9. */?. 42 S2 J\/\a UW, Calif. 94602 From the collection of the z n * m o PreTinger i a JLJibrary P San Francisco, California 2006 Their Erosion- Control and Wildlife Values By WILLIAM R. VAN DERSAL Biologist Division of Conservation Operations Soil Conservation Service UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1939 For gale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ----- - Price $1.50 (paper) ACKNOWLEDGMENT Since the initial appearance of this work in preliminary mimeo- graphed form in 1936, a great many people have contributed original information and suggestions without which the present publication would be much less complete. To all of these people, the author wishes to express his sincere thanks. He is particularly indebted to Ernest G. Holt for his advice, sug- gestions, and criticism, as well as his very considerable assistance dur- ing the preparation of the manuscript ; to T. H. Kearney, for permis- sion to use his manuscript on the flora of Arizona ; to V. L. Cory and H. B. Parks for the use of their manuscript catalog of the Texas flora, and Mr. Parks' manuscript on the useful properties of Texas plants; to F. L. Mulford for the plant-growth region map, together with his chapter on its development; to C. W. Thornthwaite for the map of the climatic regions; to Clarence Cottam and his assistants, Phoebe Knappen, F. M. Uhler, Neil Hotchkiss, and A. L. Nelson, for their very great help in making available considerable data from the Section of Food Habits Kesearch of the Bureau of Biological Survey; to E. P. Killip for advice on the taxonomic problems; to E. L. Crandall for his help with some of the photographs and to C. R. Ball, who assisted materially in the preparation of the section on Salix. Suggestions and criticisms concerning the botanical material have been offered by E. J. Alexander, M. L. Fernald, E. J. Palmer, H. M. Raup, H. A. Gleason, W. H. Camp, H. E. McMinn, F. J. Crider, C. V. Morton, M. Van Rensselaer, E. H. Graham, Mildred Mathias, H. L. Shantz, E. V. Komarek, Hilda Cunniff, Fred Gibson, and his assistant, J. Whitehead, H. S. Yates, M. G. Netting, P. B. Sears, H. L. Whitaker, C. F. Swingle, and Russell Albright. Suggestions and criticisms concerning the wildlife material were received from W. L. McAtee, H. L. Stoddard, Aldo Leopold, D. M. Gorsuch, F. N. Hamerstrom, Jr., C. B. Terrell, R. T. King, Gardiner Bump, R. O. Stevens, A. M. Pearson, Logan Bennett, P. D. Dalke, V. E. Davison, N. W. Hosley, W. E. C. Todd, R. E. Yeatter, and H. D. Ruhl. ir UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION No. 303 Washington, D. C. Issued June 1938 Slightly revised May 1939 NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES, THEIR EROSION -CONTROL AND WILDLIFE VALUES By WILLIAM R. VAN DERSAL, biologist, Division of Conservation Operations, Soil Conservation Service CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 The relation of vegetation to soil conservation. 2 Evaluation of plants for erosion control and wildlife 4 Planting for soil and wildlife conservation 5 Planting for wildlife 6 Highway planting 7 Plants of objectionable characteristics 8 Poisonous plants 9 Aggressive plants 9 Plants harboring fungi or insect pests 10 Selection of species for planting 11 Primary succession 11 Secondary succession and pioneer species. .. 12 Native versus introduced species 13 Fruit production 14 The correlation of soils and plant growth 16 Development of the plant-growth region map. 16 Plant-growth regions 17 Factors in plant distribution 17 Thornthwaite's climatic provinces 19 Page Plant-growth regions— Continued. Length of the growing season Snow cover Climates of growth regions Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Explanation of the list Scope Latin names and synonyms Vernacular names of plants Range Site designations Growth habits Fruiting Propagation Utilization by wildlife List of woody plants Bibliography 293 Mimeographed and unpublished refer- ences 321 List of common names of woody plants 322 INTRODUCTION At no time has the need for conservation of our natural resources been as apparent as it is at present. We have seen the wasteful de- struction of our most basic resource, the soil, take place at an ever- increasing rate within a comparatively short span of years. The original vegetation of the country ha,s in large part been removed, and as a consequence of this? not only has soil become increasingly subject to erosion, but wildlife, being dependent on vegetation for existence, has also become severely depleted. The same forces that cause soil losses have destroyed wildlife habi- tats. The removal of the vegetative cover has permitted washing away of topsoil, and this in turn has prevented the return of vegeta- tion and the consequent restoration of wildlife. It is only natural, therefore, that revegetation should be relied upon to conserve soil, and since the same vegetation can be made to provide more wildlife habitats, it is possible to conserve two resources with one operation. It becomes apparent that soil conservation, if properly managed, can mean wildlife conservation. 2 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE But to carry out a program of soil and wildlife conservation vege- tation must be utilized intelligently. Where considerable numbers of plants are to be employed, it is essential to know as much as pos- sible about every species of tree, shrub, or herb we propose for planting. We should know where and on what soils a species will grow, what degree of drought or moisture it can endure, the nature and extent of its root system, its susceptibility to insects and disease, its aggressiveness, its relation to other species, its value to the land- owner as a crop-producing plant, and its use as food or cover by wildlife. In other words, the time is opportune to take inventory of the stock on hand ; not to show how much has been lost, but to determine what is left to build with, and how most wisely to employ it. There exists a widely distributed mass of information concerning plants, which, if assembled and properly classified, may assist materially in dealing with soil and wildlife conservation. This publication presents an indexed list of woody plants growing in the United States, naming each species as unmistakably as possi- ble, and giving all available data pertinent to its use in erosion control and wildlife conservation. Such an inventory as this shows not only what is known about each species of plant but by inference what is not known. Every species is potentially a valuable resource in itself. The development of each plant resource eventually may disclose a crop as yet unsuspected. It may be noted that this indexed list is not intended for use in the identification of plants, although characters listed here may assist in making determinations. There are manuals to cover the entire coun- try, with the exception of Arizona and Texas. After identification is certain, this publication may be consulted for data on the use of any given woody plant. THE RELATION OF VEGETATION TO SOIL CONSERVATION Under our present agricultural system we are concerned with the manipulation of cultivated crops in such a manner as to keep the maximum of cover on the soil as much of the time as is possible. Such manipulated, cultivable crops may be classed as temporary vegetation. The permanent class will include plants that are per- mitted to remain on the ground without disturbance, except that incident to gathering from them such periodic crops as they may pro- duce. It is with the permanent class that this publication deals. As every soil conservationist knows, there is a very definite relation between the density of the plant cover on the soil, the amount of soil lost through erosion, and the productivity of that soil. These three functions vary in a regular and direct manner, and there is no reason to believe that they have not always done so. Soil is formed partly by vegetation, and vegetation is in good part a product of the soil. Reasoning from our observation of natural conditions, we must expect to direct our efforts to control erosion toward revegetation, since it is known that erosion starts with the destruction of the plant cover and that the kind and density of vegetation is more important in influenc- ing run-off and erosion than is steepness of slope or intensity of rainfall.1 1 Data from the U. S. Forest Service, Intermountain Station, Ogden, Utah. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 3 Many workers are of the opinion that a plant with a large root system is necessarily the best one to hold soil in place. This idea is so universally held that it may not be amiss to review briefly just what takes place when a soil is eroded, especially by water. In doing this we may come to understand more clearly how erosion can be pre- vented by restoring vegetation. In exceptional and rare instances, washing may take place below the surface, but under ordinary conditions the washing away of soil occurs at the surface. It is the movement of soil particles downhill in water or into the air as dust that we wish to prevent. Since such movements start in the very uppermost layer of the soil, our efforts must of necessity be directed to holding topsoil in position. Kpots of woody plants do not, in themselves, offer much help in the top inch or so of soil; they penetrate deeper and may be said to be holding the soil in place below but not necessarily at the surface. Observations in the field show that soil easily washes away from roots and that the better the surface of the soil is covered, the less the soil washes. Experimental evidence has confirmed such observa- tions. Kramer and Weaver (346) 2 conducted a series of tests on many kinds of plants, mostly grains and other herbs. In their experi- ments they discovered that it was not the soil-binding effect of roots that produced the best protection, but the plant cover, which pre- vented most of the water from coming in direct contact with the soil. When the plant cover was intact its effectiveness in controlling erosion exceeded that of underground parts alone many times, and com- paratively little relation was found between the quantity of under- ground parts and resistance to erosion. They found also that cover need not be living to be effective ; any kind of cover protects the soil. In the course of their experiments they noticed accidentally that a single elm leaf protected the soil below it until a column over 3 inches high, capped by the leaf, remained after the surrounding soil had been washed away. Undercutting eventually toppled the column. These experiments would appear to justify the use of a mulch in planting on eroded lands. It is clear that since erosion is greatest at the surface the roots of woody plants have comparatively little to do with its prevention. As^a matter of fact, when water washes the covering soil off and begins cascading over roots, they may only aggravate soil washing. The surface layer of the, soil can best be held in place by some sort of protective cover. This may consist of close-growing plants, litter, or a combination of the two. An effective protection for soil is afforded by a mat of grasses, which are among the best of all plants for erosion control. An equally good cover consists of an established forest and the duff produced by it. A third type might be made up of close-growing, thicket-forming shrubs and the litter produced by them or of a mat of entangled vines. Run-off and removal of soil are reduced to a minimum under such covers as these. It is almost un- necessary to mention that grass sod can be formed more quickly than can a thicket of shrubbery and that the establishment of a forest and forest litter takes longer than either of these. 2 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Bibliography, p. 293. 4 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE EVALUATION OF PLANTS FOR EROSION CONTROL AND WILDLIFE Knowing that it is the, surface layer of the soil that is susceptible to erosion and that root systems may therefore be largely neglected except as they serve to hold plants in place, the plant characteristics that are useful in erosion control may be indicated. In considering these it should be kept in mind that as land on which planting is to be done may have a certain value, species that produce a valuable crop as well as furnish erosion control should be used whenever possible. The qualifications of plants valuable in erosion control may be sum- marized as follows : 1. Such plants must be able to thrive under the climatic conditions and in the soil in which they are to be growTn ; and they must be able to hold their own in competition with other plants. 2. The farther their stolons, suckers, or rhizomes spread, or the more matted the condition of their growth, the greater space they will cover and the more soil they may be expected to hold in place. Thicket-forming or mat-forming plants or those that root from decumbent or declined branches, or that form suckers or root shoots are of this class. 3. With tall-growing plants, the more litter they produce and the greater the water-holding capacity of the litter, the more effectively will the plants control erosion. 4. The bushier the plants, the denser their foliage, and the nearer evergreen they are, the more protection from wind and rain they will offer to the soil. 5. The plants should be comparatively easy to propagate. If they can be purchased on the open market they are often easier to obtain for planting. 6. The more rapid-growing species will provide protection sooner than slower-growing species. 7. If plants furnish food and cover for wildlife, their usefulness is increased through the aid they give in conserving the valuable wild- life resource. 8. The possession of such characteristics as resistance to grazing, drought, insect damage, and diseases, and the ability to grow rapidly on and to tolerate many kinds of soil, particularly alkaline, acid, saline, barren, or sterile soil, is valuable. 9. The production of some crop, as timber, pulpwood, tannin, sugar, dye, comestible or ornamental fruit, or ornamental flowers enhances the value of erosion-control plants. 10. Resistance to fire or ability to coppice after burning or cutting enables plants to maintain a cover othewise easily destroyed. Leopold (366) has discussed the properties that make plants valu- able as winter cover for game. The first and most important char- acter is dense winter foliage or thorns, preferably close to the ground Second, species easily propagated, and hence easy to establish, are those that can be propagated by stem or root cuttings. This gives, he says, a great advantage to such plants as Osage-orange, willows, grapes, plum, and roses. The third important property is vigor. This includes ability to reproduce by sprouts if cut or burned, ability to spread by means of root sprouts, and ability to make quick growth. Next comes resistance to grazing, drought, shade, and fire. Finally,; NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 5 cover plants should be unobjectionable from the agricultural stand- point. The striking similarity of Leopold's criteria for game-cover plants and the characters valuable in erosion control is at once apparent. It has been pointed out that the restoration of cover, important alike for soils and for wildlife, is the objective sought in soil conservation as well as in wildlife conservation. The correlation of erosion control with wildlife planting, therefore, is obviously an easy one to make. Furthermore, the utilization for wildlife production of submarginal lands upon which man-made erosion is unusually severe is a sound economic practice. PLANTING FOR SOIL AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION It is obvious to those who have had experience in landscaping or forestry that the old maxim about putting all of the eggs in one basket applies very well to the planting of woody species. The most important rule to follow, whether planting for timber, pulpwood, ero- sion control, wildlife, or any combination of these, is that the species used must be varied — that the planting must be a mixture, not a pure stand. This is true for several reasons (^8^), namely: 1. Solid stands of plants favor the rapid spread of disease and insect pests. Fungi, as well as insects, find it easy to travel from one plant to another of the same kind. In mixed plantings spread is slower and control is consequently easier. Isolation of individuals and groups from others of their own kind is the natural safeguard against infection. 2. Solid plantations of one species have for some time been known to result in depletion of the soil. Further, pure stands do not repre- sent the maximum productive capacity of the soil. 3. Maximum interspersion of species ensures that all ecological niches will be filled. This results in a greater utilization of space and better erosion control. Competition between individuals, and therefore waste of energy, is at its highest in pure stands. 4. In planting for wildlife, variety is essential. What one species of plant may lack, another may possess. The effort should be made to attain a well-balanced habitat, approaching as nearly as possible the "orderly confusion of nature." Insectivorous birds are generally discouraged by pure stands, but encouraged by mixtures. The en- couragement of such birds leads to greater control of injurious insects. In several European countries it has been found an economically justifiable practice to put up bird houses in forest plantations to attract insectivorous birds and thereby to ensure some control of insects. The idea is extending even to this country, but proper mix- ing of species in planting should make such a practice unnecessary. It is very essential that careful planning precede actual field opera- tions. Press of work and the need that considerable planting be done in a short time are often advanced as excuses for improper spacing, poor selection of site and species, and faulty organization of the work. Actually such excuses are never valid, for the planting seasons are preceded by periods sufficiently long to permit of careful planning. Because of the impossibility of obtaining sufficient plant- ing stock of the kind desired, it may often be necessary to substitute Q MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE other species, but this should be done most carefully. If the proper species for the required job are lacking, the planting should be par- tially or entirely deferred until the next season. PLANTING FOR WILDLIFE In planting for wildlife the aim is "* * * the creation of such an environment that the maximum of food and cover is available at all seasons of the year for the particular birds or mammals consid- ered" (138, p. 16}. It follows that considerable care is called for in the selection of proper plant species. This is not a simple matter. Many species may be adapted for planting in a given area. Discard- ing those that are of little value in the control of erosion, we are left with a list of plants that have diverse values as food for Avildlif e. To date, recommendations of a species for planting have rested upon the utilization of its fruit by birds or mammals. There is a difference between the importance of a certain item of food in the diet of a given bird and the value of a species of plant for wildlife in general. The one relates to the welfare of a particular species of bird, the other to the extent to which a plant is used by mammals as well as various species of birds. When the welfare of wildlife in general is to be considered we can scarcely limit our choice to a species of importance to the bobwhite alone, for example, although such use will naturally influence our choice. Furthermore, we can scarcely ignore other forms of wildlife even if we wish to encourage the pro- duction of only one. McAtee (369) has said the importance of food items in the diet of a bird is not indicated by statements as to the frequency with which the items are taken. It is only under the percentage-by-bulk system (the proportion of one food taken to the total amount of all foods taken) combined with the counting of individuals, insofar as this is possible, that the nearest approximation to the truth can be made. Under the percentage-by-bulk system, he explains, comparison of one part of the diet with another or of the food of one species or group of species with that of another is possible. But he goes on to say (369, p. 4>6 '4), "* * * statements of the frequency of occurrence of food items in bird stomachs may perhaps be taken as rough indices of availability of the food or relish for it." And in the publications so well known to biologists engaged in wild- life management, he employs as his criterion of use the number of birds known to have eaten the fruits, buds, catkins, or other parts. Examination of the record of the species of plants listed in this publication will show some to have been utilized by a great many species of birds and mammals. Such species should undoubtedly be given priority in making planting lists. Other species may have very poor records. This may be true often because they are actually not used by wildlife. On the other hand, they may occur in a region from which only a few bird stomachs have been examined. They may bear fruits difficult to identify by ordinary methods of stomach analysis. The fleshy fruit of Prunus ameri,cam,a, for instance, has been found only once, in the stomach of a pine grosbeak, but observers have noted that many birds eat this fruit. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 7 It seems clear that records showing a given species to be much utilized can be accepted by technicians as proof of the value of the. plant for wildlife. Poor records indicate either that a plant is worth- less or that we do not know enough about it. If a species is found to have a very poor or limited record, recourse should be had to the records of the genus as a whole, exclusive of specific records, or to records of very similar species? for assistance in determining its value. Certainly, when in a genus ot many species, such as Chrysothamnus or Aplopappus, few or no records of utilization by wildlife appear, it is not unreasonable to exclude the species from planting programs. There are two available sources of information relative to the use of a plant by wildlife — stomach analyses and field observations. In most instances, the more reliable is a stomach analysis made by the1 Bureau of Biological Survey or other responsible agency. The lack of stomach records necessitates using reports of field observations. These are open to some criticism since accurate determination of the birds or mammals and plants involved is often not made, and since Interpretation of the common names in which the records are so often made is neither easy nor certain. In this publication if the names were not thought to be clear, they have been referred to the genus. Cottam (138) has mentioned also that in an actual instance field observations alone were much less than 50-percent accurate in appraising food values in the diet of a bird. The exact nutritive value of any given plant food has not yet been determined. We are yet scarcely far enough along to examine the chemical composition of various fruits and seeds of wild plants and their place in the diet of any animal. Hosley (290) has considered the chemical composition of some, and has noted the obvious fact that fruits may furnish vitamins. The staple value of acorns and the seed of conifers, such as pines, is well known. This field of investigation should indeed be a valuable one. HIGHWAY PLANTING The increasing use of vegetation for the beautification of highways makes it of interest here to mention that such work can be turned to the benefit of wildlife as well as to the control of erosion. Indeed, the conservation of soil on highway cuts can very profitably be planned with a view to beautifying the road. Certain fundamental principles relating to highway planting have been clearly enunciated by Simonson, senior landscape architect of the Bureau of Public Koads. In the following statement he sets forth the basic ideas to be kept in mind in such work (513, pp. 172- 174): The primary purpose of highway planting is to enhance the peculiar qualities in the views and scenery of the surroundings through which a highway passes so that the development within the highway limits will be properly consistent and appropriate to that which lies over the fence or beyond the highway borders, and will, therefore, present to the motorist the best of the landscape qualities inherent in it. The creation of landscape effects on the usually limited highway areas with little or almost no attention to the surroundings is not the correct approach and cannot be considered satisfactory roadside improvement. A systematic study of the native flora along and immediately adjacent to the highway will indicate g MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE the most appropriate plant materials to be used, and such an analytical process should develop selective appreciation of natural plantings upon the highways. The ecological or natural landscape approach to the highway planting pro- gram aims to avoid the typical static, or garden-estate type of plantation design in favor of fitness with the more dynamic requirements of highv/ay travel. Nature is to be followed as closely as possible with fullest utilization of native materials or harmonizing types if the landscape development of highways is to proceed * * *. It is imperative, therefore, that the landscape technician adopt the broadest ecological viewpoint concerning the planting phases of the land- scape development of highways. The use of shrubs bearing beautiful fruits automatically provides food for wildlife. As Howard (%93, p. 103} has mentioned, if road- side improvement designed primarily to improve the scenery is made with "due regard * * * to ecological associations and as much diversity as is consistent with natural groupings * * *" in the plantings, it will in all probability contribute materially to the increase of bird life in the immediate vicinity. Plantings of species effective in erosion control provide excellent cover for wildlife. The danger of luring birds and mammals to high- ways where wildlife mortality is undoubtedly great can be obviated by placing plantings made for the production of wildlife food well back from the roadway. This is ordinarily done since on highway rights-of-way, plantings made too close to the road may easily become a hazard for motorists. Highway plantings are generally given more than ordinary care. Fertilizers are often used to ensure that the plants start ; and water- ing, pruning, and cultivating are commonly employed to assist them in growing and producing flowers or seed. Under such conditions the remarks on plant competition and succession in the section treating of the selection of species for planting may apply only partially or not at all. The utilization of vegetation in highway planting is comparatively new, but is rapidly increasing in importance. A recent report for one State (1) mentions, for instance, that 700 miles of planting on main highway rights-of-way have nearly been completed. Future work may well be directed along the lines so clearly drawn by Simonson. PLANTS OF OBJECTIONABLE CHARACTERISTICS Certain species of plants possess characters that may partially or entirely preclude their use in many kinds of planting. A list of these would include plants that are : 1. Poisonous to man, either when taken internally or through skin irritations. 2. Poisonous to livestock, usually internally. 3. Secondary hosts to economically injurious fungi or insects. 4. Susceptible to the ravages of insects the control of which is difficult. 5. So exceedingly vigorous and aggressive as to crowd out more valuable or useful species. It is rare to find a situation in which plants possessing one or several of the above characteristics cannot be used. However, it may often be advantageous to substitute forms less objectionable, a procedure which is usually easy since the site is very unusual upon which at least two species of good character cannot be grown. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Q POISONOUS PLANTS Plants dermatitically poisonous to man ordinarily will not be planted, because collection of seed or cuttings cannot be made with- out exposure to the irritants. In many places such plants may be spontaneous. If they are of value in erosion control or as wildlife food or cover and particularly if they are sufficiently removed from habitations, they may often be left to perform a useful function. The subject of livestock poisoning has been admirably treated by Chesnut and Wilcox (119) and by Marsh ($98). Their authoritative generalizations are paraphrased here. It may be stated as a general fact that the popular idea that range animals will voluntarily seek out poisonous plants and eat them from preference is not true. Animals seldom eat poisonous plants except as they are driven to do so by lack of other food. Almost all poison- ous plants are distasteful to livestock and under ordinary circum- stances will be avoided. Loco plants, which are herbaceous, are an exception to this rule. The state of the local vegetation as affected by weather conditions ordinarily exercises considerable influence on the occurrence or non- occurrence of poisoning. In the early spring certain poisonous plants may start to grow before the native grasses. If these poisonous plants are at all conspicuous or offer any considerable amount of succulent material, livestock may be tempted to eat them. The acrid, bitter, or otherwise disagreeable taste of such plants seems not to deter livestock. Sheep and cattle may often eat large quantities of plants that are extremely distasteful to the human palate. In seasons of unusual drought, grasses on the range may become thoroughly dry while other plants remain green and tempting. It is obvious that livestock will be more apt to eat poisonous plants when such plants offer more tempting forage than the grasses. It is equally obvious that when grasses and other harmless forage plants are present in abundance and in good condition, sheep and cattle less often make the mistake of eating poisonous plants. To prevent poisoning of livestock, reliance should be placed on prevention rather than remedies. Animals must be so well cared for that they will not be tempted to eat poisonous plants. They must be prevented from eating such plants by careful handling of the herds. It must always be borne in mind that animals seldom eat poisonous plants by preference, but that under starvation conditions they may be driven to do so with disastrous results. Usually, in selecting stock for planting, nontoxic species can be chosen. In rare instances, however, certain toxic forms may be the only ones capable of doing the job. In such event, great care should be exercised to see that plantings will not be available to livestock. This can be accomplished either by fencing or by proper management of the herd. AGGRESSIVE PLANTS Whether to include or exclude a species that may become a pest is often a difficult decision to make. Extreme aggressiveness may be the character necessary for successfully controlling a given site, but if such aggressive species spread and become a nuisance because they are difficult to eradicate, the planter may often regret having used them. IQ MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE No species of woody plant is a pest throughout the country, and native species are far less troublesome than introduced ones. SympTw- ricarpos is considered a weed in places and a boon in others. Rubus and Smilase are a nuisance where they cover large areas. Lonicera japonica is a very pernicious weed in woodlands, Campsis radicans and Potentilla fruticosa in pastures. Ailanthus altissima has been known to supplant native forest trees, and Cytisus scoparius may run wild on sandy soil. Such plants as these form cover for soil and some produce a sec- ondary crop. Again, as with poisonous plants, common sense and caution should be used. If a species is really pernicious in a given region, if it easily escapes and quickly becomes widespread, and par- ticularly if other species can be used, the better decision would be to discard it. PLANTS HARBORING FUNGI OR INSECT PESTS At the present time there are nine Federal domestic quarantines affecting interstate movement of plants and plant products. These quarantines have been established to protect crops and forests from pests of major importance. Most regulations permit movement after inspection or treatment of the material to ensure freedom from infestation. The recognition by planting technicians of the fact that certain plants may assist in spreading diseases or insects that may cause serious loss of farm crops or forest trees as well as the plant- ings themselves, is essential. Familiarity with State and Federal regulations before plans are made is very necessary, and the techni- cian should cooperate in preventing the spread of pests. The recognition of rust hosts is of particular importance. Among the rust fungi the separate development of spore forms on unrelated hosts has taken place. Approximately one-twelfth of the species of rust fungi exhibits this character of heteroecism. The completion of their life cycle depends on two host species, either or both of which may be an important or valued crop. It is thus evident that certain secondary hosts to economically important fungi must be eliminated from plans for planting woody species if the agricultural crop at- tacked by the fungus is of any importance in the vicinity of the planting. The more important woody species that act as secondary hosts are indicated in the list of woody plants. One of the measures taken to prevent the spread of rusts is the eradication of the secondary host that is of less importance eco- nomically. Such eradication programs are now in effect under vari- ous State agencies and the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine. Any technician engaged in planting operations should consult with State and Federal plant quarantine officials before making actual plantings whenever there is any doubt as to the legality of the operations. Eradication measures intended for the destruction of wild species known to harbor insect pests are also being carried on. Plants Known to harbor a serious insect pest during that portion of the year in which nearby crops are materially damaged by that insect should be used with great discretion. Authorities of agencies engaged in con- trol and eradication of pests should always be consulted. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES ]_]_ SELECTION OF SPECIES FOR PLANTING PRIMARY SUCCESSION The factors governing survival must be recognized when a plant is placed among others to compete with them for a place in the sun. These factors or survival values are measured in terms of species requirements, although we often state them by speaking of the toler- ance of a plant for shade, sun, acid or alkaline soil, drought, and moisture. Because no experiments have been conducted, it has been assumed by some technicians that there is no scientific basis on which to judge the ability of one species to compete on the same ground and under the same conditions with another species. This is by no means true. For at least 20,000 years in the northern United States, and for a much longer time in the southern part, the species comprising the flora of the country have been competing for position, settling them- selves little by little into their respective ecological niches and asso- ciations. On any given area of ground there has grown a succession of associations of plants which, as they have contributed to the gradual modification of the soil (or rock) on which they grew, have eventually been replaced by plants of a different association. Alter sufficient time, an association of plants has appeared which, under the existing environmental conditions appears to be the best adapted to the area. This group is often known as a climax, and although it is recognized that a completely stabilized environment never exists, the climax regions for the country have been more or less accurately mapped. Associations of grasses are considered to be the climax for the Plains region; certain climax associations of deciduous trees appear in the eastern part of the country ; evergreen trees constitute a climax for the western coastal region; and there is a xerophiloua association of succulents and leathery species that forms the climax in the deserts of the Southwest. It should be kept clearly in mind that every plant association, whether climax or preclimax, is the out- come of long ages of natural selection. Enough work has been done to enable us to predict the climax for most areas with some confidence, but it may be many years before the date of the climax can be predicted, if that ever becomes possible. In a general way we know what species tend to occur together, and on what sites they are to be expected, in any given succession in any part of the country. Careful observation of a species in its native, un- disturbed (or disturbed) habitat will usually demonstrate where and how it fits into its environment. According to Shantz (50h p. 357): A thorough understanding of the natural vegetation climax and of the second- ary stages leading to its re-establishment when it is once destroyed is the best basis for a revegetation and erosion-control program. For many years plant ecologists have been engaged in determining the fundamental principles concerned with the initiation, develop- ment, and maturity of plant associations on given sites. The slow encroachment of lichens and mosses on bare rock, followed by gradual appearance of higher plants, the development of soil, and the inva- sion and succession of later associations tending toward a stable inter- 12 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE relation between soil, vegetation, and climate has long been known. Similarly, the accumulation of debris causing submerged water plants eventually to give way before the advancing shore plants, and these in turn before the successful competition of swamp forests and later dry land forests, has been studied in considerable detail. SECONDARY SUCCESSION AND PIONEER SPECIES In primary successions, as delineated above, the orderly and slow process of replacement of one association by another proceeds under natural conditions. As a consequence of the activities of man, how- ever, these successions are often violently interrupted for shorter or longer periods, and new plant associations very different in composi- tion from the original ones may initiate secondary successions. These may be started as a result of fire, overgrazing, logging, cultivation, road building, coal stripping or other digging operations, blowing of sand, and even the activities of mo'und-building animals. The climax toward which they develop, however, is the same as would have been developed by the original vegetation. It is with these secondary successions that technicians have most to deal. It is no longer new to point out that we are now dealing not with biologic areas as they were, but as man's activities have changed them. Students of plant ecology and geography have long recognized that existing vegetation and fauna do not represent original condi- tions. As time goes on, studies of original vegetation must deal more and more with old records, historical documents, travel sketches_ of earlier periods, early surveys, and consideration of the few remaining virgin areas. Original f aunal and floral areas can be determined only in this manner. Man has been relocating species of animals and plants to suit himself from the time the first settlers arrived in the country. Brief consideration of the changing face of the land surface of the country shows this very clearly. Furthermore, it is obvious that because most vegetation has been disturbed by man, associations comprising secondary successions are the rule rather than the exception. It is regrettable but true that it is not known with certainty just why one association gives way to another. It seems probable that changes in the substratum play a considerable part, but those changes cannot be measured accurately enough to say that at one time certain plants will succeed; at another, different plants will thrive. So far it has simply been noted that in any type of succession a series of what appears to be preparatory stages must precede the climax. It may also be noted that as a consequence, or perhaps as a parallel phenomenon, the food of wildlife and the fauna itself changes. Cer- tain pioneer plants lead the way and very rarely persist through all stages to the climax. Conversely, climax species almost never act as pioneers. Edaphic factors appear to be very important in the pre- liminary stages of secondary successions. In applying these facts to planting, where no further care is to be given to the plants, one may with reason select for use pioneer species that have demonstrated their ability to succeed on areas variously dis- turbed by man. This is of great importance. We see that under natural conditions the preparation of an area for occupation by climax species is undertaken by pioneer species. They do not last long, con- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 13 siclering the length of time required for the appearance of the climax stages; if they are planted, we can rely upon their being replaced, sooner or later, by other species. But the initiation of a secondary succession will ensure the control of erosion on a given area and the production of habitats useful for wildlife. A list of pioneer species for various areas throughout the United States could easily be drawn up here. A much more certain manner of determining them, however, is to examine eroded areas where pio- neers have already begun to grow. The identification of the species informs the technician what to plant. And, it may be emphasized that the pioneers observed on such places are the results of long ages of natural selection of a sort that permits the survival of only those best adapted to initiate successions. With proper interpretation of the results of such long-time, natural "experimental plantings" the recla- mation of eroded land can be carried out with confidence. With these ideas in mind a principle may be stated that any techni- cian who wishes to plant woody species to control erosion would do well to remember; namely, that careful observation of local vegeta- tional successions, coupled with accurate determination of the species involved, will often indicate the best means to employ. As Shantz (504, P- ^55} has said : "Wherever one looks, nature has pointed the way to recovery." We have in this country one vast testing ground, comprising many kinds of climate, soil, and site, wherein species have failed or suc- ceeded for significantly long periods. As long as a species is planted within its known range of occurrence, in its proper site as determined by observation of its so-called preferences, and is intermingled with other species in a ratio and position approaching natural condi- tions, we may be satisfied that except for failures attributable to seri- ous local variations in environment our plants will grow and thrive. Aldous and Shantz (9) point out that the natural or normal plant cover is a result of all the growing conditions of the area wherein it is produced. It is, therefore, an index or measure of the factors influenc- ing its growth, and it serves as an indicator of the possibilities of producing other plants on the same land. NATIVE VERSUS INTRODUCED SPECIES A clear distinction should be made between crop plants that must be planted and cultivated each year, or every several years, and woody plants, which are untended and uncultivated (if planted in the wild) and which must depend for their existence upon any ability they may have to compete successfully with the native species that will eventu- ally grow around them or that are already there. In planting species on sites where they must be able to survive competition, it is hazard- ous to select plants other than those that have already shown them- selves capable of succeeding in similar sites. If all competition is to be removed through cultivation, then such an argument would neces- sarily be invalid. Erosion cannot be controlled by cultivation alone, however, and most sites needing revegetation with woody plants are those that are being retired from cultivation, not those on which culti- vation is still to be practiced. Many technicians engaged in planting apparently do not under- stand that our first choice of species for planting on a given site 14 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE should be those that have already been tested for such a site ; that is, species native to the region in question. Our second choice should be species that are not native ; that is, exotic or introduced plants. If it is certainly known that there is no native species that can grow on a chosen site, then we are justified in turning to exotic forms. Clements: (121, p. 360} summarized this : "* * * nature is to be followed as closely as possible, and hence native materials alone are to be employed, preferably from the outset, but invariably in the final composition." Chapman (118) claims further that until additional data can be ob- tained we are justified in making large-scale plantings only on the basis of ecological principles applied to the native species of the region. This should not be interpreted to mean that the introduction of a foreign species is inherently undesirable. It is recognized, of course, that the introduction of some non-native woody species has already been successfully accomplished, and these are excepted from the pre- ceding statements. But large-scale plantings should be limited to species proved to be adaptable to a given area and known to be able to compete with plants that now largely occupy the territory. In forest planting, Tourney and Korstian (573) characterize the selec- tion of exotics and species from widely different regions as very hazardous. In ornamental planting, where each plant is protected and given special protection, the use of exotics may be justified, but unless actual experimental plantings have been made or unless site- factors can definitely be shown to be similar to those of the region from which the species is introduced, exotic species should be ex- cluded from forest crops. The extensive use of Scotch pine and Norway spruce for instance, in the eastern United States is much to be regretted in the opinion of these workers, since results from such use are still problematical. FRUIT PRODUCTION Wherever dioecious species are used, if fruit production is desired, a few staminate (pollen-bearing) plants must be included in the planting. Monoecious plants, on the other hand, since both staminate and pistillate flowers are present on each bush, necessitate no such precaution. Examples of dioecious plants include Baccharis, Ilex, Madura, Myrica, Shepherdia, Tascus, and some species of Juniperus. There are, in addition, some species that are partly dioecious, that is, some of the plants may be entirely staminate and some slightly polygamous. In the latter, sufficient staminate flowers arc present on pistillate plants to ensure reasonably complete fertilization. The genera Celastrus, Attanthus, Morus, Rhus, and V it-is, furnish species of this sort (619}. With these, the addition of staminate forms to a planting may often be advantageous although not always necessary. At present there is no way to distinguish readily the seeds that will produce staminate from those that will produce pistillate plants. Therefore, to ensure getting fruit-bearing plants it may be necessary to use cuttings only, selecting them mainly from pistillate plants. In reproducing such plants from seed, the proportion of staminate to pistillate plants is often unknown. Other sorts of dioecism are known. Perfect flowers may often produce pollen that for various reasons may be more or less incapable NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 15 of fertilization of the pistil in the same flower or even of those on the same plant. An instance of such a condition is found in the wild plums where one plant often gives rise vegetatively to a colony. The pollen in the flowers of the whole colony may be unable to effect fertilization, and it is thus necessary in planting for wildlife food, to ensure that stock planted is collected from at least several different colonies and well mixed before using. According to Paul B. Sears, who has experimented with plums, it is nearly always possible to induce better fruit production in one colony by introducing a few plants from a neighboring colony, or even by throwing flowering branches from a different colony into the first. Production of fruit depends also on such environmental factors as temperature or cloudiness and precipitation during flowering. These conditions may very often be local, and certainly account in part for the patchy distribution of fruit production of the same species. Also, many plants that produce fruit freely in the sun will produce very little in the shade, as Corylus, JSymphoricarpos, and Parthenocissus. For this reason where fruit for wildlife is desired, a variety of species, blooming at different times, is necessary for ultimate production. THE CORRELATION OF SOILS AND PLANT GROWTH Many statements that a given species will grow on a certain kind of soil will be found herein. These statements are based for the most part on observations of plants in their native habitats, made by many different workers. They are extremely general, the correlation of vegetation with soils being by no means certain. Soil studies that have been made deal with factors that are not directly related to plants, or else the relation of plants to such factors is not yet clear (363). The distribution of some plants appears to depend directly 011 certain edaphic characters. Many species are almost entirely con- fined to acid or to alkaline soils. The near absence of legumes from very acid soils may be attributed to the inability of their symbiotic bacteria to succeed under acid conditions. Similarly, the ability of certain fungi to succeed under varying degrees of hydrogen-ion con- centration may condition the ecesis of woody plants on the roots of which they form mycorrhiza. The presence of toxic substances, the release of which may depend also on acidity, may prevent a plant from growing on a soil that under different local conditions might easily support that plant. The breakdown of litter, for example, is not at all understood. For such reasons as these, and for many otherSj we are far from having identified the factors in soil whose, variations are responsible for the local variations in plant distribu- tion. Certain physical factors of soil, however, are worth mentioning here. Shallow soils on an impervious subsoil may endanger the sta- bility of trees by restricting root growth. Heavy soils may act in the same way. Soils of spring-fed swamps and northern slopes are gen- erally colder than other soils, and sandy soils and soils of southern slopes are generally warmer (573). Higher and lower soil tempera- tures have respectively a stimulating and retarding effect on plant metabolism. 130186°— 39 2 IQ MISC. PUBLICATION 803, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANT-GROWTH REGION MAP3 The need for a map that designates zones or areas having fairly uniform growing conditions for plants was recognized when an at- tempt was made to discuss where in the United States different roses could be grown and also when recommendations for the planting of trees on city streets throughout the country were desired. To show regions where the different types of roses could be grown with a minimum of attention a rose zone map was prepared and was published in the Atlas of American Agriculture (45) and in the Amer- ican Kose Annual (17). It raised a storm of protest by growers and occasioned much discussion among them because roses were being suc- cessfully grown far beyond the zones indicated for each group. This success was due to the fact that special attention had been given to their culture, particularly to winter protection. Eventually it was generally conceded that the map showed what it purported to show. A map was made as a basis for recommending street trees and was published in a Department Bulletin, Street Trees (.£/7), and again in a Farmers' Bulletin, Trees for Town and City Streets (418). This map divided the country into 13 zones. The zoning was based on a combination of field studies in different parts of the country and a re- view of the literature of tree planting. Before the tree lists to ac- company the map were completed it became evident that more zones would have been desirable but this limited number was what seemed practicable at the time. The aim in preparing these maps, and the later one appearing in this publication (fig. 1), is to delimit areas with growing conditions sufficiently similar so that a large proportion of the plants that will grow in any one part of each zone will grow reasonably well in all of it. This makes it possible to draw up' lists of plants that can be recommended for growing in each region. Factors influencing growing conditions are latitude and altitude, which have a direct bearing on temperature, frosts, and length of growing season as well as extremes of temperature; rainfall, totals' and distribution through the year; humidity as influenced by rain- fall and winds ; soil type and character ; and amount and intensity of sunshine. Often these factors change very gradually so that there is no sharp natural line of demarcation. In such instances almost arbi- trary limits must be established in order that the regions shall not be too large to have reasonably uniform conditions throughout. Ex- amples of areas thus delineated are those included in regions 15 and 16 and in regions 18, 19, and 20. In each of these two groups of regions) the changes are so gradual from north to south that it is difficult to know where to draw the separating line or lines, but the total differ- ence between the northern parts and the southern appears to call for separation. In the absence of other marked factors the north and south limits of these regions have been determined by the character- istic farm crops of each. It is seldom that the range of natural distribution of any two plants1 is exactly the same ; nor is the range of successful cultivation of any two plants more likely to coincide. Although the lines on the growth- region map give the approximate limit of distribution of plants it 3 This section was written by Furman Lloyd Mulford, associate horticulturist, Bureau of Plant Industry. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PLANT GROWTH REGIONS 129° 127" 125" 123° 121° 119° 117° IIS* 113° III* 109° 107° 105° 103° IQl" 98* 97' LEGI I North Pacific Coast 2 Willamette Valley- Puget Sound. 3 Central California Valleys. 4 Cascade Sierra Nevada. 5 Southern California. 6 Columbia River Valley. 7 Palouse-Bitterroot Valley. 8 Snake River Plain -Utah Valley. 9 Great Basin • Intermontane. 10 Southwestern Desert. I I Southern Plateau. 12 Northern Rocky Mountains. 13 Central Rocky Mountains. 10 Southern Rocky Mountains. 15 Northern Great Plains. 16 Central Great Plains. 17 Southern Plains. lant Growth Regions by Furman Lloyd Mulford, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S.DA Figu. THE UNITED STATES SOII.CON8KRVATION SBHVH'.K Northern Black Soils. Central Black Soils. Southern Black Soils. Northern Prairies. Central Prairies. 23 Western Great Lakes. 28 Piedmont 24 Central Great Lakes. 29 Upp«r Coastal Plain 25 Ozark Ohio-Tennessee River Valleys. 30 Swampy Coastal Plain. 26 Northern Great Lakes- St Lawrence. 31 South. Central Florida. 27 Appalachian. 32 Subtropical Florida. Map prepared by Cartographic Drafting Unit NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 17 will be found that the natural distribution, or the area of usual culti- vation, often does not coincide with the area that is shown on the map to be adapted to them. As a matter of fact, the growing of the; plants may often occur beyond the area designated for them, or they may not be known over all the area suggested for them even though conditions are apparently satisfactory for their success. This over- lapping of adjacent areas may be only slight, but again it may extend much beyond the zone lines. It must also be recognized, however, that some plants will grow only under special conditions and that only in areas providing these con- ditions can they be expected to thrive. Bog, marsh, and water plants! will grow only near or in water in whatever region they are found. Likewise plants adapted to dry knolls, ridges, or to sandy areas grow only in such locations, and those needing acid soils,, alkaline soils, shade, or full sunlight can be expected to thrive only when those con- ditions are provided. Recommendations of plants having special re- quirements can be made for the different regions in the same way that plants thriving under more general conditions are listed, with nota- tions concerning their special requirements. When the 13-zone map was published it was recognized that some of the regions were too inclusive but for various reasons it was not deemed desirable to subdivide them at that time. Studies were imme- diately begun, however, looking toward making the regions smaller and more informing without going into too much detail. The number of regions was doubled, but as the study progressed it became obvious! that important differences in plant reaction and plant associations would be ignored unless more regions were included, so the number was increased to 29 zones, then to 30, and eventually to 32. The subdivision was begun by combining the known natural distri- bution of plants with regions of successful cultivation of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous perennials. Careful consideration was given to Weather Bureau maps of rainfall totals and distribution through the; year and of temperatures, not only maximum and minimum but frost dates and length of growing season. These results were carefully checked with O. E. Baker, of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, in relation to his crop -geography studies, and the resulting modifica- tions were later made in the growth-region limits. Subsequently the map Avas checked with the late Curtis F. Marbut, of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, and the zone lines were made to conform to the outline of soil types where there were no apparent discrepancies between the field studies and these modified outlines. Since the original publication of the 32-zone map in 1922 there have been many opportunities to consult with students having inti- mate knowledge of relatively local areas and all such opportunities have been utilized to check the accuracy of details. This has resulted in a few slight modifications. PLANT-GROWTH REGIONS FACTORS IN PLANT DISTRIBUTION There are three factors of great importance in the distribution of any given plant. Each may act separately, although they commonly operate in combination. They are climate, soil, and time. 18 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Climate, which is an expression of temperature and moisture con- ditions, is without question of first importance. It is, in fact, a summary of factors pertaining to water and to heat. Such factors may be further subdivided into amount and distribution of water or heat; or where the two interact the terms of the analysis are evaporation, kind of precipitation, and humidity. Soil, which involves both chemical and physical structure, is un- doubtedly of second importance. Plant distribution within areas of uniform climate may be modified within each area by soil factors, but it seems obvious that the climate plays the major role in pre- venting vegetation from spreading. The interaction of soil and climate (the latter is often a contributing factor in the formation or modification of the former) may be of great importance. With sufficient rainfall, for instance, the leaching out of certain bases may produce an acid or neutral soil ; with insufficient rainfall the soil may be alkaline. Both the preceding factors may operate provided sufficient time has elapsed. A newly-formed species must have time to spread before its range can be delimited by changes in climate or soil. If a species is young, its climatic and edaphic boundaries may not yet be operat- ing. In its distribution, time is still a very important factor. If a species is old enough so that its further distribution is limited by factors of climate or soil, time has ceased to be an important factor in its present distribution. It is true that climatic and soil factors may be uniform or may change very slightly over a given area of country, as in any of Mul- ford's plant-growth regions. Knowing empirically that a number of cultivated plants succeeded about equally well throughout such a growth region, we are reasonably safe in assuming that in general the range of a native species can coincide with boundaries of such growth regions provided it has had the necessary time to spread. It is significant that where there is a large number of endemics and where great variation in characters is evident the growth-region boundaries do not coincide at all well with limits of distribution, but where there are few endemics and variation is much less, the bounda- ries coincide much better. The correlation of Mulford's plant-growth regions with natural vegetation areas has as yet not appeared in print. The present author has been interested in the; idea for the last 5 or 6 years, has checked a few species with care, and a/ great many in a general man- ner. The subject cannot be dealt with adequately here, but it can be said that in a general way correspondence of the lines bounding the range of a given woody species with the lines bounding Mulford's plant-growth regions! is very close. Correspondence of the growth- region lines with climatic and soil boundary lines is also close, where either the temperature, precipitation, or soil condition, or any com- bination of them, acts as a limiting factor in plant distribution. A line bounding a growth region may be considered to consist of series of attacheof shorter lines, each representing a change in soil condition, in average precipitation, in average temperature, or some other change displayed by plant distribution. On the map (fig. 1), the lines must be considered not as sharply delimiting one region, but as being drawn to separate two regions differing in one or more NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 1Q factors of the environment. They take no cognizance of local physio- graphic areas, which may themselves cause a change in soil, tempera- ture, or rainfall. Major physiographic areas only are recognized. In other words, the map isi generalized. Vegetation areas, as they can be delineated from the notes of old surveyors and travelers, are more or less understood, but growth areas must be better and better known as we proceed to apply ecological principles to land use. Anyone thoroughly familiar with local con- ditions in a smaller area, such as a county or even a State, can point at once to places on Mulf ord's map where the conditions are not as represented. Mountain tops in region 11, for instance, should all be characterized as 14, with the growing conditions of which they more nearly coincide. But the expression of more or less average condi- tions over the whole country is fairly accurate. In the following characterizations of conditions in the growth regions, three main items are included for each: (1) The climate, expressed in terms of Thornthwaite's climatic provinces (570), (2) the length of the growing season, that is, the average number of days between the last killing frost in the spring and the first killing frost in the fall, and (3) the average annual number of days with snow cover. All three items have a considerable influence upon the growth of plants. THORNTHWAITE'S CLIMATIC PROVINCES Consideration of the map showing climatic regions superimposed on plant-growth region (fig. 2, in pocket) or of Thornthwaite's orig- inal work (570} will show the climatic provinces to be characterized by three factors; humidity, temperature, and seasonal distribution of precipitation. The combination of these three forms a climatic province. The five major humidity provinces are characterized as A (wet), B (humid), C (subhumid), D (semiarid), and E (arid). To deter- mine them, the procedure was as follows : The total monthly precipi- tation divided by the total evaporation was determined for every station whose temperature and precipitation records extended through a range of 10 years or more. The sum of the 12 monthly P-E ratios was called the P-E index, or the precipitation effective- ness of the station. Through field observation and study of vegeta- tion maps and monographs the five major humidity provinces were recognized and defined. Where the P-E index was 128 and above, the humidity province was designated* as A (wet). Similarly, P-E index 64-127 defines B (humid) ; 32-63, C (subhumid) ; 16-31, D (semiarid); and less than 16, E (arid). Characteristic vegetation for A is rain forest ; for B, forest ; for C, grassland ; for D, steppe ; and for E, desert. Four subtypes were recognized : r= moisture abundant at all seasons. s=moisture deficient in summer. w=moisture deficient in winter. d=moisture deficient at all seasons. The determination of the four subtypes depends' upon the relation existing between the P-E index and the sum of the P-E ratios of summer or winter, depending upon which is greater. 20 MISC. PUBLICATION 305, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE The limiting effect of temperature on plants was expressed in the same manner. The coefficient for temperature efficiency Thorn - thwaite called the T-E ratio. The sum of the 12. monthly ratios for any station he called the T-E index. Determining by empirical means an equation that gave the poleward limit of tundra a T-E index of zero and the poleward limit of the tropical rain forest and savannah a T-E index of 128 (which was the same as the P-E index of the arid margin of the rain forest), six temperature provinces were defined as follows : A' (tropical), T-E index 128 and above. B' (mesothermal), T-E index 64-127. C' (microthermal), T-E index 32-63. D' (taiga), T-E index 16-31. E' (tundra), T-E index 1-15. F' (frost), T-E index 0. The sixth province rarely occurs in the United States. Where temperature efficiency is adequate, variations in precipita- tion effectiveness establish the primary climatic boundaries; other- wise temperature efficiency is the limiting factor and determines the boundaries. The combination of the two produces a climatic prov- ince, in which various combinations of temperature effectiveness, precipitation effectiveness, and seasonal distribution of precipitation are possible, as shown in figure 2. LENGTH OF THE GROWING SEASON The figures for the length of growing season are taken from the Atlas of American Agriculture (45) . Eef erence to the map showing average annual frost-free season will show any portion of the country to be included between lines that indicate the average length of growing season. Between any two such lines is an area wiierein the average annual frost-free season changes with the distance from any designated line. It is obvious that an average or mean cannot vary, but it is equally plain that it may be different in one place from what it is in another. Therefore, in the characterizations under each region when the statement is made, for instance, that the average is from 10 to 20 in the northern portion and from 40 to 50 in the southern, it is meant that in the northern portion of the region in question the average of the extreme north may be 10, but at a short distance south it may be 20. In the southern portion likewise, the average may be 50 in the extreme south and a certain number of miles north only 40. But it should be clear from this example that the growing season in the northern portion, changing in length from one place to another, varies from 10 to 20 and that the growing sea- son of the southern portion varies likewise from 40 to 50. SNOW COVER The figures for number of days with snow cover are taken from the Atlas of American Agriculture (45} . Here, as in the discussion of the growing season, the average annual figure is said to vary. Again it is obvious that averages do not vary, but may change with distance. When it is said, for instance, that the average annual number of days with snow cover is from 1 to 10, it is to be under- stood that the average figure changes with distance; that somewhere NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 21 in between the lines expressing 1 and 10 will be places where the average may be 2, 3, 4, or any number between 1 and 10. With this explanation, the climatic characters of each region may now be considered very briefly, bearing in mind that the values given are averages, not absolute figures. Study of the two maps (figs. 2 and 3, in the pocket) may assist in a better understanding of the climate and soil in any given plant growth region. In figure 2 the climatic regions of Thornthwaite (in color) are superimposed on Mulford's plant-growth regions (hachured) . In figure 3 the impor- tant soil regions (in color) are superimposed upon Mulford's plant- growth regions (hachured). CLIMATES OF GROWTH REGIONS REGION 1, NORTH PACIFIC 'COAST Climate wet, microthermal, with adequate precipitation at all sea- sons in all portions, except for two areas with a summer deficiency, one extending for 100 miles south of the Oregon-California line, the other extending the same distance north from San Francisco Bay. Between these two areas is a mesothermal area of some 150 miles in north-south extent. Fogs are frequent and winter rainfall is heavy. The lowest temperatures are 22° to 24° F. in the north, to about 32° in the south. The average annual growing season is from 210 days to less than 90 days in the higher northern portions and more than 240 days in the extreme south. The average annual number of days with snow cover ranges from 1 to 10 over most of the region, increasing to as many as 60 in the central portion. REGION 2, WILLAMETTE VALLEY-PUGET SOUND A humid, microthermal climate throughout, with adequate precipi- tation at all seasons in the north, but with a summer deficiency south of the Columbia River. Summers warmer and drier than those of region 1. Commonest low temperatures range from 10° to 20° F. The average growing season is 210 days in the south and 150 days in the north. Average annual number of days with snow cover ranges from 1 to 10. BEGION 3, CENTRAL CALIFORNIA VALLEYS A subhumid, mesothermal climate throughout except for the semi- arid to arid southwestern third. Precipitation is deficient in the summer through the northern two-thirds but deficient at all seasons in the semiarid to arid third. Winters mild ; lowest temperature 22° to 24° F., with slightly higher temperatures on the hillsides. Average annual frost-free season more than 240 days. Number of days with snow cover less than 1 annually. REGION 4, CASCADE-SIERRA NEVADA A mountainous region where conditions vary with elevation and slope, the eastern side being drier than the western side. South- ward the eastern side is decidedly arid; northward less so. The 22 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE western side varies from wet to humid. Precipitation is adequate at all seasons in the northern portion but deficient in summer from central Oregon southward. The climate is microthermal in the northern portion, varying to mesothermal in the more southern part. Average annual number of days with snow cover ranges from 10 to 60, increasing with altitude ; more than 60 at very high elevations. Average growing season is less than 90 to 150 days, somewhat shorter northward and on the eastern side and decreasing with altitude. REGION 5, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Climate subhumid, mesothermal, with a summer deficiency of rain- fall northward. Southward the climate becomes semiarid with a rainfall deficiency at all seasons. Average growing season 210 to more than 240 days. Snow cover is rare. REGION 6, COLtTMBIA RIVER VALLEY In the north subhumid ; in the south semiarid ; or arid in the south- east corner. A microthermal climate with a deficiency of rainfall at all seasons. Average annual number of days with snow cover 10 to 60, lowest southward; highest, northward. Average annual growing season, 120 to 150 days. REGION 7, PALOUSE-BITTERROOT VAT.T.KY A microthermal climate, varying from semiarid on the extreme west to subhumid in the central portion, humid in the central part of the narrowest portion, and subhumid in the extreme eastern por- tion. Rainfall deficient at all seasons except in the very center of the area where it is deficient during the summer only. Average annual number of days with snow coyer 10 to 90, the southern half with 10 to 30, but with the number increasing north- ward. Average annual growing season 180 days in the south to 90 days in the north or at higher elevations. REGION 8, SNAKE RIVER PLAIN-UTAH VALLEY Northward generally subhumid, passing to semiarid and arid southward; microthermal and with a deficiency of rainfall at all seasons. Average annual number of days with snow cover 10 to 30 in the northwestern portion, 30 to 60 most common, especially southward. Average annual frost-free season 90 to more than 180 days, shorter with altitude, longer near large bodies of water and in the northern portion. REGION 9, GREAT BASIN-INTERMONTANE Generally semiarid, microthermal, with a deficiency of rainfall at all seasons, but with local arid portions, especially in the south- western part. Average annual number of days with snow cover, 30 to 60 in the larger western and southern portions; 60 to 90 days in the northern half of the eastern portion. Average annual frost-free season less than 90 days in the northwestern portion ; between 90 and 120 in cen- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 23 tral and western Nevada, and between 120 and 150 on the east side of the Sierras; in the southernmost portion more than 240 days along the Colorado River, increasingly shorter farther from the river to less than 90 days, depending upon elevation. BEGION 10, SOUTH WESTERiN DESERT Arid, mesothermal, with a deficiency of rainfall at all seasons. Growing season averages more than 240 days annually, locally some- what less with high altitude. REGION 11, SOUTHERN PLATEAU Climate semiarid in the northern and southwestern portions to arid in the south-central and southeastern portions; microthermal in the northern portion, elsewhere mesothermal; rainfall deficient throughout. Annual number of days with snow cover averages less than 1 in the southern and western portions, but ranges from 10 to 30 in the northern part. Proximity to mountains increases the figure locally. Annual growing seasons range from 90 to 150 days in the north, or with altitude, to more than 240 days in the south. REGION 12, NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS Great variation because of elevation and exposure. Generally sub- humid except for the semiarid western extension and extreme east- ern and south-central portions ; microthermal and with an all-season deficiency of precipitation except in the extreme northwest where rainfall is adequate at all seasons. Annual number of days with snow cover ranges from 30 to over 120, the number increasing with altitude. Somewhat less in south- central Idaho and the Blue Mountains. Average frost-free season generally less than 90 days ; or with decreasing altitude, longer. REGION 13, CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAINS Climate similar to that of region 12, but temperatures for the same elevation about 7° warmer. Generally arid to semiarid at lower elevations, approaching subhumid to humid climate at higher elevations; microthermal, with rainfall adequacy at all seasons reached with altitude. Annual number of days with snow cover, 30 to 120, increasing with altitude. Average annual growing season less than 90 days ; or at much lower elevations, longer. REGION 14, SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS Climate similar to that of region 13, but temperatures for the same elevation about 6° warmer. Arid or semiarid at low elevations to subhumid or humid at higher ones; microthermal except for the mesothermal southeastern portion. Precipitation deficient at all seasons except at very high altitudes. Average annual number of days with snow cover, 10 to 60, increas- ing with altitude, but fewer southward. Average frost-free season 24 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE in the western section 210 to less than 120 with altitude ; in the east- ern section from 180 in the south to less than 90 in the higher parts of the extreme northern portion. REGION 15, NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS Except for the subhumid eastern portion and the Black Hills, semiarid throughout; microthermal and with a deficiency of rainfall at all seasons. In the Black Hills, with altitude a humid micro- thermal climate occurs, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. Average annual number of days with snow cover 30 to 60 in the south, but 60 to more than 120 over most of the central and northern portions, increasing northward. Average growing season 110 to 120 days in the extreme north, 120 to 150 in the south and southwest, and 90 to 120 in Wyoming, northwestern South Dakota, southwest- ern North Dakota, and southeastern Montana. Extremely cold in winter, usually -30° to -40° F. REGION 16, CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS Climate warmer than that of region 15 and with greater evapora- tion. Generally semiarid except for the subhumid northeastern and southeastern portions; microthermal in the northern fringe and in the northeastern and southeastern portions, elsewhere mesothermal; precipitation generally deficient at all seasons except in the northeast and southeast where there is a summer deficiency only. Average annual number of days with snow cover from less than 1 in the extreme southern portion to 30 to 60 in the extreme north. Average growing season 150 days in the north to 210 days in the south. REGION 17, SOUTHERN PLAINS Semiarid, except for a small arid area west of the mouth of the Pecos River; mesothermal, with rainfall deficient at all seasons. Average annual growing season 210 to more than 260 days, the longer season southward. Evaporation high throughout. REGION 18, NORTHERN BLACK SOILS Subhumid, except for the extreme semiarid northwestern portion; microthermal, rainfall deficient at all seasons. Intermediate in mois- ture between regions 15 and 21. Average annual number of days with snow cover from 30 to 60 in the south to over 120 in the north. Average annual growing season 110 to 150 days, or slightly more in the extreme southern portion. REGION 19, CENTRAL BLACK SOILS Subhumid throughout; microthermal in the western portions, mesothermal in the eastern; precipitation deficient at all seasons in the northern portion, in summer in the southwestern and west-central portions, but adequate at all seasons in the eastern portion. Sudden variations common in winter; hot winds often blowing in summer; moisture conditions intermediate between those of regions 16 and 22. 25 Average annual number of days with snow cover from 1 to 10 in the extreme south to 30 to 60 in the extreme north. Average annual frost-free season from 150 days northward to 220 days southward. REGION" 20, SOUTHERN BLACK SOILS Subhumid and mesothermal throughout ; precipitation deficient at all seasons in the northwestern portion, adequate at all seasons in the eastern fringe and southeastern portion. Intermediate in mois- ture conditions between regions 16, 25, and 29. Average annual number of days with snow cover, 1 to 10 in the north to less than 1 in the south. Average frost-free season, 220 to more than 260 days, longest southward. REGION 21, NORTHERN PRAIRIES Subhumid, microthermal ; precipitation deficient at all seasons in the north, changing to adequate at all seasons southward; drying* winds and frequent droughts of more than 30 days occur in the, western portion. Average annual number of days with snow cover from 60 to 90 in the south to more than 120 in the north. Average annual frost-free season from 100 days in the north to 160 in the south. REGION" 22, CENTRAL PRAIRIES Northwestern portion and western fringe subhumid, remaining portions humid; northern portion microthermal, southern mesother- mal; precipitation adequate at all seasons throughout. Average annual number of days with snow cover 30 to 60 except in the southern part of the western portion, where it decreases south- ward, ranging from 1 to 10. Average growing season 150 to 160 days in the northern portion to 180 in the southeastern portion and 230 in the extreme southwestern portion. REGION 23, WESTERN GREAT LAKES Western portion subhumid, eastern portion humid; microthermal; rainfall adequate at all seasons. Average annual number of days with snow cover, 60 to 90 in the) southern and southwestern portions to more than 120 in the northern and northeastern portions. Average annual growing season 100 days in the north to 150 days in the south, or in the southwest, 170 days. Upper Peninsula of Michigan, 110 to 140 days. REGION" 24, CENTRAL GREAT LAKES Humid, microthermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. Winter temperatures more moderate than in region 23. Average annual number of days with snow cover from 60 to 90 in the southern half, from 90 to 120 in the northern half . Frost-free! season averaging 110 days in the north to over 150 in the south longest close to the lakes. 26 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE REGION 25, OZARK-OHIO-TENNES8EE BIVER VALLEYS Humid, mesothermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. In the extreme southwestern portion subhumid. Much alternates freezing and thawing in winter. Average annual number of days with snow cover, 10 to 30 in the. north, 1 to 10 in the south. Average annual frost-free season 160 days in the north to 200 in the southeast and 240 in the southwest. REGION 26, NOBTHEBN GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE Humid, microthermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. There are two local portions in northern and southern New York that are wet rather than humid. Average annual number of days with snow cover, 90 to 120 in the southern portions to more than 120 northward. Average annual growing season less than 100 days in the north and at higher eleva- tions to about 130 in the south. REGION 27, APPALACHIAN Northern portion humid, microthermal; southwestern and south- central portions humid, mesothermal. Local areas of wet micro- thermal climates are distributed along the backbone of the mountains, and there is a wet mesothermal area in the southeastern portion. Average annual number of days with snow cover 1 to 10 in the extreme southern portion to as much as 90 in the extreme north. In the central portion 30 to 60 days is commonest. Average annual frost-free season 130 days in the north, especially at higher eleva- tions, to 210 days in the extreme southern portion. Throughout, the season is shorter with increasing altitude. REGION 28, PIEDMONT Generally humid, mesothermal, but microthermal in the extreme northern portion, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. Warmer than region 27. Average annual number of days with snow cover 1 to 10, decreasing southward to less than 1, increasing northward from 10 to 30. Aver- age annual growing season from 170 days in the north to 220 or more in the south, longer coastward. REGION 29, UPPER COASTAL PLAIN Humid, mesothermal, rainfall adequate at all seasons. Average annual number of days with snow cover less than 1 in the southern half, 1 to 10 in the northern half. Growing season 200 days in the north to 260 days in the south, longer coastward. REGION 30, SWAMPY COASTAL PLAIN Humid, mesothermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons except in the extreme west where it gradually diminishes to a de- ficiency at all seasons. In central Florida the climate is subhumid, rather than humid. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 27 Average annual frost-free season 230 days in the extreme north- east to more than 260 days in the south-central and southwestern portions. Snow cover rare. EEGION 31, SOUTH CENTRAL FLORIDA Subhumid, mesothermal, with rainfall adequate at all seasons. Killing frost likely on the average in half the years ; frost-free season well over 260 days. Snow cover extremely rare. REGION 32, STIBTBOPICAL FLORIDA Humid, tropical, with adequate rainfall at all seasons. In the north, killing frosts are apt to occur in half the years ; in the south there is no record of a killing frost. NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA Technicians engaged in planting for erosion control often very wisely choose species that are able, oy means of a symbiotic relation- ship with a species of RMftobvum to enrich the soil by the addition of certain nitrogen compounds. With some exceptions, such plants belong to the Leguminosae. Because the soils left after considerable washing has taken place are often poor and unproductive, the in- corporation of nitrogen is of great importance in their reclamation. Lespedezas, alfalfa, vetch, clover, acacias, black locust, and Scotch broom are legumes and have been advocated for use particularly on account of their root associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The decay of various parts of the legume as well as of the root nodules housing the bacteria results in the addition of nitrogen com- pounds to the soil. Vetch, peas, beans, clover, and other annual plants, or those on which nodules are produced each spring to develop through the season and decay in the autumn enrich the soil to the extent of about 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre annually if the crop is plowed under. In black locust, Sophora, some species of Acacia, and others, the nodules may last for more than one growing period, and often become woody. Part of the time during the life of the nodules the nitrogenous compounds may be used by the plant. Not only do members of the Leguminosae form these symbiotic relationships, but they are formed also by shrubs and trees of the genera Alnus, Ceanothus, Elaeagnus, Shepherdia, and Myrica, besides members of the Cycadaceae and Podooarpaceae. Members of the lat- ter two families will, of course, rarely be used to any great extent in planting in the United States. The nodules formed in nonleguminous plant roots are by some be- lieved to be caused by species of Rhizobium, although this is denied by others. But that the nodules of nonlegumes play a part in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen very similar to that performed by legume nodules appears to be fairly wyell established. Cross-inocula- tion of legumes with strains from Alnus and Elaeagnus is claimed to have been accomplished successfully, but ordinarily certain strains or races are specific for the host-plant species. Inoculation of plant- ing sites with the proper strain is an established farm practice although the bacteria are probably distributed as wind-borne dust 28 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE under natural conditions. The rotation of legumes with nonlegumes for soil enrichment is also a common practice. In Taiwan (For- mosa), according to E. Kent Beattie, alders are included in the rota- tion of rice fields in much the same manner, presumably for the bene- fit derived from the nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the shrub's roots. In general, plants producing such nodules are able to live in very poor soils, since lack of nitrogen is not as great a factor in their success as it may be for other plants. For this reason the leguminous plants are particularly satisfactory for planting on poor, eroded land, the soil of which will with difficulty support other plants. Many legumes are unsuccessful on acid soils, doing better on neutral or alkaline soils, where calcium appears to be of importance in the nutrition of the bacteria of the nodules. This is not always true, however, as in Lupinus. There are a number of exceptions to the rule that nodule forma- tion caused by fihisobium occurs in all leguminous plants, Those of interest here are Cercis canadensis, Gleditsia triaCanthos, and Gymnocladus dioica (13} . The question at once arises whether these species enrich the soil since they bear no nodules. According to L. T. Leonard, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, as well as other authorities, they probably do not. The synonymity of legumes and nitrogen fixers is by no means certain ; possibly there are many more legumes that do not fix nitrogen. EXPLANATION OF THE LIST SCOPE In the alphabetical list are considered all species of woody plants known to grow in the continental United States and on the Cali- fornia islands, with the following exceptions : 1. Plants of the southern, subtropical portion of Florida. 2. In general, species not woody throughout ; that is, woody only at the base. 3. Species not native to the United States, unless definitely known to have become naturalized to such an extent as to prove their ability to compete with native species. 4. The cacti, since, as Britton and Schafer (71) have said, stein structure is such that no criterion other than size is available to determine which to include as trees or shrubs and which to regard as herbs.4 5. Species of parasitic or partially parasitic habit, as Phoradendron, Razoum- ofskya, Pyrularia, since growing or using them presents difficulties that in effect exclude them from planting programs. 6. Hybrid forms, except for occasional mention under the parent species. LATIN NAMES AND SYNONYMS The species making up the list of woody plants have been selected from two sources: (1) Regional and local floras, and (2) monographs of families or genera. But from whatever manual or monograph the names were taken, a decision had to be made regarding the proper name to use, since taxonomists are not always agreed on the correct technical name. Furthermore, manuals published earlier in the century, but still in common use, employ names not in accepted 4 Cacti, especially the opuntias, have been used with considerable success in controlling gully heads. The stem sections are simply dumped into the eroding gully, and on taking root they form thickets that contribute materially to the control of the eroding soil. Many species are very important as a source of food and water for desert animals. As some 20 species of mammals and a like number of birds have been observed to eat cacti, their importance to wildlife appears to be considerable. