), sapin blanc. In favourable situations the white spruce reaches a height of 100 ft. and a diameter of 4 ft. The average height is much less, however, being about 50 ft. with a diameter of 1}^ to 2 ft. The trunk is often branchy, and the crown is deep except in very dense stands. The crown is also very symmetrical and narrow and at a distance has a very spire- like appearance. It is very shallow-rooted. The SprvLces 31 The bark is thin and smooth, becoming flaky, with small ashy-brown scales. On account of its thin bark it is very susceptible to fire damage. The leaves are ^ to % in. long and four-sided in cross-section. They are sharp-pointed, pale blue-green in colour, and give out a very characteristic skunk- like, pungent odour when crushed. They come out from all sides of the twig, but are twisted and crowded to the upper side. As with all spruces, the leaves are with- out stalks, but are borne on little spur-like projections of the twig. The cones are l}/^ to 2 in. long. The scales are narrow in proportion to their length and very flexible and elastic. If a cone is crushed in the hand it will regain ,^^^t::P /ippro^/mo/e nor//? err? //m//' of WHITE SPRUCE F. c<2noc/cns/\s its shape when released and not break as with the black spruce. The cone scales are smooth on the margin and not ragged as those of the black spruce. The cones do not remain long on the tree after the seed has fallen out of them but drop off before the new crop of cones is produced. The white spruce extends across Canada from Labrador to Alaska. It occurs west of the Rocky mountains in British Columbia and the Yukon but does not reach the Pacific coast. It grows best on well-drained, moist, gravelly soil, but is not very exacting for it is found on rocky slopes and borders of lakes and streams. It frequently occurs in pure stands, but is often mixed with red and black spruce, tamarack, birch, and aspen, and, in the foot-hills of Alberta, with Engelmann spruce. White spruce is the most important commercial tree in Canada, heading the list in the production of both lumber and pulpwood. Owing to the wide distribu- tion and abundance of the tree its lumber is gradually taking the place of pine, for 32 Native Trees of Canada which it is a good substitute. White spruce has been claimed as the best pulp- wood obtainable in North America, on account of its long, tough, colourless fibre, and its comparative freedom from resin. The wood is also used extensively for cooperage, mine-props, ties, poles, posts, and rails and has always been a favourite material for masts and spars of all kinds of vessels. PICEA ENGELMANNI, Engelm. Common names: Engelmann spruce. Mountain spruce, western white spruce French name: Epinette d'Engelmann. ENGELMANN SPRUCE mountain spruce, Rocky The average diameter of the Engelmann spruce, when mature, is about 2 or 3 ft. and the height about 80 or 100 ft. The crown is symmetrical, narrow, and spire-like and, except in very dense stands, extends nearly to the ground. The lower branches are often drooping. The roots are shallow and wide-spreading and, therefore, the tree is very subject to windfall. The bark is thin, brown, and scaly. The Spruces 33 The leaves are about 1 in. long and have short, flat points. They are crowded and curved to the upper side of the twig but are flexible and soft to the touch. When crushed they have a disagreeable odour. The colour is more or less blue. Branchlets are minutely hairy. The cones are 1 to 3 in. long, green at maturity but later turning brown. The ends of the scales are squarish but sometimes pointed and notched. This tree is found in Yukon territory, British Columbia, and the foot-hills of Alberta. It will grow on almost any kind of soil, providing there is sufiicient moisture. It rarely forms pure stands, and its great shade-enduring qualities enable it to thrive amongst other trees. In Alberta it is largely found mixed with white spruce and lodgepole pine. The wood of this tree, usually sold as mountain spruce, competes with that of white spruce (Picea canadensis) in the Prairie Provinces. The two woods are similar in quality but Bngelmann spruce is usually obtainable in greater dimensions free from defect. It is a common mine timber in the Rocky mountains. PICEA SITCHENSIS, Carr. SITKA SPRUCE Common names: Sitka spruce, Menzies spruce, tideland spruce, coast spruce. French name: Epinette de Sitka. The Sitka spruce is 80 to 125 ft. high and 3 to 5 ft. in diameter. It is the largest and most imposing of all the spruces, and the only one found in the region in which it grows. In dense stands it produces a long, clear trunk with a rather swollen base, but growing in the open it retains its limbs right to the ground. The branches are horizontal, frequently with many slender, hanging side branchlets. The bark is reddish-brown and extremely thin. It peels off in large, thin, flat scales. The leaves are stiff, thick, sharp-pointed, and four-angled in cross-section. They bristle out all around the twig. New twigs are smooth and yellowish-brown. The cones are 2}4 to 4 in. long, oval and short-stalked, and hang down- wards. Their colour varies from green to dark red when mature. The scales are thin and papery. This tree grows along the full length of the British Columbia coast southward from Alaska. It is confined chiefly to the country between the coast and the western slope of the Coast range. It occurs mostly along the courses of streams and on alluvial and sandy flat lands along the coast. Most of it is found below the elevation of 400 feet and it rarely goes higher than 3,000 feet, except (contrary to the general rule) in the northern part of its range, where it follows up the stream beds. In the north it is found in pure stands, but it associates a great deal with the western hemlock. Sitka spruce lumber can be obtained in greater dimensions, clear of defect, 22510—3 ; ' ! 34 Native Trees of Canada than that of any other native spruce. It is valued on this account for structural purposes and for masts and spars of large vessels. Generally speaking, its uses are similar to those of the other spruces. It is an important pulp wood and is used SITKA SPKUCE /T 5//c/jens/s for organ pipes and sounding-boards. Its use for aeroplane frames is a recent development. ^jjg HEMLOCKS Seven species of hemlock (Tsuga) are known. Four are found in North America of which three occur in Canada. Two of the native species are found in British Columbia and one in the eastern provinces. The other species are found in eastern Asia and Japan, where they are used considerably for decorative planting. The hemlocks can be readily recognized from our other evergreens by their leaves. These leaves resemble those of the firs (Abies) in their two-ranked, or feather-like arrangement on the twig, but differ from them in that each leaf has a distinct, tiny, thread-like stem which is attached to a small projection on the bark of the twig. The species can be distinguished from each other by their leaves and cones. The Hemlocks 35 TSUGA CANADENSIS (L.) Carr. HEMLOCK Common names: Hemlock, eastern hemlock, Canadian hemlock, hemlock spruce* (England), white hemlock. French names: Pruche, penisse (France), tsuga du Canada, sapin du Canada*. The hemlock averages 13^^ to 2 ft. in diameter and 50 to 70 ft. in height. The trunk is usually straight but tapered much from the base upwards. In the open the tree is very branchy but in dense stands it has a small, short crown. Its- branchlets are very slender and flexible, and are roughened by the raised projections; left by the dropped leaves. The roots are very shallow and spreading. The bark is reddish-brown in colour and roughened with shallow furrows and narrow, scaly ridges. The leaves are flat, blunt, 3^ in. long, dark green on the upper side with pale lines beneath. They are distinctly stalked and each is attached to a small pro- HEMLOCK 77 cc?/7ooS'/'5 jection on the bark of the twig. They are twisted, and arranged m. two distinct ranks. The fact that the leaves are distinct^ stalked makes the tree readily distinguishable from any of the firs. 22510— 3i / 36 Native Trees of Canada The cones are very small, j^4 in. long. They are stalked and hang downwards from the twdgs. The scales are thin, oval, and tan in colour. The hemlock is found from Nova Scotia, throughout the St. Lawrence river valley and Ontario to the western end of the Great Lakes. It is sometimes found in pure stands, but is more often mixed with pines or hardwoods. It occurs on a wide variety of soils, but demands a fair amount of moisture. It makes best growth on rich bottom lands. Cheapness, abundance, and strength are the chief qualities that make hemlock lumber important commercially. The wood is coarse in texture, splintery, brittle, cross-grained, and not so durable as pine. Upland trees produce superior lumber often distinguished as "white hemlock." The wood is used for frames of buildings, rough construction, boxes, ties, and poles. It is occasionally used for pulp manufacture. Tannin is extracted from the bark for use in the tanning industry. TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA (Raf.) Sarg. WESTERN HEMLOCK Common names: Western hemlock, hemlock, British Columbia hemlock, Alaska pine*. French name: Tsuga de I'Ouest. The western hemlock is a large, rather slow-growing tree 125 to 150 ft. high and 3 to 4 ft. in diameter. The crown is narrow, pyramidal, and very dense. The branches are slender and the branchlets drooping. The tip is slender, whip- like, and drooping. The trunk is usually clear for three-quarters of its length in dense stands. The base of the trunk is often much swollen or thickened. On young trees the bark is brownish and covered with fine scales; on older trees it is darker and deeply furrowed into wide, flat ridges. Owing to the thinness of its bark the tree is severely injured by fires. The leaves which vary much in size are flat in cross-section, conspicuously grooved, and have blunt, rounded ends. Their stalks are thin and thread-like. They are arranged in two ranks and appear to be growing from opposite sides of the twig. The twig is more or less minutely hairy. The cones are small, seldom over 1 in. in length, reddish-brown in colour, and without stalks. The scales, few in number, are longer than broad and coated with a faint down on the upper surface. The western hemlock is found from Alaska southward along the whole British Columbia coast. In the interior it is found up to 5,000 feet elevation wherever there is abundant rainfall. It thrives best on deep, porous soils, but will grow in thin, poor ones where there is suflicient moisture. It seldom occurs in pure stands but is usually mixed with Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, and western red cedar in the lower elevations, and mountain hemlock and the various firs in the higher ones. The Hemlocks 37 The wood of western hemlock is much superior to that of the eastern species, being easier to work and less liable to warp, check, and splinter, but is usually- utilized for the same purposes. It is an important box material and is used exten- sively for pulp manufacture in British Columbia. The name "Alaska pine" is WESTERN ^^ HEMLOCK 7^/7c/e/'0/>A///c7 sometimes used to overcome the prejudice against the wood caused by the ob- jectionable qualities of the eastern species. TSUGA MERTENSIANA, Carr. BLACK HEMLOCK Common names: Black hemlock, mountain hemlock. French name: Tsuga de Patton. The black hemlock is a small tree 25 to 50 ft. high and 10 to 20 in. in diameter. The trunk, except when much crowded, is not clear for any length but usually has branches down to the ground. It has many, slender, lash-like, drooping branchlets. The branchlets often have erect side branches. 38 Native Trees of Canada The bark is a dark reddish-brown and is roughened by hard, narrow, rounded ridges. The leaves are blunt-pointed, plump, or round in cross-section and stalked. They stand out all around the branch but seem somewhat thicker on the upper side. They resemble the leaves of spruce rather than those of hemlock. The scales of the winter buds are tipped with an awl-shaped projection. The cones are 1 to 3 in. long and % in. in diameter when closed. They are larger than those of the western hemlock. The scales are broader than long and from yellowish-green to bluish-purple or brown in colour. This tree is found on the timberline of the mountains from Alaska southward. It is found in pure and mixed stands. In the north it associates with Sitka spruce, western hemlock, and alpine fir; farther south with white-barked pine, Engelmann spruce, and amabilis fir. In the north it is often found in bogs, but farther south on well-drained soils, in shady ravines, and on northern exposures. Wherever this tree is found with western hemlock it is cut and marketed with that ^ood, but it is of slight commercial importance in Canada. THE DOUGLAS FIR GROUP Three species of this group (Pseadotsuga) are known, one a native of Japan and the other two natives of the western portion of this continent. The Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga mucronata) is the only one of importance, also the only one native to Canada. They all produce hard, heavy, strong wood which resembles hard pine and is used for the same purposes. The name "false hemlock" is due to the resemblance of their flat, somewhat stalked, two-ranked leaves to those of the true hemlock (Tsuga). They resemble the firs (Abies) in having blisters or resin pockets on the yoimg bark, also in having cones provided with long bracts which project beyond the scales. They can easily be distinguished from the firs by the fact that their cones hang down and do not stand erect on the branch. PSEUDOTSUGA MUCRONATA, Sud. DOUGLAS FIR Common names: Douglas fir, British Columbia fir, red fir, yellow fir, Douglas spruce*, Douglas pine*, Oregon pine*, Oregon spruce*. French names: Sapin de Douglas, pin de Douglas*. Under favourable conditions the Douglas fir averages 180 ft. in height and 3 to 4 ft. in diameter, but it sometimes reaches a height of 350 ft. and a diameter of 10 ft. The trunk is straight and free of limbs for 70 feet and more. The crown is sharply pyramidal at first, becoming more or less flat in old trees. The branches have many long, hanging side branchlets. The bark is thin and smooth at first but later becomes very thick and deeply furrowed. It has the heaviest bark of any tree in Canada, sometimes 10 to 12 in. thick. The Douglas Fir Group 39 The leaves are flattened and sharp-pointed, dark green above, and pale be- neath. They are slightly narrov/ed at the base but not distinctly stalked and, upon dropping off, leave the twig marked with round, raised scars. They are ar- ranged in two ranks but not as distinctly so as those of the balsam fir. The buds FOUGLAS FIR /T /7?(/cronoA7 are sharp-pointed and not covered with resin in the winter. The cones are 2 to 43/^ in. long and hang down instead of standing erect as in the firs {Abies). The three-pointed bracts which are attached to the back of the scales are long and conspicuous. In Canada this tree ranges from the east slope of the Rocky mountains in Alberta through to the coast in British Columbia. In Alberta it is found as far north as the headwaters of the Athabaska river, but in the interior of British Col- umbia its range extends to lakes Babine and Stuart. Larger structural timbers can be obtained of Douglas fir than of any other American tree. Its use for structural purposes is most imporant on account of its strength, stiffness, and durabiUty, but of late years the wood has gained popularity 40 Native Trees of Canada for interior decorative work, on account of its pleasing grain and figure. Douglas fir is a valuable material for ties and paving blocks. In the West its uses are almost universal, limited only by the fact that the wood is difiBcult to work when seasoned. In the East it is used for bridges, docks, framework in buildings and cars, paving blocks, and wooden pipes. THE FIRS There are twenty-three species of fir (Abies) recognized, four of which are found in Canada. Three are western species and the other may be described as an eastern species which extends into the West. The crown is usually pyramidal, dense, and narrow at the top. The branches are slender, horizontal, and in more or less regular whorls. The leaves are flat and blunt at the tip. Sometimes near the end of vigorous branchlets they are sharp-pointed. In arrangement they are two-ranked; that is they appear to grow more or less distinctly from two opposite sides of the twig. On the more vigorous twigs, especially on those near the top of the tree, this ar- rangement may not be so apparent. The hemlocks and the Douglas fir (not a true fiir) also have this two-ranked arrangement. . The cones stand erect The scales are shed at the same time as the seed and leave the central spike-like axis erect and bare. The cone of no other native ever- green breaks up in this way. ABIES BALSAMEA (L.) Miller BALSAM FIR Common names: Balsam fir, fir, balsam, white fir*, var (Mari- time Provinces), silver pine*, white spruce* (Cape Breton), Canadian fir (England). French names: Sapin baumier, sapin blanc, sapin rouge. The balsam fir is one of the most widely distributed trees in Canada, ranging from Nova Scotia to Labrador along the east coast, then westward and northward through New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario to Hudson bay, the Prairie Provinces and Great Slave lake; and thence northward almost to Alaska. It is found in pure stands or mixed with red spruce in the Bast and with black and white spruce and tamarack throughout all its range. In the East it grows in the more moist situations but in the North it is found on bare, rocky hillsides. It is a tree 50 to 60 ft. in height and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter. The regular whorls of horizontal branches produce a broad, symmetrical, pyramidal crown of con- siderable depth in proportion to the length of the clear trunk. Where crowded the crown is short, and narrow, and sharp. The root-system is shallow and the tree is easily overthrown by winds. The bark is very smooth, and thin, and conspicuously marked with raised blisters, or pockets, containing oily resin or balsam. The colour is greyish-brown. The leaves are J/^ in. long, dark green and shiny, pale below, flat, grooved, and very blunt or sometimes slightly notched at the tip. They are without stalks and are not curved. Usually the leaves are divided into two ranks along the twig The Firs 41 as in hemlock, but on leading shoots and fruit-bearing twigs they have generally a more upright, bristling arrangement. The twigs frequently come out from the branch in pairs and almost opposite each other. They are smooth and, after the leaves have dropped off, are marked ^^^^b::P^ t'^^'^ZtrnTiK^''' /? , /?(7/s/?/7?€(2 with small, circular scars left by the base of the leaf. The winter buds are small, covered with resin, and not pointed. These features aid in distinguishing it from the Douglas fir, which has pointed buds that are free from resin. The cones are 2 to 4 in. long and 1 in. broad. As with all firs they stand erect on the branch, and, when ripe, the scales drop off leaving the core, or axis, standing. They are purplish in colour. This is a tree which has only in late years been properly appreciated. Its wood forms at least one-quarter of the pulpwood produced annually, and the pulp manu- factured is equal in many respects to that made of white spruce. The tree is sawn into lumber in the Maritime Provinces and used for rough constructon. It is not used extensively elsewhere except for pulp and poles. ABIES LASIOCARPA (Hook.) Nutt. ALPINE FIR Common names: Alpine fir, mountain fir, white balsam, white fir*, western balsam fir, caribou fir (Northern British Colum- bia). French name: Sapin concolore. The alpine fir, as the name designates, is a tree of the mountains. It is found in British Columbia, Alberta, and Yukon territory at elevations of 2,000 to 7,000 42 Native Trees of Canada feet. It occurs in patches at or near the timberUne and in inaccessible places. It associates with Douglas fir, lodgepole, limber, and white-barked pine. The alpine fir, when well developed, averages 1 to 2 ft. in diameter and 60 to 70 ft. in height. It is a slow-growing tree. The crown is extremely narrow and spire-like. The branches are stubby and form a dense growth. Dead lower branches are frequently found hanging down along the trunk. The roots are shallow. The bark is smooth and marked with resin blisters. The smooth part is light grey in colour. The base of the tree is frequently roughened by narrow cracks. ALPINE FIR A . hsiocorpo The twigs are downy, and, when the leaves have dropped, marked with small circular scars. The buds are blunt and covered with resin. The leaves are \Y^ to 2J^ in. long, stalkless, and flat. They are whitish when young and deep blue when older. The tips of the leaves are notched except on some of the top branches. They are characteristically curved and twisted toward the upper side of the branch. The Firs 43 The cones are 23^ to 4 in. long, IJ^ in. in diameter, and intensely purple in colour. They stand erect on the branch and shed their scales when ripe as do all lirs. This is the most important lumber-producing species of its genus in the Rocky mountains, where it is often sold mixed with Engelmann spruce. It is used chiefly for rough building purposes and mine timbers. ABIES GRANDIS, Lind. LOWLAND FIR Common names: Lowland fir, white fir*, western balsam, silver fir*, larch* (British Columbia). French name: Sapin grandissime. The range of lowland fir is very limited, and in Canada it is found only along the coast of British Columbia, about as far north as the northern end of Vancouver island. It prefers moist, well-drained situations and is, therefore, chiefly found along stream bottoms and on lower slopes. It is seldom found in pure stands but L0WLAN17 FIR /I. qrand/5 usually mixed with Douglas fir, western red cedar, western hemlock, and black Cottonwood. The lowland fir averages 2 to 3 ft. in diameter and 100 to 125 ft. in height. The trunk is tall, straight, and clear, except when growing in the open. The 44 Native Trees of Canada branches have a tendency to droop sHghtly and then turn up at the ends. The lower branches on old trees often hang down, causing the crown to appear wider near the middle than at the base. The bark is rather thick for a fir and often cut by narrow furrows into hard, sharp, homy ridges. On young trees it is smooth and brown with whitish patches. It is marked with resin blisters. The leaves, like those of the hemlock, appear to grow from opposite sides of the branch and are 1 J^ to 2}/i in. long. In the upper part of the tree they are not quite so long and are usually more crowded and bristling in their arrangement. Like the leaves of other firs these are stalkless, flat, usually notched at the tip, and conspicuously white on the underside. On vigorous shoots they are sometimes four-sided. The buds are blunt and covered with resin. The cones are 23^ to 4 in. long and 1 to 1/^ in. in diameter. They are yellowish-green in colour and stand erect on the branch. This tree is not of great commercial importance in Canada. Where utilized it is mixed on the market with the other western species. ABIES AMABILIS (Dougl.) Forbes AMABILIS FIR Common names: Amabilis fir, red fir, alpine fir, larch* (British Columbia). French name: Sapin gracieux. The amabilis fir extends from Alaska southward through the whole length of British Columbia but is mostly confined to the western slope of the Coast range and to Vancouver island. It grows on the lower slopes, benches, and flats on well- drained, gravelly sand or sandy loams. Occasionally it is found in pure stands but more often mixed with Douglas fir, western hemlock, and western white pine. The amabilis fir grows 150 to 170 ft. high and 3 to 4 ft. in diameter. In the forest it has a short, conical crown, but in the open the crown extends to the ground. The branches towards the bottom of the crown droop markedly. The bark is thin, grey, smooth, and unbroken except in very large trees. It is conspicuously marked with large, white patches. The twigs are yellowish-brown, minutely hairy, and scarred with the marks left by the bases of the fallen leaves. The winter buds are rounded and covered with resin. The leaves are about \}/i in. long, stalkless, flat, notched at the ends, and whitish beneath. They have the appearance of being pulled around toward the upper side and are closely pressed together to form a stiff, fuzzy branch. The cones are 4 to 5 in. long and 2 to 2^ in. thick, and dark purple in colour. They stand upright on the branch. The Cedars 45 The quality of the wood of both this tree and the lowland fir is usually con- sidered to be superior to that of the common eastern species. In Canada the wood AMABILIS FIR /I. o/nob//is :>-i is sold on the market mixed with that of the other western species, and is not of great commercial importance. THE CEDARS The cedars (Thuja) vary from medium-sized to large-sized trees. There are four species known of which two are native to Canada and the United States. The other two are nativ^e to China and Japan, but are sometimes planted on this con- tinent for decorative purposes. Many ornamental varieties have been produced by nurserymen. The two native species differ widely in range ; one is confined to British Colum- bia, and the other does not extend west of Manitoba. The bark of all species is thin and shreddy. The wood is highly aromatic and is much used on account of its lightness and durability. 