Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE United States Department of Agriculture NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY Advancing Access to Global Information for Agriculture ie dee \ A ee Q ’ oF atta ibeby ay | i ny | oh { ti ee ah : ; , bela 8 b is \J if , j aa yy " Tai? Van’ (am ieee rs ee Native Woody Plants of the United States Their Erosion-Control and Wildlife Values By WILLIAM R. VAN DERSAL Biologist Division of Conservation Operations Soil Conservation Service UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - - = = Price $1.50 (paper) ACKNOWLEDGMENT Since the initial appearance of this work in preliminary mimeo- graphed form in 1936, a great many people have contributed original information and suggestions without which the present publication would be much less complete. To all of these people, the author wishes to express his sincere thanks. He is particularly indebted to Ernest G. Holt for his advice, sug- gestions, and criticism, as well as his very considerable assistance dur- ing the preparation of the manuscript; to T. H. Kearney, for permis- sion to use his manuscript on the flora of Arizona; to V. L. Cory and H. B. Parks for the use of their manuscript catalog of the Texas flora, and Mr. Parks’ manuscript on the useful properties of Texas plants; to F. L. Mulford for the plant-growth region map, together with his chapter on its development; to C. W. Thornthwaite for the map of the climatic regions; to Clarence Cottam and his assistants, Phoebe Knappen, F. M. Uhler, Neil Hotchkiss, and A. L. Nelson, for their very great help in making available considerable data from the Section of Food Habits Research of the Bureau of Biological Survey; to E. P. Killip for advice on the taxonomic problems; to E. L, Crandall for his help with some of the photographs and to C. R. Ball, who assisted materially in the preparation of the section on Salix. Suggestions and criticisms concerning the botanical material have been offered by E. J. Alexander, M. L. Fernald, E. J. Palmer, H. M. Raup, H. A. Gleason, W. H. Camp, H. E. McMinn, F. J. Crider, C. V. Morton, M. Van Rensselaer, KE. H. Graham, Mildred Mathias, H. L. Shantz, E. V. Komarek, Hilda Cunniff, Fred Gibson, and his assistant, J. Whitehead, H. S. Yates, M. G. Netting, P. B. Sears, H. L. Whitaker, C. F. Swingle, and Russell Albright. Suggestions and criticisms concerning the wildlife material were received from W. L. McAtee, H. L. Stoddard, Aldo Leopold, D. M. Gorsuch, F. N. Hamerstrom, Jr., C. B. Terrell, R. T. King, Gardiner Bump, R. O. Stevens, A. M. Pearson, Logan Bennett, P. D. Dalke, V. EK. Davison, N. W. Hosley, W. E. C. Todd, R. E. Yeatter, and H. D. Ruhl. IT Ne UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION Ne. 303 Issued June 1938 Washington, D.C. Siightly revised May 1939 NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES, THEIR EROSION-CONTROL AND WILDLIFE VALUES By Witiiam R. Van Dersat, biologist, Division of Conservation Operations, Soil Conservation Service CONTENTS Page Page ATEN O GULCH O Te A er 1| Plant-growth regions—Continued. The relation of vegetation to soil conservation_ 2 Length of the growing season______________- 20 Evaluation of plants for erosion control and STOW; COVERS ne TE a eae 20 Sey Ghee ei aT a ee 4 Climates of growth regions_________________ 21 Planting for soil and wildlife conservation____ 5 | Nitrogen-fixing bacteria___.___.______________ 27 Planting for wildlife_____._._____..____--____ 6 | Explanation of the list____..._________________ 28 Highway planting___________-________._____ 7 SCOP Ow aes Mie ea a Mee Ny Descent Lem ara 28 Plants of objectionable characteristics_________ 8 Latin names and synonyms_______--__-_--- 28 FZOISON OMS] AGS Hes en eee ete ea 9 Vernacular names of plants_________________ 29 IND OTESSIVEIDIAIMES eae see ey 9 TERRI Ce ees GSPN PI aD Salad aks ana 30 Plants harboring fungi or insect pests______ 10 Site designations] 30 Selection of species for planting_______________ ll Grow Eh ya bits ee ees ne ar ee ea 31 IS uM AY GE CCOS Oa 11 POEUN GIN kee ye ei Eee ro eae el tae 31 Secondary succession and pioneer species___ 12 IPO PAT ALOT ois ee ee ate Ne rae a 32 Native versus introduced species________--- 13 Utilization by wildlife___________________--- 34 LABS OROCMEHO NS 14 eListiof woodyeplants2 24 eee 35 The correlation of soils and plant growth-__- TS || JBs| oy bloyeea yO Oy Sk ee 293 Development of the plant-growth region map_ 16 Mimeographed and unpublished refer- Plant-2rOw GE Ore slONS seu = einen ue 17 ET COS eae aU AS eas Ne a Ne eb Factors in plant distribution______________- 17 | List of common names of woody plants._____ 322 Thornthwaite’s climatic provinces_________- 19 INTRODUCTION At no time has the need for conservation of our natural resources been as apparent as it is at present. We have seen the wasteful de- struction of our most basic resource, the soil, take place at an ever- increasing rate within a comparatively short span of years. The original vegetation of the country has in large part been removed, and as a consequence of this, not only has soil become increasingly subject to erosion, but wildlife, being dependent on vegetation for existence, has also become severely depleted. The same forces that cause soil losses have destroyed wildlite habi- tats. The removal of the vegetative cover has permitted washing away of topsoil, and this in turn has prevented the return of vegeta- tion and the consequent restoration of wildlife. It is only natural, therefore, that revegetation should be relied upon to conserve soil, and since the same vegetation can be made to provide more wildlife habitats, it is possible to conserve two resources with one operation. It becomes apparent that soil conservation, if properly managed, can mean wildlife conservation. 1 2 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE But to carry out a program of soil and wildlife conservation vege- tation must be utilized intelligently. Where considerable numbers of plants are to be employed, it is essential to know as much as pos- sible about every species of tree, shrub, or herb we propose for planting. We should know where and on what soils a species will erow, what degree of drought or moisture it can endure, the nature and extent of its root system, its susceptibility to sects and disease, its aggressiveness, its relation to other species, its value to the land- owner as a crop-producing plant, and its use as food or cover ,by wildlife. ; In other words, the time is opportune to take inventory of the stock on hand; not to show how much has been lost, but to determine what is left to build with, and how most wisely to employ it. There exists a widely distributed mass of information concerning plants, which, if assembled and properly classified, may assist materially in dealing with soil and wildlife conservation. This publication presents an indexed list of woody plants growing in the United States, naming each species as unmistakably as possi- ble, and giving all available data pertinent to its use in erosion control and wildlife conservation. Such an inventory as this shows not only what is known about each species of plant but by inference what is not known. Every species is potentially a valuable resource in itself. The development of each plant rescurce eventually may disclose a ‘rop as yet unsuspected. | It may be noted that this indexed list is not intended for use in the identification of plants, although characters listed here may assist in making determinations. There are manuals to cover the entire coun- try, with the exception of Arizona and Texas. After identification is certain, this publication may be consulted for data on the use of any given woody plant. THE RELATION OF VEGETATION TO.SOIL CONSERVATICN Under our present agricultural system we are concerned with the manipulation of cultivated crops in such a manner as to keep the maximum of cover on the soil as much of the time as is possible. Such manipulated, cultivable crops may be classed as temporary vegetation. The permanent class will include plants that are per- mitted to remain on the ground without disturbance, except that incident to gathering from them such periodic crops as they may pro- duce. It is with’the permanent class that this publication deals. As every soil conservationist knows, there is a very definite relation between the density of the plant cover on the soil, the amount of soil lost through erosion, and the productivity of that soil. These three functions vary in a regular and direct manner, and there is no reason to believe that they have not always done so. Soil is formed partly by vegetation, and vegetation is in good part a product of the soil. Reasoning from our observation of natural conditions, we must expect to direct our efforts to control erosion toward revegetation, since it is known that erosion starts with the destruction of the plant cover and that the kind and density of vegetation is more important in infiuenc- ing Age and erosion than is steepness of slope or intensity of raintall.t 1 Data from the U. S. Forest Service, Intermountain Station, Ogden, Utah. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 3 Many workers are of the opinion that a plant with a large root system is necessarily the best one to hold soil in place. This idea is so universally held that it may not be amiss to review briefly just what takes place when a soil is eroded, especially by water. In doing this we may come to understand more clearly how erosion can be pre- vented by restoring vegetation. In exceptional and rare instances, washing may take place below the surface, but under ordinary conditions the washing away of soil occurs at the surface. It is the movement of soil particles downhill in water or into the air as dust that we wish to prevent. Since such movements start in the very uppermost layer of the soil, our efforts must of necessity be directed to holding topsoil in position. Roots of woody plants do not, in themselves, offer much help in the top inch or so of soil; they penetrate deeper and may be said to be holding the soil in place below but not necessarily at the surface. Observations in the field show that soil easily washes away from roots and that the better the surface of the soil is covered, the less the soil washes. Experimental evidence has confirmed such cbserva- tions. Kramer and Weaver (346)? conducted a series of tests on many kinds of plants, mostly grains and other herbs. In their experi- ments they discovered that it was not the soil-binding effect of roots that produced the best protection, but the plant cover, which pre- vented most of the water from coming in direct contact with the soil. When the plant cover was intact its effectiveness in controlling erosion exceeded that of underground parts alone many times, and com- paratively little relation was found between the quantity of under- ground parts and resistance to erosion. They found also that cover need not be living to be effective; any kind of cover protects the soil. Tn the course of their experiments they noticed aecidentally that a singie elm leaf protected the soil below it until a column over 3 inches high, capped by the leaf, remained after the surrounding soil had been. washed away. Undercutting eventually toppled the column. These experiments would appear to justify the use of a mulch in planting on eroded lands. Tt is clear that since erosion is greatest at the surface the roots of woody plants have comparatively little to do with its prevention. As a matter of fact, when water washes the covering soil off and begins cascading over roots, they may only aggravate soil washing. The surface layer of the soil can best be held in place by some sort of protective cover. This may consist of close-growing plants, litter, or a combination of the two. An effective protection for soil is afforded by a mat of grasses, which are among the best of all plants for erosion control. An equally good cover consists of an established forest and the duff produced by it. A third type might be made up of close-growing, thicket-forming shrubs and the litter produced by them or of a mat of entangled vines. Run-off and removal of soil are reduced to a minimum under such covers as these. It is almost un- necessary to mention that grass sod can be formed more quickly than can a thicket of shrubbery and that the establishment of a forest and forest litter takes longer than either of these. 2 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Bibliography, p. 293. 4 MISC. PUBLICATION 363, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE EVALUATION GF PLANTS FOR EROSION CONTROL AND WILDLIFE Knowing that it is the surface layer of the soil that is susceptible to erosion and that root systems may therefore be largely neglected except as they serve to hold plants in place, the plant characteristics that are useful in erosion control may be indicated. In considering these it should be kept in mind that as land on which planting is to be done may have a certain value, species that produce a valuable crop as well as furnish erosion control should be used whenever possible. The qualifications of plants valuable in erosion control may be sum- marized as follows: 1. Such plants must be able to thrive under the climatic conditions and in the soil in which they are to be grown; and they must be able to hold their own in competition with other plants. 2. The farther their stolons, suckers, or rhizomes spread, or the more matted the condition of their growth, the greater space they will cover and the more soil they may be expected to hold in place. Thicket-forming or mat-forming plants or those that root from decumbent or declined branches, or that form suckers or root shoots are of this class. 3. With tall-growing plants, the more litter they produce and the greater the water-holding capacity of the litter, the more effectively will the plants control erosion. 4, The bushier the plants, the denser their foliage, and the nearer evergreen they are, the more protection from wind and rain they will offer to the soil. 5. The plants should be comparatively easy to propagate. If they can be purchased on the open market they are often easier to obtain for planting. 6. The more rapid-growing species will provide protection sooner than slower-growing species. 7. If plants furnish food and cover for wildlife, their usefulness is increased through the aid they give in conserving the valuable wild- life resource. 8. The possession of such characteristics as resistance to grazing, drought, insect damage, and diseases, and the ability to grow rapidl on and to tolerate many kinds of soil, particularly alkaline, acid, saline, barren, or sterile soil, is valuable. 9. The production of some crop, as timber, pulpwood, tannin, sugar, dye, comestible or ornamental fruit, or ornamental flowers enhances the value of erosion-contro] plants. 10. Resistance to fire or ability to coppice after burning or cutting enables plants to maintain a cover othewise easily destroyed. Leopold (356) has discussed the properties that make plants valu- able as winter cover for game. The first and most important char- acter is dense winter foliage or thorns, preferably close to the ground Second, species easily propagated, and hence easy to establish, are those that can be propagated by stem or root cuttings. This gives, he says, a great advantage to such plants as Osage-crange, willows, grapes, plum, and roses. The third important property is vigor. This includes ability to reproduce by sprouts if cut er burned, ability to spread by means of root sprouts, and ability to make quick growth. Next comes resistance to grazing, drought, shade, and fire, Finally, NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 5 cover plants should be unobjectionable from the agricultural stand- point. The striking similarity of Leopold’s criteria for game-cover plants and the characters valuable in erosion control is at once apparent. It has been pointed out that the restoration of cover, important alike for soils and for wildlife, is the objective sought in soil conservation as well as in wildlife conservation. The correlation of erosion control with wildlife planting, therefore, is obviously an easy one to make. Furthermore, the utilization for wildlife production of submarginal lands upon which man-made erosion is unusually severe is a sound economic practice. PLANTING FOR SOIL AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION Tt is obvious to those who have had experience in landscaping or forestry that the old maxim about putting all of the eggs in one basket applies very well to the planting of woody species. The most important rule to follow, whether planting for timber, pulpwood, ero- sion control, wildlife, or any combination of these, is that the species used must be varied—that the planting must be a mixture, not a pure stand. This is true for several reasons (486), namely: 1. Solid stands of plants favor the rapid spread of disease and insect pests. Fungi, as well as insects, find it easy to travel from one plant to another of the same kind. In mixed plantings spread is slower and control is consequently easier. Isolation of individuals and groups from others of their own kind is the natural safeguard. against infection. 2. Solid plantations of one species have for some time been known to result in depletion of the soil. Further, pure stands do not repre- sent the maximum productive capacity of the soil. 3. Maximum interspersion of species ensures that all ecological niches will be filled. This results in a greater utilization of space and better erosion control. Competition between individuals, and therefore waste of energy, is at its highest in pure stands. 4. In planting for wildlife, variety is essential. What one species of plant may lack, another may possess. The effort should be made to attain a well-balanced habitat, approaching as nearly as possible the “orderly confusion of nature.” Insectivorous birds are generally discouraged by pure stands, but encouraged by mixtures. The en- couragement of such birds leads to greater control of injurious insects. In several European countries it has been found an economically justifiable practice to put up bird houses in forest plantations to attract insectivorous birds and thereby to ensure some control of insects. The idea is extending even to this country, but proper mix- ing of species in planting should make such a practice unnecessary. It is very essential that careful planning precede actual field opera- tions. Press of work and the need that considerable planting be done in a short time are often advanced as excuses for improper spacing, poor selection of site and species, and faulty organization of the work. Actually such excuses are never valid, for the planting seasons are preceded by periods sufficiently long to permit of careful planning. Because of the impossibility of obtaining sufficient plant- ing stock of the kind desired, it may often be necessary to substitute 6 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE other species, but this should be done most carefully. If the proper species for the required job are lacking, the planting should be par- tially or entirely deferred until the next season. PLANTING FOR WILDLIFE GCs * *K In planting for wildlife the aim is the creation of such an environment that the maximum of food and cover is available at all seasons of the year for the particular birds or mammais consid- ered” (138, p. 16). It follows that considerable care is called for in the selection of proper plant species. This is not a simple matter. Many species may be adapted for planting in a given area. Discard- ing those that are of little value in the control of erosion, we are left with a list of plants that have diverse values as food for wildlife. To date, recommendations of a species for planting have rested upon the utilization of its fruit by birds or mammals. There is a difference between the importance of a certain item of food in the diet of a given bird and the value of a species of plant for wildlife in general. The one relates to the welfare of a particular species of bird, the other to the extent to which a plant is used by mammals as well as various species of birds. When the welfare of wildlife in general is to be considered we can scarcely limit our choice to a species of importance to the bobwhite alone, for example, although such use will naturally influence our choice. Furthermore, we can scarcely ignore other forms of wildlife even if we wish to encourage the pro- duction of only one. McAtee (369) has said the importance of food items in the diet of a bird is not indicated by statements as to the frequency with which the items are taken. It is only under the percentage-by-bulk system (the proportion of one food taken to the total amount of all foods taken) combined with the counting of individuals, insofar as this is possible, that the nearest approximation to the truth can be made. Under the percentage-by-bulk system, he explains, comparison of one part of the diet with another or of the food of one species or group of species with that of another is possible. But he goes on to say (369, p. 464), “* * * statements of the frequency of occurrence of food items in bird stomachs may perhaps be taken as rough indices of availability of the food or relish for it.” And in the publications so well known to biologists engaged in wiid- life management, he employs as his criterion of use the number of birds known to have eaten the fruits, buds, catkins, or other parts. Examination of the record of the species of plants listed in this publication will show some to have been utilized by a great many species of birds and mammals. Such species should undoubtedly be given priority in making planting lists. Other species may have very poor records. This may be true often because they are actually not used by wildlife. On the other hand, they may occur in a region from which only a few bird stomachs have been examined. They may bear fruits difficult to identify by ordinary methods of stomach analysis. The fleshy fruit of Prunus americana, for instance, has been found only once, in the stomach of a pine grosbeak, but observers have noted that many birds eat this fruit. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 7 Tt seems clear that records showing a given species to be much utilized can be accepted by technicians as proof of the value of the plant for wildlife. Poor records indicate either that a plant is werth- less or that we do not know enough about it. If a species is found to. have a very poor or limited record, recourse should be had to the records of the genus as a whole, exclusive of specific records, or to records of very similar species, for assistance in determining its value. Certainly, when in a genus of many species, such as Chrysothamnus or Aplopappus, few or no records of utilization by wildlife appear, it is not unreasonable to exclude the species from planting programs. There are two available sources of information relative to the use of a plant by wildlife—stomach analyses and field observations. In most instances, the more reliable is a stomach analysis made by the Bureau of Biological Survey or other responsible agency. The lack of stomach records necessitates using: reports of field observations. These are open to some criticism since accurate determination of the birds or mammals and plants involved is often not made, and since interpretation of the common names in which the records are so often made is neither easy nor certain. In this publication if the names were not thought to be clear, they have been referred to the genus. Cottam (738) has mentioned also that in an actual instance field observations alone were much less than 50-percent accurate in ayes food values in the diet of a bird. he exact nutritive value of any given plant food has not yet been determined. We are yet scarcely far enough along to examine the chemical composition of various fruits and seeds of wild plants and. their place in the diet of any animal. Hosley (290) has considered the chemical composition of some, and has noted the obvious fact that fruits may furnish vitamins. The staple value of acorns and the seed of conifers, such as pines, is well known. This field of investigation should indeed be a valuable one. HIGHWAY PLANTING The increasing use of vegetation for the beautification of highways makes it of interest here to mention that such work can be turned to the benefit of wildlife as well as to the control of erosion. Indeed, the conservation of soil on highway cuts can very profitably be planned with a view to beautifying the road. Certain fundamental principles relating to highway planting have been clearly enunciated by Simonson, senior landscape architect of the Bureau of Public Roads. In the following statement he sets forth the basic ideas to be kept in mind in such work (5/3, pp. 172- 174): The primary purpose of highway planting is to enhance the peculiar qualities in the views and scenery of the surroundings through which a highway passes so that the development within the highway limits wili be properly consistent and appropriate to that which lies over the fence or beyond the highway borders, and will, therefore, present to the motorist the best of the landscape qualities inherent in it. The creation of landscape effects on the usually limited highway areas with little or almost no attention to the surroundings is not the correct approach and cannot be considered satisfactory roadside improvement. A systematic study of the native flora along and immediately adjacent to the highway will indicate 8 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE the most appropriate plant materials to be used, and such an analytical process should develop selective appreciation of natural plantings upon the highways. The ecological or natural landscape approach to the highway planting pro- gram aims to avoid the typical static, or garden-estate type of plantation design in favor of fitness with the more dynamic requirements of highway travel. Nature is to be followed as closely as possible with fullest utilization of native materials or harmonizing types if the landscape development of highways is to proceed * * *, It is imperative, therefore, that the landscape technician adopt the broadest ecological viewpoint concerning the pianting phases of the land- scape development of highways. The use of shrubs bearing beautiful fruits automatically provides food for wildlife. As Howard (293, p. 102) has mentioned, 1f road- side improvement designed primarily to improve the scenery is made with “due regard * * * to ecological associations and as much diversity as is consistent with natural groupings * * *” im the plantings, it will in all probability contribute materially to the increase of bird life in the immediate vicinity. Plantings of species effective in erosion control provide excellent cover for wildlife. The danger of luring birds and mammals to high- ways where wildlife mortality is undoubtedly great can be obviated by placing plantings made for the production of wildlife food weil back from the roadway. This is ordinarily done since on highway rights-of-way, plantings made too close to the road may easily become a hazard for motorists. Highway plantings are generally given more than ordinary care. Fertilizers are often used to ensure that the plants start; and water- ing, pruning, and cultivating are commonly employed to assist them in growing and producing flowers or seed. Under such conditions the remarks on plant competition and succession in the section treating of the selection of species for planting may apply only partially or not at all. The utilization of vegetation in highway planting is comparatively new, but is rapidly increasing in importance. A recent report for one State (7) mentions, for instance, that 700 miles of planting on main highway rights-of-way have nearly been completed. Future work may well be directed along the lines so clearly drawn by Simonson. PLANTS OF OBJECTIONABLE CHARACTERISTICS Certain species of plants possess characters that may partially or entirely preclude their use in many kinds of planting. A list of these would include plants that are: _ 1. Poisonous to man, either when taken internally or through skin irritations. 2. Poisonous to livestock, usually internally. 3. Secondary hosts to economically injurious fungi or insects. 4. Susceptible to the ravages of insects the control of which is difficult. 5. So exceedingly vigorous and aggressive as to crowd out more valuable or useful species. It is rare to find a situation in which plants possessing one or several of the above characteristics cannot be used. However, it may often be advantageous to substitute forms less objectionable, a procedure which is usually easy since the site is very unusual upon which at least two species of good character cannot be grown. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 9 POISONOUS PLANTS Plants dermatitically poisonous to man ordinarily will not be planted, because collection of seed or cuttings cannot be made with- out exposure to the irritants. In many places such plants may be spontaneous. If they are of value in erosion control or as wildlife food or cover and particularly if they are sufficiently removed from habitations, they may often be left to perform a useful function. The subject of livestock poisoning has been admirably treated by Chesnut and Wilcox (779) and by Marsh (392). Their authoritative generalizations are paraphrased here. It may be stated as a general fact that the popular idea that range animals will voluntarily seek out poisonous plants and eat them from preference is not true. Animals seldom eat poisonous plants except as they are driven to do so by lack of other food. Almost all poison- ous plants are distasteful to livestock and under ordinary circum- stances will be avoided. Loco plants, which are herbaceous, are an exception to this rule. The state of the local vegetation as affected by weather conditions ordinarily exercises considerable influence on the occurrence or non- occurrence of poisoning. In the early spring certain poisonous plants may start to grow before the native grasses. If these poisonous plants are at all conspicuous or offer any considerable amount of succulent material, livestock may be tempted to eat them. The acrid, bitter, or otherwise disagreeable taste of such plants seems not to deter livestock. Sheep and cattle may often eat large quantities of plants that are extremely distasteful to the human palate. In seasons of unusual drought, grasses on the range may become thoroughly dry while other plants remain green and tempting. It is obvious that livestock will be more apt to eat poisonous plants when such plants offer more tempting forage than the grasses. It is equally obvious that when grasses and other harmless forage plants are present in abundance and in good condition, sheep and cattle less often make the mistake of eating poisonous plants. To prevent poisoning of livestock, reliance should be placed on prevention rather than remedies. Animals must be so well cared for that they will not be tempted to eat poisonous plants. They must be prevented from eating such plants by careful handling of the herds. It must always be borne in mind that animals seldom eat poisonous pee by preference, but that under starvation conditions they may e driven to do so with disastrous resulis. Usually, in selecting stock for planting, nontoxic species can be chosen. in rare instances, however, certain toxic forms may be the only ones capable of doing the job. In such event, great care should be exercised to see that plantings will not be available to livestock. This can be accomplished either by fencing or by proper management of the herd. AGGRESSIVE PLANTS Whether to include or exclude a species that may become a pest is often a difficult decision to make. Extreme aggressiveness may be the character necessary for successfully controlling a given site, but if such aggressive species spread and become a nuisance because they He difficult to eradicate, the planter may often regret having used them. 10 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE No species of woody plant is a pest throughout the country, and native species are far less troublesome than introduced ones. Sympho- vicarpos is considered a weed in places and a boon in others. Rubus and Smilaw are a nuisance where they cover large areas. Lonicera japonica is a very pernicious weed in woodlands, Campsis radicans and Potentilla fruticosa in pastures. Atlanthus altissema has been known to supplant native forest trees, and Cytisus scopartus may run wild on sandy soil. Such plants as these form cover for soil and some produce a sec- ondary crop. Again, as with poisonous plants, common sense and caution should be used. If a species is really pernicious in a given region, if it easily escapes and quickly becomes widespread, and par- ticularly if other species can be used, the better decision would be to discard it. PLANTS HARBORING FUNGI OR INSECT PESTS At the present time there are nine Federal domestic quarantines affecting interstate movement of plants and plant products. These quarantines have been established to protect crops and forests from pests of major importance. Most regulations permit movement after inspection or treatment of the material to ensure freedom from infestation. The recognition by planting technicians of the fact that certain plants may assist in spreading diseases or insects that may cause serious loss of farm crops or forest trees as well as the plant- ings themselves, is essential. Familiarity with State and Federal regulations before plans are made is very necessary, and the techni- cian should cooperate in preventing the spread of pests. The recognition of rust hosts is of particular importance. Among the rust fungi the separate development of spore forms on unrelated hosts has taken place. Approximately one-twelfth of the species of rust fungi exhibits this character of heteroecism. The completion of their life cycle depends on two host species, either or both of which may be an important or valued crop. It is thus evident that certain secondary hosts to economically important fungi must be eliminated from plans for planting woody species if the agricultural crop at- tacked by the fungus is of any importance in the vicinity of the planting. The more important woody species that act as secondary hosts are indicated in the list of woody plants. One of the measures taken to prevent the spread of rusts is the eradication of the secondary host that is of less importance eco- nomically. Such eradication programs are now in effect under vari- ous State agencies and the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine. Any technician engaged in planting operations should consult with State and Federal plant quarantine officials before making actual plantings whenever there is any doubt as to the legality of the operations. Eradication measures intended for the destruction of wild species known to harbor insect pests are also being carried on. Plants known to harbor a serious insect pest during that portion of the year in which nearby crops are materially damaged by that insect should be used with great discretion. Authorities of agencies engaged in con- trol and eradication of pests should always be consulted. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATH&#S 11 SELECTION OF SPECIES FOR PLANTING PRIMARY SUCCESSION The factors governing survival must be recognized when a plant. is placed among others to compete with them for a place in the sun. These factors or survival values are measured in terms of species requirements, although we often state them by speaking of the toler- ance of a plant for shade, sun, acid or alkaline soil, drought, and . moisture. Because no experiments have been conducted, it has been assumed by some technicians that there is no scientific basis on which to judge the ability of one species to compete on the same ground and under the same conditions with another species. This is by no means true. For at least 20,000 years in the northern United States, and for a much longer time in the southern part, the species comprising the flora of the country have been competing for position, settling them- selves little by little into their respective ecological niches and asso- ciations. On any given area of ground there has grown a succession of associations of plants which, as they have contributed to the gradual modification of the soil (or rock) on which they grew, have eventually been replaced by plants of a different association. After sufficient time, an association of plants has appeared which, under the existing environmental conditions appears to be the best adapted to the area. This group is often known as a climax, and although it is recognized that a completely stabilized environment never exists, the climax regions for the country have been more or less accurately mapped. Associations of grasses are considered to be the climax for the Plains region; certain climax associations of deciduous trees appear in the eastern part of the country; evergreen trees constitute a climax for the western coastal region; and there is a xerophilous association of succulents and leathery species that forms the climax in the deserts of the Southwest. It should be kept clearly in mind that every plant association, whether climax or preclimax, is the out- come of long ages of natural selection. Enough work has been done to enable us to predict the climax for most areas with some confidence, but it may be many years before the date of the climax can be predicted, if that ever becomes possible. In a general way we know what species tend to occur together, and on what sites they are to be expected, in any given succession in any part of the country. Careful observation of a species in its native, un- disturbed (or disturbed) habitat will usually demonstrate where how it fits into its environment. According to Shantz (404, p. BOT): A thorough understanding of the natural vegetation climax and of the second- ary stages leading to its re-establishment when it is once destroyed is the best basis for a revegetation and erosion-control program. For many years plant ecologists have been engaged in determining the fundamental principles concerned with the initiation, develop- ment, and maturity of plant associations on given sites. The slow encroachment of lichens and mosses on bare rock, followed by gradual appearance of higher plants, the development of soil, and the inva- sion and succession of later associations tending toward a stable inter- 12 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE relation between soil, vegetation, and climate has long been known. Similarly, the accumulation of debris causing submerged water plants eventually to give way before the advancing shore plants, and these in turn before the successful competition of swamp forests and later dry land forests, has been studied in considerable detail. SECONDARY SUCCESSION AND PIONEER SPECIES In primary successions, as delineated above, the orderly and slow process of replacement of one association by another proceeds under natural conditions. As a consequence of the activities of man, how- ever, these successions are often violently interrupted for shorter or longer pericds, and new plant associations very different in composi- tion from the criginal ones may Initiate secondary successions. These may be started as a result of fire, overgrazing, logging, cultivation, road building, coal stripping or other digging operations, blowing of sand, and even the activities of mound-building animals. The climax toward which they develop, however, is the same as would have been developed by the original vegetation. It is with these secondary successions that technicians have most to deal. Tt is no longer new to point out that we are now dealing not with biologic areas as they were, but as man’s activities have changed them. Students of plant ecology and geography have long recognized that existing vegetation and fauna do not represent original condi- tions. As time goes on, studies of original vegetation must deal more and more with old records, historical documents, travel sketches of earlier periods, early surveys, and consideration of the few remaining virgin areas. Original faunal and floral areas can be determined only in this manner. Man has been relocating species of animals and plants to suit himself from the time the first settlers arrived in the country. Brief consideration of the changing face of the land surface of the country shows this very clearly. Furthermore, it is obvious that because most vegetation has been disturbed by man, associations comprising secondary successions are the rule rather than the exception. it is regrettable but true that it is not known with certainty just why one association gives way to another. It seems probable that changes in the substratum play a considerable part, but those changes cannot be measured accurately enough to say that at one time certain plants will succeed; at another, different plants will thrive. So far it has simply been noted that in any type of succession a series of what appears to be preparatory stages must precede the climax. It may also be noted that as a consequence, or perhaps as a parallel phenomenon, the food of wildlife and the fauna itself changes. Cer- tain pioneer plants lead the way and very rarely persist through all stages to the climax. Conversely, climax species almost never act as pioneers. Edaphic factors appear to be very important in the pre- I:minary stages of secondary successions. _In applying these facts to planting, where no further care is to be given to the plants, one may with reason select for use pioneer species that have demonstrated their ability to succeed on areas variously dis- turbed by man. This is of great importance. We see that under natural conditions the preparation of an area for occupation by climax species 1s undertaken by pioneer species. They do not last long, con- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 13 sidering the length of time required for the appearance of the climax stages; if they are planted, we can rely upon their being replaced, sooner or later, by other species. But the initiation of a secondary succession will ensure the control of erosion on a given area and the production of habitats useful for wildlife. . A list of pioneer species for various areas throughout the United States could easily be drawn up here. A much more certain manner of determining them, however, is to examine eroded areas where pio- neers have already begun to grow. The identification of the species informs the technician what to plant. And, it may be emphasized that the pioneers observed on such places are the results of long ages of natural selection of a sort that permits the survival of only those best adapted to initiate successions. With proper interpretation of the results of such long-time, natural “experimental plantings” the recla- mation of eroded land can be carried out with confidence. With these ideas in mind a principle may be stated that any techni- cian who wishes to plant woody species to control erosion would do well to remember; namely, that careful observation of local vegeta- tional successions, coupled with accurate determination, of the species involved, will often indicate the best means to employ. As Shantz (504, ». 356) has said: “Wherever one looks, nature has pointed the way to recovery.” We have in this country one vast testing ground, comprising many kinds of climate, soil, and site, wherein species have failed or suc- ceeded for significantly long periods. As long as a species is planted within its known range of occurrence, in its proper site as determined by observation of its so-called preferences, and is intermingled with other species in a ratio and position approaching natural condi- tions, we may be satisfied that except for failures attributable to seri- ous local variations in environment our plants will grow and thrive. Aldous and Shantz (9) point out that the natural or normal plant cover 1s a result of all the growing conditions of the area wherein it is produced. It is, therefore, an index or measure of the factors influenc- ing its growth, and it serves as an indicator of the possibilities of producing other plants on the same land. NATIVE VERSUS INTRODUCED SPECIES A clear distinction should be made between crop plants that must be planted and cultivated each year, or every several years, and woody plants, which are untended and uncultivated (if planted in the wild) and which must depend for their existence upon any ability they may have to compete successfully with the native species that will eventu- ally grow around them or that are already there. In planting species on sites where they must be able to survive competition, it is hazard- ous to select plants other than those that have already shown them- selves capable of succeeding in similar sites. If all competition is to be removed through cultivation, then such an argument would neces- sarily be invalid. Erosion cannot be controlled by cultivation alone, however, and most sites needing revegetation with woody plants are those that are being retired from cultivation, not those on which culti- vation is still to be practiced. Many technicians engaged in planting apparently do not under- stand that our first choice of species for planting on a given site 14. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE should be those that have already been tested for such a site; that is, species native to the region in question. Our second choice should be species that are not native; that is, exotic or introduced plants. If it is certainly known that there is no native species that can grow on a chosen site, then we are justified in turning to exotic forms. Clements (121, p. 260) summarized this: “* ™ ™ nature is to be followed as closely as possible, and hence native materials alone are to be employed, preferably from the outset, but invariably in the final composition.” Chapman (778) claims further that until additional data can be ob- tained we are justified in making large-scale plantings only on the basis of ecological principles applied to the native species of the region. This should not be interpreted to mean that the introduction of a foreign species is inherently undesirable. It is recognized, ef course, that the introduction of some non-native woody species has already been successfully accomplished, and these are excepted from the pre- ceding statements. But large-scale plantings should be limited to species proved to be adaptable to a given area and known to be able to compete with plants that now largely occupy the territory. In forest planting, Toumey and Korstian (573) characterize the selec- tion of exotics and species from widely different regions as very hazardous. In ornamental planting, where each plant is protected and given special protection, the use of exotics may be justified, but unless actual experimental plantings have been made or unless site factors can definitely be shown to be similar to those of the region from which the species is introduced, exotic species should be ex- cluded from forest crops. The extensive use of Scotch pine and Norway spruce for instance, in the eastern United States is much to be regretted in the opinion of these workers, since resuits from such use are still problematical. FRUIT PRODUCTION Wherever dioecious species are used, if fruit production is desired, a few staminate (pollen-bearing) plants must be included in the planting. Monoecious plants, on the other hand, since both staminate and pistillate fiowers are present on each bush, necessitate no such precaution. Examples of dicecious plants include Baccharis, llezx, Maclura, Myrica, Shepherdia, Taxus, and some species of Juniperus. There are, in addition, some species that are partly dioecious, that is, some of the plants may be entirely staminate and some slightly polygamous. in the latter, sufficient staminate flowers are present on pistillate plants to ensure reasonably complete fertilization. The genera Celastrus, Atlanthus, Morus, Rhus, and Vitis, furnish species of this sort (679). With these, the addition of staminate forms to a planting may often be advantageous although not always necessary. At present there is no way to distinguish readily the seeds that will produce staminate from those that will produce pistillate plants. Therefore, to ensure getting fruit-bearing plants it may be necessary to use cuttings only, selecting them mainly from pistillate plants. In reproducing such plants from seed, the proportion of staminate to pistillate plants is often unknown. Other sorts of dioecism are known. Perfect flowers may often produce pollen that for various reasons may be more or less incapable NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 15 of fertilization of the pistil in the same flower or even of those on the same plant. An instance of such a condition is found in the wild plums where one plant often gives rise vegetatively to a colony. The pollen in the flowers of the whole colony may be unable to effect fertilization, and it is thus necessary in planting for wildlife food, to ensure that stock planted is collected from at least several different. colonies and well mixed before using. According to Paul B. Sears, who has experimented with plums, it is nearly always possible to induce better fruit production in one colony by introducing a few plants from a neighboring colony, or even by throwing fiowering branches from a different colony into the first. Production of fruit depends also on such environmental factors as temperature or cloudiness and precipitation during flowering. These conditions may very often be local, and certainly account in part for the patchy distribution of fruit production of the same species. Also, many plants that produce fruit freely in the sun will produce very little in the shade, as Corylus, Symphoricarpos, and Parthenocissus. For this reason where fruit for wildlife is desired, a variety of species, blooming at different times, is necessary for ultimate production. THE CORRELATION OF SOILS AND PLANT GROWTH Many statements that a given species will grow on a certain kind of soil will be found herein. These statements are based for the most part on observations of plants in their native habitats, made by many different workers. They are extremely general, the correlation of vegetation with soils being by no means certain. Soil studies that have been made deal with factors that are not directly related to plants, or else the relation of plants to such factors is not yet clear 363). The distribution of some plants appears to depend directly on certain edaphic characters. Many species are almost entirely con- fined to acid or to alkaline soils. The near absence of legumes from very acid soils may be attributed to the inability of their symbiotic bacteria to succeed under acid conditions. Similarly, the ability of certain fungi to succeed under varying degrees of hydrogen-ion con- centration may condition the ecesis of woody plants on the roots of which they form mycorrhiza. The presence of toxic substances, the release of which may depend also on acidity, may prevent a plant from growing on a soil that under different local conditions might easily support that plant. The break-down of litter, for example, is not at all understood. For such reasons as these, and for many others, we are far from having identified the factors in soil whose variations are responsible for the local variations in plant distribu- tion. Certain physical factors of soil, however, are worth mentioning here. Shallow soils on an impervious subsoil may endanger the sta- bility of trees by restricting root growth. Heavy soils may act in the same way. Soils of spring-fed swamps and northern slopes are gen- erally colder than other soils, and sandy soils and soils of southern slopes are generally warmer (573). Higher and lower soil tempera- tures have respectively a stimulating and retarding effect on plant metabolism. 130186°—39——2 16 MISC. PUBLICATION 3803, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANT-GROWTH REGION MAP®* The need for a map that designates zones or areas having fairly uniform growing conditions for plants was recognized when an at- tempt was made to discuss where in the United States different roses could be grown and also when recommendations for the planting of trees on city streets throughout the country were desired. _ To show regions where the different types of roses could be grown with a minimum of attention a rose zone map was prepared and was published in the Atlas of American Agriculture (45) and in the Amer- ican Rose Annual (77). It raised a storm of protest by growers and occasioned much discussion among them because roses were being suc- cessfully grown far beyond the zones indicated for each group. This success was due to the fact that special! attention had been given to their culture, particularly to winter protection. Eventually it was generally conceded that the map showed what it purported to show. A map was made as a basis for recommending street trees and was published in a Department Bulletin, Street Trees (417), and again in a Farmers’ Bulletin, Trees for Town and City Streets (478). ‘This rap divided the country into 13 zones. The zoning was based on a combination of field studies in different parts of the country and a re- view of the literature of tree planting. Before the tree lists to ac- company the map were completed it became evident that more zones would have been desirable but this limited number was what seemed. practicable at the time. The aim in preparing these maps, and the later one appearing in this publication (fig. ue is to delimit areas with growing conditions sufficiently similar so that a large proportion of the plants that will grow in any one part of each zone will grow reasonably well in all of it. This makes it possible to draw up hsts of plants that can be recommended for growing in each region. Factors influencing growing conditions are latitude and altitude, which have a direct bearing on temperature, frosts, and length of growing season as well as extremes of temperature; rainfall, totals and distribution through the year; humidity as influenced by rain- fall and winds; soil type and character; and amount and intensity of sunshine. Often these factors change very gradually so that there is no sharp natural line of demarcation. Jn such instances almost arbi- trary limits must be established in order that the regions shall not be too large to have reasonably uniform conditions throughout. Ex- amples of areas thus delineated are those included in regions 15 and 16 and in regions 18, 19, and 20. In each of these two groups of regions the changes are so gradual from north to south that it is difficult to know where to draw the separating line or lines, but the total differ- ence between the northern parts and the southern appears to call for separation. In the absence of other marked factors the north and south limits of these regions have been determined by the character- istic farm crops of each. It is seldom that the range of natural distribution of any two plants is exactly the same; nor is the range of successful cultivation of any two plants more likely te coincide. Although the lines on the growth- region map give the approximate limit of distribution of plants it ’'This section was written by Furman Lloyd Mulford, associate horticulturist, Bureau of Plant Industry. E CONSERVATION SERVIC SOIL E U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUR OOS > swe S526069 ms EY 4) i8 Piedmont. 9 Upper Coastal Plain Oo Swampy Coastal Plain. } 1 South-Central Florida. 4 Subtropical Florida. Map prepared by Cartographic Drafting Unit , I U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRIGULTURE PLANT GROWTH REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 115° 13° nie 109° 107° 105° 129° 127° 125° 123° 121° 119° 7° q a paca ace =k 117° 15° North Pacific Coast. Willamette Valley--Puget Sound. Central California Valleys. Cascade-Sierra Nevada. Southern California. Columbia River Valley. 107° 7 Palouse--Bitterroot Valley, 8 Snake River Plain-Utah Valley. Q Great Basin-Intermontane. 10 Southwestern Desert. 11 Southern Plateau. 12 Northern Rocky Mountains. Scale in Miles 50100 Central Rocky Mountains, Southern Rocky Mountains, Northern Great Plains, Central Great Plains. Southern Plains. LEGEND 18 Northern Black Soils. 19 central Black Soils. 20 southern Black Soils. 21 Northern Prairies. 22 Central Prairies. 23> Western Great Lakes. 24 Central Great Lakes. 25 Ozark-Ohio-Tennessee River Valleys. 26 Northern Great Lakes-St Lawrence. 27 Appalachian. 28 Piedmont. 29 Upper Coastal Plain 30 Swampy Coastal Plain. 311 South-Central Florida. 32 subtropical Florida. Plant Growth Regions by Furman Uoyd Mulford, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S.DA. Figure 1 Map prepared by Cartographic Drafting Unit i} : at : Bs} é ax q a 7 < % ; Fee te eee c= ; ~ "re See) Shae? btn aaa pigomele (hes, . ap irae is, - Pees Me eerd es Mint 8 art ste warm 1 hae - ee a i Sew) tetas 3G a 4 ~ < e tp] ~*~ ; aw oc vod Si (hy ae weed NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 1% will be found that the natural distribution, or the area of usual culti- vation, often does not coincide with the area that is shown on the map to be adapted to them. As a matter of fact, the growing of the plants may often occur beyond the area designated for them, or they may not be known over all the area suggested for them even though conditions are apparently satisfactory for their success. This over- lapping of adjacent areas may be only slight, but again 1t may extend much beyond the zone lines. Tt must also be recognized, however, that some plants will grow only under special conditions and that only in areas providing these con- ditions can they be expected to thrive. Bog, marsh, and water plants will grow only near or in water in whatever region they are found. Likewise plants adapted to dry knolls, ridges, or to sandy areas grow only in such locations, and those needing acid soils, alkaline soils, shade, or fuil sunlight can be expected to thrive only when those con- ditions are provided. Recommendations of plants having special re- quirements can be made for the different regions in the same way that plants thriving under more general conditions are listed, with nota- tions concerning their special requirements. When the 13-zone map was published it was recognized that some of the regions were too inclusive but for various reasons it was not deemed desirable to subdivide them at that time. Studies were imme- diately begun, however, looking toward making the regions smaller and more informing without going into too much detail. The number of regions was doubled, but as the study progressed it became obvious that important differences in plant reaction and plant associations would be ignored unless more regions were included, so the number was increased to 29 zones, then to 30, and eventually to 32. The subdivision was begun by combining the known natural distri- bution of plants with regions of successful cultivation of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous perennials. Careful consideration was given to Weather Bureau maps of rainfall totals and distribution through the year and of temperatures, not only maximum and minimum but frost dates and length of growing season. These results were carefully checked with O. EK. Baker, of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, in relation to his crop-geography studies, and the resulting modifica- tions were later made in the growth-region limits. Subsequently the map was checked with the late Curtis F. Marbut, oi the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, and the zone lines were made to conform to the outline of soil types where there were no apparent discrepancies between the field studies and these modified outlines. Since the original publication of the 32-zone map in 1922 there have been many opportunities to consult with students having inti- mate knowledge of relatively local areas and all such opportunities have been utilized to check the accuracy of details. This has resulted in a few slight modifications. PLANT-GROWTH REGIONS FACTORS IN PLANT DISTRIBUTION There are three factors of great importance in the distribution of any given plant. Each may act separately, although they commonly operate in combination. They are climate, soil, and time. i8 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Climate, which is an expression of temperature and moisture con- ditions, is without question of first importance. It is, im fact, a summary of factors pertaining to water and to heat. Such factors may be further subdivided into amount and distribution of water or heat; or where the two interact the terms of the analysis are evaporation, kind of precipitation, and humidity. Soil, which involves both chemical and physical structure, is un- doubtedly of second importance. Plant distribution within areas of uniform climate may be modified within each area by soil factors, but it seems obvious that the climate plays the major role in pre- venting vegetation from spreading. ‘The interaction of soil and climate (the latter is often a contributing factor in the formation or modification of the former) may be of great importance. With sufficient rainfall, for instance, the leaching out of certain bases may produce an acid or neutral soil; with insufficient rainfall the soil may be alkaline. Both the preceding factors may operate provided sufficient time has elapsed. A newly-formed species must have time to spread before its range can be delimited by changes in climate or soil. If a species is young, its climatic and edaphic boundanies may not yet be operat- ing. In its distribution, time is still a very important factor. If a species is old enough so that its further distribution is limited by factors of climate or soil, time has ceased to be an important factor in its present distribution. tt is true that chmatic and soil factors may be uniform or ma change very slightly over a given area of country, as in any of Mul- ford’s plant-growth regions. Knowing empirically that a number of cultivated plants succeeded about equally well throughout such a growth region, we are reasonably date in assuming that in general the range of a native species can coincide with boundaries of such growth regions provided it has had the necessary time to spread. tt is significant that where there is a large number of endemics and where great variation in characters is evident the growth-region boundaries do not coincide at all well with limits of distribution, but where there are few endemics and variation is much less, the bounda- ries coincide much better. The correlation of Mulford’s plant-growth regions with natural vegetation areas has as yet not appeared in print. The present author has been interested in the idea for the last 5 or 6 years, has checked a few species with care, and a great many in a general man- ner, The subject cannot be dealt with adequately here, but it can be said that In a general way correspondence of the lines bounding the range of a given woody species with the lines bounding Mulford’s plant-growth regions is very close. Correspondence of the growth- region lines with climatic and soil boundary lines is also close, where either the temperature, precipitation, or soil condition, or any com- bination of them, acts as a limiting factor in plant distribution. A line bounding a growth region may be considered to consist of series of attached shorter lines, each representing a change in soil condition, in average precipitation, in average temperature, or some other change displayed by plant distribution. On the map (fig. 1), the lines must be considered not as sharply delimiting one region, but as being drawn to separate two regions differing in one or more NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATHS 19 factors of the environment. They take no cognizance of local physio- graphic areas, which may themselves cause a change in soil, tempera- ture, or rainfall. Major physiographic areas only are recognized. In other words, the map is generalized. Vegetation areas, as they can be delineated from the notes of old surveyors and travelers, are more or less understood, but growth areas must be better and better known as we proceed to apply ecological principles to land use. Anyone thoroughly familiar with local con- ditions in a smaller area, such as a county or even a State, can point at once to places on Mulford’s map where the conditions are not as represented. Mountain tops in region 11, for instance, should all be characterized as 14, with the growing conditions of which they more nearly coincide. But the expression of more or less average condi- tions over the whole country is fairly accurate. In the following characterizations of conditions in the growth regions, three main items are included for each: (1) The climate, expressed in terms of Thornthwaite’s climatic provinces (570), (2) the length of the growing season, that is, the average number of days between the last killing frost in the spring and the first killing frost in the fall, and (3) the average annual number of days with snow cover. All! three items have a considerable influence upon the growth of plants. THORNTHWAITE’S CLIMATIC PROVINCES Consideration of the map showing climatic regions superimposed on plant-growth region (fig. 2, in pocket) or of Thornthwaite’s orig- inal work (570) will show the climatic provinces to be characterized by three factors; humidity, temperature, and seasonal distribution of precipitation. The combination of these three forms a climatic province. The five major humidity provinces are characterized as A (wet), B (humid), C (subhumid), D (semiarid), and E (arid). To deter- mine them, the procedure was as follows: The total monthly precipi- tation divided by the total evaporation was determined for every station whose temperature and precipitation records extended through a range of 10 years or more. The sum of the 12 monthly P-E ratios was called the P—E index, or the precipitation effective- ness of the station. Through field observation and study of vegeta- tion maps and monographs the five major humidity provinces were recognized and defined. Where the P-E index was 128 and above, the humidity province was designated as A (wet). Similarly, P-E index 64-127 defines B (humid); 32-63, C (subhumid); 16-381, D (semiarid) ; and less than 16, EK (arid). Characteristic vegetation for A is rain forest; for B, forest; for C, grassland; for D, steppe; and for K, desert. Four subtypes were recognized : r=moisture abundant at all seasons. s=moisture deficient in summer. w=moisture deficient in winter. d=moisture deficient at all seasons. The determination of the four subtypes depends upon the relation existing between the P—-E index and the sum of the P-E ratios of summer or winter, depending upon which is greater. yA) MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DHPT. OF AGRICULTURE The limiting effect of temperature on plants was expressed in the same manner. The coefficient for temperature efficiency Thorn- thwaite called the T-E ratio. The sum of the 12 monthly ratios for any station he called the T-E index. Determining by empirical means an equation that gave the poleward hmit of tundra a T-E index of zero and the poleward limit of the tropical rain forest and savannah a T—E index of 128 (which was the same as the P—E index of the arid margin of the rain forest), six temperature provinces were defined as follows: A’ (tropical), T—H index 128 and above. B’ (mesothermal), T—H index 64-127. C’ (microthermal), T-E index 32-68. D’ (taiga), T-E index 16-81. H’ (tundra), T-E index 1—15. E’ (frost), T-E index 0. The sixth province rarely occurs in the United States. Where temperature efficiency is adequate, variations in precipita- tion effectiveness establish the primary climatic boundaries; other- wise temperature efficiency is the limiting factor and determines the boundaries. The combination of the two produces a climatic prov- ince, in which various combinations of temperature effectiveness, precipitation effectiveness, and seasonal distribution of precipitation are possible, as shown in figure 2. LENGTH OF THE GROWING SEASON The figures for the length of growing season are taken from the Atlas of American Agriculture (45). Reference to the map showing average annual frost-free season will show any portion of the country to be included between lines that indicate the average length of growing season. Between any two such lines is an area wherein the average annua! frost-free season changes with the distance from any designated line. It is obvious that an average or mean cannot vary, but 1t is equally plain that it may be different in one place from what it is in another. Therefore, in the characterizations under each region when the statement is made, for instance, that the average is from 10 to 20 in the northern portion and from 40 to 50 in the southern, it 1s meant that in the northern portion of the region in question the average of the extreme north may be 10, but at a short distance south it may be 20. In the southern portion likewise, the average may be 50 in the extreme south and a certain number of miles north only 40. But it should be clear from this example that ~ the growing season in the northern portion, changing in length from one place to another, varies from 10 to 20 and that the growing sea- son of the southern portion varies likewise from 40 to 50. SNOW COVER The figures for number of days with snow cover are taken from the Atlas of American Agriculture (45). Here, as in the discussion of the growing season, the average annual figure is said to vary. Again it is obvious that averages do not vary, but may change with distance. When it is said, for instance, that the average annual number of days with snow cover is from 1 to 10, it is to be under- stood that the average figure changes with distance; that somewhere NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES. P21 in between the lines expressing 1 and 10 will be places where the average may be 2, 3, 4, or any number between 1 and 10. With this explanation, the climatic characters of each region may now be considered very briefly, bearing in mind that the values given are averages, not absolute figures. Study of the two maps (figs. 2 and 3, in the pocket) may assist in a better understanding of the climate and soil in any given plant growth region. In figure 2 the climatic regions of Thornthwaite (in color) are superimposed on Mulford’s piant-growth regions (hachured). In figure 3 the impor- tant soil regions (in color) are superimposed upon Mulford’s plant- growth regions (hachured). CLIMATES OF GROWTH REGIONS REGION 1, NORTH PACIFIC COAST Climate wet, microthermal, with adequate precipitation at all sea- sons in all portions, except for two areas with a summer deficiency, one extending for 100 miles south of the Oregon-California line, the other extending the same distance north from San Francisco Bay. Between these two areas is a mesothermal area of some 150 miles in north-south extent. Fogs are frequent and winter rainfall is heavy. The lowest temperatures are 22° to 24° F. in the north, to about 32° in the south. The average annual growing season is from 210 days to less than 90 days in the higher northern portions and more than 240 days in the extreme south. The average annual number of days with snow cover ranges from 1 to 10 over most of the region, increasing to as many as 60 in the central portion. REGION 2, WILLAMETTE VALLEY-PUGET SOUND A humid, microthermal climate throughout, with adequate precipi- tation at all seasons in the north, but with a summer deiiciency south of the Columbia River. Summers warmer and drier than those of region 1. Commonest low temperatures range from 10° to 20° F. The average growing season is 210 days in the south and 150 days in the north. Average annual number of days with snow cover ranges from 1 to 10. REGION 3, CENTRAL CALIFORNIA VALLEYS A subhumid, mesothermal climate throughout except for the semi- arid to arid southwestern third. Precipitation is deficient in the summer through the northern two-thirds but deficient at all seasons in the semiarid to arid third. Winters mild; lowest temperature 22° to 24° F., with slightly higher temperatures on the hillsides. Average annual frost-free season more than 240 days. Number of days with snow cover less than 1 annually. REGION 4, CASCADH-SIERRA NEVADA A mountainous region where conditions vary with elevation and slope, the eastern side being drier than the western side. South- ward the eastern side is decidedly arid; northward less so. The Oh MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE western side varies from wet to humid. Precipitation is adequate at all seasons in the northern portion but deficient in summer from central Oregon southward. The climate is microthermal in the northern portion, varying to mesothermal in the more southern part. Average annual number of days with snow cover ranges from 10 to 60, increasing with altitude; more than 60 at very high elevations. Average growing season is less than 90 to 150 days, somewhat shorter northward and on the eastern side and decreasing with altitude. REGION 5, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Climate subhumid, mesothermal, with a summer deficiency of rain- fall northward. Southward the climate becomes semiarid with a rainfall deficiency at all seasons. Average growing season 210 to more than 240 days. Snow cover is rare. BHGION 6, COLUMBIA RIVER VALLEY In the north subhumid; in the south semiarid; or arid in the south- east corner. A microthermal climate with a deficiency of rainfall at all seasons. Average annual number of days with snow cover 10 to 60, lowest southward; highest, northward. Average annual growing season, 120 to 150 days. REGION %, PALOUSE-BITTERROOT VALLEY A microthermal climate, varying from semiarid on the extreme west to subhumid in the central portion, humid in the central part of the narrowest portion, and subhumid in the extreme eastern por- tion. Rainfall deficient at all seasons except in the very center of the area where it is deficient during the summer only. Average annual number of days with snow cover 10 to 90, the southern half with 10 to 80, but with the number increasing north- ward. Average annual growing season 180 days in the south to 90 days in the north or at higher elevations. REGION 8, SNAKE RIVER PLAIN-UTAH VALLEY Northward generally subhumid, passing to semiarid and arid southward; microthermal and with a deficiency of rainfall at all seasons. Average annual number of days with snow cover 10 to 30 in the northwestern portion, 30 to 60 most common, especially southward. Average annual frost-free season 90 to more than 180 days, shorter with altitude, longer near large bodies of water and in the northern portion. REGION 9, GREAT BASIN-INTERMONTANE Generally semiarid, microthermal, with a deficiency of rainfall at all seasons, but with local arid portions, especially in the south- western part. Average annual number of days with snow cover, 30 to 60 in the larger western and southern portions; 60 to 90 days in the northern half of the eastern portion. Average annual frost-free season less than 90 days in the northwestern portion; between 90 and 120 in cen- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 22 tral and western Nevada, and between 120 and 150 on the east side of the Sierras; in the southernmost portion more than 240 days along the Colorado River, increasingly shorter farther from the river to less than 90 days, depending upon elevation. REGION 10, SOUTHWESTERN DESERT Arid, mesothermal, with a deficiency of rainfall at all seasons. Growing season averages more than 240 days annually, locally some- what less with high altitude. REGION 11, SOUTHERN PLATEAU Climate semiarid in the northern and southwestern portions to arid in the south-central and southeastern portions; microthermal in the northern portion, elsewhere mesothermal; rainfall deficient throughout. Annual number of days with snow cover averages less than 1 in the southern and western portions, but ranges from 10 to 30 in the northern part. Proximity to mountains increases the figure locally. Annual growing seasons range from 90 to 150 days in the north, or with altitude, to more than 240 days in the south. REGION 12, NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS Great variation because of elevation and exposure. Generally sub- humid except for the semiarid western extension and extreme east- ern and south-central portions; microthermal and with an all-season deficiency of precipitation except in the extreme northwest where rainfall is adequate at all seasons. 3 Annual number of days with snow cover ranges from 30 to over 120, the number increasing with altitude. Somewhat less in south- central Idaho and the Blue Mountains. Average frost-free season generally less than 90 days; or with decreasing altitude, longer. REGION 13, CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAINS Climate similar to that of region 12, but temperatures for the same elevation about 7° warmer. Generally arid to semiarid at lower elevations, approaching subhumid to humid climate at higher elevations; microthermal, with rainfall adequacy at all seasons reached with altitude. Annual number of days with snow cover, 30 to 120, increasing with altitude. Average annual growing season less than 90 days; or at much lower elevations, longer. REGION 14, SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS Climate similar to that of region 18, but temperatures for the same elevation about 6° warmer. Arid or semiarid at low elevations to subhumid or humid at higher ones; microthermal except for the mesothermal southeastern portion. Precipitation deficient at all seasons except at very high altitudes. Average annua! number of days with snow cover, 10 to 60, increas- ing with altitude, but fewer southward. Average frost-free season 94 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE in the western section 210 to less than 120 with altitude; in the east- ern section from 180 in the south to less than 90 in the higher parts of the extreme northern portion. REGION 15, NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS Except for the subhumid eastern portion and the Black Hills, semiarid throughout; microthermal and with a deficiency of rainfall at all seasons. In the Black Hulls, with altitude a humid micro- thermal climate occurs, with adequate precipitation at al! seasons. Average annual number of days with snow cover 30 to 60 in the south, but 60 to more than 120 over most of the central and northern portions, Increasing northward. Average growing season 110 to 126 days in the extreme north, 120 to 150 in the south and southwest, and 90 to 120 in Wyoming, northwestern South Dakota, southwest- ern North Dakota, and southeastern Montana. Extremely cold in winter, usually —380° to —40° F, REGION 16, CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS Climate warmer than that of region 15 and with greater evapora- tion. Generally semiarid except for the subhumid northeastern and southeastern portions; microthermal in the northern fringe and in the northeastern and southeastern portions, elsewhere mesothermal; precipitation generally deficient at all seasons except in the northeast and southeast where there is a summer deficiency only. Average annual number of days with snow cover from less than 1 in the extreme southern portion to 30 to 60 in the extreme north. Average growing season 150 days in the north to 210 days in the south. REGION 17, SOUTHERN PLAINS Semiarid, except for a small arid area west of the mouth of the Pecos River; mesothermal, with rainfall deficient at all seasons. Average annual growing season 210 to more than 260 days, the longer season southward. Evaporation high throughout. REGION 18, NORTHERN BLACK SOILS Subhumid, except for the extreme semiarid northwestern portion; microthermal, rainfall deficient at all seasons. Intermediate in mois- ture between regions 15 and 21. Average annual number of days with snow cover from 30 to 60 in the south to over 120 in the north. Average annual growing season 110 to 150 days, or slightly more in the extreme southern portion. REGION i9, CENTRAL BLACK SOILS Subhumid throughout; microthermal in the western portions, mesothermal in the eastern; precipitation deficient at all seasons in the northern portion, in summer in the southwestern and west-central portions, but adequate at all seasons in the eastern portion. Sudden variations common in winter; hot winds often blowing in summer; moisture conditions intermediate between those of regions 16 and 22. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 25 Average annual number of days with snow cover from 1 to 10 in the extreme south to 30 to 60 in the extreme north. Average annual frost-free season from 150 days northward to 220 days southward. REGION 20, SOUTHERN BLACK SOILS Subhumid and mesothermal throughout; precipitation deficient at all. seasons in the northwestern portion, adequate at all seasons in the eastern fringe and southeastern portion. Intermediate in mois- ture conditions between regions 16, 25, and 29. Average annual number of days with snow cover, 1 to 10 in the north to less than 1 in the south. Average frost-free season, 220 to more than 260 days, longest southward. REGION 21, NORTHERN PRAIRIES Subhumid, microthermal; precipitation deficient at all seasons in the north, changing to adequate at all seasons southward; drying’ winds and frequent droughts of more than 30 days occur in the western portion. Average annual number of days with snow cover from 60 to 90 in the south to more than 120 in the north. Average annual frost-free season from 100 days in the north to 160 in the south. REGION 22, CENTRAL PRAIRIES Northwestern portion and western fringe subhumid, remaining portions humid; northern portion microthermal, southern mesother- mal; precipitation adequate at all seasons throughout. Average annual number of days with snow cover 30 to 60 except in the southern part of the western portion, where it decreases south- ward, ranging from 1 to 10. Average growing season 150 to 160 days in the northern portion to 180 in the southeastern portion and 230 in the extreme southwestern portion. REGION 23, WESTERN GREAT LAKES Western portion subhumid, eastern portion humid; microthermal; rainfall adequate at all seasons. Average annual number of days with snow cover, 60 to 90 in the southern and southwestern portions to more than 120 in the northern and northeastern portions. Average annual growing season 100 days in the north to 150 days in the south, or in the southwest, 170 days. Upper Peninsula of Michigan, 110 to 140 days. REGION 24, CENTRAL GREAT LAKES Humid, microthermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. Winter temperatures more moderate than in region 23. Average annual number of days with snow cover from 60 to 90 in the southern half, from 90 to 120 in the northern half. Frost-free season averaging 110 days in the north to over 150 in the south longest close to the lakes. 26 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE BEGION 25, OZARK-OHIO-TENNESSEE RIVER VALLEYS Humid, mesothermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. In the extreme southwestern portion subhumid. Much alternate freezing and thawing in winter. Average annual number of days with snow cover, 10 to 30 in the north, 1 tc 10 in the south. Average annual frost-free season 160 days in the north to 200 in the southeast and 240 in the southwest. REGION 26, NORTHERN GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE Humid, microthermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. There are two local portions in northern and southern New York that are wet rather than humid. Average annual number of days with snow cover, 90 to 120 in the southern portions to more than 120 northward. Average annual growing season less than 100 days in the north and at higher eleva- tions to about 136 in the south. REGION 27, APPALACHIAN Northern portion humid, microthermal; southwestern and south- central portions humid, mesothermal. Local areas of wet micro- thermal climates are distributed along the backbone of the mountains, and there is a wet mesothermal area in the southeastern portion. Average annual number of days with snow cover 1 to 10 in the extreme southern portion to as much as 90 in the extreme north. In the central portion 30 to 60 days is commonest. Average annual frost-free season 180 days in the north, especially at higher eleva- tions, to 210 days in the extreme southern portion. Throughout, the season is shorter with increasing altitude. REGION 28, PIEDMONT Generally humid, mesothermal, but microthermal in the extreme northern portion, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. Warmer than region 27. Average annual number of days with snow cover 1 to 10, decreasing southward to less than 1, increasing northward from 10 to 30. Aver- age annual growing season from 170 days in the north to 220 or more in the south, longer coastward. REGION 29, UPPER COASTAL PLAIN Humid, mesothermal, rainfall adequate at all seasons. Average annual number of days with snow cover less than 1 in the southern half, 1 to 10 in the northern half. Growing season 200 days in the north te 260 days in the south, longer coastward. REGION 30, SWAMPY COASTAL PLAIN Humid, mesothermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons xcept in the extreme west where it gradually diminishes to a de- ficiency at all seasons. in central Florida the climate is subhumid, rather than humid. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 27 Average annual frost-free season 230 days in the extreme north- east to more than 260 days in the south-central and southwestern portions. Snow cover rare. REGION 31, SOUTH CHNTRAL FLORIDA Subhumid, mesothermal, with rainfall adequate at all seasons. Killing frost likely on the average in half the years; frost-free season well over 260 days. Snow cover extremely rare. REGION 32, SUBTROPICAL FLORIDA Humid, tropical, with adequate rainfall at all seasons. In the north, killing frosts are apt to occur in half the years; in the south there is no record of a killing frost. NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA Technicians engaged in planting for erosion control often very wisely choose species that are able, by means of a symbiotic relation- ship with a species of MAizobiwm to enrich the soil by the addition of certain nitrogen compounds. With some exceptions, such plants belong to the Leguminosae. Because the soils left after considerable washing has taken place are often poor and unproductive, the in- corporation of nitrogen is of great importance in their reclamation. Lespedezas, alfalfa, vetch, clover, acacias, black locust, and Scotch broom are legumes and have been advocated for use particularly on account of their root associations with nitrogen-fixing bacterta. The decay of various parts of the legume as well as of the root nodules housing the bacteria results in the addition of nitrogen com- pounds to the soil. Vetch, peas, beans, clover, and other annual plants, or those on which nodules are produced each spring to develop through the season and decay in the autumn enrich the soil to the extent of about 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre annually if the crop is plowed under. In black locust, Sophora, some species of Acacia, and, others, the nodules may last for more than one growing period, and often become woody. Part of the time during the life of the nodules the nitrogenous compounds may be used by the plant. Not only do members of the Leguminosae form these symbiotic relationships, but they are formed also by shrubs and trees of the genera Alnus, Ceanothus, Hlaeagnus, Shepherdia, and Myrica, besides members of the Cycadaceae and Podocarpaceae. Members of the lat- ter two families will, of course, rarely be used to any great extent in planting in the United States. The nodules formed in nonleguminous plant roots are by some be- lieved to be caused by species of Rhizobium, although this is denied by others. But that the nodules of nonlegumes play a part in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen very similar to that performed by legume nodules appears to be fairly well established. Cross-inocula- tion of legumes with strains from Adnus and Hlacagnus is claimed to have been accomplished successfully, but ordinarily certain strains or races are specific for the host-plant species. Inoculation of plant- ing sites with the proper strain is an established farm practice although the bacteria are probably distributed as wind-borne dust 98 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE under natural conditions. The rotation of legumes with nonlegumes for soil enrichment is also a common practice. In Taiwan (For- mosa), according to R. Kent Beattie, alders are included in the rota- tion of rice fields in much the same manner, presumably for the bene- fit derived from the nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the shrub’s roots. Tn general, plants producing such nodules are able to live in very poor soils, since lack of nitrogen is not as great a factor in their success as it may be for other plants. For this reason the leguminous plants are particularly satisfactory for planting on poor, eroded land, the soil of which wil with difficulty support other plants. Many legumes are unsuccessful on acid soils, doing better on neutral or alkaline soils, where calcium appears to be of importance in the nutrition of the bacteria of the nodules. This is not always true, however, as in Lupinus. There are a number of exceptions to the rule that nodule forma- tion caused by Rhizobium occurs in all leguminous plants. Those of interest here are Cercis canadensis, Gleditsia triacanthos, and Gymnocladus dioica (13). ‘The question at once arises whether these species enrich the soil since they bear no nodules. According to L. T. Leonard, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, as well as other authorities, they probably do not. The synonymity of lezumes and nitrogen fixers 1s by no means certain; possibly there are many more legumes that do not fix nitrogen. EXPLANATION OF TEE LIST SCOPE In the alphabetical list are considered ail species of woody piants known to grow in the continental United States and on the Cali- fornia islands, with the following exceptions: 1. Plants of the southern, Subtropical portion of Wlorida. 2. In genera!, species not woody throughout; that is, woody only at the base. 3. Species not native to the United States, unless definitely known to have become naturalized to such an extent as to prove their ability to compete with native species. 4, The cacti, since, as Britton and Schafer (71) have said, stem structure is such that no criterion other than size is available to determine which to include as trees or shrubs and which to regard as herbs.* oD. Species of parasitic or partially parasitic habit, as Pheradendron, Razoum- ofskya, Pyrularia, since growing or using them presents difficulties that in effect exclude them from planting programs. 6. Hybrid forms, except for occasional mention under the parent species. LATIN NAMES AND SYNONYMS The species making up the list of woody plants have been selected from two sources: (1) Regional and local floras, and (2) monographs of families or genera. But from whatever manual or monograph the names were taken, a decision had to be made regarding ie proper name to use, since taxonomists are not always agreed on the correct technical name. Furthermore, manuals published earlier in the century, but still in common use, employ names not in accepted + Cacti, especially the opuntias, have been used with considerable success in controlling gully heads. The stem sections are simply dumped into the eroding gully, and on takings root they form thickets that contribute materially to the control of the eroding soil. Many species are very important as a source of food and water for desert animals. As some 20 species of mammals and a like number of birds have been observed to eat cacti, their importance to wildlife appears to be considerable. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 29 use under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. To avoid confusion, all important synonyms are included in the list in their proper alphabetical order with a cross reference to the current preferred name. The species in this list may readily be found, therefore, no matter with what code or manual one may be most familiar. It might be mentioned that synonyms often show relationships otherwise hidden. As anexample: Vitis helleri, the roundleaf grape, was first described as a variety of V. rotundifolia, the muscadine grape. In the synonymy under Vztes hellert one finds V. rotundi- jolia var. helleri, which indicates that V. helleri is close enough to V. rotundifolia to have been considered a variety of it. Other ex- amples could be cited to show the same thing, but this will suffice to indicate that records of utilization by wildlife may often have been applied, especially in earlier days, to both the original species and its variety. Thus 28 species of birds are recorded as having eaten V. rotundifolia. None is recorded for V. helleri. But that the bird- stomach record should apply partially to the latter species, changed recently from its varietal rank, is fairly certain. In examining plant characterizations, particularly with respect to wildlife foods, tech- nicians will do well to remember the possible interrelationships ex- pressed in the synonymy. VERNACULAR NAMES OF PLANTS The problem of choosing vernacular names for species of plants is a difficult one. The very old prejudice against the use of a Latin name is as pronounced as ever, and technicians are universally faced with the necessity of using a so-called “common name” in order to be understood. And yet no exact or careful work can ever be done unless a name is used that applies to one species of plant and no other. The tremendous numbers of vernacular names of plants in common use do not satisfy this requirement. If they could be stand- ardized, as the names of birds have been so that there would be no question of the identity implied by a name, there would be less confusion. Very laudable attempts to standardize vernacular names have been made, but we are still a great way from completeness. Not the least reason for this is that no committee having the sanction of botanists throughout the country has ever been organized to deal with the matter. If the botanists of the United States were to deal with common names somewhat after the manner in which the botanical congresses have dealt with Latin nomenclature, perhaps in time definite and complete understanding might be achieved. Standardized Plant Names (/5) treats horticultural plants for the most part. This and Sudworth’s Checklist of the Forest Trees of the United States (554) are the best attempts made so far to choose standard vernacular names for woody’ plants. Although in each there are names that could be much improved, yet by and ates the names presented in them have much to recommend them. Many names of woody plants from these two sources have been used in this publication. A great many names have been taken from Dayton’s Important Western Browse Plants (158). The various manuals of the flora 30 MISC. PUBLICATION 3038, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE of different sections of the country have supplied others. A few names have been collected by the author, more notably in the South- west where, incidentally, a great many plants as well as towns, rivers, and mountains, are called by Mexican or Spanish names. Nevertheless, there yet remain several hundred species that do not bear distinctive vernacular names. They appear in the list with no other than a Latin name, the author believing that one person is not armed with sufficient authority to coin names for them. Many species appear under a number of different vernacular names, some of which may also be applied indiscriminately to various other species. In this work the selection of the most descriptive name has been made after careful consideration of the characters of the plant. The common name is placed opposite the Latin name; the remaining synonymous vernacular names may be found in the list of common and scientific names of woody plants (p. 322). The more commonly used vernacular names are there referred to the species that often bears them. Incidentally, this discussion should inform those less familiar with plant names that the use of a common name, where ex- actitude is desired, is never as satisfactory as the use of the correct Latin name. RANGE The user of the woody plant list will find a series of numbers under each species after Range. Each number refers to a plant-growth region shown on Mulford’s map (fig. 1). The series of numbers under any given species expresses its approximate geographic range. To determine the plant-growth regions in which a plant can be planted with most confidence, the geographic range of the particular species was superimposed upon a map of Mulford’s growth regions. The numbers were then read off. In many instances a plant may be found growing naturally in only a portion of a growth region, but as- suming conditions within a given region to be reasonably constant, the plant is stated to be able to grow anywhere in the entire growth region. For this reason, it is obvious that the actual geographic range of any native species is not necessarily expressed with exactitude. Interpretation of distribution with respect to the plant-growth re- gions has been conservative. The range of each species has been checked against records in local floras and published citations of spec- imens. Where a question exists, the growth region involved has been omitted. The growth regions herein published, therefore, depend in no way upon any belief the author may have that the planting of a given species will probably be safe in adjacent growth regions. If a growth region is listed for a species it has been ascertained that the plant actually does grow there. Comparison of climatic and soil conditions in one growth region with those in others may point the way to the introduction of a species irom one region to another. Here as with other considera- tions, in this work the facts only are presented; any conclusions drawn from them must be those of the user of the list. SITE DESIGNATIONS Plants grow in dry soil, moist soil, or in fresh or well-drained soil. e . s . They are to be found in the sun, or in the shade, or in both, or some- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES ol times in half shade. In the list under Site these facts are designated by the single words “dry,” “moist,” “well-drained,” “sun,” “shade,” and “half shade.” Certain species of sagebrush, ordinarily occurring on plains, for instance, would be characterized as “dry, sun.” Cer- tain species of osiers, ordinarily growing along streams, would be noted as “Moist, sun.” Species of spice-bush, ordinarily occurring in rich woodlands, would be noted as “Well-drained, moist, shade.” Designation of a soil as dry, well-drained, or moist, depends to some extent on the opinion of the worker and the region in which he may be. Dry soil in the Great Plains or Piedmont is presumably much drier than dry soil in New England or western Oregon. HKven moist soil might be considered wetter in New England than in Arizona. For this reason, only general designations are placed under each spe- cies in the list. Some common sense and a good deal of additional information about a plant may be needed, or further observation of its native habitat, especially when an unusually difficult position is to be its site. GROWTH HABITS Woody plants are here considered under growth-habit categories characterized as small shrubs, large shrubs, small trees, large trees, or vines. Small shrubs do not grow higher than 5 feet; large shrubs are 5 feet or more in height; small trees grow to 20 feet; large trees are more than 20 feet in height. The intermingling of such types must be done with care, since taller forms easily overshadow and repress smaller ones. The habit of a plant may be materially altered by its habitat. Some grapes, for instance, are definitely shrubs on poor, dry soil while on better, more moist soil they may become vines. Certain shrubs become trees if plenty of moisture and good soil is available. Many species that are ordinarily large trees, may be only small ones or large shrubs in poor soils. Some species are shrubby in the northern part of their range and treelike in the southern part, or vice versa. The ability of species to change habit should be considered in planting. Consideration of the general habit of a plant may assist the tech- nician in selecting species to suit his needs. If he desires a cover on the soil during the winter, he will necessarily choose an ever- green species. If escape cover for wildlife is desired, his choice will be a plant with thorns, dense foliage, or one intricately branched. He may want a species that will permit the growth of herbaceous vegetation beneath it, in which case he will look for a sparsely branched type with thin foliage. In the list, unless a plant is stated to be evergreen, it is understood to be deciduous. If it is not mentioned as spiny or thorny, it is understood to be free of any sort of spines or thorns. Otherwise characteristics are definitely stated for each plant. FRUITING Under each species in the list will be found the designation, “Fruit.” Here the kind of fruit is indicated, as pome (applelike), drupe (cherrylike), berry (drupelike but with more than one seed), achene (seedlike), capsule, nut. Immediately after the kind of fruit is designated the time of availability, very often expressed by 2 130186°—39-—-3 By) MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE months, as August-April. The first month indicates when the fruit ripens and is available for collection either by man or wildlife; the second month shows approximately how long the fruit persists on the plant. The data in this publication concerned with time of availability ef fruit must be used with caution. The average dates of ripening of the fruit of a species with a considerable north-south range may have a range of several months, beginning earliest in the south and occurring later in the north. Jurthermore, local weather conditions or other factors may delay or hasten the usual period of ripening. Therefore, when fruit is said to be available from August to April, it is meant that this appears to be the usual time. It does not mean that fruit always occurs on a particular bush during all that time. Only local field studies can discover when fruits are usually avail- able in any given region. Seed coliectors know also that fruits particularly attractive to birds may not remain on the plant for any length of time if birds are plentiful. The seeds of Juniperus ashei, for instance, ordinarily per- sist like most other juniper fruits, but in 1936 the ripe fruits in the Ozarks were nearly cleaned off by immense flocks of robins. PROPAGATION A work of this sort can hardly deal in detail with methods of propagation, but certain fundamental principles should be stated that may contribute to a better understanding of propagation. Occa- sional notes indicating usual methods will be found under genera; if methods vary with species, under the species. In general, propagation of plants from seed produces more vig- erous plants. Because of this, plants intended for use on difficult, eroded sites should preferably be grown from seed. Reproduction in this manner involves determination of species and collection, stor- age, and planting. Proper collection of good, viable seed demands care and a knowl- edge of the fruiting period of the plant. Seed falling earliest is usually of poorest quality. In the list of woody plants the date of seed ripening is indicated first, but it may vary considerably from one place to another. In fact, as far as seed collection is concerned, it would be sufficient to say that the fruit of a species ripens in early or late spring, summer, or fall. A seed collector wisely gets to the plants at the earliest date of ripening to be sure that he, instead of birds, squirrels, or other rodents, gets the major share of the crop. Even so, when seed is retained well into the winter, collection may often be deferred until later. But in any event, before seed is col- lected its soundness and worth should always be determined by cut- ting tests. The fruit should be mature, as slightly unripe seed has a decidedly poorer keeping quality than fully ripe seed. Storage of seed depends on the species of plant. Some seed must be sown at once for best results; others must be stratified. Seed with fleshy parts usually must be cleaned by fermentation, washing, and drying before being stored dry. Preservation of the moisture con- tent of seed is of great importance during handling and storing. Some seed, such as that of red and silver maples, willows, and poplars, is killed if the water content drops below 35 percent. Seed of many NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 33 species of the rose family will germinate readily if planted at once, but if dried will fall into a state of secondary dormancy necessitating stratification to assure germination (373). Seed of birches and bass- wood germinates much more poorly when permitted to dry out after maturity. Temperature greatly influences the keeping quality of seed (357). For most woody plant seed, 35°-40° EF. is considered the best tem- perature. At these levels the moisture content may vary somewhat without harm to the seed. Freezing should be guarded against. Low oxygen content can be obtained by storage in airtight contain- ers; this should be watched, since high oxygen content reduces keep- ing quality. “Stratifying,” as here used, means placing the seed in layers of peat and holding them at 35°-40° F. or, in specific instances, at the temperature noted in the list under the species. If seed is to be stratified, it should first be treated with a disinfectant. Potassium permanganate in 5 to 10 percent solution is useful for this purpose. All of these operations and also those that follow are treated ad- mirably in The Modern Nursery (351). Seeding and Planting in the Practice of Forestry (573) treats particularly of tree species. Seed may fail to germinate because of incompletely organized embryos or hard seed coats, or because certain internal chemical changes that must take place before germination have not occurred. Additional food in the form of a dilute sugar solution may assist embryo organization during stratification. Seeds with hard seed coats are treated with hot water or agitated with sharp sand to assist them in germinating. Seed requiring a rest period must be stratified in the manner described. Such of these practices as are known to apply are indicated for each species or genus in the list. In addition, data on the number of seeds per pound, the germination percentage, and the approxi- mate number of usable plants to be expected from each pound of seed are given. ‘These notes are intended to assist the technician in large-scale operations by giving him some idea of the nursery space he may require. Obviously, they can be only approximate. The number of seeds per pound depends on individual variation in size of seed. This in turn depends on the age and vigor of the plant, the fullness of the crop, differences in site of the individual plants, and place of collection. Trees on good sites produce larger seeds than those on poor ones, and seeds collected at the northern extension of the tree range or from higher elevations are usually smaller than those collected from the southern part of the range or from lower altitudes (573). This is probably true also of shrubs. It can thus be seen that the reported number of seeds per pound may vary tremendously. However, some indication is better than none at all. Theoretically, the number of seeds per pound multiplied by the percentage of germination should give the number of usable plants to be expected per pound of seed. Actually, this is rarely true. Too many other factors are involved and the number of usable plants is often only one-third to one-fifth or less of the theoretical figure. For several hundred species the actual approximate number of usable plants per pound of seed, determined empirically in the Section of 34 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Nurseries of the Soil Conservation Service, is given, but all figures of this sort must be used with caution. Tn large-scale operations, planting stock is most often propagated from seed, but other methods of obtaining plants, such as lifting wild stock, propagation by cuttings, or direct seeding, are all useful. Transplanting wild stock has little to recommend it. It is costly, especially from a labor standpoint, and the percentage of survival is all too often low. The practice of direct seeding over all or part of a given area would seem to merit more investigation. The elimination of all storage and nursery operations has much appeal, but too little is known of direct seeding either to recommend or to discourage it. Toumey and Korstian (573) note that when an area is seeded prop- erly, the cost is usually high. They claim that in direct seeding, as might be expected, germination is usually lower and more uneven than in nurseries. Proper preparation and protection of the site is no small item in the cost. They give a table showing the number of pounds of seed required for planting an acre with each of 23 species of trees, including black cherry, which requires 10 to 25 pounds; black locust, 6 to 8 pounds; white oak, 600 to 800; beech, 50 to 150; and white pine, 5 to 9. Examples of successful direct seeding of woody plants are rare, but with increasing demand for large-scale planting, perhaps methods may be developed to overcome present obstacles. If it is known that direct seeding is successful, the information is included in the present list. UTILIZATION BY WILDLIFE The first paragraph under each species after the designation of fruit deals with characters directly or indirectly related to erosion control; the second deals wholly with utilization of the species by wikdlife, livestock, and bees. The latter paragraph is divided into two portions headed “Stomach records” and “Observations.” Under Stomach records are placed all records of utilization based on examination of stomach contents. Most of such records are taken from the files of the Bureau of Biological Survey. A few are from identifications of stomach materials made by other agencies. It has not seemed advisable to name all the species of birds known to have eaten the fruit. The total number of birds utilizing the species of plant is listed, and a statement is added indicating which game birds are included. Under each genus characterization the paragraph dealing with wildlife utilization lists stomach records and observations in addition to those listed under species. They are not summaries. Identification of plant parts found in stomachs is often possible only as far as the genus. These must hence be recorded only for the genus. The same may be true of observations, where identification is uncertain or pos- sibly inaccurate. Therefore, genus records in this publication are used only because such records cannot be referred to a particular species. All records of woody-plant utilization known to the author are included. The Biological Survey records, the literature, and many field workers have supplied information for this work. It is, how- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 35 ever, very clearly recognized that there may be other records extant, and corrections and additional material are earnestly solicited by the author. Under Observations are placed all records obtained from the litera- ture. These cannot be considered as reliable as stomach records; but as indicated in the section Planting for Wildlife (p. 6), considerable care has been exercised to see that those stated actually do apply to the species under which they are placed. The animals listed under Stomach records and Observations should not be added to give the total number of animals feeding upon the plant since they are two separate and distinct items, and since the same species of animal may often have been observed to eat a part of the plant as well as to have had a portion of the plant found in its stomach or crop. LIST OF WOODY PLANTS Abies spp. Firs. About 23 species of firs are known, of which 10 occur in the United States. All are evergreen forest trees producing soft perishable wood of great importance commercially, and balsamic exudations; the seeds at each end of the cone are usually not fertile; cones break up at maturity; seed germination is usually under 50 percent and viability endures no longer than one season; propagation is entirely by seed sown in spring after stratifying at 32°-41° F. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 10 species of birds includ- ing dusky and ruffed grouse; elk, Coeur d’Alene chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to the specific records) : Four species of birds includ- ing spruce and dusky grouse; Fremont pine squirrel, Arizona porcupine. Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes Silver fir. Picea amabilis Dougl. Range: 1, 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, breaks up in October. A very large, long-lived evergeen tree; slow growing; susceptible to fire damage because of its thin bark; somewhat attacked by rot; wood of impor- tance commercially, especially as pulp; grows poorly in cultivation; seeds borne heavily every 2 or 3 years, vitality transient, germination low; 11,000 seeds per pound. Abies arizoniea Merr. Corkbark fir. A. lasiocarpa arizonica Lemm. Range: 13, 14. site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone, ripe in September. A large evergreen tree; wood of no importance commercially; good seed years every third year; germination rate low, 25,000—45,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Porcupine, squirrels, and other rodents. Abies aromatica, see Abies grandis. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam fir. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, breaks up soon afterwards. A large, fairly rapid-growing evergreen tree with a very shallow root system ; intolerant of shade except for the first 6 to 8 years; age limit about 150 years; easily wind-thrown and damaged by fire and rot; short-lived and generally not satisfactory in cultivation; some 10 varieties distinguished in cultivation, one bearing larger cones; wood important for pulp, rarely lumber; seed borne abundantly at intervals of 2 to 4 years, shaded trees generally not bearing; 55,000 seeds per pound, germination 25 percent. Stomach records: Five species of birds, including spruce and ruffed grouse. Observations: Six species of birds including ruffed, spruce and prairie sharp- tailed grouse; porcupine, snowshoe hare; highly important winter food of moose, white-tailed deer; rarely cut for building material, not food, by beaver. 26 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Abies concolor Lindl. and Gord. White fir. A. lowiana (Gord.) Murr., A concolor lowiana Lemm. Range: 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; mature in September, soon breaks up. A very large evergreen tree with a shallow root system; at first rapid grow- ing; later slower; long-lived; resistant to fire, heat, and drought; wood used commercially; good seed years every 2 to 4 years, seed vitality transient; 10,000-15.000 seeds per pound, germination 22-42 percent; five varieties dis- tinguished in cultivation. Stomach records: Mount Pinos grouse; Inyo chipmunk, black-tailed Geer. Observations: Sooty grouse; porcupine; of outstanding importance for mule deer, California pine squirrel; much eaten by squirrels and other rodents. Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir. Scuthern balsam fir. Range: 27. Site: Weli-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September, Soons breaks up. A large evergreen tree, growth rate at first rapid, later slower; wcod some- what used for pulp, rarely lumber; seed produced annually but heavy crops only at long intervals; short-lived both in the wild and in cultivation; 44,000 seeds per pound, germination about 68 percent. Abies grandis Lindl. Lowland white fir, A, aromatica Raf. Range: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature September—October, soon breaks up. A very large evergreen tree with a deep root system; rapid growing at first, later slower; long-lived; intolerant of shade; wood of little importance com- mercially, potentially of greater value: ornamental; seed produced abundantly every 2 or 3 years: 20,000-34,000 seeds per pound, germination about 50 pereent. Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Richardson’s pine squirrel. Abies lasiccarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Alpine fir. Pinus lasiocarpa Hook. Range: 4, 9 (at higher elevations only), 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone, mature in September. A very large evergreen tree; slow growing, moderately long-lived; wood little used commercially; lower branches may root, but new trees seldom develop from them; not successfully cuitivated in the Eastern States; seed pro- duced abundantiy every 8 years; seed vitality transient; 50,000 seeds per pound, germination 24 percent; about 5,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including Richardson’s grouse; mountain sheep, black-tailed deer. Observations: Cascade pine squirrel. Abies lowiana, see Abies concolor. Abies magnifica Murr. California red fir. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August, breaks up in September. A very large evergreen tree; slow growing, especially with age; long-lived: intolerant of shade, but more resistant with age; ornamental; wood little used commercially, potentially of greater use; good seed crops produced every 2 or 3 years; seed vitality transient ; 67,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Sooty-grouse, California pine grosbeak; of slight importance for mule deer. 5 Var. shastensis Lemmon, Shasta red fir; very similar to the species and oc- curring within its range, but less common. Abies nobilis Lindl. Noble fir. Range: 1, 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, begins to break up by October. A very large evergreen tree with a shallow or deep root system; long-lived, fairly rapid growing; intolerant of shade: easily firedamaged because of its NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 37 thin bark; insect damage very rare; wood little used commercially, potentially of greater value; does well in cultivation in the Hastern States; good seed years infrequent and at long intervals; vitality of seed transient; 16,000 seeds per pound, germination 40-50 percent. Abies venusta (Dougl.) Koch. Bristlecone fir, Pinus venusta Dougl. Range: 9. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; ripe in August, breaks up in September. A large evergreen tree not used commercially; seed produced abundantly at intervals of 3 to 5 or more years, of low and transient vitality. Abutilon newberryi, see Horsfordia newberryit Acacia spp. Some 450 species are known, most of them tropical; majority rapid growing and short-lived; propagation is by seeds or cuttings from half-ripe wood taken with a heel; the seeds are treated with hot water and sown in March or April. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Mearn’s quail. Observa- tions (in addition to specific records): Texas antelope squirrel, cedar-belt cottontail. Acacia amentacea DC. Blackbrush. Acaciopsis amentacea (DC.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to small tree, bearing spines; often found on sandy or other soils. Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze. Prairie acacia. Mimosa angustissima Mill., M. filicuioides (Cav.) Trel., A. filicina Willd., A. filiculoides Trel., A. hirta (Nutt.) Robins., Acaciella hirta (Nutt.) Britt. and Rose., Acaciella filiculoides (Cav.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July—August. A small to usually large shrub or rarely a small tree; unarmed; blooms May-July and often grows iw sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Masked bobwhite. Somewhat browsed, pods relished by cattle and horses. Acacia berlandieri Benth. Guajillo. Senegalia berlandieri (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, available June—July. A small to large spiny shrub, occasionally unarmed; flowers Neovember-— March; root system very deep; wood used for fuel locally; an important source of honey. Acacia constricta Benth. Mescat acacia. Acaciopsis constricta (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10, 11, 14, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July-September. A small to large, spiny shrub, often with sticky foilage, adapted to a wide range of soil conditions but often found in sand; seed germination about 45 percent ; about 400 usable plants per pound of seed. Var. paucispina Woot. and Standl., is a larger and less spiny form usually found at higher elevations than the species. Stomach records: Masked bobwhite, Gambel quail. Observations: Jack rabbit. Inferior to worthless forage for livestock, except that pods are taken. A source of honey. Acacia cuspidata Schlecht. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in June. 38 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Acacia emoryana Benth. Senegalia emoryana (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 17. site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in July. A large shrub to small or large tree, unarmed, or with few prickles; flowers in March. Aeacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Huisache. Mimosa farnesiana L., Vachellia fasten (L.). Wight and Arnott.. Range: 5, 10, 11, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, availabie July—August. A small shrub to large tree, depending on the degree of moisture; spiny; flowers February—March ; will withstand several degrees of frost; drought and heat-resistant ; wood very durable, used commercially; very common and orna- mental in cultivation; naturalized from the Gulf coast region to southern Cali- fornia; seed germination about 30 percent. Considered a valuable stock forage, especially in winter; said to impart a bad flavor to cattle flesh. An important honey plant. Aeacia filicina, see Acacia angustissima. Acacia filiculoides, see Acacia angustissima. Acacia flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium flericaule. Acacia greggii Gray. Long-flowered catciaw. Senegalia greggii (Gray) Britt. and Rose. Range: 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July—spring. A small to large shrub or small tree, short-spined, straggling, and thicket forming; flowers April—October; very drought resistant; wood very durable, used locally; furnishes a gum similar to gum arabic; seed germination about 60 percent ; about 260 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Sometimes used as roosts by Gambel quail and a favorite hiding place for jack rabbits and other animals; eaten by jack rabbits especially in drier seasons. A useful bee plant; furnishes much browse to livestock on depleted range; less used on range covered with good stand of grass; pods of low palatability to livestock; when of tree habit much value for shade; withstands heavy grazing. Acacia hirta, see Acacia angustisssima. Acacia lemmonii Rose. Lemmon acacia. Acaciella lemmonii (Rose) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, ripe in September. A small shrub, browsed-to some extent; pods relished by cattle and horses. Acacia millefolia Wats. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large, short-spined shrub. Acacia puiverulenta, see Leucaena pulverulenta. Acacia reticulata Willd. Netvein acacia, Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub, considered good browse for cattle. Acaeia roemerianad Scheele. Round-flowered catclaw. Senegalia roemeriana (Scheele) Britt. and Rose. Ranges tly aceite 20} Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 39 A small to large, spiny shrub, generally rather stout. Stomach records: Scaled quail. Observations: Sonora deer, Considered a valuable honey plant in western Texas. Acacia subtortuosa, see Acacia tortuosa. Acacia tortuosa (L.) Willd. Catclaw. A. subtortwosa Shafer, Popanaz tortuosa (L.) Raf., P. schaffneri (Wats.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub to small tree; spiny; blooms in March. Acacia vernicosa Standl. Acaciopsis vernicosa, (Standl.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to rarely large shrub. Stomach records: Sealed quail. Acacia wrightii Benth. Texas catclaw. Senegalia wrightii (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, ripe June—September. A large shrub to small or large tree; short-spined and with dense foliage; blooms March—May; wood used locally for fuel. A good honey plant. Acaciella filicoides, see Acacia angustissima. Acaciella hirta, see Acacia angustissima. Acaciella lemmonii, see Acacia lemmonii. Acaciopsis amentacea, see Acacia amentacea. Acaciopsis constricta, see Acacia constricta. Acaciopsis vernicosa, see Acacia vernicosa. Acalypha californica Benth. California copperleaf. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small monoecious shrub. Acalypha pringlei Wats. Range: 10 Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Acamptopappus microcephalus, see Aplopappus cooperi. Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus (Harv. and Gray) Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, many-stemmed shrub. Acamptopappus schockleyi Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Acer spp. Maples. About 110 species of trees or shrubs, of which 12 occur in the United States; many in cultivation; most with fine autumn coloration; the majority grow in neutral soil; propagation by seeds sown as soon as ripe, or stratified at 41° F.. and sown in spring; vitality of seeds transient. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : White-tailed deer, opossum. Observations (in addition to specific records): Thirteen species of birds; an 40 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE emergency food of pinnated grouse; brown mountain beaver, fox squirrel, moose; species other than A. pennsylvanicum and A. spicatum (q. Vv.) in times of necessity are cut for food and building materials by beaver. Eaten to some extent by muskrat. The western species furnish good browse for livestock. Acer barbatum, see Acer saccharum. Acer bernardinum, see Acer glabrum. Acer brachypterum, see Acer floridanum. Acer californicum, see Acer negundo. Acer circinatum Pursh. Vine maple. Range: 1, 2, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara, available in September. A large shrub to a small or rarely large tree; branches commonly rest on the ground, where they may root; slow growing, lives 80 to 90 years; wood used to some extent locally; will not furnish maple sugar; about 5,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Considered to rank with A. macrophyllum as third in im- portance as browse for Olympic wapiti; Pacific mountain beaver. Of some importance as livestock browse. Acer dasycarpum, see Acer saccharinum. Acer douglasii, see Acer glabrum. Acer floridanum (Chapm.) Pax. Southern sugar maple. A, saccharinuim floridanum Chapm., Saccharodendron floridanum (Chapm.) Nieuwi. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large tree closely related to A. saccharum. Var. viliipes Rehder (A. brachypterwm Woot. and Standl.), occurs also in region 11. Acer glabrum Torr. Dwarf maple. A. tripartitum Nutt., A. bernardinum Abrams, A. neomexicanum Greene. Range: 4, 9, 12, 18, 14, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara; available in late autumn. Rarely a large shrub, commonly a small to large tree; usually dioecious and growing in poor soils; 18,000-20,600 seeds per pound. Var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel, (A. douglasii Hook.) occurs with the species in regions 4 and 12. Stemach records: Mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Acer grandidentatum Nutt. Bigtooth maple. A. saccharum grandidentatum (Nutt.) Sudw. Range: 7.89, 14. 12.13. 14.16.19. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara; available in September. A large shrub to large tree; flowers April—May. Acer interier, see Acer negundo. Acer kingii, see Acer negundo. Acer leucoderme Small. Whitebark maple. Saccharodendron leucoderme (Small) Nieuwl. Range: 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, shade. Fruit: Samara, available in September. A large shrub to small or large tree often with a crooked trunk; flowers in April. Acer macrophyllum Pursh. Bigleaf maple. Range: 1. 2. 3)4.<5: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara, available July-September or persistent until winter. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Al A large tree; usually occurs only on good soils; root system shallow; long- lived; wood strong, not durable, much used commercially ; not successfully cul- tivated in the eastern United States; will produce maple sugar in nearly exactly as good quality and as great quantity as the eastern sugar maple; 2,700 seeds per pound, germination 90 percent, about 2,000 usuable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Western evening grosbeak ; listed with the vine maple as third in importance as browse for Olympic wapiti; California mule deer. Acer negundo L. Boxelder. Negundo negundo (L.) Karst., Rulac negundo Small, Negundo aceroides Moench. Range: 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Samara, available September—October and persistent until spring. A large shrub, or more commonly, a small to large tree; dioecious; root sys- tem generally shallow, deeper in deep soils; rapid growing; short-lived; easily storm-damaged, injured by heart rot, fire, and insects; wocd soft, weak, used commercially ; shoots appear on exposed or injured roots; 10,000-14,000 seeds per pound, germination 40-60 percent; about 2,000 usable plants per pound of seed; easily transplanted when young. The justification for separating this species from the genus Acer and placing it in a Separate genus, Negundo, is very good. The species is placed here merely for convenience but further study will very likely show this species to be generically different from the maples. Var. violaceum Kirchner. (Negundo nuttallii (Nieuwl.) Rydb., Rulac nuttal- lii Nieuwl.) occurs in regions 8, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 27. Var. teranum Pax. (Rulac texana (Pax) Small, Acer texanum Pax, Negundo texzanum (Pax) Rydb.) occurs in regions 19, 20, 25, and 29. Var. interius (Britt.) Sarg. (Acer interior Britt., Rulac interior (Britt.) Nieuwl., Negundo interius (Britt.) Rydb., A kingii Britt.) occurs in regions 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, and 22. Var. arizonicum Sarg. occurs in region 11. Var. californicum (Torr. and Gray) Sarg. (Negundo californicum Torr. and Gray, Acer californicum Dietr., Negundo aceroides californicum Sarg., Rulac californicum (Torr. and Gray) Nieuwl.) occurs in regions 3, 4, and 5. Observations: Four species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant ; fox squir- rels; many additional squirrels and birds; California mule deer. Acer neomexicanum, see Acer glabrum. Acer nigrum Michx. f. Black maple. A. saccharum nigrum (Michx. f.) Small, Saccharodendron nigrum (Michx. f.) Small, A. barbatum nigrwm Sarg. Range: 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara, available in September. A large tree, resembling and very closely related to A. saccharum, and inter- grading with it; often considered with good reason merely a variety of the sugar maple; grows in rich soilS; wood of importance commercially ; produces maple sugar. Wildlife records for the sugar maple may apply equally well to this species. Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped maple. Range: 21, 28, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Samara, available in September. A large shrub to small or large tree, usually found in acid soil; wood some- times used commercially. Observations: Cottontail rabbit; beaver food where Populus is lacking ; moose, white-tailed deer. Acer rubrum L. Red maple. Rufacer rubrum (L.) Small, A. stenocarpum Britt. and Shafner. Rancer19% 20) 216 225 2324) 2a 2G, orl OU: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara, available March-April. A large dioecious or monoecious tree; occurs on a variety of soils; root sys- tem shallow on moist sites, deeper on dry sites; rapid growing, short-lived; not seriously injured by insects but subject to heart rot; severely injured by fire; 4? MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE coppices freely, especially when young; very brilliant red in autumn: wood much used commercially ; 18,000 seeds per pound, germination 70 percent, about 2,000 usable plants per pound of seed; vitality of seeds transient; easily transplanted. Several varieties have been described, all occurring within the range of the species. Stomach records: Palm warbler; eastern chipmunk, white-tailed deer. Ob- servations Ten species of birds; cottontail rabbit; considered the fifth most important winter food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts. Acer saecharinum L. Silver maple. A. dasycarpum Ehrh., Argentacer saccharinum (L.) Small. Range: 18-19 20, 21, 22, 23) 24, 25, 26.275, 2852950: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Samara, available April—June. A large monoecious or dioecious tree; taproot small, lateral roots well de- veloped; grows in a variety of soils; at first rapid growing, later slower; short- lived; much subject to fungus diseases; wind-firm, but easily storm-damaged; easily damaged by fire; coppices freely when young; grows successfully on coal- stripped land in Illinois; wood hard, strong, not durable, of importance com- mercially; much cultivated, with some six outstanding varieties known; seed vitality transient; about 2,400 seeds per pound, germination 50 percent, about 400 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Gray eastern chipmunk, eastern chipmunk. Observations: Four species of birds; cottontail rabbit, snowshoe hare, red squirrel, white- tailed deer. Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar maple. A. barbatum (Michx.) Nieuwl., Saccharodendron barbatum (Michx.) Nieuwl. RAnNZe2 1 OO ee Dole. Om ale aoleao: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, Shade. Fruit: Samara, available July—December. A large monoecious or dioecious tree; usually occurs on rich soil; root system shallow, wide spreading; slow growing, long-lived; seriously injured by fire; wind-firm; attacked by numerous insects; wood hard, strong, not very durable, much used commercially ; produces maple sugar; easily transplanted when small; 7,000 seeds per pound, germination 50-60 percent, about 1,500 usable plants per pound of seed. Four varieties are listed, varying among other things in the amount of hair- iness of the leaves. All occur within the range of the species except var. sinuosum (Rehd.) Sarg. (A. sinuosum Rehd.), which occurs in regions 17 and 20. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Observations: Four species of birds in- cluding ring-necked pheasant; porcupine, red squirrel, cottontail rabbit; heavily utilized by moose on Isle Royale; white-tailed deer. Aeer sinuosum, see Acer saccharum. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain maple. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27, Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara, available August—-November. A large shrub to small or large tree; ordinarily occurs on acid soil; clump forming; wood used to some extent commercially. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Observations: Cottontail rabbit, moose; beaver, where Populus is lacking. Acer stenocarpum, see Acer rubrum. Acer texanum, see Acer negundo. Acer tripartitum, see Acer glabrum. Adelia acuminata, see Forestiera acuminata. Adelia angustifolia, see Forestiera angustifolia. Adelia ligustrina, see Forestiera ligustrina. Adelia neomexicana, see Forestiera neomezicana. Adelia parvifolia, see Forestiera neomexicana. Adelia pubescens, see Forestiera pubescens. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES A3 Adelia vaseyi, see Ricinella vaseyi. Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. and Arn. Chamiso. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, spreading shrub with small fasicled leaves; branches very close to the ground, and stems are practically without permanent branches; produces little shade and does not protect the ground from hot or dry winds; very in- flammable; colony forming; root system consists of deep taproot and well developed laterals; heavy root crown developed, which when large enough enables plant to survive fire; common chaparral dominant on dry slopes and ridges, invading and occupying burns quickly; generally regarded as a pest; worthless on the range; propagation by seeds or green-wood cuttings taken in spring. Observations: California mule deer. Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. Shankbush. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, very inflammable shrub; flowers July-August; propagated by seeds or green-wood cuttings taken in spring. Of no value as stock forage. Observations: California mule deer. Adolphia californica Wats. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, spiny shrub without forage value; generally considered a local range pest. Adolphia infesta (H. B. K.) Meisn. Ceanothus infesta H. B. K., Colletia multifiora DC. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, extremely spiny, densely branched shrub without forage value. Aesculus spp. Buckeyes. Most species grow in neutral soil; propagation is by seed sown in the fall or, after stratifying, in the spring. Aesculus arguta, see Aesculus glabra. Aesculus austrina, see Aesculus discolor. Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. California buckeye. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available September—October. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; very broad-headed; coppices freely when cut; foliage early burning brown, falling or persistent; very orna- mental, flowers during May—August; wood used for fuel to some extent; reputed to be very durable for fence posts. Observations: Redwood chipmunk, many squirrels; dead leaves fair forage for mule deer. Poisonous to stock; not eaten by swine; bees poisoned by the nectar. Aesculus discolor Pursh. Woolly buckeye. Range: 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule; available in October, seeds fall at once. A large shrub to a small or rarely large tree, ordinarily growing in rich soil; flowers April—June. Var. mollis (Raf.) Sarg., (A. austrina Small) the scarlet buckeye, is a small tree with red flowers, occurring within the range of the species. Aesculus flava, see Aesculus octandra. Aesculus georgiana, see Aesculus neglecta. 4A MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Aesculus glabra Willd. Ohio buckeye. Ranges 22.024 22k oo: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A large, rapid-growing tree; flowers April-May; short-lived; wood sometimes used commercially; flowers not showy. Young shoots poisonous to cattle and if forage is poor in spring cattle will eat them; later not attractive to livestock; hogs poisoned by the seeds. Several varieties have been described, a white-barked form, one with more pubescent leaves, and one with more leaflets. All are of more or less local occurrence within the range of the species except var. arguta (Buckl.) Robin- son, (A. arguta Buckl.), the shrubby buckeye, found also in region 30. Aesculus humilis, see Aesculus neglecta. Aesculus michauxli, see Aesculus neglecta. Aesculus neglecta Lindl. Range: 28. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A large, very rare tree; flowers April—May. Var. georgiana Sarg. (A. georgiana Sarg.) Georgia buckeye; usually shrubby; occurs in regions 28, 29, and 30. Var. tomentosa Sarg. (A. michauzii Hort., not Spach, A. humilis Hort., not Lindl., A. rubra carnea superba Hort., and A. rubra carnea pubescens Hort.) in region 28 has very showy flowers. Aesculus octandra Marsh. Yellow buckeye. A. flava Ait. Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A large shrub to small or large tree; root system shallow; rapid growing, short-lived; wood used commercially; subject to dry rot and stem borers; blooms April—_May ; a red-fiowered form is known. Aesculus parviflora Walt. Bottlebrush buckeye. Range: 29) 30. Site: Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available in October. A large spreading shrub, very showy during the July flowering pericd; com- monly occurs on rich soil. Aesculus pavia L. Red buckeye. Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; ordinarily occurs on slightly acid soil; flowers April-May; very handsome in cultivation; a form with dark-red flowers is known. Poisonous to livestock. Aesculus rubra vars., see Aesculus neglecta. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Ailanthus. A. glandulosa Desf. Ranges 23.5, 6) 8) dl 1% 520122 24. 25.21.25, 20 Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Samara; ripe in September, long persistent. A large tree introduced from China but aggressively spontaneous and well- established in the range indicated; easily storm-damaged; rapid growing; cop- pices freely ; immune to the effects of smoke, dust, or insect pests; 14,000—22,000 seeds per pound, germination 60 percent, about 3,000 usable plants per pound of seed; withstands considerable abuse in handling; staminate plant odoriferous in flower. This species produces wood even on poor soil more than twice as fast as any native tree having wood of anything like the same fuel value; wood ranked with that of black walnut or oak for fuel, excellent for cabinetmaking. Observations: Pine grosbeak, crossbill; white-tailed deer. Ailanthus glandulosa, see Ailanthus altissinia. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES A5 Albizzia julubrissin Duraz. Silktree. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Legume, available September—November. A large tree introduced from Asia and Africa; 11,000 seeds per pound, 3,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Alhagi camelorum Fisch. Camelthorn. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A small, spiny shrub naturalized from Asia Minor; rapid growing; aggressive and thicket forming; root system deep and extensive; eradication operations for this species have been in progress. Allenrolfea occidentalis (Wats.) Kuntze. Inkweed. Spirostachys occidentalis Wats. Range: 8, 9, 10, 11, 16. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achenelike. A small to large, succulent, almost leafiess shrub, usually confined to and an indicator of alkaline soil. Sparingly eaten by livestock. Alnus spp. Alders. Generally rapid growing; commonly occurring in neutral soil; wood durable in water; nitrogen-fixing bacteria form nodules on the roots of alder in some- what the same manner as on the legumes; propagated by seeds sown in fall or spring; or in the shrubby species, by hard-wood cuttings and layers. Siomach records (in addition to specific records) : 20 species of birds, includ- ing sharp-tailed grouse, ruffed grouse, bobwhite, woodcock, and ptarmigan. Composed 2.5 percent of the food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in winter in Quebee and Ontario; Dlinois skunk, opossum. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Sixteen species of birds; an emergency food of prairie sharp- tailed grouse, northern sharp-tailed grouse; snowshoe hare, Pacific mountain beaver, brown mountain beaver, porcupine, Olympic wapiti; beaver, where Populus is lacking; moose, white-tailed deer. Palatability to livestock not high but considered an important secondary forage, especially for cattle. A source of pollen for bees. Alnus alnobetula, see Alnus crispa. Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh. Green alder. A. alnobetula of Amer. auith., not Koch. Range: 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. A large shrub with somewhat decumbent branches. Var. mollis (Fern.) Rehd., (A. mecllis Fern.) is a small tree occurring in regions 23, 24, 26, and 27. Observations: Redpoil; an important summer browse of moose on Isle Royale. Alnus fruticosa, see Alnus sinuata. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. European black alder. A. vulgaris Hill, A. rotundifolia Mill. Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutiet, borne in a cone. A small tree introduced from Hurope, with many varieties known in cultiva- tion; about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Much eaten by ruffed grouse in New York. Alnus incana (L.) Moench, Speckled alder. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone, available August-September. A large shrub to small tree with very thick and dense foliage; rapid growing; thicket forming; a naturally occurring stream-bank protector; 256,000—625,000 seeds per pound, about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed; easily trans- planted. AG MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ptarmigan and sharp- tailed grouse; muskrat. Observations: Redpoll; cottontail rabbit; ignored by deer in Massachusetts; summer but not winter food of meose on Isle Royale; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. Seaside alder. Range: 25, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone, available October-November. A large shrub to small or large tree; sometimes forms thickets. Alnus mollis, see Alnus crispa. Alnus oblongifolia Torr. Mexican alder. Range: 11, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. A small to large tree; usually oceurs at higher elevations. Alnus occidentalis, see Alnus tenuifolia. Alnus oregona, see Alnus rudra. Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. White alder. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone that remains until spring. A large tree, often thicket forming; wood rots quickly in soil and is of very little value commercially. Observations: Of slight importance as food for mule deer. Alnus rotundifolia, see Alnus glutinosa. Alnus rubra Bong. Red alder, A. oregona Nutt. Range: 1, 2, 5, 6. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone; seeds shed in autumn, cones persistent. A large tree; rapid growing, especially the first 10 to 15 years; short-lived; root system shallow, superficial: wood of increasing value commercially ; 363,000 seeds per pound, germination 40 percent; about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Four species of birds; California mule deer. Observations: Pine siskin. Fair browse for cattle and sheep. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. Smocth alder. A. serrulata Willd. Range: 20) 22.0235 24 525..26) 2A. 25. 20: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. A large, thicket-forming shrub with very thick foliage; 400,000 seeds per pound, about 40,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Four species of birds, including mourning dove; white-tailed deer. Alnus serrulata, see Alnus rugosa. Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb. Sitka alder. A. viridis sinuata Regel., A. sitchensis Sarg., A. fruticosa auths. not Rupr. Range: 2, 4, 6, 7%, 12. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. A small to large shrub, or northward a small to large tree. Considered fair browse for sheep. Alnus sitcheusis, see Alnus sinuata. Alnus tenuifolia Nutt. Mountain alder. A. occidentalis Dippel. Range: 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 47 A large, thicket-forming shrub to small or large trees; about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Captive Columbian sSharp-tailed grouse; of slight importance for mule deer. A fair sheep browse of high palatability. Alnus vulgaris, see Alnus glutinosa. Aloysia ligustrina, see Lippia ligustrina. Amarolea americana, see Osmanthus americana. Amelanchier spp. Serviceberries. Between 20-25 species are known, most of them occurring in North America; in slightly acid soil; many are very closely related and often difficult to dis- tinguish; very ornamental; generally irregular in time of ripening of the berries; propagated by seeds sown aS soon as ripe or in the spring after stratifying 90 days at 32°-50° F., or the stoloniferous types by suckers; seed- lings should remain in seedbeds 3 to 4 years before planting in the field. All are alternate hosts for the cedar apple fungus. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 36 species of birds, includ- ing ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, turkey; composed 0.16 percent of vegetable food of eastern skunk in Michigan; gray-tailed chipmunk, gray-necked chip- munk, golden-mantled marmot, black-tailed deer, white-tailed deer; mountain sheep. Observations (in addition to specific records): Highteen species of birds, including mountain quail, dusky grouse, and prairie sharp-tailed grouse; skunk; heavily browsed by moose; of first importance for red fox; golden- mantled ground squirrel, Arizona chipmunk, Say chipmunk, Wasatch chip- munk; favorite food of pale chipmunk; raccoon, black bear, cottontail rabbit, pica, beaver; an important food of white-tailed deer. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Western serviceberry. A. oreophila Nels. Range: 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 28, 24, 26. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July-September. ‘ A large shrub to small tree or rarely a large tree with a deep and spreading root system; blooms April—June; very variable, and the complex of forms not yet clear botanically. Among others, var. pallida (Greene) Jeps. (A. pallida Greene), var. venulosa (Greene) Jeps. (A. venulosa Greene), var. covillet (Greene) Jeps. (A. covillei Standl.) and var. cuyamacensis Munz, have been described. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including sooty grouse, Richardson’s grouse; plains white-tailed deer, Bitterroot valley chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observations: Mountain quail, captive Columbian sharp-tailed grouse, blue grouse; California mule deer. A forage species of the first rank; younger foilage more palatable; of great importance to stock on the range. Amelanchier amabilis Wieg. A. sanguinea grandiflora Rehd. Range: 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July—August. A small to large shrub, heretofore probably confused with A. sanguinea. Probably a calciphile. Amelanchier bakeri Greene. A, purpusii Koehne. Range: 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small to large shrub; flowers in May; about 31,000 seeds per pound. Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch.) Roem. Bartram serviceberry. A. oligocarpa (Michx.) Roem. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July-August. A large shrub; flowers in May. Amelanchier botryapium, see Amelanchier canadensis and A. oblongifolia. 130186°—39—4 48 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medie (pl. 1, A). Serviceberry. A. botryapium Borkh., A. ovalis subcordata DC., A. canadensis botryapium Torr. and Gray, A. canadensis oblongifolia Gray’s Man. A. canadensis obovalis Sarg., in part, A. canadensis pomentula Sarg., A. canadensis Britt. i Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Pone, available June-August. A smali, or usually large shrub or small tree; rarely a large tree; usually occurs in rich soil; fiowers before the leaves form, March—May; about 50,000 seeds per pound; germination about 70 percent, about 10,000 usuabie plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Twenty-seven species of birds including ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Hight species of birds, including bcbwhite and mourning dove; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. Amelanchier coviliei, see Amelanchier alnifolia. Amelanchier crenata Greene. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small to large shrub or small tree with dense foilage; flowers in April. Amelanchier cusickii Fern. Cusick serviceberry. Range: 6, 7, 8, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pome. A jarge shrub; flowers April—June. Observations: Sooty grouse. Amelanchier elliptica, see Amelanchier florida. Amelanchier florida Lindl. Western serviceberry. A. elliptica Nels. Range: 1, 2, 4, 7. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July-September. Usually a large shrub, occasionally a small tree or rarely a large tree; blooms April-June; often forms extensive thickets; sprouts promptly when browsed; very fire resistant; reproduces mainly by sprouts; leaves fall comparatively early. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Sooty grouse; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Very valuable stock forage. Amelanchier goldmanii Woot. and Standl. Goldman serviceberry. Range: 9, 11, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A large shrub to small tree. Amelanchier humilis Wieg. Small serviceberry, A. spicata Amer. auths. not (Lam.) Koch. Range 2122 254 24 oa 2Gete Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July—August. A small stoloniferous shrub; forms extensive patches; usually occurs in sandy soil; flowers May-June; flowering and fruiting generally earlier northward; about 63,000 seeds per pound Amelanchier huronensis Wieg. Range: 23, 24. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July—August. A large shrub or small tree; usually occurs on sandy and limestone soil. Amelanchier intermedia, see also Amelanchier oblongifolia. Amelanchier intermedia Spach. Range: 23, 24. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Kruit: Pome, available June-July. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES AQ A large shrub or rarely a Small tree; clump-forming or widely branched near the ground. This species has formerly been confused with either A. oblongi-: folia or A. canadensis and records of wildlife utilization for these last species probably apply to this one as well. Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Smooth serviceberry. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Pome, available June—July. A small to large shrub or usually a small tree, less commonly a large tree; shrubbier northward; may occur on calcareous or noncaicareous soil; very handsome in cultivation ; fruit very irregular in time of ripening. Observations: Generally attractive to birds. Amelanchier macrocarpa Lunell. Range: 18, 21. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small shrub; flowers April—June. Amelanchier mormonica Schneid. Range: 11, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small to large shrub or small tree; flowers May—June. Amelanchier oblongifolia, see also Amelanchier stolonifera. Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. and Gray) Roem. Serviceberry. A. canadensis oblongifolia Torr. and Gray, A. botryapium Britt. and Brown, in part, A. obovalis Ashe, in part, A. intermedia Blanchard, in part, not Spach. Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Pome, available June—July. A large shrub to a small, or rarely large, tree; not stoloniferous, but often clump-forming. Var. micropetala Robins., is a dwarf on exposed ledges or dry sandy soil near the coast in region 27. Amelanchier cbovalis, see Amelanchier oblongifolia. Amelanchier oligocarpa, see Amelanchier bartramiana. Amelanchier oreophila, see Amelanchier alnifolia. Amelanchier ovalis, see Amelanchier stolonifera. Amelanchier pallida, see Amelanchier alnifolia. Amelanchier polycarpa Greene. Cluster serviceberry. Range: 11, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Pome, available in August. A small to large shrub or small tree; flowers in May-July and bears an abundance of fruit. Browse value for livestock varies in different localities and at different sea- sons; excellent in southwestern Utah; inferior in southeastern Utah. Amelanchier prunifolia Greene. Redbud serviceberry. A. rubescens Greene. Range: 9, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small to large shrub or small tree, reported to be evergreen; flowers April— June. Generally worthless forage for livestock in summer but of some value te sheep and goats in the spring; not injured by as much as 25 percent grazing. Amelanchier pumila Nutt. Range: 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small shrub with depressed branches; flowers June-July. 50 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Amelanchier purpusii, see Amelanchier bakeri. Amelanchier rotundifolia, see Amelanchier sanguinea. Amelanchier rubescens, see Amelanchier prunifolia. Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. Serviceberry. A, spicata Robins. and Fern., A. rotundifolia (Michx.) Roem., A. canadensis rotundifolia Torr. and Gray, A. canadensis spicata Sarg., A. spicata (Lam.) Koch. Range: 28, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Pome, available July—August. A small to large shrub; flowers May—June; not stoloniferous and not colony- forming. Observations: Red squirrel. Amelanchier spicata, see Amelanchier humilis, A. sanguinea and A. stolonifera. Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg. Creeping shadbush. A. spicata Britt. and Brown, in part, A. ovalis of European auths., in part, A. oblongifolia Robins. and Fern. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available in July. A small stoloniferous shrub; flowers in May; colony forming; often occurs on sand or noncalecareous soil or gravel; foliage dense. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Amelanchier utahensis Koehne. Utah serviceberry. Range: 6, 7, 8, 9, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small to large shrub; flowers May—June. Observations:: Black-tailed deer. Good to excellent forage for sheep and goats; grazed moderately to heavily by cattle, especially in early spring. Amelanchier venulosa, see Amelanchier alnifolia. Amoreuxia wrightii Gray. Range: 10;-1%; =17; 30: Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small shrub. Amorpha spp. Indigobushes. Propagation of all species is by seeds sown as soon as ripe, greenwood cut- tings made in early summer, hardwood cuttings made in fall, or by layers and suckers. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Antelope jack rabbit, Texas jack rabbit. Amorpha angustifolia, see Amorpha fruticosa. Amorpka californica Nutt. California indigobush. A. hispidula Greene. Range: 3, 5, 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large, rapid-growing shrub with thick foliage; flowers May—July. Observations: Particularly palatable to captive deer. Not used by livestock. Amorpha canescens Pursh. Leadplant. Range: 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A small shrub, leafy to the base; roots 6-16 feet deep; behaves as an herb under annual mowing; flowers July-August; occurs in sandy or in other soils; very handsome in cultivation; often considered a weed in pastures; about 105,000 seeds per pound, germination about 30 percent. Sparingly grazed by livestock. Amorpha fragrans, see Amorpha fruticosa. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 51 Amorpha fruticosa L. Indigobush. A. occidentalis Abrams, A. fragrans Sweet, A. fruticosa angustifolia Pursh A. angustifolia (Pursh) Boynton. Range: 5, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Legume, available in August. A small to large shrub with rather sparse foliage; flowers May-July; often grows in clumps; rarely attacked by insects or disease; often occurs on calca- reous soil; very variable and with a number of varieties in cultivation; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois; 55,000-60,000 seeds per pound, germination 60-70 percent, about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Possibly poisonous to livestock. ’ Amorpha glabra Desf. Mountain-indigo. A. montana Boynton. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large shrub; flowers May—June. Amorpha herbacea Walt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub; flowers June-July; ordinarily occurs on sandy or sterile soil Amorpha hispidula, see Amorpha californica. Amorpha laevigata Nutt. Range: 20, 25, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub; pods one-seeded. Amorpha microphylla Pursh. Dwarf indigobush. A. nana Nutt. Range: 14, 15, 18, 22, 23. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in July. A small shrub; flowers May-June; about 60,000 seeds per pound; germina- tion about 50 percent. Amorpha montana, see Amorpha glabra. Amorpha nana, see Amorpha microphylla. Amorpha nitens Boynton. Range: 29. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large shrub; flowers in July. Amorpha occidentalis, see Amorpha fruticosa. Amorpha paniculata Torr. and Gray. Range: 11, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub; often occurs in salt marshes. Amorpha schwerinii Schneid. Schwerin-indigo. Range: 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub. Amorpha tennesseensis Shuttlew. Tennessee-indigo. Range: 25, 27, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub. 52 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Amorpha texana Buckl. Range: 16, 17, 20. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large shrub. Amorpha virgata Small. Mountain-indigo. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, shade. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, very rare shrub. Ampelopsis arborea, see Cissus arborea. Ampelopsis cordata, see Cissus ampelopsis. Ampelopsis heptaphylla, see Parthenocissus heptaphylla. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Amphiachyris fremontii, see Amphipappus fremontii. Amphipappus fremontii (Gray) Torr. and Gray. Fremont chaftbush. Amphiachyris fremontit Gray. Range: 10 Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub with rigid branches; occurs in gravel or rocky soil. Amygdalus andersonii, see Prunus andersonii. Amyegdalus fasciculata, see Prunus fasciculata. Amygdalus fremontii, see Prunus eriogyna. Amygdalus glandulosa, see Prunus terana. Amyegdalus minutiflora, see Prunus minutifiora. Amygdalus texana, see Prunus texana. Amyris madrensis Wats. Range: 17%. Site: Dry, well-drained, ‘sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, very leafy shrub. Amyris parvifolia, see Amyris texrana. Amyris texana (Buckl.) Wilson. Chapatillo. Aanthorylum texanum Buckl., Amyris parvifelia Gray. Range: 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large shrub. Andrachne phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Coult. Lepidanthus phyllanthoides Nutt., Savia phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Pax. and Hoffm. Range: 16, 17, 20, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available September—October. A small, straggling, much-branched shrub; flowers July—August. Andrachne reverchonii Coult. Savia phyllanthoides reverchonit (Coult.), Pax and Hoffm. Range: 16, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, densely leafy shrub. Andromeda acuminata, see Leucothoé acuminata. Andromeda arboreum, see Orydendrum arboreum. Andromeda axillaris, see Leucothoé avillaris. Andromeda baccata, see Gaylussacia baccata. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 53 Andromeda caerulea, see Phyllodoce caerulea. Andromeda calyculata, see Chamaedaphne calyculata. Andromeda canescens, see Andromeda glaucophylia. Andromeda cassinefolia, see Zenobia cassinefolia. Andromeda catesbaei, see Leucothoé catesbaet. Andromeda floribunda, see Pieris floribunda. Andromeda glaucophylla Link. Downy bog-rosemary. A. canescens Small. Range: 238, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available September—November. A small, evergreen shrub; ordinarily occurs in very acid peat; flowers May- July. Andromeda ligustrina, see Xolisma ligustrina. Andromeda mertensiana, see Cassiope mertensiana. Andromeda polifolia L. Bog-rosemary, Range: 4, 12, 28, 24, 26, 27. Suite: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers May—July ; possesses creeping root- stocks; occurs on acid peat; rarely attacked by insects or disease. Stomach records: Ptarmigan. Normally rejected by grazing animals; but poisonous to stock, especially in spring. Andromeda pulverulenta, see Zenobia pulverulenta. Andromeda racemosa, see Leucothoé racemosa. Andromeda recurva, see Leucothoé recurva. Anisacanthus insignis Gray. A. pumilus Wats. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub, palatable to stock but not as much so as A. thurberi. Anisacanthus pumilus, see Anisacanthus insignis. Anisacanthus thurberi (Torr.) Gray. Taparosa. Drejera thurberi Torr. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub with fairly good to very good palatability as stock forage; often closely browsed by sheep and cattle. Anisacanthus wrightii (Torr.) Gray. Drejera wright (Torr.) Gray. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; palatable to stock but not as much so as the preceding. Anisostichus capreolata, see Bignonia capreolata. Anneslia eriophylla, see Calliandra eriophylla. Anona triloba, see Asimina triloba. Apinus albicaulis, see Pinus albicaulis. Apinus flexilis, see Pinus flexilis. Aplopappus acradenius (Greene) Blake. Goldenbush., Bigelovia acradenius Greene, Isocoma acradenius Greene. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. 4 small, tufted shrub; flowers September—October. 54 MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Aplopappus arborescens Hall. Goldenfleece. Bigelovia arborescens Gray, Chrysoma arborescens Greene, Hricameria arborescens Greene. Range: 1, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small or usually large evergreen shrub; flowers September—November. Grazing value nil. Aplopappus bloomeri Greene. Bloomer goldenbush. Chrysothamnus bloomeri. (Gray) Greene. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers August-September; grazing value small. Aplopappus brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinguus. Aplopappus canus (Gray) Blake. Diplostephium canum Gray, Corethrogyne detonsa Greene, C. cana Greene, Hazardia cana Greene, H. detonsa, Greene, H. serrata Greene. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers July-August; very handsome; somewhat cultivated. Aplopappus cooperi (Gray) Hall. Cooper goldenbush. Ericameria monactis (Gray) McClatch., Acamptopappus mécrocephalus Jones, Chrysothamnus corymbosus Elmer, Tumionella monactis Greene. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, very leafy shrub. Aplopappus cuneatus Gray. Wedgeleaf goldenbush. Ericameria cuneatus McClatch., Bigelovia cuneata spathulata (Gray) Hall, Bigelovia. spathulata Gray. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Aplopappus ericoides (Less.) Hook. and Arn. (pl. 2, A). Mock-heather. Ericameria ericoides (Less.) Jeps. Range: 5, 9. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers August-September; usually occurs on sand dunes; stems decumbent. Aplopappus interior, see A. linearifolius. Aplopappus laricifolius Gray. Chrysoma laricifolius (Gray) Greene, Bigelovia nelsonii Fern., Hricameria nelsonit Blake. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub, exceedingly handsome in flower. Aplopappus linearifolius DC. Narrowleaf goldenbush. Stenotopsis linearifolius (DC.) Rydb., Stenotus linearifolius Torr. and Gray. Range: 5, 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large shrub; flowers March—May. Var. interior (Cov.) Jones (Aplopappus interior Coy., Stenotopsis interior Rydb.) extends the range to regions 9 and 10. 1 Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE i it often A, Amelanchier canadensis. The pomes of this plant attract many birds to woodland pondens: ere wel Men fruits abundantly. B. Berberis nervosa. The thicket-forming habit of this species Ex SuOIy ee ouice tan of trees suggests its possible use as a woodland ground cover. Its wildlife value is p ter tha recorded, Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 2 A, Aplopappus ericoides, a species well adapted to sand-dune planting. B, Aralia spinosa. The great flower sprays, followed by equally large fruit clusters, suggest the use of this species in highway planting; HO OVEr, it provides poor cover for soil unless thickly planted. (Photograph by Department of the nterior.) NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 55 Aplopappus nanus Haton. Dwarf goldenbush. A. resinosus Gray, Hricameria nana Nutt., H. resinosa Nutt., Chrysoma nana Greene. Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Aplopappus palmeri Gray. Palmer goldenbush, _ Ericameria palmeri (Gray) Hall, Chrysoma palmeri Greene. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, much-branched, bushy, evergreen shrub. Aplopappus parishii (Greene) Blake. Parish goldenbush. Ericameria parishit Hall, Bigelovia parishii Greene, Chrysoma parishii Greene. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, resinous, densely leafy shrub. Aplopappus pinifolius Gray. Pineleaf goldenbush, Hricameria pinifolia, (Gray) Hall. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, bushy shrub. Aplopappus propinquus Blake . Chaparral goldenbush. Ericameria brachylepis Hall, Bigelovia brachylepis Gray, Chrysoma, brachy- lepis Greene, Haplopappus brachylepis brachylepis Hall. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, very leafy, brittle-stemmed shrub. Aplopappus resinosus, see Aplopappus nanus. Aplopappus scopulorum (Jones) Biake. Bigelovia menziesii scopulorum Jones, Isocoma scopulorum (Jones) Rydb., Hesperodoria, scopulorum Greene. Range: 9. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers August-September. Aplopappus squarrosus Hook. and Arn. Coast goldenbush. Hazardia squarrosa Greene. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers freely September—October; openly branched; occa- Sionally somewhat herbaceous. Aralia humilis Cav. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large shrub. Aralia spinosa L. (pl. 2, B). Hercules-club. Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-November. Usually a large shrub or a small tree or rarely large tree; flowers June- August; very spiny; leaves very large; suckers freely if killed above ground ; 56 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Seriously attacked in cultivation by the lilac borer; propagation is by seed sown aS soon as ripe or stratified and sown in spring, or by root cuttings. Stomach records: Turkey. Observations: Much eaten by birds; white-tailed deer. Arbutus spp. Madrones. Propagation is by seeds sown under glass in fall or spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mearn’s quail. Observa- ions (in addition to specific records) : Band-tailed pigeon. Arbutus arizonica (Gray) Sarg. Arizona madrone. A. galapensis arizonica Gray. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—December. A large evergreen tree; flowers in May. Not grazed, except rarely by goats. Arbutus menziesii Pursh. Tadrone. Range? 13/2; 3,5; 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—January. A small to generally large and widely-branched tree; flowers March—May; commonly shrubby southward; stump sprouts after injury; wood somewhat used commercially; bark used for tanning; seeds 20-80 per berry; about 1,000 usable plants per pound of seed; difficult to transplant; very handsome and commonly cultivated. Stomach records: Two species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds including dove, band-tailed pigeons, and turkey; extensively eaten by deer; of slight importance as browse for mule deer; raccoon, ring-tailed cat. Lightly grazed by cattle or heavily grazed by goats. A good bee plant. Arbutus texana Buckl. Texas madrone, A. valapensis terana Gray. Range 11 16507720! Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August—June. A large shrub or small tree or rarely a large tree; evergreen; often found on limestone soil; wood used commercially to some extent; berries palatable. Occasionally browsed by stock. Arbutus uva-ursi, See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Arctostaphylos spp. Manzanitas. Ordinarily chaparral shrubs; many species hold the leaves vertically; most reproduce extensively by root shoots; propagated by seeds sown in spring after stratification for 140 days at 41°-50° F. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Seventeen species of birds, including dusky grouse, California quail, sharp-tailed grouse; gray fox, raccoon, striped skunk, coyote, Inyo chipmunk, western skunk. Observations (in addi- tion to specific records) : Seven species of birds including dusky grouse, band- tailed pigeon, Merriam’s turkey; mountain sheep, New Mexico black bear, Allen’s chipmunk, golden-mantled ground squirrel, Oregon gray fox, ring-tailed cat, California gray squirrel. Usually of small value as forage except for goats. Arctostaphylos andersonii Gray. Heartleaf manzanita. A. pechoensis Dudl., Uva-ursi pechoensis (Dudl.) Abrams, U. andersonii (Gray) Abrams. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available January—September. A large evergreen shrub; does not crown sprout after fire. Arctostaphylos bicolor (Nutt.) Gray. A, veatchii Kell., Xylococcus bicolor Nutt. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, densely-branched evergreen shrub. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 57 Arctostaphylos canescens Hastw. Range: 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available all year round. A large evergreen shrub; often grows on gravelly slopes; apparently does not sprout after fires. Arctostaphylos cinerea Howell. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub. Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper. Hairy manzanita. Range: 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub that does not crown sprout after fire. Arctostaphylos crustacea Hastw. Range: 1 Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large evergreen shrub. Arctostaphylos diversifolia Parry. A. arguta diversifolia Parry, Comarostaphylos diversifolia Greene. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available all year round. A large shrub to small evergreen tree; about 16,000 seeds per pound. Arctostaphylos drupacea McBr. Roughleaf manzanita. Uva-ursi drupacea (McBr.) Abrams. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June—July. A large evergreen shrub; does not stump sprout. This species is possibly only a variety of A. pringlei. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Arctostaphylos glandulosa Hastw. Eastwood manzanita. A. vestita Hastw., A. virgata Kastw. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available February—November. A small to large evergreen shrub, often found on sandstone; root crown broad and woody, giving rise to numerous sprouts after chaparral fires; decum- bent branches root. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. Great-berried manzanita. Uva-ursi glauca (Lindl.) Abrams. Range: 8, 5, 8, 9, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; colony forming; slow growing; thrives on many kinds of soil; does not recover rapidly after burning. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Arctostaphylos hookeri Don. Uva-ursi hookeri (Don) Abrams. Range: 1. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub growing on sandy or other soils; decumbent branches root at the nodes. 58 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Arctostaphylos insularis Greene. Uva-ursi insularis (Greene) Abrams. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub. Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry. (pl. 3, A, B). Parry manzanita. Uva-ursi manzanita (Parry) Abrams. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available all year round. A large, slow-growing evergreen shrub; killed by fire and does not crown sprout. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including dusky grouse and sharp- tailed grouse. An important honey plant. Arctostaphylos mariposa Dudl. Mariposa manzanita. Uva-ursi mariposa (Dudl.) Abrams. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A large evergreen shrub; does not sprout after fire. Observations: Mountain quail; of slight value as forage for mule deer; mountain coyote, California gray fox. Arctostaphylos mewukka Merr. A. pastillosa Jeps. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub: stump sprouts after fire. Arctostaphylos montana Eastw. Uva-ursi montana (Hastw.) Abrams. Range: 1. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub to small tree; bushy and evergreen; does not survive fire except as seed; apparently restricted to serpentine areas. Arctostaphylos myrtifolia Parry. Uva-ursi myrtifolia (Parry) Abrams. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub. Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray. Pine-mat manzanita, Uva-ursi nevadensis (Gray) Abrams. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small evergreen shrub; often low and procumbent, rooting where the branches touch the ground. Stomach records: Three species of birds including sooty and dusky grouse. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Sparingly browsed by cattle. Arctestaphylos nummularia Gray. Uva-ursi nummularia (Gray) Abrams. Range: 1. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub. Arctostaphylos oblongifolia Howell. Range: 4 Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 59 Arctostaphylos parryana Lemmon. Uva-ursi parryana (Lemmon) Abrams. Range: 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub. Very closely related to A. manzanita and possibly better made a variety of that species. Arctostaphylos pastillosa, see Arctostaphylos mewukka. Arctostaphylos patula Greene. Greenleaf manzanita. A. platyphylia (Gray) Kuntze, Uva-ursi patula (Greene) Abrams. Range: 1, 3, 4, 9, 11, 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; available May—September, occasionally persists all year round. A large evergreen shrub; repeated burnings cause the formation of a large root crown, which sprouts after each fire; heavy snowfall may force its branches to the ground, where they root; attempts have been made to eradicate it with concentrated goat feeding, but these have proved impracticable. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. An emer- gency winter feed for livestock. Arctostaphylos pechoensis, see Arctostaphylos andersonii. Arctostaphylos platyphylla, see Arctostaphylos patula. Arctostaphylos pringlei Parry. Uva-ursi pringlei (Parry) Abrams. Range: 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub. Observations: Mearn’s and Gambel quail; skunks, foxes, coyotes. Arctostaphylos pumila Nutt. Sandmat manzanita. Uva-ursi pumila (Nutt.) Abrams. Range: 1. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub or sometimes a vinelike plant; stems prostrate, forming mats; occurs most often on sandy soil. Arctostaphylos pungens H. B. K. Pointleaf manzanita. Uva-ursi pungens (H. B. K.) Abrams. Range: 9, 10, 11, 18, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—April. A small to large evergreen shrub; root system fibrous, generalized, not deep, but taproots well developed in light sandy soil; decumbent branches root; germination of seed about 35 percent or less. Stomach records: Sooty grouse; northern hooded skunk, black-tailed deer. Observations: Blue grouse, Mearn’s and Gambel quail; bear, pigeons, skunks, foxes, coyotes. Freely grazed by goats, Arctostaphylos sensitiva Jeps. Range: 1 Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub; often invades burnt-over areas; root system shal- low; colony-forming; killed outright by chaparral fires. Arctostaphylos setosissima Hastw. Range: 1. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub. 60 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Arctestaphylos stanfordiana Parry. Uva-ursi stanfordiana (Parry) Abrams. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen shrub: killed in shaparral fires. Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl. (pl. 4, A). Uva-ursi tomentosa (Pursh) Abrams. Range: 1, 4, 5, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available all year round. A small to large evergreen shrub; forms very good soil cover. Var. crassifolia Jeps. occurs in region 5 and is killed entirely by fire. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Bearberry. Arbutus uva-ursi L., Uva-ursi uva-ursi (.) Britt. Range: 1, 4, 12, 18, 14, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, Shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-March or rarely persistent all year round. A small evergreen shrub or, more properly, a woody vine; occurs most com- monly on sandy soil, but may occur on loam; propagation by cuttings taken in late summer and rooted under glass or by seed. Stomach records: Highteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse and dusky grouse; mountain sheep, black-tailed deer. Observations: Ruffed grouse, Rich- arason’s grouse, spruce grouse, turkey, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, black bear; browsed to Some extent by northern white-tailed deer. Of little value for livestock. Arctostaphylos veatchii, see Arctostaphylos bicolor. Arctostaphylos vestita, see Arctostaphyios glandulosa. Arctostaphylos virgata, see Arctostaphylos glandulosa. Arctostaphylos viscida Parry. Whiteleaf manzanita. Uva-ursi viscida (Parry) Abrams. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available all year round. A large evergreen shrub or rarely a small tree; does not crown sprout after fire. Argentacer saccharinum, see Acer saccharinum. Aristolochia spp. Pipe-vines. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Gambel quail, but this record may apply to A. watsenii, a nonwoody vine. Aristelochia californica Torr. California pipe-vine. Range: 1, 8, 4. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A vine; fiowers March-April; ordinarily climbs on shrubs. Aristeicchia durior Hill. Dutchman’s pipe-vine. Aristoiochia macrophylla Lam., A. sipho L’ Her. Ranges 22.23, 25.20 Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A vigorous vine; flowers May—June; propagation by seeds stratified 140 days at 50° EF. before sowing; much cultivated; probably introduced into region 28. Aristolochia macrophylla, see Aristolochia durior. Aristolochia sipho, see Aristolochia durior. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims. Wooily pipe-vine. Range: 22, 25, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available September—November. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 3 Arctostaphylos manzanita, A, Prevention of erosion on part cf this central-California hillside is assured by a dense thicket of manzanita. Young plants pioneering in the worn-out cultivated field in the foregound may soon afford protection to the rest of the hillside. B, A view in the interior of the same thicket showing the dense cover and litter accumulation. The cleared drainage ditch carries water from a cultivated field. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 4 A, Arctostaphulostomentosa. Theability of most species of Arctostaphylos to grow in poor soils, their thicket- forming habit, and their abundant fruit production, makes the majority of them of great value in plantings for erosion control and wildlife. B, Artemisia tridentata. Typical sagebrush country. The lighter colored bushes are the big sagebrush, important alike as soil and wildlife cover and as food for wildlife and livestock. C, Afripler canescens. This plant, of considerable importance for wildlife and livestock, and without question a valuable soil cover, merits considerable use in planting operatiens in the South- west. D, Berberis aquifeclium. A cover of such density as this should prove exceptionally valuable for soil as wellas wildlife. The Oregon-grape is fairly resistant to black stem rust. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 61 A high-climbing vine; flowers May—June; in Alabama has shown a tendency to spread. Aronia spp. ' Chokeberries. Shrubs; commonly occur in acid soil; propagation by seed stratified 90 days at 22°-41° F.. before sowing. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): 12 species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, prairie chicken; composed 1.0 percent of food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Hight species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse; an important pheasant food, especially in late winter, in southern Michigan; cottontail rabbit. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) HI. Red chokeberry, Pyrus arbutifolia L. f. Range: 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit ee available August—October, persistent, especially south- ward. A small to rarely large shrub; flowers March-May; somewhat subject to blight and borer attack; will withstand city smoke; leaves fall very late; propagation by seeds stratified 90 days at 32°-41° F.; about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed; probably introduced into region. 23. Var. atropurpurea (Britt.) Robins., (A. atropurpuree Britt., A. floribunda Spach), the purple chokeberry, is often separated as a distinct species. Inter- grading forms are common, field identification difficult, seeds in birds’ stomachs are indistinguishable, and there appears to be no ecological differentiation between this and the species. Observations: Ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant. Stomach records: 18 species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observations: Cedar waxwing; captive marsh rabbit. Aronia atropurpurea, see Aronia arbutifolia. Aronia floribunda, see Aronia arbutifolia. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) HIl. Black chokeberry, Pyrus arbutifolia melanocarpa Michx., P. melanocarpa Willd., P. nigra Sarg., A. nigra Sarg. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-September, often persistent until June—July. A small or rarely large shrub; flowers Marech—June; somewhat subject to blight and borer attack; has been observed to grow on cinder Gumps where fruit crops are often heavy. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, prairie chicken; com- posed 5.5 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin. Obdserva- tions: Eaten to some extent by cottontail rabbit; white-tailed deer. Aronia nigra, see Aronia melanocarpa. Arsenococcus frondosus, see Xolisma ligustrina. Arsenococcus ligustrinus, see Xolisma ligustrina. Artemisia spp. Sagebrushes. Most species harbor the burdock borer and common stalk borer. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Five species of birds, including ruffed grouse and Gambel quail (these records apply to both her- baceous and shrubby species) ; mountain sheep, antelope jack rabbit, gray-sided jack rabbit, black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Hepburn’s rosy finch; used extensively by sage grouse for cover, roosting cover and food, about 69 percent cf their food consisting of composites, most of which are species of sagebrush, which are eaten particularly in winter and during times of scarcity of other foods; western white-tailed jack rabbit, Oregon jack rabbit; pygmy rabbit, especially in winter when the diet may be exclusively sagebrush; much eaten and furnishes cover and shelter to sage chipmunk; pronghorn antelope. Of great importance as forage for livestock. Artemisia abrotanoides, see Artemisia californica. 62 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. Scabland sagebrush. A. tridentata arbuscula (Nutt.) Hall and Clem. Range: 4, 7, 8, 9, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched, stiff, straggling shrub; seed germination about 40 percent. Observations: Of slight value as forage for mule deer. Locally of some value as forage for livestock. Artemisia bigelovii Gray. Flat sagebrush. A. petrophila Woot. and Standl. Range: 9, 10, 11, 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, many-stemmed, spreading shrub considered more palatable to stock than the common sagebrush; very good spring browse, especially for sheep. Artemisia bolanderi Gray. A. tridentata bolanderi (Gray) Hall and Clem. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched, leafy-twigged shrub. Browse value about the same as that of A. tridentata. Artemisia californica Less. Coastal sagebrush. A. fischeriana Bess., A. abrotanoides Nutt., Crossostephium californicum Rydb., C. foliosum Rydb., C. insulare Rydb. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, many-stemmed, xerophytie shrub; freely branched; a climax or subclimax dominant; casts very little shade; inflammable; browsed only by sheep and goats in times of scarcity. Artemisia cana Pursh. Silver sagebrush. A. columbiana Nutt., A. viscidula (Osterh.) Rydb. Range: 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 15, 19, 21. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small or rarely large shrub; freely branched; found on plains and lower mountains; generally occurs on north and sheltered sides of hills; requires more water than A. tridentata. Stomach records: One species of bird. Observations: Important food of sage grouse. A very important local browse for livestock. Artemisia columbiana, see Artemisia cana. Artemisia filifolia Torr. Sand sagebrush. Range: 9, 11, 15, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, freely-branched shrub; occurs only on sandy soil; experiments in New Mexico in range seeding with this species were unsuccessful ; fruiting heads often transformed into galls; a sand indicator, changes in its abundance indi- cating the amounts of sand in the soil; germination of seed 40-50 percent. Palatable to livestock and locally used as forage but seldom browsed in grass- land districts. Artemisia fischeriana, see Artemisia californica. Artemisia frigida Willd. Estafiata. Range 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21,23: Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub often only woody at the base or even entirely herbaceous; stems decumbent at base; a mat-forming species, especially when not shrubby; NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 63 an indicator of overgrazing; direct seeding experiments with this species were unsuccessful in New Mexico; not poisonous to livestock. Observations: An important food of sage grouse; important winter food for elk, bighorn. Of high rank as forage for stock, the forage value increasing southward. Artemisia nova Nels. Small sagebrush. A. tridentata nova (Nels.) Hall and Clem. Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 18. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; often occurs on shallow, stony soils. Of importance southward as forage for livestock. Artemisia parishii Gray. A. tridentata parishii (Gray) Hall and Clem. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small to usually large shrub; very much like A. tridentata and perhaps not specifically distinct; resembles that species in practically all ecological aspects. For browse value refer to A. tridentata. Artemisia petrophila, see Artemisia bigelovit. Artemisia rigida (Gray) Nutt. Stiff sagebrush. A. trifida rigida Nutt. Range: 7, 8, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; very often occurs on lava outcrops. A locally valuable browse plant, particularly palatable to horses; fair sheep forage. Artemisia rothrockii Gray. A. tridentata rothrockti (Gray) Hall and Clem. Range: 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub, usually confined to higher zones in the mountains. Browse value for livestock similar to that of A. tridentata. Artemisia spinescens Eaton. Bud sagebrush. Picrothamnis desertorum Nutt. Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, spiny, much-branched, rigid shrub with crowded stems; occurs on alkaline soil and indicates alkali in the soil; root system very extensive; ex- tremely resistant to drought and overgrazing. An important forage for live- stock, but poisonous or fatal to calves when eaten in quantity. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (pl. 4, B). Big sagebrush, Range: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in October. A small to large shrub, or in very good soil with plenty of water, a small tree; root system two storied with shallow fibrous, and deep-spreading roots; | an indicator of deep soils largely free from alkali; seldom occurs on granitic soils; forms root sprouts to some extent; fairly rapid growing; direct seeding experiments with this species in New Mexico were unsuccessful; germination of Seed 35 percent or less. Stomach records: Dusky grouse, sage grouse; black-tailed deer. Observa- tions: Columbian sharp-tailed grouse; mule deer, bighorn. A most important stock browse of special value in autumn and winter; variously reported as poor to excellent forage; however, it enables stockmen to carry enormous numbers of cattle through the winter months. Reported as mildly poisonous to sheep and horses but there appears to be no direct evidence of its toxicity. Artemisia trifida, see Artemisia tripartita. 130186°—39 3) 64 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Artemisia tripartita Rydb. Threetip sagebrush, A. trifida Nutt., A. tridentata trifida (Nutt.) Hall and Clem. Range: 7%, 8, 9, 10, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in October. A small shrub of value as winter livestock browse. Artemisia viscidula, see Artemisia cana. Ascyrum cuneifolium Chapm. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Ascyrum hypericoides L. St.-Andrew’s-cross. A. linifolium Spach. Range: 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available September—October. A small, much-branched, erect or decumbent shrub; flowers June—September ; occurs on sterile soil; short-lived; in cultivation. Observations: White-tailed deer. Ascyrum linifolium, see Ascyrum hypericoides. Ascyrum microsepalum, see Crookea microsepala. Ascyrum pumilum Michx. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, diffusely-branched shrub; flowers spring to summer; stems short, often matted; occurs on sand. Ascyrum stans Michx. St.-Peter’s-wort. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; generally occurs on acid, sandy soil; flowers summer to fall. Ascyrum tetrapetalum (Lam.) Vail. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub with very showy flowers produced from spring to fall or all year; usually occurs in sand. Asimina angustifolia Gray. Narrow-leaved papaw. Pityothamnus angustifolius (Gray) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Asimina grandiflora, see Asimina incana. Asimina incana Bartr. Flag papaw. A. grandiflora (Michx.) Gray. A. speciosa Nash, Pityothamnus incanus (Bartr.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal. Dwarf papaw. Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A large shrub with spreading branches; usually occurs in sand. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 65 Asimina pygmaea (Bartr.) Gray. Pityothamnus pygmaeus (Bartr.) Small. Range: 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-August. A small shrub with arching or decumbent stems. Asimina speciosa, see Asimina incana, Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. Common papaw. Anona triloba L. Range: 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August—October. Commonly a large shrub to small tree, or rarely a large tree; flowers March— April; thicket forming by means of suckers; shrubby northward; often per- sistent and difficult to eradicate from fields; thickets often vigorous and dense; a lepidoterous larva injures the flowers throughout a good portion of its range, but when not attacked, fruit is abundantly produced; otherwise gen- erally free from insect enemies; two forms are known, one with white, insipid fruit; the other with a yellow pulp, but these are not recognized botanically ; propagation is by seed sown as soon as ripe; suckers are generally difficult to transplant; about 1,200 seeds per pound, germination about 50 percent, about 250 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Gray fox, opossum. Observations: Probably much eaten by birds; opossum, squirrel, raccoon; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. Astrophyllum dumosum, see Choisya dumosa. Atragene americana, see Clematis verticillaris. Atragene columbiana, see Clematis columbiana. Atragene occidentalis, see Clematis pseudoalpina. Atragene pseudoalpina, see Clematis pseudoalpina. Atriplex spp. Saltbushes. Monoecious or dioecious shrubs with a salty taste; the species harbor the spinach mildew and consequently should not be planted where spinach is a commercial crop. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Twenty-nine species of birds, including Gambel quail; white-sided jack rabbit, gray-sided jack rabbit; black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant; Oregon jack rabbit, in dry seasons. In general, of considerable importance as cover for plains wildlife. The salty taste may flavor milk and possibly have a bad effect on unweaned calves, lambs, and kids, although the same taste appears to increase the palatability to livestock. Atriplex breweri Wats. Brewer saltbush. A. lentiformis breweri (Wats.) Hall and Clem., A. orbicularis Wats. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large monoecious or dioecious shrub with abundant foliage; rapid growing; very tolerant of salinity; foliage subject to leaf-mining insects; much culti- vated, especially as a clipped hedge plant; seeds produced in abundance; occurs on sand, clay, and other soils. Observations: California mule deer. Freely browsed by livestock. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (pl. 4, @). Wingscale. Calligonum canescens Pursh, A. garrettii Rydb., A. macropoda Rose and Standl., A. linearis Wats. Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available August-September. A small or rarely large, rapid-growing evergreen shrub; dioecious or rarely monoecious; tolerates alkali but not necessarily found on alkaline soil; root system extensive; taproots 30-40 feet deep; extremely drought resistant; will 66 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE withstand comparatively low temperatures; very brittle; for range planting sow seeds 14-16 pounds per acre in March-April; can be seeded, if local seed is used, as soon as seed is ripe; germination 80-60 percent. Observations: Depended upon to a high degree by scaled quail for shade, cover, roost, and food; captive porcupine, rock squirrel, gray-spotted ground squirrel, Arizona jack rabbit. Produces great quantities of seeds, which are fattening and highly palatable to stock and have a high nutritional value. Browsed extensively by cattle, sheep, and goats, especially when other forage is scarce; has been known in a few instances to poison Sheep, and concentrated feeding may cause scours in cattle. Atriplex collina, see Atriplege confertifolia. Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. and Frem.) Wats. Shadscale. Obione confertifolia Torr. and Frem., A. collina Woot. and Standl., A. sub- conferita Rydb. Range: 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in September. A small, spiny, rigid, dioecious, thickly-branched, densely clump-forming shrub; may occur on alkaline soil to pH 8.0; about 15,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Three species of birds; California mule deer. Of great im- portance as browse for sheep and, to Some extent, cattle; Spines often interfere with browsing by cattle. Atriplex garrettii, see Atripier canescens. Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) Wats. Desert holly. Obione hymenelytra Torr. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A smali, compact, rounded, dioecious evergreen shrub; in demand for Christ- mas decorations. Apparently not browsed. Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) Wats. Lenscale. Obione tentiformis Torr. Range: -3, 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available September—October. A large dioecious or rarely monoecious shrub; branches wide-spreading ; foliage very thick and dense; rapid growing; usually occurs on alkaline soil; about 412,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Fairly important as browse for mule deer; of great importance as a cover for wildlife. Much browsed by cattle, especially from December to July, when other feed is scarce. Atriplex linearis, see Atriplex canescens. Atriplex macropoda, see Atriplex canescens. Atriplex orbicularis, see Atriplex breweri. Atriplex parryi Wats. Parry saltbush. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, spiny, rigid, dioecious shrub; occurs on alkaline soil. Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) Wats. Cattle spinach. Obione polycarpa Torr. Range: 3, 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in October. A small to large dioecious shrub; intricately and much branched; leaves early deciduous; a most important food of Eutettig tenella, the beet leafhopper, an insect carrying curly top disease of sugar beets; will grow on alkaline, but generally occurs on the richest of the desert soils; sometimes fruits abundantly when only 1 foot high; withstands up to 3 percent salt content of soil; germina- tion of seed 30-60 percent. Stomach records: California jack rabbit. Of great importance as browse for stock, especially since it so often occurs with unpalatable species; killed by excessive browsing. | | | NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 67 Atriplex spinifera MacBr. Range: 8, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. Spinescale. A smali to large, spinescent, dioecious shrub; broader leaves deciduous dur- ing the summer; found on moderately alkaline soil; important winter-food plant of Hutetiic tenella, the beet leafhopper, an insect carrying the eurly top disease of sugar beets. Occasionally browsed by sheep. Atriplex subconferta, see Atriplex confertifolia. Atriplex torreyi Wats. A. lentiformis torreyi (Wats.) Hall and Clem. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A smail, spiny, dioecious shrub; occurs on alkaline soil. Audibertia capitata, see Salvia mohavensis. Audibertia incana, see Salvia, carnosa. Audibertia pachystachya, see Salvia pachyphylla. Audibertia polystachya, see Salvia apiana. Audibertia stachyoides, see Salvia mellifera. Audibertiella incana, see Salvia carnosa. Ayenia microphylla Gray. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pod, available in September. A small, much-branched shrub with very small leaves. Ayenia pusilla L. Range: 11, 17, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, often prostrate shrub; often occurs in sand. Observations: Gambel quail. Azalea alabamense, see Rhododendron alabamense. Azalea albiflora, see Rhododendron albifiorum. Azalea arborescens, see Rhododendron arborescens. Azalea atlantica, see Rhododendron ailanticum. Azalea austrina, see Rhododendron austrinum. Azalea calendulacea, see Rhododendron calendulaceum. Azalea californica, see Rhododendron occidentale. Azalea canescens, see Rhododendron canescens and FR. rosewm. Azalea lapponica, see Rhododendron lapponicum. Azalea lutea, see Rhododendron calendulaceum. Azalea nudiflora, see Rhododendron nudifiorum. Azalea oblongifolia, see Rhododendron oblongifolium. Azalea occidentalis, see Rhododendron occidentale. Azaiea pilosa, see Menziesia pilosa. Azalea prinophylla, see Rhododendron roseum. Azalea prunifolia, see Rhododendron prunifolium. Azalea rosea, see Rhododendron roseum. Azalea serrulata, see Rhododendron serrulatum. Azalea speciosa, see Rhododendron speciosum. Azalea vaseyi, see Rhododendron vaseyi. Torrey lenscale. 68 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Azalea viscosa, see Rhododendron viscosum. Azaleastrum albiflorum, see Rhododendron albifiorum. Baccharis spp. Dioecious shrubs usually growing in neutral soil; propagation is by seed sown in fall or spring or by soft or hard wood cuttings; the seed is hard- coated and may need treatment before sowing. Baccharis angustifolia, see also Baccharis neglecta. Baccharis angustifolia Michx. False-willow. Range: 20, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large shrub; flowers in the fall, or all year southward; often grows near or in brackish marshes. Baccharis consanguinea, see Baccharis pilularis. Baccharis emoryi Gray. Waterwillow. Ranse: 0,8; 9,710; bE IG ae Site: Dry, well-drained, or more commonly moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, loosely-branched shrub; grazed by livestock in summer and fall in southeastern Arizona. Baccharis glomerulifiora Pers. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large shrub; flowers fall to winter or all year; ordinarily occurs in salt marshes and swamps. Baccharis glutinosa Pers. Seepwillow. Range: 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 1%. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, thicket-forming shrub; stems slender, erect, or straggling; sometimes only herbaceous; root system deep and wide-spreading; has been recommended for erosion control; readily propagated by cuttings. Baccharis halimifolia L. Groundsel tree. Range: 17, 20, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Achene, available November—December. A small to large, much-branched shrub; flowers August—October; may occur in salt marshes. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Baccharis neglecta Britt. B. angustifolia Gray, not Michx. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small evergreen shrub; flowers July-September; often occurs in saline soil; grows in sandy and other soils; invades abandoned farm lands. Baccharis pilularis DC. Kidneywort B. consanguinea DC. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers August—October; usually colony- forming; certain forms are prostate-spreading; has been observed to pioneer in gullies; grows on sandy or other soils; foliage very dense; has been recom- mended for sand-dune fixation. Stomach records: California quail. Observations: California mule deer. Baccharis pteronioides, see Baccharis ramulosa. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 69 Baceharis ramulosa Gray. Yerba-de-pasmo. B. pteronioides DC. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large dioecious shrub; rarely grazed by stock except on over- grazed range; poisonous to sheep. Baccharis salicina Torr. and Gray. Willow baccharis. Range: 11, 15, 16. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in August. A large shrub; flowers May—July and occurs in saline soil. Baccharis sarothroides Gray. Rosinbrush. Range: 5, 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, broomlike, much-branched shrub with few leaves. Not palatable to livestock. Baccharis viminea DC. Mulefat. Range: 3, 5, 9, 10. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, loosely-branched shrub; flowers July—August. Observations: California mule deer. Batodendron arboreum, see Vaccinium arboreum. Bebbia juncea (Benth.) Greene. Carphephorus junceus Benth. Range: 5, 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large shrub with rushlike branches. Befaria racemosa Vent. Tarflower. Range: 29, 80. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers spring—fall; very ornamental in flower. Beloperone californica Benth. Chuperosa. Range: 10, 11. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in April. A smali, spreading shrub; leafiess in dry seasons; the capsules, which break open violently, are sometimes infested with seed-destroying larvae. Observations: Very attractive to hummingbirds. Locally browsed by live- stock. Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees. Spicebush. Range: 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September, earlier southward, per- sistent or not. A large, bushy shrub; flowers March—May; usually occurs in slightly acid soil; a rich soil species but often persistent in clearings; propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe; fruit crops ordinarily light, locally heavy. Stomach records: Seventeen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and ring-necked pheasant; opossum. Observations: Seven species of birds; cottontail rabbit, marsh rabbit, white-tailed deer. Benzoin melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees. Southern spicebush. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A small to large shrub; very showy in the February—March flowering season, Observations: Marsh rabbit. 70 MISC. PUBLICATION 3803, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Berberis spp. Barbetries. Certain quarantines apply to the species here listed except B. thunbergii, since they are secondary hosts for the black stem rust of grains. Although Species are individually characterized as immune or susceptible to the disease, Federal quarantine officials should always be consulted before the species are used, planted, or shipped. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Ten species of birds, includ- ing ruffed grouse and ring-necked pheasant ; gray-sided jack rabbit. Observations (in addition to specifie records) : Six species of birds; jack rabbit. Berberis aquifolium Pursh. (pl. 4, D). Oregon-grape. Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Odostemon aquifolius (Pursh) Rydb., Odostemon nutkanus Rydb. Range: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available September—October. A small to large evergreen shrub with very thick foliage; flowers April—May ; several varieties in cultivation; fairly, but not completely, resistant to black stem rust. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse and dusky grouse; mountain sheep. Cbservations: Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer. Berberis californicum Jeps. California hollygrape. Odostemon dictyotus Abrams. Range: 3, 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large evergreen shrub; slightly susceptible to black stem rust. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Eerberis canadensis Pursh. American barberry. Range’: 25. 21, 28: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; available in September, long persistent. A small to large, spiny shrub; flowers in June; occurs on limestone, sand- stone, or acid soils; susceptible to black stem rust. Berberis fendleri Gray. Fendiler barberry. Range: 11, 138, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in September. A small to large, spiny shrub; flowers May—June; susceptible to black stem rust. Berberis fremontii Torr. Fremont hollygrape. Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde, Odostemon fremontii (Torr.) Abrams. Range: 9, 16, 11, 18, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers May-June; often forms dense clumps; very tolerant of arid conditions of soil and atmosphere; Susceptible to black stem rust; seed germination 90 percent or less. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Obdservations: Mule deer, New Mexico black bear. Berberis haematocarpa Woot. Red hollygrape. Odostemon haematocarpus (Woot.) Heller, Mahonia haematocarpa Fedde. Range: 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in August. A small to large evergreen shrub; susceptible to black stem rust; about 103,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Numerous birds, including Gambel quail; mule deer. Berberis japonica, see Berberis thunbergii. Rerberis nana, see Berberis repens. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATHS 71 Berberis nervosa Pursh. (pl. 1, B). Oregon-grape. Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt., Odostemon nervosus Rydb. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July—August. A small evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; spreads by creeping rootstocks to form thickets; resistant to black stem rust. Observations: Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer. Berberis nevinii Gray. Nevin hollygrape. Mahonia nevinii (Gray) Fedde, Odostemon nevinii (Gray) Abrams. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large evergreen shrub; occurs on sand, clay loam, and other soils; at first loosely branched, later more compact; root system shallow; drought resistant; rare and local; susceptible to black stem rust. Berberis pinnata Lag. Wavyleaf hollygrape. Mahonia pinnata Fedde, Mahonia fascicularis DC., Gdostemon fascicularis (DC.) Abrams. Range: 1, 3, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large evergreen shrub with thick foliage; preliminary tests indi- cate that this species is resistant to black stem rust. Of some importance as a honey plant. Berberis pumila Greene. Dwarf hollygrape. Mahonia pumila (Greene) Fedde, Odostemon pumilus Heller. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub; occurs from 3,000-5,000 feet; susceptibility to attack of black stem rust uncertain, although apparently resistant. Berberis repens Lindl. Creeping hollygrape. Odostemon repens (Lindl.) Cockerell, Mahonia repens (Lindl.) Don, Ber- beris nana Greene. Range: 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available in September. A small evergreen shrub; flowers in May; the rhizomes produce shoots and deep roots at intervals; resistant to black stem rust. Stomach records: Biack-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Reputed to be poisonous to stock but probably not very seriously so. Berberis sinensis, see Berberis thunbergii. Berberis swaseyi Buckl. Blue agarita. Mahonia swaseyi Fedde. Range: 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available May—June. A small evergreen shrub; fiowers in May; grows on many soils, including limestone; resistant to cold and drought; berries large, borne abundantly almost every year; very ornamental; a good hedge plant; susceptible to black stem rust. Berberis thunbergii DC. Thunberg barberry, B. japonica, B. sinensis of some. Range: 1, 2, 4, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; available in August, persistent all year round. A small to large, somewhat straggling, spiny shrub; native of Japan, but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; evergreen southward; grows in many kinds of soils; has not demonstrated its ability to compete with native vegetation, including grasses; on dry banks has been repeatedly observed to die 79 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE gradually; branches root where they touch the ground; not subject to black stem rust and not under quarantine; berries soften over winter and become more available to birds; much cultivated, and many cultivated varieties known; 25,000-28,000 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent, about 4,000 usable plants per pound of seed. ; Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Seven species of birds, includ- ing ring-necked pheasant, ruffed grouse (of value during winter), and bob- white; cottontail rabbit. Berberis trifoliolata Moric. Agarita. Odostemon trifoliolatus (Moric.) Heller, Mahonia trifotiolata Fedde, Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available April—May. A small to large evergreen shrub; thicket forming; occurs on gravelly and other soils; fruit edible; susceptible to black stem rust. A good honey plant. Berberis vulgaris L. European barberry. Range: 22, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; available August-September, persistent through the winter. A small to large shrub introduced from Europe but naturalized in the regions indicated; much cultivated, and many varieties known; most susceptible of ali species to the black stem rust; being eradicated in some areas. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bobwhite. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, mockingbird. Berberis wilcoxii Kearn. Odostemon wilcoxiit (Kearn.) Heller. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub; has not been tested for susceptibility to black stem rust. - Berchemia scandens (Hill) Trel. Rattan vine. Range: 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. A vigorous, much-branched vine; flowers March—June; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: 14 species of birds, including wood duck, mallard, bobwhite, and turkey. Observations: Much eaten by migratory birds. Bernardia myricaefolia (Scheele) Wats. Myrile croton. Tyria myricaefolia Scheele. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers in April; will grow under extremely adverse conditions. Eaten at times by very hungry stock. Berthelotia sericea, see Pluchea sericea. Betula spp. Birches. Trees or shrubs; generally short-lived; propagation is by seeds sown as soon as ripe or stored dry and after stratification at 32°-50° F., for 6 weeks, planted in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Twelve species of birds, including gray and eastern ruffed grouse, ptarmigan, sharp-tailed grouse, and woodcock ; composed 0.8 percent of entire fall food of prairie chickens in Wis- consin, 0.73 percent of entire fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin, 46.9 percent of all winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec, 12.26 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York, and 5.6 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States; northern white-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records): Twenty-one species of birds, including spruce grouse, ptarmigan, sharp-tailed grouse; staple winter food of greater prairie chicken, pinnated grouse, and ruffed grouse; important food of snowshoe hare, porcu- pine; an important food of beaver where Populus is lacking. 'The western species are browsed fairly well by livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 73 Betula alleghaniensis, see Betula lutea. Betula coerulea Blanch. Blueleaf birch. B. pendula Fern., not Roth. Range: 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available September—October. A large tree. Betula cordifolia, see Betula papyrifera. Betula fontinalis Sarg. Red birch. B. occidentalis Nutt., not Hook., B. utahensis Britt., B. micrephylla Bunge. Range: 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 18, 14, 15. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet. A small to rarely large tree; fair to good browse for sheep and goats; about 1,134,000 seeds per pound. Var. piperi (Britt.) Sarg., (B. piperi Britt.) is smaller than the species, occurs in region 7, and is clump-forming. Betula glandulifera, see Betula pumila. Betula glandulosa Michx. Bog birch. B. hallii Howell. Range: 2, 4, 12, 13, 15, 28, 24, 26. Site: Wet, sun. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet. A small to large shrub; usually occurs in sphagnum bogs. Observations: White-tailed ptarmigan, northern sharp-tailed grouse, greater prairie chicken. Palatability good for cattle and sheep in most western sec- tions, but plants are often inaccessible because of their occurrence in bogs. Betula hallii, see Betula glandulosa. Betula lenta L. Sweet birch. Range: 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available September—October. A large tree with open foliage; rapid growing when young, later slower; long-lived ; root system fibrous, deep, and spreading; not fire resistant; wind- firm; little attacked by disease except in old age; rarely attacked by insects; appears to flourish best in association with other species; wood used com- mercially to some extent; oil of wintergreen, produced by distillation of the leaves, is of importance commercially ; about 500,000 seeds per pound, germina- tion about 26 percent. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, greater prairie chicken. Observations: Red- poll, sharp-tailed grouse; important food of white-tailed deer, moose, cotton- tail rabbit. Betula lutea Michx. f. Yellow birch. B. alleghaniensis Britt. , Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available September—October. A large tree; rapid growing, especially when young; moderately long-lived ; root system widespread; taproot usually developed in a lateral direction; not fire resistant; wood of importance commercially; 400,000-440,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Merganser, ruffed grouse. Observations: Seven species of birds, including sharp-tailed grouse, ruffed grouse, prairie chicken; important food of white-tailed deer; red squirrel, cottontail rabbit, moose. Betula microphylla, see Betula fontinalis. Betula montanensis, see Betula papyrifera. Betula nigra L. River birch. Range: 20, 22, 28, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available July—September. 74 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large tree with open foliage; rapid growing when young; short-lived; little attacked by insects or disease; coppices when cut; wood used commercially to some extent. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Five species of birds includ- ing ruffed grouse and wild turkey; white-tailed deer. Eetula occidentalis, see Betula fontinalis and B. papyrifera. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper birch. B. alba papyrifera (Marsh) Spach. Ranve> 12.13. 15;18, 21,22) 23, 24,26; 24. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available August-September. A large, short-lived tree; rapid growing when young, later slower; root system shallow, superficial; a pioneer on burned-over areas; free from insects and disease; easily fire-damaged; wood used commercially to some extent; about 700,000 seeds per pound, germination about 21 percent, seed vitality transient. Var. subcordata (Rydb.) Sarg., (B. subcordaia Rydb.), the paper birch, oc- curs in region 12. Var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern., (B. cordifolia Regel) occurs in regions 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, and 27. Var. occidentalis (Hook.) Sarg., (B. occi- dentalis Hook.), the western paper birch occurs in regions 1, 2, and 12. Var. montanensis (Butler) Sarg., (B. montanensis Butler) occurs in region 12. Var. minor (Tuckerm.) Fern., (B. papyracea var. Tuckerm.), is a shrub ocecur- ring in regions 28 and 27, strictly in bogs. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, Observations: Redpoll, preferred food of ruffed grouse in Maine; snowshoe hare; important food of moose on isle Royale; sparingly browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Betula pendula, see Betula coerulea. Betula piperi, see Betula fontinalis. Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray birch. Range: 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available in September. A small to large short-lived tree; fairly rapid growing; free from insects and disease; easily storm-damaged: coppices freely when cut; wood used commercially to some extent; generally occurs in poor sandy or gravelly soils. Stomach records: Three species of birds including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Five species of birds; white-tailed deer. Betula pumila L. Swamp birch. Ranses AS, 21g? 25.24, 20,521. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available September—October. A small to large shrub. Var. glandulifera Regel (B. glandulifera (Regel) Butter), is a shrub occurring in regions 18, 21, 23, and 24. Betula subcordata, see Betula papyrifera. Betula utahensis, see Betula fontinalis. Bigelovia acradenius, see Aplapappus acradenius. Bigelovia arborescens, see Aplopappus arboresceits. Bigelovia brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. Bigelovia depressa, see Chrysothamnus depressus. Bigelovia douglasii, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Bigelovia greenei, see Chrysothamnus greenei. Bigelovia nelsonii, see Aplopappus laricifolius. Bigelovia paniculata, see Chrysothamnus paniculatus. Bigelovia parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. Bigelovia parryi, see Chrysothamnus parryi. Bigelovia pulchella, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 75 Bigelovia spathulata, see Aplopappus cuneatus. Bignonia capreolata L. Crossvine. Anisostichus capreolata (L.) Bur., Bignonia crucigera L., in part. Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. An evergreen, tree-climbing vine; blooms April—June; very handsome in cultivation ; usually occurs in rich soil. Bignonia crucigera, see Bignonia capreolata. Bignonia linearis, see Chilopsis linearis. Bignonia radicans, see Campsis radicans. Bignonia sempervirens, see Gelsemium sempervirens. Bignonia stans, see Tecoma stans, Biltia vaseyi, see Rhododendron vaseyi. Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. Sea oxeye. Buphthalmium frutescens L. Range: 17, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; blooms July-September, or all year southward; may occur in sandy soil, salt marshes, or on prairies. Brahea minima, see Sabal minor. Brayodendron texanum, see Diospyros texanu. Brickellia arguta, see Brickellia atractyloides. Brickellia atractyloides Gray. B. venulosus arguta (Robins.) Jeps., B. arguta Robins., Coleosanthus atrac- tyloides (Gray) Kuntze, C. venulosus Nels. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched shrub; flowers April—June. Brickellia desertorum Cov. Desert brickellbush, Coleosanthus desertorum Cov. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, intricately-branched shrub; blooms October-November. Brickellia frutescens Gray. Rigid brickellbush. Coleosanthus frutescens (Gray) Kuntze. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, rigid, spinose shrub; blooms April—May. Brickellia grayana, see Brickellia microphylla. Brickellia knappiana Drew. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, willowlike, slender shrub; flowers August-September ; a rare species. Brickellia laciniata Gray. Coleosanthus laciniatus (Gray) Kuntze. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. 76 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Brickellia microphylla (Nutt.) Gray. Littleleaf brickellbush. Bulbostylis microphulla Nutt., Brickellia grayana Hieron., Coleosanthus microphyllus (Nutt.), Kuntze, C. cedrosensis Greene. Range: 8, 9, 10, 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub or oceasionally not entirely woody; flowers August—October ; usually occurs in sand. Brickellia multiflora Kell. Coleosanthus multifiorus (Kell.) Kuntze. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large shrub; usually occurs in sand. Brickellia nevinii Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub with thick foliage. Brickellia squamulosa Gray. Coleosanthus squamulosus (Gray) Kuntze. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Brongniartia minutifolia Wats. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, much-branched shrub. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paper mulberry. Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze. Range: 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Compound drupe, available in September. A large shrub to small or large dioecious tree; flowers in May; naturalized from Japan and commonly escaped in the regions indicated; rapid growing; root sprouts produced copiously; very drought resistant; has spread very com- monly in gullies or occasionally in moist, shady places; fruits are borne seldom; about 200,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Broussonetia secundiflora, see Sophora secundifiora. Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks. Buckwheat-vine. Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Achene, available September—October, occasionally persistent all winter. A vine; blooms July—August; has colonized railroad embankments in the South. Stomach records: Mallard. Bryanthus taxifolius, see Phyllodoce caerulet. Buddleia humboldtiana Roem. ard Schult. Range: 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A shrub. Buddleia marrubiifolia Benth. Woolly butterfilybush. Range: 11, 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; may possibly furnish some browse for livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES a Buddleia racemosa Torr. Range: 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, loosely-branched shrub; flowers spring-summer. Buddleia scordioides H. B. K. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; palatability fairly good to good for sheep, goats, and cattle. Buddleia sessiliflora H. B. K. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small or large shrub to small tree. Buddleia utahensis Cov. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; possibly furnishes some browse for livestock. Bulbostylis microphylla, see Brickellia microphylla. Bumelia angustifolia see Bumelia spiniflora. Bumelia cassinifolia Small. Buckthorn. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe. Commonly a large shrub or small to large tree; spiny; often occurs in sandy woods. Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. Woolly buckthorn. Sideroxylon lanuginosa Michx. Range: 11, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available September—November, sometimes persistent. A large shrub to small or large spiny tree, evergreen southward; flowers June—July ; somewhat thicket forming, especially westward; occurs on rocky, gravelly, sandy, and other soils; 3,500-6,700 seeds per pound. Observations: Curve-billed thrasher, Sennett thrasher. Bumelia lucida Small. Shining bumelia, Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen, thorny ; branches rigid. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. Southern buckthorn. Range: 17, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—November. A large shrub to small or large tree; Semievergreen; unarmed or spiny; fiowers June-August; coppices when cut. Stomach records: Lesser scaup. Browsed to some extent by livestock. Bumelia monticola Buckl. Mountain buckthorn. Range: 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in September. A large shrub to small or large tree; largest forms occur on best sites; spiny and straggling; flowers June-July; usually occurs on limestone soil. Bumelia reclinata Vent. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, spiny evergreen shrub; may be erect or depressed; flowers sipring—summer or the year round; often occurs on sand. 78 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Bumelia schottii, see Bumelia spinifiora. Bumelia spiniflora DC. Saffron-plum. B. angustifolia Nutt., B. schottii Britt. Range? 1°31; 32. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available April—May. A large shrub to a small or rarely large tree; evergreen; flowers November— January ; propagated by seed. Bumelia tenax Willd. Tough buckthorn, Range: 29, 30, 31, 32. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—November. Most commonly a small to large shrub; sometimes a small to large tree; evergreen southward; flowers May-July; spiny or unarmed; may occur on sand. Bumelia texana Buckl. Range: 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; branches rigid and thorny. Buphthalmium frutescens, see Borrichia frutescens. Bursera lonchophylla, see Bursera odorata. Bursera odorata Brandeg. B. lonchophylla Sprague and Riley, B. tenuifolia Rose, B. purpusti Brandeg., Hlaphrium covillei Rose, H. confusum Rose, EH. brachypodum Rose, LE. odoratum (Brandeg.) Rose. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, resembling a capsule. A small tree; usually oceurs on calcareous soil. Bursera microphylla Gray. Elephant tree. Elaphrium microphyllum (Gray) Rose. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe; resembling a capsule, available in October. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers in June. Butneria fertilis, see Calycanthus fertilis. Butneria florida, see Calycanthus florida. Butneria mohri, see Calycanthus mohri. Butneria nana, see Calycanthus fertilis. Butneria occidentalis, see Calycanthus occidentalis. Euxella brachycera, see Gaylussacia brachycera. Buxus chinensis, see Simmondsia chinensis. Calliandra chamaedrys, see Calliandra eriophyilla. Calliandra conferta, see Calliandra eriophylla. Calliandra eriophylla Benth. False-mesquite. C. chamaedrys Engelm., C. conferta Benth., Anneslia eriophylla (Benth.) Britt. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, available May—August. A small, somewhat prostrate, densely-branched shrub; occurs on sandy and other soils; flowers March—May ; seed germination 64 percent. Stomach records: Masked bobwhite, bobwhite, antelope jack rabbit. Obdser- vations; Gambel, scaled, and Mearn’s quail. Highly palatable to livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 79 Callicarpa americana L. (pl. 5, A). French mulberry. Range: 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berrylike drupe, available August—-November. A large, bushy shrub, or rarely somewhat viny; flowers June-July; com- monly occurs in rich soil, but grows also in poor ones; may grow in sand, clay, loam, and other neutral soils; propagated by seed or cuttings, 85,000 seeds per pound, germination about 40 percent; about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: 10 species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: Five species of birds, including bobwhite; ranked as forty-first on the list of quail food plants of the southeastern United States; captive marsh rabbits. Calligonum canescens, see Atriplex canescens. Calycanthus fertilis Walt. Mountain spicewood. C. nanus Loisel., Butneria, fertilis (Walt.) Kearn., B. nana (Loisel.) Small. Range: 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule; available in September, persistent through the winter. A large shrub; flowers March—August; usually occurs on rich, nearly neutral soil; propagation is by seeds sown in spring. Considered deleterious to cattle. Calycanthus floridus L. Carolina allspice. Butneria florida (L.) Kearn. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers April—August; usually occurs in rich, neutral soil; propagation is by seed sown in spring. Calycanthus mohri Small. Buineria mohri Small. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Calycanthus nanus, see Calycanthus fertilis. Calyecanthus occidentalis Hock. and Arn. California sweetshrub. Buineria occidentalis (Hook. and Arn.) Greene. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers June-August; occurs from 800 to 3,800 feet. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Reputed to be poisonous to stock, but this may be questionable. Calycocarpum lyonii (Pursh) Nutt. Cupseed. Menispermum lyonii Pursh. Range: 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. A high-climbing and twining vine; fiowers May—June; often for the most part herbaceous; fruit ripens irregularly ; commonly climbs over bushes along stream banks. Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Trumpetcreeper. Tecoma radicans (1.) Juss., Bignonia radicans (L.) DC. Range: 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule; available August—October or persistent through the winter. An exceedingly rapid-growing tree-climbing vine; flowers all summer; some- what herbaceous in cultivated fields where it is often considered a troublesome weed, especially southward; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois; said to be narcotic, but not known to be eaten by domestic animals; much cultivated and with several varieties known. 130186°—39—_6 80 MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Canotia holacantha Torr. Mohave thorn. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub, or sometimes a small or large tree with rushlike branches; somewhat spinose; often occurs in pure stands of an acre or more; grows on gravelly or sandy soil. Worthless as forage for stock. Capsicum baccatum L. Chillipiquin. Range: 17, 20, 30. Site: Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Berry, available in September, long persistent. A small to large shrub. Carlowrightia arizonica Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small, wide-spreading shrub; cropped to some extent by sheep and cattie. Carlowrightia linearifolia (Torr.) Gray. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small shrub with small leaves; worthless as forage. Carpenteria californica Torr. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, many-stemmed, spreading evergreen shrub; flowers May-— July; commonly cultivated. Foliage very bitter, seldom grazed even by sheep. Carphephorus junceus, see Bebbia juncea. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue beech. Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29; 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nutlet; available August—October, often persistent. A small to large bushy tree; slow growing; rarely attacked by insects; wood very hard and durable, somewhat used commercially; propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe; germination very irregular; about 300 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, turkey, and sharp-tailed grouse; composed 4.08 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, ruffed grouse, bob- white; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer, gray squirrel. Carya spp. Hickories. Large trees; usually grow on neutral soil; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring; because of their long taproots they are ordinarily hard to transplant; will not stand much trampling by stock. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Eleven species of birds, including wood duck, mallard, ruffed grouse, bobwhite, turkey, ring-necked pheasant; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records): Four species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer, cotton- tail rabbit, and many squirrels; gray fox, red squirrel, southwestern chipmunk, gray squirrel, flying squirrel. Carya alba, see also Carya ovata. Carya alba (L.) Koch. Mockernut hickory. Hicoria alba (l.) Britt., C. tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. Range: 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut: available September—November. A large tree; taproot much developed; rapid growing when young, rather long-lived; generally occurs on richer soils; wind-firm; easily fire-damaged ; much attacked by insects; stump and root sprouts produced freely ; may occur on sandstone, chert, or igneous areas; wood of importance commercially ; seed produced abundantly about every other year; 110 seeds per pound, germination about 85 percent; about 35 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations; White-tailed deer, Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 5 A, Callicarpa americana, a valuable species for soil and wildlife conservation in the Southeast. B, Cas- tanopsis chrysophulla. This bushy evergreen, the golden chinquapin, should prove a valuable soil cover and wildlife food plant. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 6 A, Celtis douglasii. This hackberry, like others in the genus, thrives in extremely arid regions. Its value as cover in an otherwise barren country is very great. B, Ceanothus prostratus forms perfect cover on part of a dry railroad embankment. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 81 Carya amara, see Carya cordiformis. Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt. Water hickory. Hicoria aquatica (Michx. f.) Britt. Range: 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nut; available September—October. A large tree; ordinarily grows in alluvial soil; taproot small, lateral roots well developed ; wood of little importance commercially. Stomach records: Wood duck, mallard. Carya arkansana, see Carya buckleyi. Carya buckleyi Durand. Texas hickory. Hicoria buckleyi (Durand) Sudw. Range: 16, 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut. A large tree; occurs in sandy or other soils. Var. arkansana (Sarg.) Ashe, (C. arkansana Sarg.) occurs also in region 25. Carya carolinae-septentrionalis (Ashe) Hngelm. and Graebn. Southern shagbark hickory. Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. Range: 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut. A large tree; occurs on sandy, rocky, or rich soil. Carya cordiformis (Wang.) Koch. Bitternut hickory. Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) Britt., H. minima (Marsh.) Britt., C. amara Nutt. Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A large tree; usually occurs on slightly acid, very fertile soil; the most rapid growing of all the hickories, especially when young, later slower; tap- root and laterals well developed; long-lived ; easily frost- and fire-damaged when young; stump and root sprouts produced; has been noted to be dying out in Indiana supposedly because of a root disease; attacked by hickory borer, otherwise generally free from insects and fungi; wood very tough, of some importance commercially; about 110 seeds per pound, germination 80—90 percent. Observations: Cottontail rabbit; fruit claimed to be generally distasteful to wildlife. Carya floridana Sarg. Scrub hickory. Hicoria floridana (Sarg.) Sudw. Range: 30, 31. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut. A large shrub to small tree; usually occurs on sandy soil; fruit usually produced abundantly. Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet. Pignut hickory. C. porcina Nutt., Juglans glabra Mill., Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt. Range: 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A large tree; ordinarily occurs in fertile, slightly acid soil; slow growing, long-lived ; root system deep; wind-firm; easily frost- and fire-damaged; some- what injured by bark beetles; root sprouts produced; often invades land after the virgin forest is cut to form pure stands; difficult to transplant; 210 seeds ne sah germination about 85 percent; about 70 usable plants per pound of seed. Var. megacarpa (Sarg.) Sudw., (C. megacarpa Sarg.) has larger fruits and occurs within the range of the species. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 82 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Carya illinoensis, see Carya pecan. Carya laciniosa (Michx f.) Loud. Big shellbark hickory. C. sulcata Nutt., Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sarg., H. sulcata (Willd.) Britt. Range: 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, availabie September—October. A large tree; ordinarily occurs on fertile soils; taproot much developed; slow growing, long-lived ; wind-firm; much injured by insects; root sprouts ordinarily grow faster than seedlings; wood valuable commercially; difficult to trans- plant. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Carya leiodermis Sarg. Pignut hickory. Hicoria leiodermis (Sarg.) Sudw. Range: 29. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A large tree. Carya megacarpa, see Carya glabra. Carya microcarpa Nutt. Little pignut hickory. Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt., H. ovata nuttallii (Sarg.) Sudw. Range: 22.2425, 27, 28, 29: Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit :Nut, available September—October. A large tree; ordinarily occurs on rich soil. Carya myristicaeformis (Michx. f.) Nutt. Nutmeg hickory. Hicoria myristicaeformis (Michx. f.) Britt., Juglans myristicaeformis Michx. f., H. fernowiane Sudw. Range: 20, 25, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A large tree; taproot strongly developed; difficult to transplant. The Fernow hickory has recently been listed as distinct from this species; its range is, as yet, not clear. Carya olivaeformis, see Carya pecan. Carya ovalis (Wang.) Sarg. Small pignut. Hicoria ovalis (Wang.) Sudw. Range: 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut. Six varieties are recognized, one of which extends the range of the species to region 24. Carya ovata (Mill.) Koch. Shagbark hickory. C. alba Nutt. not Koch, Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt., H. carolinae-septentri- onalis australis Ashe, Juglans ovata Mill. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A large, slow-growing, long-lived tree; taproot much developed; young trees easily frost-damaged; wind-firm; severely injured by fire; much attacked by insects; root sprouts decrease with age of trees; wood important commercially, tough, but not durable when exposed; difficult to transplant; often occurs in limestone hills; five recognized varieties occur within the range of the species; 80-90 seeds per pound, germination about 85 percent; about 30 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. and Graebn. Pignut hickory. C. glabra villosa (Sarg.) Robins., Hicoria pallida Ashe. Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A small to large tree; occurs on sterile, sandy, or rocky soil; wood used commercially, NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 83 Carya pecan (Marsh.) Engl. and Graebn. Pecan. C. illinoensis (Wang.) Koch, C. olivaeformis Nutt., Hicoria pecan (Marsh. ) Britt. Range: 16, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A large tree; taproot short, root system spreading; usually occurs on fertile soil; comparatively rapid growing (for a hickory), long-lived; ability to stump sprout decreases with age; easily frost-damaged; somewhat injured by bark beetles; wood much inferior to other hickories, unimportant commercially although somewhat used for fuel; nuts probably do not mature northward because of frost; difficult to transplant; most cultivated forms, of which there are about 100 named varieties, have larger nuts with thinner shells than the wild species; 100 seeds per pound, germination about 85 percent; about 35 usable plants per pound of seed; a hybrid between this and C. laciniosa is recognized as the Nussbaumer hickory and between this and C. cordiformis as Brown’s hickory. Stomach records: Six species of birds; opossum. Observations: Three species of birds including wild turkey ; bassariscus, peceary. Carya porcina, see Carya glabra. Carya sulcata, see Carya laciniosa. Carya texana DC. Bitter pecan. Hicoria texana (Le Conte) Britt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A large tree. Carya tomentosa, see Carya alba. Carya villosa Schneid. Pignut hickory, C. buckleyi villosa Sarg., Hicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe, H. glabra villosa Sarg. Range: 20, 22, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available October—November. A large, drought-resistant tree; occurs on sandy or other soils. Caryopitis edulis, see Pinus edulis. Caryopitis monophylla, see Pinus monophylla. Cassandra calyculata, see Chamaedaphne calyculata. Cassia armata Wats. Senna. Xerocassia armata (Wats.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, much-branched shrub, leafless most of the year; may occur on sandy or other soils. Cassia covesii Gray. Senna. Farleocassia covesit (Gray) Britt. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub; often only herbaceous in the eastern part of its range. Cassia wislizenii Gray. Palmerocassia wislizenit (Gray) Britt. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, much-branched, spreading shrub. Cassiope hypnoides (L.) Don. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, evergreen shrub; flowers June-July; procumbent and tufted, some- what mosslike; occurs on alpine summits. 84 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) Don. Andromeda mertensiana Bong. Range: 1, 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A low shrub; stems prostrate, more or less matted; occurs at high altitudes. Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Castanea spp. The chinquapins are susceptible to the chestnut blight, although that disease has not been as destructive of them as of the chestnut; propagation is by seed sown in fall or spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Hastern flying squirrel, gray squirrel, red squirrel, eastern chipmunk. Obdservations (in addition to specific records) : Bluejay, pileated woodpecker; opossum, white-tailed deer. Castanea alabamensis Ashe. Alabama chinquapin. Range: 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A large tree. Castanea alnifolia Nutt. Dwarf chinqguapin. C. nana Muhl. Range: 29, 20. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A small shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; forms great patches by means of stolons. Castanea arkansana, see Castanea ozarkensis. Castanea ashei Sudw. Coastal chinquapin. C. pumila ashei Sudw. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available in September. A large shrub to small tree; usually occurs in sand. A form with more pointed leaves has been described as C. margaretta Ashe. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American chestnut. Range: 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A large tree, very nearly extinct through ravages of the chestnut blight; root system deep, taproot well developed. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey; white-tailed deer. Castanea floridana (Sarg.) Ashe. C. alnifolia fioridana Sarg. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available in August. A large shrub to small or large tree; often many-stemmed even when arborescent. Castanea margaretta, see Castanea ashei. Castanea nana, see Castanea alnifolia. Castanea ozarkensis Ashe. Ozark chinquapin. C. arkansana Ashe, Range: 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut. A small to large tree, commonly several-stemmed. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. Chinquapin. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, available September—November. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 85 A large shrub to small or large tree; grows in sand, loam, clay, and other soils; coppices freely when cut; wood used to some extent commercially; 250 seeds per pound, germination about 60 percent, about 50 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Castanopsis spp. Chinquapins. The species have been found experimentally susceptible to the chestnut blight. This disease is present in California in three commercial chestnut plantings where the burning of attacked individuals as a control measure is being actively pursued with success. Observations (in addition to specific records): Allen’s chipmunk, golden- mantled ground squirrel. Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl.) DC. (pl. 5, B). Golden chinguapin. Range: 1, 4, 6. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available in September of the second season. A small to large evergreen tree; thicket-forming; wood rarely used commer- cially; fruits sparingly. Var. minor (Benth.) DC., the golden chinquapin, is a large shrub in region 4. Observations: Of fair importance for mule deer. Castanopsis sempervirens (Kell.) Dudl. California chinquapin. C. chrysophylla minor Wats. Range: 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September—October of the second season. A small to large, spreading evergreen shrub. Observations: Bighorn. Seldom touched by livestock; concentrated feeding may result in poisoning. Castela nicholsonii Hook. Goatbush. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small, spiny, rigid shrub. Castela texana (Torr. and Gray) Rose. Goatbush. C. nicholsoniit texana Torr. and Gray. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, rigid, Spinescent shrub; thicket-forming; resistant to cattle as a hedge. Castilleja hololeuca Greene. Bush paintbrush. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Catalpa spp. Catalpa. Propagation of all species is by Seed Sown in spring after stratification. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Common catalpa. C. catalpa (L.) Karst. Range: 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: A long capsule, available September to spring. A large tree; flowers May-June; wood highly valued for fence posts. The original range is now uncertain, having been extended by plantings. Catalpa catalpa, see Cataipa bignonioides. Catalpa speciosa Hngelm. Haray catalpa. Ranges 217 22, 23, 25, 29: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: A long capsule, available September to spring. A large tree; flowers May-June; extensively planted and probably escaping in many places; rapid growing, relatively short-lived; easily injured by frost, storms, insects, and fungi; coppices freely; wood seldom used commercially although much used for fence posts; about 23,000 seeds per pound, germination about 80 percent; about 5,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 86 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Caudoleucaena retusa, see Leucaena retusa. Ceanothus spp. Ceanothus. Generally large shrubs to small trees; ordinarily occur on more or less acid soil; nodules on the roots of the species assist in nitrogen fixation in the same manner as in the legumes; the deciduous forms are generally characteristic of drier soil and lower slopes; evergreen forms more characteristic of higher moisture slopes. Propagation is by seed treated with hot water followed by stratification as given for each species; seed can be germinated without any treatment, but low percentage of germination must be expected; many species can also be propagated by stem or root cuttings. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 15 species of birds, inelud- ing bobwhite, 2 species of western quail and mourning dove; mountain sheep, Columbian chipmunk, Mono chipmunk, gray-sided jack rabbit, black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Olympic wapiti, Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer, mule deer, alpine chipmunk. The deciduous forms are gen- erally palatable to livestock but the evergreen forms are usually worthless. Ceanothus americanus L. J ersey-tea. Range: 17, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available September—November. A small, bushy shrub; flowers May—July; root system very large, taproot very well developed, deep penetrating in sandstone, limestone, sand, clay, and other soils. Stomach records: Four species of birds including bobwhite and wild turkey. Ceanothus arboreus Greene. Island myrtle. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A large shrub to small tree; flowers Ferbruary—March; crown open; foliage very ample; $0 nee germination of seeds may be obtained by treating with hot water at 194° F.; about 48,000 seeds per pound. Ceanothus californicus, see Ceanothus integerrimus. Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg. Mountain whitethorn. Range: 4, 5, 10 Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small, wide-spreading, intricately-branched, thorny shrub; flowers June— July; thicket forming; occurs from 6,000 to 9,000 feet; stump sprouts and reproduces by seed very well after fires; seeds treated with hot water to 176° F then stratified 3144 months at 86° germinate up to 65 percent; seeds boiled 1 minute and stratified 3 months germinate up to 60 percent. Observations: Mountain quail; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; mountain beaver. Considered inferior browse for cattle, but much used by sheep; fairly resistant to grazing. Ceanothus crassifolius Torr. Deer brush. C. insularis Eastw. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, much-branched evergreen shrub; flowers January-April; occurs below 3,500 feet; foliage rather open; very inflammable; rarely coppices; intolerant of shade; propagation by seed heated to 70° C. in water, then cooled, and stratified 3 months at 35° F.; germination of 76 percent is thus obtained; about 33,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. Wedgeleaf ceanothus. Range: 38, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers March—May; occurs below 5,000 feet; spreading, rigid, intricately branched and with dense foliage; thicket forming; often sprawling; crown sprouts abundantly after fires; forms im- penetrable thickets but seldom makes a continuous cover; regenerates from NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 87 exposed roots; 92-percent germination of seeds is obtained when they are heated to 158° F. in water, allowed to cool, and stratified 344 months at 36°; about 54,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Valley quail. Observations: Mountain quail, mariposa brush rabbit; of outstanding importance for mule deer. If grazed extensively by stock, may cause kidney trouble in males; generally not browsed by stock. Ceanothus cyaneus, see Ceanothus tomentosus. Ceanothus dentatus Torr. and Gray. Sand scrub. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, densely-branched shrub; flowers April-June; occurs on sandy and other soils; 83-percent germination of seeds may be obtained when they are treated with hot water to 158° F., cooled, and stratified 8 months at 36°. Several varieties occur within the range of the species, one of which, var. im- pressus Trel., is prostrate. Ceanothus divaricatus, see Ceanothus lewcodermis and C. oliganthus. Ceanothus diversifolius Kellogg. Trailing ceanothus. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small, trailing or prostrate, matlike shrub; flowers May—June; occurs from 300 to 600 feet elevation. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Considered fair sheep browse. Ceanothus fendleri Gray. Fendler ceanothus. Range: 9, 11, 18, 14, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small to large shrub; branches spiny, sometimes procumbent; flowers June— August; may form dense thickets; occurs on sandy and other soils; root system somewhat shallow, taproot not deep; germination of seed not less than 16 percent. Stomach records: Poreupine, black-tailed deer. Observations: A famous deer browse; heavily utilized by porcupines during summer. An important browse in the southwest for livestock. Ceanothus ferrisae McMinn. Range: 1, 3. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub; branches stiff, divergent. Ceanothus foliosus Parry. Wavyleaf ceanothus. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available April—May. A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; occurs at 200 to 3,500 feet eleva- tion; foliage dense; often procumbent or nearly prostrate; root nodules well developed; 92-percent germination of seeds may be obtained when they are treated in hot water at 158° F., cooled, and stratified 8 months at 36°. Ceanothus greggii Gray. Gregg ceanothus. C. verrucosus greggii (Brandeg.) Gray. Range: 4, 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in July. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers March—May; spiny, rigid, and intricately branched. Considered by some to be ©. vestitus Greene for Cali- pone Fair to good browse in winter and early spring for stock, especially goats. Var. perplexans (Trel.) Jeps. (C. perplexans Trel.), occurs within the range of the species. Ceanothus hirsutus, see Ceanothus oliganthus, 88 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ceanothus incanus Torr. and Gray. Coast whitethorn. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers April-May; forms extensive thickets; pioneers in logged woodland areas; stump sprouts after cutting; propagation is by seeds treated in hot water to 176° F., cooled, and stratified 3142 months at 36°; by this process 70-percent germination may be obtained. Ceanothus infesta, see Adolphia infesta. Ceanothus insularis, see Ceanothus crassifolius. Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. and Arn. Deer brush. C. californica Kellogg, C. integerrimus puberulus Abrams. Range: 4, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, widely branched shrub; flowers June-August; occurs from 2,000 to 5,000 feet northward and from 4,000 to 6,500 feet southward; foliage dense; some leaves persist all winter; rapid growing; stump sprouts after eutting or fire; withstands grazing well; reproductive power good; easily shaded out by pine and fir; 85-percent germination of seed is obtained by heating to 176° FE. in water, cooling, and stratifying 3144 months at 36°; 68-percent germina- tion obtained with seeds boiled 1 minute and stratified 3 months. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Of outstanding importance for mule deer; porcupine. The most important browse species for stock in California. Considered poisonous by some but probably of little significance physiologically. A valuable honey plant. Ceanothus intermedius Pursh. Redroot. CO. americanus intermedius Koch. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A small shrub; flowers April—May. Ceanothus jepsonii Greene. Jepson ceanothus. Range: 4 Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, rigid, erect shrub; flowers in April; colony forming; com- pletely killed by chaparral fires. Var. purpurea Jeps. (C. purpurea Jeps.), the hollyleaf ceanothus, occurs in the southern part of the range. Ceanothus lemmonii Parry. Plumas-brush. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading shrub; flowers April—May. Ceanothus leucodermis Greene. Chaparral whitethorn. C. divaricatus of auth., not Nutt., C. divaricatus grosse-serratus Torr. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; spreading and spinose, flowers April--May; occurs from 1,000 to 5,000 feet; persists in spite of fire; 67-percent germination of seed obtained by heating in water to 158° F., cooling, stratifying at 36° for 3 months; 48-percent germination obtained by heating to 194°, cooling, and sowing for 4 months; about 77,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Value for livestock limited. Ceanothus macrocarpus Nutt. Big-pod ceanothus. C. megacarpus Nutt., C. cuneatus macrocarpus (Nutt.) Brandeg. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 890 A large shrub to small tree: flowers January—March ; occurs at low altitudes. Observations: California mule deer. Ceanothus martinii Jones. Martin ceanothus. C. sorediatus glabra Wats. Range: 9, 138. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers June—July. Highly palatable to sheep and cattle. Ceanothus megacarpus, see Ceanothus macrocarpus. Ceanothus microphyllus Michx. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading, much-branched evergreen shrub; flowers April—May ; occurs in sandy and other Soils. Ceanothus oliganthus Nutt. Hairy ceanothus. C. hirsutus Nutt., C. divaricatus Nutt., not of auth., C. orcuttii Parry. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers May—June; occurs below 3,500 feet. Observations: California mule deer. Ceanothus orcuttii, see Ceanothus oliganthus. Ceanothus oregonus, see Ceanothus sanguineus. Ceanothus ovalis, see Ceanothus ovatus. Ceanothus ovatus Desf. Redrooct. C. ovalis Bigel. Range: 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule available September—November. : A small shrub; flowers May—June; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Bobwhite (?). One of the best stock browse species in the Black Hills. Ceanothus palmeri Trel. Cuyamaca bush. C. spinosus palmeri Jeps. Range: 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers May-June; occurs from 4,500 to 5,700 feet; stump sprouts after cutting. Browsed by cattle in times of scarcity of other feed. Ceanothus papillosus Torr. and Gray. Bennie bush. Range: 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to rarely large shrub of open habit; flowers May—June; inflammable; 75-percent germination of seed is obtained by treating with hot water to 176° F., cooling, and stratifying 3% months at 36°; about 200,000 seeds per pound. Ceanothus parryi Trel. Lady-bloom, Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers April-June; very openly branched. Ceanothus parvifolius Trel. Littleleaf ceanothus. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers in June; occurs from 4,700 to 6,500 feet. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Ceanothus perplexans, see Ceanothus greggii. 90 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ceanothus pinetorum Coy. Kern ceanothus. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading or erect shrub; flowers in June; cccurs from 7,000 to 8,800 feet ; procumbent or prostrate forms are known. Observations: Rocky Mountain mule deer. Ceanothus prostratus Benth. (pl. 6, B). Mahala mat. Range: 4, 9, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, prostrate evergreen shrub; branches root where in contact with the soil, and form a matlike ground cover; forms are known that are not as prostrate as the species. Var. grandifolius Jeps. occurs in region 1. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Forage value for livestock slight or negligible. Ceanothus pubescens (Torr. and Gray) Rydb. C. ovatus pubescens Torr. and Gray. Range: 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers May—July ; occurs in sandy soils. Ceanothus purpurea, see Ceanothus jepsonii. Ceanothus rigidus Nutt. Rigid ceanothus. C. verrucosus rigidus Brandeg. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers February—April; rigidly and divaricately branched; occurs in Sandy and other soils; closely related to C. cuneatus (q. v.), possibly only a blue-flowered variety; 92 percent germination of seed obtained by treating in hot water to 158° F., cooling, and sowing for 16 weeks. Var. fresnensis Jeps. extends the range to region 3. Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh. Redstem ceanothus. C. oreganus Nutt. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12, 24. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers May—June. Stomach records: Valley quail. Palatability to stock, fair to fairly good. Ceanothus serpyllifolius Nutt. Range: 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, diffusely-branched, decumbent, evergreen shrub; flowers April—May. Ceanothus sorediatus Hook. and Arn. Jim brush. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large, thicket-forming, spiny shrub; flowers April-May; coppices vigorously after cutting or burning; produces little shade; occurs from 500 to 2,500 feet; practically 100-percent germination of seed can be obtained by boiling 5 minutes and stratifying 3 months at 36° F. Ceanothus spinosus Nutt. Greenbark ceanothus. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. Commonly a large shrub or rarely a small tree; partly evergreen, often wide spreading and straggling; sometimes spiny; colony forming; occurs below 2,000 feet; practically 100-percent germination of seed is obtained by heating in water to 158° F., cooling, and sowing for 16 weeks; about 48,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Ol Ceanothus subsericeus Rydb. Range: 18. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers in July. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Hsch. Blueblossom. Range: 1. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available July—December. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers April-June; nitrogen nodules very abundant; forms dense thickets after fires; a pioneer in cut-over areas, often to the exclusion of other species; not successful in heavy soils; root system shallow; 83-percent germination of seed obtained by treating in hot water to 158° F., cooling, and stratifying 3 months at 36°; about 182,000 seeds per pound. Observations: An important food of Roosevelt elk. Ceanothus tomentosus Parry. Ione bush. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, loosely-branched shrub; flowers in May; occurs up to 3,000 feet; stump sprouts after cutting. Var. olivaceus Jeps. (C. cyaneus Hastw.), Ramona bush, occurs in region 5. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. Snowbrush. Range: 2, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers May-July; spreading and many stemmed from the base; possesses a single large taproot which may make transplanting difficult; root System spreading, deep; a pioneer, forming vast thickets in logged or burned-over areas; 68 percent germination of seed is obtained by treatment in hot water at 176° F., and stratification for 3 months at 36°, or 63 percent when boiled 5 minutes and stratified 3 months: Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Observations: A fair browse for mule deer; pica. Usually grazed only slightly by stock; much grazing indicates poor range; attempts to eradicate the species by overgrazing by goats have failed. Ceanothus verrucosus Nutt. Barranca bush. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, wide-spreading shrub; flowers January—April; occurs in sandy soils, not successful in heavy soils; 20-percent germination of seed obtained when sown directly. Ceanothus vestitus, see Ceanothus greggii. Cebatha carolina, see Cocculus carolinus. Cebatha diversifolia, see Cocculus diversifolius. Celastrus scandens L. Climbing bittersweet. Range: 11, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Pod, seedS with pulpy arils, available September—December, rarely later. A twining, high-climbing, or thicket-forming vine; essentially dioecious but pistillate plants have enough staminate flowers to ensure fertilization; injures trees by constriction; very common along fence rows; occurs in loam, sand, clay, and other soils; propagation is by seeds sown in fall or stratified and sown in spring, or by layers and root cutting; 12,000 seeds per pound, germi- nation 80 percent, about 3,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Hight species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bob- white. Observations: Seven species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant; cotton- tail rabbit, fox squirrel, songbirds. Not browsed by livestock; poisonous to horses but apparently not attractive to them. 92 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Celosia palmeri Wats. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achenelike. A small shrub. Celtis spp. Hackberries. Propagation of all species is by seedS sown aS soon Aas ripe. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Twenty-four species of birds, including mallard. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Twenty species of birds; cliff squirrel, rock squirrel, snowshoe hare. Except for C. douglasii, western hack- berries are without range significance for livestock. Celtis aculeata, see Celtis iguanaea. Celtis anfractuosa, see Celtis iguanaea. Celtis canina, see Celtis occidentalis. Celtis crassifolia, see Celtis occidentalis. Celtis douglasii Planch, (pl. 6, A.). C. rugosa Rydb. Range 5,2(,).8; 9) bb tos es: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July—January. A small or large shrub to small tree; larger form found only on very good soil or in cultivation. Stomach records: Two species of birds. An important secondary browse for cattle and sheep, especially in early spring and winter; galls on the leaves, a general condition in Utah, reduces palatability to livestock. Celtis georgiana Small. Georgia hackberry. C. pumiia georgiana (Small) Sarg. Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small shrub to small tree. Celtis helleri, see Celtis lindheimeri. Ceitis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. C. platycaulis Greenm., C. anfractuosa Liebm., C. aculeata Sw., Momisia aculeata Kl. Range: 17, 32. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree with spiny branches; somewhat climbing; com- monly occurs on sandy soil. Celtis laevigata, see Celtis mississippiensis. Celtis lindheimeri Koch. Paloblanco. C. helleri Small. Range: 17, 20. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available in September, persistent until spring. A smail to large tree. Celtis mississippiensis Bosc. Southern hackberry. C. laevigata Willd., C. smallii Beadle. Range; 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, more or less persistent. A large shrub to small or large tree; wood used to some extent commercially ; 2,500-4,000 seeds per pound. Var. anomala Sarg. is a shrub occurring in region 20, commonly in sand. Stomach records: Ten species of birds. Observations: Wild turkey; eaten as a last resort by marsh rabbits. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 93 Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. Range: 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, often persistent until June. A large shrub to more commonly a small or large tree; much spread by introduction as a drought-resistant plant; root system medium deep to shallow; rapid growing; short-lived; in general free from serious insect enemies and diseases, except for a witches’-broom caused by the mite Hriophyes and a pow- dery mildew fungus; the witches-broom does not cause serious damage to the tree; very resistant to drought; wood somewhat used commercially ; propagated by layering, cuttings, and seed; easily transplanted when young; 1,500-2,000 seeds per pound, germination 86 percent, about 500 usable plants per pound of seed; seeds treated with concentrated sulphuric acid 1 hour, washed in water, and treated an additional hour in concentrated sulphuric acid, give 84-percent germination in 55 days, as against 22 percent in 65 days after stratification at 41° BF, for 2 months; fruit produced sparingly. Very variable in size, form, and color of fruit. Several varieties have been described, such as var. canina Sarg. (C. canina Raf.), a tree occurring with the species, var. crassifolia (La Marck) Gray, (C. crassifolia Lam.) and var. pumila Muhl., a low, straggling shrub. Stomach records: Twenty-five species of birds, including bobwhite and lesser prairie chicken. Observations: Twenty species of birds, including wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and prairie sharp-tailed grouse. Celtis pallida Torr. (pl. 7, A). Desert hackberry. Momisia pallida (Torr.) Planch. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July—November. A large, spiny, densely-branched, evergreen shrub; forms dense thickets; wood useful for fence posts; seed germination apparently low. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including Gambel and scaled quail; antelope jack rabbit. Observations: Scaled quail, mocking bird, thrasher, phainopeplas, cactus wren, cardinal, pyrrholoxia, towhee, Gambel quail; used almost to the exclusion of other species as roosts by Gambel quail; Mexican raccoon, jack rabbit, captive deer. A good honey plant. Celtis platycaulis, see Celtis iguanaea. Celtis reticulata Torr. Thick-leaved hackberry, C. mississippiensis reticulata Sarg. Range: 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in September. A large shrub to small or large tree; grows in limestone and other soils in- cluding rocky and gravelly ones; wood locally used for fence posts; berries rich in calcium; formerly a staple Indian food; seed germination about 80 percent, about 400 usable plants per pound of seed. Var. vestita Sarg. (C. rugulosa Rydb.) occurs in the northeastern portions of the range. Celtis rugulosa, see C. reticulata. Celtis rugosa, see Celtis douglasii. Celtis smallii, see Celtis mississippiensis. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonball bush. Range: 3,4, 0) ii. 1G) diel 9) 2002102223240 95 6027, 25, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nutlike capsule, available September—December or even later. Commonly a large shrub, rarely a small or even a large tree; flowers in May northward, August southward; generally occurs in neutral soil; will grow in fresh soil under cultivation but in the wild state usually dies out for lack of moisture; propagation is by seed sown in fall or stratified and sown in spring, probably also by cuttings. Stomach records: Twenty-five species of birds, most of them water or shore birds; composed 1.76 percent of food of 1,725 mallards. Observations: Ring- necked pheasant. Probably poisonous to livestock if eaten. A good bee plant. Q4 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cerasus borealis, see Prunus nigra. Cerasus caroliniana, see Prunus caroliniana. Cerasus demissa, see Prunus demissa. Cerasus emarginata, see Prunus emargindta. Cerasus mahaleb, see Prunus mahaleb. Cerasus minutiflora, see Prunus minutifiora. Cerasus nigra, see Prunus nigra. Cerasus trichopetala, see Prunus corymbulosa. Ceratiola ericoides Michx. Rosemary. Range: 29, 30, 31. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small, much-branched, aromatic evergreen shrub; often occurs in very acid soil; easily destroyed by fire. Stomach records: Lesser scaup. Cercidiopsis microphylla, see Cercidium microphyllum. Cercidium spp. All species are propagated by seed. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. Cercidium floridum, see Cercidium macrum, and C. torreyanum. Cercidium macrum Johnst. Texas paloverde. C. floridum of auth. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small tree; thorny but not as much so as @. tezanum; flowers throughout the summer. Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) Rose and Johnst. Littleleaf horsebean. Parkinsonia microphylla Torr., Cercidiopsis microphylla (Torr.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, persistent for at least a year after ripening. A small to large shrub or rarely small tree; spiny; somewhat used locally for food. Observations: Jack rabbit. Of local importance as an emergency forage for livestock. Cercidium texanum (Wats.) Gray. Parkinsonia texana Wats. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small or rarely a large shrub; thorny and often intricately branched; leaves early deciduous; often forms dense thickets; easily grown from seed; said to be a honey plant. Cercidium torreyanum (Wats.) Sarg. (pl. 7, B). Paloverde. C. floridum Torr. not Benth., Parkinsonia torreyana Wats. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume; available July, falls immediately. A small to large tree; flowers April-May; occurs in sandy and other soils; leafless most of the year. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: A favorite food of burro deer. Of local importance as an emergency forage for livestock. A good bee plant, Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 7 | A, Celtis pallida, the desert hackberry, because of its great importance for wildlife and the dense cover it | produces, should prove of outstanding value in planting for soil and wildlife conservation. A, Cercidiwm | torreyanum. The recorded value of the paloverde as food for wildlife is not great, but as cover for soil and wildlife in arid regions its value is obvious. (Photograph by U.S. Forest Service.) Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 8 A, Cercis canadensis. The pods of the redbud often remain unopened throughout the winter, except those opened by birds. B, Chionanthus virginica, The beauty and fragrance of the flowers of the fringe tree entitle it to a place in highway plantings. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 95 Cercis canadensis L. (pl. 8, A). Redbud. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Legume; available July-August, pods persist throughout winter, seeds fall or not. A small tree; flowers March-April; occurs in slightly acid, sand, loam, caleareous, and other soils; root nodules are not formed by this legume; propa- gation is by seed treated with hot water and sown in spring; about 25,000 seeds per pound; seed germination 80 percent, about 2,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer. Observations: Bobwhite; captive marsh rabbit. Cercis occidentalis Torr. Western redbud. Range: 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July—August. A large shrub to small tree; flowers February—April; occurs in slightly acid soil; roots very long laterally; propagation is by seed treated with hot water and subsequently chilled for 3 months before sowing. Observations: Rocky Mountain mule deer. Without forage value for live- stock. Cercis reniformis Engl. Texas redbud. C. texensis Sarg. Range: 17, 20. site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. Commonly a small to large shrub, more rarely a small to large tree; occurs on limestone or slightly acid soil; forms dense thickets; propagation is by seed treated with hot water and sown in spring. Cercis texensis, see Cercis reniformis. Cercocarpus spp. Mountain-mahoganies. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Black-tailed deer. Ob- servations (in addition to specific records) : A favorite food of Rocky Mountain mule deer and of Columbian black-tailed deer; yellow-haired porcupine. The species generally furnish much forage for cattle, sheep, and goats at all seasons. Cercocarpus alnifolius Rydb. Alderleaf mountain-mahogany, C. parvifolius Sarg., in part. Range: 5 Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene, available July-September. A large shrub or small tree; semievergreen; flowers in March; 33,000-60,000 seeds per pound. Cercocarpus argenteus Rydb. Silver mountain-mahogany, Range: 14, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, availabie in August. A large evergreen shrub, flowers in May. An excellent browse for goats, relished also by cattle and sheep. Cercocarpus arizonicus, see Cercocarpus intricatus. Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. Birchleaf mountain-mahogany. C. parvifolius betuloides Sarg., C. rotundifolius Rydb., OC. douglasiit Rydb. Range: 4, 5, 9, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available July—September. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; evergreen; flowers April—June ; exceedingly variable; crown sprouts with vigor after fire or with advance of old age; seed germinates well as soon as planted; in the mountain regions generally occurs below 6,000 feet. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. An important browse for cattle and sheep. Site: Dry, sun. 130186°—39——_7 06 MISC. PUBLICATION 305, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cercocarpus breviflorus Gray. Ranses a4. 14. 07; Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large evergreen shrub. Cercocarpus douglasii, see Cercocarpus bdetuloides. Cercocarpus eximius, see Cercocarpus paucidentatus. Cercocarpus flabellifolius, see Cercocarpus montanus. Cercocarpus fothergilloides, see Cercocarpus montanus. Cercocarpus hypoleucus Rydb. Range: 12 Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers June—July. Cercocarpus intricatus Wats. Littleleaf mountain-mahogany. C. intricatus villosus Schneid., C. arizonicus Jones. Range: 9%, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available July—August. A small evergreen shrub, flowers in May; densely branched, spinescent; generally occurs at elevations of 4,000-5,000 feet. A poor browse for livestock. Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Curlleaf mountain-mahogany. Range: 4, 9, 10, 12, 18, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available August-September. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers July—August; oceurs in gravelly and rocky soils, Observations: Sonora deer; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Very poor livestock forage. Sercocarpus minutifiorus Abrams. Small-flowered mountain-mohagony. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large evergreen shrub. Cercocarpus montanus Raf. Mountain-mahogany. C. fothergilloides H. B. K., C. parvifolius Nutt. C. flabellifolius Rydb. Range: 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene, available August—October. A large shrub or rarely a small tree; evergreen; flowers May—July; root system deep, spreading; slow growing; casts little shade; 30,000-60,000 seeds per pound, germination not less than 22 percent. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer, mountain sheep. Observations: Say chipmunk, Mexican bighorn, deer, and other herbivorous game animals. One of the most important western livestock browse species; palatability good for all livestock; reputed to be poisonous, but this appears to be doubtful; killed by overgrazing. Cercocarpus parvifolius, see Cercocarpus montanus, and C. alnifolius. Cercocarpus paucidentatus (Wats.) Britt. Hairy mountain-mahogany. C. parvifolius paucidentatus Wats., C. eximius (Schneid.) Rydb. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit. Achene. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers March—May and again in August. A first-class goat browse. Cercocarpus rotundifolius, see Cercocarpus betuloides. Cercocarpus traskiae Eastw. Bigleaf mountain-mahogany. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in August. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers in May. Cerothamnus carolinenses, see Myrica carolinensis, NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 97 Cerothamnus ceriferus, see Myrica cerefera. Cerothamnus inodorus, see Myrica inodora. Cerothamnus pumilus, see Myrica pumila. Chamaebatia australis, see Chamaebatia foliolosa. Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth. Mountain misery. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Achene. A gmall, very leafy evergreen shrub; flowers in July; forms large mats by means of rootstocks; in cultivation. Worthless as livestock forage. Var. australis Brandeg. (CO. australis (Brandeg.) Abrams), which occurs in region 5, is somewhat taller than the species. Chamaebatiaria glutinosa, see Chamaebatiaria millefolium. Chamaebatiaria millefolium (Torr.) Maxim. Fern-bush. OC. glutinosa Rydb., Spiraea millefolium Torr., S. glutinosa (Rydb.) Fedde. Range: 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small to large, densely branched, aromatic shrub; fiowers June-August. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. A fair browse for sheep and goais. Chamaecyparis spp. Monoecious, evergreen trees of importance in the production of timber. Six species are known, of which three occur in the United States; propagation is by seeds sown in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : three species of birds. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murr.) Parl. Port Orford cedar. Range: 1, 2. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone, maturing in September—October of the second season, some opening, others holding seed until spring. A large evergreen tree; moderately rapid growing; long-lived; resistant to fungi and insects, but not to fire; wood very durable, of importance commer- cially; seed crops heavy; vitality transient; about 70 varieties recognized in cultivation ; seeds per pound variously stated from 80,000 to 234,000, germination about 40 percent, slow, about 129,000 usabie plants per pound of seed. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Lam.) Spach. Alaska cedar. Range: 1, 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; available September—October of the second season. A large evergreen tree; slow growing, long-lived; root system shallow; little subject to fungus attack; wood of importance commercially, very durable; seeds produced sparingly, of transient vitality ; 106,000 seeds per pound; some 15 varieties in cultivation. Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP. Range: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; matures and opens September—October of the first season; persistent 2 to 3 years. A large evergreen tree; root system shallow; easily damaged by fire; nearly free from insect attack; only slightly susceptible to fungi; not wind-firm; some- what storm-damaged northward; generally occurs on sandy loam and other soils; wood of considerable importance commercially, very durable; large crops of seed produced annually from an age of 4 or 5 years; 420,000-470,000 seeds per pound; 3.64 pounds of seed per bushel of fruit; germinaticn 70-90 percent; 12 varieties distinguished in cultivation. Observations: Very little eaten by birds or rodents. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Cassandra, Andromeda calyculata L., Cassandra calyculata Don. Range: 21, 22, 28, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Hruit: Capsule, available August-September. 08 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A small evergreen shrub; occurs only on acid peat; flowers April-June: forms dense thickets; propagation is by seeds sown under glass in winter or spring. Observations: A staple winter food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse in Wiscon- sin; cottontail rabbit. Chamaerops acaulis, see Sabal minor. Chamaerops glabra, see Sabal minor. Chamaerops hystrix, see Rhapidophyllum hysiriz. Chamaerops louisiana, see Sabal louisiana. Chenopodium spinosum, see Grayia spinosa. Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet. Desertwillow. C. saligna Don, Bignonia linearis Cav. Range: 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available September—October, persistent. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May—June, showy; wood durable in contact with soil, of no commercial value; 50,000-100,000 seeds per pound, germination 40-60 percent, about 4,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Browsing of this species denotes over- stocking or overgrazing of the range. Chilopsis saligna, see Chilopsis linearis. Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. and Gray. Creeping snowberry. Vaccinium hispidulum 1. Range: 12, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Weli-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A small prostrate evergreen vine; occurs in peat bogs and mossy woods; flowers May-June; roots at the nodes. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Olive-backed thrush, spruce grouse. Chionanthus virginica L. (pl. 8, B). Fringetree. Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May-June; occurs in sandy and other soils, often acid ones; loses foliage early ; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring; about 2,000 seeds per pound; very ornamental in culti- vation. Stomach records: Pileated woodpecker. Choisya dumosa (Torr.) Gray. Starleaf. Astrophyllum dumosum Torr. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small much-branched shrub. Ordinarily not browsed by livestock; reputed poisonous, but this apparently is questionable. Chrysactinia mexicana Gray. Damianita. Pectis taevifolia Greene. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched, aromatic evergreen shrub; heathlike; flowers spring— summer. Not known to be grazed, but since it is medicinal with Mexicans and Indians may possibly have injurious properties. Chryssbalanus oblongifolius Michx. Deer-plum. Geobalanus oblongifolius (Michx.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in September. A small shrub; flowers May-June; often forms thickets of considerable size by means of a dense network of underground stems; quickly recovers from burning; cften occurs in sand. Observations: Gophers, turtles, and other short-legged animals. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 99 Chrysobotrya aurea, see Ribes aureum. Chrysobotrya odorata, see Ribes odoratum. Chrysocoma nauseosa, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysoma arborescens, see Aplopappus arborescens. Chrysoma brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. Chrysoma laricifolius, see Aplopappus laricifolius. Chrysoma nana, See Aplopappus nanus. Chrysoma palmeri, see Aplopappus palmeri. Chrysoma parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. Chrysothamnus spp. (pi. 9, A). Rabbitbrush. The members of this genus display great variation, and as many as 6 genera have been described and 88 forms, nearly all of which have been given specific rank at one time or another. Intergrading characters are many, and in this treatment we follow that of Hall and Clements (247). The following records apply not only to woody species but to herbaceous ones, of which there are many: Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep; black- tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records): A reserve food of western white-tailed jack rabbit; Oregon jack rabbit, mule deer, Arizona jack rabbit, western chipmunk, bighorn; generally of considerable importance as cover for plains birds and mammals. Palatability worthless to fairly good for livestock. Chrysothamnus albidus (Jones) Greene. Range: 8, 9. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A smail, brittle-twigged, very leafy shrub; a pronounced halophyte of alkali flats. Chrysothamnus asper, see Chrysothamnus parryi. Chrysothamnus baileyi, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. Chrysothamnus bigelovii, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus bloomeri, see Aplopappus bloomeri. Chrysothamnus collinus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus concolor, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chryscothamnus consimilis, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus corymbosus, see Aplopappus cooperi. Chrysothamnus depressus Nuit. Dwarf rabbitbrush. Bigelovia depressa Gray, Linosyris depressa Torr. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, densely clump-forming shrub. Closely cropped, apparently by sheep, but searcely of importance as browse. Chrysothamnus douglasii, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Chrysothamnus elatior, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. Chrysothamnus elegans, see Cirrysothamnus viscidifiorus. Chrysothamnus filifolius, see Chrysothamnus greenei. Chrysothamnus glareosus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus glaucus, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. Chrysothamnus graveolens, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus greenei (Gray) Greene. C. filifolius Rydb., Bigelovia greenei Gray. Range: 9, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. 100 MISC. PUBLICATION 803, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A smali shrub; occurs on sandy, alkaline plains; flowers August-September: greatly increased by overgrazing. Of some slight value as browse for livestock where other feed is not available. Chrysothamnus humilis, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. Chrysothamnus latifolius, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. Chrysothamnus leiospermus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus linifolius, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. Chrysothamnus marianus, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. Chrysothamnus monocephalus, see Chrysothamnus parryi. Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britt. Rubber rabbitbrush, Chrysocoma nauseosa Pallas. Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large shrub; flowers September—December; root system deep; re- produces readily from seed and grows vigorously when transplanted, even when crowns are divided; forms basal sprouts after cutting; contains on the average 2.8 percent ot rubber, although this may increase to 6.5 percent in individual plants; the most constant producers are those forms inhabiting alkali soils; it has been estimated that 300 million pounds of good-grade rubber are represented in this country by this species, but extraction is not yet commercially profitable. Twenty subspecies or varieties are included within this species; they rep- resent the species in various sections of the Great Basin and adjacent areas. C. nauseous includes the following forms: C. bigelovii (Gray) Greene, C. collinus Greene, C. concolor Rydb., C. consimilis Greene, C. glareosus Rydb., C. graveolens (Nutt.) Greene, C. leiospermus (Gray) Greene, C. occidentalis Greene, C. oreophilus Nels., C. pinifolius Greene, C. puicherrimus Nels. (more robust), C. salicifolius Rydb., C. speciosus Nutt., C. turbinatus Rydb. Z Certain forms, as consimilis and viridulus, form pure stands on alkali fiats; in general the important varieties are subclimax dominants of the sagebrush association. Observations: Northward it furnishes an important winter browse for elk and perhaps moose; California mule deer. Value as browse for livestock depends on local conditions; palatability ordinarily very low; probably poisonous when eaten exclusively ; a not infrequent indicator of overgrazing. Chrysothamnus newberryi, see Chrysothamnus parryi. Chrysothamnus occidentalis, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus oreophilus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus paniculatus (Gray) Hall. Sticky rabbitbrush. Bigelovia paniculata Gray, Ericameria paniculata (Gray) Rydb. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, brittle-twigged shrub; flowers May—October; resistant to low temperatures; grows in extremely poor soils; rubber content about 2.5 per- cent, but strains may be found containing a higher percentage. Chrysothamnus parryi (Gray) Greene. Linosyris parryi Gray, Bigelovia parryi Gray. Range: 4, 8, 9, 10, 15, 12, 18, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub occurring on sandy or gravelly soils; an indicator of over- grazing. Ten subspecies or varieties are recognized which do not separate on stable characters but which are more or less separated geographically; the whole complex is here considered a single major species. It includes among others: C. asper Greene, C. newberryi Rydb. C. vulcanicus Greene, C. mono- cephalus Nels. and Ken., and C. wyomingensis Nels. Chrysothamnus pinifolius, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus, NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 101 Chrysothamnus pulchellus (Gray) Greene. C. baileyi Woot. and Standl., Bigelovia pulchella Gray, Linosyris pulchella Gray. Range: 9, 11, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub; usually occurs in sand. Var. elatior (Standl.) Hall and Clem. (C. elatior Standl.) is taller than the species and occurs in region 11. Chrysothamnus pulcherrimus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus pumilus, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. Chrysothamnus salicifolius, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus serrulatus, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Chrysothamnus speciosus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus stenolepis, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. Chrysothamnus teretifolius (Dur. and Hilg.) Hall. Linosyris teretifolia Dur. and Hilg., Hricameria teretifolia (Dur. and Hilg.) Jeps. Range: 5, 8, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small or rarely a large, brittle-twigged shrub; irregularly much branched and spreading to form a flat or rounded plant; rubber content 2.5 percent or 5 percent in certain strains. Resinous, and not browsed by livestock. Chrysothamnus turbinatus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Douglas rabbitbrush. Bigelovia douglasii Gray. Range: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small or rarely a large shrub; about 20 segregates, 16 of which have been accorded specific rank, have been published; they pass insensibly into one another and cannot be easily or satisfactorily defined; the species as here treated includes: C. douglasii Clem. and Clem., C. elegans Greene, C. glaucus Nels., C. humilis Greene, C. latifolius (Eaton) Rydb., C. linifolius Greene, C. marianus Rydb., C. pumilus Nutt., C. serrulatus Rydb., C. stenolepis Rydb. This species also contains rubber, the highest content being found in forms inhabiting alkali soils. All forms are browsed to a limited extent by sheep and cattle, except where other feed is fairly plentiful. Chrysothamnus vuleanicus, see Chrysothamnus parryt. — Chrysothamnus wyomingensis, see Chrysothamnus parryi. Cissus ampelopsis Pers. Heartleaf ampelopsis. Ampelopsis cordata, Michx. Range: 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-November. A rapid-growing vine; flowers May-June; berry inedible; produces a great deal of cover; propagated by seeds sown after stratification; 9,600 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: A favorite fruit of brown thrasher, wood thrush, and flicker. Cissus arborea (L.) Des Moul. (pl. 9, B). Peppervine. C. stams Pers., Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Rusby. Range: 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September—November. A slender, bushy vine; ordinarily occurs in rich soil; flowers June-July; will grow under most difficult conditions; has been noted as common along roads and railroads in Alabama. 102 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cissus incisa (Nutt.) Des Moul. Treebine. Vitis incisa Des Moul. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30, 31. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in October. A vigorous evergreen vine occurring in sandy and other soils; flowers June— August; easily transplanted ; propagation is by seed or by division of the woody tubers. Observations: Birds especially fond of the berries. Cissus stans, see Cissus arborea. Citharexylum brachyanthum Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small, much-branched, somewhat spinose evergreen shrub. Citharexylum fruticosum L. Fiddlewood. C. villosum Jacq. Range: 17, 30, 31, 32. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Drupe. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers all year round; ordinarily occurs in sandy soil. Citharexylum viilosum, see Citharerylum fruticosum. Citrus trifoliata L. Bitter orange. Poncirus trifoliata (.) Raf. Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September—October. A small, thorny, thicket-forming tree; flowers April-May; a native of China but naturalized in the regions indicated; used as grafting stock for oranges; much cultivated. Cladothamnus campanulatus, see Rhododendron albiflorum. Cladrastis lutea (Michx.) Koch. Yellow-wood. Range: 25, 27, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available September—October, persistent through win- ter or soon falling. A small to large tree; flowers May—June; ordinarily occurs on rich, eal- careous or neutral soil; propagated by seeds sown in spring; very handsome in flower and much cultivated. Clematis spp. The species are propagated by seeds sown under glass in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Black-tailed deer. Ob- servations (in addition to specific records) : Goldfinch. | Clematis addisonii Britt. Smooth clematis. Viorna addisonii (Britt.) Small. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, sun. Bruit: Achene. A shrubby vine; flowers in May; root system deep; stems weak. Clematis arizonica Heller. Viorna arizonica Heller. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine. Clematis bigelovii Torr. Viorna bigelovii (Torr.) Heller. Range: 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine. Clematis brevifolia, see Clematis ligusticifolia, NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 103 Clematis catesbyana Pursh. Satin-curls. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Achene. A vine; ordinarily occurs on sandy soil. Clematis coccinea, see Clematis texensis. Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. Atragene columbiana Nutt. Range: 2, 4, 12, 18. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine, browsed to some extent by cattle in northwestern Montana when the foliage is young. Clematis crispa L. Curly clematis. C. cylindrica Sims, Viorna crispa (L.) Small. Range: 17, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained moist sun. Fruit: Achene. A slender vine; flowers June—September; often occurs on acid Soil. Clematis cylindrica, see Clematis crispa. Clematis drummondii Torr. and Gray. Drummond clematis. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in August. A climbing or clambering vine. Clematis filifera, see Clematis pitcheri. Clematis flaccida, see Clematis viorna. Clematis gattingeri Small. Viorna gattingeri Small. Range: 25. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A slender vine, flowering in July. Clematis glaucophylla, see Clematis viorna. Clematis lasiantha Nutt. Pipestem. Range: 3, 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Achene. A climbing or clambering vine; flowers April-May; about 103,000 seeds per pound. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Virgins-bower. C. brevifolia Howell. Ranezew dl 273.4. OO 6. Ola. TON Ma tty 1G. 18. 19) 22. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene, available September—November. A vigorous climbing or clambering vine; flowers June-August; root system shallow, fibrous; rootstocks produced; seed germination about 80 percent. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Clematis missouriensis, see Clematis virginiana. Clematis neo-mexicana Woot. and Standl. New Mexico clematis. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine. Clematis obliqua (Small) Schneid. Viorna obliqua Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit :‘ Achne. A vine; flowers April—August. 104. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Clematis palmeri Rose. Palmer clematis. Viorna palmeri (Rose) Woot. and Standl. Range: 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine. Clematis pauciflora Nutt. Rope-vine. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A trailing, clambering, or climbing vine; flowers March—April. Clematis pitcheri Torr. and Gray. Red-flowered clematis. C. filifera Benth., C. simsti of auth., not Sweet, Viorna pitcheri (Torr. and Gray) Britt., V. filifera (Benth.) Woot. and Standl. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A high-climbing vine; flowers June—September. Clematis pseudoalpina (Kuntze) Nels. C. pseudoairagene pseudoalpina Kuntze, C. alpina occidentalis (Hornem.) Gray, Atragene occidentalis Hornem., A. pseudoalpina (Kuntze.) Rydb. Range: 9, 12, 18, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine; flowers April-June; commonly occurs at high elevations. Clematis reticulata Walt. Viorna reticulata (Walt.) Small. Range: 11, 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A branching vine; flowers in July; occurs on sandy and other soils. Clematis simsii, see Clematis piicheri. Clematis subreticulata Harb. Viorna subreticulata Harb. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine; occurs on sandy and other soils. Clematis texensis Buckl. C. coccinea Engelm., Viorna coccinea (Engelm.) Small. Range: 17, 20. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A branching vine; flowers July-September. Clematis versicolor Small. Viorna versicolor Small. Range: 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine. Clematis verticillaris DC. Mountain clematis. Atragene americana Sims. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Achene, available July—August. A trailing or climbing vine; flowers May—June; often occurs on calcareous soil ; a comparatively weak climber without great luxuriance. Clematis viorna L. Leather-flower, C. glaucophylla Small, C. flaccida Small, Viorna viorna (L.) Small, Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A vine; flowers May—August; usually occurs in rich soil. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 105 Clematis virginiana L. Virginia clematis. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene, available August-September. A climbing vine; flowers July—September. Var. missouriensis (Rydb.) Palm. and Steyerm., (C. missouriensis Rydb.) occurs in regions 22, 24, and 25, Clethra acuminata Michx. White-alder, Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; ordinarily occurs on noncalcareous soil; flowers July-August; rarely attacked by insects or diseases; propagated by seeds sown under glass in winter or spring. Clethra alnifolia L. Sweet pepperbush. Range: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers July-August; may occur in acid swamps or sandy woods; commonly persistent on sandy soil in the South; rarely attacked by insects or diseases; propagated like the preceding. Clethra tomentosa Lam. C. alnifolia tomentosa Michx. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers Aa eHE ES oteribeD and occasionally in win- ter; propagated like the preceding. Cliftonia monophylla (Lam.) Sarg. Titi. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: A dry drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; flowers in April; stems often contorted. Browsed somewhat by livestock. A honey plant. Clinopodium carolinianum, see Clinopodium georgianum. Clinopodium coccineum (Nutt.) Kuntze. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub; flowers all year, and ordinarily occurs in sand. Clinopodium georgianum Harper. C. carolinianum (Michx.) Heller. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub; flowers summer-fall. Cneoridium dumosum (Nutt.) Hook. f. Pitavia dumosa Nutt. Range: 5 Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Fleshy, drupelike capsule. A small to large, much-branched evergreen shrub; flowers March—April. Cocculus carolinus DC. Carolina moonseed. Cebatha carolina Britt., Epibaterium carolinum (1) Britt. Range: 11, 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, persistent over winter southward. A climbing, bushy vine; semievergreen southward; commonly found along hedgerows and roadways. Stomach records: Three species of birds. 106 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cocculus diversifolius DC. Snailseed, Cebatha diversifolia (DC.) Kuntze. Range: 11, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A semievergreen, clambering vine very like the preceding. Coldenia greggii, see Ptilocalyr greggii. Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. Blackbush. Range: 9, 10, 41. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, much-branched, wide-spreading, spinescent shrub; flowers April-August; occurs on sandy, gravelly and other soils; thicket forming. Furnishes some feed for cattle and sheep in winter. Coleosanthus atractyloides, see Brickellia atractyloides. Coleosanthus cedrosensis, see Brickellia microphylla. Coleosanthus desertorum, see Brickellia desertorum. Coleosanthus frutescens, see Brickellia frutescens. Coleosanthus laciniatus, see Brickellia laciniata. Coleosanthus microphyllus, see Brickellia microphylla. Coleosanthus multiflorus, see Brickellia multifiora. Coleosanthus squamulosus, see Brickellia squamulosa. . Coleosanthus venulosus, see Brickellia atractyloides. Colletia multiflora, see Adolphia infesta. Colubrina californica, see Colubrina tezensis. Colubrina texensis (Torr. and Gray) Gray. Hog-plum. C. californica Johnst., Rhamnus texensis Torr. and Gray. Range: 10, 11, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupelike capsule, available in June. A large shrub to small tree; much branched; thicket forming; flowers April— May; adapted to a wide range of soil conditions; forage value unknown. Comarostaphylos diversifolia, see Arctostaphylos diversifolia. Comptonia peregrina, see Myrica asplenifolia. Condalia spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Masked bobwhite, Gambel quail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Mexican raccoon, long- tailed Texas skunk, jack rabbit. Generally of low palatability to livestock. Condalia lycioides (Gray) Weberb. Lotebush, Zizyphus lycioides Gray. Range: 9, 10, 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, straggling shrub; very rigid, spiny, most often without leaves; thicket forming; sometimes considered a range pest. Observations: Taken by various birds, including Gambel and scaled quail, and band-tailed pigeon. Condalia mexicana Schlecht. Mexican blueweod. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub with spinose branches. Condalia obovata Hook. Bluewood. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, ripening irregularly through the summer. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 9 A, Chrysothamnus spp. A view in Grand Canyon National Park showing the characteristic growth habit of rabbitbrush. The species are of importance as cover for plains wildlife and of value to livestock. (Photo- graph by Department of the Interior.) B, Cissus arborea. The beautiful pepper-vine’s ability to grow in the poor soils along railroad embankments and roadsides suggests its use in controlling erosion on high- way cuts. C, Crataegus brevispina. This important species for erosion control and wildlife plantings in the arid portions of the Northwest is distinctive in having blue-black fruit. ‘The abundant crop, however, is characteristic of most hawthorns. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE i0 A, Ccrnusamomum. Streambank plantings of this species may provide excellent food and cover for wild- life frequenting stream edges. B, C. paniculata. The thicket-forming habit of this as well as many of the other shrub dogwoods or osiers recommends them for erosion control planting. Records show the fruits of this species to be particularly acceptable to birds. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 107 A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May-June; spiny; often leafless in the dry season; forms dense impenetrable thickets; wood valued as fuel. Stomach records: Six species of birds. Observations: Much sought after by birds. Somewhat browsed by livestock. Condalia obtusifolia (Hook.) Weberb. Lotebush. Rhamnus obtusifolia Hook., Zizyphus obtusifolia (Wook.) Gray. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 80. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in June. A small to large, spiny shrub; very persistent when established. Stomach records: Phainopepla. Observations: Extensively eaten by gray fox. Condalia parryi (Torr.) Weberb. Parry jujube. Zizyphus parryi Torr. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large, spiny shrub; flowers in April. Condalia spathulata Gray. Squawbush. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large, more or less evergreen shrub; densely branched, rigid; occurs in sandy and other Soils. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Conradina canescens (Torr. and Gray) Gray. Range: 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Nutlet. A small, much-branched, stiff shrub; flowers May—July; occurs in sandy and other soils. Cordia boissieri DC. Anacahuiita. Range: 11, 17. ; Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; evergreen; flowers April—June; may occur on limestone soils; fruit edible but said to cause dizziness; very ornamental in cultivation. Livestock are apparently fond of the fruit; seed eaten by hogs. Corema conradii Torr. Plymouth crowberry. Empetrum conradii Torr. Range: 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Dry drupe, available July-August. A small, evergreen shrub; flowers April-May; diffusely branched; usually dioecious; staminate plants very handsome in flower; occurs in sandy and other soils; forms large patches. Coreopsis gigantea (Kellogg) Hall. Giant coreopsis. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A smail robust, evergreen, single-stemmed shrub. Corethrogyne cana, see Aplopappus canus. Corethrogyne detonsa, see Aplopappus canus, Cornus spp. Cornels, dogwocds. The species are often difficult to separate, the characters used to distinguish them often being very minor; probably some species will eventually be reduced to Synonyms; most species grow in neutral soil; propagation is by seed stratified at 32°-50° F. for 120 to 140 days and sown in spring. Seeds of many germinate the first year if planted promptly on ripening; many species more easily propagated by cuttings. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Sixty species of birds, in- cluding bobwhite and Richardson’s grouse; gray fox, Virginia deer; composed 108 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 56.69 percent of food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-four species of birds, including bobwhite, ruffed and pinnated grouse; an important winter food of white-tailed deer; beaver; rabbit ; skunk; eastern chipmunk, Cornus alternifolia L. f. Blue cornel. Svida alternifolia (L. f.) Small. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July—September. A small to large shrub or rarely a small to large tree; flowers May-July; subject to a serious twig blight. Stomach records: Hleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Warbling vireo; white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. Cornus amomum Mill. (PI. 10, A) Silky cornel. C. sericea L., Svida amomum (Mill.) Small. Range: 15, 18, 21, 22; 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29; 30: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small to large, Spreading shrub; flowers May—July; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois. Stomach records: Ten species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bobwhite. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant. Cornus asperifolia Michx. Roughleaf cornel. Svida asperifolia (Michx.) Small. Range: 17,20, 21, 22, 23.24. 25,. 228, 29.230: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. Usually a large shrub or rarely a small to large tree; flowers May-June; often occurs on sandy soil; 16,600—21,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Forty-one species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken; composed 3.5 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; armadillo. Observations: Wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, cottontail rabbit. Cornus baileyi Coult. and Evans. Bailey cornel. Svida baileyi (Coult. and Evans) Rydb. Range: 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. A small to large shrub; ordinarily occurs in sand; flowers May—June. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Cornus californica Mey. Creek dogwood. Svida californica (Mey.) Abrams. Range: 3, 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July—November. A large shrub; flowers April—August;: very closely related te C. stolonifera and perhaps more properly considered as a variety of that species. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer in Cali- fornia. Cornus candidissima, see Cornus foemina. Cornus circinata L’Her. Round-leaved cornel. C. rugosa Lam., Svida rugosa (Lam.) Rydb. Range 18, 21, 22,23, 24.25 926, 20: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. A large shrub; flowers May—July; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse. Observations: Blue- headed vireo; cottontail rabbit, moose. Cornus florida L. Flowering dogwood. Cynozylon floridum (L.) Raf. Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September-February. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 109 A small to large tree; flowers April-June; root system not deep; slow grow- ing, long-lived; relatively free from insects and diseases; coppices freely ; often occurs in slightly acid soil; wood used commercially; difficult to trans- plant; propagation is by seed stratified 120 to 140 days at 32°-50° F. and sown in spring, or by cuttings which root best in peat after treatment with potassium permanganate ; 3,500-4,000 seeds per pound, germination about 70 percent, about 1,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Thirty-six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and wild turkey; eastern chipmunk. Observations: Twenty-eight species of birds including bobwhite and wild turkey; ranks twenty-first on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast; preferred food of wild turkey; much eaten by squirrels; white-tailed deer; gray squirrel. Cornus foemina Mill. Stiff cornel. C. stricta Lam., C. candidissima Marsh., Svida foemina (Mill.) Rydb., S. stricta (Lam.) Small. Range: 21,22, 23, 24,25: 27, 28) 29: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A large shrub; flowers May-June. Cornus glabrata Benth. Brown dogwood. Svida catalinensis Millsp. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large, thicket-forming shrub; flowers May-June; procumbent or drooping branches root where they touch the ground. Cornus instolonea, see Cornus stolonifera. Cornus interior Rydb. Svida interior Rydb. Range: 15, 16, 18, 19. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A large shrub; flowers June—July. Cornus microcarpa Nash. Svida microcarpa (Nash) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in September. A large shrub; flowers April—May. Cornus nuttallii Aud. Pacific dogwood. Cynozylon nuttallii (Aud.) Schaf. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available October-November. Usually a small tree, more rarely a large one; flowers in April and again in August-September; ordinarily grows best when somewhat shaded by adjacent trees, the removal of which often brings on the death of the plant; coppices freely ; wood very little used commercially; cultivated to some extent; about 6,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Four species of birds; Townsend’s chipmunk. Observations: Cooper’s chipmunk; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Cornus obliqua Raf. Pale dogwood. C. purpusii Koehne. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. A small to large, spreading shrub; flowers May-June; foliage dense; possibly better considered as a form of C. amomum (q. V.). Cornus occidentalis Cov. Western osier. C. pubescens Nutt., Svida pubescens (Nutt.) Standl. angen, Zia, 4506.02, do. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit; Drupe, available July—October. 110 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large shrub to small tree; 14,000-17,500 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Twelve species of birds. Observations: Mountain beaver. Occasionally grazed in the fall by cattle, less so by sheep and goats. Cornus paniculata L’Her. (pl. 10, B). Gray dogwood. C. racemosa of nurserymen. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available August-November, occasionally persistent. A small shrub; flowers in June; occurs on sandy, clay, gravelly and other soils; forms extremely dense thickets; successful on very difficult sites; en- dures city smoke; easily propagated by seeds, or particularly by cuttings; about 3,500 uncleaned seeds per pound. Stomach records: Twenty-two species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, sharp-tailed grouse and ring-necked pheasant; composed 0.4 percent of total annual food and 5.8 percent of fruit food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan. Observations: An important pheasant food in southern Michigan as late in the season as May; cottontail rabbit. Cornus priceae Small. Svida priceae Small. Range: 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in September. A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; very similar to C. asperifolia (q. v.). Cornus pubescens, see Cornus occidentalis. Cornus purpusii, see Cornus obliqua. Cornus racemosa, see Cornus paniculata. Cornus rugosa, see Cornus circinata. Cornus sericea, see Cornus amomum. Cornus sessilis Torr. Miners dogwocd. Range: 3, 4. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small tree; flowers in April; thicket forming. Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red osier. Svida stolonifera (Michx.) Rydb. Range: 4, %,.8, 9; 41, 12,18. 14) 15.918; 28 2225. 24 Zoe 26 ine: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available July-September, occasionally persistent until May. A large, erect or spreading shrub; flowers May-July; thicket forming by means of rootstocks; occurs in sand or wet Swamps; generally erect or spread- ing; prostrate branches root; tolerates alkaline soil; about 17,300 seeds per pound. Var. coloradensis Schneid. (C. instolonea Nels.) is a variety without stolons. Stomach records: Twelve species of birds ineluding ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Four species of birds including sharp-tailed grouse, Hungarian partridge; white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, moose, cottontail rabbit snowshoe hare. Not at all or slightly browsed by livestock. Cornus stricta, see Cornus foemina. Corylus spp. Hazelnuts. The species are ordinarily propagated by seeds stratified and sown in spring or sown directly in the fall; propagation by cuttings is often unsuccessful. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Four species of birds in- cluding ruffed grouse and sharp-tailed grouse; composed 1.0 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin. Observations (in addition to specific records): Seven species of birds including ring-necked pheasant; a _ staple winter food of greater prairie chicken, pinnated grouse, and ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer, moose, red squirrel, pale chipmunk, gray chipmunk, beaver, flying squirrels. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 111 Corylus americana Walt. American hazelnut. Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well- drained, sun, shade. Fruit. Nut, available July-September, occasionally persistent until December—Klebruary. A large, thicket-forming shrub; coppices very freely after cutting; seldom bears fruit in the shade; easily transplanted; foliage generally dense; 250 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent, about 60 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite. Observations: Ring-necked phea- sant; blue jay; squirrels, white-tailed deer. Somewhat grazed by sheep. Corylus californica (DC.) Rose. California hazelnut. C. rostrata californica DC. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, available September—November. A large shrub to small tree; thicket forming; foliage more or less dense. Observations: Staple winter food of Steller’s jay; Douglas’ squirrel, Town- send’s chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, golden-mantled ground squirrel, digger squirrel; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Wxtensively or not at all browsed by livestock. Corylus cornuta, see Corylus rostrata. Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked hazelnut. C. cornuta Marsh. Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available August-September. A smali to large, thicket-forming shrub, often occurs on acid soil. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite; sharp-tailed grouse, prairie chicken ; composed 2.7 percent of winter food of the northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebee and Ontario. Observation: Blue jay; moose, southwestern chip- munk, eastern chipmunk, squirrels; eighth most important prefered winter food of white-tailed deer. Corypha hystrix, see Rhapidophylium hystriza. Corypha minor, see Sabal minor. Corypha palmetto, see Sabal palmetto. Corypha pumila, see Sabal minor. Corypha repens, see Serenoa repens. Cotinus americanus Nutt. Smoketree. C. cotinoides (Nutt.) Britt., Rhus cotinoides Nutt. Range: 16, 17, 20, 25, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers April-May; ordinarily occurs on calcareous soil; fruit produced very sparingly; wood very durable as fence posts; very brilliant scarlet in autumn. Cotinus cotinoides, see Cotinus americanus. Cotoneaster pyracantha (L.) Spach. Firethorn. Pyracantha coccinea Roem., Crataegus pyracantha Medic. Range: 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome; available October, persistent through winter. A small to large evergreen shrub with dense foliage; flowers in May; very spiny; difficult to transplant except when small. Observations: Robin; generally attractive to birds. Coursetia axillaris Coult. and Rose. Range: 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to small tree; densely branched. 130186°—39 8 112 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Covillea glutinosa, see Covillea tridentata. Covillea tridentata (DC.) Vail. Creosotebush. C. glutinosa (Engelm.) Rydb., Larrea mewxicana Moric., L. glutinosa Hn- gelm., L. tridentata (DC.) Coy., L. tridentata glutinosa Jeps. Range: 9, 10, 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub; slow growing; sparsely branched and with thin foliage, especially when older; inhabits the most xeric areas in North America; makes successful and persistent growth in thin bodies of soil over layers of hardpan; transplants ordinarily require considerable water to start them growing; very inflammable. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Texas antelope squirrel, jack rabbit. Not eaten by livestock ; poisonous to sheep. Cowania alba, see Cowania stansburiana. Cowania davidsonii, see Cowania stansburiana. Cowania ericaefolia Torr. Heath cliffrose. Ranges, 11, 417. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, straggling, much-branched evergreen shrub found on limestone soils. Cowania havardii Wats. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched evergreen shrub. Cowania stansburiana Torr. Quinine bush, C. mexicana dubia Brandeg., C. davidsonii Rydb., C. mexicana stansburiana (Torr.) Jeps., C. alba Good. Range: 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in October. A small to large shrub or small to rarely large tree; evergreen; freely branched, stiff; flowers in June; increased branching occurs under grazing; seed germination 10-80 percent. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: A staple food of mule deer. An important and valuable browse for cattle and sheep. Browsing to 65 percent stimulates beneficially the reproduction of the plant; more than 80 percent causes deterioration. Crataegus spp. Hawthorns. These species are small shrubs to small trees growing in many sites, in all kinds of soil, in all parts of the country, most of them being almost impossible of identification except by specialists. No effort is here made to separate the yarious species. Somewhat more than 1,200 species have been listed for the country, the majority of these occurring in the northeastern United States; other studies have reduced this number to less than 100. Owing possibly to hybridi- zation and great variation, the actual number of species has not been deter- mined up to the present time. Nevertheless, these plants are of considerable value for erosion control and for wildlife food and cover. A great many of them are thicket forming and many species hold the fruit over the winter. Most species are thorny and provide a dense cover valuable for soil and wildlife alike. The best way in which to discover the utility of these species is to examine the wild forms occurring in any particular region and to collect such ones as seem to be able to grow on eroded sites and to produce the maximum amount of cover and food. Most species grow in neutral soil, often on very poor soils; young plants often form long taproots and hence are often difficult to transplant; 6,000—40,000 seeds per pound, germination about 40 percent, about 2,500 usable plants per pound of seed; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring; alternate hosts for the cedar apple rust. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 113 Special mention should be made of Crataegus brevispima (Dougl.) Heller, (CO. douglasii Lindl.) (pl. 9, C) occurring in the northwest. This form makes dense thickets in more moist soils and produces its blue-black fruit in great abundance. Observers have noted that the ring-necked pheasant, Hungarian partridge and various western quails feed extensively on the berries. Two other western hawthorns, C. columbiana Howell, and @. piperit Britt, both red-fruited, occur in extremely dry situations and appear to be potentially of value in erosion control, more notably in the more arid sections of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Stomach records (Summary): Thirty-six species of birds, including bobwhite and eastern ruffed grouse; composed 9.63 percent of food eaten by ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations (summary): Seventeen species of birds including Hungarian partridge, sharp- tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant; white-tailed deer (in some localities, ignored in others), cottontail rabbit. Browsed somewhat by livestock. Considered valuable honey plants, especially where they occur in abundance. Crataegus pyracantha, see Cotoneaster pyracantha. Crookea microsepala (Torr. and Gray) Small. Ascyrum microsepalum Torr. and Gray, Hypericum microsepalum (Torr. and Gray) Gray. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, weli-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; often occurs in sandy soil. Crossosoma bigelovii Wats. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, spreading, spinescent shrub; flowers in April. Crossosoma californicum Nutt. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub or small tree; flowers in May. Crossosoma parviflorum Robins. and Fern. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub. Crossostephium californicum, see Artemisia californica. Crossostephium foliosum, see Artemisia californica. Crossostephium insulare, see Artemisia californica. Croton spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records, and including herbaceous as well as woody species) : Thirty-six species of birds, including bobwhite, Cali- fornia quail, greater and lesser prairie chicken, and mourning dove. Croton alabamensis Smith. Alabama croton. Range: 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, much-branched thicket-forming evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; very rare. Croton berlandieri, see Croton humilis. Croton cortesianus H. B. K. O. trichocarpus Torr. Range: 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. 114 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Croton gonzalezii, see Croton sonorae., Croton humilis L. C. berlandieri Torr. Ranse: £(.732: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils. Croton pringlei, see Croton sonorae. Croton sonorae Torr. C. pringlei Wats., C. gonzalezii Greenm. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, much-branched shrub. Croten suaveolens Torr. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. ruit: Capsule. A small, stout, much-branched shrub. Croton trichecarpus, see Croton cortesianus. Croton torreyanus Muell. C. suaveolens oblongifolius Torr. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, slender shrub. Cupressus spp. Cypress. Evergreen, monoecious trees of comparatively little value commercially. Seven species occur in North America, of which five are found in California and two in the southern Rocky Mountain region; propagation is by seed sown in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Four species of birds. Cupressus arizonica (Mast.) Greene. Arizona cypress. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone, ripe in September of the second season, persistent many years. A large evergreen tree; rapid growing in good soil, slow growing in poorer soils; long-lived; susceptible to fire; wood vaiuable locally, durable when sea- soned; seeds remaining in unopened cones viable, at least for several years; germination percentage of seeds high, irregular; seed produced abundantly annually ; 100,000 seeds per pound; much spread by cultivation. Cupressus bakeri, see Cupressus macnabiana. Cupressus forbesii, see Cupressus guadaloupensis. Cupressus glabra Sudw. Smooth cypress. Range: 11, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; ripening at the end of the second season, persistent unopened 14-18 years. A large evergreen tree; slow growing, long-lived; wood of limited use com- mercially, moderately durable; seed germination moderately high, vitality of seed declining rapidly after fifth year. Cupressus goveniana Gord. Gowen cypress. C. pygmaea Sarg. Range: 1. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season; seeds shed September—October, cones persistent many years. A large shrub to small or rarely large trees; evergreen; slow growing, long- lived; root system shallow; thrives on rocky or sandy soils; of no importance NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 115 commercially ; seeds abundantly produced annually when plant is only 2 or 3 feet high; vitality of seeds persistent ; ornamental in cultivation. Cupressus guadaloupensis Wats. Forbes’ cypress. C. forbesii Jeps. Range: 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone. A small evergreen tree. Cupressus macnabiana Murr. OC. nevadensis Abrams, C. bakeri Jeps. Range: 1, 3, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in autumn of the second immediately, cones persistent Several years. A small to rarely large evergreen tree; slow growing, moderately long-lived ; wood of no importance commerciaily; seeds produced annually; ornamental in cultivation. _ Macnab cypress. season; seeds shed Cupressus macrocarpa Gord. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, opens slowly, persistent several Seasons. A large evergreen tree; at first rapid growing, later slower; long-lived; free from insects and most diseases; susceptible to fires because of its thin bark; forms a cover on wind-swept coasts to the water’s edge; wood of little impor- tance commercially ; resistant to drought and mildly saline conditions; will with- stand considerable abuse in handling; seeds produced annually in abundance; 93,000 seeds per pound, germination 16 percent; much spread by plantings; ornamental in cultivation. Monterey cypress. Cupressus nevadensis, see Cupressus macnabiana. Cupressus pygmaea, See Cupressus goveniana. Cupressus sargentii Jeps. Range: 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone. A small to large evergreen tree; seven varieties in cultivation. Sargent cypress. Cyanococcus Cyanococcus Cyanococcus Cyanococcus Cyanococcus Cyanococcus Cyanococcus Cyanococcus Cyanococcus Cyanococcus Cyanococcus Cyanococcus amoenus, see Vaccinium corymbosum. angustifolius, see Vaccinium angustifolium. atrococcus, see Vaccinium atrococcum, corymbosus, see Vaccinium corymbosum. elliottii, see Vaccinium eltiottii. hirsutus, see Vaccinium hirsutum. myrsinites, see Vaccinium myrsinites. pallidus, see Vaccinium corymbosum. pennsylvanicus, see Vaccinium angustifolium. tenellus, see Vaccinium virgatum. vacillans, see Vaccinium vacillans. virgatus, see Vaccinium virgatum. Cynoxylon floridum, see Cornus florida. Cynoxylon nuttallii, see Cornus nuttallii. Cyrilla racemiflora L. Swamp ironwood. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Corky drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree; semievergreen; much branched; flowers May-July ; may occur on sandy or other soils; considered a good honey plant. 116 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link. Scotch broom. Range: 1, 2, 4, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A large evergreen shrub introduced from Europe but spreading in the regions indicated; flowers May—June; occurs most commonly on sand, but also on loam and clay; drought resistant; will grow on very poor soils; tolerant of saline conditions; will withstand considerable abuse in handling; claimed te be a weed in fields, especially sandy ones, but ordinarily regarded by farmers as not dangerous because it is easily burned off; has been used very successfully for erosion control on highway embankments along the Oregon coast; has been advocated as a renovater of barren soils because of the high potash content of its ash; considered by some authorities as in part parasitic on oak reots, but if so, is not an obligate parasite: 65,000 seeds per pound; propagated by seeds treated with hot water and sown in spring or by cuttings. Stomach records: California quail. Observations: Captive bobwhite;: cotton- tail rabbit. Poisonous to livestock, but seldom touched by grazing animals. Dalea amoena, see Parosela fremontii. Dalea arborescens, see Parosela arborescens. Balea argyrea, see Parosela argyrec. Palea californica, see Parosela fremontii. Dalea emoryi. see Parosela emoryi. Balea formosa, see Parosela formosa. Dalea fremontii, see Parosela fremontii. Dalea frutescens, see Parosela frutescens. Dalea greggii, see Parosela greggii. Dalea humilis, see Parosela thyrsifiora. Dalea johnsonii, see Parosela fremeontii. Dalea polyadenia, see Parosela polyadenia. Daiea saundersii, see Parosela fremontii. Daiea schottii, see Parosela schotiii. Dalea scoparia, see Parosela scoparia. Dalea spinosa, see Parosela spinosa. Dalea thyrsifiora, see Parosela thyrsiflora. Dalea wheeleri, see Parosela fremontii. Daphne mezereum L. Mezereum. Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small to large, sparse shrub; introduced from Europe and western Asia but leeally established in the regions indicated; flawers March-April. Observations: Eaten by songbirds. Dasiphora fruticosa, see Potentilla fruticosa. Ratisea hirta, see Rhus typhina. ’ Y} Daubentonia cavanillesii, see Daubentonia drummondii. Daubentonia drummondii Rvydab. Poisonbean. D. cavanillesii Standl., D. longifolia of auth. Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub; often occurs in sand; seeds very poisonous to sheep and goats but pods and green plants apparently not harmful. Daubentonia longifolia, see Daubentonia drummondii. Daubentonia thurberi, see Diphusa thurberi. Decachaena baccata, see Gaylussacia baccata,. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES V7 Decachaena frondosa, see Gaylussacia frondosa. Decachaena nana, see Gaylussacia nana. Decachaena tomentosa, see Gaylussacia tomentosa. Decachaena ursina, see Gaylussacia ursina. Decumaria barbara L. Climbing hydrangea. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available July. A vine. Reputedly dermatitically poisonous. Dendrium buxifolium, see Leiophyllum buvxifolium. Dendrium hugeri, see Leiophyllum hugeri. Dendrium lyonii, see Leiophyllum lyonii. Dendromecon rigida Benth. Treepoppy. Range: 4, 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, rigid, freely-branched evergreen shrub; stems usually several from the base; common in burned-over territory. Observations: California mule deer. Desmothamnus lucidus, see Xolisma lucida. Dicraurus leptocladus Hook. f. Range: 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achenelike. A small dioecious shrub. Diervilla diervilla, see Diervilla lonicera. Diervilla lonicera Mill. Bush-honeysuckle. D. diervilla (L.) MacBr., D. trifida Moench. : Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers June-August; propagation is by seed sown under glass in spring. Observations: An important summer food of moose on Isle Royale. Diervilla rivularis Gatt. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers July—August. Diervilla sessilifclia Buckl. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, loosely-branched shrub; flowers July—August. Diervilla trifida, see Diervilla lonicera. Dicspyros texana Scheele. Black persimmon. Brayodendron texanum Smail. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July—August. A large shrub to small or large tree; dioecious; flowers April-May; wood used to some extent commercially ; bears an abundance of fruit which supplies a black stain. Observations: Wild turkey; Mexican raccoon, long-tailed Texas skunk; rel- ished by many wild animals. Diospyros virginiana L. (pl. 11). Persimmon. Range: 20; 22) 25) 27, 28; 29, 30; 31, Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available August—October, sometimes persistent. 118 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May-June; often forms dense thickets on dry, eroded slopes; stoloniferous; root system, including taproot, and stolons deep and wide spreading; trees produced from stolons usually do not reach large size; survives on extremely adverse sites; often difficult to eradicate from cultivated fields and pastures; fruits prolifically ; various forms have been described varying in habit, fruit production, ete.; will grow in stand- ing water for several months; forms have been observed which hold the fruit until March; fruits while still very young; occurs in sand, clay, loam, and other soils; occurs on coal-stripped lands in southern Illinois; wood used to some extent commercially; propagation is by seed stratified at 41°-50° F. for 365 days and sown in spring; 1,000 seeds per pound, germination about 80 percent. Stomach records: Six species of birds,, including bobwhite; raccoon, spotted skunk, gray fox, red fox, white-tailed deer. Observations: Sixteen species of birds, including wild turkey; gray fox, red fox ; much eaten by Virginia opossum ; flying squirrel, spotted skunk; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits; white- tailed deer. Not browsed by cattle; fruit greedily eaten by hogs. Diphysa echinata, see Diphysa thurberi. Diphysa thurberi (Gray) Rydb. D. echinata Rose, Daubentonia thurberi Gray. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large shrub. Diplacus arachnoides, see Mimulus longiflorus. Diplacus aridus, see Vimulus aridus. Diplacus aurantiacus, see Mimulus aurantiacus. Diplacus longifiorus, see Mimulus longiflorus. Diplacus parviflorus, see Mimulus flemingii. Diplacus puniceus, see Mimulus puniceus. Diplostephium canum, see Aplopappus canus, Dirca occidentalis Gray. Western leatherwood. Range: 1. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in June. A small to large shrub; flowers February-March; colony forming; fruit rarely developed in any quantity; spreads by means of shoots developed from long roots; propagated by seed sown in fall or spring; difficult to transplant. Dirca palustris L. Leatherwood. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available May—June, dropping at once or occasionally persistent. A small to large shrub; widely branching when old; flowers March-April; free from insects and disease; ordinarily occurs in sterile soil of all kinds; propagation is by seed sown in fall or spring; berries said to be narcotic, Observations: Moose; poorly eaten by white-tailed deer. Distegia involucrata, see Lonicera involucrata. Dodonaea arizonica Nels. Hopbush. D. viscosa angustifolia (lL. f.) Benth. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub or rarely a small tree; often occurs on calcareous soils; pro- duces seed abundantly; germination of seed at least 44 percent. Sometimes nibbled by stock but since it is a fish poison containing saponin it should be closely watched in time of searcity of food for livestock. Observations: Relished by Gambel quail and other birds. Drejera thurberi, see Anisacanthus thurberi. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 11 —— Diospyros virginiana, the ubiquitous persimmon, displays many characters of value in an erosion control program. Its fruits are of great importance to many forms of wildlife, Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture IZA: lt ee Z Ss * Seis Sc WAS Gai Spe aS A, Elaeagnus angustifolia. A colony of escaped plants thriving on soil abandoned because of extreme alkalinity. Particularly while young, this species forms excellent soil cover. 8B, A branch showing the abundant fruit crop produced by the introduced Russian-olive. Reports indicate that native birds and mammals are taking the fruits with increasing frequency. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 13 A, Elaeagnus argentea. A natural thicket providing protection for a stream bank as well as for wildlife. B, E. argentea. The fruit of the silverberry as well as that of Russian-olive is of value for game birds. C, Ephedraspp. The broomlike habit ofthis plant is characteristicof many othere phedras. Inthe South- west they may prove of value in soil and wildlife conservation plantings. (Photograph by Department of the Interior.) Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 14 A, Eriogonum parvifolium, a species particularly adapted to planting on sand dunes. B, Eurotia lanata, a valuable forage plant capable of direct seeding for erosion control. C, Fallugia paradora. The apache- plume is a plant with great possibilities for erosion control in the Southwest, This specimen has been much browsed by livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 1 = ide) Drejera wrightii, see Anisacanthus wrightii. Duranta plumieri, see Duranta repens. Duranta repens L. D. plumieri Jacq. [eas 8 IO Urey Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree; spiny or unarmed; occurs in sandy and other soils Earleocassia covesii, see Cassia covesii. Ebenopsis flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium fiexicaule. Echinopanax horridum, see Oplopanag horridum. Echites macrosiphon, see Macrosiphonia macrosiphon. Edwinia americana, see Jamesia americana. Edwinia californica, see Jamesia americana. Ehretia anacua (Berl.) Johnst. Anaqua. #. elliptica DC. Range: 11, 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available June—April. Often a large shrub, occasionally a small or large tree; almost evergreen; flowers March—April; suckers freely from the roots and thus forms clumps; vigorous and difficult to eradicate when established; not subject to disease; grows well under semidesert conditions; usually shrubby on drier soils; suckers easily transplanted. Observations: Attractive to birds. Ehretia elliptica, see Hhretia anacua. Elaeagnus spp. Propagation of these species is by seed stratified and sown in spring or sown directly in the fall; most occur on neutral soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Sharp-tailed grouse. Ob- servations (in addition to specific records): Pinnated and sharp-tailed grouse, songbirds. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (pl. 12, A, B). Russian-olive. Raneercid.0) 15, 18, 21, 22) Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available August—October, often persistent until March. A large shrub to small tree; introduced from Europe and western Asia and locally established in the regions indicated; tolerates considerable alkalinity or salinity ; very resistant to drought; rarely attacked by insect pests; 1,000—4,0090 seeds per pound; germination about 90 percent, about 500 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Ring-necked pheasant. Observations: Eight species of birds, including sharp-tailed grouse, eaten by numerous birds in Europe; fox squirrel. Elaeagnus argentea Pursh. (pl. 18, A, B). Silverberry. #. commutata Bernh. Range: 9, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available July—October. A small to large, bushy shrub or small tree; flowers May—July ; stoloniferous and thicket forming; will grow on limestone soil; 2,000 seeds per pound; germination about 90 percent, about 500 usable plants per pound of seed. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, prairie chicken; snowshoe ha:®% Fruit but not foliage taken by livestock. Elaeagnus canadensis, see Shepherdia canadensis. Elaeagnus commutata, see Hlaeagnus argentea. Elaeagnus rotundifolia, see Shepherdia rotundifolia. 120 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Elaeagnus utilis,-see Shepherdia argentea. Elaphrium, see Bursera. Elliottia racemosa Muhl. Range: 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers June-July; commonly occurs on sandy soil; one of the rarest of American shrubs; spreads by rootstocks to form large colonies, which are known at only a few stations, many having been exterminated; self- pollination appears to be impossible and hence, because of the separation of clumps as they now exist, propagation by seed seems to have ceased; in culti- vation. Empetrum conradii, see Corema conradii. Empetrum nigrum L. Crowberry. Range: 1, 4, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry; available August-September; often persistent the year round. A small evergreen, procumbent shrub; monoecious or dioecious; forms dense colonies ; occurs in sand or peat. Stomach records: Forty-one species of birds, including ruffed grouse, Alaska spruce grouse, ptarmigan, and many water birds. Emplectocladus andersonii, see Prunus andersonii. Emplectocladus fasciculatus, see Prunus fasciculata. Ephedra spp. (pl. 13, C). Shrubby, usually dioecicus gymnosperms with scalelike leaves; fruit cone- like or nutlike, sometimes fleshy. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain quail, Arizona eottontail, Holzner cottontail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Captive porcupine; much grazed by mule deer; Sacramento cottontail rabbit. Generally eaten by livestock. Ephedra antisyphilitica Mey. Canatilla. Range: 11, 16717, 19;°20: Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike; available April-May. A small to large shrub; branches lax, occasionally reclining or prostrate. Ephedra californica Wats. California jointfir. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small, prostrate or ascending shrub. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Ephedra coryi Reed. Range: 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berrylike; available spring—early summer. A small, slender-stemmed, profusely-branched shrub; often occurs in sandy soils; produced from an underground stem whose origin is from a node of an extensive rhizome system; readily adjusts itself to shifting sands, seeds ap- parently not viable. Ephedra fasciculata Nels. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small evergreen shrub; stems slender, prostrate. Ephedra funerea Cov. and Mort. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berrylike. A small, much-branched, spinose shrub. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 121 Ephedra nevadensis Wats. Nevada jointir. Range: 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small, nearly leafless, shrub with spreading branches. Much grazed by livestock. Ephedra pedunculata HEngelm. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berrylike, available September—November. A shrub or small vine; stems often reclining or climbing over surrounding shrubs. Ephedra texana Reed. Texas jointir. Range: 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berrylike. A small to large shrub with erect branches; fruit comparatively fleshy. Ephedra torreyana Wats. Torrey jointfr. Range: 9, 10, 11, 14, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small shrub; branches flexuous. Grazed by cattle, especially in winter. Ephedra trifurea Torr. Popotiilo. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available April-May. A small, much-branched, often spinescent shrub; germination of seed at least 384 percent. Stomach records: Scaled quail; mountain sheep. Observations: Jack rabbit, Mexican bighorn. Grazed by cattle, especially in winter. Ephedra viridis Cov. Mormon tea. Range: 9, 10, 11. , Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike; available in May. A smali shrub with crowded, erect, rigid, broomlike branches; fiowers March— June; root system deep, fibrous, but scarcely spreading. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Muie deer. An important browse for livestock. Epibaterium carolinum, see Cocculus carolinus. Ericameria arborescens, see Aplopappus arborescens. Ericameria brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. Ericameria cuneatus, see Aplopappus cuneatus. Ericameria ericoides, see Aplopappus ericoides. Ericameria monactis, see Aplopappus cooperi. Ericameria nana, see Aplopappus nanus. Ericameria nelsonii, see Aplopappus laricifolius. Ericameria palmeri, see Aplopappus palmeri. Ericameria paniculata, see Chrysothamnus paniculatus. Ericameria parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. Ericameria pinifolia, see Aplopappus pinifolius. Ericameria resinosa, see Aplopappus nanus. Ericameria teretifolia, see Chrysothamnus teretifolius. Eriodictyon angustifolium Nutt. Narrowleaf yerba-santa. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub of very little value as forage, except to goats. 199 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. and Arn.) Greene. California yerba-santa H. glutinosum Benth. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large evergreen shrub; flowers May-June; forms colonies, the plants of which may often be connected by lateral roots 3-4 inches deep; occurs on clay, sandy, rocky and other soils. Observations: A fair browse for mule deer. Practically worthless as forage for livestock. A valuable honey plant. Eriodictyon crassifolium Benth. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large colony-forming, evergreen shrub; occurs in sandy or gravelly soils. Var. traskiae (Eastw.) Jeps., (H. traskiae Hastw.) is very similar to and oecurs with the species. Var. nivewm Brandeg., (#. nivewm Eastw., EH. tomen- tosum Benth.) occurs also in region 1. Eriodictyon glutinosum, see Hriodiciyon californicum. Eriodictyon lanatum, see Hriodictyon trichocalyz. Eriodictyon niveum, see Hriodiciyon crassifoiium. Eriodictyon tomentosum, see Wriodictyon crassifolium. Eriodictyon traskiae, see Hriodictyon crassifolium. Eriodictyon trichocalyx Heller. Yerba-santa. H. angustifolium pubens Brandeg. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small openly-branched evergreen shrub; occurs on sandy, stony, and other soils; older leaves are often black with fungal growth; colony-forming. Var. lanatum (Brandeg.) Jeps., (#. lanatum (Brandeg.) Abrams) occurs in region 10. Eriogonum spp. vailable records of utilization by wildlife referred only to the genus may include more herbaceous than shrubby species. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Richardson’s grouse; mountain sheep, antelope jack rabbit, California jack rabbit, Texas jack rabbit, black-tailed deer, Arizona cottontail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Bighorn. Eriogonum arborescens Greene. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, loosely branched, ornamental shrub. Eriogonum cinereum Benth. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, freely branched shrub; occurs on coastal bluffs. Eriogonum corymbosum Benth. Range: 9, 11, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers June—September. Eriogonum deserticola Wats. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; branches leafless with age. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 123 Eriogonum divergens Small. EH. corymbosus divaricatus Torr. Range: 9, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers July—August. Eriogonum effusum Nutt. Range: 9, 15, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers July—September. Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. California-buckwheat. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Achene. A small shrub; stems more or less decumbent; grows on the poorest soils and in the most exposed situations; casts a poor shade. Var. foliolosum (Nutt.) Stokes, (#. foliolosum Nutt.) occurs in region 5. Var. polifolium (Benth.) Torr. and Gray (#. polifoliwm Benth.), occurs in region 10. Var. flavoviride Munz and Johnst., occurs in region 10 and is smaller than the species. An important early spring feed for sheep, especially in times of scarcity of other forage. Of first importance as a honey plant. Eriogonum fendlerianum, see Hriogonum microthecum. Ericgonum foliolosum, see Hriogonum fasciculatum. Eriogonum giganteum Wats. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, coarse shrub. Eriogonum heermannii Dur. and Hilg. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Eriogonum microthecum Nuit. Slender buckwheatbrush. Range: 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available September—November. A small, much-branched shrub; flowers July-September. Of small impor- tance as browse for livestock. Var. fendlerianum Benth. (#. fendlerianum (Benth.) Small), occurs from Colorado to New Mexico. Eriogonum nebraskense Rydb. Range: 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, spreading shrub with short branches; flowers in July. Eriogonum nodosum Small, Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Eriogonum parvifolium Smith. (pl. 14, A). Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, loosely-branched, decumbent to prostrate shrub; taproot deep and with lateral roots spreading out three times as far as the parts above ground; occurs on sand dunes or hillsides. 124 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Eriogonum polifolium, see Hriogonum fasciculatum. Eriogonum salinum Nels. Range: 9. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers June-July ; cccurs on saline soil. Eriogonum simpsonii Benth. E. microthecum leptophyllum Torr. and Gray. Range: 9, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers July—August. Eriogonum suleatum Wats. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, diffusely-branched shrub; flowers April—May. Eriogonum wrightii Torr. Wright’s buekwheatbrush Range: 3, 9, 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched shrub; leafy in the lower half; flowers June-Novem- ber; germination of seed not less than 22 percent. Var. subscaposum Wats. makes a dense, leafy mat, has leafy branches shorter than the species, and occurs in regions 9 and 10. Observations: An excellent forage for deer; highly palatable to captive deer; characterized as the most important single forage for large game animals in Arizona. Fair browse for livestock. Erythrina arborea (Chapm.) Small. Red-cardinal. E. herbacea arborea Chapm. Range: 17, 30: 3i,- 32. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to smali or large tree, or vine; stems solitary or thickly tufted; thorny ; occurs in sandy soils. Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney. Coraibean. E£. purpusti Brandeg. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to small tree; spiny; seed germination 20-40 percent; of some value as forage for livestock; seed, bark, and stems are more or less poisonous, but probably do not cause much trouble to livestock except on overgrazed range. Erythrina purpusii, see Hrythrina flabelliformis. Esenbeckia runyonii Mort. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Woody capsule, available in April. A small or rarely a large tree; flowers in July. Eubotrys elongata, see Leucothoé elongata. Eubotrys racemosa, see Leucothoé racemosa. Eubotrys recurva, see Leucothoé recurva. Eucnide urens Parry. Rock-neitle. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers in May; armed with stinging hairs; stems often decumbent. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 125 Eurphorbia misera Benth. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub or rarely a large shrub to small tree; much branched; straggling. Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Mog. (pl. 14, B). Winterfat. HE, subspinosa Rydb. Range: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene, available September—October. A small dioecious or monoecious shrub; occurs on subalkaline soils; branches slender, many from the base; very rapid growing; root system spreading but deep; seed produced in great abundance; 91,000 seeds per pound, vitality transi- ent; in direct seeding sown 8 to 4 pounds per acre; germination of seed 30-70 percent. Observations: Important winter browse for elk; California mule deer. Very valuable forage for sheep and cattle, particularly in the winter and fall; con- sidered very fattening for livestock. Eurotia subspinosa, see Hurotia lanata. Evonymus sp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Fox sparrow, mockingbird. Evonymus americanus L. Strawberry bush. Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule; available September—October ; seeds with a fleshy aril. A small to large shrub; flowers May-June; stems often creeping or trailing, reoting at the nodes, or semierect; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring; 30,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Five species of birds. Evonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Burningbush. Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule; available August—November; seeds with a fleshy aril. A. small to large shrub or rarely a small tree to large tree; flowers May—June; subject to scale and fungus attack; bark medicinal; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring; 40,000 seeds per pound, germination about 70 percent, about 8,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Three species of birds including Hungarian partridge. Observations: Palatable to rodents, possibly to deer. A drastic purgative to livestock but seldom browsed. Evonymus obovatus Nutt. Running strawberrybush. Range: 24, 25, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available August-—October; seed with a fleshy aril. A small, spreading shrub or trailing vine; thicket or mat forming; branches rooting at the nodes; flowers April-May; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring. Evonymus occidentalis Nutt. Western burningbush. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade, Fruit: Capsule, available July-October; seed with a fleshy aril. A large shrub or rarely small tree; branches slender, straggling; flowers May-June; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring. Var. parishti Jeps., (H. parishii Trel.) is found in the southern California mountains. Stomach records: Robin. Not browsed by stock. Evonymus parishii, see Hvonymus occidentalis. Eysenhardtia amorphoides, see Hysenhardtia polystachya. Eysenhardtia cobriformis, see Hysenhardtia polystachya. 126 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Hysenhardtia orthecarpa, see Hysenhardtia polystachya. Eysenhardtia polystachya (Orteg.) Sarg. Kidneywood. EH. amorphoides H. B. K., EH. orthocarpa (Gray) Cockerell, #. orthocarpa Wats., H. reticulata Penn., H. sudcoriacea Pennell, #. cobriformis Pennell, #H. texana Scheele, Viborquia polystachya Orteg. Range: 10, 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in September. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; flowers in May; fruit borne sparingly ; germination of seed about 50 percent. Observations: Particularly palatable to captive deer. A valuable honey plant. Good goat browse, and in southeastern Arizona one of the best summer and fall browses for horses and cattle. Eysenhardtia reticulata, see Hysenhardtia. polystachya. Eysenhardtia subcoriacea, see Hysenhardtia polystachya. Eysenhardtia texana, see Hysenhardtia poiystachya. Fagara clava-herculis, see Xanthorylum clava-herculis. Fagara fagara, see Xanthorylum fagara. Fagara pterota, see Xanthorylum fagara. Fagus americana, see Fagus grandifolia. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech. F. americana Sweet. Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, available September—October. A large tree; occurs on many slightly acid soils except sand; root system shallow and spreading; subject to sunscald; easily injured by fire and late frosts; root sprouts common; generally free from insect attack; wood used commercially; grass ordinarily will not grow under this tree; seeds often abortive; 1,400--1,800 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent, about 250 usable piants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Ten species of birds, including ruffed grouse; opossum, rac- coon, gray and red fox, white-tailed deer; found in 21.8 pereent of raccoon stomachs examined November—January in New York. Observations: Fifteen species of birds, including bobwhite, ruffed grouse, wild turkey, and ring-necked pheasant; black bear; preferred food of flying squirrel; white-tailed deer, Vir- ginia opossum, cottontail rabbit, red squirrel, red fox, gray fox, porcupine; a most important food of raccoon in fall and early winter. Fallugia acuminata, see Fallugia paradora. Fallugia paradoxa (Don) Endl. (pl. 14, C). Apache-plume. F. acuminata Cockerell, F. paradoxa acuminate Woot., F. micrantha Cock- erell, Sieversia paradoxa Don. Ranges 9.10) eds 4 eG. gee 20) Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene, available August—November. A small to large, freely-branched, somewhat straggling, shrub; evergreen; flowers May-—September; rapid growing when supplied with water; does not reach full height unless protected from grazing; seeds germinate well as soon as planted at 60-70° F.; direct seeding experiments in New Mexico were un- successful; germination of seed 30-60 percent. Palatability fair to low for sheep, goats, and cattle; endures grazing well. Fatsia horrida, see Oplopanagz horridum. Fendlera falcata Thornb. Range: 13, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers May—July. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 127 Fendlera rupicola Gray. Range: 9, 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available July—August. A large shrub; flowers May-June; will endure intense heat and considerable drought. Observations: Much used by captive deer. Palatability high for goats in New Mexico, and closely grazed by cattle in central Arizona. Fendlera tomentelia Thornb. Range: 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Fendlera wrightii (Gray) Heller. F. rupicola wrightii Gray. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers May—June. Fendlerella cymosa, see Fendlerella, utahensis. Fendlereila utahensis (Wats.) Heller. F. cymosa Greene, Whipplea utahensis Wats. Range: $, 10, 11, 18, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading, densely-branched shrub. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Flourensia cernua DC. Blackbrush. Helianthus cernuus Benth. and Hook. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, much-branched, erect or procumbent shrub; cccurs on sandy and other soils. Observations: Somewhat eaten by jack rabbits. Not browsed by livestock except under extreme conditions. Forestiera spp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Mexican raccoon. Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. Forestiera. Adelia acuminata Michx. Range: 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available May—October. A large shrub, less commonly a small to large tree; flowers March-April; somewhat spiny; thicket forming; fruit much attacked and distorted by insects, but on falling into water keeps in perfect condition far into the succeeding spring. Stomach records: Wood duck, mallard. Observations: A good duck food. Forestiera angustifolia Torr. Adelia angustifolia, (Torr.) Kuntze. Range: 11, 17, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in June. A small to large, densely branched, stiff evergreen shrub. Stomach records: Scaled quail. Observations: Much eaten by scaled quail; extensively eaten by gray fox. Forestiera ligustrina (Michx.) Poir. Adelia ligustrina Michx. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large, widely branched shrub; often occurs on limestone or sandy soils. 180186 °—39——_9 128 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Forestiera neomexicana Gray. Paloblanco. Ff. parvifolia Small, F. acuminata parvifolia Gray, Adelia neomexricana (Gray) Kuntze., A. parvifolia (Gray) Small. Range: 4, 9, 10, 11, 18, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available June—September. A small or commonly large, spiny, much-branched, spreading shrub; germina- tion of seed 40-70 percent. Forestiera parvifelia, see Forestiera neomexicana. Forestiera phillyreoides (Benth.) Torr. Piptolepis phillyreoides Benth. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree; thicket-forming; fruit dropped as soon as ripe. Forestiera pubescens Nutt. Elbow bush. Adelia pubescens (Nutt.) Kuntze. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available June—October. A small to large, widely branched shrub; recurved branches root where they touch the ground; propagation is by cuttings or seeds; has been recommended as a good erosion control and wildlife cover plant. Forestiera reticulata Torr. Range: 16, 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen. Forestiera sphaerocarpa Torr. Range: 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small evergreen shrub. Forsellesia mionandra (Koehne) Heller. Glossopetalon mionandrum Koehne. Range: 18. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A smail, spinescent, intricately-branched shrub. Forsellesia nevadensis, see Forsellesia spinescens. Forsellesia pungens (Brandeg.) Heller. Dwarf greasebush. Glossepetalon pungens Brandeg. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A very small shrub with weak branches; often occurs in rocky soils. Forsellesia spinescens (Gray) Greene. Spiny greasebush. F. nevadensis (Gray) Greene, Glossopetalon spinescens Gray, G. nevadense Gray. Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, spiny, intricately-branched shrub; flowers February—May; occurs most commonly on limestone, but can grow on granite; a pioneer species. Observations: Mule deer. Close-cropped by sheep in Utah. Fothergiila spp. Propagation of all species is by seeds which do not germinate until the second year or by layers which take 2 years to root. Fothergilla alnifolia, see Fothergilla gardenii. Fothergilla carolina, see Fothergilla gardenit. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 129 Fothergilla gardenii Murr. Dwarf witch-alder. F. carolina Britt., F. alnifolia L. f. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available July—August. A small shrub; flowers April-May; usually occurs in sandy soil; free from insects and disease; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring, or by suckers or root cuttings. Fothergilla major Lodd. Witch-alder. Range: 27. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A small to large, much-branched shrub; flowers in May; foliage rather dense; free from insects and disease; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring. Fothergilla monticola Ashe. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; very like F’.. major but more spreading. Fothergilla parvifolia Kearney. Creeping witch-alder. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; forms extensive clumps by means of long underground stems; free from insects and disease; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring. Fouquieria splendens Hngelm. Ocotillo. Range: 10, 11, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, spiny shrub; stems simple, several from one base; leafless most of the year; of no recorded forage value; flowers and fruit a source of food for Indians. Frankenia jamesii Torr. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; occurs on alkaline soil. Frankenia palmeri Wats. Yerba reuma. Range: 5. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers June—July ; often occurs in salt marshes. Franseria albicaulis, see Franseria dumosa. Franseria ambrosioides Cav. Ambrosia bur-sage. Range: 5, 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Bur. A small to large shrub. Franseria dumosa Gray. White bur-sage. F, albicaulis Torr., Gaertneria dumosa Kuntze. Range: 5, 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Bur. A small, much-branched, compact, spiny shrub; locally valuable as feed for cattle and sheep. 130 MISC, PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Franseria eriocentra Gray. Woolly bur-sage. Gaerineria eriocentra Kuntze. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Bur. A small, rigid, spreading shrub; usually cecurs on sandy soil. Franseria ilicifolia Gray. Holiyleaf bur-sage. Gaertneria ilicifolia Kuntze. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Bur. A small, rigid, much-branched, evergreen shrub; usually occurs on sand; leaves somewhat spiny. Fraxinus spp. Ash. All species usually occur on neutral soil; propagation is by seed Stratified at 32°-50° F. for 80 to 90 days and sown in spring, or sown directly in the fall although seeds sometime remain dormant until the second year; rapid growing when young; usually easily transplanted. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Seven species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed «deer. Observations (in addition to specific records): Five species of birds; an important food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts; porcupine; a reserve food and building material for beaver. Important source of pollen for bees. Fraxinus americana L. White ash. Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available October-November. A large tree; occurs on many kinds of soil; flowers April-June; root sys- tem fibrous, deep; rapid growing; much attacked by borers; not extensively damaged by fungi; much cultivated; wood of great importance commercially ; 6,000 seeds per pound, germination of seed 40 percent, about 1,500 usable plants per pound of seed. Var. microcarpa Gray is a shrub ordinarily growing in drier Situations and bearing smaller fruit. Observations: Purple finch, pine grosbeak ; cottontail rabbit, porcupine, white- tailed deer. Fraxinus anomala Wats. Dwarf ash. Range: 9, 10, 11, 18, 14. Site: Dry, weil-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large shrub to small tree; 22,000 seeds per pound, about 5,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Provides at least poor and sometimes fair to fairly good browse for goats, sheep, and cattle. Fraxinus attenuata, see Fraxinus velutina, Fraxinus berlandieriana DC. Mexican ash. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available in May. A large dioecious tree. Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle. Biltmore white ash. Range: 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, weil-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large dioecious tree; flowers April-May; very similar to F. americana but more hairy. Fraxinus californica, see Frarinus oregona. Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. Water ash. F. caroliniana rehderiana Sarg., F. platycarpa Michx. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Samara. i A large dioecious tree; flowers March—April. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 131 Fraxinus coriacea, see Fraxinus velutina. Fraxinus cuspidata Torr. Flowering ash. Range: 11, 14, 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. Usually a large shrub, more rarely a small or large tree; flowers April—May ; commonly arborescent southward but mostly in Mexico; often thicket-forming ; 16,000 seeds per pound. Provides poor and sometimes fair to fairly good browse for goats, sheep, and cattle. Var. macropetala, (Hastw.) Rehder, (Ff. macropetala EKastw.) differs from the species in bearing three, five, and seven foliate leaves. Fraxinus darlingtonii, see Fraxinus pennsylwanica. Fraxinus dipetala Hook. and Arn. Flowering ash. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large shrub. Observations: California mule deer. Fraxinus floridana, see Fraxinus paucijlora. Fraxinus glabra, see fraxrinus velutina. Fraxinus greggii Gray. Littleleaf ash. fF, schiedeana parvifolia Torr. Range: 11, 17%. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A small to large tree. Fraxinus lanceolata, see Fraxrinus pennsylvanica. Fraxinus lowellii Sarg. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available in July. A small to large tree; possibly closely related to F. anomala. Fraxinus macropetala, see Fraxinus cuspidata. Fraxinus michauxii Britt. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large tree; flowers April—May. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black ash. F. sambucifolia Lam. Range: 22, 24, 25, 26, 2:7, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Samara; available June—September, falling or persistent until spring. A large perfect or dioecious tree; flowers April-May; root system shallow; easily wind thrown; severely damaged by fire but quite free from fungus and insect damage; coppices poorly ; wood used commercially ; vitality of seeds low; 3,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Evening grosbeak; cottontail rabbit. Fraxinus oregona Nutt. Cregon ash. F.. californica Hort. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Samara; available September—October, partially persistent 3 to 12 months. ; A large dioecious tree; flowers April-May; rapid growing, relatively long- lived ; free from disease; wood of importance commercially ; comes into leaf late in spring and sheds its foliage early in the fall; fruit produced in great quanti- ties ; 10,000 seeds per pound, vitality persistent. Observations: Western evening grosbeak. A fairly important cattle browse and good local browse for sheep and goats. 132 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Fraxinus papillosa, see Fravinus velutina. Fraxinus paucifiora Nutt. Water ash. F. floridana Sarg. Range: 29, 30, 31. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large dioecious tree; flowers in March; more abundant southward. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red ash. F. darlingtonii Britt., F. smallit Britt. Range: 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available September—October. A large dioecious tree; flowers April-May; root system shallow; fairly im- mune from insects and fungus diseases; easily injured by fire; rapid growing when young, later slower; coppice does not develop into large trees; wceod used commercially ; 11,000 seeds per pound, germination 50 percent. Between this and its varieties occur many intergrading forms. Var. lanceolata Sarg., the green ash (F. viridis Michx. f., F. lanceolata Borkh.) will grow in much drier situations than the species and oceurs in regions 12 and 17 in addition to the areas noted for the species; root system shallow, widespreading; rapid growing when young, later slower; grows on coal- stripped lands in Illinois; not short-lived; generally free from insects and dis- eases; easily injured by fire; 16,000-17,000 seeds per pound, germination about 85 percent, about 3,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Also considered a sepa- rate species and rather distinct in the East but much less so westward. Observations: Three species of birds; white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit, snowshoe hare. Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, see Fravinus velutina. Fraxinus platycarpa, see Fraginus caroliniana. Fraxinus profunda Bush. Pumpkin ash. F. americana profunda Britt. Range: 25, 27, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available September—October. A large dioecious tree; flowers April-May; leaves very large. Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Blue ash. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available June—October. A large, perfect or dioecious tree; flowers March—April; occurs on limestone and other soils; root system shallow, spreading; grows on drier soils than any other of the ashes in their native habitats; rapid growing, rather short-lived; wood most durable of all ashes, used commercially ; 7,000 seeds per pound. Fraxinus sambucifolia, see Fravinus nigra. Fraxinus smallii, see Fravinus pennsylvanica. Fraxinus standleyi, see Fravinus velutina. Fraxinus texensis (Gray) Sarg. Texas ash. F.. americana texensis Gray. Range: 16, 17, 20, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large dioecious tree; flowers in March; often occurs on limestone soil. Fraxinus toumeyi, see F'vaxvinus velutina. Fraxinus velutina Torr. Velvet ash. F. pistaciaefolia Torr., F. glabra Thornb., F. velutina glabra (Thornb.)' Rehd., F. papillosa Lingels., F. standleyi Rehder., F. standleyi lasia Rehder. Range: 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Samara, available in September. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 133 A small to large, dioecious, almost evergreen tree; flowers March-April ; 13,000-40,000 seeds per pound. An extremely variable species, the following apparently reasonably well separated; Var. towmeyi (Britt.) Rehd. (Ff. attenu- ata Jones in part., F. toumeyi Britt.) occurs with the species but is most common in Arizona; said to be the most alkali- and drought-resistant form; 10,000 seeds per pound. Var. coriacea (Wats.) Rehd. (f. coriacea Wats., F. pistaciaefolia coriacea Gray, F. americana pistaciaefolia Wenz), the desert ash, occurring in regions 9} and 10, is of some value as early-spring and late-fall browse for stock; 29,000 seeds per pound. Var. glabra (Thornb.) Rehder (Ff. glabra Thornb.), the smooth ash, occurs within the range of the species. Fraxinus viridis, see Fraxinus penmmsylvanica. Fremontia californica Torr. California fremontia. F. mexicanum McBr., Fremontodendron californicum Cov., F'. mexicanum Davids. Range: 38, 4, 5, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers May—July ; foliage thin; grows on very poor soils; not tolerant of excess moisture or poor drainage; an abundant seeder. Observations: Of slight forage value for mule deer. Fair to good browse for eattle and goats. Fremontia mexicana, see F'remontia, californica. Fremontodendron californicum, see Fremontia californica. Fremontodendron mexicanum, see F'remontia californica. Gaertneria dumosa, see Franseria dumosa. Gaertneria eriocentra, see Franseria eriocentra. Gaertneria ilicifolia, see Franseria, ilicifolia. Garrya Spp. Propagation of all species is by seeds, layers, or half-ripe cuttings under glass. Garrya buxifolia, see Garrya, flavescens. Garrya elliptica Dougl. Tasseltree. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June-August. Commonly a small to large shrub, rarely a small tree; flowers January-— March. Garrya flavescens Wats. Silktassel. G. pallida EHastw. Range: 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 18. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-August. A large, dioecious, spreading shrub; flowers April—May. Browsed to some extent by livestock and suffers no injurious effects from grazing up to 25 percent. Var. buxifolia (Gray) Jeps., (G. busxifolia Gray) occurs in regions 1 and 4 and is lower than the species. Garrya fremontii Torr. Fremont silktassel. Range: 4, 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A large evergreen shrub; flowers February—March. Considered a good browse for cattie. Observations: California mule deer. Garrya goldmanii, see Garrya. ovata, Garrya lindheimeri, see Garrya ovata. 134 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Garrya lindheimeri Torr. Silktassel bush. Range: 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September—October. A small to large shrub, or where moisture is plentiful, a small to large tree ; almost evergreen; flowers April—May. Garrya ovata Benth. G. goldmanti Woot. and Standl., G. lindheimeri Torr. Range: 11, 16, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large evergreen shrub; occurs on limestone and other soils. Con- sidered a good feed for goats. Gairya pallida, see Garrya flavescens. Garrya veatchii Kellogg. Canyon tasselbush. G. flavescens palmeri Wats., G. veaichii palmeri EHastw. Range: 1, 4, 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large shrub; flowers January—May. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Garrya wrightii Torr. Wright’s silktassel. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A large evergreen shrub; flowers June-August; resistant to drought; ap- parently the pardicet of all species of Garrya; transplantation difficult ; cuttings rarely successful Stomach a eae Mountain sheep. Observations: Arizona white-tailed deer, Mexican bighorn. Locally of some forage value for livestock. Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. G. myrsinites Hook., Vaccinium humifusa Graham. Range: 1, 4, 12, 18. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A smail evergreen shrub or vine; flowers in August; stems procumbent, root- ing; propagation is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring. tomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Quail, grouse; deer. Gaultheria myrsinites, see Gaultheria humifusa. Gaultheria ovatifolia Gray. Bush wintergreen Range: 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A small evergreen shrub: propagation is by seed sown under glass in winter cr spring. Observations: Grouse, quail; deer. Gaultheria procumbens L. Teaberry. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August—June. A small evergreen shrub; flowers May—September; occurs in sandy or other soils; stems creeping on or below the surface, forming mats; berry gradually increasing in size over winter; 1 ton of leaves produces 1 pound of oil of wintergreen; propagation is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring, or by division; 2,800 fresh berries per pound. Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobpwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, and ring-necked pheasant; mountain sheep, white-tailed deer. Observations: Six species of birds, including bobwhite, ruffed and spruce grouse; white-tailed deer; a favorite food of eastern chipmunk. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 135 Gaultheria shallon Pursh. (pl. 15, A. B). Salal. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July—December. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; when occurring in dry, sunny situations the species becomes much dwarfed; apparently needs a very humid atmosphere for best growth; forms a dense cover, more especially on sandy soil; most robust near the sea; propagation is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring. Stomach records: Wren tit. Observations: Blue grouse, band-tailed pigeon, sooty grouse ; Columbian black-tailed deer, Townsend’s chipmunk, brown mountain beaver, Olympic black bear; emergency ration for Olympic wapiti, an important food of Roosevelt elk. Not palatable to livestock. Gaylussacia spp. Propagation of all species is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Fifty-one species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant; opossum. Observations: White-winged crossbill; ranked with Vac- cinium as twenty-ninth on the list of quail food plants in the Southeast; bear. Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) Koch. Black huckleberry. G. resinosa (Ait.) Torr, and Gray, Andromeda baccata Wang., Decachaena baccata (Wang.) Small. Range: 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available July-September. A small, much-branched, rigid shrub; fiowers May—June; occurs in sandy and other, usually acid soils; many fruit-color varieties occur within the range of the species. Stomach recerds: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, greater prairie chicken; composed 1.9 percent of entire amount of fall food taken by sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin; taken by 38 out of 17 fall-col- lected prairie chickens in Wisconsin; white-tailed deer. Observations: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, mourning dove. Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx.) Gray. Box huckleberry. Vaccinium brachycerum Michx., Buxella brachycera (Michx.) Small. Range: 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; available July—August. A small evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; forms extremely dense colonies, each representing a Single plant; usually occurs in acid soils, including very poor ones; seed often produces sterile fruit; best developed in scutheastern West Virginia. Observations: Ruffed grouse. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) Torr. and Gray. Dwarf huckleberry, Vaccinium dumosum Andr., Lasiococcus dumosus (Andr.) Small. Range: 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available June—October. A small shrub; evergreen southward; flowers May-June; occurs in sandy and other soils, often swamps; stems are produced from a creeping rootstock. Var. hirtelia (Aitf.) Gray, (G. hirteila (Ait.) Klotz., Lasiococcus mosieri Small), occurs within the range of the species. Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. and Gray. Dangleberry. Vaccinium frondosum L., Decachaena frondosa (L.) Torr. and Gray. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained sun. Fruit: Berry; available June—September. A small to large, widely-branched, shrub; flowers May—June. A dwarf form has been described as var. tomentosa Gray. Stomach records: Two species of birds. Observations: Ruffed grouse, bob- white, cedar waxwing. Gaylussacia hirtella, see Gaylussacia dumosa. 136 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Gaylussacia nana (Gray) Small. Decachaena nana (Gray) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A smail shrub; usually occurs in sand; spreads by meuns of underground stems. Gaylussacia resinosa, see Gaylussacia baccata. Gaylussacia tomentosa (Pursh) Chapm. Decachaena tomentosa (Pursh) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub; occurs in sandy soil; stem unbranched; spreading by under- ground stems. Gaylussacia ursina (Curtis) Torr. and Gray. Bear huckleberry. Decachaena ursina (Curtis) Small. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry; available July—August. A small, loosely-branched shrub; flowers May—June; often occurs in acid humus. Gelsemium rankinii Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. An evergreen vine. Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. Yellow jessamine. Bignonia sempervirens L. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. An evergreen vine; flowers March—October ; stems and branches often tangled and matted. Poisonous to livestock. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Genista tinctoria L. Dyer’s greenweed. Range: 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub; flowers June—July; introduced from Hurope but naturalized in the region indicated; free from insects and disease; propagation is by seed. Geobalanus oblongifolius, see Chrysobalanus oblongifolius. Glabraria geniculata (Walt.) Britt. Pond spice. Litsea geniculata (Walt.) B. and H. Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large, much-branched shrub; flowers March—April. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Waterlocust. Range: 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A large tree; flowers in July; sometimes forms large thickets in comparatively deep water; rarely attacked by insect pests; wood Somewhat used for fence posts; propagation is by seed stratified and soaked in hot water before sowing in spring. Gleditsia texana, see Gleditsia triacanthos. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honeylocust. Range: 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available September—February. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 15 Gaultheria shallon: A, Effective stabilization of sand on the Oregon coast accomplished by a dense ground cover of salal. B, A near view of the fruit borne abundantly by the salal plants in A. ‘These fruits are relished by man as well as by wildlife, Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 16 A, Ilex longipes. The fruit of this holly is produced in great abundance and is undoubtedly of some wild- life value. B, J. opaca. Fruiting branches of this dense-foliaged species find a ready market at Christ- mas time. The berries are relished by many kinds of birds. C, J. vomitoria. Yaupon in the sandy soil of northern Florida. Its fruit, relished by birds and produced in great quantity, should assure it an important place in wildlife plantings. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 137 A iarge thorny tree; flowers May-July; foliage sparse; usually occurs on alluvial soils; very resistant to drought; somewhat tolerant of salinity; root system deep, widespreading or superficial; rapid growing, rather long-lived ; wind-firm ; free from disease and insects; badly injured by fire; widely culti- vated; root nodules not formed; coppices freely ; grows in many kinds of soils; wood very durable, used commercially; easily transplanted; propagation is by seeds stratified and soaked in hot water before sowing in spring; about 3,000 seeds per pound, germination 73-90 percent, about 1,000 usable plants per pound of seed. A probable hybrid between this and G. aquatica has been de- scribed as G. tewana Sarg. There is a thornless variety (var. inermis Pursh.) Stomach records: Bobwhite, starling. Observations: White-tailed deer, snow- shoe hare, cottontail rabbit, gray squirrel. Fruit greedily eaten by cattle. Glossopetalon mionandrum, see Forsellesia mionandrum. Glossopetalon nevadense, see Forsellesia spinescens. Glossopetalon pungens, see Forsellesia pungens. Glossopetalon spinescens, see Forsellesia spinescens. Gordonia lasianthus (L.) Ellis. Loblolly bay. Range: 29, 380. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers in July; short-lived. Grayia brandegei Gray. Spineless hop-sage. Range: 9. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Considered a valuable winter forage for livestock. Grayia polygaloides, see Grayia spinosa. Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Mog. Spiny hop-sage. G. polygaloides Hook. and Arn., Chenopodium spinosum Hook. Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene, available July—August. A small, much-branched, spinose, stiff, monoecious or dioecious shrub; flowers April-May; may occur on alkaline soil. Observations: Somewhat eaten in dry seasons by Oregon jack rabbit. Browsed by livestock and considered good forage for sheep and cattle. Grossularia amara, see Ribes amarum. Grossularia binominata, see Ribes binominatum. Grossularia californica, see Ribes californicum. Grossularia cognata, see Ribes cognatum. Grossularia curvata, see Ribes curvatum. Grossularia cynosbatii, see Ribes cynosbatii. Grossularia divaricata, see Ribes divaricatum. Grossularia hesperia, see Ribes hesperium. Grossularia hirtella, see Ribes hirtellum. Grossularia inermis, see Ribes inerme. Grossularia irrigua, see Ribes irriguum. Grossularia lasianthum, see Ribes leptanthum. Grossularia leptantha, see Ribes leptanthum. Grossularia lobbii, see Ribes lobbii. Grossularia marshallii, see Ribes marshallii. Grossularia menziesii, see Ribes menziesii. Grossularia missouriensis, see Ribes missouriense. Grossularia nivea, see Ribes niveum. Grossularia oxyacanthoides, see Ribes owyacanthoides. 138 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Grossuiaria parishii, see Ribes divaricatum. Grossularia pinetorum, see Ribes pinetorum. Grossularia quercetorum, see Ribes quercetorum. Grossularia roezlii, see Ribes roezlii. Grossularia rotundifolia, see Ribes rotundifelium. Grossularia sericea, see Ribes sericeum. Grossularia setosa, see Ribes setosum. Grossularia speciosa, see Ribes speciosum. Grossularia velutina, see Ribes velutinum. Grossularia victoris, see Ribes victoris. Grossularia watsoniana, see Ribes watsonianum. Guiacum angustifolium, see Porlieria augustifolia. Gutierrezia linearis Rydb. Turpentine weed. Range: 15, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers July—September. Gutierrezia longifolia Greene. Turpentine weed, Range: 9, 11, 18, 14, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers in August. Gyminda grisebachii, see Gyminda latifolia. Gyminda latifolia Sw. False boxwood. G. grisebachii Sarg. Range: 17, 32. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Kentucky coffeetree. Range: 19, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume; available in September, persistent unopened through the winter. A large tree; ordinarily occurs in rich soil; fiowers May-June; root system deep, widespreading; root nodules not formed; wind-firm; wood very durable, used to some extent commercially; rarely attacked by insects or disease. Seed germination high but irreguiar and slow, vitality high; 200-300 seeds per pound. Leaves poisonous to cattle, but cases of poisoning are infrequent, often happening when pods fall into drinking pools. Gymnolomia tenuifolia, see Viguiera stenoloba. Halesia spp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Gray squirrel. Halesia carolina L. Silverbell. H, tetraptera L., Mohrodendron carolinum Britt. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Winged capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers March-April; rarely attacked by insect pests; easily storm-damaged; very ornamental and much cultivated; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring or sown as soon as ripe. Halesia diptera Hill. Two-wing silverbell. Mohrodendron dipterum Britt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Winged capsule. A small to large tree; flowers March—April; propagation as above. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 139 Halesia monticola (Rehd.) Sarg. Mountain silverbell. Range: 27, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Winged capsule. A large tree; flowers in May; rapid growing in cultivation ; more vigorous and upright than H. carolina. Halesia parviflora Michx. Little silverbell. Mohrodendron parvifiorum Britt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Winged capsule, available August-September. A small to large tree; flowers March-April. Possibly only a variety of H. caro- lina. Propagation as above. Halesia tetraptera, see Halesia carolina. Halliophytum hallii (Brandeg.) Johnst. Tetraceccus hallit Brandeg., Securingea fasciculata hallii (Brand.) Jeps. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, dioecious, spreading shrub; flowers April-May; spinescent; leaves fascicled ; intricately branched but searcely bushy. Hamamelis macrophylla Pursh. Southern witch hazel. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available September—November. A small to large tree; flowers December—February; produces stoloniferous shoots around the trunk; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring or as soon as ripe. Hamamelis vernalis Sarg. Little witch hazel. Range: 25, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; occurs only on gravel; flowers J PE AE ne thicket forming by means of stolons. Observations: White-tailed deer. Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch hazel. Range: 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available August-December. A large shrub to small or large tree; occurs in sandy and other soils; flowers August—December ; free from insects and disease; slow growing; thicket forming; will withstand city smoke; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring or as Soon as ripe; seeds ordinarily take 2 years to germinate. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant; white-tailed deer. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; cottontail rabbit, beaver, white- tailed deer. Havardia brevifolia, see Pithecolobium brevifolium. Havardia pallens, see Pithecolobium brevifolium. Hazardia cana, see Aplopappus canus. Hazardia detonsa, see Aplopappus canus. Hazardia serrata, see Aplopappus canus. Hazardia squarrosus, see Aplopappus squarrosus. Hedeoma incana, see Poliomintha incana. Helianthus cernuus, see Flowrensia cernua. Helietta parvifolia (Gray) Benth. Baretta Pielea parvifolia Gray. Range: 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available in October. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; thicket forming; flowers April—May ; occurs on limestone and other soils. 140 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Heliomeris tenuifolia, see Viguiera stenoloba. Herpothamnus crassifolius, see Vaccinium crassifolium. Hesperodoria scopulorum, see Aplopappus scopulorum. Hesperopeuce mertensiana, see Tsuga mertensiana. Heteromeles arbutifolia, see Photinia arbutifolia. Heteremeles salicifolia, see Photinia arbutifolia. Heyderia decurrens, see Libocedrus decurrens. Hicoria Hicoria Hicoria Hiceria Hicoria Hicori Hicoria Hicoria Hicoria Eicoria Hicoria Hicoria Hicoria Hicoria Hicoria Hicoria Hicoria Hicoria Hicoria Hicoria alba, see Carya alba. aquatica, see Carya aquatica. buckleyi, see Carya buckleyi. carolinae-septentricnalis, see Carya carolinae-septentrionalis. eordiformis, see Carya cordiformis. fernowiana, see Carya myristicaeformis. floridana, see Carya floridana. glabra, see Carya glabra. laciniosa, see Carya laciniosa. leiodermis, see Carya leiodermis. microcarpa, see Carya microcarpa. minima, see Carya cordiformis. myristicaeformis, see Carya myristicaeformis. ovalis, see Carya ovalis. ovata, see Carya ovata. pallida, see Carya pallida. pecan, see Carya pecan. suleata, see Carya laciniosa. texana, see Carya texana. villosa, see Carya villosa. Hoffmanseggia microphyila Torr. A small to large shrub; flowers in April; stems rushlike, forming a broad, 4 Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. rounded bush; commonly occurs in sandy soils. Holacantha emoryi Gray. A large dioecious, thorny, rigid, much-branched, nearly leafless shrub; fruit- Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit; Nutlike drupe. ing clusters very dense. Holodiscus spp. Propagation of all species is by seed sown in the fall. Observations (in addition to specific records): Relished by Olympic wapiti. Holodiscus discolor Spiraea discolor Pursh, Sericotheca discolor (Pursh) Rydb. Schizonotus (Pursh) Maxim. discolor (Pursh) Raf. Range su 2 74 owe. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. Crucifixion thorn. Oceanspray, A large bushy shrub; flowers May-July; often pioneers in burned-over areas. Var. microphyllus (Rydb.) Jeps. (H. microphyllus Rydb., Sericotheca micro- phylla Rydb,), occurring in regions 4, 12, and 18, is a dwarf form. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 141 Var. glabrescens (Heller) Jeps. (H. glabrescens Heller, Sericotheca glab- rescens (Greenm.) Rydb., S. obovata Rydb.), occurring in regions 4, 12, and 13, is a more spreading type. Observations: Black-tailed deer. Of minor importance as browse for live- stock. Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt.) Heller. Sericotheca dumosa (Nutt.) Rydb., Spiraea dumosa Nutt. Range: 9, 10, 11, 13, 74. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large, compact shrub; often forms large clumps. Observations: Yosemite cony. Eelodiscus glabrescens, see Holodiscus discolor. ) Holodisecus microphyllus, see Holodiscus discolor. Heoicdiscus schaffneri (Rydb.) Standl. Sericotheca schaffneri Rydb. Range: 9, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small shrub. Hopea tinctoria, see Symplocos tinctoria. Horsfordia alata (Wats.) Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Dry carpel. A large shrub; flowers April—December. Horsfordia newberryi (Wats.) Gray. Newberry falsemaliow. Abutilon newberryi Wats. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Dry carpel. A small to large shrub with virgate branches; flowers April-May. Appar- ently not palatable to livestock. Hosackia balsamifera, see Lotus stipularis. Hosackia macrophylla, see Lotus stipularis. Hosackia stipularis, see Lotus stipuiaris. | Houstonia fasciculata Gray. | Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading shrub. Hudsonia ericoides L. Gold-heather. Range: 26, 27, 28, 29. | Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. | Fruit: Capsule, A small, bushy evergreen shrub, often occurs on sandy or rocky soil; flowers in May; occurs mainly along the coast. Hudsonia montana Nutt. Range: 27. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, bushy evergreen shrub; very local in occurrence but probably once more widely distributed. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Beach-heather. Range: 238, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers May—July; occurs in sand; intricately branched and matted. 142 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Hugeria erythrocarpa (Michx.) Small. Vaecinium erythrocarpum Michx., Oxycoccus erythrocarpus (Michx.) Pers. Range: 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August—October. A small to large shrub; flowers June-July; ordinarily occurs in acid soil. Hydrangea arborescens L. Wild hydrangea. Range : 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available October—December. A small to large, Somewhat straggling shrub; flowers June-July and sometimes again in September ; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring. Observations: Wild turkey ; white-tailed deer. Reputed poisonous io livestock. Hydrangea cinerea Small. Ashy hydrangea. Range: 25, 27. Site: Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available September—November. A small to large shrub; flowers June—July. Hydrangea quercifolia Bartr. Oakleaf hydrangea. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large spreading shrub; flowers in June. Hydrangea radiata Walt. Silver-leaf hydrangea. Range: 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers June—July. Hymenoclea monogyra Torr. and Gray Burrobrush. Range: 5, 10, 11. ; Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; thicket forming; rapid growing; aggressive; leafier than H. salsola. Little browsed by livestock. Hymenoclea pentalepis Rydb. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. : A small to large shrub; very similar to H. monogyra. Hymenoclea salsola Torr. and Gray White burrobrush. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, spreading shrub; occurs on sandy and alkaline soils. Hypericum spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Eleven species of birds, including bobwhite, ruffed grouse, and ring-necked pheasant, but nearly all species in this country are herbaceous and the records of utilization by wildlife may apply mostly to them. Hypericum micresepalum, see Crookea microsepala. Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. Johnswort, Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Achene, available September—October. A small shrub; flowers July-September ; occurs on sandy and other calcareous soils; foliage dense; free from insects and diseases; commonly occurs on eroded slopes; propagation is by seed or cuttings. Hyptis emoryi Torr. Desert lavender. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small to large, compact shrub. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 143 Observations: Much visited by hummingbirds. Considered a fair to fairly good livestock browse. Ilex spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-two species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite and wild turkey; white-tailed deer. Observations: Nine species of birds. Tlex ambigua, see Jlex montana. Ilex beadlei, see Ilex montana. Ilex bronxensis, see Ilex verticillata. Ilex caroliniana, see Illex montana. Ilex cassine L. Dahoon holly. f£. dahoon Walt., I. myrtifolia Walt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available September—March. A large shrub to small tree or rarely a large tree; evergreen; flowers in May; occurs on sandy and often acid soils. Stomach records: Six species of birds; raccoon. Observations: Fish crow, red- eyed vireo. Ilex coriacea (Pursh) Chapm. Tall inkberry. J. lucida Torr. and Gray, Prinos coriacea Pursh. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September—October. A small to large shrub, or rarely a small to large tree; evergreen; flowers April-May. Ilex dahoon, see /lex cassine. Tlex decidua Walt. Deciduous holly. Range: 16, 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available September—March. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers April-May. Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including bobwhite. Ilex dubia, see [lez montana. Ilex glabra (L.) Gray. Gallberry. Range: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July—June. A small evergreen shrub; occurs on sandy and other soils; free from insects and diseases; will sprout after fire. Stomach records: Wifteen species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey. Observations: Mockingbird, hermit thrush; capitive marsh rabbit. An impor- tant honey plant. Ilex laevigata (Pursh) Gray. Smooth winterberry. Range: 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit, Berry, available September—January. A small to large shrub or rarely a large tree; flowers May—June; often occurs on acid soil. Ilex longipes Chapm. (pl. 16, A). Largeleaf holly. Range: 20, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September—October. A small to large shrub or small tree; branches widespreading, but not dense. Ilex lucida, see Ilex coriacea. Ilex montana Torr. and Gray. Mountain holly. I. monticola, I. caroliniana (Walt.) Trel., not mill. Gray, J. ambigua (Michx.) Chapm., I. beadlei Ashe, I. dubia B.S. P. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available October-November. 130186°—39 10 144 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A small to large shrub or small to large tree; flowers in May; 1,375 berries per pound; germination of seed about 50 percent. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Ilex monticola, see Iler montana. Ilex myrtifolia, see Ilex cassine. Ilex opaca Ait. (pl. 16, B). American holly. Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August—June. A small to large evergreen tree; occurs on sandy, loam, gravel, clay, and other soils; flowers April—June; taproot deep and well developed, especially with age: easy to transplant when young; slow growing, somewhat long-lived; free from insects and diseases; wood of importance commercially ; fruits 5 to 8 years after planting; embryo of seed rudimentary, good germination obtained when seeds are treated with a normal solution of potassium hydroxide for 5 minutes, then a normal solution of hydrochloric acid, washed and sown, and watered as needed with a 5-percent solution of glucose; 31,000 seeds per pound, germination 20 percent, about 1,000 usable plants per pound of seed. The berries are borne on pistillate trees or occasionally on trees which may be monoecious. In growing hollies from seed, the proportion of pistillate to stami- nate trees produced is about 1 to 10. The plants ordinarily flower from 5 to 12 years after planting, but until then the two kinds of plants cannot be distin- guished. Wild seedlings ordinarily are not satisfactory for transplanting be- cause of the extensive root system developed at an early age. Seed germination extends at the very least over 1 year, and nothing is to be gained by fall plant- ing since seeds scwn in spring germinate just as quickly as if sown 6 months earlier. Propagation by cuttings results in forms true to type. All staminate forms should not be destroyed since pollination is necessary for the formation of the fruit. Stomach records: Eighteen species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey; white-tailed deer. Observations: Refused by captive marsh rabbit. Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray. Winterberry, Range: 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry; available September—October, persistent or not. A small to large shrub or rarely a small tree; flowers June-July; free from insects and diseases; easily transplanted; 2,000 berries per pound. Several minor varieties have been described. Var. tenuifolia Wats., (J. brongvensis Britt.) has solitary fruit and occurs in the northeastern part of the species range. Stomach records: Sixteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and sharp-tailed grouse. Observations: Ten species of birds, including ring- necked pheasant. Ilex vomitoria Ait. (pl. 16, C). Yaupon. Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry: available September—October, persistent or not. A large evergreen shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; flowers in May. Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including bobwhite. Illicium floridanum Ell. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupelike. A large evergreen shrub. Reputed to be poisonous to livestock. Illicoides mucronata, see Nemopanthus mucronata. Indigofera sphaerocarpa Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 145 Ingenhouzia triloba, see Thurberia triloba. Inodes texana, see Sabal texrana. Ioxylon pemiferum, see Maclura pomifera. Isccoma acradenius, see Aplopappus acradenius. Isocoma scopulorum, see Aplopappus scopulorum. Isomeris arborea Nutt. Bladderpod. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers February—May ; usually occurs on alkaline soils ; some- times herbaceous. Itea virginica L. Sweetspire. Range: 25, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub; flowers May—June; usually occurs along the Coast; propaga- tion is by seed sown under glass in spring. Jamesia americana Torr. and Gray. Cliffbush. J. americana californica Jeps., Hdwinia americana (Torr. and Gray) Heller, #. californica Small. Range: 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers May—July; commonly occurs on stream banks; in cultivation. Janusia gracilis Gray. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Samara. A vine. Jatropha cardiophylla (Torr.) Muell. Range: 106. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Jatropha carthaginensis, see Manihot carthaginensis. Jatropha multifida L. Range: 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Jatropha spathulata (Orteg.) Muell. Sangre de drago. Mozinna spathulata Orteg. Range: 11. Site: Dry, Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; stems fiexible and tough. Juglans spp. Walnuts. Most species are commonly attacked by fungi and insects but none is very seriously damaged. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Four species of birds; prezone gray squirrel, walnut rock squirrel. Observations: Two species of irds. Juglans californica Wats. California walnut. Range: 3, 5, 10. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nut. A large shrub; resistant to walnut yellows; 30 seeds per pound. Observations; California mule deer. 146 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE duglans cinerea L. Butternut. Range: 18.19. 2)522, 23, 24, 25: 26, 2.28: Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut, available September—November. A large monoecious tree; root system deep with a deep taproot, but rather widespreading; rapid growing, especially when young; short lived; foliage much injured by defoliating insects; very susceptible to fire damage; wind-firm, but easily storm damaged; ordinarily occurs on rich soils but will grow on some- what poorer and drier soils than J. nigra; wood somewhat used commercially; heartwood durable; propagation is by seed stratified in the fall and sown in spring; 16-40 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent; somewhat difficult to transplant; sugar may be produced from this species as in sugar maple. Observations: White-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit, red squirrel, and other squirrels. Juglans glabra, see Carya glabra. Juglans hindsii Jeps. Hinds walnut. J. californica hindsti Jeps. Range: 1, 8, 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Hruit: Nut. A large tree; not resistant to walnut yellows; 30 seeds per pound. Juglans major (Torr.) Heller. Arizona walnut. J. rupestris major Torr. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site: Weli-drained, sun. Fruit: Nut. A small or large shrub to large tree; taproot much developed, especially in early stages; at first rapid growing, later slower; long-lived; wood very durable in contact with soil; fruit borne abundantly every 2 or 3 years; 45 seeds per pound, germination 30-50 percent; occurs in many kinds of soil. Observations: Much eaten by squirrels and other rodents. Juglans myristicaeformis, see Carya myristicaeformis. duglans nigra L. Black walnut. Range: 18, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: WVell-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, available October—Ncvember. A large monoecious tree; root system deep, widespreading; will not grow on dry or poor soils; rapid growing, especially when young; long-lived; wind-firm ; fire resistant; foliage much attacked by caterpillars; wood injured by borers; generally free from fungus attacks; wood of great commercial value, very dur- able; begins bearing at 10 to 15 years of age; propagation is by seeds stratified and sown in spring; about 25 seeds per pound, germination 90-95 percent; much cultivated. Observations: White-tailed deer, red squirrel, and other squirrels. Not pal- atable to cattle. Juglans ovata, ses Carya ovata. fuglans rupestris Engelm. Texas wainut, J. wiippleana Torr. Range: 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nut. A small to large shrub to small or rarely a large tree; seedlings with a deep- growing taproot, fairly rapid growing: occurs commonly on limestone soils; may often form thickets; often branched to the base; fruit generally borne in abundance every 2 or 3 years; 75 seeds per pound. What was formerly considered merely a western form of this species is here treated as J. major, although it is often given only varietal rank and intermediate forms exist. Observations: Rock squirrel; favorite food of Huachuca squirrel. Juglans whippleana, see Juglans rupestris. Juniperus spp. Junipers. Evergreen, commonly dioecious, or rarely monoecious trees or shrubs; fruit a berrylike cone maturing in 1 to 3 seasons. Some forms are of value commer- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 147 cially but all species are important because of their ability to grow on dry, barren slopes and exposed situations. Nearly all junipers are slow growing; propagation is by seed stratified at 32°-50° F., 30-60 days before planting in spring. Most are secondary hosts for the cedar apple rust. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-six species of birds, including bobwhite, ruffed grouse, and sharp-tailed grouse; armadillo, gray fox, Gila chipmunk, black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records: Twenty-four species of birds, including Merriam’s turkey, Mearn’s quail, northern, prairie, and Columbian sharp-tailed grouse; coyote, Oregon gray fox, cliff chipmunk, opossum, rock squirrel, Arizona gray fox, Texas plains coyote, San Juan coyote; much eaten by New Mexico black bear, Say chipmunk, Utah chipmunk, Couch rock squirrel; berries a staple food of mule deer; an emergency browse of mule deer. Juniperus ashei, see Juniperus mexicana. Juniperus barbadensis, see Juniperus lucayanda. Juniperus californica Carr. California juniper. Range: 1, 3, 4, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available all year round. A large shrub. Observations: California mule deer. Juniperus communis L. Dwarf juniper. Range: 1, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available September; persistent ail year round. A small to large shrub, or even a small tree, very rarely a large tree; ever- green; occurs on sandy and other soils; usually monoecious, rarely dioecious; thrives on almost any soils; very slow growing; long-lived; wood exceptionally durable, not used commercially ; fruit maturing the third year, persistent 1 to 2 years after maturity, of some importance commercially; 17,000-30,000 seeds per pound. é Var. depressa, Pursh., occurring in the northeastern United States, rarely ex- ceeds 3-4 feet in height. Var. montana Ait. (J. sibirica Burgsd.), is of more general distribution; a high mountain form usually less than 3 feet in height. Var. jackii Rehd. is a prostrate western form. A fourth form is known in the high mountains of Japan. Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, Hungarian partridge, and ring-necked pheasant; this and J. norizontalis composed 1.6 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario. Observations: Twenty-two species of birds, in- cluding bobwhite and Hungarian partridge; many small mammals; white-tailed deer, moose. Juniperus erythrocarpa Cory. Red-fruited juniper. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in December. A small evergreen tree. Juniperus flaccida Schlecht. Drooping juniper. Sabina flaccida (Schlecht.) Lewis. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained. Fruit: Berry; mature in September of the second season; long per- sistent. A smali to large, dioecious, evergreen tree; occurs on sandy and other soils; slow growing, long-lived ; wood very durable, somewhat used locally. Juniperus gymnocarpa (Lemmon) Cory. J. occidentalis gymnocarpa Lemmon. Range: 11, 13, 14, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August—December. A large evergreen tree. 148 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Juniperus horizontalis Moench. (pl. 17, A). Range: 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available all year round. A small evergreen shrub; occurs on sandy and other soils ; forms dense mats. Stomach records: Sharp-tailed grouse; this and J. communis composed 1.6 per- cent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario. Observations: Sparingly browsed by moose, northern white-tailed deer. Juniperus knightii, see Juniperus utahensis. Juniperus lucayana Britt. Southern red cedar. J. barbadensis L., Sabina barbadensis (L.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available all year round. A small to large, usually dioecious, evergreen tree; root system shallow; slow growing, long-lived; wood very durable, much used commercially; in cultivation. Juniperus megalocarpa Sudw. Big-berry juniper. J. utahensis megalocarpa Sudw. Range: 9, 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, ripe September—October of the second season. A large, dioecious, evergreen tree; occurs in sandy, loam, gravel, and other soils ; slow growing, long-lived. suniperus mexicana Spreng. Mountain cedar. J. sabinoides (H. B. K.) Nees, Sabina sabinoides Small. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September of the first season. A small to large evergreen tree; occurs on sandy and other poor soils, often limestone ; wood very durable, much used locally. J. ashei Buch., occurring along the White River in the Ozarks, in northwestern Arkansas, and southwestern Missouri, as well as in the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma, has been said to be the Same species as J. mexicana. There still seems to be considerable doubt whether the two are synonymous. The large break in the distribution of the two forms and the fact that J. ashei has been little studied make it impossible to state with definiteness whether the two forms are distinct or not. Both forms are claimed to be resistant to the cedar apple rust; both fork near the base, thus possessing several boles. The fruits of J. ashei are much fleshier and twice as large as J. virginiana. J. ashei was in the fall of 1936 found to be much eaten by many songbirds, more notably robins. These birds succeeded in stripping almost the entire crop of seeds produced by these species throughout the Ozarks. Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. (pl. 17, B, C). Cherrystone juniper. J. mexicana monosperma Cory, J. occidentalis monosperma Hngelm., Sabina monosperma (Engelm.) Rydb. Range: 8, 9, 11, 18, 14, 16, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; available in September; persistent all year. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen ; dioecious, rapid growing for a juniper, long-lived; wood of value and much used locally for posts and fuel; usually several trunked. Stomach records: Four species of birds. Observations: Four species of song- birds, Gambel quail; coyote, fox, raccoon, rock squirrel; extensively eaten by Hopi chipmunk; deer. Browsed to some extent by goats. Juniperus occidentalis Hook. (pl. 18, A). Western juniper. Sabina occidentalis (Hook) Ant. Range: 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12. Site: Dry well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; available September of the second season; persistent all year round. A small to large, dioecious, evergreen tree; slow growing and very long-lived ; apparently unable to exist in close formation; grows on extremely sterile granite or gravels; regenerative powers remarkable. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 17 A, Juniperus horizontalis. Vike other junipers, this species can grow on very difficult sites, but develops slowly. The mat-forming habit enhances its value as soil cover. B, J. monosperma. As with other southwestern junipers, this form provides excellent cover for soil and wildlife and an important food for birds and mammals. OC, J. monosperma. The cherrystone juniper, besides itself producing valuable wildlife food, often serves as host to a mistletoe that bears a berry very attractive to small birds. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 18 A. Juniperus occidentalis. The fruit of the western juniper is very similar in appearance to that of many others. The berries of all species appear to be much utilized by wildlife, although specific records are often lacking. B, J. scopulorum. Dense foliage and the ability to thrive in poor soils are valuable erosion- control characters common to most junipers. The fruits of all junipers are relished by many mammals as well as by a host of birds. (Photograph by Department of the Interior.) NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 149 Observations: Pinyon jay, Townsend solitaire; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Juniperus pachyphloea Torr. Alligator juniper. J. mexicana pachyphloea Torr., Sabina pachyphloea, (Torr.) Lewis. Range: 11, 14, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September-December. A small to large, dioecious, evergreen tree; seasoned wood durable, used locally; slow growing, long-lived; fruit matures slowly and remains in good eondition either on or off the tree for a considerable period. Observations: Wild turkey; New Mexico black bear, Couch rock squirrel; extensively eaten by gray fox; deer; considered of first importance as food for big game in New Mexico. Eaten by all classes of livestock. Juniperus pinchotii Sudw. Red-berry juniper, Sabina pinchotii (Sudw.) Lewis. Range: 11, 16, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available all year round. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; coppices freely when cut; wood durable but soft; very local. Juniperus sabinoides, see Juniperus mexicana. Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. (pl. 18, B). Rocky Mountain red cedar. Sabina scopulorum (Sarg.) Lewis. Range: 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; ripening the second season, available all year round. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; dioecious, slow growing, long-lived ; 20,000-80,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Townsend’s solitaire; bighorn. Juniperus sibirica, see Juniperus communis. Juniperus utahensis (HEngelm.) Lemmon. Utah, juniper. J. californica utahensis Engelm., J. knightii Nels., Sabina utahensis (Engelm.) Rydb. Range: 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; available in September, persistent all year. A small to large, evergreen tree; 6,000—7,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Avocet; Utah cliff chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observa- tions: Deer. Haten to some extent by goats. Juniperus virginiana L. Eastern red cedar. Sabina virginiana (l.) Antoine. Range: 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available September—November, persistent all year round. A large evergreen tree; at first deep rooted, but root system becomes more shallow with age; thrives in many kinds of soil, including limestone, dolomitic, and rarely granitic and siliceous soils; slow growing and long-lived; easily killed by fire; attacked by fungi; wood very durable, much used commercially ; 18,000-80,000 seeds per pound, germination ordinarily 35-70 percent; from berries frozen in ice 21 days, seeds germinate in 35 days to 56 percent; resists grazing well; very drought resistant; notable secondary host to cedar apple rust; some 80 varieties distinguished in cultivation. Stomach records: Twenty-nine species of birds including bobwhite; oppossum. Observations: Fifty-two species of birds including bobwhite, prairie sharp- tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and mourning dove; cottontail rabbit, moose. Kalmia sp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Ruffed grouse. Kalmia angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved laurel. Range: 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site. Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; usually occurs on acid soil; flowers June—July. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Poisonous to sheep and cattle. 150 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Kalmia carolina Small. Wicky. Range: 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers June—July; occurs on acid soil. Kalmia cuneata Michx. White wicky. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Rruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers April-May; occurs in acid swamps. Kalmia glauca, see Kalmia polifolia. Kalmia hirsuta Walt. Wicky. Kalmiella hirsuta (Walt.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers May—August; occurs in sandy and other acid soils. Kalmia latifolia L. (pl. 19). Mountain-laurel. Range: 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. Usually a small to large shrub, more rarely a small tree, or very uncommonly a large tree; evergreen; occurs in sandy and other acid soils; free from insects and diseases; many cultivated forms are Known; neither the species nor the varieties thrive on clay or limestone soils: Stomach records: Ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Ruffed grouse; an important winter food of white-tailed deer but toxic to them if taken in great quantities to the exclusion of other foods. Leaves poison sheep and eattle, which avoid it unless other forage is poor. Fatalities from honey made from this plant are on record. Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller. K. glauca microphylla Hook. Range: 4, 12, 18. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit. Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers June-August. Kalmia polifolia Wane. Pale-laurel. K. glauca Ait. Range: 4, 12, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small, straggling, evergreen shrub; flowers May—July: usually occurs on acid soils. Very poisonous to livestock. Kalmiella hirsuta, see Kalmia hirsuta, Karwinskia spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Antelope jack rabbit (?), gray-sided jack rabbit (?). Karwinskia glandulosa, see Karwinskia humboldtiana. Karwinskia humboldtiana (Roem. and Schult.) Zuce. Coyotillo. RK. parvifolia Rose, K. glandulosa Zuce., Rhamnus humboldtiana Roem. and Sehult., R. maculata Sesse. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry: available in October, commonly persistent. A small to large shrub; easily transplanted by root divisions. Seeds of this species are highly toxic to all domestic animals as well as children; leaves only slightly so; the flesh of the berry is apparently not as poisonous. Xarwinskia parvifolia, see Harwinskia humboldtiana. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 151 Koeberlinia spinosa Zuce. Allthorn. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in September. A small to large shrub, or rarely, a small to large tree; much branched, almost leafless; flowers May-June; extremely spiny; difficult to transplant; thicket forming. Observations: Sealed quail, jack rabbit. Krameria spp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. Krameria canescens, see Krameria grayi. Krameria glandulosa (MacBr.) Rose and Paint. Range ratany. K. parvifolia glandulosa MacBr. Range: 10, 11, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small, much-branched, somewhat trailing shrub; flowers July-August and October-November; occurs in the hottest and driest parts of gravelly mesas; seed abundantly produced. A valuable forage for stock; grazing assists in spreading the burlike fruits. Krameria grayi Rose and Paint. Chacate. K. canescens Gray, not Willd. Range: 10, 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small, thorny, spreading shrub; densely and intricately branched ; occurs on sandy and rocky soils; parasitic on roots of various associated woody plants. Krameria parvifolia Benth. Pima ratany. Range: 10, 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. ‘ A small, rigid, often spinose shrub; parasitic on the roots of Parkinsonia microphylla. Krameria ramosissima (Gray) Wats. K. parvifolia ramosissima Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site: Sun. Fruit: Pod. A small, spiny, rigid, much-branched shrub; flowers April-May. Kraunhia frutescens, see Wisteria frutescens. Kraunhia macrostachya, see Wisteria macrostachya. Kunzia glandulosa, see Purshia glandulosa. Kunzia tridentata, see Purshia tridentata. Lantana aculeata, see Lantana camara. Lantana camara L. Lantana. L. aculeata L. Range: 19, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small to large, thorny shrub; occurs only on sandy soils; resistant to drought; apparently long-lived; the Arizona locality appears to be one where the plant was introduced not by man but by birds; very showy, much cultivated. Considered poisonous to sheep and cattle but shunned by them. Lantana involucrata L. White-flowered lantana. L. velutina Mart. and Gal., L. odorata berlandieri Torr. Range: 17, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, much-branched shrub with willowlike stems; occurs in sandy and other soils. 152 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Lantana lippioides, see Lippia geminata. Lantana macropoda Torr. Range: 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small shrub. Lantana velutina, see Lantana involucrata. Larix spp. Larches. Dioecious, deciduous trees, nine of which are known, three occurring in North America ; propagation is by Seed sown in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, in- cluding ruffed grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records): Five species of birds, including Franklin grouse; Olympic black bear; rarely cut for building material, not food, by beaver. Larix americana, see Larix laricina. Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack, LL. americana Michx. Ranges 22, 23,24, 26, 24 Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature the autumn of the first season, seeds shed during fall and winter, cones persistent 1 or 2 years longer. A large tree; root system shallow and spreading on wet sites, deeper on drier sites; rapid growing until 35 to 45 years old, then slower on ordinary sites, or on poor sites generally slow growing; intolerant of shade; not fire resistant; susceptible to the attacks of the larch sawfly; very old trees produce less seed and irregularly ; 90,000 seeds per pound ; wood hard, of importance commercially ; quite intolerant of drier soils. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse and northern sharp-tailed grouse. Observations: Hight species of birds, including spruce grouse, northern sharp-tailed grouse, emergency food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse; snowshoe hare, porcupine, red squirrel; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Larix lyallii Parl. Alpine larch. Range: 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripens in August of the first season; seeds shed at once, cones soon falling. A large, long-lived tree; wood hard, tough, heavy, somewhat used commer- cially. Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Larix occidentalis Nutt. Western larch. Range: 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August-September of the first season; seeds soon shed, cones soon failing. A large tree; rapid growing only in juvenile stages; long-lived; grows best in well-drained soils; intolerant of shade, especially on dry soils; resistant to fire after the pole stage; generally free from insects and diseases; weod very heavy, very durable, and of value commercially; prolific seeder in good years, but sterile periods often occur for 1 or 2 seasons; has not been successful as an ornamental in the East; 100,000-150,000 seeds per pound, germination 19-80 percent. Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Larrea, see Covillea. Lasiococcus dumosus, see Gaylussacia dumosa. Lasiococctus mosieri, see Gaylussacia dumosa. Laurocerasus caroliniana, see Prunus caroliniana. Laurus albida, see Sassafras albidum. Lauris geniculata, see Glabraria geniculata. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 153 Lavatera assurgentiflora Kellogg. Californea treemallow. Sanviniona assurgentifiora Greene. Range: 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Dry carpel. A large shrub; has been much used in windbreak plantings; from seed reaches 6 feet in height, and blooms the first year. Ledum buxifolium, see Leiophyllum bua«ifolium. Ledum columbianum Piper. Range: 1. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers in June; common in acid bogs. Ledum glandulosum Nutt. Smcoth Labrador-tea. Range: 4, 12, 18. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; common in acid bogs. Observations: Mountain beaver. Only slightly toxic to livestock. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Labrador-tea. Range: 4, 12, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available in August. A small evergreen shrub; flowers May-June; common in acid bogs. Stomach records: Sharp-tailed grouse; composed 1.8 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec. Poisonous to cattle, although a high-ranking summer food for reindeer. Observations: Casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Leiophyllum buxifolium (Berg.) Ell. Box sandmyrtie. Ledum busifolium Berg., Dendrium buvifolium (Berg.) Desv. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit : Capsule. A small, widely-branched evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; occurs on sand. Leiophyllum hugeri (Small) Sch. Dendrium hugeri Small. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, much-branched evergreen shrub. Leicphylium lyonii Sweet. Dendrium lyonii (Sweet) Small. Range: 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, copiously-branched evergreen shrub; usually decumbent and with matted branches. Leitneria floridana Chapm. Corkwood. Range: 20, 25, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Leathery drupe, available May—September. A small shrub to small tree; flowers March—April; spreads by suckers; does well only on peaty soils; wood lighter than cork. Lepargyrea argentea, see Shepherdia argentea. Lepargyrea canadensis, see Shepherdia canadensis. Lepargyrea rotundifolia, see Shepherdia rotundifolia. Lepidanthus phyllanthoides, see Andrachne phyllanthoides. 154. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Lepisdospartum latisquamum Wats. L. striatum Cov. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large shrub. Lepidospartum squamatum Gray. Linosyris squamata Gray, Tetradymia squamata Gray. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, rigid, broomlike shrub. Lepidespartum striatum, see Lepidosparium latisquamum. Leucaena greggii Wats. Ryncholeucaena greggii (Wats.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to small tree. Leucaena pulverulenta (Schiecht.) Benth. Acacia puiverulenta Schlecht. Range: 11, 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. Broadscale broom. Scalebroom. Grege’s lead tree. Mexican lead tree. A large tree or becoming a shrub northward; wood occasionally used locally, less commonly commercially; a rich soil species. Leucaena retusa Benth. Caudoleucaena retusa (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in August. A large shrub to small tree or rarely a large tree; flowers April—October ; occurs on limestone and other soils. A favorite browse of cattle. Leuccephyllum frutescens (Berl.) Johnst. L. tevxanum Benth. Range: 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; in cultivation. Leucophyllum minor Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, almost prostrate shrub. Leucophyllum texanum, see Leucopnyllum frutescens. Leucotheé acuminata (Ait.) Don. Andromeda acuminata Ait. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub, occurs on acid soils. eucothoé axillaris (Lam.) Don. Andromeda axillaris Lam. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. Cenizo. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers February—April; occurs in acid soils. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITHD STATES 155 Leucothoé catesbaei (Walt.) Gray. Andromeda catesbaei Walt. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub; fiowers in April; branches long, spreading or recurved; occurs on acid soils; used commercially. Leucothoé davisiae Torr. Blacklaurel. Oreocallis davisiae (Torr.) Small. Range: 1, 4. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers in June; occurs on acid soils. 1 to 2 ounces of leaves will kill a sheep. Leucothoé elongata Small. EHubotrys elongata Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; occurs in acid swamps. Leucothoé racemosa (L.) Gray. Hubotrys racemosa (l.) Nutt., Andromeda racemosa L. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, widely-branching shrub; flowers May-June; occurs in acid swamps. Poisonous to livestock, especially calves. Leucothoé recurva (Buckl.) Gray. Hubotrys recurva (Buckl.) Britt., Andromeda recurva Buckl. Range: 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers April—May ; oceurs in acid soils. Libocedrus decurrens Torr. Incense cedar. Heyderia decurrens (Torr.) Koch. Range: 1, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; ripening August-September, seeds soon shed, cones per- sistent. A large, evergreen, usually dioecious, rarely monoecious tree; root system compact, without a taproot; grows on any soil but adobe and boulder wash; high humidity is not essential for its growth; slow growing, long-lived; wind- firm; somewhat susceptible to diseases and mistletoe; wood of great importance commercially, very durable; abundant seed crop produced every 8 years; 11,000— 17,000 seeds per pound; germination 20-40 percent; ornamental and in culti- vation. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer; mountain beaver. Ligustrum spp. Privets. In addition to the species listed below, LZ. sinense Lour., the Chinese privet, and L. lucidum, the glossy privet, are sometimes spontaneous about towns in the South. Several species, notably those following, have been used success- fully in erosion control in the Piedmont, Atlantic, and Gulf Coastal Plains. Observations (in addition to specific records): Fourteen species of birds, including bobwhite. Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. California privet. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in September, persistent. A large shrub to small tree; nearly evergreen southward; a native of Japan but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; much cultivated. 156 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ligustrum vulgare L. Privet. Range: 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in September, long persistent. A large shrub, nearly evergreen southward; introduced from Eurasia but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; not hardy in North Dakota; 13,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Robin. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant in southern Michigan. Linnaea borealis L. Twinflower, LTinnaea borealis americana Rehd. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12, 18, 14, 28, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, Shade. Fruit: Capsule. A prostrate, evergreen vine; flowers June-August; often forms a good ground cover. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, plains white-tailed deer. Possibly poisonous to livestock. Linosyris depressa, see Chrysothamnus depressus. Linosyris parryi, see Chrysothamnus parryi. Linosyris pulchella, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. Linosyris squamata, see Lepidospartum squamatum. Linosyris teretifolia, see Chrysothamnus teretifolius. Lippia berlandieri Schauer. Redbush. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub; root system shallow; easily transplanted. Lippia geminata H. B. K. L. lantanoides Coult., Lantana lippioides Hook. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub. Lippia lantanoides, see Lippia geminata. Lippia ligustrina Britt. Whitebrush. L. lycioides Steud., Aloysia ligustrina (Lag.) Small. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A large, sometimes spinescent shrub; easily grown from seed, and easily transplanted. Palatable to livestock, and a good honey plant. Lippia lycioides, see Lippia ligustrina. Lippia wrightii Gray. Range: 9, 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small to large shrub; generally grows among rocks; under 3,000 feet eleva- tion grows only on northern slopes; from 3,000 to 5,000 feet grows at any aspect ; but over 6,000 feet it is limited to southern exposures. Fair to fairly good local browse for livestock. A good honey plant. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweetzgum. Range: 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Compound capsule, available September—November; seeds shed during the winter. A large tree; ordinarily occurs on better soils but able to grow on very poor ones; flowers April-May; very rapid growing, rather long-lived; seriously injured by fire; free from insects and diseases; coppices freely; wood of importance commercially; about 128,000 seeds per pound, germination 50-75 percent; somewhat difficult to transplant; very ornamental and in cultivation. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 157 Stomach records: Twelve species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey. Observations: Thirteen species of birds, including bobwhite; ranks sixteenth in the list of quail food plants of the southeast; captive marsh rabbits, eastern chipmunk, gray squirrel. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tuliptree. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available September—November. A large tree; occurs on a variety of soils; flowers May-June; root, system deep, wide spreading; not easily transplanted when young; rapid growing when young, later slower; comparatively long-lived; Seriously injured by fire; free from insects and diseases; coppices freely; wood durable, of importance commercially; a pioneer in gullies, often forming thickets in rapidly gullying ravines; 12,000-14,000 seeds per pound, germination 2-12 percent, slow. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer, red squirrel. Lithocarpus densiflora (Hook. and Arn.) Rehd. Tan oak. Pasania densifiora Orst., Quercus densiflora Hook. and Arn. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nut, mature at the end of the second season. A large evergreen tree; slow growing; free from insects and fungi; wind- firm; much damaged by fire; stump sprouts abundantly after injury; very aggressive; of great importance commercially for tannage; Second season after the bark is stripped a heavy crop of acorns is produced, the tree then dies. Var. echinoides Jeps. is a shrubbier form in region 4. Observations: Redwood chipmunk; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Usually avoided by livestock. Litsea geniculata, see Glabraria geniculata. Lonicera spp. Honeysuckles. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Fourteen species of birds, including bobwhite, Gambel quail, sharp-tailed grouse, and ring-necked pheas- ant; Mono chipmunk, Coeur d’Alene chipmunk, buff-bellied chipmunk. Obdser- vations (in addition to specific records): Six species of birds; moose. Most species are generally unpalatable to stock, although sometimes browsed. Lonicera albiflora Torr. and Gray. LL. dumosa Gray. Range: 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available October-November. A small to large, bushy shrub, or occasionally somewhat climbing. Lonicera altissima, see Lonicera oblongifolia. Lonicera arizonica Rehd. Arizona honeysuckle. Range: 11, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A vine. Lonicera caerulea, see Lonicera cauriana and L. villosa. Lonicera canadensis Marsh. American fly-honeysuckle. L. ciliata Muhl., Xylosteon ciliatum (Muhl.) Pursh. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available June-September. A small, straggling shrub; flowers April-May. Observations: White-tailed deer. Lonicera caprifolium L. Sweet honeysuckle Range: 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A twining vine, or occasionally somewhat shrubby; introduced from Hurope but more or less established in regions indicated; flowers May-June. 158 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Lonicera cauriana Fernald. Mountain fly-honeysuckle. LL. caerulea of auths., not L. Range: 4, 12, 138. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June—July. A small shrub; flowers April—May. Lonicera ciliata, see Lonicera canadensis. Lonicera ciliosa Poir. Honeysuckle. Range: 4, 12, 18, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July—September. A twining or procumbent vine; flowers in June. tomach records: Catbird. ; Lonicera conjugialis Kellogg. XAylosteon conjugiale Howell. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A small, much-branched shrub; flowers in June. Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Blue grouse. Lonicera dioica L. Mountain honeysuckle. Range: 23, 24, 25, 27. Site: Dry, weli-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available June—October. A diffuse or twining vine; flowers May—June; attacked by green aphis. Lonicera dumosa, see Lonicera albifiora. Lonicera ebractulata, see Lonicera utahensis. Lonicera flava Sims. Yellow honeysuckle. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Hruit: Berry, available August-September. A slightly twining vine; fiowers April—May. Lonicera flavida Cockerell. Range: 285. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A trailing or climbing vine. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Douglas honeysuckle. LL. dioica glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters, L. hirsuta glaucescens Rydb. Range: 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Dry, weli-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A twining vine; very similar to L. hirsuta; intergrades with LD. dioica. Lonicera hirsuta Haton. Hairy honeysuckle. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—October. A high-climbing vine; flowers June—July. Stomach records: Two species of birds. Lonicera hispiduia Dougl. Pink honeysuckle. Range: 2, 3, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—February. A climbing vine; evergreen; flowers July—August; several varieties have peen described. Of some importance as a honey plant. Lonicera interrupta Benth. Chaparral honeysuckle. Range: 4, 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June—December. A bushy vine or small shrub; evergreen. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 159 Observations: Wren-tit; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Not browsed by stock; reported by stockmen as poisonous. Of some importance as a honey plant. Lonicera involucrata (Richards) Banks. Twinberry honeysuckle. Xylosteon involucrata Richards, Distegia imvolucrata (Richards.) Raf., L. ledebouri Esch. Range: 4, 5, 7, 12, 18, 14, 23, 24, 26. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A large bushy shrub; flowers June—July; suckers very freely and may form patches of considerable size; root system fibrous, shallow, rootstocks also shal- low ; 226,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Four species of birds. Observations: Blue grouse, flowers much used by blue-throated and Rivoli hummingbirds. Only locally browsed by livestock. Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honeysuckle. Nintooa japonica Sweet. Range: 5, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available September—March. A half-evergreen vine; flowers June-August; introduced from eastern Asia and well established in regions indicated; extremely aggressive in competition with native plants; known to have killed trees up 6 inches in diameter; not necessarily confined to richer, moister woodlands, where it does best; often con- sidered a troublesome weed, especially in the South; gradually becoming more widespread; many cultivated varieties known, of which var. halliana is most widely naturalized. Stomach records: Five species of birds, fncluding bobwhite. Lonicera ledebouri, see Lonicera involucrata. Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp fly-honeysuckle. L. altissima Jennings, Xylosteon oblongifolia Goldie. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available May—August. A small to large, somewhat straggling shrub; flowers May—June. Lonicera prolifera (Booth) Rehd. Grape honeysuckle. L. sullivantii Gray, Caprifolium proliferum Booth. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—October. A vine; flowers May—June; very similar to L. dioica; attacked by green aphis. Lonicera sempervirens L. Trumpet honeysuckle. Phenianthus sempervirens (L.) Raf. Range: 11, 20, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September—October. A high-climbing vine; evergreen; flowers April—September; leaves deciduous northward; in cultivation. Observations: Purple finch. Lonicera subspicata Hook. and Arn. Moronel. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A climbing or trailing vine or small to large shrub; evergreen. Observations: California mule deer. Lonicera sullivantii, see Lonicera, prolifera. Lonicera utahensis Wats. Utah honeysuckle. L. ebractulata Rydb. Xylosteon utahense (Wats.) Howell. Range: 4, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, shade. Fruit: Berry, available June-August. : A raat to large shrub; forms clumps. Locally of some value as browse for ivestock. 130186°—39——_11 160 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Roem. and Schult. Mountain fly-honeysuckle. L. caerulea of auths., not L., Xylosteon villosum Michx. Range: 28, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in July. A small, much-branched shrub with ascending branches; generally free from insects and diseases ; may occur on limestone, peat, and other soils. Lotus stipularis (Benth.) Greene. Hosackia stipuiaris Benth., H. macrophylla Kellogg, H. balsamifera Kellogg. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub; flowers April—July. Lupinus spp. Lupines. These species are claimed to harbor the bean weavil in California. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Richardscn’s grouse; moun- tain sheep, black-tailed deer. Observations: Clark’s nutcracker. These records apply to herbaceous species also. Lupinus albifrons Benth. Silver lupine. Range: 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large shrub or small tree; evergreen; flowers March—July; occurs on sandy or dry loam; often gregarious; several varieties known. Lupinus arboreus Sims. Tree lupine. L. propinquus Greene. Range: 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large evergreen shrub; occurs in sandy soil; flowers April—June; has been introduced into New Zealand, where it is considered valuable as a cover for shifting sand, being used extensively in dune reclamation; it is not a sand- binder, but should be used where there is a well-controlled area to the windward; pod-bearing branches laid on bare dunes will prevent the movement of sand, and seeds later germinate to form a cover, Lupinus austromontanus, see Lupinus excubitus. Lupinus breweri Gray. Mat lupine. Range: 4, 19. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Legume. A small evergreen shrub; flowers June-July; ordinarily occurs in rocky soil; forms dense, prostrate mats ; season’s growth 1 to 6 inches; several varieties with less seasonal growth are known. Lupinus chamissonis Esch. Dune lupine. Range: 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A small evergreen shrub; fiowers May—June; occurs in sandy soil; the species occurs on the most exposed areas in wind-swept blow-outs and often on the crest of sand dunes; withstands the severest winds, and becomes established where sand is not moving; root system extensive. Lupinus excubitus Jones. Guard lupine. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A small evergreen shrub; occurs on gravelly and other soils; flowers May—June. Var. halliti Sm. (L. hallii Abrams, L. paynei Dav.), is larger and coarser. Var. johnstonii Sm., is a lower, subalpine form of dry mountain tops. Var. austro- montanus Sm. (L. austromontanus Heller), is a herbaceous form. Lupinus hallii, see Lupinus excubitus. Lupinus paynei, see Lupinus excubitus. PLATE 19 Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Qsel[O} VSuap ‘ UWddISIIAV SIT quIed SUOIIPUOd [IOS 9190q (‘9dTAIOS JSI0T “SN Aq yde1is0104q) ‘“19A00 [10S poos saptaoid A SSUTJUR[C OpISpVvOI UI ON[VA Sj PaAoid svy [eINV[-UTeJUNOU Vy} ‘YURI ISIG sy} Jo Sotoeds [eJUsMIVUIO UV “Dyofiyo] DW jD Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 20 A, Lycium andersonii. The desert-thorns as a group show much promise for erosion control and wildlife plantings in the Southwest. B, L. andersonii. The fruits of most species of Lycium are probably utilized by wildlife much more than available records indicate. C, Lyonothamnus floribundus. A young speci- men of the Catalina ironwood growing ina California garden. Although as yet not commonly planted, this native tree of bushy habit and rapid growth, when supplied with adequate water, may prove valuable. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 161 Lupinus propinquus, see Lupinus arboreus. Lycium spp. The root systems of the species are relatively extensive in comparison with the aerial portions, often extending 25-30 feet from the plants; roots tough and fibrous ; propagation is by seed sown as soon as ripe or by cuttings. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, including Gambel and scaled quail. Observations (in addition to specific rec- ords) : Verdin, Gila woodpecker ; Mexican raccoon ; important food for birds and desert rodents generally. Lycium andersonii Gray. (pl. 20, A, B). Anderson desert-thorn. Range: 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available April—May. A small, spiny, scraggly shrub; fiowers April-June; profusely branched ; tolerant of alkali; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Attractive to black-chinned hummingbird. Lycium berlandieri Dunal. Range: 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large shrub; occurs in sandy and other Soils. Forma parviflorwnm (Gray) Hitche., (L. parviflorum Gray) is more robust with numerous leaves and is generally found in the northwestern part of the range. Lycium californicum Nutt. California desert-thorn. Range: 5, 10, 11. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available April—October. A small, densely-branched shrub; occurs on clay or sand; decumbent or spreading; spiny, and branches much intertwined. Lycium carolinianum Walt. Christmasberry. Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, trailing or somewhat climbing, spiny shrub; occurs on saline or alkaline soil, sand or limestone. Var. quadrifidum (Moc. and Sesse) Hitche., (L. quadrifidum Moc. and Sesse), the large-fruited matrimony vine, is more widely distributed and spinier than the species, commoner westward; grows in sand; drought resistant; will grow in standing water; fruit attractive to waterfowl. Lycium cooperi Gray. Cooper desert-thorn, Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, compact shrub; flowers April-June; occurs in sandy and other soils; stout, spiny and densely branched. Lycium exsertum Gray. L. fremontiui bigelovii Gray. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, sparingly-branched, few-spined, rigid shrub; rapid growing; nearly evergreen; procumbent branches root; roots well from cuttings; seed produced abundantly. Lycium fremontii Gray. Fremont desert-thorn. L. pallidum fremontii Terac., L. gracilipes Gray. Range: 5, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, freely-branched, somewhat spiny shrub; usually occurs in rather alkaline soil. Browsed by livestock in winter. Lycium gracilipes, see Lycium fremontii. 162 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Lycium halimifolium Mill. Matrimony-vine. L. vulgare (Ait.) Dunal. Range: 2, 4, 9, 18, 14, 15, 16, 22, 28, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August—May. A vine or small to large shrub; sparingly branched, spreading to recumbent; spiny or unarmed; introduced and more or less naturalized from Hurope in the regions indicated; in the west sometimes considered a weed. Lycium hassei, see Lycium richit. Lycium macrodon Gray. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available March—May. A small to large, much-branched, spreading, spiny shrub; flowers in February. Lycium pallidum Miers. Pale desert-thorn. Range: 9, 10, 11, 18, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—August. A small to large, widespreading, thorny shrub; flowers April-May; occurs in sandy and other soils; sprouts readily when cut or broken down; often forms thickets. Locally important and valuable as browse for livestock, especially on winter range. Lycium palmeri, see Lycium richii. Lycium parishii Gray. Parish desert-thorp. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, much-branched, short-spined, rigid shrub. Lycium parviflorum, see Lycium berlandieri. Lycium pringlei, see Lycium richii. Lycium puberulum Gray. Range: 11, 17%. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in June. A small, spiny, sparingly branched shrub. Lycium quadrifidum, see Lycium carolinianum. Lycium richii Gray. L. palmeri Gray, L. pringlet Gray. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub; erect or somewhat clambering ; much branched ; sometimes forms dense thickets; tolerant of saline conditions; drought re- sistant; tolerant of poor soil. Var. hassei (Greene) Johnst., (L. hassei Greene) occurs in region 5 and is almost unarmed. The species called L. verrucosum Hastw. of the San Nicholas Islands is considered a freak originating from this species. It grows in eroded arroyos. Lycium spencerae, see Prunus fasciculata. Lycium torreyi Gray. Squaw desert-thorn. Range: 9, 10, 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June—September. A small to large thorny shrub; flowers March—June; much branched and spreading; with heavy spines or unarmed. Lycium vetrucosum, see Lycium richii. Lycium vulgare, see Lycium halimifolium. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 163 Lymnobtrya lacustris, see Ribes lacustre. Lymnobotrya montigena, see Ribes montigena. Lymnobotrya parvula, see Hibes lacustre. Lyonia ferruginea, see Xolisma fruticosa. Lyonia frondosa, see Xolisma ligustrina. Lyonia ligustrina, see Xolisma ligustrina. Lyonia mariana, See Xolisma mariana. Lyonida nitida, see Xolisma lucida. Lyonia rigida, see Xolisma ferruginea. Lyonothamnus asplenifolius, see Lyonothamnus floribundus. Lyonothamnus floribundus Gray. (pl. 20, C). Catalina ironwood. L. asplenifolius Greene. Range: 5. Site: Dry well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small to large evergreen tree; flowers June—July ; rapid growing, especially when well supplied with water; bushy; drought resistant; very ornamental and commonly cultivated. Maclura aurantiacum, see Maclura pomifera. Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Osage-orange, M. aurantiacum Nutt., Toxylon pomiferum Raf., Ioxylon pomiferum Rat. Range: 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Synearp, available in October. A large, dioecious, much-branched, thorny tree; wood very strong and dur- able; much cultivated as a hedge plant and extensively planted throughout the country for that purpose; a host for the San Jose scale; not hardy in northern Iowa, Minnesota, and the Dakotas; a thorny variety is known in cultivation ; propagation is by seed Sown in spring after soaking 48 hours; about 12,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Crossbill; fox squirrel; particularly valuable cover plant for small forms of wildlife. Macrosiphonia berlandieri, see Macrosiphonia macrosiphon. Macrosiphonia macrosiphon (Torr.) Heller. M. berlandieri Gray, Hchites macrosiphon Torr. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Pod. A small shrub. Magnolia spp. Magnolias. Most species are generally free from insects and diseases; most grow in acid soil; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring or sown at once; usually difficult to transplant. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Five species of birds, including bobwhite. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber magnolia. Tulipastrum acuminatum (L.) Small. Range: 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. A large tree; flowers May—June; occurs on fertile, not heavy soils, nor dry sand or shale; root system deep, wide spreading, taproot rarely developed ; rapid growing, rather short-lived; severely injured by fire and cucumber scale; coppices freely; wood soft, weak, durable, used to some extent commercially ; often used as grafting stock for named varieties; propagation is by seed strati- fied at 82° F., 15 to 20 weeks, and sown in spring; about 3,000 seeds per pound ; easy to transplant. 164. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Magnoiia ashei Weath. Ashe magnolia. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A large shrub to large tree; occurs in sandy and cther soils. Magnolia cordata Michx. Yellow-flower magnolia, M. acuminata cordata Sarg., Tulipastrum cordatum Small. Range: 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A large snrub; or in cultivation, becoming a large tree. Magnolia foetida, see Magnolia grandificra. Magnolia fraseri Walt. Mountain magnolia. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A large tree; flowers May-June. Magnolia glauca, see Magnolia virginiana. Magnolia grandiflora L. (pl. 21, A). Evergreen megnolia. M. foetida (L.) Sarg. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. A large evergreen tree; flowers April—-August; wood weak, not durable, some- what used commercially; about 2,000 seeds per pound; easily transplanted, much cultivated. Stomach records: Five species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds, including wild turkey; gray squirrel, captive marsh rabbit. Magnolia macrophylla Michx. Bigleaf magnolia. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A large tree; flowers May-June; leaves much wind-damaged; young trees will coppice. Magnolia pyramidata Pursh. Pyramid magnolia. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A smail to large tree; flowers in June. Magnolia tripetala L. Umbrella magnolia. M. umobreila L. Range, 25, 27, 28, 29. ite: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A large, rapid-growing tree; flowers May-June. Magnolia umbrella, see Magnolia tripetala. Magnolia virginiana L. Sweetbay. M. glauca UL. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; flowers May-June; gen- erally occurs near the coast in the southern part of its range; often thicket forming; consistently found on mediacid soil; cultivated to some extent. Mahonia aquifolium, see Berberis aquifolium. Mahonia fascicularis, see Berberis pinnata. Mahonia fremontii, see Berberis fremontii. Mahonia haematocarpa, see Berberis haematocarpa. Mahonia nervosa, see Berberis nervosa. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 165 Mahonia nevinii, see Berberis nevinit. Mahonia pinnata, see Berberis pinnata. Mahonia pumila, see Berberis pumila. Mahonia repens, see Berberis repens. Mahonia swaseyi, see Berberis swaseyi. Mahonia trifoliolata, see Berberis trifoliolata. Malache lasiopetala, see Pavonia lasiopetala. Malachodendron pentagyna, see Stuartia pentagyna. Maiacothamnus davidsonii, see Malvastrum davidsonii. Malacothamnus fasciculatum, see Malvastrum fasciculatum. Malacothamnus nuttallii, see Malvastrum nuttallii. Malosma laurina, see Rhus laurina. Malpighia glabra L. Wild crapemyrtle. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large shrub; occurs on sandy soil; fruit edible. Malus spp. Propagation of all species is by seed stratified 85 days at 41°-46° F.; most species grow in neutral soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) ; Highteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and ring-necked pheasant; composed 14.4 percent of winter food taken by ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States; opossum, dusky marmot, western skunk, gray fox, red fox; composed 0.03 percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan; found in 17.4 percent of 130 raccoon stomachs collected in winter in New York; found in 18 percent of 139 skunk stomachs examined in New York. Observations (in addition to specific records): Three species of birds; emergency food of greater prairie chicken ; woodchuck, red squirrel, snowshoe rabbit, cottontail rabbit, gray fox; staple food of red fox in times of scarcity; an important food of raccecon in times of scarcity. Malus angustifolia Michx. Narrowleaf crab apple. M. sempervirens Desf., Pyrus angustifolia Ait. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available September—October. A large shrub to small or large tree; partially evergreen southward; con- sidered by some to be a form of M. coronaria (q. V.). Stomach records: Blue jay. Malus bracteata Rehd. Pyrus bracteata Bailey. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available September—October. A large shrub to small or large tree. Maius coronaria (L.) Mill. American crab apple. Pyrus coronaria L. Range: 16, 19. 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available September—November. A large shrub to small or large tree; blooms March—May, forms dense, spiny thickets. Stomach records: Grosbeak, white-tailed deer. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant. Malus diversifolia, see Malus fusca. Malus fragrans, see Malus glaucescens. 166 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Malus fusca (Raf.) Schn. (pl. 21, B). Oregon crab apple, M. rivularis Roem., M. diversifolia (Bong.) Roem., Pyrus fusca Raf., P. diversifolia Bong., P. rivularis Dougl. Range: 1, 2, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available August-November. A small to large tree; flowers April—May; thicket forming; specimens usually straggling when single. Stomach records: Robin. Observations: Much eaten by Oregon ruffed grouse. Not a first-class browse plant because often, inaccessible on account of thicket- forming tendency but sometimes fair cattle forage. Malus glabrata Rehd. Crab apple. Pyrus glabrata Bailey. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A small to large tree. Malus glaucescens Rehd. Dunbar crab apple. M. fragrans Rehd., Pyrus glaucescens Bailey. Range: 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available in September. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers April-May; commonly clump forming and spiny. Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. Prairie crab apple. Pyrus coronaria ioensis Wood, P. ioensis Caruth. Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available September—October. A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; several varieties, all occur- ing within the range of the species have been described. Malus lancifolia Rehd. Lanceleaf crab apple. Pyrus tancifolia Bailey. Range: 25, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. A large shrub to small, spiny tree. Malus malus, see Malus pumila. Malus platyecarpa Rehd. Crab apple. Pyrus platycarpa Bailey. Range: 25, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome. A large shrub to small tree. Malus pumila Mill. Wild apple. M. malus (L.) Britt., UW. sylvestris Mill., Pyrus malus L. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available September—November. A small to large tree, flowers April-May; introduced from Asia, but widely naturalized and easily escaping. Stomach records: Three species of birds; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Obser- vations: Nine species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant and mourning dove; white-tailed deer. Without doubt of extreme importance as a food- producing plant for wildlife. Malus rivularis, see Malus fusca. Malus sempervirens, see Malus angustifolia. Malus soulardii (Bailey) Britt. Soulard crab apple. Pyrus soulardii Bailey. Range: 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome. 2 NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 167 A large shrub to small tree; presumably a cross between M. ioensis and M. pumila. Malus sylvestris, see Malus pumila. Malva fasciculata, see Malvastrum fasciculatum. Malvastrum spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, but many species are herbaceous. Malvastrum davidsonii Robins. Davidson globemallow. Malacothamnus davidsonii (Robins.) Greene, Sphaeralcea davidsonii (Robins.) Jeps. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Dry carpel. A small to large shrub. Malvastrum fasciculatum (Nutt.) Greene. Bushmallow. M. thurberi Gray, Malva fasciculata Nutt., Malacothamnus fasciculatum, Greene, Sphaeralcea fasciculata (Nutt.) Arthur. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Dry carpel. A large shrub with wandlike branches. Malvastrum gabrielense Munz and Johnst. San Gabriel globemallow. Range: 5 Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Dry carpel. A small to large shrub. Malvastrum nuttallii (Abrams) Dav. and Moxl. Nuttall globemallow. Malacothamnus nuttallii Abrams. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Dry carpel. A large shrub. Malvastrum thurberi, see Malvastrum fasciculatum. Malvaviscus drummondii Torr. and Gray. Texas mallow. Range: 17, 20; 80. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berrylike carpel, available August-September. A large shrub to small tree; usually occurs in sand; fruit edible. Of some value as forage for livestock. Manihot carthaginensis (Jacq.) Muell. M. chlorostica Stand]. and Goldm., Jatropha carthaginensis Jacq. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; roots fleshy. Manihot chlorostica, see Manihot carthaginensis. Maytenus phyllanthoides Benth, Range: 17, 30, 32. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen. Melia azedarach L. Chinaberry. Range: 17, 20, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available October, falling through the winter. A small to large tree; foliage dense; introduced from India and China and apparently completely naturalized in the regions indicated; will not stand ex- cessive drought; free from insects; rapid growing; somewhat tolerant of salinity ; much cultivated through the southern part of the country; fruit pulp is a vermifuge and a repellant of insects. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Robin; western chipmunk. Fermented fruit toxic to pigs. 168 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Melochia tomentosa L. Range: 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Menispermum canadense L. Moonseed. Range: 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A twining or clambering vine; flowers June—July ; exceptionally fast growing; Spreads by means of suckers; berries poisonous to humans. Livestock seldom, if ever, eat the plant. Menispermum lyonii, see Calycocarpum lyonii, Menodora spinescens Gray. Menodora. Range: 4, 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small spinese shrub with smali leaves. Menziesia ferruginea Sm. Rustyleaf. M. gabella Gray. Range: 2. 4. 12. 23: Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small to large shrub; flowers May-June. Poisonous to livestock when eaten in large quantities. Menziesia glabelia, see Menziesia ferruginea. Menziesia glandulifiora, see Phyllodoce glandulifiora. Menziesia pilosa (Michx.) Pers. Minnie-bush. Azalea pilosa Michx. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers May—June. Micrerhamnus ericoides Gray. Javelin brush. Ranges aiaiG* 1%. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in May. A small to large, spiny evergreen shrub with minute leaves. Mimosa angustissima, see Acacia angustissima. Mimosa berlandieri, see Mimosa pigra. Mimosa biuncifera “Benth, Catclaw. M. prolifica Wats., Mimosopsis biuncifera (Benth.) Britt. and Hose. Range: 10, 11, 16, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in September. A small, rarely large, thorny shrub. Stomach records: Scaled quail. Observations: Gambel and scaled quail; par- ticularly palatable to captive deer. Fairly good browse for livestock. Mimosa borealis Gray. Catclaw. M. fragrans Gray, M. texana Small, M. borealis texana Gray. Ranges 1 16; 17; 20: Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, much-branched, spiny, rigid shrub. Browsed by livestock but brittle and apt to be broken down with overgrazing. Mimosa dysocarpa Benth. Velvetpod mimosa. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in August. A small to large, spiny shrub. Observations; Gambei and scaled quail. Considered fair browse for live- stock, NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 169 Mimosa emoryana Benth. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit :Legume. A small to large, spiny shrub. Mimosa endlichii, see Mimosa, lemmonit. Mimosa farnesiana, see Acacia, farnesiana. Mimosa filiculoides, see Acacia angustissima. Mimosa flexuosa Benth. M. biuncifera flexuosa Robins., Mimosopsis flexuosa (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, much-branched, spiny shrub. Mimosa fragrans, see Mimosa borealis. Mimosa grahamii Gray. Mimosopsis grahamii (Gray) Britt. and Rose. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, spreading or decumbent shrub. Mimosa laxiflora Benth. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, somewhat prickly shrub. Mimosa lemmonii Gray. M. endlichii Harms, LOLS EA lemmonit (Gray) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub. Stomach records: Gambel quail. Mimosa lindheimeri Gray. M. biuncifera lindheimeri Robins., Mimosopsis lindheimeri (Gray) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, spiny shrub. Mimosa malacophylla Benth. Senegalia malacophylla (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A large, spiny, decumbent, or even climbing shrub. Mimosa pigra L. M. berlandieri Gray. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, prickly shrub. Mimosa pringlei Wats. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, densely branched, spiny shrub. Mimosa prolifica, see Wimosa biuncifera. Mimosa texana, see Mimosa borealis. 170 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Mimosa wrightii Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, spiny shrub. Mimosopsis biuncifera, see Mimosa biuncifera. Mimosopsis flexuosa, see Mimosa fleruosa. Mimosopsis grahamii, see Mimosa grahamii. Mimosopsis lemmonii, see Mimosa lemmonii. Mimosopsis lindheimeri, see Mimosa lindheimeri. Mimulus aridus (Abrams) Grant. Diplacus aridus Abrams. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, decumbent, evergreen shrub. Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis. Bush monkeyflower. Diplacus aurantiacus (Curtis) Jeps. Range: 1, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small, sparingly branched, evergreen shrub; flowers April—September. Palatability to livestock low or negligible. Mimulus femingii Munz. M. parviflorus (Greene) Grant, Diplacus parvifiorus Greene. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, evergreen shrub; flowers January—August. Mimulus longiflorus (Nutt.) Grant. Long monkeyfiower. Diplacus arachnoides Greene, D. longifiorus Nutt. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, profusely branched shrub. Palatability to livestock low or negligible. Mimulus parviflorus, see Mimulus flemingii. Mimulus puniceus (Nutt.) Steud. Crimson monkeyflower. Diplacus puniceus Nutt. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, freely branched shrub. Palatability to livestock low or negligible. Mitchella repens. L. Patridgeberry. Range: 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July—October, often persistent throughout the year. An evergreen vine with creeping, matted, rooting stems; flowers April—June and often again in autumn. Stomach records: Nine species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken. Observations: Five species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and Canadian spruce grouse; much eaten by raccoon; frequently eaten by red fox. Mohrodendron carolinum, see Halesia, carolina. Mohrodendron dipterum, see Halesia, diptera. Mohrodendron parviflorum, see Halesia parviflora. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 171 Momisia aculeata, see Celtis iguanaea. Momisia pallida, see Celtis pallida. Morella cerifera, see Myrica cerifera. Mortonia greggii Gray. Range: 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A very small, everygreen shrub; usually occurs on limestone soil. Mortonia scabrella Gray. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A small, densely branched shrub; usually occurs on limestone soil. Not browsed by livestock. Mortonia sempervirens Gray. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, leafy shrub. Mortonia utahensis (Cov.) Rydb. Mortonia. M. scabreila utahensis Cov. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, intricately branched shrub. Not browsed by livestock. Morus spp. Mulberries. Members of this genus are attacked by the Texas root rot caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Forty-five species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bobwhite; opossum, red fox; composed 19.54 percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition to specific records) ; Twenty-eight species 0 of birds including wild turkey; cottontail rabbit. Morus alba L. White mulberry. Range: 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Compound drupe, available May-July. A small to large, rapid-growing tree; a very variable species introduced from China but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; some 10 varieties are distinguished in cultivation; 300,000—-350,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Four species of birds. Morus celtidifolia, see Morus microphylia. Morus microphylla Buckl. Texan mulberry. M. celtidifolia of Sarg., not H. B. K. Range: 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Compound drupe, available May—June. A large shrub to small or large tree; usually occurs on limestone soil; thicket-forming; usually dioecious; possibly not distinct from WM. celtidifolia, a Mexican species. Observationss Gambel, scaled, and Mearns quail; many songbirds; highly pal- atable the year round to captive deer. Morus nigra L. Black mulberry. Range: 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Compound drupe, available June-August. A small to large tree introduced ultimately from Persia but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; 200,000 seeds per pound. 172 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Morus rubra L. Red mulberry. Range: 16, 17, 18,119, 20,21, 22, 23, 24, 25.527, 28.129) 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Compound drupe, available May—August. A small to large, rapid-growing tree; monoecious or dioecious; root system shallow; short-lived; much attacked by insects and fungi; wood used com- mercially to some extent; seed generally not very fertile; grows on various soils ; 200,000 seeds per pound; a large-fruited and everbearing variety is known. Stomach records: Twenty-one species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: Twenty-one species of birds; much eaten by Carolina fox squirrel; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. Mozinna spathulata, see Jatropha spathulata. Muscadinia munsoniana, see Vitis munsoniana. Muscadinia rotundifolia, see Vitis rotundifolia. Myrica spp. Propagation of all species is by seed stratified and sown in spring; propa- gation by cuttings is considered difficult; most species grow in acid soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Sixty species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bobwhite. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Hungarian partridge, ring-necked pheasant, white-tailed deer. Myrica asplenifolia L. Sweetfern. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet, available September—October. A small shrub; often forms very dense colonies, especially on poor, sterile soils, often to the exclusion of other growth; often a pasture weed; a pioneer in burned-over areas northward. Observations: Ruffed grouse, prairie sharp-tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. Myrica californica Cham. (pl. 21, C). Pacific waxmyrtle. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available July—June. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; occurs in sandy soil, salt marshes, or other situations; produces suckers; somewhat thicket forming. Stomach records: Five species of birds, including California quail. Myrica carolinensis Mill. Bayberry. Cerothamnus carolinensis (Mill.) Tidest. Range: 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available June—April or longer. A small to large, almost evergreen shrub; occurs in sandy, or dry, sterile soil; 55,500 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Thirty-eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and ring-necked pheasant. Observations: Sixteen species of birds, including bpobwhite, ranks with M. cerifera as twentieth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast. (Some of these observations may apply wholly or in part to M. cerifera). Myrica cerifera L. (pl. 22, A). Wazmyrtle. Morella cerifera (L.) Small, Cerothamnus ceriferus (L.) Small. Range: 20, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available August—October. A small to large shrub or rarely a small to large tree; evergreen; grows in sandy or sterile, often acid soil. Stomach records: Forty-one species of birds including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and wild turkey. Observations: Six species of birds including bob- white; ranks with WM. caroliniana as twentieth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. (See also M. caro- linensis.) Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 21 i : H : : i ; A, Magnolia grandiflora. The fruit of the evergreen magnolia is of particular appeal to wild turkey. The fleshy red drupes, extruded from the conelike structure, are characteristic of magnolias. B, Malus fusca. The Oregon crab apple, ordinarily found in moist soils, may prove of value in stream-bank control. The fruits, though much smaller than those of eastern species, are similarly used by man. C, Myrica cali- fornica. The fruit of the Pacific waxmyrtle will probably be found to occupy the same place in the diet of western birds that the fruits of eastern waxmyrtles do in the diet of eastern birds. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 22 A, Myrica cerifera. The fruits of this sand-inhabiting shrub have been found in the stomachs of 41 kinds of birds. In sand-dune control, such wildlife use may considerably enhance the value of plantings of the species. B, Orydendrumarboreum. The ornamental flowers of the sourwood, of use in honey production, entitle this species to consideration in erosion-control planting along roadsides. (Photograph by Depart- ment of the Interior.) NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 173 Myrica gale L. Range: 1, 2, 4, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available August-September. A small to large shrub; often occurs in acid soil. 3) Sweetgale. Observations: Prairie sharp-tailed grouse; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Myrica hartwegii Wats. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Waxy, nutlike. A small to large shrub. Myrica inodora Bartr. Cerothamnus inodorus (Bartr.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Waxy, nutlike. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen. Myrica pumila (Michx.) Small. Sierra sweetbay. Dwarf waxmyrtle. M. cerifera pumila Michx., Cerothamnus pumilus (Michx.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, sun, shade. Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available May—October. A small evergreen shrub; occurs in sandy or acid soils. Observations: Bird stomach records for M. cerifera should be consulted for this species. Negundo aceroides, see Acer negundo. Negundo californicum, see Acer negundo. Negundo interius, see Acer negundo. Negundo negundo, see Acer negundo. Negundo nuttallii, see Acer negundo. Negundo texanum, see Acer negundo. Neillia alternans, see Physocarpus aliernans. Neillia capitata, see Physocarpus capiiatus. Neillia malvacea, see Physocarpus maiveceus. Neillia opulifolia, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Neltuma glandulosa, see Prosopis chilensis. Neltuma julifiora, see Prosopis chiiensis. Neltuma velutina, see Prosopis chilensis. Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. Illicoides mucronata Britt. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July—September. Mountain-holly. A small to large shrub; usually occurs in bogs; about 1,600 berries per pound. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, robin. Neopieris mariana, see Xolisma mariana. Neopieris nitida, see Xolisma lucida. Weostyphonia integrifolia, see Rhus integrifolia. Neostyphonia ovata, see Rhus ovata. Neowashingtonia robusta, see Washingtonia robusta. 174. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Nephropetalum pringlei Robins. and Greenm. Range: 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Nicotiana glauca Graham. Tree tobacco. Range: 1, 3, 5, 10, 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, Sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to Small tree; evergreen; introduced from South America, but naturalized in the regions indicated; foliage sparse, furnishing little soil cover; a pioneer in eroded areas; reputed to be poisonous. Observations: Especially attractive to hummingbirds. Nintooa japonica, see Lonicera japonica. Nuttallia cerasiformis, see Osmaronia cerasiformis. Nyssa sp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Red-headed woodpecker. Nyssa aquatica Marsh. Tupelo gum. Range: 25, 29, 30. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Drupe, not available in October. A large tree; wood not durable, used commercially to some extent. Stomach records: Ten species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey. Observations: Four species of birds. Nyssa biflora Walt. Swamp black gum. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large tree; wood of little importance commercially. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey. Nyssa ogeche Marsh. Sour tupelo gum. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-August, persistent until November— December. A large shrub, or more commonly a small to large tree; very rare and local; fruits much larger than those of other species, and edible. Stomach records: Opossum. An important source of honey. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Black gum. Range: 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, persistent until May or falling at once. A large tree; root system deep, widespreading, as well as superficial; resist- ant to fire; not wind-firm; coppices after cutting; wood not durable in soil, used commercially ; without notable insect enemies; 3,0004,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Thirty-two species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken; Louisiana white-tailed deer. Observations: Twenty-four species of birds, including ruffed grouse; greatly preferred food of wild turkey; captive marsh rabbit; favorite food of black bear; white-tailed deer. Obione confertifolia, see Atriplex confertifolia. Obione hymenelytra, see Atriplex hymenelyira. Obione lentiformis, see Atriplex lentiformis. Obione polycarpa, see Atriplex polycarpa. Odostemon aquifolius, see Berberis aquifolium. Odostemon dictyotus, see Berberis californicum. Odostemon fascicularis, see Berberis californicum and B. pinnata. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 175 Odostemon fremontii, see Berberis fremontii. Odostemon haematocarpus, see Berberis haematocarpa. Odosteman nervosus, see Berberis nervosa. Odostemon nevinii, see Berberis nevinii. Odostemon nutkanus, see Berberis aquifolium. Odostemon pumilus, see Berberis pumila. Odostemon repens, see Berberis repens. Odostemon trifoliolatus, see Berberis trifoliolata. Odostemon wilcoxii, see Berberis wilcoxii. Olneya tesota Gray. Desert ironwood. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May-June; evergreen; some- what spiny ; foliage rather dense; 2,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Hooded orioles; hummingbirds ; much used as roosts by Gambel quail; bighorn. The species is attacked by a mistletoe (Phoradendron californicum) which produces fruits attractive to many berry-eating birds. Of some value as a forage for livestock. Oplopanax horridum (Small) Miquel. Devilsclub. Fatsia horrida (Small) B. and H., Echinopanaz horridum Decne. and Planch., Ricinophyllum horridum (Small) Nels. and MacBr. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12, 18, 24. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. A large, straggling, large-leafed, very thorny shrub; flowers May—June. Observations; Preferred food of Olympic wapiti. Opulaster alabamensis, see Physocarpus stellatus. Opulaster alternans, see Physocarpus alternans. Opulaster australis, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Opulaster bracteatus, see Physocarpus bracteatus. Opulaster capitatus, see Physocarpus capitatus. Opulaster glabratus, see Physocarpus glabratus. Opulaster intermedius, see Physocarpus stellatus and P. opulifolius. Opulaster monogynus, see Physocarpus monogynus. Opulaster opulifolius, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Opulaster pauciflorus, see Physocarpus malvaceus. Oreocallis davisiae, see Leucothoé davisiae. Osmanthus americanus (L.) Benth. and Hook. Devilwecod, Amarolea americana (l.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Weill-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available in September. Usually a large shrub to small tree or rarely a large tree; evergreen; often occurs in sandy soil; flowers March—April. Osmaronia cerasiformis (Torr. and Gray) Greene. Oso berry. Nuttall cerasiformis Torr. and Gray. Range: 1, 2, 4. Site: Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July—August. A small to large shrub; flowers March-April; fruit pulp bitter in some regions, sweet in others, but not poisonous. Observations: Greedily eaten by many birds and mammals. Apparently of little value as forage for livestock. 130186°—39 12 176 MISC. PUBLICATION 803, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ostrya baileyi Rose. Bailey hophornbeam. Range: 11, 16, 19. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small tree. Ostrya knowltonii Cov. Western hophornbeam. Range: 9, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Rruit: Nutlet. A large shrub to small tree, Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Koch. Hophornbeam. Ranges), 1S. 20 212 2a 24. 25D (Don OOO: Site: Dry, weli-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Nutlet, available August—October. A small, very slow-growing tree. Var. glandulosa (Spach) Sarg., the more northern form, has been noted to be possibly the Same as O. baileyi. Stomach records: Five species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, ptarmigan; white-tailed deer; composed 14.73 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York. Obdservations: Five species of birds, including ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant; staple food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec; white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. Oxycoccus erythrocarpus, see Hugeria erythrocarpa. Oxycoccus macrocarpus, see Vaccinium macrocarpon. @xyccccus oxycoccus, see Vaccinium oxycoccus. Oxycoccus palustris, see Vaccinium oxycoccus. Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. (pl. 22, B). Sourwood. Andromeda arbcreum L. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available September—October. A large tree; flowers June-August; rarely attacked by insects or diseases; wood sometimes used locally. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. A good bee plant. Oxytenia acerosa Nuit. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Hruit: Achene. A large shrub, leafless and rushlike, or with leaves; often occurs on alkaline soil. Not eaten by livestock and considered poisonous to cattle by stockmen. Pachistima canbyi Gray. Cliffgreen. Range: 27. Site: Dry, weil-drained, sun, shade. Hruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small evergreen shrub; flowers April-May; occurs on limestone and other soils; creeping branches root. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Pachistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. Myrtle boxleaf. Range: 122574, 9) 243. 14: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Hruit: Capsule, available July-September. A small evergreen shrub; flowers May-July; densely branched, very leafy; sometimes nearly prostrate. Stomach records: Richardson’s grouse; mountain sheep, black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Occasionally browsed by livestock; rarely causes live- stock poisoning. Pachysandra procumbens Michx. Pachysandra. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Kruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers April-May; often occurs on calcareous soil; forms large clumps by means of rootstocks. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 17/74 Padus alabamensis, see Prunus alabamensis. Padus australis, see Prunus australis. Padus caroliniana, see Prunus caroliniana. Padus cuthbertii, see Prunus cuthbertii. Padus nana, see Prunus virginiana. Padus demissa, see Prunus demissa. Padus eximia, see Prunus exinia. Padus melanocarpa, see Prunus demissa. Padus pumicea, see Prunus virginiana. Padus rufula, see Prunus virens. Padus valida, see Prunus valida. Padus virens, see Prunus virens. Padus virginiana, see Prunus virginiana. Palmerocassia wislizenii, see Cassia wislizenii. Papyrius papyrifera, see Broussonetia papyrifera. Parkinsonia aculeata L. Horsebean. Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to small or large spiny tree; occurs in rich, sandy soils; introduced from tropical America; generaliy free from pests; resistant to saline conditions; often grown for hedges. Of local importance as an emergency fodder for livestock. Parkinsonia, see Cercidium. Parosela arborescens (Torr.) Heller. Mohave dalea. P. neglecta Parish, Dalea arborescens Torr., Psorodendron arborescens (Torr.) Rydb. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, spiny shrub with slender branches; flowers April—May. Parosela argyrea (Gray) Heller. Dalea argyrea Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, stout shrub. Parosela californica, see Parosela fremontii. Parosela emoryi (Gray) Heller. White daiea. Dalea emoryi Gray, Psorothamnus emoryi (Gray) Rydb. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, densely branched shrub; flowers April-May; occurs on sandy and other soils. Parosela formosa (Torr.) Vail. Feather peabush, Dalea formosa Torr. Range: 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, much-branched shrub; flowers April—October; very handsome in flower. Observations: Particularly palatable to captive deer. Of little importance as forage for livestock. 178 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Parosela fremontii (Torr.) Vail. Fremont dalea. Dalea fremontit Torr., D. wheeleri Vail, Psorodendron fremontii (Torr.) Rydb. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub; flowers April—June. Var. saundersii McB., (Dalea saundersii Parish, P. saundersii Abrams), occurs in region 10. Var. johnsonii (Wats.) Jeps., (Dalea johnsoniit Wats., P. john- sonii Vail., Dalea amoena Wats., Psorodendron johnsonii Rydb.), is more leafy than the species. Var. californica (Wats.) Jeps., (Dalea californica Wats., P. ealifornica (Wats.) Vail, Psorodendron californicum Rydb.), has also been described. Parosela frutescens (Gray) Vail. Dalea frutescens Gray. Range: 11, 14, 16, 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, very drought-resistant shrub. Somewhat browsed by Ives tocre Parosela greggii (Gray) Heller. Dalea greggiu Gray. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub. Much browsed by livestock. Parosela johnsonii, see Parosela fremontii. Parosela neglecta, see Parosela arborescens. Parosela polyadenia (Torr.) Heller. Nevada dalea. Dalea polydeni Torr., Psorothamnus polyadenius (Torr.) Rydb., Psoro- thamnus subnudus Rydb. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, stout, intricately-branched, spiny shrub; flowers May-June; occurs in sandy and other soils. Parosela sanctae-crucis Rydb. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub. Parosela saundersii, see Parosela fremontii. Parosela schottii (Torr.) Heller. Mesa dalea. Dalea schottii Torr., Psorodendron schottii (Torr.) Rydb., Psorodendron puberulum Rydb. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: One-seeded legume, available in June. A small to large, slender, densely branched shrub; flowers in April; com- monly occurs in gravelly soils; somewhat spinose. Parosela scoparia (Gray) Heller (pl. 23, A). Dalea scoparia Gray, Psorothamnus scoparius (Gray) Rydb. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, broomlike shrub with rigid, slender stems and minute leaves; very drought resistant; occurs on sandy soil and has been recommended for use as a sand-binding plant. Parosela sessilis (Gray) Rydb. Dalea wislizenii sessilis Gray. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 179 Parosela spinosa (Gray) Heller. Smoketree. Dalea spinosa Gray, Psorodendron spinosum (Gray) Rydb. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to small tree; flowers January—July; leaves few, early decidu- ous; very spiny; fruit produced rarely, very showy in flower. Not eaten by livestock. Parosela thyrsiflora (Gray) Vail. P. soralea humilis Mill., Dalea thyrsifiora Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub. Parosela wheeleri, see Parosela fremontii. Parryella filifolia Torr. and Gray. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: One-seeded legume. A small, much-branched shrub; grows in sandy soil. Parthenium incanum H. B. K. Mariola. P. ramosissinum DC. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub; furnishes a small amount of rubber. New shoots and flower heads sometimes nibbled by livestock. Parthenium ramosissimum, see Parthenium incanum. Parthenocissus spp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Frequently eaten by red fox; much eaten by raccoon in New York. , Parthenocissus heptaphylla (Buckl.) Small. P. texana Rehder, Ampelopsis heptaphylla Buckl., Psedera heptaphylla (Buckl.) Greene. Range: 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A high-climbing vine; occurs on rocky or sandy soil; propagated by cuttings; easily transplanted. Parthenocissus hirsuta, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Parthenocissus laciniata, see Parthenocissus vitaced. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (pl. 25, A). Virginia creeper. Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene, Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Range: 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry available August—February. A high-climbing or trailing vine; occurs in sand, loam, clay, and other soils; claimed to remain on fence posts not following the wires when planted along fences; has been used as a cover on rocky roadsides; resists grazing well; 12,000-19,000 seeds per pound. Var. hirsuta (Donn.) Rehder (P. hirsuta (Donn.) Small), is more hairy than the species. Stomach records: Thirty-eight species of birds including ruffed grouse, bob- white, wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken; skunk. Observations: HWleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, wild turkey ; white-tailed deer, eastern chipmunk. Parthenocissus texana, see Parthenocissus heptaphylla. Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr.) Hitche. Virginia creeper. P. laciniata Small, Psedera vitacea Greene. Range: 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August—October. 180 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Usually a low and rambling, or rarely a high-climbing, vine; occurs in a variety of soils; very rapid growing and vigorous; growth increases with water, but comparatively drought resistant; claimed not to stay on fence posts but to follow the wires when planted along fences. Observations: Birds especially fond of the berries. Pasania densifiora, see Lithocarpus densiflora. Pavonia lasiopetala Scheele. Pavonia. P. wrightii Gray, Malache lasiopeitala (Scheele) Kuntze. Range: 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A smali shrub; ornamental in cultivation. Apparently has little browse value. Pavonia wrightii, see Pavonia lasiopetala. Pectis taxifelia, see Chrysactinia mexicana. Pentstemon antirrhinoides Benth. Snapdragon pentstemon. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, bushy evergreen shrub; flowers April—May. Var. microphyllus (Gray) Munz and Johnst., occurring in regions 10, 11, and 14, is considered fair browse for sheep and goats in times of scarcity. Pentstemon breviflorus Lindl. Shortflower pentstemon. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub; forms loose clumps. Locally useful as sheep browse. Pentstemon cordifolius Benth. Heartleaf pentstemon. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, loosely branched shrub; flowers June—July. Pentstemon lemmonii Gray. Bush beardtongue. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A smail shrub; fiowers July-August. Locally valuable as sheep browse. Pentstemon rothrockii Gray. Rothrock pentstemon. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, loosely branched shrub. Peraphyllum ramosissimum Nutt. Squaw-apple. Range: 4, 12, 18, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available July-September. A small to large, intricately branched, rigid shrub; flowers April-May; fruit occasionally not formed owing to late frosts but very abundant when pro- duced; rarely does well in cultivation. Apparently of some value as sheep and cattle browse, although this is ques- tioned by some authorities. Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay. Tamala borbonia (L.) Raf. Range: 17, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small to large evergreen tree; flowers April-June; wood formerly used commercially. Stomach records: Two species of birds. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 18] Persea humilis Nash. Silkbay. Tamala humilis (Nash) Small. Range: 17, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; usually occurs in sandy soil. Persea palustris, see Persea pubescens. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. Swampbay. P. palustris Sarg., Laurus carolinensis pubescens Pursh, Tamala pubescens (Pursh) Small. Range: 20, 28, 29, 30, 31. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in September, long persistent. A small to large evergreen tree; flowers May—July. Stomach records: Bobwhite, fish crow. Petrophytum acuminatum, see Spiraea caespitosa. Petrophytum caespitosum, see Spiraea caespitosa. Peucephyllum schottii Gray. Pigmy-cedar. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, A smail to large, much-branched, small-leaved shrub. Phenianthus sempervirens, see Lonicera sempervirens. Philadelphus spp. Mockoranges. Most species are free from insects and diseases, and most occur in neutral soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. Philadelphus argenteus, see Philadelphus microphyllus. Philadelphus argyrocalyx Woot. Mockorange. P. ellipticus Rydb. ; Range: 9, 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Philadelphus californicus, see Philadelphus lewisii. Philadelphus columbianus, see Philadelphus lewisii. Philadelphus confusus, see Philadelphus lewisii. Philadelphus ellipticus, see Philadelphus argyrocaly2. Philadelphus gloriosus, see Philadelphus modorus. Philadelphus gordonianus, see Philadelphus lewisii. Philadelphus grandiflorus, see Philadelphus inodorus. Philadelphus hirsutus Nutt. Mockorange. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Hruit: Capsule. A large, straggling shrub; flowers May-June. Philadelphus inodorus L. Mockorange. Range: 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers May—June. Var. grandifiorus (Willd.) Gray, (P. grandifiorus Willd., P. gloriosus Beadle) has larger flowers and occurs within range of the species. Philadelphus intectus, see Philadelphus pubescens. 182 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Philadelphus lewisii Pursh. Mockorange. P. confusus Piper. Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 12. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers May—August. Var. californicus Gray, (P. californicus Benth.) occurs in region 4, Var. gordonianus Jeps. (P. gordonianus Lindl., P. columbianus Koehne.) occurs in regions 1, 2, and 4. Observations: Foliage browsed by deer in California; seed eaten by quail and squirrels. Philadelphus mearnsii Evans. Mockorange. Range: 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, A small shrub. Philadelphus microphyllus Gray. Mockorange. P. argenteus Rydb. Range: 4, 11, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers June-August. Observations: Mexican bighorn. Philadelphus occidentalis Nels. Mockorange. Range: 9, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers July-August, very floriferous and fragant. Philadelphus pubescens Loisel. Mockorange. Range: 25, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers June—July. Var. intectus Moore, (P. intectus Beadle) occurs in region 25. Philadelphus pumilus, see Philadelphus serpyllifolius. Philadelphus serpyllifolius Gray. Mockorange. P. pumilus Rydb. Range: 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, straggling shrub; branches commonly bent down at their ends. Photinia arbutifolia Lindl. (pl. 23, B). Christmasberry. Heteromeles arbutifolia Roem. H. salicifolia (Presl.) Abrams. Range: 3, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berrylike pome, available October—February. A large, bushy shrub to small or rarely large tree; evergreen; foliage dense; somewhat tolerant of saline conditions; not inflammable; crown sprouts vigor- ously after a fire or when cut; a pioneer on eroded land; extensively used for Christmas greens. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including California quail; raccoon. Observations: Seven species of birds, including band-tailed pigeon; of slight importance as browse for mule deer; much eaten by birds generally. Phyllodoce spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. Phyllodoce breweri (Gray) Heller. Red heather. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers July—August. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 23 A, Parosela scoparia, a species which may prove of value on sandy soil. The foliage, such as it is, is fully developed in this specimen. B, Photinia arbutifolia. The toyon is one of the more important shrubs in California for soil- and wildlife-conservation plantings. PLATE 24 Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture 3 SiN aad 2B Ow—- iG f=) a0 a2 | Ory ain?) PB a's Le) bol ome nao oes om? Ci ed o° 3 Yn Sm 83) mn Q 1me is someti spen is (Photographs by aking a ndicate that qu B, A characteristically thick grove of quaking a species of great importance as soil cover and wildlife food. Sl rid w lav] (o} 5 Ay ae rm) 25 Hee) IS ° ~ —_— as a) “a A NOT CS. a~ =) aSler <5 3 PR Eg SOinee ~ | am es w (<>) [oy Populu of NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 183 Phyllodoce caerulea (L.) Bab. Andromeda caerulea L., Bryanthus taxifolius Gray. Range: 26. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers July—August. Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) Don. Range: 1, 4, 12, 18. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers July—August. Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook) Cov. Menziesia glandulifiora Hook. Range: 1, 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, tufted, matted evergreen shrub. Physocarpus spp. Mountainheath. Red heather. Yellow heather. Most species are free from insects and diseases; most occur in neutral soil; propagation of all species is much easier by cuttings than by seed. Physocarpus alternans (Jones) Howell. Neillia alternans Jones, Opulaster alternans (Jones) Heller. Range: 10 (at high elevations), 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large, densely branched shrub; flowers June-August. Physocarpus australis, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Physocarpus bracteatus (Rydb.) Rehd. Opulaster bracteatus Rybd. Range: 13. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub; flowers June—July. Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze. Ninebark. Opulaster capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze, Neillia capitata Greene. Range: 1, 2, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist sun, shade. Fruit: Follicle. A large, often gregarious shrub; flowers April—July. Physocarpus glabratus (Rydb.) Rehd. Opulaster glabratus Rydb. Range: 18. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, very floriferous shrub; flowers June—July. Physocarpus intermedius, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Physocarpus malvaceus Kuntze. Mallow ninebark. P. paucifiorus Piper, Spiraea paucifiora Nutt., Neillia malvacea Greene. Range: 4, 7, 12, 13. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub; flowers May—July ; root system comparatively shallow ; rhizomes long. Considered fairly good browse for sheep, goats, and occasionally eattle. Physocarpus michiganensis, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Physocarpus missouriensis, see Physocarpus opulifolius. 184 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Physocarpus monogynus (Torr.) Coult. P. torreyi Maxim., Opulaster monogynus (Torr.) Kuntze. Range: 11, 12, 18, 14, 15. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small shrub; flowers May—July. Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Ninebark. P, australis (Rydb.) Rehd., P. michiganensis Daniels, Spiraea opulifolia L., Cpulaster opulifolius (u.) Kuntze, O. paucifiorus (Torr. and Gray) Heller, Neillia opulifolia Brew. and Wats. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,, 29; 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Follicle, available September—October. - A large shrub; flowers June—July ; 1,600,000 seeds per pound. Var. intermedius (Rydb.) Robins., (P. intermedius Schneid., O. intermedius Ryab., P. missouriensis Daniels) occurs also in regions 15, 16, 18, and 19. Stoi mach records: Three species of birds Physocarpus pauciflorus see Physocarpus malvaceus. Physccarpus stellatus (Rydb.) Rehd. Opulasier stellatus Rydb., Opulaster alabamensis Rydb., Opulaster inter- medius Small, not Rydb. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub; flowers May—June. Physocarpus torreyi, see Physocarpus monogynus. Picea spp. Spruces. Hvergreen, monoecious trees with cones maturing in a single season ; important timber trees and unsurpassed as producers of paper pulp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, Hungarian partridge, ring-necked pheasant; porcu- pine, black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records): Fifteen species of birds, including spruce, ruffed, Franklin, and dusky grouse; much eaten by Cascade squirrel; Sierra chickaree, Richardson’s squirrel, Townsend’s chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, Digger squirrel, Fremont pine squirrel, spruce squirrel, Olympic black bear, Arizona porcupine; rarely cui for building material, not food, by beaver. Picea alba, see Picea ausiraiis and P. canadensis. Picea albertiana Brown. Western white spruce. P. glauca albertiana (Brown) Rehd. Range: 4, 12. 15 (Black Hills). Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large evergreen tree. Picea amabilis, see Abies amabilis. Picea australis Small. Southern spruce. P. alba Chapm. Range: 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Hruit: Cone. A large evergreen tree. Picea breweriana Wats. Weeping spruce. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; ripe in early fall, seed shed September—October, cones soon falling. A large evergreen tree; slow growing; wood of no importance commercially; has proven unsatisfactory in cultivation; very local in distribution; good seed years every 2 or 8 years. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATHS 185 Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. White spruce. P, glauca (Moench.) Voss., P. alba Link. Range: 12, 15 (Black Hills), 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; seeds shed in September, cones soon falling. A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and spreading; wood of great importance commercially ; seed produced locally every year but heavy seed pro- duction cccurs at intervals of 5 to 8 years; vitality of seed persistent; 180,000— 230,000 seeds per pound. ‘Ten horticultural varieties are in cultivation; long- lived. Stomach records: Crossbill ; mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer. Odserva- tions: Hight species of birds; porcupine, red squirre!, moose; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm. Engelmann spruce. P. parryana Sarg. Range: 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; mature in August, seeds shed by October, cones falling by spring. A large evergreen tree; root system shallow; growth fair on dry soil; long- lived; wood much used commercially; 0.5 pound of seed per bushel of cones, 69,000-376,000 seeds per pound; germination 34-68 percent; seeds produced in quantity locally about every 3 years; seed vitality persistent, as much as 30-50 percent after 5 years when properly stored. Stomach record: Three species of birds, including dusky grouse; biack-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Red squirrel, porcupine, bighorn. Ficea glauca, see Picea canadensis. Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P. Black spruce. P. mariana brevifolia Rehd. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; mature in August, persistent many years. A large evergreen tree; commonly most abundant on acid soils; root system shallow and widespreading; slow growing; Somewhat damaged by insects and fungi; wood of little importance commercially ; seeds produced abundantly at irregular intervals; 540,000 seeds per pound, vitality persistent; prostrate branches often root. Stomach records: Blue heron, crossbill. Observations: Seven species of birds; snowshoe hare, porcupine. Picea parryana, see Picea engelmannii and P. pungens. Picea pungens Hngelm. Blue spruce. P. parryana (Andre) Parry. Range: 9, 12, 18, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; available in August, seeds shed in September, most cones persistent until the following autumn. A large evergreen tree; root system shallow in wet soils; deeper in dry soils; long-lived; wood of least value commercially of the spruces; abundant seed crops produced every 2 or 3 years; 80,000-130,000 seeds per pound, germination 48-77 percent, vitality long persistent ; brilliant color of forms (as Koster spruce)’ gradually lost with age. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds. Picea rubens, see Picea rubra. Picea rubra Link. Red spruce. P. rubens Sarg. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; available in September, most seeds falling by late fall, a few the following spring. 186 MiSC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and superficial; slow growing, especially when young; often attacked by bark beetles, much wind and frost damaged; rarely injured by fire; wood of great importance commercially ; 130,000-140,000 seeds per pound, abundantly produced at intervals of 6 to 8 years, germination 50-75 percent. Observations: Much eaten by red squirrel. Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka spruce. Range: 1. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; available in September, seeds soon shed, cones soon fall- ing. A large evergreen tree; root system shallow in moist soil, much deeper in drier ones; seedlings, but not mature trees, are tolerant of shade; wood much used commercially ; about 260,000 seeds per pound, germination 40 percent; abundant seed crops every 2 or 3 years; seeds with persistent vitality ; seedlings sensitive to frost. Stomach records: Bufflehead; stone caribou. Observations: Much eaten by Douglas’ squirrel. Pickeringia montana Nutt. Chaparral pea. Xylothermia montana (Nutt.) Greene, Range: 4, 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, densely branched, spiny, evergreen shrub, flowering May-— June; fruits sparingly produced; crown sprouts after fire; uncovered roots will sprout; nodules resembling those of Ceanothus occur on the roots in very large clusters. Var. tomentosa (Abrams) Johnst. is a hairy form. Observations: California mule deer. Picrothamnus desertorum, see Artemisia spinescens. Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. Mountain fetter-bush. Andromeda floribunda Pursh. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small evergreen shrub with dense foliage; usually occurs on acid soil; flowers April—June; 1,250,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Pieris mariana, see Xolisma mariana. Pieris nitida, see Xolisma lucida. Pinckneya pubens Michx. Fevertree. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available September—October. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May—June; very rare and local in occurrence. Pinus spp. Pines. Probably the most important genus of timber trees in the world, and the largest of the coniferous group. All are evergreen trees. The cones produced may be from 1 to 24 inches long and the seeds are usually, but, not always, winged. Some seeds are shed at once, others require up to three seasons to mature. About 70 species are known in the world, 86 occurring in North America. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Forty-seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, dusky grouse, ring-necked pheasant, Richardson’s grouse, and sharp-tailed grouse; mountain sheep, opossum, black- tailed deer, spotted skunk, gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addi- tion to specific records) : Thirty species of birds, including ruffed grouse, band- tailed pigeon, dusky grouse, mourning dove, ring-necked pheasant; ranks third in the list of quail food plants for southeastern United States; an emergency food of pinnated grouse; important food of porcupine; Siskiyou chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, Merriam’s chipmunk, Douglas’ squirrel, Cascade squirrel, Richardson’s squirrel, Digger squirrel, Arizona gray squirrel, red spruce squir- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 187 rel, rock squirrel, Fremont squirrel, many flying squirrels; Texas plains coyote, New Mexico black bear, Olympic black bear. The five-needled pines are variously restricted by plant-quarantine measures, and movement or planting of stock should be preceded by conferences with State and/or Federal authorities. Certain species, because of their suscepti- bility to Woodgate rust, are prohibited from interstate movement in the State of New York. Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark pine. Apinus albicaulis (Engelm.) Rydb. Range: 1, 4, 12, 18 Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; matures in August-September of the second season, per- sistently closed; seeds only liberated through the rotting of the cones. A large shrub to small or large tree; leaves five; often dwarfed and prostrate, especially in alpine situations; more tolerant of shade in moist than in dry situations; susceptible to blister rust; wood soft and brittle; 2,800 seeds per pound, germination 20 percent. Observations: Clark’s crow; porcupine, bighorn, red squirrel; seeds commonly extracted by squirrels and birds from the cones. Pinus apacheca Lemmon. Apache pine. Range: 11, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; available September—October of the second season, soon falling. A large evergreen tree; leaves commonly three in a cluster; taproot well developed in seedling stages; at first rapid growing, later slower; intolerant of shade except when very young; wood hard. Observations: Seeds much eaten by birds and rodents. Pinus aristata Engelm. Bristlecone pine. Range: 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed Sep- tember—October. A large evergreen tree; five-needled; often stunted at high elevations; with- stands prolonged drought in its native habitat; wood not used commercially ; susceptible to blister rust; 16,000 seeds per pound, 0.88 pound of seed per bushel of cones; germination of seed 66 percent. Observations: Seeds much eaten by rodents; porcupine. Pinus arizonica Engelm. Arizona pine. P. ponderosa arizonica Shaw. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Cone mature August-September of the second season, seeds soon shed, cones soon falling. A large evergreen tree; commonly five-needled ; intolerant of shade except in seedling stages; wood of limited use commercially. Pinus attenuata Lemmon. Knobcone pine. P. tuberculata Gord. Range: 4, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season, persistent, closed as long as 80 years, opening when heated. A small to large evergreen tree; three-needled; very resistant to drought in its native habitats; easily killed by fire; intolerant of shade; wood soft; seeds produced annually abundantly ; seed vitality persistent. Pinus australis Michx. Longleaf pine. P, palustris Mill., in part. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; seeds shed October-November of the second season, cones soon falling. A large evergreen tree; three-needled; often occurs in sandy soil; possesses a massive taproot; very intolerant of shade; does not form dense woods; fairly 188 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE resistant to fire; susceptible to bark beetle damage as well as rot; difficult to transplant; a timber tree of the first importance, the principal source of rosin and turpentine in the United States. Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: Crossbill; much eaten by Carolina fox squirrel and other squirrels. Pinus balfouriana Murr. Foxtail pine. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed in September, cones soon falling. A smali to large evergreen tree; five-needled; endures extreme drought in its native habitat; intolerant of shade; wood soft, of little importance commer- cially ; susceptible to blister rust. Observations: Porcupine; much eaten by birds and rodents; of slight impor- tance as browse for mule deer. Pinus banksiana Lam. Jack pine. P. divaricata (Ait.) Du Mont. Range: 28, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry. well-drained, moist (rare), sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season, seeds shed irregularly over several years; cones persistent 12 to 25 years. A large evergreen tree; two-needled ; often occurs in sandy or rocky soil; at first rapid growing, later slower; intolerant of shade; except for the attacks of Peridermium cerebrum, generally free from most conifer diseases; has been successfully established in the sand-hill section of western Nebraska; wood de- cays rapidly in the soil, much used commercially; 105,000-164,000 seeds per pound, germination 54 percent. Stomach records: One species of bird. Observations: Porcupine. Pinus brachyptera Hngelm. Rocky mountain yellow pine. P. ponderosa scopulorum Engelm., ?. scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon. Range: 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed in September, cones soon falling. A very large evergreen tree; three-needled; forms a long taproot in seedling stages but laterals form later; grows on almost any kind of soil; rapid growing especially in juvenile stages; very intolerant of shade; resistant to fire; suscep- tible to red rot in pure stands and much attacked by insects; wood not durable in the soil, of great importance commercially; 10,000-20,000 seeds per pound, germination 87-61 percent, about 5,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Stomach records: Richardson’s grouse, mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer. Observations: Five species of birds; white-tailed squir- rel, Richardson’s pine squirrel, Abert’s squirrel, tassel-eared squirrel, spruce squirrel, Say’s ground squirrel, chestnut-mantled ground squirrel. Records of utilization of P. ponderosa Douglas may apply partially to this species. Pinus caribaea Morel. Slash pine. P, heterophylla (Hu.) Sudw. Range: 30, 31, 32. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in October, seeds shed the following spring. A large evergreen tree; two- to three-needled ; occurs in sandy and other soils; rapid growing; subject to red heart or red rot especially northward; wood hard, strong, tough, durable, of value commercially; susceptible to Woodgate rust; 15,500 seeds per pound, germination 36-85 percent, Pinus cembroides Zuce. Mexican pijion. Range: 11, 14, 16, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Hruit: Cone; ripe in September, seeds shed by October, cones soon falling. A small or rarely large, bushy, evergreen tree; commonly three-needled; slow growing; intolerant of shade; wood used for fuel; only the scales in the middle of the cone bear seeds; 1,500 seeds per pound, vitality transient. Observations: Thick-billed parrot; birds and rodents. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 189 Pinus chihuahuana, see Pinus leiophyltia. Pinus clausa (HEngelm.) Vasey. Sand pine. Range: 380. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; persistent, closed for 3 or 4 years. A large evergreen tree; occurs commonly on poor sandy soil; wood of some importance locally for lumber; 74,000 seeds per pound. Pinus contorta Loud. Shore pine. Range: 1. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature August-September of the second season; seeds shed at once or over a period of years; cones long, persistent. A large shrub to commonly a small, or rarely, a large tree; two-needled; commonly occurs on sandy soil; close to the sea often forms dense, impenetrable thickets; 40,000-280,000 seeds per pound. Var. bolanderi Vasey is a canelike dwarf 2 to 5 feet high, with very small cones. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus coulteri Don. Coulter pine. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season; seeds shed from October onward ; cones persistent 5 or 6 years. A large evergreen tree; three-needled ; slow growing; wood rarely used except for fuel; 1,250 seeds per pound; vitality transient. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus divaricata, see Pinus banksiana. Pinus echinata Mill. Shortleaf pine. P. mitis Michx. Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season; Bertent Po or more years aiter ripening. A large evergreen tree; commonly two-needled; occurs in sandy al other soils; forms a long taproot as a seedling and additional strong laterals later; grows poorly on lime or too rich soils; crowded out by loblolly pine on moist soils; growth rate at first rapid, later slower; fairly free from fungus and insect pests; fairly resistant to fire; stump sprouts but sprouts seldom develop mer- chantable trees; wood hard, resinous, much used commercially; 41,000-84,000 seeds per pound; germination 30-90 percent. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Obdservations: Pine siskin, crossbill. Pinus edulis Hngelm. Pinion. P. cembroides edulis Voss., Caryopitys edulis (Engelm.) Smail. Range: 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature August-September : seeds shed September—October, cones soon falling. A small to large evergreen tree; two- or sometimes three-needled; very re- sistant to drought in its natural habitat; very slow growing; wood soft, decaying rapidly; locally used for fuel and fence posts ; 1,700 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including Mearn’s quail. Observa- tions: Seven species* of birds, including Merriam turkey,’ thick-billed parrot; porcupine, Hopi chipmunk,’ Magdalena chipmunk,’ cliff chipmunk,” rock squirrel,” New Mexico black bear, antelope ground squirrel,’ mule deer;° much eaten by birds and mammals. Seeds eaten by livestock, especially goats. Pinus flexilis James. Limber pine. Apinus flexilis (James) Rydb. Range: 4, 5, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September, seeds shed by the end of October, cones soon falling. ° These records may refer to other species of pifion pines as well, since the animals wers stated merely to be eating pifion nuts. 190 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large evergreen tree; five-needled; adapted to many kinds of soil; seedlings form large taproots; difficult to transplant; very intolerant of shade; sus- ceptible to blister rust; most seed is produced by trees in open stands at low altitudes; long-lived; wood soft, of value commercially; 5,400-5,600 seeds per pound, germination 36 percent. Stomach records: Two species of birds, including grouse. Observations: Porcupine, spruce squirrel, Fremont squirrel; much eaten by birds and squirrels generally. Pinus glabra Walt. Spruce pine. Range: 29, 30. Site: well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone. A large evergreen tree; two-needled; growth remarkably rapid; wood soft, of some value commercially ; 77,500 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Bobwhite, squirrel. Pinus heterophylla, see P. caribaea. Pinus jeffreyi Murr. Jeffrey pine. P. ponderosa jeffreyi Vasey. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large evergreen tree; three-needled; appears to intergrade with P. pon- derosa; tolerant of Shade in early stages, later intolerant; produces seed pro- lifically; wood of great commercial value; 3,100-8,300 seeds per pound; seeds from large cones complete their germination 2 weeks before seeds from small cones. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including quail and Mount Pinos grouse. Observations: Clark’s nutcracker; Columbian gray squirrel, Sierra chickaree, Tahoe chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk; commonly much eaten by birds and rodents; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar pine. Range: 1, 4, 10. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripe in August of the second season, seeds shed in October, cones falling the following year. A very large evergreen tree; largest of all pines; five-needled ; susceptible to blister rust; very intolerant of shade except in the seedling stage; wood soft, of high commercial value; 2,800 seeds per pound, germination 65 percent. Observations: Porcupine, Columbian gray fox, Sierra chickaree, Allen’s chip- munk, long-eared chipmunk, California gray squirrel; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus lasiocarpa, see Abies lasiocarpa. Pinus leiophylla Schlecht. and Cham. Chihuahua pine. P. chihuahuana Engelm., P. leiophylla chihuahuana Shaw. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the third season, often persistent closed 5 or more years. A large evergreen tree; commonly three-needled; intolerant of shade; wood of importance commercially but only a small supply is known. Observations: Much eaten by thick-billed parrots. Pinus mitis, see Pinus echinata. Pinus monophylla Torr. and Frem. Singleleaf pinon. P. cembroides monophylla Voss., Caryopitys monophylla (Torr. and Frem.) Rydb. Range: 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed in September. A small to large, flat-topped evergreen tree; commonly one-needled; very local in occurrence; endures extreme drought in its native habitat; very slow grow- ing; intolerant of shade; wood much used for fuel locally; 1,200 seeds per pound. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 191 Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Seeds of great value gen- erally for wildlife; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Seeds are much used as food by Indians, and commonly eaten by livestock. Pinus monticola Dougl. Western white pine. Strobus monticola (Dougl.) Rydb. Range: 1, 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season, seeds soon shed, cones soon falling. A large evergreen tree; five-needled; seedlings with a large taproot, difficult to transplant; somewhat tolerant of shade in early stages, later intolerant; susceptible to blister rust; wood of great commercial value; most seed is pro- duced by the dominant and codominant crown classes of trees; 14,000-29,000 seeds per pound, germination 18-44 percent; largest cones produce the best- quality seeds; in pure stands 214 to 5 pounds of viable seed is produced per acre, in moderately good seed years; trees 70 to 100 years old produce a larger quantity of viable seed than older trees; seeds first borne by trees from 40 to 60 years of age; long-lived. Observations: Say’s chipmunk, porcupine; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus muricata Don. Bishop pine. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, persistent closed for many years. A large evergreen tree; two-needled; grows especially well in water-soaked sand but thrives also in dry soil; fairly tolerant of shade; an aggressive species ; adaptable to many difficult positions; wood of value commercially ; 18,000-60,000 seeds per pound. Pinus murrayana Balf. Lodgepole pine. P. contorta murrayana (Balf.) Engelm., P. contorta latifolia Wats. Range: 2, 4, 10, 12, 18, 14, 15. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature August-September of the second season, seeds shed at once or over a period of years. A small to large evergreen tree; two-needled ; intolerant of shade; easily killed by fire; comparatively free from fungi; not wind-firm; root system shallow, or deep on well-drained, deep soil; susceptible to sunscald ; 76,000-110,000 seeds per pound, germination 63 percent. Stomach records: Sierra grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds, including Franklin grouse; porcupine, Sierra chickaree, Fremont pine squirrel, red squirrel, Yosemite cony; western chipmunk; an im- portant browse of deer and elk in the northern Rocky Mountains. Pinus palustris, see also Pinus australis. Pinus palustris Mill. Swamp pine. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large evergreen tree; two-needled; grows particularly well near the sea; 4,000-8,000 seeds per pound, germination 46-87 percent. See P. australis for what has heretofor been known as the longleaf pine. Pinus parryana Hngelm. Parry pifion. P. cembroides parryana Voss., P. quadrifolia Parry. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripe in August of the second season, seeds shed before the middle of September. A small to large evergreen tree; commonly four-needled; slow growing; some- what tolerant of shade in the early stages; wood without commercial value. Observations: Seeds much eaten by birds and squirrels. Pinus ponderosa Laws. Western yellow pine. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripe August-September of the second season, seeds soon shed, cones soon falling. 130186 ° —39——_13 192 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large evergreen tree; three-needled; wood of great commercial value. Stomach records: Seven species of birds including California quail. Observa- tions: Four species of birds including sooty grouse; porcupine, Columbian gray squirrel, Sierra. chickaree, California gray squirrel; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. (Records of utilization of this species may apply partially to P. brachyptera.) Pinus pungens Lam. Mountain pine. Range: 25, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; seeds shed in autumn of the second season or within 2 or 38 years, cones persistent 18 to 20 years but Seeds often sterile with age. A large evergreen tree; two-needled; rather slow growing; intolerant of shade; bears seed when 5 years old; often occurs on dry, gravelly slopes but grows also in moist clay; aggressive in old fietds; 40,500 seeds per pound, germination 60-90 percent. Pinus quadrifolia, see Pinus parryana. Pinus radiata Don. Monterey pine. Range: 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, persistent closed 6 to 10 years, opening when heated. A large, often flat-topped evergreen tree; three-needled; occurs naturally in only a few seattered colonies; short-lived in arid situations; does not thrive in wet soils; rapid growing; somewhat tolerant of shade; prolific annual seeder; wood little used because scarce; humus from the species accumulates rapidly; tolerant of saline conditions; 20,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Two species of birds. Pinus remorata Mason. Santa Cruz Island pine. P. radiata binata Lemmon. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large evergreen tree; two-needled. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red pine, Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, Seeds scon shed, cones falling the next spring. A large evergreen tree; two-needied; rapid growing; intolerant of shade; withstands severe cold and drought; resistant to fire; much more resistant to insects and diseases than white pine; rarely seeds abundantly; typical of, but not restricted to sandy soils; prunes itself early in close stands; wood not durable in soil, much used commercially; 30,600-69,000 seeds per pound, ger- mination 50-87 percent; easily transplanted. Stomach records: One species of bird. Odservations: Cottontail rabbit. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch pine. Range: 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature the second season, opening slowly, persistent several years. A large evergreen tree; three-needled; grows in dry, rocky, sandy, and other sterile soils; coppices when cut; rapid growing when established; extremely resistant to fire; wood somewhat used commercially; 35,000—73,000 seeds per pound, germination 70 percent. Stomach records: Three species of birds including ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Seven species of birds; a preferred food of red squirrels. Pinus sabiniana Dougl. Digger pine. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season, seeds shed during several years, cones persistent several years longer. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 193 A large evergreen tree; three-needled; rapid growing, especially in moist soil; extremely drought resistant; scarcely resistant to fire; seedlings, but not older trees, tolerant of shade; susceptible to fungus attack; wood of little commercial value, easily decaying; vitality of seeds transient. Observations: California gray squirrel; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Pinus scopulorum, see Pinus brachyptera. Pinus serotina Michx. Pond pine. P. rigida serotina (Michx.) Loud. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; some open, some remain closed after maturity. A large evergreen tree; commonly three-needled; rapid growing; intolerant of shade; wood heavy, resinous; 56,000 seeds per pound, germination 70-90 percent. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Pinus strobifcrmis Engelm. Mexican white pine. Range: il, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in September, seeds completely shed by the middle of October. A large evergreen tree; five-needled; susceptible to blister rust; seedlings endure moderate shade; wood little used commercially ; most seed produced at middle elevations; 2,700 seeds per pound. Observations: Much eaten by birds and squirrels. Pinus strobus L. Northern white pine. Strobus weymouthiana Opiz., 8S. strobus (L.) Small. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; mature in July of the second season, seeds discharged in September. A large evergreen tree; five-needled; root system small, shallow; successful on sandy soils; commonly attacked by white-pine weevil and blister rust; wood of great importance commercially; numerous varieties distinguished in cul- tivation; 25,000 seeds per pound, germination 67 percent. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer. Observations: Hight species of birds; a preferred food of red squirrel; moose, snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit, casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Pinus taeda L. Loblolly pine. Range: 19, 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone; opens slowly, seeds shed in late fall and winter, cones persist a year longer. A large evergreen tree; three-needled; seedlings with a long taproot, older trees with a spreading root system; not commonly found on heavy clay or highly siliceous soils; rapid growing; tolerant of shade in earlier stages, later much less so; susceptible to diseases and insects; wood not durable, valuable commercially; invades and reforests abandoned fields very rapidly; 13,000- 55,000 seeds per pound, germination 25-80 percent. Stomach records: Hight species of birds, including bobwhite. Pinus torreyana Carr. Torrey pine. Range: 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the third season, some seed shed in September, the rest remaining in the cone for several years. A small to large evergreen tree; five-needled; often low, crooked, and sprawl- ing in exposed situations; apparently intolerant of shade; wood of no impor- tance commercially because scarce; slow growing; 657 seeds per pound, prolific annual seeder; the rarest and with the most restricted range of any American pine. Pinus tuberculata, see Pinus attenuata. 194 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Pinus venusta, see Abies veniusta. Pinus virginiana Mill. Virginia pine. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, opening slowly, persistent up to 4 years. A large evergreen tree; two-needled ; may grow on poor, light, sandy soils, but thrives best on clay, loam, or sandy loam; slow growing; intolerant of shade; damage by insects slight; not subject to any fungus threatening widespread de- struction: short-lived; abundant seeder; 62,000 seeds per pound, percentage of fertile seeds high; wood somewhat used commercially. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer. Observations: Six species of birds. Piptolepis phillyrecides, see Forestiera phillyrecides. Pistacia mexicana, See Pistacia terana. Pistacia texana Swingle. P. mexicana of auths., not H. B. K. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Dry drupe. A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; dioecious; leaves Semievergreen; commonly occurs on limestone soils; as old trunks die new ones sprout from the base; highly drought resistant; vigorously recuperative; highly intolerant of shade; root system deep-penetrating; largest trees often staminate, smaller ones pistillate; seed commonly without an embryo when fruit is ripe. Leaves commonly eaten by goats. Pitavia dumosa, see Cneoridium dumosum. Pithecolobium brevifolium Benth. Huajillo. Havardia brevifolia (Benth.) Small, H. pallens (Benth.) Britt. and Rose, Zygia brevifolia Sudw. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July—August. A small to large spiny evergreen tree; commonly occurs in rich soils; thicket forming. Of some importance as winter browse for sheep and goats. Pithecolobium flexicaule (Benth.) Coult. Texas-ebony. Acacia fiexicaulis Benth., Siderocarpos flexicaulis (Benth.) Small, Zygia flexicaulis Sudw., Ebenopsis flexicaulis (Benth.) Britt. and Rose, Samanea jlexicaulis MacBr. Range: 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume; available in September, pods never shed. A large shrub to large tree: evergreen; spiny; slow growing; wood very durable; locally used for fence posts; very ornamental in bloom; seeds eaten by natives. : Pityothamnus pygmaeus, see Asimina pygmaded. Pityothamnus angustifolius, see Asimina incana. Pityothamnus incanus, see Asimina incana. Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. Planer-tree. Range: 20, 25, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Dry, drupe, available April—May. A small to large tree; fairly rapid growing, short-lived; wood not used commercially ; somewhat cultivated; grows on many soils. Stomach records: Four species of birds; composed 45.5 percent of food of 175 maliard ducks collected October-December in central Louisiana. Obser- vations: Black duck; ring-neck duck; considered an important duck food; squirrels. Platanus sp. Sycamores. Observations (in addition to specific records): goldfinch, band-tailed pigeon. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 195 Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. Range: 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene; available in October, persistent through the winter. A very large, spreading tree; root system shallow, wide spreading; rapid growing, long-lived; much decayed with age; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois; wood of importance commercially ; 100,000-170,000 seeds per pound, germination 5-10 percent, slow. Stomach records: Mallard. Observations: Four species of birds; white- tailed deer; somewhat eaten by muskrat. Platanus racemosa Nutt. California sycamore. Range: 3, 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large tree; sOmewhat tolerant of alkali; trunk commonly leaning, hori- zontal, or even prostrate; wood not durable. Observations: Goldfinch ; California mule deer. Platanus wrightii Wats. Arizona sycamore. Range: 10, 11. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large tree. Pluchea borealis, see Pluchea sericea. Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Cov. Arrowwood. Polypappus sericeus Nutt., Tessaria borealis DC., Pluchea borealis Gray., Berthelotia sericea Rydb. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Achene. A large, willowlike shrub; flowers November—June; often forms dense, pure stands. Observations: California mule deer. Somewhat nibbled by cattle and horses. Poliomintha incana (Torr.) Gray. Hedeoma incana Torr. Range: 9, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub; commonly occurs on sandy soil; will grow on gypsum deposits. Polycodium caesium, see Vaccinium caesium. Polycodium floridanum, see Vaccinium caesium. Polycodium melanocarpum, see Vaccinium melanocarpum. Polycodium negiectum, see Vaccinium neglectum. Polycodium stamineum, see Vaccinium stamineum. Polygala acanthoclada Gray. Thorn polygala. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, spiny, much-branched shrub; forms densely interwoven mounds. Not eaten by livestock. Polypappus sericeus, see Pluchea sericea. Poncirus trifoliata, see Citrus trifoliata. Popanax, see Acacia. Popanax schaffneri, see Acacia tortuosa. Popanax tortuosa, see Acacia tortuosa. Populus spp. Commonly large dioecious trees; occur on neutral soils; ordinarily rapid growing and short-lived; most cottonwoods appear to be fairly tolerant of salinity, especially P. fremontii. Members of the genus are attacked by the Texas root rot caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Ten species of birds, in- cluding ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, California quail, valley quail, sharp-tailed 196 MISC. PUBLICATION 3063, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE grouse; composed 12.46 percent of winter food of eastern ruffed grouse in New York, and 88 percent of winter food for the entire northeastern United States; mountain sheep. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Twelve species of birds including spruce grouse, Columbian sharp-tailed grouse, staple winter food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse; staple food of greater prairie chicken, northern sharp-tailed grouse, pinnated, gray, and ruffed grouse; im- portant food of white-tailed deer; preferred food of snowshoe hare; porcu- pine; important food of Pacific coast beaver; Sonora deer, moose; cottontail rabbit; broad-tailed beaver; staple food of mule deer; favorite food of beavers, few other trees being cut where these are present. A chief source of propolis. Nearly all western species are palatable to livestock. Populus acuminata Rydb. Lanceleat cottonwood. Range: 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy or rocky soils; wood used locally. Populus alba L. White poplar. MANLE0,. 8, i912 ol 2S, 20: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Hruit: Capsule. A large tree; introduced from Hurasia and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; much attacked by scale and canker in Indiana; many varie- ties in cultivation. Populus angulata, see Populus sargenitii. Populus angustifolia James. _ WNarrowleaf cottonwood. Range: 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, rapid-growing tree; wood used locally. Populus arizonica Sarg. Arizona cottonwood. P. mexicana of Amer. auths., not Westm. Range: 10, 11, 14. Site: Weil-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, rapid-growing, short-lived tree; wood much used locally. Observations: Beaver. Populus aurea, see Populus tremuioides. B) Populus balsamifera L. Baisam poplar. P. tacamaihaca Mill., P. candicans Michx. Range: 12, 18, 15, 18, 21, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available May—June. A large tree; commonly occurs in any wet soil; root system deep, spreading ; rapid growing, somewhat short-lived; wood used commercially; vitality of seeds transient; germination percentage of seeds low. The much planted Cardlina poplar is believed to be a hybrid between this and P. nigra L. Stomach records: Stone caribou. Observations: Ruifed grouse. Populus besseyana Dode. Range: 8, 12, 15. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree. Populus candicans, see Populus balsamifera. Populus cercidiphylla, see Popuius tremuloides. Populus deltoides Marsh. Eastern cottenwocd. P, virginiana Fourq. Range 215, 17,1188 19)20; Di. 2223.24: 25, 20; 2 2a 020 noo: Site: Well-drained moist, sun. ‘ruit: Capsule available May—June. A large tree; commonly occurs in rich soil; root system shallow, wide- spreading; appears to thrive in any moist soil; very rapid growing, short- NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 197 lived; easily damaged by fire when young, iess so with age; much attacked by fungi; easily storm damaged; fairly wind-firm; 1,300,000 seeds per pound, germination 60-90 percent, vitality transient; stump sprouts and root sprouts produced ; has been successfully used in checking erosion and in fixation of sand dunes; wood used commercially; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Evening, and rose-breasted grosbeak ; cottontail rabbit. Much browsed by cattle. Populus fremontii Wats. Fremont cottonwood. P. macdougalii Rose. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy soil; grows well in saline soils; rapid growing, short-lived; wood used locally; much attacked by mistletoe. Several varieties are described, all occurring within the range of the species. Observations: California mule deer. Populus grandidentata Michx. Largetooth aspen. IRBHORaS Pal. PE UB 3), Ao, AY, ey Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in May. A small to large tree; grows in sand, humus or loam; root system shallow; very rapid growing, short-lived ; often Severely injured by fungi, fire, wind, and insects; wood used commercially ; a pioneer in burned and cut-over land; germi- nation percentage of seeds high, vitality transient. Observations: Cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp cottonwood. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in May. A large tree; root system very shallow; rapid growing, short-lived; subject to heart rot at maturity; wood of importance commercially. Populus macdougalii, see Populus fremontii. Populus mexicana, see Populus arizonica. Populus occidentalis, see Populus sargentii. Populus palmeri Sarg. Palmer cottonwood. Range: 16, 20. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree. Papulus sargentii Dode. Sargent cottonwood. P. deltoides occidentalis Rydb., P. occidentalis UA! Britt., P. angulata Port. and Coult. Range: 12, 18, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Hruit: Capsule. A large tree; rapid growing, short-lived; wood used to some extent locally. Populus tacamahaca, see Populus balsamifera. Populus texana Sarg. Texas cottonwood. Range: 16. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, Fruit: Capsule. A large, short-lived, rapid-growing tree. Populus tremuloides Michx. (pl. 24, A, B,). Quaking aspen. P. aurea Tidest., P. vancouveriana Trel., P. cercidiphylia Britt. epee es UAL ae toy (ph ten oy duly ay ais ae aly sy Bal De ORE OO ON 7 Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available May—June. A small to large tree; occurs in many soils; apparently not satisfactory in pure piantations owing to insects and disease; root system shallow; will grow in many soils but apparently does best in sandy loam; very rapid growing, short- lived; easily and seriously damaged by fire, wind, fungi, and insects; wood 198 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE of importance commercially; root sprouts formed; seed vitality transient, much abortive; generally a transient Species invading and quickly occupying burned and logged areas and soon giving way to other species; the shade of these trees is never dense in spite of the closeness of stands; frequently supports an under- story of weeds. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse and sharp- tailed grouse; black-tailed deer, northern white-tailed deer, mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer; composed 3.2 percent of winter food of northern sharp- tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario. Observations: Highly palatable to captive deer; pika; mountain beaver; white-tailed deer; important food of snowshoe hare; important browse of moose; important food of Pacific coast and Shasta beaver; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; red squirrel; the principal food of beaver throughout its range; black bear, cottontail rabbit, porcupine. Frequently supports understories of weeds and browse highly esteemed by livestock. Very palatable to sheep and goats. Populus trichecarpa Torr. and Gray. Black cottonwood. Ranges 234 5.6.00. 1S, lode Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy humus or gravel; root system shallow; very rapid growing, longest-lived of the poplars although comparatively short- lived; storm-damaged, not wind-firm; wood of importance commercially, espe- cially for pulp; seed with a high percentage germination, vitality transient. © Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Populus tweedyi Britt. Tweedy cottonwood. Range: 9. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large tree. Populus vancouveriana, see Populus tremuloides. Populus virginiana, see Populus deltoides. Populus wislizenii (Wats.) Sarg. Valley cottonwood. P. fremontii wislizenii Wats. Range: 11, 17. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy soil; rapid growing in moist situa- tions, slow in intermittently moist situations; short-lived, muck cultivated throughout New Mexico; wood used locally, especially for fence posts. Eaten by cattle. Porlieria angustifolia (Hngelm.) Gray. Soap-bush. Guiecum engustifolium Engelm. Range: 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; branches rigid, spreading or strag- gling; wood very durable, used locally for fence posts. An important honey plant. Potentilla fruticosa L. Shrubby cinguefoil. Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Range: 4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Achene. A small evergreen shrub; flowers June—-September; often sprawling; much branched; an aggressive species commonly invading pastures in New England, but plowing and close pasturing have successfully checked its spread; some 14 varieties are in cultivation. Observations: Rarely browsed by moose; casually browsed by northern white- tailed deer. Considered inferior forage for cattle, but of importance for sheep and goats in the Southwest. Prinos coriacea, see Ilex coriaced. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 199 Prosopis spp. Mesquites. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Scaled quail, antelope jack rabbit, gray-sided jack rabbit; Texas jack rabbit, Arizona cottontail, Holzner cottontail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Gambel quail, Mexi- ean turkey, white-winged dove. Prosopis articulata, see Prosopis chilensis. Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz. Mesquite. P. julifiora (Swartz) DC., P. velutina Woot., P. juliflora velutina (Woot.) Sarg., P. odorata Torr., P. articulata Wats., P. glandulosa Torr., P. juli- jfiora glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell, Neltwma juliflora (Swartz) Raf., N. glandulosa (Torr.) Britt. and Rose, N. velutina (Woot.) Britt. and Rose. Range: 9, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 25, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume; available September—October, rarely July. A large, spiny shrub to a small or rarely large tree; adapted to a wide range of soil conditions; seedling with a taproot but mature plant with a generalized root system; roots penetrate as much as 60 feet below the surface and 80 feet is common; little damaged by insects or disease; much used locally for fuel; thicket forming; shrubby in dry areas, larger and treelike in moist places; wood very hard and durable, often used for fence posts; underground stems enormous, locally an important source of fuel; commonly attacked by mistletoe; aggressive, apparently taking possession of grasslands, particularly when they are overgrazed ; nearly impossible to kill by overgrazing; usually widespreading and lower when heavily grazed. Standley (539) points out that in Mexico so many intergrading forms occur that separation of P. chilensis into three or more species is impossible. He notes that specimens from Peru and Argentina, if labeled from the United States, would be determined by a botanist as P. julifiora. (In an appendix he changes this name to P. chilensis). The variability of the species permits of many different forms, but from studies made by Standley of specimens from many localities, it would Seem most useful to consider all forms as one species. Stomach records: Five species of birds including scaled quail and Gambel quail; Mearn’s coyote, northern hooded skunk; composed 36 percent of food of antelope jack rabbit, and 56 percent of food of Arizona jack rabbit through- out the year in Arizona. Forage value for stock high; occasionally poisonous to stock if eaten to the exclusion of other forage; seeds pass out of the digestive tract of livestock unharmed, and in this condition are often eaten by birds, especially Gambel quail. An exceptionally good honey plant. Observations: Scaled quail; west- ern white-winged dove; captive porcupine (pods only) ; Texas antelope squirrel ; gray-tailed antelope squirrel; Harris ground squirrel; gray-spotted ground squirrel; Rio Grande ground Squirrel; Mexican raccoon; coyote; Texas white- tailed deer; mule deer; rock squirrel. Far surpasses any other species in both frequency of occurrence and quantity taken in the food of Gambel quail; the buds and flowers are taken in spring, and in fall and winter seeds are eaten; these quail often use the rachides of the leaves in nest-building. A host for the mistletoe (Phoradendron californicum) which produces an abundant and almost continuous crop of berries. Phainopeplas, mockingbirds, sage thrashers, robins, and bluebirds depend almost wholly on these berries for food; they are also eaten by Gambel quail. The Abert towhee, Crissal thrasher, phainopepla, and Lucy warbler commonly breed in the mesquite association. Prosopis cinerascens Gray. Screwbean. Strombocarpa cinerascens Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small, spiny shrub. Prosopis glandulosa, see Prosopis chilensis. Prosopis juliflora, see Prosopis chilensis. Prosopis odorata, see Prosopis chilensis. 900 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Prosopis pubescens Benth, Screwpod mesquite. Range: 9) 167 dae 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available July—October. A large shrub to small or large tree; spiny; occurs in sandy loam, gravel, and other soils; has a tendency to grow in thickets; wood very durable in con- tact with the soil, of importance locally. Stomach records: Masked bobwhite, road runner, Gambel quail. Much browsed by livestock, and pods used for fodder. Prosopis velutina, see Prosopis chilensis. Prunus spp. Cherries, plums. Trees or shrubs commonly divided into two classes, the cherries and the plums; most species are in general rather easily damaged by fire; constant cropping of the twigs leads to much suckering in the plums, which in turn saps the vitality of the root system. Considerable discussion, in print and out, has resuited in causing the genus to be regarded with suspicion, as far as the poisonous qualities of some species are concerned. The statement that leaves in a wilting condition are poisonous is common. This may be a fallacy in view of work done at the New Hamp- shire Agricultural Experiment Station (Dayton, 158). However, parts of the plants contain varying quantities of amygdalin, a glucoside which, with the proper enzyme, yields hydrocyanie acid. The glucoside is present in leaves, bark, and especially in the seed, but never in the fruit pulp. in the eastern chokecherries the young vigorous leaves and tenderest shoots develop most of the cyanogenetic materiais, and therefore in that region cattle should not be permitted to graze too early in the season in pastures where cherry is growing and should never be permitted to gorge themselves upon it. Hungry sheep should never be driven along traiis lined with cherries. The pits, which are most poisonous, are never eaten by livestock. Birds, rodents, and other mam- mals are fond of the fruits and are considered to be largely responsible for the dissemination of the species. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Sixty-nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, and ring- necked pheasant; composed 8.8 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York, and 9.8 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse for the northeastern United States; red squirrel, gray eastern chipmunk, red fox, white-tailed deer; found in 71 skunk stomachs in New York; composed 6 percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-two species of birds, including band-tailed pigeon, Gambel quail, dusky, gray ruffed, and ruffed grouse, emergency food of northern sharp-tailed grouse; ranks nineteenth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast; ring-necked pheasant; coyote, Say chipmunk, opossum, Douglas ground squirrel, raccoon, pica, and red fox, porcupine, Olympic wapiti, Wasatch chipmunk, Siskiyou chipmunk, rock squirrel; New Mexico black bear, Say’s ground squirrel. Browse value on sheep and cattle range is considerable, although most species do not resist overgrazing well. Prunus alabamensis Mohr. Alabama cherry. Padus alatamensis Small. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, availabie September—October. A large shrub to small or large tree; fiowers in May. Prunus alleghaniensis Porter. Allegheny plum. Range: 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July—August. A small to large shrub or small tree; flowers in April, commonly straggling; thicket forming; flowers and fruit borne profusely; sprouts readily from in- jured or exposed roots. Prunus americana Marsh. (pl. 25, B). Wild plum. Range: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20; 21, 22, 23.245 255 241285°297, 30: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. ¥ruit: Drupe, available July—October. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculturé A, Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Along fence rows and as a cover for steep banks, the Virginia creeper should find much use. Its fruits are much sought after, especially by birds. B, Prunus americana. This plum and its close relatives are of outstanding merit in controlling erosion on poor sites. Its value as cover for wildlife is equally great. C, P. maritima. Although a native on sandy soil, the beach plum has been successfully used on poor clay soil. It forms an excellent cover both for soil and wildlife, and produces an abundant crop of fruit. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 26 A, Prunus besseyi. A specimen in a garden where maximum development of the bushy habit indicates possibilities for soil and wildlife-cover planting. .B, P.demissa. The fruit of the western chokecherry is of considerable value for wildlife. In planting it for erosion control care must be taken to guard against possible stock poisoning. C, P. ilicifolia. The ability of the hollyleaf cherry to coppice after killing of its aerial portions enhances its erosion-control value. (Photograph by U, 8S, Forest Service.) NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 2O1 A large, spiny shrub to smali or rarely large tree; flowers April—May ; thicket forming; about 316 named varieties are known, the best-fruited types occurring in the Middle West; commonly sprouts from the roots to form extensive col- onies; 800-1,500 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Pine grosbeak. Observations: Prairie sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits; much eaten by many kinds of birds. Prunus andersonii Gray. Desert peach. Emplectocladus andersonii (Gray) Nels. and Ken., Amygdalus andersonii (Gray) Greene. Range: 4, 9. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit. Drupe. A small to large shrub or small tree; flowers in May; thorny, spreading; eccurs on gravelly, sandy, or other soils; extremely drought resistant; taproot well developed; thicket forming. Considered fair to good sheep and goat browse and only slightly inferior for cattle. Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw plum. P. chicasa Michx. Range: 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available May—August. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers March—April; somewhat thorny ; densely thicket forming; commonly occurs in sandy soil; 800-1,000 seeds per pound. Var. watsonii (Sarg.) Waugh, (P. watsonii Sarg.) is a dwarf occurring in regions 17 and 19. Prunus arkansana, see Prunus mexicana. Prunus australis, see also Prunus mexicana. Prunus australis Beadle. Southern wild cherry. Padus australis Small. Range: 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July—August. A small to large tree; flowers in April; occurs on clay soil. Prunus avium L. Sweet cherry. Range: 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in July. A small to large tree; flowers April-May; introduced from Hurasia and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; wood used commercially. Stomach records: Nine species of birds; red squirrel. Prunus besseyi Bailey (pl. 26, A). Western sand cherry. P. pruneila Daniels, P. pumila besseyi (Bailey) Waugh. Range: 15, 16, 18, 19, 23. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small, bushy shrub; flowers April-May; more or less prostrate; sprouting from roots but rarely forming thickets; occurs on sandy and other soils; 4,000 seeds per pound; fruit produced the second or third year from seed; large- fruited varieties are known. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant. Poisonous to livestock. Prunus borealis, see Prunus nigra. Prunus capoilin, see Prunus serotina. Prunus capuli, see Prunus seroting. 202 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Prunus caroliniana Ait. Laurel cherry. P, sempervirens Willd., Laurocerasus caroliniana (Mill.) Roem., Padus caroliniana Mill., Cerasus caroliniana Michx. Range: 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, persistent the year round. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; flowers February—April; rapid growing; thicket forming. Observations: Three species of birds. Leaves poisonous to livestock. Prunus cerasus L. 5 Sour cherry. Range: 22, 25, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available June—July. A small to large tree; flowers April-May; introduced from southern Burope and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: Seven species of birds. Prunus chicasa, see Prunus angustifolia. Prunus corymbulesa Rydb. Rocky Mountain red cherry. P. pennsylvanica corymbulosa (Rydb.) Wight, Cerasus trichopetala Greene. Range: 12. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large shrub; flowers May—June; commonly occurs in stony places. Prunus cuneata, see Prunus susquehanae. Prunus cuthbertii Small. Cuthbert cherry. Padus cuthbertii Small. Range: 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July—August. A large shrub to small tree. Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Walp. (pi. 26, B). Western chokecherry. P, virginiana demissa Sarg., Cerasus demissa Nutt., Padus demissa, Roem. Range: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15; 16, 18, 21. Site: Dry. well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, availabie July—October. A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; thicket forming. Var. melanocarpa Nels. (Padus melanocarpa (Nels.) Shaf., Prunus melano- carpa (Nels.) Rydb.), the black western chokecherry, occurs with the species; thicket forming; spreads by rhizomes; root system shallow with occasional deep-feeding roots; 3,000—5,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Six species of birds; biack-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant, sharp-tailed grouse; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; pica; eaten avidly by many birds. Commonly lightly to moderately browsed by stock; overgrazing of this species commonly leads to poisoning, notably in the spring; not harmful in the fall. Prunus depressa, see Prunus pumila. Prunus emarginata (Dougl.) Walp. Bitter cherry. Cerasus emarginata Dougl., C. glandulosa Kellogg., C. californica Greene, C. crenulata Greene, C. arida Greene, C. rhamnoides Greene, C. kellog- giana Greene, C. padifolia Greene, C. obliqua Greene, C. parvifolia Greene, C. obtusata Greene. Range. 2) 46.8: OO A a2 Ss te: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available May—September. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers April-May; densely thicket forming; flowers and fruit appear earliest near the Coast. Var. villosa Sudw., (P. mollis Walp., P. emarginata mollis Brew., Cerasus prunifolia Greene, P. prunifolia (Greene) Shaf.), the plumleaf cherry, occurs within the range of the species, SSS NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 203 Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse; Mono chip- munk. Obdservations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; much eaten by Allen’s chipmunk; alpine chipmunk. Of most value as stock forage toward the end of the season; has been frequently claimed to be poisonous, but probably because it has been confused with the chokecherries. Prunus eriogyna Mason. Desert apricot. P. fremontii Wats., Amygdalus fremontii (Wats.) Abrams. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in May. A large, spiny shrub; flowers February—March; heat and drought resistant; germination of seed rapid, from 8 to 10 days after planting. Furnishes a small amount of forage for sheep and goats. Prunus eximia Small. Padus eximia Small. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large tree. Prunus fasciculata Gray. Desert almond. Hmplectocladus fasciculatus Torr., Lycitwm spencerae MacBr., Amygdalus fasciculata Gray. Range: 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 18. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available April—May. A small to large shrub or small tree; dioecious, thorny; occurs in gravelly and sandy soil; densely branched; forms dense thickets. Furnishes some browse for sheep and goats. Prunus fremontii, see Prunus eriogyna. Prunus fultonensis, see Prunus mexicana. Prunus glandulosa, see Prunus texana. Prunus gracilis Hngelm. and Gray. Oklahoma plum. P. normalis Rydb., P. normalis Small, P. chicasa normalis Torr. and Gray. Range: 16, 22, 25. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available June-August. A small, straggling shrub; commonly occurs in sandy soil; thicket forming; especially susceptible to the black knot fuugus. Prunus havardii (Wight) Mason. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in July. A large, rigidly-branched, spinescent shrub. Prunus hookeri, see Prunus texana. Prunus hortulana, see also Prunus munsoniana. Prunus hortulana Bailey. Wild goose plum. Range: 22, 25, 27, 29: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist. Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers April-May; commonly occurs in rich soils; does not produce suckers but often occurs in groves; fruit pro- duced abundantly ; 34 named varieties are known. Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp. (pl. 26, C). Hollyleaf cherry. Range: 1, 3, 4,5 Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available October—December. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; foliage dense and compact; flowers March-May ; occurs in sand, loam, clay, and other soils; clump forming ; 904 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE casts a heavy shade; coppices vigorously after fire: tolerant of alkali; drought resistant; will withstand considerable abuse in handling; 24C seeds per pound. Observations: Hairy woodpecker; eaten by songbirds; California mule deer. Prunus incana, see Prunus pumila. Prurus injucunda, see Prunus mitis. runus integrifclia, see Prunus tyonii. Prunus lanata (Sudw.) Mack and Bush. Wild plum. P. americana lanata Sudw., P. palmeri Sarg. Range: 22, 25, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. A large shrub to small tree; thicket forming, suckering; 16 named varieties known. Prunus lyonii (Hastw.) Sarg. (pl. 27, A). Catalina cherry. P. ilicifolia integrifolia Sudw., P. integrifolia Sarg., nct Walp., P. ilicifelia occidentalis Brandeg. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; flowers March—June; more robust and rapid growing than P. ilicifolia, even when planted on the mainland ; drought resistant. Observations: Fruit much sought after by birds which commonly eat off the fiesh and leave the seed hanging on the bush. Prunus mahaleb L. Mahaleb cherry. Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill. Ranse 32220204 Die wo: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in July. A large shrub to small tree: fowers April-May; introduced from Europe and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated. Prunus maritima Wang. (pl. 23, C). Beach plum, P. pygmaea Willd., P. sphaerccarpa Michx., P. aeuminata Michx., P. sphaerica Willd., P. pubescens Pursh, P. Uiioratis Bigel., P. pubigera Steud. Range: 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August—March. A small to large, straggling shrub; flowers April-May; lower branches often decumbent or prostrate; more or less thorny; occurs only on sandy soils but will grow on clay. Stomach records: Starling. Prunus melanocarpa, see Prunus demissa, Prunus mexicana Wats. Mexican plum. P. australis Muns., P. reticulata Sarg., P. tenuifolia Sarg., P. polyandra Sarg., P. arkansana Sarg. Range: 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available September—November. A small to large tree; fiowers in March; does not sucker or form thickets: somewhat drought resistant; occasionally injured by frost; has been suceess- fully used as grafting stock; numerous varieties occur within the range of the species. Var. fultonensis Sarg. (P. fultienensis Sarg.), has fruits which ripen in June. Prunus minutifiora Engelm. Texas almond. Cerasus minutifiora (Engeim.) Gray, Amygdalus minutifiora (Hngelm.) Wight. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 205 A small to large, intricately-branched, dioecious shrub; forms dense thickets ; staminate plants much more numerous than pistillate plants in the field; prob- ably occurs most commonly on limestone soil. Furnishes a small amount of browse for sheep and goats. Prunus mitis Beadle. Georgia sloe. P. injucunda Small, P. wmbellata injucunda (Small) Sarg. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available June-August. A large shrub to small tree; occurs in sandy and other soils. Prunus mollis, see Prunus emarginata and P. nigra. Prunus munsoniana Wight and Hedr. Wild goose plum. P. hortulana Bailey in part, P. hortulana Waugh, not Bailey. Range: 20, 22; 25, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. A large shrub to small or large tree; fiowers March—-May; forms dense thickets; about 67 named varieties are known. Prunus nana, see Prunus virginiana. Prunus nigra Ait. Canada plum. P. mollis Torr., P. borealis Poir., P. americana nigra Waugh, Cerasus borealis Michx., C. nigra Loisel. Range: 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. A large shrub to small tree; flowers in May; forms root sprouts; thicket forming; branches often spinescent; may occur on limestone soils; does not break or damage in severe snow and storms; about 20 named varieties are known. Prunus normalis, see Prunus gracilis. Prunus palmeri, see Prunus lanata. Prunus pennsyivanica L.f. Pin cherry. P. perscifolia Dest., P. montana Marsh., P. lanceolata Willd. Ranges 13, 15, 1s) 21°23, 24; 26. 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. A small to large tree; flowers April-June; root system shallow; rapid grow- ing, short-lived; particularly bushy northward; thicket forming; occasionally seriously damaged by the cherry-leaf beetle; commonly a shrub on poor soils; occurs on many kinds of soil including sand; has been used as grafting stock for sour cherry; 8,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Twenty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, ptarmigan, Sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant and greater prairie chicken; this and P. serotina composed 2.3 pereent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario; composed 0.64 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; Lyster chipmunk, white-tailed deer; chipmunk. Obdservations: Five species of birds; an emergency food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse; cottontail rabbit, moose; of importance as food for beaver where Populus is lacking. Poisonous to livestock. Prunus prunella, see Prunus besseyi. Prunus prunifolia, see Prunus emarginata. Prunus pumila L. Sand cherry. P. depressa Pursh, P. incana Schwein., Cerasus canadensis Mill. C. glauca Moench. Range; 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available June—August. A small shrub; flowers April-May; spreading and creeping; commonly pros- trate with growing branches erect; suckers abundantly produced where stems touch the ground; occurs commoniy in sandy soil; 4,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Three species of birds; casually browsed by northern white- tailed deer, 906 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Prunus pygma, see Prunus reverchonii. Prunus reverchonii Sarg. P. pygma, Muns. Hog plum. Range: 16, 20. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July—September. A small to large shrub; flowers March-April; forms dense thickets; with- stands severe drought; will grow on limestone soils. Prunus rivularis Scheele. Creek plum. P. texana Scheele, not Dietr. Range: 17, 25, 29, 380. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in June. A large shrub. Prunus rufula, see Prunus virens. Prunus salicifolia, see Prunus serotina. Prunus sempervirens, see Prunus caroliniana. Prunus serotina * Ehrh. Black cherry. Range: 11, 18; 19; 20, 21, 22: 23. 24,25, )26,.21) 28; 293130: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available June—November. A small to large tree; root system deep; wind-firm; much attacked by insects and fungi; easily injured by fire; wood of importance commercially ; 4,000-5,000 seeds per pound, germination 70-90 percent. Stomach records: Thirty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and sharp-tailed grouse; composed 0.47 percent of fail food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; this and P. pennsylvanica composed 2.8 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebee and Ontario; white-tailed deer. Observations: Twenty-one species of birds including bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant; an important food of red fox; sixth most important preferred food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts; raccoon; cottontail rabbit; squirrel; black bear. The most poisonous species to livestock of all cherries. Prunus subcordata Benth. Pacific plum. P. subcordata kelloggii Lemmon. Range: 2, 3, 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub or rarely a small tree; flowers March—May; thicket forming; leaves commonly shed just before fruit is ripe; fruit commonly borne only every 2 years; in the central portion of its range the fruit often develops into a bladdery structure caused by a fungus; propagates not only by seed but by buds formed on the roots; occurs in sand, gravel, loam, and other soils. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Heavily browsed by sheep; often killed by overgrazing. Prunus susquehanae Willd. Appalachian cherry. P. cuneata Raf., P. pumila cuneata (Raf.) Bailey. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July—August. A small shrub; oceurs in sandy and rocky barrens; roots long and stocky. Stomach records: Prairie chicken. Prunus tarda Sarg. Texan sloe. P. umbdellata tarda (Sarg.) Wight. Range: 16, 17, 20, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available October-November. A small to large tree; flowers in April; often more or less thorny; flowers abundantly produced. 6 Var. salicifolia (H. B. K.) Koehne, (P. salicifolia H. B. K., P. capuli Cay. P. capollin Koehne), is a Mexican species apparently outside the United States. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 27 A, Prunus lyonii. The naked pits at the left have been stripped of their flesh by songbirds. The species is an excellent soil cover and should prove of great value in conservation plantings. B, Rhamnus cali- fornica var. tomentella. More robust and bushier than the species, this variety affords better cover for soil and wildlife. In the records of considerable utilization as wildlife food no distinction is made between the fruits of the variety and of the species. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 28 Prunus virginiana. This thicket-forming, profusely fruiting cherry appears to have great value in a program involving soil and wildlife conservation, Its stock-poisoning character prevents any use of it except in fenced areas, NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THH UNITED STATES 207 Prunus tenuifolia, see Prunus mexicana. Prunus texana, see also Prunus rivularis. Prunus texana Dietr. Wild peach. P. glandulosa (Hook.) Torr. and Gray, P. hookeri Schneid., Amygdalus giandulosa Hook., A. texvana (Dietr.) Wight. Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available April—May. A small to large almost evergreen shrub; Somewhat thorny; found on sand or sandy loam; apparently does not occur on limestone; root system deep; drought resistant. Furnishes a small amount of forage for sheep and goats. Prunus umbellata Elliott. Black sloe. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. A small tree; occurs in sandy and other soils. Prunus valida (Woot. and Standl.) Rydb. Padus valida Woot. and Standl. Range: 9, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small tree; flowers in June. Prunus virens Shreve. Southwestern black cherry. Padus virens Woot. and Standl. Range: 10, 11, 14. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree; more or less evergreen; flowers in May; fruit sometimes borne in great profusion; attempts to use this as grafting stock have been unsuccessful. ° Var. rufula Sarg. (P. rufula Tidest., Padus rufula Woot. and Standl.) is more pubescent than the species. Observations: Eagerly eaten by bears and other wild animals. Fair to good winter browse for livestock. Prunus virginiana L. (pl. 28). Choke cherry. P. nana (Du Roi) Roem., Padus nana Du Roi, P. virginiana (L.) Mill. Range; 21, 22, 23, 24, 25; 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. A large shrub to small tree; forms dense thickets by sending out long roots which sprout at intervals; fruit abundantly produced; 3,000-5,000 seeds per pound. Var. pumicea (Woot. and Standl.) Palmer, (Padus »umicea Woot. and Standl.) occurs in regions 11 and 14. Stomach records: 31 species of birds including ruffed grouse, bob-white, ring-necked pheasant, sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken. Ob- servations: Fourteen species of birds including bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant, cottontail rabbit, black bear. Prunus watsonii, see Prunus angustifolia. Psedera heptaphylla, see Parthenocissus heptaphylla. Psedera quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Psedera vitacea, see Parihenocissus viiaced. Pseudotsuga spp. Douglas fir. Evergreen, monoecious trees of the greatest importance as timber. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Black-tailed deer. Ob- servations (in addition to specific records): Spruce squirrel. 130186°—39 14 208 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Pseudotsuga douglasii, see Pseudotsuga tavifolia. Pseudotsuga glauca Mayr. Colorado Douglas fir. P. douglasii glauca Mayr. Range: 9, 11, 13, 14, 16. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone, available September—October. A large evergreen tree; resistant to winter cold; susceptible to spring frost; grows well on dry, sandy soil and moist loamy soil but not clay, gravel or poorly drained sites; slow growing; wood much less valuable commercially than that of P. taxifolia; does not pioneer in burns; shorter lived than P. taxifolia. Stomach records: Richardson’s grouse; plains white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer, mountain sheep. Odservations: Captive sharp-tailed grouse, dusky grouse; red squirrel, chestnut-mantled ground squirrel, porcupine, bighorn. Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Torr.) Mayr. Bigcone spruce. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature in August, seeds shed August-September, some cones persistent the year round. A large evergreen tree; Slow growing; wood not used commercially; seed vitality low but persistent. Observations: Seeds eaten by rodents and birds. Pseudotsuga mucronata, see Pseudotsuga tavijolia. Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lam.) Britt. Oregon Douglas fir. P. douglasii Carr., P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw., P. douglasii caesia Schwerin. Ranges, 2-3: 4.-5- 6. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature September—October, seeds shed at once. A very large evergreen tree; demands high relative humidity for best growth: cannot withstand severe cold or drying winds; grows best on well-drained, sandy loam; absent from pocrly drained areas; growth rate rapid; an ex- tremely important timber tree; often a pioneer in burns; much larger and longer lived tree than P. glauca. (See footnote under P. glauca.) Var. caesia Schwerin is a form more or less intermediate between this species and P. glauca; it occurs in regions 6, 7, and 12; makes no summer growth and is slower growing than the species. Observations: Dusky and Franklin grouse; browsed as a last resort by Olym- pie wapiti; porcupine; much eaten by Douglas squirrel, Sierra chickaree, red spruce squirrel, and Magdalena chipmunk; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Psilostrophe cooperi (Gray) Greene. Riddelia cooperi Gray. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, clump-forming shrub. 7™The separation of the Rocky Mountain from the western form of the Douglas fir has not commonly been made in this country, but there appears to be such a good basis for this separation, not only ecologically but taxonomically, that it is here made. Reference to Henry and Flood (278) and Frothingham (204) will show the following characteristics to separate the two species: P. tazifolia—(1) Rapid growing; (2) wide crown; (3) produces a second leading shoot in summer and this late growth makes it susceptible to injury by late frosts; (4) foliage more regularly disposed in two ranks, soft to touch; (5) leaves thin, under surface flat, no idioblasts present; (6) leaves contain geraniol, and, consequently, smell like pineapple; (7) young cones green to pink, bracts erect; (8) cones 3 to 4 inches long; (9) wood straight, light, durable, excellent timber; (10) torus of bordered pits centrally placed, wood readily permeated by creosote; (11) germination of seed poor; (12) attacked by Chermés; (15) growth rate twice that of the other species, timber yield 4 to 10 times that of the other; (14) will grow in England but not New England. P. glauwca—(1) Less rapid growing; (2) crown narrow, compact, pyramidal ; (3) does not produce a second leading shoot, growth completed early in the season, and, consequently, not susceptible to frost; (4) foliage less regularly disposed in two ranks; (5) leaves thick, under surface convex, idioblasts present: (6) leaves contain bornyl ace- tate and, consequently, smell like turpentine; (7) young cones brilliant red, bracts spreading and reflexed; (8) cones 2 to 3 inches long; (9) wood irregular in structure, strong and durable, rough timber; (10) torus of bordered pits pressed to one side, wood not readily permeated by creosote; (11) germination of seed much better and sooner than the other species; (12) not attacked by Chermes; (13) growth rate about half that of the other species, timber yield much less than that of the other species; (14) will not grow in England, but will grow in New England. NATIVE.WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 209 Psorodendron arborescens, see Parosela arborescens. Psorodendron californicum, see Parosela fremontii. Psorodendron fremontii, see Parosela fremontii. Psorodendron johnsonii, see Parosela fremontit. Psorodendron puberulum, see Poerosela schottii. Psorodendron schottii, see Paroseia schottii. Psorodendron spinosum, see Parosela spinosa. Psorothamnus emoryi, see Parosela emoryi. Psorothamnus pelyadenia, see Parosela polyadenia. Psorothamnus scoparius, see Parosela scoparia. Psorothamnus subnudus, see Parosela polyadenia. Ptelea spp. The species of this genus are apparently not well understood at present. The reduction of all to two species is without doubt open to question but since authorities do not agree on what is to be done with the P. trifoliata complex, it is offered here as one species. None is eaten by livestock. Ptelea angustifolia, see Ptelea baldwinii. Ptelea baldwinii Torr. and Gray. California hoptree. P. baldwinit crenulata Jeps., P. crenulata Greene, P. angustifolia Benth. Range: 38, 5, 9, 1%. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; about 7,000 seeds per pound. Ptelea crenulata, see Ptelea baldwinii. Ptelea microcarpa, see Ptelea trifoliata. Ptelea parvifolia, see Helietia parvifolia. Ftelea rhombifolia, see Pieclea trifoliata. Ptelea serrata, see Pielea trifoliata. Ftelea tomentosa, see Ptelea trifoliata. Ptelea trifoliata L. Hoptree. P. microcarpa Small, P. tomentosa Raf., P. serrata Small, P. rhombifolia Heller. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 28, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara; available in September, persistent until spring. A large shrub to smal! or very rarely a large tree; flowers in June; 18,350 seeds per pound. Ptilocalyx greggii Torr. Coldenia greggit Gray. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small, much-branched shrub. Purshia glandulosa Curran. Antelope brush. Kunzia glandulosa Greene, P. tridentata glandulosa Jones. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene, available August-September. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers April—July. Observations: Kagerly eaten by California mule deer. Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Antelope brush. Kunzia tridentata Spreng. Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Achene, available in August. 210 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A small to large shrub; flowers May—August. Intricately branched, often many-stemmed; occurs in clay, sand, and other soils; root system fairly deep, scarcely spreading. Stomach records: Coiumbian chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; pica, painted chipmunk, sage brush chipmunk; one of the chief browse plants for deer and antelope. A very important browse plant seldom touched by horses but extensively cropped by goats, caitle, and especially sheep; palatability appears greatest in spring, winter, and late fall. Pyracantha coccinea, see Cotoneaster pyracantha. Pyrus americana, see Sordus americana. Pyrus angustifolia, see Afalus angustifolia. FPyrus arbutifolia, see Aronia arbutifolia. Pyrus bracteata, see Malus bracteata. Pyrus coronaria, see Malus coronaria. Pyrus diversifolia, see Malus fusca. Pyrts fusca, see Maius fusca. Pyrus glabrata, see Malus glabrata. Pyrus glaucescens, see Malus glaucescens. Pyrus ioensis, see Afalus ioensis. Pyrus lancifelia, see Malus lancifolia. Pyrus malis, see Malus pumila. Pyrus melanocarpa, see Aronia melanocarpa. Pyrus nigra, see Aronia melanocarpa. Pyrus occidentalis, see Sorbus occidentalis. Pyrus platycarpa, see Malus platycarpa. Pyrus rivularis, see Malus fusca. Pyrus sambucifolia, see Sorbus americana. Pyrus sitchensis, see Sorbus americana and S. siichensis. Pyrus soulardii, see Malus soulardii. Quercus spp. Oaks. There are two classes of oaks; the biack oak group and the white oak group. The acorns of the white oaks mature in a single season. Those of the black oaks ordinarily take 2 years to mature. It seems possible to insure a consistent crop of acorns by planting oaks of the two groups in mixtures when a con- sistent food supply is assured to wildlife. Where one type may fail to produce seed, the other may supplement. White and black oaks occur in about equal numbers in the eastern United States and in the Mexican Sierras, Cordillera, and tableland. The total number of species of white oaks in the United States amounts to about 54; of black oaks 26, and ef an intermediate class 4, making a total of approximately 84 species. The timber produced by the white oaks is heavier, harder and more durable than that of the black oaks. Together they produce about half the hardwocd lumber of the United States. As a class the oaks are slow growing, long-lived, disease-resistant, very little subject to insect attacks. One thinks immediately of oak galls or oak apples, but these malformations are seldom of sufficient importance to make much difference to the general vigor and health of the species involved. The poisonous properties of oaks should be considered in making any exten- sive plantings of them. It is known that concentrated feeding of stock on oak forage may result in tannic acid poisoning. This is true especially in the spring. However, cattle losses are apt to occur when other forage is scarce, as in the spring, in dry years, and on overgrazed range. Proper management of livestock should preclude any serious effects from the oaks. The best prac- tices would include grazing cattle in summer and fali on oak, not grazing them before grass has nad a chance to become lush, and in general, seeing to NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES P11 it that there is variety in forage. Chemical analyses show that the leaves are not a balanced ration for livestock and accordingly, they must be supplemented by grass or other feed. The deciduous species are more nutritive than the evergreen, and are more readily eaten by livestock. While most tree oaks are recognized as having timber value, there are many shrubby species that may be profitably utilized for erosion-control planting and wildlife food and cover. These are the species ordinarily classed as scrub oaks. Certain of these are always shrubby, no matter in what site they may be grow- ing. The tree oaks, however, may gradually become reduced in size in moun- tainous or arid regions. So far as known, there are no oaks which can be classed as weeds, although they are occasionally considered to be so in certain localities. Eradication, however, is not difficult. Many of the species of scrub oaks are thicket forming and some reproduce by stolons. Their growth is generally vigorous, many are evergreen, and aS a group are comparatively fast growing. The ability on the part of scrub oaks to form a dense cover rapidly is one which is well known. Altogether there would appear to be few plants that are more admirably adapted for erosion control, coupled with value to livestock, wild mammals, and birds, than the oaks. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Sixty-three species of birds including ruffed grouse (1 stomach with parts of 24 acorns and many with 10 to 20), bobwhite (36 parts of acorns in 1 stomach), Mearn’s quail, California quail, Gambel quail, wild turkey, plumed quail, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheas- ant, greater prairie chicken, lesser prairie chicken (50 parts of acorns in 1 stomach), and mourning dove; ground squirrel, armadillo, opossum, black-tailed deer; Louisiana white-tailed deer, muskrat, raccoon, gray squirrel, eastern chip- munk, black bear, gray fox, white-tailed deer, ring-tailed cat, eastern skunk. Composed 4.5 percent of the entire fall food eaten by prairie chicken in Wiscon- sin; composed 5.0 percent of the winter food of ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States; composed 2.3 percent of food of 1,725 mallards. It may be noted here that stomach records show such birds as wrens and sparrows to have taken at least one complete acorn and that the comparatively large size of acorns apparently does not prevent even small birds from eating them. Observations (in addition to specific records): Forty-nine species of birds including turkeys, ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, doves; acorns heavily utilized by lesser prairie chicken in the fall, and oak flowers an important food of the same bird in spring in Oklahoma, ranks sixth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast; Merriam turkey; preferred fall food of prairie sharp- tailed grouse, ruffed grouse, and pinnated grouse; Mearn’s quail; an important food of band-tailed pigeons; constituted a larger percentage of food of mule deer in the Kaibab National Forest than any other food; Columbian black- tailed deer; Texas white-tailed deer; red fox; raccoon, porcupine, Mexican rac- coon, peceary, Virginia opossum, snowshoe hare, New Mexico black bear, Olympic black bear, Townsend’s chipmunk, Siskiyou chipmunk, Allen’s chip- munk, larger Colorado chipmunk, Arizona chipmunk, gray-footed chipmunk, cliff chipmunk, golden-mantled ground squirrel, chestnut-mantled ground squirrel, Douglas ground squirrel, southwestern chipmunk, little northern chipmunk, pale chipmunk, gray chipmunk; cut for food and building material in times of scarc- ity by beaver; Merriam’s chipmunk; Douglas’ squirrel, Sierra chickaree, digger squirrel, Abert’s squirrel, Arizona gray squirrel, rock squirrel, gray squirrel, Carolina fox squirrel, Couch rock squirrel, black-backed rock squirrel, flying squirrels, California gray squirrel. Without doubt there is a much greater number of animals, particularly Squirrels and chipmunks, than here listed that feed on acorns. That they have not been recorded in the literature is evidence that acorns are so generally accepted as being food for squirrels and chipmunks that many workers have felt it unnecessary to record utilization. Quercus acuminata, see Quercus muhlenbergii. Quercus agrifolia Née. California live oak. Range: 1, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to large tree; evergreen; occurs in sand, loam, gravel, and other soils; attacked by tent caterpillars; wood of some value as fuel; a shrub in dry hills (Var. frutescens Engeim.). Observations: California quail; California mule deer. 912 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Quercus alba L. White oak. Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. A large tree, or rarely a low shrub with altitude; root system deep, taproot well developed; slow growing, very long-lived; not seriously injured by insects or fungi; not very fire resistant; difficult to transplant even as seedling; wood durable, of great importance commercially ; bark a source of tannin; fruit borne when trees are 20 to 40 years old; full crops borne at intervals of 8 to 10 years, but some seed produced almost annually; 100-150 seeds per pound, germination 75-95 percent; coppice shorter lived and more tolerant of shade than seed-grown stock. Several varieties have been described, all of which occur within the range of the species. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, bob- white, ruffed grouse, wild turkey; an important food of white-tailed deer; cotton- tail rabbit; forms a considerable proportion of the food of the red squirrel. Quercus alvordiana, see Quercus dqumosa. Quercus andromeda, see Quercus virginiana. Quercus annulata, see Quercus breviloba. Quercus aquatica, see Quercus nigra. Quercus arizonica Sarg. Arizona white oak. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—November. A small to large shrub or small tree; fruit ripens very irregularly; a small shrub at higher elevations. Observations: Thick-billed parrots; highly palatable to captive deer. Quercus arkansana Sarg. Arkansas oak. Range: 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; biennial. A large tree; occurs in sandy and other soils; has been considered a hybrid between Q. nigra and 9. marilandica. Quercus austrina, see Quercus durandit. Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp white oak. Q. platanoides (La Marck) Sudw. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. A large tree; root system somewhat shallow; free from insects and diseases, fire-damaged especially when young; produces stump sprouts; wood durable, of commercial vaive; 90-125 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent. Quercus borealis Michx. f. Northern red oak. Q. rubra of auths., not L. Range: 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available October-November. A very large tree; rapid growing when young, long-lived; taproot deep; pro- duces a denser shade than most oaks; severely injured by fire; much attacked by borers and subject to fungus attack, especially heart rot; apparently not drought resistant; coppices freely when young; wood of great importance com- mercially ; 80-100 seeds per pound, germination 80-95 percent. Var. borealis marima (Marsh.) Ashe, (Q. maxima Ashe) is a large-fruited form occurring within the range of the species. Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Observations: Ruffed grouse: tenth most important food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts; forms a considerable portion of the food of red squirrels; cottontail rabbit; heavily browsed by moose on Isie Royal. Observations: Bobwhite; eaten by white-tailed deer in Missouri, and northern white-tailed deer in Michigan. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 213 Quercus boyntonii Beadle. Boynton oak. Q. stellata boyntonii (Beadle) Sarg. Range: 27. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large, thicket-forming shrub. Quercus brayi Small. Bray’s oak. Q. muhienbergit brayi (Small) Sarg. Range: 11, 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large tree. Acorns much sought after by livestock, including domesticated turkeys. Quercus brevifolia, see Quercus cinerea. Quercus breviloba, see also Quercus durandii. Quercus breviloba (Torr.) Sarg. Q. obtusifolia breviloba Torr., Q. annulata Buckl. Range: 11, 16, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. Commonly a large shrub, or a small to large tree; thicket forming; occurs on limestone and other soils. Var. laceyi (Small) Trel., (Q. laceyi Small), the Lacey oak, is a particularly rapid-growing form. A valuable browse for liyestock. Quercus breweri, see Quercus garryana. Quercus californica, see Quercus kelloggit. Quercus canbyi Trel. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small to large tree. Quercus catesbaei, see Quercus laevis. Quercus chapmanii Sarg. Chapman white oak. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. Commonly a small shrub or a large shrub to large tree; semievergreen ; occurs in sandy and other soils. Quercus chisosensis, see Quercus gravesii. Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. Canyon live oak. Range: 1, 4, 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A small to large shrub, or small to large tree; evergreen; commonly shrubby on exposed sites; occurs in sand, loam, and other soils; forms a dense ground cover; long lived; stump sprouts abundantly produced, somewhat spiny; wood of some value commercially; the most ancient existing American oak; acorns much attacked by grubs. Observations: California woodpecker ; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Quercus cinerea Michx. Bluejack oak. Q. brevifolia (Lam.) Sarg. Range: 16, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial, available in November. A small to large tree; occurs in sand, loam, and other soils; fruit produced in great profusion. Quercus coccinea Muench. Scarlet oak. Range: 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial, available September—October. 914 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. O# AGRICULTURE A large tree; root system shallow; rapid growing, short-lived; much attacked by dry rot; coppices produced by young trees only; wood of importance com- mercially; much cultivated; apparently not drought resistant; 156-400 seeds per pound, germination 75 percent. Var. tuberculata Sarg. has larger acorns and occurs within the range of the species southward. Observations: Bluejay, Sharp-tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. Quercus confusa Woot. and Standl. Range: 11, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small, somewhat evergreen tree. Quercus densifiora, see Lithocarpus densiflora. Quercus digitata, see Quercus rubra. Quercus diversicolor Trel. Netleaf oak. Q. reticulata of authbs., not H. B. K. Range: 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small to large shrub or small to large tree; evergreen. Observations: Thick-billed parrot. Fair summer browse for stock. Quercus douglasii Hook. and Arn. California blue oak. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small to large tree; Slow growing; stump sprouts produced; subject to dry rot; wood much used locally for fuel; seed produced abundantly. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Acorns much used for livestock feeding. Quercus dumosa Nutt. California scrub oak. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small, or rarely large tree; evergreen; root system deep, taproot well developed, especially in seedling stages; commonly occurs in sterile soils; branches numerous, closely tangled, starting near from the ground; acorn crop ordinarily light and very uncertain; grows on all kinds of soils; killed by severe fires, but if not too severely burned, coppices and within 3 years again produces good cover; a Small tree only on the California islands. Var. macdonaldii (Greene) Jeps., (Q. macdonaldii Greene), the MacDonald oak, is in region 5, and has been claimed to be a hybrid between Q. dumosa and 2. engelmannii. Var. bdbullata Engelm, (Q. durata Jeps.), the leather oak, is a spreading, thicket-forming shrub occurring in regions 1 and 5. Var. alvordiana (Hastw.) Jeps. (Q. alvordiana HEastw.) occurs in region 5. Var. turbinella (Greene) Jeps. (Q. turdinella Greene), occurring in regions 5, 9, 11 and 14, is a small to large shrub considered a valuable winter browse plant for livestock. It has been observed to be eaten by Mearns, Gambel, and scaled quail. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Im- portant as a sheep and goat browse but distinctly inferior for cattle. The high tannin content of the plant necessitates careful handling of lambs where it occurs. Quercus durandii Buckl. Durand white oak. Q. breviloba (Torr.) Sarg., in part., Q. sinuata Walt., Q. austrina Small, Range: 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to large tree; thicket forming and shrubby westward; occurs on limestone and other soils. Quercus durata, see Quercus dumosa. Quercus eastwoodiae Rydb. Range: 11, 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub; not thicket forming. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 215 Quercus ellipsoidalis Hill. Jack oak, Range: 21, 22, 23, 24. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A small to large shrub or small to large tree; often occurs on clay soils. Quercus emoryi Torr. Emory oak. Q. hastata Liebm. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available July-August, or ripening irregularly from June—September. A small to large shrub or small to large tree; evergreen; wood somewhat used commercially. Observations: Mearn’s Gambel, and scaled quail; Mexican mule deer; Couch rock squirrel; much eaten by Gila chipmunk; highly palatable the year round to captive deer. Quercus engelmannii Greene. “ Evergreen white oak, Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large evergreen tree; occurs on loam, sand, gravel, and other soils; wood useful only for fuel. Observations: California mule deer. Quercus falcata, see Quercus rubra. Quercus fendleri Liebm. Fendler oak. Q. undulata pedunculata DC. Range: 11, 13, 14, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub; not thicket forming. Considered fair browse for cattle. Quercus fusiformis, see Quercus virginiana. Quercus gambelii, see also Quercus leptophylla. Quercus gambelii Nutt. Gambel oak. Q. douglasii gambelii DC., Q. undulata gambelii Engel. Range: 9, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small tree; resistant to heavy grazing. Observations: Turkey. When associated with more palatable species, lightly grazed by cattle, sheep and horses; acorns sweet, relished by swine and other stock and with high fattening qualities; of moderately high palatability to goats; shoots contain 4-10 percent of tannic acid. Quercus garryana Dougl. Oregon white oak. Range: 1, 2. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to large tree; wood durable, valuable commercially. Var. breweri (Engelm.) Jeps. (Q. breweri Engelm., Q. oerstediana Brown), the Brewer oak, is a small to large, spreading shrub occurring in region 4. It is much browsed by Rocky Mountain mule deer and much eaten by stock, the protein content of the foliage being almost equal to that of alfalfa hay. Var. semota Jeps., the Kaweah oak, is a shrub occurring in region 4. Observations: Band-tailed pigeon, Lewis’ woodpecker, ring-necked pheasant ; bear. Quercus geminata, see Quercus virginiana. Quercus georgiana Curtis. Georgia oak. Range: 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A large, rare tree. 216 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Quercus gravesii Sudw. Grave’s oak. Q. texana chisosensis Sarg., Q. chisosensis Sarg. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A small to large tree. Quercus grisea Liebm. Gray oak. Range: 11, 14, 16, 17. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub or rarely a small tree; partially evergreen; clump forming, bears great quantities of nut galls; wood useful only for fuel; very resistant to drought. Observations: Viosea’s pigeon, thick-billed parrot; Sonora deer, Arizona porcu- pine. An important local browse for livestock. Quercus gunnisonii (Torr.) Rydb. @. aloa gunnisonit Torr., Q. guembelit gunnisonii Wenz. Range: 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small to large shrub or small tree. Quercus hastata, see Quercus emoryi. Quercus havardii Rydb. Shinnery oak. Range: 11, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small shrub; thicket forming; grows in sandy soil; spreads by underground stems, the bulk of the species being underground; propagation is by separation of the root stocks as well as by acorns. Observations: Bobwhite, prairie chicken; peccary. The large and sweet acorns are relished by livestock but this species has caused much poisoning. Quercus humilis, see Quercus pumila. Quercus hypoleuca Hngelm. Whiteleaf oak. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual, although often maturing the second season. A large shrub to small or large tree; semievergreen; wood used locally. Observations: Thick-billed parrot; faverite food of the Apache squirrel. Quercus ilicifolia Wang. Bear oak. Q. pumila (Marsh) Sudw., Q. nana Sarg. Range; 22, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn biennial, available September—October. A large shrub to small tree; thicket forming; often forms a nearly complete ground cover; fruit produced very prolifically; suckers freely; net evergreen, but dead leaves often persistent through the winter; often occurs in extremely sterile soils. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Wild turkey; white-tailed deer. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle oak. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available September—October. A large tree; wood used commercially; somewhat cultivated; 450-800 seeds per pound. Observations: Red-headed woodpeckers. Quercus intricata Trel. Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small, intricately branched shrub. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES DAI Quercus kelloggii Newb. California black oak. Q. californica (Torr.) Cooper. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A small shrub to large tree; occurs in sandy and other soils; root system deep; slow growing, long-lived; shrubbier at higher elevations; wood much used for fuel; stump sprouts freely produced, of rapid growth, often prostrate; subject to mistletoe. Observations: Of cutstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Quercus laceyi, see Quercus breviloba. Guereus laevis Walt. Turkey oak. Q. catesbaes Michx. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy soil; root system deep; rather rapid rowing, generally short-lived; free from insects and disease. Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel oak. Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available September—October. A large tree; occurs in sand, loam, and other soils; somewhat cultivated ; 540-690 seeds per pound. Var. rhombica (Sarg.) Trel., (Q. rhombica Sarg., Q. obtusa Ashe) occurs within the range of the species. Quercus leiodermis, see Quercus velutina. @uercus leptophylia Rydb. Rocky Mountain white oak. Q. gambeliit Nutt., in part. Range: 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. ’ A large tree; commonly occurs in groups; wood hard, strong, used for fuel. Quercus lobata Née. Valley white oak. Range: 3, 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large tree; ordinarily occurs in richer soils; rapid growing; wood of some value commercially ; taproot well developed; long-lived ; produces very abundant crops of acorns; weeping trees confined to fertile loam soils. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Quercus lyrata Walt. Overcup oak. Range: 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. A small to large tree; commonly does not occur on poor soils; root system deep, taproots and deep-seated laterals well-developed; slow growing, long-lived ; generally free from insects and disease; resistant to fire; wood durable, of importance commercially ; 150 seeds per pound, commonly produced abundantly every 3 or 4 years. Young plants browsed by cattle. Quercus macdonaldii, see Quercus dumosa. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur oak. Range: 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. Rarely a large shrub to small tree, or more commonly a large tree; root system deep, especially on dry sites; commonly occurs on rich, not poor soils, although often found in sand; slow growing, long-lived; not seriously injured by fungi or insects, except rarely June beetles; more resistant to smoke than most oaks; wood durable, much used commercially ; 380-400 seeds per pound, germina- tion 60-75 percent, vitality 6 to 12 mouths. Observations: Wood duck; acorns form a considerable portion of food of red Squirrel; white-tailed deer, Young plants browsed by stock. 918 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Quercus margaretta Ashe. Small post oak. Q. stellata margaretta Sarg. Range: 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small tree; occurs on sandy and other soils. Var. stolonifere Ashe forms dense thickets by means of stolons. Quercus marilandica Muench. Blackjack oak. Range: 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available in October. In the north, a large shrub; in the south, a large tree; commonly occurs on sand, clay, loam, and other soils; wood rarely used commercially. Var. ashei Sudw. cccurs in regions 19, 20, and 29. Stomech records: Wild turkey; white-tailed deer. Observations: A greatly preferred food of wild turkey, white-tailed deer. Quercus maxima, see Quercus borealis. Quercus media Woot. and Standl. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small tree; thicket forming. Quercus michauxii, see Quercus prinus. Quercus microcarya, see Quercus nigra. Guercus minima, see Quercus virginiana. Quercus minor, see Quercus stellata. Quercus mohriana Buckl. Shin oak. Range: 11, 16, 17, 19, 20. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. Usually a small shrub, more rarely a small tree; thicket forming; occurs on limestone, sandy, and other soils; becomes a tree only in deep ravines and on steep hillsides where protected. Quercus montana Willd. Chestnut oak. Q. prinus of auths., not L. Ranges) 2224525; 269 2. 28,529: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available October-November. A large tree; root system deep; occurs on rich or poor soils; fairly rapid growing, long-lived: seedlings tolerant of shade; very fire resistant; coppices freely when young: wood durable, much used commercially; bark contains more tannin than any other eastern oak; 60-150 seeds per pound. Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. Chinquapin oak. Q. acuminata Sarg. Range: d12167 202 Dt 22, 23, 24-25, 26, 20,25, co. oO. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available October—November. Commonly a small, or more rarely, a large tree; may occur on limestone soil; taproot well developed; rather rapid growing; becomes more intolerant of shade with age; free from insects and disease; young growth easily damaged by fire; stump sprouts produced; wood durable, used commercially ; 520 seeds per pound. Quercus myrtifolia Willd. Myrile oak. Range: 17, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A small to large shrub or small tree; thicket forming; commonly occurs on sandy soil. Quercus nana, see Quercus ilicifolia. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 919 Quercus nigra L. Water oak. Q. aquatica Walt. Range: 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available October-November. A large tree; rapid growing in good soils; occurs in sand, loam and other soils; wood somewhat used commercially ; much cultivated; very susceptible to mistletoe; 400-600 seeds per pound. A form described as Q. microcarya Small occurs on Stone Mountain, Ga. Quercus nitescens, see Quercus novomecxicanda. Quercus novomexicana (DC.) Rydb. New Mexican shinnery. Q. douglasii novomexicana DC., Q. nitescens Rydb. Range: 11, 13, 14, 16. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small or large tree. Quercus oblongifolia Torr. Mexican blue oak. Range: 10, 11, 17. Site: dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small or large trees; evergreen; often thicket forming, especially at the heads of canyons; produces fruit even as a shrub. Observations: Highly palatable to captive deer. Quercus obtusa, see Quercus laurifolia. Quercus obtusifolia (DC.) Rydb. Q. undulata obtusifolia DC. Range: 14, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small tree. Quercus oerstediana, see Quercus garryanda. Quercus pagoda, see Quercus rubra. Quercus pagodaefolia, see Quercus rubra. Quercus palmeri Engelm. Palmer oak. Q. chrysolepis palmeri Engelm. Range: 5, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A large, divaricately-branched, evergreen shrub. Quercus palustris Muench. Pin oak, Ranges: 21 2225245 20592) 20: Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available September—October. A large tree; root system well developed laterally ; rather rapid growing and short-lived; resistant to dust and smoke; free from insects and disease; cop- pices fairly well; much cultivated; wood used commercially; 600 seeds per pound. Observations: Bobwhite, mourning dove; cottontail rabbit. Quercus pauciloba Rydb. MacDougal oak. Range: 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub, or more commonly a small to large tree. Quercus phellos L. Willow oak. Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available in October. A large tree; occurs in sandy and other soils; wood used commercially ; much cultivated ; 600 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Gray fox. Observations: Wild turkey, mourning dove, bobwhite. 930 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Quercus platanoides, see Quercus bicolor. Quercus price? Sudw. Coast live oak. Range: 5. Site: Dry, weli-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A small to large evergreen tree; occurs in gravelly and other soiis. Hardly separable from Q. agrifolia. Quercus prinoides Wiild. Dwarf chinquapin oak. Range: 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. A large shrub to small tree; thicket forming; occurs on sandy, limestone and other soils; 400 seeds per pound. Observations: Ruffed grouse, cottontail rabbit. Quercus prints, see also Quercus montana. Quercus prinus L. Swamp chestnut o2k. Q. michaucii Nutt. Range: 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. . A large tree; taproot and deep laterals well developed; long-lived; generally free from insects and diseases; easily fire-damaged when young; stump sprouts never large; woced durable, much used commercially; a fertile-soil species; 70-150 seeds per pound, germination 86 percent. Stomach records: Mourning dove; white-tailed deer. Observations: Cotton- tail rabbit. Quercus pumila, see also Quercus ilicifolia. Quercus pumila Walt. Running oak. @. humilis Walt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small evergreen shrub; often forms small sparse thickets by means of root stocks; not a pioneer species. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Quercus pungens, see Quercus undulata. Quereus reticuiata, see Quercus diversicolor. Quercus rhombica, see Quercus laurifolia. Quercus rubra, see also Quercus borealis. Quercus rubra L. Southern red oak. Q. falcata (Michx.) of Amer. auths., Q. digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. Range: 20) 25, 27,28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available September—October. A large tree; root system deep as well as Shallow on the same tree; occurs on sandy or heavy soils; rapid growing, rather short-lived; very sensitive to late frosts; much attacked by heart rot; coppices freely, especially when young; much cultivated; wood not Gurabie, somewhat used commercially. Var. pogodaefolia (Hll.) Ashe, (Q. pogedaefolia (Hll.) Ashe, G. pagoda Raf.), and var. leucophyila Ashe, both occur within the range of the species. Quercus rydbergiana Cockerell. Rydberg oak. Q. undulata rydbergiana Cockerell. Range: 18, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small evergreen shrub. Quercus sadleriana Brown. Sadler oak. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small to large evergreen shrub; forms dense thickets; occurs at altitudes of from 5,000-7,000 feet. NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES PI Observations: Acorns relished by deer and bear. Poor to fair browse for livestock, but acorns relished. Quercus schneckii, see Quercus shumardii. Quercus shumardii Buckl. Shumard red oak. Q. texana Sarg. Range: 16, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist. Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available in October. A very large tree; occurs on limestone and other soils; root system shallow ; free from insecis and diseases; wood of value commercially. Var. schneckii (Britt.) Sarg., (Q. schneckii Britt.), the Schneck red oak, oc- curs also in region 17. Quercus sinuata, see Quercus durandii. Quercus stellata Wang. Post ocak. Q. minor (Marsh.) Sarg. Range: 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. A large tree; commonly occurs in poor soil such as sand and gravel; root system deep; slow growing; long-lived; tolerant of shade only when young; fruit produced abundantly every 2 or 3 years; wood durabie, difficult to season, much used commercially ; 35-636 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Wild turkey. Observations: A preferred food of wild tur- key ; white-tailed deer. Quercus submolis Rydb. Q. utahensis submoliis (Rydb.) Sarg. Range: 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to small tree. Quercus subturbinelia Trel. Range: ii, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to Small tree. Quercus texana Buckl. Texas red oak. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Hruit: Acorn, biennial. A small to large tree; occurs on limestone and other soils. Var. stellapila Sarg., occurs within the range of the species; by some it is considered specifi- eally distinct. Quercus texana, see Quercus shumardaii. Quercus tomentella Hngelm. Island live oak. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Hruit: Acorn, biennial. A large evergreen tree; moderately long-lived; occurs in gravelly and other soils. Possibly only a variety of Q. chrypolepis. Quercus toumeyi Sarg. Toumey oak, Range: 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large shrub to large tree; more or less evergreen. Quercus turbinella, see Quercus dumosa. Quercus undulata Torr. Rocky Mountain shin ocak. e Q. vaseyana Rydb., Q. vaseyana Buckl., Q. undulata vaseyana Rydb. Range: 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. 2D? MISC. PUBLICATION 3038, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A small to large shrub or small to large tree; somewhat evergreen; forms thickets of vast extent; bears great quantities of nut galls. Var. pungens Engelm. (Q. pungens Liebm.), the holly oak, occurs in regions 9 and 11. Stomach records: Prairie chicken. Fair to fairly good cattle feed in winter and spring; good goat feed, especially in spring. Quercus utahensis (DC.) Rydb. Rocky Mountain white cak. Q. stellata utahensis DC. Range: 9, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A large tree; root system shallow with occasional deep-feeding branches, or sometimes altogether deep; wood used to some extent for fuel. Stomach records: Porcupine, black-tailed deer, Quercus vaccinifolia Kellogg. Huckleberry oak. Q. chrysolepis vaccinifolia (Kellogg) Engelm. Range: 4. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A small, thicket-forming evergreen shrub. Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Acorns readily eaten by livestock, but foliage of low palatability. Quercus vaseyana, see Quercus undulata. Quercus velutina Lam. Black oak. Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available October-November. A large tree; commonly occurs on poor soil; taproot at first well developed, later superficial; seedlings slow growing; long-lived; coppice freely produced, rapid growing, short-lived; wind-firm; rarely injured by insects, except when fire-damaged; susceptible to drought injury; easily fire-damaged; wood used commercially ; usually attacked by heart rot; 180-300 seeds per pound, germi- nation 80 percent or more. Var. missouriensis Sarg., (Q. leiodermis Ashe), the smooth-bark oak, occurs with the species westward. Cbobservations: Cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. Quercus venustula Greene. Range: 13, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small to iarge shrub; acorns commonly produced abundantly. Quercus virginiana Mill. Live oak. Range: 1. 16. 17, 20, 25,729.30) St. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. A small to large shrub or smali to large, evergreen tree; occurs on sand, clay, and alluvial soils: root system deep, spreading; fruit often produced by plants 12 inches in height; able to grow very close to the sea, where roots may be covered with sait water at high tide; rapid growing at first, later slower; long-lived; free from insects and diseases; produces stump sprouts; branches very wide-spreading ; wood durable, of little importance commercially. Var. geminata, (Small) Sarg., (Q. geminata Small) occurs in regions 29 and 30. Var. virescens Sarg. occurs in Florida. Var. macrophylla Sarg., with larger leaves, occurs in southeastern Texas. Var. eximea Sarg., (Q. andromeda Ridd.) of eastern Louisiana, has smaller leaves and acorns. Var. fusiformis (Small) Sarg., (Q. fusiformis Small) occurs in regions 16 and 20 and is generally shrubby. Var. minima (Small) Sarg., (Q. minima Small, Q. virginiana dentata Chapm.) occurs in region 30, is usually less than 3 feet high, and has under- ground stems. Var. maritima (Michx.) Small occurs in regions 29 and 30 and is shrubby. Var. pygmaea Sarg. has smaller acorns, is a shrub, and occurs in region 30. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THH UNITED STATES 223 Quercus vreelandii Rydb. Range: 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, annual. A small to large shrub. Quercus wilcoxii Rydb. Wilcox oak. Range: 9, 11, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A small to large shrub or rarely a small tree; evergreen; thicket forming. Not eaten to any extent by cattle. Quercus wislizenii DC. Highland live oak. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Acorn, biennial. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; not as tolerant of shade as formerly supposed; coppices quickly after fires, but such growth is slow; attacked by mistletoe; makes good soil cover; acorns not produced in very great quantities; wood not durable, locaily valuable as fuel; occurs in loam, gravel, and other soils; near the coast and on the California islands generally shrubby. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Ramona ineana, see Salvia carnosa. Ramona polystachya, see Salvia apiana. Ramona stachyoides, see Salvia mellifera. Raphis acaulis, see Sabal minor. Rhamnus spp. Buckthorns. Most species occur on neutral soil; some species are secondary hosts for the crown rust of oats; propagation is by seeds stratified and sown in spring or by soft or hardwood cuttings made at the nodes. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds; gen- erally relished by birds. Evergreen species have a limited value as browse for livestock in winter. Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her. Alder-ieaved buckthorn. Range: 4, 12, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July—September. A smail shrub; flowers May-June; branches decumbent, rooting; thicket forming. Of no value as browse for cattle; poor to fair browse for sheep. Rhamnus betulaefolia Greene. Birchleaf buckthorn. R. californica betulaefolia (Greene) Trel., R. confinis Greene, R. ellipsoidea Greene, R. revoluta Rose. Range: 9, 11, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available, September—October. A small to large shrub; flowers May-June; not a secondary host for oat crown rust. Rhamnus californica Esch. California buckthorn. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large evergreen shrub; flowers March—April; a secondary host for the rust of velvet grass but not oats. Var. tomentella (Benth.) Brewer and Wats. (R. tomentelia Benth., R. ursina Greene) (pl. 27, B), commonly mcore compact, bushy, and robust than the species, occurs in regions 3, 4, 5, 10, and 11. Var. viridis Jeps. (R. cuspidata Greene) occurs in regions 4, 5, 9, and 10. Var. obtusissima (Greene) Jeps., (R. obtusissima Greene) occurs in region 4. Var. occidentalis (Howell) Jeps. (R. occidentalis Howell), occurs in region 1. Stomach records: Seven species of birds. Observations: Four species of birds, including band-tailed pigeon; California mule deer, black bear. Of some im- 130186°—39 15 DIA. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE portance as a honey plant. Of no value as forage for cattle; poor to fair for sheep. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Yellow buckthorn. Range: 17, 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September—November. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May-June; occurs on limestone, loam, and other soils; susceptible to the crown rust of oats. Stomach records: Catbird. Rhamnus catalinae, see Rhamnus crocea. Rhamnus confinis, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. Rhamnus crocea Nutt. (pl. 29, A, B). Hollyleaf buckthorn. Range: 3, 5, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small to large shrub, or rarely a small to large tree; partially evergreen; flowers February—May; densely branched; experimentally susceptible to the crown rust of oats. Var. insuleris Sarg. (R&R. insularis Greene, R. pirifolia Greene, R. catalinae, Davids.) has larger berries, and occurs in region 5. Var. ilicifolia (Kellogg) Greene (R. ilicifolia Kellogg) has spiny leaves, is more commonly treelike, and occurs in regions 4, 5, and 10. Var. pilosa Trel. (R. pilosa Abrams) occurs in region 5. Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Observations: California mule deer. Rhamnus cuspidata, see Rhamnus californica. Rhamnus ellipsoidea, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. Rhamnus fasciculata, see Rhamnus smithii. Rhamnus humboldtiana, see Karwinskia humboldtiana. Rhamnus ilicifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. Rhamnus insularis, see Rhamnus crocea. Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Lance-leaved buckthorn. Range: 22, 25, 27, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small to large shrub; flowers in May; commonly occurs on calcareous soils; susceptible to crown rust of oats. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Rhamnus maculata, see Karwinskia humboldtiana. Rhamnus obtusifolia, see Condalia obtusifolia. Rhamnus obtusissima, see Rhamnus californica. Rhamnus occidentalis, see Rhamnus californica. Rhamnus pilosa, see Rhamnus crocea. Rhamunus pirifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. Rhamnus purshiana DC. (pl. 30, A, B). Cascara. Range: 1,2, 3, 4, 6,-7, 9, 11, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July—September. A small to large shrub or a small to large tree; occurs on sand, gravel, loam, and other soils; experimentally susceptible to the crown rust of oats; coppices freely after cutting ; bark of importance commercially ; commonly smailer south- ward; 4,735 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Seven species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds, including Oregon ruffed grouse, band-tailed pigeon; New Mexico black bear; of fair importance as browse for mule deer; Olympic black bear, Oregon gray fox, raccoon, ring-tailed cat. Without forage value for livestock. Rhamnus revoluta, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. PLATE 29 Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture ; B,a ] ive cover on poor soi ng an effect f hollyleaf buckthorn form close view of the dense foliage and fruit. specimen c A, A large . Rhamnus crocea Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 30 Rhamnus purshiana: A, The shrubby southern form of cascara may prove a more valuable cover plant than the treelike northern form. 8, The drupes are cathartic to man. ‘Their physiologic effect on wildlife species is not known. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 295 Rhamnus rubra Greene. Redstem buckthorn. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small shrub; flowers in June; susceptibility ta crown rust of cats not known. Rhamnus smithii Greene. Smith buckthorn. R. fasciculata Greene. Range: 11, 138, 14. Site: Weli-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large, dicecious, densely leafy shrub; susceptible to the crown rust of oats. Rhamnus texensis, see Colubrina texensis. Rhamnus tomentella, see Rhamnus californica. Rhamnus wursina, see Rhamnus californica. Rhapidophyllum hystrix (Fraser) Wendl. and Drude. Needle palm. Chamaerops hystrivw Fraser, Corypha hystrix (Fraser) Desf., Sabal hystrix Desf. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large evergreen shrub; rootstocks creeping and rooting. Rhododendron spp. This genus has often been divided into several separate genera or genus sections. The most notable for the United States are rhododendron and azalea. tt is generally agreed among botanists that these two cannot be maintained as separate genera although they may well appear to be separable as far as the species in this country are concerned. They are here treated as one. The species popularly known as azaleas are largely deciduous, at least in North America. Those known as rhododendrons are mostly evergreen. The azaleas are generally to be found growing in the sun; the rhododendrons make their best growth in the shade. Nevertheless, there are no constant botanical char- acters to separate them. Rhododendron alabamense Rehd. Alabama azalea. Azalea alabamense (Rehd.) Small. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers April-May. Rhododendron albiforum Hook. White-flowered azalea. Azaleastrum albifiorum (Hook.) Rydb., Azalea albiflora Kuntze., Cladotham- nus campanulatus Greene. Range: 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers June-July. While under normal range con- ditions it is not palatable to livestock, it is nevertheless poisonous. Rhodcdendron arborescens (Pursh) Torr. Smooth azalea. Azalea arborescens Pursh. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub or rarely a small tree; flowers June—July. Rhododendron atlanticum (Ashe) Rehd. Azalea atlantica Ashe. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, weli-drained, sun, half shade. Hruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers April-May; mat forming; aggressive; spreads by means of stolons; many often invade fields. i ee a ee ee ea ee 928 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Rhododendron austrinum (Small) Rehd. Azalea. ausirina Smail. Range: 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers April-May; commonly occurs on sandy soil. Rhododendren calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr. Flame azalea. Azalea caiendulacea. Michx., A. twiea L. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A smali to large shrub; flowers May—June; branches erect or spreading; very ornamental. Rhododendron californicum Hook. California rose-bay. R. macrophylium Don. Range: 1, 2. Site: Weli-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub or rarely @ small tree; evergreen; flowers May-June; considered poisonous to sheep. Rhododendron canadense (L.) B. 8. P. Rhodora. R. canadense Torr., RK. rhodora Gmel., Rhedora canadensis L. Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsuie. A smail, much-branched shrub; flowers in May. Rhododendron canescezs (Michx.) Sweet. Hoary azalea. Azalea canescens Michx, not Small. Range: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large sparingly-branched shrub, flowers April-May; occurs in sandy and other soils. Rhododendron carolinianum Rehd. Carolina rhododendron. Range: 2%. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, much-branched evergreen shrub; flowers April-May. Rhodogendron catawhiense Michx. (pl. 32). Catawba rhododendron. Range: 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large evergreen shrub; flowers May-June; often forms thickets covering extensive tracts of land; poisonous to livesteck either fresh or dry. Rhododendron cuthbertii, see Rhododendron minus. Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahl. Lapland rose-pay. Azalea lapnonica i. Range: 26. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Hruit: Capsuie. A small, prostrate evergreen shrub, commonly occurring on alpine summits. Rhododendron macrophyllum, see Rhododendron californicum. Rhedodendron maximum L. Rhododendron. Range: 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Hruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; fiowers June—July; thicket forming; much cultivated. Stomach records: Sharp-tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Eaten by deer but poisonous to them if taken in large quantities. Poisonous to stock, which avoid it unless very hungry. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES DOT. Rhododendron minus Michx. Piedmont rhododendron. R. cuthbertii Small, R. punctatum Ander. Range: 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, straggling evergreen shrub; commonly occurs on sandy soil. Rhododendron nudifiorum (L.) Torr. Pinxter flower. Azalea nudifiora L. Range: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; commonly occurs in sandy soil. Rhododendron oblongifolium (Small) Mill. Azalea oblongifolia Small. Range: 25, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; commonly occurs in sand or limestone soils. Rhedodendron cccidentale (Torr. and Gray) Gray. Western azalea. Azalea occidentalis Torr. and Gray, A. californica Torr. and Gray. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; fiowers June-July; rarely occurs in sunny positions. Observations: Much used by mountain beaver. An important livestock-poison- ing plant. Rhododendron prinophyllum, see Rhododendron roseum. Rhododendron prunifolium (Small) Mill. Azalea prunifolia Small. Range: 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Rhododendron punctatum, see Rhododendron minus. Rhododendron rhodora, see Rhododendron canadense. Rhodcdendron roseum (Loisel.) Rehd. &. prinophyllum (Small) Mill., Azalea rosea Loisel., A. prinophylla Small, A. canescens Porter, not Torr., and of Small, not Michx. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; often dominant and thicket forming in old clearings; very ornamental. Rhododendron serrulatum (Small) Mill. Azalea serrulata Small. Range: 80. Site: Moist, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Rhodedendron speciosum (Willd.) Sweet. Azalea speciosa Willd. Range: 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers April—May ; thicket forming ; commonly occurs on sandy soil. Rhododendron vaseyi Gray. Pinkshell azalea. Azalea vaseyi (Gray) Rehd., Biltia vaseyi (Gray) Small. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; in cultivation. 228 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. Swamp azalea. Azalea viscosa L. Range: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers June-July ; stoloniferous forms are often found. Rhodora canadensis, see Rhododendron canadense. Rhoeidium cinereum, see Rhus microphylla. Rhoeidium microphyllum, see Rhus microphylla. Rhoeidium potcsinum, see Rhus microphylla. Rhus spp. This genus has been variously divided. One section in particular, (Lobadium (Raf.) DC.), has been much separated as Schmaltzia. The group Venenatae Engelm. has been much separated as Vozvicedendron. Most species grow on neutral soil; neariy ail species are comparatively free from insects and diseases; propagation is by stem or roct cuttings, or by seed sown &S soon as ripe or stratified and sown in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Seventy-one species of birds including ruffed grouse, sharp-taiied grouse, lesser prairie chickens, bobwhite, California quail, plumed quail, wild turkey, and mourning dove; composed 3.17 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York, and 2.8 percent of winter food of the same bird fer the northeastern United States; opossum. Cbserva- tions (in addition to specific records): Thirty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse. An important food of pobwhite in Oklahoma; ranks tenth in the list of quail food plants in the Southeast; Mearn’s quail; rock sauirrel, cedar- belt cottontail; preferred food of cottentail rabbit. Rhus albida, see Rhus glebra. Rhus angustiarum, see Rhus glabra. Rhus arbuscula, see Rhus giabra. Rhus arguta, see Rhus glabra. Rhus aromatica Ait. (pls. 32 A, B: 33). Fragrant sumac. R. canadensis Marsh., R. crenata (Mill.) Rybd., R. nortonii (Greene) Rydb., Schmaltzia aromatica Desv., 8. arenaria Greene, S. illincensis Greene. Rance) 20) 22 S24 oo. 20 aaa ao. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available July—August, persistent the year round. A small to large shrub; adapted to many kinds of soil including limestene; thicket forming. Stomach records: Western flicker, ruffed grouse. Observations: Preferred food of wild turkey; white-tailed Geer. Rhus ashei (Small) Greene. R. caroliniana Ashe, not Mill., Schmalizia ashei Small. Range: 28. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small shrub; commonly occurs in sandy soil. Rhus asplenifolia, see Rhus glabra. Rhus canadensis, see Rhus aromatica. Rhus choriophylla Woot. and Standl. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available through winter. A small to large evergreen shrub. Rhus cismontana, see Rhus glabra. Rhus copallina L. Dwarf sumac, Schmaltzia copallina (L.) Small. Range: 20, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, $2. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, persistent the year round. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 31 Rhododendron catawbiense. The ornamental value of the catawba rhododendron, its thicket-forming tendency, and the cover it provides for soil, combine to make it of value in highway plantings. (Photo- graph by U.S. Forest Service.) Mise. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 32 Rhus aromatica: A, The fragrant sumacinsummer. The dense foliage provides excellent cover for soil and wildlife. B., The winter aspect of fragrant sumac, showing the spreading, semiprostrate habit, and indicating the cover afforded the soil even when leaves are gone. > a Mice Bub S0ssUuSuDene ofAericuleure - PLATE 33 Rhus aromatica. The ornamental fruit, useful for wildlife, enhances the value of fragrant sumac plantings in the control of erosion. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 34 ee A, Rhus glabra. A typical sumac thicket furnishing food the year round for wildlife. Adaptable to poor soils, this plant may well aid in the control of erosion. B, A fruiting branch of R. trilobata, a species with great possibilities for planting in the arid parts of the country. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 929 A small to large shrub or small to large tree; commonly forms thickets; oc- curs in slightly acid soils; trunks sometimes used for fence posts; 13,000-70,000 seeds per pound. Var. lanceolata Gray, (Rhus lanceclata Gray, Schmaltzia lanceolata Small) occurs in region 11 where it commonly grows on dry, limestone soil. Stomach records: Twenty species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, and lesser prairie chicken. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; white-tailed deer. Rhus cotinoides, see Cotinus americanus. Rhus crenata, see Rius aromatica. Rhus crenatifolia, see Rhus trilobata. Rhus desertorum, see Rhus toxvicodendron. Rhus diversiloba Torr. and Gray. Poison oak. R. diversiloba radicans (Torr. and Gray) McNair, R. lobata, Hook., Toa- icodendron diversilobum (Torr. and Gray) Greene, 7. comarophyllum Greene, 7. isophyllum Greene. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, commonly persistent. A small to large shrub or occasionally a vine; often forms extensive thickets; somewhat aggressive; poisonous. Stomach records: Thirty-three species of birds, including California quail. Observations: Three species of birds; of slight importance as browse for mule deer; black bear. Of importance as a honey plant. Not poisonous to live- stock, fair cattle feed, especially in dry seasons. Rhus emoryi, see Rhus triloebata. Rhus eximia, see Rhus toxicodendron. Rhus glabra L. (pl. 34, A). Smooth sumac. Rk. albida Greene, R. angustiarum Lunell, R. arbuscula Greene, R. arguta Greene, &. asplenifolia Greene, R. cismontana Greene, R. media Greene, R. nitens Greene, R. occidentalis (Torr.) Blankenship, R. sambucina Greene, R. sandbergii (Vasey and Hoiz.) Greene, R. tesselata Greene, Schmaltzia glabra (L.) Small. Range: 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available September—October persistent the year round. A small to large straggling shrub; little branched; commonly thicket form- ing; grows on coal-stripped land in Illinois; commonly occurs in slightly acid soil; 27,000-82,000 seeds (with coats) per pound. Stomach records: Thirty-two species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, prairie chicken, mourning dove, and wild turkey. Observations: Seven species of birds including bobwhite, Hungarian partridge, ring-necked pheasant; a preferred food of wild turkey; white-tailed deer; a preferred food of cotton-tail rabbit. Rhus hirta, see Rhus typhina. Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Benth. and Hook. Mahogany sumac. Neostyphonia integrifolia Shaf., Styphonia integrifolia Nutt. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available August-September. A small to large evergreen shrub; forms remarkably dense thickets; tolerant of saline conditions; very drought resistant; will grow on extremely poor soils including sand and clay; lower procumbent branches root where they touch the ground; taproot and secondaries well developed and often extending 10 feet peyond the periphery of aerial portions; 6,800 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Wive species of birds; composed 8.4 percent of food of 84 road runners, being found in 31 percent of stomachs examined. Observations: California mule deer. Poor or worthless forage for livestock except occa- sionally goats. 230 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Rhus Kearneyi Barkl. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small evergreen tree. Bhus lanceolata, see Rhus copatiine. Rhus leurina Nuit. Laurel sumac. Malosma leurina (Nutt.} Nutt. ; Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in September, persistent. A large evergreen shrub; root system spreading: produces a very dense shade; endures extreme heat and drought; seeds produced abundantly; coppices vigorously after fire; extremely sensitive to frost; 129.600 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including quail. Observations: Pallid wren tit; California mule deer. Rhus lobata, see Rhus diversiloba. Rhus longipes, see Rhus toxicodendren. Rhus media, see Rhus glabra. Rhus michauzii Sarg. Michaux sumac. R. pumila Michx. Schmaltzia michauzrii (Sarg.) Small. Range: 28. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small stoloniferous shrub; commonly occurs on sandy soil; has been con- sidered poisonous but recent manuals do not list it as such. Rhus microcarpa, see Rhus toxvicodendron. Rhus microphylla Engelm. Rhoeidium microphyilum Greene, Rh. cinereum Greene, Rh. potosinum Greene. Ranges. 11, 46:-4¢; 20: Site: Dry. well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available May-July. A small or rarely a large shrub; densely branched; somewhat spinescent. Stomach records: Cliff chipmunk. Observations: Sonora deer. Palatability to livestock low. Rhus nitens, see Rhus glabra. Rhus nortonii, see Rhus aromatica. Rhus occidentalis, see Rhus glabra. Rhus osterhoutii, see Rhus trilobata. Rhus ovata Wats. (pl. 35). Sugar sumac. Neostyphonia ovata (Wats.) Abrams. Range: 5, 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September, persistent. A large evergreen shrub; casts a dense shade; coppices rapidly after burning; thicket forming; 18,700 seeds per pound. Observations: California mule deer. Worthless or poor browse for livestock, except occasionally for goats. Rhus ozyacanthoides, see Rhus trilobata. Rhus puivinata, see Rhus typhina. Rhus pumila, see Rhus michauvii. Rhus quereifolia (Michx.) Steud. R. toricodendron quercifolia. Michx., Toxricodendron quercifoliwm (Michx.) Greene. Range: 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe. A small poisonous shrub. —_s eee Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Rhus ovata, a species of great importance as protection for soil and cover for wildlife. fruit is as yet unrecorded. PLATE 35 The utilization of the Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 36 A, Rhustyphina. The staghorn sumac fruit, while eaten by numerous birds, is probably a last resort. The thickets it forms recommend it for erosion-centrol planting. B, Rubus laciniatus. The large, thorny hummocks formed by this species are of outstanding value as wildlife cover. In the Northwest its relative freedom from disease will permit its use in erosion-control planting. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 231 Rhus radicans, see Rhus toxicodendron. Rhus rydbergii, see Rhus toxicodendron. Rhus sambucina, see Rhus glabra. Rhus sandbergii, see Rhus glabra. Rhus tesselata, see Rhus glabra. Rhus toxicodendron LI. Poison-ivy _ R. desertorum Lunell, R. eximia Standl., R. longipes Greene, R. microcarpa Steud., R. radicans L., R. rydbergit Small, R. toxvicodendron radicans Dippel, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, T. biternatum Greene, T. eximium Greene, 7. fothergilloides Lunell, T. hesperinum Greene, T. macrocarpum Greene, T. negundo Greene, 7’. punciatum Greene, 7’. rufes- cens Greene, T. rydbergit (Small) Greene. Ranges 2, Oke So. Ode 12S. 15, 16. 17, 18) 19520, 24) 22, 23. 24. 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September—November. A small to large poisonous shrub or vine; very variable in habit, from a small, nearly herbaceous shrub to a vigorous, high-climbing vine. This species has been much broken up as the synonomy indicates, but good botanical char- acters Separating the forms as species do not appear to be satisfactory. A study of the forms in Indiana by Dream (162) showed that the low, erect forms are branches of underground stems; that the thick-leaved forms are always found in places exposed to heavy winds and direct sunlight; and that the hairy-fruited forms are rare, distributed throughout the area, and without other characters to distinguish them. Stomach records: Sixty species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken; composed 0.8 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin. Observations : Nineteen species of birds including ring-necked CSE IE: white- tailed deer; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. Rhus trilobata Nutt. (pl. 34, B). Lemonade sumac. R. canadensis trilobata (Nutt.) Gray, R. crenatifolia Schiecht., R. emoryi Woot., R. osterhouttii Rydb., R. oxyacanthoides (Greene) Rydb., R. tri- lobata mollis Greene, R. utahensis Good., Schmaltzia trilobata (Nutt.) Small, 8. affinis Greene, S. anisophylla Greene, 8S. bakeri Greene, Q. cognata Greene, S. cruciata Greene, 8S. emoryi Greene, S. glabrata Greene, S. glauca Greene, S. glomeraia Greene, S. leiocarpa Greene, S. malaco- phylla Greene, S. oxyacanthoides Greene, S. pulchella Greene, S. querci- folia Greene, S. ribifolia Greene, S. scaberuia Greene, S. simplicifolia Greene, S. straminea Greene, S. subpinnata Greene. Range: Po Ae) ogo an 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available the year round. A small shrub; roots very long; sometimes thicket forming; under natural conditions endures extreme drought; 10,000-25,0000 seeds per pound. This species has been much broken up, and the segregates recombined as the syn- onomy indicates. Stomach records: Nineteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, valley, Gambel and western quail, greater prairie chicken and lesser prairie chicken. Observations: Ring-neck pheasant, sage hen, scaled quail; moun- tain sheep; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Worthiess to good forage for stock; of most value in Arizona and Colorado, less so in Utah. Rhus typhina Torner (pl. 36, A). Staghorn sumac. R. hirta (L.) Sudw., Datisca hirta L., Schmalizia hirta (L.) Small. Range: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available in September, persistent the year round. A large shrub to small tree; sprouts persistently from the roots after cutting or injury; forms loose thickets; 50,000 seeds per pound. A plant more or less intermediate between this and R. glabra has been de- scribed as RK. pulvinata Greene. 232 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Stomach records: Fourteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, ring-necked pheasant and mourning dove; eastern skunk. Observations: Four species of birds including sharp-tailed grouse; important food of ring- necked pheasant in southern Michigan; closely browsed by moose on Isle Royale; white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit; ninth most important preferred winter food of deer in Massachusetts. Resistant to grazing. Rhus utahensis, see Rhus trilobatea. Rhus venenata, see Rhus verniz. Rhus vernix L. Poison sumac. R. venenata DC., Toxicodendron vernic (L.) Kuntze, T. pinnatum Mill. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30: Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available in September, persistent. A large shrub to small or large tree; foliage not dense; rather loosely branched; poisonous. Stomach records: Sixteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse and ring- necked pheasant. Observations: Five species of birds; an important food of ring-necked pheasant and bobwhite; cottontail rabbit. Rhus virens Lindh. Evergreen sumac. Schmaltzia virens (Lindh.) Small. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available in September. A small to large shrub or small tree; evergreen; commonly occurs on lime- stone soils; grows in extremely difficult positions; may often be prostrate. Ribes spp. Gcoseberry, currant. These species are alternate hosts of the white-pine blister rust. Yarious State and Federal laws restrict or prohibit the movement of Rides as well as the five- leaved pines, and any operators interested in planting these sheuld get in touch with the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, as well as with the officers in their particular State who are concerned with the move- ment of the shrubs and trees (State entomologists, plant-quarantine officers, and horticulturists). At the present time, while all species have not been tested, no native species is known to be resistant to the blister rust. Nine hundred feet is a safe dis- tance to plant Ribes (except the cuitivated black currant) away from the pines. The spores of the rust have been known to infect cultivated black currant 150 miles or more from the pines, and the statement has been mace (154) that if there were no cultivated black currants, the disease would not be as widespread as itis. Reference to Pinus will show which of those species have five needles. The genus is often divided into two, Rives and Grossularia, currants and gooseberries, respectively. There appears yet to be considerable difference of opinion as to whether the two should be combined or separated. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-three species of birds, including dusky grouse, mourning dove, and Richardson’s grouse; moun- tain sheep, black-tailed deer, coyote, northern chipmunk, pale chipmunk, and rufous-tailed chipmunk. Observations (in addition to specific records): Seven species of birds including dusky grouse, prairie sharp-tailed grouse, Gambel quail; Say chipmunk, painted chipmunk, gray-footed chipmunk, lesser Colorado chipmunk, Arizona chipmunk, cliff squirrel, golden-mantled ground squirrel, alpine chipmunk, eastern chipmunk, western chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, Siski- you chipmunk, pica, and porcupine: formed a prominent share of the midsum- mer food of skunks in New York. Fairly to moderately palatable to livesteck, except goats, and of considerable forage significance on some ranges. Ribes acerifolium Howell R. howeilii Greene. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub, Ribes affine, see Ribes laxifiorum. ’ NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 233 Ribes amarum McClatch. Bitter gooseberry. Grossularia amara (MeClatch.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub; flowers March—April. Ribes americanum, see also Ribes laxiflorwm. Ribes americanum Mill. Black currant. R. fioridum L’Her, Range: 12, 18, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July—August. A small, unarmed shrub; flowers April—May; closely related to R. nigrum of Europe, the most dangerous host of the white-pine blister rust. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; eagerly eaten by songbirds. Ribes ascendens, see Ribes nevadense. Ribes aureum Pursh. Golden currant. Chrysobotrya aurea (Pursh) Rydb. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 22, 23. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available June—July. A small to large shrub; flowers April—May. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Poor to fair browse for livestock. Ribes binominatum Heller. Ground gooseberry. Grossularia binominata (Heller) Cov. and Britt. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, trailing, spiny shrub; flowers in June. Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ; Stink currant. Range: 1, 2, 4. Site: Moist, shade. HKruit: Berry. A small to large shrub; flowers May—June. Ribes californicum Hook. and Arn. Hillside gooseberry. Grossuiaria californica (Hook. and Arn.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 1, 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. Commonly a smal! shrub, rarely a large shrub; spiny and compact; flowers January—April; berry small and usually single. Ribes cereum Dougl. Wax currant. R. inebrians Lind.., R. pumilum Nutt., R. churchii Nels. Range: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June-August. A small to large, unarmed, much-branched shrub; flowers June-August. Observations: Blue, spruce, and Richardson’s grouse, chickadee; eaten by many songbirds; an important food of chipmunks in California; California mule deer. Of some importance as forage for livestock. Ribes churchii, see Ribes cereum. Ribes ciliosum, see Ribes trisie. Ribes cognatum Greene. Grossularia cognata (Greene) Cov. and Britt, Range: 7, 8, 9. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large, spiny shrub. 234 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ribes coloradense Cov. Colorado currant. Range: 18, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, unarmed shrub; branches decumbent or prostrate. Ribes curvatum Small. Georgia gooseberry. Grossularia curvata (Small) Cov. and Britt. Range: 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in July. A small, spiny shrub. Ribes cynosbatii L. Pasture gooseberry. R. gracile Michx., Grossularia cynosbatii (l.) Mill. Range: 21/225 23..24.125052/6 28, 29: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available April—-August. A small, spiny shrub; flowers April—June. Observations: Red squirrel, cottontail rabbit. Ribes divaricatum Doug]. Straggly gooseberry. R. sucksdorfiti Heiler, Grossularia divaricata (Dougl.) Cov. and Britt., G. parishti Cov. and Britt. Range: 1, 2, 4, 5. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large, spiny, Straggling shrub; flowers in April. Ribes erythrocarpum Cov. and Leiberg. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, unarmed shrub; branches trailing and rooting. Ribes floridum, see Ribes americanum. Ribes glandulosum Grauer. Skunk currant. R. prostraium Wer. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub; flowers May—June; decumbent or spreading; spiny or unarmed. Ribes glaucescens, see Hibes nevadense. Ribes gracile, see Ribes cynosbatii. Ribes grantii, see Ribes nevadense. Ribes hallii, see Ribes viscosissimum. Ribes hesperium McClatch. Grossularia hesperia (McClatch.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 5. Site: Dry, weil-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large spreading, spiny shrub. Ribes hirtellum Michx. Low wild gooseberry. R. savosum Hook., Grossularia hirtella (Michx.) Spach. Range: 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available in July. A small, spiny shrub. Ribes hittellianum, see Ribes nevadense. Ribes howellii, see Ribes acerifoliwm. Ribes hudsonianum Rich. Hudson Bay currant. Range: 23, 24. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July—August. A small to large, unarmed shrub; flowers May—June. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 235 Ribes indecorum Hastw. Range: 5. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large, loosely-branched, unarmed shrub. Ribes inebrians, see Ribes cerewm. Ribes inerme Rydb. Whitestem gooseberry. Grossularia inermis (Rydb.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A smali to large shrub; flowers in May; spiny or unarmed. Forage value for sheep, fair. Rites irriguum Dougl. Grossularia irrigua (Dougl.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 6, 7, 12. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A smali to large, spiny shrub. Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp currant. R. parvulum Rydb., Lymnobetrya parvula Rydb., L. lacustris (Pers.) Rydb. Range: 4, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available in August. A small, spiny shrub; flowers May—June; stems prostrate or ascending. Ribes lasiantha, see Ribes leptanthus. Ribes laxiflorum, see also Ribes odoratum. Ribes laxiflorum Pursh. Western black currant. R. americanum Pall., not Mill., R. affine Dougl. Range: 1, 4, 12, 18. Site: Moist, shade. Hruit: Berry. A smal, unarmed shrub; flowers in April; often decumbent and covering large areas. Ribes lentum, see Ribes montigenum. Ribes leptanthum Gray. Alpine gooseberry. Grossularia leptantha (Gray) Cov. and Britt. Range: 9, 11, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large spiny shrub. Var. lasiantha (Greene) Jeps. (&. lasianitha Greene, Grossularia lasianthum (Greene) Cov. and Britt.) occurs in region 4 and is smalier than the species. Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Ribes lobbii Gray. Gummy gooseberry. Grossularia lobbii (Gray) Cov. and Britt. Range: 1, 2. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large, spiny shrub; flowers in June. Stomoch records: Lewis woodpecker (?} Rites longiflorum, see Ribes odoratum. Ribes malvaceum Smith. California black currant. RE. purpurascens Heller. Range: 8, 4, 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Nruit: Berry. A large unarmed, many-stemmed shrub; flowers December—April. Observations; California mule deer. 936 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ribes marshallii Greene. Hupa gooseberry. Grossularia marshalliiti (Greene) Cov. and Britt. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, spiny shrub; flowers in July; low and spreading; forms matlike colonies. Ribes menziesii Pursh. Menzies gooseberry. Grossularia menziesii (Pursh) Cov. and Britt. Range: 1. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A large, spiny, loosely branched shrub; flowers February—April. Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Blue grouse. Ribes mescalerium Cov. Range: 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, unarmed shrub, with insipid fruit. Ribes missouriense Nutt. Missouri gooseberry. Grossularia missouriensis (Nutt.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 21, 22, 23, 25. Site: Dry, weil-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small to large, spiny shrub; flowers in May; berries very large. Ribes mogollonicum, see Ribes wolfii. Ribes molie, see Ribes montigenum. Ribes montigenum McClatch. Mountain gooseberry. R. tentum (Jones) C. and R., R. molle Howell, not Poepp., Lymnoboirya montigena (MecClatch.) Rydb. Range: 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, spiny shrub; flowers in July; straggling and much-branched. Of more than average palatability to livestock. Ribes nevadense Kellogg. Nevada currant. R. variegatum Nels., R. ascendens EKastw., R. hittelianum Hastw., R. glau- cescens EKastw., &. grantii Heller. Range: 4, 10, 12, 18. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, diffusely branched, unarmed shrub; flowers May—July. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; mountain beaver. Somewhat browsed by sheep in California. Ribes niveum Lindl. €now gooseberry. Grossularia nivea (Lindl.