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 29 use under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. To avoid confusion, all important synonyms are included in the list in their proper alphabetical order with a cross reference to the current preferred name. The species in this list may readily be found, therefore, no matter with what code or manual one may be most familiar. It might be mentioned that synonyms often show relationships otherwise hidden. As an example : Vitis helleri, the roundleaf grape, was first described as a variety of V. rotundifolia, the muscadine grape. In the synonymy under Vitis helleri one finds V. rotundi- folia var. helleri, which indicates that V. helleri is close enough to V. rotundifolia to have been considered a variety of it. Other ex- amples could be cited to show the same thing, but this will suffice to indicate that records of utilization by wildlife may often have been applied, especially in earlier days, to both the original species and its variety. Thus 28 species of birds are recorded as having eaten V. rotundifolia. None is recorded for V. helleri. But that the bird- stomach record should apply partially to the latter species, changed recently from its varietal rank, is fairly certain. In examining plant characterizations, particularly with respect to wildlife foods, tech- nicians will do well to remember the possible interrelationships ex- pressed in the synonymy. VERNACULAR NAMES OF PLANTS The problem of choosing vernacular names for species of plants is a difficult one. The very old prejudice against the use of a Latin name is as pronounced as ever, and technicians are universally faced with the necessity of using a so-called "common name" in order to be understood. And yet no exact or careful work can ever be done unless a name is used that applies to one species of plant and no other. The tremendous numbers of vernacular names of plants in common use do not satisfy this requirement. If they could be stand- ardized, as the names of birds have been so that there would be no question of the identity implied by a name, there would be less confusion. Very laudable attempts to standardize vernacular names have been made, but we are still a great way from completeness. Not the least reason for this is that no committee having the sanction of botanists throughout the country has ever been organized to deal with the matter. If the botanists of the United States were to deal with common names somewhat after the ntanner in which the botanical congresses have dealt with Latin nomenclature, perhaps in time definite and complete understanding might be achieved. Standardized Plant Names (15} treats horticultural plants for the most part. This and Sudworth's Checklist of the Forest Trees of the United States (564) are the best attempts made so far to choose standard vernacular names for woody plants. Although in each there are names that could be much improved, yet by and large the names presented in them have much to recommend them. Many names of woody plants from these two sources have been used in this publication. A great many names have been taken from Dayton's Important Western Browse Plants (168}. The various manuals of the flora 30 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE of different sections of the country have supplied others. A few names have been collected by the author, more notably in the South- west where, incidentally, a great many plants as well as towns, rivers, and mountains, are called by Mexican or Spanish names. Nevertheless, there yet remain several hundred species that do not bear distinctive vernacular names. They appear in the list with no other than a Latin name, the author believing that one person is not armed with sufficient authority to coin names for them. Many species appear under a number of different vernacular names, some of which may also be applied indiscriminately to various other species. In this work the selection of the most descriptive name has been made after careful consideration of the characters of the j)lant. The common name is placed opposite the Latin name ; the remaining synonymous vernacular names may be found in the list of common and scientific names of woody plants (p. 322). The more commonly used vernacular names are there referred to the species that often bears them. Incidentally, this discussion should inform those less familiar with plant names that the use of a common name, where ex- actitude is desired, is never as satisfactory as the use of the correct Latin name. RANGE The user of the woody plant list will find a series of numbers under each species after Range. Each number refers to a plant-growth region shown on Mulford's map (fig. 1). The series of numbers under any given species expresses its approximate geographic range. To determine the plant-growth regions in which a plant can be planted with most confidence, the geographic range of the particular species was superimposed upon a map of Mulford's growth regions. The numbers were then read off. In many instances a plant may be found growing naturally in only a portion of a growth region, but as- suming conditions within a given region to be reasonably constant, the plant is stated to be able to grow anywhere in the entire growth region. For this reason, it is obvious that the actual geographic range of any native species is not necessarily expressed with exactitude. Interpretation of distribution with respect to the plant-growth re- gions has been conservative. The range of each species has been checked against records in local floras and published citations of spec- imens. Where a question exists, the growth region involved has been omitted. The growth regions herein published, therefore, depend in no way upon any belief the author may have that the planting of a given species will probably be safe in adjacent growth regions. If a growth region is listed for a species it has been ascertained that the plant actually does grow there. Comparison of climatic and soil conditions in one growth region with those in others may point the way to the introduction of a species from one region to another. Here as with other considera- tions, in this work the facts only are presented; any conclusions drawn from them must be those of the user of the list. SITE DESIGNATIONS Plants grow in dry soil, moist soil, or in fresh or well-drained soil. They are to be found in the sun, or in the shade, or in both, or some- 31 times in half shade. In the list under Site these facts are designated by the single words "dry," "moist," "well-drained," "sun," "shade," and "half shade." Certain species of sagebrush, ordinarily occurring on plains, for instance, would be characterized as "dry, sun." Cer- tain species of osiers, ordinarily growing along streams, would be noted as "Moist, sun." Species of spice-bush, ordinarily occurring in rich woodlands, would be noted as "Well-drained, moist, shade.'' Designation of a soil as dry, well-drained, or moist, depends to some extent on the opinion of the worker and the region in which he may be. Dry soil in the Great Plains or Piedmont is presumably much drier than dry soil in New England or western Oregon. Even moist soil might be considered wetter in New England than in Arizona. For this reason, only general designations are placed under each spe- cies in the list. Some common sense and a good deal of additional information about a plant may be needed, or further observation of its native habitat, especially when an unusually difficult position is to be its site. GROWTH HABITS Woody plants are here considered under growth-habit categories characterized as small shrubs, large shrubs, small trees, large trees, or vines. Small shrubs do not grow higher than 5 feet ; large shrubs are 5 feet or more in height ; small trees grow to 20 feet ; large trees are more than 20 feet in height. The intermingling of sucn types must be done with care, since taller forms easily overshadow and repress smaller ones. The habit of a plant may be materially altered by its habitat. Some grapes, for instance, are definitely shrubs on poor, dry soil while on better, more moist soil they may become vines. Certain shrubs become trees if plenty of moisture and good soil is available. Many species that are ordinarily large trees, may be only small ones or large shrubs in poor soils. Some species are shrubby in the northern part of their range and treelike in the southern part, or vice versa. The ability of species to change habit should be considered in planting. Consideration of the general habit of a plant may assist the tech- nician in selecting species to suit his needs. If he desires a cover on the soil during the winter, he will necessarily choose an ever- green species. If escape cover for wildlife is desired, his choice will be a plant with thorns, dense foliage, or one intricately branched. He may want a species that will permit the growth of herbaceous vegetation beneath it, in which case he will look for a sparsely branched type with thin foliage. In the list, unless a plant is stated to be evergreen, it is understood to be deciduous. If it is not mentioned as spiny or thorny, it is understood to be free of any sort of spines or thorns. Otherwise characteristics are definitely stated for each plant. FRUITING Under each species in the list will be found the designation, "Fruit." Here the kind of fruit is indicated, as pome (applelike)_, drupe (cherry like), berry (drupelike but with more than one seed), achene (seedlike), capsule, nut. Immediately after the kind of fruit is designated the time of availability, very often expressed by 2 130186°— 39 3 32 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE months, as August-April. The first month indicates when the fruit ripens and is available for collection either by man or wildlife; the second month shows approximately how long the fruit persists on the plant. The data in this publication concerned with time of availability of fruit must be used with caution. The average dates of ripening of the fruit of a species with a considerable north-south range may have a range of several months, beginning earliest in the south ancl occurring later in the north. Furthermore, local weather conditions or other factors may delay or hasten the usual period of ripening. Therefore, when fruit is said to be available from August to April, it is meant that this appears to be the usual time. It does not mean that fruit always occurs on a particular bush during all that time. Only local field studies can discover when fruits are usually avail- able in any given region. Seed collectors know also that fruits particularly attractive to birds may not remain on the plant for any length of time if birds are plentiful. The seeds of Juniperus ashei, for instance, ordinarily per- sist like most other juniper fruits, but in 1936 the ripe fruits in the Ozarks were nearly cleaned off by immense flocks of robins. PROPAGATION A work of this sort can hardly deal in detail with methods of propagation, but certain fundamental principles should be stated that may contribute to a better understanding of propagation. Occa- sional notes indicating usual methods will be found under genera; if methods vary with species, under the species. In general, propagation of plants from seed produces more vig- orous plants. Because of this, plants intended for use on difficult, eroded sites should preferably be grown from seed. Reproduction in this manner involves determination of species and collection, stor- age, and planting. Proper collection of good, viable seed demands care and a knowl- edge of the fruiting period of the plant. Seed falling earliest is usually of poorest quality. In the list of woody plants the date of seed ripening is indicated first, but it may vary considerably from one place to another. In fact, as far as seed collection is concerned, it would be sufficient to say that the fruit of a species ripens in early or late spring, summer, or fall. A seed collector wisely gets to the plants at the earliest date of ripening to be sure that he, instead of birds, squirrels, or other rodents, gets the major share of the crop. Even so, when seed is retained well into the winter, collection may often be deferred until later. But in any event, before seed is col- lected its soundness and worth should always be determined by cut- ting tests. The fruit should be mature, as slightly unripe seed has a decidedly poorer keeping quality than fully ripe seed. Storage of seed depends on the species of plant. Some seed must be sown at once for best results ; others must be stratified. Seed with fleshy parts usually must be cleaned by fermentation, washing, and drying before being stored dry. Preservation of the moisture con- tent of seed is of great importance during handling and storing. Some seed, such as that of red and silver maples, willows, and poplars, is killed if the water content drops below 35 percent. Seed of many NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 33 species of the rose family will germinate readily if planted at once, but if dried will fall into a state of secondary dormancy necessitating stratification to assure germination (313) . Seed of birches and bass- wood germinates much more poorly when permitted to dry out after maturity. Temperature greatly influences the keeping quality of seed (351). For most woody plant seed, 35°-40° F. is considered the best tem- perature. At these levels the moisture content may vary somewhat without harm to the seed. Freezing should be guarded against. Low oxygen content can be obtained by storage in airtight contain- ers ; this should be watched, since high oxygen content reduces keep- ing quality. "Stratifying," as here used, means placing the seed in layers of peat and holding them at 35°-40° F. or, in specific instances, at the temperature noted in the list under the species. If seed is to be stratified, it should first be treated with a disinfectant. Potassium permanganate in 5 to 10 percent solution is useful for this purpose. All of these operations and also those that follow are treated ad- mirably in The Modern Nursery (351). Seeding and Planting in the Practice of Forestry (573) treats particularly of tree species. Seed may fail to germinate because of incompletely organized embryos or hard seed coats, or because certain internal chemical changes that must take place before germination have not occurred. Additional food in the form of a dilute sugar solution may assist embryo organization during stratification. Seeds with hard seed coats are treated with hot water or agitated with sharp sand to assist them in germinating. Seed requiring a rest period must be stratified in the manner described. Such of these practices as are known to apply are indicated for each species or genus in the list. In addition, data on the number of seeds per pound, the germination percentage, and the approxi- mate number of usable plants to be expected from each pound of seed are given. These notes are intended to assist the technician in large-scale operations by giving him some idea of the nursery space he may require. Obviously, they can be only approximate. The number of seeds per pound depends on individual variation in size of seed. This in turn depends on the age and vigor of the plant, the fullness of the crop, differences in site of the individual plants, and place of collection. Trees on good sites produce larger seeds than those on poor ones, and seeds collected at the northern extension of the tree range or from higher elevations are usually smaller than those collected from the southern part of the range or from lower altitudes (573). This is probably true also of shrubs. It can thus be seen that the reported number of seeds per pound may vary tremendously. However, some indication is better than none at all. Theoretically, the number of seeds per pound multiplied by the percentage of germination should give the number of usable plants to be expected per pound of seed. Actually, this is rarely true. Too many other factors are involved and the number of usable plants is often only one-third to one-fifth or less of the theoretical figure. For several hundred species the actual approximate number of usable plants per pound of seed, determined empirically in the Section of 34 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Nurseries of the Soil Conservation Service, is given, but all figures of this sort must be used with caution. In large-scale operations, planting stock is most often propagated from seed, but other methods of obtaining plants, such as lifting wild stock, propagation by cuttings, or direct seeding, are all useful. Transplanting wild stock has little to recommend it. It is costly, especially from a labor standpoint, and the percentage of survival is all too often low. The practice of direct seeding over all or part of a given area would seem to merit more investigation. The elimination of all storage and nursery operations has much appeal, but too little is known of direct seeding either to recommend or to discourage it. Tourney and Korstian (573) note that when an area is seeded prop- erly, the cost is usually high. They claim that in direct seeding, as might be expected, germination is usually lower and more uneven than in nurseries. Proper preparation and protection of the site is no small item in the cost. They give a table showing the number of pounds of seed required for planting an acre with each of 23 species of trees, including black cherry, which requires 10 to 25 pounds; black locust, 6 to 8 pounds ; white oak, 600 to 800 ; beech, 50 to 150 ; and white pine, 5 to 9. Examples of successful direct seeding of woody plants are rare, but with increasing demand for large-scale planting, perhaps methods may be developed to overcome present obstacles. If it is known that direct seeding is successful, the information is included in the present list. UTILIZATION BY WILDLIFE The first paragraph under each species after the designation of fruit deals with characters directly or indirectly related to erosion control; the second deals wholly with utilization of the species by wildlife, livestock, and bees. The latter paragraph is divided into two portions headed "Stomach records" and "Observations" Under Stomach records are placed all records of utilization based on examination of stomach contents. Most of such records are taken from the files of the Bureau of Biological Survey. A few are from, identifications of stomach materials made by other agencies. It has not seemed advisable to name all the species of birds known to ihave eaten the fruit. The total number of birds utilizing the species of plant is listed, and a statement is added indicating which game birds are included. Under each genus characterization the paragraph dealing with wildlife utilization lists stomach records and observations in addition to those listed under species. They are not summaries. Identification of plant parts found in stomachs is often possible only as far as the genus. These must hence be recorded only for the genus. The same may be true of observations, where identification is uncertain or pos- sibly inaccurate. Therefore, genus records in this publication are used only because such records cannot be referred to a particular species. All records of woody-plant utilization known to the author are included. The Biological Survey records, the literature, and many field workers have supplied information for this work. It is, how- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 35 ever, very clearly recognized that there may be other records extant, and corrections and additional material are earnestly solicited by the author. Under Observations are placed all records obtained from the litera- ture. These cannot be considered as reliable as stomach records ; but as indicated in the section Planting for Wildlife (p. 6), considerable care has been exercised to see that those stated actually do apply to the species under which they are placed. The animals listed under Stomach records and Observations should not be added to give the total number of animals feeding upon the plant since they are two separate and distinct items, and since the same species of animal may often have been observed to eat a part of the plant as well as to have had a portion of the plant found in its stomach or crop. LIST OF WOODY PLANTS Abies spp. Firs. About 23 species of firs are known, of which 10 occur in the United States. All are evergreen forest trees producing soft perishable wood of great importance commercially, and balsamic exudations; the seeds at each end of the cone are usually not fertile ; cones break up at maturity ; seed germination is usually under 50 percent and viability endures no longer than one season ; propagation is entirely by seed sown in spring after stratifying at 32°^41° F. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 10 species of birds includ- ing dusky and ruffed grouse ; elk, Coeur d'Alene chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to the specific records) : Four species of birds includ- ing spruce and dusky grouse ; Fremont pine squirrel, Arizona porcupine. Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes Silver fir. Picea amabilis Dougl. Range: 1, 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; ripe in September, breaks up in October. A very large, long-lived evergeen tree; slow growing; susceptible to fire damage because of its thin bark ; somewhat attacked by rot ; wood of impor- tance commercially, especially as pulp ; grows poorly in cultivation ; seeds borne heavily every 2 or 3 years, vitality transient, germination low; 11,000 seeds per pound. Abies arizonica Merr. Corkbark fir. A. lasiocarpa arizonica Lemm. Range: 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone, ripe in September. A large evergreen tree ; wood of no importance commercially ; good seed years every third year; germination rate low, 25,000-45,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Porcupine, squirrels, and other rodents. Abies aromatica, see Abies grandis. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam fir. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained; moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, breaks up soon afterwards. A large, fairly rapid-growing evergreen tree with a very shallow root system ; intolerant of shade except for the first 6 to 8 years ; age limit about 150 years ; easily wind-thrown and damaged by fire and rot ; short-lived and generally not satisfactory in cultivation ; some 10 varieties distinguished in cultivation, one bearing larger cones; wood important for pulp, rarely lumber; seed borne abundantly at intervals of 2 to 4 years, shaded trees generally not bearing; 55,000 seeds per pound, germination 25 percent. Stomach records: Five species of birds, including spruce and ruffed grouse. Observations: Six species of birds including ruffed, spruce and prairie sharp- tailed grouse; porcupine, snowshoe hare; highly important winter food of moose, white-tailed deer ; rarely cut for building material, not food, by beaver. 36 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Abies concolor Lindl. and Gord. White fir. A. lowiana (Gord.) Murr., A concolor lowiana Lemm. Range : 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; mature in September, soon breaks up. A very large evergreen tree with a shallow root system ; at first rapid grow- ing; later slower; long-lived; resistant to fire, heat, and drought; wood used commercially ; good seed years every 2 to 4 years, seed vitality transient ; 10,000-15,000 seeds per pound, germination 22-^2 percent; five varieties dis- tinguished in cultivation. Stomach records: Mount Pinos grouse; Inyo chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observations: Sooty grouse ; porcupine ; of outstanding importance for mule deer, California pine squirrel; much eaten by squirrels and other rodents. Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir. Southern balsam fir. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in September, soons breaks up. A large evergreen tree, growth rate at first rapid, later slower ; wood some- what used for pulp, rarely lumber ; seed produced annually but heavy crops only at long intervals ; short-lived both in the wild and in cultivation ; 44,000 seeds per pound, germination about 68 percent. Abies grandis Lindl. lowland white fir. A. aromatica Raf. Range : 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature September-October, soon breaks up. A very large evergreen tree with a deep root system ; rapid growing at first, later slower; long-lived; intolerant of shade; wood of little importance com- mercially, potentially of greater value ; ornamental ; seed produced abundantly every 2 or 3 years ; 20,000-34,000 seeds per pound, germination about 50 percent. Slomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Richardson's pine squirrel. Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Alpine fir. Pinus lasiocarpa Hook. Range : 4, 9 (at higher elevations only ) , 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone, mature in September. A very large evergreen tree ; slow growing, moderately long-lived ; wood little used commercially ; lower branches may root, but new trees seldom develop from them ; not successfully cultivated in the Eastern States ; seed pro- duced abundantly every 3 years ; seed vitality transient ; 50,000 seeds per pound, germination 24 percent; about 5,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including Richardson's grouse; mountain sheep, black-tailed deer. Observations: Cascade pine squirrel. Abies lowiana, see Abies concolor. Abies magnifica Murr. California red fir. Range: 4. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August, breaks up in September. A very large evergreen tree; slow growing, especially with age; long-lived; intolerant of shade, but more resistant with age; ornamental; wood little used commercially, potentially of greater use ; good seed crops produced every 2 or 3 years ; seed vitality transient ; 67,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Sooty • grouse, California pine grosbeak; of slight importance for mule deer. Var. shastensis Lemmon, Shasta red fir; very similar to the species and oc- curring within its range, but less common. Abies nobilis Lindl. Noble fir. Range : 1, 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; ripe in September, begins to break up by October. A very large evergreen tree with a shallow or deep root system ; long-lived, fairly rapid growing; intolerant of shade; easily fire-damaged because of its NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 37 thin bark ; insect damage very rare ; wood little used commercially, potentially of greater value; does well in cultivation in the Eastern States; good seed years infrequent and at long intervals ; vitality of seed transient ; 16,000 seeds per pound, germination 40-50 percent. Abies venusta (Dougl.) Koch. Bristlecone fir. Pinus venusta Dougl. Range : 5. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; ripe in August, breaks up in September. A large evergreen tree not used commercially ; seed produced abundantly at intervals of 3 to 5 or more years, of low and transient vitality. Abutilon newberryi, see Horsfordia newberryi Acacia spp. Some 450 species are known, most of them tropical; majority rapid growing and short-lived ; propagation is by seeds or cuttings from half-ripe wood taken with a heel; the seeds are treated with hot water and sown in March or April. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mearn's quail. Observa- tions (in addition to specific records) : Texas antelope squirrel, cedar-belt cottontail. Acacia amentacea DC. Blackbrush. Acaciopsis amentacea (DC.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to small tree, bearing spines ; often found on sandy or other soils. Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze. Prairie acacia. Mimosa angustissima, Mill., M. filiculoides (Cav.) Trel., A. filicina Willd., A. flliculoides Trel., A. Mrta (Nutt.) Robins., Avaciella hirta (Nutt.) Britt. and Rose., Acaciella filiculoides (Cav.) Britt. and Rose. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume, available July-August. A small to usually large shrub or rarely a small tree ; unarmed ; blooms May-July and often grows i» sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Masked bobwhite. Somewhat browsed, pods relished by cattle and horses. Acacia berlandieri Benth. Guajillo. Senegalia berlandieri (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume, available June-July. A small to large spiny shrub, occasionally unarmed; flowers November- March ; root system very deep ; wood used for fuel locally ; an important source of honey. Acacia constricta Benth. Mescat acacia. Acaciopsis constricta (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10, 11, 14, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July-September. A small to large, spiny shrub, often with sticky foilage, adapted to a wide range of soil conditions but often found in sand ; seed germination about 45 percent ; about 400 usable plants per pound of seed. Var. paucispina Woot. and Standl., is a larger and less spiny form usually found at higher elevations than the species. Stomach records: Masked bob'vhite, Gambel quail. Observations: Jack rabbit. Inferior to worthless forage for livestock, except that pods are taken. A source of honey. Acacia cuspidata Schlecht. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume, available in June. 38 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Acacia emoryana Benth. Senegalia emoryana (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume, available in July. A large shrub to small or large tree, unarmed, or with few prickles ; flowers in March. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Huisache. Mimosa farnesiana L., Vachellia farnesiana (L.). Wight and Arnott. Range : 5, 10, 11, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July-August. A small shrub to large tree, depending on the degree of moisture ; spiny ; flowers February-March ; will withstand several degrees of frost ; drought and heat-resistant ; wood very durable, used commercially ; very common and orna- mental in cultivation ; naturalized from the Gulf coast region to southern Cali- fornia ; seed germination about 30 percent. Considered a valuable stock forage, especially in winter ; said to impart a bad flavor to cattle flesh. An important honey plant. Acacia filicina, see Acacia angustissima. Acacia filiculoides, see Acacia angustissima. Acacia flexicaulis, sec Pithecolobium flacicaule. Acacia greggii Gray. Long-flowered catclaw. Senegalia greggii (Gray) Britt. and Rose. Range: 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July-spring. A small to large shrub or small tree, short-spined, straggling, and thicket forming; flowers April-October; very drought resistant; wood very durable, used locally ; furnishes a gum similar to gum arabic ; seed germination about 60 percent ; about 200 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records : Gambel quail. Observations : Sometimes used as roosts by Gambel quail and a favorite hiding place for jack rabbits and other animals ; eaten by jack rabbits especially in drier seasons. A useful bee plant ; furnishes much browse to livestock on depleted range; less used on range covered with good stand of grass ; pods of low palatability to livestock ; when of tree habit much value for shade ; withstands heavy grazing. Acacia hirta, see Acacia angustisssima. Acacia lemmonii Rose. Lemmon acacia. Acaciella lemmonii (Rose) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, ripe in September. A small shrub, browsed to some extent ; pods relished by cattle and horses. Aeacia millefolia Wats. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large, short-spined shrub. Acacia pulverulenta, see Leucaena pulverulenta. Acacia reticulata Willd. Netvein acacia. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small shrub, considered good browse for cattle. Acacia roemeriana Scheele. Round-flowered catclaw, Senegalia roemeriana (Scheele) Britt. and Rose. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 39 A small to large, spiny shrub, generally rather stout. Stomach records: Scaled quail. Observations: Sonora deer. Considered a valuable honey plant in western Texas. Aoacia subtortuosa, see Acacia tortuosa. Acaeia tortuosa (L.) Willd. Oatclaw. A. subtortuosa Shafer, Popanax tortuosa (L.) Raf., P. schaffneri (Wats.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub to small tree ; spiny ; blooms in March. Acacia vernicosa Standl. Acaciopsis vernieosa. (Standl.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small to rarely large shrub. Stomach records: Scaled quail. Acacia wrightii Benth. Texas catclaw. Senegalia wrightii (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, ripe June-September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; short-spined and with dense foliage ; blooms March-May; wood used locally for fuel. A good honey plant. Acaciella filicoides, see Acacia angustissima. Acaciella hirta, see Acacia angustissima. Acaciella lemmonii, see Acacia lemmonii. Acaciopsis amentacea, see Acacia amentacea. Acaciopsis constricta, see Acacia constricta. Acaeiopsis vernicosa, see Acacia vernicosa. Acalypha californica Benth. California copperleaf. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small monoecious shrub. Acalypha pringlei Wats. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Acamptopappus microcephalus, see Aplopappus eooperi. Acamptepappus sphaerocephalus (Harv. and Gray) Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, many-stemmed shrub. Acamptopappus schockleyi Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Acer spp. Maples. About 110 species of trees or shrubs, of which 12 occur in the United States ; many in cultivation; most with fine autumn coloration; the majority grow in neutral soil ; propagation by seeds sown as soon as ripe, or stratified at 41° F. and sown in spring ; vitality of seeds transient. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : White-tailed deer, opossum. Observations (in addition to specific records): Thirteen species of birds; an 40 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE emergency food of pinnated grouse; brown mountain beaver, fox squirrel, moose; species other than A. pennsylvanicum and A. spicatum (q. v. ) in times of necessity are cut for food and building materials by beaver. Eaten to some extent by muskrat. The western species furnish good browse for livestock. Acer barbatum, see Acer saccharum. Acer bernardinum, see Acer glabrum. Acer brachypterum, see Acer floridanum. Acer californicum, see Acer negundo. Acer circinatum Pursh. Vine maple. Range: 1, 2, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Samara, available in September. A large shrub to a small or rarely large tree; branches commonly rest on the ground, where they may root; slow growing, lives 80 to 90 years; wood used to some extent locally ; will not furnish maple sugar ; about 5,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Considered to rank with A. macrophyllum as third in im- portance as browse for Olympic wapiti ; Pacific mountain beaver. Of some importance as livestock browse. Acer dasycarpum, see Acer saccharinum. Acer donglasii, see Acer glabrum. Acer floridanum (Chapm.) Pax. Southern sugar maple. A. saccharinum floridanum Chapm., Saocharodendron floridanum (Chapm.) Nieuwl. Range: 28, 29, 30. \ Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Samara. A large tree closely related to A. saccharum. Var. villipes Rehder (A. brachypterum Woot. and Standl.), occurs also in region 11. Acer glabrum Torr. Dwarf maple. A. tripartitum Nutt., A. bernardinum Abrams, A. neomexicanum Greene. Range : 4, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Samara ; available in late autumn. Rarely a large shrub, commonly a small to large tree ; usually dioecious and growing in poor soils ; 13,000-20,000 seeds per pound. Var. douolasii (Hook.) Dippel, (A. douglasii Hook.) occurs with the species in regions 4 and 12. < Stomach records: Mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Acer grandidentatum Nutt. Bigtooth maple. A. saccharum grandidentatum (Nutt.) Sudw. Range : 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Samara ; available in September. A large shrub to large tree; flowers April-May. Acer interier, see Acer negundo. Acer kingii, see Acer negundo. Acer leucoderme Small. Whitebark maple. Saccharodendron leucoderme (Small) Nieuwl. Range: 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, shade. Fruit : Samara, available in September. A large shrub to small or large tree often with a crooked trunk; flowers in April. Acer macrophyllum Pursh. Bigleaf maple. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara, available July-September or persistent until winter. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES A^\ A large tree; usually occurs only on good soils; root system shallow; long- lived ; wood strong, not durable, much used commercially ; not successfully cul- tivated in the eastern United States ; will produce maple sugar in nearly exactly as good quality and as great quantity as the eastern sugar maple; 2,700 seeds per pound, germination 90 percent, about 2,000 usuable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Western evening grosbeak; listed with the vine maple as third in importance as browse for Olympic wapiti ; California mule deer. Acer negundo L. Boxelder. Negundo negundo (L.) Karst., Rulac negundo Small, Negundo aceroides Moench. Range : 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Samara, available September-October and persistent until spring. A large shrub, or more commonly, a small to large tree ; dioecibus ; root sys- tem generally shallow, deeper in deep soils; rapid growing; short-lived; easily storm-damaged, injured by heart rot, fire, and insects ; wood soft, weak, used commercially ; shoots appear on exposed or injured roots ; 10,000-14,000 seeds per pound, germination 40-60 percent ; about 2,000 usable plants per pound of seed ; easily transplanted when young. The justification for separating this species from the genus Acer and placing it in a separate genus, Negundo, is very good. The species is placed here merely for convenience but further study will very likely show this species to be generically different from the maples. Var. violaceum Kirchner. (Negundo nuttallii (Nieuwl.) Rydb., Rulac nuttal- lii Nieuwl.) occurs in regions 8, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 27. Var. texanum Pax. (Rulac texana (Pax) Small, Acer texanum Pax, Negundo texanum (Pax) Rydb.) occurs in regions 19, 20, 25, and 29. Var. interius (Britt.) Sarg. (Acer interior Britt., Rulac interior (Britt) Nieuwl., Negundo interius (Britt.) Rydb., A kingii Britt.) occurs in regions 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 22. Var. arizonicum Sarg. occurs in region 11. Var. californicum (Torr. and Gray) Sarg. (Negundo californicum Torr. and Gray, Acer californicum Dietr., Negundo aceroides californicum Sarg., Rulao californicum (Torr. and Gray) Nieuwl.) occurs in regions 3, 4, and 5. Observations: Four species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant ; fox squir- rels ; many additional squirrels and birds ; California mule deer. Acer neomexicanum, see Acer glabrum. v Acer nigrum Michx. f. Black maple. A. saccharum nigrum (Michx. f.) Small, Saccharodendron nigrum (Michx. f.) Small, A. barbatum nigrum Sarg. Range : 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara, available in September. A large tree, resembling and very closely related to A. saccharum, and inter- grading with it; often considered with good reason merely a variety of the sugar maple ; grows in rich soils ; wood of importance commercially ; produces maple sugar. Wildlife records for the sugar maple may apply equally well to this species. Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped maple. Range : 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit : Samara, available in September. A large shrub to small or large tree, usually found in acid soil ; wood some- times used commercially. Observations: Cottontail rabbit; beaver food where Populus is lacking; moose, white-tailed deer. Acer rubrum L. Red maple. Rufaoer rubrum (L.) Small, A. stenocarpum Britt. and Shafner. Range : 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara, available March-April. A large dioecious or monoecious tree ; occurs on a variety of soils ; root sys- tem shallow on moist sites, deeper on dry sites ; rapid growing, short-lived ; not seriously injured by insects but subject to heart rot; severely injured by fire; 42 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE coppices freely, especially when young ; very brilliant red in autumn ; wood much used commercially ; 18,000 seeds per pound, germination 70 percent, about 2,000 usable plants per pound of seed ; vitality of seeds transient ; easily transplanted. Several varieties have been described, all occurring within the range of the species. Stomach records: Palm warbler; eastern chipmunk, white-tailed deer. 06- servations Ten species of birds ; cottontail rabbit ; considered the fifth most important winter food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts. Acer saccharinum L. Silver maple. A. dasycarpum Ehrh., Argentacer saccharinum (L.) Small. Range : 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Samara, available April-June. A large monoecious or dioecious tree; taproot small, lateral roots well de- veloped ; grows in a variety of soils ; at first rapid growing, later slower ; short- lived ; much subject to fungus diseases ; wind-firm, but easily storm-damaged ; easily damaged by fire ; coppices freely when young ; grows successfully on coal- stripped land in Illinois ; wood hard, strong, not durable, of importance com- mercially ; much cultivated, with some six outstanding varieties known ; seed vitality transient; about 2,400 seeds per pound, germination 50 percent, about 400 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Gray eastern chipmunk, eastern chipmunk. Observations: Four species of birds; cottontail rabbit, snowshoe hare, red squirrel, white- tailed deer. Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar maple. A. barbatum (Michx.) Nieuwl., Saccharodendron barbatum (Michx.) Nieuwl. Range : 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara, available July-December. A large monoecious or dioecious tree ; usually occurs on rich soil ; root system shallow, wide spreading ; slow growing, long-lived ; seriously injured by fire ; wind-firm; attacked by numerous insects; wood hard, strong, not very durable, much used commercially ; produces maple sugar ; easily transplanted when small ; 7,000 seeds per pound, germination 50-60 percent, about 1,500 usable plants per pound of seed. Four varieties are listed, varying among other things in the amount of hair- iness of the leaves. All occur within the range of the species except var. sinuosum (Rend.) Sarg., (A. sinuosum Rehd.), which occurs in regions 17 and 20. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Observations: Four species of birds in- cluding ring-necked pheasant ; porcupine, red squirrel, cottontail rabbit ; heavily utilized by moose on Isle Royale ; white-tailed deer. Acer sinuosum, see Acer saccharum. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain maple. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara, available August-November. A large shrub to small or large tree ; ordinarily occurs on acid soil ; clump forming ; wood used to some extent commercially. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Observations: Cottontail rabbit, moose; beaver, where Populus is lacking. Acer stenocarpum, see Acer rubrum. Acer texanum, see Acer negundo. Acer tripartitum, see Acer glabrum. Adelia acuminata, see Forestiera acuminata. Adelia angustifolia, see Forestiera angustifolia. Adelia ligustrina, see Forestiera ligustrina. Adelia neomexicana, see Forestiera neomexicana. Adelia parvifolia, see Forestiera neomexicana. Adelia pubescens, see Forestiera pubescens. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 43 Adelia vaseyi, see Ricinella vaseyi. Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook, and Arn. Chamiso. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, spreading shrub with small fasicled leaves; branches very close to the ground, and stems are practically without permanent branches; produces little shade and does not protect the ground from hot or dry winds; very in- flammable ; colony forming ; root system consists of deep taproot and well developed laterals ; heavy root crown developed, which when large enough enables plant to survive fire; common chaparral dominant on dry elopes and ridges, invading and occupying burns quickly; generally regarded as a pest; worthless on the range ; propagation by seeds or green-wood cuttings taken in spring. Observations: California mule deer. Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. Shankbush. Range : 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, very inflammable shrub ; flowers July-August ; propagated by seeds or green-wood cuttings taken in spring. Of no value as stock forage. Observations: California mule deer. Adolphia californica Wats. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, spiny shrub without forage value ; generally considered a local range pest. Adolphia infesta (H. B. K.) Meisn. Ceanothus infesta H. B. K., Colletia multiflora DC. Range: 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, extremely spiny, densely branched shrub without forage value. Aesculus spp. Buckeyes. Most species grow in neutral soil ; propagation is by seed sown in the fall or, after stratifying, in the spring. Aesculus arguta, see Aesculus glabra. Aesculus austrina, see Aesculus discolor. Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. California buckeye. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available September-October. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; very broad-headed; coppices freely when cut; foliage early burning brown, falling or persistent; very orna- mental, flowers during May-August ; wood used for fuel to some extent ; reputed to be very durable for fence posts. Observations: Redwood chipmunk, many squirrels; dead leaves fair forage for mule deer. Poisonous to stock ; not eaten by swine ; bees poisoned by the nectar. Aesculus discolor Pursh. Woolly buckeye. Range : 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site,: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule ; available in October, seeds fall at once. A large shrub to a small or rarely large tree, ordinarily growing in rish soil ; flowers April-June. Var. mollis (Raf.) Sarg., (A. austrina Small) the scarlet buckeye, is a small tree with red flowers, occurring within the range of the species. Aesculus flava, see Aesculus octandra. Aesculus georgiana, see Aesculus neglecta. 44 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Aesculus glabra Willd. Ohio buckeye. Range: 22, 24, 25, 27, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule, available in September. A large, rapid-growing tree ; flowers April-May ; short-lived ; wood sometimes used commercially ; flowers not showy. Young shoots poisonous to cattle and if forage is poor in spring cattle will eat them ; later not attractive to livestock ; hogs poisoned by the seeds. Several varieties have been described, a white-barked form, one with more pubescent leaves, and one with more leaflets. All are of more or less local occurrence within the range of the species except var. arguta (Buckl.) Robin- son, (A. arguta, Buckl.), the shrubby buckeye, found also in region 30. Aesculus humilis, see Aesculus neglecta. Aesculus michauxii, see Aesculus neglecta. Aesculus neglecta Lindl. Range: 28. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A large, very rare tree; flowers April-May. Var. georglana Sarg. (A. georgiana Sarg.) Georgia buckeye; usually shrubby ; occurs in regions 28, 29, and 30. Var. tomentosa Sarg. (A. michauxii Hort, not Spach, A. humilis Hort., not Lindl., A. rubra carnea superba Hort., and A. rubra carnea pubescens Hort.) in region 28 has very showy flowers. Aesculus octandra Marsh. Yellow buckeye. A. flava Ait. Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available in September. A large 'shrub to small or large tree ; root system shallow ; rapid growing, short-lived ; wood used commercially ; subject to dry rot and stem borers ; blooms April-May ; a red-flowered form is known. Aesculus parviflora Walt. Bottlebrush buckeye. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available in October. A large spreading shrub, very showy during the July flowering period ; com- monly occurs on rich soil. Aesculus pavia L. Red buckeye. Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree ; ordinarily occurs on slightly acid soil ; flowers April-May ; very handsome in cultivation ; a form with dark-red flowers is known. Poisonous to livestock. Aesculus rubra vars., see Aesculus neglecta. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Ailanthus. A. glandulosa Desf. Range : 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 17, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Samara ; ripe in September, long persistent. A large tree introduced from China but aggressively spontaneous and well- established in the range indicated ; easily storm-damaged ; rapid growing ; cop- pices freely ; immune to the effects of smoke, dust, or insect pests ; 14,000-22,000 seeds per pound, germination 60 percent, about 3,000 usable plants per pound of seed ; withstands considerable abuse in handling ; staminate plant odoriferous in flower. This species produces wood even on poor soil more than twice as fast as any native tree having wood of anything like the same fuel value ; wood ranked with that of black walnut or oak for fuel, excellent for cabinetrnaking. Observations: Pine grosbeak, crossbill; white-tailed deer, Ailanthus glandulosa, see Ailanthus altissima. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 45 Albizzia julubrissin Duraz. Silktree. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Legume, available September-November. A large tree introduced from Asia and Africa ; 11,000 seeds per pound, 3,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Alhagi camelorum Fisch. Camelthorn. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A small, spiny shrub naturalized from Asia Minor ; rapid growing ; aggressive and thicket forming; root system deep and extensive; eradication operations for this species have been in progress. Allenrolfea occidentalis (Wats.) Kuntze. Inkweed. Spirostachys occidentalis Wats. Range: 8, 9, 10, 11, 16. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achenelike. A small to large, succulent, almost leafless shrub, usually confined to and an indicator of alkaline soil. Sparingly eaten by livestock. Alnus spp. Alders. Generally rapid growing ; commonly occurring in neutral soil ; wood durable in water ; nitrogen-fixing bacteria form nodules on the roots of alder in some- what the same manner as on the legumes ; propagated by seeds sown in fall or spring; or in the shrubby species, by hard-wood cuttings and layers. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 20 species of birds, includ- ing sharp-tailed grouse, ruffed grouse, bobwhite, woodcock, and ptarmigan. Composed 2.5 percent of the food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in winter in Quebec and Ontario; Illinois skunk, opossum. Observations (in addition to specific records ) : Sixteen species of birds ; an emergency food of prairie sharp- tailed grouse, northern sharp-tailed grouse ; snowshoe hare, Pacific mountain beaver, brown mountain beaver, porcupine, Olympic wapiti ; beaver, where Populus is lacking ; moose, white-tailed deer. Palatability to livestock not high but considered an important secondary forage, especially for cattle. A source of pollen for bees. Alnus alnobetula, see Alnus crispa. Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh. Green alder. A. alnobetula of Amer. auth., not Koch. Range: 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Nutlet, borne in a cone. A large shrub with somewhat decumbent branches. Var. mollis (Fern.) Rehd., (A. mollis Fern.) is a small tree occurring in regions 23, 24, 26, and 27. Observations: Redpoll; an important summer browse of moose on Isle Royale. Alnus fruticosa, see Alnus sinuata. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. European black alder. A. vulgaris Hill, A. rotundifolia Mill. Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nutlet, borne in a cone. A small tree introduced from Europe, with many varieties known in cultiva- tion; about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Much eaten by ruffed grouse in New York. Alnus incana (L.) Moench. Speckled alder. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Nutlet, borne in a cone, available August-September. A large shrub to small tree with very thick and dense foliage ; rapid growing ; thicket forming; a naturally occurring stream-bank protector; 256,000-625,000 seeds per pound, about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed; easily trans- planted. 46 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ptarmigan and sharp- tailed grouse; muskrat. Observations: Redpoll; cottontail rabbit; ignored by deer in Massachusetts ; summer but not winter food of moose on Isle Royale ; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. Seaside alder. Range: 25, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Nutlet, borne in a cone, available October-November. A large shrub to small or large tree; sometimes forms thickets. Alnus mollis, see Alnus crispa. Alnus oblongifolia Torr. Mexican alder. Range: 11, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nutlet, borne in a cone. A small to large tree ; usually occurs at higher elevations. Alnus occidentalis, see Alnus tenuifolia. Alnus oregona, see Alnus rubra. Alnus rhombifolia Nutt White alder. Range : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit : Nutlet, borne in a cone that remains until spring. A large tree, often thicket forming; wood rots quickly in soil and is of very little value commercially. Observations: Of slight importance as food for mule deer. Alnus rotundifolia, see Alnus glutinosa. Alnus rubra Bong. Bed alder. A. oregona Nutt. Range: 1, 2, 5, 6. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Nutlet, borne in a cone ; seeds shed in autumn, cones persistent. A large tree ; rapid growing, especially the first 10 to 15 years ; short-lived ; root system shallow, superficial ; wood of increasing value commercially ; 363,000 seeds per pound, germination 40 percent; about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Four species of birds; California mule deer. Observations: Pine siskin. Fair browse for cattle and sheep. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. Smooth alder. A. serrulata Willd. Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Nutlet, borne in a cone. A large, thicket-forming shrub with very thick foliage ; 400,000 seeds per pound, about 40,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Four species of birds, including mourning dove; white-tailed deer. Alnus serrulata, see Alnus rugosa. Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb. Sitka alder. A, viridis ainuata Regel., A. sitchensis Sarg., A. fruticosa auths. not Rupr. Range: 2, 4, 6, 7, 12. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. A small to large shrub, or northward a small to large tree. Considered fair browse for sheep. Alnus sitcheasis, see Alnus sinuata. Alnus tenuifolia Nutt. Mountain alder. A. occidentalis Dippel. Range : 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Nutlet, borne in a cone. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 47 A large, thicket-forming shrub to small or large trees; about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Captive Columbian sharp- tailed grouse; of slight importance for mule deer. A fair sheep browse of high palatability. Alnus vulgaris, see Alnus glutinosa. Aloysia ligustrina, see Lippia ligustrina. Arnarolea americana, see Osmanthus americana. Amelanchier spp. Serviceberries. Between 20-25 species are known, most of them occurring in North America ; in slightly acid soil ; many are very closely related and often difficult to dis- tinguish; very ornamental; generally irregular in time of ripening of the berries; propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe or in the spring after stratifying 90 days at 32°-50° F., or the stoloniferous types by suckers; seed- lings should remain in seedbeds 3 to 4 years before planting in the field. All are alternate hosts for the cedar apple fungus. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 36 species of birds, includ- ing ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, turkey ; composed 0.16 percent of vegetable food of eastern skunk in Michigan; gray-tailed chipmunk, gray-necked chip- munk, golden-mantled marmot, black-tailed deer, white-tailed deer; mountain sheep. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Eighteen species of birds, including mountain quail, dusky grouse, and prairie sharp-tailed grouse; skunk; heavily browsed by moose; of first importance for red fox; golden- mantled ground squirrel, Arizona chipmunk, Say chipmunk, Wasatch chip- munk ; favorite food of pale chipmunk ; raccoon, black bear, cottontail rabbit, pica, beaver ; an important food of white-tailed deer. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Western serviceberry. A, oreophila Nels. Range : 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July-September. A large shrub to small tree or rarely a large tree with a deep and spreading root system ; blooms April-June ; very variable, and the complex of forms not yet clear botanically. Among others, var. pallida (Greene) Jeps. (A. pallida Greene), var. venulosa (Greene) Jeps. (A. venulosa, Greene), var. covillei (Greene) Jeps. (A. covillei Standl.) and var. cuyamacensis Munz, have been described. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including sooty grouse, Richardson's grouse; plains white-tailed deer, Bitterroot valley chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observations: Mountain quail, captive Columbian sharp-tailed grouse, blue grouse ; California mule deer. A forage species of the first rank ; younger f oilage more palatable ; of great importance to stock on the range. Amelanchier amabilis Wieg. A. sanguinea grandiflora Rehd. Range: 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July-August. A small to large shrub, heretofore probably confused with A. sanguinea. Probably a calciphile. Amelanchier bakeri Greene. A. purpusii Koehne. Range : 11, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small to large shrub ; flowers in May ; about 31,000 seeds per pound. Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch.) Roem. Bartram serviceberry. A. oligocarpa (Michx.) Roem. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Pome, available July-August. A large shrub ; flowers in May. Amelanchier botryapium, see Amelanchier canadensis and A. oblongifolia. 130186° — 39— — 4 48 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic (pi. I, A). Serviceberry. A. botryapium Borkh., A. avails subcordata DC., A. canadensis botryapium Torr. and Gray, A. canadensis oblonaifolia Gray's Man. A. oanadensis obovalis Sarg., in part, A. canadensis pomentula Sarg., A. canadensis Britt. Range : 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Pone, available June-August. A small, or usually large shrub or small tree; rarely a large tree; usually occurs in rich soil; flowers before the leaves form, March-May; about 50,000 seeds per pound ; germination about 70 percent, about 10,000 usuable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Twenty-seven species of birds including ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Eight species of birds, including bobwhite and mourning dove ; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. Amelanchier covillei, see Amelanchier alnifolia, Amelanchier crenata Greene. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small to large shrub or small tree with dense f oilage ; flowers in April. Amelanchier cusickii Fern. Cusick serviceberry. Range : 6, 7, 8, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pome. A large shrub ; flowers April-June. Observations: Sooty grouse. Amelanchier elliptica, see Amelanchier florida. Amelanchier; fiorida Lindl. Western serviceberry. A. elliptica Nels. Range : 1, 2, 4, 7. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July-September. Usually a large shrub, occasionally a small tree or rarely a large tree ; blooms April-June ; often forms extensive thickets ; sprouts promptly when browsed ; very fire resistant; reproduces mainly by sprouts; leaves fall comparatively early. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Sooty grouse; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Very valuable stock forage. Amelanchier goldmanii Woot. and Standl. Goldman serviceberry. Range: 9, 11, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A large shrub to small tree. Amelanchier humilis Wieg. Small serviceberry. A. spicata Amer. auths. not (Lam.) Koch. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July-August. A small stoloniferous shrub ; forms extensive patches ; usually occurs in sandy soil ; flowers May-June ; flowering and fruiting generally earlier northward ; about 63,000 seeds per pound Amelanchier huronensis Wieg. Range: 23,24. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July-August. A large shrub or small tree; usually occurs on sandy and limestone soil. Amelanchier intermedia, see also Amelanchier oblongifolia. Amelanchier intermedia Spach. Range : 23, 24. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available June-July. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 4Q A large shrub or rarely a small tree ; clump-forming or widely branched near the ground. This species has formerly been confused with either A. oblongi- folia or A. canadensis and records of wildlife utilization for these last species probably apply to this one as well. Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Smooth serviceberry. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Pome, available June-July. A small to large shrub or usually a small tree, less commonly a large tree; shrubbier northward; may occur on calcareous or noncalcareous soil; very handsome in cultivation ; fruit very irregular in time of ripening. Observations: Generally attractive to birds. Amelanchier macrocarpa Lunell. Range : 18, 21. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small shrub ; flowers April-June. Amelanchier mormonica Schneid. Range: 11, 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small to large shrub or small tree ; flowers May-June. Amelanchier oblongifolia, see also Amelanchier stolonifera. Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. and Gray) Roem. Serviceberry. A. canadensis oblongifolia Torr. and Gray, A. botryapium Britt. and Brown, in part, A. obovalis Ashe, in part, A. intermedia Blanchard, in part, not Spach. Range : 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Pome, available June-July. A large shrub to a small, or rarely large, tree; not stoloniferous, but often clump-forming. Var. micropetala Robins., is a dwarf on exposed ledges or dry sandy soil near the coast in region 27. Amelanchier obovalis, see Amelanchier oblongifolia. Amelanchier oligocarpa, see Amelanchier bartramiana. Amelanchier oreophila, see Amelanchier alnifolia. Amelanchier ovalis, see Amelanchier stolonifera. Amelanchier pallida, see Amelanchier alnifolia. Amelanchier polycarpa Greene. Cluster serviceberry. Range : 11, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Pome, available in August. A small to large shrub or small tree; flowers in May-July and bears an abundance of fruit. Browse value for livestock varies in different localities and at different sea- sons ; excellent in southwestern Utah ; inferior in southeastern Utah. Amelanchier pmnifolia Greene. Redbud serviceberry. A. rubescens Greene. Range: 9, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small to large shrub or small tree, reported to be evergreen ; flowers April- June. ** Generally worthless forage for livestock in summer but of some value to sheep and goats in the spring; not injured by as much as 25 percent grazing. Amelanchier pumila Nutt. Range: 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small shrub with depressed branches ; flowers June-July. 50 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Amelanchier purpusii, see Amelanchier bakeri. Amelanchier rotundifolia, see Amelanchier sanguined. Amelanchier rubescens, see Amelanchier prunifolia. Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. Serviceberry. A. spicata Robins, and Fern., A. rotundifolia (Michx.) Roem., A. canadensis rotundifolia Torr. and Gray, A. canadensis spicata Sarg., A. spicata (Lam.) Koch. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Pome, available July-August. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June ; not stoloniferous and not colony- forming. Observations: Red squirrel. Amelanchier spicata, see Amelanchier humilis, A. sanguinea and A. stolonifera. Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg. Creeping shadbush. A. spicata Britt. and Brown, in part, A. ovalis of European auths., in part, A. oblonffifolia Robins, and Fern. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Pome, available in July. A small stoloniferous shrub ; flowers in May ; colony forming ; often occurs on sand or noncalcareous soil or gravel ; foliage dense. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Amelanchier utahensis Koehne. Utah serviceberry. Range: 6, 7, 8, 9, 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Pome. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June. Observations:: Black-tailed deer. Good to excellent forage for sheep and goats ; grazed moderately to heavily by cattle, especially in early spring. Amelanchier venulosa, see Amelanchier alnifolia. Amoreuxia wrightii Gray. Range: 10, 11, 17, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small shrub. Amorpha spp. Indigobushes. Propagation of all species is by seeds sown as soon as ripe, greenwood cut- tings made in early summer, hardwood cuttings made in fall, or by layers and suckers. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Antelope jack rabbit, Texas jack rabbit. Amorpha angustifolia, see Amorpha fruticosa. Amorpha californica Nutt. California indigobush. A. hispidula Greene. Range : 3, 5, 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large, rapid-growing shrub with thick foliage; flowers May-July. Observations: Particularly palatable to captive deer. Not used by livestock. Amorpha canescens Pursh. Leadplant. Range : 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume, available August-September. A small shrub, leafy to the base ; roots 6-16 feet deep ; behaves as an herb under annual mowing ; flowers July-August ; occurs in sandy or in other soils ; very handsome in cultivation ; often considered a weed in pastures ; about 105,000 seeds per pound, germination about 30 percent. Sparingly grazed by livestock. Amorpha fragrans, see Amorpha fruticosa. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 51 Amorpha frnticosa L. Indigobush. A. occidentalis Abrams, A. fragrans Sweet, A. frutteosa angustifolia Pursh, A. angustifolia (Pursh) Boynton. Range : 5, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. 27, 28, 29. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Legume, available in August. A small to large shrub with rather sparse foliage ; flowers May-July ; often grows in clumps ; rarely attacked by insects or disease ; often occurs on calca- reous soil ; very variable and with a number of varieties in cultivation ; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois ; 55,000-60,000 seeds per pound, germination 60-70 percent, about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Possibly poisonous to livestock. Amorpha glabra Desf. Mountain-indigo. A. montana Boynton. Range: 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June. Amorpha herbacea Walt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub ; flowers June-July ; ordinarily occurs on sandy or sterile soil Amorpha hispidula, see Amorpha californica. Amorpha laevigata Nutt. Range: 20, 25, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub ; pods one-seeded. Amorpha microphylla Pursh. Dwarf indigobush. A. nana Nutt. Range: 14, 15, 18, 22, 23. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume, available in July. A small shrub ; flowers May-June ; about 60,000 seeds per pound ; germina- tion about 50 percent. Amorpha montana, see Amorpha glabra. Amorpha nana, see Amorpha microphylla. Amorpha nitens Boynton. Range: 29. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large shrub ; flowers in July. Amorpha occidentalis, see Amorpha fruticosa. . Amorpha paniculata Torr. and Gray. Range: 11, 20, 20, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub ; often occurs in salt marshes. Amorpha schwerinii Schneid. Schwerin-indigo. Range: 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub. Amorpha tennesseensis Shuttlew. Tennessee-indigo. Range: 25, 27, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub. 52 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Amorpha texana Buckl. Range: 16, 17, 20. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small to large shrub. Amorpha virgata Small. Mountain-indigo. Range: 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, shade. Fruit : Legume. A small to large, very rare shrub. Ampelopsis arborea, see Cissus arborea. Ampelopsis cordata, see Cissus ampelopsis. Ampelopsis heptaphylla, see Parthenocissus heptaphylla. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Amphiachyris fremontii, see Amphipappus fremontii. Amphipappus fremontii (Gray) Torr. and Gray. Fremont chaffbush. Amphiachyris fremontii Gray. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub with rigid branches ; occurs in gravel or rocky soil. Amygdalus andersonii, see Prunus andersonii. Amygdalus fasciculata, see Prunus fasciculata. Amygdalus fremontii, see Prunus eriogyna. Amygdalus glandulosa, see Prunus texana. Amygdalus minutiflora, see Prunus minutiflora. Amygdalus texana, see Prunus texana. Amyris madrensis Wats. Range: 17. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A small to large, very leafy shrub. Amyris parvifolia, see Amyris texana. Amyris texana (Buckl.) Wilson. Chapatillo. Xanthoxylum texanum Buckl., Amyris parvifolia Gray. Range: 17. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large shrub. Andrachne phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Coult. Lepidanthus phyllanthoides Nutt., Savia phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Pax. and Hoffm. Range : 16, 17, 20, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available September-October. A small, straggling, much-branched shrub ; flowers July-August. Andrachne reverchonii Coult. Savia phyllanthoides reverchonii (Coult.), Pax and Hoffm. Range: 16, 25. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small, densely leafy shrub. Andromeda acuminata, see Leucothoe acuminata. Andromeda arboreum, see Oxydendrum arboreum. Andromeda axillaris, see Leucothoe axillaris. Andromeda baccata, see Gaylussacia baccata. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 53 Andromeda caerulea, see Phyllodoce caerulea. Andromeda calyculata, see Chamaedaphne calyculata. Andromeda canescens, see Andromeda, glaucophylla. Andromeda cassinefolia, see Zenobia cassinefolia. Andromeda catesbaei, see Leucothoe catesbaei. Andromeda floribunda, see Pieris floribunda. Andromeda glaucophylla Link. Downy bog-rosemary. A. canescens Small. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available September-November. A small, evergreen shrub; ordinarily occurs in very acid peat; flowers May- July. Andromeda ligustrina, see Xolisma ligustrina. Andromeda mertensiana, see Cassiope mertensiana. Andromeda polifolia L. Bog-rosemary. Range: 4, 12, 23, 24, 26, 27. Suite : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers May-July ; possesses creeping root- stocks ; occurs on acid peat ; rarely attacked by insects or disease. Stomach records: Ptarmigan. Normally rejected by grazing animals; but poisonous to stock, especially in spring. Andromeda pulverulenta, see Zenobia pulverulenta. Andromeda racemosa, see Leucothoe racemosa. Andromeda recurva, see Leucothoe recurva. Anisacanthus insignis Gray. A. pumilus Wats. Range: 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small shrub, palatable to stock but not as much so as A. thurberi. Anisacanthus pumilus, see Anisacanthus insignis. Anisacanthus thurberi (Torr.) Gray. Taparosa. Drejera thurberi Torr. Range: 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small shrub with fairly good to very good palatability as stock forage ; often closely browsed by sheep and cattle. Anisacanthus wrightii (Torr.) Gray. Drejera wrightii (Torr.) Gray. Range: 11, 16, 17,^0, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; palatable to stock but not as much so as the preceding. Anisostichus capreolata, see Bignonia capreolata. Anneslia eriophylla, see Calliandra eriophylla. Anona triloba, see Asimina triloba. Apinus albicauliSj see Pinus albicaulis. Apinus flexilis, see Pinus fletvilis. Aplopappus acradenius (Greene) Blake. Goldenbush. Bigelovia acradenius Greene, Isocoma acradenius Greene. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A. small, tufted shrub ; flowers September-October. 54 MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Aplopappus arborescens Hall. Goldenfleece. Bigelovia arborescens Gray, Chrysoma arborescens Greene, Erioameria arborescens Greene. Range: 1, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small or usually large evergreen shrub ; flowers September-November. Grazing value nil. Aplopappus bloomeri Greene. Bloomer goldenbush. Chrysothamnus bloomeri (Gray) Greene. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers August-September; grazing value small. Aplopappus brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. Aplopappus canus (Gray) Blake. Diplostephium canum Gray, Coretlirogyne detonsa Greene, C. cana Greene, Hasardia cana Greene, H. detonsa Greene, H. serrata Greene. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers July-August; very handsome; somewhat cultivated. Aplopappus cooperi (Gray) Hall. Cooper goldenbush. Ericameria monactis (Gray) McClatch., Acamptopappus microcephalus Jones, Chrysothamnus corymbosus Elmer, Tumfonella monactfe Greene. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, very leafy shrub. Aplopappus cuneatus Gray. Wedgeleaf goldenbush. Ericameria cuneatus McClatch., Bigelovia cuneata spathulata (Gray) Hall, Bigelovia spathulata Gray. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Aplopappus ericoides (Less.) Hook, and Arn. (pi. 2, A). Mock-heather. Ericameria eriooides (Less.) Jeps. Range: 5, 9. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers August-September; usually occurs on sand dunes; stems decumbent. Aplopappus interior, see A. linearifolius. Aplopappus laricifolius Gray. Chrysoma laricifolius (Gray) Greene, Bigelovia nelsonii Fern., Ericameria nelsonii Blake. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub, exceedingly handsome in flower. Aplopappus linearifolius DC. Narrowleaf goldenbush. Stenotopsis linearifolius (DC.) Rydb., Stenotus linearifolius Torr. and Gray. Range: 5, 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large shrub ; flowers March-May. Var. interior (Cov.) Jones (Aplopappus interior Cov., Stenotopsis interior Rydb.) extends the range to regions 9 and 10. Misc. Pub. 303. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE l A, Amelanchier canadensis. The pomes of this plant attract many birds to woodland borders where it often fruits abundantly. B. Berberis nervosa. The thicket-forming habit of this species even under the shade of trees suggests its possible use as a woodland ground cover. Its wildlife value is probably greater than recorded. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 2 A, Aplopappus ericoides, a species well adapted to sand-dune planting. B, Aralia spinosa. The great flower sprays, followed by equally large fruit clusters, suggest the use of this species in highway planting; however, it provides poor cover for soil unless thickly planted. (Photograph by Department of the Interior.) NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 55 Aplopappus nanus Eaton. Dwarf goldenbush. A. resinosus Gray, Ericameria nana Nutt., E. resinosa Nutt., Chrysoma nemo, Greene. Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Aplopappus palmeri Gray. Palmer goldenbush. Ericameria palmeri (Gray) Hall, Chrysoma palmeri Greene. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, much-branched, bushy, evergreen shrub. Aplopappus parishii (Greene) Blake. Parish goldenbush. Ericameria parishii Hall, Bigelovia parishii Greene, Chrysoma, parishii Greene. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, resinous, densely leafy shrub. Aplopappus pinifolius Gray. Pineleaf goldenbush. Ericameria pinifolia (Gray) Hall. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, bushy shrub. Aplopappus propinquus Blake . Chaparral goldenbush. Ericameria brachylepis Hall, Bigelovia brachylepis Gray, Chrysoma, brachy- lepis Greene, Haplopappus brachylepis brachylepis Hall. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, very leafy, brittle-stemmed shrub. Aplopappus resinosus, see Aplopappus nanus. Aplopappus scopulorum (Jones) Blake. Bigelovia menziesii scopulorum Jones, Isocoma scopulorum (Jones) Rydb., Hesperodoria scopulorum Greene. Range: 9. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub ; flowers August-September. Aplopappus squarrosus Hook, and Arn. Coast goldenbush. Hazardia squarrosa Greene. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. . Fruit: Achene. A small shrub ; flowers freely September-October ; openly branched ; occa- sionally somewhat herbaceous. Aralia humilis Cav. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large shrub. Aralia spinosa L. (pi. 2, B). Hercules-club. Range : 20, 25, 27, 28, 20, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-November. Usually a large shrub or a small tree or rarely large tree; flowers June- August ; very spiny ; leaves very large ; suckers freely if killed above ground ; 56 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE seriously attacked in cultivation by the lilac borer ; propagation is by seed sown as soon as ripe or stratified and sown in spring, or by root cuttings. Stomach records: Turkey. Observations: Much eaten by birds; white-tailed deer. Arbutus spp. Madrones. Propagation is by seeds sown under glass in fall or spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mearn's quail. Observa- tions (in addition to specific records) : Band-tailed pigeon. Arbutus arizonica (Gray) Sarg. Arizona madrone. A. xalapensis arisonica Gray. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-December. A large evergreen tree; flowers in May. Not grazed, except rarely by goats. Arbutus menziesii Pursh. Madrone. Range: 1, 2, 3, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-January. A small to generally large and widely-branched tree ; flowers March-May ; commonly shrubby southward; stump sprouts after injury; wood somewhat used commercially; bark used for tanning; seeds 25-30 per berry; about 1,000 usable plants per pound of seed ; difficult to transplant ; very handsome and commonly cultivated. Stomach records: Two species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds including dove, band-tailed pigeons, and turkey ; extensively eaten by deer ; of slight importance as browse for mule deer ; raccoon, ring-tailed cat. Lightly grazed by cattle or heavily grazed by goats. A good bee plant. Arbutus texana Buckl. Texas madrone. A. xalapensis texana Gray. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-June. A large shrub or small tree or rarely a large tree ; evergreen ; often found on limestone soil; wood used commercially to some extent; berries palatable. Occasionally browsed by stock. Arbutus uva-ursi, See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Arctostaphylos spp. Manzanitas. Ordinarily chaparral shrubs; many species hold the leaves vertically; most reproduce extensively by root shoots ; propagated by seeds sown in spring after stratification for 140 days at 41°-50° F. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Seventeen species of birds, including dusky grouse, California quail, sharp-tailed grouse ; gray fox, raccoon, striped skunk, coyote, Inyo chipmunk, western skunk. Observations (in addi- tion to specific records) : Seven species of birds including dusky grouse, band- tailed pigeon, Merriam's turkey ; mountain sheep, New Mexico black bear, Allen's chipmunk, golden-mantled ground squirrel, Oregon gray fox, ring-tailed cat, California gray squirrel. Usually of small value as forage except for goats. Arctostaphylos andersonii Gray. Heartleaf manzanita. A. pechoensis Dudl., Uva-ursi pechoensis (Dudl.) Abrams, U. andersonii (Gray) Abrams. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available January-September. A large evergreen shrub ; does not crown sprout after fire. Arctostaphylos bicolor (Nutt.) Gray. A. veatchii Kell., Xylococcus bicolor Nutt. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, densely-branched evergreen shrub. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 57 Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw. Range : 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available all year round. A large evergreen shrub ; often grows on gravelly slopes ; apparently does not sprout after fires. Arctostaphylos cinerea Howell. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub. Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper. Hairy manzanita. Range : 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub that does not crown sprout after fire. Arctostaphylos Crustacea Eastw. Range: 1. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large evergreen shrub. Arctostaphylos diversifolia Parry. A. arguta diversifolia Parry, Comarostapliylos diversifolia Greene. Range : 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available all year round. A large shrub to small evergreen tree; about 16,000 seeds per pound. Arctostaphylos drupacea McBr. Koughleaf manzanita. Vva-ursi drupacea (McBr.) Abrams. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June-July. A large evergreen shrub; does not stump sprout. This species is possibly only a variety of A. pringlei. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. Eastwood manzanita. A. vestita Eastw., A. virgata Eastw. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available February-November. A small to large evergreen shrub, often found on sandstone ; root crown broad and woody, giving rise to numerous sprouts after chaparral fires ; decum- bent branches root. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. Great-berried manzanita. Vva-ursi glauca (Lindl.) Abrams. Range: 3, 5, 8, 9, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; colony forming ; slow growing ; thrives 011 many kinds of soil ; does not recover rapidly after burning. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Arctostaphylos hookeri Don. Vva-ursi hookeri (Don) Abrams. Range: 1. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub growing on sandy or other soils ; decumbent branches root at the nodes. 58 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Arctostaphylos insularis Greene. Vva-ursi insularis (Greene) Abrams. Range : 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry. A large evergreen shrub. Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry, (pi. 3, A, B). Parry manzanita. Vva-ursi manzanita (Parry) Abrams. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available all year round. A large, slow-growing evergreen shrub ; killed by fire and does not crown sprout. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including dusky grouse and sharp- tailed grouse. An important honey plant. Arctostaphylos mariposa Dudl. Mariposa manzanita. Vva-ursi mariposa (Dudl.) Abrams. Range: 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available August-September. A large evergreen shrub ; does not sprout after flre. Observations: Mountain quail; of slight value as forage for niule deer; mountain coyote, California gray fox. Arctostaphylos mewukka Merr. A. pastillosa Jeps. Range : 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub : stump sprouts after flre. Arctostaphylos montana Eastw. Vva-ursi montana (Eastw.) Abrams. Range: 1. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub to small tree ; bushy and evergreen ; does not survive fire except as seed ; apparently restricted to serpentine areas. Arctostaphylos myrtifolia Parry. Vva-ursi myrtifolia (Parry) Abrams. Range : 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small evergreen shrub. Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray. Pine-mat manzanita. Vva-ursi nevadensis (Gray) Abrams. Range: 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-September. A small evergreen shrub ; often low and procumbent, rooting where the branches touch the ground. Stomach records: Three species of birds including sooty and dusky grouse. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Sparingly browsed by cattle. Arctostaphylos nummularia Gray. Vva-ursi nummularia (Gray) Abrams. Range: 1. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub. Arctostaphylos oblongifolia Howell. Range : 4. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 5Q Arctostaphylos parryana Lemmon. Uva-ursi parryana (Leminon) Abrams. Range: 4, 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small evergreen shrub. Very closely related to A. manzanita and possibly better made a variety of that species. Arctostaphylos pastillosa, see Arctostaphylos mewukka. Aretostaphylos patula Greene. Greenleaf manzanita. A. platyphylla (Gray) Kuntze, Uva-ursi patula (Greene) Abrams. Range: 1, 3, 4, 9, 11, 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; available May-September, occasionally persists all year round. A large evergreen shrub ; repeated burnings cause the formation of a large root crown, which sprouts after each fire ; heavy snowfall may force its branches to the ground, where they root ; attempts have been made to eradicate it with concentrated goat feeding, but these have proved impracticable. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. An emer- gency winter feed for livestock. Arctostaphylos pechoensis, see Arctostaphylos andersonii. Arctostaphylos platyphylla, see Arctostaphylos patula. Arctostaphylos pringlei Parry. Uva-ursi pringlei (Parry) Abrams. Range : 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub. Observations: Mearn's and Gambel quail; skunks, foxes, coyotes. Arctostaphylos pumila Nutt. Sandmat manzanita. Uva-ursi pumila (Nutt.) Abrams. Range : 1. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub or sometimes a vinelike plant; stems prostrate, forming mats ; occurs most often on sandy soil. Arctostaphylos pungens H. B. K. Pointleaf manzaaita. Uva-ursi pungens (H. B. K.) Abrams. Range : 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-April. A small to large evergreen shrub ; root system fibrous, generalized, not deep, but taproots well developed in light sandy soil; decumbent branches root; germination of seed about 35 percent or less. Stomach records: Sooty gi'ouse; northern hooded skunk, black-tailed deer. Observations: Blue grouse, Mearn's and Gambel quail; bear, pigeons, skunks, foxes, coyotes. Freely grazed by goats. Arctostaphylos sensitiva Jeps. Range: 1. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub ; often invades burnt-over areas ; root system shal- low ; colony-forming ; killed outright by chaparral fires. Arctostaphylos setosissima Eastw. Range: 1. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub. 60 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Arctostaphylos stanfordiana Parry. Uva-ursi stanfordiana (Parry) Abrams. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry. A large evergreen shrub : killed in shaparral fires. Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl. (pi. 4, A). Uva-ursi tomentosa (Pursh) Abrams. Range: 1, 4, 5, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available all year round. A small to large evergreen shrub ; forms very good soil cover. Var. crassifolia Jeps. occurs in region 5 and is killed entirely by fire. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Bearberry. Arbutus uva-ursi L., Uva-ursi uva-ursi (L. ) Britt. Range : 1, 4, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available August-March or rarely persistent all year round. A small evergreen shrub or, more properly, a woody vine ; occurs most com- monly on sandy soil, but may occur on loam ; propagation by cuttings taken in late summer and rooted under glass or by seed. Stomach records: Eighteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse and dusky grouse; mountain sheep, black-tailed deer. Observations: Ruffed grouse, Rich- ardson's grouse, spruce grouse, turkey, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, black bear ; browsed to some extent by northern white-tailed deer. Of little value for livestock. Arctostaphylos veatchii, see Arctostaphylos bicolor. Arctostaphylos vestita, see Arctostaphylos glandulosa. Arctostaphylos virgata, see Arctostaphylos glandulosa. Arctostaphylos viscida Parry. Whiteleaf manzanita. Uva-ursi viscida (Parry) Abrams. Range: 1, 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available all year round. A large evergreen shrub or rarely a small tree ; does not crown sprout after fire. Argentacer saccharinum, see Acer saccharinum. Aristolochia spp. Pipe-vines. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Gambel quail, but this record may apply to A. vvatsonii, a nonwoody vine. Aristolochia californica Torr. California pipe-vine. Range : 1, 3, 4. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A vine ; flowers March-April ; ordinarily climbs on shrubs. Aristolochia durior Hill. ' Dutchman's pipe-vine. Aristolochia macrophylla Lam., A. sipho L'Hcr. Range : 22, 23, 25, 27. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available in September. A vigorous vine ; flowers May-June ; propagation by seeds stratified 140 days at 50° F. before sowing ; much cultivated ; probably introduced into region 23. Aristolochia macrophylla, see Aristolochia durior. Aristolochia sipho, see Aristolochia durior. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims. Woolly pipe-vine. Range : 22, 25, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule, available September-November. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 3 Arctostaphylos manzanita. A, Prevention of erosion on part of this central-California hillside is assured by a dense thicket of manzanita. Young plants pioneering in the worn-out cultivated field in the foreground may soon afford protection to the rest of the hillside. B, A view in the interior of the same thicket showing the dense cover and litter accumulation. The cleared drainage ditch carries water from a cultivated field. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 4 , Arctostaphylot tomentosa. The ability of most species of Arctostaphylos to grow in poor soils, their thicket- forming habit, and their abundant fruit production, makes the majority of them of great value in plantings for erosion control and wildlife. B, Artemisia tridentata. Typical sagebrush country. The lighter colored bushes are the big sagebrush, important alike as soil and wildlife cover and as food for wildlife and livestock. C, Atriplex canescens. This plant, of considerable importance for wildlife and livestock, and without question a valuable soil cover, merits considerable use in planting operations in the South- west. D, Berberis aguifclium. A cover of such density as this should prove exceptionally valuable for soil as well as wildlife. The Oregon-grape is fairly resistant to black stem rust. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Ql A high-climbing vine ; flowers May-June ; in Alabama has shown a tendency to spread. Aronia spp. Chokeberries. Shrubs ; commonly occur in acid soil ; propagation by seed stratified 90 days at 22°^1° F. before sowing. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 12 species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, prairie chicken ; composed 1.0 percent of food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Eight species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse ; an important pheasant food, especially in late winter, in southern Michigan ; cottontail rabbit. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell. Eed chokeberry. Pyrus arbutifolia L. f. Range : 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry ; available August-October, persistent, especially south- ward. A small to rarely large shrub ; flowers March-May ; somewhat subject to blight and borer attack ; will withstand city smoke ; leaves fall very late ; propagation by seeds stratified 90 days at 32°^1° F. ; about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed ; probably introduced into region 23. Var. atropurpurea (Britt.) Robins., (A. atropurpurea Britt, A. fioribunda Spach), the purple chokeberry, is often separated as a distinct species. Inter- grading forms are common, field identification diflBcult, seeds in birds' stomachs are indistinguishable, and there appears to be no ecological differentiation between this and the species. Observations: Ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant. Stomach records: 13 species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observations: Cedar waxwing; captive marsh rabbit. Aronia atropurpurea, see Aronia arbutifoJia. Aronia floribunda, see Aronia arbutifolia. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. Black chokeberry. Pyrus arbutifolia melanocarpa Michx., P. melanocarpa Willd., P. nigra Sarg., A. nigra Sarg. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available August-September, often persistent until June-July. A small or rarely large shrub; flowers March-June; somewhat subject to blight and borer attack ; has been observed to grow on cinder dumps where fruit crops are often heavy. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, prairie chicken ; com- posed 5.3 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin. Observa- tions: Eaten to some extent by cottontail rabbit; white-tailed deer. Aronia nigra, see Aronia melanocarpa. Arsenococcus frondosus, see Xolisma ligustrina. Arsenococcus ligustrinxis, see Xolisma ligustrina. Artemisia spp. Sagebrushes. Most species harbor the burdock borer and common stalk borer. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Five species of birds, including ruffed grouse and Gambel quail (these records apply to both her- baceous and shrubby species) ; mountain sheep, antelope jack rabbit, gray-sided jack rabbit, black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Hepburn's rosy finch ; used extensively by sage grouse for cover, roosting cover and food, about 69 percent of their food consisting of composites, most of which are species of sagebrush, which are eaten particularly in winter and during times of scarcity of other foods ; western white-tailed jack rabbit, Oregon jack rabbit ; pygmy rabbit, especially in winter when the diet may be exclusively sagebrush; much eaten and furnishes cover and shelter to sage chipmunk ; pronghorn antelope. Of great importance as forage for livestock. Artemisia abrotanoides, see Artemisia californica. 62 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. Scabland sagebrush. A. tridentata arbuscula (Nutt.) Hall and Clem. Range : 4, 7, 8, 9, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, much-branched, stiff, straggling shrub; seed germination about 40 percent. Observations: Of slight value as forage for mule deer. Locally of some value as forage for livestock. Artemisia bigelovii Gray. Flat sagebrush. A. petrophila Woot. and Standl. Range: 9, 10, 11, 16. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, many-stemmed, spreading shrub considered more palatable to stock than the common sagebrush ; very good spring browse, especially for sheep. Artemisia bolanderi Gray. A. tridentata bolanderi (Gray) Hall and Clem. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched, leafy-twigged shrub. Browse value about the same as that of A. tridentata. Artemisia calif ornica Less. Coastal sagebrush. A. fischeriana Bess., A. abrotanoides Nutt., Crossostephium californicum Rydb., C. foliosum Rydb., C. insulare Rydb. Range: 5, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, many-stemmed, xerophytic shrub ; freely branched ; a climax or subclimax dominant ; casts very little shade ; inflammable ; browsed only by sheep and goats in times of scarcity. Artemisia cana Pursh. Silver sagebrush. A. columbiana Nutt., A. viscidula (Osterh.) Rydb. Range : 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 19, 21. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small or rarely large shrub ; freely branched ; found on plains and lower mountains ; generally occurs on north and sheltered sides of hills ; requires more water than A. tridentata. Stomach records: One species of bird. Observations: Important food of sage grouse. A very important local browse for livestock. Artemisia eolumbiana, see Artemisia cana. Artemisia filifolia Torr. Sand sagebrush. Range : 9, 11, 15, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, freely-branched shrub ; occurs only on sandy soil ; experiments in New Mexico in range seeding with this species were unsuccessful ; fruiting heads often transformed into galls; a sand indicator, changes in its abundance indi- cating the amounts of sand in the soil; germination of seed 40-50 percent. Palatable to livestock and locally used as forage but seldom browsed in grass- land districts. Artemisia fischeriana, see Artemisia calif ornica. Artemisia frigida Willd. Estafiata. Range : 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub often only woody at the base or even entirely herbaceous ; stems decumbent at base ; a mat-forming species, especially when not shrubby ; NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Qg an indicator of overgrazing; direct seeding experiments with this species were unsuccessful in New Mexico ; not poisonous to livestock. Observations: An important food of sage grouse; important winter food for elk, bighorn. Of high rank as forage for stock, the forage value increasing southward. Artemisia nova Nels. Small sagebrush. A. tridentata nova (Nels.) Hall and Clem. Range : 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub ; often occurs on shallow, stony soils. Of importance southward as forage for livestock. Artemisia parishii Gray. A. tridentata parishii (Gray) Hall and Clem. Range: 9, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to usually large shrub ; very much like A. tridentata and perhaps not specifically distinct ; resembles that species in practically all ecological aspects. For browse value refer to A. tridentata. Artemisia petrophila, see Artemisia bigelovii. Artemisia rigida (Gray) Nutt. Stiff sagebrush. A. triflda rigida Nutt. Range: 7, 8, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub ; very often occurs on lava outcrops. A locally valuable browse plant, particularly palatable to horses ; fair sheep forage. Artemisia rothrockii Gray. A. tridentata rothrockii (Gray) Hall and Clem. Range : 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub, usually confined to higher zones in the mountains. Browse value for livestock similar to that of A. tridentata. Artemisia spinescens Eaton. Bud sagebrush. Picrothamnus desertorum Nutt. Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, spiny, much-branched, rigid shrub with crowded stems; occurs on alkaline soil and indicates alkali in the soil ; root system very extensive ; ex- tremely resistant to drought and overgrazing. An important forage for live- stock, but poisonous or fatal to calves when eaten in quantity. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (pi. 4, B). Big sagebrush Range : 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene, available in October. A small to large shrub, or in very good soil with plenty of water, a small tree; root system two storied with shallow fibrous, and deep-spreading roots; an indicator of deep soils largely free from alkali ; seldom occurs on granitic soils; forms root sprouts to some extent; fairly rapid growing; direct seeding experiments with this species in New Mexico were unsuccessful ; germination of seed 35 percent or less. Stomach records: Dusky grouse, sage grouse; black-tailed deer. Observa- tions: Columbian sharp-tailed grouse; mule deer, bighorn. A most important stock browse of special value in autumn and winter; variously reported as poor to excellent forage; however, it enables stockmen 'to carry enormous numbers of cattle through the winter months. Reported as mildly poisonous to sheep and horses but there appears to be no direct evidence of its toxicity. Artemisia trifida, see Artemisia tripartita. 130186°— 39 5 (34 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Artemisia tripartita Rydb. Threetip sagebrush. A. trlfida Nutt, A. tridentata triflda (Nutt.) Hall and Clem. Range : 7, 8, 9, 10, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in October. A small shrub of value as winter livestock browse. Artemisia viscidula, see Artemisia cana. Ascyrum cuneifolium Chapm. Range : 29. 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Ascyrum hypericoides L. St.-Andrew's-cross. A. linifolium Spach. Range : 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available September-October. A small, much-branched, erect or decumbent shrub ; flowers June-September ; occurs on sterile soil ; short-lived ; in cultivation. Observations: White-tailed deer. Ascyrum linifolium, see Ascyrum hypericoides. Ascyrum microsepalum, see Crookea microsepala. Ascyrum pumilum Michx. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small, diffusely-branched shrub ; flowers spring to summer ; stems short, often matted ; occurs on sand. Ascyrum stans Michx. St.-Peter's-wort. Range : 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; generally occurs on acid, sandy soil ; flowers summer to fall. Ascyrum tetrapetalum (Lam.) Vail. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub with very showy flowers produced from spring to fall or all year ; usually occurs in sand. Asimina angustifolia Gray. Narrow-leaved papaw. Pityothamnus angustifoUus (Gray) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Asimina grandiflora, see Asimina incana. Asimina incana Bartr. Flag papaw. A. grandiflora (Michx.) Gray. A. speciosa Nash, Pityothamnus incanus (Bartr.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal. Dwarf papaw. Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A large shrub with spreading branches; usually occurs in saad. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES §5 Asimina pygmaea (Bartr. ) Gray. Pityothamnus pygmaeus (Bartr.) Small. * Range : 30. Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-August. A small shrub with arching or decumbent stems. Asimina speciosa, see Asimina incana. Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. Common papaw. Anona triloba L. Range : 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-October. Commonly a large shrub to small tree, or rarely a large tree ; flowers March- April ; thicket forming by means of suckers ; shrubby northward ; often per- sistent and difficult to eradicate from fields ; thickets often vigorous and dense ; a lepidoterous larva injures the flowers throughout a good portion of its range, but when not attacked, fruit is abundantly produced ; otherwise gen- erally free from insect enemies ; two forms are known, one with white, insipid fruit ; the other with a yellow pulp, but these are not recognized botanically ; propagation is by seed sown as soon as ripe; suckers are generally difficult to transplant ; about 1,200 seeds per poiind, germination about 50 percent, about 250 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Gray fox, opossum. Observations: Probably much eaten by birds; opossum, squirrel, raccoon; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. Astrophyllum dumosum, see Choisya dumosa. Atragene americana, see Clematis verticillaris. Atragene columbiana, see Clematis columbiana. Atragene occidentalis, see Clematis pseudoalpina. Atragene pseudoalpina, see Clematis pseudoalpina. Atriplex spp. Saltbushes. Monoecious or dioecious shrubs with a salty taste ; the species harbor the spinach mildew and consequently should not be planted where spinach is a commercial crop. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty -nine species of birds, including Gambel quail ; white-sided jack rabbit, gray-sided jack rabbit ; black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant ; Oregon jack rabbit, in dry seasons. In general, of considerable importance as cover for plains wildlife. The salty taste may flavor milk and possibly have a bad effect on unweaned calves, lambs, and kids, although the same taste appears to increase the palatability to livestock. Atriplex breweri Wats. Brewer saltbush. A. lentiformis breweri (Wats.) Hall and Clem., A. orbicularis Wats. Range : 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A large monoecious or dioecious shrub with abundant foliage ; rapid growing ; very tolerant of salinity ; foliage subject to leaf-mining insects ; much culti- vated, especially as a clipped hedge plant ; seeds produced in abundance ; occurs on sand, clay, and other soils. Observations: California mule deer. Freely browsed by livestock. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (pi. 4, C). Wingscale. Calligonum canescens Pursh, A. garrettii Rydb., A. macropoda Rose and Standl., A. linea-ris Wats. Range : 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene, available August-September. A small or rarely large, rapid-growing evergreen shrub; dioecious or rarely monoecious ; tolerates alkali but not necessarily found on alkaline soil ; root system extensive; taproots 30-40 feet deep; extremely drought resistant; will QQ MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE withstand comparatively low temperatures; very brittle; for range planting sow seeds 14-16 pounds per acre in March-April ; can be seeded, if local seed is used, as soon as seed is ripe ; germination 30-60 percent. Observations: Depended upon to a high degree by scaled quail for shade, cover, roost, and food ; captive porcupine, rock squirrel, gray-spotted ground squirrel, Arizona jack rabbit. Produces great quantities of seeds, which are fattening and highly palatable to stock and have a high nutritional value. Browsed extensively by cattle, sheep, and goats, especially when other forage is scarce ; has been known in a few instances to poison sheep, and concentrated feeding may cause scours in cattle. Atriplex collina, see Atriplex confertifolia. Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. and Frem.) Wats. Shadscale. Obione confertifolia Torr. and Frem., A. collina Woot. and Standl., A. sub- conferta Rydb. Range : 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene, available in September. A small, spiny, rigid, dioecious, thickly-branched, densely clump-forming shrub ; may occur on alkaline soil to pH 8.0 ; about 15,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Three species of birds; California mule deer. Of great im- portance as browse for sheep and, to some extent, cattle ; spines often interfere with browsing by cattle. Atriplex garrettii, see Atriplex canescens. Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) Wats. Desert holly. Obione hymenelytra Torr. Range : 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, compact, rounded, dioecious evergreen shrub ; in demand for Christ- mas decorations. Apparently not browsed. Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) Wats. Lenscale. Obione lentiformis Torr. Range : 3, 9, 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene, available September-October. A large dioecious or rarely monoecious shrub ; branches wide-spreading ; foliage very thick and dense ; rapid growing ; usually occurs on alkaline soil ; about 412,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Fairly important as browse for mule deer ; of great importance as a cover for wildlife. Much browsed by cattle, especially from December to July, when other feed is scarce. Atriplex linearis, see Atriplex canescens. Atriplex macropoda, see Atriplex canescens. Atriplex orbicularis, see Atriplex breweri. Atriplex parryi Wats. Parry saltbush. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, spiny, rigid, dioecious shrub ; occurs on alkaline soil. Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) Wats. Cattle spinach. Obione polycarpa Torr. Range : 3, 9, 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in October. A small to large dioecious shrub; intricately and much branched; leaves early deciduous ; a most important food of Eutettix tenella, the beet leafhopper, an insect carrying curly top disease of sugar beets ; will grow on alkaline, but generally occurs on the richest of the desert soils ; sometimes fruits abundantly when only 1 foot high ; withstands up to 3 percent salt content of soil ; germina- tion of seed 30-60 percent. Stomach records: California jack rabbit. Of great importance as browse for stock, especially since it so often occurs with unpalatable species ; killed by excessive browsing. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES gy Atriplex spinifera MacBr. Spinescale. Range: 3, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small to large, spinescent, dioecious shrub; broader leaves deciduous dur- ing the summer ; found on moderately alkaline soil ; important winter-food plant of Eutettix tenella, the beet leafhopper, an insect carrying the curly top disease of sugar beets. Occasionally browsed by sheep. Atriplex subconferta, see Atriplex confertifolia. Atriplex torreyi Wats. Torrey lenscale. A. lentiformis torreyi (Wats.) Hall and Clem. Range : 9, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, spiny, dioecious shrub ; occurs on alkaline soil. Audibertia capitata, see Salvia mohavensis. Audibertia incana, see Salvia camosa. Audibertia pachystachya, see Salvia pachyphylla. Audibertia polystachya, see Salvia apiana. Audibertia stachyoides, see Salvia mellifera. Audibertiella incana, see Salvia carnosa. Ayenia microphylla Gray. Range : 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Pod, available in September. A small, much-branched shrub with very small leaves. Ayenia pusilla L. Range : 11, 17, 30. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small, often prostrate shrub ; often occurs in sand. Observations: Gambel quail. Azalea alabamense, see Rhododendron alabamense. Azalea albiflora, see Rhododendron albiflorum. Azalea arborescens, see Rhododendron arborescens. Azalea atlantica, see Rhododendron atlanticum. Azalea austrina, see Rhododendron austrinum. Azalea calendulacea, see Rhododendron calendulaceum. Azalea californica, see Rhododendron occidentale. Azalea canescens, see Rhododendron canescens and R. roseum. Azalea lapponica, see Rhododendron lapponicum. Azalea lutea, see Rhododendron calendulaceum. Azalea nudiflora, see Rhododendron nudiflorum. Azalea oblongifolia, see Rhododendron oblongifolium. Azalea occidentalis, see Rhododendron occidentale. Azalea pilosa, see Menziesia, pilosa. Azalea prinophylla, see Rhododendron roseum. Azalea prunifolia, see Rhododendron prunifolium. Azalea rosea, see Rhododendron roseum. Azalea serrulata, see Rhododendron serrulatum. Azalea speciosa, see Rhododendron speciosum. Azalea vaseyi, see Rhododendron vaseyi. (38 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Azalea viscosa, see Rhododendron viscosum. Azaleastrum albiflorum, see Rhododendron albiflorum. Baccharis spp. Dioecious shrubs usually growing in neutral soil ; propagation is by seed sown in fall or spring or by soft or hard wood cuttings; the seed is hard- coated and may need treatment before sowing. Baccharis angustifolia, see also Baccharis neglecta. Baccharis angustifolia Michx. False-willow. Range : 20, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small to large shrub ; flowers in the fall, or all year southward ; often grows near or in brackish marshes. Baccharis consanguinea, see Baccharis pilularis. Baccharis emoryi Gray. Waterwillow. Range: 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17. Site : Dry, well-drained, or more commonly moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, loosely-branched shrub ; grazed by livestock in summer and fall in southeastern Arizona. Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large shrub; flowers fall to winter or all year; ordinarily occurs in salt marshes and swamps. Baccharis glu'tinosa Pers. Seepwillow. Range : 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, thicket-forming shrub; stems slender, erect, or straggling; sometimes only herbaceous; root system deep and wide-spreading; has been recommended for erosion control ; readily propagated by cuttings. Baccharis halimifolia L. Groundsel tree. Range : 17, 20, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Achene, available November-December. A small to large, much-branched shrub; flowers August-October; may occur in salt marshes. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Baccharis neglecta Britt. B. angustifolia Gray, not Michx. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers July-September ; often occurs in saline soil; grows in sandy and other soils; invades abandoned farm lands. Baccharis pilularis DC. Kidneyworf B. consanffuinea DC. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers August-October ; usually colony- forming ; certain forms are prostate-spreading ; has been observed to pioneer in gullies ; grows on sandy or other soils ; foliage very dense ; has been recom- mended for sand-dune fixation. Stomach records: California quail. Observations: California mule deer. Baccharis pteronioides, see Baccharis ramulosa. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES gQ Bac«haris ramulosa Gray. Yerba-de-pasmo. B. pteronioides DC. Range : 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large dioecious shrub ; rarely grazed by stock except on over- grazed range; poisonous to sheep. Baccharis salicina Torr. and Gray. Willow baceharis. Range : 11, 15, 16. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in August. A large shrub ; flowers May-July and occurs in saline soil. Baccharis sarothroides Gray. Rosinbrush. Range: 5, 10, 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small to large, broomlike, much-branched shrub with few leaves. Not palatable to livestock. Baccharis viminea DC. Mulefat. Range : 3, 5, 9, 10. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Achene. A large, loosely-branched shrub ; flowers July-August. Observations: California mule deer. Batodendron arboreum, see V actinium arboreum. Bebbia juncea (Benth.) Greene. Carphephorus junceus Benth. Range : 5, 9, 10, 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small to large shrub with rushlike branches. Befaria racemosa Vent. Tarflower. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers spring-fall ; very ornamental in flower. Beloperone californica Benth. Chuperosa. Range: 10, 11. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available in April. A small, spreading shrub ; leafless in dry seasons ; the capsules, which break open violently, are sometimes infested with seed-destroying larvae. Observations: Very attractive to hummingbirds. Locally browsed by live- stock. Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees. Spicebush. Range : 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. • Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September, earlier southward, per- sistent or not. A large, bushy shrub; flowers March-May; usually occurs in slightly acid soil ; a rich soil species but often persistent in clearings ; propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe; fruit crops ordinarily light, locally heavy. Stomach records: Seventeen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and ring-necked pheasant; opossum. Observations: Seven species of birds ; cottontail rabbit, marsh rabbit, white-tailed deer. Benzoin melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees. Southern spicebush. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A small to large shrub ; very showy in the February-March flowering season. Observations: Marsh rabbit. 70 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Berberis spp. Barberries. Certain quarantines apply to the species here listed except B. thunbergii, since they are secondary hosts for the black stem rust of grains. Although species are individually characterized as immune or susceptible to the disease, Federal quarantine officials should always be consulted before the species are used, planted, or shipped. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Ten species of birds, includ- ing ruffed grouse and ring-necked pheasant ; gray-sided jack rabbit. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Six species of birds ; jack rabbit. Berberis aquifolium Pursh. (pi. 4, D). Oregon-grape. Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Odostemon aquifolius (Pursh) Rydb., Odostemon nutkanus Rydb. Range : 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available September-October. A small to large evergreen shrub with very thick foliage ; flowers April-May ; several varieties in cultivation; fairly, but not completely, resistant to black stem rust. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse and dusky grouse; mountain sheep. Observations: Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer. Berberis californicum Jeps. California hollygrape. Odostemon dictj/otus Abrams. Range : 3, 4, 5, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small to large evergreen shrub ; slightly susceptible to black stem rust. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Berberis canadensis Pursh. American barberry. Range : 25, 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available in September, long persistent. A small to large, spiny shrub ; flowers in June ; occurs on limestone, sand- stone, or acid soils; susceptible to black stem rust. Berberis fendleri Gray. Fendler barberry. Range : 11, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available in September. A small to large, spiny shrub ; flowers May-June ; susceptible to black stem rust. Berberis fremontii Torr. Fremont hollygrape. Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde, Odostemon fremontii (Torr.) Abrams. Range : 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available August-September. A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers May-June ; often forms dense clumps ; very tolerant of arid conditions of soil and atmosphere ; susceptible to black stem rust ; seed germination 90 percent or less. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Mule deer, New Mexico black bear. Berberis haematocarpa Woot. Bed hollygrape. Odostemon haematocarpus (Woot.) Heller, Mahonia haematocarpa Fedde. Range : 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in August. A small to large evergreen shrub; susceptible to black stem rust; about 103,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Numerous birds, including Gambel quail; mule deer. Berberis japonica, see Berberis thunbergii. Berberis nana, see Berberis repens. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES *[\ Berberis nervosa Pursh. (pi. 1, B). Oregon-grape. Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt, Odostemon nervosus Bydb. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available July-August. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers May-June ; spreads by creeping rootstocks to form thickets ; resistant to black stem rust. Observations: Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer. Berberis nevinii Gray. Nevin hollygrape. Mahonia nevinii (Gray) Fedde, Odostemon nevinii (Gray) Abrams. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small to large evergreen shrub; occurs on sand, clay loam, and other soils ; at first loosely branched, later more compact ; root system shallow ; drought resistant ; rare and local ; susceptible to black stem rust. Berberis pinnata Lag. Wavyleaf hollygrape. Mahonia pinnata Fedde, Mahonia fascicularis DC., Odostemon fascicularis (DC.) Abrams. Range : 1, 3, 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large evergreen shrub with thick foliage; preliminary tests indi- cate that this species is resistant to black stem rust. Of some importance as a honey plant. Berberis pumila Greene. Dwarf hollygrape. Mahonia pumila (Greene) Fedde, Odostemon pumilus Heller. Range: 4. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small evergreen shrub ; occurs from 3,000-5,000 feet ; susceptibility to attack of black stem rust uncertain, although apparently resistant. Berberis repens Lindl. Creeping hollygrape. Odostemon repens (Lindl.) Cockerell, Mahonia repens (Lindl.) Don, Ber- beris nana Greene. Range : 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available in September. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers in May ; the rhizomes produce shoots and deep roots at intervals ; resistant to black stem rust. Stomach records: Black- tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Reputed to be poisonous to stock but probably not very seriously so. Berberis sinensis, see Berberis tliunbergii. Berberis swaseyi Buckl. Blue agarita. Mahonia swaseyi Fedde. Range: 16. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available May-June. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers in May ; grows on many soils, including limestone ; resistant to cold and drought ; berries large, borne abundantly almost every year ; very ornamental ; a good hedge plant ; susceptible to black stem rust. Berberis tliunbergii DC. Thunberg barberry. B, japonica, B. sinensis of some. Range : 1, 2, 4, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available in August, persistent all year round. A small to large, somewhat straggling, spiny shrub ; native of Japan, but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated ; evergreen southward ; grows in many kinds of soils ; has not demonstrated its ability to compete with native vegetation, including grasses ; on dry banks has been repeatedly observed to die 72 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE gradually ; branches root where they touch the ground ; not subject to black stem rust and not under quarantine; berries soften over winter and become more available to birds ; much cultivated, and many cultivated varieties known ; 25,000-28,000 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent, about 4,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Seven species of birds, includ- ing ring-necked pheasant, ruffed grouse (of value during winter), and bob- white; cottontail rabbit. Berberis trifoliolata Moric. Agarita. Odostemon trifoliolatus (Moric.) Heller, Malionia trifoliolata Fedde, Range : 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available April-May. A small to large evergreen shrub ; thicket forming ; occurs on gravelly and other soils ; fruit edible ; susceptible to black stem rust. A good honey plant. Berberis vulgaris L. European barberry. Range: 22, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available August-September, persistent through the winter. A small to large shrub introduced from Europe but naturalized in the regions indicated; much cultivated, and many varieties known; most susceptible of all species to the black stem rust; being eradicated in some areas. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bobwhite. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, mockingbird. Berberis wilcoxii Kearn. Odostemon wilcoxii (Keai-n.) Heller. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small shrub ; has not been tested for susceptibility to black stem rust. Berchemia scandens (Hill) Trel. Rattan vine. Range : 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available July-October. A vigorous, much-branched vine ; flowers March-June ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: 14 species of birds, including wood duck, mallard, bobwhite, and turkey. Observations: Much eaten by migratory birds. Bernardia myricaefolia (Scheele) Wats. Myrtle croton. Tyria myricaefolia Scheele. Range : 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers in April ; will grow under extremely adverse conditions. Eaten at times by very hungry stock. Berthelotia sericea, see Pluchea sericea. Betula spp. Birches. Trees or shrubs ; generally short-lived ; propagation is by seeds sown as soon as ripe or stored dry and after stratification at 32°-50° F., for 6 weeks, planted in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twelve species of birds, including gray and eastern ruffed grouse, ptarmigan, sharp-tailed grouse, and woodcock ; composed 0.8 percent of entire fall food of prairie chickens in Wis- consin, 0.73 percent of entire fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin, 46.9 percent of all winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec, 12.26 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York, and 5.6 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States ; northern white-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-one species of birds, including spruce grouse, ptarmigan, sharp-tailed grouse; staple winter food of greater prairie chicken, pinnated grouse, and ruffed grouse; important food of snowshoe hare, porcu- pine; an important food of beaver where Populns is lacking. The western species are browsed fairly well by livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 73 Betula alleg-haniensis, see Betula lutea. Betula coerulea Blanch. Blueleaf birch. B. pendula Fern., not Roth. Range : 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Small samara or nutlet, available September-October. A large tree. Betula cordifolia, see Betula papyrifera. Betula fontinalis Sarg. Red birch. B. occidentalis Nutt, not Hook., B. utahensis Britt., B. microphylla Bunge. Range : 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Small samara or nutlet. A small to rarely large tree ; fair to good browse for sheep and goats ; about 1,134,000 seeds per pound. Var. piperi (Britt.) Sarg., (B. piperi Britt.) is smaller than the species, occurs in region 7, and is clump-forming. Betula glandulifera, see Betula pumila. Betula glandulosa Michx. Bog birch. B. hallii HoTvell. Range : 2, 4, 12, 13, 15, 23, 24, 26. Site: Wet, sun. Fruit : Small samara or nutlet. A small to large shrub ; usually occurs in sphagnum bogs. Observations: White-tailed ptarmigan, northern sharp-tailed grouse, greater prairie chicken. Palatability good for cattle and sheep in most western sec- tions, but plants are often inaccessible because of their occurrence in bogs. Betula hallii, see Betula glandulosa. Betula lenta L. Sweet birch. Range : 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available September-October. A large tree with open foliage; rapid growing when young, later slower; long-lived ; root system fibrous, deep, and spreading ; not fire resistant ; wind- firm; little attacked by disease except in old age; rarely attacked by insects; appears to flourish best in association with other species; wood used com- mercially to some extent; oil of wintergreen, produced by distillation of the leaves, is of importance commercially ; about 500,000 seeds per pound, germina- tion about 26 percent. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, greater prairie chicken. Observations: Red- poll, sharp-tailed grouse; important food of white-tailed deer, moose, cotton- tail rabbit. Betula lutea Michx. f. Yellow birch. B. alleghaniensis Britt. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. • Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available September-October. A large tree; rapid growing, especially when young; moderately long-lived; root system widespread; taproot usually developed in a lateral direction; not fire resistant; wood of importance commercially; 400,000-440,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Merganser, ruffed grouse. Observations: Seven species of birds, including sharp-tailed grouse, ruffed grouse, prairie chicken ; important food of white-tailed deer ; red squirrel, cottontail rabbit, moose. Betula microphylla, see Betula fontinalis. Betula montanensis, see Betula papyrifera. Betula nigra L. River birch. Range : 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available July-September. 74 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large tree with open foliage ; rapid growing when young ; short-lived ; little attacked by insects or disease ; coppices when cut ; wood used commercially to some extent. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Five species of birds includ- ing ruffed grouse and wild turkey ; white-tailed deer. Betula occidentalis, see Betula fontinalis and B. papyrifera. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper birch. B. alba papyrifera (Marsh) Spach. Range : 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Small samara or nutlet, available August-September. A large, short-lived tree ; rapid growing when young, later slower ; root system shallow, superficial ; a pioneer on burned-over areas ; free from insects and disease ; easily fire-damaged ; wood used commercially to some extent ; about 700,000 seeds per pound, germination about 21 percent, seed vitality transient. Var. subcordata (Rydb.) Sarg., (B. subcordata Rydb.), the paper birch, oc- curs in region 12. Var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern., (B. cordifolia Regel) occurs in regions 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, and 27. Var. occidentalis (Hook.) Sarg., (B. ocvi- dentalis Hook.), the western paper birch occurs in regions 1, 2, and 12. Var. montanensis (Butler) Sarg., (B. montanensis Butler) occurs in region 12. Var. minor (Tuckerm.) Fern., (B. papyracea var. Tuckerm.), is a shrub occur- ring in regions 23 and 27, strictly in bogs. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, Observations: Redpoll, preferred food of ruffed grouse in Maine; snowshoe hare; important food of moose on Isle Royale ; sparingly browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Betula pendula, see Betula coerulea. Betula piperi, see Betula fontinalis. Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray birch. Range: 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available in September. A small to large short-lived tree; fairly rapid growing; free from insects and disease ; easily storm-damaged ; coppices freely when cut ; wood used commercially to some extent ; generally occurs in poor sandy or gravelly soils. Stomach records: Three species of birds including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Five species of birds; white-tailed deer. Betula pumila L. Swamp birch. Range: 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Small samara or nutlet, available September-October. A small to large shrub. Var. glandulifera Regel (B. glandulifera (Regel) Butter), is a shrub occurring in regions 18, 21, 23, and 24. Betula subcordata, see Betula papyrifera. Betula utahensis, see Betula fontinalis. Bigelovia acradenius, see Aplapappus acradenius. Bigelovia arborescens, see Aplopappus arborescent. Bigelovia brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. Bigelovia depressa, see Chrysothamnus depressus. Bigelovia douglasii, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Bigelovia greenei, see Chrysothamnus greenei. Bigelovia nelsonii, see Aplopappus laricifolius. Bigelovia paniculata, see Chrysothamnus paniculatus. Bigelovia parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. Bigelovia parryi, see Chrysothamnus parryi. Bigelovia pulchella, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 75 Bigelovia spathulata, see Aplopapptis cuneatus. Bignonia capreolata L. Crossvine. Anisostichus capreolata (L. ) Bur., Bignonia crucigcra L., in part. Range : 25, 28, 29, 30. Site : Moist, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. An evergreen, tree-climbing vine ; blooms April-June ; very handsome in cultivation ; usually occurs in rich soil. Bignonia crucigera, see Bignonia capreolata. Bignonia linearis, see Chilopsis linearis. Bignonia radicans, see Campsis radicans. Bignonia sempervirens, see Gelsemium sempcrvirens. Bignonia stans, see Tecoma stans. Biltia vaseyi, see Rhododendron vaseyi. Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. Sea oxeye. Buphthalmium frutescens L. Range: 17, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub; blooms July-September, or all year southward; may occur in sandy soil, salt marshes, or on prairies. Brahea minima, see Sabal minor. Brayodendron texanum, see Diospyros texana. Brickellia arguta, see Brickellia atractyloides. Brickellia atractyloides Gray. B. venulosus arguta (Robins.) Jeps., B. arguta Robins., Coleosanthus atrac- tyloides (Gray) Kuntze, C. venulosus Nels. Range : 9, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, much-branched shrub ; flowers April-June. Brickellia desertorum Cov. Desert brickellbush. Coleosanthus desertorum Cov. Range: 9, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, intricately-branched shrub ; blooms October-November. Brickellia frutescens Gray. Rigid brickellbush. Coleosanthus frutescens (Gray) Kuntze. Range: 5, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, rigid, spinose shrub ; blooms April-May. Brickellia grayana, see Brickellia microphylla. Brickellia knappiana Drew. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, willowlike, slender shrub ; flowers August-September ; a rare species. Brickellia laciniata Gray. Coleosanthus laciniatus (Gray) Kuntze. Range : 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub. 76 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Brickellia microphylla (Nutt.) Gray. Littleleaf brickellbush. Buloostylis microphylla Nutt., Brickellia grayana Hieron., Coleosanthus microphyllus (Nutt.), Kuntze, C. cedrosensis Greene. Range: 8, 9, 10, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub or occasionally not entirely woody ; flowers August-October ; usually occurs in sand. Brickellia multiflora Kell. Coleosanthus multiflorus (Kell.) Kuntze. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A large shrub ; usually occurs in sand. Brickellia nevinii Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub with thick foliage. Brickellia squamulosa Gray. Coleosanthus squamulosus (Gray) Kuntze. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub. Brongniartia minutifolia Wats. Range: 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, much-branched shrub. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paper mulberry. Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze. Range : 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Compound drupe, available in September. A large shrub to small or large dioecious tree ; flowers in May ; naturalized from Japan and commonly escaped in the regions indicated; rapid growing; root sprouts produced copiously ; very drought resistant ; has spread very com- monly in gullies or occasionally in moist, shady places ; fruits are borne seldom ; about 200,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Broussonetia secundiflora, see Sophora secundiflora. Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks. Buckwheat-vine. Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Achene, available September-October, occasionally persistent all winter. A vine ; blooms July-August ; has colonized railroad embankments in the South. Stomach records: Mallard. Bryanthus taxifolius, see Phyllodoce caerulei. Buddleia humboldtiana Roem. and Schult. Range: 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A shrub. Buddleia marrubiifolia Benth. Woolly butterflybush. Range: 11, 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; may possibly furnish some browse for livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 77 Buddleia racemosa Torr. Range: 11, 17, 20. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, loosely-branched shrub ; flowers spring-summer. Buddleia scordioides H. B. K. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small shrub ; palatability fairly good to good for sheep, goats, and cattle. Buddleia sessiliflora H. B. K. Range: 10, 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small or large shrub to small tree. Buddleia utahensis Cov. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small shrub ; possibly furnishes some browse for livestock. Bulbostylis microphylla, see Brickellia microphylla. Bumelia angustifolia see Bumelia spiniflora. Bumelia cassiuifolia Small. Buckthorn. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe. Commonly a large shrub or small to large tree ; spiny ; often occurs in sandy woods. Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. Woolly buckthorn. Sideroxylon lanuginosa Michx. Range : 11, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe ; available September-November, sometimes persistent. A large shrub to small or large spiny tree, evergreen southward ; flowers June-July ; somewhat thicket forming, especially westward ; occurs on rocky, gravelly, sandy, and other soils ; 3,500-6,700 seeds per pound. Observations: Curve-billed thrasher, Sennett thrasher. Bumelia lucida Small. Shining bumelia. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen, thorny ; branches rigid. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. Southern buckthorn. Range: 17, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available September-November. A large shrub to small or large tree ; semievergreen ; unarmed or spiny ; flowers June— August ; coppices when cut. Stomach records: Lesser scaup. Browsed to some extent by livestock. Bumelia monticola Buckl. Mountain buckthorn. Range : 11, 17, 20. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available in September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; largest forms occur on best sites ; spiny and straggling ; flowers June-July ; usually occurs on limestone soil. Bumelia reclinata Vent. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A small to large, spiny evergreen shrub ; may be erect or depressed ; flowers jipring-summer or the year round ; often occurs on sand. 78 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Bumelia schottii, see Bumelia spiniflora. Bumelia spiniflora DC. Saffron-plum. B. angustifolia Nutt., B. schottii Britt. Range: 17, 31, 32. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available April-May. A large shrub to a small or rarely large tree ; evergreen ; flowers November- January ; propagated by seed. Bumelia tenax Willd. Tough huckthorn. Range : 29, 30, 31, 32. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September-November. Most commonly a small to large shrub ; sometimes a small to large tree ; evergreen southward ; flowers May-July ; spiny or unarmed ; may occur on sand. Bumelia texana Buckl. Range: 16, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; branches rigid and thorny. Buphthalmium frutescens, see Borrichia frutescens. Bursera lonchophylla, see Bursera odorata. Bursera odorata Brandeg. B. lonchophylla Sprague and Riley, B. tenuifolia Rose, B. purpusii Brandeg., Elaphrium covillei Rose, E. confusum Rose, E. brachypodum Rose, E. odoratum (Brandeg.) Rose. Range: 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, resembling a capsule. A small tree ; usually occurs on calcareous soil. Bursera microphylla Gray. Elephant tree. Elaphrium microphyllum (Gray) Rose. Range: 5, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Drupe ; resembling a capsule, available in October. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers in June. Butneria fertilis, see Calycanthus fertilis. Butneria florida, see Calycanthus florida. Butneria mohri, see Calycanthus mohri. Butneria nana, see Calycanthus fertilis. Butneria occidentalis, see Calycanthus occidentalis. Buxella brachycera, see Oaylussacia brachycera. Buxus chinensis, see Simmondsia chinensis. Calliandra chamaedrys, see Calliandra eriophylla. Calliandra conferta, see Calliandra eriophylla. Calliandra eriophylla Benth. False-mesquite. C. chamaedrys Engelm., C. conferta Benth., Anneslia eriophylla (Benth.) Britt. Range : 10, 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume, available May-August. A small, somewhat prostrate, densely-branched shrub ; occurs on sandy and other soils ; flowers March-May ; seed germination 64 percent. Stomach records: Masked bob white, bobwhite, antelope jack rabbit. Obser- vations: Gambel, scaled, and Mearn's quail. Highly palatable to livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 79 Callicarpa americana L. (pi. 5, A). French, mulberry. Range : 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berrylike drupe, available August-November. A large, bushy shrub, or rarely somewhat viny ; flowers June-July ; com- monly occurs in rich soil, but grows also in poor ones; may grow in sand, clay, loam, and other neutral soils; propagated by seed or cuttings, 85,000 seeds per pound, germination about 40 percent; about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: 10 species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: Five species of birds, including bobwhite ; ranked as forty-first on the list of quail food plants of the southeastern United States ; captive marsh rabbits. Calligonum canescens, see Atriplex canescens. Calycanthus fertilis Walt. Mountain spicewood. G. nanus Loisel., Butneria, fertilis (Walt.) Kearn., B. nana (Loisel.) Small. Range : 27, 28, 29. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule ; available in September, persistent through the winter. A large shrub ; flowers March-August ; usually occurs on rich, nearly neutral soil ; propagation is by seeds sown in spring. Considered deleterious to cattle. Calycanthus floridus L. Carolina allspice. Butneria florida (L.) Kearn. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers April-August ; usually occurs in rich, neutral soil ; propagation is by seed sown in spring. Calycanthus mohri Small. Butneria mohri Small. Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub. Calycanthus nanus, see Calycanthus fertilis. Calycanthus occidentalis Hook, and Arn. California sweetshrub. Butneria occidentalis (Hook, and Arn.) Greene. Range : 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers June-August ; occurs from 800 to 3,800 feet. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Reputed to be poisonous to stock, but this may be questionable. Calycocarpum lyonii (Pursh) Nutt. Cupseed. Menispermum lyonii Pursh. Range : 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-October. A high-climbing and twining vine ; flowers May-June ; often for the most part herbaceous ; fruit ripens irregularly ; commonly climbs over bushes along stream banks. Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Trumpetcreeper. Tecoma radicans (L.) Juss., Bignonla radicans (L.) DC. Range : 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule ; available August-October or persistent through the winter. An exceedingly rapid-growing tree-climbing vine ; flowers all summer ; some- what herbaceous in cultivated fields where it is often considered a troublesome weed, especially southward ; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois ; said to be narcotic, but not known to be eaten by domestic animals; much cultivated and with several varieties known. 130186°— 39 6 SO MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTUBE Canotia holacantha Torr. Mohave thorn Range: 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub, or sometimes a small or large tree with rushlike branches; somewhat spinose; often occurs in pure stands of an acre or more; grows on gravelly or sandy soil. Worthless as forage for stock. Capsicum baccatum L. Chillipiquin Range : 17, 20, 30. Site : Well-drained, shade. Fruit : Berry, available in September, long persistent. A small to large shrub. Carlowrightia arizonica Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small, wide-spreading shrub ; cropped to some extent by sheep and cattle. Carlowrightia linearifolia (Torr.) Gray. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small shrub with small leaves ; worthless as forage. Carpentaria californica Torr. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large, many-stemmed, spreading evergreen shrub ; flowers May- July ; commonly cultivated. Foliage very bitter, seldom grazed even by sheep. Carphephorus junceus, see Bebbia juncea. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue beech. Range : 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Nutlet ; available August-October, often persistent. A small to large bushy tree ; slow growing ; rarely attacked by insects ; wood very hard and durable, somewhat used commercially ; propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe ; germination very irregular ; about 300 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, turkey, and sharp-tailed grouse ; composed 4.08 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, ruffed grouse, bob- white ; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer, gray squirrel. Carya spp. Hickories. Large trees; usually grow on neutral soil; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring; because of their long taproots they are ordinarily hard to transplant ; will not stand much trampling by stock. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Eleven, species of birds, including wood duck, mallard, ruffed grouse, bobwhite, turkey, ring-necked pheasant; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Four species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer, cotton- tail rabbit, and many squirrels ; gray fox, red squirrel, southwestern chipmunk, gray squirrel, flying squirrel. Carya alba, see also Carya ovata. Carya alba (L.) Koch. Mockernut hickory. Hicoria alba (L.) Britt., C. tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. Range : 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut; available September-November. A large tree ; taproot much developed ; rapid growing when young, rather long-lived ; generally occurs on richer soils ; wind-firm ; easily fire-damaged ; much attacked by insects ; stump and root sprouts produced freely ; may occur on sandstone, chert, or igneous areas; wood of importance commercially; seed produced abundantly about every other year ; 110 seeds per pound, germination about 85 percent ; about 35 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations; White«tailed deer. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 5 A, Callicarpa americana, a valuable species for soil and wildlife conservation in the Southeast. B, Cas- tanopsis chrysophijlla. This bushy evergreen, the golden chinquapin, should prove a valuable soil cover and wildlife food plant. Misc. Pub. 303. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 6 r A, Celtis douglasii. This hackberry, like others in the genus, thrives in extremely arid regions. Its value as cover in an otherwise barren country is very great. B, Ceanothus prostratus forms perfect cover on part of a dry railroad embankment. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES gl Carya amara, see Carya cordiformis. Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt. Water hickory. Hicoria aquatica, (Michx. f.) Britt. Range : 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Nut ; available September-October. A large tree ; ordinarily grows in alluvial soil ; taproot small, lateral roots well developed ; wood of little importance commercially. Stomach records: Wood duck, mallard. Carya arkansana, see Carya buckleyi. Carya buckleyi Durand. Texas hickory. Hicoria buckleyi (Durand) Sudw. Range : 16, 20, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut. A large tree ; occurs in sandy or other soils. Var. arkansana (Sarg.) Ashe, (0. arkansana Sarg.) occurs also in region 25. Carya carolinae-septentrionalis (Ashe) Engelm. and Graebn. Southern shagbark hickory. Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. Range : 27, 28, 29. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut. A large tree ; occurs on sandy, rocky, or rich soil. Carya cordiformis (Wang.) Koch. Bitternut hickory; Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) Britt., H. minima (Marsh.) Britt., C. amara Nutt. Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September-October. A large tree; usually occurs on slightly acid, very fertile soil; the most rapid growing of all the hickories, especially when young, later slower ; tap- root and laterals well developed ; long-lived ; easily frost- and fire-damaged when young ; stump and root sprouts produced ; has been noted to be dying out in Indiana supposedly because of a root disease; attacked by hickory borer, otherwise generally free from insects and fungi ; wood very tough, of some importance commercially; about 110 seeds per pound, germination 80-90 percent. Observations: Cottontail rabbit ; fruit claimed to be generally distasteful to wildlife. Carya floridana Sarg. Scrub hickory. Hicoria florida,na (Sarg.) Sudw. Range: 30, 31. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut. A large shrub to small tree ; usually occurs on sandy soil ; fruit usually produced abundantly. Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet. Pignut hickory. C. porcina Nutt., Jufflans glabra Mill., Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt. Range : 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, available September-October. A large tree ; ordinarily occurs in fertile, slightly acid soil ; slow growing, long-lived ; root system deep ; wind-firm ; easily frost- and fire-damaged ; some- what injured by bark beetles ; root sprouts produced ; often invades land after the virgin forest is cut to form pure stands ; difficult to transplant ; 210 seeds per pound, germination about 85 percent; about 70 usable plants per pound of seed. Var. megacarpa (Sarg.) Sudw., (C. megacarpa Sarg.) has larger fruits and occurs within the range of the species. Observations: Cottontail rabbit \ §2 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Carya illinoensis, see Carya pecan. Carya laciniosa (Michx f.) Loud. Big shellbark hickory. C. sulcata Nutt., Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sarg., H. sulcata (Willd. ) Britt. Range : 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, available September-October. A large tree ; ordinarily occurs on fertile soils ; taproot much developed ; slow growing, long-lived ; wind-firm ; much injured by insects ; root sproiits ordinarily grow faster than seedlings; wood valuable commercially; difficult to trans- plant Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Carya leiodermis Sarg. Pignut hickory. Hicoria leiodermis (Sarg.) Sudw. Range: 29. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Nut, available September-October. A large tree. Carya megacarpa, see Carya glabra. Carya microcarpa Nutt. Little pignut hickory. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt., H. ovata nuttallii (Sarg.) Sudw. Range : 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit :Nut, available September-October. A large tree ; ordinarily occurs on rich soil. Carya myristicaeformis (Michx. f.) Nutt. Nutmeg hickory. Hicoria myristicaeformis (Michx. f.) Britt., Juglans myristicaeformis Michx. f., H. fernowiana Sudw. Range : 20, 25, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September-October. A large tree ; taproot strongly developed ; difficult to transplant. The Fernow hickory has recently been listed as distinct from this species ; its range is, as yet, not clear. Carya olivaeformis, see Carya pecan. Carya ovalis (Wang.) Sarg. Small pignut. Hicoria ovalis (Wang.) Sudw. Range : 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut. Six varieties are recognized, one of which extends the range of the species to region 24. Carya ovata (Mill.) Koch. Shagbark hickory. C. alba Nutt. not Koch, Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt., H. carolinae-septentri- onalis australis Ashe, Juglans ovata Mill. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, available September-October. A large, slow-growing, long-lived tree ; taproot much developed ; young trees easily frost-damaged; wind-firm; severely injured by fire; much attacked by insects ; root sprouts decrease with age of trees ; wood important commercially, tough, but not durable when exposed ; difficult to transplant ; often occurs in limestone hills ; five recognized varieties occur within the range of the species ; 80-90 seeds per pound, germination about 85 percent ; about 30 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. and Graebn. Pignut hickory. C. glabra villosa (Sarg.) Robins., Hicoria pallida Ashe. Range : 25, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September-October. A small to large tree; occurs on sterile, sandy, or rocky soil; wood used commercially. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES §3 Carya pecan (Marsh.) Engl. and Graebn. Pecan. C. illinoensis (Wang.) Koch, C. olivaeformis Nutt., Hicoria pecan (Marsh.) Britt. Range : 16, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September-October. A large tree ; taproot short, root system spreading ; usually occurs on fertile soil; comparatively rapid growing (fora hickory), long-lived; ability to stump sprout decreases with age ; easily frost-damaged ; somewhat injured by bark beetles ; wood much inferior to other hickories, unimportant commercially although somewhat used for fuel ; nuts probably do not mature northward because of frost ; difficult to transplant ; most cultivated forms, of which there are about 100 named varieties, have larger nuts with thinner shells than the wild species; 100 seeds per pound, germination about 85 percent; about 35 usable plants per pound of seed ; a hybrid between this and C. laciniosa is recognized as the Nussbaumer hickory and between this and C. cordiformis as Brown's hickory. Stomach records: Six species of birds; opossum. Observations: Three species of birds including wild turkey ; bassariscus, peccary. Carya porcina, see Carya glabra. Carya sulcata, see Carya laciniosa. Carya texana DC. Bitter pecan. Hicoria texana, (Le Conte) Britt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Nut, available September-October. A large tree. Carya tomentosa, see Carya alba. Carya villosa Schneid. Pignut hickory. C. buckleyi villosa Sarg., Hicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe, H. glabra villosa Sarg. Range: 20, 22, 25. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nut, available October-November. A large, drought-resistant tree ; occurs on sandy or other soils. Caryopitis edulis, see Pinus edulis. Caryopitis monophylla, see Pinus monophylla. Cassandra calyculata, see Chamaedaphne calyculata. Cassia armata Wats. Senna. Xerocassia armata ( Wats. ) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small, much-branched shrub, leafless most of the year ; may occur on sandy or other soils. Cassia covesii Gray. Senna. Earleocassia covesii (Gray) Britt. Range : 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub ; often only herbaceous in the eastern part of its range. Cassia wislizenii Gray. Palmer ocas sia wislizenii (Gray) Britt. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small to large, much-branched, spreading shrub. Cassiope hypnoides (L.) Don. Range : 23, 24, 28, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, evergreen shrub ; flowers June-July ; procumbent and tufted, some- what mosslike ; occurs on alpine summits. 84 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) Don. Andromeda mertensiana Bong. Range: 1, 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A low shrub ; stems prostrate, more or less matted ; occurs at high altitudes. Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Castanea spp. The chinquapins are susceptible to the chestnut blight, although that disease has not been as destructive of them as of the chestnut ; propagation is by seed sown in fall or spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Eastern flying squirrel, gray squirrel, red squirrel, eastern chipmunk. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Bluejay, pileated woodpecker; opossum, white-tailed deer. Castanea alabamensis Ashe. Alabama chinquapin. Range: 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nut, available Septembers-October. A large tree. Castanea alnifolia Nutt. Dwarf chinquapin. C. nana Muhl. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nut, available September-October. A small shrub ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; forms great patches by means of stolons. Castanea arkansana, see Castanea ozarkensis. Castanea ashei Sudw. Coastal chinquapin, C. pumila ashei Sudw. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available in September. A large shrub to small tree ; usually occurs in sand. A form with more pointed leaves has been described as C. maraaretta Ashe. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American chestnut. Range : 24, 25, 28, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September-October. A large tree, very nearly extinct through ravages of the chestnut blight ; root system deep, taproot well developed. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey; white-tailed deer. Castanea floridana (Sarg.) Ashe. G. alnifolia floridana Sarg. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nut, available in August. A large shrub to small or large tree ; often many-stemmed even when arborescent. Castanea margaretta, see Castanea ashei. Castanea nana, see Castanea alnifolia. Castanea ozarkensis Ashe. Ozark chinquapin. C. arkansana Ashe. Range: 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut. A small to large tree, commonly several-stemmed. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. Chinquapin. Range : 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, available September-November. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES §5 A large shrub to small or large tree; grows in sand, loam, clay, and other soils ; coppices freely when cut ; wood used to some extent commercially ; 250 seeds per pound, germination about 60 percent, about 50 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Castanopsis spp. Chinquapins. The species have been found experimentally susceptible to the chestnut blight. This disease is present in California in three commercial chestnut plantings where the burning of attacked individuals as a control measure is being actively pursued with success. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Allen's chipmunk, golden- mantled ground squirrel. Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl.) DC. (pi. 5,5). Golden chinquapin. Range : 1, 4, 6. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available in September of the second season. A small to large evergreen tree; thicket-forming; wood rarely used commer- cially; fruits sparingly. Var. minor (Benth.) DC., the golden chinquapin, is a large shrub in region 4. Observations: Of fair importance for mule deer. Castanopsis sempervirens (Kell.) Dudl. California chinquapin. C. chrysophylla minor Wats. Range: 4, 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nut, available September-October of the second season. A small to large, spreading evergreen shrub. Observations: Bighorn. Seldom touched by livestock; concentrated feeding may result in poisoning. Castela nicholsonii Hook. Qoatbush. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A small, spiny, rigid shrub. Castela texana (Torr. and Gray) Rose. Goatbush. C. nicholsonii texana Torr. and Gray. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, rigid, spinescent shrub ; thicket-forming ; resistant to cattle as a hedge. Castilleja hololeuca Greene. Bush paintbrush. Range: 5. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Catalpa spp. Catalpa. Propagation of all species is by seed sown in spring after stratification. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Common catalpa. C. catalpa (L.) Karst. Range: 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : A long capsule, available September to spring. A large tree; flowers May-June; wood highly valued for fence posts. The original range is now uncertain, having been extended by plantings. Catalpa catalpa, see Catalpa biononioides. Catalpa speciosa Engelm. Hardy catalpa. Range : 21, 22, 23, 25, 29. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : A long capsule, available September to spring. A large tree; flowers May-June; extensively planted and probably escaping in many places; rapid growing, relatively short-lived; easily injured by frost, storms, insects, and fungi; coppices freely; wood seldom used commercially although much used for fence posts ; about 23,000 seeds per pound, germination about 80 percent ; about 5,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 86 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Caudoleucaena retusa, see Leucaena retusa. Ceanothus spp. Ceanothus. Generally large shrubs to small trees; ordinarily occur oh more or less acid soil; nodules on the roots of the species assist in nitrogen fixation in the same manner as in the legumes; the deciduous forms are generally characteristic of drier soil and lower slopes; evergreen forms more characteristic of higher moisture slopes. Propagation is by seed treated with hot water followed by stratification as given for each species ; seed can be germinated without any treatment, but low percentage of germination must be expected; many species can also be propagated by stem or root cuttings. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 15 species of birds, includ- ing bobwhite, 2 species of western quail and mourning dove; mountain sheep, Columbian chipmunk, Mono chipmunk, gray-sided jack rabbit, black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Olympic wapiti, Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer, mule deer, alpine chipmunk. The deciduous forms are gen- erally palatable to livestock but the evergreen forms are usually worthless. Ceanothus americanus L. Jersey-tea. Range : 17, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule, available September-November. A small, bushy shrub ; flowers May-July ; root system very large, taproot very well developed, deep penetrating in sandstone, limestone, sand, clay, and other soils. Stomach records: Four species of birds including bobwhite and wild turkey. Ceanothus arboretis Greene. Island myrtle. Range : 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available August-September. A large shrub to small tree; flowers Ferbruary-March ; crown open; foliage very ample; 90 percent germination of seeds may be obtained by treating with hot water at 194° F. ; about 48,000 seeds per pound. Ceanothus californicus, see Ceanothus integerrimus. Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg. Mountain whitethorn. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule, available August-September. A small, wide-spreading, intricately-branched, thorny shrub ; flowers June- July; thicket forming; occurs from 6,000 to 9,000 feet; stump sprouts and reproduces by seed very well after fires ; seeds treated with hot water to 176° F., then stratified 3^ months at 36° germinate up to 65 percent; seeds boiled 1 minute and stratified 3 months germinate up to 60 percent. Observations: Mountain quail; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; mountain beaver. Considered inferior browse for cattle, but much used by sheep; fairly resistant to grazing. Ceanothus crassifolius Torr. Deer brush. C. insularis Eastw. Range : 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large, much-branched evergreen shrub ; flowers January-April ; occurs below 3,500 feet ; foliage rather open ; very inflammable ; rarely coppices ; intolerant of shade ; propagation by seed heated to 70° C. in water, then cooled, and stratified 3 months at 35° F. ; germination of 76 percent is thus obtained ; about 33,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. Wedgeleaf Ceanothus. Range: 3, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers March-May ; occurs below 5,000 feet ; spreading, rigid, intricately branched and with dense foliage ; thicket forming; often sprawling; crown sprouts abundantly after fires; forms im- penetrable thickets but seldom makes a continuous cover; regenerates from NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 37 exposed roots ; 92-percent germination of seeds is obtained when they are heated to 158° F. in water, allowed to cool, and stratified 3% months at 36° ; about 54,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Valley quail. Observations: Mountain quail, mariposa brush rabbit ; of outstanding importance for mule deer. If grazed extensively by stock, may cause kidney trouble in males ; generally not browsed by stock. Ceanothus cyaneus, see Ceanothus tomentosus. Ceanothus dentatus Torr. and Gray. Sand scrub. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, densely-branched shrub ; flowers April-June ; occurs on sandy and other soils ; 83-percent germination of seeds may be obtained when they are treated with hot water to 158° F., cooled, and stratified 3 months at 36°. Several varieties occur within the range of the species, one of which, var. im- pressus Trel., is prostrate. Ceanothus divaricatus, see Ceanothus leucodermis and C. oliganthus. Ceanothus diversifolius Kellogg. Trailing ceanothus. Range : 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A small, trailing or prostrate, matlike shrub ; flowers May-June ; occurs from 300 to 600 feet elevation. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Considered fair sheep browse. Ceanothus fendleri Gray. Fendler ceanothus. Range : 9, 11, 13, 14, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule, available August-September. A small to large shrub ; branches spiny, sometimes procumbent ; flowers June- August ; may form dense thickets ; occurs on sandy and other soils ; root system somewhat shallow, taproot not deep ; germination of seed not less than 16 percent. Stomach records: Porcupine, black-tailed deer. Observations: A famous deer browse ; heavily utilized by porcupines during summer. An important browse in the southwest for livestock. Ceanothus ferrisae McMinn. Range: 1, 3. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub ; branches stiff, divergent. Ceanothus foliosus Parry. Wavyleaf ceanothus. Range : 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available April-May. A small to large shrub ; flowers April-May ; occurs at 200 to 3,500 feet eleva- tion ; foliage dense ; often procumbent or nearly prostrate ; root nodules well developed; 92-percent germination of seeds may be obtained when they are treated in hot water at 158° F., cooled, and stratified 3 months at 36°. Ceanothus greggii Gray. Gregg ceanothus. C. verrucosus greggii (Brandeg.) Gray. Range: 4, 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available in July. A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers March-May ; spiny, rigid, and intricately branched. Considered by some to be C. vestitus Greene for Cali- fornia. Fair to good browse in winter and early spring for stock, especially goats. Var. perplexans (Trel.) Jeps. (C. perplexans Trel.), occurs within the range of the species. Ceanothus hirsutus, see Ceanothus oliganthus. \ gg MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. Or AGRICULTURE Ceanothus incanus Torr. and Gray. Coast whitethorn. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub I flowers April-May ; forms extensive thickets ; pioneers in logged woodland areas ; stump sprouts after cutting ; propagation is by seeds treated in hot water to 176° F., cooled, and stratified 3Vi months at 36° ; by this process 70-percent germination may be obtained. Ceanothus infesta, see Adolphia infesta. Ceanothus insularis, see Ceanothus crassifolius. Ceanothus integerrimus Hook, and Arn. Deer brush. O. californica Kellogg, C. integerrimus puberulus Abrams. Range: 4, 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, widely branched, shrub ; flowers June-August ; occurs from 2,000 to 5,000 feet northward and from 4,000 to 6,500 feet southward ; foliage dense; some leaves persist all winter; rapid growing; stump sprouts after cutting or fire ; withstands grazing well ; reproductive power good ; easily shaded out by pine and fir; 85-percent germination of seed is obtained by heating to 176° F. in water, cooling, and stratifying 3^ months at 36° ; 68-percent germina- tion obtained with seeds boiled 1 minute and stratified 3 months. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Of outstanding importance for mule deer; porcupine. The most important browse species for stock in California. Considered poisonous by some but probably of little significance physiologically. A valuable honey plant. Ceanothus intermedius Pursh. Redroot. O. americanus intermedius Koch. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available in September. A small shrub ; flowers April-May. Ceanothus jepsonii Greene. Jepson ceanothus. Range : 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large, rigid, erect shrub ; flowers in April ; colony forming ; com- pletely killed by chaparral fires. Var. purpurea, Jeps. (C. purpurea Jeps.), the hollyleaf ceanothus, occurs in the southern part of the range. Ceanothus lemmonii Parry. Plumas-brush. Range : 4. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading shrub ; flowers April-May. Ceanothus leucodermis Greene. Chaparral whitethorn. C. divaricatus of auth., not Nutt, C. divaricatus grosse-serratus Torr. Range : 4, 5, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; spreading and spinose, flowers April- May; occurs from 1,000 to 5,000 feet ; persists in spite of fire ; 67-percent germination of seed obtained by heating in water to 158° F., cooling, stratifying at 36° for 3 months ; 43-percent germination obtained by heating to 194°, cooling, and sowing for 4 months ; about 77,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Value for livestock limited. Ceanothus macrocarpus Nutt. Big-pod ceanothus. C. megacarpus Nutt., C. cuneatus macrocarpus (Nutt.) Brandeg. Range: 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES gQ A large shrub to small tree : flowers January-March ; occurs at low altitudes. Observations: California mule deer. Ceanothus martini! Jones. Martin ceanothus. C. sorediatus glabra Wats. Range: 9, 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers June-July. Highly palatable to sheep and cattle. Ceanothus megacarpus, see Ceanothus macrocarpus. Ceanothus microphyllus Michx. Range : 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading, much-branched evergreen shrub ; flowers April-May ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Ceanothus oliganthus Nutt. Hairy ceanothus. C. hirsutus Nutt., C. divaricatus Nutt., not of auth., C. orcuttii Parry. Range : 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers May-June ; occurs below 3,500 feet. Observations: California mule deer. Ceanothus orcuttii, see Ceanothus oliganthus. Ceanothus oregonus, see Ceanothus sangulneus. Ceanothus ovalis, see Ceanothus ovatus. Ceanothus ovatus Desf. Redroot. C. ovalis Bigel. Range : 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule available September-November. A small shrub ; flowers May-June ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Bobwhite (?). One of the best stock browse species in the Black Hills. Ceanothus palmeri Trel. Cuyamaca bush. C. spinosus palmeri Jeps. Range: 4, 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers May-June ; occurs from 4,500 to 5,700 feet ; stump sprouts after cutting. Browsed by cattle in times of scarcity of other feed. Ceanothus papillosus Torr. and Gray. Bennie bush. Range : 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to rarely large shrub of open habit ; flowers May-June ; inflammable ; 75-percent germination of seed is obtained by treating with hot water to 176° F., cooling, and stratifying 3^ months at 36° ; about 200,000 seeds per pound. Ceanothus parryi Trel. Lady-bloom. Range : 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers April-June ; very openly branched. Ceanothus parvifolius Trel. Littleleaf ceanothus. Range : 4. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers in June ; occurs from 4,700 to 6,500 feet. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Ceanothus perplexans, see Ceanothus greggii. 90 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ceanothus pinetorum Cov. Kern ceanothus. Range: 4. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading or erect shrub; flowers in June; occurs from 7,000 to 8,800 feet ; procumbent or prostrate forms are known. Observations: Rocky Mountain mule deer. Ceanothus prostratus Benth. (pi. 6, B). Mahala mat. Range: 4, 9, 12. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, prostrate evergreen shrub; branches root where in contact with the soil, and form a matlike ground cover; forms are known that are not as prostrate as the species. Var. grandifolius Jeps. occurs in region 1. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Forage value for livestock slight or negligible. Ceanothus pubescens (Torr. and Gray) Rydb. C. ovatus pubescens Torr. and Gray. Range : 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers May-July ; occurs in sandy soils. Ceanothus purpurea, see Ceanothus jepsonii. Ceanothus rigidus Nutt. Blgid ceanothus. O. verrucosus rigidus Brandeg. Range: 1, 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers February-April; rigidly and divaricately branched ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; closely related to C. cuneatus (q. v.), possibly only a blue-flowered variety; 92 percent germination of seed obtained by treating in hot water to 158° F., cooling, and sowing for 16 weeks. Var. fresnensis Jeps. extends the range to region 3. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh. Redstem ceanothus. C. oreganus Nutt. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12, 24. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June. Stomach records: Valley quail. Palatability to stock, fair to fairly good. Ceanothus serpyllifolius Nutt. Range: 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small, diffusely-branched, decumbent, evergreen shrub ; flowers April-May. Ceanothus sorediatus Hook, and Arn. Jim brush. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, thicket-forming, spiny shrub ; flowers April-May ; coppices vigorously after cutting or burning ; produces little shade ; occurs from 500 to 2,500 feet ; practically 100-percent germination of seed can be obtained by boiling 5 minutes and stratifying 3 months at 36° F. Ceanothus spinosus Nutt Greenbark ceanothus. Range : 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. Commonly a large shrub or rarely a small tree ; partly evergreen, often wide spreading and straggling ; sometimes spiny ; colony forming ; occurs below 2,000 feet ; practically 100-percent germination of seed is obtained by heating in water to 158° F., cooling, and sowing for 16 weeks ; about 48,000 seeds per pound. Observations; Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Ql Ceanothus subsericeus Rydb. Range: 13. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers in July. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Esch. Blueblossoni. Range: 1. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule, available July-December. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; flowers April-June ; nitrogen nodules very abundant ; forms dense thickets after fires ; a pioneer in cut-over areas, often to the exclusion of other species ; not successful in heavy soils ; root system shallow ; 83-percent germination of seed obtained by treating in hot water to 158° F., cooling, and stratifying 3 months at 36° ; about 182,000 seeds per pound. Observations: An important food of Roosevelt elk. Ceanothus tomentosus Parry. lone bush. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large, loosely-branched shrub ; flowers in May ; occurs up to 3,000 feet ; stump sprouts after cutting. Var. olivaceus Jeps. (C. cyaneus Eastw.), Ramona bush, occurs in region 5. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. Snowbrush. Range : 2, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers May-July; spreading and many stemmed from the base; possesses a single large taproot which may make transplanting difficult ; root system spreading, deep ; a pioneer, forming vast thickets in logged or burned-over areas ; 68 percent germination of seed is obtained by treatment in hot water at 176° F., and stratification for 3 months at 36°, or 63 percent when boiled 5 minutes and stratified 3 months. Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Observations: A fair browse for mule deer ; pica. Usually grazed only slightly by stock ; much grazing indicates poor range ; attempts to eradicate the species by overgrazing by goats have failed. Ceanothus verrucosus Nutt. Barranca bush. Range: 5. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, wide-spreading shrub ; flowers January-April ; occurs in sandy soils, not successful in heavy soils ; 20-percent germination of seed obtained when sown directly. Ceanothus vestitus, see Ceanothus greggii. Cebatha Carolina, see Cocculus carolinus. Cebatha diversifolia, see Cocculus diversifolius. Celastrus scandens L. Climbing bittersweet. Range : 11, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Pod, seeds with pulpy arils, available September-December, rarely later. A twining, high-climbing, or thicket-forming vine ; essentially dioecious but pistillate plants have enough staminate flowers to ensure fertilization ; injures trees by constriction ; very common along fence rows ; occurs in loam, sand, clay, and other soils; propagation is by seeds sown in fall or stratified and sown in spring, or by layers and root cutting; 12,000 seeds per pound, germi- nation 80 percent, about 3,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bob- white. Observations: Seven species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant; cotton- tail rabbit, fox squirrel, songbirds. Not browsed by livestock ; poisonous to horses but apparently not attractive to them. 92 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Celosia palmeri Wats. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achenelike. A small shrub. Celtis spp. Hackberries. Propagation of all species is by seeds sown as soon as ripe. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-four species of birds, including mallard. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Twenty species of birds; cliff squirrel, rock squirrel, snowshoe hare. Except for C. douglasii, western hack- berries are without range significance for livestock. Celtis aculeata, see Celtis iguanaea. Celtis anfractuosa, see Celtis iguanaea. Celtis canina, see Celtis occidentalis. Celtis crassifolia, see Celtis occidentalis. Celtis douglasii Planch, (pi. 6, A.). C. rugosa Rydb. Range : 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available July-January. A small or large shrub to small tree; larger form found only on very good soil or in cultivation. Stomach records: Two species of birds. An important secondary browse for cattle and sheep, especially in early spring and winter ; galls 011 the leaves, a general condition in Utah, reduces palatability to livestock. Celtis georgiana Small. Georgia hackberry. C. pumila georgiana (Small) Sarg. Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small shrub to small tree. Celtis helleri, see Celtis lindheimeri. Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. C. platycaulis Greenm., C. anfractuosa Liebm., C. aculeata Sw., Momisia aculeata Kl. Range: 17, 32. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree with spiny branches ; somewhat climbing ; com- monly occurs on sandy soil. Celtis laevigata, see Celtis mississippiensis. Celtis lindheimeri Koch. Faloblanco. C. helleri Small. Range: 17,20. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe ; available in September, persistent until spring. A small to large tree. Celtis mississippiensis Bosc. Southern hackberry. C. laevigata Willd., C. smallii Beadle. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe ; available September-October, more or less persistent. A large shrub to small or large tree ; wood used to some extent commercially ; 2,500-4,000 seeds per pound. Var. anomala Sarg. is a shrub occurring in region 20, commonly in sand. Stomach records: Ten species of birds. Observations: Wild turkey; eaten as a last resort by marsh rabbits. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 93 Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. Range : 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe ; available September-October, often persistent until June. A large shrub to more commonly a small or large tree; much spread by introduction as a drought-resistant plant ; root system medium deep to shallow ; rapid growing ; short-lived ; in general free from serious insect enemies and diseases, except for a witches'-broom caused by the mite Eriophyes and a pow- dery mildew fungus ; the witches'-broom does not cause serious damage to the tree ; very resistant to drought ; wood somewhat used commercially ; propagated by layering, cuttings, and seed; easily transplanted when young; 1,500-2,000 seeds per pound, germination 86 percent, about 500 usable plants per pound of seed ; seeds treated with concentrated sulphuric acid 1 hour, washed in water, and treated an additional hour in concentrated sulphuric acid, give 84-percent germination in 55 days, as against 22 percent in 65 days after stratification at 41° F. for 2 months ; fruit produced sparingly. Very variable in size, form, and color of fruit. Several varieties have been described, such as var. canina Sarg. (C. canina Raf.), a tree occurring with the species, var. crassifolia (La Marck) Gray, (C. crassifolia Lam.) and var. pumila Muhl., a low, straggling shrub. Stomach records: Twenty-five species of birds, including bobwhite and lesser prairie chicken. Observations: Twenty species of birds, including wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and prairie sharp-tailed grouse. Celtis pallida Torr. (pi. 7, A). Desert hackberry. Momisia pallida (Torr.) Planch. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-November. A large, spiny, densely-branched, evergreen shrub ; forms dense thickets ; wood useful for fence posts ; seed germination apparently low. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including Gambel and scaled quail ; antelope jack rabbit. Observations: Scaled quail, mocking bird, thrasher, phainopeplas, cactus wren, cardinal, pyrrholoxia, towhee, Gambel quail ; used almost to the exclusion of other species as roosts by Gambel quail ; Mexican raccoon, jack rabbit, captive deer. A good honey plant. Celtis platycaulis, see Celtis iguanaea. Celtis reticulata Torr. Thick-leaved hackberry. C. mississippiensis reticulata Sarg. Range : 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available in September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; grows in limestone and other soils in- cluding rocky and gravelly ones ; wood locally used for fence posts ; berries rich in calcium ; formerly a staple Indian food ; seed germination about 80 percent, about 400 usable plants per pound of seed. Var. vestita Sarg. (0. rugulosa Rydb.) occurs in the northeastern portions of the range. . Celtis rugulosa, see C. reticulata. Celtis rugosa, see Celtis douglasii. Celtis smallii, see Celtis mississippiensis. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonball bush. Range : 3, 4, 5, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Nutlike capsule, available September-December or even later. Commonly a large shrub, rarely a small or even a large tree; flowers in May northward, August southward ; generally occurs in neutral soil ; will grow in fresh soil under cultivation but in the wild state usually dies out for lack of moisture; propagation is by seed sown in fall or stratified and sown in spring, probably also by cuttings. Stomach records: Twenty-five species of birds, most of them water or shore birds; composed 1.76 percent of food of 1,725 mallards. Observations: Ring- necked pheasant. Probably poisonous to livestock if eaten. A good bee plant. 94 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cerasus borealis, see Prunus nigra. Cerasus caroliniana, see Prunus caroliniana. Cerasus demissa, see Prunus demissa. Cerasus emarginata, see Prunus emarginata. Cerasus mahaleb, see Prunus mahaleb. Cerasus minutiflora, see Prunus minutiflora. Cerasus nigra, see Prunus nigra. Cerasus trichopetala, see Prunus corymbulosa. Ceratiola ericoides Michx. Rosemary. Range: 29, 30, 31. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A small, much-branched, aromatic evergreen shrub ; often occurs in very acid soil ; easily destroyed by fire. Stomach records: Lesser scaup. Cercidiopsis microphylla, see Cercidium microphyllum. Cercidium spp. All species are propagated by seed. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. Cercidium floridum, see Cercidium macrum, and C. torreyanum. Cercidium macrum Johnst. Texas paloverde. C. floridum of auth. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small tree; thorny but not as much so as C. texanum; flowers throughout the summer. Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) Rose and Johnst. Littleleaf horsebean. Parkinsonia microphylla Torr., Cercidiopsis microphylla (Torr.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume, persistent for at least a year after ripening. A small to large shrub or rarely small tree ; spiny ; somewhat used locally for food. Observations: Jack rabbit. Of local importance as an emergency forage for livestock. Cercidium texanum (Wats.) Gray. Parkinsonia texana Wats. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small or rarely a large shrub; thorny and often intricately branched; leaves early deciduous ; often forms dense thickets ; easily grown from seed ; said to be a honey plant. Cercidium torreyanum (Wats.) Sarg. (pi. 7, B). Paloverde. C. floridum Torr. not Benth., Parkinsonia torreyana Wats. Range: 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume ; available July, falls immediately. A small to large tree ; flowers April-May ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; leafless most of the year. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: A favorite food of burro deer. Of local importance as an emergency forage for livestock. A good bee plant. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 7 .— I •v- A, Celtis pdlida, the desert hackberry, because of its great importance for wildlife and the dense cover it produces, should prove of outstanding value in planting for soil and wildlife conservation. B, Cercidium torreyanum. The recorded value of the paloverde as food for wildlife is not great, but as cover for soil and wildlife in arid regions its value is obvious. (Photograph by U. S. Forest Service.) Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dcpt. of Agriculture PLATE 8 A, Cercis canadensis. The pods of the redhud often remain unopened throughout the winter, except those opened by birds. B, Chionanthus virginica. The beauty and fragrance of the flowers of the fringe tree entitle it to a place in highway plantings. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 95 Cercis canadensis L. (pi. 8, A). Eedbud. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Legume ; available July-August, pods persist throughout winter, seeds fall or not. A small tree ; flowers March-April ; occurs in slightly acid, sand, loam, calcareous, and other soils; root nodules are not formed by this legume; propa- gation is by seed treated with hot water and sown in spring; about 25,000 seeds per pound; seed germination 80 percent, about 2,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer. Observations: Bobwhite; captive marsh rabbit. Cercis occidentalis Torr. Western redbud. Range : 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July-August. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers February-April ; occurs in slightly acid soil ; roots very long laterally ; propagation is by seed treated with hot water and subsequently chilled for 3 months before sowing. Observations: Rocky Mountain mule deer. Without forage value for live- stock. Cercis reniformis Engl. Texas redbud. O. texensis Sarg. Range: 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. Commonly a small to large shrub, more rarely a small to large tree ; occurs on limestone or slightly acid soil ; forms dense thickets ; propagation is by seed treated with hot water and sown in spring. Cercis texensis, see Cercis reniformis. Cercocarpus spp. Mountain-mahoganies. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Black-tailed deer. Ob- servations (in addition to specific records) : A favorite food of Rocky Mountain mule deer and of Columbian black-tailed deer ; yellow-haired porcupine. The species generally furnish much forage for cattle, sheep, and goats at all seasons. Cercocarpus alnifolius Rydb. Alderleaf mountain-mahogany. C. parvifcliiis Sarg., in part. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene, available July-September. A large shrub or small tree ; semievergreen ; flowers in March ; 33,000-60,000 seeds per pound. Cercocarpus argenteus Rydb. Silver mountain-mahogany Range: 14, 16. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene, available in August. A large evergreen shrub, flowers in Mayl An excellent browse for goats, relished also by cattle and sheep. Cercocarpus arizonicus, see Cercocarpus intricatus. Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. Birchleaf mountain-mahogany. C. parvifollus betuloides Sarg., C. rotundifolius Rydb., O. douglasii Rydb. Range : 4, 5, 9, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available July-September. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree ; evergreen ; flowers April-June ; exceedingly variable; crown sprouts with vigor after fire or with advance of old age; seed germinates well as soon as planted; in the mountain regions generally occurs below 6,000 feet. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. An important browse for cattle and sheep. Site : Dry, sun. 130186°— 39 7 96 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cercocarpus breviflorus Gray. Range: 11, 14, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large evergreen shrub. Cercocarpus douglasii, see Cercocarpus betuloides. Cercocarpus eximius, see Cercocarpus paucidentatus. Cercocarpus flabellifolius, see Cercocarpus montanus. Cercocarpus fothergilloides, see Cercocarpus montanus. Cercocarpus hypoleucus Rydb. Range: 12. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; flowers June-July. Cercocarpus intricatus Wats. Littleleaf mountain-mahogany. C. intricatus mllosus Schneid., C. arizonicus Jones. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene, available July-August. A small evergreen shrub, flowers in May ; densely branched, spinescent ; generally occurs at elevations of 4,000-5,000 feet. A poor browse for livestock. Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Curlleaf mountain-mahogany. Range : 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available August-September. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; flowers July-August ; occurs in gravelly and rocky soils. Observations: Sonora deer; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Very poor livestock forage. Cercocarpus minutiflorus Abrams. Small-flowered mountain-mohagony. Range : 5. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large evergreen shrub. Cercocarpus montanus Raf. Mountain-mahogany. C. fothergilloides H. B. K., C. parvifolius Nutt. C. flabellifolius Rydb. Range : 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene, available August-October. A large shrub or rarely a small tree ; evergreen ; flowers May-July ; root system deep, spreading; slow growing; casts little shade; 30,000-60,000 seeds per pound, germination not less than 22 percent. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer, mountain sheep. Observations: Say chipmunk, Mexican bighorn, deer, and other herbivorous game animals. One of the most important western livestock browse species ; palatability good for all livestock ; reputed to be poisonous, but this appears to be doubtful ; killed by overgrazing. Cercocarpus parvifolius, see Cercocarpus montanus, and C. alnifolius. Cercocarpus paucidentatus (Wats.) Britt. Hairy mountain-mahogany. C. parvifolius paucidentatus Wats., C. eximius (Schneid.) Rydb. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit. Achene. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; flowers March-May and again in August. A first-class goat browse. Cercocarpus rotundifolius, see Cercocarpus betuloides. Cercocarpus traskiae Eastw. Bigleaf mountain-mahogany. Range : 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene, available in August. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; flowers in May. Cerothamnus carolinenses, see Myrica carolinensis. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 97 Cerothamnus ceriferus, see Myrica cerefera. Cerothamnus inodorus, see Myrica inodora. Cerothamnus pumilus, see Myrica. pumila. Chamaebatia australis, see Chamaebatia, foliolosa. Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth. Mountain misery. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Achene. A small, very leafy evergreen shrub; flowers in July; forms large mats by means of rootstocks; in cultivation. Worthless as livestock forage. Var. australis Brandeg. (C. australis (Brandeg.) Abrams), which occurs in region 5, is semewhat taller than the species. Chamaebatiaria glutinosa, see Chamaebatiaria mitte folium. Chamaebatiaria millefolium (Torr.) Maxim. Fern-bush. C. glutinosa Rydb., Spiraea millefolium Torr., 8. glutinosa (Rydb.) Fedde. Range : 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small to large, densely branched, aromatic shrub ; flowers June-August. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. A fair browse for sheep and goats. Chamaecyparis spp. Monoecious, evergreen trees of importance in the production of timber. Six species are known, of which three occur in the United States ; propagation is by seeds sown in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : three species of birds. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murr.) Parl. Port Orford cedar. Range: 1, 2. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone, maturing in September-October of the second season, some opening, others holding seed until spring. A large evergreen tree ; moderately rapid growing ; long-lived ; resistant to fungi and insects, but not to fire; wood very durable, of importance commer- cially ; seed crops heavy ; vitality transient ; about 70 varieties recognized in cultivation ; seeds per pound variously stated from 80,000 to 234,000, germination about 40 percent, slow, about 129,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Lam.) Spach. Alaska cedar. Range : 1, 4. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; available September-October of the second season. A large evergreen tree ; slow growing, long-lived ; root system shallow ; little subject to fungus attack ; wood of importance commercially, very durable ; seeds produced sparingly, of transient vitality ; 106,000 seeds per pound ; some 15 varieties in cultivation. Chamaeoyparis thyoides (L.) BSP. Range : 26, 27, 28, 29, SO, 31. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; matures and opens September-October of the first season ; persistent 2 to 3 years. A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow ; easily damaged by fire ; nearly free from insect attack ; only slightly susceptible to fungi ; not wind-firm ; some- what storm-damaged northward ; generally occurs on sandy loam and other soils ; wood of considerable importance commercially, very durable ; large crops of seed produced annually from an age of 4 or 5 years; 420,000-470,000 seeds per pound ; 3.64 pounds of seed per bushel of fruit ; germination 70-90 percent ; 12 varieties distinguished in cultivation. Observations: Very little eaten by birds or rodents. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Cassandra. Andromeda calyculata L., Cassandra calyculata Don. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. Qg MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A small evergreen shrub ; occurs only on acid peat ; flowers April-June ; forms dense thickets ; propagation is by seeds sown under glass in winter or spring. Observations: A staple winter food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse in Wiscon- sin ; cottontail rabbit. Chamaerops acaulis, see Sabal minor. Chamaerops glabra, see Sabal minor. Chamaerops hystrix, see Rhapidophyllum hystrix. Chamaerops louisiana, see Sabal louisiana. Chenopodium spinosum, see Grayia spinosa. Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet. Desertwillow. C. saligna Don, Bignonia linearis Cav. Range : 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available September-October, persistent. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers May-June, showy ; wood durable in contact with soil, of no commercial value; 50,000-100,000 seeds per pound, germination 40-60 percent, about 4,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Browsing of this species denotes over- stocking or overgrazing of the range. Chilopsis saligna, see Chilopsis linearis. Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. and Gray. Creeping snowberry. Vaccinium Mspidulum L. Range : 12, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A small prostrate evergreen vine ; occurs in peat bogs and mossy woods ; flowers May-June ; roots at the nodes. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Olive-backed thrush, spruce grouse. Chionanthus virginica L. (pi. 8, B). Fringetree. Range : 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers May-June ; occurs in sandy and other soils, often acid ones ; loses foliage early ; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring ; about 2,000 seeds per pound ; very ornamental in culti- vation. Stomach records: Pileated woodpecker. Choisya dttmosa (Torr.) Gray. Starleaf. Astrophyllum dumosum Torr. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small much-branched shrub. Ordinarily not browsed by livestock ; reputed poisonous, but this apparently is questionable. Chrysactinia mexicana Gray. Damianita. Pectis taxifolia Greene. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched, aromatic evergreen shrub ; heathlike ; flowers spring- summer. Not known to be grazed, but since it is medicinal with Mexicans and Indians may possibly have injurious properties. Chrysobalanus oblongifolius Michx. Deer-plum. Geobalanus oblong if olitis (Michx.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in September. A small shrub ; flowers May-June ; often forms thickets of considerable size by means of a dense network of underground stems; quickly recovers from burning; often occurs in sand. Observations: Gophers, turtles, and other short-legged animals. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES QQ Chrysobotrya aurea, see Ribes aureum. Chrysobotrya odorata, see Ribes odoratum. Chrysocoma nauseosa, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysoma arborescens, see Aplopappus arborescens. Chrysoma brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. Chrysoma laricifolius, see Aplopappus laricifolius. Chrysoma nana, see Aplopappus nanus. Chrysoma palmeri, see Aplopappus palmeri. Chrysoma parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. Chrysothamnus spp. (pi. 9, A). Rabbitbrush. The members of this genus display great variation, and as many as 6 genera have been described and 88 forms, nearly all of which have been given specific rank at one time or another. Intergrading characters are many, and in this treatment we follow that of Hall and Clements (2^7). The following records apply not only to woody species but to herbaceous ones, of which there are many : Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Mountain sheep; black- tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : A reserve food of western white-tailed jack rabbit ; Oregon jack rabbit, mule deer, Arizona jack rabbit, western chipmunk, bighorn ; generally of considerable importance as cover for plains birds and mammals. Palatability worthless to fairly good for livestock. Chrysothamnus albidus (Jones) Greene. Range: 8, 9. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, brittle-twigged, very leafy shrub ; a pronounced halophyte of alkali flats. Chrysothamnus asper, see Chrysothamnus parryi. Chrysothamnus baileyi, see Chrysothamnus pulchelhis. Chrysothamnus bigelovii, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus bloomeri, see Aplopappus bloomeri. Chrysothamnus collinus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus concolor, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus consimilis, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus corymbosus, see Aplopappus cooperi. Chrysothamnus depressus Nutt. Dwarf rabbitbrush. Bigclovia dcpressa Gray, Linosyris depressa Torr. Range : 9, 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, densely clump-forming shrub. Closely cropped, apparently by sheep, but scarcely of importance as browse. Chrysothamnus douglasii, see Chrysothamnus viseidiflorus. Chrysothamnus elatior, see Chrysothamnus pulcJiellus. Chrysothamnus elegans, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Chrysothamnus filifolius, see Chrysothamnus greenei. Chrysothamnus glareosus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus glaucus, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Chrysothamnus graveolens, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus greenei (Gray) Greene. C. filifolius Rydb., Bigelovia greenei Gray. Range: 9, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. }0() MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A small shrub ; occurs on sandy, alkaline plains ; flowers August-September ; greatly increased by overgrazing. Of some slight value as browse for livestock where other feed is not available. Chrysothamnus hu'milis, see Chrysothamnus visoidiflorus. Chrysothamnus latifolius, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Chrysothamnus leiospermus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus linifolius, see Chrysothamnus visoidiflorus. Chrysothamnus marianus, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Chrysothamnus monocephalus, see Chrysothamnus parryi. Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britt. Eubber rabhitbrush. Chrysocoma nauseosa Pallas. Range : 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large shrub ; flowers September-December ; root system deep ; re- produces readily from seed and grows vigorously when transplanted, even when crowns are divided ; forms basal sprouts after cutting ; contains on the average 2.8 percent of rubber, although this may increase to 6.5 percent in individual plants ; the most constant producers are those forms inhabiting alkali soils ; it has been estimated that 300 million pounds of good-grade rubber are represented in this country by this species, but extraction is not yet commercially profitable. Twenty subspecies or varieties are included within this species ; they rep- resent the species in various sections of the Great Basin and adjacent areas. C. nauseous includes the following forms : C. bigelovii (Gray) Greene, C. collinus Greene, C. concolor Rydb., C. consimilis Greene, C. glareosus Rydb., C. graveolens (Nutt.) Greene, C. leiospermus (Gray) Greene, C. occidentalis Greene, C. oreophilus Nels., C. pinifolius Greene, C. pulcherrimus Nels. (more robust), C. salicifolius Rydb., C. speciosus Nutt., C. turbinatus Rydb. Certain forms, as consimilis and viridulus, form pure stands on alkali flats ; in general the important varieties are subclimax dominants of the sagebrush association. Observations: Northward it furnishes an important winter browse for elk and perhaps moose; California mule deer. Value as browse for livestock depends on local conditions ; palatability ordinarily very low ; probably poisonous when eaten exclusively ; a not infrequent indicator of overgrazing. Chrysothamnus newberryi, see Chrygothamnus parryi. Chrysothamnus occidentalis, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus oreophilus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus paniculatus (Gray) Hall. Sticky rabbitbrush. Bigelovia paniculata Gray, Ericameria paniculata (Gray) Rydb. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small to large, brittle-twigged shrub ; flowers May-October ; resistant to low temperatures ; grows in extremely poor soils ; rubber content about 2.5 per- cent, but strains may be found containing a higher percentage. Chrysothamnus parryi (Gray) Greene. Linosyris parryi Gray, Bigelovia parryi Gray. Range : 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub occurring on sandy or gravelly soils; an indicator of over- grazing. Ten subspecies or varieties are recognized which do not separate on stable characters but which are more or less separated geographically; the whole complex is here considered a single major species. It includes among others : C. asper Greene, C. newberryi Rydb. C. vulcanicus Greene, C. mono- cephalus Nels. and Ken., and C. wyomingensis Nels. Chrysothamnus pinifolius, see Chrysothamnus nauxeosus. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Chrysothamnus pulchellus (Gray) Greene. C. baileyi Woot. and Standl., Bigelovia pulchella Gray, Linosyris pulchella Gray. Range: 9, 11, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub ; usually occurs in sand. Var. elatior (Standl.) Hall and Clem. (C. elatior Standl.) is taller than the species and occurs in region 11. Chrysothamnus pulcherrimus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus pumilus, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Chrysothamnus salicifolius, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus serrulatu's, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Chrysothamnus speciosus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus stenolepis, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Chrysothamnus teretifolius (Dur. and Hilg.) Hall. Linosyris teretifolia Dur. and Hilg., Ericameria teretifolia (Dur. and Hilg.) Jeps. Range: 5, 8, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small or rarely a large, brittle-twigged shrub; irregularly much branched and spreading to form a flat or rounded plant ; rubber content 2.5 percent or 5 percent in certain strains. Resinous, and not browsed by livestock. Chrysothamnus turbinatu's, see Chrysothamnns nauseosus. Chrysothamnus yiscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Douglas rabbitbrush. Bigelovia douglasii Gray. Range : 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small or rarely a large shrub ; about 20 segregates, 16 of which have been accorded specific rank, have been published ; they pass insensibly into one another and cannot be easily or satisfactorily defined ; the species as here treated includes : C. doufflasii Clem, and Clem., C. elegans Greene, C. fflaucus Nels., O. humilis Greene, C. latifolius (Eaton) Rydb., C, linifolius Greene, C. marianua Rydb., C. pumilus Nutt., C. serrulatus Rydb., C. stenolepis Rydb. This species also contains rubber, the highest content being found in forms Inhabiting alkali soils. All forms are browsed to a limited extent by sheep and cattle, except where other feed is fairly plentiful. Chrysothamnus vulcanicus, see Chrysothamnus parryi. Chrysothamnus wyomingensis, see Chry&othamnus parryi. Cissus ampelopsis Pers. Heartleaf ampelopsis. Ampelopsis cordata, Michx. Range : 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit : Berry, available August-November. A rapid-growing vine; flowers May-June; berry inedible; produces a great deal of cover ; propagated by seeds sown after stratification ; 9,600 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bob white. Observations: A favorite fruit of brown thrasher, wood thrush, and flicker. Cissus arborea (L.) Des Moul. (pi. 9, B). Peppervine. C. stans Pers., Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Rusby. Range : 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry, available September-November. A slender, bushy vine ; ordinarily occurs in rich soil ; flowers June-July ; will grow under most difficult conditions ; has been noted as common along roads and railroads in Alabama. 102 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cissus incisa (Nutt.) Des Moul. Treebine. Vitis incisa Des Moul. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30, 31. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in October. A vigorous evergreen vine occurring in sandy and other soils ; flowers June- August ; easily transplanted ; propagation is by seed or by division of the woody tubers. Observations: Birds especially fond of the berries. Cissus stans, see Cissus arborea. Citharexylum brachyanthum Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small, much-branched, somewhat spinose evergreen shrub. Citharexylum fruticosum L. Fiddlewood. C. villosum Jacq. Range : 17, 30, 31, 32. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; flowers all year round ; ordinarily occurs in sandy soil. Citharexylum villosum, see Citharexylum fruticosum. Citrus trifoliata L. Bitter orange. Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available September-October. A small, thorny, thicket-forming tree; flowers April-May; a native of China but naturalized in the regions indicated ; used as grafting stock for oranges ; much cultivated. Cladothamnus campanulatus, see Rhododendron albiflorum. Cladrastis lutea (Michx.) Koch. Yellow-wood. Range : 25, 27, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume, available September-October, persistent through win- ter or soon falling. A small to large tree ; flowers May-June ; ordinarily occurs on rich, cal- careous or neutral soil ; propagated by seeds sown in spring ; very handsome in flower and much cultivated. Clematis spp. The species are propagated by seeds sown under glass in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Black-tailed deer. Ob- servations (in addition to specific records) : Goldfinch. Clematis addisonii Britt. Smooth clematis. Viorna addisonii (Britt.) Small. Range: 27, 28. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A shrubby vine ; flowers in May ; root system deep ; stems weak. Clematis arizonica Heller. Viorna arizonica Heller. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine. Clematis bigelovii Torr. Viorna bigelovii (Torr.) Heller. Range : 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A vine. Clematis brevifolia, see Clematis liffusticifolia. 103 Clematis catesbyana Pursh. Satin-curls. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Achene. A vine; ordinarily occurs on sandy soil. Clematis coccinea, see Clematis tcxcnsis. Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. Atragene columbiana Nutt. Range: 2, 4, 12, 13. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine, browsed to some extent by cattle in northwestern Montana when the foliage is young. Clematis crispa L. Curly clematis. C. cylindrica Sims, Viorna crispa (L.) Small. Range: 17, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained moist sun. Fruit: Achene. A slender vine ; flowers June— September ; often occurs on acid soil. Clematis cylindrica, see Clematis crispa. Clematis drummondii Torr. and Gray. Drummond clematis. Range : 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene, available in August. A climbing or clambering vine. Clematis filifera, see Clematis pitcheri. Clematis flaccida, see Clematis viorna. Clematis gattingeri Small. Viorna gattingeri Small. Range : 25. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A slender vine, flowering in July. Clematis glaucophylla, see Clematis viorna. Clematis lasiantha Nutt. Pipestem. Range : 3, 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Achene. A climbing or clambering vine ; flowers April-May ; about 103,000 seeds per pound. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Virgins-bower. C. brevifolia Howell. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene, available September-November. A vigorous climbing or clambering vine ; flowers June-August ; root system shallow, fibrous ; rootstocks produced ; seed germination about 80 percent. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Clematis missou'riensis, see Clematis virginiana. Clematis neo-mexicana Woot. and Standl. New Mexico clematis. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A vine. Clematis obliqua (Small) Schneid. Viorna obliqua Small. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit:' Achne. A vine ; flowers April-August. 104 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Clematis palmeri Rose. Palmer clematis. Viorna palmeri (Rose) Woot. and Standl. Range : 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A vine. Clematis pauciflora Nutt. Rope-vine. Range : 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A trailing, clambering, or climbing vine ; flowers March-April. Clematis pitcheri Torr. and Gray. Red-flowered clematis. C. filifera Benth., C. simsii of auth., not Sweet, Viorna pitcheri (Torr. and Gray) Britt, V. filifera (Benth.) Woot. and Standl. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A high-climbing vine; flowers June-September. Clematis pseudoalpina (Kuntze) Nels. C. pseudoatragene pseudoalpina Kuntze, C. alpina occidentalis (Hornem.) Gray, Atragene occidentalis Hornem., A. pseudoalpina (Kuntze.) Rydb. Range: 9, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A vine ; flowers April- June ; commonly occurs at high elevations. Clematis reticulata Walt. Viorna reticulata (Walt.) Small. Range: 11, 20, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A branching vine ; flowers in July ; occurs on sandy and other soils. Clematis simsii, see Clematis pitcheri. Clematis subreticulata Harb. Viorna subreticulata Harb. Range: 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine ; occurs on sandy and other soils. Clematis texensis Buckl. C. coccinea Engelm., Viorna coccinea (Engelm.) Small. Range: 17, 20. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A branching vine; flowers July-September. Clematis versicolor Small. Viorna versicolor Small. Range: 25. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A vine. Clematis verticillaris DC. Mountain clematis. Atragene americana Sims. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site : Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit : Achene, available July-August. A trailing or climbing vine ; flowers May-June ; often occurs on calcareous soil ; a comparatively weak climber without great luxuriance. Clematis viorna L. leather-flower. C. glaucophylla Small, C. flaccida Small, Viorna viorna (L.) Small. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine ; flowers May-August ; usually occurs in rich soil. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 1Q5 Clematis virginiana L. Virginia clematis. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene, available August-September. A climbing vine; flowers July-September. Var. missouriensis (Rydb.) Palm, and Steyerm., (C. missouriensis Rydb. ) occurs in regions 22, 24, and 25. Clethra acuminata Michx. White-alder. Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub to small tree ; ordinarily occurs on noncalcareous soil ; flowers July-August ; rarely attacked by insects or diseases ; propagated by seeds sown under glass in winter or spring. Clethra alnifolia L. Sweet pepperbush. Range : 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers July-August ; may occur in acid swamps or sandy woods ; commonly persistent on sandy soil in the South ; rarely attacked by insects or diseases ; propagated like the preceding. Clethra tomentosa Lam. C. alnifolia tomentosa Michx. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers August-September, and occasionally in win- ter ; propagated like the preceding. Cliftonia monophylla (Lam.) Sarg. Titi. Range: 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: A dry drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; evergreen ; flowers in April ; stems often contorted. Browsed somewhat by livestock. A honey plant. Clinopodium carolinianum, see Clinopodium georgianum. Clinopodium coccineum (Nutt.) Kuntze. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub ; flowers all year, and ordinarily occurs in sand. Clinopodium georgianum Harper. C. carolinianum (Michx.) Heller. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub ; flowers summer-fall. Cneoridium dumosu'm (Nutt.) Hook. f. Pitavia dumosa Nutt. Range : 5. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Fleshy, drupelike capsule. A small to large, much-branched evergreen shrub ; flowers March-April. Cocculus carolinus DC. Carolina moonseed. Cebatha Carolina Britt., Epibaterium carolinum (L) Britt. Range : 11, 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available September-October, persistent over winter southward. A climbing, bushy vine; semievergreen southward; commonly found along hedgerows and roadways. Stomach records: Three species of birds. 106 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cocculus diversifolius DC. Snailseed. Cebatha diversifolia (DC.) Kuntze. Range: 11, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A semievergreen, clambering vine very like the preceding. Coldenia greggii, see Ptilocalyx greggli. Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. Blackbush. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, much-branched, wide-spreading, spinescent shrub ; flowers April-August ; occurs on sandy, gravelly and other soils ; thicket forming. Furnishes some feed for cattle and sheep in winter. Coleosanthus atractyloides, see Brickellia, atractyloides. Coleosanthus cedrosensis, see Brvckellia microphylla. Coleosanthus desertorum, see Brickellia desertorum. Coleosanthus frutescens, see Brickellia frutescens. Coleosanthus laciniatus, see Brickellia laciniata. Coleosanthus microphyllus, see Brickellia microphylla. Coleosanthus multiflorus, see Brickellia multiflora. Coleosanthus squamulosus, see Brickellia squamulosa. Coleosanthus venulosus, see Brickellia atractyloides. Colletia multiflora, see Adolphia infesta. Colubrina calif ornica, see Colubrina texensis. Colubrina texensis (Torr. and Gray) Gray. Hog-plum. C. californica Johnst., Rhamnus texensis Torr. and Gray. Range: 10, 11, 20. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupelike capsule, available in June. A large shrub to small tree ; much branched ; thicket forming ; flowers April- May ; adapted to a wide range of soil conditions ; forage value unknown. Comarostaphylos diversifolia, see Arctostaphylos diversifolia. Comptonia peregrina, see Myrica asplenifolia. Condalia spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Masked bobwhite, Gambel quail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Mexican raccoon, long- tailed Texas skunk, jack rabbit. Generally of low palatability to livestock. Condalia lycioides (Gray) Weberb. Lotebush. Zizyphus lycioides Gray. Range: 9, 10, 11, 17. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, straggling shrub ; very rigid, spiny, most often without leaves ; thicket forming ; sometimes considered a range pest. Observations: Taken by various birds, including Gambel and scaled quail, and band-tailed pigeon. Condalia mexicana Schlecht. Mexican bluewood. Range: 11, 17. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub with spinose branches. Condalia obovata Hook. Bluewood. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, ripening irregularly through the summer, Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 9 i/jjc m+mM \JUL L ii/iio ui tiic i>( \JL LII wcou i is characteristic of most hawthorns Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dcpt. of Agriculture PLATE 10 A, Cornus amomum. Streambank plantings of this species may provide excellent food and cover for wild- life frequenting stream edges. B, C. paniculata. The thicket-forming habit of this as well as many of the other shrub dogwoods or osiers recommends them for erosion control planting. Records show the fruits of this species to be particularly acceptable to birds. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 1Q7 A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers May-June ; spiny ; often leafless in the dry season; forms dense impenetrable thickets; wood valued as fuel. Stomach records: Six species of birds. Observations: Much sought after by birds. Somewhat browsed by livestock. Condalia obtusifolia (Hook.) Weberb. Lotebush. Rhammis obtusifolia Hook., Zizyphus obtusifolia (Hook.) Gray. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in June. A small to large, spiny shrub ; very persistent when established. Stomach records: Phainopepla. Observations: Extensively eaten by gray fox. Condalia parryi (Torr.) Weberb. Parry jujube. Zisyphus parryi Torr. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A large, spiny shrub ; flowers in April. Condalia spathulata Gray. Squawbush. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A large, more or less evergreen shrub ; densely branched, rigid ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Conradina canescens (Torr. and Gray) Gray. Range: 30. Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Nutlet. A small, much-branched, stiff shrub ; flowers May-July ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Cordia boissieri DC. Anacahuita. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree ; evergreen ; flowers April-June ; may occur on limestone soils ; fruit edible but said to cause dizziness ; very ornamental in cultivation. Livestock are apparently fond of the fruit; seed eaten by hogs. Corema conradii Torr. Plymouth crowberry. Empctrum conradii Torr. Range: 26, 27, 28. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Dry drupe, available July-August. A small, evergreen shrub ; flowers April-May ; diffusely branched ; usually dioecious ; staminate plants very handsome in flower ; occurs in sandy and other soils; forms large patches. ..-• Coreopsis gigantea (Kellogg) Hall. Giant coreopsis. Range : 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small robust, evergreen, single-stemmed shrub. Corethrogyne cana, see Aplopappus canus. Corethrogyne detonsa, see Aplopappus canus. Cornus spp. Cornels, dogwoods. The species are often difficult to separate, the characters used to distinguish them often being very minor ; probably some species will eventually be reduced to synonyms; most species grow in neutral soil; propagation 'is by seed stratified at 32°-50° F. for 120 to 140 days and sown in spring. Seeds of many germinate the first year if planted promptly on ripening; many species more easily propagated by cuttings. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Sixty species of birds, in- cluding bobwhite and Richardson's grouse; gray fox, Virginia deer; composed 108 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE 56.69 percent of food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-four species of birds, including bobwhite, ruffed and pinnated grouse; an important winter food of white-tailed. deer ; beaver; rabbit; skunk; eastern chipmunk. Cornus alternifolia L. f. Blue cornel. Svida alternifolia (L. f.) Small. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. A small to large shrub or rarely a small to large tree; flowers May-July; subject to a serious twig blight. Stomach records: Eleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa* tions: Warbling vireo ; white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. Cornus amomum Mill. (PL 10, A) Silky cornel, C. sericea L., Svida amomum (Mill.) Small. Range : 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. A small to large, spreading shrub ; flowers May-July ; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois. Stomach records: Ten species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bobwhite. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant. Cornus asperifolia Michx. Roughleaf cornel. Svida asperifolia (Michx.) Small. Range : 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-October. Usually a large shrub or rarely a small to large tree ; flowers May-June ; often occurs on sandy soil ; 16,600-21,000 seeds, per pound. Stomach records: Forty-one species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken ; composed 3.5 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; armadillo. Observations: Wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, cottontail rabbit. Cornus baileyi Coult. and Evans. Bailey cornel. Svida baileyi (Coult. and Evans) Rydb. Range : 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-October. A small to large shrub ; ordinarily occurs in sand ; flowers May-June. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Cornus californica Mey. Creek dogwood. Svida californica (Mey.) Abrams. Range: 3, 4, 5. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-November. A large shrub ; flowers April-August ; very closely related to C. stolonifera and perhaps more properly considered as a variety of that species. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer in Cali- fornia. Cornus candidissima, see Cornus foemina. Cornus circinata L'Her. Round-leaved cornel. C. rugosa Lam., Svida rugosa (Lam.) Rydb. Range : 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available July-October. A large shrub ; flowers May-July ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse. Observations: Blue- headed vireo ; cottontail rabbit, moose. Cornus florida L. Flowering dogwood. Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Raf. Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available September-February. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES A small to large tree ; flowers April-June ; root system not deep ; slow grow- ing, long-lived ; relatively free from insects and diseases ; coppices freely ; often occurs in slightly acid soil ; wood used commercially ; difficult to trans- plant ; propagation is by seed stratified 120 to 140 days at 32°-50° F. and sown in spring, or by cuttings which root best in peat after treatment with potassium permanganate ; 3,500-^,000 seeds per pound, germination about 70 percent, about 1,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Thirty-six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and wild turkey; eastern chipmunk. Observations: Twenty-eight species of birds including bobwhite and wild turkey ; ranks twenty-first on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast ; preferred food of wild turkey ; much eaten by squirrels ; white-tailed deer ; gray squirrel. Cornus foemina Mill. Stiff cornel. C. stricta Lam., C. candidissima Marsh., Svida foemina (Mill.) Rydb., S. stricta (Lam.) Small. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A large shrub ; flowers May-June. Cornus glabrata Benth. Brown dogwood. Svida catalinensis Millsp. Range : 1, 3, 4, 5. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. A large, thicket-forming shrub ; flowers May-June ; procumbent or drooping branches root where they touch the ground. Cornus instolonea, see Cornus stolonifera. Cornus interior Rydb. Svida interior Rydb. Range: 15, 16, 18, 19. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A large shrub ; flowers June-July. Cornus microcarpa Nash. Svida microcarpa (Nash) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in September. A large shrub ; flowers April-May. Cornu's nuttallii Aud. Pacific dogwood. Cynoxylon nuttallii (Aud.) Sehaf. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available October-November. Usually a small tree, more rarely a large one; flowers in April and again in August-September; ordinarily grows best wjien somewhat shaded by adjacent trees, the removal of which often brings on the death of the plant; coppices freely ; wood very little used commercially ; cultivated to some extent ; about 6,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Four species of birds; Townsend's chipmunk. Observations: Cooper's chipmunk ; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Cornus obliqua Raf. Pale dogwood. C. purpusii Koehne. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available July-September. A small to large, spreading shrub; flowers May-June; foliage dense; possibly better considered as a form of C. amomum (q. v.). Cornus occidentalis Cov. Western osier. C. pubescens Nutt., Svida pubescens (Nutt.) Standl. Range : 1, 2. 3, 4, 7, 12, 13. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-October. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large shrub to small tree ; 14,000-17,500 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Twelve species of birds. Observations: Mountain beaver. Occasionally grazed in the fall by cattle, less so by sheep and goats. Cornus paniculata L'Her. (pi. 10, B). Gray dogwood. C. racemosa of nurserymen. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe ; available August-November, occasionally persistent. A small shrub ; flowers in June ; occurs on sandy, clay, gravelly and other soils ; forms extremely dense thickets ; successful on very difficult sites ; en- dures city smoke ; easily propagated by seeds, or particularly by cuttings ; about 3,500 uncleaned seeds per pound. Stomach records: Twenty-two species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, sharp-tailed grouse and ring-necked pheasant ; composed 0.4 percent of total annual food and 5.3 percent of fruit food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan. Observations: An important pheasant food in southern Michigan as late in the season as May ; cottontail rabbit. Cornus priceae Small. Svida priceae Small. Range: 25. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available in September. A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; very similar to C. asperifolia (q. V.). Cornus pubescens, see Cornus occidentalis. Cornus purpusii, see Cornus obliqua. Cornus racemosa, see Cornus paniculata. Cornus rugosa, see Cornus circinata. Cornus sericea, see Cornus amomum. Cornus sessilis Torr. Miners dogwood. Range : 3, 4. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers in April ; thicket forming. Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red osier. Svida stolonifera (Michx.) Rydb. Range: 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe ; available July-September, occasionally persistent until May. A large, erect or spreading shrub; flowers May-July; thicket forming by means of rootstocks ; occurs in sand or wet swamps ; generally erect or spread- ing; prostrate branches root; tolerates alkaline soil; about 17,300 seeds per pound. Var. coloradensis Schneid. (C. instolonea Nels.) is a variety without stolons. Stomach records: Twelve species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Four species of birds including sharp-tailed grouse, Hungarian partridge; white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, moose, cottontail rabbit snowshoe hare. Not at all or slightly browsed by livestock. Cornus stricta, see Cornus foemina. Corylus spp. Hazelnuts. The species are ordinarily propagated by seeds stratified and sown in spring or sown directly in the fall ; propagation by cuttings is often unsuccessful. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Four species of birds in- cluding ruffed grouse and sharp-tailed grouse; composed 1.0 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Seven species of birds including ring-necked pheasant; a staple winter food of greater prairie chicken, pinnated grouse, and ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer, moose, red squirrel, pale chipmunk, gray chipmunk, beaver, flying squirrels. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Corylus americana Walt. American hazelnut. Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit. Nut, available July-September, occasionally persistent until December-February. A large, thicket-forming shrub ; coppices very freely after cutting ; seldom bears fruit in the shade; easily transplanted; foliage generally dense; 250 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent, about 60 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite. Observations: Ring-necked phea- sant; blue jay; squirrels, white-tailed deer. Somewhat grazed by sheep. Corylus calif ornica (DC.) Rose. California hazelnut. C. rostrata californica DC. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, available September-November. A large shrub to small tree ; thicket forming ; foliage more or less dense. Observations: Staple winter food of Steller's jay; Douglas' squirrel, Town- send's chipmunk, Allen's chipmunk, golden-mantled ground squirrel, digger squirrel ; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Extensively or not at all browsed by livestock. Corylus cornuta, see Corylus rostrata. Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked hazelnut. C. cornuta Marsh. Range : 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nut, available August-September. A small to large, thicket-forming shrub, often occurs on acid soil. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite; sharp-tailed grouse, prairie chicken ; composed 2.7 percent of winter food of the northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario. Observation: Blue jay; moose, southwestern chip- munk, eastern chipmunk, squirrels ; eighth most important preferred winter food of white-tailed deer. Corypha hystrix, see Rhapidophyllum hystrix. Corypha minor, see Sabal minor. Corypha palmetto, see Sabal palmetto. Corypha pumila, see Sabal minor. Corypha repens, see Serenoa repens. Cotinus americanus Nutt. Smoketree. C. cotinoides (Nutt.) Britt., Rhus cotinoides Nutt. Range: 16, 17, 20, 25, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers April-May ; ordinarily occurs on calcareous soil ; fruit produced very sparingly ; wood very durable as fence posts ; very brilliant scarlet in autumn. Cotinus cotinoides, see Cotinus americanus. Cotoneaster pyracantha (L.) Spach. Firethorn. Pyracantha coccinea Roem., Crataegus pyracantha Medic, Range: 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Pome ; available October, persistent through winter. A small to large evergreen shrub with dense foliage ; flowers in May ; very spiny ; difficult to transplant except when small. Observations: Robin; generally attractive to birds. Coursetia axillaris Coult. and Rose. Range: 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to small tree ; densely branched. 130186° — 39 8 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Covillea glutinosa, see Oovillea tridentata. Covillea tridentata (DC.) Vail. Creosotebush. C. glutinosa (Engelm.) Rydb., Larrea mexwana Moric., L. glutinosa En- gelm., L. tridentata (DC.) Cov., L. tridentata glutinosa Jeps. Range : 9, 10, 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub ; slow growing ; sparsely branched and with thin foliage, especially when older; inhabits the most xeric areas in North America; makes successful and persistent growth in thin bodies of soil over layers of hardpan; transplants ordinarily require considerable water to start them growing ; very inflammable. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Texas antelope squirrel, jack rabbit. Not eaten by livestock ; poisonous to sheep. Cowania alba, see Cowania stansburiana. Cowania davidsonii, see Cowania stansburiana. Cowania ericaefolia Torr. Heath cliffrose. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, straggling, much-branched evergreen shrub found on limestone soils. Cowania havardii Wats. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, much-branched evergreen shrub. Cowania stansburiana Torr. Quinine bush. C. mexicana dubia Brandeg., C. davldsonii Rydb., C. mexicana stansburiana (Torr.) Jeps., C. alba Good. Range : 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in October. A small to large shrub or small to rarely large tree ; evergreen ; freely branched, stiff; flowers in June; increased branching occurs under grazing; seed germination 10-80 percent. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: A staple food of mule deer. An important and valuable browse for cattle and sheep. Browsing to 65 percent stimulates beneficially the reproduction of the plant ; more than 80 percent causes deterioration. Crataegus spp. Hawthorns. These species are small shrubs to small trees growing in many sites, in all kinds of soil, in all parts of the country, most of them being almost impossible of identification except by specialists. No effort is here made to separate the various species. Somewhat more than 1,200 species have been listed for the country, the majority of these occurring in the northeastern United States ; other studies have reduced this number to less than 100. Owing possibly to hybridi- zation and great variation, the actual number of species has not been deter- mined up to the present time. Nevertheless, these plants are of considerable value for erosion control and for wildlife food and cover. A great many of them are thicket forming and many species hold the fruit over the winter. Most species are thorny and provide a dense cover valuable for soil and wildlife alike. The best way in which to discover the utility of these species is to examine the wild forms occurring in any particular region and to collect such ones as seem to be able to grow on eroded sites and to produce the maximum amount of cover and food. Most species grow in neutral soil, often on very poor soils ; young plants often form long taproots and hence are often difficult to transplant; 6,000-40,000 seeds per pound, germination about 40 percent, about 2,500 usable plants per pound of seed ; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring ; alternate hosts for the cedar apple rust. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Special mention should be made of Crataegus brevispina (Dougl.) Heller, (C. douglasii Lindl.) (pi. 9, C) occurring in the northwest. This form makes dense thickets in more moist soils and produces its blue-black fruit in great abundance. Observers have noted that the ring-necked pheasant, Hungarian partridge and various western quails feed extensively on the berries. Two other western hawthorns, C. columbiana Howell, and C. piperi Britt, both red-fruited, occur in extremely dry situations and appear to be potentially of value in erosion control, more notably in the more arid sections of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Stomach records (summary) : Thirty-six species of birds, including bobwhite and eastern ruffed grouse ; composed 9.63 percent of food eaten by ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations (summary) : Seventeen species of birds including Hungarian partridge, sharp- tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant ; white-tailed deer (in some localities, ignored in others), cottontail rabbit. Browsed somewhat by livestock. Considered valuable honey plants, especially where they occur in abundance. Crataegus pyracantha, see Cotoneaster pyracantha. Crookea microsepala (Torr. and Gray) Small. Ascyrum microsepalum Torr. and Gray, Hypericum microsepalum (Torr. and Gray) Gray. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub ; often occurs in sandy soil. Crossosoma bigelovii Wats. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, spreading, spinescent shrub ; flowers in April. Crossosoma californicum Nutt. Range: 5. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub or small tree ; flowers in May. Crossosoma parviflorum Robins, and Fern. Range : 9, 10, 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub. Crossostephium californicum, see Artemisia californica. Crossostephium foliosum, see Artemisia californica. Crossostephium insulare, see Artemisia californica. Croton spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records, and including herbaceous as well as woody species) : Thirty-six species of birds, including bobwhite, Cali- fornia quail, greater and lesser prairie chicken, and mourning dove. Croton alabamensis Smith. Alabama croton. Range: 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, much-branched thicket-forming evergreen shrub ; flowers May-June ; very rare. Croton berlandieri, see Croton humUis. Croton cortesianus H. B. K. O. trichocarpus Torr. Range: 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Croton gonzalezii, see Croton sonorae. Croton humilis L. O. berlandieri Torr. Range: 17, 32. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Croton pringlei, see Croton sonorae. Croton sonorae Torr. C. pringlei Wats., O. gonzalezii Greenm. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large, much-branched shrub. Croton suaveolens Torr. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small, stout, much-branched shrub. Croton trichocarpus, see Croton cortesianus. Croton torreyanus Muell. C. suaveolens oblongifolius Torr. Range: 11, 17. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small, slender shrub. Cupressus spp. Cypress. Evergreen, monoecious trees of comparatively little value commercially. Seven species occur in North America, of which five are found in California and two in the southern Rocky Mountain region ; propagation is by seed sown in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Four species of birds. Cupressus arizonica (Mast.) Greene. Arizona cypress. Range: 11, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone, ripe in September of the second season, persistent many years. A large evergreen tree ; rapid growing in good soil, slow growing in poorer soils ; long-lived ; susceptible to fire ; wood valuable locally, durable when sea- soned ; seeds remaining in unopened cones viable, at least for several years ; germination percentage of seeds high, irregular ; seed produced abundantly annually ; 100,000 seeds per pound ; much spread by cultivation. Cupressus bakeri, see Cupressus macnabiana. Cupressus forbesii, see Cupressus guadaloupensis. Cupressus glabra Sudw. Smooth cypress. Range : 11, 14. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; ripening at the end of the second season, persistent unopened 14-18 years. A large evergreen tree ; slow growing, long-lived ; wood of limited use com- mercially, moderately durable; seed germination moderately high, vitality of seed declining rapidly after fifth year. Cupressus goveniana Gord. Gowen cypress. C. pygmaea Sarg. Range : 1. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; mature in September of the second season ; seeds shed September-October, cones persistent many years. A large shrub to small or rarely large trees ; evergreen ; slow growing, long- lived; root system shallow; thrives on rocky or sandy soils; of no importance NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES H5 commercially ; seeds abundantly produced annually when plant is only 2 or 3 feet high ; vitality of seeds persistent ; ornamental in cultivation. Cupressus guadaloupensis Wats. Forbes' cypress. C. forbesii Jeps. Range : 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone. A small evergreen tree. Cupressus macnabiana Murr. llacnab cypress. C. nevadensis Abrams, C. Itakeri Jeps. Range : 1, 3, 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in autumn of the second season ; seeds shed immediately, cones persistent several years. A small to rarely large evergreen tree ; slow growing, moderately long-lived ; wood of no importance commercially ; seeds produced annually ; ornamental in cultivation. Cupressus macrocarpa Gord. Monterey cypress. Range : 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August of the second season, opens slowly, persistent several seasons. A large evergreen tree ; at first rapid growing, later slower ; long-lived ; free from insects and most diseases; susceptible to fires because of its thin bark; forms a cover on wind-swept coasts to the water's edge ; wood of little impor- tance commercially ; resistant to drought and mildly saline conditions ; will with- stand considerable abuse in handling; seeds produced annually in abundance; 93,000 seeds per pound, germination 16 percent ; much spread by plantings ; ornamental in cultivation. Cupressus nevadensis, see Cupressus macnabiana. Cupressus pygmaea, see Cupressus goveniana. Cupressus sargentii Jeps. Sargent cypress. Range : 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone. A small to large evergreen tree ; seven varieties in cultivation. Cyanococcus amoenus, see Vaccinium corymltosum. Cyanococcus angustifolius, see Vaccinium angustifolium. Cyanococcus atrococcus, see Vaccinium atrococcum. Cyanococcus corymbosus, see Vaccinitim corymltosum. Cyanococcus elliottii, see Vaccinium clliottii. Cyanococcus hirsutus, see Vaccinium hirsutum. Cyanococcus myrsinites, see Vaccinium myrsinites. Cyanococcus pallidus, see Vaccinium corymbosum. Cyanococcus pennsylvanicus, see Vaccinium angustifolium. Cyanococcus tenellus, see Vaccinium virgatum. Cyanococcus vacillans, see Vaccinium vacillans. Cyanococcus virgatus, see Vaccinium virgatum. Cynoxylon fioridum, see Cornus florida. Cynoxylon nuttallii, see Cornus nuttallii. Cyrilla racemiflora L. Swamp ironwood Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Corky drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; semievergreen ; much branched ; flowers May-July ; may occur on sandy or other soils ; considered a good honey plant. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link. Scotch broom. Range : 1, 2, 4, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume, available August-September. A large evergreen shrub introduced from Europe but spreading in the regions indicated ; flowers May-June ; occurs most commonly on sand, but also on loam and clay ; drought resistant ; will grow on very poor soils ; tolerant of saline conditions ; will withstand considerable abuse in handling ; claimed to be a weed in fields, especially sandy ones, but ordinarily regarded by farmers as not dangerous because it is easily burned off; has been used very successfully for erosion control on highway embankments along the Oregon coast ; has been advocated as a renovater of barren soils because of the high potash content of its ash ; considered by some authorities as in part parasitic on oak roots, but if so, is not an obligate parasite ; 65,000 seeds per pound ; propagated by seeds treated with hot water and sown in spring or by cuttings. Stomach records: California quail. Observations: Captive bobwhite; cotton- tail rabbit. Poisonous to livestock, but seldom touched by grazing animals. Dalea amoena, see Parosela fremontii. Dalea arborescens, see Parosela arborescens. Dalea argyrea, see Parosela argyrea. Dalea californica, see Parosela fremontii. Dalea emoryi, see Parosela emoryi. Dalea formosa, see Parosela formosa. Dalea fremontii, see Parosela fremontii. Dalea frutescens, see Parosela frutescens. Dalea greggli, see Parosela greggii. Dalea humilis, see Parosela thyrsiflora. Dalea johnsonii, see Parosela fremontii. Dalea polyadenia, see Parosela polyadenia. Dalea saundersii, see Parosela fremontii. Dalea schottii, see Parosela schottii. Dalea scoparia, see Parosela scoparia. Dalea spinosa, see Parosela spinosa. Dalea thyrsiflora, see Parosela thyrsiflora. Dalea wheeleri, see Parosela fremontii. Daphne mezereum L. Mezereum. Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small to large, sparse shrub ; introduced from Europe and western Asia but locally established in the regions indicated ; flowers March-April. Observations: Eaten by songbirds. Dasiphora fruticosa, see Potentilla fruticosa. Datisca hirta, see Rhus typhina. Daubentonia cavanillesii, see Daubentonia drummondii. Daubentonia drummondii Rydb. Poisonbean. D. cavanillesii Standl., D. longifolia of auth. Range : 17, 20, 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub ; often occurs in sand ; seeds very poisonous to sheep and goats but pods and green plants apparently not harmful. Daubentonia longifolia, see Daubentonia drummondii. Daubentonia thurberi, see Diphysa thurberi. Decachaena baccata, see Gaj/lussacia baccata. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES H7 Decachaena frondosa, see Gaylussacia frondosa. Decachaena nana, see Gaylussacia, nana. Decachaena tomentosa, see Gaylussacia tomentosa. Decachaena ursina, see Gaylussacia ursina. Decumaria barbara L. Climbing hydrangea. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule, available July. A vine. Reputedly dermatitically poisonous. Dendrium buxifolium, see Leiophyllum buxifoliutn. Dendrium hugeri, see Leiophyllum hugeri. Dendrium lyonii, see Leiophyllum lyonii. Dendromecon rigida Benth. Treepappy. Range : 4, 5. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, rigid, freely -branched evergreen shrub ; stems usually several from the base ; common in burned-over territory. Observations: California mule deer. Desmothamnus lucidus, see Xolisma lucida. Dicraurus leptocladus Hook. f. Range: 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achenelike. A small dioecious shrub. Diervilla diervilla, see Diervilla lonicera. Diervilla lonicera Mill. Bush-honeysuckle. D. diervilla (L. ) MacBr., D. triflda Moench. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers June-August ; propagation is by seed sown under glass in spring. Observations: An important summer food of moose on Isle Royale. Diervilla rivularis Gatt. Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers July-August. Diervilla sessilifolia Buckl. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, loosely-branched shrub ; flowers July-August. Diervilla trifida, see Diervilla lonicera. Diospyros texana Scheele. Black persimmon. Brayodendron tesmnum Small. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-August. A large shrub to small or large tree ; dioecious ; flowers April-May ; wood used to some extent commercially ; bears an abundance of fruit which supplies a black stain. Observations: Wild turkey; Mexican raccoon, long- tailed Texas skunk; rel- ished by many wild animals. Diospyros virginiana L. (pi. 11). Persimmon. Range : 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available August-October, sometimes persistent. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May-June; often forms dense thickets on dry, eroded slopes ; stoloniferous ; root system, including taproot, and stolons deep and wide spreading; trees produced from stolons usually do not reach large size; survives on extremely adverse sites; often difficult to eradicate from cultivated fields and pastures ; fruits prolifically ; various forms have been described varying in habit, fruit production, etc. ; will grow in stand- ing water for several months ; forms have been observed which hold the fruit until March ; fruits while still very young ; occurs in sand, clay, loam, and other soils; occurs on coal-stripped lands in southern Illinois; wood used to some extent commercially ; propagation is by seed stratified at 41°-50° F. for 365 days and sown in spring; 1,000 seeds per pound, germination about 80 percent. Stomach records: Six species of birds,, including bobwhite; raccoon, spotted skunk, gray fox, red fox, white-tailed deer. Observations: Sixteen species of birds, including wild turkey ; gray fox, red fox ; much eaten by Virginia opossum ; flying squirrel, spotted skunk ; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits ; white- tailed deer. Not browsed by cattle; fruit greedily eaten by hogs. Diphysa echinata, see Diphysa thurberi. Diphysa thurberi (Gray) Rydb. D. echinata Rose, Daubentonia thurberi Gray. Range : 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large shrub. Diplacus arachnoides, see Mimulus lowgiflorus. Diplacus aridus, see Mimulus aridus. Diplacus aurantiacus, see Mimulus aurantiacua. Diplacus longiflorus, see Mimulus longiflorua. Diplacus parviflorus, see Mimulus flemingii. Diplacus puniceus, see Mimulus puniceus. Diplostephium canum, see Aplopappus canus. Dirca occidentalis Gray. Western leatherwood. Range: 1. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available in June. A small to large shrub; flowers February-March; colony forming; fruit rarely developed in any quantity; spreads by means of shoots developed from long roots; propagated by seed sown in fall or spring; difficult to transplant. Dirca palustris L. Leatherwood. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available May-June, dropping at once or occasionally persistent. A small to large shrub ; widely branching when old ; flowers March-April ; free from insects and disease ; ordinarily occurs in sterile soil of all kinds ; propagation is by seed sown in fall or spring; berries said to be narcotic. Observations: Moose; poorly eaten by white-tailed deer. Distegia involucrata, see Lonicera involucrata. Dodonaea arizonica Nels. Hopbush. D. viscosa anf/ustifolia (L. f.) Benth. Range : 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub or rarely a small tree ; often occurs on calcareous soils ; pro- duces seed abundantly; germination of seed at least 44 percent. Sometimes nibbled by stock but since it is a fish poison containing saponin it should be closely watched in time of scarcity of food for livestock. Observations: Relished by Gambel quail and other birds. Drejera thurberi, see Anfeacanthus thurberi. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 11 Diospyros virginiana, the ubiquitous persimmon, displays many characters of value in an erosion control program. Its fruits are of great importance to many forms of wildlife. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 12 , 4, Elaeagnus angustifolia. A colony of escaped plants thriving on soil abandoned because of extreme alkalinity. Particularly while young, this species forms excellent soil cover. B, A branch showing the abundant fruit crop produced by the introduced Russian-olive. Reports indicate that native birds and mammals are taking the fruits with increasing frequency. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 13 A, Elaeagnus argentea. A natural thicket providing protection for a stream bank as well as for wildlife. B, E. argentea. The fruit of the silverberry as well as that of Russian-olive is of value for game birds. C, Ephedra spp. The broomlike habit of this plant is characteristic of many pthere phedras. In the South- west they may prove of value in soil and wildlife conservation plantings. (Photograph by Department of the Interior.) Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 14 A, Enogonum pamfolium, a species particularly adapted to planting on sand dunes. B, Eurotia lanata, a valuable forage plant capable of direct seeding for erosion control. C, Fallugia paradaia The apache- plume is a plant with great possibilities for erosion control in the Southwest. This specimen has been much browsed by livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Drejera wrightii, see Anisacanthus wrightii. Duranta plumieri, see Duranta repens. Duranta repens L. D. plumieri Jacq. Range : 11, 17, 32. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree ; spiny or unarmed ; occurs in sandy and other soils Earleocassia covesii, see Cassia covesii. Ebenopsis flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium flexicaule. Echinopanax horridum, see Oplopana® horridum. Echites macrosiphon, see Macrosiphonia macrosiphon. Edwinia americana, see Jamesia americana. Edwinia californica, see Jamesia americana. Ehretia anacua (Berl.) Johnst. Anaqua. E. ettiptica DC. Range : 11, 17, 20, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available June-April. Often a large shrub, occasionally a small or large tree ; almost evergreen ; flowers March- April ; suckers freely from the roots and thus forms clumps; vigorous and difficult to eradicate when established ; not subject to disease ; grows well under semidesert conditions ; usually shrubby on drier soils ; suckers easily transplanted. Observations: Attractive to birds. Ehretia elliptica, see Ehretia anacua. Elaeagnus spp. Propagation of these species is by seed stratified and sown in spring or sown directly in the fall ; most occur on neutral soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Sharp-tailed grouse. Ob- servations (in addition to specific records) : Pinnated and sharp-tailed grouse, songbirds. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (pi. 12, A, B). Russian-olive. Range : 7, 9, 15, 18, 21, 22. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe ; available August-October, often persistent until March. A large shrub to small tree ; introduced from Europe and western Asia and locally established in the regions indicated; tolerates considerable alkalinity or salinity; very resistant to drought; rarely attacked by insect pests; 1,000—1,000 seeds per pound; germination about 90 percent, about 500 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Ring-necked pheasant. Observations: Eight species of birds, including sharp-tailed grouse, eaten -by numerous birds in Europe ; fox squirrel. Elaeagnus argentea Pursh. (pi. 13, A, B). Silverberry. E. commutata Bernh. Range : 9, 15, 18, 21, 23, 2-1, 26. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe ; available July-October. A small to large, bushy shrub or small tree ; flowers May-July ; stoloniferous and thicket forming ; will grow on limestone soil ; 2,000 seeds per pound ; germination about 90 percent, about 500 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, prairie chicken; snowshoe hai". Fruit but not foliage taken by livestock. Elaeagnus canadensis, see Shepherdia canadensis. Elaeagnus commutata, see Elaeagnus argentea. Elaeagnus rotundifolia, see Shepherdia rotundifolia. 120 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Elaeagnus utilis, see Shepherdia argentea. Elaphrium, see Bursera. Elliottia racemosa Muhl. Range: 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers June-July ; commonly occurs on sandy soil ; one of the rarest of American shrubs ; spreads by rootstocks to form large colonies, which are known at only a few stations, many having been exterminated ; self- pollination appears to be impossible and hence, because of the separation of clumps as they now exist, propagation by seed seems to have ceased ; in culti- vation. Empetrum conradii, see Corema, conradii. Empetrum nigrum L. Crowberry. Range : 1, 4, 24, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry; available August-September; often persistent the year round. A small evergreen, procumbent shrub ; monoecious or dioecious ; forms dense colonies ; occurs in sand or peat. Stomach records: Forty-one species of birds, including ruffed grouse, Alaska spruce grouse, ptarmigan, and many water birds. Emplectocladus andersonii, see Prunus andersonii. Emplectocladus fasciculatus, see Prunus fasciculata. Ephedra spp. (pi. 13, C). Shrubby, usually dioecious gymnosperms with scalelike leaves ; fruit cone- like or nutlike, sometimes fleshy. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain quail, Arizona cottontail, Holzner cottontail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Captive porcupine ; much grazed by mule deer ; Sacramento cottontail rabbit. Generally eaten by livestock. Ephedra antisyphilitica Mey. Canatilla. Range : 11, 16, 17, 19, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike; available April-May. A small to large shrub ; branches lax, occasionally reclining or prostrate. Ephedra californica Wats. California jointfir. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small, prostrate or ascending shrub. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Ephedra coryi Reed. Range: 16. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berrylike; available spring-early summer. A small, slender-stemmed, profusely-branched shrub ; often occurs in sandy soils ; produced from an underground stem whose origin is from a node of an extensive rhizome system; readily adjusts itself to shifting sands, seeds ap- parently not viable. Ephedra fasciculata Nels. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small evergreen shrub ; stems slender, prostrate. Ephedra funerea Cov. and Mort. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berrylike. A small, much-branched, spinose shrub. 121 Ephedra nevadensis Wats. Nevada jointfir. Range : 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small, nearly leafless, shrub with spreading branches. Much grazed by livestock. Ephedra pedunculata Engelm. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Berrylike, available September-November. A shrub or small vine ; stems often reclining or climbing over surrounding shrubs. Ephedra texana Reed. Texas jointfir. Range: 16. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berrylike. A small to large shrub with erect branches ; fruit comparatively fleshy. Ephedra torreyana Wats. Torrey jointfir. Range : 9, 10, 11, 14, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small shrub; branches flexuous. Grazed by cattle, especially in winter. Ephedra trifurca Torr. Popotillo. Range: 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Nutlike, available April-May. A small, much-branched, often spinescent shrub ; germination of seed at least 34 percent. Stomach records: Scaled quail; mountain sheep. Observations: Jack rabbit, Mexican bighorn. Grazed by cattle, especially in winter. Ephedra viridis Cov. Mormon tea. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Nutlike ; available in May. A small shrub with crowded, erect, rigid, broomlike branches ; flowers March- June ; root system deep, fibrous, but scarcely spreading. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Mule deer. An important browse for livestock. Epibaterium carolinum, see Cocculus carolinus. Ericameria arborescens, see Aplopappus arfiorescens. Ericameria brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. Ericameria cuneatus, see Aplopappus cuneatus. Ericameria ericoides, see Aplopappus ericoides. Ericameria monactis, see Aplopappus cooperi. Ericameria nana, see Aplopappus nanus. Ericameria nelsonii, see Aplopappus laricifolvus. Ericameria palmeri, see Aplopappus palmeri. Ericameria paniculata, see Chrysothamnus paniculatus. Ericameria parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. Ericameria pinifolia, see Aplopappus pinifollus. Ericameria resinosa, see Aplopappus nanus. Ericameria teretifolia, see Chrysothamnus teretifolius. Eriodictyon angustifolium Nutt. Narrowleaf yerba-santa. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub of very little value as forage, except to goats. 122 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Eriodictyon calif ornicum (Hook, and Arn.) Greene. California yerba-santa E. glutinosum Benth. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large evergreen shrub ; flowers May-June ; forms colonies, the plants of which may often be connected by lateral roots 3-4 inches deep ; occurs on clay, sandy, rocky and other soils. Observations: A fair browse for mule deer. Practically worthless as forage for livestock. A valuable honey plant. Eriodictyon crassifolium Benth. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large colony-forming, evergreen shrub ; occurs in sandy or gravelly soils. Var. traskiae (Eastw.) Jeps., (E. traskiae Eastw.) is very similar to and occurs with the species. Var. niveum Brandeg., (E. niveum Eastw., E. tomen- tosum Benth.) occurs also in region 1. Eriodictyon glutinosum, see Eriodictyon californicum. Eriodictyon lanatum, see Eriodictyon trichocalyx. Eriodictyon niveum, see Eriodictyon crassifolium. Eriodictyon tomentosum, see Eriodictyon crassifolium. Eriodictyon traskiae, see Eriodictyon crassifolium. Eriodictyon trichocalyx Heller. Yerba-santa. E. angustifolium pubens Brandeg. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small openly-branched evergreen shrub ; occurs on sandy, stony, and other soils ; older leaves are often black with fungal growth ; colony-forming. Var. lanatum (Brandeg.) Jeps., (E. lanatum (Brandeg.) Abrams) occurs in region 10. Eriogonum spp. Available records of utilization by wildlife referred only to the genus may include more herbaceous than shrubby species. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Richardson's grouse; mountain sheep, antelope jack rabbit, California jack rabbit, Texas jack rabbit, black-tailed deer, Arizona cottontail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Bighorn. Eriogonum arborescens Greene. Range : 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, loosely branched, ornamental shrub. Eriogonum cinereum Benth. Range : 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small to large, freely branched shrub ; occurs on coastal bluffs. Eriogonum corymbosum Benth. Range: 9, 11, 16. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub ; flowers June-September. Eriogonum deserticola Wats. Range: 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, much-branched shrub ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; branches leafless with age. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 123 Eriogonum divergens Small. E. corymbosus divaricates Torr. Range: 9, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub; flowers July-August. Eriogonum effusum Nutt. Range: 9, 15, 16. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub ; flowers July-September. Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. California-buckwheat. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub ; stems more or less decumbent ; grows on the poorest soils and in the most exposed situations : casts a poor shade. Var. foliolosum (Nutt.) Stokes, (E. foliolosum Nutt.) occurs in region 5. Var. polifolium (Benth.) Torr. and Gray (E. polifolium Benth.), occurs in region 10. Var. flavoviride Munz and Johnst., occurs in region 10 and is smaller than the species. An important early spring feed for sheep, especially in times of scarcity of other forage. Of first importance as a honey plant. Eriogonum fendlerianum, see Eriogonum microthecum. Eriogonum foliolosum, see Eriogonum fasciculatum. Eriogonum giganteu'm Wats. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, coarse shrub. Eriogonum heermannii Dur. and Hilg. Range : 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub. Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. Slender buckwheatbrush. Range : 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene, available September-November. A small, much-branched shrub; flowers July-September. Of small impor tance as browse for livestock. Var. fendlerianum Benth. (E. fendlerianum (Benth.) Small), occurs from Colorado to New Mexico. Eriogonum nebraskense Rydb. Range : 15. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, spreading shrub with short branches ; flowers in July. Eriogonum nodosum Small. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub. Eriogonum parvifolium Smith, (pi. 14, A). Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, loosely-branched, decumbent to prostrate shrub ; taproot deep an<3 with lateral roots spreading out three times as far as the parts above ground ; occurs on sand dunes or hillsides. 124 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Eriogonum polifolium, see Eriogonum fasciculatum. Eriogonum salinum Nels. Range: 9. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub ; flowers June-July ; occurs on saline soil. Eriogonum simpsonii Benth. E. microthecum leptophyllum Torr. and Gray. Range: 9, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub ; flowers July-August. Eriogonum sulcatum Wats. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, diffusely-branched shrub ; flowers April-May. Eriogonum wrightii Torr. Wright's buckwheatbrush Range : 3, 9, 10, 11, 14. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, much-branched shrub ; leafy in the lower half ; flowers June-Novem- ber ; germination of seed not less than 22 percent. Var. subscaposum Wats, makes a dense, leafy mat, has leafy branches shorter than the species, and occurs in regions 9 and 10. Observations: An excellent forage for deer; highly palatable to captive deer; characterized as the most important single forage for large game animals in Arizona. Fair browse for livestock. Erythrina arborea (Chapm.) Small. Bed-cardinal. E. herbacea arborea Chapm. Range: 17, 30, 31, 32. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. A large shrub to small or large tree, or vine; stems solitary or thickly tufted ; thorny ; occurs in sandy soils. Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney. Coralbean. E. purpusii Brandeg. Range : 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume. A large shrub to small tree ; spiny ; seed germination 20--10 percent ; of some value as forage for livestock ; seed, bark, and stems are more or less poisonous, but probably do not cause much trouble to livestock except on overgrazed range. Erythrina purpusii, see Erythrma, flabelliformis. Esenbeckia runyonii Mort. Range: 17. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Woody capsule, available in April. A small or rarely a large tree ; flowers in July. Eubotrys elongata, see Leucothoe elongata. Eubotrys racemosa, see Leucothoe racemosa. Eubotrys recurva, see Leucothoe recurva. Eucnide urens Parry. Rock-nettle. Range : 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers in May ; armed with stinging hairs ; stems often decumbent. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 125 Eurphorbia misera Benth. Range: 5, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub or rarely a large shrub to small tree ; much branched ; straggling. Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. (pi. 14, B). Winterfat. E. subspinosa Rydb. Range : 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene, available September-October. A small dioecious or monoecious shrub ; occurs on subalkaline soils ; branches slender, many from the base ; very rapid growing ; root system spreading but deep ; seed produced in great abundance ; 91,000 seeds per pound, vitality transi- ent ; in direct seeding sown 3 to 4 pounds per acre ; germination of seed 30-70 percent. Observations: Important winter browse for elk; California mule deer. Very valuable forage for sheep and cattle, particularly in the winter and fall ; con- sidered very fattening for livestock. Eurotia subspinosa, see Eurotia lanata. Evonymus sp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Fox sparrow, mockingbird. Evonymus americanus L. Strawberrybush. Range : 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule ; available September-October ; seeds with a fleshy aril. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June ; stems often creeping or trailing, rooting at the nodes, or semierect ; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring; 30,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Five species of birds. Evonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Burningbush. Range : 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule; available August-November; seeds with a fleshy aril. A small to large shrub or rarely a small tree to large tree ; flowers May-June ; subject to scale and fungus attack ; bark medicinal ; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring ; 40,000 seeds per pound, germination about 70 percent, about 8,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Three species of birds including Hungarian partridge. Observations: Palatable to rodents, possibly to deer. A drastic purgative to livestock but seldom browsed. Evonymus obovatus Nutt. Running strawberrybush. Range: 24, 25, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available August-October; seed with a fleshy aril. A small, spreading shrub or trailing vine ; thicket or mat forming ; branches rooting at the nodes; flowers April-May; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring. Evonymus occidentals Nutt. Western burningbush. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available July-October; seed with a fleshy aril. A large shrub or rarely small tree ; branches slender, straggling ; flowers May-June ; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring. Var. parishii Jeps., (E. parishii Trel.) is found in the southern California mountains. Stomach records: Robin. Not browsed by stock. Evonymus parishii, see Evonymus occidentalis. Eysenhardtia amorphoides, see Eysenhardtia polystachya. Eysenhardtia cobriformis, see Eysenhardtia polystachya. 126 MISG- PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, see Eysenhardtia polystachya. Eysenhardtia polystachya (Orteg.) Sarg. Kidneywood. E. amorphoides H. B. K., E. orthocarpa (Gray) Cockerell, E. orthocarpa Wats., E. reticulata Penn., E. subcoriacea Pennell, E. cobriformis Pennell, E. texana Scheele, Viborquia polystachya Orteg. Range : 10, 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume, available in September. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; flowers in May; fruit borne sparingly; germination. of seed about 50 percent. Observations: Particularly palatable to captive deer. A valuable honey plant. Good goat browse, and in southeastern Arizona one of the best summer and fall browses for horses and cattle. Eysenhardtia reticulata, see Eysenhardtia polystachya. Eysenhardtia subcoriacea, see Eysenhardtia polystachya. Eysenhardtia texana, see Eysenhardtia polystachya. Fagara clava-herculis, see Xanthoxylum clava-herculis. Fagara fagara, see Xanthoxylum fagara. Fagara pterota, see Xanthoxylum fagara. Fagu's americana, see Fagus grandifolia. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech. F. americana Sweet. Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Nut, available September-October. A large tree; occurs on many slightly acid soils except sand; root system shallow and spreading; subject to sunscald ; easily injured by fire and late frosts ; root sprouts common ; generally free from insect attack ; wood used commercially ; grass ordinarily will not grow under this tree ; seeds often abortive ; 1,400-1,800 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent, about 250 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach- records: Ten species of birds, including ruffed grouse; opossum, rac- coon, gray and red fox, white-tailed deer ; found in 21.3 percent of raccoon stomachs examined November-January in New York. Observations: Fifteen species of birds, including bobwhite, ruffed grouse, wild turkey, and ring-necked pheasant ; black bear ; preferred food of flying squirrel ; white-tailed deer, Vir- ginia opossum, cottontail rabbit, red squirrel, red fox, gray fox, porcupine ; a most important food of raccoon in fall and early winter. Fallugia acuminata, see Fallugia paradoxa. Fallugia paradoxa (Don) Endl. (pi. 14, C). Apache-plume. F. acuminata Cockerell, F. paradoxa acuminata Woot., F. micrantha Cock- erell, Sieversia paradoxa Don. Range : 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene, available August-November. A small to large, freely-branched, somewhat straggling, shrub ; evergreen ; flowers May-September ; rapid growing when supplied with water ; does not reach full height unless protected from grazing; seeds germinate well as soon as planted at 60-70° F. ; direct seeding experiments in New Mexico were un- successful ; germination of seed 30-60 percent. Palatability fair to low for sheep, goats, and cattle ; endures grazing well. Fatsia horrida, see Oplopanax horridum. Fendlera falcata Thornb. Range: 13, 14. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers May- July. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 127 Fendlera rupicola Gray. Range : 9, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available July-August. A large shrub ; flowers May-June ; will endure intense heat and considerable drought. Observations: Much used by captive deer. Palatability high for goats in New Mexico, and closely grazed by cattle in central Arizona. Fendlera tomentella Thornb. Range : 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub. Fendlera wrightii (Gray) Heller. F. rupicola wrightii Gray. Range : 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers May-June. Fendlerella cymosa, see Fendlerella, utahensis. Fendlerella utahensis (Wats.) Heller. F. cymosa Greene, Whipplea utahensis Wats. Range : 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading, densely-branched shrub. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Flourensia cernua DC. Blackbrush. Helianthus cernuus Benth. and Hook. Range : 11, 16, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, much-branched, erect or procumbent shrub ; occurs on sandy and other soils. Observations: Somewhat eaten by jack rabbits. Not browsed by livestock except under extreme conditions. Forestiera spp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Mexican raccoon. Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. Forestiera. Adelia acuminata Michx. Range : 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available May-October. A large shrub, less commonly a small to large tree; flowers March-April; somewhat spiny ; thicket forming ; fruit much attacked and distorted by insects, but on falling into water keeps in perfect condition far into the succeeding spring. Stomach records: Wood duck, mallard. Observations: A good duck food. Forestiera angustifolia Torr. Adelia angustifolia, (Torr.) Kuntze. Range: 11, 17, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in June. A small to large, densely branched, stiff evergreen shrub. Stomach records: Scaled quail. Observations: Much eaten by scaled quail; extensively eaten by gray fox. Forestiera ligustrina (Michx.) Poir. Adelia ligustrina Michx. Range: 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large, widely branched shrub; often occurs on limestone or sandy soils. 180186°— 39 9 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Forestiera neomexicana Gray. Paloblanco. F. parvifolia Small, F. acuminata parvifolia Gray, Adelia neomexicana, (Gray) Kuntze., A. parvifolia (Gray) Small. Range : 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available June-September. A small or commonly large, spiny, much-branched, spreading shrub ; germina- tion of seed 40-70 percent. Forestiera parvifolia, see Forestiera neomexicana. Forestiera phillyreoides (Benth.) Torr. Piptolepis phillyreoides Benth. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree; thicket-forming; fruit dropped as soon as ripe. Forestiera pubescens Nutt. Elbow bush. Adelia pubescens (Nutt.) Kuntze. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available June-October. A small to large, widely branched shrub ; recurved branches root where they touch the ground ; propagation is by cuttings or seeds ; has been recommended as a good erosion control and wildlife cover plant. Forestiera reticulata Torr. Range: 16, 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen. Forestiera sphaerocarpa Torr. Range: 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small evergreen shrub. Forsellesia mionandra (Koehne) Heller. Olossopetalon mionandrum Koehne. Range: 13. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, spinescent, intricately-branched shrub. Forsellesia nevadensis, see Forsellesia spinescens. Forsellesia pungens (Brandeg.) Heller. Dwarf greasebush. Olossopetalon pungens Brandeg. Range : 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A very small shrub with weak branches; often occurs in rocky soils. Forsellesia spinescens (Gray) Greene. Spiny greasebush. F. nevadensis (Gray) Greene, Olossopetalon spinescens Gray, G. nevadense Gray. Range : 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, spiny, intricately-branched shrub; flowers February-May; occurs most commonly on limestone, but can grow on granite ; a pioneer species. Observations: Mule deer. Close-cropped by sheep in Utah. Fothergilla spp. Propagation of all species is by seeds which do not germinate until the second year or by layers which take 2 years to root. Fothergilla alnifolia, see Fothergilla gardenii. Fothergilla Carolina, see Fothergilla gardenii. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 129 Fothergilla gardenii Murr. Dwarf witch-alder. F. Carolina Britt., F. alnifolia L. f. Range : 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available July-August. A small shrub ; flowers April-May ; usually occurs in sandy soil ; free from insects and disease; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring, or by suckers or root cuttings. Fothergilla major Lodd. Witch-alder. Range: 27. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A small to large, much-branched shrub ; flowers in May ; foliage rather dense ; free from insects and disease ; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring. Fothergilla monticola Ashe. Range : 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; very like F. major but more spreading. Fothergilla parvifolia Kearney. Creeping witch-alder. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; forms extensive clumps by means of long underground stems ; free from insects and disease ; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring. Fouquieria splendens Engelm. Ocotillo. Range : 10, 11, 16. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, spiny shrub; stems simple, several from one base; leafless most of the year ; of no recorded forage value ; flowers and fruit a source of food for Indians. Frankenia jamesii Torr. Range : 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; occurs on alkaline soil. Frankenia palmeri Wats. Yerba reuma. Range: 5. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers June-July ; often occurs in salt marshes. Franseria albicaulis, see Franseria dumosa. Franseria ambrosioides Cav. Ambrosia bur-sage. Range : 5, 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Bur. A small to large shrub. Franseria dumosa Gray. White bur-sage. F. albicaulis Torr., Gaertneria dumosa Kuntze. Range : 5, 9, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Bur. A small, much-branched, compact, spiny shrub; locally valuable as feed for cattle and sheep. 130 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Franseria eriocentra Gray. Woolly bur-sage. Gaertneria eriocentra Kuntze. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Bur. A small, rigid, spreading shrub ; usually occurs on sandy soil. Franseria ilicifolia Gray. Hollyleaf bur-sage. Gaertneria ilicifolia Kuntze. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Bur. A small, rigid, much-branched, evergreen shrub ; usually occurs on sand ; leaves somewhat spiny. 4 Fraxinus spp. Ash. All species usually occur on neutral soil ; propagation is by seed stratified at 32°-50° F. for 30 to 90 days and sown in spring, or sown directly in the fall although seeds sometime remain dormant until the second year; rapid growing when young ; usually easily transplanted. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Seven species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records): Five species of birds; an important food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts ; porcupine ; a reserve food and building material for beaver. Important source of pollen for bees. Fraxinus americana L. White ash. Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available October-November. A large tree; occurs on many kinds of soil; flowers April-June; root sys- tem fibrous, deep ; rapid growing ; much attacked by borers ; not extensively damaged by fungi ; much cultivated ; wood of great importance commercially ; 6,000 seeds per pound, germination of seed 40 percent, about 1,500 usable plants per pound of seed. Var. microcarpa Gray is a shrub ordinarily growing in drier situations and bearing smaller fruit. Observations: Purple finch, pine grosbeak; cottontail rabbit, porcupine, white- tailed deer. Fraxinus anomala Wats. Dwarf ash. Range : 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large shrub to small tree ; 22,000 seeds per pound, about 5,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Provides at least poor and sometimes fair to fairly good browse for goats, sheep, and cattle. Fraxinus attenuata, see Fraxinus velutina. Fraxinus berlandieriana DC. Mexican ash. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Samara, available in May. A large dioecious tree. Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle. Biltmore white ash. Range: 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. . Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large dioecious tree ; flowers April-May ; very similar to F. americana but more hairy. Fraxinus californica, see Fraxinus oregona. Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. Water ash. F. caroliniana rehderiana Sarg., F. platycarpa Michx. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara. , A large dioecious tree ; flowers March-April. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Fraxinus coriacea, see Fraxinus velutina. Fraxinus cuspidata Torr. Flowering ash. Range : 11, 14, 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. Usually a large shrub, more rarely a small or large tree ; flowers April-May ; commonly arborescent southward but mostly in Mexico ; often thicket-forming ; 16,000 seeds per pound. Provides poor and sometimes fair to fairly good browse for goats, sheep, and cattle. Var. macropetala (Eastw.) Render, (F. macropetala Eastw.) differs from the species in bearing three, five, and seven foliate leaves. Fraxinus darlingtonii, see Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Fraxinus dipetala Hook, and Arn. Flowering ash. Range : 1, 3, 4, 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large shrub. Observations: California mule deer. Fraxinus floridana, see Fraxinus pauciflora. Fraxinus glabra, see Fraxinus velutina. Fraxinus greggii Gray. Littleleaf ash. F. schiedeana parvifolia Torr. Range: 11, 17. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A small to large tree. Fraxinus lanceolata, see Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Fraxinus lowellii Sarg. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available in July. A small to large tree ; possibly closely related to F. anomala. Fraxinus macropetala, see Fraxinus cuspidata. Fraxinus michauxii Britt. Range : 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Samara. A large tree ; flowers April-May. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black ash. F. sambucifolia Lam. Range : 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Samara; available June-September, falling or persistent until spring. A large perfect or dioecious tree ; flowers April-May ; root system shallow ; easily wind thrown ; severely damaged by fire but quite free from fungus and insect damage ; coppices poorly ; wood used commercially ; vitality of seeds low ; 3,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Evening grosbeak; cottontail rabbit. Fraxinus oregona Nutt. Oregon ash. F. oalifornica Hort. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Samara ; available September-October, partially persistent 3 to 12 months. A large dioecious tree; flowers April-May; rapid growing, relatively long- lived ; free from disease ; wood of importance commercially ; comes into leaf late in spring and sheds its foliage early in the fall ; fruit produced in great quanti- ties ; 10,000 seeds per pound, vitality persistent. Observations: Western evening grosbeak. A fairly important cattle browse and good local browse for sheep and goats. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Fraxinus papillosa, see Fraxinus velutina. Fraxinus pauciflora Nutt. Water ash. F. floridana Sarg. Range : 29, 30, 31. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Samara. A large dioecious tree ; flowers in March ; more abundant southward. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red ash. F. darlingtonii Britt., F. smallii Britt. Range: 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available September-October. A large dioecious tree ; flowers April-May ; root system shallow ; fairly im- mune from insects and fungus diseases ; easily injured by fire ; rapid growing when young, later slower ; coppice does not develop into large trees ; wood used commercially; 11,000 seeds per pound, germination 50 percent. Between this and its varieties occur many intergrading forms. Var. lanceolata Sarg., the green ash (F. viridis Michx. f., F. lanceolate Borkh.) will grow in much drier situations than the species and occurs in regions 12 and 17 in addition to the areas noted for the species; root system shallow, widespreading ; rapid growing when young, later slower ; grows on coal- stripped lands in Illinois ; not short-lived ; generally free from insects and dis- eases; easily injured by fire; 16,000-17,000 seeds per pound, germination about 85 percent, about 3,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Also considered a sepa- rate species and rather distinct in the East but much less so westward. Observations: Three species of birds; white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit, snowshoe hare. Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, see Fraxinus velutina,. Fraxinus platycarpa, see Fraxinus carolmiana, Fraxinus profunda Bush. Pumpkin ash. F. americana profunda Britt. Range: 25, 27, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Samara, available September-October. A large dioecious tree ; flowers April-May ; leaves very large. Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Blue ash. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Samara, available June-October. A large, perfect or dioecious tree ; flowers March-April ; occurs on limestone and other soils; root system shallow, spreading; grows on drier soils than any other of the ashes in their native habitats ; rapid growing, rather short-lived ; wood most durable of all ashes, used commercially ; 7,000 seeds per pound. Fraxinus sambucifolia, see Fraxinus nigra. Fraxinus smallii, see Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Fraxinus texensis (Gray) Sarg. Texas ash. F. americana texensis Gray. Range: 16, 17, 20, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large dioecious tree ; flowers in March ; often occurs on limestone soil. Fraxinus tourney i, see Fraxinus velutina. Fraxinus velutina Torr. Velvet ash. F. pistaciaefolia Torr., F. glabra Thornb., F. velutina glabra (Thornb.); Rehd., F. papillosa Lingels., F. standleyi Rehder., F. standleyi lasia Rehder. Range : 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Samara, available in September. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES ^33 A small to large, dioecious, almost evergreen tree; flowers March-April; 13,000-40,000 seeds per pound. An extremely variable species, the following apparently reasonably well separated; Var. toumeyi (Britt.) Rehd. (F. attenu- ata Jones in part., F. toumeyi Britt.) occurs with the species but is most common in Arizona ; said to be the most alkali- and drought-resistant form ; 10,000 seeds per pound. Var. coriacea (Wats.) Rehd. (F. coriacea Wats., F. pistaciaefolia coriacea Gray, F. americana pistaciaefolia Wenz), the desert ash, occurring in regions 9 and 10, is of some value as early-spring and late-fall browse for stock ; 29,000 seeds per pound. Var. alabra (Thornb.) Rehder (F. glabra Thornb.), the smooth ash, occurs within the range of the species. Fraxinus viridis, see Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Fremontia californica Torr. California fremontia. F. mexicanum McBr., Fremontodendron californicum Cov., F. mexicanum Davids. Range : 3, 4, 5, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; flowers May-July ; foliage thin ; grows on very poor soils ; not tolerant of excess moisture or poor drainage ; an abundant seeder. Observations: Of slight forage value for mule deer. Fair to good browse for cattle and goats. Fremontia mexicana, see Fremontia californica. Fremontodendron californicum, see Fremontia californica. Fremontodendron mexicanum, see Fremontia californica. Gaertneria dumosa, see Franseria. dumosa. Gaertneria eriocentra, see Franseria eriocentra. Gaertneria ilicif olia, see Franseria, ilicifolia. Garrya spp. Propagation of all species is by seeds, layers, or half-ripe cuttings under glass. Garrya buxifolia, see Garrya flavescens. Garrya elliptica Dougl. Tasseltree. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June-August. Commonly a small to large shrub, rarely a small tree; flowers January- March. Garrya flavescens Wats. Silktassel. G-. pallida Eastw. Range : 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-August. A large, dioecious, spreading shrub ; flowers April-May. Browsed to some extent by livestock and suffers no injurious effects from grazing up to 25 percent. Var. buxifolia (Gray) Jeps., (G. buaifoUa Gray) occurs in regions 1 and 4 and is lower than the species. Garrya fremontii Torr. Fremont silktassel. Range: 4, 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry, available August-September. A large evergreen shrub ; flowers February-March. Considered a good browse for cattle. Observations: California mule deer. Garrya goldmanii, see Garrya ovata. Garrya lindheimeri, see Garrya ovata. 134 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Garrya lindheimeri Torr. Silktassel bush. Range: 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September-October. A small to large shrub, or where moisture is plentiful, a small to large tree ; almost evergreen; flowers April-May. Garrya ovata Benth. G. ffoldmanu Woot. and Standl., G. lindheimeri Torr. Range: 11, 16, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large evergreen shrub ; occurs on limestone and other soils. Con- sidered a good feed for goats. Garrya pallida, see Garrya flavescens. Garrya veatchii Kellogg. Canyon tasselbush. G. flavescens palmeri Wats., G. veatchii palmeri Eastw. Range: 1, 4, 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large shrub ; flowers January-May. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Garrya wrightii Torr. Wright's silktassel. Range : 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A large evergreen shrub ; flowers June-August ; resistant to drought ; ap- parently the hardiest of all species of Garrya; transplantation difficult ; cuttings rarely successful. Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Observations: Arizona white-tailed deer, Mexican bighorn. Locally of some forage value for livestock. Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. G. myrsinites Hook., Vaccinium humifusa Graham. Range: 1, 4, 12, 13. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit? Berry, available August-September. A small evergreen shrub or vine ; flowers in August ; stems procumbent, root- ing ; propagation is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring. Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Quail, grouse; deer. Gaultheria myrsinites, see Gaultheria humifusa. Gaultheria ovatifolia Gray. Bush wintergreen. Range: 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available August-September. A small evergreen shrub ; propagation is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring. Observations: Grouse, quail; deer. Gaultheria procumbens L. Teaberry. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-June. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers May-September ; occurs in sandy or other soils ; stems creeping on or below the surface, forming mats ; berry gradually increasing in size over winter ; 1 ton of leaves produces 1 pound of oil of wintergreen; propagation is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring, or by division ; 2,800 fresh berries per pound. Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, and ring-necked pheasant; mountain sheep, white-tailed deer. Observations: Six species of birds, including bobwhite, ruffed and spruce grouse ; white-tailed deer ; a favorite food of eastern chipmunk. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Gaultheria shallon Pursh. (pi. 15, A. B). Salal. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-December. A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers May-June ; when occurring in dry, sunny situations the species becomes much dwarfed; apparently needs a very humid atmosphere for best growth ; forms a dense cover, more especially on sandy soil ; most robust near the sea ; propagation is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring. Stomach records: Wren tit. Observations: Blue grouse, band-tailed pigeon, sooty grouse ; Columbian black-tailed deer, Townsend's chipmunk, brown mountain beaver, Olympic black bear ; emergency ration for Olympic wapiti, an important food of Roosevelt elk. Not palatable to livestock. Gaylussacia spp. Propagation of all species is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Fifty -one species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant; opossum. Observations: White-winged crossbill; ranked with Vac- cinium as twenty-ninth on the list of quail food plants in the Southeast; bear. Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) Koch. Black huckleberry. O. resinosa (Ait.) Torr, and Gray, Andromeda baccata Wang., Decachaena baccata (Wang.) Small. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available July-September. A small, much-branched, rigid shrub ; flowers May-June ; occurs in sandy and other, usually acid soils; many fruit-color varieties occur within the range of the species. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, greater prairie chicken ; composed 1.9 percent of entire amount of fall food taken by sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin ; taken by 3 out of 17 fall-col- lected prairie chickens in Wisconsin; white-tailed deer. Observations: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, mourning dove. Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx. ) Gray. Box huckleberry. Vaccinium brachycerum Michx., Buxella brachycera (Michx.) Small. Range: 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available July-August. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers May-June ; forms extremely dense colonies, each representing a single plant; usually occurs in acid soils, including very poor ones; seed often produces sterile fruit; best developed in southeastern West Virginia. Observations: Ruffed grouse. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) Torr. and Gray. Dwarf huckleberry. Vaccinium dumosum Andr., Lasiococcus dumosus (Andr.) Small. Range : 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun.' Fruit : Berry ; available June-October. A small shrub; evergreen southward; flowers May-June; occurs in sandy and other soils, often swamps; stems are produced from a creeping rootstock. Var. hirtella (Aitf.) Gray, (G. hirtella (Ait.) Klotz., Lasiococcus mosieri Small), occurs within the range of the species. Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. and Gray. Dangleberry. Vaccinium frondosum L., Decachaena frondosa (L.) Torr. and Gray. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained sun. Fruit: Berry; available June-September. A small to large, widely-branched, shrub ; flowers May-June. A dwarf form has been described as var. tomentosa Gray. Stomach records: Two species of birds. Observations: Ruffed grouse, bob- white, cedar waxwing. Gaylussacia hirtella, see Gaylussacia dumosa. 136 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Gaylussacia nana (Gray) Small. Decachaena nana (Gray) Small. Range: 29,30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub; usually occurs in sand; spreads by means of underground stems. Gaylussacia resinosa, see Gaylussacia baccata. Gaylussacia tomentosa (Pursh) Chapm. Decachaena tomentosa (Pursh) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub ; occurs in sandy soil ; stem unbranched ; spreading by under- ground stems. Gaylussacia ursina (Curtis) Torr. and Gray. Bear huckleberry. Decachaena ursina (Curtis) Small. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry; available July-August. A small, loosely-branched shrub ; flowers May-June ; often occurs in acid humus. Gelsemium rankinii Small. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. An evergreen vine. Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. Yellow jessamine. Bignonia sempervirens L. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. An evergreen vine ; flowers March-October ; stems and branches often tangled and matted. Poisonous to livestock. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Genista tinctoria L. Dyer's greenweed. Range: 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub ; flowers June— July ; introduced from Europe but naturalized in the region indicated ; free from insects and disease ; propagation is by seed. Geobalanus oblongifolius, see Chrysobalanus oWongifolius. Glabraria geniculata (Walt.) Britt. Pond spice. Litsea geniculata (Walt.) B. and H. Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large, much-branched shrub ; flowers March-April. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Waterlocust. Range: 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A large tree ; flowers in July ; sometimes forms large thickets in comparatively deep water ; rarely attacked by insect pests ; wood somewhat used for fence posts ; propagation is by seed stratified and soaked in hot water before sowing in spring. Gleditsia texana, see Gleditsia triacanthos. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honeylocust. Range : 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available September-February. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 15 Gaultheria shallon: A, Effective stabilization of sand on the Oregon coast accomplished by a dense ground cover of salal. B, A near view of the fruit borne abundantly by the salal plants in A. These fruits are relished by man as well as by wildlife. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 16 B A, Ilex longipes. The fruit of this holly is produced in great abundance and is undoubtedly of some wild- life value. B, I. opaca. Fruiting branches of this dense-foliaged species find a ready market at Christ- mas time. The berries are relished by many kinds of birds. C, I. vomitoria. Yaupon in the sandy soil of northern Florida. Its fruit, relished by birds and produced in great quantity, should assure it an important place in wildlife plantings. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 137 A large thorny tree; flowers May-July; foliage sparse; usually occurs on alluvial soils; very resistant to drought; somewhat tolerant of salinity; root system deep, widespreading or superficial ; rapid growing, rather long-lived ; wind-firm; free from disease and insects; badly injured by fire; widely culti- vated ; root nodules not formed ; coppices freely ; grows in many kinds of soils ; wood very durable, used commercially ; easily transplanted ; propagation is by seeds stratified and soaked in hot water before sowing in spring; about 3,000 seeds per pound, germination 73-90 percent, about 1,000 usable plants per pound of seed. A probable hybrid between this and G. aquatica has been de- scribed as G. texana Sarg. There is a thornless variety (var. inermis Pursh.) Stomach records: Bobwhite, starling. Observations: White-tailed deer, snow- shoe hare, cottontail rabbit, gray squirrel. Fruit greedily eaten by cattle. Glossopetalon mionandrum, see Forsellesia mionandrum. Glossopetalon nevadense, see Forsellesia spinescens. Glossopetalon pungens, see Forsellesia pungens. Glossopetalon spinescens, see Forsellesia spinescens. Gordonia lasianthus (L.) Ellis. loblolly bay. Range: 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers in July ; short-lived. Grayia brandegei Gray. Spineless hop-sage. Range : 9. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub. Considered a valuable winter forage for livestock. Grayia polygaloides, see Grayia spinosa. Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Moq. Spiny hop-sage. G. polygaloides Hook, and Arn., Chenopodium spinosum Hook. Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene, available July-August. A small, much-branched, spinose, stiff, monoecious or dioecious shrub ; flowers April-May ; may occur on alkaline soil. Observations: Somewhat eaten in dry seasons by Oregon jack rabbit. Browsed by livestock and considered good forage for sheep and cattle. Grossularia amara, see Ribes amarum. Grossularia binominata, see Ribes binominatum. Grossularia californica, see Ribes californicum. Grossularia cognata, see Ribes cognatum. Grossularia curvata, see Ribes curvatum. Grossularia cynosbatii, see Ribes cynosbatii. Grossularia divaricata, see Ribes divaricatum. Grossularia hesperia, see Ribes hesperium. Grossularia hirtella, see Ribes hirtellum. Grossularia inermis, see Ribes inerme. Grossularia irrigua, see Ribes irriguum. Grossularia lasianthum, see Ribes leptanthum. Grossularia leptantha, see Ribes leptanthum. Grossularia lobbii, see Ribes lobbii. Grossularia marshallii, see Ribes marshallii. Grossularia menziesii, see Ribes menziesii. Grossularia missouriensis, see Ribes missouriense. Grossularia nivea, see Ribes niveum. Grossularia oxyacanthoides, see Ribes oxyacanthoides. 138 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Grossularia parish!!, see Ribes divaricatum. Grossularia pinetorum, see Ribes pinetorum. Grossularia quercetorum, see Ribes quercetorum. Grossularia roezlii, see Rites roezlii. Grossularia rotundifolia, see Ribes rotundifolium. Grossularia sericea, see Ribes sericeum. Grossularia setosa, see Ribes setosum. Grossularia speciosa, see Riles speciosum. Grossularia velutina, see Ribes velutinum. Grossularia victoris, see Ribes victoris. Grossularia watsoniana, see Ribes watsonianum. Guiacum angustifolium, see Porlieria augustifolia. Gutierrezia linearis Rydb. Turpentine weed. Range: 15, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub ; flowers July-September. Gutierrezia longifolia Greene. Turpentine weed. Range : 9, 11, 13, 14, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub ; flowers in August. Gyminda grisebachii, see Gyminda latifolia. Gyminda latifolia Sw. False boxwood. hirsuta. Karwinskia spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Antelope jack rabbit (?), gray-sided Jack rabbit (?). Karwinskia glandulosa, see Karwinskia humboldtiana. Karwinskia humboldtiana (Roem. and Schult.) Zucc. Coyotillo. K. parvifoUa, Rose, K. glandulosa Zucc., Rhamnus humboldtiana Roem. and Schult., R. maculata Sesse. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry; available in October, commonly persistent. A small to large shrub ; easily transplanted by root divisions. Seeds of this species are highly toxic to all domestic animals as well as children ; leaves only slightly so ; the flesh of the berry is apparently not as poisonous. Karwinskia parvifolia, see KaricinsJcia humboldtiana. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Koeberlinia spinosa Zucc. Allthorn. Range : 11, 16, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry, available in September. A small to large shrub, or rarely, a small to large tree ; much branched, almost leafless; flowers May-June; extremely spiny; difficult to transplant; thicket forming. Observations: Scaled quail, jack rabbit. Krameria spp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. Krameria canescens, see Krameria grayi. Kraraeria glandulosa (MacBr.) Rose and Paint. Range ratany. K. parvifolia glandulosa MacBr. Range: 10, 11, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small, much-branched, somewhat trailing shrub ; flowers July-August and October-November ; occurs in the hottest and driest parts of gravelly mesas ; seed abundantly produced. A valuable forage for stock ; grazing assists in spreading the burlike fruits. Krameria grayi Rose and Paint. Chacate. K . canescens Gray, not Willd. Range : 10, 11, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small, thorny, spreading shrub ; densely and intricately branched ; occurs on sandy and rocky soils; parasitic on roots of various associated woody plants. Krameria parvifolia Benth. Pima ratany. Range: 10, 11, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small, rigid, often spinose shrub ; parasitic on the roots of Parkinsonia microphylla. Krameria ramosissima (Gray) Wats. K. parvifolia ramosissima Gray. Range : 11, 17. Site: Sun. Fruit: Pod. A small, spiny, rigid, much-branched shrub ; flowers April-May. Kraunhia frutescens, see Wisteria frutescens. Kraunhia macrostachya, see Wisteria macrostachya. Kunzia glandulosa, see Purshia glandulosa. Kunzia tridentata, see Purshia tridentata. Lantana aculeata, see Lantana camara. Lantana camara L. Lantana. L. aculeata L. Range: 10, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small to large, thorny shrub; occurs only on sandy soils; resistant to drought ; apparently long-lived ; the Arizona locality appears to be one where the plant was introduced not by man but by birds ; very showy, much cultivated. Considered poisonous to sheep and cattle but shunned by them. Lantana involucrata L. White-flowered lantana. L. velutina Mart, and Gal., L. odorata berlandieri Torr. Range: 17, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, much-branched shrub with willowlike stems ; occurs in sandy and other soils. 