46 Native Trees of Canada The foliage consists of tiny, overlapping, scale-like, evergreen leaves, which occur in pairs pressed to opposite sides of the twig. The branchlets are character- istically arranged in flat sprays. The fruit is a tiny cone which matures in one year and sheds many small seeds. Each seed is almost surrounded by its two narrow, membraneous wings, except in the case of the Asiatic species which have larger and heavier seeds with- out wings. THUJA OCCIDENTALIS, Linn. CEDAR Common names: Cedar, white cedar, northern white cedar, eastern cedar, arbor-vitae. French names: Thuja, cedre, cedre blanc. The white cedar is found from eastern Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island westward throughout New Brunswick, southern Quebec and southern Ontario to the south end of James bay, and in Manitoba to the southern end of lake Winnipeg. It also occurs in an isolated patch near the north end of lakes Winnipeg and Winni- pegosis. It is usually found in swamps or moist situations, but will also grow readily on the thin soil of limestone ridges. It occurs in pure stands of considerable size, but also grows mixed with spruce, tamarack, black ash, and alder. The Cedars 47 It is a small tree, averaging about 45 ft. in height and 1 ft. in trunk diameter but sometimes reaching a height of 80 ft. and a diameter of 3 ft. The trunk is short and much tapered, while the crown is conical, dense, long, and narrow. When grown in the open it has a very trim, artificial appearance, and is, therefore, much used for ornamental planting. The bark is reddish-brown in colour, thin, and shreddy, often with a spiral twist. The leaves are minute and scale-like, in pairs on opposite sides of the twig, and arranged in four rows. They are evergreen and completely cover the fan-like branchlets, overlapping like the shingles on a roof. When crushed they give out a very pleasant aromatic odour. The cones are small, >^ to % in. long, composed of eight to twelve pale cinnamon-brown scales, which are arranged opposite in pairs. The seeds are winged and two in number under each scale. Cedar is Canada's most durable coniferous wood, and has long been held in high esteem for shingles and building construction where exposed to the weather. The tree is the most important material in Canada for telegraph and telephone poles, especially in the shorter length classes. It is also a valuable railway tie material, and is used extensively for fence-posts and rails. In the form of sawn lumber the wood is used in greatest quantities in house construction, boat-building, tanks, cisterns, and straight stave cooperage. THUJA PLICATA, Don. WESTERN CEDAR Common names: Western cedar, red cedar, western red cedar, British Columbia cedar, British Columbia red cedar, giant cedar, giant arbor-vitae. French name: Thuja geant. In Canada the western red cedar is confined to British Columbia, being found on the Pacific coast northward as far as Alaska, and throughout the southern portion of the province and the Columbia-Kootenay valley. It is usually found on moist sites in deep, porous soil on cool slopes and in gulches, and occasionally on comparatively dry sites, but here, however, it is stunted. It occurs singly or in scattered patches. No pure stand of any size is found. In the north it usually associates with the Sitka spruce and yellov\r cypress and further south with the western hemlock and Douglas fir. It is a very large tree. Its height is 150 to 175 ft. or even more, and the dia- meter of the trunk 4 to 8 ft. or more. The trunk is very much tapered, and the butt is usually very much swollen. Except where the tree is very much crowded, the branches remain on the lower part of the trunk until it reaches the diameter of 13^ ft. or more, and thus produce a long, conical crown. The bark is thin, and, like that of the eastern white cedar, is divided by shallow grooves into broad ridges which break into long, loose shreds. The leaves are similar to those of the eastern white cedar and cover the flat sprays in the same manner. They may be mistaken for those of the yellow cypress at first sight, but a comparison will show them to have the points of the leaves less 48 Native Trees of Canada sharp and more closely pressed against the twig. Those of the yellow cypress have sharp, spreading points which make the sprays harsh and prickly to the touch. The cones are about J^ in. long with six fruiting scales. Western cedar is one of the most important lumber trees in British Columbia. More shingles are made from its wood than from that of any other tree in Canada. Western cedar poles predominate in the greater length classes. The wood probably equals that of eastern cedar for durability, but it is much softer and weaker and is not used to such an extent as the eastern species for railway ties. Lumber can be obtained in large dimensions free from knots and defects and is used for sash, doors, building material, boxes, and boat-building. CHAMAECYPARIS (THE WESTERN CYPRESSES) Six species of Chamaecyparis are known, three in eastern Asia and three on this continent. Only one species, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, occurs in Canada. This small group of trees somewhat resembles in appearance the Thujae, to which belong our eastern cedar or Arbor vitae and our western red cedar. They The Western Cypresses 49 differ, however, in having more nearly vSpherical cones instead of the narrow, elongated ones of the Thujae. The wood, too, is much heavier and harder, and lacks that characteristic cedar odour of the Arbor mtae. The Asiatic species are of great importance in China and Japan. They can be distinguished from those of this continent by the lighter colour on the under side of the leaves and by their longer cones. CHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS, Spach. YELLOW CYPRESS Common names: Yellow cypress, yellow cedar*, Alaska cypress, Alaska cedar*, Nootka cypress. French names: Cypres jaune, faux cypres de Nootka. The yellow cypress is confined to the Pacific coast, and in Canada is found from Alaska to the Canada-United States boundary, along the west slope of the Coast YELLOW CyrRE55 C noo/Aa/e/7s/s range and on the islands. It grows for the most part in the bottom lands and along streams, associated with the Sitka spruce and western red cedar; occasionally on 22510—4 50 Xaiive Trees oi Canada higher elevations with the alpine fir and Engelmann spruce. Sometimes it occurs in pure stands but usually scattered or in patches. It is a ver\^ large tree, 75 to 80 ft. high, and with a trunk diameter of 3 to 4 ft. On the whole it is a smaller tree than the western red cedar for which it is very often mistaken. One of the best means of distinguishing it from that tree is by the yellowish colour of the wood. The trunk is very much tapered. The crown is conical and narrow and has slightly drooping or horizontal branches. The small twigs or sprays are very flexible, and droop. The tip of the tree is very slender and often bent like the end of a whip. The bark is very thin, ashy-brown outside and cinnamon-red within. The surface is broken by irregular, shallow fissures into flat ridges which flake off into narrow strips. The leaves are scale-like, blue-green in colour, and resemble very much those of the western red cedar. They are best distinguished from the latter by their distinctive, sharp, spreading points which make the spray harsh to the touch. The cones are spherical in shape and about 3^ in. in diameter, a deep russet- brown with a whitish bloom. Two to four seeds are borne under each scale. The wood of the yellow cypress is used on the Pacific coast for fine cabinet work and finish in houses and boats. It has been considered as a possible source of material for pencil slats in British Columbia. THE JUNIPERS The thirty-five or more known species of juniper {Juniperus) are widely dis- tributed over the northern hemisphere and range from low shrubs to medium- sized trees. The majority of species are of small importance, commercially, because of their small size and irregular bole. The wood itself is of high technical quality. The bark of all the species is usually thin and shreddy. The fruit is always a berry. The dwarf, or common juniper {Juniperus communis), is the most widespread one in Canada, being found across the Dominion from east to west. It is of im- portance only from a decorative standpoint, since it is a mere bush which is ordin- arily distinguished from the other native species by its low habit of growth and radiating, upturned branches. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA, L. RED JUNIPER Common names: Red Juniper, juniper, red cedar*, pencil cedar*, pencil juniper. French names: Genevrier rouge, cMre rouge*. The red juniper is found in Nova Scotia, in southern Quebec, and along the valley of the St. Lawrence to lake Huron and Georgian bay. It is not a large tree in Canada, commonly 25 to 35 ft. in height and 7 or 8 in. in trunk diameter. When young it has a narrow, compact, and pyramidal head The Junipers 51 which becomes open and irregular as the tree becomes older. The trunk is very irregular in cross-section and tapers rapidly in young trees. The bark is reddish-brown, stringy, and separates into shreddy strips. The twigs are somewhat four-sided and are covered with minute leaves. They are not arranged in a flat, spreading spray like those of the white cedar {Thuja occidentalis) but have an irregular habit of growth. The leaves are dark green, somewhat rusty-brown in winter, and have a char- acteristic odour when crushed. They are of two kinds. On young shoots, es- pecially on young trees, they are as a rule awl-shaped, narrow, and sharp-pointed, J^ to ^ in. long, in pairs and opposite or in threes and standing well out from the twig. The other form, which is more typical for the species and found on the older trees, is a minute scale-like leaf. These leaves are closely pressed to the twig, opposite, and in pairs, and lie overlapping They are sharp- or blunt-pointed and often have a glandular dot on the back which is missing in the other form. The fruit is a fleshy, dark blue, bloom-covered berry the size of a pea, which has a peculiar, sweet, resinous taste. These berries are borne in large numbers on vigorous shoots of the female tree and remain on the tree all winter. The red juniper, or red cedar as it is commonly called, is used locally in Canada for fence-posts. It seldom reaches sawlog sizes and is used mostly "in the round." 22510— 4J 52 Native Trees of Canada In the United States the tree grows to a larger size and is extremely valuable, as its wood is used exclusively for the better class of lead pencils. The lumber is also valuable for moth-proof chests and wardrobes. JUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM, Sarg. ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNIPER The Rocky Mountain juniper is found in the foot-hills of southern Alberta, and westward through southern British Columbia to the Pacific coast. It is a small, bushy tree, ordinarily 10 to 20 ft. high, sometimes in favourable, sheltered sites, reaching the height of 30 ft., and a trunk diameter of 12 in. In appearance this tree resembles very much the red juniper, or red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), of eastern Canada, and was at one time thought to be a form of that tree It differs from it chiefl}^ in the fact that its berries require two years to mature and ripen, while those of the eastern tree require but one. How- ever, the tree has been very little studied and much remains to be learned about it. Its wood is like that of the other species of juniper and could be used for similar purposes, such as pencil slats and cabinet work. THE YEWS Six species of yew (Taxtts) are known, mostly shrubs. Two are native to Canada, one of which {Taxus canadensis) is a shrub and commonly known as "ground hemlock." Their leaves are flat, narrow, lance-shaped, sharp-pointed, and resemble those of the hemlocks in their two-ranked arrangement. The yews can, however, be readily distinguished from these trees by difference of habit and fruit, which latter in the case of the yews is berry-like The wood of the yews is fine-grained, of great strength and of high technical quality. In former times it was extensively used for the manufacture of bows, but today is of little importance because of its rarity, small size, and slow growth. TAXUS BREVIFOLIA, Nutt. WESTERN YEW The western yew west of the Coast range has its habitat limited to the islands and mainland of the Pacific coast, and farther east to both sides of the Selkirk range from the Canadian Pacific railway to the Canada-United States boundary. It is nowhere found in large stands, but usually in small groups or singly; compara- tively rarely as a tree, more commonly as a shrub. It is a small tree, ordinarily 18 to 25 ft. in height and 4 to 6 in. in diameter. The larger trees are found in the canyons near the streams or on moist flats. On the higher, dry, gravelly soils they are small. The wood is of little commercial importance in Canada. The trunk is much tapered and usually fluted. The crown is conical and when growing in full light, extends right to the ground. It is composed of many horizontal branches which bear many slender, drooping branchlcts. The trunk is covered with thin, purple scales which are easily removed, leaving a reddish-purple under-bark. The Yews 53 The leaves are flat, sharp-pointed, lance-shaped, yellowish-green, and soft to the touch. They are so twisted on the twig as to have a two-ranked, or feather- like arrangement. They remain on the tree for several years. WESTERN YEW The fruit when ripe is bright red, fleshy, and berry-like and contains a single seed which often protrudes beyond the outer covering. THE WALNUTS The ten or more known species of walnut (Juglans) are widely distributed throughout North and South America, southern Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. Four species are native to North America and two species are found in Eastern Canada. No walnuts occur west of Ontario in Canada. The wood of the walnuts is very valuable, but of small commercial importance in Canada because of the limited supply. The Circassian walnut wood is yielded by the English or Persian walnut (Juglans regia) which also produces the common walnut of commerce. The walnuts are related to the hickories and resemble them in many points. However, there are many features by which they can be readily separated. 54 Native Trees of Canada JUGLANS NIGRA, Linn. BLACK WALNUT Common names: Black walnut, walnut, American walnut. French name: Noyer noir (d'Amerique). The black walnut is a large tree 50 to 90 ft. in height and 2 to 5 ft. in diameter. Growing in the open it has an immense, rounded crown ; the lower branches some- times drooping almost to the ground. In the dense forest, however, it produces a tall, columnar trunk with a small, narrow, rigid head. It requires deep, rich, well-drained loam and is found growing singly or mixed with other hardwoods. It occurs naturally in Canada only in southern Ontario, bordering lakes Ontario, Erie, and St. Clair and is now very scarce. Where pro- tected from cold winds it has been grown considerably north of its natural limits. It is very tolerant of shade and a fairly fast grower. The bark is roughened by rounded ridges which intersect each other like those of the white ash. The bark is much darker in colour than that of the butternut, a tree BLACK WALNUT J. n/ ore w-^" \ \ \ ')/ c ^>^. V^ \ which might be mistaken for it. Young trees of the walnut and butternut are readily distinguished by their twigs and winter buds. The leaves are compound, fifteen to twenty-three leaflets on a stem 1 to 2 ft. in length, thin, and bright yellowish-green in colour. The black walnut and the butternut are about the last trees of the Canadian woods to open their leaves in the spring. The WalniUs 55 The nut is almost round, 13^ to 1 J^ in. in diameter, and has a hard, black shell which is cut into sharp ridges. The husk is blackish with an aromatic odour. The kernel is oily, sweet and edible. The nut has a good market value. The popularity of black walnut for fine cabinet-work has resulted in the almost commercial extinction of the tree in America. Owing to the rich brown colour and the grain of the wood, it is still used for piano and organ case work and for high class furniture, in spite of its scarcity and almost prohibitive price. JUGLANS CINEREA, Linn. BUTTERNUT Common names: Butternut, white walnut. French names: Noyer tendre, noyer gris, arbre a noix longues; noyer cendre. In Canada the butternut is found from New Brunswick up the valley of the St. Lawrence and throughout the hardwood region in Ontario, east and south of BUTTERNUT «/ c/V7erea Georgian bay. It prefers rich, well-drained loam and is found solitary or in small groups associated with other hardwood species. It is a medium-sized tree 40 to 50 ft. in height and 1 to 3 ft. in diameter. The trunk divides into several large branches which spread, forming a triangular-shaped crown in outline. The smaller branches dip down and turn up again in a manner characteristic of many of our nut trees. 56 Native Trees of Canada When young the butternut much resembles the black walnut, but they can readily be separated upon comparing their twigs and winter buds. In older trees the bark and fruit are sufficient to distinguish them. The bark of the butternut is light grey with broad, smooth-topped ridges, which at a distance appear like whitish, interlacing, vertical stripes. The bark of the black walnut is much rougher and darker. The leaves are compound, i.e. composed of many leaflets attached to a common stalk. This stalk is 10 to 25 in. long. The leaflets number from nine to seventeen and are an oblong oval in shape, saw-toothed, and pointed. The twigs are downy and clammy and the pith, like that of the black walnut, is chambered. The winter buds are light brown, longer than broad, and downy. The nut is oblong, pointed at one end, and 2 to 3 in. long. The shell is deeply furrowed, leaving many fine, hard, sharp, irregular ridges. The husk, or outer covering, is brown, very sticky, and will stain the hands if much handled. The kernel is edible. The wood of the butternut is soft and weak, and is lighter in weight and colour than that of the black walnut, otherwise the two woods are similar in grain and texture. In Canada it is used for boat-building and interior finish. As the occurrence of the tree is comparatively rare its wood is not common on the market. THE HICKORIES Twelve species of hickory (Carya) are recognized and all of them are confined to this continent. Six occur in Canada, xione west of Ontario. They are related to the walnuts and, like them, have compound leaves and produce hard-shelled nuts which are surrounded by an outer shell or husk, but there are many points in which they differ sufficiently to be readily distinguished. The different species of hickory, however, are rather difficult to separate because of intermediate forms being sometimes developed by natural hybridization. The wood of the different species is so similar in its technical qualities that it is usually sold simply as "hickory." The lumber of the different species is seldom separated on the market. The wood is among the hardest, toughest, and strongest of the timbers of commerce, few woods surpassing it in any of these qualities. It is used in Canada chiefly for vehicle stock, tool-handles, agricultural implements, machinery parts, and sporting goods. CARYA CORDIFORMIS (Wang.) Koch BITTERNUT HICKORY Common names: Bitternut hickory, swamp hickory. French names: Carya amer, noyer dur. The bitternut hickory is a tree 50 to 60 ft. high and 1 to 13^ ft. in diameter. The crown in the open is large and spreading. The bark is a light granite grey, close-fitting, and roughened by shallow fissures and narrow ridges. The twigs are slender as compared with the shagbark or mockernut hickories but not quite as delicate as those of the pignut. Recent shoots are an orange- green colour and dotted. The Hickories 57 The winter buds are chief points of distinction. While the buds of all other hickories are brown the bitternut hickory has sulphur-yellow buds. They are long, curved, flattened, and pointed. Buds on the .side of a twig are shorter and rounder than those at the end. Usually one or two buds on a stem still remain closed after the others have opened in the spring. The leaves have from seven to eleven leaflets on one stem. The leaflets are narrower than those of any other hickory. Both upper and lower surfaces are smooth. The nut is often broader than long and is covered with a thin husk. It has four ridges reaching almost half way from the point to the base. The shell is very thin; it is the thinnest-shelled hickory. The kernel is very bitter. The bitternut hickory is found in southern Ontario from Georgian bay east- ward and throughout the southwestern part of Quebec. It prefers low, wet BITTfRNUT H ICKORY C. cord/form is situations near streams, but is also found on higher ground in good soil. It is fairly tolerant of shade and grows scattered through other hardwoods. The rate of growth is rapid for a hickory, but, at best, is only medium when compared with other trees. This is an important Canadian hickory on account of its wide distribution and common occurrence, but its wood is not usually so strong as that of the other species- 58 Native Trees of Canada CARYA OVATA (Mill.) Koch SHAGBARK HICKORY Common names: Shagbark hickory, shellbark hickoty. French names: Carya blanc, noyer ecailleux, noyer blanc d' Amerique. The shagbark hickory reaches a height of 50 to 80 ft. and a diameter of 1 to 2 ft., and is one of the largest hickories. The trunk is straight and columnar, topped with a small, flat crown when grown in a dense stand. In the open the trunk is shorter and is divided into a few short, heavy, spreading limbs forming a crown which in outline resembles an inverted cone. The bark is light grey in colour, and flaky. It shags off in large plates which are free at both ends. This peculiarity gives it its common name and distinguishes SHAGBARK HICKORY ^^ \ \ \ '( /r' ^ >A '\ V. it from the other hickories. The bark of the pignut hickory is slightly shaggy on some trees but not to the same extent as that of the shagbark. The twigs, winter buds, and fruit of these two species are points by which they can be readily separated. The twigs of the shagbark are coarse, reddish-brown, and shiny, sometimes slightly downy, and greyish. The buds are yellowish-brown and large, and have two dark, projecting outer scales which are not found on the other hickories. The leaves have five to seven leaflets on a stem, usually five. The leaflets are 4 to 8 in. long, thin, yellowish-green, and usually have hair on their margins. The leaf-stem is rough. The Hickories 59 The shape of the f niit varies but is usually compressed laterally and is four-ridged. The husk splits and breaks into four sections. The kernel is sweet and edible, and the nut is of greater commercial value than that of any other native hickory. The shagbark hickory has a long tap root and requires a deep, fresh, fertile, well-drained soil. It sprouts readily from the stump, endures considerable shade, and is usually found mixed with other hardwoods. In Canada it is confined to southern Ontario and southwestern Quebec. CARYA ALBA (L.) Koch MOCKERNUT HICKORY Common names: Mockernut hickory, whiteheart hickory, bigbud hickory. French names: Carya tomenteux, noyer dur, noyer a noix douces, noyer blanc. The mockernut hickory is a tall tree 75 to 90 ft. high when growing in the forest. Isolated it is shorter with a broad, round-topped crown. The lower branches have a tendency to droop more or less. MOCKERNUT HICKORY C, o/6c7 The bark is grey, smooth, not shaggy, and broken by close, wavy furrows. The tops of the ridges being a lighter shade of grey than the rest of the bark give to the trunk a somewhat rubbed or sand-papered appearance. The twigs are very coarse and the winter buds large. The buds are slightly larger than those of the shagbark hickory and can be distinguished from them by 60 Native Trees of Canada their lack of persistent, projecting outer scales. They are hard, round, yellowish- brown, and downy. The leavxs are composed of seven to nine leaflets which are a deep yello^vish- green and rough-downy beneath. When crushed they are fragrant. The nut is large but the shell is so thick that, when opened, the kernel is dis- appointing. The name "mockemut" is probably due to this peculiarity. It has the thickest shell of all hickories. The husk is hard and thick, and when the nut is ripe it splits in four directions from the tip half-way to the base. The kernel is sweet but difficult to extract. The mockemut is found growing on a wide variety of soils but prefers well- drained, rich slopes. In Canada this tree is found in the counties bordering lakes St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario. The wood of this specie^ is sometimes considered to be superior to that of the other hickories. CARYA GLABRA (Mill.) Spach. PIGNUT HICKORY Common names: Pignut hickory, brown hickory, black hickory. French names: Carya glabre, noyer k noix de cochon, carya des pourceaux. The pignut hickory is a tree 40 to 60 ft. in height and 2 to 3 ft. in diameter. When growing in the open the crown is very narrow and long, extending well down The Willows 61 the trunk. The branches are frequently much twisted and contorted, the lower ones hanging towards the ground. The bark is grey, tight-fitting in apearance, at times not unlike that of the white ash. Frequently it is slightly shaggy. The twigs are delicate, being finer than those of the other hickories. They are inclined to droop or hang down. The winter bud is yellowish-brown, round or egg-shaped, and smaller than that of any other hickory. The leaves are composed of from five to nine leaflets (usually seven and rarely nine) . They are a rich yellowish-green in colour and smooth on both sides. The nuts vary in size. They are usually pear-shaped but some are oval. Others, again, are perfectly round or broader than long. The kernel is bitter or sweet. The husk splits only half-way to the base and, as a rule, falls off the tree with the nut. It prefers rich, well-drained soils but grows under a variety of conditions. In Canada it is found in the Niagara peninsula and the counties bordering lake Erie. The little pignut (Gary a microcarpa) is considered a variety of this tree. THE WILLOWS The willow (Salix) is one of the most widely distributed trees in the whole world. Over one hundred and seventy species have been described, of which seventy-five are found in North America and of these fifty or more in Canada. Owing to the fact that they hybridize among themselves the varieties and crosses produced are seemingly without number and this makes the separation of the species extremely difficult. The separation is mainly by floral characteristics which can be examined for only a short time in the spring, but even then their determination is often a matter of great difficulty and requires considerable experience. The species differ very widely in size and habit of growth. The majority of the indigenous species never reach tree size but grow as shrubs in thickets, some- times only a few inches high. I'hey occur, for the most part, along the borders of rivers and streams but frequently occupy large areas of comparatively dry land. The willows can be readily recognized from the other trees by their bitter bark and their winter buds, which are covered by single scales. In most species these winter buds are long, narrow, and pointed, and sometimes slightly curved, and have the appearance of being pressed against the side of the twig. The wood of the different species is similar. It is light, soft, and tough, and does not swell or shrink after seasoning. It is very perishable when exposed to moisture. In Canada the wood is used for artificial limbs, cricket bats and slack cooperage. ^jjj. POPLARS The poplars (Populus), various species of which genus are called also aspens and cottonwoods, are widely distributed throughout the northern portion of both the eastern and western hemispheres. There are some twenty-five or twenty-six species known, of which eight are native to Canada. Many exotic species, such 62 Native Trees oj Canada as the familiar silver poplar {Popiilus alba), distinguished by a dense, white, persistent down on the under surface of the leaf, and the tall, erect Lombardy poplar {Poptdus nigra var. Italica), have been introduced and are growing all through the older settled portion of Eastern Canada. The poplars are related to the willows and resemble them in their habit and in their method of reproduction. Even the leaves of some species resemble those of the willow. They are readily distinguished from these trees, however, by their winter buds. The buds of the poplars have many scales and those of the willows have but one. The seed is very minute, light, and tufted and is easily carried long distances by the winds. This, together with its abundance, probably accounts for the wide- spread distribution of the poplars. Many of the species propagate by means of suckers that spring from the roots^ and most of them sprout readily from the stump when cut. The artificial repro- duction of these trees is done chiefly by planting cuttings. POPULUS TREIVIULOIDES, Michx. ASPEN Common names: Aspen, asp, trembling aspen, quaking asp, aspen poplar, white poplar, popple, smooth-barked poplar, poplar. French names: Tremble, peuplier faux -tremble, peuplier tremble, peuplier d'Athenes, bois blanc*, peuplier. The aspen is a tree of very wide distribution, extending completely across Canada from Labrador and Hudson bay to the mouth of the Mackenzie river and Alaska. It is not a very large tree, averaging about 40 ft. in height and 8 to 10 in. in diameter, but sometimes reaching a height of 90 ft. and a diameter of 24 in. The trunk is slender and the crown round-topped and open. The bark is rough w4th flat ridges and deep furrows, becoming paler on limbs. The twigs are slender, reddish, and smooth and the winter buds small, shiny, and slightly sticky. The leaves are IJ^ to 2}/^ in. long and in outline are almost circular. The apex is pointed and the base often slightly heart-shaped. The margin is finely toothed. The upper surface is dark green and the lower surface slightly paler. The leaf- stem is much flattened sideways making the leaves very unstable and causing them to tremble in the smallest breeze. It is a very prolific seeder, shedding seed early in the summer. The seed is very minute and light, and attached to a downy tuft which causes it to be carried long distances by the wind. For this reason it is often the first tree to come in on a burned area. It grows best on well-drained loam, but is found on a large variety of soils. It occurs most frequently in pure stands or mixed with other light-seeded species, such as the balsam poplar, large-toothed aspen, or the birches. The growth is rapid but not persistent. It is much subject to certain forms of fungus disease and is not a long-lived tree. The Poplars 63 The aspen much resembles the large-toothed aspen in general habit, but these two trees can be readily distinguished by their buds in winter and their leaves in summer. As this tree is found in Canada over large areas where other timber is scarce it is often cut into lumber and used in other forms, merely because it can be easily ^^^ /^Or/-Aer/7 //m/Y of ASPEN obtained. It is a very valuable firewood in the Prairie Provinces. As lumber it is difficult to season and very perishable. It is often preferred to other woods for excelsior, boxes and barrels for foodstuffs, and in the manufacture of certain kinds of wood-pulp. The wood is light, soft, and very tough, and in Europe is used almost exclusively for match sticks. POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA, Michx. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN Common names: Large-toothed aspen, big-toothed poplar, poplar. French names: Grand tremble, peuplier a grandes dents. In Canada the large-toothed aspen is found from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick westward, throughout Quebec and Ontario, south of the height of land dividing the watersheds of the Great Lakes and Hudson bay. The large-toothed aspen is a medium-sized tree 40 to 50 ft. in height and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter. The top is narrow, round-topped, and very open. The bark on young trees is smooth and greenish-grey, on older trees it becomes cracked. It resembles that of the aspen, except that on old trees it is not so deeply furrowed. The twigs are stout, reddish-brown, and, at first, more or less downy. The winter buds are shorter than those of the aspen and, on the whole, stand out more 64 Native Trees of Canada from the twig. They are dull, and not sticky, and the margin of the scale is grey and downy. The leaves are coarse, thick, and with margins coarsely notched with rounded teeth. They are 3 to 4 in. long — larger than those of the aspen. The tree grows on the same soils as the aspen, but seems to prefer moist, sandy slopes or borders of streams. It is found in pure stands or mixed with aspen, LARGE-TOOTHEP ASPEN balsam poplar, and birch. Like the aspen it is a good seeder and comes in quickly on burned areas where a few mature trees have escaped the flames. This tree is cut and used locally for firewood, but is seldom sawn into lumber in Canada. POPULUS BALSAMIFERA, L. BALSAM POPLAR Common names: Balsam poplar, balm, balm poplar, black poplar, balm of Gilead*, rough -barked poplar, poplar, tacamahac (Quebec and Maritime Provinces). French names: Peuplier baumier, baumier. The balsam poplar is distributed across Canada from Labrador to the mouth of the Mackenzie river, and to the Pacific ocean in northern British Columbia. It is a medium-sized tree 50 to 60 ft. in height and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter. In the Peace River country of Alberta it sometimes reaches the height of 100 ft. The top is narrow and open. The Poplars 65 The bark is brown or grey, and roughened by dark excrescences. It is rougher than that of the aspen. The twigs are warty and much coarser than those of the aspen. The buds are large and sealed with a fragrant, sticky gum. The leaves are 3 to 5 in. long and more oval or egg-shaped than those of either of the aspens. The margin is finely toothed and the base rounded. The leaf- stem is round in cross-section, or only the lower half is flattened. In summer it is easily distinguished from the other poplars of Eastern Canada by its leaves. No other poplar has leaves of such an oval outline. The teeth on the margin are also much finer than those of either of the aspens. It grows on rich, moist sites such as banks of rivers, bottom lands, etc., and is found in small groups or mixed with willows, alders, and spruce. When sawn into lumber balsam poplar is usually classed as cottonwood. Its ^^^'^^^~ ^z- BALSAM POPLAR /T 6>Cf/so/rt//era wood is tougher than that of aspen, but is useless as firewood. Otherwise its uses are similar to those of aspen. The balm of Gilead (Populus candicans) is considered by many a variety of the balsam poplar. It can be distinguished from the latter tree by the more heart-shaped base of its leaves. POPULUS ACUMINATA, Ryd. LANCELEAF COTTONWOOD The lanceleaf cottonwood is a medium-sized tree 35 to 40 ft. high and 1 to IJ^ ft. in diameter, with a rounded or pyramidal crown formed by stout, spreading branches. 22510—5 66 Native Trees of Canada It is not abundant in Canada, being confined in its distribution to the banks of streams in southern Alberta, and is of no commercial value. In habit and dis- tribution it is hke the narrowleaf cottonwood and is often mistaken for that tree. The bark on young trees is smooth and nearly white, on old trunks it is greyish-brown and deeply cut into broad, flat ridges. The twigs are slightly four-angled in cross-section and roughened by projecting leaf-scars. Their greenish-brown colour distinguishes them from the orange- brown twigs of the narrowleaf cottonwood. The winter buds are longer, more curved, more resinous, and the points are more drawn out than those of the narrowleaf cottonwood. The leaves are 2 to 4 in. long and ^ to 2 in. wide, and more coarsely notched than those of the narrowleaf cottonwood. The base is tapered and the tip long drawn out. They are dark green and shiny above and have a slender, yellow midrib. POPULUS ANGUSTIFOLIA, James NARROWLEAF COTTONWOOD The narrowleaf cottonwood is a medium-sized tree, 35 to 40 ft. high and 12 to 18 in. in diameter, and with a narrow, pyramidal crown. Its wood is seldom used commercially. Like the lanceleaf cottonwood it is confined to the banl^s of streams in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, and is often mistaken for it. These trees can be readily distinguished by their leaves, those of the narrowleaf cottonwood being 2 to 3 in. long, 3^ to 1 in. wide, narrow, tapering, and sharp-pointed. The leaf resembles more the leaf of a broadleaf willow than that of a poplar. The base is rounder, the notching is finer, and the stem is shorter than that of the lanceleaf cottonwood. POPULUS DELTOIDES, Marsh. COTTONWOOD Common names: Cottonwood, common cottonwood, eastern cotton- wood. French names: Liard, cotonnier, peuplier monalifere. The cottonwood is one of the largest of the poplars, averaging 75 to 100 ft. in height and 2 to 4 ft. in diameter. The crown is conical and fairly dense on young trees, but spreads out and opens up as they become older. On old trees the bark is dark grey and more broken than on most poplars. The tree can be distinguished from the other poplars in winter by the yellow- ishness of the twigs and by the divergent buds. Ridges run down both sides of the twig from the bases of the leaf-scars. Young sprouts are, also, often angled. The winter buds are glossy and resinous, but have less resin than most of the poplars. They are J^ in. long, somewhat flattened, and chestnut-brown in colour. The leaves are a good distinguishing feature in summer. They are triangular in outline and coarsely toothed. The base is square and the apex long and pointed. The length and width are about the same. The stems are compressed sideways. The Poplars 67 The Cottonwood is a very rapid grower and fairly hardy, and for that reason is used considerably by the farmers in western Canada for planting in shelter-belts and for fuel. At the Dominion Forest Nursery Station at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, these trees have reached the height of 20 ft. six years after planting them as vseedlings. The tree produces seed abundantly but unless conditions are very favourable the seed does not germinate. It is most conveniently reproduced by cuttings or sprouts. In Eastern Canada this tree is found scattered from Quebec westward through- out southern Ontario, but is nowhere abundant. In Western Canada it is found in the southern part of the three Prairie Provinces. It is a tree that re(|uires con- siderable moisture and is, therefore, mostly confined to the banks of streams and bottoms of river valleys. Cottonwood lumber is usually considered to be more valuable than that of the other poplars on account of its toughness. Cottonwood is imported for the manu- facture of vehicle body work, but in Canada the tree is not common and is only valuable commercially in a purely local way. POPULUS TRICHOCARPA, Torr. 8b Gray BLACK COTTONWOOD Common names: Black cottonwood, balsam Cottonwood, balm Cottonwood, western balm, cottonwood. French name: Peuplier de TOuest. The black cottonwood is found from southern Alaska southward along the coast of British Columbia, where it grows mixed with various conifers such as Sitka spruce and Douglas fir, and occasionally occurs in small, pure groves. It demands a moist soil and is therefore confined mostly to river bottoms. It is a tree SO to 125 ft. in height and 3 to 4 ft. in diameter, and is one of our largest and most rapid-growing native broad-leaved trees. It is very intolerant of shade and when growing with other trees it survives only by virtue of its rapid growth which enables it to keep ahead of the other species with which it occurs. Grown in a dense stand it produces a long, clear bole with a small, round open crown. The bark is grey and thick and, on large trees, well marked with deep, regular furrows. The twigs are shiny and yellowish in colour. W»hen young they are slightly angled but later become rounded in cross-section. The winter buds are ^ to % in- long, reddish-yellow, and slightly resinous and fragrant. They are frequently curved or bent near the middl' The leaves are very much like those of the balsam poplar in outline, but are paler beneath and more leathery in texture. The stem is round in cross-section. Black cottonwood lumber is the only wood of its kind in Britisii Columbia, and is, therefore, used for purposes for which the eastern species are seldom used. It is the largest soft, non-resinous wood in the province, and is used chiefly for boxes and cooperage. 22510— 5J 68 Native Trees of Canada THE BIRCHES The thirty species of birch (Beiula) recognized are confined chiefly to the north temperate zone and range in size from very large trees to very small shrubs. Nine species occur in Canada of which four inhabit the Pacific coast region. Certain species are found at the very limit of tree growth in the north. The bark of all birches is characteristically marked with long horizontal slits or lenticels, and on young trees of most species it can be separated into papery layers. The leaves are alternate in their arrangement on the twig, that is they do not come out in pairs from the opposite sides of the twig, although on twigs one year old they are often produced in pairs on each side of a bud. The birches are related to the alders, and, like them, produce their seed in small, scaly cones. These cones in the case of the birches fall to pieces when ripe, while those of the alders remain intact. WHITE BIRCH grey birch, wire birch, poplar- BETULA POPULIFOLIA, Marsh. Common names: White birch, leaved birch. French names: Bouleau gris, bouleau rouge*. The white birch ranges from the Maritime Provinces westward through the St. Lawrence river valley to eastern Ontario. It is found growing on dry, gravelly bouleau a feuilles de peuplier, WHITE BIRCH S. p op u///o//o The Birches 69 soils and is often one of the first trees to spring up after a forest fire. Occasionally it is found in wet ground along the margin of streams and swamps. It is a small tree, rarely over 30 or 35 ft. in height. The trunk usually extends undivided to the top of the tree. The branches are slender and divide into many long, fine, flexible branchlets that have a tendency to droop. The ends of the twigs are rough to the touch. The bark on the trunk and larger branches is thin and white, but it does not split readily into papery layers as does that of the canoe birch. On the trunk be- neath each limb is a triangular black spot that is characteristic of this tree. The bark at the base of the trunk on the larger trees is frequently broken by irregular fissures. The winter buds are slender, brown, about ^4: in- long, pointed, and waxy. Those of the canoe birch, for which this tree might be mistaken, are larger and some- what sticky. The leaves are 2}/^ to 3 in. long, triangular in outline, with a long, tapering point. The margin is double- toothed and the upper surface is bright green and shiny. The stems are smooth and long, longer than those of the paper or canoe birch, and the leaves are therefore agitated by the slightest breeze and flutter as freely as those of the aspen. As this tree rarely reaches commercial size in Canada its wood is seldom used. It is the toughest of all the birches and the most perishable. It is used occasionally for barrel hoops and hockey sticks. BETULA ALBA, L., var. PAPYRIFERA (Marsh.) Spach. PAPER BIRCH Common names: Paper birch, canoe birch, silver birch, white birch*. French names: Bouleau blanc*, bouleau a papier, bouleau a canot. The paper, or canoe, birch has an extremely wide range in Canada, being found from Labrador and the Maritime Provinces westward to Yukon territory and to the north Pacific coast. Along with tamarack, white spruce and black spruce, balsam poplar and aspen, it reaches its northern limit near the mouth of the Mac- kenzie river. It is a tree rarely over 70 ft. in height or with a diameter over 18 in. Ordin- arily it is about 50 ft. high and 8 to 10 in. in diameter. In the forest the trunk is long and clear but in the open it is short, and the crown is large, irregular, and composed of many upright branches. The white, tough, easily split, thin, papery bark of the trunk and larger limbs is too well known to need further description. The white birch is the only other tree the bark of which is likely to be mistaken for that of this tree ; and the white birch can be distinguished from it by the fact that the bark of the latter is usually of a dirty white colour, with a chalky surface, and will not separate into thin sheets as readily as that of the paper birch. The branches are stouter than those of other birches, and they do not tend to droop as do those of the white birch. The twigs are also smoother and coarser ,^^^^ of PAPER BIRCH than those of the white birch, and they are somewhat sticky near the point of at- tachment of the winter bud. The winter buds, themselves, are sticky and larger than those of the other birches. The leaves are good features by which to distinguish most birches, since they differ considerably in many points. Those of the paper birch are 2 to 3 in. long, and oval in general outline. The teeth are coarse and irregular. The upper sur- face is dull green and smooth, and the stems are short and downy. This tree is often considered as a "tree weed" but of late years the use of its wood has been increasing rapidly. While the wood is soft and perishable it is tough, compact, and easily worked, and valuable for the manufacture of spools, bobbins, dowels, clothes-pins, shoe-pegs, and shanks, and all small woodenware generally. It is from the bark of this tree that the Indians have for generations made their famous birch-bark canoes ; hence one of its common names. BETULA OCCIDENTALIS, Hooker WESTERN BIRCH Common names: Western birch, British Columbia birch, black birch. French name: Bouleau occidental. The range of the western birch in Canada is imperfectly defined, but it is prob- ably confined to southwestern British Columbia, mainly to the Fraser river valley. It is one of the largest birches on this continent and the only one of commercial importance on the Pacific coast. It is sawn into lumber and used for interior finish in British Columbia. 7a The Birches 71 It is frequently found with a height of 70 to 80 ft. and a trunk diameter of 3 to S}4 ft. The trunk of the forest tree is clear of branches for 50 or 60 ft. The crown is cone-shaped and open. The bark of the trunk is brown, smooth, and shiny, and can be separated into thin layers. The leaves are 2}/^ to 3 in. long, dull, deep green, and broadly oval in outline. The base at times is almost a straight line which gives the leaf a triangular outline. Those of the Alaska and mountain birches, the two other Pacific coast birches, are smaller. BETULA LUTEA, Michx. YELLOW BIRCH Common names: Yellow birch, tall birch, curly birch, gold birch (Nova Scotia), red birch*, hard birch, black birch*. French names: Merisier, bouleau jaune, merisier jaune, merisier onde, merisier rouge*. The yellow birch is found from Newfoundland and the Maritime Provinces westward to the east side of lake Superior, also west of this lake from Fort William along the Canada-United States boundary to the lake of tlie Woods. It is the largest of our native birches and is sometimes found 100 ft. high and with a trunk diameter of 3 to 4 ft. In the forest the trunk is long and clear and has a moderate amount of taper. In the open the crown is widespread, but the central axis is fairly well defined. YELLOWBIRCh 72 Native Trees oj Canada This birch gets its name from its yellowish, straw-coloured bark. On young trees it is smooth but as the tree gets older it peels into papery bands with curled ends, which form a fringe along the length of the trunk. The twigs are light brown, shiny, and smooth, and the winter buds are pointed, light chestnut-brown, and about ]/i in. long. The leaves are 3 to 4 in. long, and coarsely toothed as compared with those of the other birches. They are dull green above and downy beneath, especially along the veins. The stems are short, slender, grooved, and downy. Birch is the most important hardwood sawn into lumber in Canada, and yellow birch forms the greater part of the birch lumber produced. The use of the wood is steadily increasing for such purposes as flooring, furniture, interior finish, vehicle stock, agricultural implements, and handles. Small trees and mill waste are used in wood distillation. BETUI.A LENTA, Linn. SWEET BIRCH Common names: Sweet birch, cherry birch, red birch, black birch. French names: Bouleau merisier, merisier rouge, merisier odo- rant, bouleau acajou, bouleau a sucre. The distribution of the sweet birch in Canada has not yet been well defined. It has been reported by lumbermen and others from Nova Scotia to northwestern Ontario, but there are reasons to believe that it has been confused in many cases with the yellow birch {Betula lutea)y a tree which occasionally develops specimens with bark somewhat resembling that of this tree. It is, therefore, possible that the sweet birch does not extend much beyond those parts of Quebec and New Brunswick that border on the Canada-United States boundary, where the tree enters Canada from the south. It is a medium-sized tree about 50 ft. high with trunk diameter averaging IJ^ to 2 ft., but occasionally reaching a height of 75 ft. and a trunk diameter of 3 J^ or 4 ft. On very poor soil it is a mere shrub-like tree with a stunted appearance. The branches are numerous and spread out from the stem at a wide angle, but form rather a narrow crown. The smaller twigs and branches droop. The bark on younger trees is dark brown and smooth, and resembles very much that of the cherry, whence the name "cherry birch" sometimes applied to it. On old trees the bark is thick and almost black, and is broken by shallow grooves into flat plates, which turn up at the edge. It is very aromatic and is frequently distilled for the winter-green flavouring that is produced from an ethereal oil it contains. The shiny, brown, slender, smooth twigs have also a very aromatic flavour; more distinct than in the case of the yellow birch. The Alders 73 The winter buds are slender, pointed, reddish-brown, and, like those of most birches, set upon small, spur-like shoots. They stand off more from the twig than do those of the yellow birch. The leaves are 23^ to 5 in. long, and dark waxy-green in colour. In outline they are oval-pointed and have many fine teeth, finer than those of the yellow birch. The base is more deeply scalloped or heart-shaped than that of the leaf of any other birch. The under side is hairy. The stems are stout, hairy, and deeply grooved. The wood is more highly prized for furniture and cabinet work than that of yellow birch, because of its deeper colour and its satiny lustre. As a general rule the two species are not separated as lumber and are sold together as "hard birch." BETULA ALASKANA, Sarg. ALASKA BIRCH Very little is known of the Alaska birch or its range. It has been found from central Saskatchewan to the mouth of the Mackenzie river and westward in north- em British Columbia, Yukon district, and Alaska. It is a small tree commonly 20 to 30 ft. in height but occasionally higher, and at the present time it is of no commercial importance. The bark is white to reddish-brown, thin, and firm, but can be separated into thin scales. The bark of the mountain birch cannot be separated in this way. The leaves are very much like those of the western birch, except that they are usually smaller and their tips are longer or more drawn out. They are thin, smooth, and dark green. The stems are slender and reddish. The cones, which are 1 to 1}^ in. long, are larger than those of the mountain birch. BETULA FONTINALIS, Sarg. MOUNTAIN BIRCH The mountain birch is a small, shrub-like tree 15 to 20 ft. high, of little or no commercial importance. Its range is not perfectly known but it has been reported in various places throughout British Columbia, south of the Peace river, and east of the Coast range, also in western Alberta in the foot-hills of the Rocky mountains. It is distinguished from .the other western birches by its dark red, shiny bark that does not peel or separate into thin layers. The leaves, too, are much smaller than those of the western birch and more nearly circular in outline. The margins are very coarsely toothed. The cones are, on the whole, shorter than those of the other western species. THE ALDERS Twenty species of alder (Alnus) are recognized. They are widely distributed throughout the temperate and cooler regions of this continent, also in South America, Europe, and southern Asia. A few of them attain tree size, but for the most part they are shrubs growing in dense thickets along the banks of streams and on wet slopes Of the five or six native species the red, Sitka, and mountain alders of the Pacific coast and the speckled alder of the Bast sometimes reach tree size. All the alders resemble each other in their astringent bark and their winter buds, which are stalked or raised on more or less well-defined stems. The witch 74 Native Trees of Canada hazel has also this stalked bud, but can be distinguished by the fact that it is more densely downy than those of the alders. ALNUS INCANA (L.) Muench. SPECKLED ALDER Common names: Speckled alder, hoary alder, alder. French name: Aune commun. The speckled alder is common in the swamps and along the borders of streams from the Atlantic to the prairies. It is a small, shrubby tree 6 to 15 ft. in height, and usually composed of several stems which spring off close to the ground. The bark is smooth, greyish-brown, and blotched with white spots. The twigs are slender and somewhat zigzag in growth. They are greyish-brown, usually downy towards the tip, and conspicuously marked by white lenticels. The winter buds are distinctly stalked and resemble somewhat those of the witch hazel but are not so densely downy. The leaves are a broad oval in outline, usually with rounded base, dark green, and conspicuoulsy veined with straight ribs. The underside is usually covered with a hoary bloom. The flowers are in catkins clustered at the ends of the drooping tips of the twigs, while the fruit is an oval, woody cone, 3^ in. long, which remains on the tree all winter. The seed is winged, small, and flattened. ALNUS OREGONA, Nutt. RED ALDER Common names: Red alder, Oregon alder, western alder. French name: Aune de TOregon. The red alder is confined to the Pacific coast, and in Canada is found only on the Coast range and the islands of British Columbia. It is the largest alder in Canada, frequently 40 ft. high by 1 ft. in diameter, but sometimes much larger. The trunk is usually straight, and the branches are slim. The bark is light grey, smooth except on large trees, when it is roughened by thin, narrow, flat ridges. The twigs are shiny, dark red, and covered with numerous light-coloured spots. The winter buds are dark red and downy. The leaves are 3 to 5 in. long, deep yellowish-green, underside slightly hairy, and margins somewhat turned up. The fruit is cone-like, J^ to 1 in. long, and the tiny seeds have a very thin, wing-like margin. The wood of this tree is sometimes used commercially for interior finish, furniture frames, turnery, and handles. It has a fine, even grain and is fairly hard and strong. It is also said to be teredo proof. ALNUS SITCHENSIS (Reg el) Sargent SITKA ALDER The Sitka alder occurs from the Arctic circle southward through Alaska and the valley of the Yukon river, along the coast of British Columbia and the Rocky mountains to the Canada-United States boundary. In the United States it grows as far south as Colorado. It is fairly common in the northern part of its range The Ironwoods 75 where it grows in moist bottoms and marshy flats along with the willow, but is not ordinarily distinguished from other alders. It is usually a shrub, but sometimes becomes a tree 30 ft. in height and 8 in. in trunk diameter. Its wood is used with that of red alder (Alnus oregona). The bark is smooth and grey with a bluish tinge. The twigs are yellowish- brown, shiny, and minutely hairy. The leaves are thin, papery, yellowish-green, shiny beneath, and, when young, sticky. In shape they are much like those of the red alder, except that they are often a little more drawn out and pointed. The margin, too, is more sharply toothed. The cone is ^ to % in. long. The tiny seed has a wing that is much more conspicuous than that of either the red or the mountain alder. ALNUS TENUIFOLIA, Nutt. MOUNTAIN ALDER The mountain alder ranges from Yukon territory southward throughout British Columbia. It received its common name because of its high mountain habitat by which it is ordinarih'- distinguished. Commonly it is only a shrub growing in dense thickets, but sometimes becomes a crooked tree 20 to 25 ft. in height. The bark is smooth, thin, and greyish-brown on the trunk. On new twigs it is pale brown, shading from purple-red to grey. The twigs of the Sitka alder on the other hand are a shiny yellowish-brown, marked with light-coloured specks. The leaves of the mountain alder closely resemble those of the Sitka alder but on the whole are a little more coarsely toothed. THE IRONWOODS Three of the five known species of ironwood (Ostrya) are found in North Am- erica, of which only one occurs in Canada. The others are found in southern Europe, southwestern Asia and in Japan. They are small trees of minor importance but are sometimes planted for decorative purposes. OSTRYA VIRGINIANA (Mill.) Koch IRONWOOD Common names: Ironwood, rough -barked ironwood, hornbeam*, hop hornbeam*. French names: Ostryer de virginie, bois dur*, bois de fer. The ironwood is a small tree found from Nova Scotia to Ontario, and is as- sociated with such hardwoods as beech, sugar maple, white ash, and white elm. It reaches the height of 25 to 35 ft. and a diameter of 12 in. Its bark is light grey and roughened by thin, fiat flakes or scales, which loosen at the ends. This characteristic distinguishes it readily from the beech. The twigs of these two species are somewhat alike in winter but can be distinguished by the shorter buds on the ironwood. The leaves of the ironwood are somewhat like those of the birch in general appearance. They are finely-toothed, light green, rough to the touch, and have stems about J/^ in. long. 76 Native Trees of Canada The fruit is hop-like in appearance and each contains a small, seed-like nut. The fruit remains on the tree during the winter. Its wood is one of the hardest and toughest of native woods and is used locally for vehicle stock, handles, and spring-poles. Owing to the small size usually IRONWOOP attained the tree is not important as a lumber producer, but is used to a great extent for wood distillation. THE BLUE BEECHES About a dozen species of Carpinns are known, but only one is native to this continent, and it is small in size and in economic importance. One of the largest species, Carpinus Betulus, is found in Siberia where it is of considerable importance. These trees belong to the same family as our ironwoods, birches, alders, and hazelnuts, which resemble one another in many respects, but can all readily be distinguished one from another by their fruits. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA, Walt. BLUE BEECH Common names: Blue beech, water beech*, ironwood*, smooth- barked ironwood, hornbeam*, hop hornbeam*. French name: Charme d'Amerique. The blue beech is common throughout the hardwood region of Quebec and Ontario, where it is found in nearly every farmer's woodlot. It is not a true beech. The Blue Beeches 77 but derives its name from the fact that its bark resembles that of a beech. It is a small tree, ordinarily 15 to 20 ft. in height and 4 to 8 in. in diameter. It is frequently an unshapely, bushy tree with a leaning trunk. The crown is flat- tened and composed of long branches of irregular growth and many fine, supple, drooping twigs which are arranged in a flat, spreading spray. The bark of the trunk is smooth and close-fitting, and resembles that of the beech, except that it is a darker or bluish grey. The trunk is often swollen in ridges or fluted. The leaves are 2 to 4 in. long, ovate-oblong in shape, margins unevenly toothed and coarse in texture. The stems are about J^ in. long. The fruit is in the form of a tiny nutlet. These occur in pairs and are attached to three-lobed, leaf -like wings. The character of its bark and the fact that it is found growing in the shade of other hardwoods are the only points in which it resembles the true beech. The winter buds, leaves, and fruit are quite different and any of these would enable these two trees to be distinguished. The woo«d is used locally on account of its hardness and toughness, but it does not reach a size to make it commercially important. It is used with other hard- woods in wood distillation. 78 ISfaifce 1 rces oj Canada THE BEECHES Five species of beech (Fagus) are known and all are found in the northern hemisphere. One species is native to this continent, the so-called ** blue beech" {Carpinus caroliniana) ^ being entirely distinct from the true beech. Several ornamental varieties of European origin are grown by nurserymen. The beeches are readily recognized by their three-angled nuts, smooth grey bark, and long, sharp-pointed, lance-shaped buds. FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA, Ehrh. BEECH Common names: Beech, American beech, red beech, French names: Hetre, hetre rouge. The beech in Canada is found throughout the hardwood region from Nova Scotia to lake Superior. It is sometimes found in ahnost pure stands, but is usually mixed with other native hardwoods. BEECH /:oro/7c///o//\? When growing in a dense stand it reaches a height of 70 to 80 ft. and a diameter of 2 to 4 ft. In the open the clear trunk is much shorter and the crown is large and rounded. The clean, smooth, close-fitting, light grey bark of the trunk has made this tree one of the best known wherever it occurs. Except when young it is rarely mistaken for any other tree, even in winter. The Beeches and tlie Chestnuts 79 The blue beech (Carpinus caroliniana) has a bark somewhat similar to that of the true beech and for that reason is sometimes mistaken for this tree. They are, however, readily distinguished by their winter buds, leaves, and fruit. The twigs of the beech are brown, smooth, lustrous, and set with shining, brovvTi, pointed buds about 1 in. long. The leaves in outline are oblong and pointed, with the margin sharply saw- toothed. The veining is conspicuous, the fine veins running straight from the centre rib to the edge. The texture is exceedingly fine and the leaf is soft to the touch. The fruit is a tiny, three-cornered, sharp-pointed nut, occuring in pairs enclosed in a prickly bur or husk. When ripe this bur splits into four sections and allows the nuts to drop out. The wood is used for flooring, furniture, vehicle stock, cooperage, handles, wood distillation, and firewood, and is one of the cheapest hardwoods on the market. It is difficult to season, perishable, and often cross-grained, but is hard, strong, and tough. THE CHESTNUTS Four species of chestnut (Castanea) are known. Three of them are native to North America of which only one is found in Canada. The common horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) is not a true chestnut, neither is it a native of this country although largely planted as an ornamental tree in our eastern towns and cities. The chestnut (Castanea) is frequently cultivated for its nuts, and several horticultural varieties have been produced. The wood is highly prized for the manufacture of tanning extracts, and also for posts and poles, because of its dur- ability in contact with the soil. The chestnut can be easily distinguished from any other native tree by its very spiny bur which contains one or more shiny, brown, thin-shelled, sweet, edible nuts. CASTANEA DENTATA (Marsh.), Borkh. CHESTNUT Common names: Chestnut, sweet chestnut. French names: Chataignier d'Amerique, chataignier. The chestnut is found growing naturally in Canada only in a small part of southern Ontario, viz., that part from the Niagara river and lake Ontario westward to the Detroit river and lake St. Clair. Here it is fairly common throughout the farmers* woods, associated with the various other hardwoods of that region. This is the tree that produces the sweet or edible chestnut and, as stated above, should not be mistaken for the horse chestnut. It is a large tree 75 to 80 ft. in height, and 2 to 3 ft. in diameter, sometimes reaching a height of 100 ft. The trunk is usually long and straight, and has httle taper except when grown in the open, where it divides into a few, heavy branches not far from the ground and forms a very broad, rounded crown. The bark is roughened by deep longitudinal furrows into coarse ridges on the larger trunks, but on young trees up to about 8 in. in diameter it is comparatively smooth and resembles that of the red oak. 80 Native Trees of Canada The twigs have a yellowish tinge and are stout and smooth. In cross-section they are somewhat irregular, due to slight ridges that run from each side of the leaf- scars. The \\'inter buds are }/i in. long, rounded, and chestnut-brown in colour. They are not clustered at the end of the twig as are those of the oaks, trees with which the chestnut might be confused. CHESTNUT C.den/o/o ^c<^ \ The leaves are 6 to 8 in. long, narrow, and taper-pointed. The margin is coarsely toothed with curved teeth that resemble those of a circular saw. The veining is prominent and feather-like, and the dark, shiny, green surface has a corrugated appearance. The somewhat wedge-shaped nuts are protected by an extremely spiny bur. They are thin -shelled and edible, and too well known to need further description. The wood of this tree is used extensively in Canada for veneer cores. It has a coarse grain and texture and takes glue well, and in addition is very durable. The wood is also used in cabinet-work generally, for slack cooperage, railway ties, and poles. It is a valuable source of tanning extracts. THE OAKS The oaks (Quercus) are widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone of both hemispheres. Only a few species are found south of the equator. Approximately three hundred species have been described. Fifty-two species are The Oaks 81 found in North America of which forty-seven reach tree size. Twelve species have been found in Canada, most of them confined to the southwestern peninsula of Ontario. One species is found in British Columbia. All the native species reach tree size except the dwarf chinquapin oak {Quercus prinoides). The oaks are of very great importance commercially because of the high technical qualities of their wood. The better grades bring a higher price than any other hardwood in Canada, with the exception of walnut and cherry. In Canada the supply is nearly exhausted. The native species are divided into two groups : 1. White oaks Fruit matures in one year Inner surface of the acorn shell usually smooth Leaves with lobes rounded. 2. Black oaks Fruit matures in two years Inner surface of the acorn shell covered with silky down Leaves with lobes pointed and bristle-tipped. The white oak group includes the following: UTiite oak Quercus alba Garry oak Quercus Garryana Post oak Quercus stellata "^^wamp white oak Quercus hicolor Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa Chinquapin oak Quercus Muehlenhergii Chestnut oak Quercus prinus » Dwarf chinquapin oak Quercus prinoides The black oak group includes the following: Black oak Quercus velutina Red oak Quercus rubra Pin oak Quercus palustris Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea There is a great difference in the quality of the wood of the different species. As a whole the wood of the white oaks is superior to that of the black oaks. In both the white and black groups there are species which retain their green leaves throughout the winter and are known as evergreen oaks. None of these is native to Canada. They are chiefly confined to the southern Pacific coast. QUERCUS ALBA, Linn. WHITE OAK Common names: White oak, stave oak. French name: Chene blanc. The white oak is found on well-drained soils in southern Quebec and southern Ontario. It has a trunk diameter of 2 to 4 ft. and a height of 50 to 100 ft. It is 22510—6 82 Native Trees of Canada a vStately tree and in the open develops a very massive, broad crown, composed of far-reaching, stout, twisted limbs. The bark is light grey, shallow-fissured, and scaly. This scaliness extends to branches 1 in. in diameter. The twigs, which are smooth, are sometimes covered with a bloom which can be rubbed off. The winter buds are reddish-brown, }i in. long. They are larger and more pointed than those of the swamp white oak, but less pointed than those of the yellow oak. The leaves are 5 to 9 in. long and 3 to 4 in. broad. The lobes are rounded, or blunt, and the notches or indentations are fairly deep, most of them J-^ in. or over. The leaves of the swamp white oak are not so deeply notched. The acorns are J.i to 1 in. in length and are sometimes borne on slender stalks. The cup is shallow and covered with warty scales, which do not form a fringe at the margin. The inside of the shell is smooth and the kernel is sweet. The acorns take but one year to mature. The technical qualities of this wood have long been understood and appreciated. It is generally conceded to be the most valuable of the oak species. Its more im- portant uses depend on its two main characteristics; its strength and its appear- ance. The wood is used in greatest quantity at present for interior finish, cabinet- work, and furniture, but in addition to these uses it is purchased by manufacturers The Oaks 83 of boats, vehicles, cars, caskets, handles, pianos, organs, pumps, refrigerators, and machinery frames. White oak, exclusively, is used for tight cooperage for alcoholic liquids. GARRY OAK Q.oarryo/7o QUERCUS GARRYANA, Douglas GARRY OAK Common names: Garry oak, Pacific post oak, Oregon oak, Pacific white oak, British Columbia oak. French name: Chene de Garry. The Garry oak in Canada is found only in British Columbia, along the east coast of Vancouver island, on the islands of the strait of Georgia, and on the main- land in the lower valley of the Fraser river. It is not a common tree and has no value commercially. On good sites it is a tree 50 to 60 ft. high, and in poor locations is merely a shrub. It is the only oak native to the Pacific coast in Canada, and therefore not difl&cult to distinguish from other trees with which it associates. The young twigs and winter buds are conspicuously hairy. The ouds are large for an oak, J^ to J^ in. long. 22510— 6J 84 Native Trees of Canada The leaves in outline resemble those of the white oak of the East. They are deep green in colour, and shiny and smooth on the upper surface. In texture they are leather}^ and thick. The acorn is large and the cup is shallow and hairy. The kernel is sweet. QUERCUS STELLATA, Wang. POST OAK Common name: Post oak. French names: Chene a lobes obtus, chene etoile. It has been reported that the post oak has been found in southern Ontario, but it is not common and its range in Canada is probably confined to the counties bordering on lakes Ontario and Erie. It is a small tree 25 to 30 ft. in height, but often a shrub of 10 ft. or less. It has a straggling habit of growth and its stout, spreading branches form a very irregular crown. It has no commercial value in Canada. The bark is greyish and scaly, and much resembles that of the white oak, except that it is somewhat darker and rougher. The twigs, which come out abundantly all along the stout branches, are stout, reddish-brown, and when young are covered with a rough down. They soon be- come roughened by scaly bark. The leaf-scars are raised on conspicuous projections. The leaves are 5 to 8 in. long and 3 to 6 in. wide. They vary greatly in shape and have what has been described as a sprawling outline. The lobes are all rounded and the middle pair are usually the largest. This frequently gives the leaf a some- what cross-shaped outline. The base is wedge-shaped. They are very coarse, rough on both sides, and of a shiny, dark green, which makes the tree conspicuous at some distance. The acorn is J4 to 1 in. long, reddish-brown, sometimes with darker stripes, and somewhat downy at the tip. The cup is top-shaped and covers from one-third to one-half the nut. The scales are thin and flat. The kernel is sweet and ripens in one year. QUERCUS BICOLOR, Willd. SWAMP WHITE OAK Common names: Swamp white oak, blue oak*. French names: Chene bicolore, chene bleu*. The swamp white oak, as its name implies, is found in low, damp woods, border- ing on swamps and streams. In Canada its range extends from eastern Ontario westward throughout southwestern Ontario. It is a medium-sized tree commonly 50 to 60 ft. in height, and 2 to 3 ft. in diameter. Its wood is similar to that of white oak {Quercus alba) and is sold mixed with the other white oaks. The bark on the trunk is greyish-brown and flaky. It resembles that of the white oak except that it is more deeply fissured and looser. On the small branches it peels off in layers. The small, crooked branchlets which hang from the larger limbs are very characteristic of the tree. The twigs are smooth and seldom downy. They are The Oaks 85 coarser, shorter, and rounder in cross-section than those of the white oak. The winter buds are a pale chestnut-brown, }/i in. long, smaller and less pointed than those of the white oak. They are sometimes hairy above the middle, as in the case of the scarlet oak, but they are more rounded, or blunter, than the buds of that tree. The leaves are 5 to 6 in. long and 3 to 4 in. broad. The shape is something like that of the white oak leaf, except that as the notches are not as deep the margin is SWAMP WHITE OAK Q, 6/co/or -<4 V X -^c^ ^. tK \ the margin. The inside of the shell of the nut is downy, and the kernel is yellow and bitter. The acorn takes two years to mature. QUERCUS RUBRA, Linn. Common names: Red oak, black oak*, French name: Chene rouge. RED OAK The red oak is found more or less abundantly from Cape Breton in Nova Scotia to Georgian bay in Ontario, and, occasionally, west of this along the north shore of lake Huron and the east shore of lake Superior to the height of land dividing the watershed of the Great Lakes from that of James bay. It is our most rapid-growing native oak and does well on a wide variety of soils, but prefers those which are well drained. It is a large tree 60 to 70 ft. or more high and 2 to 3 ft. in diameter, and when grown in the open develops a large, round-topped head composed of stout, far- spreading branches. 90 Native Trees of Canada The bark on young trees, and even on those of considerable size, is smooth. The Hmbs and upper part of the trunk are smooth and clean cut. The winter buds are pointed, 34 in. long, chestnut-brown, and usually smooth, except for a few red haifs at the tip. They resemble the buds of the chestnut oak, but are flatter and have no pale margin to the scales. They have the appearance of being stalked, due to the bud being narrower at the point of attachment. The leaves are from 5 to 9 in. long and 4 to 6 in. wide. They have from nine to thirteen lobes — more than most oaks. The lobes are pointed and appear to taper RE[7 OAK more from the base to the tip than those of the black oak. The notches as a rule extend half way to the midrib. They are dark green and smooth, and in autumn turn a rich red. The acorns are characteristic and one of the best means of identifying the tree. They are very large, ^ to IJ^ in. long. The cup is very shallow and thick. The scales are close and form no fringe at the margin. The kernel is white and bitter. The inside of the shell is somewhat downy. The acorn takes two years to develop. The wood of the black oak group, of which this is the most important commer- cial species, is not so strong as that of the white oaks, and, having narrower medul- lary rays, does not possess the same attractive figure when quarter-sawn. In many cases, however, the oaks are used for similar purposes without distinction. The Oaks 91 QUERCUS PALUSTRIS, Muench. PIN OAK Common names: Pin oak, water oak, swamp oak. French name: Chene de marais. The pin oak, in Canada, is confined to the southwestern part of Ontario, from Niagara westward in the counties bordering on lake Erie and the Detroit river, where it is frequently found growing in damp positions, such as the borders of swamps and streams. It is a tree 50 to 60 ft. high and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter. The trunk is tall and straight, and extends well up into the crown. Young trees growing in the open are very graceful and readily distinguished by their characteristic habit of sending their branches out horizontally from the trunk. The lower branches sometimes droop slightly. The name "pin oak'* is derived from the many tiny, slender branchlets which stand out from the branches, which at a distance have a pin-like appearance. The wood when utilized in Canada is sold as red oak. The bark is smooth, somewhat shiny, and steel-brown in colour. The winter buds are very small, }i in. long, pointed, and chestnut-brown. The leaves are 4 to 6 in. long, and resemble much those of the scarlet oak, but are smaller. The incisions are deep, broad, and rounded. The lobes are pointed and bristle-tipped. The acorn has a very small cup with thin scales. The nut is less than J^ in. long, and is wider than long. It is light brown and striped. The kernel is bitter and the inside of the shell is somewhat downy. The acorn takes two years to develop and ripen. QUERCUS COCCINEA, Muench. ' SCARLET OAK Common names: Scarlet oak, black oak*, red oak*. French name: Chene ecarlate. The scarlet oak in Canada is confined to the southwestern part of Ontario, from Toronto westward, where it is found growing on sandy and gravelly lands_ along with other oaks. It is a tree 40 to 50 ft. in height and 1 to 3 ft. in diameter. Growing in the open it forms a narrow, rounded, more or less open crown. Its lumber is sold with that of the other black oaks. The bark of the trunk is dark brown and shallow-fissured ; in roughness it has been described as intermediate between that of the red and black oaks. The inner bark is yellowish but not bitter, as in the case of the black oak. The winter buds are }i to }4 in. long and dark reddish-brown. The upper half of the bud is covered with hair, the lower half is smooth. In this latter respect the buds somewhat resemble those of the swamp white oak, but can be distinguished by the more pointed tip of the scarlet oak buds. The leaves are 3 to 6 in. long and 2 to 5 in. broad. The lobes are pointed and bristle-tipped. The notches or indentations are very wide and deep, deeper than 92 Native Trees of Canada those of any other native oak, and give the foliage a very ragged appearance. The lower pair of lobes are usually at right angles to the midrib. The acorns are J-^ to 1 in. long, smaller than those of the red oak. The cup, too, is deeper than that of the red oak. The scales do not form a fringe at the mar- gin. This aids in distinguishing it from the black oak. The inside of the shell is somewhat downy and the kernel is white and bitter. It takes two years for the acorn to mature. THE ELMS Sixteen species of elm ( Ulmus) are recognized throughout the world. Six are known to occur in North America and three of these are native to Canada. Several exotic species have been brought to this country for ornamental planting, of which the two most common are the English elm ( Ulmus campestris) and the Scotch elm ( Ulmus montana). They have larger fruit than the native species. The wood of the elms as a whole is tough and hard to split, but warps badly in seasoning. It is of great commercial importance and considerable quantities are cut every year. The elms belong to the same group as the hackberry {Celtis occidentalis) , a comparatively rare tree, but which might be mistaken for an elm. They can be The Elms 93 readily separated by their fruit which in the case of the hackberry is berr\^-Hke, and in the case of the elm consists of small flat seeds surrounded by a thin, papery wing. ULMUS FULVA, Michx. Common names: Red elm, slippery elm soft elm, budded elm. French names: Orme rouge, orme gras, orme fauve. RED ELM slippery -barked elm. The red elm averages 50 to 60 ft. in height and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter. It develops a crown similar to that of the white elm, and, except when it has grown in the forest, the trunk is comparatively short. It prefers rich, well-drained soil and is found along the banks of streams. Its range in Canada is confined to the St. Lawrence valley, not extending north or west of lake Superior. The bark is greyish-brown and rough. The white layer which is character- istic of the white elm is not present. The fragrant, mucilaginous inner bark, from which it derives one of its common names, "slippery," is a pecuharity by which it is distinguished from the white or rock elms. The twigs at first are green but later become ashy-grey. They are stouter 94 Native Trees of Canada than those of the white elm and very much more mucilaginous. The scars left by the leaves are more conspicuous. The winter buds differ considerably from those of the other elms, and are one of the easiest means of distinguishing it. They have a heavy covering of red- dish-bro\vn hair, while those of the rocl^ elm are as a rule only fringed with hair along the margin of the scales, and those of the white elm are smooth. They are larger, rounder, and softer looking than those of the latter species. The roughness of the leaves is another feature by which this tree is readily distinguished from the other elms; they are not only rougher to the touch but rough whichever way they are rubbed. Those of the white elm are rough only one way. The leaves of the red elm are, on the whole, larger than those of the other elms. The wing surrounding the seed is larger and somewhat more nearly circular in outline than that of the white elm. The margin is hairless while that of the white has a hairy fringe. The wood of the red, or slippery, elm is the poorest in quality of the three native species. It is soft, coarse-grained, and liable to mechanical defects, and is not used in any quantity in any of the industries. ULMUS AMERICANA, Linn. WHITE ELM Common names: White elm, American elm, water elm, swamp elm, rock elm*. French names: Orme blanc, orme d'Amerique. The white elm is one of our largest and most stately trees, having a height of 50 to 125 ft., and a trunk diameter of 2 to 7 ft. In the forest it rises to a consider- able height before branching, but growing in the open field it divides comparatively close to the ground into two or three main branches, which gradually spread out forming a high triangular or fan-like crown with branchlets more or less drooping. It thrives best in rich, moist, well-drained soils, and is found growing singly or in mixture with other hardwoods. Its range in Canada extends from Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south of the height of land dividing the watershed of Hudson bay from that of the Great Lakes. The bark is dark grey and roughened with broad, flat- topped, flaky ridges. Looking at the side of a ridge it shows an occasional layer of whitish bark. This characteristic distinguishes it readily from the red, or slippery, elm. The twigs are brownish, slender, smooth, and slightly mucilaginous if chewed. The winter buds are a light reddish-brown, conical, and pointed. They are smooth and have not the hairiness of the red elm. The leaves are from 4 to 6 in. long, and uneven-based, giving them a lop-sided appearance. The underside is soft and hairy. The red elm on the contrary is rough to the touch. The veining is coarse. It flowers in April and seeds abundantly in May and June. The Elms 95 White elm is one of the most generally useful hardwoods in America, and is valued chiefly on account of its strength and toughness. It is mostly used in manu- facturing slack staves, hoops, and heading; furniture, boxes, veneer baskets, cheese-boxes, and other veneer products; vehicle stock (especially wagon hubs); framework for agricultural implements and machinery; and hockey sticks. ULMUS RACEMOSA, Thomas ROCK ELM Common names: Rock elm, cork elm, hickory elm, cork -barked elm, white elm*. French name: Orme liege. The rock elm averages 50 to 60 ft. in height and about 2 ft. in diameter. The trunk is slender and erect, and the branches, coming off at a wider angle from all sides than those of the white or red elms, form a somewhat round-topped crown. Its general shaggy appearance, and the fact that even the small branchlets and twigs have corky ridges growing from their sides, render this tree unmistakable for the other elms. The winter buds are somewhat larger and narrower than those of the white elm and the leaves are on the whole smaller. Like the leav3S of all elms they are unequal at the base. The wing of the fruit is hairy. The seeds are greater in proportion to the size of the wing than those of other elms. 96 Native Trees of Canada The rock elm grows on a wide range of soils, from dry and gravelly or heavy clay soils to the rich, moist banks of streams. It is found solitary or mixed with other hardwoods. In Canada it is confined to the southern parts of Quebec and Ontario and prob- ably does not extend north beyond the Ottawa river or Georgian bay. The wood of this elm is the hardest, toughest, and strongest of the American species. It is preferred to white elm for framework in pianos, heavy machinery, shipbuilding, and vehicle stock. Otherwise the two species have similar uses. THE HACKBERRIES Fifty or more species of hackberry (Celtis) are found throughout the world in both the north temperate and tropical regions. They are mostly shrubs and small trees of no economic importance. They belong to the same group as the elms and resemble them in many respects. The wood is like that of the elm except that it is somewhat heavier, harder, and more brittle. In cross-section it shows the zigzag lines of minute pores which is the characteristic marking of this group. The Hackherries and the Mvdherries 97 CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS, Linn. HACKBERRY Common names: Hackberry, bastard elm. French names: Orme batard, micocouiller occidental. The hackberry is a tree 25 to 35 ft. high and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter. It forms a large, rounded crown, but often flat-topped and spreading. This characteristic, together with its slightly drooping lower branches and elm-like leaves, often leads one at first glance to mistake it for an elm. It prefers rich, moist soils but will grow on dry, gravelly sites. It is confined in Canada to the valley of the St. Lawrence from Montreal westward through southern Ontario. It is local in its distribution and nowhere in Canada is it very common and for this reason is generally unknown. While this tree at a short distance is easily mistaken for an elm, a close examina- tion shows many differences. The bark of the trunk, instead of being flaky as in the elm, is covered with wart-like ridges which often extend well up into the branches. The pith of the twigs is white and chambered, while in the elms it is solid. The wood when moistened has a slightly greenish tinge not visible in that of the elm. The buds, which are chestnut-brown, flattened, pointed and somewhat hairy, generally have a dark edge about the margin of their scales. The bud at the end of the twig is lacking. The leaves much resemble those of the elm but are more taper-pointed, and comparatively free of teeth. They are about 3 in. long, deep green in colour, and rough to the touch. The fruit is berry-like, reddish to dark purple, the size of a currant, and con- tains a stone. It ripens in September and is sweet and edible. The wood of the hackberry is very similar to that of the rock elm. The two are difficult to separate when sawn into lumber and when hackberry is utilized it is usually sold mixed with either rock or white elm. THE MULBERRIES Seven species of mulberry {Morns) are recognized of which two at least occur in North America, and of these one grows in Canada. Several of the species are cultivated for their leaves which furnish the principal food of the silkworm, also for their fruit which is edible. Perhaps the most widely known species is the white mulberry {Monts alba) which all over the world has escaped from cultivation and now grows wild. It is occasionally found growing wild in southern Ontario, but can be readily distinguished from the native species by its lighter-coloured twigs, smaller winter buds, and white, instead of red, berries. The wood of the mulberries is of high technical value, hard, and durable. In some parts of the United States the mulberry is planted for the purpose of produc- ing^ fenc^-posts. 