152 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Lantana lippioides, see Lippia geminata. Lantana macropoda Torr. Range : 11, 17, 20. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A small shrub. Lantana velutina, see Lantana involucrata. Larix spp. Larches. Dioecious, deciduous trees, nine of which are known, three occurring in North America ; propagation is by seed sown in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, in- cluding ruffed grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records): Five species of birds, including Franklin grouse; Olympic black bear ; rarely cut for building material, not food, by beaver. Larix americana, see Larix laricina. Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack. L. americana Michx. Range : 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature the autumn of the first season, seeds shed during fall and winter, cones persistent 1 or 2 years longer. A large tree ; root system shallow and spreading on wet sites, deeper on drier sites ; rapid growing until 35 to 45 years old, then slower on ordinary sites, or on poor sites generally slow growing; intolerant of shade; not fire resistant; susceptible to the attacks of the larch sawfly ; very old trees produce less seed and irregularly ; 90,000 seeds per pound ; wood hard, of importance commercially ; quite intolerant of drier soils. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse and northern sharp-tailed grouse. Observations: Eight species of birds, including spruce grouse, northern sharp-tailed grouse, emergency food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse ; snowshoe hare, porcupine, red squirrel ; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Larix lyallii Parl. Alpine larch. Range: 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; ripens in August of the first season ; seeds shed at once, cones soon falling. A large, long-lived tree ; wood hard, tough, heavy, somewhat used commer- cially. Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Larix occidentalis Nutt. Western larch. Range: 4, 12. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August-September of the first season; seeds soon shed, cones soon falling. A large tree ; rapid growing only in juvenile stages ; long-lived ; grows best in well-drained soils ; intolerant of shade, especially on dry soils ; resistant to fire after the pole stage ; generally free from insects and diseases ; wood very heavy, very durable, and of value commercially ; prolific seeder in good years, but sterile periods often occur for 1 or 2 seasons ; has not been successful as an ornamental in the East; 100,000-150,000 seeds per pound, germination 19-30 percent. Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Larrea, see Covillea. Lasiococcus dumosus, see Gaylussacia dumosa. Lasiococcus mosieri, see Gaylussacia dumosa. Laurocerasus caroliniana, see Prunus caroliniana. Laurus albida, see Sassafras albidum. Lauris geniculata, see Glabraria geniculata. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 153 lavatera assurgentiflora Kellogg. Californea treemallow. Sanviniona assurgentiflora Greene. Range : 5. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Dry carpel. A large shrub ; has been much used in windbreak plantings ; from seed reaches 6 feet in height, and blooms the first year. Leclum buxifolium, see Leiophyllum buxifolium. Ledum columbianum Piper. Range: 1. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers in June ; common in acid bogs. Ledum glandulosum Nutt. Smooth Labrador-tea. Range: 4, 12, 13. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available August-September. A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers May-June ; common in acid bogs. Observations: Mountain beaver. Only slightly toxic to livestock. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Labrador-tea. Range : 4, 12, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule, available in August. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers May— June ; common in acid bogs. Stomach records: Sharp-tailed grouse; composed 1.8 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec. Poisonous to cattle, although a high-ranking summer food for reindeer. Observations: Casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Leiophyllum buxifolium (Berg.) Ell. Box sandmyrtle, Ledum buxifolium Berg., Dendrium buxifolium (Berg.) Desv. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small, widely -branched evergreen shrub ; flowers May-June ; occurs on sand. Leiophyllum hugeri (Small) Sch. Dendrium hugeri Small. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, much-branched evergreen shrub. Leiophyllum lyonii Sweet. Dendrium lyonii (Sweet) Small. Range: 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, copiously-branched evergreen shrub ; usually decumbent and with matted branches. Leitneria floridana Chapm. Corkwood. Range: 20, 25, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Leathery drupe, available May-September. A small shrub to small tree ; flowers March-April ; spreads by suckers ; does well only on peaty soils ; wood lighter than cork. Lepargyrea argentea, see Shepherdia argentea. Lepargyrea canadensis, see Shepherdia canadensis. Lepargyrea rotundifolia, see Shepherdia rotundifolia. Lepidanthus phyllanthoides, see Andrachne phyllanthoides. 154 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE lepisdospartum latisquamum Wats. Broadscale broom. L. striatum Cov. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large shrub. Lepidospartum squamatum Gray. Scalebroom. Linosyris squamata Gray, Tetradymia squamata Gray. Range : 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, rigid, broomlike shrub. Lepidospartum striatum, see Lepidospartum latisquamum. Leucaena greggii Wats. Gregg's lead tree. Ryncholeucaena greggii (Wats.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to small tree. Leucaena pulverulenta (Schlecht.) Benth. Mexican lead tree. Acacia pulverulenta Schlecht. Range : 11, 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. A large tree or becoming a shrub northward; wood occasionally used locally, less commonly commercially ; a rich soil species. Leucaena retusa Benth. Caudoleucaena retusa (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in August. A large shrub to small tree or rarely a large tree ; flowers April-October ; occurs on limestone and other soils. A favorite browse of cattle. Leucophyllum frutescens (Berl.) Johnst. Cenizo. L. texanum Benth. Range : 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; in cultivation. Leucophyllum minor Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, almost prostrate shrub. Leucophyllum texanum, see Leucophyllum frutescens. Leucothoe acuminata (Ait.) Don. Andromeda acuminata Ait. Range : 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub, occurs on acid soils. Leucothoe axillaris (Lam.) Don. Andromeda axillaris Lam. Range: 29,30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers February-April; occurs in acid soils. 155 Leucothoe catesbaei (Walt.) Gray. Andromeda catesbaei Walt. Range : 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers in April ; branches long, spreading or recurved ; occurs on acid soils ; used commercially. Leucothoe davisiae Torr. Blacklaurel. Oreocallis davisiae (Torr.) Small. Range : 1, 4. Site : Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers in June ; occurs on acid soils. 1 to 2 ounces of leaves will kill a sheep. Leucothoe elongata Small. Eubotrys elongata Small. Range: 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub ; occurs in acid swamps. Leucothoe racemosa (L. ) Gray. Eubotrys racemosa (L.) Nutt., Andromeda racemosa L. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, widely-branching shrub ; flowers May-June ; occurs in acid swamps. Poisonous to livestock, especially calves. Leucothoe recurva (Buckl.) Gray. Eubotrys recurva (Buckl.) Britt, Andromeda recurva Buckl. Range: 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers April-May ; occurs in acid soils. Libooedrus decurrens Torr. Incense cedar. Heyderia decurrens (Torr.) Koch. Range : 1, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; ripening August-September, seeds soon shed, cones per- sistent. A large, evergreen, usually dioecious, rarely monoecious tree; root system compact, without a taproot; grows on any soil but adobe and boulder wash; high humidity is not essential for its growth ; slow growing, long-lived ; wind- firm ; somewhat susceptible to diseases and mistletoe ; wood of great importance commercially, very durable ; abundant seed crop produced every 3 years ; 11,000- 17,000 seeds per pound; germination 20-40 , percent ; ornamental and in culti- vation. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer; mountain beaver. Ligustrum spp. Privets. In addition to the species listed below, L. sinense Lour., the Chinese privet, and L. lucidum, the glossy privet, are sometimes spontaneous about towns in the South. Several species, notably those following, have been used success- fully in erosion control in the Piedmont, Atlantic, and Gulf Coastal Plains. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Fourteen species of birds, including bobwhite. Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. California privet. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available in September, persistent A large shrub to small tree ; nearly evergreen southward ; a native of Japan but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated ; much cultivated. 156 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ligustrum vulgare L. Privet. Range : 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available in September, long persistent. A large shrub, nearly evergreen southward ; introduced from Eurasia but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated ; not hardy in North Dakota ; 13,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Robin. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant in southern Michigan. linnaea borealis L. Twinflower. Linnaea borealis amcricana Rehd. Range : 1, 2, 4, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A prostrate, evergreen vine ; flowers June-August ; often forms a good ground cover. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, plains white-tailed deer. Possibly poisonous to livestock. linosyris depressa, see Chrysothamnus depressus. Linosyris parryi, see Chrysothamnus parryi. linosyris pulchella, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. Linosyris squamata, see Lepidospartum squamatum. Linosyris teretifolia, see Chrysothamnus teretifolius. Lippia berlandieri Schauer. Redbush. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub ; root system shallow ; easily transplanted. Lippia geminata H. B. K. L. lantanoides Coult., Lantana lippioides Hook. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub. Lippia lantanoides, see Lippia geminata. Lippia ligustrina Britt. Whitebrush. L. lycioides Steud., Aloysia ligustrina- (Lag.) Small. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A large, sometimes spinescent shrub; easily grown from seed, and easily transplanted. Palatable to livestock, and a good honey plant. Lippia lycioides, see Lippia ligustrina. Lippia wrightii Gray. Range: 9, 10, 11, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small to large shrub ; generally grows among rocks ; under 3,000 feet eleva- tion grows only on northern slopes; from 3,000 to 5,000 feet grows at any aspect ; but over 6,000 feet it is limited to southern exposures. Fair to fairly good local browse for livestock. A good honey plant. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweetgum Range : 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Compound capsule, available September-November ; seeds shed during the winter. A large tree; ordinarily occurs on better soils but able to grow on very poor ones ; flowers April-May ; very rapid growing, rather long-lived ; seriously injured by fire ; free from insects and diseases ; coppices freely ; wood of importance commercially ; about 128,000 seeds per pound, germination 50-75 percent ; somewhat difficult to transplant ; very ornamental and in cultivation. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Stomach records: Twelve species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey. Observations: Thirteen species of birds, including bobwhite; ranks sixteenth in the list of quail food plants of the southeast ; captive marsh rabbits, eastern chipmunk, gray squirrel. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tuliptree. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Samara, available September-November. A large tree ; occurs on a variety of soils ; flowers May-June ; root system deep, wide spreading; not easily transplanted when young; rapid growing when young, later slower ; comparatively long-lived ; seriously injured by fire ; free from insects and diseases ; coppices freely ; wood durable, of importance commercially; a pioneer in gullies, often forming thickets in rapidly gullying ravines ; 12,000-14,000 seeds per pound, germination 2-12 percent, slow. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer, red squirrel. Lithocarpns densiflora (Hook. andArn.) Rehd. Tan oak. Pasania densiflora Orst, Quercus densiflora Hook, and Arn. Range : 1, 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Nut, mature at the end of the second season. A large evergreen tree ; slow growing ; free from insects and fungi ; wind- firm ; much damaged by fire ; stump sprouts abundantly after injury ; very aggressive ; of great importance commercially for tannage ; second season after the bark is stripped a heavy crop of acorns is produced, the tree then dies. Var. echinoides Jeps. is a shrubbier form in region 4. Observations: Redwood chipmunk; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Usually avoided by livestock. Litsea geniculata, see Glabraria geniculata. Lonicera spp. Honeysuckles. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Fourteen species of birds, including bobwhite, Gambel quail, sharp-tailed grouse, and ring-necked pheas- ant; Mono chipmunk, Coeur d'Alene chipmunk, buff-bellied chipmunk. Obser- vations (in addition to specific records) : Six species of birds; moose. Most species are generally unpalatable to stock, although sometimes browsed. Lonicera albiflora Torr. and Gray. L. dumosa Gray. Range: 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available October-November. A small to large, bushy shrub, or occasionally somewhat climbing. Lonicera altissima, see Lonicera oblongifolia. Lonicera arizonica Rehd. Arizona honeysuckle. Range: 11, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A vine. Lonicera caerulea, see Lonicera cauriana and L. villosa. Lonicera canadensis Marsh. American fly-honeysuckle. L. ciliata Muhl., Xylosteon ciliatum (Muhl.) Pursh. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available June-September. A small, straggling shrub ; flowers April-May. Observations: White-tailed deer. Lonicera caprifolium L. Sweet honeysuckle Range : 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A twining vine, or occasionally somewhat shrubby ; introduced from Europe but more or less established in regions indicated; flowers May-June. 158 MISC- PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Lonicera cauriana Fernald. Mountain fly-honeysuckle. L. caerulea of auths., not L. Range : 4, 12, 13. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry, available June-July. A small shrub; flowers April-May. lonicera ciliata, see Lonicera canadensis. Lonicera ciliosa Poir. Honeysuckle, Range: 4, 12, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A twining or procumbent vine; flowers in June. Stomach records: Catbird. Lonicera conjugialis Kellogg. Xylosteon conjugiale Howell. Range: 1, 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A small, much-branched shrub ; flowers in June. Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Blue grouse. Lonicera dioica L. Mountain honeysuckle. Range : 23, 24, 25, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available June-October. A diffuse or twining vine ; flowers May-June ; attacked by green aphis. Lonicera dumosa, see Lonicera albiflora. Lonicera ebractulata, see Lonicera utahensia. Lonicera flava Sims. Yellow honeysuckle. Range : 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A slightly twining vine; flowers April-May. Lonicera flavida Cockerell. Range: 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A trailing or climbing vine. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Douglas honeysuckle. L. dioica glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters, L. hirsuta glaucescens Rydb. Range: 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A twining vine; very similar to L. hirsuta; intergrades with L. dioica. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton. Hairy honeysuckle. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-October. A high-climbing vine ; flowers June-July. Stomach records: Two species of birds. Lonicera hispidula Dougl. Pink honeysuckle. Range: 2, 3, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-February. A climbing vine ; evergreen ; flowers July-August ; several varieties have been described. Of some importance as a honey plant. Lonicera interrupta Benth. Chaparral honeysuckle. Range : 4, 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry, available June-December. A bushy vine or small shrub ; evergreen. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 15Q Observations: Wren-tit; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Not browsed by stock ; reported by stockmen as poisonous. Of some importance as a honey plant. Lonicera involucrata (Richards) Banks. Twinberry honeysuckle. Xylosteon involucrata, Richards, Distegia involucrata (Richards.) Raf., L. ledebouri Esch. Range : 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 26. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A large bushy shrub ; flowers June-July ; suckers very freely and may form patches of considerable size; root system fibrous, shallow, rootstocks also shal- low ; 226,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Four species of birds. Observations: Blue grouse, flowers much used by blue-throated and Rivoli hummingbirds. Only locally browsed by livestock. Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honeysuckle. Nintooa japonica Sweet. Range : 5, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available September-March. A half -evergreen vine ; flowers June-August ; introduced from eastern Asia and well established in regions indicated; extremely aggressive in competition with native plants ; known to have killed trees up 6 inches in diameter ; not necessarily confined to richer, moister woodlands, where it does best ; often con- sidered a troublesome weed, especially in the South; gradually becoming more widespread; many cultivated varieties known, of which var. halliana is most widely naturalized. Stomach records: Five species of birds, Including bobwhite. lonicera ledebouri, see Lonicera involucrata. Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp fly-honeysuckle. L. altissima Jennings, Xylosteon oblongifolia Goldie. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Berry, available May-August. A small to large, somewhat straggling shrub ; flowers May-June. Lonicera prolifera (Booth) Rehd. Grape honeysuckle. L. sullivantii Gray, Caprifolium proliferum Booth. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-October. A vine ; flowers May- June ; very similar to L. dioica; attacked by green aphis. Lonicera sempervirens L. Trumpet honeysuckle. Phenianthus sempervirens (L.) Raf. Range : 11, 20, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September-October. A high-climbing vine ; evergreen ; flowers April-September ; leaves deciduous northward ; in cultivation. Observations: Purple finch. Lonicera subspicata Hook, and Arn. Moronel. Range: 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A climbing or trailing vine or small to large shrub ; evergreen. Observations: California mule deer. Lonicera sullivantii, see Lonicera prolifera. Lonicera utahensis Wats. Utah honeysuckle. L. ebractulata Rydb. Xylosteon utahense (Wats.) Howell. Range : 4, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, shade. Fruit : Berry, available June-August. A small to large shrub ; forms clumps. Locally of some value as browse for livestock. 130186° MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE lonicera villosa (Michx.) Roem. and Schult. Mountain fly-honeysuckle. L. caeirulea. of auths., not L., Xylosteon villosum Michx. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry, available in July. A small, much-branched shrub with ascending branches; generally free from insects and diseases ; may occur on limestone, peat, and other soils. Lotus stipularis (Benth. ) Greene. Hosackia stipularis Benth., H. macrophylla Kellogg, H. balsamifera Kellogg. Range : 1, 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub ; flowers April-July. Lupinus spp. Lupines. These species are claimed to harbor the bean weavil in California. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Richardson's grouse ; moun- tain sheep, black-tailed deer. Observations: Clark's nutcracker. These records apply to herbaceous species also. Lupinus albifrons Benth. Silver lupine. Range: 4, 5. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large shrub or small tree ; evergreen ; flowers March- July ; occurs on sandy or dry loam ; often gregarious ; several varieties known. Lupinus arboreus Sims. Tree lupine. L. propinquus Greene. Range: 1, 5. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large evergreen shrub ; occurs in sandy soil ; flowers April-June ; has been introduced into New Zealand, where it is considered valuable as a cover for shifting sand, being used extensively in dune reclamation ; it is not a sand- binder, but should be used where there is a well-controlled area to the windward ; pod-bearing branches laid on bare dunes will prevent the movement of sand, and seeds later germinate to form a cover. Lupinus austromontanus, see Lupinus excubitus. Lupinus breweri Gray. Mat lupine. Range: 4, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers June-July ; ordinarily occurs in rocky soil ; forms dense, prostrate mats ; season's growth 1 to 6 inches ; several varieties with less seasonal growth are known. Lupinus chamissonis Bsch. Dune lupine. Range : 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers May-June ; occurs in sandy soil ; the species occurs on the most exposed areas in wind-swept blow-outs and often on the crest of sand dunes ; withstands the severest winds, and becomes established where sand is not moving ; root system extensive. Lupinus excubitus Jones. Guard lupine. Range : 4, 5, 10. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A small evergreen shrub ; occurs on gravelly and other soils ; flowers May-June. Var. hallii Sm. (Lr. hallii Abrams, L. paynei Dav.), is larger and coarser. Var. johnstonii Sm., is a lower, subalpine form of dry mountain tops. Var. austro- montanus Sm. (L. austromontanus Heller), is a herbaceous form. Lupinus hallii, see Lupinus ewcuMtus. Lupinus paynei, see Lupinus excubitus. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 19 Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 20 A, Lycium andersonii. The desert-thorns as a group show much promise for erosion control and wildlife plantings in the Southwest. B, L. andersonii. The fruits of most species of Lycium are probably utilized by wildlife much more than available records indicate. C, Lyonothamnus floribundus. A young speci- men of the Catalina ironwood growing in a California garden. Although as yet not commonly planted, this native tree of bushy habit and rapid growth, when supplied with adequate water, may prove valuable. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Lupinus propinquus, see Lupinus arboreus. Lycium spp. The root systems of the species are relatively extensive in comparison with the aerial portions, often extending 25-30 feet from the plants; roots tough and fibrous ; propagation is by seed sown as soon as ripe or by cuttings. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, including Gambel and scaled quail. Observations (in addition to specific rec- ords) : Verdin, Gila woodpecker; Mexican raccoon; important food for birds and desert rodents generally. Lycium andersonii Gray. (pi. 20, A, B). Anderson desert-thorn. Range : 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry, available April-May. A small, spiny, scraggly shrub ; flowers April- June ; profusely branched ; tolerant of alkali ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Attractive to black-chinned hummingbird. Lycium berlandieri Dunal. Range : 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small to large shrub ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Forma parviflorum (Gray) Hitchc., (L. parviflorum Gray) is more robust with numerous leaves and is generally found in the northwestern part of the range. Lycium californicum Nutt. California desert-thorn. Range: 5, 10, 11. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry, available April-October. A small, densely-branched shrub ; occurs on clay or sand ; decumbent or spreading; spiny, and branches much intertwined. Lycium carolinianum Walt. Christmasberry. Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, trailing or somewhat climbing, spiny shrub ; occurs on saline or alkaline soil, sand or limestone. Var. quadrifidum (Moc. and Sesse) Hitchc., (L. quadrifldum Moc. and Sesse), the large-fruited matrimony vine, is more widely distributed and spinier than the species, commoner westward ; grows in sand ; drought resistant ; will grow in standing water ; fruit attractive to waterfowl. Lycium cooperi Gray. Cooper desert-thorn. Range: 9, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small to large, compact shrub ; flowers April-June ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; stout, spiny and densely branched. Lycium exsertum Gray. L. fremontii bigelovii Gray. Range : 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small to large, sparingly-branched, few-spined, rigid shrub ; rapid growing ; nearly evergreen; procumbent branches root; roots well from cuttings; seed produced abundantly. Lycium fremontii Gray. Fremont desert-thorn. L. pallidum fremontii Terac., L. gracilipes Gray. Range: 5, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, freely-branched, somewhat spiny shrub; usually occurs in rather alkaline soil. Browsed by livestock in winter. Lycium gracilipes, see Ltycium fremontii. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Lycium halimifolium Mill. Matrimony-vine. L. vulgare (Ait.) Dunal. Range: 2, 4, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-May. A vine or small to large shrub ; sparingly branched, spreading to recumbent ; spiny or unarmed; introduced and more or less naturalized from Europe in the regions indicated ; in the west sometimes considered a weed. Lycium hassei, see Lycium richii. lycium macrodon Gray. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available March-May. A small to large, much-branched, spreading, spiny shrub ; flowers in February. Lycium pallidum Miers. Pale desert-thorn. Range : 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-August. A small to large, widespreading, thorny shrub; flowers April-May; occurs in sandy and other soils; sprouts readily when cut or broken down; often forms thickets. Locally important and valuable as browse for livestock, especially on winter range. Lycium palmeri, see Lycium richii. Lycium parishii Gray. Parish desert-thorn. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, much-branched, short-spined, rigid shrub. Lycium parviflorum, see Lycium fierlandieri. lycium pringlei, see Lycium richU. lycium puberulum Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in June. A small, spiny, sparingly branched shrub. Lycium quadrifidum, see Lycium carolinianum. Lycium richii Gray. L. palmeri Gray, L. pringlei Gray. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub ; erect or somewhat clambering ; much branched ; sometimes forms dense thickets ; tolerant of saline conditions ; drought re- sistant; tolerant of poor soil. Var. hassei (Greene) Johnst., (L. hassei Greene) occurs in region 5 and is almost unarmed. The species called L. verrucosum Eastw. of the San Nicholas Islands is considered a freak originating from this species. It grows in eroded arroyos. Lycium spencerae, see Prunus fasciculata. Lycium torreyi Gray. Squaw desert-thorn. Range : 9, 10, 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June-September. A small to large thorny shrub; flowers March-June; much branched and spreading; with heavy spines or unarmed. Lycium verrucosum, see Lycium richii. Lycium vulgare, see Lycium haMmifolium. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Lymnobtrya lacustris, see Ribes lacustre. Lymnobotrya montigena, see Ribes montigena. Lymnobotrya parvula, see Riles lacustre. Lyonia ferruginea, see Xolisma fruticosa. Lyonia frondosa, see Xolisma ligustrina. Lyonia ligustrina, see Xolisma ligustrina. lyonia mariana, see Xolisma mariana. lyonida nitida, see Xolisma lucida. Lyonia rigida, see Xolisma ferruginea. Lyonothamnus asplenifolius, see Lyonothamnus floribundus. lyonothamnus floribundus Gray. (pi. 20, C). Catalina iron wood. L. asplenifolius Greene. Range: 5. Site: Dry well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available August-September. A small to large evergreen tree ; flowers June-July ; rapid growing, especially when well supplied with water ; bushy ; drought resistant ; very ornamental and commonly cultivated. Madura aurantiacum, see Madura pomifera. Madura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Osage-orange. M. aurantiacum Nutt., Toxylon pomiferum Raf., loxylon pomiferum Raf. Range : 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Syncarp, available in October. A large, dioecious, much-branched, thorny tree ; wood very strong and dur- able ; much cultivated as a hedge plant and extensively planted throughout the country for that purpose ; a host for the San Jose scale ; not hardy in northern Iowa, Minnesota, and the Dakotas ; a thorny variety is known in cultivation ; propagation is by seed sown in spring after soaking 48 hours; about 12,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Crossbill; fox squirrel; particularly valuable cover plant for small forms of wildlife. Macrosiphouia berlandieri, see Macrosiphonia macrosiphon. Macrosiphonia macrosiphon (Torr.) Heller. M. berlandieri Gray, EcMtes macrosiphon Torr. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small shrub. Magnolia spp. Magnolias. Most species are generally free from insects and diseases ; most grow in acid soil ; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring or sown at once ; usually difficult to transplant. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Five species of birds, including bobwhite. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber magnolia. Tulipastrum acuminatum (L.) Small. Range : 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-October. A large tree ; flowers May-June ; occurs on fertile, not heavy soils, nor dry sand or shale; root system deep, wide spreading, taproot rarely developed; rapid growing, rather short-lived; severely injured by fire and cucumber scale; coppices freely; wood soft, weak, durable, used to some extent commercially; often used as grafting stock for named varieties ; propagation is by seed strati- fied at 32° F., 15 to 20 weeks, and sown in spring; about 3,000 seeds per pound ; easy to transplant. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Magnolia ashei Weath. Ashe magnolia. Range : 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available September-October. A large shrub to large tree ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Magnolia cordata Michx. Yellow-flower magnolia. M. actiminata cordata Sarg., Tulipastrum cordatum Small. Range : 27, 28. 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A large shrub ; or in cultivation, becoming a large tree. Magnolia foetida, see Magnolia gran di flora. Magnolia fraseri Walt. Mountain magnolia. Range: 27, 28. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A large tree ; flowers May-June. Magnolia glauca, see Magnolia virginiana-. Magnolia grandiflora L. (pi. 21, A). Evergreen magnolia. M. foetida (L.) Sarg. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-October. A large evergreen tree ; flowers April-August ; wood weak, not durable, some- what used commercially ; about 2,000 seeds per pound ; easily transplanted, much cultivated. Stomach records: Five species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds, including wild turkey ; gray squirrel, captive marsh rabbit. Magnolia macrophylla Michx. Bigleaf magnolia. Range : 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A large tree ; flowers May-June ; leaves much wind-damaged ; young trees will coppice. Magnolia pyramidata Pursh. Pyramid magnolia. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A small to large tree ; flowers in June. Magnolia tripetala L. Umbrella magnolia. M. umbrella L. Range, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A large, rapid-growing tree; flowers May-June. Magnolia umbrella, see Magnolia tripetala. Magnolia virginiana L. Sweetbay. M. glauca L. Range : 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; flowers May- June; gen- erally occurs near the coast in the southern part of its range; often thicket forming; consistently found on mediacid soil; cultivated to some extent. Mahonia aquifolium, see Berberis aguifolium. Mahonia fascicularis, see Berberis pvnnata. Mahonia fremontii, see Berberis fremontii. Mahonia haematocarpa, see Berberis haematocarpa. Mahonia nervosa, see Berberis nervosa. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 165 Mahonia nevinii, see Berberis nevinii. Mahonia pinnata, see Berberis pinnata. Mahonia pumila, see Berberis pumila. Mahonia repens, see Berberis repens. Mahonia swaseyi, see Berberis swaseyi. Mahonia trifoliolata, see Berberis trifoliolata. Malache lasiopetala, see Pavonia lasiopetala. Malachodendron pentagyna, see Stuartia pentagyna. Malacothamnus davidsonii, see Malvastrum davidsonii. Malacothamnus fasciculatum, see Malvastrum fascictilatum. Malacothamnus nuttallii, see Malvastrum nuttallii. Malosma laurina, see Rhus laurina. Malpighia glabra L. Wild crapemyrtle. Range: 17. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A small to large shrub ; occurs on sandy soil ; fruit edible. Malus spp. Propagation of all species is by seed stratified 85 days at 41°-46° F. ; most species grow in neutral soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Eighteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and ring-necked pheasant; composed 14.4 percent of winter food taken by ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States ; opossum, dusky marmot, western skunk, gray fox, red fox; composed 0.03 percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan ; found in 17.4 percent of 130 raccoon stomachs collected in winter in New York ; found in 13 percent of 139 skunk stomachs examined in New York. Observations (in addition to specific records): Three species of birds; emergency food of greater prairie chicken ; woodchuck, red squirrel, snowshoe rabbit, cottontail rabbit, gray fox ; staple food of red fox in times of scarcity ; an important food of raccoon in times of scarcity. % Malus angustifolia Michx. Narrowleaf crab apple. M. sempervirens Desf., Pyrus angustifolia Ait. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available September-October. A large shrub to small or large tree ; partially evergreen southward ; con- sidered by some to be a form of M. coronaria (q. v.). Stomach records: Blue jay. Malus bracteata Rehd. Pyrus bracteata Bailey. Range : 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available September-October. A large shrub to small or large tree. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. American crab apple. Pyrus coronaria L. Range : 16, 19, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available September-November. A large shrub to small or large tree ; blooms March-May, forms dense, spiny thickets. Stomach records: Grosbeak, white-tailed deer. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant. Malus diversifolia, see Malus fusca. Malus fragrans, see Malus glaucescens. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Mains fusca (Raf.) Schn. (pi. 21, B). Oregon crab apple. M. rivularis Roem., M. diversifolia (Bong.) Roem., Pyrus fusca Raf., P. diversifolia Bong., P. rivularis Dougl. Range: 1, 2, 4. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Porne, available August-November. A small to large tree ; flowers April-May ; thicket forming ; specimens usually straggling when single. Stomach records: Robin. Observations: Much eaten by Oregon ruffed grouse. Not a first-class browse plant because often, inaccessible on account of thicket- forming tendency but sometimes fair cattle forage. Malus glabrata Rehd. Crab apple. Pyrus glabrata Bailey. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small to large tree. Mains glaucescens Rehd. Dunbar crab apple. M. fra'grans Rehd., Pyrus glaucescens Bailey. Range : 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available in September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers April-May ; commonly clump forming and spiny. Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. Prairie crab apple. Pyrus coronaria ioensis Wood, P. ioensis Caruth. Range : 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available September-October. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers April-May ; several varieties, all occur- ing within the range of the species have been described. Malus lancifolia Rehd. Lanceleaf crab apple. Pyrus lancifolia Bailey. Range: 25, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A large shrub to small, spiny tree. Malus malus, see Malus pumila. Malus platycarpa Rehd. Crab apple. Pyrus platycarpa Bailey. Range: 25, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome. A large shrub to small tree. Malus pumila Mill. Wild apple. M. malus (L.) Britt, M. sylvestris Mill., Pyrus malus L. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Pome, available September-November. A small to large tree, flowers April-May; introduced from Asia, but widely naturalized and easily escaping. Stomach records: Three species of birds; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Obser- vations: Nine species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant and mourning dove; white-tailed deer. Without doubt of extreme importance as a food- producing plant for wildlife. Malus rivularis, see Malus fusca. Malus sempervirens, see Malus angustifolia. Malus soulardii (Bailey) Britt. Soulard crab apple. Pyrus soulardii Bailey. Range : 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES A large shrub to small tree ; presumably a cross between M. ioensis and M. pumila. Malus sylvestris, see Mains pumila. Malva fasciculata, see Malvastrum fasciculatum. Malvastrum spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, but many species are herbaceous. Malvastrum davidsonii Robins. Davidson globemallow. Malacothamnus davidsonii (Robins.) Greene, Sphaeralcea davidsonii (Robins.) Jeps. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Dry carpel. A small to large shrub. Malvastrum fasciculatum (Nutt.) Greene. Bushmallow. M. thurberi Gray, Malva fasciculata Nutt., Malacothamnus fasciculatum, Greene, Sphaeralcea fasciculata (Nutt.) Arthur. Range: 5, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Dry carpel. A large shrub with wandlike branches. Malvastrum gabrielense Munz and Johnst. San Gabriel globemallow. Range : 5. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Dry carpel. A small to large shrub. Malvastrum nuttallii (Abrams) Dav. and Moxl. Nuttall globemallow. Malacothamnus nuttallii Abrams. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Dry carpel. A large shrub. Malvastrum thurberi, see Malvastrum fasciculatum. Malvaviscus drummondii Torr. and Gray. Texas mallow. Range: 17, 20; 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berrylike carpel, available August-September. A large shrub to small tree; usually occurs in sand; fruit edible. Of some value as forage for livestock. Manihot carthaginensis (Jacq.) Muell. M. chlorostica Standl. and Goldm., Jatropha carthaginensis Jacq. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree ; roots fleshy. Manihot chlorostica, see Manihot carthaginensis. Maytenus phyllanthoides Benth. Range: 17, 80, 32. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen. Melia azedarach L. Chinaberry. Range : 17, 20, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available October, falling through the winter. A small to large tree; foliage dense; introduced from India and China and apparently completely naturalized in the regions indicated ; will not stand ex- cessive drought ; free from insects ; rapid growing ; somewhat tolerant of salinity ; much cultivated through the southern part of the country ; fruit pulp is a vermifuge and a repellant of insects. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Robin; western chipmunk. Fermented fruit toxic to pigs. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Melochia tomentosa L. Range: 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Menispermum canadense L. Moonseed Range : 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun shade. Fruit : Drupe, available September-October. A twining or clambering vine ; flowers June-July ; exceptionally fast growing ; spreads by means of suckers; berries poisonous to humans. Livestock seldom, if ever, eat the plant Menispermum lyonii, see Calycocarpum lyonii. Menodora spinescens Gray. Menodora. Range: 4, 9, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small spinose shrub with small leaves. Menziesia ferruginea Sm. Rustyleaf. M. gabella Gray. Range: 1, 4, 12, 23. Site : Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June. Poisonous to livestock when eaten in large quantities. Menziesia glabella, see Menziesia ferruginea. Menziesia glanduliflora, see Phyllodoce glanduliflora. Menziesia pilosa (Michx.) Pers. Minnie-bush. Azalea pilosa Michx. Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June. Microrhamnus ericcides Gray. Javelin brush. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available in May. A small to large, spiny evergreen shrub with minute leaves. Mimosa angustissima, see Acacia angustissima. Mimosa berlandieri, see Mimosa pigra. Mimosa biuncifera Benth. Catclaw. M. proliflca Wats., Mimosopsis biuncifera (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range : 10, 11, 16, 20. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume, available in September. A small, rarely large, thorny shrub. Stomach records: Scaled quail. Observations: Gambel and scaled quail; par- ticularly palatable to captive deer. Fairly good browse for livestock. Mimosa borealis Gray. Catclaw. M. fragrans Gray, M. texana Small, M. borealis texana Gray. Range :< 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, much-branched, spiny, rigid shrub. Browsed by livestock but brittle and apt to be broken down with overgrazing. Mimosa dysocarpa Benth. Velvetpod mimosa. Range: 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume, available in August. A small to large, spiny shrub. Observations: Gambel and scaled quail. Considered fair browse for live- stock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Mimosa emoryana Benth. Range: 11, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit :Legume. A small to large, spiny shrub. Mimosa endlichii, see Mimosa lemmonii. Mimosa farnesiana, see Acacia farnesiana. Mimosa flliculoides, see Acacia angustissima. Mimosa flexuosa Benth. M. Muncifera flexuosa Robins., Mimosopsis flexuosa, (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, much-branched, spiny shrub. Mimosa fragrans, see Mimosa borealis. Mimosa grahamii Gray. Mimosopsis grahamii (Gray) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small to large, spreading or decumbent shrub. Mimosa laxiflora Benth. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, somewhat prickly shrub. Mimosa lemmonii Gray. M. endlichii Harms, Mimosopsis lemmonii (Gray) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Mimosa lindheimeri Gray. M. Muncifera lindheimeri Robins., Mimosopsis lindheimeri (Gray) Britt. and Rose. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, spiny shrub. Mimosa malacophylla Benth. Seneoalia malacophylla (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume, available August-September. A large, spiny, decumbent, or even climbing shrub. Mimosa pigra L. M. berlandieri Gray. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, prickly shrub. Mimosa pringlei Wats. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, densely branched, spiny shrub. Mimosa proliflca, see Mimosa Muncifera. Mimosa texana, see Mimosa borealis. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Mimosa wrightii Gray. Range: 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, spiny shrub. Mimosopsis biuncifera, see Mimosa biuncifera. Mimosopsis flexuosa, see Mimosa flexuosa. Mimosopsis grahamii, see Mimosa grahamii. Mimosopsis lemmonii, see Mimosa lemmonii. Mimosopsis lindheimeri, see Mimosa lindheimeri. Mimulus aridus (Abrams) Grant. Diplacus aridus Abrams. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, decumbent, evergreen shrub. Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis. Bush monkeyflower. Diplacus aurantiacus (Curtis) Jeps. Range : 1, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small, sparingly branched, evergreen shrub; flowers April-September. Palatability to livestock low or negligible. Mimulus flemingii Munz. M. parviflorus (Greene) Grant, Diplacus parviflorus Greene. Range : 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, evergreen shrub ; flowers January-August. Mimulus longiflorus (Nutt.) Grant. Long monkeyflower. Diplacus arachnoides Greene, D. longiflorus Nutt. Range : 5. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, profusely branched shrub. Palatability to livestock low or negligible. Mimulus parviflorus, see Mimulus flemingii. Mimulus puniceus (Nutt.) Steud. Crimson monkeyflower. Diplacus puniceus Nutt. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, freely branched shrub. Palatability to livestock low or negligible. Mitchella repens. L. ^91 Patridgeberry. Range : 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July^October, often persistent throughout the year. An evergreen vine with creeping, matted, rooting stems; flowers April-June and often again in autumn. Stomach records: Nine species of birds including ruffed grouse, bob white, sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken. Observations: Five species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and Canadian spruce grouse; much eaten by raccoon ; frequently eaten by red fox. Mohrodendron carolinum, see Halesia Carolina. Mohrodendron dipterum, see Halesia diptera. Mohrodendron parvifiorum, see Halesia parviflora. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Momisia aculeata, see Celtis iguanaea. Momisia pallida, see Celtis pallida. Morella cerifera, see Myrica cerifera. Mortonia greggii Gray. Range: 17. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A very small, everygreen shrub ; usually occurs on limestone soiL Mortonia scabrella Gray. Range: 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A small, densely branched shrub; usually occurs on limestone soil. Not browsed by livestock. Mortonia sempervirens Gray. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, leafy shrub. Mortonia utahensis (Cov.) Rydb. Mortonia. M. scabrella utahensis Cov. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small, intricately branched shrub. Not browsed by livestock. Moms spp. Mulberries. Members of this genus are attacked by the Texas root rot caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Forty -five species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bobwhite ; opossum, red fox ; composed 19.54 percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-eight species of birds including wild turkey ; cottontail rabbit. Morus alba L. White mulberry. Range : 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Compound drupe, available May-July. A small to large, rapid-growing tree ; a very variable species introduced from China but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated ; some 10 varieties are distinguished in cultivation ; 300,000-350,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Four species of birds. Morus celtidifolia, see Morus microphylla. Morus microphylla Buckl. Texan mulberry. M. celtidifolia of Sarg., not H. B. K. Range : 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Compound drupe, available May-June. A large shrub to small or large tree; usually occurs on limestone soil; thicket-forming; usually dioecious; possibly not distinct from M. celtidifolia, a Mexican species. Observations^ Gambel, scaled, and Mearns quail ; many songbirds ; highly pal- atable the year round to captive deer. Morus nigra L. Black mulberry. Range : 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Compound drupe, available June-August. A small to large tree introduced ultimately from Persia but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; 200,000 seeds per pound. J72 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Moms rubra L. Red mulberry. Range : 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Compound drupe, available May-August. A small to large, rapid-growing tree ; monoecious or dioecious ; root system shallow ; short-lived ; much attacked by insects and fungi ; wood used com- mercially to some extent ; seed generally not very fertile ; grows on various soils ; 200,000 seeds per pound ; a large-fruited and everbearing variety is known. Stomach records: Twenty-one species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: Twenty-one species of birds; much eaten by Carolina fox squirrel; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. Mozinna spathulata, see Jatropha, spathulata. Muscadinia munsoniana, see Vitis munsoniana. Muscadinia rotundifolia, see Vitis rotundifolia. Myrica spp. Propagation of all species is by seed stratified and sown in spring; propa- gation by cuttings is considered difficult; most species grow in acid soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Sixty species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bobwhite. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Hungarian partridge, ring-necked pheasant, white- tailed deer. Myrica asplenifolia L. Sweetfern. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet, available September-October. A small shrub ; often forms very dense colonies, especially on poor, sterile soils, often to the exclusion of other growth ; often a pasture weed ; a pioneer in burned-over areas northward. Observations: Ruffed grouse, prairie sharp-tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. Myrica calif ornica Cham. (pi. 21, C). Pacific waxmyrtle. Range : 1, 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Waxy, nutlike, available July-June. A large shrub to small or large tree ; evergreen ; occurs in sandy soil, salt marshes, or other situations ; produces suckers ; somewhat thicket forming. Stomach records: Five species of birds, including California quail. Myrica carolinensis Mill. Bayberry. Cerothamnus carolinensis (Mill.) Tidest. Range : 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Waxy, nutlike, available June-April or longer. A small to large, almost evergreen shrub ; occurs in sandy, or dry, sterile soil ; 55,500 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Thirty-eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and ring-necked pheasant. Observations: Sixteen species of birds, including bobwhite, ranks with M. cerifera as twentieth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast. (Some of these observations may apply wholly or in part to M. cerifera). Myrica cerifera L. (pi. 22, A). Waxmyrtle. Morella cerifera (L.) Small, Cerothamnus ceriferus (L.) Small. Range : 20, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available August-October. A small to large shrub or rarely a small to large tree ; evergreen ; grows in sandy or sterile, often acid soil. Stomach records: Forty-one species of birds including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and wild turkey. Observations: Six species of birds including bob- white; ranks with M. caroliniana as twentieth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast ; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. ( See also M. caro- linensis.) Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 21 A, Magnolia grandiflora. The fruit of the evergreen magnolia is of particular appeal to wild turkey. The fleshy red drupes, extruded from the conelike structure, are characteristic of magnolias. B, Malus fusca. The Oregon crab apple, ordinarily found in moist soils, may prove of value in stream-bank control. The fruits, though much smaller than those of eastern species, are similarly used by man. C, Myrica cali- fornica. The fruit of the Pacific waxmyrtle will probably be found to occupy the same place in the diet of western birds that the fruits of eastern waxmyrtles do in the diet of eastern birds. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 22 ,TN ••- >\ N " • .- A ^ M i ^ . <% .J&^ , Myrica cerifera. The fruits of this sand-inhabiting shrub have been found in the stomachs of 41 kinds of birds. In sand-dune control, such wildlife use may considerably enhance the value of plantings of the species. B, Oxydendrum arbor eum. The ornamental flowers of the sourwood, of use in honey production, entitle this species to consideration in erosion-control planting along roadsides. (Photograph by Depart- ment of the Interior.) NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 173 Myrica gale L. Sweetgale. Range : 1, 2, 4, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Waxy, nutlike, available August-September. A small to large shrub ; often occurs in acid soil. Observations: Prairie sharp-tailed grouse; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Myrica hartwegii Wats. Sierra sweetbay. Range : 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Waxy, nutlike. A small to large shrub. Myrica inodora Bartr. Cerothamnus inodorus (Bartr.) Small. Range : 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Waxy, nutlike. A large shrub to small or large tree ; evergreen. Myrica pumila (Michx.) Small. Dwarf waxmyrtle. M. cerifera pumila Michx., Cerothamnus pumilus (Michx.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site : Dry, sun, shade. Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available May-October. A small evergreen shrub ; occurs in sandy or acid soils. Observations: Bird stomach records for M. cerifera should be consulted for this species. Negundo aceroides, see Acer negundo. Negundo californicum, see Acer negundo. Negundo interius, see Acer negundo. Negundo negundo, see Acer negundo. Negundo nuttallii, see Acer negundo. Negundo texanum, see Acer negundo. Neillia alternans, see Physocarpus alternans. Neillia capitata, see Physocarpus capitatus. Neillia malvacea, see Physocarpus malvaceus. Neillia opulifolia, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Neltuma glandulosa, see Prosopis chilensis. Neltuma juliflora, see Prosopis chilensis. Neltuma velutina, see Prosopis chilensi-s. Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. . ' Mountain-holly. Illicoides mucronata Britt. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. A small to large shrub; usually occurs in bogs; about 1,600 berries per pound. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, robin. Neopieris mariana, see Xolisma mariana. Neopieris nitida, see Xolisma lucida. Neostyphonia integrifolia, see Rhus integrifolia. Neostyphonia ovata, see Rhus ovata. Neowashingtonia robusta, see Washingtonia robusta. 174 MISC- PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Nephropetalum pringlei Robins, and Greenm. Range: 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Nicotiana glauca Graham. Tree tobacco. Range : 1, 3, 5, 10, 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; introduced from South America, but naturalized in the regions indicated ; foliage sparse, furnishing little soil cover ; a pioneer in eroded areas ; reputed to be poisonous. Observations: Especially attractive to hummingbirds. Nintooa japonica, see Lonicera japonica. Nuttallia cerasiformis, see Osmaronia cerasiformis. Nyssa sp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Red-headed woodpecker. Nyssa aquatica Marsh. Tupelo gum. Range : 25, 29, 30. Site : Moist, shade. Fruit : Drupe, not available in October. A large tree; wood not durable, used commercially to some extent. Stomach records: Ten species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey. Observations: Four species of birds. Nyssa biflora Walt. Swamp black gum. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large tree ; wood of little importance commercially. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey. Nyssa ogeche Marsh. Sour tupelo gum. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-August, persistent until November- December. A large shrub, or more commonly a small to large tree ; very rare and local ; fruits much larger than those of other species, and edible. Stomach records: Opossum. An important source of honey. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Black gum. Range : 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available September-October, persistent until May or falling at once. A large tree; root system deep, widespreading, as well as superficial; resist- ant to fire ; not wind-firm ; coppices after cutting ; wood not durable in soil, used commercially ; without notable insect enemies ; 3,000-4,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Thirty-two species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken ; Louisiana white-tailed deer. Observations: Twenty-four species of birds, including ruffed grouse ; greatly preferred food of wild turkey ; captive marsh rabbit ; favorite food of black bear ; white-tailed deer. Obione confertifolia, see Atriplex confertifolia. Obione hymenelytra, see Atriplex hymenelytra. Obioue lentiformis, see Atriplex lentiformis. Obione polycarpa, see Atriplex polycarpa. Odostemon aquifolius, see Berberis aquifolium. Odostemon dictyotus, see Berberis californicum. Odostemon fascicularis, see Berberis californicum and B. pinnata. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 175 Odostemon fremontii, see Herberts fremontii. Odostemon haematocarpus, see Herberts haematocarpa. Odosteman nervosus, see Berberis nervosa. Odostemon nevinii, see Herberts nevinii. Odostemon nutkanus, see Herberts aquifolium. Odostemon pumilus, see Berberis pumila. Odostemon repens, see Berberis repens. Odostemon trifoliolatus, see Berberis trifoliolata. Odostemon wilcoxii, see Berberis wilcoxii. Olneya tesota Gray. Desert ironwood. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May-June; evergreen; some- what spiny ; foliage rather dense ; 2,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Hooded orioles ; hummingbirds ; much used as roosts by Gambel quail ; bighorn. The species is attacked by a mistletoe (Phoradendron calif ornicum) which produces fruits attractive to many berry-eating birds. Of some value as a forage for livestock. Oplopanax horridum (Small) Miquel. Devilsclub. Fatsia horrida (Small) B. and H., Echinopanax horridum Decne. and Planch., Ricinophyllum horridum (Small) Nels. and MacBr. Range : 1, 2, 4, 12, 13, 24. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July-October. A large, straggling, large-leafed, very thorny shrub ; flowers May-June. Observations: Preferred food of Olympic wapiti. Opulaster alabamensis, see Physocarpus stellatus. Opulaster alternans, see Physocarpus alternans. Opulaster australis, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Opulaster bracteatus, see Physocarpus bracteatus. Opulaster capitatus, see Physocarpus capitatus. Opulaster glabratus, see Physocarpus glabratus. Opulaster intermedius, see Physocarpus stellatus and P. opulifolius. Opulaster monogynus, see Physocarpus monogynus. Opulaster opulifolius, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Opulaster pauciflorus, see Physocarpus malvaceus. Oreocallis davisiae, see Leucothoe davisiae. Osmanthus americanus (L.) Benth. and Hook. Devilwood. Amarolea americana (L.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available in September. Usually a large shrub to small tree or rarely a large tree ; evergreen ; often occurs in sandy soil ; flowers March-April. Osmaronia cerasiformis (Torr. and Gray) Greene. Oso berry. Nuttallii cerasiformis Torr. and Gray. Range : 1, 2, 4. Site : Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July-August. A small to large shrub; flowers March-April; fruit pulp bitter in some regions, sweet in others, but not poisonous. Observations: Greedily eaten by many birds and mammals. Apparently of little value as forage for livestock. 130186° — 39 12 176 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ostrya baileyi Rose. Bailey hophornbeam. Range: 11, 16, 19. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small tree. Ostrya knowltonii Cov. Western hophornbeam. Range : 9, 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A large shrub to small tree. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Koch. Hophornbeam. Range : 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nutlet, available August-October. A small, very slow-growing tree. Var. glandulosa (Spach) Sarg., the more northern form, has been noted to be possibly the same as 0. baileyi. Stomach records: Five species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, ptarmigan ; white-tailed deer ; composed 14.73 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York. Observations: Five species of birds, including ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant ; staple food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec ; white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. Oxycoccus erythrocarpus, see Hugeria erythrocarpa. Oxycoccus macrocarpus, see Vaccinium macrocarpon. Oxycoccus oxycoccus, see Vaccinium oxycoccus. Oxycoccus palustris, see Vaccinium oxycoccus. Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. (pi. 22, B). Sourwood. Andromeda arboreum L. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule, available September-October. A large tree ; flowers June-August ; rarely attacked by insects or diseases ; wood sometimes used locally. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. A good bee plant. Oxytenia acerosa Nutt. Range : 9, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A large shrub, leafless and rushlike, or with leaves ; often occurs on alkaline soil. Not eaten by livestock and considered poisonous to cattle by stockmen. Pachistima canbyi Gray. Cliffgreen. Range: 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers April-May ; occurs on limestone and other soils ; creeping branches root. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Pachistiuia myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. Myrtle boxleaf. Range : 1, 2, 4, 9, 12, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule, available July-September. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers May-July ; densely branched, very leafy ; sometimes nearly prostrate. Stomach records: Richardson's grouse; mountain sheep, black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Occasionally browsed by livestock ; rarely causes live- stock poisoning. Pachysandra procumbens Michx. Pachysandra. Range : 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers April-May ; often occurs on calcareous soil ; forms large clumps by means of rootstocks. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES ^77 Padus alabamensis, see Prunus alabamensis. Padus australis, see Prunus australis. Padus caroliniana, see Prunus caroliniana. Padus cuthbertii, see Prunus cuthbertii. Padus nana, see Prunus virginiana. Padus demissa, see Prunus demissa. Padus eximia, see Prunus eximia. Padus melanocarpa, see Prunus demissa. Padus pumicea, see Prunus virginiana. Padus rufula, see Prunus virens. Padus valida, see Prunus valida. Padus virens, see Prunus virens. Padus virginiana, see Prunus virginiana. Palmerocassia wislizenii, see Cassia wislisenii. Papyrius papyrifera, see Broussonetia, papyrifera. Parkinsonia aculeata L. Horsebean. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to small or large spiny tree ; occurs in rich, sandy soils ; introduced from tropical America ; generally free from pests ; resistant to saline conditions ; often grown for hedges. Of local importance as an emergency fodder for livestock. Parkinsonia, see Cercidium. Parosela arbor escens (Torr.) Heller. Mohave dalea. P. neglecta Parish, Dalea arborescens Torr., Psorodendron arborescens (Torr.) Rydb. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small, spiny shrub with slender branches ; flowers April-May. Parosela argyrea (Gray) Heller. Dalea argyrea Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, stout shrub. Parosela californica, see Parosela fremontii. • Parosela emoryi (Gray) Heller. White dalea, Dalea emoryi Gray, Psorothamnus emoryi (Gray) Rydb. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, densely branched shrub; flowers April-May; occurs on sandy and other soils. Parosela formosa (Torr.) Vail. Feather peabush. Dalea formosa Torr. Range : 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. s^i ' Fruit: Legume. A small, much-branched shrub ; flowers April-October ; very handsome in flower. Observations: Particularly palatable to captive deer. Of little importance as forage for livestock. 178 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Parosela fremontii (Torr.) Vail. Fremont dalea. Dalea fremontii Torr., D. wheeleri Vail, Psorodendron fremontii (Torr.) Rydb. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub ; flowers April-June. Var. saundersii McB., (Dalea saundersii Parish, P. saundersii Abrams), occurs in region 10. Var. johnsonii (Wats.) Jeps., (Dalea johnsonii Wats., P. john- sonii Vail., Dalea amoena Wats., Psorodendron johnsonii Rydb.), is more leafy than the species. Var. calif ornica (Wats.) Jeps., (Dalea calif ornica Wats., P. calif ornica (Wats.) Vail, Psorodendron californicum Rydb.), has also been described. Parosela frutescens (Gray) Vail. Dalea frutescens Gray. Range: 11, 14, 16, 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, very drought-resistant shrub. Somewhat browsed by livestock. Parosela greggii (Gray) Heller. Dalea greggii Gray. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub. Much browsed by livestock. Parosela johnsonii, see Parosela fremontii. Parosela neglecta, see Parosela aroorescens. Parosela polyadenia (Torr.) Heller. Nevada dalea. Dalea polydeni Torr., Psorothamnus polyadenius (Torr.) Rydb., Psoro- thamnus subnudus Rydb. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, stout, intricately-branched, spiny shrub ; flowers May-June ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Farosela sanctae-crucis Rydb. Range : 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub. Parosela saundersii, see Parosela fremontii. Parosela schottii (Torr.) Heller. Mesa dalea. Dalea schottii Torr., Psorodendron schottii (Torr.) Rydb., Psorodendron puberulum Rydb. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: One-seeded legume, available in June. A small to large, slender, densely branched shrub ; flowers in April ; com- monly occurs in gravelly soils ; somewhat spinose. Parosela scoparia (Gray) Heller (pi. 23, A). Dalea scoparfo Gray, Psorothamnus scoparius (Gray) Rydb. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small, broomlike shrub with rigid, slender stems and minute leaves; very drought resistant; occurs on sandy soil and has been recommended for use as a sand-binding plant. Parosela sessilis (Gray) Rydb. Dalea urislizenii sessilis Gray. Range : 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Parosela spinosa (Gray) Heller. Smoketree. Dalea spinosa Gray, Psorodendron spinosum (Gray) Rydb. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers January-July ; leaves few, early decidu- ous; very spiny; fruit produced rarely, very showy in flower. Not eaten by livestock. Parosela thyrsiflora (Gray) Vail. P. soralea humilis Mill., Dalea thyrsiflora Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small shrub. Parosela wheeleri, see Parosela fremontii. Parryella fllifolia Torr. and Gray. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : One-seeded legume. A small, much-branched shrub ; grows in sandy soil. Parthenium incanum H. B. K. Mariola. P. ramosissimum DC. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub ; furnishes a small amount of rubber. New shoots and flower heads sometimes nibbled by livestock. Parthenium ramosissimum, see Parthenium incanum. Parthenocissus spp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Frequently eaten by red fox; much eaten by raccoon in New York. Parthenocissus heptaphylla (Buckl.) Small. P. texana Rehder, Ampelopsis heptaphylla Buckl., Psedera heptaphylla (Buckl.) Greene. Range: 16, 17, 20. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A high-climbing vine ; occurs on rocky or sandy soil ; propagated by cuttings ; easily transplanted. Parthenocissus hirsuta, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Parthenocissus laciniata, see Parthenocissus vitacea. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch, (pi. 25, A). Virginia creeper. Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene, Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Range : 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry available August-February. A high-climbing or trailing vine ; occurs in sand, loam, clay, and other soils ; claimed to remain on fence posts not following the wires when planted along fences ; has been used as a cover on rocky roadsides ; resists grazing well ; 12,000-19,000 seeds per pound. Var. hirsuta (Donn.) Rehder (P. hirsuta (Donn.) Small), is more hairy than the species. Stomach records: Thirty-eight species of birds including ruffed grouse, bob- white, wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken; skunk. Observations: Eleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, wild turkey ; white-tailed deer, eastern chipmunk. . Parthenocissus texana, see Parthenocissus heptaphylla. Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr.) Hitchc. Virginia creeper. P. laciniata Small, Psedera vitacea Greene. Range: 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25,. 27, 28, 29. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-October. 180 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Usually a low and rambling, or rarely a high-climbing, vine; occurs in a variety of soils ; very rapid growing and vigorous ; growth increases with water, but comparatively drought resistant ; claimed not to stay on fence posts but to follow the wires when planted along fences. Observations: Birds especially fond of the berries. Pasania densiflora, see Lithocarpus densiflora. Pavonia lasiopetala Scheele. Pavonia. P. wrightii Gray, Malache lasiopetala, (Scheele) Kuntze. Range : 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; ornamental in cultivation. Apparently has little browse value. Pavonia wrightii, see Pavonia, lasiopetala. Peotis taxifolia, see Chrysactinia mexicana. Pentstemon antirrhinoides Benth. Snapdragon pentstemon. Range : 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, bushy evergreen shrub ; flowers April-May. Var. microphyllus (Gray) Munz and Johnst, occurring in regions 10, 11, and 14, is considered fair browse for sheep and goats in times of scarcity. Pentstemon breviflorus Lindl. Shortflower pentstemon. Range: 4. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub ; forms loose clumps. Locally useful as sheep browse. Pentstemon cordifolius Benth. Heartleaf pentstemon. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, loosely branched shrub ; flowers June-July. Pentstemon lemmonii Gray. Bush beardtongue. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers July-August. Locally valuable as sheep browse. Pentstemon rothrockii Gray. Rothrock pentstemon. Range : 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, loosely branched shrub. Peraphyllum ramosissimum Nutt. Squaw-apple. Range : 4, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July-September. A small to large, intricately branched, rigid shrub; flowers April-May; fruit occasionally not formed owing to late frosts but very abundant when pro- duced ; rarely does well in cultivation. Apparently of some value as sheep and cattle browse, although this is ques- tioned by some authorities. Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay. Tamala borbonia (L.) Raf. Range: 17, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small to large evergreen tree ; flowers April-June ; wood formerly used commercially. Stomach records: Two species of birds. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Persea humilis Nash. Silkbay. Tamala humilis (Nash) Small. Range: 17, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; usually occurs in sandy soil. Persea palustris, see Persea pubescens. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. Swampbay. P. palustris Sarg., Laurus carolinensis pubescens Pursh, Tamala pubescens (Pursh) Small. Range : 20, 28, 29, 30, 31. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in September, long persistent. A small to large evergreen tree ; flowers May-July. Stomach records: Bobwhite, fish crow. Petrophytum acuminatum, see Spiraea caespitosa. Petrophytum caespitosum, see Spiraea caespitosa. Peucephyllum schottii Gray. Pigmy-cedar. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small to large, much-branched, small-leaved shrub. Phenianthus sempervirens, see Lonicera. sempervirens. Philadelphia spp. Mockoranges. Most species are free from insects and diseases, and most occur in neutral soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. Philadelphia argenteus, see Philadelphus microphyllus. Philadelphus argyrocalyx Woot. Mockorange. P. ellipticus Rydb. Range : 9, 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub. Philadelphus californicus, see Philadelphus lewisii. Philadelphus columbianus, see Philadelphus lewisii. Philadelphus confusus, see Philadelphus lewisii. Philadelphus ellipticus, see Philadelphus argyrocalyx. Philadelphus gloriosus, see Philadelphus inodorus. Philadelphus gordonianus, see Philadelphus lewisii. Philadelphus grandiflorus, see Philadelphus inodorus. Philadelphus hirsutus Nutt. Mockorange. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large, straggling shrub ; flowers May-June. Philadelphus inodorus L. Mockorange. Range : 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers May-June. Var. grandiflorus (Willd.) Gray, (P. grandiflorus Willd., P. gloriosus Beadle) has larger flowers and occurs within range of the species. EMladelphus intectus, see Philadelphus pubescens. 182 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Philadelphia lewisii Pursh. Mockorange. P. confusus Piper. Range : 4, 6, 7, 8, 12. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers May-August. Var. calif ornicus Gray, (P. calif ornicus Benth.) occurs in region 4, Var. gordonianus Jeps. (P. gordonianus Lindl., P. columbianus Koehne.) occurs in regions 1, 2, and 4. Observations: Foliage browsed by deer in California; seed eaten by quail and squirrels. Philadelphus mearnsii Evans. Mockorange. Range: 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Philadelphus microphyllus Gray. Mockorange. P. argenteus Rydb. Range : 4, 11, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers June-August. Observations: Mexican bighorn. Philadelphus occidentalis Nels. Mockorange. Range: 9, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers July-August, very floriferous and f ragant. Philadelphus pubescens Loisel. Mockorange. Range: 25, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers June-July. Var. intectus Moore, (P. intectus Beadle) occurs in region 25. Philadelphus pumilus, see Philadelphu» serpyllifolius. Philadelphus serpyllifolius Gray. Mockorange. P. pumilus Rydb. Range : 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, straggling shrub; branches commonly bent down at their ends. Photinia arbutifolia Lindl. (pi. 23, J5). Christmasberry. Heteromeles arbutifolia Roem. H. salici folia (Presl. ) Abrams. Range: 3, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Berrylike pome, available October-February. A large, bushy shrub to small or rarely large tree ; evergreen ; foliage dense ; somewhat tolerant of saline conditions ; not inflammable ; crown sprouts vigor- ously after a fire or when cut ; a pioneer on eroded land ; extensively used for Christmas greens. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including California quail; raccoon. Observations: Seven species of birds, including band-tailed pigeon; of slight importance as browse for mule deer; much eaten by birds generally. Phyllodoce spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. Phyllodoce hreweri (Gray) Heller. Red heather. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers July-August. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 23 A, Parosela scoparia, a species which may prove of value on sandy soil. The foliage, such as it is, is fully developed in this specimen. B, Photinia arbutifolia. The toyon is one of the more important shrubs in California for soil- and wildlife-conservation plantings. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 24 lndJTte t^.t quaking aspen is someti . It is NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Phyllodoce caerulea (L.) Bab. Mountainheath. Andromeda caerulea L., Bryanthus taxifolius Gray. Range: 26. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers July-August. Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) Don. Red heather. Range : 1, 4, 12, 13. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers July-August. Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook) Cov. Yellow heather. Menziesia glanduliflora Hook. Range : 1, 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, tufted, matted evergreen shrub. Physocarpus spp. Most species are free from insects and diseases ; most occur in neutral soil ; propagation of all species is much easier by cuttings than by seed. Physocarpus alternans (Jones) Ho well. Neillia alternans Jones, Opulaster alternans (Jones) Heller. Range: 10 (at high elevations), 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large, densely branched shrub ; flowers June-August. Physocarpus australis, see Physocarpus opulifoUus. Physocarpus hracteatus (Rydb.) Rehd. Opulaster bracteatus Rybd. Range: 13. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub ; flowers June-July. Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze. Ninehark. Opulaster capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze, Neillia capitata Greene. Range : 1, 2, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist sun, shade. Fruit: Follicle. A large, often gregarious shrub ; flowers April-July. Physocarpus glabratus (Rydb.) Rehd. Opulaster glabratus Rydb. Range: 13. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, very floriferous shrub ; flowers June-July. Physocarpus intermedius, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Physocarpus malvaceus Kuntze. Mallow ninebark. P. pauciflorus Piper, Spiraea pauciflora Nutt, Neillia malvacea Greene. Range: 4, 7, 12, 13. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-July ; root system comparatively shallow ; rhizomes long. Considered fairly good browse for sheep, goats, and occasionally cattle. Physocarpus michiganensis, see Physocarpus opulifoUus. Physocarpus missouriensis, see Physocarpus opulifoUus. 184 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Physocarpus monogynus (Torr. ) Coult. P. torreyi Maxim., Opulaster monogynus (Torr.) Kuntze. Range : 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small shrub ; flowers May-July. Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Ninebark. P. australis (Rydb.) Rehd., P. michiganensis Daniels, Spiraea opuUfolia L., Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze, 0. pauciflorus (Torr. and Gray) Heller, Neillia opuUfolia Brew, and Wats. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Follicle, available September-October. A large shrub ; flowers June- July ; 1,600,000 seeds per pound. Var. intermedius (Rydb.) Robins., (P. intermedium Schneid., 0. intermedius Rydb., P. missouriensis Daniels) occurs also in regions 15, 16, 18, and 19. Stomach records: Three species of birds Physocarpus pauciflorus see Physocarpus malvaceus. Physocarpus stellatus (Rydb.) Rehd. Opulaster stellatus Rydb., Opulaster alabamensis Rydb., Opulaster inter- medius Small, not Rydb. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub ; flowers May- June. Physocarpus torreyi, see Physocarpus monogynus. Picea spp. Spruces. Evergreen, monoecious trees with cones maturing in a single season ; important timber trees and unsurpassed as producers of paper pulp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, Hungarian partridge, ring-necked pheasant ; porcu- pine, black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Fifteen species of birds, including spruce, ruffed, Franklin, and dusky grouse ; much eaten by Cascade squirrel ; Sierra chickaree, Richardson's squirrel, Townsend's chipmunk, Allen's chipmunk, Digger squirrel, Fremont pine squirrel, spruce squirrel, Olympic black bear, Arizona porcupine ; rarely cut for building material, not food, by beaver. Picea alba, see Picea australis and P. canadensis. Picea albertiana Brown. Western white spruce. P. gl-auca albertiana (Brown) Rehd. Range: 4, 12, 15 (Black Hills). Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large evergreen tree. Picea amabilis, see Abies amabilis. Picea australis Small. Southern spruce. P. alba Chapm. Range: 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large evergreen tree. Picea breweriana Wats. Weeping spruce. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; ripe in early fall, seed shed September-October, cones soon falling. A large evergreen tree ; slow growing ; wood of no importance commercially ; has proven unsatisfactory in cultivation ; very local in distribution ; good seed years every 2 or 3 years. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OP THE UNITED STATES Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. White spruce. P. glauca (Moench.) Voss., P. alba Link. Range : 12, 15 (Black Hills), 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; seeds shed in September, cones soon falling. A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow and spreading ; wood of great importance commercially ; seed produced locally every year but heavy seed pro- duction occurs at intervals of 5 to 8 years ; vitality of seed persistent ; 130,000- 230,000 seeds per pound. Ten horticultural varieties are in cultivation; long- lived. Stomach records: Crossbill ; mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer. Observa- tions: Eight species of birds ; porcupine, red squirrel, moose ; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm. Engelmann spruce. P. parryana Sarg. Range : 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August, seeds shed by October, cones falling by spring. A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow ; growth fair on dry soil ; long- lived ; wood much used commercially ; 0.5 pound of seed per bushel of cones, 69,000-376,000 seeds per pound; germination 34-68 percent; seeds produced in quantity locally about every 3 years ; seed vitality persistent, as much as 30-50 percent after 5 years when properly stored. Stomach record: Three species of birds, including dusky grouse; black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Red squirrel, porcupine, bighorn. Picea glauca, see Picea canadensis. Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. Black spruce. P. mariana brevifolia Rehd. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August, persistent many years. A large evergreen tree ; commonly most abundant on acid soils ; root system shallow and widespreading ; slow growing ; somewhat damaged by insects and fungi ; wood of little importance commercially ; seeds produced abundantly at irregular intervals ; 540,000 seeds per pound, vitality persistent ; prostrate branches often root. Stomach records: Blue heron, crossbill. Observations: Seven species of birds; snowshoe hare, porcupine. Picea parryana, see Picea engelmannii and P. pungens. Picea pungens Engelm. Blue spruce. P. parryana (Andre) Parry. Range : 9, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; available in August, seeds shed in September, most cones persistent until the following autumn. A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow in wet soils ; deeper in dry soils ; long-lived ; wood of least value commercially of the spruces ; abundant seed crops produced every 2 or 3 years ; 80,000-130,000 seeds per pound, germination 48-77 percent, vitality long persistent ; brilliant color of forms (as Koster spruce) gradually lost with age. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds. Picea rubens, see Picea rubra. Picea rubra Link. Red spruce. P. rubens Sarg. Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; available in September, most seeds falling by late fall, a few the following spring. 186 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow and superficial ; slow growing, especially when young; often attacked by bark beetles, much wind and frost damaged ; rarely injured by fire ; wood of great importance commercially ; 130,000-140,000 seeds per pound, abundantly produced at intervals of 6 to 8 years, germination 50-75 percent. Observations: Much eaten by red squirrel. Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka spruce. Range: 1. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; available in September, seeds soon shed, cones soon fall- ing. A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow in moist soil, much deeper in drier ones ; seedlings, but not mature trees, are tolerant of shade ; wood much used commercially ; about 260,000 seeds per pound, germination 40 percent ; abundant seed crops every 2 or 3 years ; seeds with persistent vitality ; seedlings sensitive to frost. Stomach records: Bufflehead; stone caribou. Observations: Much eaten by Douglas' squirrel. Pickeringia montana Nutt. Chaparral pea. Xylothermia montana (Nutt.) Greene. Range : 4, 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small to large, densely branched, spiny, evergreen shrub, flowering May- June ; fruits sparingly produced ; crown sprouts after fire ; uncovered roots will sprout ; nodules resembling those of Ceanothus occur on the roots in very large clusters. Var. tomentosa (Abrams) Johnst. is a hairy form. Observations: California mule deer. Picrothamnus desertomm, see Artemisia spinescens. Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. Mountain fetter-bush. Andromeda floribunda Pursh. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub with dense foliage ; usually occurs on acid soil ; flowers April- June ; 1,250,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Pieris mariana, see Xolisma mariana. Pieris nitida, see Xolisma lucida. Pinckneya pubens Michx. Pevertree. Range: 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule, available September-October. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers May-June ; very rare and local in occurrence. Pinus spp. Pines. Probably the most important genus of timber trees in the world, and the largest of the coniferous group. All are evergreen trees. The cones produced may be from 1 to 24 inches long and the seeds are usually, but not always, winged. Some seeds are shed at once, others require up to three seasons to mature. About 70 species are known in the world, 36 occurring in North America. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Forty-seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, dusky grouse, ring-necked pheasant, Richardson's grouse, and sharp-tailed grouse; mountain sheep, opossum, black- tailed deer, spotted skunk, gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addi- tion to specific records) : Thirty species of birds, including ruffed grouse, band- tailed pigeon, dusky grouse, mourning dove, ring-necked pheasant; ranks third in the list of quail food plants for southeastern United States; an emergency food of pinnated grouse; important food of porcupine; Siskiyou chipmunk, Allen's chipmunk, Merriam's chipmunk, Douglas' squirrel, Cascade squirrel, Richardson's squirrel, Digger squirrel, Arizona gray squirrel, red spruce squir- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 187 rel, rock squirrel, Fremont squirrel, many flying squirrels; Texas plains coyote, New Mexico black bear, Olympic black bear. The five-needled pines are variously restricted by plant-quarantine measures, and movement or planting of stock should be preceded by conferences with State and/or Federal authorities. Certain species, because of their suscepti- bility to Woodgate rust, are prohibited from interstate movement in the State of New York. Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark pine. Apinus albicaulis (Engelm.) Rydb. Range: 1, 4, 12, 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; matures in August-September of the second season, per- sistently closed ; seeds only liberated through the rotting of the cones. A large shrub to small or large tree ; leaves five ; often dwarfed and prostrate, especially in alpine situations ; more tolerant of shade in moist than in dry situations; susceptible to blister rust; wood soft and brittle; 2,800 seeds per pound, germination 20 percent. Observations: Clark's crow; porcupine, bighorn, red squirrel; seeds commonly extracted by squirrels and birds from the cones. Pinus apacheca Lemmon. Apache pine. Range: 11, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; available September-October of the second season, soon falling. A large evergreen tree ; leaves commonly three in a cluster ; taproot well developed in seedling stages ; at first rapid growing, later slower ; intolerant of shade except when very young ; wood hard. Observations: Seeds much eaten by birds and rodents. Pinus aristata Engelm. Bristlecone pine. Range : 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed Sep- tember-October. A large evergreen tree ; five-needled ; often stunted at high elevations ; with- stands prolonged drought in its native habitat ; wood not used commercially ; susceptible to blister rust ; 16,000 seeds per pound, 0.88 pound of seed per bushel of cones ; germination of seed 66 percent. Observations: Seeds much eaten by rodents; porcupine. Pinus arizonica Engelm. Arizona pine. P. ponderosa arizonica Shaw. Range : 11, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone mature August-September of the second season, seeds soon shed, cones soon falling. A large evergreen tree ; commonly five-needled ; intolerant of shade except in seedling stages ; wood of limited use commercially. Pinus attenuata Lemmon. Kuobcone pine. P. tuberculata Gord. Range : 4, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in September of the second season, persistent, closed as long as 30 years, opening when heated. A small to large evergreen tree; three-needled; very resistant to drought in its native habitats ; easily killed by fire ; intolerant of shade ; wood soft ; seeds produced annually abundantly ; seed vitality persistent. Pinus australis Michx. Longleaf pine. P. palustris Mill., in part. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; seeds shed October-November of the second season, cones soon falling. A large evergreen tree ; three-needled ; often occurs in sandy soil ; possesses a massive taproot; very intolerant of shade; does not form dense woods; fairly 188 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE resistant to fire; susceptible to bark beetle damage as well as rot; difficult to transplant ; a timber tree of the first importance, the principal source of rosin and turpentine in the United States. Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: Crossbill ; much eaten by Carolina fox squirrel and other squirrels. Pinus balfouriana Murr. Foxtail pine. Range : 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed in September, cones soon falling. A small to large evergreen tree ; five-needled ; endures extreme drought in its native habitat ; intolerant of shade ; wood soft, of little importance commer- cially ; susceptible to blister rust Observations: Porcupine; much eaten by birds and rodents; of slight impor- tance as browse for mule deer. Pinus banksiana Lam. Jack pine. P. divaricata (Ait.) Du Mont. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist (rare), sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in September of the second season, seeds shed irregularly over several years ; cones persistent 12 to 25 years. A large evergreen tree ; two-needled ; often occurs in sandy or rocky soil ; at first rapid growing, later slower ; intolerant of shade ; except for the attacks of Peridermium cerebrum, generally free from most conifer diseases ; has been successfully established in the sand-hill section of western Nebraska ; wood de- cays rapidly in the soil, much used commercially ; 105,000-164,000 seeds per pound, germination 54 percent. Stomach records: One species of bird. Observations: Porcupine. Pinus brachyptera Engelm. Rocky mountain yellow pine. P. ponderosa scopulorum Engelm., P. scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon. Range : 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed in September, cones soon falling. A very large evergreen tree ; three-needled ; forms a long taproot in seedling stages but laterals form later ; grows on almost any kind of soil ; rapid growing especially in juvenile stages ; very intolerant of shade ; resistant to fire ; suscep- tible to red rot in pure stands and much attacked by insects ; wood not durable in the soil, of great importance commercially ; 10,000-20,000 seeds per pound, germination 37-61 percent, about 5,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Richardson's grouse, mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer. Observations: Five species of birds ; white-tailed squir- rel, Richardson's pine squirrel, Abert's squirrel, tassel-eared squirrel, spruce squirrel, Say's ground squirrel, chestnut-mantled ground squirrel. Records of utilization of P. ponderosa Douglas may apply partially to this species. Pinus caribaea Morel. Slash pine. P. heterophylla (Ell.) Sudw. Range : 30, 31, 32. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in October, seeds shed the following spring. A large evergreen tree ; two- to three-needled ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; rapid growing ; subject to red heart or red rot especially northward ; wood hard, strong, tough, durable, of value commercially ; susceptible to Woodgate rust ; 15,500 seeds per pound, germination 36-85 percent. Pinus cembroides Zucc. Mexican pinon. Range : 11, 14, 16, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; ripe in September, seeds shed by October, cones soon falling. A small or rarely large, bushy, evergreen tree ; commonly three-needled ; slow growing ; intolerant of shade ; wood used for fuel ; only the scales in the middle of the cone bear seeds ; 1,500 seeds per pound, vitality transient. Observations: Thick-billed parrot; birds and rodents. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Pinus chihuahuana, see Pinus leiophylla. Pinus clausa (Engelm.) Vasey. Sand pine. Range: 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; persistent, closed for 3 or 4 years. A large evergreen tree ; occurs commonly on poor sandy scil ; wood of some importance locally for lumber ; 74,000 seeds per pound. Pinus contorta Loud. Shore pine. Range: 1. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature August-September of the second season; seeds shed at once or over a period of years ; cones long, persistent. A large shrub to commonly a small, or rarely, a large tree ; two-needled ; commonly occurs on sandy soil ; close to the sea often forms dense, impenetrable thickets; 40,000-280,000 seeds per pound. Var. bolanderi Vasey is a canelike dwarf 2 to 5 feet high, with very small cones. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus coulteri Don. Coulter pine. Range : 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August of the second season ; seeds shed from October onward ; cones persistent 5 or 6 years. A large evergreen tree ; three-needled ; slow growing ; wood rarely used except for fuel ; 1,250 seeds per pound ; vitality transient. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus divaricata, see Pinus banksiana. Pinus echinata Mill. Shortleaf pine. P. mitis Michx. Range : 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season; persistent 2 or more years after ripening. A large evergreen tree; commonly two-needled; occurs in sandy and other soils ; forms a long taproot as a seedling and additional strong laterals later ; grows poorly on lime or too rich soils ; crowded out by loblolly pine on moist soils ; growth rate at first rapid, later slower ; fairly free from fungus and insect pests ; fairly resistant to fire ; stump sprouts but sprouts seldom develop mer- chantable trees ; wood hard, resinous, much used commercially ; 41,000-84,000 seeds per pound ; germination 30-90 percent. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Pine siskin, crossbill. Pinus edulis Engelm. Pinon. P. cembroides edulis Voss., Caryopitys edulis (Engelm.) Small. Range : 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature August-September ; seeds shed September-October, cones soon falling. A small to large evergreen tree; two- or sometimes three-needled; very re- sistant to drought in its natural habitat ; very slow growing ; wood soft, decaying rapidly ; locally used for fuel and fence posts ; 1,700 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including Mearn's quail. Observa- tions: Seven species8 of birds, including Merriam turkey,6 thick-billed parrot; porcupine, Hopi chipmunk,5 Magdalena chipmunk,6 cliff chipmunk,6 rock squirrel,5 New Mexico black bear, antelope ground squirrel,6 mule deer ; e much eaten by birds and mammals. Seeds eaten by livestock, especially goats. Pinus flexilis James. limber pine. Apinus flexilis (James) Rydb. Range : 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September, seeds shed by the end of October, cones soon falling. e These records may refer to other species of pifion pines as well, since the animals were stated merely to be eating pifion nuts. 19Q MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large evergreen tree ; five-needled ; adapted to many kinds of soil ; seedlings form large taproots; difficult to transplant; very intolerant of shade; sus- ceptible to blister rust; most seed is produced by trees in open stands at low altitudes ; long-lived ; wood soft, of value commercially ; 5,400-5,600 seeds per pound, germination 36 percent. Stomach records: Two species of birds, including grouse. Observations: Porcupine, spruce squirrel, Fremont squirrel ; much eaten by birds and squirrels generally. Pinus glabra Walt. Spruce pine. Range : 29, 30. Site: well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone. A large evergreen tree ; two-needled ; growth remarkably rapid ; wood soft, of some value commercially ; 77,500 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Bobwhite, squirrel. Pinus heterophylla, see P. caribaea. ' Pinus jeffreyi Murr. Jeffrey pine. P. ponderosa jeffreyi Vasey. Range : 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large evergreen tree; three-needled; appears to intergrade with P. pon- derosa; tolerant of shade in early stages, later intolerant ; produces seed pro- lifically; wood of great commercial value; 3,100-3,300 seeds per pound; seeds from large cones complete their germination 2 weeks before seeds from small cones. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including quail and Mount Pinos grouse. Observations: Clark's nutcracker; Columbian gray squirrel, Sierra chickaree, Tahoe chipmunk, Allen's chipmunk ; commonly much eaten by birds and rodents ; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar pine. Range: 1, 4, 10. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; ripe in August of the second season, seeds shed in October, cones falling the following year. A very large evergreen tree ; largest of all pines ; flve-needled ; susceptible to blister rust ; very intolerant of shade except in the seedling stage ; wood soft, of high commercial value ; 2,300 seeds per pound, germination 65 percent. Observations: Porcupine, Columbian gray fox, Sierra chickaree, Allen's chip- munk, long-eared chipmunk, California gray squirrel; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus lasiocarpa, see Abies lasiocarpa. Pinus leiophylla Schlecht. and Cham. Chihuahua pine. P. chihuahuana Engelm., P. leiophylla chihuahuana Shaw. Range: 11, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in September of the third season, often persistent closed 5 or more years. A large evergreen tree ; commonly three-needled ; intolerant of shade ; wood of importance commercially but only a small supply is known. Observations: Much eaten by thick-billed parrots. Pinus mitis, see Pinus echinata. Pinus monophylla Torr. and Frem. Singleleaf pinon. P. cembroides monophylla Voss., Caryopitys monophylla (Torr. and Frem.) Rydb. Range : 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed in September. A small to large, flat-topped evergreen tree ; commonly one-needled ; very local in occurrence; endures extreme drought in its native habitat; very slow grow- ing; intolerant of shade; wood much used for fuel locally; 1,200 seeds per pound. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Seeds of great value gen- erally for wildlife ; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Seeds are much used as food by Indians, and commonly eaten by livestock. Pinus monticola Dougl. Western white pine. Strobus monticola, (Dougl.) Rydb. Range : 1, 4, 12. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season, seeds soon shed, cones soon falling. A large evergreen tree ; five-needled ; seedlings with a large taproot, difficult to transplant ; somewhat tolerant of shade in early stages, later intolerant ; susceptible to blister rust ; wood of great commercial value ; most seed is pro- duced by the dominant and codominant crown classes of trees ; 14,000-29,000 seeds per pound, germination 18--14 percent ; largest cones produce the best- quality seeds; in pure stands 2*£ to 5 pounds of viable seed is produced per acre, in moderately good seed years ; trees 70 to 100 years old produce a larger quantity of viable seed than older trees; seeds first borne by trees from 40 to 60 years of age ; long-lived. Observations: Say's chipmunk, porcupine; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus muricata Don. Bishop pine. Range: 1, 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August of the second season, persistent closed for many years. A large evergreen tree ; two-needled ; grows especially wel^ in water-soaked sand but thrives also in dry soil ; fairly tolerant of shade ; an aggressive species ; adaptable to many difficult positions ; wood of value commercially ; 18,000-60,000 seeds per pound. Pinus murrayana Balf. Lodgepole pine. P. contorta, murrayana (Balf.) Engelm., P. contorta latifolia Wats. Range : 2, 4, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature August-September of the second season, seeds shed at once or over a period of years. A small to large evergreen tree ; two-needled ; intolerant of shade ; easily killed by fire ; comparatively free from fungi ; not wind-firm ; root system shallow, or deep on well-drained, deep soil ; susceptible to sunscald ; 76,000-110,000 seeds per pound, germination 63 percent. Stomach records: Sierra grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds, including Franklin grouse ; porcupine, Sierra chickaree, Fremont pine squirrel, red squirrel, Yosemite cony ; western chipmunk ; an im- portant browse of deer and elk in the northern Rocky Mountains. Pinus palustris, see also Pinus australis. Pinus palustris Mill. Swamp pine. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Cone. A large evergreen tree ; two-needled ; grows particularly well near the sea ; 4,000-8,000 seeds per pound, germination 46-87 percent. See P. australis for what has heretofor been known as the longleaf pine. Pinus parryana Engelm. Parry pinon. P. cembroides parryana Voss., P. quadrifolia Parry. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripe in August of the second season, seeds shed before the middle of September. A small to large evergreen tree ; commonly four-needled ; slow growing ; some- what tolerant of shade in the early stages ; wood without commercial value. Observations: Seeds much eaten by birds and squirrels. Pinus ponderosa Laws. Western yellow pine. Range : 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripe August-September of the second season, seeds soon shed, cones soon falling. 130186°— 39 13 192 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large evergreen tree; three-needled; wood of great commercial value. Stomach records: Seven species of birds including California quail. Observa- tions: Four species of birds including sooty grouse; porcupine, Columbian gray squirrel, Sierra chickaree, California gray squirrel ; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. (Records of utilization of this species may apply partially to P. brachyptera.) Pinus pungens Lam. Mountain pine. Range : 25, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; seeds shed in autumn of the second season or within 2 or 3 years, cones persistent 18 to 20 years but seeds often sterile with age. A large evergreen tree ; two-needled ; rather slow growing ; intolerant of shade ; bears seed when 5 years old ; often occurs on dry, gravelly slopes but grows also in moist clay ; aggressive in old fields ; 40,500 seeds per pound, germination 60-90 percent. Pinus quadrifolia, see Pinus parryana. Pinus radiata Don. Monterey pine. Range: 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August of the second season, persistent closed 6 to 10 years, opening when heated. A large, often flat-topped evergreen tree ; three-needled ; occurs naturally in only a few scattered colonies ; short-lived in arid situations ; does not thrive in wet soils ; rapid growing ; somewhat tolerant of shade ; prolific annual seeder; wood little used because scarce; humus from the species accumulates rapidly ; tolerant of saline conditions ; 20,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Two species of birds. Finus remorata Mason. Santa Cruz Island pine. P. radiata ~bvnata Lemmon. Range : 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large evergreen tree : two-needled. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red pine. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; ripe in September, seeds soon shed, cones falling the next spring. A large evergreen tree ; two-needled ; rapid growing ; intolerant of shade ; withstands severe cold and drought ; resistant to fire ; much more resistant to insects and diseases than white pine ; rarely seeds abundantly ; typical of, but not restricted to sandy soils; prunes itself early in close stands; wood not durable in soil, much used commercially ; 30,000-69,000 seeds per pound, ger- mination 50^-87 percent ; easily transplanted. Stomach records: One species of bird. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch pine. Range: 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature the second season, opening slowly, persistent several years. A large evergreen tree ; three-needled ; grows in dry, rocky, sandy, and other sterile soils ; coppices when cut ; rapid growing when established ; extremely resistant to fire ; wood somewhat used commercially ; 35,000-73,000 seeds per pound, germination 70 percent. Stomach records: Three species of birds including ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Seven species of birds; a preferred food of red squirrels. Pinus sabiniana Dougl. Digger pine. Range: 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in September of the second season, seeds shed during several years, cones persistent several years longer. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 1Q3 A large evergreen tree; three-needled; rapid growing, especially in moist soil; extremely drought resistant; scarcely resistant to nre; seedlings, but not older trees, tolerant of shade; susceptible to fungus attack; wood of little commercial value, easily decaying; vitality of seeds transient. Observations: California gray squirrel; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus scopulorum, see Pinus brachyptera. Pinus serotina Michx. Pond pine. P. riffida serotina (Michx.) Loud. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Cone ; some open, some remain closed after maturity. A large evergreen tree; commonly three-needled; rapid growing; intolerant of shade; wood heavy, resinous; 56,000 seeds per pound, germination 70-90 percent. Stomach records: Bob white. Pinus strobiformis Engelm. Mexican white pine. Range: 11, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in September, seeds completely shed by the middle of October. A large evergreen tree ; five-needled ; susceptible to blister rust ; seedlings endure moderate shade ; wood little used commercially ; most seed produced at middle elevations; 2,700 seeds per pound. Observations: Much eaten by birds and squirrels. Pinus strobus L. Northern white pine. Strobus iveymouthiana, Opiz., 8. strobus (L.) Small. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; mature in July of the second season, seeds discharged in September. A large evergreen tree ; five-needled ; root system small, shallow ; successful on sandy soils ; commonly attacked by white-pine weevil and blister rust ; wood of great importance commercially ; numerous varieties distinguished in cul- tivation ; 25,000 seeds per pound, germination 67 percent. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including bobwhite ; white-tailed deer. Observations: Eight species of birds; a preferred food of red squirrel; moose, snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit, casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Finus taeda L. Loblolly pine. Range : 19, 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Cone ; opens slowly, seeds shed in late fall and winter, cones persist a year longer. A large evergreen tree; three-needled; seedlings with a long taproot, older trees with a spreading root system; not commonly found on heavy clay or highly siliceous soils; rapid growing; tolerant of shade in earlier stages, later much less so; susceptible to diseases and insects; wood not durable, valuable commercially ; invades and reforests abandoned fields very rapidly ; 13,000— 55,000 seeds per pound, germination 25-80 percent. Stomach records: Eight species of birds, including bobwhite. Pinus torreyana Carr. Torrey pine. Range: 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August of the third season, some seed shed in September, the rest remaining in the cone for several years. A small to large evergreen tree ; five-needled ; often low, crooked, and sprawl- ing in exposed situations ; apparently intolerant of shade ; wood of no impor- tance commercially because scarce; slow growing; 657 seeds. per pound, prolific annual seeder ; the rarest and with the most restricted range of any American pine. Pinus tuberculata, see Pinus attenuata. 194 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Pinus venusta, see Abies venusta. Pinus virginiana Mill. Virginia pine. Range : 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, opening slowly, persistent up to 4 years. A large evergreen tree ; two-needled ; may grow on poor, light, sandy soils, but thrives best on clay, loam, or sandy loam ; slow growing ; intolerant of shade ; damage by insects slight ; not subject to any fungus threatening widespread de- struction ; short-lived ; abundant seeder ; 62,000 seeds per pound, percentage of fertile seeds high ; wood somewhat used commercially. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including bobwhite ; white-tailed deer. Observations: Six species of birds. • Piptolepis phillyreoides, see Forestiera phillyreoides. Pistacia mexicana, see Pistacia texana. Pistacia texana Swingle. P. mexicana- of auths., not H. B. K. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Dry drupe. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; dioecious; leaves semievergreen ; commonly occurs on limestone soils ; as old trunks die new ones sprout from the base ; highly drought resistant ; vigorously recuperative ; highly intolerant of shade ; root system deep-penetrating ; largest trees often stamiuate, smaller ones pistillate ; seed commonly without an embryo when fruit is ripe. Leaves commonly eaten by goats. Pitavia dumosa, see Cneoridium dumosum. Pithecolobium brevifolium Benth. Huajillo. Havardia brevifolia- (Benth.) Small, H. pattens (Benth.) Britt. and Rose, Zygia brevifolia Sudw. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July-August. A small to large spiny evergreen tree ; commonly occurs in rich soils ; thicket forming. Of some importance as winter browse for sheep and goats. Pithecolobium flexicaule (Benth.) Coult. Texas-ebony. Acacia flexicaulis Benth., Siderocarpos flexicaulis (Benth.) Small, Zygia flexicaulis Sudw., Ebenopsis flexicaulis (Benth.) Britt. and Rose, Samanea flexicaulis MacBr. Range : 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume; available in September, pods never shed. A large shrub to large tree ; evergreen ; spiny ; slow growing ; wood very durable ; locally used for fence posts ; very ornamental in bloom ; seeds eaten by natives. Pityothamnus pygmaeus, see Asimina jtygmaea. Pityothamnus angustifolius, see Asimina incana. Pityothamnus incanus, see Asimina incana. Flanera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. Planer-tree. Range: 20, 25, 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Dry, drupe, available April-May. A small to large tree ; fairly rapid growing, short-lived ; wood not used commercially ; somewhat cultivated ; grows on many soils. Stomach records : Four species of birds ; composed 45.5 percent of food of 175 mallard ducks collected October-December in central Louisiana. Obser- vations : Black duck ; ring-neck duck ; considered an important duck food ; squirrels. Platanus sp. Sycamores. Observations (in addition to specific records) : goldfinch, band-tailed pigeon. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. Range : 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Moist, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene; available in October, persistent through the winter. A very large, spreading tree ; root system shallow, wide spreading ; rapid growing, long-lived ; much decayed with age ; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois ; wood of importance commercially ; 100,000-170,000 seeds per pound, germination 5-10 percent, slow. Stomach records: Mallard. Observations: Four species of birds; white- tailed deer ; somewhat eaten by muskrat. Platanus racemosa Nutt. California sycamore. Range: 3, 4, 5. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large tree ; somewhat tolerant of alkali ; trunk commonly leaning, hori- zontal, or even prostrate ; wood not durable. Observations: Goldfinch; California mule deer. Platanus wrightii Wats. Arizona sycamore. Range: 10, 11. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large tree. Pluchea borealis, see Pluchea, sericea. Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Cov. Arrowwood. Polypappus sericeus Nutt., Tessaria borealis DC., Pluchea borealis Gray., Berthelotia sericea Rydb. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Achene. A large, willowlike shrub ; flowers November-June ; often forms dense, pure stands. Observations: California mule deer. Somewhat nibbled by cattle and horses. Poliomintha incana (Torr.) Gray. Hcdeoma incana Torr. Range: 9, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub ; commonly occurs on sandy soil ; will grow on gypsum deposits. Polycodium caesium, see Vaccinium caesium. Polycodium floridanum, see Vaccinium caesium. Polycodium melanocarpum, see Vaccinium melanocarpum. Polycodium neglectum, see Vaccinium neglectum. Polycodium stamineum, see Vaccinium stamineum. Polygala acanthoclada Gray. Thorn polygala. Range : 9, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, spiny, much-branched shrub ; forms densely interwoven mounds. Not eaten by livestock. Polypappus sericeus, see Pluchea sericea. Poncirus trifoliata, see Citrus trifoliata. Popanax, see Aeacia. Popanax schaffneri, see Acacia tortuosa. Popanax tortuosa, see Acacia, tortuosa. Populus spp. Commonly large dioecious trees; occur on neutral soils; ordinarily rapid growing and short-lived ; most cottonwoods appear to be fairly tolerant of salinity, especially P. fremontii. Members of the genus are attacked by the Texas root rot caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Ten species of birds, in- cluding ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, California quail, valley quail, sharp-tailed MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE grouse; composed 12.46 percent of winter food of eastern ruffed grouse in New York, and 8.8 percent of winter food for the entire northeastern United States; mountain sheep. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Twelve species of birds including spruce grouse, Columbian sharp-tailed grouse, staple winter food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse ; staple food of greater prairie chicken, northern sharp-tailed grouse, pinnated, gray, and ruffed grouse; im- portant food of white-tailed deer ; preferred food of snowshoe hare ; porcu- pine ; important food of Pacific coast beaver ; Sonora deer, moose ; cottontail rabbit ; broad-tailed beaver ; staple food of mule deer ; favorite food of beavers, few other trees being cut where these are present. A chief source of propolis. Nearly all western species are palatable to livestock. Populus acuminata Rydb. lanceleaf cottonwood. • Range: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree ; commonly occurs in sandy or rocky soils ; wood used locally. Populus alba L. White poplar. Range : 6, 8, 9, 11, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large tree ; introduced from Eurasia and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated ; much attacked by scale and canker in Indiana ; many varie- ties in cultivation. Populus angulata, see Populus sargentii. Populus angustifolia James. Narrowleaf cottonwood. Range: 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, rapid-growing tree; wood used locally. Populus arizonica Sarg. Arizona cottonwood. P. mexicana of Amer. auths., not Westm. Range : 10, 11, 14. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, rapid-growing, short-lived tree ; wood much used locally. Observations: Beaver. Populus aurea, see Populus tremuloides. Populus balsamifera L. Balsam poplar. P. tacamahaca Mill., P. candicans Michx. Range : 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available May-June. A large tree ; commonly occurs in any wet soil ; root system deep, spreading ; rapid growing, somewhat short-lived ; wood used commercially ; vitality of seeds transient; germination percentage of seeds low. The much planted Carolina poplar is believed to be a hybrid between this and P. nigra L. Stomach records: Stone caribou. Observations: Ruffed grouse. Populus besseyana Dode. Range : 8, 12, 15. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree. Populus candicans, see Populus balsamifera. Populus cercidiphylla, see Populus tremuloides. Populus deltoides Marsh. Eastern cottonwood. P. virginiana Fourq. Range : 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule available May-June. A large tree ; commonly occurs in rich soil ; root system shallow, wide- spreading ; appears to thrive in any moist soil ; very rapid growing, short- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES lived ; easily damaged by fire when young, less so with age ; much attacked by fungi ; easily storm damaged ; fairly wind-firm ; 1,300,000 seeds per pound, germination 60-90 percent, vitality transient; stump sprouts and root sprouts produced ; has been successfully used in checking erosion and in fixation of sand dunes; wood used commercially; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Evening, and rose-breasted grosbeak ; cottontail rabbit. Much browsed by cattle. Populus fremontii Wats. Fremont cottonwood. P. macdougalii Rose. Range : 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree ; commonly occurs in sandy soil ; grows well in saline soils ; rapid growing, short-lived ; wood used locally ; much attacked by mistletoe. Several varieties are described, all occurring within the range of the species. Observations: California mule deer. Populus grandidentata Michx. Largetooth aspen. Range : 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available in May. A small to large tree ; grows in sand, humus or loam ; root system shallow ; very rapid growing, short-lived ; often severely injured by fungi, fire, wind, and insects ; wood iised commercially ; a pioneer in burned and cut-over land ; germi- nation percentage of seeds high, vitality transient. Observations: Cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp cottonwood. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available in May. A large tree ; root system very shallow ; rapid growing, short-lived ; subject to heart rot at maturity ; wood of importance commercially. Populus macdougalii, see Populus fremontii. Populus mexicana, see Populus arizonica. Populus occidentalis, see Populus sargentii. Populus palmeri Sarg. Palmer cottonwood. Range: 16, 20. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree. Populus sargentii Dode. Sargent cottonwood. P. deltoidcs occidentalis Rydb., P. occidentalis (Rydb.) Britt., P. angulata Port, and Coult. Range : 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree ; rapid growing, short-lived ; wood used to some extent locally. Populus tacamahaca, see Populus balsamifera. Populus texana Sarg. Texas cottonwood. Range: 16. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, short-lived, rapid-growing tree. Populus tremuloides Michx. (pi. 24, A, B,}. Quaking aspen. P. aurea Tidest., P. vancouveriana Trel., P. cercidiphylla Britt. Range : 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available May-June. A small to large tree ; occiirs in many soils ; apparently not satisfactory in pure plantations owing to insects and disease ; root system shallow ; will grow in many soils but apparently does best in sandy loam ; very rapid growing, short- lived ; easily and seriously damaged by fire, wind, fungi, and insects ; wood 198 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DBPT. OF AGRICULTURE of importance commercially ; root sprouts formed ; seed vitality transient, much abortive ; generally a transient species invading and quickly occupying burned and logged areas and soon giving way to other species ; the shade of these trees is never dense in spite of the closeness of stands ; frequently supports an under- story of weeds. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse and sharp- tailed grouse ; black-tailed deer, northern white-tailed deer, mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer ; composed 3.2 percent of winter food of northern sharp- tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario. Observations: Highly palatable to captive deer ; pika ; mountain beaver ; white-tailed deer ; important food of snowshoe hare; important browse of moose; important food of Pacific coast and Shasta beaver ; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer ; red squirrel ; the principal food of beaver throughout its range ; black bear, cottontail rabbit, porcupine. Frequently supports understories of weeds and browse highly esteemed by livestock. Very palatable to sheep and goats. Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray. Black cottonwood. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large tree ; commonly occurs in sandy humus or gravel ; root system shallow ; very rapid growing, longest-lived of the poplars although comparatively short- lived; storm-damaged, not wind-firm; wood of importance commercially, espe- cially for pulp; seed with a high percentage germination, vitality transient. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Populus tweedyi Britt. Tweedy cottonwood. Range : 9. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large tree. Populus vaneouveriana, see Populus tremuloides. Populus virginiana, see Populus deltoides. Populus wislizenii (Wats.) Sarg. Valley cottonwood. P. fremontii wislizenii Wats. Range: 11, 17. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy soil; rapid growing in moist situa- tions, slow in intermittently moist situations; short-lived, mud? cultivated throughout New Mexico ; wood used locally, especially for fence posts. Eaten by cattle. Porlieria angustifolia (Engelm.) Gray. Soap-bush. Guiacum angustifolium Engelm. Range : 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; branches rigid, spreading or strag- gling; wood very durable, used locally for fence posts. An important honey plant. Potentilla fruticosa L. Shrubby cinquefoil. Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Range : 4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Achene. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers June-September ; often sprawling ; much branched ; an aggressive species commonly invading pastures in New England, but plowing and close pasturing have successfully checked its spread; some 14 varieties are in cultivation. Observations: Rarely browsed by moose; casually browsed by northern white- tailed deer. Considered inferior forage for cattle, but of importance for sheep and goats in the Southwest. Prinos coriacea, see Ilex coriacea. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Prosopis spp. Mesquites. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Scaled quail, antelope jack rabbit, gray-sided jack rabbit; Texas jack rabbit, Arizona cottontail, Holzner cottontail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Gambel quail, Mexi- can turkey, white-winged dove. Prosopis articulata, see Prosopis chilensis. Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz. Mesquite. P. juliflora (Swartz) DC., P. velutina Woot., P. juliflora, velutma (Woot.) Sarg., P. odorata Torr., P. articulata, Wats., P. glandulosa Torr., P. juli- flora glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell, Neltiima juliftora (Swartz) Raf., N. glandulosa (Torr.) Britt. and Rose, N. velutina (Woot.) Brifct. and Rose. Range : 9, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 25, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Legume ; available September-October, rarely July. A large, spiny shrub to a small or rarely large tree ; adapted to a wide range of soil conditions ; seedling with a taproot but mature plant with a generalized root system ; roots penetrate as much as 60 feet below the surface and 30 feet is common ; little damaged by insects or disease ; much used locally for fuel ; thicket forming ; shrubby in dry areas, larger and treelike in moist places ; wood very hard and durable, often used for fence posts; underground stems enormous, locally an important source of fuel ; commonly attacked by mistletoe ; aggressive, apparently taking possession of grasslands, particularly when they are overgrazed ; nearly impossible to kill by overgrazing ; usually widespreading and lower when heavily grazed. Standley (539) points out that in Mexico so many intergrading forms occur that separation of P. chilensis into three or more species is impossible. He notes that specimens from Peru and Argentina, if labeled from the United States, would be determined by a botanist as P. juliflora. (In an appendix he changes this name to P. chilensis). The variability of the species permits of many different forms, but from studies made by Standley of specimens from many localities, it would seem most useful to consider all forms as one species. Stomach records: Five species of birds including scaled quail and Gambel quail ; Mearn's coyote, northern hooded skunk ; composed 36 percent of food of antelope jack rabbit, and 56 percent of food of Arizona jack rabbit through- out the year in Arizona. Forage value for stock high ; occasionally poisonous to stock if eaten to the exclusion of other forage; seeds pass out of the digestive tract of livestock unharmed, and in this condition are often eaten by birds, especially Gambel quail. An exceptionally good honey plant. Observations: Scaled quail; west- ern white-winged dove; captive porcupine (pods only) ; Texas antelope squirrel; gray-tailed antelope squirrel ; Harris ground squirrel ; gray-spotted ground squirrel ; Rio Grande ground squirrel ; Mexican raccoon ; coyote ; Texas white- tailed deer ; mule deer ; rock squirrel. Far surpasses any other species in both frequency of occurrence and quantity taken in the food of Gambel quail ; the buds and flowers are taken in spring, and in fall and winter seeds are eaten ; these quail often use the rachides of the leaves in nest-building. A host for the mistletoe (Phoradendron calif ornicum) which produces an abundant and almost continuous crop of berries. Phainopeplas, mockingbirds, sage thrashers, robins, and bluebirds depend almost wholly on these berries for food ; they are also eaten by Gambel quail. The Abert towhee, Crissal thrasher, phainopepla, and Lucy warbler commonly breed in the mesquite association. Prosopis cinerascens Gray. Screwbean. Strombocarpa cinerascens Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, spiny shrub. Prosopis glandulosa, see Prosopis chilensis. Prosopis juliflora, see Prosopis chilensis. Prosopis odorata, see Prosopis chilensis. 200 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Prosopis pubescens Benth. Screwpod mesquite. Range : 9, 10, 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July-October. A large shrub to small or large tree; spiny; occurs in sandy loam, gravel, and other soils ; has a tendency to grow in thickets ; wood very durable in con- tact with the soil, of importance locally. Stomach records: Masked bob white, road runner, Gambel quail. Much browsed by livestock, and pods used for fodder. Prosopis velutina, see Prosopis vhilemis. Prtmus spp. Cherries, plums. Trees or shrubs commonly divided into two classes, the cherries and the plums ; most species are in general rather easily damaged by fire ; constant cropping of the twigs leads to much suckering in the plums, which in turn saps the vitality of the root system. Considerable discussion, in print and out, has resulted in causing the genus to be regarded with suspicion, as far as the poisonous qualities of some species are concerned. The statement that leaves in a wilting condition are poisonous is common. This may be a fallacy in view of work done at the New Hamp- shire Agricultural Experiment Station (Dayton, 158). However, parts of the plants contain varying quantities of amygdalin, a glucoside which, with the proper enzyme, yields hydrocyanic acid. The glucoside is present in leaves, bark, and especially in the seed, but never in the fruit pulp. In the eastern chokecherries the young vigorous leaves and tenderest shoots develop most of the cyanogenetic materials, and therefore in that region cattle should not be permitted to graze too early in the season in pastures where cherry is growing and should never be permitted to gorge themselves upon it. Hungry sheep should never be driven along trails lined with cherries. The pits, which are most poisonous, are never eaten by livestock. Birds, rodents, and other mam- mals are fond of the fruits and are considered to be largely responsible for the dissemination of the species. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Sixty-nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, and ring- necked pheasant; composed 8.8 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York, and 9.8 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse for the northeastern United States ; red squirrel, gray eastern chipmunk, red fox, white-tailed deer ; found in 71 skunk stomachs in New York ; composed 6 percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-two species of birds, including band-tailed pigeon, Gambel quail, dusky, gray ruffed, and ruffed grouse, emergency food of northern sharp-tailed grouse ; ranks nineteenth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast ; ring-necked pheasant; coyote, Say chipmunk, opossum, Douglas ground squirrel, raccoon, pica, and red fox, porcupine, Olympic wapiti, Wasatch chipmunk, Siskiyou chipmunk, rock squirrel; New Mexico black bear, Say's ground squirrel. Browse value on sheep and cattle range is considerable, although most species do not resist overgrazing well. Prunus alabamensis Mohr. Alabama cherry. Padus alabamensis Small. Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available September-October. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers in May. Prunus alleghaniensis Porter. Allegheny plum. Range: 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available July-August. A small to large shrub or small tree; flowers in April, commonly straggling; thicket forming; flowers and fruit borne profusely; sprouts readily from in- jured or exposed roots. Prunus americana Marsh, (pi. 25, B). Wild plum. Range : 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available July-October. Misc. t"ub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE: 25 A, Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Along fence rows and as a cover for steep banks, the Virginia creeper should find much use. Its fruits are much sought after, especially by birds. B, Prunus americana. This plum and its close relatives are of outstanding merit in controlling erosion on poor sites. Its value as cover for wildlife is equally great. C, P. maritima. Although a native on sandy soil, the beach plum has been successfully used on poor clay soil. It forms an excellent cover both for soil and wildlife, and produces aa abundant crop of fruit. Misc. Pub. 303. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 26 A, Prunus besseyi. A specimen in a garden where maximum development of the bushy habit indicates possibilities for soil and wildlife-cover planting. B, P. demissa. The fruit of the western ehokecherry is of considerable value for wildlife. In planting it for erosion control care must be taken to guard against possible stock poisoning. C, P. ilicifolia. The ability of the hollyleaf cherry to coppice after killing of its aerial portions enhances its erosion-control value. (Photograph by U. S. Forest Service.) NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 201 A large, spiny shrub to small or rarely large tree ; flowers April-May ; thicket forming ; about 316 named varieties are known, the best-fruited types occurring in the Middle West ; commonly sprouts from the roots to form extensive col- onies ; 800-1,500 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Pine grosbeak. Observations: Prairie sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant ; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits ; much eaten by many kinds of birds. Primus andersonii Gray. Desert peach. Emplectocladus andersonii (Gray) Nels. and Ken., Amygaalus andersonii (Gray) Greene. Range: 4, 9. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit. Drupe. A small to large shrub or small tree ; flowers in May ; thorny, spreading ; occurs on gravelly, sandy, or other soils ; extremely drought resistant ; taproot well developed ; thicket forming. Considered fair to good sheep and goat browse and only slightly inferior for cattle. Prunu's angustif olia Marsh. Cirickasaw plum. P. chicasa Michx. Range : 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available May-August. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers March-April ; somewhat thorny ; densely thicket forming ; commonly occurs in sandy soil ; 800-1,000 seeds per pound. Var. watsonii (Sarg.) Waugh, (P. watsonii Sarg.) is a dwarf occurring in regions 17 and 19. Prunus arkansana, see Prunus mexicana. Prunus australis, see also Prunus mexicana. Prunus australis Beadle. Southern wild cherry. Padus australis Small. Range: 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available July-August. A small to large tree ; flowers in April ; occurs on clay soil. Prunus avium L. Sweet cherry. Range: 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available in July. A small to large tree ; flowers April-May ; introduced from Eurasia and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated ; wood used commercially. Stomach records: Nine species of birds; red squirrel. Prunus besseyi Bailey (pi. 26, A). Western sand chexry. P. prunella Daniels, P. pumila besseyi (Bailey) Waugh. Range : 15, 16, 18, 19, 23. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small, bushy shrub; flowers April-May; more or less prostrate; sprouting from roots but rarely forming thickets ; occurs on sandy and other soils ; 4,000 seeds per pound; fruit produced the second or third year from seed; large- fruited varieties are known. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant. Poisonous to livestock. Prunus borealis, see Prunus nigra. Prunus capollin, see Prunus serotina. Prunus capuli, see Prunus serotma. 202 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Prunus caroliniana Ait. Laurel cherry. P. sempervirens Willd., Laurocerasus caroliniana (Mill.) Roem., Padus caroliniana Mill., Cerasus caroliniana Michx. Range : 20, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, persistent the year round. A large shrub to small or large tree ; evergreen ; flowers February- April ; rapid growing ; thicket forming. Observations: Three species of birds. Leaves poisonous to livestock. Prunus cerasus L. Sour cherry. Range : 22, 25, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available June-July. A small to large tree ; flowers April-May ; introduced from southern Europe and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: Seven species of birds. Prunus chicasa, see Prunus angustifolia. Prunus corymbulosa Rydb. Rocky Mountain red cherry. P. pennsylvanica corymbulosa (Rydb.) Wight, Cerasus trichopetala Greene. Range: 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June ; commonly occurs in stony places. Prunus cuneata, see Prunus susquehanae. Prunus cuthbertii Small. Cuthbert cherry. Padus cuthbertii Small. Range: 28. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-August. A large shrub to small tree. Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Walp. (pi. 26, B). Western chokecherry. P. virginiana demissa Sarg., Cerasus demissa Nutt., Padus demissa Roem. Range : 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21. Site : Dry. well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-October. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers April-May ; thicket forming. Var. melanocarpa Nels. (Padus melanocarpa (Nels.) Shaf., Prunus mclano- carpa (Nels.) Rydb.), the black western chokecherry, occurs with the species; thicket forming ; spreads by rhizomes ; root system shallow with occasional deep-feeding roots ; 3,000-5,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Six species of birds; black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant, sharp-tailed grouse ; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer ; pica ; eaten avidly by many birds. Commonly lightly to moderately browsed by stock ; overgrazing of this species commonly leads to poisoning, notably in the spring; not harmful in the fall. Prunus depressa, see Prunus pumila. Prunus emarginata (Dougl.) Walp. Bitter cherry. Cerasus emarginata Dougl., C. glandulosa Kellogg., C. californica Greene, C. crenulata Greene, C. arida Greene, C. rhamnoides Greene, C. Jcellog- giana Greene, C. padifolia Greene, C. obliqua Greene, C. parvifolia Greene, C. obtusata Greene. Range : 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available May-September. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers April-May; densely thicket forming ; flowers and fruit appear earliest near the Coast. Var. villosa Sudw., (P. mollis Walp., P. emarginata mollis Brew., Cerasus prunifolia Greene, P. prunifolia (Greene) Shaf.), the plumleaf cherry, occurs within the range of the species. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 203 Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse; Mono chip- munk. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; much eaten by Allen's chipmunk; alpine chipmunk. Of most value as stock forage toward the end of the season ; has been frequently claimed to be poisonous, but probably because it has been confused with the chokecherries. Prunus eriogyna Mason. Desert apricot. P. fremontii Wats., Amygdalus fremontii (Wats.) Abrams. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in May. A large, spiny shrub ; flowers February-March ; heat and drought resistant ; germination of seed rapid, from 8 to 10 days after planting. Furnishes a small amount of forage for sheep and goats. Prunus eximia Small. Padus eximia Small. Range: 17. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large tree. Prunus fasciculata Gray. Desert almond. Emplectocladns fasciculatus Torr., Lycium spencerae MacBr., Amygdalus fasciculata, Gray. Range : 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available April-May. A small to large shrub or small tree ; dioecious, thorny ; occurs in gravelly and sandy soil; densely branched; forms dense thickets. Furnishes some browse for sheep and goats. Prunus fremontii, see Prunus eriogyna. Prunus fultonensis, see Prunus mexicana. Prunus glandulosa, see Prunus texana. Prunus gracilis Engelm. and Gray. Oklahoma plum. P. normalis Rydb., P. normalis Small, P. chicasa normalis Torr. and Gray. Range : 16, 22, 25. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available June-August. A small, straggling shrub ; commonly occurs in sandy soil ; thicket forming ; especially susceptible to the black knot f uugus. Prunus havardii (Wight) Mason. Range : 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available in July. A large, rigidly-branched, spinescent shrub. Prunus hookeri, see Prunus texana. Prunus hortulana, see also Prunus munsoniana. Prunus hortulana Bailey. Wild goose plum. Range : 22, 25, 27, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist. Fruit : Drupe, available July-October. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers April-May; commonly occurs in rich soils ; does not produce suckers but often occurs in groves ; fruit pro- duced abundantly ; 34 named varieties are known. Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp. (pi. 26, C). Hollyleaf cherry. Range : 1, 3, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available October-December. A large shrub to small or large tree ; evergreen ; foliage dense and compact. ; flowers March-May ; occurs in sand, loam, clay, and other soils ; clump forming ; 204 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE casts a heavy shade ; coppices vigorously after fire ; tolerant of alkali ; drought resistant ; will withstand considerable abuse in handling ; 240 seeds per pound. Observations: Hairy woodpecker; eaten by songbirds; California mule deer. Prtmus incana, see Prunus pumila. Prunus injucunda, see Prunus mitis. Prunus integrifolia, see Prunus lyonii. Prunus lanata (Sudw.) Mack and Bush. Wild plum. P. americana lanata Sudw., P. palmeri Sarg. Range : 22, 25, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available July-October. A large shrub to small tree; thicket forming, suckering; 16 named varieties known. Prunus lyonii (Eastw.) Sarg. (pi. 27, A). Catalina cherry. P. ilicifolia integrifolia Sudw., P. integrifolia Sarg., not Walp., P. ilicifolia occidentalis Brandeg. Range : 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; evergreen ; flowers March-June ; more robust and rapid growing than P. ilicifolia, even when planted on the mainland ; drought resistant. Observations: Fruit much sought after by birds which commonly eat off the flesh and leave the seed hanging on the bush. Prunus mahaleb L. Mahaleb cherry. Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill. Range : 22, 25, 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in July. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers April-May ; introduced from Europe and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated. Prunus maritima Wang. (pi. 25, C). Beach phim, P. pygmaea Willd., P. sphaerocarpa Michx., P. acuminata Michx., P. sphaerica Willd., P. pubescens Pursh, P. littoralis Bigel., P. pubigera Steud. Range : 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available August-March. A small to large, straggling shrub ; flowers April-May ; lower branches often decumbent or prostrate ; more or less thorny ; occurs only on sandy soils but will grow on clay. Stomach records: Starling. Prunus melanocarpa, see Prunus demissa. Prunus mexicana Wats. Mexican plum. P. australis Muns., P. reticulata Sarg., P. tenuifolia Sarg., P. polyandra Sarg., P. arkansana Sarg. Range : 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September-November. A small to large tree ; flowers in March ; does not sucker or form thickets ; somewhat drought resistant ; occasionally injured by frost ; has been success- fully used as grafting stock ; numerous varieties occur within the range of the species. Var. fultonensis Sarg. (P. fultonensis Sarg.), has fruits which ripen in June. Prunus minutinora Engelm. Texas almond. Cerasus minutiflora (Engelm.) Gray, Amygdalus minutiflora (Engelm.) Wight. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 205 A small to large, intricately-branched, dioecious shrub ; forms dense thickets ; staminate plants much more numerous than pistillate plants in the field ; prob- ably occurs most commonly on limestone soil. Furnishes a small amount of browse for sheep and goats. Prunus mitis Beadle. Georgia sloe. P. injucunda Small, P. umbellata injucunda (Small) Sarg. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available June— August. A large shrub to small tree ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Prunus mollis, see Prunus emarginata and P. nigra. Prunus munsoniana Wight and Hedr. Wild goose plum. P. Jwrtulana Bailey in part, P. hortulana Waugh, not Bailey. Range: 20, 22, 25, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers March-May ; forms dense thickets ; about 67 named varieties are known. Prunus nana, see Prunus virginiana. Prunus nigra Ait. Canada plum. P. mollis Torr., P. borealis Poir., P. americana nigra Waugh, Cerasus borealis Michx., C. nigra, Loisel. Range: 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available August-October. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers in May ; forms root sprouts ; thicket forming ; branches often spinescent ; may occur on limestone soils ; does not break or damage in severe snow and storms; about 20 named varieties are known. Prunus normalis, see Prunus gracilis. Prunus palmeri, see Prunus lanata. Prunus pennsylvanica L.f. Pin cherry. P. perscifolia Desf., P. montana Marsh., P. lanceolata Willd. Range: 13, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-October. A small to large tree ; flowers April-June ; root system shallow ; rapid grow- ing, short-lived ; particularly bushy northward ; thicket forming ; occasionally seriously damaged by the cherry-leaf beetle ; commonly a shrub on poor soils ; occurs on many kinds of soil including sand ; has been used as grafting stock for sour cherry; 8,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Twenty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, ptarmigan, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant and greater prairie chicken ; this and P. serotina composed 2.3 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario ; composed 0.64 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin.; Lyster chipmunk, white-tailed deer; chipmunk. Observations: Five species of birds; an emergency food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse; cottontail rabbit, moose; of importance as food for beaver where Populus is lacking. Poisonous to livestock. Prunus prunella, see Prunus besseyi. Prunus prunifolia, see Prunus emarginata. Prunus pumila L. Sand cherry. P. depressa Pursh, P. incana Schwein., Cerasus canadensis Mill. C. glauca Moench. Range : 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available June-August. A small shrub ; flowers April-May ; spreading and creeping ; commonly pros- trate with growing branches erect ; suckers abundantly produced where stems touch the ground ; occurs commonly in sandy soil ; 4,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Three species of birds; casually browsed by northern white- tailed deer. 206 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Prunus pygma, see Prunus reverchonii. Frunus reverchonii Sarg. P. pyffma. Muns. Hog plum. Range : 16, 20. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available July-September. A small to large shrub; flowers March-April; forms dense thickets; with- stands severe drought ; will grow on limestone soils. Prunus rivularis Scheele. Creek plum. P. texana Scheele, not Dietr. Range: 17, 25, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in June. A large shrub. Prunus rufula, see Prunus virens. Prunus salicif olia, see Prunus serotina. Prunus sempervirens, see Prunus caroliniana. Prunus serotina 6 Ehrh. Black cherry. Range : 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available June-November. A small to large tree ; root system deep ; wind-firm ; much attacked by insects and fungi ; easily injured by fire ; wood of importance commercially ; 4,000-5,000 seeds per pound, germination 70-90 percent. Stomach records: Thirty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and sharp-tailed grouse; composed 0.47 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin ; this and P. pennsylvanica composed 2.3 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario ; white-tailed deer. Observations: Twenty-one species of birds including bob white, ring-necked pheasant ; an important food of red fox ; sixth most important preferred food of white-tailed deer In Massachusetts ; raccoon ; cottontail rabbit ; squirrel ; black bear. The most poisonous species to livestock of all cherries. Prunus subcordata Benth. Pacific plum. P. subcordata Tcelloggli Lemmon. Range : 2, 3, 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub or rarely a small tree ; flowers March-May ; thicket forming ; leaves commonly shed just before fruit is ripe; fruit commonly borne only every 2 years ; in the central portion of its range the fruit often develops into a bladdery structure caused by a fungus; propagates not only by seed but by buds formed on the roots ; occurs in sand, gravel, loam, and other soils. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Heavily browsed by sheep; often killed by overgrazing. Prunus susquehanae Willd. Appalachian cherry. P. cuneata Raf., P. pumila cuneata (Raf.) Bailey. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available July-August. A small shrub ; occurs in sandy and rocky barrens ; roots long and stocky. Stomach records: Prairie chicken. Prunus tarda Sarg. Texan sloe. P. umbellata tarda (Sarg.) Wight. Range: 16, 17, 20, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available October-November. A small to large tree ; flowers in April ; often more or less thorny ; flowers abundantly produced. 6 Var. saUdfolia (H. B. K.) Koehne, (P. salicifolia H. B. K., P. capuli Cav. P. capollin Koehne), is a Mexican species apparently outside the United States. Misc. Pub. 303. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 27 fruits of the variety and of the species, Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Prtmu* virginiana. This thicket-forming, profusely fruiting cherry appears to have great value in i a -Program involving soil and wildlife conservation. Its stock-poisoning character prevents any use of it except i fenced areas. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 207 Prunus tenuif olia, see Prunus mexicana. Prunus texana, see also Prunus rivularis. Prunus texana Dietr. Wild peach. P. fflandulosa (Hook.) Torr. and Gray, P. hookeri Schneid., Amygdalus glandulosa Hook., A. texana (Dietr.) Wight. Range : 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available April-May. A small to large almost evergreen shrub ; somewhat thorny ; found on sand or sandy loam; apparently does not occur on limestone; root system deep; drought resistant. Furnishes a small amount of forage for sheep and goats. Prunus umbellata Elliott. Black sloe. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available July-September. A small tree ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Prunus valida (Woot. and Standl.) Rydb. Padus valida Woot. and Standl. Range: 9, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small tree ; flowers in June. Prunus virens Shreve. Southwestern black cherry. Padus virens Woot. and Staudl. Range : 10, 11, 14. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; more or less evergreen ; flowers in May ; fruit sometimes borne in great profusion ; attempts to use this as grafting stock have been unsuccessful. Var. rufula Sarg. (P. rufula Tidest., Padus rufula Woot. and Standl.) is more pubescent than the species. Observations: Eagerly eaten by bears and other wild animals. Fair to good winter browse for livestock. Prunus virginiana L. (pi. 28). Choke cherry. P. nana (Du Roi) Roem., Padus nana Du Roi, P. virginiana (L.) Mill. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available July-September. A large shrub to small tree ; forms dense thickets by sending out long roots which sprout at intervals; fruit abundantly produced; 3,000-5,000 seeds per pound. Var. pumicea (Woot. and Standl.) Palmer, (Padus pumicea Woot. and Standl.) occurs in regions 11 and 14. Stomach records: 31 species of birds including ruffed grouse, bob-white, ring-necked pheasant, sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken. 06- servations: Fourteen species of birds including bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant, cottontail rabbit, black bear. Prunus watsonii, see Prunus angustifolia. Psedera heptaphylla, see Parthenocissus heptaphylla. Psedera quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Psedera Titacea, see Parthenocissus vitacea. Pseudotsuga spp. Douglas fir. Evergreen, monoecious trees of the greatest importance as timber. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Black-tailed deer. 06- scrvations (in addition to specific records) : Spruce squirrel. 130186°— 39 14 208 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Pseudotsuga douglasii, see Pseudotsuga taxifolia. Pseudotsuga glauca Mayr.T Colorado Douglas fir. P. douglasii glauca Mayr. Range : 9, 11, 13, 14, 16. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone, available September-October. A large evergreen tree ; resistant to winter cold ; susceptible to spring frost ; grows well on dry, sandy soil and moist loamy soil but not clay, gravel or poorly drained sites ; slow growing ; wood much less valuable commercially than that of P. taxifolia; does not pioneer in burns; shorter lived than P. taxifolia. Stomach records: Richardson's grouse; plains white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer, mountain sheep. Observations: Captive sharp-tailed grouse, dusky grouse ; red squirrel, chestnut-mantled ground squirrel, porcupine, bighorn. Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Torr.) Mayr. Bigcone spruce. Range : 4, 5, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August, seeds shed August-September, some cones persistent the year round. A large evergreen tree ; slow growing ; wood not used commercially ; seed vitality low but persistent. Observations: Seeds eaten by rodents and birds. Pseudotsuga mucronata, see Pseudotsuga taxifolia. Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lam.) Britt. Oregon Douglas flr. P. douglasii Carr., P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw., P. douglasii caesia Schwerin. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature September-October, seeds shed at once. A very large evergreen tree ; demands high relative humidity for best growth ; cannot withstand severe cold or drying winds ; grows best on well-drained, sandy loam; absent from poorly drained areas; growth rate rapid; an ex- tremely important timber tree ; often a pioneer in burns ; much larger and longer lived tree than P. glauca. (See footnote under P. glauca.) Var. caesia Schwerin is a form more or less intermediate between this species and P. glauca; it occurs in regions 6, 7, and 12 ; makes no summer growth and is slower growing than the species. Observations: Dusky and Franklin grouse; browsed as a last resort by Olym- pic wapiti; porcupine; much eaten by Douglas squirrel, Sierra chickaree, red spruce squirrel, and Magdalena chipmunk ; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Psilostrophe cooperi (Gray) Greene. Riddelia cooperi Gray. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achenje. A small, clump-forming shrub. 7 The separation of the Rocky Mountain from the western form of the Douglas fir has not commonly been made in this country, but there appears to be such a good basis for this separation, not only ecologically but taxonomically, that it is here made. Reference to Henry and Flood (278) and Frothingham (204) will show the following characteristics to separate the two species: P. taxifolia — (1) Rapid growing; (2) wide crown; (3) produces a second leading shoot in summer and this late growth makes it susceptible to injury by late frosts ; (4) foliage more regularly disposed in two ranks, soft to touch ; (5) leaves thin, under surface flat, no idioblasts present; (6) leaves contain geraniol, and, consequently, smell like pineapple; (7) young cones green to pink, bracts erect; (8) cones 3 to 4 inches long; (9) wood straight, light, durable, excellent timber; (10) torus of bordered pits centrally placed, wood readily permeated by creosote; (11) germination of seed poor; (12) attacked by Uhermes; (13) growth rate twice that of the other species, timber yield 4 to 10 times that of the other; (14) will grow in England but not New England. P. glauca — (1) Less rapid growing; (2) crown narrow, compact, pyramidal; (3) does not produce a second leading shoot, growth completed early in the season, and, consequently, not susceptible to frost ; (4) foliage less regularly disposed in two ranks ; (5) leaves thick, under surface convex, idioblasts present: (6) leaves contain bornyl ace- tate and, consequently, smell like turpentine ; (7) young cones brilliant red, bracts spreading and reflexed ; (8) cones 2 to 3 inches long; (9) wood irregular in structure, strong and durable, rough timber; (10) torus of bordered pits pressed to one side, wood not readily permeated by creosote; (11) germination of seed much better and sooner than the other species; (12) not attacked by Chermes; (13) growth rate about half that of the other species, timber yield much less than that of the other species; (14) will not grow in England, but will grow in New England. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 209 Psorodendron arborescens, see Parosela arborescens. Psorodendron californicum, see Parosela fremontii. Psorodendron fremontii, see Parosela fremontii. Psorodendron johnsonii, see Parosela fremontii. Psorodendron puberulum, see Parosela schottii. Psorodendron schottii, see Parosela schottii. Psorodendron spinosum, see Parosela spinosa. Psorothamnus emoryi, see Parosela emoryi. Psorothamnus polyadenia, see Parosela polyadenia. Psorothamnus scoparius, see Parosela scoparia. Psorothamnus subnudus, see Parosela polyadenia. Ptelea spp. The species of this genus are apparently not well understood at present. The reduction of all to two species is without doubt open to question but since authorities do not agree on what is to be done with the P. trifoliata complex, it is offered here as one species. None is eaten by livestock. Ptelea angustifolia, see Ptelea baldioinii. Ptelea baldwinii Torr. and Gray. California hoptree. P. baldwinii crenulata Jeps., P. crenulata Greene, P. angustifolia Benth. Range : 3, 5, 9, 17. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Samara. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers April-May ; about 7,000 seeds per pound. Ptelea crenulata, see Ptelea Ptelea microcarpa, see Ptelea trifoliata. Ptelea parvifolia, see Helietta, parvifolia. Ptelea rhombifolia, see Ptelea trifoliata. Ptelea serrata, see Ptelea trifoliata. Ptelea tomentosa, see Ptelea trifoliata. Ptelea trifoliata L. Hoptree. P. microcarpa Small, P. tomentoSa Eaf., P. serrata Small, P. rhombifolia Heller. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Samara ; available in September, persistent until spring. A large shrub to small or very rarely a large tree ; flowers in June ; 18,350 seeds per pound. Ptilocalyx greggii Torr. Coldenia greggii Gray. Range : 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small, much-branched shrub. Purshia glandulosa Curran. Antelope brush. Kunzia glandulosa Greene, P. tridentata glandulosa Jbnes. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene, available August-September. A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers April-July. Observations: Eagerly eaten by California mule deer. Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Antelope brush. Kunzia tridentata Spreng. Range : 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Achene, available in August. 210 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A small to large shrub ; flowers May-August. Intricately branched, often many-stemmed ; occurs in clay, sand, and other soils ; root system fairly deep, scarcely spreading. Stomach records: Columbian chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer ; pica, painted chipmunk, sage brush chipmunk ; one of the chief browse plants for deer and antelope. A 'very important browse plant seldom touched by horses but extensively cropped by goats, cattle, and especially sheep ; palatability appears greatest in spring, winter, and late fall. Pyracantha coccinea, see Cotoneaster pyracanlha. Pyrus americana, see Sorbus americana. Pyrus angustifolia, see Mains angustifolia. Pyrus arbutifolia, see Aronia arbutifolia. Pyrus bracteata, see Mains Iracteata. Pyrus coronaria, see Mains coronaria. Pyrus diversifolia, see Mains fusca. Pyrus fusca, see Mains fusca. Pyrus glabrata, see Mains glabrata. Pyrus glaucescens, see Mains glaucescens. Pyrus ioensis, see Mains ioensis. Pyrus lancifolia, see Mains lancifolia. Pyrus mains, see Mains pumila. Pyrus melanocarpa, see Aronia melanocarpa. Pyrus nigra, see Aronia melanocarpa. Pyrus occidentalis, see Sorlus occidentalis. Pyrus platycarpa, see Mains platycarpa. Pyrus rivularis, see Mains fusca. Pyrus sambucifolia, see Sorftus americana. Pyrus sitchensis, see Sorbns americana and S. sitchensis. Pyrus soulardii, see Mains sonlardii. Quercus spp. Oaks. There are two classes of oaks ; the black oak group and the white oak group. The acorns of the white oaks mature in a single season. Those of the black oaks ordinarily take 2 years to mature. It seems possible to insure a consistent crop of acorns by planting oaks of the two groups in mixtures when a con- sistent food supply is assured to wildlife. Where one type may fail to produce seed, the other may supplement. White and black oaks occur in about equal numbers in the eastern United States and in the Mexican Sierras, Cordillera, and tableland. The total number of species of white oaks in the United States amounts to about 54 ; of black oaks 26, and of an intermediate class 4, making a total of approximately 84 species. The timber produced by the white oaks is heavier, harder and more durable than that of the black oaks. Together they produce about half the hardwood lumber of the United States. As a class the oaks are slow growing, long-lived, disease-resistant, very little subject to insect attacks. One thinks immediately of oak galls or oak apples, but these malformations are seldom of sufficient importance to make much difference to the general vigor and health of the species involved. The poisonous properties of oaks should be considered in making any exten- sive plantings of them. It is known that concentrated feeding of stock on oak forage may result in tannic acid poisoning. This is true especially in the spring. However, cattle losses are apt to occur when other forage is scarce, as in the spring, in dry years, and on overgrazed range. Proper management of livestock should preclude any serious effects from the oaks. The best prac- tices would include grazing cattle in summer and fall on oak, not grazing them before grass has had a chance to become lush, and in general, seeing to NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 211 it that there is variety in forage. Chemical analyses show that the leaves are not a balanced ration for livestock and accordingly, they must be supplemented by grass or other feed. The deciduous species are more nutritive than the evergreen, and are more readily eaten by livestock. While most tree oaks are recognized as having timber value, there are many shrubby species that may be profitably utilized for erosion-control planting and wildlife food and cover. These are the species ordinarily classed as scrub oaks. Certain of these are always shrubby, no matter in what site they may be grow- ing. The tree oaks, however, may gradually become reduced in size in moun- tainous or arid regions. So far as known, there are no oaks which can be classed as weeds, although they are occasionally considered to be so in certain localities. Eradication, however, is not difficult Many of the species of scrub oaks are thicket forming and some reproduce by stolons. Their growth is generally vigorous, many are evergreen, and as a group are comparatively fast growing. The ability on the part of scrub oaks to form a dense cover rapidly is one which is well known. Altogether there would appear to be few plants that are more admirably adapted for erosion control, coupled with value to livestock, wild mammals, and birds, than the oaks. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Sixty-three species of birds including ruffed grouse (1 stomach with parts of 24 acorns and many with 10 to 20), bobwhite (36 parts of acorns in 1 stomach), Mearn's q\iail, California quail, Gambel quail, wild turkey, plumed quail, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheas- ant, greater prairie chicken, lesser prairie chicken (50 parts of acorns in 1 stomach), and mourning dove; ground squirrel, armadillo, opossum, black-tailed deer ; Louisiana white-tailed deer, muskrat, raccoon, gray squirrel, eastern chip- munk, black bear, gray fox, white-tailed deer, ring-tailed cat, eastern skunk. Composed 4.5 percent of the entire fall food eaten by prairie chicken in Wiscon- sin ; composed 5.0 percent of the winter food of ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States ; composed 2.3 percent of food of 1,725 mallards. It may be noted here that stomach records show such birds as wrens and sparrows to have taken at least one complete acorn and that the comparatively large size of acorns apparently does not prevent even small birds from eating them. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Forty-nine species of birds including turkeys, ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, doves ; acorns heavily utilized by lesser prairie chicken in the fall, and oak flowers an important food of the same bird in spring in Oklahoma, ranks sixth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast ; Merriam turkey ; preferred fall food of prairie sharp- tailed grouse, ruffed grouse, and pinnated grouse ; Mearn's quail ; an important food of band-tailed pigeons; constituted a larger percentage of food of mule deer in the Kaibab National Forest than any other food ; Columbian black- tailed deer ; Texas white-tailed deer ; red fox ; raccoon, porcupine, Mexican rac- coon, peccary, Virginia opossum, snowshoe hare, New Mexico black bear, Olympic black bear, Townsend's chipmunk, Siskiyou chipmunk, Allen's chip- munk, larger Colorado chipmunk, Arizona chipmunk, gray-footed chipmunk, cliff chipmunk, golden-mantled ground squirrel, chestnut-mantled ground squirrel, Douglas ground squirrel, southwestern chipmunk, little northern chipmunk, pale chipmunk, gray chipmunk ; cut for food and building material in times of scarc- ity by beaver ; Merriam's chipmunk ; Douglas' squirrel, Sierra chickaree, digger squirrel, Abert's squirrel, Arizona gray squirrel, rock squirrel, gray squirrel, Carolina fox squirrel, Couch rock squirrel, black-backed rock squirrel, flying squirrels, California gray squirrel. Without doiabt there is a much greater number of animals, particularly squirrels and chipmunks, than here listed that feed on acorns. That they have not been recorded in the literature is evidence that acorns are so generally accepted as being food for squirrels and chipmunks that many workers have felt it unnecessary to record utilization. ftuercus acuminata, see Quercus tnuhlenbergii, ftuercus agrifolia N4e. California live oak. Range : 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub to large tree ; evergreen ; occurs in sand, loam, gravel, and other soils ; attacked by tent caterpillars ; wood of some value as fuel ; a shrub in dry hills (Var. frutescens Engelm.). Observations: California qua^l ; California mule deer. 212 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Quercus alba L. White oak. Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available September-October. A large tree, or rarely a low shrub with altitude ; root system deep, taproot well developed ; slow growing, very long-lived ; not seriously injured by insects or fungi ; not very fire resistant ; difficult to transplant even as seedling ; wood durable, of great importance commercially ; bark a source of tannin ; fruit borne when trees are 20 to 40 years old ; full crops borne at intervals of 8 to 10 years, but some seed produced almost annually ; 100-150 seeds per pound, germination 75-95 percent ; coppice shorter lived and more tolerant of shade than seed-grown stock. Several varieties have been described, all of which occur within the range of the species. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, bob- white, ruffed grouse, wild turkey ; an important food of white-tailed deer ; cotton- tail rabbit ; forms a considerable proportion of the food of the red squirrel. Quercus alvordiana, see Quercus dumosa. Quercus andromeda, see Quercus virginiana. Quercus annulata, see Quercus breviloba. Quercus aquatica, see Quercus nigra,. Quercus arizonica Sarg. Arizona white oak. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available September-November. A small to large shrub or small tree ; fruit ripens very irregularly ; a small shrub at higher elevations. Observations: Thick-billed parrots; highly palatable to captive deer. Quercus arkansana Sarg. Arkansas oak. Range: 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; biennial. A large tree ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; has been considered a hybrid between Q. nigra, and Q. marilandica. Quercus austrina, see Quercus durandii. Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp white oak. Q. platanoides (La Marck) Sudw. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available September-October. A large tree ; root system somewhat shallow ; free from insects and diseases, fire-damaged especially when young; produces stump sprouts; wood durable, of commercial value ; 90-125 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent. Quercus borealis Michx. f. Northern red oak. Q. rubra of auths., not L. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available October-November. A very large tree ; rapid growing when young, long-lived ; taproot deep ; pro- duces a denser shade than most oaks ; severely injured by fire ; much attacked by borers and subject to fungus attack, especially heart rot ; apparently not drought resistant ; coppices freely when young; wood of great importance com- mercially ; 80-100 seeds per pound, germination 80-05 percent. Var. borealis maxima (Marsh.) Ashe, (Q. maxima Ashe) is a large-fruited form occurring within the range of the species. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Observations: Ruffed grouse: tenth most important food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts ; forms a considerable portion of the food of red squirrels ; cottontail rabbit ; heavily browsed by moose on Isle Royal. Observations: Bobwhite; eaten by white-tailed deer in Missouri, and northern white-tailed deer in Michigan. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 213 ftuercus boyntonii Beadle. Boynton oak. Q. stellata boyntonii (Beadle) Sarg. Range: 27. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large, thicket-forming shrub. ftuercus brayi Small. Bray's oak. Q. muhlenbergii brayi (Small) Sarg. Range: 11,16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large tree. Acorns much sought after by livestock, including domesticated turkeys. ftuercus brevifolia, see Quercus cinerea. Quercus breviloba, see also Quercus durandii. ftuereus breviloba (Torr.) Sarg. Q. obtusifolia breviloba Torr., Q. annulata Buckl. Range: 11,16,20. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. Commonly a large shrub, or a small to large tree ; thicket forming ; occurs on limestone and other soils. Var. laceyi (Small) Trel., (Q. laceyi Small), the Lacey oak, is a particularly rapid-growing form. A valuable browse for livestock. ftuercus breweri, see Quercus garryana. ftuercus californica, see Quercus kelloggii. ftuercus canbyi Trel. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A small to large tree. ftuercus catesbaei, see Quercus laevis. ftuercus chapmanii Sarg. Chapman white oak. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. Commonly a small shrub or a large shrub to large tree ; semievergreen ; occurs in sandy and other soils. ftuercus chisosensis, see Quercus gravesii. ftuercus chrysolepis Liebm. Canyon live oak. Range: 1, 4, 10, 11, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, biennial. A small to large shrub, or small to large tree ; evergreen ; commonly shrubby on exposed sites ; occurs in sand, loam, and other soils ; forms a dense ground cover ; long lived ; stump sprouts abundantly produced, somewhat spiny ; wood of some value commercially ; the most ancient existing American oak ; acorns much attacked by grubs. Observations: California woodpecker; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. ftuercus cinerea Michx. Bluejack oak. Q. brevifolia (Lam.) Sarg. Range : 16, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, biennial, available in November. A small to large tree ; occurs in sand, loam, and other soils ; fruit produced in great profusion. ftuercus coccinea Muench. Scarlet oak. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial, available September-October. 214 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large tree ; root system shallow ; rapid growing, short-lived ; much attacked by dry rot ; coppices produced by young trees only ; wood of importance com- mercially; much cultivated; apparently not drought resistant; 156-400 seeds per pound, germination 75 percent. Var. tuberculata Sarg. has larger acorns and occurs within the range of the species southward. Observations: Bluejay, sharp-tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. Quercus confusa Woot. and Standl. Range: 11, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A small, somewhat evergreen tree. Quercus densiflora, see Lithocarpus den si flora. Quercus digitata, see Quercus rubra. Quercus diversicolor Trel. Netleaf oak. Q. reticulata of auths., not H. B. K. Range: 10, 11, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A small to large shrub or small to large tree ; evergreen. Observations: Thick-billed parrot. Fair summer browse for stock. Quercus douglasii Hook, and Arn. California blue oak. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A small to large tree ; slow growing ; stump sprouts produced ; subject to dry rot ; wood much used locally for fuel ; seed produced abundantly. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Acorns much used for livestock feeding. Quercus dumosa Nutt. California scrub oak. Range : 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small, or rarely large tree ; evergreen ; root system deep, taproot well developed, especially in seedling stages ; commonly occurs in sterile soils ; branches numerous, closely tangled, starting near from the ground ; acorn crop ordinarily light and very uncertain ; grows on all kinds of soils ; killed by severe fires, but if not too severely burned, coppices and within 3 years again produces good cover ; a small tree only on the California islands. Var. macdonaldii (Greene) Jeps., (Q. macdonaldii Greene), the MacDonald oak, is in region 5, and has been claimed to be a hybrid between Q. dumosa and Q. enuelmannii. Var. bullata Engelm. (Q. durata Jeps.), the leather oak, is a spreading, thicket-forming shrub occurring in regions 1 and 5. Var. alvordiana (Eastw.) Jeps. (Q. alvordiana Eastw.) occurs in region 5. Var. turbinella (Greene) Jeps. (Q. turbinella Greene), occurring in regions 5, 9, 11 and 14, is a small to large shrub considered a valuable winter browse plant for livestock. It has been observed to be eaten by Mearns, Gambel, and scaled quail. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Im- portant as a sheep and goat browse but distinctly inferior for cattle. The high tannin content of the plant necessitates careful handling of lambs where it occurs. Quercus durandii Buckl. Durand white oak. Q. breviloba (Torr.) Sarg., in part, Q. sinuata Walt., Q. austrina Small. Range : 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub to large tree ; thicket forming and shrubby westward ; occurs on limestone and other soils. Quercus durata, see Quercus dumosa. Quercus eastwoodiae Rydb. Range: 11, 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub ; not thicket forming. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 215 ftuercus ellipsoidalis Hill. Jack oak. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, biennial. A small to large shrub or small to large tree ; often occurs on clay soils. ftuercus emoryi Torr. Emory oak. Q. hastata Liebm. Range: 10, 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available July-August, or ripening irregularly from June-September. A small to large shrub or small to large tree ; evergreen ; wood somewhat used commercially. Observations: Mearn's Gambel, and scaled quail; Mexican mule deer; Couch rock squirrel ; much eaten by Gila chipmunk ; highly palatable the year round to captive deer. ftuercus engelmannii Greene. Evergreen white oak. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large evergreen tree ; occurs on loam, sand, gravel, and other soils ; wood useful only for fuel. Observations: California mule deer. ftuercus falcata, see Quercus rubra. ftuercus fendleri Liebm. Fendler oak. Q. undulata pedunculata DC. Range : 11, 13, 14, 16. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub ; not thicket forming. Considered fair browse for cattle. ftuercus fusiformis, see Quercus virginiana. ftuercus gambelii, see also Quercus leptophylla. ftuercus gambelii Nutt. Gambel oak. Q. douglasU gambelii DC., Q. undulata gambelii Engelm. Range : 9, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small tree ; resistant to heavy grazing. Observations: Txirkey. When associated with more palatable species, lightly grazed by cattle, sheep and horses; acorns sweet, relished by swine and other stock and with high fattening qualities; of moderately high palatability to goats ; shoots contain 4-10 percent of tannic acid. ftuercus garryana Dougl. Oregon white oak. Range : 1, 2. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub to large tree ; wood durable, valuable commercially. Var. breweri (Engelm.) Jeps. (Q. breweri Engelm., Q. oerstediana Brown), the Brewer oak, is a small to large, spreading shrub occurring in region 4. It is much browsed by Rocky Mountain mule deer and much eaten by stock, the protein content of the foliage being almost equal to that of alfalfa hay. Var. semota Jeps., the Kaweah oak, is a shrub occurring in region 4. Observations: Band-tailed pigeon, Lewis' woodpecker, ring-necked pheasant; bear. ftuercus geminata, see Quercus virginiana. ftuercus georgiana Curtis. Georgia oak. Range: 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A large, rare tree. 216 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Quercus gravesii Sudw. Grave's oak. Q. texana chisosensis Sarg., Q. chisosensis Sarg. Range: 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, biennial. A small to large tree. Quercus grisea Liebm. Gray oak. Range : 11, 14, 16, 17. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub or rarely a small tree ; partially evergreen ; clump forming, bears great quantities of nut galls ; wood useful only for fuel ; very resistant to drought. Observations: Viosca's pigeon, thick-billed parrot ; Sonora deer, Arizona porcu- pine. An important local browse for livestock. Quercus gunnisonii (Torr.) Rydb. Q. alba gunnisonii Torr., Q. gambelii gunnisonii Wenz. Range : 11, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A small to large shrub or small tree. Quercus hastata, see Quercus emoryi. Quercus havardii Rydb. Shinnery oak. Range: 11, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A small shrub ; thicket forming ; grows in sandy soil ; spreads by underground stems, the bulk of the species being underground ; propagation is by separation of the root stocks as well as by acorns. Observations: Bob white, prairie chicken; peccary. The large and sweet acorns are relished by livestock but this species has caused much poisoning. Quercus humilis, see Quercus pumila. Quercus hypolenca Engelm. Whiteleaf oak. Range: 11, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual, although often maturing the second season. A large shrub to small or large tree; semievergreen ; wood used locally. Observations: Thick-billed parrot ; favorite food of the Apache squirrel. Quercus ilicifolia Wang. Bear oak. Q. pumila (Marsh) Sudw., Q. nana Sarg. Range : 22, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn biennial, available September-October. A large shrub to small tree ; thicket forming ; often forms a nearly complete ground cover ; fruit produced very prolifically ; suckers freely ; not evergreen, but dead leaves often persistent through the winter ; often occurs in extremely sterile soils. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Wild turkey; white-tailed deer. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle oak. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available September-October. A large tree ; wood used commercially ; somewhat cultivated ; 450-800 seeds per pound. Observations: Red-headed woodpeckers. Quercus intricata Trel. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A small, intricately branched shrub. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 217 Quercus kelloggii Newb. California black oak. Q. calif omica (Torr.) Cooper. Range : 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A small shrub to large tree ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; root system deep ; slow growing, long-lived ; shrubbier at higher elevations ; wood much used for fuel ; stump sprouts freely produced, of rapid growth, often prostrate ; subject to mistletoe. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Quercus laceyi, see Quercus breviloba. Quercus laevis Walt. Turkey oak. Q. catesbaei Michx. Range : 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A large tree ;_ commonly occurs in sandy soil ; root system deep ; rather rapid growing, generally short-lived ; free from insects and disease. Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel oak. Range : 20, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available September-October. A large tree ; occurs in sand, loam, and other soils ; somewhat cultivated ; 540-690 seeds per pound. Var. rhombica (Sarg.) Trel., (Q. rhombica Sarg., Q. obtusa Ashe) occurs within the range of the species. Quercus leiodermis, see Quercus velutina. Quercus leptophylla Rydb. Rocky Mountain white oak. Q. gambelii Nutt., in part. Range: 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large tree; commonly occurs in groups; wood hard, strong, used for fuel. Quercus lobata Nee. Valley white oak. Range: 3, 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large tree ; ordinarily occurs in richer soils ; rapid growing ; wood of some value commercially ; taproot well developed ; long-lived ; produces very abundant crops of acorns ; weeping trees confined to fertile loam soils. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Quercus lyrata Walt. Overcup oak. Range : 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available September-October. A small to large tree; commonly does not occur on poor soils; root system deep, taproots and deep-seated laterals well-developed ; slow growing, long-lived ; generally free from insects and disease ; resistant to fire ; wood durable, of importance commercially ; 150 seeds per pound, commonly produced abundantly every 3 or 4 years. Young plants browsed by cattle. Quercus macdonaldii, see Quercus dumosa-. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur oak. Range : 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September-October. Rarely a large shrub to small tree, or more commonly a large tree; root system deep, especially on dry sites ; commonly occurs on rich, not poor soils, although often found in sand ; slow growing, long-lived ; not seriously injured by fungi or insects, except rarely June beetles ; more resistant to smoke than most oaks ; wood durable, much used commercially ; 380-400 seeds per pound, germina- tion 60-75 percent, vitality 6 to 12 months. Observations: Wood duck; acorns form a considerable portion of food of red squirrel; white-tailed deer. Young plants browsed by stock. 218 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Quercus margaretta Ashe. Small post oak. Q. stellata margaretta Sarg. Range: 20, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small tree ; occurs on sandy and other soils. Var. stolonifera Ashe forms dense thickets by means of stolons. Quercus marilandica Muench. Blackjack oak. Range : 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available in October. In the north, a large shrub ; in the south, a large tree ; commonly occurs on sand, clay, loam, and other soils ; wood rarely used commercially. Var. ashei Sudw. occurs in regions 19, 20, and 29. Stomach records: Wild turkey; white-tailed deer. Observations: A groatly preferred food of wild turkey, white-tailed deer. Quercus maxima, see Quercus borealis. Quercus media Woot. and Standl. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small tree ; thicket forming. Quercus michauxii, see Quercus prlnus. Quercus mlcrocarya, see Quercus nigra. Quercus minima, see Quercus virginiana. Quercus minor, see Quercus stellata. Quercus mohriana Buckl. Shin oak. Range : 11, 16, 17, 19, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. Usually a small shrub, more rarely a small tree ; thicket forming ; occurs on limestone, sandy, and other soils; becomes a tree only in deep ravines and on steep hillsides where protected. Quercus montana Willd. Chestnut oak. Q. prinus of auths., not L. Range : 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available October-November. A large tree ; root system deep ; occurs on rich or poor soils ; fairly rapid growing, long-lived; seedlings tolerant of shade; very fire resistant; coppices freely when young ; wood durable, much used commercially ; bark contains more tannin than any other eastern oak ; 60-150 seeds per pound. Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. Chinquapin oak. Q. acuminata Sarg. Range : 11, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available October-November. Commonly a small, or more rarely, a large tree ; may occur on limestone soil ; taproot well developed ; rather rapid growing ; becomes more intolerant of shade with age ; free from insects and disease ; young growth easily damaged by fire; stump sprouts produced; wood durable, used commercially; 520 seeds per pound. Quercus myrtifolia Willd. Myrtle oak. Range: 17, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, biennial. A small to large shrub or small tree ; thicket forming ; commonly occurs on sandy soil. Quercus nana, see Quercus ilicifolia. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 219 ftuercus nigra L. Water oak. Q. aguatica Walt. Range : 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available October-November. A large tree ; rapid growing in good soils ; occurs in sand, loam and other soils; wood somewhat used commercially; much cultivated ; very susceptible to mistletoe; 400-600 seeds per pound. A form described as Q. microcarya Small occurs on Stone Mountain, Ga. ftuercus nitescens, see Quercus novomexicana,. Quercus novomexicana (DC.) Eydb. New Mexican shinnery. Q. douglasii novomexicana DC., Q. nitescens Rydb. Range : 11, 13, 14, 16. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small or large tree. ftuercus oblongifolia Torr. Mexican blue oak. Range: 10, 11, 17. Site: dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small or large trees ; evergreen ; often thicket forming, especially at the heads of canyons ; produces fruit even as a shrub. Observations: Highly palatable to captive deer. ftuercus obtusa, see Quercus laurifolia. ftuercus obtusifolia (DC.) Rydb. Q. undulata obtusifolia DC. Range: 14, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small tree. ftuercus oerstediana, see Quercus garryana. ftuercus pagoda, see Quercus rubra. ftuercus pagodaefolia, see Quercus rubra. ftuercus palmeri Engelm. Palmer oak. Q. chrysolepis palmeri Engelm. Range : 5, 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Acorn, biennial. A large, divaricately-branched, evergreen shrub. ftuercus palustris Muench. Pin oak. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available September-October. A large tree ; root system well developed laterally ; rather rapid growing and short-lived ; resistant to dust and smoke ; free from insects and disease ; cop- pices fairly well ; much cultivated ; wood used commercially ; 600 seeds per pound. Observations: Bob white, mourning dove; cottontail rabbit. ftuercus pauciloba Rydb. MacDougal oak. Range : 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub, or more commonly a small to large tree. ftuercus phellos I*. Willow oak. Range : 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available in October. A large tree ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; wood used commercially ; much cultivated ; 600 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Gray fox. Observations: Wild turkey, mourning dove, bobwhite. 220 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Quercus platanoides, see Quercus bicolor. Quercus price! Sudw. Coast live oak. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A small to large evergreen tree; occurs in gravelly and other soils. Hardly separable from Q. agrifolia. Quercus prinoides Willd. Dwarf chinquapin oak. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available September-October. A large shrub to small tree ; thicket forming ; occurs on sandy, limestone and other soils ; 400 seeds per pound. Observations: Ruffed grouse, cottontail rabbit. Quercus prinus, see also Quercus montana. Quercus prinus L. Swamp chestnut oak. Q. michauxii Nutt. Range : 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available September-October. A large tree ; taproot and deep laterals well developed ; long-lived ; generally free from insects and diseases ; easily fire-damaged when young ; stump sprouts never large ; wood durable, much used commercially ; a fertile-soil species ; 70-150 seeds per pound, germination 86 percent. Stomach records: Mourning dove; white-tailed deer. Observations: Cotton- tail rabbit. Quercus pumila, see also Quercus ilicifolia. Quercus pumila Walt. Running oak. Q. humilis Walt. Range: 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small evergreen shrub ; often forms small sparse thickets by means of root stocks ; not a pioneer species. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Quercus, pungens, see Quercus undulata. Quercus reticulata, see Quercus diversicolor. Quercus rhombica, see Quercus laurifolia. Quercus rubra, see also Quercus lorealis. Quercus rubra L. Southern red oak. Q. falcata (Michx.) of Amer. auths., Q. digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. Range : 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available September-October. A large tree ; root system deep as well as shallow on the same tree ; occurs on sandy or heavy soils ; rapid growing, rather short-lived ; very sensitive to late frosts ; much attacked by heart rot ; coppices freely, especially when young ; much cultivated ; wood not durable, somewhat used commercially. Var. pogodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe, (Q. pogodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe, Q. pagoda Raf.), and var. leucophylla Ashe, both occur within the range of the species. Quercus rydbergiana Cockerell. Rydberg oak. Q. undulata rydbergiana Cockerell. Range: 13, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small evergreen shrub. Quercus sadleriana Brown. Sadler oak. Range : 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small to large evergreen shrub ; forms dense thickets ; occurs at altitudes of from 5,000-7,000 feet. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 221 Observations: Acorns relished by deer and bear. Poor to fair browse for livestock, but acorns relished. Quercus schneckii, see Quercus shumardii. Quercus shumardii Buckl. Shumard red oak. Q. texana Sarg. Range : 16, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist. Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available in October. A very large tree ; occurs on limestone and other soils ; root system shallow ; free from insects and diseases ; wood of value commercially. Var. schnecJcii (Britt.) Sarg., (Q. schneckii Britt), the Schneck red oak, oc- curs also in region 17. Quercus sinuata, see Quercus durandii. Quercus stellata Wang. Post oak. Q. minor (Marsh.) Sarg. Range : 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available September-October. A large tree; commonly occurs in poor soil such as sand and gravel; root system deep ; slow growing ; long-lived ; tolerant of shade only when young ; fruit produced abundantly every 2 or 3 years ; wood durable, difficult to season, much used commercially ; 35-636 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Wild turkey. Observations: A preferred food of wild tur- key; white-tailed deer. Quercus submolis Rydb. Q. iituhensis fsubmollis (Rydb.) Sarg. Range : 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small tree. Quercus subturbinella Trel. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small tree. Quercus texana Buckl. Texas red oak. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, biennial. A small to large tree ; occurs on limestone and other soils. Var. stellapila Sarg., occurs within the range of the species ; by some it is considered specifi- cally distinct. Quercus texana, see Quercus shumardii. Quercus tomentella Engelm. Island live oak. Range : 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, biennial. A large evergreen tree; moderately long-lived; occurs in gravelly and other soils. Possibly only a variety of Q. chrypolepis. Quercus toumeyi Sarg. Tourney oak. Range : 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to large tree ; more or less evergreen. Quercus turbinella, see Quercus dumosa. Quercus undulata Torr. Rocky Mountain shin oak. Q. vaseyana Rydb., Q. vaseyana Buckl., Q. undulata, vaseyana Rydb. Range: 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. 222 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A small to large shrub or small to large tree; somewhat evergreen; forms thickets of vast extent; bears great quantities of nut galls. Var. pungens Engelm. (Q. pungens Liebm.), the holly oak, occurs in regions 9 and 11. Stomach records: Prairie chicken. Fair to fairly good cattle feed in winter and spring ; good goat feed, especially in spring. ftuercus utahensis (DC.) Rydb. Rocky Mountain white oak. Q. stellata utahensis DC. Range: 9, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A large tree ; root system shallow with occasional deep-feeding branches, or sometimes altogether deep ; wood used to some extent for fuel. Stomach records: Porcupine, black-tailed deer. Quercus vaccinifolia Kellogg. Huckleberry oak. Q. chrysolepis vaccinifolia (Kellogg) Engelm. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Acorn, biennial. A small, thicket-forming evergreen shrub. Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Acorns readily eaten by livestock, but foliage of low palatability. Quercus vaseyana, see Quercus undulata. Quercus velutina Lam. Black oak. Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; biennial, available October-November. A large tree ; commonly occurs on poor soil ; taproot at first well developed, later superficial; seedlings slow growing; long-lived; coppice freely produced, rapid growing, short-lived ; wind-firm ; rarely injured by insects, except when fire-damaged ; susceptible to drought injury ; easily fire-damaged ; wood used commercially ; usually attacked by heart rot ; 130-300 seeds per pound, germi- nation 80 percent or more. Var. missouriensis Sarg., (Q. leiodermis Ashe), the smooth-bark oak, occurs with the species westward. Observations: Cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. Quercus venustnla Greene. Range: 13, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A small to large shrub ; acorns commonly produced abundantly. Quercus virginiana Mill. Live oak. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, 29, 30, 31. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn ; annual, available September-October. A small to large shrub or small to large, evergreen tree ; occurs on sand, clay, and alluvial soils ; root system deep, spreading ; fruit often produced by plants 12 inches in height ; able to grow very close to the sea, where roots may be covered with salt water at high tide ; rapid growing at first, later slower ; long-lived ; free from insects and diseases ; produces stump sprouts ; branches very wide-spreading ; wood durable, of little importance commercially. Var. geminata (Small) Sarg., (Q. geminata Small) occurs in regions 29 and 30. Var. virescens Sarg. occurs in Florida. Var. macrophylla Sarg., with larger leaves, occurs in southeastern Texas. Var. eximea Sarg., (Q. andromeda Ridd.) of eastern Louisiana, has smaller leaves and acorns. Var. fusiformis (Small) Sarg., (Q. fusiformift Small) occurs in regions 16 and 20 and is generally shrubby. Var. minima (Small) Sarg., (Q. minima' Small, Q. virginiana dentata Chapm.) occurs in region 30, is usually less than 3 feet high, and has under- ground stems. Var. maritima (Michx.) Small occurs in regions 29 and 30 and is shrubby. Var. pygmaea Sarg. lias smaller acorns, is a shrub, and occurs in region 30. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 223 Quercus vreelandii Rydb. Range: 11, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Acorn, annual. A small to large shrub. Quercus wilcoxii Rydb. Wilcox oak. Range : 9, 11, 14. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Acorn, biennial. A small to large shrub or rarely a small tree ; evergreen ; thicket forming. Not eaten to any extent by cattle. Quercus wislizenii DO. Highland live oak. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; not as tolerant of shade as formerly supposed ; coppices quickly after fires, but such growth is slow ; attacked by mistletoe ; makes good soil cover ; acorns not produced in very great quantities ; wood not durable, locally valuable as fuel ; occurs in loam, gravel, and other soils; near the coast and on the California islands generally shrubby. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Ramona incana, see Salvia carnosa. Hamona polystachya, see Salvia apiana. Ramona stachyoides, see Salvia mellifera. Eaphis acaulis, see Sabal minor. Rhamnus spp. Buckthorns. Most species occur on neutral soil ; some species are secondary hosts for the crown rust of oats ; propagation is by seeds stratified and sown in spring or by soft or hardwood cuttings made at the nodes. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds; gen- erally relished by birds. Evergreen species have a limited value as browse for livestock in winter. Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. Alder-leaved buckthorn. Range : 4, 12, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available July-September. A small shrub ; flowers May-June ; branches decumbent, rooting ; thicket forming. Of no value as browse for cattle ; poor to fair browse for sheep. Rhamnus betulaefolia Greene. Birchleaf buckthorn. R. californica betulaefolia (Greene) Trel., R. confinis Greene, R. ellipsoidea Greene, R. revoluta Rose. Range: 9, 11, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available, September-October. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June ; not a secondary host for oat crown rust. Rhamnus californica Esch. California buckthorn. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fntit : Drupe, available August-September. A large evergreen shrub ; flowers March-April ; a secondary host for the rust of velvet grass but not oats. Var. tomentella (Benth.) Brewer and Wats. (R. tomentella Benth., R. ursina Greene) (pi. 27, B), commonly more compact, bushy, and robust than the species, occurs in regions 3, 4, 5, 10, and 11. Var. viridis Jeps. (R. cuspidata Greene) occurs in regions 4, 5, 9, and 10. Var. obtusissima (Greene) Jeps., (R. obtusissima Greene) occurs in region 4. Var. occidentalis (Howell) Jeps. (R. occidentalis Howell), occurs in region 1. Stomach records: Seven species of birds. Observations: Four species of birds, including band-tailed pigeon ; California mule deer, black bear. Of some im- 130186°— 39 15 224 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE portance as a honey plant. Of no value as forage for cattle ; poor to fair for sheep. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Yellow buckthorn. Range: 17, 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September-November. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers May-June ; occurs on limestone, loam, and other soils ; susceptible to the crown rust of oats. Stomach records: Catbird. Rhamnus catalinae, see Rhamnus crocea. Rhamnus connnis, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. Rhamnus crocea Nutt. (pi. 29, A, B). Hollyleaf buckthorn. Range: 3, 5, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. A small to large shrub, or rarely a small to large tree ; partially evergreen ; flowers February-May; densely branched; experimentally susceptible to the crown rust of oats. Var. insularis Sarg. (R. insularis Greene, R. pirifolia Greene, R. catalinae, Davids.) has larger berries, and occurs in region 5. Var. ilicifolia (Kellogg) Greene (R. ilicifolia Kellogg) has spiny leaves, is more commonly treelike, and occurs in regions 4, 5, arid 10. Var. pilosa Trel. (R. pilosa Abrams) occurs in region 5. Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Observations: California mule deer. Rhamnus cuspidata, see Rhamnus californica. Rhamnus ellipsoidea, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. Rhamnus fasciculata, see Rhamnus smithii. Rhamnus humboldtiana, see KarwinsJcia humboldtiana. Rhamnus ilicifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. Rhamnus insularis, see Rhamnus crocea. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Lance-leaved buckthorn. Range: 22, 25, 27, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. A small to large shrub ; flowers in May ; commonly occurs on calcareous soils ; susceptible to crown rust of oats. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Rhamnus maculata, see KarwinsJcia humboldtiana. Rhamnus obtusifolia, see Condalia obtusifolia. Rhamnus obtusissima, see Rhamnus californica. Rhamnus occidentals, see Rhamnus californica. Rhamnus pilosa, see Rhamnus crocea. Rhamnus pirifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. Rhamnus purshiana DC. (pi. 30, A, B). Cascara. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. A small to large shrub or a small to large tree ; occurs on sand, gravel, loam, and other soils ; experimentally susceptible to the crown rust of oats ; coppices freely after cutting ; bark of importance commercially ; commonly smaller south- ward ; 4,735 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Seven species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds, including Oregon ruffed grouse, band-tailed pigeon ; New Mexico black bear ; of fair importance as browse for mule deer; Olympic black bear, Oregon gray fox, raccoon, ring-tailed cat. Without forage value for livestock. Rhamnus revoluta, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 29 Rhamnus crocea: A, A large specimen of hollyleaf buckthorn forming an effective cover on poor soil; J5, a close view of the dense foliage and fruit. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 30 B Rhamnus purshiana: A, The shrubby southern form of cascara may prove a more valuable cover plant than the treelike northern form. B, The drupes are cathartic to man. Their physiologic effect on wildlife species is not known. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 225 Rhamnus rubra Greene. Redstem buckthorn. Range : 4. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small shrub ; flowers in June ; susceptibility to crown rust of oats not known. Rhamnus smithii Greene. Smith buckthorn. R. fasciculuta Greene. Range: 11, 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, dioecious, densely leafy shrub ; susceptible to the crown rust of oats. Rhamnus texensis, see Colubrina texensis. Rhamnus tomentella, see Rhamnus californica. Rhamnus ursina, see Rhamnus californica. Rhapidophyllum hystrix (Fraser) Wendl. and Drude. Needle palm. Chamaerops hystrix Fraser, Corypha hystrix (Fraser) Desf., Sabal hystrix Desf. Range: 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A small to large evergreen shrub; rootstocks creeping and rooting. Rhododendron spp. This genus has often been divided into several separate genera or genus sections. The most notable for the United States are rhododendron and azalea. It is generally agreed among botanists that these two cannot be maintained as separate genera although they may well appear to be separable as far as the species in this country are concerned. They are here treated as one. The species popularly known as azaleas are largely deciduous, at least in North America. Those known as rhododendrons are mostly evergreen. The azaleas are generally to be found growing in the sun ; the rhododendrons make their best growth in the shade. Nevertheless, there are no constant botanical char- acters to separate them. Rhododendron alabamense Rehd. Alabama azalea. Azalea alabamense (Rehd.) Small. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers April-May. Rhododendron albiflorum Hook. White-flowered azalea. Asaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb., Azalea albi flora Kuntze., Cladotham- nus campanulatus Greene. Range: 4, 12. Site : Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers June-July. While under normal range con- ditions it is not palatable to livestock, it is nevertheless poisonous. Rhododendron arborescens (Pursh) Torr. Smooth azalea. Azalea arborescens Pursh. Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub or rarely a small tree ; flowers June-July. Rhododendron atlanticum (Ashe) Rehd. Azalea atlantica Ashe. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, half shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers April-May ; mat forming ; aggressive ; spreads by means of stolons ; many often invade fields. 226 MISC- PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEI'T. OF AGRICULTURE Rhododendron austrinum (Small) Rchcl. Azalea austrina Small. Range: 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers April-May ; commonly occurs on sandy soil. Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr. Flame azalea. Azalea calcndulacea Michx., A, lutea L. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June ; branches erect or spreading ; very ornamental. Rhododendron californicum Hook. California rose-bay. R. macrophyllum Don. Range: 1, 2. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub or rarely a small tree ; evergreen ; flowers May-June ; considered poisonous to sheep. Rhododendron canadense (L.) B. S. P. Rhodora. R. canadense Torr., R. rhodora Gmel., Rhodora canadensis L. Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, much-branched shrub ; flowers in May. Rhododendron canescens (Michx.) Sweet. Hoary azalea. Azalea canescens Michx, not Small. Range : 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large sparingly-branched shrub, flowers April-May ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Rhododendron carolinianum Relid. Carolina rhododendron. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large, much-branched evergreen shrub ; flowers April-May. Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. (pi. 31). Catawba rhododendron. Range: 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large evergreen shrub ; flowers May-June ; often forms thickets covering extensive tracts of land ; poisonous to livestock either fresh or dry. Rhododendron cuthbertii, see Rhododendron minus. Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahl. Lapland rose-bay. Azalea lapponica L. Range: 26. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, prostrate evergreen shrub, commonly occurring on alpine summits. Rhododendron macrophyllum, see Rhododendron californicum. Rhododendron maximum L. Rhododendron. Range : 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; flowers June-July ; thicket forming ; much cultivated. Stomach records: Sharp-tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Eaten by deer but poisonous to them if taken in large quantities. Poisonous to stock, which avoid it unless very hungry. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 227 Rhododendron minus Michx. Piedmont rhododendron. R. cuthbertii Small., R. punctatum Ander. Range: 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large, straggling evergreen shrub ; commonly occurs on sandy soil. Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. Pinxter flower. Azalea nudifiora L. Range : 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; commonly occurs in sandy soil. Rhododendron oblongifolium (Small) Mill. Azalea oblonyifolia Small. Range: 25,29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; commonly occurs in sand or limestone soils. Rhododendron occidentale (Torr. and Gray) Gray. Western azalea. Azalea occidentalis Torr. and Gray, A. califomica Torr. and Gray. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers June-July ; rarely occurs in sunny positions. Observations: Much used by mountain beaver. An important livestock-poison- ing plant. Rhododendron prinophyllum, see Rhododendron roseum. Rhododendron prunifolium (Small) Mill. Azalea prunifolia Small. Range: 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Rhododendron punctatum, see Rhododendron minus. Rhododendron rhodora, see Rhododendron canadense. Rhododendron roseum (Loisel.) Rehd. R. prinophyllum (Small) Mill., Azalea rosea Loisel., A. prinophylla Small, A. canescens Porter, not Torr., and of Small, not Michx. Range : 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; often dominant and thicket forming in old clearings; very ornamental. Rhododendron serrulatum (Small) Mill. Azalea serrulata Small. Range: 30. Site : Moist, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Rhododendron speciosum (Willd.) Sweet. Azalea speciosa Willd. Range: 27,28,29. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers April-May ; thicket forming ; commonly occurs on sandy soil. Rhododendron vaseyi Gray. Pinkshell azalea. Azalea vaseyi (Gray) Rehd., Biltia vaseyi (Gray) Small. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; in cultivation. 228 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. Swamp azalea. Azalea viscosa L. Range: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers June-July ; stoloniferous forms are often found. Rhodora canadensis, see Rhododendron canadense. Rhoeidium cinereum, see Rhus microphylla. Rhoeidium microphyllum, see Rhus microphylla. Rhoeidium potosinum, see Rhus microphylla. Rhus spp. This genus has been variously divided. One section in particular, (Loladium (Raf.) DC.), has been much separated as Schmaltzia. The group Venenatae Engelm. has been much separated as Toxicodendron. Most species grow on neutral soil ; nearly all species are comparatively free from insects and diseases ; propagation is by stem or root cuttings, or by seed sown as soon as ripe or stratified and sown in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Seventy-one species of birds including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, lesser prairie chickens, bobwhite, California quail, plumed quail, wild turkey, and mourning dove; composed 3.17 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York, and 3.8 percent of winter food of the same bird for the northeastern United States; opossum. Observa- tions (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse. An important food of bobwhite in Oklahoma ; ranks tenth in the list of quail food plants in the Southeast; Mearn's quail; rock squirrel, cedar- belt cottontail ; preferred food of cottontail rabbit. Rhus albida, see Rhus olabra. Rhus angustiarum, see Rhus glabra. Rhus arbuscula, see Rhus glalra. Rhus arguta, see Rhus glabra. Rhus aromatica Ait. (pis. 32 A, B: 33). Fragrant sumac. R. canadensis Marsh., R. crcnata (Mill.) Rybd., R. nortonii (Greene) Rydb., Schmaltzia aromatica Desv., S. arenaria Greene, S. illinoensis Greene. Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe ; available July-August, persistent the year round. A small to large shrub ; adapted to many kinds of soil including limestone ; thicket forming. Stomach records: Western flicker, ruffed grouse. Observations: Preferred food of wild turkey; white-tailed deer. Rhus ashei (Small) Greene. R. caroliniana Ashe, not Mill., Schmaltzia ashei Small. Range: 28. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A small shrub ; commonly occurs in sandy soil. Rhus asplenifolia, see Rhus olabra. Rhus canadensis, see Rhus aromatica. Rhus choriophylla Woot. and Standl. Range : 11, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available through winter. A small to large evergreen shrub. Rhus cismontana, see Rhus glabra. Rhus copallina L. Dwarf sumac. Schmaltzia copallina (L.) Small. Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available September-October, persistent the year round Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 31 Rhododendron catawbiense. The ornamental value of the catawba rhododendron, its thicket-forming tendency, and the cover it provides for soil, combine to make it of value in highway plantings. (Photo- graph by U. S. Forest Service.) Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 32 Rhus aromatica: A, The fragrant sumac in summer. The dense foliage provides excellent cover for soil and wildlife. B.t The winter aspect of fragrant sumac, showing the spreading, semiprostrate habit, and indicating the cover afforded the soil even when leaves are gone. Misc. Pub. 303. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 33 Rhus aromatica. The ornamental fruit, useful for wildlife, enhances the value-of fragrant sumac plantings in the control of erosion. Mac. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 34 , .RAMS 0/a6ra. A typical sumac thicket furnishing food the year round for wildlife. Adaptable to poor soils, this plant may well aid in the control of erosion. B, A fruiting branch of R. trilobata, a species with great possibilities for planting in the arid parts of the country. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 229 A small to large shrub or small to large tree; commonly forms thickets; oc- curs in slightly acid soils ; trunks sometimes used for fence posts ; 13,000-70,000 seeds per pound. Var. lanceolate Gray, (Rhus lanceolata Gray, Schmaltzia lanceolata, Small) occurs in region 11 where it commonly grows on dry, limestone soil. Stomach records: Twenty species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, and lesser prairie chicken. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant ; white-tailed deer. Rhus cotinoides, see Cotimts americanua. Rhus crenata, see Rhus aromatica. Rhus crenatifolia, see Rhus trilobata. Rhus desertomm, see Rhus toxicodendron. Rhus diversiloba Torr. and Gray. Poison oak. R. diversiloba radicans (Torr. and Gray) McNair, R. lobata Hook., Tox- icodendron diversilobum (Torr. and Gray) Greene, T. comarophyllum Greene, T. isophyllum Greene. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe ; available September-October, commonly persistent. A small to large shrub or occasionally a vine ; often forms extensive thickets ; somewhat aggressive ; poisonous. Stomach records: Thirty-three species of birds, including California quail. Observations: Three species of birds; of slight importance as browse for mule deer ; black bear. Of importance as a honey plant. Not poisonous to live- stock, fair cattle feed, especially in dry seasons. Rhus emoryi, see Rhus trilobata. Rhus cximia, see Rhus toxicodendron. Rhus glabra L. (pi. 34, A). Smooth sumac. R. albida Greene, R. angustiarum Lunell, R. arbuscula Greene, R. arguta Greene, R. asplenifolia Greene, R. cismontana Greene, R. media Greene, R. nitens Greene, R. occidcntalis (Torr.) Blankenship, R. sambucina Greene, R. sandbergii (Vasey and Holz.) Greene, R. tesselata Greene, Schmaltz-la, glabra (L.) Small. Range : 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe ; available September-October persistent the year round. A small to large straggling shrub ; little branched ; commonly thicket form- ing ; grows on coal-stripped land in Illinois ; commonly occurs in slightly acid soil; 27,000-32,000 seeds (with coats) per pound. Stomach records: Thirty-two species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, prairie chicken, mourning dove, and wild turkey. Observations: Seven species of birds including bobwhite, Hungarian partridge, ring-necked pheasant ; a preferred food of wild turkey ; white-tailed deer ; a preferred food of cotton-tail rabbit. Rhus hirta, see Rhus typhina. Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Benth. and Hook. Mahogany sumac. Neostyphonia integrifolia Shaf., Styphonia integrifolia Nutt. Range: 5, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available August-September. A small to large evergreen shrub ; forms remarkably dense thickets ; tolerant of saline conditions ; very drought resistant ; will grow on extremely poor soils including sand and clay ; lower procumbent branches root where they touch the ground ; taproot and secondaries well developed and often extending 10 feet beyond the periphery of aerial portions ; 6,800 seeds per pound. Stomach records : Five species of birds ; composed 8.4 percent of food of 84 road runners, being found in 31 percent of stomachs examined. Observations: California mule deer. Poor or worthless forage for livestock except occa- sionally goats. 230 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Rhus kearneyi Barkl. Range: 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small evergreen tree. Rhus lanceolata, see Rhus copallina. Rhus laurina Nutt. Laurel sumac. Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. Range: 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available in September, persistent. A large evergreen shrub ; root system spreading ; produces a very dense shade ; endures extreme heat and drought ; seeds produced abundantly ; coppices vigorously after fire ; extremely sensitive to frost ; 129,600 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including quail. Observations: Pallid wren tit; California mule deer. Bhus lobata, see Rhus diversiloba. Rhus longipes, see Rhus toxicodendron. Rhus media, see Rhus glabra. Rhus michauxii Sarg. Michauz sumac. R. pumila Michx. Schmaltzia michauxii (Sarg.) Small. Range: 28. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small stoloniferous shrub ; commonly occurs on sandy soil ; has been con- sidered poisonous but recent manuals do not list it as such. Rhus microcarpa, see Rhus toxicodendron. Rhus microphylla Engelm. Rhoeidium microphyllum Greene, Rh. cinereum Greene, Rh. potosmum Greene. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available May-July. A small or rarely a large shrub ; densely branched ; somewhat spinescent. Stomach records: Cliff chipmunk. Observations: Sonora deer. Palatability to livestock low. Rhus nitens, see Rhus glabra. Rhus nortonii, see Rhus aromatica. Rhus occidentalis, see Rhus glabra. Rhus osterhoutii, see Rhus trilobata. Rhus ovata Wats. (pi. 35). Sugar sumac. Neostyphonia ovata (Wats.) Abrams. Range: 5, 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September, persistent. A large evergreen shrub ; casts a dense shade ; coppices rapidly after burning ; thicket forming ; 18,700 seeds per pound. Observations : California mule deer. Worthless or poor browse for livestock, except occasionally for goats. Rhus oxyacanthoides, see Rhus trilobata. Rhus pulvinata, see Rhus typhina. Rhus pumila, see Rhus michauxii. Rhus quercifolia (Michx.) Steud. R. toxicodendron quercifolia Michx., Toxicodendron queroifolium (Michx.) Greene. Range: 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe. A small poisonous shrub. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 35 Rhus ovata, a species of great importance as protection for soil and cover for wildlife. The utilization of the fruit is as yet unrecorded. Misc. Pub. 303. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 36 A, , .-, hummocks formed by this species are of outstanding value as wildlife freedom from disease will permit its use in erosion-control planting. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 231 Rhus radicans, see Rlius toxicodendron. Ehus rydbergii, see Rhus toxicodendron. Ehus sambucina, see Rhus glabra. Ehus sandbergii, see Rhus glabra. Ehus tesselata, see Rhus glabra. Ehus toxicodendron L. Poison-ivy R. desertorum Lunell, R. eximia Standl., R. longipes Greene, R. microcarpa Steud., R. radicans L., R. rydbergii Small, R. toxwodendron radicans Dippel, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, T. biternatum Greene, T. eximium Greene, T. fothergilloides Lunell, T. hesperinum Greene, T. macrocarpum Greene, T. negundo Greene, T. punctatum Greene, T. rufes- cens Greene, T. rydbergii (Small) Greene. Range: 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September-November. A small to large poisonous shrub or vine; very variable in habit, from a small, nearly herbaceous shrub to a vigorous, high-climbing vine. This species has been much broken up as the synpnomy indicates, but good botanical char- acters separating the forms as species do not appear to be satisfactory. A study of the forms in Indiana by Dream (162) showed that the low, erect forms are branches of underground stems ; that the thick-leaved forms are always found in places exposed to heavy winds and direct sunlight; and that the hairy-fruited forms are rare, distributed throughout the area, and without other characters to distinguish them. Stomach records: Sixty species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite^ wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken ; composed 0.8 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin. Observations: Nineteen species of birds including ring-necked pheasant; white- tailed deer; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. Ehus trilobata Nutt. (pi. 34, B). Lemonade sumac. R. canadensis trilobata (Nutt.) Gray, R. crenatifolia Schlecht., R. emoryi Woot., R. osterhoutU Rydb., R. oxyacanthoides (Greene) Rydb., R. tri- lobata mollis Greene, R. utahensis Good., Schmaltzia trttobata, (Nutt.) Small, S. afflnis Greene, 8. anisophylla Greene, S. bakeri Greene, S. cognata Greene, 8. cruciata Greene, 8. emoryi Greene, 8. glabrata Greene, 8. glauca Greene, S. glomerata Greene, 8. leiocarpa Greene, S. malaco- phylla Greene, S. oxyacanthoides Greene, 8. pulchella Greene, 8. quercir folia Oreene, S. ribifolia Greene, 8. scaberula Greene, 8. simplicifolia Greene, S. straminea. Greene, S. subpinnata Greene. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available the year round. A small shrub; roots very long; sometimes thicket forming; under natural conditions endures extreme drought; 10,000-25,0000 seeds per pound. This species has been much broken up, and the segregates recombined as the syn- onomy indicates. Stomach records : Nineteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, valley, Gambel and western quail, greater prairie chicken and lesser prairie chicken. Observations: Ring-neck pheasant, sage hen, scaled quail; moun- tain sheep ; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Worthless to good forage for stock ; of most value in Arizona and Colorado, less1 so in Utah. Ehus typhina Tomer (pi. 36, A). Staghorn sumac. R. hirta (L.) Sudw., Datisca hirta L., Schmaltzia hirta (L.) Small. Range : 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe ; available in September, persistent the year round. A large shrub to small tree ; sprouts persistently from the roots after cutting or injury; forms loose thickets; 50,000 seeds per pound. A plant more or less intermediate between this and R. glabra has been de- scribed as R. pulvinata. Greene. 232 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Stomactfi records: Fourteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, ring-necked pheasant and mourning dove; eastern skunk. Observations: Four species of birds including sharp-tailed grouse ; important food of ring- necked pheasant in southern Michigan ; closely browsed by moose on Isle Royale ; white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit ; ninth most important preferred winter food of deer in Massachusetts. Resistant to grazing. Rhus utahensis, see Rhus trilobata. Rhus venenata, see Rhus vernix. Rhus vernix L. Poison sumac. R. venenata DC., Toancodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze, T. pinnatum Mill. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe ; available in September, persistent. A large shrub to small or large tree; foliage not dense; rather loosely branched ; poisonous. Stomach records: Sixteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse and ring- necked pheasant. Observations: Five species of birds; an important food of ring-necked pheasant and bobwhite ; cottontail rabbit. Rhus virens Lindh. Evergreen sumac. Schmaltzia virens (Lindh.) Small. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Drupe, available in September. A small to large shrub or small tree ; evergreen ; commonly occurs on lime- stone soils ; grows in extremely difficult positions ; may often be prostrate. Ribes spp. Gooseberry, currant. These species are alternate hosts of the white-pine blister rust. Various State and Federal laws restrict or prohibit the movement of Ribes as well as the five- leaved pines, and any operators interested in planting these should get in touch with the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, as well as with the officers in their particular State who are concerned with the move- ment of the shrubs and trees ( State entomologists, plant-quarantine officers, and horticulturists ) . At the present time, while all species have not been tested, no native species is known to be resistant to the blister rust. Nine hundred feet is a safe dis- tance to plant Ribes (except the cultivated black currant) away from the pines. The spores of the rust have been known to infect cultivated black currant 150 miles or more from the pines, and the statement has been made (154) that if there were no cultivated black currants, the disease would not be as widespread as it is. Reference to Pinus will show which of those species have five needles. The genus is often divided into two, Ribes and Orossularia, currants and gooseberries, respectively. There appears yet to be considerable difference of opinion as to whether the two should be combined or separated. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-three species of birds, including dusky grouse, mourning dove, and Richardson's grouse; moun- tain sheep, black-tailed deer, coyote, northern chipmunk, pale chipmunk, and rufous-tailed chipmunk. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Seven species of birds including dusky grouse, prairie sharp-tailed grouse, Gambel quail ; Say chipmunk, painted chipmunk, gray-footed chipmunk, lesser Colorado chipmunk, Arizona chipmunk, cliff squirrel, golden-mantled ground squirrel, alpine chipmunk, eastern chipmunk, western chipmunk, Allen's chipmunk, Siski- you chipmunk, pica, and porcupine ; formed a prominent share of the midsum- mer food of skunks in New York. Fairly to moderately palatable to livestock, except goats, and of considerable forage significance on some ranges. Ribes acerifolium Howell R. howellii Greene. Range: 4. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Ribes afflne, see Ribes laxiflorum. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 233 Ribes amarum McClatch. Bitter gooseberry. G-rossularia. amara (McClatch.) Cov. and Britt. Range : 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, shade. Fruit : Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub ; flowers March- April. Ribes americanum, see also Ribes laxiftorum. Ribes americanum Mill. Black currant. R. floridum L'Her. Range : 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available July-August. A small, unarmed shrub ; flowers April-May ; closely related to R. nigrum of Europe, the most dangerous host of the white-pine blister rust. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; eagerly eaten by songbirds. Ribes ascendens, see Ribes nevadense. Ribes aureum Pursh. Golden currant. Chrysobotrya aurea (Pursh) Rydb. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available June-July. A small to large shrub ; flowers April-May. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Poor to fair browse for livestock. Ribes binominatum Heller. Ground gooseberry. Orossularia binominata (Heller) Cov. and Britt. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, trailing, spiny shrub ; flowers in June. Ribes bracteosum Dougl. Stink currant. Range : 1, 2, 4. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June. Ribes californicum Hook, and Am. Hillside gooseberry. Orossularia californica (Hook, and Am.) Cov. and Britt. Range : 1, 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry. Commonly a small shrub, rarely a large shrub ; spiny and compact ; flowers January-April ; berry small and usually single. Ribes cereum Dougl. Wax currant. R. inebrians Lindl., R. pumilum Nutt., R. churchii Nels. Range : 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry, available June— August. A small to large, unarmed, much-branched shrub; flowers June-August. Observations: Blue, spruce, and Richardson's grouse, chickadee; eaten by many songbirds ; an important food of chipmunks in California ; California mule deer. Of some importance as forage for livestock. Ribes churchii, see Ribes cereum. Ribes ciliosum, see Ribes triste. Ribes cognatum Greene. Orossularia cognata (Greene) Cov. and Britt, Range: 7, 8, 9. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large, spiny shrub. 234 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ribes coloradense Cov. Colorado currant. Range: 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, unarmed shrub ; branches decumbent or prostrate. Kibes curvatum Small. Georgia gooseberry. Grossularia curvata (Small) Cov. and Britt. Range : 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available in July. A small, spiny shrub. Ribes cynosbatii L. Pasture gooseberry. R. gracile Michx., Grossularia, cynosbaiii (L.) Mill. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available April-August. A small, spiny shrub ; flowers April-June. Observations: Red squirrel, cottontail rabbit. Ribes divaricatum Dougl. Straggly gooseberry. R. sucksdorfii Heller, Grossularia divaricata (Dougl.) Cov. and Britt., G. parisMi Cov. and Britt. Range : 1, 2, 4, 5. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large, spiny, straggling shrub ; flowers in April. Ribes erythrocarpum Cov. and Leiberg. Range : 4. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, unarmed shrub ; branches trailing and rooting. Ribes floridum, see Ribes americanum. Ribes glandulosum Grauer. Skunk currant. R. prostratum L'Her. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub ; flowers May-June ; decumbent or spreading ; spiny or unarmed. Ribes glaucescens, see Ribes nevadense. Ribes gracile, see Ribes cynosbatii. Ribes grantii, see Ribes nevadense. Ribes hallii, see Ribes viscoaissimum. Ribes hesperium McClatch. Grossularia hesperia (McClatch.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large spreading, spiny shrub. Ribes hirtellum Michx. Low wild gooseberry. R. saxosum Hook., Grossularia hirtclla (Michx.) Spach. Range : 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available in July. A small, spiny shrub. Ribes hittellianum, see Ribes nevadense. Ribes howellii, see Ribes acerifoUum. Ribes hudsonianum Rich. Hudson Bay currant. Range: 23, 24. Site : Moist, shade. Fruit : Berry, available July-August. A small to large, unarmed shrub ; flowers May-June. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 235 Eibes indecorum Eastw. Range : 5. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large, loosely-branched, unarmed shrub. Ribes inebrians, see Ribes cereum. Ribes inerme Rydb. Whitestem gooseberry. Grossularia inermis (Rydb.) Cov. and Britt. Range : 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry, available August-September. A small to large shrub ; flowers in May ; spiny or unarmed. Forage value for sheep, fair. Ribes irriguum Dougl. Grosffiilaria irriffiia (Dougl.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 6, 7, 12. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub. Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp currant. R. parvulum Rydb., Lymnobotrya parvula Rydb., L. lacustris (Pers.) Rydb. Range : 4, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available in August. A small, spiny shrub ; flowers May-June ; stems prostrate or ascending. Ribes lasiantlia, see Ribes leptanthus. Ribes laxiflorum, see also Ribes odoratum. Ribes laxiflorum Pursh. Western black currant. R. americanum Pall., not Mill., R. affinc Dougl. Range: 1, 4, 12, 13. Site : Moist, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small, unarmed shrub ; flowers in April ; often decumbent and covering large areas. Ribes lentum, see Ribes montigenum. Ribes leptanthum Gray. Alpine gooseberry. Grossularia leptantha (Gray) Cov. and Britt. Range: 9, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry. A small to large spiny shrub. Var. lasiantha (Greene) Jeps. (R. lasiantha Greene, Grossularia lasianthum (Greene) Cov. and Britt.) occurs in region 4 and is smaller than the species. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Ribes lobbii Gray. Gummy gooseberry. Grossularia lobbii (Gray) Cov. and Britt. Range: 1, 2. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large, spiny shrub ; flowers in June. Stomach records: Lewis woodpecker (?) Rites longiflorum, see Ribes odoratum. Ribes malvaceum Smith. California black currant. R. purpurascens Heller. Range : 3, 4, 5. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A large unarmed, many-stemmed shrub ; flowers December-April. Observations: California mule deer. 236 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Kibes marshallii Greene. Hupa gooseberry. Grossularia marshallii (Greene) Cov. and Britt. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, spiny shrub ; flowers in July ; low and spreading ; forms matlike colonies. Kibes menziesii Pursh. Menzies gooseberry. Grossularia, menziesii (Pursh) Cov. and Britt. Range: 1. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A large, spiny, loosely branched shrub; flowers February- April. Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Blue grouse. Kibes mescalerium Cov. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, unarmed shrub, with insipid fruit. Kibes missouriense Nutt. Missouri gooseberry. Grossularia missouriensis (Nutt.) Cov. and Britt. Range : 21, 22, 23, 25. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available July-September. A small to large, spiny shrub ; flowers in May ; berries very large. Kibes mogollonicum, see Ribes wolfii. Kibes molle, see Ribes montigenum. Kibes montigenum McClatch. Mountain gooseberry. R. tientum (Jones) C. and R., R. molle Howell, not Poepp., Lymnobotrya montigena (McClatch.) Rydb. Range : 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, spiny shrub; flowers in July; straggling and much-branched. Of more than average palatability to livestock. Kibes nevadense Kellogg. Nevada currant. R. variegatum Nels., R. ascendens Eastw., R. hittellianum Eastw., R. glait- cescens Eastw., R. grantii Heller. Range: 4, 10, 12, 13. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, diffusely branched, unarmed shrub ; flowers May-July. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; mountain beaver. Somewhat browsed by sheep in California. Ribes nireum Lindl. Snow gooseberry. Grossularia nivea (Lindl.) Cov. and Britt. Range : 7, 8, 9, 12, 13. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub. Kibes odoratum Wendl. Golden currant. R. laxiflorum Nutt., R. longifiorum Nutt., Chrysobotrya odorata (Wendl.) Rydb. Range : 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, unarmed shrub ; flowers April-May. Kibes oxyacanthoides L. Northern gooseberry. Grossularia oxyacanthoides (L.) Mill. Range : 4, 12, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. > Site : Moist, sun. "Fruit: Berry, available in August. A small, spiny shrub. Stomach records: Bobwhite. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 237 Eibes parvulum, see Riles lacustre. Eibes petiolare Dougl. Range : 4, 12, 13. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, unarmed shrub. Ribes pinetorum Greene. Orange gooseberry. Grossularia pinctorum (Greene) Cov. and Britt. Range: 10,14. Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub ; very ornamental in bloom. Ribes prostratus, see also Ribes glandulosum. Eibes prostratum L'Her. Skunk currant. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit : Berry, available in July. A small shrub with reclining stems. Eibes pumilum, see Riles cereum. Eibes purpurascens, see Riles malvaceum. Eibes quercetorum Greene. Eock gooseberry. Grossularia quercetorum (Greene) Cov. and Britt. Range : 3, 4, 5, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small, spiny shrub ; flowers February-March. Eibes reniforme Nutt. Range: 12. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small or, more generally, a large shrub. Eibes roezlii Regel. Sierra gooseberry. R. wilsoniamium Greene, Grossularia, roezlii (Regel) Cov. and Britt. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, spiny shrub ; flowers May-July ; loosely branched ; fruit produced abundantly. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. A fair sheep and cattle browse. Eibes rotnndifolium Michx. Eoundleaf gooseberry. Grossularia rotundifolia (Michx.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available June-August. • A small shrub ; flowers May-July ; spiny or unarmed. Eibes sanguineum Pursh. Eed-flowered currant. Range: 1, 2, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-August. A large, unarmed shrub ; flowers April-June ; several varieties are in cultiva- tion. Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Three species of birds, includ- ing blue grouse. Good sheep and fair cattle browse. Eibes saxosum, see Rites hirtellum. Ribes sericeum Eastw. lucia gooseberry. Grossularia sericea (Eastw.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 1. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, prickly shrub ; flowers February-March ; berries large. 238 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ribes setosum Lindl. (pi. 37, A). Missouri gooseberry. Grossularia setosa (Lindl.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 12, 15, 18. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available June- August. A small, spiny shrub ; flowers in May. Observations : Moose. Ribes speciosum Pursh. Garnet gooseberry. Grossularia speciosa (Pursh) Cov. and Britt. Range: 1, 5. Site : Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Berry. A large, spiny shrub; flowers April-May; nearly or quite evergreen; very ornamental in bloom. Observations: California mule deer. Ribes stanfordii, see Ribes velutinum. Ribes suksdorfii, see Ribes divaricatum. Ribes triste Pall. American red currant. R. ciliosum Howell. Range : 4, 12, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site : Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small unarmed shrub ; flowers June-July ; the prostrate or ascending branches root. Ribes variegatum, see Ribes nevadense. Ribes velutinum Greene. Plateau gooseberry. R. stanfordii Elmer, Grossularia, velutina (Greene) Cov. and Britt. Range: 4, 9, 10, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June ; spiny or unarmed. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Ribes viburnifolium Gray. Island gooseberry. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small, evergreen, straggling shrub ; flowers in January. Ribes victoris Greene. Victor gooseberry Grossularia victoris (Greene) Cov. and Britt. Range: 1, 3. Site: Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub ; flowers in March. Ribes viscosissimum Pursh. Sticky currant. R. hallii Jancz. Range : 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small, unarmed shrub ; flowers June-July ; root system as much as 4 feet deep, not fibrous. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, Richardson's grouse. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer; mountain beaver. Palatability good, as browse for livestock. Ribes watsonianum Koehne. Watson gooseberry. Grossularia watsoniana (Koehne) Cov. and Britt. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub. Highly palatable to livestock. Ribes wilsonianum, see Ribes roezlii. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 239 Ribes wolfii Rothr. Rothrock currant. R. mogollonicum Greene. Range: 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry, available iu August. A small to large shrub. Fairly good cattle browse iu Utah. Ricinella vaseyi (Coult.) Coult. and Fish. Adelia vaseyi Coult. Range: 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large dioecious shrub ; sometimes spiny ; leaves few. Ricinophyllum horridum, see Oplopanax horridum. Ricinus communis L. Castor-bean. Range : 3, 5, 10, 17, 20, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available August-September. A large shrub or rarely a small tree; probably introduced from Africa, but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated ; herbaceous, and not escaping northwards. Stomach records: Bobwhite, mourning dove. Riddelia cooperi, see Psilostrophe cooperi. Robinia spp. Locusts. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Seven species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, western quail, and mourning dove. Robinia boyntonii Ashe. R. hispida rosea Hort. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub or rarely a large tree ; flowers May-June ; probably does not produce fruit ; very handsome when in flower. Robinia elliottii (Chapm.) Ashe. R. hispida elliottii Chapm. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large, spiny shrub ; flowers May- June ; occurs on sandy and other soils. Robinia fertilis Ashe. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small to large, stoloniferous shrub ; fruit freely produced ; spiny or unarmed. Robinia grandiflora Ashe. Range: 27. Site: Well-'drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in July. A small to large shrub ; flowers April-May ; rarely spiny ; easily propagated by root suckers which are extensively produced; occurs in sandy and other soils. Robinia hartwigii Koehne. R. viscosa hartivigii (Koehne) Ashe. Range : 27, 28, Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large, spiny shrub ; flowers in June. Robinia hispida L. Rose-acacia. Range : 25, 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Legume, available in September. A small to large, stoloniferous shrub ; spiny, or more commonly unarmed ; foliage not dense ; tolerant of arid conditions ; commonly produces little fruit ; propagates extensively by suckering. 130186° 240 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Robinia kelseyi Cowell. Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small to large, spreading, spiny shrub ; flowers May-June ; 80,640 seeds per pound. Robinia longiloba Ashe. Range: 27, 28. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small shrub ; flowers in May ; spiny or unarmed ; seldom produces fruit, propagates extensively by suckering, but never forms extensive thickets. Pos- sibly a hybrid between R. boyntonii and R. grandiflora. Robinia luxurians, see Robinia, neomexicana. Robinia nana Ell. R. hispida nana (Ell.) Torr. and Gray. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small shrub ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; spiny or unarmed ; usually little branched. Robinia neomexicana Gray. New Mexican locust. Range: 9, 10, 11, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Legume, available September-October. A small to large, spiny shrub ; thicket forming on drier, rockier slopes ; hardy as far northward as New England ; in cultivation in the Eastern States and western Europe; 21,800 seeds per pound. Var. luxurians Dieck, (R. luxurians (Dieck) Rydb.) is a small tree occurring within the range of the species. Stomach records: Gambel quail (?) ; mountain sheep, porcupine, black-tailed deer; Coeur d'Alene chipmunk. Observations: Porcupine, mule deer. An im- portant goat browse ; somewhat cropped by horses and cattle without harmful effects. Robinia pallida Ashe. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. More commonly a small, or sometimes a large shrub ; reproduces by suckers. Robinia pedunculata Ashe. Range: 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. A large shrub ; spiny or unarmed. Possibly a hybrid between R. hispida and R. boyntonii. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black locust. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Legume, available September-April. A large, short-lived tree ; somewhat tolerant of alkali ; much attacked by locust borer, but apparently the greater the growth rate the less borer trouble ; wood of importance commercially, particularly for fence posts ; root system extremely shallow ; easily transplanted when young ; makes its best growth on fertile soil ; on very poor soils makes poor growth and does not reach large size ; rapid grow- ing on good soils, slow growing on poor soils ; seriovisly injured by fungi ; not resistant to fire; coppices freely; 20,000-26,000 seeds per pound. Range much extended by cultivation ; original range not clear. Var. rectissima Raber, the shipmast locust, is a tree to 100 feet, occurring on the richer soils of the northern and western parts of Long Island, and locally in New York and Massachusetts. The trunk is columnar, very straight and yields a wood which is harder and more durable than that of the species. It is longer lived than the species, produces almost no seed, and propagation is by root cuttings and root sprouts. May possibly be more resistant to the attacks of the NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 241 borer, and the damage is confined to branches rather than trunks. Some 16 other varieties are known in cultivation. Stomach records: Five species of birds, including bobwhite, and mourning dove; gray fox, opossum, white-tailed deer. Observations: Four species of birds ; ranks thirteenth on the list of quail food plants in the Southeast ; an important food of the bobwhite in Oklahoma ; ring-necked pheasant ; cottontail rabbit, snowshoe hare, white-tailed deer. Young shoots and bark poisonous to all livestock ; leaves not poisonous ; poisoning cases not infrequent. Robinia rusbyi Woot. and Standl. Range : 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fnrit : Legume. A large shrub to small tree. Robinia speciosa Ashe. Eange: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. Commonly a small shrub, rarely a large one ; much branched ; unarmed ; propagates by root suckers. Robinia subvelutina Rydb. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small spiny shrub. Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy locust. Range: 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume, available in September, persistent through the winter. A small to large, spreading tree ; extensively naturalized in the eastern United States. Rosa spp. Wild roses. Because of the difficulty of identifying the various species and the fact that at present there appears to be considerable confusion in the taxonomy of roses, the species are here omitted except for the general characterization of the genus. Their erosion-control value lies in the fact that many are climbing, sprawl- ing, or thicket-forming species, often making a rather dense cover on the sur- face of the soil, with the branches usually rooting where they touch the ground. Nonclimbing species may produce suckers at various distances from the crown. Some species have dense foliage, but others have open foliage. Some may often be weedy in fields. The best procedure, in working with roses, as with the hawthorns and blackberries, is to choose for planting those species in any given region which seem to be doing the best job of erosion control under natural conditions. Among the thicket-forming species may be mentioned R. californica C. and S., R. Carolina L., R. laevigata (the Cherokee rose), R. nutkana Presl, and R. pisocarpa Gray. Species with more or less outstanding livestock browse records include R. acicularis Lindl., R. californica C. and S., R. eglanteria L. (R. rubiginosa L.), R. fendleri Crep. (probably the most important browse species of the genus), R. gymnocarpa Nutt., R. maoounii Greene, R. macrantha Greene, R. manca Greene, R. melina, Greene, R. nutkana Presl, R. pisocarpa Gray, R. sayl Schwein., R. spaldingii Crep., R. spithamea Wats., and R. woodsii Lindl. Stomach records (summary) : Thirty-eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, and prairie chicken ; composed 1.7 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin ; composed 5.6 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin ; composed 3.0 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario; composed 1.5 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States; mountain sheep, pale chipmunk, black-tailed deer; plains white-tailed deer, opossum, white-tailed deer, coyote. Observations (summary): Sixteen species of birds; of considerable importance as food for greater prairie chicken, sharp-tailed grouse and ring-necked pheasant ; a greatly preferred food of wild turkey ; fur- nishes grit for prairie sharp-tailed grouse, northern sharp-tailed grouse, pi&- 242 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE nated grouse, and ruffed grouse; Merriam's turkey; red squirrel, pale chip- munk, mule deer, porcupine; relished by Olympic wapiti. Rocky Mountain mule deer, Columbian black-tailed deer, Rocky Mountain snowshoe rabbit, New Mexico black bear, moose, snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit, pica. In view of the involved synonomy of the species it is quite certain that iden- tifications and reports of utilization by wildlife are probably very often in error, and that some of the species names listed above may be misunderstood by users of this list. Perhaps the safest statement to make would be that since most of the roses hold their fruit the year round and have been fairly well demonstrated to act either as a reserve food or grit or both, that utilization of the wild roses in planting for wildlife may often be of value. Kubus spp. Blackberries, dewberries. Because of the difficulty of identifying species of Rubus, which are in the same general taxonomic confusion as Crataegus, they are treated only as a genus. The erosion-control value of the blackberries or dewberries lies in the fact that many species form dense thickets comparatively rapidly, and that many form dense mats on the ground. The branches of most species are either pros- trate or with the tips bent down, and wherever they touch the ground they take root. Most species will grow satisfactorily in very barren and infertile soils and most of them require sunlight for their best growth and for fruit production. Many are considered troublesome weeds in fields. The greater number ordi- narily invade and rapidly occupy burns, eroded areas, old fields, and logged areas. Many produce biennial canes which fruit and perish. Numerous species harbor rusts which also attack cultivated blackberries and raspberries. They are subject as well to anthracnose leaf spot, mosaic, and double blossom, all diseases which affect cultivated species of Rubus. For this reason considerable care needs to be exercised in planting them. Among those most free of disease should be listed the Himalaya blackberry (R. procerus Muell., R. thyrsanthus of Am. Auths.) which is susceptible to orange rust, but fairly free from other diseases and safe to plant. The second species is the evergreen blackberry (R. laciniatus Willd.) (PL 36, B) which, outside of the Northwest, is generally subject to double blossom but otherwise is comparatively free from disease. Both of these introduced species are more or less natural- ized in various pa.rts of the country. Mowing brambles usually results in an increase in the number of shoots and enhanced vigor of growth. If this is practiced two to three time a season for 2 years or longer, eradication may be accomplished. Burning generally favors brambles unless additional brush is piled on them to make a hotter fire. Stomach records (summary) : One hundred and forty-six species of birds, including bobwhite. ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, Richard- son's grouse, California quail, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken ; composed 3.1 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin ; composed 8.1 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin ; mountain sheep, coyote, opossum, Townsend's chipmunk, chipmunk, dusky marmot, Florida skunk, black-tailed deer, red fox, gray fox, plains white-tailed deer, white- tailed deer; composed 10.8 percent of fruit food of the eastern skunk in Mich- igan. Observations (summary) : Sixty-three species of birds; ranks eighteenth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast; an important food of ring- necked pheasants; blue grouse, ruffed grouse, Hungarian partridge, relished by scaled' quail, band-tailed pigeon; form a prominent share of midsummer food of skunks in New York ; of considerable importance as food and cover for rab- bits ; pica, red squirrel, black bear, beaver ; second most preferred winter food of deer in Massachusetts (especially R. Mspidits) ; R. parviflorus is of outstand- ing importance as browse for mule deer, R. leucodermis of slight importance; red fox, captive marsh rabbit, porcupine ; relished by Olympic wapiti ; an im- portant food of Roosevelt elk ; Columbian black-tailed deer, Rocky Mountain mule deer, ring-tailed cat, Townsend's chipmunk, Allen's chipmunk, golden- mantled ground squirrel, brown mountain beaver, Pacific mountain beaver, Olympic black bear, snowshoe hare ; squirrels, moose. Of some small value as forage for livestock; as a whole the group is of secondary palatability to livestock. Eufacer rubrum, see Acer rubrum. Eulac californicum, see Acer negundo. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 243 Rulac interior, see Acer negundo. Rulac negundo, see Acer negundo. Rulac nuttalii, see Acer negundo. Rulac texana, see Acer negundo. Ryncholeucaena greggii, see Leucaena greggii. Sabal spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Two species of birds. Sabal adansonii, see Sabal louisiana, and S. minor. Sabal caroliniana, see Sabal minor. Sabal deeringiana, see Sabal louisiana. Sabal glabra, see Sabal minor. Sabal hystrix, see Rhapidophyllum hystrix. Sabal louisiana (Darby) Bombard. Delta palmetto. S. adansonii Raf., not Guers., S. deeringiana Small, Chamaerops louisiana Darby. Range: 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A small to large evergreen tree. Sabal mexicana, see Sabal texana. Sabal minima, see Sabal minor. Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. Dwarf palmetto. S. adansonii Guers., not Raf., S. caroliniana Schult., S. glabra (Mill.) Sarg., S. minima (Nutt.) Wendl., S. nitida Hart., /S. pumila (Walt.) Ell., S. taurina Lodd., Srahea minima (Nutt.) Wendl., Chamaerops glabra Mill., C. acaulis Michx., Corypha minor Jacq., C. pumila Walt., Raphis acaulis Walt. Range: 20, 29. 30. Site: Well-drained, moist. Fruit : Drupe, persistent. A large evergreen shrub ; stems subterranean ; often considered a trouble- some plant in cultivated fields. Much browsed by cattle. Sabal nitida, see Sabal minor. Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. Cabbage palmetto. S. schwarsii (Cook) Becc., Corypha palmetto Walt. Range: 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, moist. Fruit : Drupe, available October-November. A large evergreen tree. Stomach records: Four species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds including bobwhite. Sabal pumila, see Sabal minor. Sabal schwarzii, see Sabal palmetto. Sabal taurina, see Sabal minor. Sabal texana (Cook) Becc. Texas palm. S. mexicana Wats., not Mart., Inodes texana Cook. Range: 11, 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, A large evergreen tree ; commonly occurs in sand ; grows readily from seed ; slow growing; difficult to transplant. Sabina barbadensis, see Juniperus lucayana. Sabina flaccida, see Juniperus flaccida. Sabina monosperma, see Juniperus monosperma. Sabina occidentalis, see Juniperus occidentalis. 244 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sabina pachyphloea, see Juniperus pachyphloea. Sabina pinchotii, see Juniperus pinchotii. Sabina sabinoides, see Juniperus mexicana. Sabina scopulorum, see Juniperus scopulorum. Sabina utahensis, see Juniperus utahensis. Sabina virginiana, see Juniperus virginiana. Saccharodendron barbatum, see Acer saccharum. Saccharodendron floridanum, see Acer floridanum. Saccharodendron leucoderme, see Acer leucoderme. Saccharodendron nigrum, see Acer nigrum. Sageretia minntiflora (Michx.) Trel. Buckthorn. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe. A small or large, trailing or straggling shrub, or occasionally a vine; spines- cent ; flowers April-May ; commonly occurs on calcareous soil. Sageretia wrightii Wats. Range: 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, spiny shrub. Without forage value for livestock as far as known. Salazaria mexicana Torr. Bladder-sage. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small or rarely a large shrub ; intricately branched and spinescent. Salix spp. Willows. The willows are generally rapid growing ; tolerant of moisture ; adaptable to a great variety of soils and situations; gregarious because of the ease with which they grow from suckers and their vitality and free formation of shoots and seeds ; most willows commonly produce root shoots and shoot roots ; generally intolerant of shade and hence usually replaced by other trees in forests ; relatively short-lived ; seed vitality transient ; often much wind- damaged ; many of the species are very difficult of separation. Attention should be called to the willow scab. This disease, caused by the attacks of two fungi (Fusicladium saliciperdium and Physalospora miyabeana), occurs through most of New England and in New York and Pennsylvania. It has recently been found in the mountains of North Carolina. Willows of the Salix alba, S. nigra, and S. cordata types seem most susceptible. In the sus- ceptible region at least, willows used for extensive planting should be grown from cuttings taken from resistant trees. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-three species of birds, including ptarmigan, ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, California quail, sharp- tailed grouse, and Richardson's grouse ; composed 3.9 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec ; mountain sheep, moose, northern white-tailed deer, brush rabbit, grizzly, plains white-tailed deer, black- tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Thirteen species of birds, mostly upland game birds, as ptarmigan, ruffed grouse, Gambel quail, sharp-tailed grouse ; willow, rock and white-tailed ptarmigan ; staple winter food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin; emergency food of greater prairie chicken in Wisconsin and Iowa ; somewhat eaten by muskrats in times of scarcity ; much eaten by beaver ; much eaten in the spring by rock squirrels in the Southeast ; principal food of golden beaver ; important food of snowshoe rabbits in northern Minnesota ; Olympic wapiti ; important food of moose ; porcupine, Columbian black-tailed deer ; important food of Pacific coast beaver, Shasta beaver and brown mountain beaver ; Rocky Mountain snowshoe rabbit, broad-tailed beaver, Rio Grande beaver, bighorn. The majority of species have value as browse for livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 245 Salix adenophylla Hook. 8. syrticola, Fern. Range : 23, 24, 26. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, straggling shrub. Salix alba L. European white willow. Range : 9, 15, 16, 19, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large tree introduced from Europe and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated. Salix ambigna, see Salix lonoipes. • Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peachleaf willow. Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree ; dioecious ; rapid growing ; short- lived. Salix argophylla Nutt. Silverleaf willow. 8. macrostachya Nutt. Range : 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Of value as browse for cattle and sheep. Salix argyrocarpa Anders. Range : 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small shrub. Salix austinae, see Salix lemmonii. Salix bakeri, see Salix lasiolepis. Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barr. Balsam willow. S. pyrifolia Anders. Range: 23, 24, 26. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub or rarely a small tree. Salix barclayi Anders. Barclay willow. S. conjuncta Bebb. Range : 4, 12, 13. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large, thicket-forming shrub. Stomach records: Mountatin sheep. An especially good browse for sheep. Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb willow. S. pcrrostrata Rydb., S. rostrata, Rich. Range : 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree ; does not form suckers. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Relished by livestock in the West. Salix bella Piper. Range: 7, 12. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub. 246 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Salix bigelovii, see Salix lasiolepis. Salix boiseana, see Salix lasiolepis. Salix bolanderiana, see Salix mclanopsis. Salix bonplandiana H. B. K. 8. pallida H. B. K., S. bonplandiana toumeyi Schneid. Range : 10, U. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree. Eaten by livestock when young. Salix brachycarpa Nutt. S. stricta (Anders.) Rydb. Range : 4, 12, 13. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Salix brachystachys, see Salix scouleriana. Salix breweri Bebb. Brewer willow. Range: 4. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading shrub. Salix caespitosa, see Salix pelropJiila. Salix californica, see Salix eastwoodiae. Salix Candida Fluegge. Sage willow. Range : 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Salix capreoides, see Salix scouleriana. Salix cascadensis Cockerell. 8. tenera Anders. Range : 4, 12, 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, prostrate shrub. Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Eaten by sheep. Salix caudata (Nutt) Heller. Caudate willow. S. lasiandra caudata (Nutt.) Sudw. Range: 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills). Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Salix chapmanii, see Salix longipes. Salix chlorophylla, see Salix planifolia. Salix coactilis Fern. Range: 26. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Salix columbiae, see Salix pseudomyrsinites. Salix commutata Bebb. Range: 4, 12. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. An important browse for livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 247 Salix conjuncta, see Salix barclayi. Salix cordata Muhl. Heartleaf willow. Range : 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to large tree. Salix coulteri Anders. Range: 1, 2. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Salix covillei, see Salix subcoerulea. Salix cuneata, see Salix sitchensis. Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy willow. 8. eriocephala Michx., 8. prinmdes Pursh. Range : 15, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Salix dodgeana Rydb. Range: 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A prostrate, tiny shrub of mountain peaks. Salix eastwoodiae Cockerell. 8. calif ornica Bebb, not Lesq. Range: 4, 12. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Salix eriocephala, see Salix discolor. Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar willow. 8. fluviatilis exigua (Nutt.) Sarg., 8. lutosericea Rydb., S. nevadensis Wats., S. stenophylla Rydb. Range : 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; commonly occurs in sand and other soils. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Relished by livestock. Salix farrae Ball. Farr willow. Range: 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, alpine shrub. Salix fendleriana, see Salix lasiandra. Salix fernaldii, see Salix vestita. Salix flava, see Salix luted. Salix flavescens, see Salix scouleriana. Salix fluviatilis, see also Salix interior. Salix fluviatilis Nutt. River willow. S. longifolia of auths, not Muhl., S. sessifolia of auths., not Nutt. Range: 1, 2, 6. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. 248 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Salix fragilis L. Crack willow. Range : 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. • Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large tree; twigs very brittle at base (abcission layer), easily breaking off and rooting. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Salix franciscana, see Salix lasiolepis. Salix geyeriana Anders. Geyer willow. S. macrocarpa Nutt. Range : 2, 4, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub. Relished by livestock. Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Range: 22, 23, 24, 26. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; forms extensive thickets ; occurs in sand. Salix glaucops Anders. /S. fflauca glabrescens of auths., S. nudescens Rydb., 8. pseudolapponum v. Seem., S. seemanii Rydb., S. wyomingensis Rydb. Range: 4, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. An especially important stock-browse plant of the highest summer ranges. Salix gooddingii Ball. 8. nigra of Jeps., not Marsh., 8. vallicola (Dudl. ) Britt. Range: 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small shrub to large tree; apparently not tolerant of alkaline conditions; commonly occurs in patches or clumps. Observations Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Salix gracilis, see Salix petiolaris. Salix harbisonii Schneid. Harbison willow. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large tree. Salix herbacea L. Range: 26. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A creeping plant of mountain peaks. Salix hindsiana Benth. Valley willow. 8. parishiana Rowl., /S. sessilifolia of Calif, auths. Range : 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to large tree. Salix hookeriana Barr. Coast willow. Range : 1. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large, bushy shrub to small or large tree; may occur on or near salt marshes ; commonly occurs in sand, gravel, or muck ; may be buried by sand although often continuing to grow. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 249 Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie willow. Range : 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; thicket forming. Salix interior Rowl. Sandbar willow. 8. fluviatilis of auths., not Nutt, in part, 8. linearifolia Rydb., in part, 8. longifolia Muhl., 8. thurbcri Rowl., 8. ivheeleri (Rowl.) Rydb. Range : 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available in April. A large shrub to small or rarely a large tree; forms thickets by stolons. Observations: White-tailed deer. Salix irrorata Anders. Bluestem willow. Range: 11, 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. Commonly a small shrub, more rarely a large shrub to small tree. Salix laevigata Bebb. Eed willow. Range : 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to large tree ; rapid growing when young ; short lived ; com- monly occurs in sandy or gravelly soil. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Salix lancifolia, see Salto lasiandra. Salix lasiandra Benth. 8. fendleriana Anders., 8. lancifolia Anders., 8. lyallii (Sarg.) Heller. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree ; commonly occurs in sandy and other soils. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Salix lasiolepis Benth. Arroyo willow. 8. bakeri v. Seem., 8. boiseana Nels., 8. sandberaii Rydb. Range : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree. • Var. bigelovii (Torr. ) Bebb, (8. bigelovii Torr., 8. franciscana v. Seem.) occurs in the central northern portions of the range. The form described as 8. sandbergii is perhaps better considered a variety of the species. It occurs in regions 8 and 12, and is able to grow in dry sites. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Salix lemmonii Bebb. Lemmon's willow. 8. austinae Bebb. Range: 4, 10. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Salix ligulifolia Ball. Range: 4, 13, 14. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small or large shrub to small tree. Salix linearifolia, see Salix interior. Salix longifolia, see Salix fluviatilis, 8. interior, and 8. melanopsis. 250 MISC. PUBLICATION 303. U. S- DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Salix longipes Shuttlew. 8. ambiffua Small, S. chapmanii Small, 8. occidentalis Koch, S. wardii Bebb. Range : 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large tree. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willow. Range : 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or rarely a large tree. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Salix lutea Nutt. Yellow willow. 8. flava Rydb., S. watsonii (Bebb) Rydb. Range : 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small or large shrub to small tree, universally browsed by livestock. Salix lutosericea, see Salix exigua. Salix lyallii, see Salix lasiandra. Salix mackenziana (Hook.) Barr. Mackenzie willow. 8. cordata mackenziana Hook. Range : 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or rarely a large tree; occurs in rocky and gravelly soil. Salix macrocarpa, see Salix geyeriana. Salix macrostachya, see Salix argophylla. Salix marginata, see Salix nigra. Salix melanopsis Nutt. Dusky willow. Range : 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree. Var. bolanderiana (Rowl.) Schneid. (S. bolanderiana Rowl., 8. long i folia Jeps.) occurs within the range of the species. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Salix microphylla, see Salix taxifolia. Salix missouriensis Bebb. Range : 15, 18, 21, 22, 25. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Salix monochroma Ball. 8. pyrifolia Anders., as used by Ball. Range: 6, 8, 12. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub ; relished by livestock, especially in the fall. Salix monticola Bebb. 8. padophylla Rydb. Range : 9, 12, 13, 14. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub. Salix myrtilloides, see Salix pcdicellaris. Salix nelsonii, see Salix planifolia. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 251 Salix nevadensis, see Salix exigua. Salix nigra, see also Salix gooddingii. Salix nigra Marsh. Black willow. S. marginata Wimm. Range : 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available April-June. A large shrub to small or large tree; root system spreading; rapid growing, especially when young ; short-lived ; much injured by fire, wind, and fungi ; seed germination percentage high, vitality transient ; wood used to some extent com- mercially. Observations: White-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. Salix nivalis Hook. Range : 4, 12, 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small, prostrate shrub. Salix nudescens, see Salix glaucops. Salix nuttallii, see Salix scouleriana. Salix occidentalis, see Salix longipes. Salix orestera Schneid. Sierra willow. 8. glauca orestera, Jeps., /S. glauca, villosn Bebb (Jeps. et al.). Range: 4. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large, spreading shrub. Salix pachnophora, see Salix subcoerulea. Salix padophylla, see Salix monticola. Salix pallida, see Salix bonplandiana. Salix parishiana, see Salix hindsiana. Salix parksiana Ball. Range: 1. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub. Salix pedicellaris Pursh. Bog willow. S. myrtilloides of auths., not L. » Range : 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Var. hypoglauca Fern., is in regions 1, 2, 4, 12, 21, 23, and 24. Salix pellita Anders. Range : 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Salix pennata Ball. Range: 4, 12. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available in August. A small, spreading shrub. Salix perrostrata, see Salix bebbiana. Salix petiolaris Smith. /&'. gracilis Anders. Range: 13, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. 252 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Salix petrophila Rydb. 8. caespitosa Kenn. Range : 4, 12, 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small shrub with creeping stems ; occurs on alpine summits. Salix phylicifolia, see Salix planifolia. Salix piperi Bebb. Piper willow. Range: 1, 2. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree, commonly occurs in sand. Salix planifolia Pursh. 8. chlorophylla Anders., 8. monica Bebb, S. nelsonii Ball, 8. phylicifolia of Amer. auths., not L. Range: 4, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills), 23, 20, 27. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Salix prinoides, see Salix discolor. Salix pseudolapponum, see Salix glancops. Salix pseudomonticola Ball. Range: 4, 12, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Salix pseudomyrsinites Anders. Salia columbiae Mac Br and Nels. Range : 4, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Salix purpurea L. Basket willow. Range: 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Salix pyrifolia, see Salix balsamifcra, and 8. monochroma. Salix rostrata, see Salix bibbiana. Salix sandbergii, see Salix lasiolepis. Salix saximontana Rydb. Range: 12, 13, 14. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A prostrate shrub; branches occasionally rooting. Salix scouleriana Barr. Fire willow. S. brachystachys Nutt., 8. capreoides Anders., 8. fiavescens Nutt., S. nut- tallii Sarg., 8. scouleriana crassijulis Anders. Range: 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree; rapid growing; easily recovers from grazing ; thicket forming ; a pioneer in burned-over areas. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. One of the best species of native western range willows as browse for livestock. Salix seemanii, see Salix glaucops. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 253 Salix sericea Marsh. Silky willow. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site : Moist, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Salix serissima (Bail.) Fern. Autumn willow. S. pallescens Mrtisquama Anders. Range : 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub ; commonly occurs on calcareous soil. Salix sessilifolia, see also Salix fluviatilis and 8. hindsiana. Salix sessilifolia Nutt. Sandbar willow. Range : 1, 2, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree, of some importance as a honey plant in California. Salix sitchensis Sans. Silky willow. S. cuneata Nutt. Range: 1, 2, 4, 7, 12. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree. Salix stenophylla, see Salix exigua. Salix stricta, see Salix brachycarpa. Salix subcoerulea Piper. Blue willow. S. covillei Eastw., S. pachnophora Rydb. Range: 4, 12, 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; relished by livestock. Salix syrticola, see Salix adenophylla. Salix taxifolia H. B. K. Yewleaf willow. 8. microphylla Schlecht. and Cham. . Range: 9, 11. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub to large tree. Salix tenera, see Salix cascadensis. Salix thurberi, see Balix interior. Salix tracyi Ball. Range : 1, 4. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Salix tristis Ait. Dwarf gray willow. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; commonly occurs in sandy soil. Salix tweedyi (Bebb) Ball. S. barrattiana tweedyi Bebb. Range: 12. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub. 254 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Salix uva-ursi Pursh. Bearberry willow Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, prostrate, mat-forming, alpine shrub, with a central root. Salix vallicola, see Salix gooddingii. Salix vestita Pursh. S. fernaldii Blankinship. Range: 12, 26. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. Salix wardii, see Salix longipes. Salix watsonii, see Salix lutea. Salix wheeleri, see SdHw interior. Salix wolfii Bebb. Range: 12, 13. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Var. idaJwensis Ball, is considered a very good sheep browse in Idaho. Salix wrightii Anders. Wright willow. /S. amygdaloides wrightii Anders. Range: 11, 14, 16. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to large tree, eaten by livestock when young. Salix wyomingensis, see Salix glaucops. Salvia spp. Sage. Stomach records '(in addition to specific records) : Gambel and scaled quail. These records may apply to herbaceous as well as woody species. In general, the species rival clover and linden as honey plants. Salvia apiana Jeps. White sage. Aiidibertia polystachya Benth., Ramona polystachya (Benth.) Greene. Range: 5, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A large shrub. An apparent hybrid between this and P. clevelavdii is called S. palmeri (Gray) Greene. Furnishes some winter browse for livestock. An important honey plant. Salvia ballotaeflora Benth. Shrubby blue sage. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers throughout the summer ; drops its leaves in times of drought, regains them with rain. Salvia carnosa Dougl. Desert sage. Audibertia ivtcana Benth., Audibertiella incana Briq., Ramona incana (Benth.) Dougl. Range : 4, 7, 8, 9, 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small, compact, much-branched shrub ; flowers May-June ; a variety which is woody at the base only occurs in region 5. Generally of low palatability but somewhat useful as browse for livestock. Salvia clevelandii Gray. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub ; flowers May- August. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 255 Salvia confinis Fern. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub. Salvia eremostachya Jeps. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub. Salvia funerea Jones. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small, densely branched, compact, densely leafy shrub ; flowers April-May. Salvia greatae Brandeg. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub ; flowers in April. Salvia greggii Gray. Autumn sage. Range: 11, 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub ; flowers throughout the summer. Salvia mellifera Greene. Black sage. Audibertia stachyoides Benth., Ramona stachyoides (Benth.) Briq. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small to large, openly branched shrub ; flowers April-May ; inflammable ; somewhat loosely branched. More or less browsed by sheep and goats. Has been said to be the best honey plant of the Pacific coast. Salvia mohavensis Greene. Audibertia capitata Gray. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small, much-branched, compact shrub ; flowers May — June. Salvia pachyphylla Epling. Audibertia pachystaohya Gray. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub. Salvia palmeri, see Salvia apiana. Salvia pinguifolia (Fern.) Woot, and Standl. Range : 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub. Salvia vaseyi (Porter) Parish. 8. vaseyi (Porter) Jeps. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub. Samanea flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium ftexicaule. 130180° 256 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sambucus spp. Elders. The blue- or black-fruited species are edible at least when cooked ; some red berries have poisoned human beings; most species grow on slightly acid soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : One hundred and eleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, California quail, and Gambel quail; opossum. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Thirty- four species of birds, including band-tailed pigeon, porcupine, Olympic black bear. Sambucus caerulea Raf. (pi. 37, B). Blueberry elder. S. glauca Nutt., /S. neomexicana Woot. Range : 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 . Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available August-October, or rarely to December. Usually a large shrub, more rarely a small to large tree ; flowers April-July ; not gregarious; coppices freely, the sprouts growing as much as 15 feet in a single year; berries produced abundantly; wood durable in contact with the soil. Var. velutina, (Dur.) Schwer., (8. velutina Dur.), the velvet-leaf elder, occurs in regions 4, 5, and 10. It has a limited value as browse for livestock and is of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. A form of the species occurring in region 14 has been described as S. vestita Woot. and Standl. Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, California quail, valley quail, and Gambel quail. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; much eaten by birds generally ; Rocky Mountain mule deer ; California mule deer. Worthless to poor forage for sheep; worthless for cattle in the spring and summer, but in the fall good to excellent. Sambucus callicarpa Greene. Redberry elder. Range : 1, 2, 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available June-September, occasionally persistent until December. Commonly a large shrub or rarely a small to large tree ; flowers April-May ; somewhat loosely-branched; coppices freely; sprouts may grow as much as 13 feet in one season; clump forming. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including sooty grouse. Observa- tions: Sooty grouse, band-tailed pigeon. Good sheep and fairly good cattle browse in the fall. Sambucus canadensis L. (pi. 38). American elder. Range : 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available August-October. A large stoloniferous shrub ; flowers June-July ; produces seed 4 years after sowing ; the fresh leaves, berries, flowers, and roots yield hydrocyanic acid ; cooking breaks up the cyanogenetic glucosides ; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois : 175,000-468,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Forty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and ring-necked pheasant ; composed 0.2 percent of total annual food, and 2.8 percent of fruit food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan. Observations: Sixteen species of birds, including mourning dove, wild turkey; an important food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan; red squirrel, captive marsh rabbit, white-tailed deer. Highly palatable in the fall to livestock. Sambucus glauca, see Sambucus caerulea. Sambucus melanocarpa Gray. Black elder. Range : 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available July-September. A large shrub with comparatively thick foliage; flowers May-June; may occur on rocky sites. Locally valuable as a fall forage for livestock. Sambucus mexicana Presl. Mexican elder. S. caerulea arizonica Sarg. Range : 5, 10, 11, 16, 17. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Berry, said to be available the year around. A large shrub to small tree, said to be evergreen ; fruit rarely matures in New Mexico. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 37 A, Ribes setosum. A typical wild gooseberry, susceptible to whitepme blister rust, but valuable for soil- and wildlife-conservation plantings in regions where five-needled pines are not grown B, Isambucus caerulea. A very large specimen of an elder that more commonly attains only shrub stature. A nc worthy species for erosion-control and wildlife plantings. Misc. Pub. 3C3, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 30 NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 257 Sambucus microbotrys Rydb. Btmchberry elder. Range: 9, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills). Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available July-September. A small shrub or rarely a large shrub ; flowers May-July. Stomach records: Richardson's grouse. Observations: Dusky grouse. Ex- tensively browsed in summer, even more in the fall, by livestock. Sambucus neomexicana, see Sambucus caerulea. Sambucus pubens Michx. Red elder. /S. racemosa of auths., not L. Range: 15 (Black Hills), 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available June-November, sometimes persistent until January. A large shrub; flowers April-May; 48,300 seeds per pound. Records of this species on the West Coast probably refer to /S. callicarpa (q. v.). Stomach records: Twenty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and ring-necked pheasant Observation*: Moose, red squirrel, white-tailed deer. Sambucus racemosa, see Sambucus pubens. Sambucus simpsonii Rehd. Southern elder. Range : 29, 30, 31. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers throughout the year ; forma vast thickets. Sambucus velutina, see Sambucus caerulea. Sambucus vestita, see Sambucus caerulea. Sanviniona assurgentiflora, see Lavatera assurgentifolia. Sapindus drummondii Hook, and Arn. Western soapberry. Range : 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available September-October, commonly persistent until spring. A large shrub or small to large tree with dense foliage ; flowers May-June ; occurs on clay, limestone and other soils; wood used* to some extent commer- cially ; 1,500-1,700 seeds per pound ; contains large quantities of saponin, a severe poison which is objectionable to the taste. Not browsed by livestock. Sapindus manatensis, see Sapindus marginatus. Sapindus marginatus Willd. Florida soapberry. S. manatensis Radek. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available in October. A small to large tree ; flowers in May ; commonly occurs i* sand. Sapium biloculare (Wats.) Pax. S. bilocularis amplum Johnst., Sebastiania bilocularis Wats. Range : 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree ; a fish poison ; produces jumping beans. Sarcobatus baileyi Cov. Range: 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. Greasewood. Range : 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, spiny shrub ; occurs in alkaline soil, withstanding a hydrogen- ion concentration to pH 8.0. 258 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Observations: Porcupine, jack rabbit, Zuni prairie dog, painted chipmunk ; Gary San Luis chipmunk, western chipmunk. A valuable fall and winter browse for livestock provided it is eaten with other forage in ordinary amounts ; young stems and fresh leaves in the spring have caused livestock poisoning. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. Sassafras. 8. variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze., S. sassafras (L) Karst., S. offlcinale Nees and Eberm., Laurus albida Nutt. Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available August-October. Usually a large shrub, less commonly a small to large tree; occurs on many kinds of soils including sand ; reproduces extensively by means of root stocks ; densely thicket forming; dioecious; coppices freely after cutting; wood very durable, somewhat used commercially ; a pioneer species in old fields ; often a troublesome weed. Stomach records: Eighteen species of birds including bobwhite ; woodchuck. Observations: Ten species of birds; ranks twenty -sixth on the list of quail food plants in the Southeast ; marsh rabbit, woodchuck, wild turkey ; black bear, white-tailed deer. Sassafras offlcinale, see Sassafras albidum. Sassafras sassafras, see Sassafras albidum. Sassafras variifolium, see Sassafras albidum. Savia phyllanthoides, see Andrachne phyllanthoides. Schaefferia cuneifolia Gray. Desert yaupon. Range : 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Dry drupe ; available in May. A small, densely-branched, spinose shrub ; slow growing ; easily transplanted. Schinus fagara, see Xanthoxylum fagara. Schizonotus discolor, see Holodiscus discolor. Schmaltzia afflnis, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia anisophylla, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia arenaria, see Rhus aromatica. Schmaltzia aromatica, see Rhus aromatica. Schmaltzia ashei, see Rhus ashei. Schmaltzia bakeri, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia cognata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia copallina, see Rhus copallina. Schmaltzia cruciata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia emoryi, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia glabra, see Rhus glabra. Schmaltzia glabrata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia glauca, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia glomerata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia hirta, see Rhus typhina. Schmaltzia illinoensis, see Rhus aromatica. Schmaltzia lanceolata, see Rhus copallina. Schmaltzia leiocarpa, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia malaeophylla, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia miehauxii, see Rhus michauaii. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 259 Schmalt2ia oxyacanthoides, see Rhus triloltata. Schmaltzia pulchella, see Rhus triloltata. Schmaltzia quercifolia, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia ribifolia, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia scaberula, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia simplicifolia, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia straminea, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia subpinnata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia trilobata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia virens, see Rhus virens. Sebastiania bilocularis, see Sapium biloculare. Securingea fasciculata, see Halliophytum hallii. Senegalia berlandieri, see Acacia berlandieri. Senegalia emoryana, see Acacia emoryana. Senegalia greggii, see Acacia, greggii. Senegalia malacophylla, see Mimosa malacophylla. Senegalia roemeriana, see Acacia, roemeriana. Senegalia wrightii, see Acacia wrightii. Sequoia spp. Two species of trees attaining tremendous size and age, and producing fine timber; wood very resistant to decay. The tallest, most massive, and oldest of United States forest trees; bark very thick; range of both species very restricted; finest specimens often protected; reproduce freely and abundantly. Observations (in addition to specific records): Crossbill; much eaten by squirrels. Sequoia gigantea, see Sequoia washingtoniana. Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb.) Endl. Redwood. Range : 1. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; ripe in September, seeds shed at once, cones persistent a few months. A very large, evergreen tree ; root system deep or shallow ; rapid growing when young, later slower ; extremely long-lived ; forms very dense forests ; reproduces commonly by root and stump sprouts which grow faster than seed- lings ; wood of great importance commercially ; 82,000-115,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Sierra chickaree. Sequoia washingtoniana (Winsl.) Sudw. Bigtree. 8. gigantea Decne., S. wellingtoniana v. Seem. Range: 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone ; mature at the end of the second summer, seeds shed slowly, cones soon falling. A very large, evergreen tree ; extremely long-lived ; at first rapid growing, later slower ; resistant to fire, insects, and fungi ; wood of great importance commercially ; 93,300 seeds per pound, germination 24 percent, vitality persistent. Observations: Much eaten by the California pine squirrel. Sequoia wellingtoniana, see Sequoia washingtoniana. Serenoa repens (Bart.) Small. Saw palmetto. S. serrulata (Michx.) Hook, f., Corypha repens Bart. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Drupe ; available June-November. 260 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A small to large shrub or small tree; evergreen; stems erect, or often creep- iiag and rooting, or subterranean ; forms extensive, dense colonies. Stomach records: Five species of birds, including bob white. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit ; gray squirrel. An important source of honey. Serenoa serrulata, see Serenoa repens. Sericotheca discolor, see Holodiscus discolor. Sericotheca dumosa, see Holodiscus dumosus. Sericotheca glabrescens, see Holodiscus discolor. Sericotheca microphylla, see Holodisous discolor. Sericotheca obovata, see Holodiscus discolor. Sericotheca schaffneri, see Holodiscus schaffneri. Serjania brachycarpa Gray. Range: 17. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Samara. A vine. Serjania incisa Torr. Range: 17. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A vine. Shepherdia spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 7 species of birds, includ- ing ruffed grouse; buff -bellied chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, including prairie chicken; much eaten by pale chipmunk ; porcupine, western chipmunk. Shepherdia argentea Nutt. (pi. 40, B). Silver buffaloberry. ' Lepargyrea argentea (Nutt.) Greene, Elaeagnus utilis Nelson. Range : 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available July-August. A large, somewhat thorny, dioecious shrub ; flowers April-May ; edible fruit borne in great profusion ; difficult to transplant from the wild ; staminate plants in winter have dense clusters of rounded flower buds, while the fruit-bearing, pistillate plants have smaller, flattened, fewer, more slender buds ; 36,000-43,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Twelve species of birds; pale chipmunk. Observations: Western robin, sharp-tailed grouse. Of slight importance as browse for mule deer ; porcupine, Wasatch chipmunk. Worthless as browse for livestock. Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Canadian buffaloberry. Lepargyrea canadensis (L.) Greene, Elaeagnus canadensis (L.) Nelson. Range: 2, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small to large, dioecious shrub ; flowers April-June ; typical of moist, open, wooded slopes ; root system compact, fibrous, rather shallow ; commonly occurs on calcareous soil. Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including dusky grouse. Observa- tions: Bohemian and cedar waxwings, sharp-tailed grouse ; Alpine chipmunk ; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Without browse value for cattle ; of limited value for sheep before frost. Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry. Lepargyrea rotundifolia (Parry) Greene, Elaeagnus rotundifolia (Parry) Nelson. Range : 9, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Berry. A small, densely branched evergreen shrub ; flowers in March ; commonly sprawling ; often occurs in clay soil. Considered a valuable winter food for live- stock in southeastern Utah. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept of Agriculture PLATE 39 Smilax glauca. A fruiting branch collected in midwinter in Maryland. The thicket-forming tendency of this and other species of Smilax make them valuable erosion-control plants on submarginal land where they provide food and cover for wildlife as well as cover for soil. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 40 A, Sorbita sitchensis. A species with promise for erosion-control and wildlife plantings at higher elevations in the West. B, Shepherdia argentea, a fruit-bearing shrub of value to wildlife and of great poten*ial use in erosion-control planting. C, Simmondsia chinensis. The goat nut provides a thick cover in the desert region where cover is at a premium. Its nutlike seed is utilized by wildlife. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 261 Siderocarpos flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium flexicaule. Sideroxylon lanuginosa, see Bumelia lanuglnosa. Simmondsia californica, see Simmondsia chinensis. Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid. (pi. 40, C). Goat-nut. S. californica Nutt., S. pabulosa Kellogg, Buxus chinensis Link. Range : 5, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small to large, bushy monoecious or dioecious shrub ; slow growing, fruit often produced in great quantities ; flowers in April ; seed germination 80-100 percent ; seedlings slow-growing. Observations: Much eaten by squirrels; mule deer; white- winged doves. An important browse for livestock. Simmondsia pabulosa, see Simmondsia chinensis. Smilax spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records: Forty -four species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken ; composed 3.6 percent of the fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin ; composed 1.0 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records ) : Twelve species of birds, considerably eaten by marsh rabbit ; cottontail rabbit. Smilax auriculata Walt. Wild-bamboo. Range : 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. An evergreen vine ; unarmed, or with small prickles, rootstocks bearing large tubers ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Smilax bona-nox L. Fringed greenbrier. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available October-November. A spiny vine, partially evergreen ; flowers in June ; root-stocks bearing large tubers. (See also S. psetidochina.) m Stomach records: Thirteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Captive marsh rabbit. Smilax californica Gray. California greenbrier. Range : 4. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-November. A smooth or prickly vine; commonly spreads by rootstocks. Smilax cinnamomifolia, see Smilax lanceolata. Smilax glauca Walt. (pi. 39). Sawbrier. Range : 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available September-October, often persistent until spring. A partially evergreen vine ; flowers in June ; occurs on sand, clay, and other soils; underground stems deep, bearing large tubers; often troublesome in clearings and meadows ; comparatively difficult to eradicate ; thicket forming ; very tolerant of fire. Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Captive marsh rabbit. Smilax hispida Muhl. Bristly greenbrier. Range : 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available October-November, commonly persistent until spring. 262 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A high-climbing vine; grows well on poor soils including sand; does not spread by stolons. Observations: Wild turkey. Smilax lanceolata L. Coral greenbrier. S. cinnamomifolia Small. Range : 20, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in September. A vigorous, evergreen vine ; prickly or unarmed ; rootstocks commonly fleshy ; production of fruit uncertain. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Browsed by cattle. Smilax laurifolia L. Laurel greenbrier. Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-September of the second season. A very vigorous, high-climbing evergreen vine ; not thorny ; commonly forms large entanglements ; fruit very abundantly produced ; rootstocks commonly bearing very large tubers which may be used for propagation purposes. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Refused by captive marsh rabbits. Smilax pseudochina L. Chinabrier. Range : 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry. An evergreen vine ; commonly occurs in sandy and other soils ; rootstocks often bear large tubers. By some authorities considered identical with S. bona-nox. Stomach records: Mockingbird. Smilax pumila Walt. Sarsparilla vine. Range : 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available in spring, persistent the year round. A trailing or low-climbing, unarmed vine; flowers in the fall. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Smilax renifolia Small. Range: 17, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A high-climbing dioecious vine. Smilax rotundifolia L. Catbrier. Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in October, persfttent throughout the winter. A thicket-forming, evergreen, spiny vine; rootstocks tuberous, very long. Stomach records: Ten species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Pileated woodpecker; captive marsh rabbit, opossum. Smilax walteri Pursh. Coral greenbrier. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available September-October, persistent all winter, espe- cially southward. An unarmed, or rarely somewhat prickly vine ; flowers in June. Stomach records: Two species of birds. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Solanum dulcamara L. Bitter nightshade. Range : 2, 6, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-May. A thicket-forming vine ; flowers May-September ; introduced from Eurasia and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated ; often only herbaceous ; not a dermatitic poison ; berries not poisonous when cooked ; often considered a weed. Species of Solanum commonly harbor the potato and tomato mosaic as well as potato stalk borer, Colorado potato beetle, onion thrip, and green- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 263 house red spider mite. For this reason tlie species should be used with con- siderable caution. Stomach records: Eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and ring-necked pheasant ; composed 0.3 percent of total annual food, and 3.9 percent of fruit food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan. Observations: Red- eyed vireo ; an important food of pheasants in southern Michigan ; black duck, white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit Sophora affinis Torr. and Gray. Coralbean. Range : 10, 16, 20, 25, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Legume ; available September-October, persistent through the winter. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers in June ; occurs in limestone and other soils. Sophora arizonica Wats. Range : 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in May. A large, handsome, shrub ; flowers in March. Sophora secundiflora (Cav.) DC. Frigolito. Broussonetia secundiflora Orteg. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Legume, available in September. A large shrub, or rarely a small to large tree ; evergreen ; often occurs on limestone soil ; seeds contain sophorin and are extremely poisonous ; thicket forming ; propagation is by seeds sown at once ; growth of seedlings very slow. Poisonous to livestock as well as human beings. Sophora tomentosa L. Range: 17, 32. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, evergreen shrub ; flowers the year round ; commonly occurs in sandy soils. Sorbus spp. Mountain-ashes. Propagation of all species is by seeds stratified 90 days at 32°~41° F. and sown in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Nine species of birds, in- cluding ruffed, sooty, and sharp- tailed grouse. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Eleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, sharp-tailed grouse ; a favorite food of moose. Sorbus americana Marsh. American mountain-ash. Pyrus americana (Marsh) DC., P. sambucifolia of auths., not Cham, and Schlecht. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Pome, available August-March. A small to large tree ; flowers May-June ; fruit commonly bearing very few seeds ; very susceptible to San Jos6 scale ; 83,000-100,000 seeds per pound. Var. decora (Schneid.) Sarg. (Pyrus sitchensis of Gray's Man., not Piper, S. decora Schneid.), occurs in regions 24 and 27. Stomach records: Eight species of birds including ruffed grouse, ptarmigan, and sharp-tailed grouse ; composed 17.9 percent of winter food of sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec. Observations: Thirteen species of birds; pre- ferred winter food of ruffed grouse in Wisconsin ; blue grouse ; fruits claimed preferred by birds to that of S. aucuparia when the two species are available together ; white-tailed deer ; of importance as browse for moose ; much eaten by fisher ; a staple food of marten. Sorbus angustifolia, see Sorbus sitchensis. Sorbus aucuparia L. European mountain-ash. Range : 21, 22, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Pome, available August-September. 264 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large shrub or more commonly a small tree ; introduced from Europe and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated ; commonly produces more viable seeds than S. americana; 104,700 seeds per pound. Observations: Three species of birds, including sharp-tailed grouse; song- birds generally; claimed to be a second choice of birds where this and 8. americana, grow together. Sorbus californica, see Sorbus sitchensis. Sorbus decora, see Sorbus americana. Sorbus dumosa, see Sorbus scopulina. Sorbus occidentalis (Wats.) Greene. Alpine mountain-ash. 8. pumila Raf., Pryus occidentalis Wats., Range: 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Pome, available August-December. A large shrub ; flowers June-August. Observations: Oregon jay; Clark's crow. Important locally as browse for livestock, although susceptibility to rust lessens the browse value. Sorbus pumila, see Sorbus occidentalis. Sorbus scopulina Greene. Greene mountain-ash. /S. dumosa Greene. Range : 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Pome, available July-December. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers in June ; commonly occurs in sandy or gravelly soil. Stomach records: Dusky grouse. Where in association with highly palatable species is little cropped by livestock ; elsewhere excellent browse for sheep. Sorbus sitchensis Roem. (pi. 40, A). Pacific mountain-ash. S. angustifolia Rydb. (?), S. californica Greene, Pyrus sitchensis (Roem.) Piper. Range: 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist. Fruit: Pome, available August-November. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers in June ; thicket forming ; occurs in sandy loam and other soils. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including Richardson's grouse. Fair browse for sheep, less so for cattle. Sphaeralcea davidsonii, see Malvastrum davidsonii. Sphaeralcea fasciculata, see Malvastrum fasciculatum. Spiraea spp. Spiraeas. Nearly all species are free from insects and diseases ; most occur in neutral soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Ruffed grouse, sharp- tailed grouse; mountain sheep. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Pica, cottontail rabbit. Palatability of the western species to livestock is low. Spiraea albla Du Roi. Meadow spiraea. Range: 15 (Black Hills), 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small shrub : flowers June-August. A possible hybrid between this and S. tomentosa has been described as S. subcanescens Rydb. It occurs in region 28. Spiraea arbuscula, see Spiraea densiflora. Spiraea caespitosa Nutt. Dwarf spiraea. Petrophytum caespitosum (Nutt.) Rydb., P. acuminatum Rydb. Range: 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, mat-forming shrub; flowers in May; occurs on limestone and other soils; will grow over dry bare rocks. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 265 Spiraea californica, see Vauquelinia caUfornica. Spiraea corymbosa Raf. Dwarf spiraea. Range: 27, 28. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, sparsely-branched shrub ; flowers May-June. Spiraea densiflora Nutt. S. arbuscula Greene, S. helleri Rydb., 8. splendens Koch. Range: 1, 4, 12, 13, 15 (Black Hills). Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small shrub, flowers July-August; forms dense mats. Spiraea discolor, see Holodiscus discolor. Spiraea douglasii Hook. Douglas spiraea. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Follicle, available September-October. A small to large shrub; flowers July-August; thicket forming by means of suckers. Spiraea dumosa, see Holodiscus dumosus. Spiraea glutinosa, see Chamaebatiaria millefolium. Spiraea helleri, see Spiraea densiflora. Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. Meadowsweet. Range: 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A large, thicket-forming shrub; flowers June-August. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Ignored by deer in Massa- chusetts ; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer in northern Michigan. Spiraea lucida Dougl. Range: 2, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, sparsely branched shrub ; flowers May-July ; possesses creeping root- stocks ; erect branches often die back annually too near the base. A possible hybrid between this and S. memiesii has been described as S. pyramidata Greene. It occurs in regions 1, 2, 4, and 12. Spiraea menziesii Hook. Menzies spiraea. Range: 2, 4, 7, 8, 12. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small shrub ; flowers June-August. Fair to good forage in the fall for sheep and cattle. Spiraea millefolium, see Chamaebatiaria millefolium. Spiraea opulifolia, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Spiraea pauciflora, see Physocarpus malvaceus. Spiraea pyramidata, see Spiraea, lucida. Spiraea salicifolia L. Willowleaf spiraea. Range: 25, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub; introduced from Siberia and eastern Russia and more or less escaped and naturalized in the regions indicated. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; cottontail rabbit. Spiraea splendens, see Spiraea densiflora. Spiraea subcanescens, see Spiraea alba. 266 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Spiraea tomentosa L. Hardback. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Follicle, available August-December. A small shrub ; flowers July-September ; possesses underground stems ; long considered an aggressive weed in New England pastures. Observations: Ignored by white-tailed deer in Massachusetts. Spiraea virginiana Britt. Virginia spiraea. Range: 27. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Follicle, available in September. A small, straggling shrub ; flowers in June. Spirostachys occidentalis, see Allenrolfea occidentalis. Staphylea bolanderi Gray. California bladdernut. Range : 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A large shrub to large tree ; flowers April-May. Staphylea trifolia L. American bladdernut. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers in May. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Stenolobium incisum, see Tecoma stans. Stenolobium stans, see Tecoma stans. Stenotopsis interior, Aplopappus linearlfolius. Stenotopsis linearifolius, see Aplopappus linearifolius. Stenotus linearifolius, see Aplopappus linearifolius. Stewartia, see Stuartia. Stillingia aquatica Chapm. Corkwood. Range: 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; often grows in standing water. Stomach records: Bob white. Strobus monticola, see Pinus monticola. Strobus strobus, see Pinus strobus. Strobus weymouthiana, see Pinus strobus. Strombocarpa cinerascens, see Prosopis cinerascens. Stuartia malachodendron L. Silky-camellia. Range : 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Woody capsule. A large shrub ; flowers June-August. Stuartia pentagyna L'Her. Mountain-camellia. Malachodendron pentagynum (L'Her.) Small. Range: 27, 28. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Woody capsule. A large shrub ; flowers July-August. Styphonia integrifolia, see Rhus integrifoUa. Styrax americana L. American snowbell. Range : 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available September-October. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 267 A large shrub; flowers March- April. Stomach records: Mallard. Styrax fulvescens, see Styrax offlcinalis. Styrax grandifolia Alt Snowball. Eange: 29,30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Dry drupe, available in October. A large shrub to small or large tree ; flowers March-May ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Wood duck. Styrax officinalis L. A Mediterranean species represented in California by var. califomica Munz and Johnst, a large shrub ; in regions 4 and 10 ; flowering May-July. Var. fulvescens (Eastw.) Munz and Johnst. (Styrax fulvescens Eastw.) is a similar plant in regions 5 and 10. The fruit of both is a capsule, and both occur in sunny sites which are dry or well-drained. Styrax platanifolia Engelm. Storax. Range : 20, 29. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Stony capsule. A large, handsome shrub. Styrax pulverulenta Michx. Powdery storax. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub ; flowers March-April. Very similar to S. americana. Stomach records: Mallard. Svida alternifolia, see Cornus alternifolia. Svida amomum, see Cornus amomum. Svida asperifolia, see Cornus asperifolia* Svida baileyi, see Cornus baileyi. Svida califomica, see Cornus calif ornica. *t • Svida catalinensis, see Cornus glabrata. Svida foemina, see Cornus foemina. Svida interior, see Cornus interior. Svida microcarpa, see Cornus microcarpa. Svida priceae, see Cornus pricetae. Svida pubescens, see Cornus occidentalis. Svida rugosa, see Cornus circinata. Svida stricta, see Cornus foemina. Svida stolonifera, see Cornus stolonifera. Symphoricarpos spp. All species may be propagated by soft or hardwood cuttings cut below the node and treated with potassium permanganate, or they may be propagated by seed. Many species contain small amounts of saponin, but such large quantities are necessary to cause acute poisoning that cases of livestock poisoning are rare. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and California quail ; black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Six species of birds ; much eaten by ring- necked pheasant; Hungarian partridge; pica, Columbian black-tailed deer. Extremely important browse for livestock in Utah, Nevada, and southern Idaho ; cases of livestock sickness charged to this genus appear to be extremely rare. Symphoricarpos acutus, see SympJioricarpos albus. 268 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake, (pi. 41, A). Snowberry. S. racemosus Michx., S. mollis Nutt., S. acutus (Gray) Howell, S. albus mollis (Nutt.) Keck. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available year round. A small, thicket-forming shrub ; flowers June-September ; occurs on limestone and other soils; declined branches root; killed by excessive grazing; 72,000- 95,000 seeds per pound. Var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake, is taller, has larger leaves, larger clusters of fruit, and larger fruit than the species. It occurs with.in the range of the species. Var. pauciflorus Blake, (8. pauciflorus Britt), is a dwarf occurring within the range of the species. Stomach records: Nineteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, Cali- fornia quail, ring-necked pheasant, Hungarian partridge, sharp-tailed grouse, and Richardson's grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Hungarian partridge, sharp-tailed grouse, prairie sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. A very important browse for livestock. Symphoricarpos fragrans, see Symphoricarpos longiflorus. Symphoricarpos glabratus, see Symphoricarpos oreophilus. Symphoricarpos glau'cus, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpos longiflorus Gray. S. fragrans Nels. Range : 9, 10, 11, 13. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub, with somewhat declining branches. Symphoricarpos mollis, see Symphoricarpos albus. Symphoricarpos occidentals Hook. Wolfberry. Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available September-January. A small shrub; flowers June-July; commonly reproduces by rootstocks; very similar to S. albus, but generally stouter. Stomach records: Five species of birds, including greater prairie chicken. Observations: Five species of birds; a fairly important food of ring-necked pheasant. An important and nonpoisonous browse for livestock. A good honey plant. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench. Coralberry. S. vulgaris Michx., #. Symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Range : 18, 20, 21, 22, 23$ 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available September-June. A small shrub, or very rarely, a large shrub ; flowers in July ; thicket forming by means of stolons which are freely produced; grows on coal-stripped land in Illinois ; has demonstrated great adaptability to rigorous conditions and high value for erosion control of the most barren and sterile soils in the Piedmont ; has been effectively used as living check dams and water spreaders ; commonly bears fruit soon after planting; often weedy in pastures; 407,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, greater prairie chicken, and wild turkey. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, white-tailed deer. Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray. Mountain snowberry. S. rotundifolius oreophilus Jones, S. glabratus Eastw., £. parishii Rydb. Range: 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A small, stoloniferous shrub ; flowers June-July ; root system fibrous, gener- alized; often trailing or with procumbent branches. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Wasatch chipmunk, deer. A valuable forage for livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 269 Symphoricarpos parish!!, see Symphoricarpos oreophilus. Symphoricarpos parvifolius, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpos pauciflorus, see Symphoricarpos albus. Symphoricarpos racemosus, see Symphoricarpos albus. Symphoricarpos rotundifolius, Gray. Boundleaf snowberry. 8. glaucus Eastw., /8. parvifolius Eastw., 8. vaccinioides Rydb., S. tetoncnsis Nels. Range: 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-September. A small, straggling shrub ; flowers May-June. Stomach records: Varied thrush, California quail. Observations: Chipmunk, California mule deer. Fair to good sheep and goat browse. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos, see Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. Symphoricarpos tetonensis, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpos utahensis Rydb. Utah snowberry. Range: 9, 12, 13. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Symphoricarpos vaccinioides, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpos vulgaris, see Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Her. Sweetleaf. Hopea tinctoria L. Range : 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; semievergreen ; flowers March-May, the two forms occurring along the coast and in the mountains respectively are by some considered specifically distinct. Stomach records: Phoebe. Relished by cattle. Talinopsis frutescens Gray. Range: 11. . Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Tamala borbonia, see Persea borbonia. Tamala humilis, see Persea, humilis. Tamala pubescens, see Persea. pubescens. Tamarix gallica L. Tamarisk. Range: 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. * Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; foliage comparatively sparse; introduced from Europe but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; withstands con- tinued drought well ; not easily hurt by alkali in the soil ; generally free from insects and disease; thicket forming; grows rapidly from cuttings. Taxodium spp. Baldeypress. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Eleven species of birds, including wild turkey. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Texas fox squirrel. Taxodium ascendens Brongn. Pondcypress. T. imbricarium (Nutt.) Harp. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large tree. Stomach records: Little brown crane. 270 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Taxodium disticlvum (L.) Rich. Southern cypress. Range : 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large tree ; root system shallow, with "knees" in wet situations ; at first rapid growing, later slower ; somewhat attacked by fungi ; wood of great im- portance commercially, especially durable ; heavy seed years frequent ; 3,000 seeds per pound 15-25 percent viable, vitality transient (1 year or less). Stomach records: Six species of birds. Taxodium imbricarium, see Taxodium ascendens. Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific yew. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupelike, available in September, falling in October. A small to large, evergreen tree with very dense foliage; extremely slow growing, very long-lived ; attacked at maturity by heart rot ; wood very durable, little used commercially ; germination of seeds 50-60 percent, vitality persistent. Observations: Much eaten by birds; ring-tailed cat. Poisonous to cattle. Taxus oanadensis Marsh. Canada yew. Range : 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun (rare), shade. Fruit : Drupelike, available August-September of the second season. A small evergreen shrub with dense foliage; commonly forms a continuous ground cover ; prostrate branches root where covered by detritus ; fruit produced sporadically. Stomach records : 'Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Third most important preferred winter food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts; highly palatable winter and summer food for moose oa Isle Royale; favorite food of northern white-tailed deer in Michigan. Poisonous to livestock, although the pulp of the fruit is harmless. Taxus floridana Nutt. Florida yew. Range: 29, 30. Site : Dry* well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupelike, available in fall. A small evergreen tree ; very local in distribution ; wood not used com- mercially because scarce. Tecoma radicans, see Campsis radicans. Tecoma stans (L.) H. B. K. Trumpetflower. Bignonia stans L., Stenolobium stans v. Seem., S. incisum Rose and Standl. Range : 10, 11, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub to small tree; much cultivated. Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Without browse value for livestock. Tessaria borealis, see Pluchea, sericea. Tetracoccus dioicus Parry. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available July-November. A small much-branched dioecious shrub. Tetracoccus hallii, see Halliophytum halUi. Tetracoccus ilicifolius Cov. and Gilm. • Hollybush. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available August-September. A small evergreen shrub; growth open and spreading; very rare. Tetradymia spp. Observations (in addition to specific records): Pigmy rabbit; Oregon jack rabbit in dry seasons. Tetradymia axillaris, see Tetradymia spinosa. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 271 Tetradymia canescens DC. Gray horsebrush. T. linearis Rydb. Range : 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, freely-branched shrub; flowers July-August; occurs in sandy and rocky soils. Var. inermis (Nutt.) Gray, (T. inermis Nutt.) the spineless horsebrush, occurs with the species, often on alkaline soil. Considered worthless or poor winter feed for stock ; possibly poisonous to sheep. Tetradymia comosa Gray. Hairy horsebrush. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, many-stemmed shrub. Tetradymia glabrata Gray. littleleaf horsebrush. Range: 8, 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub ; flowers June-August ; commonly without leaves from about June 15. Generally not palatable to livestock ; sheep poisoned by it, especially when taken in large quantities in the spring; poisonous effect cumulative; apparently not poisonous to cattle. Tetradymia inermis, see Tetradymia canescens. Tetradymia linearis, see Tetradymia canescens. Tetradymia longispina, see Tetradymia spinosa. Tetradymia nuttallii Torr. and Gray. Nuttall horsebrush. Range: 9, 13. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small prickly shrub ; flowers May-August ; of local browse value for sheep. Tetradymia spinosa Hook, and Arn. Shortspine horsebrush. Range : 8, 9, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, rigid, divaricately-branched shrub ; flowers May-August ; somewhat spiny. Var. longispina Jones, (T. longispina, (Jones) Rydb., T. axillaris Nels.) occurs in the southern part of the range. Observations: A valuable forage for antelope. Locally valuable as a forage for sheep. Tetradymia squamata, see Lepidospartum squamatum. Tetradymia stenolepis Greene. Mohave horsebrush. Range: 4, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, much-branched shrub. Thamnosma montana Torr. and Frem. Turpentine-broom. Range : 9, 10, 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub ; flowers April-May ; branches broomlike ; leaves early decidu- ous. Not palatable to livestock. Thuja spp. Arborvitae. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Thuja occidentalis L. Northern white cedar. Range : 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; mature in early autumn, persistent through the winter. A small to large, evergreen tree ; root system usually shallow, or deeper on dry sites; slow growing, long-lived; very easily damaged by fire and wind; mature trees often decay at the base ; wood durable, important commercially ; 130186°— 39 18 272 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE some 50 varieties are known in cultivation; 184,000-412,000 seedT per pound, germination 44 percent. Stomach records: Armadillo. Observations: Redpoll, pine siskin; staple food of white-tailed deer; eaten extensively by red squirrel; winter food of moose, but not relished, on Isle Royale; snowshoe hare; cottontail rabbit. Thuja plicata Don. Western red cedar. Range : 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 12. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August, opening in September, persistent until the following summer. A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow ; wind-firm, except on wet soils ; develops best in a humid climate ; slow growing, long-lived ; easily fire-damaged ; without notable insect enemies, or fungi, until mature; heavy seed crop pro- duced every 2 or 3 years; wood durable, of great importance commercially; 203,000-504,000 seeds per pound, germination 52-73 percent, vitality transient, some 13 varieties distinguished in cultivation. Stomach records: Plains white- tailed deer. Observations: Bark commonly used by Richardson's pine squirrel for nest material; an important browse for deer in the northern Rockv Mountains. Thurberia thespesioides, see Thurberia triloba. Thurberia triloba (DC.) Tidest. Arizona wild cotton. T. thespesioides of auths, not Gray, Ingenhouzla triloba DC. Range : 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A large, sparsely-branched shrub ; flowers May-July ; growth more vigorous on moist areas protected from wind ; distribution extremely local ; will not grow where soil is too dry; a native host plant of the wild cotton boll weevil, which also feeds on cultivated cotton, and for this reason restricted by plant quarantine. Scarcely palatable to cattle but somewhat nibbled by sheep and goats. Tilia spp. Basswoods. The taxonomy of this group is much confused, owing in great part to the fact that the species vary considerably and that hybrids are apparently easily formed. Propagation of all species is by seed stratified as soon as ripe and planted in spring ; dried seed may require 2 years for germination. Many species attacked by Texas root rot disease caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : English sparrow, bob- white; Franklin ground squirrel, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Redpoll; porcupine, fox squirrel, white-tailed deer; staple food of cottontail rabbit; eastern chipmunk. Tilia alabamensis, see Tilia floridana. Tilia americana, see Tilia, glabra. Tilia apposita, see Tilia caroliniana, Tilia australis Small. Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A large tree. Tilia caroliniana Mill. T. apposita Ashe, T. lata Ashe, T. pubescens Ait. Range: 20, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available in July. A large tree ; flowers in May. Var. rhoophila Sarg. occurs in regions 17, 20, 29, and 30. Tilia cinerea, see Tilia iruncata. Tilia cocksii Sarg. Basswood. Range: 29. Site: Well-draineS, moist, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available in July. A small tree ; flowers in May. 273 Tilia crenoserrata, see Tilia floridana. Tilia eburnea, see Tilia, lasioclada. Tilia floridana Small. T. alabamensis Ashe, T. crenoserrata Sarg. Range : 17, 20, 25, 27, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nutlike, available August-September. A large tree ; flowers in May. Var. alabamensis Ashe, (T. alabamensis Ashe, var. oblongifolia Sarg., T. oblongifolia Sarg.) occurs in region 29. Var. hypoleuca Sarg. (T. hypoleuca Ashe) occurs in region 25 and has been also considered a variety of T. glabra. Tilia fulva, see Tilia glabra. Tilia georgiana Sarg. Basswood. T. pubescens Vent, not Ait. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nutlike, available in September. A small to large tree. Tilia glabra Vent. Basswood. T. americana L., in part, T. fulva Raf., T. venulosa Sarg. Range : 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Nutlike, available August-October, sometimes persistent. A large tree ; flowers May-July ; root system deep, wide spreading ; rapid growing, rather short-lived; attacked by rots and insects; resistant to fire when older ; coppices freely ; wood not durable, of importance commercially ; 3,500-6,500 seeds per pound, germination 10-15 percent. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bob- white; gray eastern chipmunk. Observations: Pinnated grouse; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. A valuable honey plant. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White basswood. T. tenera Ashe. Range : 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available August-September. A large tree ; flowers May-July ; root system deep", wide spreading ; rapid groAving, short-lived ; coppices freely ; wood used commercially. Var. michauxii (Nutt.) Sarg., (T. michauxii Nutt.), occurs in regions 22, 25, 27, 28, and 29. Tilia hypoleuca, see Tilia floridana. Tilia lasioclada Sarg. Basswood. T. eburnea Ashe. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. i Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nutlike, available in September. . A large tree ; flowers in May ; commonly occurs on rich soils. Tilia lata, see Tilia oaroliniana. Tilia leucocarpa Ashe. Basswood. T. nuda Sarg. Range: 20, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Nutlike, available July-September. A small or large tree. Tilia littoralis Sarg. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A large tree ; flowers in June ; very locally distributed. Tilia michauxii, see Tilia heierophylla and T. neglecta. Tilia monticola, see Tilia trunoata. Var. scabrida Sarg., 274 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Tilia neglecta Spach. T. michauxii Sarg., not Nutt., T. pubescens Sarg., not Ait. Range: 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nutlike, available in September. A large tree; flowers June-July. Tilia n,uda, see Tilia leucocarpa. Tilia oblongifolia, see Tilia fioridana. Tilia phanera Sarg. Range: 17, 20. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nutlike, available in September. A small to large tree; flowers in June; rare and local, occurs in regions 11, 20, and 30. Tilia pubescens, see Tilia caroliniana, T. georgiana, and T. neglecta. Tilia tenera, see Tilia heterophylla. Tilia texana Sarg. Basswood. Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small tree; flowers in June. Tilia truncata Spach. Basswood. T. cinerea Raf., T. monticola Sarg. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Nutlike, available in September. A large tree; flowers in July. Tilia venulosa, see Tilia glabra. Torreya californica, see Tumion- californicum. Torreya taxifolia, see Tumion taxifolium. Toxicodendron biternatum, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron comarophyllum, see Rhus diversiloba. Toxicodendron diversilobum, see Rhus diversiloba. Toxicodendron eximium, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron fothergilloides, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron hesperinum, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron isophyllum, see Rhus diversiloba. Toxicodendron macrocarpum, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron negundo, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron pinnatum, see Rhus vernix. Toxicodendron punctatum, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron quercifolium, see Rhus quercifolia. Toxicodendron radicans, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron rufescens, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron rydbergii, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron vernix, see Rhus vernix. Toxylon pomiferum, see Madura pomifera. Trichostema arizonicum Gray. Bluecurls. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small shrub. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 275 Trichostema lanatum Benth. T. parisMi Vasey. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small to large, leafy shrub ; flowers May-June. Trichostema parishii, see Trichostema lanatum. Trixis californica Kellogg. American trixis. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small, bushy shrub. Lightly browsed by cattle in winter and early spring. Tsuga spp. Hemlocks. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Nine species of birds, includ- ing ruffed grouse. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Pine siskin; porcupine ; Douglas' squirrel, Cascade squirrel, Sierra chickaree, Richardson's squirrel, Townsend's chipmunk, Cooper's chipmunk, Allen's chipmunk, Pacific mountain beaver, Olympic black bear ; rarely cut for building material, not food, by beaver. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern hemlock. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone, mature in October, seeds shed during winter, cones falling in the spring of the second year. A large, evergreen tree ; root system very shallow except in deep soils ; gener- ally free from fungi ; easily killed by humus fires ; attacked by eastern hemlock borer ; easily wind damaged ; wood of importance commercially ; bark a valuable source of tannin ; seed produced abundantly at intervals of 2 or 3 years ; 144,000-279,000 seeds per pound, germination 30-60 percent ; some 16 varieties in cultivation. Stomach records: Eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse and sharp- tailed grouse ; white-tailed deer. Observations: Nine species of birds ; seventh most important preferred winter food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts ; browsed to some extent by northern white-tailed deer in Michigan ; red squirrel, snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit. Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina hemlock. Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone, mature September-October. A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and spreading; wood of some importance commercially. Tsu'ga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western hemlock. Range : 1, 2, 4, 6, 12. Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Cone ; mature in August, seeds shed September-October, cones falling by spring. A large evergreen tree ; root system shallow and spreading except on deep soils ; slow growing, long-lived ; easily injured by fire ; susceptible to insect damage; wood of considerable importance commercially; 274,000-324,000 seeds per pound, produced abundantly at intervals of 2 or 3 years. jStomach records: Two species of birds; plains white-tailed deer, black- tailed deer. Observations: Browsed as a last resort by Olympic wapiti. Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Sarg. Mountain hemlock. Hesperopeuce mertensiana (Bong.) Rydb. Range : 4, 12. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; seeds shed September-October, cones falling by spring. A large evergreen tree ; slow growing, probably long-lived ; wood not used commercially; seed produced abundantly every several years; 102,000-207,000 seeds per pound, vitality transient. Stomach records: Crow, sooty grouse. Tulipastrum acuminatum, see Magnolia acuminata. Tulipastrum cordatum, see Magnolia cordata. 276 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Tumion calif ornicum (Torr.) Greene. California-nutmeg. Torreya calif ornica Torr. Range: 1, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupelike, available September-October. A large, dioecious, evergreen tree ; wood durable, locally used for fence posts. Tumion taxifolium (Arn.) Greene. Stinking-cedar. Torreya taxifolia Arn. Range: 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupelike. A large evergreen tree; commonly occurs on limestone soils; wood used locally for fence posts. Tumionella monactis, see Aplopappus cooperi. Tyria myricaefolia, see Bernardia myricaefolia. Ulex europaeus L. Gorse. Range : l, 2, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-October. A small to large, very spiny evergreen shrub; flowers May-July; foliage extremely dense; occurs on sand, loam, clay, and other soils; forms im- penetrable thickets; introduced from Europe and locally established in the regions indicated ; able to survive burial in sand ; almost explosively inflam- mable ; tolerant of saline conditions ; aggressively spreading in regions 1 and 2. Not grazed by livestock. Of some value as a honey plant. Ulmus spp. Elms. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to spe- cific records) : Nine species of birds; an emergency food of pinnated grouse in Wisconsin and Iowa ; greater prairie chicken ; fox squirrel, red squirrel ; a favorite food of muskrat. All native species of elm are susceptible to the Dutch elm disease, caused by the fungus Ceratostomella ulmi. The virulence of the disease is very great and every effort should be made to prevent its further spread. Interstate movement of some species from certain States is prohibited because of the disease. The principal resistant species is the Asiatic U. pumila. Members of this genus are also seriously subject to the attacks of the Texas root rot caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Ulmus alata Michx. Winged elm. Range : 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available in March. A large tree ; occurs in gravel, loam, and other soils ; wood used commercially ; easily transplanted; much cultivated. Observations: White-tailed deer. Ulmus americana L. American elm. Range : 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available March-May. A large tree ; root system very shallow ; rapid growing, long-lived ; much subject to defoliating insects and borers ; not wind-firm ; comparatively fire resistant; wood of this species is the most important commercially of the elms ; 53,000-100,000 seeds per pound, germination as much as 95 percent ; much cultivated ; resistant to drought ; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, Hungarian partridge ; opossum. Observations: Five species of birds including Hungarian partridge, pinnated grouse ; cottontail rabbit, snowshoe hare ; heavily browsed by white-tailed deer. Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. Cedar elm- Range : 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available September-November. A large shrub or more commonly a large tree; may occur on alluvial soil or dry limestone ; a shrub in dry situations ; wood used commercially to a limited extent; somewhat cultivated. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 277 Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery elm. Range : 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available May-June. A large tree ; root system deep and spreading ; rapid growing, short-lived ; severely injured by defoliating insects; wood durable, used commercially to some extent; 35,000-75,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Purple finch ; porcupine, cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. Ulmus racemosa Thomas. Hock elm. U. thomasii Sarg. Range : 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Samara, available in May. A large tree; root system deep when mature; slow growing, rather long- lived ; severely injured by defoliating insects ; wind-firm ; fairly free from fungi ; easy to transplant ; wood used commercially, the most durable of any of the elms. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Ulmus serotina Sarg. Red elm. Range : 25, 27, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available in November. A large tree ; wood hard, tough ; somewhat cultivated ; occurs on limestone and other soils; 149,000 seeds per pound. Ulmus thomasii, see Ulmus racemosa. Umbellularia calif ornica (Hook, and Arn.) Nutt. (pi. 41, B). Oregon myrtle. Range : 1, 4, 5, 10. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available in October, somewhat persistent. A small to large shrub or small to large tree; the typical form is a large tree occurring along streams and valley floors ; may be gregarious on north slopes of canyons, forming a very solid cover; dwarf forms, which fruit heavily and form very dense cover, are known to occur in dry chaparral ; pros- trate forms, occurring on ocean bluffs and hillsides, form low, thick, compact, dense mats ; sprouts freely after injury ; fruits abundantly produced ; wood very valuable commercially. Stomach records: Steller jay. Observations: Much eaten by Columbian gray squirrels. Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Roots eaten by hogs. Ungnadia speciosa Endl. Spanish buckeye. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule; available August-October, persistent unopened for a considerable period. A large shrub or rarely a small to large tree; occurs on limestone and other soils; not resistant to extremely hot weather; occasionally cultivated. Probably has caused some livestock poisoning, but not commonly taken by livestock except in time of food scarcity. Seeds poisonous to human beings. A source of early honey. Urvillea mexicana, see Vrvillea ulmacea. Urvillea ulmacea H. B. K. U. mexicana Gray. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large vine Uva-ursi, see Arctostaphylos. Vaccinium spp. Blueberries, huckleberries. With one exception, none of these species can be grown on soil containing calcium even in small quantities ; all occur naturally on acid soils. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Eighty-seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, dusky grouse, southern 278 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE white-tailed ptarmigan, Richardson's grouse; composed 2.4 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; composed 7.6 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec ; Coeur d'Alene chipmunk, red fox, plains white-tailed deer, opossum, white-tailed deer; composed 0.50 percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-five species of birds including ruffed, and spruce grouse, ptarmigan, an important food of ring-necked pheasant ; ranked with Oaylussacia as twenty-ninth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast ; emergency food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse, Hungarian partridge; southern white-tailed deer, ptarmigan; skunk; much browsed by moose; much eaten by red fox; rarely eaten by coyote; relished by Olympic wapiti, Columbian black-tailed deer, Douglas squirrel, Allen's chipmunk, Pacific mountain beaver, Oregon gray fox, California skunk, Olympic black bear, Virginia opossum ; heavily browsed by Rocky Mountain snowshoe rabbit; lesser Colorado chip- munk, Virginia opossum ; heavily browsed by white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit ; much eaten by raccoon ; alpine chipmunk, ring-tailed cat. Vaccinium amoenum, see Vaccinium corymbosum. Vaccinium. angustifolium Ait. lowbush blueberry. V. dobbinii Burn., V. nigrum Britt., V. pennsylvanicum Lam., not Miller, Cyanococcus pennsylvanicus (Lam.) Rydb., C. angustifolius (Alt.) Rydb. Range: 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small shrub, flowers April-June ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; spreads by underground stems ; commonly the earliest ripening blueberry. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and greater prairie chicken. Observations: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite. Without forage significance for livestock. Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. Tree huckleberry. Batodendron arboreum (Marsh.) Nutt. Range : 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available, September-November. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen southward; flowers May- August ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; the only species of the genus and one of the two in the heath family supposedly capable of growing in neutral or slightly alkaline soil. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Observations: Mockingbird. Vaccinium atrococcum (Gray) Heller. Black blueberry. V. corymbosum atrococcum Gray, Cyanococcus atrococcus (Gray) Small. Range: 24, 26, 27, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-August. A small to large, spreading shrub; flowers May-June. Vaccinium brachycerum, see Oaylussacia brachycera. Vaccinium caesariense Mack. New Jersey blueberry. Range: 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large shrub ; flowers in May. Vaccinium caesium Greene. Polycodium caesium Greene, P. floridanum (Nutt.) Greene. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, irregularly branched shrub. Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Dwarf bilberry. Range : 4, 7, 12, 13, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available June-September. A small shrub: flowers June-July. Without value as forage for livestock. 279 Of mediocre forage Vaccinium canadense Kalm. Canada blueberry. Range: 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small, much-branched shrub ; flowers May-^June. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, value for livestock. Vaccinium corymbosum L. Highbush blueberry. V. amoenum Ait., Cyanococcus amoenus (Ait.) Small, C. corymbosus (L.) Rydb. Range : 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry (rare), well-drained (rare), moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available June-August. A small to large shrub; flowers May-June; suckers freely and transplants well; fruit of value commercially. Var. pallidum (Ait.) Gray, (V. pallidum Ait., Cyanococcus pallidus (Ait.) Small), has superior fruit. Observations: Mourning dove, ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant; cottontail rabbit. Vaccinium crassifolium Andr. Creeping blueberry. Herpothamnus crassifolius (Andr.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub ; possibly maintains itself mainly by vegetative reproduction. Vaccinium deliciosum Piper. Range: 1, 4. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Vaccinium dobbinii, see Vaccinium angustifolium. Vaccinium dumosum, see Gaylussacia dumosa. Vaccinium elliotti Chapm. Cyanococcus elliottii (Chapm.) Small. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. , Fruit : Berry, available May-June. A small to large shrub ; flowers March-May. Vaccinium erythrocarpum, see Hugeria. erythrocarpa. Vaccinium erythrococcum, see Vaccinium scoparium. Vaccinium frondosum, see Gaylussacia frondosa. Vaccinium globulare, see Vaccinium membranaceum. Vaccinium hirsutum Buckl. Cyanococcus hirsutus (Buckl.) Small. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available in August. A small shrub; flowers May-June; fruit hairy. Vaccinium hispidulum, see Chiogenes Mspidula. Vaccinium humifusum, see Gaultheria humifusa. Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Cranberry. Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pursh. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-March. A creeping, evergreen, mat-forming vine ; flowers June-August ; this species includes varieties furnishing the commercial cranberry; 500 berries per pound, about 25 seeds per berry. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observations: Crow, mourning dove, bobwhite, prairie sharp-tailed grouse. Elliott blueberry Hairy huckleberry. 280 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Vaccinium macrophyllum, see Vaccinium membranaceum. Vaceinium melanocarpum Mohr. Southern gooseberry. Polycodium melanocarpum (Mohr) Small. Bange: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available in July. A small shrub ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; fruit commonly produced in great quantities. Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. Thinleaf huckleberry. V. globulare Bydb., V. macrophyllum Piper, V. myrtilloides Hook. Bange: 1, 4, 12, 13, 15 (Black Hills), 23, 24. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small shrub ; flowers June-July. Poor to worthless to fairly good or good browse for sheep ; poor to worthless forage for cattle and horses. Vaccinium microphyllum, see Vaccinium scoparium. Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. Evergreen blueberry. Cyanococcus myrsinites (Lam.) Small. Bange: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in May. A small evergreen shrub ; flowers April-May decumbent or upright ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Var. glaucum Gray, in the southern part of the range, is taller than the species. Vaccinium myrtilloides, see Vaccinium membranaceum. Vaccinium neglectum (Small) Fern. Polycodium neglectum Small. Bange: 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub with inedible fruit. Vaccinium nigru'm, see Vaocinium angustifolium. Vaccinium occidentale Gray. Western huckleberry. Bange: 4, 12, 13. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-August. A small shrub. Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Blue grouse. Fair to fairly good sheep and goat feed ; cropped locally by cattle. Vaccinium oreophilum Rydb. Rocky Mountain whortleberry. Bange: 12, 13, 14. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-October. A small shrub ; flowers in June. Stomach records: Bichardson's grouse. Worthless as forage for cattle; some- times fair sheep feed. Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Blue whortlaberry. Bange: 2, 4, 12, 23, 24. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-August. A large, straggling shrub; flowers June-July. Locally useful as browse for sheep and goats. Observations: Spruce grouse. Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. Evergreen huckleberry. Bange: 1, 2, 5. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available July-September, or rarely longer. A small to large evergreen shrub ; most commonly occurs in sandy soil ; forms a dense cover when growing close together. Var. saporosum Jeps., in region 1, has fruit which ripens earlier with a better flavor. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 281 Stomach records: Ruffed grouse (?). Observations: Listed with V. parvi- folium as second in importance as browse for Olympic wapiti in Washington; California mule deer ; an important food of Roosevelt elk. Vaccinium oxycoccus L. Small cranberry. Oxycoccus palustris Pers., O. oxycoccus (L.) MacBr. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September, often persistent. A low, creeping, evergeen vine, occurring only in peat; flowers May-July. Var. intermedium Gray occurs in regions 1, 2, and 12. Stomach records: Coeur d'Alene chipmunk. Observations: Prairie sharp- tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant. Vaccinium pallidum, see Vaccinium corymbosum. Vaccinium parvifolium Smith, (pi. 41, C). Tall red huckleberry. Range : 1, 2, 4, 12. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available June-September. A small to large shrub. Observations: Sooty grouse; listed with V. ovatum as second in importance as browse for Olympic wapiti in Washington ; an important food of Roosevelt elk. Locally of value as browse for sheep and occasionally cattle. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, see Vaccinium angustifolium. Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg. Grouseberry. V. erythrococcum Rydb., V. microphyllum Rydb. Range: 4, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills). Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small shrub. Observations: An important food of wildlife. Inferior browse for livestock. Vaccinium simulatum Small. Cyanococcus simulatus Small, Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. • A small to large shrub. Vaccinium stamineum L. Deerberry. Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene. Range : 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry; available July-September, soon dropping. A small, profusely-branched shrub ; somewhat thicket forming. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse; gray fox. Observations: Eight species of birds, including bobwhite and ruffed grouse ; white-tailed deer. Vaccinium tenellum, see Vaccinium virgatum. Vaccinium uliginosum L. Bog bilberry. Range : 1, 4, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-September. A small shrub ; flowers June-July. Stomach records: Spruce grouse, ptarmigan, Harris' sparrow; mountain sheep. Observations: Three species of birds. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. Dryland blueberry. Cyanococcus vacillans (Kalm.) Rydb. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available July-September. A small, loosely-branched shrub; flowers May-June; occurs in sandy and, other soils. Stomach records: Gray fox. Observations: Ruffed grouse; preferred food of wild turkey; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. 282 MISC- PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Vaccinium virgatum Ait. Babbiteye blueberry. Cyanococcus virgatus (Ait.) Small. Range : 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-August. A small to large shrub ; flowers April-May. Var. tenellum (Ait.) Gray, (V. tenellum Ait., Cyanococcus ienellus (Ait.) Small), possesses underground stems, and occurs in regions 25, 27, and 29. Stomach records: Cardinal. Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Cowberry. Vitis-idaea vitis-idaea (L.) Britt, Vitis-idaea punctata Moench. Range : 23, 26. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-October. A small shrub or mat-forming vine; evergreen; flowers June-July; repro- duces by creeping rootstocks. Var. minus Lodd., a dwarf variety, is claimed by some to be the only repre- sentative of the species in the United States. Vachellia farnesiana, see Acacia, farnesiana. Vauquelinia angustifolia Rydb. Range: 11. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen. Vauquelinia calif ornica (Torr.) Sarg. Vauquelinia. V. corymbosa Corr., V. torreyi Wats., Spiraea californica Torr. Range : 5, 10, 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule, available in August. A large shrub to small tree ; evergreen ; flowers in June. Vauquelinia corymbosa, see Vauquelinia californica. Vauquelinia torreyi, see Vauquelinia californica. Viborqu'ia polystachya, see Eysenhardtia, polystachya. Viburnum spp. Viburnums. Most species occur on nearly neutral soil ; most are free from insects and disease ; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring or by soft or hardwood cuttings, cut below the node, and if propagated in sand and peat, treated with potassium permanganate. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken; coyote; white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records): Ten species of birds, including bobwhite and ruffed grouse; porcupine; eastern chipmunk. Of comparatively little value as browse for livestock. Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf viburnum. Range : 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe ; available September-October, often persistent until July. A small shrub ; flowers May-June ; slow growing ; endures city smoke ; oc- casionally thicket forming ; about 4,500 fresh berries per pound. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Sparingly eaten by cottontail rabbit. Viburnum affine Bush. Missouri viburnum. V. pubescens affine Rehd. Range: 22, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist (rare), sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. A small shrub ; flowers May-June. Var. hypomalucum Blake extends the range to regions 23, 24, 26, 27, and 28, and is more floriferous. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 41 A, Symphoricarpos albus. The dense thickets formed by the snowberry, coupled with its ability .to grow on poor sites, make it a valuable plant in erosion control. B, Umbellularia catifornica. Oregon myrtle, shown here growing along a stream in the northern part of its range, may find a place in stream-bank plantings. Its value as wildlife cover is great; its value as food is possibly greater than actual records would indicate. C, Vaccinium parvifolium. The juicy, red fruit of this species is probably of great value for wildlife despite the paucity of actual stomach records. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 42 NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 283 Viburnum alnifolium Marsh, (pi. 42) . Hobblebush. Range : 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. A small to large shrub ; flowers May-June ; commonly occurs in acid soils ; thicket forming ; reclining branches often root at the nodes or at the tip. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Cottontail rabbit; preferred food of white-tailed deer in New York. Viburnum americanum, see Viburnum trilobum. Viburnum bracteatum Rehd. Range: 27. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A large shrub. Viburnum cassinoides L. Withe rod. Range : 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October, falling at once. A small or more commonly a large shrub ; flowers June-July ; occasionally thicket forming ; 3,000 dry berries per pound. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant. Observations: Hungarian partridge; an important food of white-tailed deer; cottontail rabbit. Viburnum densiflorum Chapm. Range: 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small shrub ; flowers April-May. Viburnum dentatum L. Arrowwood. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available October-December. A large shrub ; flowers May-June ; thicket forming ; endures city smoke ; easily propagated by cuttings ; 17,900 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Three species of birds; eastern chipmunk. Viburnum ellipticum Hook. Western blackhaw. Range: 1, 4. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. A small to large shrub ; flowers April-June. Stomach records: Magpie. Viburnum ferruglneum, see Viburnum rufldulum. Viburnum lentago L. Nannyberry. Range: 13, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe ; available August-September, commonly persistent. Usually a large shrub, more rarely a small or large tree ; multiplies freely by suckers ; will endure city smoke ; easily propagated by cuttings ; 3,000-5,000 berries per pound, 4,300 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Ten species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant ; much eaten by ruffed grouse ; much eaten by raccoon ; skunk, cottontail rabbit ; gray squirrel. Fruit eaten to some extent by sheep and goats. Viburnum molle Michx. Soft arrowwood. Range : 22, 25, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A large shrub ; flowers in June ; commonly occurs in calcareous soil. Stomach records: Two species of birds. 284 MISC. PUBLICATION 803, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Viburnum nitidum Ait. Shining withe rod. V. nudum anffustifolium Torr. and Gray. Range: 28, 29. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September-October. A large shrub with reclining branches. Viburnum nudum L. Possumhaw. Range : 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September-March. Usually a large shrub or rarely a small tree ; flowers May-June or occasion- ally in autumn. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Viburnum obovatum Walt. Small viburnum. Range: 29, 30. Site : Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree. Viburnum opulus, see Viburnum trilobum. Viburnum pauciflorum Raf. Squashberry. Range : 4, 12, 13, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site : Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September, more or less persistent. A small to large, straggling shrub; flowers June-July. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Moose, red squirrel. Foliage of low palatability to livestock. Viburnum prunifolium L. Blackhaw. Range : 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available August-March. Usually a small or large shrub or rarely a small tree ; flowers April-June ; 4,200 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Eight species of birds including bobwhite; gray fox, white- tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Hairy nannyberry. V. dentatum pubescens Ait., V. rafinesquianum Schult. Range : 15, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-October. A small, straggling shrub ; flowers June— July ; commonly occurs on calcareous soil. Stomach records: Thrush. Viburnum rafinesquianum, see Viburnum pubescens. Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Southern blackhaw. V. ferrugineum Small, V. rufotomentosum Small. Range : 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available October-November, often persistent until March. A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; slow-growing, long-lived; occurs in sand, loam, and other soils. Viburnum rufotomentosum, see Viburnum rufidulum. Viburnum scabrellum (Torr. and Gray) Chapm. Rough arrowwood. V. dentatum semitomentosum Michx, V. semitomentosum (Michx.) Rehd. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist. Fruit: Drupe; available September-October. A small to large shrub ; flowers in June. Very similar to V. dentatum. Viburnum semitomentosum, see Viburnum scabrellum. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 285 Viburnum trllobum Marsh, (pi. 43). Highbush cranberry. V. opulus americanum of amer. auths., not Mill. Range: 4, 12, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe ; available September-October, often persistent until May. A large shrub ; flowers June-July ; 16,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse and sharp- tailed grouse. Observations: Six species of birds, including Canada ruffed grouse and ring-necked pheasant. Without significance as browse for live- stock. Viburnum venosum Britt. Veiny viburnum. V. venosum caribyi Rehd. Range: 27. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. Usually a small shrub, rarely a large shrub; flowers June-July. Viguiera deltoidea Gray. Range: 5, 9, 10. Site : Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched shrub represented in the United States by var. parishii (Greene). Browse value for livestock limited. Viguiera parishii, see Viguierai deltoidea. Viguiera reticulata Wats. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, loosely branched shrub with limited browse value for livestock. Viguiera stenoloba Blake. Oymnolomia tenuifolia Benth. and Hook., Heliomeris tenuifolia Gray. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched shrub with limited value. as browse for livestock. Viorna addisonii, see Clematis addisonii. Viorna arizonica, see Clematis arizonica. Viorna bigelovii, see Clematis bigelovii. Viorna coccinea, see Clematis texensis. Viorna crispa, see Clematis crispa. Viorna filifera, see Clematis pitcheri. Viorna gattingeri, see Clematis gattingeri. Viorna obliqua, see Clematis obliqua. Viorna pitcheri, see Clematis pitcheri. Viorna reticulata, see Clematis reticulata. Viorna versicolor, see Clematis versicolor. Viorna viorna, see Clematis viorna. Vitis spp. Grapes. The species vary greatly in many characters including resistance to disease ; species native to high arid regions where the air is too dry to permit growth of mildews and rots are attacked quickly when transplanted to low, moist cli- mates ; species growing in Phylloxera-free regions are usually much attacked when transplanted to regions infested with the pest ; the species are nearly dioecious, but staminate flowers are often borne on pistillate vines ; propagated by stratified seed or soft or hardwood cuttings. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Eighty -two species of birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, bobwhite, California quail, wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and mourning dove ; western skunk, striped skunk, gray fox, red squirrel, raccoon, eastern skunk, opossum; composed 2.36 286 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Forty-five species of birds, including Gambel quail, band- tailed pigeon, ruffed grouse ; ranks seventeenth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast ; ring-necked pheasant, Hungarian partridge, pinnated grouse ; heavily browsed by white-tailed deer ; important food of raccoon, gray fox, red fox, coyote, cottontail rabbit, skunk, rock squirrel. Vitis acerifolia, see Vitis longii. Vitis aestivalis Michx. Summer grape. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September, often persistent. A vigorous, high-climbing vine ; flowers May-June ; grows on sand, clay, loam, and other soils, but does best on warm, gravelly, well-drained ones ; roots large, hard, penetrating ; fairly resistant to cold and drought ; resistant to mildew and rot, about 75 percent to Phylloxera; has given rise to numerous cultivated forms ; about 50 percent of cuttings root. Stomach records: Eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bob- white. Observations: Cardinal, cowbird; a greatly preferred food of wild turkey ; white-tailed deer. Vitis andersonii, see Vitis vulpina. Vitis argentifolia Muns. Blueleaf grape. V. aestivalis bicolor Deam, V. Ucolor LeConte, V. caerulea Munson, V. lecontiana House. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit.: Berry, available September-October, often persistent. A vigorous, high-climbing vine ; flowers May-June ; resistant to very low temperatures ; somewhat attacked by mildew ; grows in sand, sandy clay, and other soils ; resistant to cold and drought ; roots hard, fibrous, large ; about 40 percent of cuttings root although propagation by cuttings is often difficult ; fruit borne prolifically. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Vitis arizonica Engelm. Canyon grape. Range : 9, 10, 11, 16, 17. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available July-August, often persistent until October. A weak, much-branched vine or small to large shrub with abortive tendrils ; scarcely climbing ; endures cold and drought, well ; where grown with excessive moisture commonly attacked by mildew and rots; grows better in sandy than heavy soils ; easily grown from cuttings ; apparently formerly cultivated by the Pueblo Indians. Observations: Eaten by numerous birds including Gambel, scaled, and Mearns quail ; prized food of skunks, foxes, coyotes, bears ; much eaten by captive deer. Vitis austrina, see Vitis simpsonii. Vitis baileyana Muns. Possum grape. V. virginiana Muns., not Poir. Range : 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available August-September. A slender, climbing, much-branched vine; roots fleshy, sparingly branched, not deep-penetrating; fairly resistant to Phylloxera; commonly occurs on cal- cerous soils. Vitis berlandieri Planch. Winter grape. Range : 11, 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-October. A stocky vine; high climbing in favorable situations; commonly occurs on limestone soils ; roots hard, little-branched, penetrating deeply ; resistant to black rot and Phylloxera; susceptible to mildew; long-lived; will endure cold and drought; commonly occurs on calcareous soil; seed germination slow; about 40 percent of cuttings root. Vitis bicolor, see Vitis argentifolia. Vitis boulderensis, see Vitis vulpina. Misc. Pub. 303. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 43 Viburnum trilobum. Highbush cranberry ranks high for erosion-control and wildlife plantings. Its orna- mental character recommends its use on highway cuts. Misc. Pub. 303. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 44 ••- I ? Yucca data.. Yuccas appear to have little value either for wildlife or soil conservation. More information on their possible usefulness is needed. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 287 Vitis caerulea, see Vitis argentifolia. Vitis californica Benth. California grape. Range : 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-August, commonly persistent. A vigorous, high-climbing or trailing vine, or frequently a shrub ; roots soft ; very susceptible to downy mildew ; more or less resistant to Phylloxera; very resistant to fire. Stomach records: Robin, valley quail. Observations: Mountain quail. Vitis candicans Engelm. Mustang grape. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry; available June-August, often persistent until well into winter. A vigorous, climbing vine; roots vigorous, tender, penetrating more deeply than any other species of grape ; endures great drought and heat ; free from disease ; long-lived ; foliage thick ; difficult to grow from cuttings ; about 75 percent resistant to Phylloxera ; commonly occurs on limestone soil although thriving in nearly any soil ; seedlings at first feeble, later very vigorous. Var. coriacea Bailey has smaller and more edible fruit and occurs within the range of the species. Vitis caribaea, see Vitis sola. Vitis champinii Planch. Champin grape. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 25. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available June-August, commonly persistent. A robust, climbing vine ; roots deep-penetrating, large, much-branched ; often occurs on limestone soil but will grow on a variety of soils; about 60-percent resistant to Phylloxera ; resistant to Anaheim disease ; resistant to cold and drought ; staminate vines commonly fewer in its native habitats than the pistillate ones; 80 percent of cuttings root; often forms dense thickets. Has been considered a possible hybrid between V. rupestris or V. berlandieri, and V. candicans. Vitis cinerea Engelm. Sweet winter grape. Range : 11, 17, 20, 22, 23, 25, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry ; available August-November, long persistent. A vigorous, high-climbing vine ; flowers May-June ; commonly occurs on deep, rich, riverbank soils ; roots large, fleshy, deep-penetrating, scarcely fibrous ; very long-lived, resistant to great extremes of drought and moisture; free from disease ; 75 percent resistant to Phylloxera; resistant to cold ; about 25 percent of cuttings root ; often difficult to reproduce by cuttings. Vitis cordifolia Michx. Frost grape. Range : 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-October, often persistent A large, vigorous, high climbing vine ; flowers May-June ; roots strong, hard, fairly deep-penetrating; nearly completely resistant to Phylloxera; resistant to mildew, rot, and drought ; very resistant to cold ; cuttings grow with difficulty, approximately 25 percent being successful ; occurs on calcareous, sandy, and other soils. Var. sempervirens Muns., occurring within the range of the species, has more persistent foliage, is more sensitive to cold, and has fruit which ripens later than that of the species. Stomach records: Twenty-eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and wild turkey. Observations: Cardinal, gray-cheeked thrush. Vitis doaniana Muns. Doan grape. Range: 16, 19, 20. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-October, persistent. A rapid-growing, vigorous vine, remaining bushy if failing to find support; commonly occurs on sandy, calcareous soils ; roots fibrous, hard, spreading, and penetrating; resistant to drought, cold, and disease; 60 percent resistant to Phylloxera; 60 percent of cuttings take. 130186 ° — 39 19 288 MISC. PUBLICATION 803, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Vitis girdiana Muns. Valley grape. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry (rare), well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September, persistent. A robust, high-climbing vine; roots soft, not completely resistant to Phyllox- era; sensitive to cold ; subject to mildew, rot, and Anaheim disease ; often occurs on sandy soil. Vitis helleri (Bailey) Small. Roundleaf grape. V. cordifolia helleri Bailey. Range: 17, 20. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in July. A vine. Vitis incisa, see Cissus incisa. Vitis labrusca L. Fox grape. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry ; available August-October, dropping at once. A vigorous, high-climbing, bushy vine ; roots large and fleshy, spreading, not deeply penetrating ; growth of 1-year-old plants feeble, vigorous when estab- lished ; does best in well-drained, alluvial soil but occurs in many, including sand ; withstands cold well, heat and drought rather poorly ; not affected by downy mildew ; berries falling singly when ripe ; easily grown from cuttings ; susceptible to Phylloxera; seeds rarely produce plants true to type. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse and ring- necked pheasant. Observations: Much eaten by skunk, fox, raccoon, and opossum. Vitis lecontiana, see Vitis argentifolia. Vitis lincecumii Buckl. Pinewoods grape. Range: 20, 25, 29. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry ; available June-September, falling at once or persistent. A vigorous, moderately-climbing vine, or a shrub if without support ; occurs in sand, clay, loam, and other soils ; roots, long, hard, fleshy, penetrating deeply ; fairly resistant to cold ; extremely resistant to drought ; susceptible to mildew and rot; 75-percent resistant to Phylloxera; about 50 percent of cuttings take; reproduction by cuttings often difficult ; fruit-bearing vines generally do not self -fertilize ; seed germination prompt. Fruit often eaten by domestic turkeys before ripening. Vitis longii Prince. Long's grape. V. acerifolia Raf., V. nova-mexicana Muns., V. solonis Hort. Range: 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 25. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-August, long persistent. A vine or more commonly a small to large, stocky, erect, much-branched shrub ; climbs vigorously in cultivation ; roots large, much-branched, hard, deep- penetrating; occurs in sand and calcareous soils; drought and cold-resistant; about 75-percent resistant to Phylloxera; not resistant to mildew or anthracnose ; 60 percent of cuttings root ; self-pollination rare. Var. microsperma Bailey, a vigorous, small-seeded form very resistant to drought, occurs along the Red River in Texas. Vitis montana, see Vitis monticola. Vitis monticola Buckl. Sweet mountain grape. V. montana of Auths. not Buckl. Range: 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-October. A slender, small-leaved vine with open foliage ; roots little-branched ; resistant to cold, drought, mildew, rot and nearly completely resistant to Phylloxera; slender when wild, stocky in cultivation; commonly occurs on limestone soils, but grows moderately well on sand ; 65 percent of cuttings root. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 289 Vitis munsoniana Simpson. Little muscadine grape. Muscadinia munsoniana Small. Range: 30, 31. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available August-November. A slender, trailing vine ; blooms nearly continuously ; usually not high-climbing. Vitis muscadina, see Vitis rotundifolia. Vitis nova-mexicana, see Vitis longii. Vitis novae-angliae Fern. Pilgrim grape. Range: 26, 27. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available in September. A vigorous, climbing vine ; often forms thickets of great profusion. Vitis palmata Vahl. Cat grape. V. rubra Michx. Range : 22, 25, 29. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available September-October, persistent. A slender, high-climbing vine ; flowers May-June ; roots fibrous at the surface, hard and penetrating ; resistant to drought and cold when established ; resistant to Phylloxera; free from disease; seed germination very slow. Vitis riparia, see Vitis vulpina. Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Muscadine grape. V. muscadina Raf., Muscadinia rotundifolia (Michx.) Small. Range : 20', 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Berry, available August-September. A very vigorous, high-climbing vine ; flowers in May ; occurs in sandy and other soils ; roots thick, little-branched ; berries drop singly as soon as ripe ; free from diseases ; cuttings root with difficulty, but layers of wood twisted withelike at one point when covered root easily ; the original of the Scupper- nong grape. • Stomach records: Cardinal, bobwhite; opossum. Observations: Cardinal. Vitis rubra, see Vitis palmata. Vitis rufotomentosa Small. Redshank grape. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A strong, high-climbing vine. Vitis rupestris Scheele. Sand grape. Range : 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available July-August. . A vigorous, much-branched vine, or more commonly a low, bushy shrub ; occasionally prostrate and trailing ; succeeds in poor, calcareous and sandy soils ; roots slender, long ; almost entirely resistant to Phylloxera; more or less resistant to drought ; resistant to cold ; not resistant to anthracnose ; resistant to other diseases and insects ; easily propagated by cuttings ; 80 percent of cuttings root; pistillate plants rarely produce fruit alone; seed germination rapid. Observations: Deer. Browsed by cattle and sheep. Vitis simpsonii Munson. Currant grape. V. cincerea floridana Munson, V. austrina Small. Range : 29, 30 . Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available in August A strong, high-climbing vine. Vitis slavinii, see Vitis vulpina. 290 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE Vitis sola Bailey. Curtiss grape. V. caribaca Am. auth., not DC. Range: 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available August-September, persistent. A vigorous vine. Vitis solonis, see Vitis longU. Vitis treleasei Munson. Gulch, grape. Range : 11. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry, available September-November. A vine or shrub; much branched; scarcely climbing; tendrills deciduous the first year unless they find support; seeds small; drought resistant; compara- tively susceptible to mildew and rot. Vitis virginiana, see Vitis baileyana. Vitis vulpina L. Biverbank grape. V. boulderensis Daniels, V. riparia Michx. Range : 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Berry ; available June-November, persistent. A vigorous, moderately-branching and climbing vine; commonly occurs on well-drained, loose, sandy soils ; grows poorly in lime or clay soil ; roots long, thin, hard, fibrous; almost entirely resistant to Phylloxera; very resistant to cold ; not resistant to heat and drought ; germination of seed quick and vig- orous ; easily grown from cuttings, 85 percent of cuttings root ; easily grafted ; commonly used in Europe as grafting stock for V. vinifera; 14,500 seeds per pound. Var. syrticola Fern, and Wieg., the dune grape, commonly occurs on sand dunes in region 24 and apparently withstands partial burial in sand. V. fslavinii Rehd. is a supposed hybrid between V. vulpina and V. argentifolia, V. andersonii is a supposed hybrid between V. vulpina and V. kaempferi glabres- cens, a Japanese species. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, and mourning dove ; composed 4.1 percent of total annual food and 54.3 percent of total fruit food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan ; white- tailed deer. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, cedar waxwing; red fox, skunk, white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. Vitis-idaea pu'nctata, see Vaocinium vitis-idaea. Vitis-idaea vitis-idaea, see Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Washingtonia robusta Wendl. Fan palm. W. filifera robusta (Wendl.) Parish, Neowashingtonia robusta (Wendl.) Heller. Range: 10. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen tree ; occurs in alkaline soil. Whipplea modesta Torr. Yerba de selva. Range: 1, 4. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small trailing shrub; flowers April-June; prostrate branches root freely at the nodes. Whipplea utahensis, see Fendlerella utahensis. Wisteria frutescens (L.) Poir. American wisteria. W. speciosa Nutt.. Kraunhia frutescens (L.) Greene. Range : 17, 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available September-November. A vine. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 291 Wisteria macrostachya Torr. and Gray. Kentucky wisteria. Kraunhia macrostachya (Torr. and Gray) Small. Range : 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume; available in October, often persistent until March. A robust and vigorous vine ; flowers May-July. Wisteria speciosa, see Wisteria, frutescens. Xanthorhiza apiifolia, see Xanthorhiza simplicissima. Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh. Yellowroot. X. apiifolia L'Her. Range : 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small creeping and rooting shrub ; flowers April-May ; free from insects and diseases ; may form a dense ground cover. Xanthoxylum spp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Extensively used by kingbird. Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Northern prickly-ash. Range : 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30. Site: Dry (rare), well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Follicle. A large shrub to small tree ; flowers April-May ; spiny. Stomach records: Red-eyed vireo, bobwhite. Observations: Important food of pheasants in southern Michigan ; cottontail rabbit ; eastern chipmunk. Xanthoxylum clava-herculis L. Hercules-club. Fagara clava-herculis (L.) Small. Range : 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle, available May-June. A large shrub to small tree ; thorny ; occurs in sandy or gravelly soils. Xanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. Wild lime. X. pterota H. B. K., Schinus fagara L., Fagara ptej-ota L., F. fagara Small. Range: 11, 17, 32. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit : Follicle, available March-September. A large shrub to large tree ; evergreen, thorny, and dioecious ; shrubby west- ward. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Xanthoxylum texanum, see Amyris texana. Xerocassia armata, see Cassia armata. Xolisma ferruginea (Walt.) Heller. Lyonia rigida Nutt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree, or very rarely a large tree; evergreen; widely- branched; occurs in sandy and other soils; flowers February-April. Xolisma f oliosiflora, see Xolisma, ligustrma. Xolisma fruticosa (Michx.) Nash. Lyonia ferruginea Nutt. Range : 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub. Xolisma ligu'strina (L.) Britt. Maleberry. Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC., Arsenococcus ligustrinus (L.) Small, Andromeda ligustrina Muhl. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub ; flowers May-July. 292 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Var. foliosiflora (Michx.) Fern., (Arsenococcus frondosus (Pursh) Small, Xolisma foliosiflora Small, Lyonia frondosa Pursh) is commoner southward. Observations: Ignored by white- tailed deer in Massachusetts. Xolisma lucida (Bartr.) Rehd. Fetter bush. Lyonia nitida (Bartr.) Fern., Pieris nitida Benth. and Hook., Desmothamnus lucidus (Lam.) Small, Neopieris nitida (Bartr.) Britt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub ; flowers April-May. Xolisma mariana (L.) Rehd. Staggerbush. Lyonia mariana (L.) Don., Neopieris mariana (L.) Britt., Pieris mariana (L.) Benth. and Hook. Range : 20, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist. Fruit: Capsule.^. A small shrub; flowers May-July; occurs in sandy soil. Foliago said to be poisonous to lambs and calves. Xylococcus bicolor, see Arctostaphylos bicolor. Xylosteon ciliatum, see Lonicera canadensis. Xylosteon conjugiale, see Lonicera conjugialis. Xylosteon involucrata, see Lonicera involucrata. Xylosteon utahensis, see Lonicera, utahensis. Xylosteon villosum, see Lonicera villosa. Xylosteon oblongifolia, see Lonicera oblongifolia, Xylothermia montana, see Pickeringia montana. Yucca spp. (pi. 44). Generally slow-growing, simple-stemmed, treelike species often with very long roots ; commonly occur in dry, sterile soils ; stems commonly grow to keep pace with shifting sands ; trunks occasionally used in construction ; pol- lination rarely occurs unless a small white moth gathers the pollen and pushes it into the stigmatic tube, the larvae feeding exclusively on maturing seeds of the plant. Propagation is by seed, offsets, stems, or rhizome cuttings. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Band-tailed pigeon; wild turkey. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Baccate fruit commonly eaten by birds and mammals ; jack rabbit, rusty antelope squirrel, gray-tailed antelope squirrel, black-backed rock squirrel, mexican mule deer. Nearly all species are eaten by livestock if the tender parts are within reach. Some are of importance as. honey plants. Zanthoxylum, see Xanthoxylum. Zenobia cassinefolia (Vent.) Poll. Andromeda cassinefolia Vent. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub. Zenobia pulverulenta (Partr.) Poll. Zenobia. Andromeda pulverulenta Bartr. Range: 29, 30. Site : Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub ; occurs on sandy and other soils. Zizyphus lycioides, see Condalia lycioides. Zizyphus obtu'sifolia, see Condalia obtusifolia. Zizyphus parryi, see Condalia parryi. Zygia brevifolia, see Pithecolobium brevifolium. Zygia flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium flexicaule. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 293 BIBLIOGRAPHY8 (1) ANONYMOUS. 1936. SEVEN HUNDRED MILES OF ROADSIDE PLANTINGS ALONG STATE HIGH- WAYS. Outdoor Ind. 3 (11, December) : 21, 26. (2) ABBAMS, L. 1904. FLORA OF LOS ANGELES AND VICINITY. 474 pp. Stanford University. (3) 1910. A PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC AND TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE SOUTHERN CALJ- FOENIA TREES AND SHRUBS. N. Y. Bot. Gard. Bull. 6: 300-485. (4) 1923. 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OF AGRICULTURE (640) (641) (642) (643) (644) (645) (646) (647) (648) (649) LOCKE, S. B. 1931. STUDIES OF FOOD HABITS OF MULE DEEB IN THE INTERMOUNTALN EEGION. Intermoimtain Forest and Range Expt. Sta. unpublished report. McATEE, W. L. 1935. PLANTS VALUABLE FOB WILDLIFE UTILIZATION AND FOB EROSION CONTROL. U. S. Bur. Biol. Survey Wildlife Research and Man- agement Leaflet BS-19, 11 pp. [Mimeographed.] 1936. FRUITS ATTRACTIVE TO BIRDS. U. S. Bur. Biol. Survey Wildlife Research and Management Leaflet BS-41-00. [Mimeographed.] MORRIS, N. A. 1933. NATIVE SHRUBS COMMON TO WISCONSIN. Wis. Agl*. Col. Ext. Sei'V. Stencil Cir. 138, 17 pp., illus. [Mimeographed.] OSTBOM, C. E. 1937. DEER AND RABBIT INJURY TO NORTHERN HARDWOOD REPRODUCTION. Allegheny Forest Expt. Sta. Tech. Notes 15, 2 pp. [Mimeo- graphed.] SMITH, C. F. 1936. FOOD HABITS OF KANGAROO RATS. U. S. Bur. Biol. Survey, unpub- lished report. UNITED STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, LAKE STATES. 1936. WOODY FOOD PREFERENCES OF THE SNOWSHOE RABBIT IN THE LAKE STATES. U. S. Lake States Forest Expt. Sta. Tech. Notes 109, 1 p. [Mimeographed.] 1937. DAMAGE FROM RABBITS — A CONSIDERATION IN SHELTERBELT PLANTING. U. S. Forest Expt. Sta. Tech. Notes 121. 2 pp. [Mimeo- graphed.] WISCONSIN CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT. 1935. PHEASANT CROP CONTENT REPORT. Unpublished report. WYKOFF, S. N. 1937. ANNUAL REPORT FOR 193C AND PROGRAM FOR FISCAL YEAR 1938. Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Expt. Sta. 77 pp. Missoula, Mont. [Mimeographed.] LIST OF COMMON NAMES OF WOODY PLANTS Acacia, (Albissia julibrissin). Dwarf (Robinia nana). False- (Robinia pseudoacacia) . Fernleaf (Acacia angustissima) . Green-barked (Cercidium floridum Oercidium torreya- nwn). Lemmon (Acacia lemmonii). Mescat (Acacia constricta). Netvein (Acacia reticulata). Prairie (Acacia angustissima). Rose- (Robinia hispida). Sweet (Acacia farnesiana). Acequia willow (Salix exigua). Adelia (Forestiera acuminata). Adobe-land grape (Vitis champinii). Agarita (Berberis trifoliolata). Agrito (Berberis trifoliolata). Ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima). Alabama, azalea (Rhododendron alabamense) . cherry (Prunus alabamensis) . chinquapin (Castanea alabamensis). croton (Croton alabamensis). ninebark (Physocarpus alabamensis). Alaska, cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) . cypress ( Chamaecyparis nootkaten- Albaricoque (Prunus texana). Alberta spruce (Picea albertiana). Alder, Black (Ilex verticillata) . California (Alnus rhombifolia) . European black (Alnus glutinosa). Green (Alnus crispa). Hazel (Alnus rugosa). Hoary (Alnus incana). Lanceleaf (Alnus oblong if olia). Mexican (Alnus oblongifolita ) . willow (Salix uva-ursi). Bearmat (Chamaebatia foUolosa). Beaver tree (Magnolia Virginian a) . Beaverwood (Celtis occidentalism . Bebb willow (Salt® bebbiana). Bee-sage (Hyptis emoryi). White (Salvia apiana). Beech (Fa-gus grandifolia) . Blue (Carpinus caroliniana) . Water (Carpinus caroliniana). Bell-rue (Clematis verticillaris) . Belltree (Halesia Carolina). Benjamin bush (Benzoin aestivale). Bennie bush (Ceanothus papillosus). Bessey cherry (Prunus besseyi). Big buckeye (Aesculus octandra). laurel (Magnolia grandiflora). sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). saltbush (Atriplcx lentiformis). shellbark hickory ( Carya laciniosa ) . summer grape (Vitis lincecumii). whortleberry ( Vaccinium membra- naceum). Bigberry juniper (Juniperus megalo- carpa). Bigbud hickory (Carya alba). Bigcone pine (Pinus ooulteri). spruce (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa). Bigelow sagebrush (Artemisia bigelo- vii). Bigleaf magnolia (Magnolia macrophylla) . maple (Acer macrophyllum) . mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus traskiae). shagbark hickory (Carya laciniosa). Bigpod ceanothus (Ceanothus macro- carpus). Bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum) . Bigtree (Sequoia washingtoniana) . plum (Prunus mexicana). Bilberry, Bog (Vaccinium uliginosum). Dwarf (Vaccinium caespitosum) . Red (Vaccinium parvifolium) . Tall (Vaccinium ovalifolium) . Biltmore white ash (Fraxinus biltmo- reana) . Birch, Black (Betula fontinalis, Betula lento,, Betula nigra) . Blue (Betula nigra). Blueleaf (Betula coerulea). Bog (Betula glandulosa). Canoe (Betula papyrifera). Cherry (Betula lenta). Dwarf (Betula glandulosa). Gray (Betula lutea, Betula populifolia) . Low (Betula pumila). Mountain (Betula fontinaUs). Old field (Betula populifolia). Paper (Betula papyrifera, Betula populifolia) . Poverty (Betula populifolia). Red (Betula fontinaUs, Betula nigra) . River (Betula nigra). Scrub (Betula glandulosa). Silver (Betula lutea). Swamp (Betula fontinaUs, Betula pumila). Sweet (Betula lenta). Water (Betula fontmalis, Betula nigra). Western paper (Betula papyrifera). White (Betula papyrifera, Betula populifolia). Yellow (Betula lutea). Birchleaf, buckthorn (Rhamnus betulaefolia) . mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus). mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides). Bird cherry (Osmaronia cerasiformis, V Prunus avium, Prunus pennsylvanica). Bishop pine (Pmus muricata). Bitter buffaloberry (Shepherdia canaden- sis). cherry (Prunus emarginata). gooseberry (Ribes amariim). nightshade (Solanum dulcamara). orange (Citrus trifoliata). pecan (Carya aquatica, Carya cordiformis, Carya texana). Bitter-bark (Rhamnus purshfana). Bitterbrush (PursMa tridentata). Bitterbush (Coioania stansburiana) . Bitternut hickory ( Carya cordiformis, Carya glabra). 326 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara). Climbing (Celastrus scandens). False (Celastrus scandens). Black, alder (Ilex verticillata) . ash (Fraxinus nigra). birch (Betula fontinalis, Betula lento,, Betula, nigra). blueberry (Vaccinium atrococcum). cherry (Prunus serotina). cherry, southwestern (Prunus vvrens). chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) . chokeberry, western (Prunus de- missa). cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) . currant (Ribes americanum). cypress (Taxodium distichum). elder (Sambucus melanocarpa). gum (Nyssa sylvatica). gum, highland (Nyssa sylvatica). gum, southern (Nyssa bi flora). gum, swamp (Nyssa biflora). haw, southern (Viburnum rufidu- lum). hickory (Carya alba, Gary a glabra). highbush blueberry (Vaccinium atro- coccum). huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata). laurel (Gordonia lasianthus, LeucothoS damsiae). locust (Gleditsia, triacanthos, Robinia pseudoacacia) . maple (Acer saccharum). mulberry (Morus nigra). oak (Quercus coccinea, Quercus emoryi. Quercus velutina). persimmon (Diospyros texana). pine (Pinus serotina, Pinus taeda). sage (Artemisia arbuscula, Salvia mellifera). scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia). sloe (Prunus iimbellata). spruce (Picea mariana). sugar maple (Acer nigrum). titi (Cliftonia monophylla, Cyrilla racemiflora). walnut (Juglans. nigra). walnut, California (Juglans hindsii). walnut, Southern California (Ju'g- lans calif ornica) . western chokecherry (Prunus de- missa). willow (Salix nigra). willow, western (Salia lasiandra). Blackbead elder (Sambucus melano- carpa). Blackberries (Rubus spp.). Blackbruch (Acacia amentacea). ( Coleogyne ramosissima, Flourensia cernua). Blackbush (Coleogyne ramosissima). Blackhaw (Bumelia lanuginosa, Bumelia tenax, Viburnum prunifolium) . Rusty (Viburnum rufldulum). Blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) . Blackthorn (Viburnum lentago). Bladder, bush (Salazaria, mexicana). saga (Salazaria mexicana). Bladdernut, American (Staphylea trifolia). California (Staphylea bolanderi). Sierra (Staphylea bolanderi). Bladderpod (Isomeris arborea). Blaspheme-vine (Smilax laurifolia). Blood currant (Ribes sanguineum). Bloomer goldenbush (Aplopappus bloomeri) . Blue, agarita (Berberis swaseyi). ash (Fraxinus guadrangulata) . beech (Carpinus caroliniana) . birch (Betula nigra). blossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflwus). cornel (Cornus alternifolia) . dogwood (Cornus alternifolia). elder (Sambucus coerulea). fly-honeysuckle (Lonicera villosa). jasmine (Clematis crispa). myrtle (Ceanothus thyrsifiorus) . oak (Quercus douglasii). palmetto (Rhapidophyllum hystrix). poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). sage, shrubby (Salvia ballotaeflora) . spruce (Piicea pungens). tangle (Gaylussacia frondiosa). whortleberry ( Vaccinium ovalt- folium ) . willow (&alia> subcoerulea) . Blueback willow (Sali® glaucops). Blueberry, Black (Vaccinium atrococcum). Black highbush (Vaccinium atro- coccum). Bog (Vaccinium uliginosum). Box (Vaccinium ovatum). Canada (Vaccinium canadense). Common (Vaccinium corymbosum). Creeping (Vaccinium crassifolium) . Downy swamp (Vaccinium afro-' coccum). Dryland (Vaccinium vacillans). Dwarf (Vaccinium angustifolium) . Elliott (Vaccinium elliottii). Evergreen (Vaccinium myrsinites). Highbush ( Vaccmium corymbosiim) . Low (Vaccinium vacillans). Low sweet (Vaccinium angustifo- lium). Lowbush (Vaccinium angustifolium). Rabbi teye (Vaccinium virgatum). Sour-top (Vaccinium canadense). Sugar (Vaccinium angustifolium). Swamp (Vaccinium corymbosum) . Velvetleaf (Vaccinium canadense). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 327 Blueberry — Continued. Western (Vaccinium occidentale) . Western bog (Vaccinium occiden- tale). Blueberry elder (Sambucus caerulea). Blueblossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). Bluebrush (Ceanothus integerrimus, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). Bluecurls (Trichostema arizonicum). Bluejack oak (Quercus cinerea). Blueleaf, birch (Betula coerulea). grape (Vitis argentifolia) . willow (Salix glaticophylla) . Bluestem willow (Salix irrorata). Bluewood (Condalia obovata). Mexican (Condalia mexicana). Bog, bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum). birch (Betula glandulosa). blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum). rosemary (Andromeda polifolia). rosemary, downy (Andromeda glau- cophylla). spruce (Picea mariana). wortleberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum ) . willow (Salix pedicellaris) . Bois d'arc (Madura pomifera). inconnu (Celtis mississippiensis) . Bottlebrush buckeye (Aesculus parvi- flora). Bottom hickory (Carya carolinae-sep- tentrionalis) . Box blueberry (Vaccinium ovatum). huckleberry (Gaylussacia brachy- cera ) . sandmyrtle (LeiopJiyllum buscl- folium). thorn (Lycium halimifolium) . thorn, California (Lycium catlforni- cum). white oak (Quercus stellata), Boxelder (Acer negundo). Boxwood (Cornus florida). false (Gyminda latifolia). Boynton oak (Quercus boyntonii). Brasil (Condalia obovata). Bray oak (Quercus brayi). Brewer oak (Quercus garryana). saltbush (Atriplex breweri). spruce (Picea breweriana). willow (Sali® breweri). Brickellbush, Desert (BriclcelUa desertorum). Littleleaf (Brickellia microphylla) . Rigid (Brickellia frutescens). BrLstlecone, fir (Abies venusta). pine (Pinus aristanta). Bristly. greenbrier (Smilax auriculata, Smilax hispida). locust (Robinia hispida). Broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) . Broadscale broom (Lepidospartum la- tisquamum ) . Brook feather (Xanthorhisa. simplicis- sima ) . Broom, Broadscale (Lepidospartum latis- quamum). Scotch (Cytisus scoparius). Broom, brush (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus) . crowberry (Corema conradii). hickory (Carya glabra). Brown, ash (Fraxinus nigra). crowberry (Corema conradii). dogwood (Cornus glabrata). Brown's hickory (Carya pecan). Brush, Black (Acacia amentacea). Blue (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). Buck (Ceanothus