22510—7 98 Native Trees of Canada MORUS RUBRA, Linn. RED MULBERRY Common names: Red mulberry, black mulberry, mulberry. French names: Murier rouge, murier sauvage. The red mulberry is found growing naturally in Canada only in the Niagara peninsula, and westward to the Detroit river, but is nowhere a common tree. It is small, 15 to 30 ft. in height, when grown in the open. The trunk is short and the crown is broad, round-topped, and compact. On this account and for its berries it is sometimes planted on lawns and in gardens. The bark is reddish-brown and divides into long plates or strips, which are some- what flaky. It resembles that of the white cedar but is firmer, not so stringy or fibrous. The twigs are slender, reddish, and have a somewhat zigzag habit of growth. When cut on a warm day early in the spring they give out a milky juice with a rather sweetish taste. The leaf-scars are distinctly marked with a more or less closed ring of raised bundle-scars. This is characteristic of all the mulberry species. The winter buds are about J^ in. long, stout, greenish to brown, shiny, some- times slightly flattened, and stand out well from the twig. The leaves are 3 to 5 in. in length, broadly oval, but variable in form; some are entire and others have one, two or even five lobes. They are thin, firm, dark green above, and downy beneath. The margins are saw-toothed. The fruit resembles a blackberry, about 1 in. long, attached to a stem about one-quarter as long. It is red when full grown but dark purple when ripe. It is sweet, juicy, and edible and is eagerly devoured by birds, and for this reason the tree is sometimes planted near gardens to distract the birds' attention from other more valuable small fruits. The wood is bright orange-brown in colour and is fairly hard and heavy. It is ver>" durable and is sometimes used for posts, cooperage, and boat-building in the Ohio valley where it is most abundant. It is not an important tree in Canada. THE MAGNOLIAS Twenty species of magnolia {Magnolia) are found throughout this continent and eastern Asia. Seven are native to North America, and only one occurs naturally in Canada. Most of them are of little economic importance except for decorative planting. For this purpose many horticultural varieties have been produced. The Asiatic species, while not as large trees as the American, have larger and more showy flowers. MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA, Linn. CUCUMBER TREE Common names: Cucumber tree, magnolia, pointed -leaved magnolia. French name: Magnolier a feuilles acuminees. The cucumber tree is rare in Canada, and, like many other trees in this country, is to be found only in the southwestern portion of Ontario in the counties bordering on lake Erie. The Magnolias and the Tulip Trees 99 Farther south, when growing under favourable conditions, it sometimes be- comes a large tree, 80 to 90 ft. high and 2 to 3 ft. in diameter. Ordinarily, however, it is much smaller. In the United States its wood is sometimes used for interior finish. When not crowded the shape of the tree is conical with a v/ide base. The bark of the trunk is roughened by flaky ridges of greyish-brown colour. The twigs are slender, bro^vn, shiny, smooth, and aromatic. The winter buds are very blunt and covered with silky hair. The end bud of the twig is several times larger than those along the side. The leaves are 6 to 10 in. long and 4 to 6 in. broad. In outline they are a pointed oval. They are thin, smooth on top, and slightly downy beneath. They are widely distributed along the branch, not clustered towards the end. They are numerous and produce a heavy shade. The flowers are about 3 in. wide, yellowish-green, bell-shaped, composed of six petals, and stand upright on the ends of the twigs. The fruit is usually oblong and curved, and, when green, resembles a cucumber in appearance. When ripe it is dark red in colour and the various sacs or pockets open, releasing the flattened, orange-red seed each contains. The seeds hang sus- pended by fine white threads. THE TULIP TREES Onl)^ two species of tulip tree (Liriodendron) are recognized. One is a small tree or shrub in China and the other is our native one, which in the United States is an important timber tree and which would be so in Canada but for its scarce- ness. The tulip trees were much more widely distributed at one time, for fossil remains of them are found both on this continent and in Europe. LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA, Linn. TULIP TREE Common names: Tulip tree, yellow poplar*, whitewood*. French name: Tulipier. The tulip tree has a ve^y limited range in Canada, being found growing naturally only in the southern peninsula of Ontario, from Niagara westward to the Detroit river. It is a tall, stately tree 50 to 70 ft. in height and with a trunk diameter of 2 ft. or over, sometimes reaching the immense height of 175 ft. The branches are comparatively short; those near the top usually ascending, and those near the bottom declining, make a very open, irregular crown. The bark of the trunk is thick, brown, closely furrowed, and has the tight- fitting appearance of the white ash bark. The inner bark is bitter. The twigs are slender, reddish-brown, and smooth. They have an exceedingly bitter taste but a rather pleasant aromatic smell. The winter buds are long and 22510— 7J 100 Native Trees of Canada blunt at the tip with the terminal or end bud of the twig much larger and longer. They are reddish-brown and covered with a bloom. The leaf-scar is circular The leaves are 5 to 6 in. long and of such a peculiar shape that they are readily distinguished from those of any other native tree. The end or top is abruptly squared or slightly notched as though it had been clipped off. The flowers are tulip-like, 3 or 4 in. across and composed of six, greenish- TULIP TREE *^^^^->^^. ^'''\^^^f^f^^ "^^ yellow petals, touched with orange inside the cup. They open in May and it is from them the tree derives its common name. The fruit is a peculiar, erect cone 2 to 3 in. long, composed of many dry, flat- winged seed-cases, which are attached to a central spike. These gradually drop off after the seeds ripen, often leaving the central axis, with the lower scales at- tached, to remain on the tree during the winter. Owing to the comparative scarcity of this tree in Canada, it is of minor com- mercial importance from the standpoint of lumber production. The wood has valuable physical qualities similar to those of basswood. It is soft, durable, tough, and is considered to be the best wood in America to hold its shape after seasoning. It is imported from the United States for panelling and steam-bent work by manu- acturers of vehicle bodies, pianos, cars, and cabinet-work. Tulip veneer is used for cross-banding in built-up glued products. The Papaws 101 THE PAPAWS The papaws {Asiniina) belong to a large tropical or sub- tropical family. Six species are known. In North America one reaches tree size and extends as far north as southern Ontario, the others are shrubs and found in the southern Atlantic and Gulf states of the United States. They are of no commercial im- portance. ASIMINA TRILOBA, Dunal PAPAW Common names: Papaw, custard apple, false banana, jasmine*. French names: Faux-bananier, jasminier*. In Canada the papaw is confined to the townships in southern Ontario border- ing on lake Erie, where it grows on deep, moist soils. It is not very common and when found is usually in the form of a shrub, although under favourable conditions PAPAW A . /T/'/oda r~^ further south it gets to be 30 ft. tall. For the most part it forms the undergrowth in rich woodlands. The bark is smooth, shiny, dark brown, and blotched with gre)^ spots. The inner bark is fibrous and tough. The twigs are slender and spreading, tinged with red, and marked with little grooves running lengthwise. The winter buds are small, brown, hairy and slightly tapered at the top. 102 Native Trees of Canada The leaves are 8 to 12 in. long and 3 to 4 in. wide, the widest part being above the middle. The margin is toothless and the upper surface is smooth and dark green. The stems are very short and stout. The leaf is very similar to that of the magnolia or cucumber tree. The fruit is characteristic. It is 3 to 5 in. long, oblong in shape but sometimes irregular. The flesh is yellow, soft, edible, and much prized by those who have acquired a taste for it. The seeds are flat, wrinkled, and about 1 in. long and 3^ in. broad. The wood has neither technical nor commercial value. THE SASSAFRAS There is only one species of Sassafras (Sassafras) known and it is found in China and the eastern portion of North America. It is nowhere abundant enough to be of economic importance, although it is widely distributed over its range. The wood is a rich brown in colour, soft, durable, and of high quality. SASSAFRAS VARIIFOLIUM (Salisb.) Ktze. SASSAFRAS Common names: Sassafras, sassafrax, saxifrax, sarsaparilla*. French name: Sassafras. The Canadian range of this tree is limited to southern Ontario, from the vicinity of Toronto westward to the southern end of lake Huron. It is a tree 30 to 40 ft. in height and 12 to 18 in. in diameter, sometimes larger, but on dry, sandy sites is often a shrub growing in thickets. The crown is flat, open, irregular, and composed of stout branches which are more or less contorted. The base of the tree is frequently surrounded by a thicket of young shoots that have sprung up from the roots. The bark is thin, but cut by fairly deep grooves into prominent ridges, which on large trees are broken into blocks by transverse cracks. The bark, twigs and roots all have a peculiar, strong, aromatic taste and smell which enables one to identify the tree at once. The twigs are fairly stout, reddish-brown, smooth, and shiny, as a rule. They are irregular in their branching habits. The winter buds are large, prominent, oval-pointed, and greenish. Those on the side stand well out from the twig. The leaves are 4 to 6 in. long, dull yellowish-green, smooth, and rather thick. They have three distinct forms, one oval-tapered at both ends, another somewhat similar, with the addition of a lobe at one side like the thumb of a mitten, and a third three-lobed, like a mitten with a thumb on each side. All these forms may be found on the same tree. The Sassafras and the Witch Hazels 103 The fruit is berry-like, small, oval, blue, soft, and single-seeded. It is borne on a fleshy, cup-shaped stem. The sassafras is sometimes sawn into lumber in Canada and used for cabinet- SASSAFRAS 5- yar//Yo//t/m hr^ ^c^ \i I ^ K. .r^ \«S '^ :VA o\ / work. The wood is soft and durable, has a pleasing grain and figure, and is plea- santly aromatic. THE WITCH HAZELS Three species of witch hazel (Hamamelis) are known, one in North America and two in Asia. They are all small trees or shrubs and not important for lumber. HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA, Linn. WITCH HAZEL Common names: Witch hazel, winter bloom, snapping hazel. French name: Hamamelis de Virginie. The witch hazel is sometimes a small tree 20 to 25 ft. high, but more often is a shrub growing in thickets or clumps on moist sites in ravines and on shady hill- sides. In Canada it is found from Nova Scotia westward throughout the southern portions of Quebec and Ontario. The bark is smooth, brown, and mottled on the trunk and larger branches. On the slender zigzag twigs it is shiny, sometimes downy. 104 Native Trees of Canada The winter buds are light brown, downy, narrow, long, slightly curved and flattened, and more or less stalked. The leaves are 4 to 6 in. long and oval in outline. The margin is very wavy- toothed and the base is unsymmetrical. The veining is depressed, giving the sur- face a corrugated app)earance. The witch hazel has a curious habit of flowering in the late autumn when its leaves are falling. The flowers come out in small golden-yellow clusters, which have the appearance of a tangled mass. The individual flower with its four, long, yellow, twisted petals is small and spidery-like. The fruit is a peculiar brown, woody, two-celled pod, or capsule, about the size of a large pea which, when it ripens in October, splits open in four directions and expels its two black seeds to some distance. These dried pods remain on the twigs throughout the winter, and, along with the flowers, are features which enable the witch hazel to be distinguished from any other tree with which it is likely to be confused. The wood is not used commercially but the bark, twigs, and leaves are as- tringent, and when distilled with alcohol yield the extract of witch hazel of com- merce. THE SYCAMORES Six species of sycamore (Platanus) are recognized. They are distributed throughout North America, in Asia Minor and southwestern Asia. Of three native to North America one occurs in southern Ontario. All the species are so remark- ably alike that they are difficult to separate. The wood is not of very great importance, but it is used to a certain extent for cabinet-work and interior finish because of its characteristic marking. One species {Platanus orientalis) is a common street tree in Europe. PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS, Linn. SYCAMORE Common names: Sycamore, buttonball, buttonwood, plane tree. French names: Platane, sycomore. Under favourable conditions the sycamore sometimes reaches a diameter of 7 or 8 ft., but the average is not more than 2\i to 3 ft. The height is about 100 ft. The trunk is usually short and irregular. A cross-section of it would be eccentric. The crown is large and very wide-spreading when growing in the open. The limbs are very thick and irregular in the way they branch and grow out from the tnmk. The roots are shallow and wide-spreading. The bark of this tree is very characteristic and enables one to distinguish it from any other native tree. On the trunk it breaks off in thin, brittle, irregular plates. Higher up it is smooth, an olive-green colour, and covered with white blotches. The twigs are smooth and shiny and have a more or less zigzag growth. The winter buds are smooth, brown, and conical in shape and are surrounded by the The Sycamores and ^ke Mountain Ashes 105 scar left by the fallen leaf. Before the leaf falls the bud is not visible since it is concealed beneath the end of the leaf-stem. The leaves are very broad for their length and in outline suggest the leaf of the maple. The fruit resembles a small brown ball about 1 in. in diameter hanging from a long stalk. It is composed of many hairy nutlets, or seeds, tightly pressed together. The tree is confined to rich bottom lands along the stream courses and shores of lakes. It never forms pure stands but is always scattered or in small groups. In Canada the sycamore is found growing naturally only in Ontario, and only in that part of the province west of a line joining the city of Toronto with the lower end of the Bruce peninsula on lake Huron. It has, however, been successfully planted outside of this range for ornamental purposes. Specimens are growing as far north as the city of Ottawa. MOUNTAIN ASHES OR ROWANS The mountain ashes or rowans (Pyrus) are found widely distributed as trees or shrubs throughout the northern hemisphere. Three or four species are found on this continent. They are of no importance except for decorative planting. The one most used for this is the European rowan (Pyrus aucuparia). It has larger berries than our native trees. 106 Native Trees of Canada PYRUS AMERICANA (Marsh.) De C. MOUNTAIN ASH Common names: Mountain ash, rowan tree*, rowan berry.* French names: Cormier, sorbier d'Amerique. The mountain ash has been found in various locaHties right across Canada from Cape Breton to Saskatchewan, usually in moist soil along the borders of streams and swamps, but frequently on drier sites such as rocky hillsides. Properly speaking it is not an ash at all, but is related to the apple tree. It is a graceful tree and having attractive foliage, flowers, and fruit, is much planted for ornamental purposes. It does not gain a great height, rarely over 30 ft. The crown is narrow, round- topped, and open. The bark is greyish-brown and smooth, sometimes shredding into thin scales. The stout twigs are reddish-brown and smooth. The winter nOUNTAIN ASH buds are large, about J^ in. long (the end bud considerably longer), conical, with points slightly curved, gummy, and smooth. The European species, the rowan {Pyrus aticuparia), has downy buds. The leaves are feather-like in the arrangement of the leaflets, from 6 to 8 in. long and composed of thirteen to seventeen narrow, sharp-toothed leaflets. The fruit is a bright red berry the size of a pea, which grows in great, flat clusters. These remain on the branches all winter and, in spite of their strong acid The Service-berries 107 flavour, are much sought after by certain birds on their return from the south in the early spring. The western mountain ash is considered by some authorities a distinct species (Pyrus sitchensis) and by others only a variety of the above. It has larger flowers and fruit and a more westerly range, extending through the Rocky mountains to Alaska. The wood of the mountain ash has no technical value but the berries are used for medicinal purposes. THE SHADBUSHES OR SERVICE -BERRIES The shadbush or service-berry group (Amelanchier) is widely distributed throughout the world. Most of the species are shrubs, but three of the native species sometimes reach tree size. Two of them, the Amelanchier canadensis and the Amelanchier obovalis, are eastern species which resemble each other very much and ordinarily go by the same common name. The latter, however, owing to its somewhat longer or narrower leaves, sometimes receives the name of ** longleaf '* shadbush. The Amelanchier alnifolia is the western species. They have pretty, white flowers in spring and on that account are sometimes used for ornamental planting. The fruit of all species is sweet, berry-like, and edible. AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS (L.) Medic. SERVICE-BERRY Common names: Service-berry, shadberry, Juneberry, wild pear, lance wood*. French names: Amelanchier du Canada, petites poires. The service-berry is a small tree 15 to 25 ft. high with a diameter of 4 to 8 in. Sometimes it is found growing like a shrub with many stems in a clump. It in- habits well-drained soils such as hillsides in open woods and, in Canada, is found from Nova Scotia westward throughout the St. Lawrence valley to the north shores of lake Superior, but is nowhere abundant. The smooth, close-fitting, greyish-brown bark might lead one to mistake it for a young beech. The bark of the service-berry, however, is darker as a rule and on young trunks is quite often streaked with dark, longitudinal lines. The winter buds, too, resemble those of the beech, being long, narrow, and sharp- pointed, but they are pressed close to the stem and do not stand out at the wide angle so characteristic of the beech buds. The bud scales are edged with white, while those of the beech are not. They are also fewer in number. The finely- toothed, smooth-surfaced leaf, however, would never be mistaken for the leaf of the beech. It resembles somewhat that of the pear but is of finer texture. It is a conspicuous tree in the spring, when covered with its many white flowers. The fruit is a dark, purple, edible, berry, about the size of a currant and ripens in July. 108 Native Trees of Canada Its wood is occasionally used for handles, fishing-rods, bows, and small turnery and is sometimes sold as lance wood. AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA, Nutt. SASKATOON The saskatoon in Canada is foimd from Alaska south throughout British Columbia, and eastward to Georgian bay in Ontario. It is seldom found as a tree, but is more commonly a shrub 8 or 9 ft. in height; in the prairie region usually 3 or 4 ft. high. It resembles the eastern tree forms of the Amelanchiers but can be distinguished by its leaves. These are rounder in outline and the lower half of the margin is smooth while the upper half is coarsely toothed. The fruit is sweet and edible and resembles the huckleberry in appearance. It is much sought after by the settlers in the West where it is commonly called the saskatoon berry. THE HAWTHORNS Several hundred species of the hawthorn {Crataegus) have been described. Twenty or more of them are found in Canada of which the greater number occur in the southern portion of the eastern provinces. One species, the black haw {Crataegus Douglasn)^ is found in British Columbia. There is no group of trees in Canada in which it is more difficult to separate the different species. So large is this group, and so rapidly is it modifying, that only one who has the time and patience to make a special study of hawthorns can hope to know them all. The points of distinction relied upon are found mainly in the flower and the fruit. It is beyond the scope of a book of this nature to take up their minute differences. In habit the hawthorns are usually low, wide-spreading, bushy trees, sometimes found growing as shrubs in thickets. Within their range they are common trees along the country roadside, in open places in the farmer's woodlot, and in fence comers. They can be readily distinguished from other trees by their somewhat zigzag twigs which are well armed with long thorns. These thorns occur just above the point at which the leaf is attached and are usually unbranched and exceedingly sharp. The thorns attached to the trunk and larger branches are frequently branched. The winter buds are small, shiny, chestnut-brown, rounded, and covered with many overlapping, thick scales. The fruits, or "haws," as they are sometimes called, when ripe suggest tiny scar- let apples. They are somewhat edible, but as a rule the proportion of bony seed to flesh is so great that they are not much sought after. They sometimes remain on the tree all winter. The wood of the hawthorns is very heavy, hard, and tough, and is sometimes used for small turnery such as handles, mallets, and wooden novelties. The Plums and Cherries 109 THE PLUMS AND CHERRIES Over one hundred and twenty species of this group (Prunus) have been des- cribed. To it belong the plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, and almonds. Only one species of plum and six or seven species of cherry are native to Canada. Two of the cherries are native to the Pacific region. All the native species, with the exception of the black cherry {Prunus serotina) , are small trees or shrubs, and of little importance commercially. The seeds of this group contain more or less prussic acid, and their twigs and bark are characteristically bitter and astringent. The fruit of the plum is usually more or less two-lobed with a groove on one side and is often covered with a whitish bloom. The fruit of the cherry is smaller and without this bloom. The cherry seed is round instead of flat as with the plums. PRUNUS NIGRA, Ait. CANADA PLUM Common names: Canada plum, red plum, wild plum*, horse plum. French name: Prunier canadien. The Canada plum is distributed throughout the St. La\vrence valley and west- ward to the Red river in Manitoba. It grows as a small tree 20 to 25 ft. in height, often as a shrub in thickets. The bark is a greyish-brown and at first smooth, but later breaks and curls back into papery plates, exposing rough inner bark. The crown is narrow and composed of stiff, erect branches, ending in stiff, slender, smooth twigs which, in their second year, develop spiny spurs. These coarse spurs, which may develop leaves, distinguish this tree from any of the cherries The winter buds are brown, }i to 34 i"- long, conical, and pointed. The terminal bud of the twig is absent. The leaves are 3 to 5 in. long and 13^ to 3 in. broad; rather rounded in outline, with the tip suddenly drawn to a point. They are thick, firm, dark green, and dull. The fruit, which ripens in August, is oblong in shape, 1 in. or more in length. The skin is smooth, orange-red when ripe, thick, and tough. The plum is edible. The pit is the typical flat plum-stone. PRUNUS EMARGINATA, Walp. BITTER CHERRY Common names: Bitter cherry, wild plum*, wild cherry*. French name: Cerisier amer. The bitter cherry is a shrub or small tree, ocasionally 30 to 50 ft. high and 10 to 12 in. in diameter. It is found throughout southern British Columbia growing in moist places in the valleys, sometimes on dry hillsides, and does not appear east of the Rocky mountains. Its wood is not utilized in Canada. The bark is thin, smooth, greyish to brown in colour, and exceedingly bitter to the taste. 110 Native Trees of Canada The twigs are slender, flexible, and a bright red. The twigs of the other coast cherry, the western choke cherry, are of a light brown colour. The winter buds are chestnut-brown, pointed, and very small, about }i in. long. Those of the western choke cherry are much longer and larger. The leaves are variable in size, 1 to 3 in. long and ^ to 13^ in. broad. The teeth in the margin are minute and rounded. The fruit is an extremely bitter, dark red cherry about the size of a pea, which grows either singly or in clusters. PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA, Linn. BIRD CHERRY Common names: Bird cherry, wild red cherry*, pin cherry, pigeon cherry. French name: Petit merisier. The bird cherry is a small tree or shrub 10 to 25 ft. high and 4 to 8 in. in diameter. Rl? CHERRY It is found in clearings, burned-over lands, and along roadsides. It is widely distributed in Canada, ranging from the Atlantic to the Coast range in British Columbia. Its wood is seldom put to any commercial use. The bark is smooth, reddish-brown, and covered with conspicuous orange or rusty-coloured, powdery lenticels. These lenticels are not elongated to the same extent as those of the black cherry. The inner bark is a bright green. On older trunks the bark separates into papery plates. The Phims and Cherries 111 The twigs are slender, smooth, red, and shiny, and bitter if chewed. The two-year-old twigs send out short lateral spur-like branchlets. The winter buds are very small, blunt, reddish-brown and characteristically clustered at the tip of the twig. The leaves are 3 to 5 in. long and ^ to 1 in. wide — long and narrow, somewhat like the peach leaf. They are shiny, green, smooth, finely-toothed, and more tapered than those of the black cherry. The fruit is pea-sized, cherry-red, and sour. It can readily be distinguished from the fruit of the black or choke cherries by the difference in colour and flavour and by the fact that the cherries are not in elongated clusters. Each is borne on a single long stem as are the garden cherries. PRUNUS VIRGINIANA, Linn. CHOKE CHERRY Common names: Choke cherry, wild cherry*. French names: Cerisier a grappes, cerisier de Virginia, cerisier sauvage. The choke cherry is a shrub or small tree, more often a shrub, 10 to 20 ft. high and 4 to 6 in. in diameter. CHOKE CHERRY ^ y/ro/niana ' ' ' » STAT It is found all the way across Canada, from the Atlantic to the Rocky moun- tains, growing in fence corners, open borders of woodlots, and along the roadsides, but is not found in commercial sizes or quantities. 112 Native Trees of Canada The bark is smooth, dull greyish-brown, and peels easily on branches, showing a bright green, inner bark which has a disagreeable odour. It much resembles the young bird cherry but can be distinguished from it by absence of rusty-coloured powder about the slits or lenticels. The twigs are smooth, reddish-brown, and have a strong odour when crushed and, like all cherry twigs, are bitter when chewed. The winter buds are brownish, smooth, sharp-pointed, and somewhat turned away from the twig. The scales have a pale margin. The leaves are 2 to 4 in. long and 1 to 2 in. wide, rather broad and blunt in appearance, with a more or less sharp tip. The fruit is a dark red or black cherry the size of a pea and grows in elongated clusters. It has a very characteristic astringent taste from which the tree gets its name. PRUNUS DEMISSA, Walp. WESTERN CHOKE CHERRY Common names: Western choke cherry, wild cherry*. French name: Cerisier sauvage de I'Ouest. The western choke cherry is found in Canada on the British Columbia coast and Vancouver island, on moist soil along the borders of streams. It sometimes attains a height of 25 ft., but is more often a shrub 8 to 10 ft. high. It is of no commercial importance. On young trunks the bark is brown, on older trunks it is greyish and roughened by hard scales. The twigs are smooth and the buds brown and pointed. The leaves are somewhat thick and leathery, the margins toothed with fine, sharp teeth. The cherries are shiny, black, and borne in dense elongated clusters. They are astringent to the taste, hence the common name. PRUNUS SEROTINA, Ehrh. BLACK CHERRY Common names: Black cherry, wild black cherry*, rum cherry. French names: Cerisier tardif, cerisier noir, cerisier d'automne, merisier (France). The black cherry averages 60 to 70 ft. in height and IJ^ to 2 ft. in diameter. Growing in a dense stand it produces a straight, columnar trunk. The crown is narrow and irregular, owing to the zigzag growth of the branches. In Canada this tree is found from Nova Scotia to lake Superior, growing on a wide variety of soils and associated with other hardwoods. The Plums and Cherries 113 The bark is smooth on young trees, with conspicuous, whitish, horizontal slits or lenticels. On old trees it cracks and breaks off in small, thin, brittle scales. The twigs are reddish-brown, slender, rigid, and bitter to the taste. The winter buds are a light chestnut-brown, pointed or blunt-tipped, and have BLACK CHERRY U"^^ closely overlapping scales. The margins of the scales are not pale as those of the choke cherry. The leaves on young trees are often broad and blunt with a sharp tip; on older trees they are longer. The teeth are finely and firmly cut. The fruit is a juicy, reddish-black cherry, about the size of a large pea, and grows in elongated clusters. It has a peculiar but not unpleasant flavour. The tree is nowhere abundant and its lumber is produced in small quantities only. The wood is one of the most valuable of American hardwoods and is prized both for its beauty of appearance and its technical qualities. It has a rich reddish- brown colour, darkening with age, and a fine, even grain with a pleasing figure when quarter-sawn. The lumber seasons easily, holds its shape well, takes a brilliant polish and is heavy, hard, and strong. It is used for furniture, cabinet- work, and decorative finish in houses, cars, boats, and vehicles. 22510—8 114 Native Trees of Canada THE REDBUDS Of the seven species of redbud (Cercis) three occur on this continent. One of these, Cercis canadensis, is found in southern Ontario but it is not common. None of the species is of importance except for decorative planting. They can be readily- recognized by their showy, magenta flowers and simple, heart-shaped leaves, CERCIS CANADENSIS, L. REDBUD Common names: Redbud, Judas tree. French name: Gainier du Canada. The redbud is a rare tree in Canada. An occasional tree is found in south- western Ontario in the counties bordering the shores of lake Ontario and lake Erie. It is small, ordinarily not much more than 20 to 25 ft. high, with a flat, irregu- lar crown, occasionally upright. It is valuable only for ornamental purposes. The bark of the trunk is very dark and roughened by scaly ridges. On the slender twigs it is reddish-brown and smooth. The winter buds are small, dark red, blunt, and slightly flattened or pressed against the stem. The flower buds are larger and are sometimes located on the underside of the twig at the base, where it joins a larger branch. This latter pecu- liarity is one of the distinguishing features of the tree. The leaves are broadly heart-shaped and from 3 to 5 in. long. They are dark green, smooth, and glossy, with toothless margins and slender stems. The flowers are shaped like the pea blossom and are rose-pink to purple in colour. They come out in clusters all along the twigs and branchlets, even appear- ing on the larger limbs and trunk of the tree at times. Opening up early in the season, before the leaves are fully out, they colour the whole tree and make it a very beautiful and conspicuous object. The fruit is a thin, flat-pointed pod, 2 to 3 in. long, containing small compressed seeds. THE COFFEETREES There are only two known species of coffeetree (Cymnocladus) , one native to this continent and the other to southern and western China. Both can be readily recognized by their heavy branches, stout, blunt twigs with red pith, and large, doubly-compound leaves, GYMNOCLADUS DIOICA (L.) Koch KENTUCKY COFFEETREE Common names: Kentucky coffeetree, coffeetree, coffee bean. French name: Chicot du Canada. The coffeetree is a rare species and is found, in Canada, only in southwestern Ontario from Niagara westward to lake St. Clair, but is nowhere common. Scat- tered trees occur in rich woods but they have been mostly cut from the farm land on which they once grew. The wood is not used conmiercially at present. The Redbuds and the Cofeetrees 115 It is a medium-sized tree sometimes attaining a height of 80 ft. and a diameter of 2 ft., but is ordinarily a smaller tree which divides comparatively near the ground into three or four upright limbs, which form a narrow head. The bark is dark brown and roughened by large scales at the base and by many thin, curved, ridges higher up and on the larger branches. The twigs are very coarse and blunt and often downy. The pith is salmon - pink or brown in colour. These stout twigs enable one to distinguish the tree at some distance. The winter buds are very tiny for such a large twig. They are downy and almost sunk out of sight just above a broad crescent or heart-shaped leaf-scar. KENTUCKY COFFEETREE C//0/CO \,^ \ ^M\ S- If/ \ / The leaf is very large, from 2 to 3 ft. long. It is doubly compound, i.e., many leaflets are attached to a common stem, these in turn are again attached to a larger stem that is attached to the twig. The dull, dark green leaflets are without teetli on the margin. The fruit is a curved pod 4 to 8 in. long and 2 in. broad which often remains cu the tree well into the winter. The seed is brown and flattened. These seeds wero at one time used as a substitute for coflee, hence the tree's common name. 22510—81 I [ 116 Native Trees of Canada THE SUMACHS Nearly all of the seven or eight species of sumach {Rhus) found in Canada are shrubs. Only four of the twenty or so species found on this continent reach tree size, but none of them is sufficiently large to be of importance. Some of the Asiatic species, however, are of importance because of the gum, wax, etc., they produce. The valuable lac used in lacquer ware is obtained from these trees. All of the species have a more or less sticky juice. RHUS TYPHINA, Linn. STAGHORN SUMACH Common names: Staghorn sumach, sumach. French names: Sumac amaranthe, vinaigrier, sumac de Virginia. The staghorn sumach is common on thin, rocky, or gravelly soils from Nova Scotia to Georgian bay and lake Huron in Ontario. It is a small tree or shrub, often forming thickets. Ordinarily it is 10 to 15 ft. high but occasionally a little taller. The trunk is more or less crooked and inclined. The branches are also very irregular in growth and divide into a comparatively small number of stout, curved twigs which suggest the horns of a stag, hence the common name. When in leaf the tree has rather a fiat, spreading top. The bark is brown, thin, and smooth except on large trees, when it is sometimes scaly. The twigs are coated with fine, thick, soft, brown hair. When growing near roadsides, or railroads, or wherever there is much dust or soot in the air, these hairy twigs become heavily coated with it and if grasped will soil the hand. When cut they exude a milky juice. The leaves are com]>osed of eleven to thirty-one small leaflets attached to a common stem. The leaflets are narrow and pointed like those of the willow. Their margins are coarsely toothed, dark green above, and pale beneath. This graceful, drooping, fern-like foliage, which becomes a beautiful scarlet in the au- tumn, has caused the tree to be much used for ornamental planting. The fruit is a curious pyramidal cluster of short, red hairs, with a distinctly acid taste, which coats tiny, bony covered seeds. These conspicuous red clusters persist throughout the winter on the tips of the stout twigs, and add to the pictur- esqueness of the tree. This tree is sometimes sawn into lumber and used for decorative finishing work* Its wood is orange-coloured, and is streaked with broad, green rays. THE MAPLES Seventy species of maple {Acer) occur throughout the world. They are most abundant in eastern Asia, thirty-five species being found in China and Japan. Nine are found in Canada, of which three are confined to British Columbia. Many exotic species have been introduced for ornamental planting, the most common of which are the sycamore maple (^Acer pseudoplatanus) , and the Norway maple The Sumachs and the Maples 117 (Acer platanoides) , both from Europe. Japanese varieties are also considerably used for decorative purposes. Maple is the second Canadian hardwood in point of importance and is characterized by the diversity of its uses. It is used for flooring, furniture, vehicles, agricultural implements, boats, interior woodwork in houses, handles, etc. The sugar maple possesses the qualities of hardness, strength, and stiffness in a greater degree than any of the other species and is, therefore, most sought after. * 'Curly" and "bird's-eye" maple, esteemed for furniture making, are unusual forms occasionally met with. The cause of these "sports" is not under- stood. The sap of all the maples contains sugar and in pioneer days, in times of scar- city, even the Manitoba maple, the least productive of the family in this respect, was tapped for the purpose of boiling the sap to obtain sugar. In commercial practice, however, only the sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is tapped for sugar making. The maple sugar industry is organized on a commercial basis in Eastern Canada and particularly in the Eastern Townships of Quebec. Like the ashes and the dogwoods, the leaves and the winter buds of the maples always occur in pairs on the opposite sides of the twig, and therefore, the twigs and branches must also be of this opposite character. The fruit is composed of a pair of seeds (occasionally three or four) joined together, each seed with a distinct wing. ACER SPICATUM, Lam. MOUNTAIN MAPLE Common names: Mountain maple, dwarf maple*. French names: Erable batard, plaine bleue, erable a epis, plaine batarde. This small bushy tree or shrub is rarely more than 25 ft. in height or more than 5 to 7 in. in diameter. It is the smallest of the eastern maples and is found more commonly as a shrub than as a tree. The bark is greyish to brown in colour, thin, smooth, sometimes slightly fur- rowed or roughened. The twigs are pink to purplish in colour and covered with a delicate bloom. The pith is brown as in the striped maple. The winter buds are small, pointed, and slender and of a red or greenish colour. They are smaller in diameter just above the point of attachment, which gives them a somewhat stalked appearance. The leaves are three-lobed as a rule, coarsely toothed, thin and papery to the touch, and downy beneath. The seeds, which are bright red during the summer, are brown in September. They have widespread wings and are borne in a string along a stalk or raceme. The seed portion has a pit-like depression on one side. 118 Native Trees of Canada The mountain maple is found in the shade of the other trees and rarely found growing by itself in the open. It prefers moist, rich soils on rocky hillsides or MOUNTAIN MAPLE A. Sp/CO/'(//7? along small streams, west as Manitoba. It ranges throughout eastern Canada and extends as far ACER PENNSYLVANICUM, Linn. STRIPED MAPLE Common names: Striped maple, moosewood, moose maple. French names: Bois barre, erable de Pennsylvanie, bois noir. The striped maple, like the mountain maple, is a small tree 15 to 30 ft. high and 5 to 7 in. in diameter. It is more often found as a large shrub growing in the shade of other hardwoods. Its wood is not used commercially. It gets its name from its smooth, green bark which is striped with vertical, white cracks. Corky bark is not formed. The twigs are smooth, rose-coloured or green, and without bloom. They are conspicuously ridged, with raised lines just above the leaf-scars. The leaf-scars encircle the stem. The pith is brown. The winter buds are shiny, rose-coloured and not so sharp-pointed as those of the mountain maple They are four-sided in cross-section and have a somewhat stalked appearance. The Maples 119 The leaves are large, 5 to 6 in. long, thin, and in outline not unlike a goose's foot. They are finely and sharply double-toothed. As in the case of the mountain maple the seed is pitted on one side, but the wings of the striped maple are larger and wider spread than those of others. This maple is found from Nova Scotia to lake Superior. ACER MACROPHYLLUM, Pursh. BROAD-LEAVED MAPLE Common names: Broad -leaved maple, big-leaved maple, Oregon maple, British Columbia maple. French name: Erable a grandes feuilles. The broad-leaved maple is a tree 40 to 80 ft. high and 1 to 23^ ft. in diameter. On poor soil and in open positions it is often short-stemmed, crooked and not over 25 ft. in height. BROAI7LEAVEI7 MAPLE Ajnacrophyf/urrf It grows at a moderate rate, is fairly persistent, and can endure considerable shading, especially when young. It does best on moist humus or gravelly soils and where there is abundance of rainfall. In Canada it is confined to the coast and islands of British Columbia from Alaska south. 120 Native Trees of Canada The bark is reddish-brown, deeply furrowed, and broken into squarish scales; on the twigs it is green or dark red, and covered with pale spots. The leaves are five-lobed, 7 to 14 in. wide, and have stems 6 to 12 in. long. They are the largest maple leaves in Canada. They are thick, smooth, and dark green. The margins are toothless and the notches deep and narrow. The wings of the seed are IJ^ in. long and 3^ in. wide. Frequently three and even four seeds are joined to one stem. The seed portion of the key is covered with sharp, bristle-like hairs, a feature by which they can be readily distinguished. The broad-leaved maple is sometimes sawn into lumber in British Columbia and used for flooring, interior finish and furniture. ACER CIRCINATUM, Pursh. VINE MAPLE Common names: Vine maple, mountain maple*. French name: Erable circine. The vine maple rarely stands erect The trunk, which is 3 to 6 in. in dia meter and 15 to 20 ft. in length, is more often prostrate and has a crooked, crawling VINE MAPLE A, c/rc//7a/(//v vine-like appearance. It grows in the shade of other trees and is frequently found extending its stem among their trunks toward some more open spot. Where the stem touches the ground it frequently takes root. The Maples 121 It is found on the rich moist soil along streams on Vancouver island and for a short distance northward up the coast of British Columbia. The bark is thin, smooth, marked by shallow fissures, and a dull greyish- brown in coloiu:. The twigs are a pale green or reddish-brown, sometimes covered with a whitish bloom in winter. The winter buds are ^ in. long, bright red in colour, and blunt. Those of the dwarf maple are sharp. The leaves in general outline are circular, having from seven to nine sharp- pointed, sharp-toothed lobes The wings of the fruit are red and wide-spreading and about V/2 in. long. They are wider spread and usually longer than those of the dwarf maple ACER DOUGLASII, Hook. DWARF MAPLE Common names: Dwarf maple, red maple*. French name: Erable nain. The dwarf maple is sometimes a tree 20 to 25 ft. high and 6 to 8 in. in diameter, but more often it is a shrub 6 to 10 ft. high. It grows singly and in small clumps on thin, gravelly soil, and along the gulches and borders of mountain streams. It is found from Alaska southward along the Pacific coast and throughout the southern part of British Columbia. The bark is smooth and reddish-brown. The twigs are a brighter red than the bark of the limbs and often slightly angled in cross-section. The buds are bright red, sharp-pointed, and about }i in. long. The leaves are from 1 to 5 in. long and three- to five-lobed. The lower two lobes (the pair nearest the stem) are sometimes separated from the others as in a compound leaf. They are dark green in colour and smooth and shiny on top. The veins are yellowish and the stems red. The wings of the keys are very broad and slightly spreading. They are rose- red to light brown in colour. ACER SACCHARUM, Marsh. SUGAR MAPLE Common names: Sugar maple, hard maple, rock maple. French names: Erable dur, erable a sucre, erable pique, erable moire, erable onde. The sugar maple in the forest averages 80 to 90 ft. in height and 2 to 3 ft. in diameter. It is one of our tallest hardwoods, sometimes reaching the height of 130 ft. and 5 ft. in diameter. The crown is spreading and dense unless crowded in a close stand. The root- system is shallow. 122 Native Trees of Canada The bark on young trees is smooth and sHghtly furrowed. As the tree becomes older the bark ridges curl until on large trees the bark has a ploughed appearance, with smooth places between ridges. The leaves, as is the case with all maples, come out in pairs opposite each other. There are five main lobes. The sinuses, or open spaces between the lobes, are rounded, and not narrow and pointed as with other eastern maples. The upper surface is dark green and the under surface lighter. In the autumn the leaves turn crimson, scarlet, yellow or orange in colour. The twigs, like the leaves, come out in pairs on opposite sides of the branch and are reddish-brown in colour. The winter buds are narrow, sharp-pointed, and SUGAR MAPLE /leer Sa ccA a ru m brown, a feature by which the tree is readily distinguished from the other maples. The fruits or keys develop from the end of the twig while those of the red maple and silver maple come from the side. The sugar maple requires moist, rich soil, for its best development and will not do well on poor soil. Tt is found in pure stands or mixed with such other hardwoods as beech, oak, elm, basswood, and hickory. It is a slow-growing and long-lived tree. Its ability to endure heavy shading v/hen yotmg gives it an advantage over many other trees, and enables it to estabUsh itself under conditions that they could not endure. The Maples 123 The range of this maple is from Newfoundland westward to the lake of the Woods, but not north of the height of land dividing the watershed of the Great Lakes from that of Hudson bay. The popularity of the wood of this tree is due to its two chief technical qual- ities, stiffness and hardness. It is used by manufacturers of hardwood flooring, furniture, agricultural implements, and vehicle stock, especially wagon axles. In the diversity of its uses it is rivalled by few native trees. The wood is con- sumed in large quantities for firewood and wood distillation. ACER SACCHARINUM, Linn. SILVER MAPLE Common names: Silver maple, white maple, soft maple*, swamp maple*, river maple, water maple*, broad -fruited maple. French names: Erable blanc, plaine blanche, erable a fruits cotonneux. The silver maple is a tree averaging 80 to 90 ft. in height and 2 to 3 ft. in dia- meter; sometimes reaching 125 ft. in height and 5 ft. in diameter. It is one of our SILVER MAPLE /f. 3occ/iar/no/r) most rapid-growing hardwoods. Unless grown in a close stand the trunk divides near the ground into several stout, upright branches and forms a medium-spreading 124 Native Trees of Cmiada head with drooping branches. The tendency for the small branches to grow down- ward and then turn up again is very characteristic, and is much more marked than with the red maple. The bark is grey with a reddish tinge, and peels off from the trunk in older trees in long pieces, which are free at either end and attached at the middle. The t\vigs, which come out in pairs and opposite, as with all maples, are curved and have a distinct odour when freshly cut. The buds are blunt-pointed and red, and more clustered than with the red maple. ^ It is one of the first trees to blossom in the spring. The leaves are five-lobed and the sinuses or notches between the lobes are nar- row and come to a sharp point. The notches are narrower than those of the red maple leaf. In autumn the leaves turn a dull yellow. The wings of the seeds are very widespread ; more so than those of either the sugar maple or red maple. The silver maple ranges from New Brunswick westward through southern Quebec and southern Ontario and is found on deep, rich soils such as river bottoms and along the borders of swamps. It is usually mixed with other hardwoods. The wood of the silver and the red maples is usually sold together as "soft" maple. It is not so strong as that of the sugar or "hard" maple but is often used for similar purposes. ACER RUBRUM, Linn. RED MAPLE Common names: Red maple, soft maple*, scarlet maple, swamp maple*, water maple*. French names: Erable rouge, plaine rouge, erable tendre. The name red maple is most appropriate for this tree. Its twigs, winter buds, fruit, stems of leaves and, in the autumn, the leaves themselves, are all bright red in colour. It is one of the first trees to change its colour in autumn. It attains a height of 70 to 90 ft. with a trunk 3 to 4 ft. in diameter. The main branches have an upright growth, the smaller branches and twigs spread out and tend to turn up towards the end. The bark is smooth and grey on young trunks; when old it cracks and peels off in slender longitudinal flakes, which do not curl at both ends as in the case of the white maple. The leaves are five-lobed; the two at the base not being prominent. The sinuses or notches between the lobes are acute. The buds are blunt-pointed and red, usually not so shiny as those of the silver maple, nor so many of them in a cluster. The flower buds open before the leaves and it is one of the first trees to blossom in the spring. The fruit ripens in May. It is found mostly on rich, moist lands, and along the borders of streams and swamps, where it makes rapid growth when young; on poor, dry soil it forms a The Maples 125 scrubby growth. It ranges from Nova vScotia to the lake of the Woods in Ontario, but is nowhere plentiful in Canada. The wood is vslightly tougher than that of sugar maple but is much softer and REP MAPLE j4. r(/l>r(/m lighter. Owing to the prevalence of defects this tree is used less than silver maple, although the wood of the two is similar in most respects. ACER NEGUNDO, Linn. MANITOBA MAPLE Common names: Manitoba maple, box elder*, ash -leaved maple. French names: Erable negundo, plaine a Giguere, erable a feuilles de frene, aune-buis. The Manitoba maple attains a height of 50 to 75 ft. and a trunk diameter of 2 to 3 ft., but usually is considerably smaller. The trunk is usually short and di- vides near the ground into several large, spreading branches. This tree is fond of moist soils and is usually found growing along streams and margins of lakes. It can, however, withstand considerable drought. Its rapidity of growth and hardiness against freezing has made it very popular for shelter-belt planting on the prairies. It is also extensively used as a shade tree in the western towns and cities. It is a native of the Prairie Provinces and is not found growing naturally in Eastern Canada. It is, however, extensively planted in the East 126 Native Trees of Canada because of its rapid growth, but otherwise it is not a desirable tree for Eastern Canada where there is no difficulty in growing better and longer-lived trees. The bark is a light brown in colour, and on old trees is thick and deeply fur- rowed with irregular, flat-topped ridges. The twigs are smooth and either reddish-purple or yellowish-green in colour. In winter they are covered with a down or bloom which rubs ofif. The leaf-scars are somewhat V-shaped and, as with all maples, are in pairs and opposite on the twig. Adjacent leaf-scars extend around the twig and almost meet. The winter buds are grey and downy, sometimes reddish. Only two pairs of scales are exposed. The leaves are compound, i.e., they have several (three to five or more) leaflets on a stem. This is the only native maple with compound leaves. The leaflets arc 2 to 4 in. long, oval in outline, and coarsely toothed. They are light green above and pale beneath. The fruit hangs in clusters from a stem 6 to 8 in. long and remains on the tree well into the winter. The wings are spread at a sharp angle. The seed portion, even when quite fresh, has a more or less withered and wrinkled appearance. The wood of the Manitoba maple has the lowest technical value of all the native commercial species. It is soft, weak, coarse-grained, and perishable. It is sawn into lumber locally for boxes and rough construction. The Basswoods THE BASSWOODS OR LINDENS 127 About twenty species of linden {Tilia) are found throughout the world. Six are native to North America, of which one occurs in Canada. They are much used for ornamental planting, particularly in Europe, and a number of European species have been introduced into this country for that purpose. The wood is soft, light, very tough, fine in texture, straight-grained, but perish- able. TILIA AMERICANA, Linn. BASSWOOD Common names: Basswood, American linden, lime tree, white- wood*. French names: Bois blanc*, tilleul d'Amerique. The basswood is found from the Atlantic coast westward to southern Manitoba, growing in rich, loamy soil in woods and pastures. It is commonly 60 to 70 ft. in height, but sometimes over 100 ft. high and 4 ft. in diameter. The trunk is erect and the narrow, oblong, or pyramidal head is composed of many small branches. The lower branches are sometimes drooping. The bark is dark grey, thick, tough, and deeply furrowed. The inner bark is very tough, fibrous, and mucilaginous. 128 Native Trees of Canada The twigs are slender and have a more or less zigzag growth. They are smooth, shiny, and either greenish or reddish in colour. The winter buds are dark red, sometimes green, smooth, pointed and lop- sided. These one-sided buds are one of the tree's best distinguishing points in winter. The leaves are very large, 5 to 6 in. long, heart-shaped in outline, and somewhat one-sided. The margin is irregularly toothed with fine and coarse points, and the veining in the back is conspicuous and with small tufts of brown hair at the junc- tion of the veins. The fruit is in the form of tiny, round and woody balls, which look like peas, and which are attached singly or in clusters, by means of a common stalk, to the centre of the midrib of a narrow, leaf -like bract. Basswood lumber is the most important of what might be called the "soft hardwoods" — ^broad-leaved trees with soft, light wood. Because of its toughness and lack of taste and odour it is used for slack cooperage and boxes. The ease with which it can be worked, and its quality of holding its shape after seasoning, fit this wood for the manufacture of furniture, interior finish, cabinet-work, and vehicle bodies. It is a favourite wood for panel work and veneer. It is character- ized by the variety of its uses. THE DOGWOODS There are about fifty species of dogwood (Cornus) and all are distributed throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, with the exception of one species in Peru. Most of them are shrubs or small trees and they are tm- important except for their high decorative value. A dozen or more species occur in Canada, but only four, since they sometimes attain tree size, need be mentioned here. They are the Cornus flortda, Cornus asperifolia, Cornus alternifolia and Cornus Nuttallii. The last mentioned is the only one of the four found on the Pacific coast. All of them except the C. alternifolia produce their leaves and twigs in pairs from opposites sides of the branches. The wood is hard, heavy, and strong, and suitable for small turnery, but the trees are too small to be of much commercial importance. CORNUS FLORIDA, Linn. FLOWERING DOGWOOD Common names: Flowering dogwood, red willow*, red osier*, boxwood*. French names: Cornouiller de la Floride, bois de fleche. The flowering dogwood is found in the Niagara district of Ontario, and west- ward to lake vSt. Clair. It is a small tree or shrub found growing in woodlands, often planted for or- namental purposes on account of its flowering habit. Its twigs and leaves are opposite, i.e., they come out in pairs from the opposite sides of the branqlr, as do those of the maples and ashes. The single pair of scales The Dogwoods 129 on the terminal bud of the twig and the presence of many large top-shaped flower buds will distinguish it from any of the. maples or ashes during the winter. The bark is dark brown and on large stems is broken into small, squarish plates. The twigs are slender, smooth, and bright red in colour. When chewed they are bitter. The leaves are 3 to 5 in. long, oval to almost round in outline, with smooth or slightly wavy margins. The ribs above are indented and whitish and curved to FLOWERING POGWOOP C f/or/c/a fcC^ ^ I /s~ follow the general outline of the leaf. The leaves are usually clustered at the ends of the twigs. The flowers are large, white, and very showy, making the plant a conspicuous object in the spring. The fruit which grows in clusters and ripens to a bright red colour in the autumn is oblong, fleshy, and berry-like, and contains a grooved stone. The wood is hard, compact, and dense. It is cut only for special uses depend- ing on the fact that it wears smooth under friction. Shuttles are made altogether of this wood and of persimmon. It is a substitute for Turkish boxwood for spindles, bobbins, mallets, and tool-handles. 22510—9 130 Native Trees of Canada CORNUS NUTTALLII, Aud. WESTERN DOGWOOD The western dogwood is found in the lower Fraser valley, and on Vancouver island in British Columbia. It is a small tree, commonly 20 to 25 ft. in height and 6 to 7 in. in diameter. In the spring the large, showy, petal-like scales of its flower clusters make it a conspicuous object. In general appearance it resembles the WESTERN POGNN0017 C. /7i///o//// flowering dogwood (Cornus florid-a) of the East, but is readily differentiated from it by the differences in range and by the shape of the flower scales, which in the case of the western species are pointed at the tip, while those of the other are indented at the end and are on the whole more heart-shaped. THE GUM TREES Five species of gum tree {Nyssa) are recognized. Four occur in the eastern portion of this continent and one in China. Only one, Nyssa sylvatica, extends sufficiently far north to come into Canada. The gum trees are fond of damp situa- tions and are usually found in swamps. They can be recognized by their oval leaves with their toothless margins and smooth, shiny surfaces, and by their characteristic fruit. The Gum Trees 131 NYSSA SYLVATICA, Marsh. BLACK GUM Common names: Black gum, sour gum, pepperidge, tupelo. French name: Nyssa sylvestre. The Canadian range of the black gum is limited to the southwestern part of Ontario, bordering on lakes Erie and St. Clair, where it is found growing in swamps and along the edges of streams. It is a large tree, averaging 60 ft. in height. In the forest the trunk is sym- metrical and clear for a considerable length. The crown on old trees is often flat- topped and frequently stag-headed, i.e., dead at the top. In the open the branch- ing is very irregular, the lower branches drooping more or less and the upper ones growing out horizontally. The bark is dark grey tinged with red, rough, deeply grooved, and broken by cross lines into many-sided plates. The twigs are slender, smooth, reddish-brown, numerous, and have a hori- zontal, spreading habit of growth. The small branches are frequently covered .BLACK GUM /V. <3y/i^oA/co with many, short, spur-like growths which are roughened by broad, crescent-like leaf-scars. The winter buds are about \i in. long, dark red, blunt-pointed, and usually pointed well away from the twig. 22510— 9i 132 Native Trees of Canada The leaves are 2 to 5 in. long, oval in outline, and leathery in texture. They are dark green and shiny above and often fuzzy beneath. The margin is smooth, not notched, and the stem is slender, sometimes short and stout, and very often red. The fruit is berry -like, blue-black in colour, and sour to the taste. It is about ^ in. in length and contains a more or less ridged stone. There are one to three of these fruits on a single stalk. The wood is very tough and difficult to split on account of its twisted grain. It is consequently used for wagon-hubs, rollers, turnery, cooperage, and veneer. It is seldom used commercially in Canada because of its comparative rarity. THE MADRONAS Twelve species of madrona {Arbutus) are known to exist either as small trees or as shrubs. Three occur as trees in the United States, but only one of them ex- tends north far enough to come into Canada. All of them have thin, smooth bark, bright red on twigs and branches ; and thick, leathery, evergreen leaves. They produce hard, heavy, close-grained wood that is difficult to season and work, but makes good charcoal and fuel. 7 he Madronas 133 ARBUTUS MENZIESII, Pursh. MADRONA Common names: Madrona, manzanita, arbutus. French name; Arbousier de Menzies. The madrona reaches the northern Uinit of its range in southern British Columbia where it is found on both sides of the straits of Georgia and on the islands therein, as far north as Bute inlet on the mainland. It is not a large tree, very often low and shrubby with crooked, bent trunk and branches. The bark is thin and reddish-brown, and, on young stems and branches, comes off in thin, smooth plates or flakes very much in the same manner as does that of the sycamore {Platanus occidefitalis) . The tree is readily distinguished by its shiny fohage which remains green all winter. It is the only broad-leaved tree native to Canada that is an evergreen. The leaves are 2 to 5 in. long, shiny above and whitish beneath, smooth, thick and leathery. The fruit is spherical, berry-like in appearance, bright red in colour, dry, and mealy and contains many small seeds. Great numbers of these fruits ripen in the autumn. Further south in its range this tree reaches commercial size and is sometimes sawn into lumber. The wood is dense, fine-grained, and very hard when seasoned. It is used for flooring and interior finish. THE ASHES There are about forty species of ash (Fraxinus) found throughout the world. Sixteen species occur in North America and of these four are found in Canada. Of the native species all are eastern trees, one extending as far west as lake Winni- peg. A fifth ash, a variety of one of the eastern species, is found throughout the prairie region. The winter buds, leaves, and twigs of all the ashes come out in pairs from op- posite sides of the branch. In this respect they resemble the maples and certain dogwoods, but the difference in fruit and leaves will readily distinguish them from these trees. The so-called mountain ash {Pyrus americana) is not a true ash and has not this opposite branching. The wood of the different ashes is noted for its toughness and elasticity, but great differences exist among the five native species. The more valuable species are used for vehicle stock, tool-handles and interior finish. FRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA, Michx. BLUE ASH Common name: Blue ash. French name: Frene anguleux. The blue ash is confined to southwestern Ontario in the counties bordering on lakes Erie and St. Clair, but is not very common even there. Under favourable 134 Native Trees cf Canada conditions it reaches a height of 60 to 70 ft. and over, but commonly is consider- ably less. In Canada its wood is not used commercially. The bark is light grey and broken into thin scales. When cut it exudes a resinous juice which turns bluish on exposure. The branchlets are rather heavy and more or less four-sided in cross-section. This enables it to be distinguished from the other ashes. The winter buds are reddish-brown and slightly hairy. The leaf, like that of all ashes, is compound, i.e., made up of several smaller leaflets. The leaflets have very short stems and the underside of their midrib is hairy. The margin of the leaflets is notched with many incurved teeth. The wing of the seed resembles very much that of the black ash. It is very wide, blunt, notched at the end, and practically surrounds the seed portion. FRAXINUS NIGRA, Marsh. BLACK ASH Common names: Black ash, swamp ash, water ash, brown ash (Maritime Provinces), hoop ash. French names: Frene noir, frene a feuilles de sureau. In Canada the black ash is distributed from the gulf of vSt. Lawrence to Mani- toba and is found growing in river bottoms and swamps. The Ashes 135 It is a tall, slender tree, from 60 to 70 ft. in height, with a narrow crown of upright branches. The diameter of the trunk is small for a tree of its height, and the taper is very slight. The bark is thinner than that of the white ash and not so deeply furrowed. It is soft and scaly, i.e., it crumbles somewhat when the surface is rubbed with the palm of the hand, and a distinct mark is left where the rubbing was done. That of the white ash is harder and the mark is not so apparent. The twigs are coarse, smooth, and, as with all other ashes, come out in pairs from the opposite sides of the branch. They are not pinched or flattened at the bud as are those of the white ash. The upper margin of the leaf-scars is somewhat raised or extended to partly cover the winter bud. The winter buds are very dark, almost black. They are narrower and more pointed than those of the white ash. The leaves, like those of all our ashes, are compound, i.e., they are formed of numerous smaller leaves. They are com- posed of from seven to eleven leaflets. The leaflets themselves, except the end one, are stemless and their margins only slightly toothed. The fruit is a winged seed from I to 1 J^ in. long. The seed is somewhat flat- tened in cross-section and almost entirely surrounded by the wing. The ends cf the wings are squarish and usually notched. 136 Native Trees of Canada The wood of the black ash is softer and weaker than that of the white ash and is usually employed for more decorative purposes. It has an attractixe grain and figure and can be stained to imitate more expensive woods. It is used in greatest quantities for interior finish, fixtures, and cabinet-work FRAXINUS AMERICANA, L. WHITE ASH Common names: White ash, American ash, ground ash (Mari- time Provinces). French names: Frene blanc, franc frene. In Canada the white ash is distributed from Nova Scotia to southwestern Ontario, and is found growing on rich, moist soils but not in wet situations. It is a large tree, commonly 50 to 60 h. in height and with a trunk diameter ot 2 to 3 ft., but when growing in a close stand sometimes reaches a height of 100 ft. WHITE ASH The trunk is tall and straight and, even when growing in the open, rises to a com- paratively good height before dividing. The bark is grey and thick and on the trunk deeply furrowed into narrow, flattened, interlacing ridges. The twigs are coarse and shiny, not downy as with the red ash. They come out in pairs from opposite sides of the larger twigs and branches (a feature common The Ashes 13T to all ashes and maples). Those of the white ash, however, stand out at a wider angle than most of our native ashes and this gives them a cross-shaped appearance. They are somewhat pinched or flattened at right angles to the bud. The upper margin of the leaf -scar nearly surrounds the bud. The winter buds are large, rusty-brown, and smooth. The leaves are com- pound, i.e., made up of several small leaflets. The leaf is 8 to 12 in. long and com- posed of seven or nine leaflets 3 to 5 in. long. The leaflets have stems while those of the black ash, with the exception of the end one, are practically stemless. They usually have a smoother margin than those of any of the other native eastern ashe s The fruit is a winged seed that grows in clusters. The seed portion of the fruit is round in cross-section. The wing is narrow, wedge-shaped, more or less pointed, and not notched at the end, as a rule. White ash wood is valued chiefly on account of its toughness and elasticity. It is used in the framework of light vehicles, cars, and agricultural implements and for long-handled tools. The wood is also used for barrels, boxes, and veneer baskets for foodstuffs, because of its additional quality of tastelessness and freedom from odour. It has a wide variety of uses depending on these technical qualities. FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA, Marsh. RED ASH Common names: Red ash, soft ash, river ash, rim ash. French names: Frene rouge, frene pubescent, frene de savanna. The red ash is found sparingly in Canada from southwestern Quebec throughout southern Ontario. It is also reported in Manitoba near lakes Winnipeg and Winni- pegosis and in the eastern portion of Saskatchewan., along the river bottoms. It is confined mostly to the banks of streams and margins of swamps but will grow in dry localities. It is a small tree, commonly 40 ft. high, which in general appearance resembles the white ash. The fissures of the bark, however, are somewhat finer. The inner bark has a reddish tinge. The twigs, which as a rule are downy, are one of its best distinguishing features. They are finer than those of the white or black ashes and heavier or coarser than those of the green ash. The sets of buds along the twigs occur more frequently than is the case with the white or black ashes. The winter buds are covered with red hair and are darker and smaller than those of the white ash. The leaf is composed of seven to nine leaflets and is 8 to 10 in. long The under- sides of the leaflets and their stems are hairy. Their margins are slightly toothed but often smooth below the middle. The fruit is a winged seed 1 to 2 in. long, shorter than that of the green ash. The seed-bearing portion is rounded in cross-section. The wing is usually pointed and not notched, and almost surrounds the seed. Red ash, when sawn into lumber, is usually used as a substitute for white ash. It is weaker, more brittle, and liable to discolorations and defects. 138 Native Trees of Canada I FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA, Marsh., 1 var. LANCEOLATA (Borkh.) Sarg. ' Common names: Green ash, white ash*. French name: Frene vert. GREEN ASH In Canada the green ash is distributed from the western portion of southern Quebec westward along the St. Lawrence river valley to Georgian bay, also from the west side of lake Superior throughout the southern portion of the three Prairie Provinces. It inhabits the banks of streams and bottom lands but is sometimes found growing on the uplands. It is a small tree, commonly 30 to 40 ft. in height and rarely going over 50 ft. It forms a low, rounded head with a short, clear trunk. GREEN ASH yor/eA^ /or?ceo/aAa It is a fairly rapid-growing tree and very hardy, and on this account is exten- sively used in the prairie towns and cities of Canada for street and ornamental planting. The green ash is considered to be a variety of the red ash. It differs from this tree mainly in the smoothness of its branches, leaves and stems. The winter buds, too, are very nearly hairless. The leaflets are somewhat narrower and shorter, and the fruit is often longer than that of the red ash. The wood of this tree is sometimes used as a substitute for white ash. t>pq cc »c •ft "^ o ts • in ^<: «: i! " a « .M It OJ i^ toU ,J3 Ki S !« .i 'V- -at; ^ > o .So, 5 o ^ o x.t; Has •T3 C C ^ o o ^.^ u^ o o o O u c c 1- 1-, — -^ P C C" jj' "* g-C! in ™ -_ •'•^ J^ c-" 2 "^ y c 15 o __. QJ CJ P ^ b. S * /, ^■^5 o a -M jj J- in ^ C^^ (U V m «.« S C 3 lU Q£5ae3 g^ 04iJ I- b« X tn n ^ &1n , c-;^ o ca _ ^ •— in u. 5^ oa ■£ O-^ 3 ^? ^ ft tljytn5ST3.& 5.^' w _ O in n 01 I'd cd o co'O w 3 ■ ij ti lu •" in O •as o t ^i.S"*^ u tj ^ ^- •- H 5 jjjS 1;?^ o^ 3" OJ^ .*^ *5- C.2 u fo£ ctt^ ^ Ceo o K-c C ■^^33 Q .a « _in jj '^ '•5*3 S <^ * 2 ij O "is Jrttn 3 4^ --is: V r' •'-•-^ 3- So?..co>"'^ •yaj ^i; in^j: <: in. long. 3- sided in cross-section. Cross-section shows two resin ducts near outside edge. 1 to lyz in. long. 4- sided in cross-section. Cross-section shows one resin duct in each of 2 corners. 1 to 2 in. long. 3- sided in cross-section. Cross-section shows no resin ducts. CONES Spherical, rarely more than % in. long. No bracts visible. Cones 1^ to 2 in. long. Pointed bracts project beyond the scale and bend back. Prom 1 to IX in. long. Pointed bracts project beyond the scales but as a rule not bent as much as those of the alpine larch. 140 CO o SITKA (P. sitchensis) Very thin. Large trees often have a swollen base. New twigs smooth and yellowish. Many slender hanging side branchlets. Stiff and thick, point sharp. Bristle out all around the twig. 2 to 4 in. long. Scales thin and papery but ends not so square as those of the Engel- mann. Hang down conspicu- ously from the branches. ENGELMANN (P. Engelmanni) Branchlets slightly hairy. Lower branches often drooping. Long for a spruce, point short and flat- tened. Crowded and curved to the upper side but soft to the touch. Strong odour when crushed. Bluish colour. 1 to 3 in. long. Scales thin and papery, ends squarish but often pointed and notched. BLACK (P. mariana) it 5 bo c-« Twigs slightly hairy and darker in colour than white spruce. Brown and duller in colour than those of red spruce. Blunter than those of the white spruce, blue- green and not shiny. 3^ to 1 in. long. Margin of the scales ragged. Scales stiff and will break if cone is pressed when dry. Not confined to the top of the tree. Remain for many years before dropping. RED (P. rM6m) d '.5 >> •a 03 s Twigs slightly hairy and tan-red in colour. Branches as a rule ex- tend out well at right angles. Blunter-pointed than . whitespruce, yellowish- green and very glossy. About the same size as those of the black but a little stouter. 1 to 2 in. long. Margin of the scales usually smooth, some- times slightly notched or wavy. The cones are confined for the most part to the top of the tree and usually fall the first year. They are stalked and harsh to the touch. WHITE (P. canadensis) Greyish-b r o w n and thin. Less scaly than that of either the red or black. Twigs smooth with yel- lowish-brown leaf -scars . Branching on the whole more regular than in either the red or black spruce. Sharp-pointed, blue- green and not shiny. Longer and more slend- er than those of either the black or red spruce. Crowded towards the upper side of the twigs. Strong odour when crushed. 3^ to 2 in. long. Scales comparatively soft and flexible. Scales narrow in pro- portion to their length. Margins smooth. Borne on short stems and usually fall the first year. < TWIGS and BRANCHES CO > < h4 CONES 141 BLACK HEMLOCK ( Tsuga Merlensiana) Dark reddish- brown, roughen- ed by hard . nar- ro w , r ounded ridges. Twigs similar to those of the east- ern hemlock but more slender and whiplike. Branches often have erect side twigs. Bud scales tip- ped with an awl- shaped projec- tion. Round in cross- section. Stand out all around the twig. B ll WEvSTERN HEMLOCK ( Tsuga heUrophylla) Fine brownish scales on young trees. Older trees are deeply furrowed and have wide, flat ridges. Twigs similar to those of the hem- lock of the East but more or less minutely hairy. Grooved and flat in cross-section. Stalked and two- ranked. Seldom over 1 in. long. Stalkless and hang down. Scales longer than broad. W 1 1 Reddish-b r o w n and roughened by shallow fur- rows and narrow, scaly, j o i n i n g ridges. Twigs slender and roughened by raised projections left after the leaves drop. H in. long, flat and blunt, dark green with pale lines beneath. Distinctly stalked and borne on small projections of the bark. Twisted to form two ranks. % in. long, stalk- ed and hang down from the ends of the twigs. DOUGLAS FIR (Pseudotsuga mucronata) Smooth and blis- tered when young but becomes deeply ridged with reddish scales. One of the heavi- est barked trees in Canada. Branches have more or less of a droop. Sharp-p o i n t e d, reddish-b r o w n and not covered with resin. % in. or more in length. Dark green, flat- tened, sharp- pointed and not distinctly stalked. Not so distinctly arranged in two ranks as those of the balsam fir. On dropping off they leave a cir- cular scar on a raised base. 2 to 4 H in- long. Bracts extending beyond the scales are conspicuous and three-pointed. They do not stand erect. Si < ^ Very thin, grey, smooth and un- broken. Marked with large white patches and blis- ters. J3 >> ti H 08 ja i Ik 1 }4 in. long as a rule. Side leaves stick up, F>oint forward, and are closely pressed together to form stiff er and more bristling branches than the other firs. Larger than those of the other firs, 4 to 5 in. long and 2 to 23^ in. thick. Stand erect. Smooth and brown with whit- ish patches and blisters on young trees. Old trees marked by narrow fissures and sharp, hard, horny ridges. 1^ 1! Ill IK to 2K in. long, shorter on cone-bearing twigs, otherwise like those of the balsam fir. Similar to those of the alpine fir. Green colour. Stand erect. ^1 Thin and smooth. Smooth parts light grey in col- our and blistered. Base marked with narrow cracks. Branches stubby and form a dense growth. Lower branches dead and hang down along the trunk. ill IH to 2>i in. long. Blunt and notch- ed like those of the balsam fir, except that they are usually crowd- ed towards the upper side of the twig. Bluish tinge. Similar to balsam fir. perhaps a little thicker, though, as a rule. Stand erect. BALSAM FIR {Abits balsamea) Greyish -brown and smooth, with raised blisters containing resin. Old trees rough- ened at the base. Twigs smooth and produced more or less reg- ularly in pairs from the opposite sides of the branch. Branches come off from trunk in whorls. 1 to IH in. long. Flat, not curved or stalked. Blunt, sometimes slightly notched. Usually arranged in two ranks like those of the hem- lock but on upf)er twigs often brist- ling. Circular flat scar left on the twig by the leaf. Dark green and shiny. 2 to 4 in. long. Stand erect on the branch. Scales usually shed before the cone drops. Purplish colour. PQ pq S pq S > < en Ui Z o u 142 c3 w l-H o o l-H CO H PIGNUT HICKORY (Carya glabra) Slightly shaggy on some trees. Somewhat like that of the white ash. 0 .9 1 i 4) :s If! II m ^ 1 Pear-shaped or round. Shell smooth. Kernel bitter or sweet. Has a leathery husk which stays on the nut after it has fallen from the tree. MOCKERNUT HICKORY {Carya alba) Close, wavy furrows and has a general appear- ance of having been sand-papered. SI 4).t: Egg-shaped and pointed The largest, of any of the hickory buds. No projecting outer scales as with shagbark. ■s 2 CI5J3 S Shell thick, .smooth and four-ridged. Kernel small but sweet. Thick husk which splits half-way to the base. BITTERNUT HICKORY {Carya cordiformis) ill ca a CIJ h aJ3 CO Oh ti u bou 41 ■ XL 3 Often broader than long. Shell thin and smooth. Kernel bitter. Husk thin and leathery. SHAGBARK HICKORY {Carya ovala) -a! So"' III Coarse. Pith solid. Smooth, sometimes slightly hairy. 'o* a . &2 ir. i&3 11 2S .,3 Shape varies. Shell smooth but has 4 distinct ridges. Kernel sweet. Husk splits into 4 sec- tions and falls off. ii Light grey with broad smooth-topped ridges which at a distance look like pale. interlaced stripes Somewhat downy and sticky. Leaf-scar is not notched at the top but has a fringe of down. Pith chambered, dark brown and somewhat five-sided in cross-sec- tion. Light brown and very dow^ny. End bud longer than broad. Small buds just over the leaf-scars have the roughened appearance of a pineapple. 9 to 17 leaflets on a stem. Both sides of the leaflet base usually rounded to the same extent. Nut elongated, shell rough. Husk sticky. < s PQ Rough with rounded ridges. Darker than the butter- nut. Smoother than butter- nut in winter and not sticky Leaf-scar is notched at the top but has no fringe of down. Pith chambered and light brown. >'bo.a » i a 15 to 23 leaflets on one stem. One side of leaflet base often more rounded than the other. 2 "t III ;?2w % pq C $ ■CO > Ma 143 P O o o H O u Q < < < o NARROWLEAF COTTONWOOD {P. anguslifolia) 8-8 IS jd u H in. long. Longer-pointed and less resinous as a rule than the lance- leaf Cottonwood. Narrower than the lanceleaf cotton- wood. Margin is also more finely toothed. The midrib is coars- er, the stem shorter, and the base rounder than with the lance- leaf Cottonwood. CELEAF ONWOOD cuminata) ed ii eenish-brown, four-angled -section, and ones much ed by leaf- IP 111 d narrow. s more drawn n with the 'af cotton- rib is slender, apered and htly notched LAN COTT (P. a (2 i Light gr slightly in cross older roughen scars. M in. loi curved 1 the nar tonwooc Long an The tip out tha narrowk wood. The mid Base t only slig LACK ONWOOD ichocarpa) =11 sng, reddish- and slightly ir the middle Very much like that of balsam poplar in outline but it is paler beneath, more lea- thery in texture, and has a rounder stem in cross-section. B COTT (P.tr s lis H in. 1< yellow, resinous Bent ne if 11 0 ^ u S 1-1 Yellowish and not downy. Slightly ridged down both sides from the bases of the leaf -scar. 1 Triangular in outline, base square, coarsely toothed. OS =si ■a| 1 II 1 ^ ? :S Resemble those the aspen but larger, fragrant, i more sticky. •c.- * -K t < ^ a Ii 11 S 0 S5 More egg-shape outline than e of the aspens. Finely toothed rounded base. Lower half of stem flattened ways. vSee black cotton LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN (P. grandidentala) i! II Si's C 0) Ii >> Dull and with grey down on margin of the scales Shorter and stand out from the twig more than those of the aspen. Not sticky. Larger, with coarser teeth and base squar- er than those of the aspen. Stems flattened side- ways. lO dark nder the )lour the and hat but thed sam htly ten- both §1 f£^ '=:! M 0 •sew M B-^ fU i Blotched wi brown patch the base branches. Lighter in than that large-toot he< See balsam 11 Il5 H in. long, si without dow Point s o m curved. Slightly Stic not fragrant. See large aspen and poplar. Finely tooth Base often heart-shaped Stems much ed sideways. Dark green sides. 3 2S > < c5 < s 144 u MOUNTAIN (B. fontinalis) The dark, red, shiny bark is one of the tree's chief distinguiih- ing points. It does not separate into layers. Smaller than either Alaska or mountain birch leaves. Circular in outline and coarsely toothed. % m II Brown, smooth and shiny. Can be separated into layers. Twigs minutely hairy at first, later become rough to touch. Buds narrow. Larger than the Alaska or mountain birches. Broadly oval in out- line with base some- what straight.. 9 S < W h4 H to 146 Si i > a « «> Lobes round, ed. K e s e ni b 1 e white oak but thicker and more leathery. Hairy be- neath. 5,1 ill, III! POST (Q, stellata) *■•-£: ' ■'^ 3 o H u-OiJ v cn.Si 3l£lilslilll 1=1 P illii fesi 1 lull --•a*' T3 J ^^ oS 0 2 "II lis 5'^ ^llllllHl •«o tn.ijsci •2««5£!3art.2 -^•o« g- *5 0 0. CHIN- QUAPIN Muehlenbergh) 14! lili! III 111- « w e« a « a, « b .■2= o'^^^t^^^^i^A SWAMP WHITE btcolor) >.TJ c J — cn c to Hcn-oU-Sf 0 :. S tn ai M s. =»-. *j sj i ts| ! ^i S « 0 4) a>. C4 1 ■a ofl J. M ^ « a« tn C g 0,0 CT3 1) •I=s3i^t^^sitf§^g|>^ WHITE alba) 5: en (U jT c-o tn 5 •ao-Q . > S c -5 3 oi>.a)Oiu .^a 1 -JK' if liiliillilli §4 " t si fit* «< en 11 c« ^1 1|1 till cnSSS -■M J.-W CMS 0 L| « =* « e« iiiil JsiiUlii ^E&»i-Ss3^§SSS2 -»)^OcE-<«5«-tsJrt«>. s4 41: MS 1 f E^-^! ii 14 3-a :> .""el . fl 3 M C M- 0 Cl^ M C c« mil JitlL-iIri °i till 11 l.-°. •IsSKI its .Ills OS Cfl u 03 Wco tn W > 3 0. 147 22510— lOi c U pq * as— . O > ■S 2 5 § oil to o w ^ •- •:2 •a > o-c ex E^OOQ u o rt O . - tf) ^^ ^ 9 O rt > b o C a rt o y O -M S "J o ^ 3 > O 0) u; y 3 o 7; h4 oPj;-(« 2 i W c^ be o-rt: ^5 =^ . Qv t« :: (/3 •^ C CJ 3 -a bO a u CJ -a '^ '^ • ^ B2 ti to . o ^ u (u 3 a) > be CO bo OJ (U V] « be !_. -i toH4^ -3^ "is •4-1 e ° § '^ &^ 2 bO J3 bpc g ° J- . o. o , TO W % Xi w 0 d) OJ j:x o c ? ? ^ VI CO ?5 £i <3 25.2 ^^ *^ CO I" •35 >, 8 >>^ C/5O o d «-* ^ S S a bo o •r <" l: "I ° o rt a 03*2 »-i en d d 43 . bo OX) d . rt • '3 bO ■^ Q d bO .9-d ^ c o w O be O d d 148 00 1-1 p. w o Smooth on young trunks, on older trees spUts and curls exposing scaly bark. Second year twigs send out short, spiny spurs which be- come leafy. a •s-§| ill A plum 1 to 1 K in- long with a thick, tough, orange - red skin. WESTERN CHOKE CHERRY (P. demissa) Smooth but irregu- larly roughened by scales. .9 a & 2 XI +j '•' i-J y .s Larger than those of the bitter cherry. Teeth miqute and sharp. Thick and leathery. I^arger than bitter cherry. Borne in clusters. Shiny black. Astringent. > gi •a 53 3 .9.S •a . a 3 3 X H ^ wiH2 Size of a pea. In clusters oi singly. Dark red when ripe. Extremely bitter. SI gi 51 at Smooth and bright green beneath the surface. Lenticels rusty -col- oured and not elong- ated as those of the black cherry. .S ^ Blunt and very small, and clustered at the end of the twig. Narrow, somewhat like peach leaves. Taper more than those of the black cherry. Shiny green. Size of a pea. Each cherry on a long stem like those of the garden cherry. Red and sour. >< O (^ Smooth and shows bright green when peeled. No powdery, rusty- coloured lenticels as on the bird cherry li S 0 S III Sharp-pointed and somewhat turned away from the twig. Scales have a pale margin. It p. Size of a pea. Borne in clusters. Dark red to black when ripe. Characteristic dry flavour. BLACK CHERRY (P. serotina) Smooth on young trees, old trunks are scaly. Distinguished from choke cherry by its whitish, elongated slits or lenticels. Bitter. Stouter than those of the choke cherry as a rule. 3S^ S5-^ 111 a cs-a On young trees they are very much like those of the choke cherry, on older trees they are considerably longer and thicker. ^9. Pi < CO 0 gs > < B 149 si ill E|" Twigs slightly angled in cross< section. SSI 3 to 5 lobes, the lower two some- times separated from the middle one. Leaf stem red. Red but less spreading than the vine maple. Wings about K in. long. VINE (A. ctrctnatum) 1-i 15 Is 7 to 9 sharp- toothed lobes. Circular in general outline. Thin, red, and wide -spreading wings. Wings about l}4in. long. BROAD- LEAVED (A. macrophyllum) eg I. £1.52 Green or dark red and covered with pale dots. Five-lobed. Notches deep, narrow and rounded. .Margin tooth- less. 7 to 14 in. wide, with very long stems. II H 2| Furrows deep. Ridges irregu- lar and flat-top- ped. Coarse. Reddish -purple to yellowish- green. Covered with bloom. Leaf -scars on opposite sides extend around the twig and al- most meet. Grey and downy. Two pairs of scales visible. 3 to 5 or 7 oval coarsely -tooth- ed leaflets on one stem. Seeds join to form an acute angle. Hang in clusters on the trees well into the winter. BLACK {A. saccharum var. nigrum) II J; 0 . K 0 tt q£E Like those of the sugar maple except that they have a some- what wilted ap- pearance owing to the margins being more or less curled. Lower lobes of- ten not so prominent a s in sugar maple. 1 STRIPED {A. pennsylvamcum) Smooth, with green stripes and vertical white cracks. No bloom on twigs. Often striped. Distinct ridges above the leaf- scars. Stalked, blunt, rose-coloured and somewhat four- sided in cross- section. Th ree-lobed; somewhat like a gooses foot in out- Finely toothed larger than those of mountain maple. Pit-like depres- sion on one side of the seed but wings wider spread than those of the mountain maple. MOUN- TAIN {A. spicatum) Thin and can be stripped off. Not marked like that of striped maple. It £ II i. « o c Stalked, point- ed, somewhat downy, and red to green in colour. Three shallow lobes as a rule. Coarsely tooth- ed. Thin and pap- ery in texture. See striped maple. Pit-like depres- sion on one side of the seed. See striped maple. SILVER saccharinum) Peels In long vertical flakes which curl at either end and remain attach- ed at the middle. When freshly out twigs have adistinct odour. Branches s wee p down and curve up at the end. Like those of red maple but more shiny. Usually more buds in a cluster than with red maple. Five-lobed. Notches be- tween the lobes sharper round- ed but deeper and narrower than the red maple. Seeds large with wide spreading wings. Larger than those of red maple. Develops from a bud at the side of the twig. Peels In long flakes, but does not curl as a rule. Twigs verj-red. dotted with brown. Cur%-ing of the branches not so marked as in silver maple. Blunt-pointed and red. See silver maple. Five lobes, but the two at the base not promi- nent. Notches be- tween the lobes sharp. See silver maple. Bright red in colour. Develops from a bud at the side of the twig. CO n Very rough, on large trees it has a ploughed appearance. See black II! If} Sharp - pointed. narrow and brown. Larger number of scales than those of other maples. See black maple. Five-lobed. Notches be- tween the lobes rounded. Margin not fine- ly toothed as with other maples of East- em Canada. See black maple. Wings spread at something less than a right angle. Develops from a bud at the end of the twig. BARK to O t pa LEAVES 5 l.SO W X < Grey and soft scaly, i.e. it crumbles somewhat when the surface is rubbed with the palm of the hand. Smooth and coarse. The upper margin of the leaf-scar raised to partly cover the bud. u G Leaflets narrower and shorter than those of the red ash. Smooth beneath. Short stems. More yellowish than those of white. Very much like that of red ash except that it is often slightly longer and sometimes broader TVJ ^ Bark fissured. Ridges form diamond- shaped hollows. Usually darker than that of green ash. Smooth and coarse. Upper margin of the leaf-scar more nearly surrounds the bud than in the case of the red ash. -d § (U bO u d 1 If i5 i Margin of leaflets usual- ly smooth. Stalked, not hairy be- neath. Darker green than those of green ash. Wings narrow and wedge-shaped, attach- ed to the end of the seed and not notched as a rule. Seed body round in cross-section. < pq > 151 Pine Cones and Leaves 1 White pine (Pinus Strobus). 2 Red pine {Pinus resinosa). 3 Lodgepole pine (Pinus Murrayana). 4 Pitch pine {Pinus rigida). 5 Jack pine (Pinus Banksiana). 6 Western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa). 7 Limber pine (J*inus JUxilis). 8. Western white pine (Pinus monticola). 9, White-barked pine (Pinus albicaulis). 152 Oy tr^ ^ \ 153 154 z 1 V.'hite spruce {Picea canadensis). 2. Black spruce {Picea martana). Spruce Cones 5. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). 3. Red spruce {Picea rubra). 4. Engelmann spruce (Picea Engelmanni). /. Hemlock Cones 1. Hemlock (Tsuga'canadensis). 2. W estem hemlock (Tsuga keterophylla). 3. Black hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) 155 1 Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Hemlock Leaves and Twigs 1 ni I- u 1 . /^ .,2 Western hemlock (7 .SMga /re/CT-oMyWa). 3 Black hemlock {Tsuga Mertensiana) . 156 1 Balsam fir {Abies balsamea). 3 Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga mucronata). Fir Cones 157 2. Amabilis fir (Abies amabilis). E ^ (u 2 ° i Cedar and^Yew Leaves and Twigs 1 Western yevf'_iTaxusJfrfvifolia) 3 Cedar {Thuja occidentalis). 159 2 Western cedar {Thuja plicala). Juniper and Yellow Cypress Leaves and Twigs 1 YeUow cyprew (Chamaecyparis nootkaftnsis). 2 Common juniper Uunipcrus communis). 3 and 4 Red juniper (Juniper us virginiana). 160 Walnut and Hickory Twigs 1 Black walnut {Juglans nigra). 2 Butternut (Juglans cinerea). 3 Shagbark hickory (jCarya ovala). 4 Bittemut hickory {Carya cordiformis) . 5 Mockemut hickory {Carya alba). 6 Pignut hickory {Carya glabra). 161 22510—11 Black Walnut Black walnut (Juglans nigra) leaf and fruit 162 22510— llj Butternut Butternut (Juglans cinerea) leaf and fruit 163 164 I X 165 166 ^ 167 / J s 7 6 Birch Leaves and Twigs Leaves. 1 Paper birch (B^/uZa a/6a var. ^a^yri/tra). 2 White birch (BrtuZa />opu/tyo/»a). 3 Sweet birch (Bc/m/o Unta). 4 Wefltem birch (BetitUi occidenlalis). 5 Alaslca birch {Betula alaskana). 6 Mountain birch {Betula fontinalis) . 7 Yellow birch (Betula lutea). Twigs. 1 and 2 Paper birch (Betula alba var, Papyrifera). 3 and 4 Sweet birch (Betula lenta). 5 White birch {Betula populifolia). 6 Western birch (Betula occidentalis). 7 and 8 Yellow birch (Betula lutea). 168 Alder and Witch Hazel Leaves 1. Red alder (Alnus oregona). 4 Speckled alder {Alnus incana). 3 Mountain alder {Alnus tenuifolia) 169 2. Sitka alder {Alnus sitchensis). 5 Witch hazel (JHamatnelis virginiana) 1 Chestnut {Caslanea dentcla 4. Ironwood {Ostrya virginiana). Miscellaneous Leaves and Fruit 3 Service-berry ( A melanchier canadensis). 2 Beech (Fagus grandi folia). 5 Blue beech (Carpinus caroliniana). 170 r Miscellaneous Twigs Chestnut (Ca^toMecieniaic). 2 Beech (Fa|M5 grandt/oWa) . 3 Service-berry (A weZancAtcr ca«adeM5«). 4 Ironwood (Ostrya virginiana). 5 Blue beech (Carpinus caroliniana). 6 Black ash {Fraxinus nigra). 7 White ash (JFraxinus americana). 8 Red ash {Fraxinus pennsylvanica), 9 Blue ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata). 171 S2b a o" Si ^ t I •^ M ^ V5 vi 172 173 Acorns 1 Black oak (Qurrcus velutina). 2 Red oak {Quercus rubra). 3 Scarlet oak {Quercus coccinea). 4. Pin oak (Quercus palustris). 5 White oak. {Quercus alba). 6. Bur oak {Quercus macrocurpa). 7 Swamp white oak {Quercus btcolor). 8 Ctiinquapin oak {Quercus Muehlenbergii). 9 Chestnut oak {Quercus ptinus). 10 Post oak {Quercus stellate). 11 Garry oak {Quercus Carryana). 174 / ^ J ^ JT Elm and Hackberry Leaves, Fruit, and Twigs Leaves. 1 Hackherry (Cellisoccidentalis). 2 Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa) . 3 Red elm (Ultnusfulva). 4 White elm (JJlmus americana). Fruit. 1 'White elm (JJlmus americana) . 2 Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa). 3 Red gum (Ulmus fulva). Twigs, 1 Hackberry (Celiis occidentalis) . 2 and 3 White elm {Ulmus americana). 4 and 5 Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa). 6 Red elm {Ulmus fulva). 175 17) ^1 177 22510—12 178 0) "3 o § 6 ^ u o If) a a 179 22510— 12i Black Gum Black gum {Nyaaa Sylvatica) leaf and fruit. Hawthorn Hawthorn {Cratatgut) leaves and fruit. 180 3 Bird cherry {Prunus 6 Bitter cherry {Prunus Cherry and Plum Leaves and Twigs Leaves. 1 Choke cherry {Prunus virginiana). 2 Black cherry (Prunus serotina). ■pennsylvanica). 4 Canada plum (Pr«nM5mgrc). 5 Western choke cherry (Pr units d««»«o), emarginata). Twigs. 1 Black cherry {Prunus serotina). 2 Bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata). 3 Choke cherry (Prunus virginiana). 4 Canada plum (Prunus nigra). 5 and 6 Bird cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica). 7 Western choke cherry (Prunus demissa). 181 Coffeetree Kentucky coffeetree {Gymnocladus dioica) portion of leaf and fruit 182 183 1 Silver maple (Acer saccharinutn). 3 Striped maple {.Acer pennsylvanicum). Maple Leaves and Fruit 2 Sugar maple (Acer saccharum). 4 Red maple (Acer rubrum). 5 Mountain maple (Acer spicalum). 184 Maple Leaves and Fruit 6 Manitoba maple (Acer Negundo). 8 Dwarf maple {Acer Douglasii). 7 Vine maple (Acer circinatum). 9 Broad-leaved maple (Acer tnacrophyllum) . 185 ••i Maple Twigs Sugar maple (Acer saccharum). 2 Red maple (Acer rubrum). 3 S//ver maple (Acer sacckarinum) . ' 4 Manitoba maLi>\e(Acer Negundo). 5. Mountain maple (/ rspicatum). 6 Dwarf maple Mcer DoMgic5»i). Vine maple. (i4c«'.«>««o/um). 8 Striped maple (/leer /»« ylvanicum). 9 Broad -leaved maple (A c«- mocro^M''*'» 186 Dogwood Flowers and Leaf li^Flovvering dogwood (Cornus flotida) leaves. 2 Flowering dogwood flower. •^ ** ^ 3 Western flowering dogwood {Cornus NuUalltt) flower). 187 2^ ^1 ^1 o ^ M m i 188 Miscellaneous Twigs 1 Redbud {Ceris canadensis). 2 Sassafras (Sassafras variifolium) . 3 Mulberry {Morus rubra). 4 Sycamore {Platanus occidentalis) . 5 Basswood {Tilia americana). 6 Willow iSalix). 189 Miscellaneous Twigs 7 Motmtain ash {Pyrus americana). 8 Cofifcetree {Gymnocladus dioica). 9 Tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera). 10 Magnolia {Magnolia acuminata), 11 Black gum {Nyssa sylvalica). 12 Sumach {Rhus lyphina). 13 Witch hazel {.Hamamelis virginiana): twig and flower. 14 Alder (Alnus), 190 Ash Leaves 1 White ash {Fraxinus americana) leaf and fruit. 191 <3 CO t) I" 192 193 22510—13 i <« Photo. 8601. R. B. Morton. White Pine (Pinus Strohus) Photo. 331. E.Stewart. Western white pine (Pinus monticola) Photo. 5587. R. B. Morion, Pitch pine {Pinus rigida) 22510—14 Photo. 2775. H. C. Walli Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) 195 I « M § Photo. 8602. B. R. Morton. Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Photo. 485. R. D. Craig, Western hemlock {Tsuga heterophylla) Photo. 8774. B. R. Morton. Large-toothed aspen (Populus grandi- dentala) 22510— 14J Photo. 8608. B. R. Morton. Cottonwood {Populus deltnidcs) 197 rholo. 8613. B. R. Morion. Shagbark hickory {Carya ovata) Photo. 8572. B. R. Morion. Bitternut hickory {Carya cordiformis) I'hni,,. X7.S3. /{, K. Morion, Butternut {Juglans cinerea) i'llolo. */4i4. />. /v. Morion. ^•.■lI..u l.inh {Betula lutea) 198 Photo. 8574. B. R. Morton. Ironwood {Ostrya virginiana) Photo. 10039. B. R. Morton. Kentucky cofeetree {Gymnodadus dioica) m ^^r^ # ^ M 1 ■" ■ ;^*^J "1 ^<^FriT f ~w s l ..^ ^w™| \ 1 m V, .. I Pnoio. ^()il. y>. j'<. Morion. Flowering dogwood {Cornus florida) Photo. 8578. B. R. Morton. Black gum (Nyssa sylvatica) 199 Phntu. 8597. B. R. Morlo^i. White oak {Quercus alba) rhoto. 8758. B. R. Morton. Red oak {Quercus rubra) I'hulo. 8756. B. R. Morton. Bur oak (Quercus macrorarpa) I'hoto. .S7.S(). ;;. K. Morton. Beech {Fagus grandiflolia) 200 Fhoto. 93,SJ. B. R. Morton. White elm {Ulmns americana) Photo. 10065. B. R. Morton. Sycamore {Platanus occidentalis) Photo. 8587. B. R. Morton. Black cherry {Prunus serotina) Photo. 6061. B. R. Morton. Hackberry {Celtis occidentalis) 201 I'ii.Ao. 10568. Zi. /?. Morion. Sugar maple {Acer sacchariim) Ph.n Silver maple {Acer sacchariniim) Photo. 8288. B. R. Morton. Manitoba maple {Acer Negundo) Photo. 8748. B. R. Morion. Basswood {Tilia americana) 202 ■| H[f| 1' fll 1^ « ^^J. ^ • 'll ili|i li '^^H ! Photo. 8588. 5. i?. Mor/ow Black ash {Fraxinus nigra) Photo. 8292. B. R. Morton. Red ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) Pholo. \K)>()6. Ji. K. Morion. Green ash {Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata) 203 204 } % * ft m'%. ' ^Jfi-j lit ^ C'^irfitt: ^fW^ 205 '^^ff' «\5'.' , -ii ''M| PI mm i« ^V^\T.> ^^K^ft. jB . ^^^^^^BH^9w\?«S^n^^^^l PI ^ ■ ^^^^^^9r "^ xf' ^ ^ 11^ Wi >i»>:f . «. J '^!«! vi^l h ^.i*bw''/ >/^" ppT-. 206 207 208 O CO 00 to • e 209 '"^31 (^Jyj^^^^^^^l ^M .%« J. , ) •,^'.itikfl^^^^^^^^^H|r "^^^ ■f?v V H v '.£^^^^1 '^^^^^^^l 210 211 22510—15 212 1 K^ ^y-^ ^^H^^^^^% 213 22510—151 ^ wri "^m „^?* * .- II 1 -jg *^ ^ g ^imBBiOM«L3b ■ I ^J 1 ^P I^^B ^-^y^ Mm HHitei^L^ ^i Photo. Geological Survey, Canada. Beech {Fagus grandifolia) Photo. 11003. R. H. Campbell. Butternut {Juglans cinerea) 217 \ ^1 ^H .'^'^^H H H "^^^\ r\ 'V-''«^l ^^^1 •-wvM^ \r>^P iV i^ '/^T^aLi^'J'" f^- #■ IMM^^^^^^I '^^^^f-1^'"- ^~*.T-^ ,^^| ~^^^^ \ ^^ ^^mL ^H X . . ! ■"■p^ "*i^K ^■■1 'h jiijMiii ||M HhDH^^^^^^H 4 mH^I Bl ^^^^^^^^^^H 4 H I ^^^H 1 1 /I 1 . ^^^^^^^^I^Hb a. s 223 224 225 Pholo. 11006. R. II. Campbell. Sumach {Rhus typhina) <^'r^ >.-'^^. .m0^'^<:m!^^^m^'> "^^ '- ;^^'':^%a^\M,tijx^ ^"m^ Photo. \W7<). R. II. Campbell. Juniper {Jiiniperus communis) 226 INDEX ^^7 Names adopted as standard are printed in ordinary type. Synonyms, which for one reason or another are not recognized as standard names, are printed in italic, as Hor?ibeam. Page numbers lower than 139 refer to text descriptions of the trees; numbers higher than 138 refer to tables and illustrations. Page Alders, The 73 Alder, Hoary 74 Alder, Mountain 75, 169 Alder, Oregon 74 Alder. Red 74, 169, 190, 215 Alder. Sitka 74, 169 Alder. Speckled 74, 169 Alder, Western 74 Arbor-vitae '. 46 Arbor-vitae Giant 47 Arbutus 133 Ashes, The. 133 Ash, American 136 Ash, Black 134, 151. 171, 192, 203, 225 Ash, Blue 133, 151, 171, 193 Ash, Brown 134 Ash, Green 138, 151, 193, 203 Ash. Ground 136 Ash, Hoop ;. 134 Ash, Mountain 105, 179, 190 Ash, Red 137, 151, 171, 192, 203 Ash, Rim 137 Ash, River 137 Ash, Soft 137 Ash, Swamp 134 Ash, Water 134 Ash, Western mountain 107 Ash, White 136, 151, 171, 191, 203, 225 Ash, White 138 Asp, Quaking 62 Aspen 62, 144, 166, 167 Aspen, Big-toothed 63 Aspen, Large-toothed.. ..63, 144, 166, 167, 197 Aspen, Trembling 62 Balm (See Poplar) 64 Balm of G Head (See Poplar) 64 Balsam (See Fir, Balsam, and Poplar, Balsam) 40, 64 Banana, False 101 Basswoods, The 127, 188, 189, 202, 221 Beeches, The 78 Beech 78, 146, 170. 171,200, 217 Beech, American 78 Beech. Blue 76. 146, 170. 171 Beech, Red 78 Beech, Water 76 Birches, The 68 Birch, Alaska 73, 145, 168 Birch, Black 70, 71, 72 Birch, British Columbia 70 Birch, Canoe 69 Birch, Cherry 72 Birch, Curly 71 Birch, Gold 71 Birch, Grey 68 Birch, Hard 71 Birch, Mountain 73, 145, 168 22510—1© Page Birch. Paper 69. 145. 168, 196, 216 Birch, Poplar-leaved 68 Birch, Red 71. 72 Birch, Silver 69 Birch. Sweet 72.145. 168 Birch, Tall 71 Birch, Western 70, 145. 168 Birch. White 68,145, 168 Birch, White 69 Birch, Wire 68 Birch, Yellow 71. 145, 168, 198 Blue Beeches. The 76 Box, Elder 125 Boxwood 128 Butternut 55, 143, 101, 163, 198. 217 Buttonball 104 Buttonwood 104 Cedars, The 45 Cedar 46, 159, 196, 211 Cedar, Alaska 49 Cedar, British Columbia red 47 Cedar, British Columbia 47 Cedar, Eastern 46 Cedar, Giant 47 Cedar, Northern whits 46 Cedar, Pencil 50 Cedar, Red 47, 50 Cedar. Western 47, 159, 196 Cedar, Western red 47 Cedar, White 46 Cedar, Yellow 49 Cherries. The 109 Cherry. Bird 110. 149, 181 Cherry. Bitter 109.149. 181 Cherry, Black 112, 149, 181, 201 Cherry, Choke 111. 149, 181 Cherry, Pigeon 110 Cherry, Pin ; 110 Cherry, Rum 112 Cherry, Western choke 112, 149. 181 Cherry, Wild 109. Ill Cherry, Wild black 112 Cherry, Wild red 110 Chestnuts, The 79 Chestnut 79. 146, 170, 171 Chestnut, Sweet. 79 Coffee bean 114 Coffeetrees, The... 114 Coffeetree, Kentucky.. 114, 182, 190, 199. 222 Cottonwood 66. 144. 166, 167. 197, 214 Cottonwood, Balm. 67 Cottonwood. Balsam 67 Cottonwood, Black G7, 144, 166, 167, 215 Cottonwood, Common 66 Cottonwood, Eastern 66 Cottonwood, Lanceleaf G5, 144, 166, 167 Cottonwood, Narrowleaf 66, 144, 166, 167 228 index Page Cottonwood, Western halm 67 Cucumber Tree 98 Custard Apple 101 Cypress 19. 22 Cypresses, The Western 48 Cypress, Alaska 49 Cypress, Nootka 49 Cypress, Yellow 49, 160 Dogwoods, The 128, 187. 199 Dogwood, Flowering 128 Dogwood. Western 130 Douglas Fir 38 Elms, The 92 Elm, American 94 Elm, Bastard (See Hackberry) 97 Elm, Budded 93 Elm, Cork 95 Elm, Cork-barked 95 Elm, Hickory 95 Elm, Red 93,148. 175 Elm, Rock 95, 148, 175. 220 Elm, Rock 94 Elm, Slippery 93 Elm. Slippery-barked 93 FJm, Soft 93 Elm, Swamp 94 Elm, Water 94 Elm, White 94, 148, 175, 201, 220 Elm, White 95 Firs. The 40 Fir, Alpine 41, 142, 158. 210 Fir, Alpine 44 Fir, Amabilis 44, 142, 157, 158 Fir, Balsam 40, 142, 157, 158 210 Fir, British Columbia 38 Fir, Canadian 40 Fir, Caribou 41 Fir, Douglas 38, 142, 157, 158, 196, 207 Fir, Lowland 43, 142 Fir, Mountain 41 Fir, Red 38, 44 Fir, Silver 43 Fir, Western balsam 41 Fir, White 40. 41. 43 Fir, Yellow 38 Gum trees. The 130 Gum, Black 131, 180, 190, 199. 212 Gum, Sour 131 Hackberries, The 96, 148, 175, 201, 214 Hackmatack 24 Hawthorns, The 108. 180 Hazel, Snaptnng :.. 103 Hazel, Witch 103 Hemlocks, The 34 Hemlock 35, 142, 155, 156, 197, 209 Hemlock, Black ......37, 142, 155, 156 Hemlock, British Columbia 36 Hemlock, Canadian 35 Hemlock, Eastern 35 Hemlock, False 38 Hemlock, Ground (See Yew) 62 Hemlock, Mountain 37 Hemlock, Spruce 35 Hemlock, White 35 Hemlock, Westem.36. 142. 155, 156. 197, 198 Hickories, The . 66 Page Hickory. Black 60 Hickory, Bigbud 59 Hickory, Brown 60 Hickory, Bitternut.56, 143, 161, 164. 198. 213 Hickory, Little pi (^nut 61 Hickory, Mockernut 59, 143. 161, 165 Hickory, Pignut 60, 143. 161, 165 Hickory, Shagbark.58. 143. 161, 164, 198. 213 Hickory, Shellbark 58 Hickory, Swamp 56 Hickory, Whiteheart 59 Hornbeam 75, 76 Hornbeam, Hop 75. 76 Ironwoods, The 75 Ironwood 75, 146, 170, 171, 199, 216 Ironwood, Rough-barked 75 Ironwood, Smooth-barked 70 Jasmine 101 Judas tree... 114 Juneberry 107 Junipers, The 50 Juniper 19, 24 Juniper, Common 50, 160, 226 Juniper, Dwarf 50 Juniper, Pencil 50 Juniper, Red 50, 160, 211 Juniper, Rocky Mountain 52 Lancewood 107 Larches, The 24 Larch 43, 44 Larch, Alpine 27, 140, 153 Larch, American 24 Larch, Black 24 Larch, Lyall's 27 Larch, Mountain 27 Larch, Western 26, 140, 153 Lime tree 127 Lindens, The... 127 Linden, American 127 Madronas, The 132 Madrona 133. 188 Magnolias, The 98, 177. 190 Magnolia, Pointed-leaved 98 Manzanita 133 Maples, The 116 Maple, Ash-leaved 126 Maple, Big-leaved 119 Maple, British Columbia 119 Maple, Broad-leaved 119, 150. 185, 186 Maple, Broad-fruited 123 Maple, Dwarf 121, 150, 185, 186 Maple, Dwarf. 117 Maple, Hard 121 Maple, Manitoba 125, 150, 185,202, 224 Maple, Moose 118 Maple, Mountain 117, 150, 184, 186 Maple, Mountain 120 Maple, Oregon 119 Maple, Red 124, 150, 184, 186 Maple, Red 121 Maple, River 123 Maple, Rock 121 Maple, Scarlet 124 Maple, Silver 123, 150, 184, 186. 202, 223 Maple, Soft 123, 124 Maple, Striped 118, 150. 184. 186 Index 229 Page Maple, Sugar 121, 150, 184, 186,202, 224 Maple, Swamp 123, 124 Maple, Vine 120, 150, 185, 186 Maple, Water 123, 124 Maple, White 123 Moosewood 118 Mountain ash 106 Mulberries, The 97, 176, 189 Mulberry, Black 98 Mulberry, Red 98 Oaks, The 80 Oak, Black 88. 147, 172, 173, 174 Oak, Black 89, 91 Oak, Blue 84, 85 Oak, British Columbia 83 Oak, Bur 85, 147, 172, 173, 174, 200, 219 Oak, Chestnut 87, 147, 172, 173, 174 Oak, Chinquapin 87, 147, 172, 173, 174 Oak, Dwarf chinquapin 81 Oak, Garry 83. 147, 172, 173, 174 Oak, Mossy 85 Oak, Mossycup 85 Oak, Oregon 83 Oak, Overcup 85 Oak, Pacific post 83 Oak, Pacific white 83 Oak, Pin 91, 147, 172, 173, 174 Oak, Post 84, 147, 172, 173, 174 Oak, Red 89, 147, 172, 173, 174, 200, 218 Oak, Red 88, 91 Oak, Rock 87 Oak, Scarlet 91. 147. 172, 173, 174 Oak, Scrub 85 Oak, Stave 81 Oak, Swamp 91 Oak, Swamp white, 84, 147, 172, 173, 174, 219 Oak, Water 91 Oak, White 81, 147, 172, 173, 174, 200, 218 Oak, Yellow 87, 88 Oak, Yellow-barked 88 Osier, Red 128 Papaw 101, 178 Pear, Wild 107 Pepperidge 131 Pines, The 13 Pine 30 Pine, Alaska 36 Pine, Banksian 19 Pine, Black 22 Pine, British Columbia soft 21 Pine, Bull..... 21 Pine, Canadian red 18 Pine, Cork 13 Pine, Douglas 38 Pine, Eastern white 13 Pine, Grey 19 Pine, Jack 19, 139, 152, 205 Pine, Jack 20. 21 Pine, Limber 16, 139, 152, 206 Pine, Lodgepole 22,139,152, 204 Pine, Mountain Weymouth 15 Pine, Norway 18 Pine, Oregon 38 Pine, Pattern 13 Pine, Pitch 20, 139, 152, 195, 206 Pine, Princess 19 Page Pine, Pumpkin 13 Pine, Quebec 13 Pine, Red 18, 139, 152 Pine, Rigid 20 Pine, Rocky Mountain 16 Pine, Sapling 13 Pine, Scrub 17, 19, 20, 22 Pine, Shore 22 Pine, Silver 15, 40 Pine, Western jack 22 Pine. Western white 15, 139, 152, 195 Pine, Western yellow.... 21, 139, 152, 196, 207 Pine, Weymouth 13 Pine, White 13, 139, 152, 195, 204 Pine, White 15, 22 Pine, White-barked 17, 139, 152 Pine, White-stemmed 17 Pine, Yellow 13, 21 Plane tree 104 Plums, The 109 Plum, Canada 109, 149, 181 Plum, Horse 109 Plum, Red 109 Plum, Wild 109 Poplars, The 61 Poplar, Asp 62 Poplar, Aspen 62 Poplar, Balm 64 Poplar, Balm of Gilead 64 Poplar, Balsam 64, 144, 166, 167 Poplar, Big-toothed 63 Poplar, Black 64 Poplar, Large-toothed aspen 63 Poplar, Rough-barked 64 Poplar, Smooth-barked 62 Poplar, Trembling aspen 62 Poplar, White 62 Poplar, Yellow 99 Popple 62 Redbuds, The 114, 183, 189 Rowans, The 105 Rowan berry 106 Rowan tree 106 Sarsaparilla 102 Saskatoon 108 Sassafras 102, 178, 189 Sassafrax 102 Saxifrax 102 Service-berry 107, 146, 170, 171, 222 Shadberry 107 Shadbush 107 Spruces, The 27 Spruce, Black ....28. 141. 154. 155, 208 Spruce, Cat 30 Spruce, Coast 33 Spruce, Double 28 Spruce, Douglas.. 38 Spruce, Engelmann 32, 141, 154, 155 Spruce, Hemlock (See Hemlock) 35 Spruce, Menzies ..•• 33 Spruce, Mountain 32 Spruce, Northern 30 Spruce, Oregon 38 Spruce, Red 29, 141, 154, 155 Spruce, Red 28 Spruce, Rocky Mountain 32 230 Ind^x Page Spruce, Single 30 Spruce, Sitka 33, 141. 154, loo, 195 Spruce, Skunk 30 Spruce, Swamp 28 Spruce, Tidcland 33 Spruce, Water 28 Spruce, Western white 32 Spruce, White 30, 141. 154. 155, 208 Spruce, White 40 Spruce, Yellow 29 Sumachs, The 116, 183, 190. 226 Sumach, Staghom 116 Sycamores, The 104, 179, 189,201, 221 Tacamahac (See Poplar, Balsam) 64 Tamarack, Western 26 Tamarack 24, 140, 153 Page Tulip Trees, The 99 Tulip tree 99, 177, 190 Tupelo 131 Var 40 Walnuts, The... 53 Walnut, American 54 Walmit, Black 54, 143, 161. 162^ 212 Walnut, White 55 Whitewood 99,127 Willows, The 61, 176, 189 Willoiv, Red 128 Winter bloom 103 Witch hazel 103, 169. 190 Yews, The 62 Yew, Western 52, 159 BOTANICAL NAMES Abies 40 Abies amabilis 44 Abies balsamea 40 Abies grandis 43 Abies lasiocarpa 41 Acer 116 Acer circinatum 120 Acer Douglasii 121 Acer macrophyllum 119 Acer Negundo 125 Acer pennsylvanicum 118 Acer platanoides 117 Acer pseudoplatanus 116 Acer rubrum 124 Acer saccharum 121 Acer saccharinum 123 Acer spicatum 117 Alnus 73 Alnus incana 74 Alnus oregona 74 Alnus sitchensis 74 Alnus tenuifolia 75 Amelanchier 107 Amelanchier alnifolia 108 Amelanchier canadensis 107 Amelanchier obovalis 107 Arbutus 132 Arbutus Menziesii 133 Asimina 101 Asimina triloba 101 Bctula 68 Betula alaskana 73 Betula alba variety papyrifera 69 Hetula fontinalis 73 Retulalenta 72 Hetula lutea • 71 Betula occidentalis 70 Bctula populifolia 68 Castanea 79 Castanea dentata 79 Carpinus 76 Carpinus Betulus 76 Carpinus caroliniana 76 Carya 56 Carya alba 59 Carya cordiformii 56 Carya glabra 60 Carya microcarpa 61 Carya ovata 68 Celtis 96 Celtis occidentahs 97 Cercis 114 Cercis canadensis 114 Chamaecyparis 48 Chamaecy paris nootkatensis 49 Cornus 128 Cornus altcrnifolia 128 Cornus asperifolia 128 Cornus florida 128 Cornus Nuttallii 130 Crataegus 108 Crataegus Douglasii 108 Fagus 78 Fagus grandifolia 78 Fraxinus 133 Fraxinus americana 136 Fraxinus nigra 134 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 137 Fraxinus pennsylvanicarane/ylanceolata.. 138 Fraxinus quadrangulata 133 Gymnocladus 114 Gymnocladns dioica 114 Hamamelis 103 Hamamelis virginiana 103 Juglans 53 Juglans cinerea 55 Juglans nigra 54 Juglans regia 53 Juniperus 50 Jimiperus communis 50 Juniperus scopulorum 52 Juniperus virginiana 50 Larix 24 Larix alaskensis 21 Larix laricina 24 Larix Lyallii 27 Larix occidentalis 26 Liriodendron 99 Liriodendron Tulipifcra 99 Magnolia 98 Magnolia acuminata 98 Morus 97 Morus alba 97 Morus rubra 98 Index 231 Page Nyssa 130 Nyssa sylvatica 131 Ostrya 75 Ostrya virginiana 75 Picea 27 Picea canadensis 30 Picea Engelmanni 32 Picea excelsa 28 Picea mariana 28 Picea rubra 29 Picea sitchensis 33 Pinus 13 Pinus albicaulis 17 Pinus Banksiana 19 Pinus flexilis 16 Pinus monticola 15 Pinus Murrayana 22 Pinus ponderosa 21 Pinus rigida 20 Pinus resinosa 18 Pinus Strobus 13 Platanus 104 Platanus occidentalis 104 Platanus orientalis 104 Populus 61 Populus acuminata 65 Populus alba 62 Populus angustifolia 66 Populus candicans 65 Populus balsamifera 64 Populus deltoides 66 Populus grandidentata 63 Populus nigra variety italica 62 Populus tremuloidcs 62 Populus trichocarpa 67 Prunus 109 Prunus demissa 112 Prunus emarginata 109 Prunus nigra 109 Prunus pennsylvanica 110 Prunus serotina 112 Prunus virginiana Ill Page Pseudotsuga 38 Pseudotsuga mucronata 38 Pyrus 105 Pyrus americana 106 Pyrus aucuparia 105 Pyrus sitchensis 107 Quercus 80 Quercus alba 81 Quercus bicolor 84 Quercus coccinea 91 Quercus Garryana 83 Quercus macrocarpa 85 Quercus Muehlenbergii 87 Quercus palustris 91 Quercus prinus 87 Quercus prinoides 81 Quercus rubra 89 Quercus stellata 84 Quercus velutina 88 Rhus 116 Rhus typhina 116 Sassafras 102 Sassafras variifolium 102 Salix 61 Taxus 52 Taxus brevifolia 52 Thuja 45 Thuja occidentaHs 46 Thuja plicata 47 Tilia 127 Tilia americana 127 Tsuga 34 Tsuga canadensis 35 Tsuga heterophylla 36 Tsuga Mertensiana 37 Ulmus 92 Ulmus americana 94 Ulmus campestris 92 Ulmus fulva 93 Ulmus montana 92 Ulmus racemosa 95 FRENCH NAMES Amelanchier du Canada 107 Arbousier de Menzies 133 Arbres a noix longues 55 Aune-buis 125 Aune commun 74 Aune de I'Oregon 74 Baumier 64 Boisbarre 118 Boisblanc 127 Bois de fer 75 Bois de fleche 128 Bois dur 75 Bois noir. 118 Bouleau acajou 72 Bouleau k canot 69 Bouleau k feuilles de peuplier 68 Bouleau d papier 69 Bouleau k sucre 72 Bouleau blanc 69 Bouleau occidental 70 Bouleau gris 68 Bouleau jaune 71 Bouleau merisier 72 Bouleau rouge 68 Carya amer 56 Carya blanc 58 Carya des pourceaux 60 Carya glabre 60 Carya tomenteux 59 Cedre 46 Cedre blanc 46 Cedre rouge 50 Cerisier amer 109 Cerisier a grappes Ill Cerisier d'automne 112 Cerisier noir 112 Cerisier tardif 112 Cerisier sauvage Ill Cerisier sauvage de I'Ouest 112 Cerisier de virginie Ill Charm.e d'Amerique 76 Chataignier 79 232 Index Page Chataignier d'Amerique 79 Chene 4 gros glands 84 Chene d lobes obtus 84 Chcne blanc 81 Chene blanc frisc 85 Chene bicolore 84 Chcne bleu 84 Chene chinquapin 87 ChC-ne de Garry 83 Chene de marais 91 Chene des tcinturiers 88 Chene 6carlate 91 Chene aoile 84 Chene noir 88 Chene prin 87 Chene rouge 89 Chicot du Canada 114 Cormier 106 Cornouiller de la Floride 128 Cotonnier 66 Cyprus 19 Cypres jaune 49 Kpinette k bidre 30 Kpinette batarde 28 Epinette blanche 30 Epinette d'Engclmann 32 Epinette de Sitka 33 Epinette grise 30 Epinette jaune 28 Epinette noire 28 Epinette rouge 29 Erable i ^pis 117 Erable d feuilles de frene 125 Erable k fruits cotonneux 123 Erable d grandes feuilles 119 Erable d sucre 121 Erable batard 117 Erable blanc 123 Erable circine 120 Erable de Pennsylvanic 118 Erable dur 121 Erable moir6 121 Erable nain 121 Erable Negundo 125 Erable onde 121 Erable pique 121 Erable rouge 124 Erable tendre 124 Faux-bananier : 101 Faux-cyprds de Nootka 49 Faux-tremble 62 Franc frene 136 Frene anguleux 133 Frene d feuilles de sureau 134 Frene blanc 136 Fr^ne noir 134 Frene de Savanne 137 Frene pubescent 137 Frene rouge 137 Frene vert 138 Cainier du Canada 114 G^n^vrier rouge 50 Grand tremble 63 Hamam^lis de Virginie 103 Hetre 78 Hctre rouge 78 Page Jasminier 101 Liard 66 Magnolier d feuilles acuminees 98 Mel^ze d'Amerique 24 Meleze de Lyall 27 Meleze occidental 26 Merisier 71 Merisier (France) 112 Merisier jaune 71 Merisier odorant 72 Merisier onde 71 Merisier rouge 72 Micocouiller occidental 97 Murier sauvage 98 Murier rouge 98 Noj-^er d noix de cochon 60 Noyer d noix douces 69 Noyer blanc 59 Noyer blanc d'Amerique 68 Noyer cendr6 65 Noyer dur 66 Noyer 6cailleux 68 Noyer gris 65 Noyer noir (d'Amerique) 64 Noyer tendre 65 Nyssa sylvestre 131 Orme bdtard 97 Orme blanc 94 Orme d'Amerique 94 Orme fauve 93 Orme gras 93 Orme lidge 95 Orme rouge 93 Ostryer de Virginie 75 Perusse (France) 35 Petit merisier 110 Petites poires 107 Peuplier 62 Peuplier d grandes dents 63 Peuplier baumier 64 Peuplier d'Athenes 62 Peuplier de I'Ouest 67 Peuplier monalifere 66 Peuplier tremble 62 Pin argente 15 Pin d blanche ^corce 17 Pin d bois lourd 21 Pin d feuilles rigides 20 Pin baliveau 13 Pin blanc 13 Pin blanc de I'Ouest 16 Pinchaif 19 Pin de Banks 19 Pin de Douglas 38 Pin de Murray 22 Pin de Norv^ge 18 Pin des rochers 19 Pin du lord 13 Pin gris 19 Pin jaune 13 Pin potiron 13 Pin resineux 18 Pin rouge 18 Pin Weymouth 13 Plaine d Guigdre 126 Plaine bdtarde 117 Page Plaine blanche 123 Plaine bleue 117 Plaine rouge 124 Platane 104 Pruche 35 Prunicr canadien 109 Sapin baumier 40 Sapin blanc 30, 40 Sapin concolore 41 Sapin de Douglas 38 Sapin du Canada 35 Sapin gracieux 44 Sapin grandissime 43 Sapin noir '.. 28 Sapin rouge 40 Sapiuette blanche (France) 30 Index 233 Page Sapinette noire (France) 28 vSassafras 102 Sorbier d'Amerique 106 Sumac amaranthe 116 Sumac de Virginie 116 Sycomore 104 Tamarac 24 Thuja... .^ 46 Thuja geant 47 Tilleul d'Amerique 127 Tsuga de I'Ouest 36 Tsuga de Patton 37 Tsuga du Canada 35 Tremble 62 Tulipier 99 Vinaigrier 116 I