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 7, 8, 3, 12, 18. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, Spiny shrub. Ribes odoratum Wendl. Golden currant. R. lariflorum Nuit., R. longifiorum Nutt., Chrysobotrya odorata (Wendl.) Ryadb. Range: 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 28, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, unarmed shrub; flowers April-May. Ribes oxyacanthoides I, Northern gooseberry. Grossularia oxyacanthoides (L.) Mill. Range: 4, 12, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in August. A small, spiny shrub. Stomach records: Bobwhite. NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 237 Ribes parvulum, see Hibes lacustre. Ribes petiolare Dougl. Range: 4, 12, 13. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, unarmed shrub. Ribes pinetorum Greene. Orange gooseberry. Grossularia pinetorum (Greene) Cov. and Britt. Range: 10, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub; very ornamental in bloom. Ribes prostratus, see also Ribes glandulosum. Ribes prostratum L’Her. Skunk currant. Range: 238, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available in July. A small shrub with reclining stems. Ribes pumilum, see fibes cerewm. Ribes purpurascens, see Mibes maivaceum. Ribes quercetorum Greene. Rock gooseberry. Grossularia quercetorum (Greene) Cov. and Britt. Range: 3, 4, 5, 14. Site: Dry, weli-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, spiny shrub; flowers February—March. Ribes reniforme Nutt. Range: 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small or, more generally, a large shrub. Ribes roezlii Regel. Sierra gooseberry. R. wilsoniamum Greene, Grossularia roezlii (Regel) Cov. and Britt. Range: 4, 5, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Bruit: Berry. A small, spiny shrub; fiowers May—July; loosely branched; fruit produced abundantly. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. A fair sheep and cattle browse. Ribes rotundifolium Michx. Roundleaf gooseberry. Grossularia rotundifolia (Michx.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June-August. A small shrub; flowers May—July; spiny or unarmed. Ribes sanguineum Pursb. Red-flowered currant. Range: i, 2, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Hruit: Berry, available July—August. A large, unarmed shrub; flowers April-June; several varieties are in cultiva- tion. Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Three species of birds, includ- ing blue grouse. Good sheep and fair cattle browse. Ribes saxosum, see Ribes hirtellum. Ribes sericeum Hastw. Lucia gooseberry. Grossularia sericea (Hastw.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 1. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, prickly shrub; flowers February—March; berries large. 938 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Ribes setosum Lindl. (pl. 37, A). Missouri gooseberry. Grossuiaria setosa (Lindl.) Cov. and Britt. Range: 12, 15, 18. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June-August. A smali, spiny shrub; flowers in May. Observations: Moose. Ribes speciosum Pursh. Garnet gooseberry. Grossularia speciesa (Pursh) Cov. and Britt. Range: 1, 5. Site: Well-drained, shade. FKruit: Berry. A large, spiny shrub; flowers April-May; nearly or quite evergreen; very ornamenta! in bloom. Observations: California mule deer. Ribes stanfordii, see Ribes velutinum. Ribes suksdorfii, see Rides divaricatum. Ribes triste Pall. American red currant. R. ciliosum Howell. Range: 4, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small unarmed shrub; flowers June-July; the prostrate or ascending branches root. Ribes variegatum, see Ribes nevadense. Ribes velutinum Greene. Plateau gooseberry. R. stanfordit HKimer, Grossularia, velutina (Greene) Cov. and Britt. Range: 4, 9, 10, 18, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A smaii to large shrub; flowers May—June; spiny or unarmed. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mute deer. Ribes viburnifolium Gray. Isiand gooseberry. Range: 5. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, evergreen, straggling shrub; flowers in January. Ribes victoris Greene. Victor gooseberry Grossularia victoris (Greene) Cov. and Britt. Range: 1, 3. Site: Well-drained, shade. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub; flowers in March. Ribes viscosissimum Pursh. Sticky currant. R. hallii Janez. Range: s4. 59. 2. O03. 4: Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. A smali, unarmed shrub; flowers June-July; root system as much as 4 feet deep, not fibrous. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, Richardson’s grouse. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer; mountain beaver. Palatability good, as browse for livestock. Ribes watsonianum Koehne. Watson gooseberry. Grossularia watsoniana (Koehne) Coy. and Britt. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large, spiny shrub. Highly palatable to livestock. Ribes wilsonianum, see Ribes roezlii. ‘Aisa he Oh ee ets i | NATIVE, WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 239 Ribes wolfii Rothr. Rothrock currant. R. mogollonicum Greene. Range: 138, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in August. A small to large shrub. Fairly good cattle browse in Utah. Ricinella vaseyi (Coult.) Coult. and Fish. Adelia vaseyi Coult. Range: 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large dioecious shrub; sometimes spiny; leaves few. Ricinophyllum herridum, see Oplopanagz horridum. Ricinus communis L. Castor-bean. Range: 8, 5, 10, 17, 20, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A large shrub or rarely a small tree; probably introduced from Africa, but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; herbaceous, and not escaping northwards. Stomach records: Bobwhite, mourning dove. Riddelia cooperi, see Psilostrophe cooperi. Robinia spp. Locusts. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Seven species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, western quail, and mourning dove. Robinia peyntonii Ashe. R. hispida rosea Hort. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub or rarely a large tree; flowers May—June; probably does not produce fruit; very handsome when in flower. Robinia elliottii (Chapm.) Ashe. R. hispida elliottii Chapm. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large, spiny shrub; flowers May—June; occurs on sandy and other Soils. Robinia fertilis Ashe. Range: 27. Site: Weill-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, stoloniferous shrub; fruit freely produced; spiny or unarmed. Robinia grandiflora Ashe. Range: 27. _ Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in July. A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; rarely spiny; easily propagated by root suckers which are extensively produced; occurs in sandy and other soils. Robinia hartwigii Koehne. R. viscosa hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe. Range: 27, 28, Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large, spiny shrub; flowers in June. Robinia hispida L. Rose-acacia. Range: 25, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Legume, available in September. A small to large, stoloniferous shrub; spiny, or more commonly unarmed; foliage not dense; tolerant of arid conditions; commonly produces little fruit; propagates extensively by suckering. 130186°—39——-16 240 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Robinia kelseyi Cowell. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small te large, spreading, spiny shrub; flowers May—June; 80,640 seeds per pound. Robinia longiloba Ashe. Range: 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub; flowers in May; spiny or unarmed; seldom produces fruit, propagates extensively by suckering, but never forms extensive thickets. Pos- sibly a hybrid between &. bouvntonii and R. grandifiora. Robinia luxurians, see Robinia neomezxicana. Robinia nana Ell. R. hispida nana (Hil.) Torr. and Gray. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; spiny or unarmed; usuaily little branched. Robinia neomexicana Gray. New Mexican locust. Range: 9) 10504. 14; Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available September—October. A small to large, spiny shrub; thicket forming on drier, rockier slopes; hardy as far northward as New England; in cultivation in the Eastern States and western Hurope; 21,800 seeds per pound. Var. luzurians Dieck, (R. lueurians (Dieck) Rydb.) is a small tree occurring within the range of the species. Stomach records: Gambel quail (?); mountain sheep, porcupine, black-tailed deer; Coeur d’Alene chipmunk. Observations: Porcupine, mule deer. An im- portant goat browse; somewhat cropped by horses and cattle without harmful effects. Robinia pallida Ashe. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. More commonly a smal!, er sometimes a large shrub; reproduces by suckers. Robinia pedunculata Ashe. Range: 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub; spiny or unarmed. Possibly a hybrid between RF. hispida and R. boyntonii. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black locust. Range: 1, 2, 3,.4,.5,.6,. 7% 8, 12) 15). 16; 20° 21, 22, 2372552622628; co: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available September—April. A large, short-lived tree; somewhat tolerant of alkali: much attacked by locust borer, but apparently the greater the growth rate the less borer trouble; wood of importance commercially, particulariy for fence posts; root system extremely shallow; easily transplanted when young; makes its best growth on fertile soil; on very poor soils makes poor growth and does not reach large size; rapid grow- ing on good soils, slow growing on poor soils: seriously injured by fungi; not resistant to fire; coppices freely; 20,000-26,000 seeds per pound. Range much extended by cultivation; original range not clear. Var. rectissima Raber, the shipmast locust, is a tree to 100 feet, occurring on the richer soils of the northern and western parts of Long Island, and locally in New York and Massachusetts. The trunk is cclumnar, very straight and yields a wood which is harder and more durable than that of the species. It is longer lived than the species, produces almost no seed, and propagation is by root cuttings and root sprouts. May possibly be more resistant to the attacks of the NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES IAI borer, and the damage is confined to branches rather than trunks. Some i6 other varieties are known in cultivation. Stomach records: Five species of birds, including bobwhite, and mourning dove; gray fox, opossum, white-tailed deer. Observations: Four species of birds; ranks thirteenth on the list of quail food plants in the Southeast; an important food of the bobwhite in Oklahoma; ring-necked pheasant; cottontail rabbit, snowshoe hare, white-tailed deer. Young shoots and bark poisonous to all livestock ; leaves not poisonous; poisoning cases not infrequent. Robinia rusbyi Woot. and Standl. Range: 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A large shrub to small tree. Robinia speciosa Ashe. Range: 27%. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. Commonly a small shrub, rarely a large one; much branched; unarmed ; propagates by root suckers. Robinia subvelutina Rydb. Range: il. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small spiny shrub. Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy locust. Range: 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in September, persistent through the winter. A small to large, spreading tree; extensively naturalized in the eastern United States. Rosa spp. Wild roses. Because of the difficulty of identifying the various species and the fact that at present there appears to be considerable confusion in the taxonomy of roses, the species are here omitted except for the general characterization of the genus. Their erosion-control value lies in the fact that many are climbing, sprawl- ing, or thicket-forming species, often making a rather dense cover on the sur- face of the soil, with the branches usually rooting where they touch the ground. Nonclimbing species may produce suckers at various distances from the crown. some species have dense foliage, but others have open foliage. Some may eften be weedy in fields. The best procedure, in working with roses, as with the hawthorns and blackberries, is to choose for planting those species in any given region which seem to be doing the best job of erosion control under natural conditions. Among the thicket-forming species may be mentioned R. californica C. and S., R. carolina L., KR. laevigaia (the Cherokee rose), R. nutkana Presl, and R. pisocarpa Gray. Species with more or less outstanding livestock browse records include R. acicularis Lindl., R. californica C. and §8., R. eglanteria lL. (R. rubiginosa L.), R. fendleri Crep. (probably the most important browse species of the genus), R. gymnocarpa Nutt., R. macounti Greene, R. macrantha Greene, R. manca Greene, R. melina Greene, R. nutkana Presi, R. pisocarpa Gray, R. sayt Schwein., &. spaldingit Crep., R. spithamea Wats., and R. woodsii Lindl. Stomach records (summary): Thirty-eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, and prairie chicken; composed 1.7 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; composed 5.6 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin; composed 3.0 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario; composed 1.5 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States; mountain sheep, pale chipmunk, black-tailed deer; plains white-tailed deer, opossum, white-tailed deer, coyote. Observations (summary): Sixteen species of birds; of considerable importance as food for greater prairie chicken, sharp-tailed grouse and ring-necked pheasant; a greatly preferred food of wild turkey; fur- nishes grit for prairie sharp-tailed grouse, northern sharp-tailed grouse, pin- YAP MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE nated grouse, and ruffed grouse; Merriam’s turkey; red squirrel, pale chip- munk, mule deer, porcupine; relished by Olympie wapiti. Rocky Mountain mule deer, Columbian black-tailed deer, Rocky Mountain snowshoe rabbit, New Mexico black bear, moose, snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit, pica. In view of the involved synonomy of the species it is quite certain that iden- tifications and reports of utilization by wildlife are probably very often in error, and that some of the species names listed above may be misunderstood by users of this list. Perhaps the safest statement to make would be that since most of the roses hold their fruit the year round and have been fairly well demonstrated to act either as a reserve food or grit or both, that utilization of the wild roses in planting for wildlife may often be of value. Rubus spp. Blackberries, Gewberries. Because of the difficulty of identifying species of Rubus, which are in the same general taxonomic confusion as Crataegus, they are treated only as a genus. The erosion-control value of the blackberries or dewberries lies in the fact that many species form dense thickets comparatively rapidly, and that many form dense mats on the ground. ‘The branches of most species are either pros- trate or with the tips bent down, and wherever they touch the ground they take root. Most species will grow satisfactorily in very barren and infertile soiis and most of them require sunlight for their best growth and for fruit production. Many are considered troublesome weeds in fields. The greater number ordi- narily invade and rapidly occupy burns, eroded areas, old fields, and logged areas. Many produce biennial canes which fruit and perish. Numerous species harbor rusts which also attack cultivated blackberries and raspberries. They are subject as well to anthracnose leaf spot, mosaic, and double blossom, all diseases which affect cultivated species of Rubus. Wor this reason considerable care needs to be exercised in planting them. Among those most free of disease should be listed the Himalaya blackberry (FR. procerus Muell., R. thyrsanthus of Am, Auths.) which is susceptible to orange rust, but fairly free from other diseases and safe to plant. The second species is the evergreen blackberry (R. laciniatus Wiild.) (PI. 36, B) which, outside of the Northwest, is generally subject to double blossom but otherwise is comparatively free from disease. Both of these introduced species are more or less natural- ized in various parts of the country. Mowing brambles usually results in an increase in the number of shoots and enhanced vigor of growth. If this is practiced two to three time a Season for 2 years or longer, eradication may be accomplished. Burning generally favors brambles unless additional brush is piled on them to make a hotter fire. Stomach records (summary): One hundred and forty-six species of birds, including bobwhite. ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, Richard- son’s grouse, California quail, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken; composed, 3.1 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; composed 8.1 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin; mountain sheep, coyote, opossum, Townsend’s chipmunk, chipmunk, dusky marmot, Florida skunk, black-tailed deer, red fox, gray fox, plains white-tailed deer, white- tailed deer; composed 10.8 percent of fruit food of the eastern skunk in Mich- igan. Observations (summary): Sixty-three species of birds; ranks eighteenth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast; an important food of ring- necked pheasants; blue grouse, ruffed grouse, Hungarian partridge, relished by sealed quail, band-tailed pigeon; form a prominent share of midsummer food of skunks in New York; of considerable importance as food and cover for rab- bits; pica, red squirrel, black bear, beaver; second most preferred winter food of deer in Massachusetts (especially R. hispidus): R. pervijlorus is of outstand- ing importance as browse for mule deer, R. leucodermis of slight importance; red fox, captive marsh rabbit, porcupine; relished by Olympic wapiti; an im- portant food of Roosevelt elk; Columbian black-tailed deer, Rocky Mountain mule deer, ring-tailed cat, Townsend’s chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, golden- mantled ground squirrel, brown mountain beaver, Pacific mountain beaver, Olympic black bear, Snowshoe hare; squirrels, moose. Of some small value as forage for livestock; as a whole the group is of secondary palatability to livestock. Rufacer rubrum, see Acer rubrum. Rulac californicum, see Acer negundo. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 243 Rulac interior, see Acer negundo. Rulaec negundo, see Acer negundo. Rulac nuttalii, see Acer negundo. Rulac texana, see Acer negundo. Ryncholeucaena greggii, see Leucaena greggii. Sabal spp. Siomach records (in addition to specific records): Two species of birds. Sabal adansonii, see Sabal louisiana, and S. minor. Sabal caroliniana, see Sabai minor. Sabal deeringiana, see Sabal lowisiana. Sabal glabra, see Sabal minor. Sabal hystrix, see Rhapidophyllum hystria. Sabal louisiana (Darby) Bomhard. Delta palmetto. S. adansonii Raf., not Guers., S. deeringiana Small, Chamaerops louisiana Darby. Range: 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small to large evergreen tree. Sabal mexicana, see Sabal texana. Sabal minima, see Sabal minor. Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. Dwarf palmetto. S. adansonui Guers., not Raf., S. caroliniana Schult., S. glabra (Mill.) Sarg., S. minima (Nutt.) Wendl., S. nitida Hart., S. pumila (Walt.) EL, S. taurina Lodd., Brahea minima (Nutt.) Wendl., Chamaerops glabra Mill., C. acaulis Michx., Corypha minor Jacq., C. pumila Walt., Raphis acaulis Walt. : Range: 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist. Fruit: Drupe, persistent. A large evergreen shrub; stems subterranean; often considered a trouble- some plant in cultivated fields. Much browsed by cattle. Sabal nitida, see Sabal minor. Sabal palmetto (Wait.) Lodd. Cabbage palmetto. S. Schwarzii (Cook) Bece., Corypha palmetto Walt. Range: 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, moist. Fruit: Drupe, available October-November. A large evergreen tree. Stomach records: Four species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds including bobwhite. Sabal pumila, see Sabal minor. Sabal schwarzii, see Sabal palmetto. Sabal taurina, see Sabal minor. Sabal texana (Cook) Bece. Texas palm. S. mexicana Wats., not Mart., Inodes texana Cook. Range: 11, 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large evergreen tree; commonly occurs in sand; grows readily from seed; slow growing; difficult to transplant. Sabina barbadensis, see Juniperus lucayana. Sabina flaccida, see Juniverus flaccida. Sabina monosperma, see Juniperus monosperma. Sabina occidentalis, see Juniperus occidentalis. DAA MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sabina pachyphloea, see Juniperus pachypnloed. Sabina pinchotii, see Juniperus pinchotii. Sabina sabinoides, see Juniperus mexicana. Sabina scopulorum, see Juniperus scopulorum. Sabina utahensis, see Juniperus utahensis. Sabina virginiana, see Juniperus virginiana. Saccharodendron barbatum, see Acer saccharuim. Saccharodendron floridanum, see Acer floridanum. Saccharodendron leucoderme, see Acer leucoderme. Saccharodendron nigrum, see Acer nigrum. Sageretia minutifiora (Michx.) Trel. Buckthorn. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe. A smail or large, trailing or straggling shrub, or occasionally a vine; spines- cent; flowers April-May ; commonly occurs on calcareous soil. Sageretia wrightii Wats. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. | A small to large, spiny shrub. Without forage value for livestock as far as | known. Salazaria mexicana Torr. Bladder-sage. Range: 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small or rarely a large shrub; intricately branched and spinescent. Salix spp. Willows. The willows are generally rapid growing; tolerant of moisture; adaptable to a great variety of soils and situations; gregarious because of the ease with which they grow from suckers and their vitality and free formation of shoots and seeds; most willows commonly produce root shoots and shoot roots; generally intolerant of shade and hence usually replaced by other trees in forests; relatively short-lived; seed vitality transient: often much wina- damaged; many of the species are very difficult of separation. Attention shculd be called to the willow scab. This disease, caused by the attacks of two fungi (Ffusiciadium saliciperdium and Physalospora miyatbeana), occurs through most of New England and in New York and Pennsylvania. It has recently been found in the mountains of North Carolina. Willows of the Salig alba, 8. nigra, and S. cordate types seem most susceptible. In the sus- ceptible region at least, willows used for extensive planting should be grown from cuttings taken from resistant trees. Stomach records (in addition to specific recerds) : Twenty-three species of birds, including ptarmigan, ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, California quail, sharp- tailed grouse, and Richardson’s grouse; composed 3.9 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Qntario and Quebec: mountain sheep, moose, northern white-tailed deer, brush rabbit, grizzly, plains white-tailed deer, black- tailed deer. Observations (in addition te specifie records) : Thirteen species of birds, mostly upland game birds, as ptarmigan, ruffed grouse, Gambel quail, sharp-iailed grouse; willow, rock and white-tailed ptarmigan; staple winter food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin; emergeney food of greater prairie chicken in Wisconsin and Iowa; somewhat eaten by muskrats in times of scarcity; much eaten by beaver; much eaten in the spring by rock squirrels in the Southeast; principal food of golden beaver; important food of snowshoe rabbits in northern Minnesota; Glympic wapiti; important food of moose; porcupine, Columbian black-tailed deer; important food of Pacific coast beaver, Shasta beaver and brown mountain beaver; Rocky Mountain snowshoe rabbit, broad-tailed beaver, Rio Grande beaver, bighorn. The majority of species have value as browse for livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES QA5 Salix adenophylla Hook. S. syrticola Fern. Range: 23, 24, 26. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, straggiing shrub. Salix alba L. Evropean white willow. Range: 9, 15, 16, 19, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree introduced from Europe and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated. Salix ambigua, see Salia longipes. Salix amyegdaloides Anders. Peachleaf willow. Range: 4, GG, 8, Oy dd, 12.13.14) 15; 16,18; 19,520) 21°22, 23,524, 25, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree; dioecious; rapid growing; short- lived. Salix argophylla Nutt. Silverleaf willow. S. macrostachya Nutt. Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Of value as browse for cattle and sheep. Salix argyrocarpa Anders. Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Salix austinae, see Salix lemmonii. Salix bakeri, see Salix lasiolepis. Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barr. Balsam willow. S. pyrifolia Anders. Range: 28, 24, 26. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub or rarely a small tree. Salix barclayi Anders. Barclay willow. S. conjuncta Bebb. Range: 4, 12, 13. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, thicket-forming shrub. Stomach records: Mountatin sheep. An especially good browse for sheep. Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb willow. S. perrostrata Rydb., S. rostrata Rich. Range: 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree; does not form suckers. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Relished by livestock in the West. Salix bella Piper. Range: 7, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. 946 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Salix bigelovii, see Salix lasiolepis. Salix boiseana, see Saliz lasiolepis. Salix bolanderiana, see Saliv melanopsis. Salix bonplandiana H. B. K. S. pallida H. B. K., S. bonplandiana toumeyi Schneid. Range: 10, 11. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large tree. Haten by livestock when young. Salix brachycarpa Nutt. S. stricta (Anders.) Rydb. Range: 4, 12, 138. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Salix brachystachys, see Salix scouleriana. Salix breweri Bebb. Brewer willow. Range: 4. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading shrub. Salix caespitosa, see Salix petrophila. Salix californica, see Salix eastwoodiae. Salix candida Fluegge. Sage willow. Range: 12, 18, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. | Fruit: Capsule. | A small shrub. | Salix capreoides, see Salix scouleriana. Salix caseadensis Cockereil. S. tenera Anders. Range: 4, 12, 13, 14. Site: Weli-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, prostrate shrub. Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Observations: Cf slight importance as browse for mule deer. Eaten by sheep. Salix caudata (Nutt.) Heller. Caudate willow. S. lasiandra caudata (Nutt.) Sudw. Range: 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 138, 14, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Salix chapmanii, see Salix longipes. Salix chlorophylia, see Salix pianifolia. Salix coactilis Fern. Range: 26. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Salix columbiae, see Salix pseudomyrsinites. Salix commutata Bebb. Range: 4, 12. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. An important browse for livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES QAT Salix conjuncta, see Salix barclayi. Salix cordata Muhl. Heartleaf willow. Range: 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to large tree. Salix coulteri Anders. Range: 1, 2. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. ‘A large shrub. Salix covillei, see Salix subcoerulea. Salix cuneata, see Salix sitchensis. Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy willow. S. eriocephala Michx., S. prinoides Pursh. Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Salix doedgeana Rydb. Range: 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A prostrate, tiny shrub of mountain peaks. Salix eastwoodiae Cockerell. S. californica Bebb, not Lesq. Range: 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Salix eriocephala, see Salix discolor. Salix exigua Nutt. Sandbar willow. S. fluviatilis exigua (Nutt.) Sarg., S. lutosericea Rydb., S. nevadensis Wats., S. stenophylla Rydb. Range: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; commonly occurs in sand and other soils. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Relished by livestock. Salix farrae Ball. Farr willow. Range: 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, alpine shrub. Salix fendleriana, see Saliv lasiandra. Salix fernaldii, see Salix vestita. Salix flava, see Salix lutea. Salix flavescens, see Salix scouleriana. Salix fluviatilis, see also Salix interior. Salix fluviatilis Nutt. River willow. S. longifolia of auths, not Muhl., S. sessifolia of auths., not Nutt. Range: 1, 2, 6. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. 248 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Salix fragilis L. Crack willow. Range: 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cassule. A small to large tree; twigs very brittle at base (abcission layer), easily breaking off and rooting. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Salix franciscana, see Salix lasiolenis. Salix geyeriana Anders. Geyer willow. S. macrocarpa Nutt. Rance: 2, 4.512) 135 14.15: Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Relished by livestock. Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Range: 22, 23, 24, 26. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; forms extensive thickets; occurs in sand. Salix giaucops Anders. S. glauca glabrescens of auths., S. nudescens Rydb., 8. pseudolapponum vy. Seem., S. seemanii Rydb., S. wyomingensis Rydb. Range: 4, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Weli-drainec, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. An especially important stock-browse plant of the highest summer ranges. Salix gooddingii Ball. S. nigra of Jeps., not Marsh., 8. valiicola (Dudl.) Britt. Range: 3, 4, 5, 9; 10; 21, 14 Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub to large tree; apparently not tolerant of alkaline conditions; commonly oceurs in patehes or clumps. Observations Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Salix gracilis, see Saliz petiolaris. Salix harbisonii Schneid. Harbison willow. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large tree. Salix herbacea L. Range: 26. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A creeping plant of mountain peaks. Salix hindsiana Benth. Valley willow. S. parishiana Rowl., 8. sessilifolia of Calif. auths. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to large tree. Salix hookeriana Barr. Coast willow. Range: 1. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large, bushy shrub to smali or large tree; may occur on or near salt marshes; commonly occurs in sand, gravel, or muck; may be buried by sand although often continuing to grow. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 249 Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie willow. Range: 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; thicket forming. Salix interior Rowl. Sandbar willow. S. fluviatilis of auths., not Nutt., in part, S. linearifolia Rydb., in part, S. longifolia Muhl., &. thurberi Rowl., S. wheelerit (Rowl.) Rydb. Range: 15, 16,17, 18, 20; 215 22) 23,24, 25,26). 27%, 28, 29; 30: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in April. A large shrub to small or rarely a large tree; forms thickets by stolons. Observations: White-tailed deer. Salix irrorata Anders. Bluestem willow. Tepnecgao Tule” ey Ize Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. Commonly a small shrub, more rarely a large shrub to small tree. Salix laevigata Bebb. Red willow. Ranges, 3, 4, 5, 9,10; 11 Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to large tree; rapid growing when young; shori lived; com- monly occurs in sandy or gravelly soil. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Salix lancifolia, see Salig lasiandra. Salix lasiandra Benth. S. fendleriana Anders., S. lancifolia Anaers., S. lyallii (Sarg.) Heller. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree; commonly occurs in sandy end other soils. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Salix lasiolepis Benth. Arroyo willow. S. bakeri v. Seem., 8. boiseana Neis., S. sandbergii Rydb. Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Oapsule. A large shrub to small or large tree. Var. bigelovii (Torr.) Bebb, (S. bigelovit Torr., S. franciscana v. Seem.) occurs in the central northern portions cf the range. The form described as S. sandbergit is perhaps better considered a variety of the species. It occurs in regions 8 and 12, and is able to grow in dry sites. Observations: of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Salix lemmonii Bebb. Lemmon’s Willow. S. austinae Bebb. Range: 4, 10. Site: Weill-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Salix ligulifolia Ball. Range: 4, 13, 14. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small or large shrub to small tree. Salix linearifolia, see Salix interior. Salix longifolia, see Salix fluviatilis, S. interior, and 8. melanopsis. 950 MISC. PUBLICATION 303. U. 8S: DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Salix longipes Shutilew. S. ambigua Small, S. chapmanii Small, S. occidentalis Koch, 8. wardii Bebb. Range 20192207 227259 2p 26.29 oO Pols: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large tree. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willow. Ranges Sio21 3220235124. 25 26.2 6: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or rarely a large tree. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Salix lutea Nutt. Yellow willow. 8. flava Rydb., 8. watsonii (Bebb) Rydb. Range: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18, 14, 15, 18. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small or large shrub to small tree, universally browsed by livestock. Salix lutosericea, see Saliz exigua. Salix lyallii, see Saliv lasiandra. Salix mackenziana (Hook.) Barr. Mackenzie willow. S. cordaia mackenziana Hook. Rances 4 24.6. S12 13, Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or rarely a large tree; occurs in rocky and gravelly soil. Salix macrocarpa, see Salix geyeriana. Salix macrostachya, see Saliz argopnylla. Salix marginata, see Salix nigra. Salix melanopsis Nutt. Dusky willow. Range: 3.:4,.5.00.08.-9 10; 12133 Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree. Var. bolanderiana (Rowl.) Schneid. (S. bolanderiana Rowl., 8. longifolia Jeps.) oceurs within the range of the species. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Salix microphylla, see Salix tavifolia. Salix missouriensis Bebb. Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 25. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Salix monochroma Ball. S. pyrifolia Anders., as uSed by Ball. Range: 6, 8, 12. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A smali to large shrub; relished by livestock, especially in the fall. Salix monticola Bebb. S. padophylla Rydb. Range: 9, 12, 18, 14. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Salix myrtilloides, see Salix pedicellaris. Salix nelsonii, see Salig planifolia. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 951 Salix nevadensis, see Salia exigua. Salix nigra, see also Saliz gooddingit. Salix nigra Marsh. Black willow. S. marginata Wimm. Ranses hod dom 20) 24 225023,024.)25, 26.24, 28) 29) 30: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available April—June. A large shrub to small or large tree; root system spreading; rapid growing, especially when young; short-lived ; much injured by fire, wind, and fungi; seed germination percentage high, vitality transient; wood used to some extent com- mercially. Observations: White-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. Salix nivalis Hook. Range: 4, 12, 18, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, prostrate shrub. Salix nudescens, see Salig glaucops. Salix nuttallii, see Salix scouleriana. Salix occidentalis, see Salig# longipes. Salix orestera Schneid. Sierra willow. S. glauca orestera Jeps., 8. glauca villosa Bebb (Jeps. et al.). Range: 4. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large, spreading shrub. Salix pachnophora, see Salix subcoerulea. Salix padophylla, see Saliz monticola. Salix pallida, see Salix bonplandiana. Salix parishiana, see Salix hindsiana. Salix parksiana Ball. Range: 1. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A smali to large shrub. Salix pedicellaris Pursh. : Bog willow. S. myrtilloides of auths., not L. Range: 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Var. hypoglauca Fern., is in regions 1, 2, 4, 12, 21, 23, and 24. Salix pellita Anders. Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Salix pennata Ball. Range: 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in August. A small, spreading shrub. Salix perrostrata, see Salix bebbiana. Salix petiolaris Smith. S. gracilis Anders. Range: 13, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. 952 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Salix petrophila Rydb. S. caespitosa Kenn. Range: 4, 12, 138, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub with creeping stems; occurs on alpine summits. Salix phylicifolia, see Salix plenifolia. Salix piperi Bebb. Piper willow. Range: 1, 2. Site: Dry, weil-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree, commonly occurs in sand. Salix planifolia Pursh. S. chlorephylla Anders., S. monica Bebb, S. nelsonii Ball, S. phylicifolia of Amer. auths., not L. Range: 4, 12, 18, 14, 15 (Black Hills), 23, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Salix prinoides, see Salix discolor. Salix pseudolapponum, see Salix glaucops. Saiix pseudomonticola Ball. Range: 4, 12, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Salix pseudomyrsinites Anders. Salig columbiae Mac Br and Nels. Range: 4, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Salix purpurea L. Basket willow. Ranve: 22.025. 202428. 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Salix pyrifolia, see Salix balsamifera, and S. monochroma. Salix rostrata, see Salix bibbiana. Salix sandbergii, see Saligv lasiolepis. Salix saximontana Rydb. Range: 12, 18, 14. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A prostrate shrub; branches occasionally rooting. Salix scouleriana Barr. Fire willow. S. brachystachys Nutt., 8. capreoides Anders., S. flavescens Nutt., S. nui- tailii Sarg., S. scouleriana crassijulis Anders. mange? 2,3." 4.6.-1(, 8, 9; 10, 12503. 14 15: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree; rapid growing; easily recovers from grazing; thicket forming; a pioneer in burned-over areas. Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. One of the best species of native western range willows as browse for livestock. Salix seemanii, see Saliv glaucops. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 253 Salix sericea Marsh. Silky willow. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Moist, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Salix serissima (Bail.) Fern. Autumn willow. S. pallescens hirtisquama Anders. Range: 12, 18, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; commonly occurs on calcareous soil. Salix sessilifolia, see also Salix fluviatilis and S. hindsiana. Salix sessilifolia Nutt. Sandbar willow. Range: 1, 2, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree, of some importance as a honey plant in California. Salix sitchensis Sans. Silky willow. S. cuneata Nutt. Range: 1, 2, 4, 7, 12. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small or large tree. Salix stenophylla, see Salix exrigua. Salix stricta, see Salix brachycarpa. Salix subcoerulea Piper. Blue willow. S. covillei EKastw., S. pachnophora Rydb. Range: 4, 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small to large shrub; relished by livestock. Salix syrticola, see Salix adenophylla. Salix taxifolia H. B. K. Yewleaf willow. S. microphylla Schlecht. and Cham. Range: 9, 11. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to large tree. Salix tenera, see Saliw cascadensis. Salix thurberi, see Salix interior. Salix tracyi Ball. Range: 1, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree. Salix tristis Ait. Dwarf gray willow. Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; commonly occurs in sandy soil. Salix tweedyi (Bebb) Ball. S. barrattiana tweedyi Bebb. Range: 12. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A large shrub. 254 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DHPT. OF AGRICULTURE Salix uva-ursi Pursh. Bearberry willow. Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Hruit: Capsule. A small, prostrate, mat-forming, alpine shrub, with a central root. Salix vallicola, see Salix gooddingii. Salix vestita Pursh. S. fernaldii Blankinship. Range: 12, 26. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. Salix wardii, see Salix longipes. * Salix watsonii, see Salix lutea. Salix wheeleri, see Salix interior. Salix wolfii Bebb. Range: 12, 13. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Var. idahoensis Ball, is considered a very good sheep browse in Idaho. Salix wrightii Anders. Wright willow. S. amygdaloides wrightii Anders. Range: 11, 14, 16. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to large tree, eaten by livestock when young. Salix wyomingensis, see Salix glaucops. Salvia spp. Sage. Stomach records ‘(in addition to specific records) : Gambel and scaled quail. These records may apply to herbaceous as well as woody species. In general, the species rival clover and linden as honey plants. Salvia apiana Jeps. White sage. Audibertia polystachya Benth., Ramona polystachya (Benth.) Greene. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A large shrub. An apparent hybrid between this and P. clevelandii is cailed S. palmeri (Gray) Greene. Furnishes some winter browse for livestock. An important honey plant. Salvia ballotaeflora Benth. Shrubby blue sage. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers throughout the summer; drops its leaves in times of drought, regains them with rain. Salvia carnesa Dougl. Desert sage. Audibertia incana Benth., Audibertiella incana Briq., Ramona incana (Benth.) Dougl. Range: 4, 7, 8, 9, 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small, compact, much-branched shrub; flowers May—June; a variety which is woody at the base only occurs in region 5. Generally of low palatability but somewhat useful as browse for livestock. Salvia clevelandii Gray. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub; flowers May—August. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 255 Salvia confinis Hern. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub. Salvia eremostachya Jeps. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub. Salvia funerea Jones. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small, densely branched, compact, densely leafy shrub; flowers April-May. Salvia greatae Brandeg. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub; flowers in April. Salvia greggii Gray. Autumn sage. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub; flowers throughout the summer. Salvia mellifera Greene. Black sage. Audibertia stachyoides Benth., Ramona stachyoides (Benth.) Brig. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small to large, openly branched shrub; flowers April-May; inflammable; somewhat loosely branched. ; More or less browsed by sheep and goats. Has been said to be the best honey plant of the Pacific coast. Salvia mohavensis Greene. Audibertia capitata Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small, much-branched, compact shrub; flowers May—June. Salvia pachyphyila Hpling. Audibertia pachystachya Gray. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub. Salvia palmeri, see Salvia apiana. | Salvia pinguifolia (Fern.) Woot, and Standl. Range: 11 Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. _ A small shrub. | Salvia vaseyi (Porter) Parish. S. vaseyi (Porter) Jeps. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlet. A small shrub. | Samanea flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium flexicaule. 130186°—39-——17 256 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Sambucus spp. . Elders. The blue- or black-fruited species are edible at least when cooked; some red berries have poisoned human beings; most species grow on Slightly acid soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): One hundred and eleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, California quail, and Gambel guail; opossum. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Thirty- four species of birds, including band-tailed pigeon, porcupine, Olympic black bear. Sambucus caerulea Raf. (pl. 37, B). Blueberry elder. S. glauca Nutt., S. neomexicana Woot. Ranves132) 45 5, Go Oa a Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available August—October, or rarely to December. Usually a large shrub, more rarely a small to large tree; flowers April—July ; not gregarious; coppices freely, the sprouts growing as much as 15 feet in a single year; berries produced abundantly; wood durable in contact with the soil. Var. velutina (Dur.) Schwer., (S. velutina Dur.), the velvet-leaf elder, occurs in regions 4, 5, and 10. It has a limited value as browse for livestock and is of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. A form of the species occurring in region i4 has been described as S. vestita Woot. and Standl. Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, California quail, valley quail, and Gambel quail. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; much eaten by birds generally; Rocky Mountain mule deer; California mule deer. Worthless to poor forage for sheep; worthless for cattle in the spring and summer, but in the fall good to excellent. Sambucus caliicarpa Greene. Redberry elder. Range: 1, 2, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available June-September, occasionally persistent until December. Commonly a large shrub or rarely a small to large tree; flowers April—May; somewhat lcosely-branched; coppices freely; sprouts May grow as much as 13 feet in one season; clump forming. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including sooty grouse. Observa- tions: Sooty grouse, band-tailed pigeon. Good sheep and fairly good cattle browse in the fall. Sambucus canadensis L. (pl. 38). American elder. Range: 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22) 23, °24.°25, 26.216. 25..295 50: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August—October. A large stoloniferous shrub; flowers June-July; produces seed 4 years after sowing; the fresh leaves, berries, flowers, and roots yield hydrocyanie acid; cocking breaks up the cyanogenetic glucosides; grows on coal-stripped lands in Tilinois: 175,000-468,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Forty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and ring-necked pheasant; composed 0.2 percent of total annudl food, and 2.8 percent of fruit food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan. Observations: Sixteen species of birds, including mourning dove, wiid turkey; an important food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan; red squirrel, captive marsh rabbit, white-tailed deer. Highly palatable in the fall to livestock. Sambucus glauca, see Sambucus caerulea. Sambucus melanocarpa Gray. Black elder. Range: 4, 9, 10, 12, 18, 14. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A large shrub with comparatively thick foliage; flowers May—June; may occur on rocky sites. Locally valuable as a fall forage for livestock. Sambucus mexicana Presl. Mexican elder. S. caerulea arizonica Sarg. Range: 5, 10, 11, 16, 17. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, said to be available the year around. A large shrub to small tree, said to be evergreen; fruit rarely matures in New Mexico. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 37 } | | } A, Ribes setosum. A typical wild gooseberry, susceptible to whitepine blister rust, but valuable for soil- and wildlife-conservation plantings in regions where five-needled pines are not grown. B, Sambucus caerulea. A very large specimen of an elder that more commonly attains only shrub stature. A note- worthy species for erosion-control and wildlife plantings. PLATE 38 . S. Dept. of Agriculture 303, Misc. Pub. “YSIY Sxvodde Soys sour oAouL UO SBuyyUR[A UT So}Oods SIY} JO ONTVA OL “Spal JO SpULy Ep JO SyoRUTOIS oY} UL PUNO] Wo OARY SOLO OUT, ‘“SIsuappUDI snonquiDy NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATHS 257 Sambucus microbotrys Rydb. Bunchberry elder. Range: 9, 18, 14, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small shrub or rarely a large shrub; flowers May-July. Stomach records: Richardson’s grouse. Observations: Dusky grouse. Ex- tensively browsed in summer, even more in the fall, by livestock. Sambucus neomexicana, see Sambucus caerulea. Sambucus pubens Michx. Red elder. S. racemosa of auths., not L. Range: 15 (Black Hills), 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available June-November, sometimes persistent until January. A large shrub; flowers April-May; 48,300 seeds per pound. Records of this species on the West Coast probably refer to S. callicarpa (aq. v.). Stomach records: Twenty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and ring-necked pheasant. Observations: Moose, red squirrel, white-tailed deer. Sambucus racemosa, see Sambucus pubens. Sambucus simpsonii Rehd. Southern elder. Range: 29, 30, 31. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large shrub to small tree; flowers throughout the year; forms vast thickets. Sambucus velutina, see Sambucus caerulea. Sambucus vestita, see Sambucus caerulea. Sanviniona assurgentiflora, see Lavatera assurgentifolia. Sapindus drummondii Hook, and Arn. Western soapberry. Range: 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. 4 Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available September—October, commonly persistent until spring. A large shrub or small to large tree with dense foliage; flowers May-June; occurs on clay, limestone and other soils; wood used to some extent commer- cially; 1,500-1,700 seeds per pound; contains large quantities of saponin, a severe poison which is objectionable to the taste. Not browsed by livestock. Sapindus manatensis, see Sapindus marginatus. Sapindus marginatus Willd. Florida soapberry. S. manatensis Radek, Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available in October. A small to large tree; flowers in May; commonly occurs in sand. Sapium biloculare (Wats.) Pax. S. bilocularis amplum Johnst., Sebastiania bilocularis Wats. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; a fish poison; produces jumping beans. Sarcobatus baileyi Cov. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small shrub. Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. Greasewood. Range: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small to large, spiny shrub; occurs in alkaline soil, withstanding a hydrogen- ion concentration to pH 8.0. 258 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Observations: Porcupine, jack rabbit, Zuni prairie dog, painted chipmunk; Cary San Luis chipmunk, western chipmunk. A valuable fall and winter browse for livestock provided it is eaten with other forage in ordinary amounts; young stems and fresh leaves in the spring have caused livestock poisoning. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. Sassafras. S. variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze., S. sassafras (L) Karst., S. officinale Nees and Eberm., Laurus albida Nutt. Range: 20, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available August—October. Usually a large shrub, less commonly a small to large tree; occurs on many kinds of soils including sand; reproduces extensively by means of root stocks; densely thicket forming; dioecious; coppices freely after cutting; wood very durable, somewhat used commercially; a pioneer species in old fields; often a troublesome weed. Stomach records: Eighteen species of birds including bobwhite; woodchuck. Observations: Ten species of birds; ranks twenty-sixth on the list of quail food plants in the Southeast; marsh rabbit, woodchuck, wild turkey; black bear, white-tailed deer. Sassafras officinale, see Sassafras albidum. Sassafras sassafras, see Sassafras albidum. Sassafras variifolium, see Sassafras aibidum. Savia phyllanthoides, see Andrachne phyllanthoides. Schaefferia cuneifolia Gray. Desert yaupon. Range: 11, 17, 20. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Dry drupe; available in May. A small, densely-branched, spinose shrub; slow growing; easily transplanted. Schinus fagara, see Xanthozylum fagara. Schizonotus discoler, see Holodiscus discolor. Schmaltzia affinis, see Rhus trilobaia. Schmaltzia anisophylla, see Rhus trilobaia. Schmaltzia arenaria, see Rhus aromatica. Schmaltzia aromatica, see Rhus aromatica. Schmaltzia ashei, see Rhus ashei. Schmaltzia bakeri, see RAus trilobata. Schmaltzia cognata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia copallina, see Rhus copallina. Schmaltzia cruciata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia emoryi, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia glabra, see Rhus glabra. Schmaltzia glabrata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmalizia glauca, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia glomerata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia hirta, see Rhus typhina. Schmaltzia illinoensis, see Rhus aromatica. Schmaltzia lanceolata, see Rhus copallina. Schmaltzia leiocarpa, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia malacephylla, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia michauxii, see Rhus michauvii. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 259 Schmaltzia oxyacanthoides, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia pulchella, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia quercifolia, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia ribifolia, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia scaberula, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia simplicifolia, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia straminea, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia subpinnata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia trilobata, see Rhus trilobata. Schmaltzia virens, see Ahus virens. Sebastiania bilocularis, see Sapium biloculare. Securingea fasciculata, see Halliophytum hallii. Senegalia berlandieri, see Acacia berlandieri. Senegalia emoryana, see Acacia emoryana. Senegalia greggii, see Acacia greggii. Senegalia malacophylia, see Mimosa malacophyilla. Senegalia roemeriana, see Acacia roemeriana. Senegalia wrightii, see Acacia wrightit. Sequoia spp. Two species of trees attaining tremendous size and age, and producing fine timber; wood very resistant to decay. The tallest, most massive, and oldest of United States forest trees; bark very thick; range of both species very restricted; finest specimens often protected; reproduce freely and abundantly. Observations (in addition to specific records): Crossbill; much eaten by squirrels. Sequoia gigantea, see Sequoia washingtoniana. Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb.) Endl. Redwood. Range: 1 Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, seeds shed at once, cones persistent a few months. A very large, evergreen tree; root system deep or shallow; rapid growing when young, later slower; extremely long-lived; forms very dense forests; reproduces commonly by root and stump sprouts which grow faster than seed- lings; wood of great importance commercially ; 82,000-115,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Sierra chickaree. Sequoia washingtoniana (Wins!l.) Sudw. Bigtree. S. gigantea Decne., S. wellingtoniana v. Seem. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; mature at the end of the second summer, seeds shed slowly, cones soon falling. A very large, evergreen tree; extremely long-lived; at first rapid growing, later slower; resistant to fire, insects, and fungi; wood of great importance commercially ; 93,300 seeds per pound, germination 24 percent, vitality persistent. Observations: Much eaten by the California pine squirrel. Sequoia wellingtoniana, see Sequoia washingtoniana. Serenoa repens (Bart.) Small. Saw palmetto. S. serrulata (Michx.) Hook. f., Corypha repens Bart. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available June-November. 260 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A small to large shrub or small tree; evergreen; stems erect, or often creep- ing and rooting, or subterranean ; forms extensive, dense colonies. Stomach records: Five species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit; gray squirrel. An important source of honey. Serenoa serrulata, see Serenoa repens. Sericotheca discolor, see Holodiscus discolor. Sericotheca dumosa, see Holodiscus dumosus. Sericotheca glabrescens, see Holodiscus discolor. Sericotheca microphylla, see Holodiscus discolor. Sericotheca obovata, see Holodiscus discolor. Sericotheca schafineri, see Holodiscus schaffneri. Serjania brachycarpa Gray. Range: 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Samara. A vine. Serjania incisa Torr. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A vine. Shepherdia spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 7 species of birds, includ- ing ruffed grouse; buff-bellied chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, including prairie chicken ; much eaten by pale chipmunk ; porcupine, western chipmunk. Shepherdia argentea Nutt. (pl. 40, B). Silver buffaloberry. Lepargyrea argentea (Nutt.) Greene, Hiaeagnus utilis Nelson. Range 74, 9, 11.1213) 45, 16. Seg 2 2223: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, availabie July—August. A large, somewhat thorny, dioecious shrub; flowers April-May; edible fruit borne in great profusion; difficult to transplant from the wild; staminate plants in winter have dense clusters of rounded flower buds, while the fruit-bearing, pistillate plants have smaller, flattened, fewer, more slender buds; 36,000—-43,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Twelve species of birds; pale chipmunk. Obdservations: Western robin, sharp-tailed grouse. Of slight importance as browse for mule deer ; porcupine, Wasatch chipmunk. Worthless as browse for livestock. Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Canadian buffaloberry. Lepargyrea canadensis (L.) Greene, Hlaeagnus canadensis (L.) Nelson. Range: 2, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21; 23, 24 26, 2% Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Hruit: Berry, available July-September. A small to large, dioecious shrub; flowers April—June; typical of moist, open, wooded slopes; root system compact, fibrous, rather shallow; commonly occurs on calcareous soil. Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including dusky grouse. Observa- tions: Bohemian and cedar waxwings, sharp-tailed grouse; Alpine chipmunk ; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Without browse value for cattle; of limited value for sheep before frost. Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry. Lepargyrea rotundifolia (Parry) Greene, Elaeagnus rotundifolia (Parry) Nelson. Range: 9, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, densely branched evergreen shrub; fiowers in March; commonly sprawling; often occurs in clay soil. Considered a valuable winter food for live- stock in southeastern Utah. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 39 Smilax glauca. A fruiting branch collected in midwinter in Maryland. The thicket-forming tendency of this and other species of Smilar make them valuable erosion-control plants on submarginal land where they provide food and cover for wildlife as well as cover for soil. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 40 A, Sorbus sitchensis. A species with promise for erosion-control and wildlife plantings at higher elevations in the West. B, Shepherdia argentea, a fruit-bearing shrub of value to wildlife and of great potential use in erosion-control planting. C, Simmondsia chinensis. The goat nut provides a thick cover in the desert region where cover is at a premium. Its nutlike seed is utilized by wildlife. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 961 Siderocarpos flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium flexicaule. Sideroxylon lanuginosa, see Bumelia lanuginosa. Simmondsia californica, see Simmondsia chinensis. Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid. (pl. 40, C). Goat-nut. S. californica Nutt., S. pabulosa Kellogg, Buxus chinensis Link. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small to large, bushy monoecious or dioecious shrub; slow growing, fruit often produced in great quantities; flowers in April; seed germination 80-100 percent; seedlings slow-growing. Observations: Much eaten by squirrels; mule deer; white-winged doves. An important browse for livestock. Simmondsia pabulosa, see Simmondsia chinensis. Smilax spp. Stomach records (in addition to specific records: Forty-four species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken; composed 3.6 percent of the fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; composed 1.0 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Twelve species of birds, considerably eaten by marsh rabbit; cottontail rabbit. Smilax auriculata Walt. Wild-bamboo. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry. An evergreen vine; unarmed, or with small prickles, rootstocks bearing large tubers; occurs in sandy and other soils. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Smilax bona-nox L. Fringed greenbrier. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. , Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available October-November. A spiny vine, partially evergreen; flowers in June; root-stocks bearing large tubers. (See also 8S. pseudochina.) Stomach records: Thirteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Captive marsh rabbit. Smilax californica Gray. California greenbrier. Range: 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July—November. A smooth or prickly vine; commonly spreads by rootstocks. Smilax cinnamomifolia, see Smilax lanceolata. Smilax glauca Walt. (pl. 39). Sawbrier. Range: 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September—October, often persistent until spring. A partially evergreen vine; flowers in June; occurs on sand, clay, and other soils; underground stems deep, bearing large tubers; often troublesome in clearings and meadows; comparatively difficult to eradicate; thicket forming ; very tolerant of fire. Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Captive marsh rabbit. Smilax hispida Muhl. Bristly greenbrier. Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Berry; available October-November, commonly persistent until spring. 262 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A high-climbing vine; grows well on poor soils including sand; does not spread by stolons. Observations: Wild turkey. Smilax lanceolata L. Coral greenbrier. &. cinnamomifolia Smali. Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, availabie in September. A vigorous, evergreen vine; prickly or unarmed; rootstocks commonly fleshy; production of fruit uncertain. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Browsed by cattle. Smilax laurifelia L. Laurel greenbrier. Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-September of the second season. A very vigorous, high-climbing evergreen vine; not thorny; commonly forms large entanglements; fruit very abundantly produced; rootstocks commonly bearing very large tubers which may be used for propagation purposes. Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Refused by captive marsh rabbits. Smilax pseudochina L. Chinabrier. Ranze:41G, 20,22, 25. 24, 25, 27, 28, 29,30: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. An evergreen vine; commonly occurs in sandy and other soils: rootstocks often bear large tubers. By some authorities considered identical with S. bona-no2r. Stomach records: Mockingbird. Smilax pumila Walt. Sarsparilla vine. Range: 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available in spring, persistent the year round. A trailing or low-climbing, unarmed vine; flowers in the fall. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Smilax renifolia Small. Range: 17, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A high-climbing dioecious vine. Smilax rotundifolia L. Catbrier. Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in October, persfStent throughout the winter. A thicket-forming, evergreen, spiny vine; rootstocks tuberous, very long. Stomach records: Ten species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Obdserva- tions: Pileated wooGpecker; captive marsh rabbit, opossum. Smilax walteri Pursh. Coral greenbrier. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available September—October, persistent all winter, espe- cially southward. An unarmed, or rarely somewhat prickly vine; flowers in June. Stomach records: Two species of birds. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Solanum duleamara L. Bitter nightshade. Range: 2, 6, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August—May. A thicket-forming vine; flowers May—September: introduced from Eurasia and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; often only herbaceous; rot a dermatitic poison; berries not poisonous when cooked; often considered a weed. Species of Solanum commonly harbor the potato and tomato mosaic as well as potato stalk borer, Colorado potato beetle, onion thrip, and green- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES ”263 house red spider mite. For this reason the species should be used with con- siderable caution. Stomach records: Wight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and ring-necked pheasant; composed 0.3 percent of total annual food, and 3.9 percent of fruit food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan. Observations: Red- eyed vireo; an important food of pheasants in southern Michigan; black duck, white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. Sophora affinis Torr. and Gray. Coralbean. Range: 10, 16, 20, 25, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Kruit: Legume; available September—October, persistent through the winter. A large shrub to small tree; flowers in June; occurs in limestone and other soils. Sophora arizonica Wats. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in May. A large, handsome, shrub; flowers in March. Sophora secundiflora (Cav.) DC. Frigolito. Broussonetia secundifiora Orteg. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available in September. A large shrub, or rarely a small to large tree; evergreen; often occurs on limestone soil; seeds contain sophorin and are extremely poisonous; thicket forming; propagation is by seeds sown at once; growth of seedlings very slow. Poisonous to livestock as well as human beings. Scphora tomentosa L. Range: 17, 32. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume. A small to large, evergreen shrub; flowers the year round; commonly occurs in sandy soils. Sorbus spp. Mountain-ashes, Propagation of all species is by seeds stratified 90 days at 82°-41° F. and sown in spring. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Nine species of birds, in- cluding ruffed, sooty, and sharp-tailed grouse. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Eleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, sharp-tailed grouse; a favorite food of moose. Sorbus americana Marsh. American mountain-ash. Pyrus americana (Marsh) DC., P. sambucifolia of auths., not Cham. and Schlecht. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Pome, available August—March. A small to large tree; flowers May-June; fruit commonly bearing very few seeds; very susceptible to San José scale; 838,000-100,000 seeds per pound. Var. decora (Schneid.) Sarg. (Pyrus sitchensis of Gray’s Man., not Piper, S. decora Schneid.), occurs in regions 24 and 27. Stomach records: Hight species of birds including ruffed grouse, ptarmigan, and sharp-tailed grouse; composed 17.9 percent of winter food of sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec. Observations: Thirteen species of birds; pre- ferred winter food of ruffed grouse in Wisconsin; blue grouse; fruits claimed preferred by birds to that of S. aucuparia when the two species are available together ; white-tailed deer; of importance as browse for moose; much eaten by fisher ; a staple food of marten. Sorbus angustifolia, see Sorbus siichensis. Sorbus aucuparia L. European mountain-ash. Range: 21; 22, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Pome, available August-September. 264 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE A large shrub or more commonly a small tree; introduced from HKurope and more or leSs naturalized in the regions indicated; commonly produces more viable seeds than S. americana; 104,700 seeds per pound. Observations: Three species of birds, including sharp-tailed grouse; song- birds generally; claimed to be a second choice of birds where this and S. americana grow together. Sorbus californica, see Sorbus sitchensis. Sorbus decora, see Sorbus americana. Sorbus dumosa, see Sorbus scopulina. Sorbus occidentalis (Wats.) Greene. Alpine mountain-ash. S. pumila Raf., Pryus occidentalis Wats., Range: 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Pome, available August—December. A large shrub; flowers June-August. Observations: Oregon jay; Clark’s crow. Important locally as browse for livestock, although Susceptibility to rust lessens the browse value. Sorbus pumila, see Sorbus occidentalis. Sorbus scopulina Greene. Greene mountain-ash. S. dumosa Greene. Range: 4, 9, 10, 12, 18, 14. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Pome, available July—December. A large shrub to small tree; flowers in June; commonly occurs in sandy or gravelly soil. Stomach records: Dusky grouse. Where in association with highly palatable species is little cropped by livestock; elsewhere excellent browse for sheep. Sorbus sitchensis Roem. (pl. 40, A). Pacific mountain-ash. S. angustifolia Rydb. (7), S. californica Greene, Pyrus sitchensis (Roem.) Piper. Range: 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist. Fruit: Pome, available August-November. A large shrub to small tree; flowers in June; thicket forming; occurs in sandy loam and other soils. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including Richardson’s grouse. Fair browse for sheep, less so for cattle. Sphaeralcea davidsonii, see Malvastrum davidsonii. Sphaeralcea fasciculata, see Jalvastrum fasciculatum., Spiraea spp. Spiracas. Nearly all species are free from insects and diseases; most occur in neutral soil. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Ruffed grouse, sharp- tailed grouse; mountain sheep. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Pica, cottontail rabbit. Palatability of the western species to livestock is low. Spiraea albla Du Roi. Meadow spiraea. Range: 15 (Black Hills), 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small shrub: flowers June-August. A possible hybrid between this and S. tomentosa has been described as S. subcanescens Rydb. It occurs in region 28. Spiraea arbuscula, see Spiraea densifiora. Spiraea caespitosa Nutt. Dwarf spirasa. Petrophytum caespitosum (Nutt.) Rydb., P. acwminatum Rydb. Range: 4, 9, 10, 11, 138, 15. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, mat-forming shrub; flowers in May; occurs on limestone and other soils; will grow over dry bare rocks. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 265 Spiraea californica, see Vauquelinia californica. Spiraea corymbosa Raf. Dwarf spiraea. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, sparsely-branched shrub; flowers May—June. Spiraea densiflora Nutt. S. arbuscula Greene, S. helleri Rydb., S. splendens Koch. Range: 1, 4, 12, 18, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small shrub, flowers July-August; forms dense mats. Spiraea discolor, see Holodiscus discolor. Spiraea douglasii Hook. Douglas spiraea. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle, available September—October. A small to large shrub; flowers July—August; thicket forming by means of suckers. Spiraea dumosa, see Holodiscus dumosus. Spiraea glutinosa, see Chamaebatiaria millefolium. Spiraea helleri, see Spiraea densiflora. Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. Meadowsweet. Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A large, thicket-forming shrub; flowers June-August. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Ignored by deer in Massa- chusetts; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer in northern Michigan. Spiraea lucida Dougl. Range: 2, 4, 6, 7, 12, 18, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small, sparsely branched shrub; flowers May—July ; possesses creeping root- stocks; erect branches often die back annually too near the base. A possible hybrid between this and S. menziesii has been described as S. pyramidata Greene. It occurs in regions 1, 2, 4, and 12. Spiraea menziesii Hook. Menzies spiraea. Range 2 2, 4.0%, Ss a2. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small shrub; flowers June-August. Fair to good forage in the fall for sheep and cattle. Spiraea millefolium, see Chamaebatiaria miilefolium. Spiraea opulifolia, see Physocarpus opulifolius. Spiraea pauciflora, see Physocarpus malwaceus. Spiraea pyramidata, see Spiraea, lucida. Spiraea salicifolia L. Willowieaf spiraea. Range: 25, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large shrub; introduced from Siberia and eastern Russia and more or less escaped and naturalized in the regions indicated. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; cottontail rabbit. Spiraea splendens, see Spiraea densiflora. Spiraea subcanescens, see Spiraea alba. 266 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Spiraea tomentosa L, Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle, available August—December. A small shrub; flowers July-September; possesses underground stems; long considered an aggressive weed in New England pastures. Observations: Ignored by white-tailed deer in Massachusetts. Spiraea virginiana Britt. Range: 27. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle, available in September. A small, straggling shrub; flowers in June. Spirostachys occidentalis, see Ailenrolfea occidentalis. Staphylea bolanderi Gray. Range: 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A large shrub to large tree; flowers April—May. Staphylea trifolia L. Range: 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule, available in September. A large shrub to small tree; flowers in May. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Stenolobium incisum, see Tecoma, stans. Stenolobium stans, see 7’ecoma stans. Stenotopsis interior, Aplopappus linearifolius. Stenotopsis linearifolius, see Aplopappus linearifolius. Stenotus linearifolius, see Aplopappus linearifolius. Stewartia, see Stuartia. Stilingia aquatica Chapm. Range: 29, 380. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; often grows in standing water. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Strobus monticola, see Pinws monticola. Strobus strobus, see Pinus strobus. Strobus weymouthiana, see Pinus strobus. Strombocarpa cinerascens, see Prosopis cinerascens. Stuartia malachodendron L. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Woody capsule. A large shrub; flowers June—August. Stuartia pentagyna L’Her. Malachodendron pentagynum (L’Her.) Small. Range: 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Woody capsule. A large shrub; flowers July—August. Styphonia integrifolia, see Rhus integrifolia. Styrax americana L. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. Hardhack. Virginia spiraea. California bladdernut. American bladdernut. Corkwood. Silky-camellia. Mountain-camellia. American snowbell. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 267 A large shrub; flowers March—April. Stomach records: Mallard. Styrax fulvescens, see Styrax officinalis, Styrax grandifolia Ait. Snowbell. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Dry drupe, available in October. A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers March—May; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Wood duck. Styrax officinalis L. A Mediterranean species represented in California by var. californica Munz and Johnst., a large shrub; in regions 4 and 10; flowering May-July. Var. fulwvescens (Hastw.) Munz and Johnst. (Styraxr fulvescens Eastw.) is a similar plant in regions 5 and 10. The fruit of both is a capsule, and both occur in sunny sites which are dry or well-drained. Styrax platanifolia Engelm. Storax. Range: 20, 29. Site: Moist, sun. Hruit: Stony capsule. A large, handsome shrub. Styrax pulverulenta Michx. Powdery storax. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; flowers March-April. Very similar to S. americana. Stomach records: Mallard. Svida alternifolia, see Cornus alternifolia. Svida amomum, see Cornus amomum. Svida asperifolia, see Cornus asperifolia. Svida baileyi, see Cornus baileyi. Svida californica, see Cornus californica. Svida catalinensis, see Cornus glabrata. Svida foemina, see Cornus foemina. Svida interior, see Cornus interior. Svida microcarpa, see Cornus microcarpa. Svida priceae, see Cornus priceae. Svida pubescens, see Cornus occidentalis. Svida rugosa, see Cornus circinata. Svida stricta, see Cornus foemina. Svida stolonifera, see Cornus stolonifera. Symphoricarpos spp. All species may be propagated by soft or hardwood cuttings cut below the node and treated with potassium permanganate, or they may be propagated by seed. Many species contain small amounts of saponin, but such large quantities are necessary to cause acute poisoning that cases of livestock poisoning are rare. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and California quail; black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records): Six species of birds; much eaten by ring- necked pheasant; Hungarian partridge; pica, Columbian black-tailed deer. Hxtremely important browse for livestock in Utah, Nevada, and southern Idaho; cases of livestock sickness charged to this genus appear to be extremely rare. Symphoricarpos acutus, see Symphoricarpos albus. 268 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake. (pl. 41, A). Snowberry. S. racemosus Michx., S. mollis Nuit., S. acutus (Gray) Howell, S. albus mollis (Nutt.) Keck. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 18, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26; 20; 28. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available year round. A smal, thicket-forming shrub; flowers June—-September; occurs on limestone and other soils; declined branches root; killed by excessive grazing; 72,000— §5,000 seeds per pound. Var. laevigatus (FKern.) Blake, is taller, has larger leaves, larger clusters of fruit, and larger fruit than the species. It occurs within the range of the species. Var. pauciflorus Blake, (S. pauciflorus Britt.), is a dwarf occurring within the range of the species. ‘tomach records: Nineteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, Cali- fornia quail, ring-necked pheasant, Hungarian partridge, sharp-tailed grouse, and Richardson’s grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Hungarian partridge, sharp-tailed grouse, prairie sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, bobwhite; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. A very important browse for livestock. Symphoricarpos fragrans, see Symphoricarpos longiflorus. Symphoricarpos glabratus, see Symphoricarpos oreophilus. Symphericarpos glaucus, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpeos longifiorus Gray. S. fragrans Nels. Range: 9, 10, 11, 18. Site: Dry, sun. Hruit: Berry. A smail shrub, with somewhat declining branches. Symphoricarpes mollis, see Symphoricarpos albus. Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Wolfberry. Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September—January. A small shrub; flowers June—July ; commonly reproduces by rectstocks; very Similar to S. aléus, but generally stouter. jtomach records: Five species of birds, including greater prairie chicken. Observations: Five species of birds; a fairly important food of ring-necked pheasant. An important and nonpoisonous browse for livestock. A good honey plant. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench. Coralberry. 8. vulgaris Michx., S. symphoricarpos (L.) MacM.. Range: 18, 20, 21, 22, 233-24, 25, 27, 28, 29; 30: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available September—June. A smail shrub, or very rarely, a large shrub; flowers in July; thicket forming by means of stolons which are freely produced; grows on coal-stripped land in Illincis; has demonstrated great adaptability to rigorous conditions and high value for erosion control of the most barren and sterile soils in the Piedmont; has been effectively used as living check dams and water spreaders; commoniy bears fruit soon after planting; often weedy in pastures; 407,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, greater prairie chicken, and wild turkey. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, white-tailed deer. Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray. Mountain snowkerry. S. rotundifolius oreophilus Jones, S. glabratus Eastw., S. parishit Rydb. Rangescah sO 105d, 2) a sas Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A small, stoloniferous shrub; flowers June—July; root system fibrous, gener- alized; often trailing or with procumbent branches. tomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Wasatch chipmunk, deer. | A valuable forage for livestock. NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 269 Symphoricarpos parishii, see Symphoricarpos oreophilus. Symphoricarpos parvifolius, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpos pauciflorus, see Symphoricarpos albus. Symphoricarpos racemosus, see Symphoricarpos albus. Symphoricarpos rotundifolius, Gray. Roundleaf snowberry. S. glaucus Hastw., 8S. parvifolius Hastw., S. vaccinioides Rydb., S. tetonensis Nels. Range: 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—September. A small, straggling shrub; flowers May—June. Stomach records: Varied thrush, California quail. Observations: Chipmunk, California mule deer. Fair to good sheep and goat browse. Symphoricarpos symphoryicarpos, see Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. Symphoricarpos tetonensis, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpos utahensis Rydb. Utah snowberry. Range: 9, 12, 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Symphoricarpos vaccinioides, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpos vulgaris, see Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L’Her. Sweetleaf. Hopea tinctoria L. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree; semievergreen; flowers March—May, the two forms occurring along the coast and in the mountains respectively are by some considered specifically distinct. A Stomach records: Phoebe. Relished by cattle. Talinopsis frutescens Gray. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Tamala borbonia, see Persea, borbonia. Tamala humilis, see Persea humilis. Tamala pubescens, see Persea pubescens. Tamarix gallica L, Tamarisk. Range: 8, 4, 9, 10, 11, 18, 16, 19, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; foliage comparatively sparse; introduced from Kurope but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; withstands con- tinued drought well; not easily hurt by alkali in the soil; generally free from insects and disease; thicket forming; grows rapidly from cuttings. Taxodium spp. Baldcypress. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Hleven species of birds, including wild turkey. Observations (in addition to specific records): Texas fox squirrel. Taxodium ascendens Brongn. Pondcypress. T. imbricarium (Nutt.) Harp. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large tree. Stomach records: Little brown crane. 270 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. Scuthern cypress. Rance > 120) 25728529) 50 oleae Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large tree; root system shallow, with “knees” in wet situations; at first rapid growing, later slower; somewhat attacked by fungi; wood of great im- portance commercially, especially durable; heavy seed years frequent; 3,000 seeds per pound 15-25 percent viable, vitality transient (1 year or less). Stomach records: Six species of birds. Taxodium imbricarium, see Taxodium ascendens. Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific yew. Range: 152, 4, 2: Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupelike, available in September, falling in October. A small to large, evergreen tree with very dense foliage; extremely slow growing, very long-lived; attacked at maturity by heart rot; wood very durable, little used commercially ; germination of seeds 50-60 percent, vitality persistent. Observations: Much eaten by birds; ring-tailed cat. Poisonous to cattle. Taxus canadensis Marsh. Canada yew, Range221 5 22. 293.2426) 2 Site: Well-drained, moist, sun (rare), shade. Kruit: Drupelike, available August-September of the second season. A small evergreen shrub with dense foliage; commonly forms a continuous ground cover; prostrate branches root where covered by detritus; fruit produced sporadically. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Third most important preferred winter food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts; highly palatable winter and summer food for moose on Isle Royale; favorite food of northern white-tailed deer in unas Poisonous to livestock, although the pulp of the fruit is harmless. Taxus floridana Nutt. Florida yew. Range: 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Hruit: Drupelike, available in fall. A small evergreen tree; very local in distribution; wood not used com- mercially because scarce. Tecoma radicans, see Campsis radicans. Tecoma stans (L.) H. B. K. Trumpetiiower. Bignonia stans L., Stenolobium stans v. Seem., S. incisum Rose and Standl. Range: 10, 11, 17, 20; 29, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Kruit: Capsule. A small shrub to small tree; much cultivated. Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Without browse value for livestock. Tessaria borealis, see Pluchea sericea. Tetracoccus dioicus Parry. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available July—November. A small much-branched dioecious shrub. Tetracoccus hallii, see Halliophyitum hallit. Tetracoccus ilicifolius Cov. and Gilm. Hollybush. Range: 10. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A small evergreen shrub; growth open and spreading; very rare. Tetradymia spp. Observations (in addition to specific records): Pigmy rabbit; Oregon jack rabbit in dry seasons, Tetradymia axillaris, see Tetradymia spmosa. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 274A. Tetradymia canescens DC. Gray horsebrush., T. linearis Rydb. Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, freely-branched shrub; flowers July-August; occurs in sandy and rocky soils. Var. inermis (Nutt.) Gray, (7. inermis Nutt.) the spineless horsebrush, occurs with the species, often on alkaline soil. Considered worthless or poor winter feed for stock; possibly poisonous to sheep. Tetradymia comosa Gray. Hairy horsebrush. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, many-stemmed shrub. Tetradymia glabrata Gray. Littleleaf horsebrush. Range: 8, 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Hruit: Achene. A small shrub; flowers June-August; commonly without leaves from about June 15. Generally not palatable to livestock; sheep poisoned by it, especially when taken in Jarge quantities in the spring; poisonous effect cumulative; apparently not poisonous to cattie. Tetradymia inermis, see Vetradymia, canescens. Tetradymia linearis, see Tetradymia canescens. Tetradymia longispina, see Tetradymia spinosa. Tetradymia nuitallii Torr, and Gray. Nuttall horsebrush. Range: 9, 13. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small prickly shrub; flowers May—August; of local browse value for sheep. Tetradymia spinosa Hook. and Arn. Shortspine horsebrush. Range: 8, 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, rigid, divaricately-branched shrub; flowers May—August; somewhat spiny. Var. longispina Jones, (T. longispina (Jones) Rydb., 7. azvillaris Nels.) occurs in the southern part of the range. Observations: A valuable forage for antelope. Locally valuable as a forage for sheep. Tetradymia squamata, see Lepidos»artum squamatum. Tetradymia stenolepis Greene. Mohave horsebrush. Range: 4, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched shrub. Thamnosma montana Torr. and Frem. Turpentine-broeom. Range: 9, 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers April-May; branches broomlike; leaves early decidu- ous. Not palatable to livestock. Thuja spp. Arborvitae. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Thuja occidentalis L. Northern white cedar. Range: 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; mature in early autumn, persistent through the winter. A small to large, evergreen tree; root system usually shallow, or deeper on dry sites; slow growing, long-lived; very easily damaged by fire and wind; mature trees often decay at the base; wood durable, important commercially ; 130186°—39—18 272. MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE some 950 varieties are known in cultivation; 184,000-412,000 seeds per pound, germination 44 percent. Stomach records: Armadillo. Obtservations: Redpoll, pine siskin; staple food of white-tailed deer; eaten extensively by red squirrel; winter food of moose, but not relished, on Isle Royale; snowshoe hare; cottontail rabbit. Thuja plicata Don. Western red cedar. Range: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 12. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; mature in August, opening in September, persistent until the following summer. A large evergreen tree; root system shallow; wind-firm, except on wet soils; develops best in a humid climate; slow growing, long-lived; easily fire-damaged ; without notable insect enemies, or fungi, until mature; heavy seed crop pro- duced every 2 or 8 years; wood durable, of great importance commercially ; 208,000-504,000 seeds per pound, germination 52-78 percent, vitality transient, some 13 varieties distinguished in cultivation. Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Bark commonly used by Richardson’s pine squirrel for nest material; an important browse for deer in the northern Rocky Mountains. Thurberia thespesioides, see Thurberia triloba. Thurberia triloba (DC.) Tidest. Arizona wild cotton. T. thespesioides of auths, not Gray, Ingenhouzia triloba DC. Range: 10, 11, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. A large, sparsely-branched shrub; flowers May—July; growth more vigorous on moist areas protected from wind; distribution extremely local; will not grow where soil is too dry; a native host plant of the wild cotton boll weevil, which also feeds on cultivated cotton, and for this reason restricted by plant quarantine. Scarcely palatable to cattle but somewhat nibbled by sheep and goats. Tilia spp. Basswoods. The taxonomy of this group is much confused, owing in great part to the fact that the species vary considerably and that hybrids are apparently easily formed. Propagation of all species is by seed stratified as soon as ripe and planted in spring; dried seed may require 2 years for germination. Many species attacked by Texas root rot disease caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): English sparrow, bob- white; Franklin ground squirrel, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Redpoll; porcupine, fox squirrel, white-tailed deer; staple food of cottontail rabbit; eastern chipmunk. Tilia alabamensis, see Tilia floridana. Tilia americana, see Tilia, glabra. Tilia apposita, see Tilia caroliniana. Tilia australis Small. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A large tree. Tilia caroliniana Mill. ; T. apposita Ashe, T. lata Ashe, T. pubescens Ait. Range: 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available in July. A large tree; flowers in May. Var. rhoophila Sarg. occurs in regions 17, 20, 29, and 30. Tilia cinerea, see Tilia truncata. Tilia cocksii Sarg. Basswood. Range: 29. Jn Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available in July. A small tree; flowers in May. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 273 Tilia crenoserrata, see Tilia floridana. Tilia eburnea, see Tilia lasioclada. Tilia floridana Smail. T. alabamensis Ashe, T. crenoserrata Sarg. Range: 17, 20, 25, 27, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available August-September. A large tree; flowers in May. Var. alabamensis Ashe, (7. alabamensis Ashe, var. oblongifolia Sarg., T. oblongifolia Sarg.) occurs in region 29. Var. hypoleuca Sarg. (T. hypoleuca Ashe) occurs in region 25 and has been also considered a variety of T. glabra. Tilia fulva, see Tilia glabra. Tilia georgiana Sarg. Basswood. T. pubescens Vent., not Ait. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available in September. A small to large tree. Tilia glabra Vent. Basswood. T. americana L., in part, T. fulva Raf., T. venulosa Sarg. Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available August—October, sometimes persistent. A large tree; flowers May—July; root system deep, wide spreading; rapid growing, rather short-lived; attacked by rots and insects; resistant to fire when older; coppices freely; wood not durable, of importance commercially ; 3,500-—6,500 seeds per pound, germination 10-15 percent. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bob- white; gray eastern chipmunk. Observations: Pinnated grouse; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. A valuable honey plant. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White basswood. T. tenera Ashe. Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available August-September. A large tree; flowers May-July; root system deep, wide spreading; rapid growing, short-lived; coppices freely ; wood used commercially. Var. michaucii (Nutt.) Sarg., (7. michaugvii Nutt.), occurs in regions 22, 25, 27, 28, and 29. Tilia hypoleuca, see Tilia floridana. Tilia lasioclada Sarg. Basswood. 7. eburnea Ashe. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available in September. A large tree; flowers in May; commonly occurs on rich soils. Tilia lata, see Tilia caroliniana. Tilia leucocarpa Ashe. Basswood. T. nuda Sarg. Range: 20, 29. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available July-September. A small or large tree. Tilia littoralis Sarg. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A large tree; flowers in June; very locally distributed. Tilia michauxii, see Tilia heterophylla and T. neglecta. Tilia monticola, see Tilia truncata. I74 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Tilia neglecta Spach. T. michauati Sarg., not Nutt., T. pubescens Sarg., not Ait. | Range: 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. | Site: Weli-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available in September. | A large tree; flowers June—July. : Tilia nuda, see Tilia leucocarpa. Tilia oblongifolia, see Tilia floridana. Tilia phanera Sarg. Range: 17, 20. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike, available in September. A small to large tree; flowers in June; rare and local. Var. scabrida Sarg., cceurs in regions 11, 20, and 30. Zilia pubescens, see Tilia caroliniana, T. georgiana, and 7. neglecta. Tilia tenera, see Tilia heterophylla. Tilia texana Sarg. Basswood. Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A smail tree; flowers in June. Tilia truncata Spach. Basswood. T. cinerea Ratf., T. monticola Sarg. Range: 27. site: Welli-drained, sun. Fruit? Nutlike, available in September. A large tree; flowers in July. Tilia venulosa, see Tilia glabra. Torreya californica, see Tumion californicum. Torreya taxifolia, see Tumion taxifolium. Toxicodendron biternatum, see Rhus toxricodendron. Toxicodendron comarophyllum, see Rhus diversiloba. Toxicodendron diversilobum, see Rhus diversiloba. Toxicodendron eximium, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron fothergilloides, see Rhus tovicodendron. Toxicodendron hesperinum, see Rhus tomicodendron. Toxicodendron isophyllum, see Rhus diversiloba. Toxicodendron macrocarpum, see Rhus toxzicodendron. Toxicodendron negundo, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron pinnatum, see Rhus vernix. Toxicodendron punctatum, see Rhus toxicodendren. Toxicodendron quercifolium, see Rhus quercifolia. Toxicodendron radicans, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron rufescens, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron rydbergii, see Rhus toxicodendron. Toxicodendron vernix, see Rhus verniz. Toxylon pomiferum, see Maciura pomifera. Trichostema aYrizonicum Gray. Bluecurls. Range: 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small shrub. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 295 Trichostema lanatum Benth. T. parishii Vasey. Range: 5. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Nutlike. A small to large, leafy shrub; flowers May—June. Trichostema parishii, see Trichostema lanatum. Trixis californica Kellogg. American trixis. Range: 10, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, bushy shrub. Lightly browsed by cattle in winter and early spring. Tsuga spp. Hemlocks. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Nine species of birds, includ- ing ruffed grouse. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Pine siskin ; porcupine; Douglas’ squirrel, Cascade squirrel, Sierra chickaree, Richardson’s squirrel, Townsend’s chipmunk, Cooper’s chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, Pacific mountain beaver, Olympic black bear; rarely cut for building material, not food, by beaver. Tsuga canadensis (l.) Carr. Eastern hemlock. Range: 22, 28, 24, 25, 27, 28. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone, mature in October, seeds shed during winter, cones falling in the spring of the second year. A large, evergreen tree; root system very shallow except in deep soils; gener- ally free from fungi; easily killed by humus fires; attacked by eastern hemlock borer ; easily wind damaged ; wood of importance commercially; bark a valuable source of tannin; seed produced abundantly at intervals of 2 or 3 years; 144,000-279,000 seeds per pound, germination 30-60 percent; some 16 varieties in cultivation. Stomach records: Hight species of birds, including ruffed grouse and sharp tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Nine species of birdS; seventh most important preferred winter food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts; browsed to some extent by northern white-tailed deer in Michigan; red squirrel, snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit. Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina hemlock. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone, mature September—October. A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and spreading; wood of some importance commercially. Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western hemlock. Range: 1, 2, 4, 6, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Cone; mature in August, seeds shed September—October, cones falling by spring. A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and spreading except on deep soils; slow growing, long-lived; easily injured by fire; susceptible to insect damage; wood of considerable importance commercially; 274,000-324,000 seeds per pound, produced abundantly at intervals of 2 or 3 years. Stomach records: Two species of birds; plains white-tailed deer, black- tailed deer. Observations: Browsed as a last resort by Olympic wapiti. Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Sarg. Mountain hemlock. Hesperopeuce mertensiana (Bong.) Rydb. Range: 4, 12. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Cone; seeds shed September—October, cones falling by spring. A large evergreen tree; slow growing, probably long-lived; wood not used commercially; seed produced abundantly every several years; 102,000-207,000 seeds per pound, vitality transient. Stomach records: Crow, sooty grouse. Tulipastrum acuminatum, see Magnolia acuminata. Tulipastrum cordatum, see Magnolia cordata. 276 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Tumion californicum (Torr.) Greene. California-nutmeg. Torreya californica Torr. Range: 1, 4. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupelike, available September—October. A large. dioecious, evergreen tree; wood durable, locally used for fence posts. Tumion taxifolium (Arn.) Greene. tinking-cedar. Torreya taxifolia Arn. Range: 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupelike. A large evergreen tree; commonly occurs on limestone soils; wocd used locally for fence posts. Tumionella monactis, see Aplopappus cooperi. Tyria myricaefolia, see Bernardia myricaefolia. Ulex europaeus L. Gorse. Range: 1, 2, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Legume, available August—October. A small to large, very spiny evergreen shrub; flowers May-July: foliage extremely dense: occurs on sand, loam, clay, and other soils: forms im- penetrable thickets: introduced from Europe and locally established in the regions indicated: abie to survive burial in sand; almost explosively inflam- mable; tolerant of saline conditions: aggressively spreading in regions i and 2. Not grazed by livestock. Of some value as a honey plant. Ulmus spp. Elms. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse: white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to spe- cific records) : Nine species of birds; an emergency food of pinnated grouse in Wisconsin and Iowa; greater prairie chicken; fox squirrel, red squirrel; a favorite food of muskrat. All native species of elm are susceptible to the Dutch elm disease, caused by the fungus Ceratostomella ulmi. The virulence of the disease is very great and every effort shouid be made to prevent its further spread. Interstate movement of some species from certain States is prohibited because of the Gisease. The principal resistant species is the Asiatic U. pumila. Members of this genus are also seriously subject to the attacks of the Texas root rot caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Ulmts alata Michx. Winged elm. Ranve: 411,20, 25,5 28.529 50: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available in March. A large tree; occurs in gravel, loam, and other soils; wood used commercially; easily transplanted: much cultivated. Observations: White-tailed deer. Ulmus americana L. American elm. Range: 15,246, 48, 19: 205.21,.22, 23. 25, 26, Zig 20; oe: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available March—May. A large tree: reot system very shallow: rapid growing, long-lived; much subject to defoliating insects and borers; not wind-firm: comparatively fire resistant: wood of this species is the most important commerciaily of the elms; 53,000-100.000 seeds per pound, germination as much as 995 percent; much cultivated: resistant to drought: grows on coal-stripped lands in Hlinois. Stomach records: Rufied grouse, bobwhite. Hungarian partridge; opossum. Observations: Five species of birds including Hungarian partridge, pinnated grouse; ccottontail rabbit, snowshoe hare; heavily browsed by white-tailed deer. Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. Cedar elm. Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry. well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available September—November. A large shrub or more commonly a large tree; may occur on alluvial soil or dry limestone; a shrub in dry situations; wood used commercially to a limited extent; somewhat cultivated. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Dad. Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery elm. Range: 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available May—June. A large tree; root system deep and spreading; rapid growing, short-lived; severely injured by defoliating insects; wood durable, used commercially to some extent; 35,000—-75,000 seeds per pound. Observations: Purple finch; porcupine, cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. Ulmus racemosa Thomas. Rock elm. U. thomasii Sarg. Range: 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available in May. A large tree; root system deep when mature; slow growing, rather long- lived; severely injured by defoliating insects; wind-firm; fairly free from fungi; easy to transplant; wood used commercially, the most durable of any of the elms. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Ulmus serotina Sarg. Red elm. Range: 25, 27, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara, available in November. A large tree; wood hard, tough; somewhat cultivated; occurs on limestone and other soils; 149,000 seeds per pound. Ulmus thomasii, see Ulmus racemosa, Umbellularia californica (Hook. and Arn.) Nutt. (pl. 41, B). Oregon myrtle. Range: 1, 4, 5, 10. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available in October, somewhat persistent. A small to large shrub or small to large tree; the typical form is a large tree occurring along streams and valley floors; may be gregarious on north slopes of canyons, forming a very solid cover; dwarf forms, which fruit heavily and form very dense cover, are known to occur in dry chaparral; pros- trate forms, occurring on ocean bluffs and hillsides, form low, thick, compact, dense mats; sprouts freely after injury; fruits abundantly produced; wood very valuable commercially. Stomach records: Steller jay. Observations: Much eaten by Columbian gray squirrels. Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Roots eaten by hogs. Ungnadia speciosa Hndl. Spanish buckeye. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule; available August—October, persistent unopened for a considerable period. A large shrub or rarely a small to large tree; occurs on limestone and other soils; not resistant to extremely hot weather; occasionally cultivated. Probably has caused some livestock poisoning, but not commonly taken by livestock except in time of food scarcity. Seeds poisonous to human beings. A source of early honey. Urvillea mexicana, see Urvillea ulmacea. Urvillea ulmacea H. B. K. U. mexicana Gray. Range: 17. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Samara. A large vine Uva-ursi, see Arctostaphylos. Vaccinium spp. Blueberries, huckleberries. With one exception, none of these species can be grown on soil containing calcium even in small quantities; all occur naturally on acid soils. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Highty-seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, dusky grouse, southern DAS MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE white-tailed ptarmigan, Richardson’s grouse; composed 2.4 percent of fail food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; composed 7.6 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec; Coeur d@’Alene chipmunk, red fox, plains white-tailed deer, opossum, white-tailed deer; composed 0.56 percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition to specific records): Thirty-five species of birds including ruffed, and spruce grouse, ptarmigan, an important food of ring-necked pheasant; ranked with Gaylussacia as twenty-ninth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast; emergency food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse, Hungarian partridge; southern white-tailed deer, ptarmigan; skunk; much browsed by moose; much eaten by red fox; rarely eaten by coyote; relished by Olympic wapiti, Columbian black-tailed deer, Douglas squirrel, Allen’s chipmunk, Pacific mountain beaver, Oregon gray fox, California skunk, Olympic black bear, Virginia opossum; heavily browsed by Rocky Mountain snowshoe rabbit; lesser Colorado chip- munk, Virginia opossum; heavily browsed by white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit; much eaten by raccoon; alpine chipmunk, ring-tailed cat. Vaccinium amoenum, see Vaccinium corymbosum. Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Lowbush blueberry. VY. doboinii Burn., V. nigrum Britt., V. pennsylvanicum Lam., not Miller, Cyanococcus pennsylvanicus (Lam.) Rydb., C. angustifolius (Alt.) Rydb. Range: 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Hruit: Berry, available July-September. A small shrub, flowers April—June; occurs in sandy and other soils; spreads by underground stems; commonly the earliest ripening blueberry. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and greater prairie chicken. Observations: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite. Without forage significance for livestock. Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. Tree huckleberry. Batodendron ardoreum (Marsh.) Nutt. : Range: 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Hruit: Berry, available, September—November. A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen southward; flowers May— August; occurs in sandy and other soils; the only species of the genus and one of the two in the heath family supposedly capable of growing in neutral or slightly alkaline soil. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Odservations: Mockingbird. Vaccinium atrococcum (Gray) Heller. Black blueberry. V. corymbosum atrococcum Gray, Cyanoceccus atrococcus (Gray) Small. Range: 24, 26, 27, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-August. A small to large, spreading shrub; flowers May—June. Vaccinium brachycerum, see Gaylussacia brachycera. Vaccinium caesariense Mack. New Jersey blueberry. Range: 28. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large shrub; flowers in May. Vaccinium caesium Greene. Polycodium caesium Greene, P. floridanum (Nutt.) Greene. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small, irregularly branched shrub. Vaccinium caespitesum Michx, Dwarf bilberry. Range: 4, 7, 12, 13, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available June—-September. A smali shrub: flowers June-July. Without value as forage fon livestock. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 279 Vaccinium canadense Kalm. Canada blueberry. Range: 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small, much-branched shrub; flowers May—June. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse. Of mediocre forage value for livestock. Vaccinium corymbosum L. Highbush blueberry. V. amoenum Ait., Cyanococcus amoenus (Ait.) Small, C. corymbosus (L.) Rydb. Range: 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry (rare), well-drained (rare), moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available June-August. A small to iarge shrub; flowers May—June; suckers freely and transplants well; fruit of value commercially. Var. pallidum (Ait.) Gray, (V. pallidum Ait., Cyanococcus pallidus (Ait.) Small), has superior fruit. Observations: Meurning dove, ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant; cottontail rabbit. Vaccinium crassifolium Andr. Creeping blueberry. Herpothamnus crassifolius (Andr.) Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small evergreen shrub; possibly maintains itself mainly by vegetative reproduction. Vaccinium delicicsum Piper. Range: 1, 4. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Vaccinium dobbinii, see Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium dumosum, see Gaylussacia dumosa. Vaccinium elliotti Chapm. Elliott blueberry Cyanococcus elliottii (Chapm.) Small. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available May—June. A small to large shrub; flowers March—May. Vaccinium erythrocarpum, see Hugeria erythrocarpa. Vaccinium erythrococcum, see Vaccinium scoparium. Vaccinium frondosum, see Gaylussacia frondosa. Vaccinium globulare, see Vaccinium membranaceum. Vaccinium hirsutum Buckl. Hairy huckleberry. Cyanococcus hirsutus (Buckl.) Small. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in August. A small shrub; flowers May-June; fruit hairy. Vaccinium hispidulum, see Chiogenes hispidula. Vaccinium humifusum, see Gaultheria humifusa. Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Cranberry. Ozycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pursh. Range: 22; 23. 24, 25, 26, 21. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August—March. A creeping, evergreen, mat-forming vine; flowers June-August; this species includes varieties furnishing the commercial cranberry; 500 berries per pound, about 25 seeds per berry. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observations: Crow, mourning dove, bobwhite, prairie sharp-tailed grouse. 280 MISC. PUBLICATION 803, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Vaccinium macrophyllum, see Vaccinium membranaceum. Vaccinium melanocarpum Mohr. Southern gooseberry. Polycodium melanocarpum (Mohr) Small. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available in July. A smail shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; fruit commonly produced in great quantities. Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. Thinleaf huckleberry. V. globulare Rydb., V. macrophyllum Piper, V. myrtilloides Hook. Range: 1, 4, 12, 18, 15 (Black Hills), 23, 24. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small shrub; flowers June-July. Poor to worthless to fairly good or good browse for sheep; poor to worthless forage for cattle and horses. Vaccinium microphyllum, see Vaccinium scoparium. Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. Evergreen blueberry. Cyanococcus myrsinites (Lam.) Small. Range: 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in May. A small evergreen shrub; flowers April-May decumbent or upright; occurs in sandy and other soils. Var. glaucum Gray, in the southern part of the range, is taller than the species. Vaccinium myrtilloides, see Vaccinium membranaceum. Vaccinium neglectum (Small) Fern. Polycodium neglectum Small. Range: 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub with inedible fruit. Vaccinium nigrum, see Vaccinium angustifolium. Vaccinium occidentale Gray. Western huckleberry. Range: 4, 12, 18. Site: Weli-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—August. A small shrub. Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Blue grouse. Fair to fairly good sheep and goat feed; cropped locally by cattle. Vaccinium oreophilum Rydb. Rocky Mountain whortleberry. Range: 12, 13, 14. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—October. A small shrub; flowers in June. Stomach records: Richardson’s grouse. Worthless as forage for cattle; some- times fair sheep feed. Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Biue whortleberry. Range: 2, 4, 12, 23, 24. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July—August. A large, straggling shrub; flowers June-July. Locally useful as browse for sneep and goais. Observations: Spruce grouse. Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. Evergreen huckleberry. Range: 1, 2, 5. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September, or rarely longer. A small to large evergreen shrub; most commonly occurs in sandy soil; forms a dense cover when growing close together. Var. saporosum Jeps., in region 1, has fruit which ripens earlier with a better flavor. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 281 tomach records: Ruffed grouse (?). Observations: Listed with V. parvi- folium as second in importance as browse for Olympic wapiti in Washington; California mule deer; an important food of Reosevelt elk. Vaccinium oxycoccus L. Small cranberry. Oxycoccus palustris Pers., O. oxycoccus (L.) MacBr. Range: 28, 24, 26, 27. Site: Moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September, often persistent. A low, creeping, evergeen vine, occurring only in peat; flowers May—July. Var. intermediwm Gray occurs in regions 1, 2, and 12. Stomach records: Coeur d’Alene chipmunk. Observations: Prairie sharp- tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant. Vaccinium pallidum, see Vaccinium corymbosum. Vaccinium parvifolium Smith. (pl. 41, C). Tall red huckleberry. Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available June—-September. A small to large shrub. Observations: Sooty grouse; listed with V. ovatwm as second in importance as browse for Olympic wapiti in Washington; an important food of Roosevelt elk. Locally of value as browse for sheep and occasionally cattle. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, see Vaccinium angustifolium. Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg. Grouseberry. V. erythrococcum Rydb., V. microphylium Rydb. Range: 4, 12, 18, 14, 15 (Black Hills). Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small shrub. Observations: An important food of wildlife. Inferior browse for livestock. Vaccinium simulatum Small. Cyanococcus simulatus Small. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small to large shrub. Vaccinium stamineum L. Deerberry. Polycodium stamineum (l.) Greene. Range: 23, 24°25, 26 27%, 28) 29: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry; available July-September, soon dropping. A small, profusely-branched shrub; somewhat thicket forming. Stomach records: Ruifed grouse; gray fox. Observations: Hight species of birds, including bobwhite and ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. Vaccinium tenellum, see Vaccinium virgatum. Vaccinium uliginosum L. Bog bilberry. Range: 1, 4, 12, 18, 14, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small shrub; flowers June—July. Stomach records: Spruce grouse, ptarmigan, Harris’ sparrow; mountain sheep. Observations: Three species of birds. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. Dryland blueberry. Cyanococcus vacillans (Kalm.) Rydb. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small, loosely-branched shrub; flowers May—June; occurs in sandy and other soils. Stomach records: Gray fox. Observations: Ruffed grouse; preferred food of wild turkey ; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. 982 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Vaccinium virgatum Ait. Rabbiteye blueberry. Cyanecoccus virgatus (Ait.) ‘Small. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—August. A smali to large shrub; flowers April—May. Be Var. tenellum (Ait.) Gray, (V. tenellum Ait., Cyanococcus tenellus (Ait.) Small), possesses underground stems, and occurs in regions 25, 27, and 29. Stomach records: Cardinal. Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Cowberry. Vitis-idaea vitis-idaea (L.) Britt., Vitis-idaea punctata Moench. Range: 23, 26. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August—Cctober. A small shrub or mat-forming vine; evergreen; flowers June—July; repro- duces by creeping rootstocks. Var. minus Lodd., a dwarf variety, is claimed by some to be the only repre- sentative of the species in the United States. Vachellia farnesiana, see Acacia farnesiana. Vauquelinia angustifolia Rydb. Range: il. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen. Vauquelinia californica (Torr.) Sarg. Vauquelinia. V. corymbosa Corr., V. terreyi Wats., Spiraea californica Torr. Range: 5, 10, 11. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule, available in August. A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers in June. Vauquelinia corymbosa, see Vauquelinia californica. Vauquelinia torreyi, see Vauquelinia californica. Viborguia polystachya, see Hysenhardtia polystachya. Viburnum spp. Viburnums. Most species occur on nearly neutral soil; most are free from insects and disease; propagation is by seed Stratified and sown in spring or by soft or hardwood cuttings, cut below the node, and if propagated in sand and peat, treated with potassium permanganate. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken; coyote; white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to Specific records): Ten species of birds, including bobwhite and ruffed grouse; porcupine; eastern chipmunk. Of comparatively little value as browse for livestock. Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapieleaf viburnum. Range: 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, often persistent until July. A small shrub; flowers May—June; slow growing; endures city smoke; oc- easionally thicket forming; about 4,500 fresh berries per pound. Stomach records: Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Sparingly eaten by cottontail rabbit. Viburnum affine Bush. Missouri viburnum. V. pubescens affine Rehd. Range: 22, 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist (rare), sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small shrub; flowers May-June. Var. hypomalucum Blake extends the range to regions 23, 24, 26, 27, and 28, and is more floriferous. | Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 41 A, Symphoricarpos albus. The dense thickets formed by the snowberry, coupled with its ability .to grow on poor sites, make it a valuable plant in erosion control. B, Umbellularia californica. Oregon myrtle, | shown here growing along a stream in the northern part of its range, may find a place in stream-bank | plantings. Its value as wildlife cover is great; its value as food is possibly greater than actual records would indicate. C, Vaccinium parvifolium. The juicy, red fruit of this species is probably of great value for wildlife despite the paucity of actual stomach records. PLATE 42 ture | 1cu Dept. of Agr sc. Pub. 303, U.S. i ‘OVROIPUL VILP pepdIONAI UBY} Jo}BoIs ATQvqoid o1B SON[VA CJI[PTIM SIT ‘suljUBId Japloq PUB[POOA\ UI 98Sn s[qIssod Jo seeds VW “UNYO~IUID WNULNGL, { NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 993 Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. (pl. 42). Hobblebush. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A small to large shrub; flowers May—June; commonly occurs in acid soils; thicket forming; reclining branches often root at the nodes or at the tip. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Cottontail rabbit; preferred food of white-tailed deer in New York. Viburnum americanum, see Viburnum trilobum. Viburnum bracteatum Rehd. Range: 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub. Viburnum cassinoides L. Withe rod. Range: 238, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October, falling at once. A small or more commonly a large shrub; flowers June—July; occasionally thicket forming; 3,000 dry berries per pound. Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant. Observations: Hungarian partridge; an important food of white-tailed deer; cottontail rabbit. Viburnum densiflorum Chapm. Range: 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe. A small shrub; flowers April—May. Viburnum dentatum L. Arrowwood. Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available October—December. , A large shrub; flowers May—June; thicket forming; endures city smoke; easily propagated by cuttings; 17,900 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Three species of birds; eastern chipmunk. Viburnum ellipticum Hook. Western blackhaw. Range: 1, 4. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. A small to large shrub; flowers April—june. Stomach records: Magpie. Viburnum ferrugineum, see Viburnum rufidulum. Viburnum lentago L. Nannyberry. Range: 18, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available August-September, commonly persistent. Usually a large shrub, more rarely a small or large tree; multiplies freely by suckers; will endure city smoke; easily propagated by cuttings; 3,000-5,000 berries per pound, 4,300 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Four species of birds, ineluding ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Ten species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant; much eaten by ruffed grouse; much eaten by raccoon; skunk, cottontail rabbit; gray squirrel. Fruit eaten to some extent by sheep and goats. Viburnum molle Michx. Soft arrowwood. Range: 22, 25, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A large shrub; fiowers in June; commonly occurs in caleareous soil. Stomach records: Two species of birds. I84 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Viburnum nitidum Ait. Shining withe rod. V. nudum angustifolium Torr. and Gray. Range: 28, 29. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. A large shrub with reciining branches. Viburnum nudum L. Possumhaw. Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available September—March. Usually a large shrub or rarely a small tree; flowers May—June or occasion- ally in autumn. Stomach records: Bobwhite. Viburnum obovatum Walt. Small viburnum. Range: 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe. A large shrub to small tree. Viburnum opulus, see Viburnum trilobum. Viburnum pauciflorum Raf. . Squashberry. Ranges 4.5125 13)-23.-24 26; 20. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available July-September, more or less persistent. A small to large, straggling shrub; flowers June—July. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- tions: Moose, red squirrel. Foliage of low palatability to livestock. Viburnum prunifolium L. Blackhaw. Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August—March. Usually a small or large shrub or rarely a small tree; flowers April—June; 4,200 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Hight species of birds including bobwhite; gray fox, white- tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Hairy nannyberry. V. dentatum pubescens Ait., V. rafinesquianum Schult. Range? 15, 21, 22, 24, 25, 2°. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August—Cctober. A small, straggling shrub; flowers June—July ; commonly occurs on calcareous soil. Stomach records: Thrush. Viburnum rafinesquianum, see Viburnum pubescens. Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Southern blackhaw. V. ferrugineum Small, V. rufotomentosum Small. Range: 17, 19; 20; 25, 21, 28, 29; 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Drupe; available October-November, often persistent until March. A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; slow-growing, long-lived ; occurs in sand, loam, and other soils. Viburnum rufotomentosum, see Viburnum rufidulum. Viburnum scabrellum (Torr. and Gray) Chapm., Rough arrowwood. V. dentatum semitomentosum Michx., V. semitomentosum (Michx.) Rehd. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist. Fruit: Drupe; available September—October. A small to large shrub; flowers in June. Very similar to V. dentatum. Viburnum semitomentosum, see Viburnum scabrellum. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 285 Viburnum trilobum Marsh. (pl. 43). Highbush cranberry. V. opulus americanum of amer. auths., not Mill. Range: 4, 12, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, often persistent until May. A large shrub; flowers June—July ; 16,000 seeds per pound. Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse and sharp- tailed grouse. Observations: Six species of birds, including Canada ruffed grouse and ring-necked pheasant. Without significance as browse for live- stock. Viburnum venosum Britt. Veiny viburnum. V. venosum canbyi Rehd. Range: 27. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Drupe. Usually a small shrub, rarely a large shrub; flowers June—July. Viguiera deltoidea Gray. Range: 5, 9, 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched shrub represented in the United States by var. parishii (Greene). Browse value for livestock limited. Viguiera parishii, see Viguiera deltoidea. Viguiera reticulata Wats. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, loosely branched shrub with limited browse value for livestock. Viguiera stenoloba Blake. Gymnolomia tenuifolia Benth. and Hook., Heliomeris tenuifolia Gray. Range: 11, 16, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Achene. A small, much-branched shrub with limited value as browse for livestock. Viorna addisonii, see Clematis addisonii. Viorna arizonica, see Clematis arizonica. Viorna bigelovii, see Clematis bigelovii. Viorna coccinea, see Clematis texensis. Viorna crispa, see Clematis crispa. Viorna filifera, see Clematis pitcheri. Viorna gattingeri, see Clematis gattingeri. Viorna obliqua, see Clematis obliqua. Viorna pitcheri, see Clematis piicheri. Viorna reticulata, see Clematis reticulata. Viorna versicolor, see Clematis versicolor. Viorna viorna, see Clematis viorna. Vitis spp. Grapes. The species vary greatly in many characters including resistance to disease; species native to high arid regions where the air is too dry to permit growth of mildews and rots are attacked quickly when transplanted to low, moist cli- mates; species growing in Phyllovera-free regions are usually much attacked when transplanted to regions infested with the pest; the species are nearly dioecious, but staminate flowers are often borne on pistillate vines; propagated by stratified seed or soft or hardwood cuttings. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Highty-two species of birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, bobwhite, California quail, wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and mourning dove; western skunk, striped skunk, gray fox, red squirrel, raccoon, eastern skunk, opossum; composed 2.36 986 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition to specific records): Forty-five species of birds, including Gambel quail, band- tailed pigeon, ruffed grouse; ranks seventeenth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast; ring-necked pheasant, Hungarian partridge, pinnated grouse; heavily browsed by white-tailed deer; important food of raccoon, gray fox, red fox, coyote, cottontail rabbit, skunk, rock squirrel. Vitis acerifolia, see Vitis longii. Vitis aestivalis Michx. Summer grape. Runse: 22. 23.24. 25, 24, 28: 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September, often persistent. A vigorous, high-climbing vine; flowers May—June; grows on sand, clay, loam, and other soils, but does best on warm, gravelly, well-drained ones; roots large, hard, penetrating; fairly resistant to cold and drought; resistant to mildew and rot, about 75 percent to Piryllozera; has given rise to numerous cultivated forms; about 50 percent of cuttings root. Stomach records: Eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse and hob- white. Observations: Cardinal, cowbird; a greatly preferred food of wild turkey ; white-tailed deer. Vitis andersonii, see Vitis vulpina. Vitis argentifolia Muns. Blueleaf grape. V. aestivalis bicolor Deam, V. bicolor LeConte, V. caerulea Munson, VY. lecontiana House. Ranve 2.22, 23, 2425. 26. 2. 2o: Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available September—October, often persistent. A vigorous, high-climbing vine; flowers May—June; resistant to very low temperatures; somewhat attacked by mildew; grows in sand, sandy clay, and other soils; resistant to cold and drought; roots hard, fibrous, large; about 40 percent of cuttings root although propagation by cuttings is often difficult; fruit borne prolifically. 5 Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Vitis arizonica Engelm. Canyon grape. Range: 9, 10, 44, 16; 417. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available July—August, often persistent until October. A weak, much-branched vine or small to large shrub with abortive tendrils; scarcely climbing; endures cold and drought well; where grown with excessive moisture commonly attacked by mildew and rots; grows better in sandy than heavy soils; easily grown from cuttings: apparently formerly cultivated by the Pueblo Indians. Observations: Eaten by numerous birds including Gambel, scaled, and Mearns quail; prized food of skunks, foxes, coyotes, bears; much eaten by captive deer. Vitis austrina, see Vitis simpsonii. Vitis baileyana Muns. Possum grape. V. virginiana Muns., not Poir. Range: 28, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A slender, climbing, much-branched vine; roots fleshy, sparingly branched, not deep-penetrating; fairly resistant to Phyllorera; commonly oceurs on ¢al- cerous soils. Vitis beriandieri Pianch. Winter grape. Range: 11, 17, 20, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. available August—October. A stocky vine; high climbing in favorable situations; commonly occurs on limestone soils; roots hard, littlebranched, penetrating deeply: resistant to black rot and Phyllorera; susceptible to mildew; long-lived; will endure cold and drought; commonly occurs on calcareous soil; seed germination slow; about 40 percent of cuttings root. Vitis bicolor, see Vitis ergentifozia. Vitis boulderensis, see Vitis vulpina. Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 43 Viburnum trilobum. Highbush cranberry ranks high for erosion-control and wildlife plantings. Its orna- mental character recommends its use on highway cuts. Misc. Pub. 303. U. S. Dept. ef Agriculture PLATE 44 eas ¥S < s oe = ss : aif i =<: = : | x —< = a SB. ws pence tanmens orate RN 1 erase een La wine ae Yucca elata. Yuccas appear to have little value either for wildlife or soil conservation. More information on their possible usefulness is needed. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 287 Vitis caerulea, see Vitis is Vitis californica Benth. California grape. Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11. Site: Well- drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-August, commonly persistent. A vigorous, high-climbing or trailing vine, or frequently a shrub; roots soft; very susceptible to downy mildew; more or less resistant to Phyliovera; very resistant to fire. Stomach records: Robin, valley quail. Observations: Mountain quail. Vitis candicans Hngelm. Mustang grape. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. Site: Well- drained, moist, sun, Shade. Fruit: Berry; available June-August, often persistent until well into winter. A vigorous, climbing vine; roots vigorous, tender, penetrating more deeply than any other species of grape; endures great drought and heat; free from disense; long-lived; foliage thick; difficult to grow from cuttings; about 75 percent resistant to Phylloxera; commonly occurs on limestone soil although chriving in nearly any soil; seedlings at first feeble, later very vigorous. Var. coriacea Bailey has smaller and more edible fruit and occurs within ths range of the species. Vitis caribaea, see Vitis sola. Vitis champinii Planch. Champin grape. Range 11, 16, -17, 20; 25. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; available June-August, commonly persistent. A robust, climbing vine; roots deep-penetrating, large, much-branched; often occurs on limestone. soil put will grow on a variety of soils; about 60-percent resistant to Phyllowera; resistant to Anaheim disease; resistant to cold and drought; staminate vines commonly fewer in its native habitats than the pistillate ones; 80 percent of cuttings root; often forms dense thickets. Has heen considered a possible hybrid between V. rupestris or V. berlandieri, and VY. candicans. Vitis cinerea Hngelm. Sweet winter grape. Range: 11, 17, 20, 22, 28, 25, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Hruit: Berry; available August-November, long persistent. A vigorous, high-climbing vine; flowers May-June; commonly occurs on deep, rich, riverbank soils; roots large, fieshy, deep-penetrating, scarcely fibrous; very long-lived, resistant to great extremes of drought and moisture; free from disease; 75 percent resistant to Phyllowvera; resistant to cold; about 25 percent of cuttings root; oiten difficult to reproduce by cuttings. Vitis cordifolia Michx. Frost grape. Range: 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August—Cctober, often persistent. A large, vigorous, high climbing vine; flowers May—June; roots strong, hard, fairly deep-penetrating ; nearly completely resistant to Phylloxera; resistant to mildew, rot, and drought; very resistant to cold; cuttings grew with difficulty, approximately 25 percent being successful; occurs on calcareous, Sandy, and other soils. Var. sempervirens Muns., occurring within the range of the species, has more persistent foliage, is more sensitive to cold, and has fruit which ripens later than that of the species. Stomach records: Twenty-eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- white, and wild turkey. Observations: Cardinal, gray-cheeked thrush. Vitis doaniana Muns. Doan grape. Range: 16, 19, 20. Site: Weil-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—October, persistent. A rapid-growing, vigorous vine, remaining bushy if failing to find support; commonly occurs on sandy, caleareous soils; roots fibrous, hard, spreading, and penetrating; resistant to drought, cold, and disease; 60 percent resistant to Phyllovera; 60 percent of cuttings take. 130186°—39—-—-19 288 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Vitis girdiana Muns. Valley grape. Range: 5, 10. Site: Dry (rare), well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September, persistent. A robust, high-climbing vine; roots soft, not completely resistant to Phylloz- era; sensitive to cold; subject to mildew, rot, and Anaheim disease; often occurs on sandy soil. Vitis helleri (Baiiey) Small. Roundleaf grape. V. cordifolia heileri Bailey. Range: 17, 20. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in July. A vine. Vitis incisa, see Cissus incisa. Vitis labrusca L. Fox grape. Ranges 22, 23,524, 25. 2e. 24. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry; available August—October, dropping at once. A vigorous, high-climbing, bushy vine; roots large and fleshy, spreading, not deeply penetrating; growth of i-year-old plants feeble, vigorous when estab- lished; does best in well-drained, alluvial soil but occurs in many, including sand; withstands cold well, heat and drought rather poorly; not affected by downy mildew; berries falling singly when ripe; easily grown from cuttings; susceptible to Phylloxera; seeds rarely produce plants true to type. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse and ring- necked pheasant. Observations: Much eaten by skunk, fox, raccoon, and opossum. Vitis iccontiana, see Vitis argentifolia. Vitis lincecumii Buckl. Pinewoods grape. Rance 20325 29: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry; available June-September, falling at once or persistent. A vigorous, moderately-climbing vine, or a shrub if without support; occurs in sand, clay, loam, and other soils; roots, long, hard, fleshy, penetrating deeply; fairly resistant to coid; extremely resistant to drought; susceptible to mildew and rot; 75-percent resistant to Phylloxera; about 50 percent of cuttings take; reproduction by cuttings often difficult; fruit-bearing vines generally do not self-fertilize; seed germination prompt. Fruit often eaten by domestic turkeys before ripening. Vitis longii Prince. Long’s grape. VY. acerifolia Raf., V. nova-mexicana Muns., V. solonis Hort. Ranges ttiG. (19; 20;725: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—August, long persistent. A vine or more commonly a small to large, stocky, erect, much-branched shrub; climbs vigorously in cultivation; roots large, much-branched, hard, deep- penetrating; occurs in sand and calcareous soils; drought and cold-resistant; about 75-percent resistant to Phyllovera; not resistant to mildew or anthracnose; 60 percent of cuttings root; self-pollination rare. Var. microsperma Bailey, a vigorous, small-seeded form very resistant te drought, occurs along the Red River in Texas. Vitis montana, see Vitis monticola. Vitis monticola Buckl. Sweet mountain grape. V. montana of Auths. not Buckl. Ranges alsa: Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August—October. A slender, small-leaved vine with open foliage; roots little-branched ; resistant to cold, drought, mildew, rot and nearly completely resistant to Phylloxera; slender when wild, stocky in cultivation; commonly occurs on limestone soils, but grows moderately well on sand; 65 percent of cuttings root. NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 289 Vitis munsoniana Simpson. Little muscadine grape. Muscadinia munsoniana Small. Range: 30, 31. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August—November. A slender, trailing vine; blooms nearly continuously ; usually not high-climbing. Vitis muscadina, see Vitis rotundifolia. Vitis nova-mexicana, see Vitis longit. Vitis novae-angliae Fern. Pilgrim grape. Range: 26, 27. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in September. A vigorous, climbing vine; often forms thickets of great profusion. Vitis palmata Vahl. Cat grape. V. rubra Michx. Range: 22, 25, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September—October, persistent. A slender, high-climbing vine; flowers May—June; roots fibrous at the surface, hard and penetrating; resistant to drought and cold when established ; resistant to Phylloxera; free from disease; seed germination very slow. Vitis riparia, see Vitis vulpina. Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Muscadine grape. V. muscadina Raf., Muscadinia rotundifolia (Michx.) Smail. Range: 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A very vigorous, high-climbing vine; flowers in May; oceurs in sandy and other soils; roots thick, little- pranched ; berries drop singly aS soon as ripe; free from diseases; cuttings root with difficulty, but layers of wood twisted withelike at one point when covered root easily; the original of the Scupper- nong grape. Stomach records: Cardinal, bobwhite; opossum. Observations: Cardinal. Vitis rubra, see Vitis palmata. Vitis rufotomentosa Small. Redshank grape. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available August-September. A strong, high-climbing vine. Vitis rupestris Scheele. Sand grape. Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July—August. A vigorous, much-branched vine, or more commonly a low, bushy shrub; occasionally prostrate and trailing; succeeds in poor, calcareous and sandy soils; roots slender, long; almost entirely resistant to Phylloxera; more or less resistant to drought; resistant to cold; not resistant to anthracnose; resistant to other diseases and insects; easily propagated by cuttings; 80 percent of cuttings root; pistillate plants rarely produce fruit alone; seed germination rapid. Observations: Deer. Browsed by cattle and sheep. Vitis simpsonii Munson. Currant grape. V. cincerea fioridana Munson, V. austrina Small. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available in August. A strong, high-climbing vine. Vitis slavinii, see Vitis vulpina. 290 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Vitis sola Bailey. Curtiss grape. V. caribaca Am. auth., not DC. Range: 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry; available August-September, persistent. A vigorous vine. Vitis solonis, see Vitis longii. Vitis treleasei Munson. Gulch grape. Range: 1i. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available September—November. A vine or shrub; much branched; scarcely climbing; tendrills deciduous the first year unless they find support; seeds smail; drought resistant; compara- tively susceptible to miidew and rot. Vitis virginiana, see Vitis baileyand. Vitis vulpina L. Riverbank grape. V. boulderensis Daniels, V. riparia Michx. Range: 15, 16.48) A9n 2122. 2324 20,o2 On iala 2oneo: Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry; available June-November, persistent. A vigorous, moderately-branching and climbing vine; commonly occurs on well-drained, loose, sandy soils; grows poorly in lime or clay soil; roots long, thin, hard, fibrous; almost entirely resistant to Phyllowera; very resistant to cold; not resistant to heat and Grought; germination of seed quick and vig- orous; easily grown from cuttings, 85 percent of cuttings root; easily grafted; commonly used in Europe as grafting stock for V. vinifera; 14,500 seeds per pound. Var. syrticola Fern. and Wieg., the dune grape, commonly occurs on sand dunes in region 24 and apparently withstands partial burial in sand. Y. slavinii Rehd. is a supposed hybrid between V. vuipina and V. argentifoiia, VY. andersonti is a supposed hybrid between V. vulpina and V. kaempferi gliabres- cens, a Japanese species. Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, and mourning dove; composed 4.1 percent of total annual food and 54.83 percent of total fruit food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan; white- tailed deer. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, cedar waxwing; red fox, skunk, white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. Vitis-idaca punctata, see Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Vitis-idaea vitis-idaea, see Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Washingtonia robusta Wendl. Fan palm. W. jilifera robusta (Wendl.) Parish, Neowashingtonia robusta (Wendl.) Heller. Range: 10. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Berry. A large evergreen tree; occurs in alkaline soil. Whipplea modesta Torr. Yerba de selva. Range: 1, 4. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small trailing shrub; flowers April-June; prostrate branches roct freely at the nodes. Whipplea utahensis, see Mendlerelia uiahensis. Wisteria frutescens (L.) Poir. American wisteria. W. speciosa Nutt., Kraunhia frutescens (L.) Greene. Range: 17, 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume, available September—November. A vine. | | | NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 29] Wisteria macrostachya Torr. and Gray. Kentucky wisteria. Kraunhia macrostachya (Torr. and Gray) Small. Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Legume; available in October, often persistent until March. A robust and vigorous vine; flowers May—July. Wisteria speciosa, see Wisteria frutescens. Xanthorhiza apiifolia, see Xanthorhiza simplicissima. Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh. Yellowroct. X. apiifolia L’Her. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small ereeping and rooting shrub; flowers April-May; free from insects and diseases; may form a dense ground cover. Xanthoxylum spp. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Wxtensively used by kingbird. Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Northern prickly-ash. Range: 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30. Site: Dry (rare), well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Follicle. A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; spiny. Stomach records: Red-eyed vireo, bobwhite. Observations: Important food of pheasants in southern Michigan; cottontail rabbit; eastern chipmunk. Xanthoxylum clava-herculis L. Hercules-club. Fagara ciava-herculis (.) Smail. Range: 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Follicle, available May—June. A large shrub to small tree; thorny; occurs in sandy or gravelly soils. Xanthoxylum fagara (l.) Sarg. Wild lime. X. pterota H. B. K., Schinus fagara L., Fagara pterota L., F'. fagara Small. Range: 11, 17, 32. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle, available March—September. A large shrub to large tree; evergreen, thorny, and dioecious; shrubby west- ward. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Xanthoxylum texanum, see Amyris texana. Xerocassia armata, see Cassia armata. Xolisma ferruginea (Walt.) Heller. Lyonia rigida Nutt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree, or very rarely a large tree; evergreen; widely- branched; occurs in sandy and other soils; flowers February—April. Xolisma foliosifiora, see Xolisma, ligustrina. Xolisma fruticosa (Michx.) Nash. Lyonia ferruginea Nutt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub. Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britt. Maleberry. Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC., Arsenococcus ligustrinus (L.) Small, Andromeda ligustrina Muhl. Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub; flowers May-July. 992 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Var. foliosijfiora (Michx.) Fern., (Arsenococcus frondosus (Pursh) Small, Xolisma foliosifiora Small, Lyonia frendesa Pursh) is commoner southward. Observations: Ignored by white-tailed deer in Massachusetts. Xolisma lucida (Bartr.) Rehd. Fetter bush. Lyonia nitida (Bartr.) Fern., Pieris nitida Benth. and Hook., Desmothamnus lucidus (Lam.) Small, Neopieris nitida (Bartr.) Britt. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers April—May. Xolisma mariana (L.) Rehd. Staggerbush. Lyonia mariana (l.) Don., Neopieris mariana (L.) Britt., Pieris mariana (L.) Benth. and Hook. Range: 20, 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub; flowers May-July; occurs in sandy soil. Foliage said to be poisonous to lambs and calves. Xylecoceus bicolor, see Arctostaphylos bicolor. Xylosteon ciliatum, see Lonicera canadensis. Xylosteon conjugiale, see Lonicera conjugialis. Xylosteon involucrata, see Lonicera involucrata. Xylosteon utahensis, see Lonicera. utahensis. Xylosteon villosum, see Lonicera villosa. Xylosteon oblongifolia, see Lonicera oblongifolia. Xylothermia montana, see Pickeringia montana. Yucca spp. (pl. 44). Generally slow-growing, simple-stemmed, treelike species often with very long roots; commonly occur in dry, sterile soils; stems commonly grow to keep pace with shifting sands; trunks occasionally used in construction; pol- lination rarely occurs uniess a small white moth gathers the pollen and pushes it into the stigmatic tube, the larvae feeding exclusively on maturing seeds of the plant. Propagation is by seed, offsets, stems, or rhizome cuttings. Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Band-tailed pigeon; wild turkey. Odservations (in addition to specific records) : Baceate fruit commonly eaten by birds and mammals; jack rabbit, rusty antelope squirrel, gray-tailed antelope squirrel, black-backed rock squirrel, mexican mule deer. Nearly all species are eaten by livestock if the tender parts are within reach. Some are of importance as honey plants. Zanthoxylum, see Xanthorylum. Zenovia cassinefolia (Vent.) Poll. Andromeda cassinefelia Vent. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub. Zenobia pulverulenta (Partr.) Poll. Zenobia. Andromeda pulverulenta Bartr. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. Fruit: Capsule. A small to large shrub; occurs on sandy and other soils. Zizyphus lycioides, see Condalia lycioides. Zizyphus obtusifolia, see Condalia obtusifolia. Zizyphus parryi, see Condalia parryi. Zygia brevifolia, see Pithecolobium brevifolium. Zygia flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium flericaule. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 293 BIBLIOGRAPHY ° ANONYMOUS. 1936. SEVEN HUNDRED MILES OF ROADSIDE PLANTINGS ALONG STATE HIGH- wAys. Outdoor Ind. 3 (11, December) : 21, 26. ABRAMS, L. 1904. FLORA OF LOS ANGELES AND VICINITY. 474 pp. Stanford University. 1910. A PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC AND TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE SOUTHERN CALI- FORNIA TREES AND SHRUBS. N. Y. Bot. Gard. Bull. 6: 300-480. 1923. 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(PRELIMINARY REPORT). U.S. Bur. Biol. Survey Wildlife Research and Man- agement Leaflet BS—77, 31 pp. [Mimeographed. | DALKE, P. D. 1934. FooD HABITS OF THE PHEASANT IN SOUTHERN MICHIGAN. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. Mich. [Pub. in part.] (n.d.) FRUIT-BEARING SHRUBS VALUABLE AS FOOD FOR GAME, SONG, AND INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO WINTER FooD. Conn. State Bd. Fish and Game. Game Management Cir. 1, 4 pp. [Mimeographed. ] DAVISON, V. 1935. THE DAVISON RANCH, ELLIS COUNTY, OKLAHOMA, GAME BIRD PROJECT FROM FEBRUARY 1, 1932, TO JUNH 1, 1935. Unpub. Report. 1986. REPORT ON THE ARNETT, OKLAHOMA, EXPERIMENTAL QUAIL AND PRAIRIE CHICKEN MANAGEMENT PROJECT. U.S. Bur. Biol. Survey Wildlife and Management Leaflet BS-39, 6 pp. [Mimeo- graphed. | FisHER, P. L., Brices, A. H., HLKINS, W. A., Rot, H. I., and Atpous, C. M. 1935. PROPAGATION OF GAME FOOD AND COVER PLANTS OF THE LAKE STATES. Lake States Forest Expt. Sta. 81 pp. [Mimeographed. ] GIRARD, G. L. 1935. LIFE HISTORY, HABITS AND FOOD OF THE SAGE GROUSE, CENTROCERCUS UROPHASIANUS. Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Univ. Wyo. Lar- amie, Wyo. Hacer, H. P. 1929. FLORA OF NORTHEASTERN IOWA AND SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN. 337 pp. Unpublished M. S. Thesis, lowa State College. HERSHEY, J. W. 1933. SUPPLEMENT TO FOREST TREE CROPS AND THEIR PART IN THE TENNES- SEE VALLEY. TVA Div. Forestry Tree Crop Research. 9 pp. Knoxville, Tenn. [Mimeographed. ] HOsLey, N. W. 1935. A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON i104 SPECIES OF WOODY PLANTS GIVING PROMISH OF USE BY WILDLIFE. 87 pp. Unpublished report. KELSO, H 19338. WINTER FOOD OF THE RUFFED GROUSE IN THE NORTHEAST. U. S. Bur. Biol. Survey Bull. Bi-1297, 2 pp. [Mimeographed. ] 1935. WINTER FOOD OF RUFFED GROUSE IN NEW YORK. U. S. Biol. Survey Bull. BS-1, 3 pp. [Mimeographed. ] 1936. QUANTITY AND KINDS OF RABBIT, SQUIRREL, AND PRAIRIE DOG FOODS. U. S. Bur. Biol. Survey, unpublished report. 1937. FOOD OF THE SCALED QUAIL. PRELIMINARY REPORT. U. 8S. Bur. Biol. Survey Wildlife Research and Management Leaflet BS—84, 9 pp. [Mimeographed. ] LEFFINGWELL, D. J. ‘ 1926. A STUDY OF THE PHEASANT, PHASIANUS COLCHICUS L., WITH NOTES ON ITS ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION. 389 pp., illus. (Unpublished Ph, D. Thesis, Cornell Univ.). O22 (640) (641) (642) (643) (644) (645) (645) (647) (648) (649) MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Locre. 8S. B. 1931. STUDIES OF FOOD HABITS OF MULE DEER IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN REGION. Intermountain Forest and Range Hxnpt. Sta. unpublished report. McATEE, W. L. 1985. PLANTS VALUABLE FOR WILDLIFE UTILIZATION AND FOR EROSION controLt. U. 8. Bur. Biol. Survey Wildlife Research and Man- agement Leafiet BS-19, 11 pp. [Mimecgraphed.] 1936. FRUITS ATTRACTIVE TO BIRDS. U. S. Bur. Biol. Survey Wildlife Research and Management Leaflet BS-41-50. [Mimeographed.] Morris, N. A. 1933. NATIVE SHRUBS COMMON TO WISCONSIN. Wis. Agr. Col. Ext. Serv. Stencil Cir. 138, 17 pp., illus. [Mimeographed.] Ostrom, C. H. 1937. DEER AND RABBIT INJURY TO NORTHERN HARDWOOD REPRODUCTION. Allegheny Forest Expt. Sta. Tech. Notes 15, 2 pp. [Mimeo- graphed. |] SmitTH, C. F. 1936. FOOD HABITS OF KANGAROO RATS. U.S. Bur. Biol. Survey, unpub- lished report. UNITED STATES FoREST HXPERIMENT STATION, LAKE STATES. 1936. WooDY FOOD PREFERENCES OF THE SNOWSHOE RABBIT IN THE LAKE STATES. U. S. Lake States Forest Expt. Sta. Tech. Notes 109, 1p. [Mimeographed. ] 1937. DAMAGE FROM RABBITS—A CONSIDERATION IN SHELTERBELT PLANTING. U. S. Forest Expt. Sta. Tech. Notes 121. 2 pp. [Mimeo- grapned. | WISCONSIN CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT. 1985. PHEASANT CROP CONTENT REPORT. Unpublished report. Wrkorr, S. N. 1937. ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1936 AND PROGRAM FOR FISCAL YEAR 1988. Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Expt. Sta. 77 pp. Missoula, Mont. [Mimeographed. ] LIST OF COMMON NAMES OF WOODY PLANTS Acacia, (Albizzia julibrissin). Albaricoque (Prunus terana). Dwarf (Robinia nana). Alberta spruce (Picea albertiana). False- (Robinia pseudoacacia). Alder, Fernleaf (Acacia angustissima). Black (ilex verticillata). Green-barked (Cercidium fioridum Lemmon (Acacia lemmonii). Mescat (Acacia constricta). California (Alnus rhombifolia). European black (Alnus glutinosa). Green (Alnus crispa). Hazel (Alnus rugosa). Cercidium torreya- num). Netvein (Acacia reticulata). Hoary (Ainus incana). Prairie (Acacia angustissima). Lanceleaf (Alnus oblongifolia). Rose- (Robinia hispida). Mexican (Alnus oblongifolia). Sweet (Acacia farnesiana). Mountain (Ainus crispa, Acequia willow (Salix erigua). Alnus rhombifolia, Adelia (Forestiera acuminata). Alnus SinUata, Adobe-land grape (Vitis champinii). Alnus tenuifolia). Agarita (Berberis trifoliolata). Northern (Alnus sinuata). Agrito (Berberis trifoliolaia). Oregon (Alnus rubra). Ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima). Paperleaf (Alnus tenuifolia). Alabama, Red (Alnus rubra). azalea (Rhododendron alabamense). Russet (Alnus crispa). cherry (Prunus alabamensis). Seaside (Alnus maritima). chinquapin (Castanea alabamensis). Sitka (Alnus sinuata). croton (Croton clabamensis). Smooth (Alnus rugosa). ninebark (Physocarpus alabamensis).| Speckled (Alnus ticana). Alaska, Tag (Alnus tenuifolia). cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis).| Thinleaf (Alnus sinuata, eypress (Chamaecyparis nootkaten- Alnus tenuifolia). Sis). Western (Alnus rubra). 2 ce ern PE Ske > 12 NATIVE WOODY PLANTS Alder—Continued. White (Alnus rhombdifolia, Clethra acuminata, Clethra aluifolia). Alder buckthorn (Rhamnus_ carolini- ana). Alderleaf mountain-mahogany (Cerco- carpus alnifolius). Alder-leaved buckthorn (Rhamnus al- nifolia). Algaroba (Prosopis glandulosa). Algerita (Berberis haematocarpa). Allegheny, barberry (Berberis canadensis). mountain-spurge (Pachysandra pro- cumbens). plum (Prunus allegheniensis). Alligator, juniper (Juniperus pachyphloea). wood (Liquidambar styracifiua). Allseale (Atriplex polycarna). Allthorn (Koebderlinia spinosa). Almond, Texas (Prunus minutifiora). Alpine, fir (Abies lasiocarpa). gooseberry (Ribes lepthanthum). larch (laria lyalliz). mountain-ash (Sorbus occidentalis). Ambrosia bur-sage (Franseria ambro- sioides). American, arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis). aspen (Populus tremuloides). barberry (Serberis canadensis). bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia). chestnut (Castanea, deniata). china-root (Smilax pseudo-china). crab apple (Malus coronaria). eranberry-bush (Virburnum bum). dogberry (Cornus stolonifera). elder (Sambucus canadensis). elm (Ulmus americana). fly honeysuckle (Lonicera canaden- Sis). hazelnut (Corylus americana). holly (Jlex opaca). ivy (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). larch (Lariz laricina). linden (Tilia glabra). mountain-ash (Sorbus americana). olive (Osmanthus americana). red currant (Ribes triste). snowbell (Styraxz americana). storax (Styrax americana). trixis (Trizis californica). wisteria (Wisteria frutescens). Anacahuita (Cordia boissieri). Anacua (Hhretia anacua). trilo- Anderson, desert-thorn (Lycium andersonii). manzanita (Arctostaphylos ander- sonit). Angelica tree (Aralia spinosa). Anise, purple (Illicium floridanum). OF THE UNITED STATES 323 Antelope-brush (Purshia glandulosa, Purshia tridentata). Apache, pine (Pinus apacheca). plume (Fallugia paradoza). Appalachian cherry (Prunus pumila, Prunus susque- hanae). Apple, Squaw (Peraphyllum ramosissimuin). Wild (Peraphyllum ramosissimum). Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis, Thuja plicata). American (Thuja occidentalis). Arizona, ash (Frawvinus velutina). buckthorn (Bumelia tanuginosa). cottonwood (Populus arizonica). cypress (Cupressus arizonica). fir (Abies arizonica). grape (Vitis arizonica). honeysuckle (Lonicera arizonica). madrone (Arbutus arigonica). mesquite (Prosopis chilensis). mountain-mahogany (Cerococarpus arizOonicus ). pine (Pinus arizonica). sycamore (Platanus wrightii). walnut (Juglans major). white oak (Quercus arizonica). wild cotton (Thurberia triioba). Arrowwood (Pluchea sericea, Viburnum acerifolium, Viburnum dentatum). Mapleleaf (Viburnum acerifolium). Rough (Viburnum scabrellum). Soft (Viburnum molie). Soft-leaved (Viburnum molle). Veiny (Viburnum venosum). Arroyo, grape (Vitis vulpina). willow (Saliz lasiolepis). Ash, Alpine mountain (Sorbus occiden- talis). American mountain (Sorbus ameri- cana). Arizona (Fravinus velutina). Biitmore white (frazvinus biltmore- ana). Black (Fravinus nigra). Blue (Fravinus quadrangulata). Brown (fravinus nigra). Carolina (Fraxinus caroliniana). Desert (Fraxvinus velutina). Dwarf (Fravinus anomala). Huropean mountain (Sorbus paria). Flowering (Frazvinus cuspidata, Fravinus dipetala). Foothill (Frazvinus dipetala). Fragrant (Frazinus cuspidata). Greene mountain (Sorbus _ scovu- lina). Hoop (fravinus nigra) aucu- 24. Ash—Continued. Leatherleaf (Fragvinus velutina). Littleleaf (Fravinus greggii). Mexican (Fraavinus berlanderiana). Mountain (fFravinus texensis, Sorbus americana). Oregon (Frawvinus oregona). Pacific mountain (Sorbus sitchen- Sis). Prickley (Xanthegylum spp.). Pumpkin (fravinus profunda). Red (Fravinus pennsylvanica). Swamp (fraxzinus caroliniana). Texas (fHrazinus texensis). Thorny (Arealia spinosa). Velvet (fravinus velutina). Water (fragzinus caroliniana, Fraxvinus paucifiora). Western mountain (Sorbus siichen- Sis). White (Frazinus americana). Yellow (Cladrastis lutea). Ashe magnolia (Magnolia ashei). Ashes (Fravinus spp.) Ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo). Ashy, grape (Vitis cinerea). hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea). Asimina, Low (Asimina pygmaea). Aspen (Populus tremutoides). American (Populus tremuloides). Largetooth (Populus grandiden- tata). Quaking (Populus tremuloides). Trembling (Populus tremuloides). Autumn, sage (Salvia greggii). willow (Satie serissima). Azalea, Alabama (Rhododendron ala- bamense). California (Rhododendron occiden- tale). Harly (Rhododendron canescens). False (Rhododendron albifiorum). Flame (Rhododendron calendula- ceum). Hoary (Rhododendron canescens). Pinkshell (Rhododendron vaseyi). Purple (Rhododendron nudifiorum). Smooth (Rhododendron arbores- cens). Swamp (Rhododendron viscosum). Sweet (Rhododendron arborescens). Western (Rhododendron occiden- tale). White (Rhododendron viscosum). White-flowered (Rhododendron albi- fiorum). Yellow (Rhododendron ceum). Bailey, eornel (Cornus baileyi). grape (Vitis baileyana). hop-hornbeam (Ostrya baileyi). osier (Cornus baileyi). Baldeypress (Taxvodium distichum). catendula- MISC. PUBLICATION 3803, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Balioon bush, California (Staphylea bolanderi). Balm-of-gilead (Populus balsamifera). fir (Abies bailsamea). Balsam, (Abies balsamea, Abies concolor, Abies fraseri, Abies lasiocarpa). Single spruce (Abies balsamea). Balsam, cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). fir (Abies balsamea, Abies concolor). poplar (Populus balsamifera). willow (Sali# balsamifera). Bamboo, (Smilax bona-now). Red-berry (Smilax walteri). Wild (Smilaw auwriculata). Bamboo vine (Smilax laurifolia). Banks pine (Pinus banksiana). Barbados cherry (Valpighia giabra). Barberry, Ailegheny (Berberis canadensis). American (Berberis canadensis). California (Berberis californicum, Berberis pinnata). Clif€ (Berberis canadensis). Common (Berberis vulgaris). Creeping (Berberis repens). Desert (Serberis fremontii). Dwart (Berberis pumila). Huropean (Berberis vulgaris). Wendler (Berbderis fendleri). Fremont (Berberis fremontit). Thunberg (Berberis thunbergii). Barclay willow (Salig# barciayi). Baretta (Helietia parvifolia). Barranca bush (Ceanothus verrucosus). Barren oak (Quercus tiicifolia. Quercus marilandica). Bartram serviceberry (Amelanchier bartramiana). Basin sagebrush (Artemisia triden- tata) Basket, oak (Quercus durandii, Quercus prinus). willow (Salix purpurea). Basswood, (Tilia spp.) White (Tilia heterophylla). Bastard, cedar (Libocedrus decurrens). oak (Quercus coccinea, Quercus durandir). Bay, Lapland rose (Rhododendron lap- ponicum). Lebiolly (Gordonia lasianthus). Mountain rose (Rhododendron catawbiense). Poison (lllicium floridanum). Red (Gordonia lasianthus, (Persea borbonia). Silk (Persea humilis). Smooth red (Persea borbonia). Swamp (Persea pubescens). Swamp red (Persea pubescens). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Bay—Continued. Sweet (Persea borbonia). Tan (Gordonia lasianthus). Bay, laurel (Umbeilularia californica). tree (Umbellularia californica). Bayberry (Myrica carolinensis). Beach, heather (Hudsonia tomentosa). plum (Prunus maritima). Beadtree (Melia azedarach). Beaked, hazelnut (Corylus rostrata). willow (Saliva bebbiana). Bean, Coral (Sophora affinis). Hvergreen coral (Sophora secundi- flora). Meseal (Sophora secundifiora). Bear brush (Garrya fremontii). huckleberry (Gaylussacia ursina). oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Quercus sadlerina). Bearberry (Arctostaphylos wva-ursi). holly (Ilex decidua). honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata). willow (Saliv uva-ursi). Bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosa). Beaver tree (Magnolia virginiana). Beaverwood (Celtis occidenitaiis). Bebb willow (Saliz bebbiana). Bee-sage (Hyptis emoryi). White (Salvia apiana). Beech (Fagus grandifolia). Blue (Carpinus caroliniana). Water (Carpinus caroliniana). Bell-rue (Clematis verticillaris). Belltree (Halesia carolina). Benjamin bush (Benzoin aestivale). Bennie bush (Ceanothus papillosus). Bessey cherry (Prunus besseyi). Big buckeye (Aesculus octandra). laurel (Magnolia grandifiora). sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). saltbush (Atriplex lentiformis). shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa). summer grape (Vitis lincecumii). whortleberry (Vaccinium membra- naceum). Bigberry juniper (Juniperus megalo- carpa). Bigbud hickory (Carya alba). Bigcone pine (Pinus coulteri). spruce (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa). Bigelow sagebrush (Artemisia bigelo- vir). Bigleaf magnolia (Magnolia macrophylla). maple (Acer macrophyllum). mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus traskiae). shagbark hickory (Carya laciniosa). Bigpod ceanothus (Ceanothus macro- carpus). 320 Bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum). Bigtree (Sequoia washingtoniana). plum (Prunus mexicana). Bilberry, Bog (Vaccinium uliginosum). Dwarf (Vaccinium caespitosum). Red (Vaccinium parvifolium). Tall (Vaccinium ovalifolium). Biltmore white ash (Fraxvinus biltmo- reana). Birch, Black (Betula fontinalis, Betula lenta, Betula nigra). Blue (Betula nigra). Blueleaf (Betula coerulea). Bog (Betula glandulosa). Canoe (Betula papyrifera). Cherry (Betula lenta). Dwarf (Betula glandulosa). Gray (Betula lutea, Betula populifolia). Low (Betula pumila). Mountain (Betula fontinalis). Old field (Betula populifolia). Paper (Betula papyrifera, Betula populifolia). Poverty (Betula populifolia). Red (Betula fontinalis, Betula nigra). River (Betula nigra). Scrub (Betula glandulosa). Silver (Betula lutea). Swamp (Betula fontinalis, Betula pumila). Sweet (Betula lenta). Water (Betula fontinalis, Betula nigra). Western paper (Betula papyrifera). White (Betula papyrifera, Betula populifolia). Yellow (Betula lutea). Birchleaf, buckthorn (Rhamnus betulaefolia). mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus). mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides). Bird cherry (Osmaronia cerasiformis, Prunus avium, Prunus pennsylwanica). Bishop pine (Pinus muricata). Bitter buffaloberry (Shepherdia canaden- SiS). cherry (Prunus emarginata). gooseberry (Ribes amarum). nightshade (Solanum dulcamara). orange (Citrus trifoliata). pecan (Carya aquatica, Carya cordiformis, Carya texana). Bitter-bark (Rhamnus purshiana). Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata). Bitterbush (Cowania stansburiana). Bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis, Carya glabra). 296 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara). Climbing (Celastrus scandens). False (Celastrus scandens). Black, alder (flex verticillata). ash (Fravinus nigra). birch (Betula fontinalis, Betula lenta, Betula nigra). blueberry (Vaccinium atrococcum). cherry (Prunus serotina). cherry, southwestern (Prunus virens). chokeberry (Aronia melenocarpa). chokeberry, western (Prunus de- missa). cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). currant (Ribes americanum). cypress (Taxvodium distichum). elder (Sambucus melanocarpa). gum (Nyssa sylvatica). gum, highland (Nyssa syivatica). gum, southern (Nyssa biflora). gum, swamp (Nysse bifiora). haw, southern (Viburnum lum). hickory (Carya alba, Carya glabra). highbush blueberry (Vaccinium atro- coccum). huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata). laurel (Gordonia lasianthus, Leucothoé davisiae). locust (Gleditsia triacanthos, Robinia pseudoacacia). maple (Acer saccharum). mulberry (Morus nigra). oak (Quercus coccinea, Quercus emoryi. Quercus velutina). persimmon (Diospyros terana). pine (Pinus serotina, Pinus taed@). sage (Artemisia arbuscula, Salvia mellifera). serub oak (Quercus ilicifolia). sloe (Prunus umbellata). spruce (Picea mariana). Sugar maple (Acer nigrum). titi (Cliftonia monophylla, Cyrilla racemifiora). wainut (Juglans nigra). walnut, California (Jugians hindsii). walnut, Southern California (J29- ians californica). western chokecherry Missa). willow (Saliv nigra). willow, western (Saliz fasiandra). Blackbead elder (Sambucus melano- carpa). Blackberries (Rubus spp.). Blackbruch (Acacia amentacea). (Coleogyne ramosissima, Flourensia cernua). Blackbush (Coleogyne ramosissima). rupidu- (Prunus éde- S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Blackhaw (Bumelia lanuginosa, Bumelia tenaz, Viburnum prunifolium). Rusty (Viburnum rufidulum). Blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica). Blackthorn (Viburnum lentago). Bladder, bush (Salazeria mevicena). sage (Salazaria mexicana). Bladdernut, American (Staphylea trifolia). California (Staphylea bolanderi). Sierra (Staphylea bolanderi). Bladderpod (Zsomeris arborea). Blaspheme-vine (Smilagv laurifolia). Blood currant (Ribes sanguineum). Bloomer goldenbush (Aplopappus bleemeri). Blue, agarita (Berberis swaseyi). ash (Fravinus quadrangulata). beech (Carpinus caroliniana). birch (Betula nigra). blossom (Ceanothus thyrsifiorus). cornel (Cornus aliernifolia). dogwood (Cornus alternifolia). elder (Sambucus coerulea). fiy-honeysuckle (Lonicera villosa). jasmine (Clematis crispa). myrtle (Ceanothus thyrsifiorus). oak (Quercus douglasii). palmetto (Rhapidophyllum hystrix). poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). sage, shrubby (Saivia tallotaefiora). spruce (Picea pungens). tangle (Gaylussacia frondosa). wnhortleberry (Vacemium ovali- folium). willow (Saliz subcoerulea). Blueback willow (Saliz glaucops). Blueberry, Black (Vaccinium atroceccum). Black highbush (Vaccinium coccun). Bog (Vaccinium uliginosum). Box (Vaccinium ovatum). Canada (Vaccinium canadense). Common (Vaccinium corymbosum),. Creeping (Vaccinium crassifolium). Dowry swamp (Vaccinium atrod coccum). Dryland (Vaccinium vacillans). Dwarf (Vaccinium angustifolium). Elliott (Vaccinium elliottii). Hvergreen (Vaccinium myrsinites). Highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum). Low (Vaccinium vacillans). Low sweet (Vaccinium angustifo- lium). Lowbush (Veccinium angustifolium). Rabbiteye (Vaccinium virgatum). Sour-top (Vaccinium canadense). Sugar (Vaccinium angustifolium). Swamp (Vaccinium corymbosum). Velvetleaf (Vaccinium canadense). atro- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Blueberry—Continued. Western (Vaccinium occidentale). Western bog (Vacciniwm occiden- tale). Blueberry eider (Sambucus caerulea). Blueblossom (Ceanothus thyrsifiorus). Bluebrush (Ceanothus integerrimus, Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). Bluecurls (Trichostema arizonicum). Bluejack oak (Quercus cinerea). Blueleaf, ‘birch (Betula coerulea). grape (Vitis argentifolia). willow (Sali# glaucophylia). Bluestem willow (Sdalia# irrorata). Bluewood (Oondalia obovaia). Mexican (Condalia mexicana). Bog, bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum). birch (Betula glandulosa). blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum). rosemary (Andromeda polifolia). rosemary, downy (Andromeda gldau- cophylia). spruce (Picea mariana). wortleberry (Vacciniwm uliginosum). willow (Salix pedicellaris). Bois @are (Maclura pomifera). inconnu (Celtis mississippiensis) . Bottlebrush buckeye (Aesculus parvi- fiora). Bottom hickory (Carya@ carolinde-sép- tentrionalis). Box blueberry (Vaccintum ovatum). huckleberry (Gaylussacia brachy- cera). sandmyrtle (Letophyllum buzi- foliun). thorn (Lycium halimifolium). thorn, California (Lycium catiforni- cum). white oak (Quercus stellata). Boxelder (Acer negundo). Boxwood (Cornus fiorida). false (Gyminda latifolia). Boynton oak (Quercus boyntonii). Brasil (Condalia obovata). Bray oak (Quercus bray). Brewer oak (Quercus garryana). saltbush (Atriplen breweri). spruce (Picea breweriana). willow (Sali# brewer). Brickellbush, Desert (Brickellia desertorum). Littleleaf (Brickellia microphylla). Rigid (Brickellia frutescens). Bristlecone, fir (Abies venusta). pine (Pinus aristanta). Bristly. greenbrier (Smilax auriculata, Smilax hispida). locust (Robinia hispida). O20 Broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). Broadscale broom (Lepidospartum la- tisquamum). Brook feather (Xanthorhiza simplicis- sima). Broom, Broadscale quamum). Scotch (Cytisus scoparius). Broom, brush (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus). crowberry (Corema conradii). hickory (Carya glabra). Brown, ash (Fravinus nigra). crowberry (Corema conradii). dogwood (Cornus glabrata). Brown’s hickory (Carya pecan). Brush, Black (Acacia amentacea). Blue (Ceanothus thyrsifiorus). Buck (Ceanothus cuneatus, Ceanothus sanguineus). Coyote (Baccharis pilutaris). Deer (Ceanothus crassifolius, Ceanothus fendleri, Ceanothus integerrimus, Ceanothus leucodermis, Ceanothus tomentosus). Douglas rabbit (Chrysothamnus vis- cidifiorus). Javelin (Microrhamnus ericoides). Jim (Ceanothus sorediatus). Musk (Ceanothus jepsonit). Red (Lippia berlandieri). Rosin (Baccharis sarothroides). Rubber rabbit (Chrysothamnus nau- SEOSUS). Snow (Ceanothus cordulatus, Ceanothus velutinus). Tobaceo (Ceanothus velutinus). Varnish (Ceanothus velutinus). White (Lippia ligustrina). Bubby-blossoms (Calycanthus floridus). Buck, oak (Quercus coccinea). vine (Brunnichia cirrhosa). Buckberry (Gaylussacia ursina). Buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus, Ceanothus fendleri, Ceanothus sanguineus, Symphoricarpos orbicula- tus). (Lepidospartum latis- Buckeye, Big (Aesculus octandra). Bottlebrush (Aesculus parviflora). California (Aesculus californica). Fetid (Aesculus glabra). Georgia (Aesculus neglecta). Large (Aesculus octandra). Mexican (Ungnadia speciosa). New Mexico (Ungnadia speciosa). Ohio (Aesculus glabra). Red (Aesculus pavia). Searlet (Aesculus discolor, Aesculus pavia). 328 MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Buckeye—Continued. Shrubby (Aesculus glabra). Spanish (Ungnadia speciosa). Sweet (Aesculus octandra). Western (Aescuius glabra). Woolly (Aesculus discolor). Yellow (Aesculus octandra). Buckthorn (Bumelia cassinifolia, Rhamnus smithii, Sageretia minutaefiora). Alder (Rhamnus caroliniana). Alder-leaved, (Rhamnus alnifolia). Arizona (Bumelia lanuginosa). Birchleaf (Rhamnus betulaefolia). California (Rhamnus californica). Carolina (Bumetia lycioides, Rhamnus caroliniana). Cascara (Rhamnus purshiena). Dwarf (Rhammnis alnifolia). False (Bumelia lanuginosa). Hollyleaf (Rhamnus crocea). Lance-leaved (Rhamnus lanceolata). Mountain (Bumelia monticola). Narrow-leaved (Rhamnus lanceo- lata). Redstem (Rhamnus rubra). Smith (Rhamnus smithii). Southern (Bumelia tycioides). Tough (Bumelia tenaa). Woolly (Bumelia lanuginosa). Yellow (Rhamnnus caroliniana). Buckthorn bumelia (Bumelia lycioi- des). Buckwheat, California (Hriogonum fasciculatum). Buckwheat vine (Brunnichia cirrhosea). Buckwheatbrush, Slender (Hriogonum microthecum). Wright’s (Hriogonum wrightii). Bud sagebrush (Artemisia spinescens). Budbrush (Artemisia, spinescens). Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea). Bitter (Shepherdia canadensis). Canadian (Shepherdia canadensis). Russet (Shepherdia canadensis). Sour (Shepherdia argentea). Buffalo currant (Ribes oderatum). Bull, bay (Magnolia grandifiora). grape (Vitis rotundifolia). Pine (Pinus ponderosa). Bullace, grape (Vitis rotundifolia). plum (Prinus uwmbellata). Bullbrier (Smilax bonanowr). Bullet grape (Vitis rotundifolia). Bullnut hickory (Carya alba). Bumelia, buckthorn (Bumelia oides). Bunchberry elder (Sambucus micro- botrys). Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Bur, sand (Ffranseria dumosa). Burningbush (Hvonymus atropurpu- reus). Western (Hvonymus occidentalis), lyci- -Burrobrush (Hymenoclea monogyra). White (Hymenociea saisola). Burro-fat (Isomeris arborea). Burro-weed (Allenroifea occidentalis, Franseria dumosa). Bur-sage, Ambrosia (Franseria ambrosioides). Hollyleaf (Franseria ilicifolia). White (Franseria dumosa). Woolly (franseria eriocenira). Bush, Barranca (Ceanothus verrucosius). Benjamin (Benzoin aesiivale). Bennie (Ceanothus papillosus). Buttonball (Cephalanihus occiden- talis). Cattle (Ceanothus parvifolixs). Creosote (Coviliea tridentata). Cuyamaca (Ceanothus palmeri). Explorers (Ceanothus oligenthus). Fern (Chamaebatia foliciosa, Chamaebatiaria millefolium). Fetter (Xolisma tucida). Hever (Benzoin aestivale). Iodine (Allenrolfea occidentalis). Ione (Ceanothus tomentosus). Pine (Aplopappus pinifolius). Quinine (Cowania stansburiana). Ramona (Ceanothus tomentosus). Stagger (Xolisma mariana). Tansy (Chameaebatiaria milefolium). Tar (Chamaebatia foliolosa). Bush, beardtoungue (Pentstemon len- monii.) chinquapin (Castanopsis semper- virens). cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa). grape (Vitis longit). honeysuckle (Diervilla fonicera). monkey flower (Mimutus aurantie- cus). paint-brush (Castilleja hololewca). poppy (Dendromecon rigida). wintergreen (Gaultheria ovatifolia). Bushmallow (Maivastrum fascicula- tum). San Gabriel (Malvastrum gabrie- lense). Bushmint, Emory (Hyptis emoryi). Bushy samphire (Allenroifea occiden- talis). Butternut (Juglans cinerea). Button, alder (Fothergilla major). hazel (Fothergilla major). Buttonball (Platanus occidenialis). bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). tree (Platanus occidentalis). Buttonwood (Piatanus occidentalis). Cabbage palmetto (Sabal paimetio). Cabradora (Lippia ligustrina). Cachanilla (Pluchea sericea). Caleaire grape (Vitis champinii). Calico-bush (Kalmia tatifolia). Calico-wood (Halesia carolina). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES California, alder (Alnus rhombifolia). azalea (Rhodendron occidentale). balloon bush (Staphylea bolanderi). barberry (Berberis californicum, Berberis pinnata). bayberry (Myrica californica). black currant (Ribes malvaceum). black oak (Quercus kellogii). black walnut (Juglans californica, Juglans hinds). bladdernut (Staphylea bolandert). blue oak (Quercus douglasii). box thorn (Lycium californicum). buckeye (Aesculus californica). buckthorn (Rhamnus californica). buckwheat (Hriogonum fascicula- tum). chestnut (Castanopsis chrysophylla). chinguapin (Castanopsis sempervir- ens). coffee berry (Rhamnus californica). desert-thorn (Lycium californicum). dutchman’s pipe-vine (Aristolochia californica). fremontia (Fremontia californica). grape (Vitis californica). greenbrier (Smilax californica). hardtack (Cercocarnus bdetuloides). hazelnut (Corylus californica). holly (Photinia arbutifolia). hollygrape (Berberis californicum). hoptree (Ptelea baldwinit). huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum). indigobush (Amorpha californica). jointfir (H#phedra californica). juniper (Juniperus californica). laurel (Umbellularia californica). lilae (Ceanothus integerrimus, Ceanothus thyrsifiorus). live oak (Quercus agrifolia). mahogany (Rhus integrifolia). nutmeg (Tumion californicum). redbud (Cercis occidentalis). red fir (Abies magnifica). redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). rose bay (Rhododendron californi- cum). sagebrush (Artemisia californica). serub oak (Quercus dumeosa). slippery elm (Fremontia californica) . spicebush (Calycanthus occidentalis). sweetshrub (Calycanthus occiden- talis). sycamore (Platanus racemosa). tanbark oak (Quercus densiflora). treemallow (Lavatera assurgenti- folia). walnut (Juglans californica). white oak (Quercus lobata). wild grape (Vitis californica). yerba santa (Hriodictyon califor- nicum). ; Camellia, Mountain (Stuartia pentagyna). Silky (Stuartia malachodendron). 329 Camelthorn (Alhagi camelorum). Canada, hemlock (Z'suga canadensis). plum (Prunus nigra). serviceberry (Amelanchier canaden- Sis). yew (Tacus brevifolia). Canadian buffaloberry canadensis ). Canatilla (Hphedra antisyphilitica). Candleberry, (Myrica carolinensis, Myrica cerifera). Dwarf (Myrica pumila). Swamp (Myrica carolinensis). Candlewood (Fouquieria splendens). Can-hoop (Ilex laevigaia). Canoe, birch (Betula papyrifera). cedar (Thuja plicata). Canyatilla (Hphedra trifurca). Canycen, gooseberry (Ribes menziesii). grape (Vitis arizonica). live oak (Quercus chrysolepis, Quercus wislizgenii). tassel bush (Garrya veatchii). Capillaire (Chioegenes hispidula). Capul (Schaefferia cuneifolia, Celtis pallida). negro (Condalia obovata). Carolina, allspice (Calycanthus floridus). ash (Fraavinus caroliniana). buckthorn (Bumelia lycioides, Rhamnus caroliniana). eherry (Prunus caroliniana). cherry-laurel (Prunus caroliniana). hemlock (Zsuga caroliniana). moonseed (Cebatha carolina). rhododendron (Rhododendron caro- linianum). Carribean pine (Pinus caribaea). Cascara (ihamnus purshiana). Caseara buckthorn (Rhamnus purshi- ana). Cassandra (Chamaedaphne calyculata). Cassena (ilex vomiioria). Cassie (Acacia farnesiana). Cassioberry bush (Ilex vomitoria). Castor-bean (Ricinus communis). Cat, grape (Vitis palmata). spruce (Picea canadensis). Catalina, cherry (Prunus lyonii). hard-tack (Cercocarpus traskiae). ironwood (Lyonothamnus fioribun- dus). Catawba rhododendron (Rinododendron catawbiense). Catbird grape (Vitis palmata). Catbrier (Smilax rotundifolia). Catclaw (Acacia emoryana, Acacia tortuosa, Mimosa borealis, Mimosa biuncifera). (Shepherdia 29() MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. Catclaw—Continued. Long-flowered (Acacia greggii). Round-fiowered (Acacia roemeriana). Texas (Acacia wrightii). Tree (Acacia wrightit). Cattle, bush (Ceanothus parvifelius). spinach (Atriplee polycarpa). Caudate willow (Sali# caudaia). Ceanothus, Bigpod (Ceanothus macrocarpus). Fendler (Ceanothus fendleri). Greenbark (Ceanothus spinosus). Gregg (Ceanothus greggit). Hairy (Ceanothus oliganthus). Hoary-leaf (Ceanothus crassifolius). Hollyleaf (Ceanothus jepsonit). Jepson (Ceanothus jepsonii). Littleleaf (Ceanothus parvifolius). Martin (Ceanothus mariinii). Redstem (Ceanothus sanguineus). Rigid (Ceanothus rigidus). Trailing (Ceanothus diversifolius). Wartystem (Ceanothus verrucosus). Wavyleaf (Ceanothus foliosus). Wedgeleaf (Ceanothus cuneatus). Woolyleaf (Ceanothus tomentosus). Cedar (Libocedrus decurrens, Thuja occidentalis, Thuja plicata). Alaska (Chamaecyparis SiS). Bastard (Libocedrus decurrens). Canoe (Thuja plicata). EKastern red (Juniperus virginiana). Incense (Libocedrus decurrens). Mountain (Juniperus mexicana). Mountain red (Juniperus scopulo- rum). Northern white (Thuja occidentalis). Port Orford (Chameecyparis Tarv- sonianag). Post (Libocedrus decurrens). Red (Juniperus scopulerum, Juniperus viriginana, Thuja plicata). Southern red (Juniperus lucayana). Southern white (Chamaecyparis thy- oides). Stinking (Tumion tasxifolium). Western, red (Thuja plicata). White (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Libocedrus decwrrens, Thuja occidentatis). elm (Ulmus crassifolia). pine (Pinus glabra). Cenizo (Leucophyllum frutescens), Chacate (Krameria grayi). Chalk maple (Acer leucoderme). Chalky leucaena (Leucaena pulveru- ienta). Chamis (Atripler canescens). Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum, Atripler canescens). (Adenestoma fassiculatum, Atriplex canescens). nootkaten- Chamiso S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Chamisso lupine (Lupinus chamisso- nis). Chamiza (Atriplex canescens). Chaparral (Ceanothus cuneatus). broom (Baccharis pilwlaris). goldenbush (Aplopappus Quus). honeysuckle (Lonicera interrupta). pea (Pickeringia montane). whitethorn (Ceanothus leucodermis). Champin grape (Vitis champinii). Chapman, oak (Quercus champanit). white oak (Quercus chapmanii). Chapotillo (Amyris terana). Chayote (Diospyros texana). Checkerberry (Gauliheria bens). Cherry, Alabama (Prunus alabamensis). Appalachian (Prunus susquehanae, Prunus pumila). Barbados (Malpighia glabra). Bessey (Prunus besseyi). Bird (Prunus avium, Prunus pennsylwanica). Bitter (Prunus emarginata). Black (Prunus serotina). Carolina (Prunus caroliniana). Catalina (Prunus tyonit). Crab (Prunus avium). Cuthbert’s (Prunus cuthoertii). Dwarf (Prunus pumila). Evergreen (Prunus ilicifolia). Fire (Prunus pennsylvanica). Island (Prunus tyonii). Laurel (Prunus careliniana). Littleleaf (Prunus minutifiora). Mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb). May (Amelanchier canadensis). Morello (Prunus cerasus). Mountain (Prunus engustifolia). Munson (Prunus munsoniane). Perfumed (Prunus mahateb). Pigeon (Prunus pennsylvanica). Pin (Prunus pennsylvanica). Plumleaf (Prunus emarginaia). Quinine (Prunus emarginata). Rocky Mountain red (Prunus corym- bulosa). Rum (Prunus serotina). Sand (Prunus pumila). Sour (Prunus cerasus). Southern wild (Prunus australis). Southwestern black (Prunus virens). Sweet (Prunus avium). Western choke (Prunus denissa). Western sand (Prunus besseyi). Wild (Prunus emarginata, Prunus serotina). Wild black (Prunus serotina). Wild red (Prunus pennsylwanica). Cherry, birch (Betula lenta). willow (Saliz monticola). propin- procum- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS Cherry-laurel, Carolina (Prunus caro- liniana). Cherrystone juniper (Juniperus mono- sperma). Chestnut oak (Quercus montana). Chickasaw plum (Prunus angustifolia, Prunus umbellata). Chicken grape (Vitis cordifolia). Chico (Sarcobatus vermiculatus). bush (Sarcobatus vermiculatus). Chihuahua pine (Pinus leiophylla). China-tree (Welia azedarach). Chinaberry (Melia azedarach). Chinabrier (Smilax pseudo-china, Snrilaxv bona-noz). Chinquapin (Castanea pumila, Castanopsis chrysophylla) . Alabama (Castanea alabamensis). Bush (Castanopsis senupervirens). California (Castanopsis sempervi- rens). Coastal (Castanea ashei). Dwarf (Castanea alnifolia). Goldleaf (Castanopsis chrysophylla, Castanopsis senvpervirens). Giant (Castanopsis chrysophylla). Ozark (Castanea ozarkensis). Chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlen- bergii). Chisos red oak (Quercus gravesit). Chittim-bark (Rhamnus purshiana). Chokeberry, Black (Aronia melanocarpa). Purple (Aronia arbutifolia). Red (Aronia arbutifolia). Chokecherry (Prunus virgmiana). Western black (Prunus demissa). Christmas holly (Jlex opaca). Christmasberry (Lycium californicum, Lycium carolinianum, Photinia arbutifolia). Chuperosa (Beloperone californica). Cinnamon wood (Sassafras albidum). Clammy locust (Robinia viscosa). Clematis, Curly (Clematis crispa). Drummond (Clematis drummondii). Mountain (Clematis verticillaris). New Mexico (Clematis neomezi- cana). Red-flowered (Clematis pitcheri). Smooth (Clematis addisonii). Virginia (Clematis virginiana). Cliff, barberry (Berberis canadensis). elm (Ulmus racemosa). Cliffbush (Jamesia americana). Cliff-green (Pachistima canbyi). Cliffrose (Cowania stansburiana). Climbing, bittersweet (Celastrus scandens). hydrangea (Decumaria barbara). nightshade (Solanum dulcamara). Cloud-cap gooseberry (Ribes montige- num). OF THE UNITED STATES oor Cluster serviceberry (Amelanchier poly- carpa). Coachwhip (Fouquieria splendens). Coast, ceanothus (Ceanothus rigidus). goldenbush (Aplopappus squarrosus). juniper (Juniperus lucayana). live oak (Quercus agrifolia, Quercus pricei). rhododendron (Rhododendron fornicum). silktassel (Garrya elliptica). whitethorn (Ceanothus incanus). willow (Salix hookeriana). Coastal, chinquapin (Castanea ashei). sagebrush (Artemisia californica). Coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica). Coffeetree (Rhamnus purshiana). Kentucky (Gymnocladus dioica). Colima (Xanthoaylum fagara). Colorado, blue spruce (Picea pungens). currant (Ribes coloradense). Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga glauca). juniper (Juniperus scopulorum). sage (Artemisia tridentata). white fir (Abies concolor). white oak (Quercus leptephylla). Coma (Bumelia lanuginosa). Common, barberry (Berberis vulgaris). blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia). cali- manzanita (Arctostaphylos manza- nita). papaw (Asimina triloba). Cooper, desert-thorn (Lyciwm cooperi). goldenbush (Aplopappus cooperi). Coral, greenbrier (Similar lanceolata, Smilax walteri). honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervi- rens). Coralbeads (Cebatha carolina). Coralbean (Hrythrina fiabelliformis, Sophora afjinis). Evergreen (Sophora secundifiora). Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbicula- tus). Cork elm (Ulmus alata, Ulmus racemosa). Corkbark fir (Abies arizonica). Corkwood (Stillingia aquatica, Leitneria floridana). Cornel, Bailey (Cornus baileyi). Rough-leaved (Cornus asperifolia, Cornus circinata). Silky (Cornus amomum). Stiff (Cornus foemina). White (Cornus foemina). Corona del Cristo (Dalea spinosa). 302 Correosa (Rhus microphylla, Aanthorylum fagara). Cotton, Arizona wild (Thurberia triloba). Cotton, gum (Nyssa aquatica). thorn (Tetradymia spinosa). Cottonwood (Populus deltoides, Populus trichocarpe). Arizona (Populus arizgonica). Balsam (Populus trichocarpa). Black (Populus trichocarpa). Hastern (Populus deitoides). Fremont (Populus fremontii). Lanceleaf (Populus acuminata). Narrowleaf (Populus angustifolia). Palmer (Populus paimeri). River (Populus sargentii). Sargent (Populus sargentit). Smooth (Populus acuminaia). Smoothbark (Populus acuminata). Swamp (Populus heterophylia). Texas (Populus texana). Tweedy’s (Populus tweedy). Valley (Popuius wislizenit). Western (Popuius sargentit). Willow (Pepulus angustifolia). Wislizenius (Populus wislizenii). Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri). Cow oak (Quercus prinus). Cow-itch (Campsis radicans, Cissus erborea). vine (Decumaria barbara). Cowlicks (Halesia diptera). Coyote, brush (Baccharis pilularis). willow (Salizvz exigua). Coyotillo (Karwinskia humboldtiana). Crab apple (Malus glabrata, Malus glaucescens, Malus platycarpa). American (Malus coronaria). Iowa (Malus ioensis). Lanceleaf (Malus lancifolia). Narrowleaf (Jalus cngusiaalee). Oregon (Malus fusca). Prairie (Malus ioensis). Soulard (Malus soulardii). Sweet (Malus coronaria). Western (Malus fusca, Malus ioensis). Crab cherry (Prunus @vium). Crack willow (Salix fragilis). Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Highbush (Viburnum trilobum). Mountain (Hugeria erythrocarpa, Vaccinium vitis-idaea). Small (Vaccinium ovycoccus). Cranberrybush American (Viburnum trilobum). Cream bush (Holodiscus discoior). Creosote bush (Covilica tridentaia). Creek, dogwood (Cornus califernica). plum (Prunus rivularis). MISC. PUBLICATION 3038, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Creeping, barberry (Berberis repens). blueberry (Vaccinium crassifolium). hollygrape (Berberis repens). shadbush (Amelanchier stolonifera). snowberry (Chiogenes hispidula). witeh alder (Fothergilic parvifolia). Crimson monkeyfiower (Mimulus pu- niceus). Crooked bush (forestiera acuminata). Crossvine (Bignonia capreolata). Croton, Alabama (Croton alabamensis). Shrubby (Croton fruticulosus). Crowberry, (Hmpetrum nigrum). Broom (Corema conradii). Brown (Corema conradii). Plymouth (Corema conradii). Crown-of-thorns (Koeberlinia spinosa). Crucifixion thorn (Canotia helacantha, Holacantha emoryi). Cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acumi- nate). Cucumbertree (Magnolia acuminata). Hp Ra (Magnolia macropnyl- a). Long-leaved (Magnolia fraseri). Yellow (Magnolia cordata). Cupseed (Calycocarpum lyonii). Curly clematis (Clematis crispa). Curi-fiower (Clematis crispa). ,Curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cerco- carpus ledifolius). Currant, American red (Ribes triste), Black (Ribes americanum). Blood (Ribes sanguineum). Buifalo (Ribes oderaium). California black (Rites malvaceum). Colorado (Ribes coloradense). FKetid (Ribes glandulosum). Golden (Ribes aureum, Ribes odoratum). Gooseberry (Ribes montigenum). Hudson Bay (Ribes hudsonianum). Missouri (Ribes odoratum). Mountain (Ribes viscosissimum). Nevada (Ribes nevadense). Red-itlowered (Ribes sanguineum). Rothrock (Ribes woifjii). Sheep (Ribes cereum). Sierra (Ribes nevadense). Skunk (Ribes bracteosum, Rides glandutlosum, Ribes prostratum). Squaw (Ribes cereum). Sticky (Ribes viscosissimum). Stink (Ribes bracteosum). Swamp (Ribes lacustre). Viscid (Ribes viscosissimum). Wax (Ribes cereum). Western black (Ribes lawifiorum). Winter (Ribes sanguineum). Wolf (Ribes wolfti). Currant grape (Vitis simpsonii). Curtiss grape (Vitis soia). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS Cusick serviceberry (Amelanchier cusickit). Custard-apple (Asimina triioba). Cuthbert’s cherry (Prunus cuthbertii). Cuyamaca bush (Ceanothus palmeri). Cypress, (Tarodium distichum). Alaska (Chamaecyparis nootiaten- sis). Arizona (Cupressus arizonica). Bald (Tagodium distichum). Black (Taxvodium distichum). Forbe’s (Cupressus gaudeloupensis). Gowen (Cupressus goveniana). Guadeloupe (Cupressus guadeloupen- Sis). Lawson (OChamaecyparis lawsoniana). Macnab (Cupressus macnabiana). Monterey (Cupressus macrocarpa). Pond (Taxvodium ascendens). Red (Taxodium distichum). Sargent (Cupressus sargentiu). Sitka (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Smooth (Cupressus giabra). Southern (7axodium distichum). Tecate (Cupressus guadeloupensis). White (Tazxodium distichum). Dahoon holly (fleg# cassine). Dalea, Fremont (Dalea fremontii). Mesa (Dalea schottii). Mohave (Daiea arborescens). Nevada (Dalea polyadenia). White (Dalea emoryi). Damianita (Chrysactinia mewxicana). Dangleberry (Gaylussacia frondosa). Davidson globemallow (Malwastrum davidsonii). Deciduous holly (Ilex decidua). Deer, brush (Ceanothus crassifolius, Ceanothus fendleri, Caenothus integerrimus, Ceanothus leucodermis, Ceanothus tomentosus). oak (Quercus sadleriana). plum (Chrysobdalanus oblongifolius). Deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum) . Deerweed (Ceanothus papillosus). Delta palmetto (Sabal louisiana). Desert, almond (Prunus fasciculata). apricot (Prunus eriogyna). ash (Fraximus velutina). barberry (Berberis fremontii). brickellbush (Brickellia desertorum). ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii). grape (Vitis girdiana). hackberry (Ceitis pallida). holly (Atriplex hymenelyira). ironwood (Olneya tesota). lavender (Hyptis emoryt). mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius). peach (Prunus andersonii). polygala (Polygala acanthoclada). sage (Salvia carnosa). OF THE UNITED STATES 222 Desert—Continued. silver-bush (Shepherdia rotundi- folia). walnut (Juglans rupestris). willow (Chilopsis linearis). yaupon (Schaefferia cuneifolia). Desert-rue, Mohave (Thamnosma mon- tana) Desert-sweet (Chamaebatiaria millefo- lium). Desert-thorn, Anderson (Lycium andersonii). California (Lycium californicum). Cooper (Lycium cooperi). Fremont (Lycium fremontii). Pale (Lycium pallidum). Parish (Lycium parishii). Squaw (Lycium torreyi). Desertwillow (Chilopsis linearis). Devil’s claw (Acacia greggii). Devilsclub (Oplopanax horridum). Devils-walking stick (Aralia spinosa). Devilwood (Osmanthus armericana). Dewberries (Rubus spp.). Diamond willow (Saliv mackenziana). Digger pine (Pinus sabiniana). Doan grape (Vitis doaniana). Dockmackie (Viburnum acerifolium). Dogberry (FRibes cynosbatii). Dog-hobble (Leucothoé catesbaci). Dogwood, Blue (Cornus alternifolia). Brown (Cornus glabrata). Creek (Cornus californica). Florida (Cornus florida). © Flowering (Cornus florida, Cornus nuttallii). Gray (Cornus paniculaia). Gray-stemmed (Cornus paniculata). Miner’s (Cornus sessilis). Mountain (Cornus nuttallii). Pale (Cornus obliqua). Panicled (Cornus paniculata). Purple (Cornus alternifolia). Rough-leaved (Cornus asperifolia). Stiff (Cornus foemina). Western (Cornus nuttallii). Double spruce (Picea mariana). Douglas, fir, Colorado (Pseudotsuga glauca). fir, Oregon (Pseudotsuga tazifolia). hackberry (Celtis douglasii). honeysuckle (Lonicera glawcescens). rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidi-- fiorus). spiraea (Spiraea douglasii). spruce (Pseudotsuga glauca, Pseudotsuga taxifolia). Downward plum (Bumelia spinifiora). Downy, bog rosemary (Andromeda glauco- phylla.) grape (Vitis cinerea). poplar (Populus heterophylla). serviceberry (Amelanchier canadei- sis). 334 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. Downy—Continued. storax (Styraxv pulverulenta). swamp blueberry (Vaccinium atrococ- cum). viburnum (Viburnum pubescens). Drago, sangre de (ddatropha_ spath- ulata). Drooping juniper (Juniperus flaccida). Drummond clematis (Clematis drummondii). soapberry (Sapindus drummondii). waxmallow (Malvaviscus drum- Mmondit) . Dryland blueberry (Vaccinium vacil- lans). Duck oak (Quercus nigra). Dudley willow (Salix goodingii). Dunbar crab (Malus glaucescens). Dune, lupine (Lupinus chamissonis). willow (Salia piperi). Durand, oak (Quercus durandii). white oak (Quercus durandii). Durasnillo (Prunus texana). Dusky willow (Saliz melanopsis). Dutchmans pipe (Aristolochia durior). Dutchman’s pipe-vine (Aristolochia durior). Dwarf, acacia (Robinia nana). ash (Fraxvinus anomala). barberry (Berberis pumila). bilberry (Vaccinium caespitosum). birch (Betula glandulosa). blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium). buckthorn (hamnus alnifolia). candleberry (Myrica pumila). cherry (Prunus pumila). chinquapin (Castanea alnifolia). chinquapin oak (Quercus prinoides). goldenbush (Aplopappus nanus). gray willow (Saliaz tristis). greasebush (Forsellesia pungens). hollygrape (Berberis pumila). huckleberry (Gaylussacia dumosa). indigobush (Amorpha microphylla). juniper (Juniperus communis). maple (Acer glabrum). mesquite (Acacia reticulata). ninebark (Physocarpus alternans). papaw (Asimina parviflora). palmetto (Sabal minor). pussy willow (Salix tristis). red huckleberry (Vaccinium scopa- rium). serviceberry (Amelanchier oblongi- folia). spiraea (Spiraea corymbosa, Spirea caespitosa). sumac (Rhus copallina). tassel bush (Garrya flavescens). wax myrtle (Myrica pumila). witch-alder (Fothergilla gardenii). whortleberry (Vaccinium caespito- sum). S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Dwarf-acacia (Robinia nana). Dyer’s greenweed (Genista tinctoria). oak (Quercus velutina). Kardrop (Brunnichia cirrhosa). Har-leaved umbrella tree (Magnolia fraseri). Harly azalea (Rhododendron canes- cens). Hastern, cottonwood (Populus deltoides). hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). redcedar (Juniperus virginiana). Hastwood manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa). Elbow bush (Forestiera pubescens). Eider (Sambucus canadensis). American (Sambucus canadensis). Black (Sambucus melanocarpa). Blackbead (Sambucus meianocarpa). Blue (Sambucus coerulea). Blueberry (Sambucus coerulea). Box (Acer negundo). Bunehberry (Sembucus microbotrys). Mexican (Sambucus mesvicana). Mountain (Sambucus coerulea). Red (Sambucus caliicarpa, Sambucus pubens). Redberry (Sambucus callicarpa). Velvetleaf (Sambucus caerulea). Yellow (Tecoma stans). Hiderberry, pale (Sambucus coerulea). Hlephant tree (Bursera microphylla). Kiliott’s blueberry (Vaccinium elliottit) . Kim, American (Ulmus americana). California slippery (Fremontia cali- fornica) Cedar (Ulinus crassifolia). Cliff (Ulmus racemosa). Cork (Uimus alata, Ulmus racemosa). Gray (Ulmus americana). Red (Ulmus alata, Ulmus fulwa, Ulmus serotina). Rock (Uimus racemosa). September (Ulmus serotina). Slippery (Ulmus fulwa). Texas(. Ulmus crassifolia). Water (Ulmus americana). White (Ulmus americana). Winged (Ulmus alata). Kmory, bushmint (Hyptis emoryi). oak (Quercus emoryi). Encina (Quercus agrifolia). Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii). Estafiata (Artemisia frigida). Tcuropean, barberry (Berberis vulgaris). black alder (Alnus glutinosa). mountain-ash (Sorbus aucuparia). white willow (Saliz alba). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS Hivergreen, blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites). cherry (Prunus ilicifolia). coralbean (Sophora secundiflora). huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum). magnolia (Magnolia grandifiora). oak (Quercus engelmannii). sumac (Rhus virens). white oak (Quercus engelmannit). winterberry (Ilex glabra). Explorers’ bush (Ceanothus oligan- thus). Tall grape (Vitis berlandier:). False acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia). bittersweet (Celastrus scandens). boxwood (Gyminda latifolia). buckthorn (Bumelia lanuginosa). greasewood (Amorpha canescens). jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens). mountain willow (Salix pseudomon- ticola). willow (Baccharis angustifolia). False-azalea (Rhododendron albifio- rum). False-indigo (Amorpha californica, Amorpha fruticosa). Kalsemallow, newberry (Horsfordia newberryt). False-mesquite (Calliandra eriophylla). Fan palm (Washingtonia robusta). Farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum). Farr willow (Salia farrae). Fat pine (Pinus australis). Feather peabush (Dalea formosa). Fendler, barberry (Berberis fendleri). ceanothus (Ceanothus fendleri). eak (Quercus fendleri). soapbloom (Ceanothus fendleri). Fern-bush (Chamaebatia foliolosa, Chamaebatriaria mille- folium). Fernleaf acacia (Acacia angustissima). Fetid, buckeye (Aesculus glabra). currant (Ribes glandulosum). Feitter-bush (Leucothoé catesbaei, Xolisma lucida). Feverbush (Benzion aestivale, Ilex verticiliata.) Fever-tree (Pinckneya pubens). Fiddlewood (Citharezylum fruticosum). Vir, Alpine (Abies lasiocarpa). Arizona (Abies arizonica). Balm-of-gilead (Abies balsamea). Balsam (Abies balsamea, Abies concolor). Bristlecone (Abies venusia). California (Abies magnifica). Colorado Douglas (Pseudotsuga glauca). Colorado white (Abies concolor). Corkbark (Abies arizonica). Lovely (Abies amabiis). 130186 °—39——_22 OF THE UNITED STATES 335 Fir—Continued. Lowland white (Abies grandis). Noble (Abies nobilis). Oregon Douglas (Pseudotsuga taxi- folia). Red (Abies magnifica, Abies nobilis, Pseudoisuga glauca, Pseudotsuga taxifolia). Santa Lucia (Abies venusta). Shasta red (Abies magnifica). Silver (Abies ambilis, Abies concolor, Abies grandis). Southern balsam (Abies fraseri). Stinking (Abies grandis). White (Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa). Yellow (Abies grandis, Pseudotsuga glauca, Pseudotsuga taxvifolia). Fire, cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica). willow (Salix scouleriana). Firecracker plant (Aesculus pavia). Firethorn (Cotoneaster pyracantha). Firmleaf willow (Salix pseudomyrsini- tes). Flag papaw (Asimina incana). Flame azalea (&hododendron calendu- laceum). Flannelbush (Fremontia californica). Flat sagebrush (Artemisia bigelovii). Flat-top (Hriogonum fasciculatum). Florida, , mahogany (Persea borbonia). maple (Acer floridanum). soapberry (Sapindus marginatus). yew (Taxus floridana). Flowering, ash (Chionanthus virginica, Fravinus cuspidata, Frawinus dipetala). dogwood (Cornus florida, Cornus nuttalli). Fiyeatcher (Befaria racemosa). Fly honeysuckle, (Lonicera ciliosa). Swamp (Lonicera oblongifolia). Foothill ash (Fraxinus dipetala). Forbes’ cypress (Cupressus guadelou- pensis). Fox grape (Vitis labrusca). Northern (Vitis labrusca). Southern (Vitis rotundifolia). Foxtail pine (Pinus aristata, Pinus balfouriana). Fragile willow (Salix fragilis). Fragrant, ash (Fraxvinus cuspidata). sumac (Rhus aromatica). Frangipani (Acacia farnesiana). Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri). Fremont, barberry (Berberis fremontii). chaffbush (Amphipappus fremontii). cottonwood (Populus fremontii). 336 Fremont—Continued. dalea (Dalea fremoniit). desert-thorn (Lycium fremoniit}. holiygrape (Berberis fremontii). silktassel (Garrya fremontit). wolfberry (Lycium fremontit). Fremontia, California (Frementia cali- fornica). Freneh mulberry (Callicarpa ameri- cond). Frijolillo (Sevhore secundifiora). Fringetree (Chionenthus virginica). Fringed, greenbrier (Smilax bona-noz). wormwoecd (Artemisia frigida). Frost grape (Vitis cordifolia, Vitis vulpina). Frutilla (Lycium richit). Fuchsia-flowered gooseberry (Ribes spe- ciosum). Galiberry (flex glabra). Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii). Gander vine (Clematis virginiana). Garden wild plum (Prunus horiulana). Garland tree (Malus coronaria). Garnet gooseberry (Ribes speciosum). Garrumbullo (Lyciwm terreyi). Garry oak (Quercus garryana). Georgia, bark (Pinckneya pubens). buckeye (Aesculus neglecia). gooseberry (Ribes curvaium). hackberry (Celtis georgiana). oak (Quercus georgiana). pine (Pinus australis). sloe (Prunus mitis). Geyer willow (Salix geyeriane). Giant chinquapin (Casianopsis chryso- ohylla). Gigante (Nicotiana glauca). Glaucous willow (Sali# discoior). Globemallow, Davidson (Maivasirum davidsonii). Nuttall (Malvastrum nutieilii). Goat-nut (Simmondsia chinensis). Goatbrush (Pachistima myrsinites). Goatbush (Castela nicholseniti, Castela texana). Golden, eurrant (Ribes aureum, Ribes odoratum). hardhack (Potentilla fruticosa). Goldenbush (Aplopappus acradenius). Bloomer (Aplopappus bloomeri). Chaparral (Aplopappus propinguus). Coast (Aplopappus squerrosus). Cooper (Aplopappus cooper). Dwarf (Aplopappus nanius). Heatherleaf (Aplopappus ericcides). Narrowleaf (Aplopappus lineari- folius). Palmer (Aplopappus palmeri). Parish (Aplopappus parishii). Pineleaf (Aplopappus pinifolius). Wedgeleaf (Aplopappus cuneaius). MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Goldenfleece arbores- cerns). Goldenhead (Acamptepappus sphaero- cephatus). Goldleaf chinquapin (Castanopsis chry- sophylia, Castanopsis sem- pervirens). Gold heather (Hudsonia ericoides). Goldman — serviceberry (Amelanchier goldmanii). Goodding willow (Saliz gooddingii). Gooseberry, Alpine (Rides lepihanthum). Canyon (Ribes menziesii). Cloud-cap (ibes montigenum). Fuchsia-flowered (Ribes speciosum). Garnet (Ribes speciosum). Georgia (Ribes curvatum}. Granite (Ribes curvaium). Gummy (Ribes lobdbii). Hawthorn (Rives oxyacanthoides). Hill (Ribes californicum). Hupa (Ribes marshall). Island (Rites viburnifolium). Low wild (Ribes hirtellum). Lucia (Ribes sericeum). Menzies (Ribes menziesii). Missouri (Rites missouriense, Rides setosum). Mountain (Ribes montigenum, Rites rotundifolium). Northern (Ribes oxyacanthoides). Orange (Ribes pinetorum). Oregon (Ribes tobdii). Pasture (Ribes cynosbdatii). Prickly (Ribes cynosdatit). Rock (Ribes querceterum). Round (Ribes rotundifolium). Sierra (Ribes roezlii). Smooth (Ribes oryacanthoides, Ribes rotundifotium). Southern (Vaccinium melanocarpum). Straggly (Ribes divaricatum). Swamp (Rides tacustre). Watson (Ribes watsonianum). White (Ribes inerme). Whitestem (Ribes inerme). Wine (Ribes inerme). Gooseberry eurrant genum). Gopher berry (Gaylussacia dumosea). Gopher-wood (Cladrastis tutea). Gorse (Uiex europaeus). Gowen cypress (Cupressus goveniana). Granite-gooseberry (Ribes curvatum). Granjeno (Celtis pallida). Grape, Adobe-land (Vitis champinit). Arizona (Vitis arizonica). Arroyo (Vitis vuipina). Ashy (Vitis cineree). Bailey (Vitis baileyana). Big summer (Vitis lincecumii). Blueleaf (Vitis argentifolia). Bull (Vitis rotundifolia). (Aplopappus (Ribes montt- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS Grape—Continued. Bullace (Vitis rotundifolia). Bullet (Vitis rotundifolia). Bush (Vitis longi). Caleaire (Vitis champinii). California (Vitis californica). California wild (Vitis californica). Canyon (Vitis arizenica). Cat (Vitis palmata). Catbird (Vitis palinata). Champin (Vitis champinii). Chicken (Vitis cordifolia). Currant (Vitis simpsoniit). Curtiss (Vitis sola). Desert (Vitis girdiana). Doan (Vitis doaniana). Downy (Vitis cinerea). Fall (Vitis berlandieri). Fox (Vitis labrusca). Frost (Vitis cordifolia, Vitis vulpina). Gulch (Vitis longii, Vitis treleasei). Little mountain (Vitis berlandieri). Little museadine (Vitis munsoniana). Missouri (Vitis palmaia). Mountain (Berberis aquifolium, Vitis berlandiert, Vitis rupestris). Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia). Mustang (Vitis candicans). Northern fox (Vitis labrusca). Oregon (Berberis aquifolium, Berberis nervosa, Berberis repens). Pacific (Vitis californica). Panhandle (Vitis doaniana). Pilgrim (Vitis novae-angliae). Plum (Vitis labrusca). Possum (Vitis baileyana). Post-oak (Vitis lincecumii). Red (Vitis palmata). Redshank (Vitis rufotomentosa). Riverbank (Vitis vulpina). Rock (Vitis rupestris). Roundleaf (Vitis helleri). Sand (Vitis lincecumii, Vitis rupestris). Solonis (Vitis longii). Southern fox (Vitis rotundifolia). Spanish (Vitis berlandieri). Sugar (Vitis monticola, Vitis rupestris). Summer (Vitis argentifolia). Sweet mountain (Vitis monticola). Sweet winter (Vitis cinerea). Turkey (Vitis lincecumit). Western wild (Vitis californica). Wild (Vitis girdiana). Winter (Vitis cordifolia, Vitis berlandieri). Grape honeysuckle (Lonicera proli- fera). Grave’s oak (Quercus gravesii). Gray, beard (Hydrangea quercifolia). OF THE UNITED STATES 337 Gray—Continued. birch (Betula lutea, Betula populifolia). dogwood (Cornus paniculata). elm (Ulmus americana). horsebrush (Tetradymia canescens). oak (Quercus grisea). pine (Pinus banksiana). willow, dwarf (Salix tristis). Gray-stemmed dogwood (Cornus pani- culata). Greasebush (Forsellesia spinescens). Dwarf (Forseliesia pungens). Spiny (forsellesia spinescens). Grease-thorn (Forsellesia spinescens). Greasewood (Adenostoma fasciculatum, Ceanothus velutinus, Covillea tridentata, Sarcobatus vernicula- tus). Great, laurel (Rhododendron maximum). whortleberry (Vaccinium corymbo- sum). Great-berried manzanita (Arctostaphy- los glauca). Great-leaved magnolia (Magnolia mac- rophylia). Green, alder (Alnus crispa). locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). osier (Cornus alternifolia). Greenbark ceanothus (Ceanothus spino- SUS). g Green-barked acacia (Cercidium flori- dum, Cercidium — tor- reyanum). Greenbrier, Bristly (Smilax auriculata, Smilax hispida). California (Smilax californica). Common (Smilav rotundifolia). Coral (Smilax lanceolata, Smilax walteri). Fringed (Smilax bona-noz). Laurel (Smilax laurifolia). Long-stalked (Smilax pseudo-china). Greene mountain-ash (Sorbus scopu- lina). Greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula). Greensides willow (Saliv monochroma). Greenweed, dyers (Genista tinctoria) . Gregg, ceanothus (Ceanothus greggu). hornbrush (Ceanothus greggit). lead tree (Leucaena greggit). sage (Salvia greggii). Ground, hemlock (Taxus canadensis). gooseberry (Ribes binominatum). Groundsel tree (Baccharis halimifolia). Grouse whortleberry (Vaccinium sco- partum). 338 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. Grouseberry (Gaultheria procumbens, Vaccinium scoparium). Guadeloupe cypress (Cupressus guade- loupensis). Guajillo (Acacia berlandieri). Guard lupine (Lupinus excubitus). Guayacan (Porlieria angustifolia). Gulf, guajillo (Pithecolobium brevifolium). willow (Saliv nigra). Gum, Black (Nyssa sylvatica). Cotton (Nyssa aquatica). Highland black (Nyssa sylvatica). Large tupelo (Nyssa aquatica). Sour (Nyssa sylvatica). Sour tupelo (Nyssa ogeche). Southern black (Nyssa biflora). Swamp black (Nyssa biflora). Tupelo (Nyssa aquatica). Water (Nyssa biflora). Gum elastic (Bumelia lanuginosa). Gummy gooseberry (Ribes lobbii). Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). Desert (Celtis pallida). Douglas (Celtis douglasii). Georgia (Celtis georgiana). Small’s (Celtis smailii). Southern (Celtis mississippiensis). Spiny (Celtis pallida). Thick-leaved (Celtis reticulata). Western (Celtis reticulata). Hackmatack (Larig laricina). Hagbrier (Smilax hispida). Hairy, ceanothus (Ceanothus oliganthus). honeysuckle (Lonicera hirsuta). horsebrush (Tetradymia comosa). huckleberry (Vaccinium hirsutum). manzanita (Arctostaphylos colum- biana). nanny-berry (Viburnum pubescens). Harbison willow (Salix herbisonii). Hardhack (Spiraea douglasit, Spiraea tomentosa). Hard maple (Acer saccharum). Hardtack, (Cercocarpus betuloides). California (Cercocarpus betuloides). Catalina (Cercocarpus traskiae). Mesa (Cercocarpus minutifiorus). Havard shinnery oak (Quercus ha- vardit). Haw (Viburnum prunifolium). Black (Bumelia lanuginosa, Bumelia tenaz, Viburnum prunifolium). Possum (Ilex decidua, Viburnum nudum). Purple (Condalia obovata). Southern black (Viburnum rufidu- lum). Swamp (Viburnum cassinoides, Viburnum nudum). Sweet (Viburnum prunifolium). Western black (Viburnum ellipti- cum.) S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) gooseberry (Ribes oxryacantioides). Hazel, wild (Simmondsia chinensis). Hazel alder (Alnus rugosa). Hazelnut, American (Corylus americana). Beaked (Coryius rostrata). Hearileaf, ampelopsis (Cissus ampelopsis). manzanita (Arctostaphylos ander- sonit). pentstemon (Pentstemon cordi- folius). willow (Saliz cordata). Heartnut (Krameria glandulosa). Heath cliffrose (Cowania ericaefolia). Heather, Beach (Hudsonia tomentosa). Gold (Hudsonia ericoides). Mountain (Phytiodece caerulea). Red (Phyllodoce breweri, Phyllodoce empetriformis). Yellow (Phyilodoce giandulifiora). Heatherleaf goldenbush (Aplopaeppus ericoides). Hedge (Maclura pomifera). Hedgehog oak (Lithocarpus densiflora). Hediondilla (Covillea tridentata). Hediondo (Covillea tridentata). He-huckleberry (Cyrilla racemiflora). Hellefetter (Smilax hispida). Hell-vine (Campsis radicans). Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Canada (T'suga canadensis). Carolina (Tsuga caroliniana). Eastern (Vsuga canadensis). Ground (Taxus canadensis). Mountain (Tsuga mertensiana). Western (ZV'suga heterophylla). Hemlock spruce (7'suga canadensis). Hercules-club (Aralia spinosa, Xanthorylum clava- herculis). Hickory, Big-bud (Carya alba). Big shellbark (Carya laciniosa). Bigleaf shagbark (Carya laciniosa). Bitternut (Carya cordiformis, Carya giabra). Black (Carya alba, Carya glabra). Bottom (Carya carolinae-septentrio- nalis). Bullnut (Carya alba). Hognut (Carya alba). King nut (Carya laciniosa). Little shagbark (Carya microcarpa). Littlenut shagbark (Carya micro- carpa). Lowland (Carya aquatica). Mockernut (Carya alba). Nutmeg (Carya myristicaeformis). Pignut (Carya cordiformis, Carya glabra, Carya leiodermis, NATIVE WOODY PLANTS Hickory—Continued. Pignut—Continued. Carya pallida, Carya villosa). Serub (Carya floridana). Shagbark (Carya ovata). Shellbark (Carya ovata). Small-fruited (Carya microcarpa). Small pignut (Carya ovalis). Southern shagbark (Carya carolinae- septentrionalis ). Swamp (Carya cordifermis). Texas (Carya buckley). Water (Carya aquatica). White (Carya alba). Whiteheart (Carya alba). Hickory, pine (Pinus aristaia). poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Highbush, blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). eranberry (Viburnum trilobum). Highland, black gum (Nyssa sylwatica). live oak (Quercus wislizenit). Hill, gooseberry (Ribes californicum). oak (Quercus douglasii). Hillside gooseberry (Ribes californi- cum). Hinds walnut (Juglans hindsii). Hoary, alder (Alnus incana). azalea (Rhododendron canescens). sagebrush (Artemisia cana). willow (Salix candida). Hoary-leaf ceanothus (Ceanothus cras- sifolius). Hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium). Hog plum (Prunus reverchonii, Colubrina texensis, Prunus umbellata). Hognut hickory (Carya alba). Holly, American (Ilex opaca). Bearberry (Ilex decidua). i Christmas (Ilex opaca). Deciduous (Ilex decidua). Largeleaf (lex longipes). Large-leaved (Nemopanthus mucro- nata). Michigan (Ilex verticillata). Mountain (Ilex montana, Nemopanthus mucro- nata). Holly oak (Quercus undulata). Hollybush (Tetracoccus ilicifolius). Hollygrape, California (Berberis californicum). Creeping (Berberis repens). Dwarf (Berberis repens). Fremont (Berberis fremontii). Netleaf (Berberis californicum). Nevin (Berberis nevinii). Oregon (Berberis aquifolium, Berberis nervosa). OF THE UNITED STATES 339 Hollygrape—Continued. Red (Berberis haematocarpa). Veinyleaf (Berberis nervosa). Wavyleaf (Berberis pinnata). Hollyleaf, buckthorn (Rhamnus crocea). bur-sage (Franseria ilicifolia). ceanothus (Ceanothus jepsonit). cherry (Prunus ilicifolia). Hollyseale (Atriplex hymenelytra). Honey, mesquite (Prosopis chilensis). shucks (Gleditsia triacanthos). Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis chilensis, Robini pseudoacacia). Honeysuckle (Lonicera ciliosa, Rhododendron canes- cens). American fly (Lonicera canadensis). Arizona (Lonicera arizonica). Bearberry (Lonicera involucrata). Blue fly (Lonicera villosa). Bush (Diervilia lonicera). Chaparral (Lonicera interrupta). Coral (Lonicera sempervirens). Douglas (Lonicera glaucescens). Ny (Lonicera ciliosa). Grape (Lonicera prolifera). Hairy (Lonicera, hirsuta). Japanese (Lonicera japonica). Mountain (Lonicera dioica). Mountain fly (Lonicera cauriana, Lonicera villosa). Orange (Lonicera ciliosa). Pink (Lonicera hispidula). Swamp fly (Lonicera oblongifolia). Trumpet (Lonicera sempervirens). Twinberry (Lonicera involucrata). Utah (Lonicera utahensis). Yellow (Lonicera flava). Hoop ash (Fravinus nigra). Hopbush (Dodonaea arizonica). Hophornbeam, (Osirya virginiana). Bailey (Ostrya baileyi). Western (Ostrya knowltonii). Hop-sage, Spineless (Grayia brandegei). Spiny (Grayia spinosa). Hoptree (Pielea trifoliata). Hornbeam, (Carpinus caroliniana). Bailey hop (Ostrya baileyi). Western hop (Osirya knowltonii). Horse, plum (Prunus americana, Prunus nigra). sugar (Symplocos tinctoria). Horsebean, (Parkinsonian aculeata). b] Little-leaf (Parkinsonia micro- phyla). Small-leaved (Parkinsonia micro- phylia). Horsebrier (Smilax rotundifolia). 340 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. CF AGRICULTURE Horsebrush (Partheneium incanum).|Ione bush (Ceanothus tomentosus). Gray (Tetradymia canescens). Iowa crab apple (Malus iocensis). Hairy (Tetradymia comosa). Iron oak (Quercus chrysolepis, Littleleaf (Tetradymia glabrata). Quercus steilata). Longspine (Tetradymia spinosa). Ironwood, (Bumelia lycioides, Mohave (Teiradymia stenolepis). Bumelia tenaz, Nuttall (Tetradymia nutialii). Carpinus cearoliniana, Shortspine (Tetradymia spinosa). Cliftenia monophylla, Hortulan plum (Prinus hortulanea). Ostrya knowltonii, Huajillo (Pithecolobium brevifolium). Ostrya virginiana, Huckleberry, Prosopis chilensis). Bear (Gaylussacia ursina). Catalina (Lyonothamnus floribun- Black (Gaylussacia baccata). dus). Box (Gaylussacia brachycera). Santa Cruz (Lyonothamnus flori- California (Vaccinium ovatum). bundus). Dwarf (Gaylussacia dumosa). Swamp (Cyrilia racemifiora). Dwarf red (Vaccinium scoparium). Island, Hvergreen (Vaccinium ovatum). ceanothus (Ceanothus arboreus). Hairy (Vaccinium hirsutum). cherry (Prunus lyonii). Lowbush (Vaccinium vacillans). gooseberry (Ribes viburnifolium). Red (Vaccinium parvifolium). live oak (Quercus tomentella). Squaw (Vaccinium stamineum). myrtle (Ceanothus arboreus). Tall red (Vaccinium parvifolium). tslay (Prunus ilicifolia). Thinleaf (Vaccinium membrana-| ivy, (Kalmia latifolia, ceum). Leucothoé catesbaei). Tree (Vaccinium arboreum). American (Parthenocissus quinque- Western (Vaccinium occidentale). folia). Huckleberry oak (Quercus vaccinifo-| Marine (Cissus incisa). lia). Sevenleaf (Parthenocissus hepta- Hudson Bay currant (Ribes hudsonia- phylla). num). Jack, Huisache (Acacia farnesiana). oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis, Huisachillo (Acacia tortuosa). Quercus marilandica). Hupa gooseberry (Rives marshallii). pine (Pinus banksiana). Hydrangea, Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japo- Ashy (Hydrangea cinerea). nica). Climbing (Decumearia barbara). Jara (Baccharis glutinosa). Mountain (Hydrangea arborescens). dulce (Baccharis glutinosa). Oakleaf (Hydrangear quercifolia). Javelin brush (Microrhamnus eri- Silverleaf (Hydrangee radiata). coides). Smooth (Hydrangea arborescens). Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi). Snowy (Hydrangea radiaia). Jepson ceanothus (Ceanothus jepsonii). Wild (Hydrangea arborescens). Jersey pine (Pinus virginiana). Incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens). | Jerusalem-thorn (Parkinsonia acule- Indigo, ata). Halse (Amorpha fruticosa). Jessamine, Mountain (Amorpha glabra, False (Gelsemium sempervirens). piss Amorpha virgata). _ Yellow (Gelsemiun, sempervirens). Schwerin’s (Amorpha schwerinii). | Jim prush (Ceanothus sorediatus). Tennessee (Amorpha tennesseensis). Jointfir Indigobush, Heatleae a ha fruticosa, California (Ephedra californica). _ ulead spinosa). Nevada (Ephedra nevadensis). California (Amorpha californica). Texas (Ephedra texana). Dwarf (Amorpha microphylia). Torrey (Ephedra torreyana). me (ananmusncaraliniaeny Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). ES ASSL dels AR ba aor Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia). eurrant (Symphoricarpos orbicule- tus). Judas-tree (Cercis canadensis). plum (Osmaronia cerasiformis). Julibrissin (Albizzia julubrissin). Inkberry, (ibex giabra, Jduneberry, (Amelanchier canadensis). Ilex verticillata). Low (Amelanchier humilis, tall (Ilex coriacea). Amelanchier stelonifera). Inkweed (Allenrolfea occidentalis). Junebud (Cercis canadensis). Inland Jersey-tea (Ceanothus ovatus). | Juniper, Interior live oak (Quercus wislizenii). Alligator (funiperus pachyphloea). fodine bush (Allenrolfea occidentalis). Big berry (Juniperus megalocarpa). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Juniper-—Continued. California (Juniperus californica). Coast (Juniperus lucayana). Colorado (Juniperus scopulorum). Dwarf (Juniperus communis). One-seed (Juniperus monosperma). Pinchot (Juniperus pinchotii). Red-berry (Juniperus pinchotii). Red-fruited (Juniperus erythro- carpa). Utah (Juniperus utahensis). Western (Juniperus occidentalis). Kentucky, coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioica). viburnum (Viburnum molle). wisteria (Wisteria macrostachya). yellow wood (Cladrastis lutea). Kern ceanothus (Ceanothus pineto- yum). Kidneywood (Hysenhardtia polysta- chya). Kidneywort (Baccharis pilutaris). King nut hickory (Carya laciniosa). Kinnikinnik (Arctostaphylus wuva-ursi, Cornus amomum). Klamath plum (Prunus subcordata). Knackaway (H#hretia anacua). Knobecone pine (Pinus attenuata). Labrador, tea (Ledum groenlandicum). tea, smooth (Ledum glandulosum). willow (Salix argyrocarpa). Labrusea (Vitis labrusca). Lacey oak (Quercus breviloba). Lady-bloom (Ceanothus parryi). Lady-bush (Ceanothus parryi). Lambkill (Kalmia angustifolia). Lanceleaf, alder (Alnus oblongifolia). eottonwood (Populus acuminata). crab apple (Malus lancifolia). Lance-leaved buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata). Lantana (Lantana camara). White flowered (Lantana involu- crata). Lapland, rhododendron (Rhododendron tlap- ponicum). rose bay (Rhododendron lapponi- cum). Larch (Lariz ltaricina, Larige tyailii, Leria occidentalis). American (Larig laricina). Alpine (Larig lyallii). Western (Lariz occidentalis). Large, buckeye (Aesculus octandra). tupelo gum (Nyssa aquatica). Largeleaf holly (Ilex longipes). Largetooth aspen (Populus grandiden- tata). Large-leaved, cucumbertree (Magnolia macro- | phyla). | o4] Large-leaved—Continued. holly (Nemopanthus mucronata). umbrella-tree (Magnolia macro- phylia). Laurel, Big (Magnolia grandifiora). Black (Gordonia lasianthus, Leucothaé davisiae). California (Umbellularia califor- nica). Carolina cherry (Prunus carolini- ana). Mountain (Kalmia latifolia). Narrow-leaved (Kalmia angusti- folia). Pale (Kalmia polifolia). Sheep (Kalmia angustifolia). Sticky (Ceanothus velutinus) . Swamp(Kalmia polifotia, Magnolia virginiana). Sweet (Illicium floridanum). Laurel, cherry (Prunus caroliniana). greenbrier (Smilax laurifolia). oak (Quercus imbricaria, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus phelios). sumac (Rhus laurina). tree (Persea borbonia). Lavender, desert (Hyptis emoryi). Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis law- soniana). Leadplant (Amorpha canescens). Leather oak (Quercus dumosa). Leatherbark (Dirca palustris). Leatherleaf ash (Fraxinus velutina). Leatherwood (Cyrilia racemiflora, Dirca palustris). Mountain (Fremontia californica). Western (Dirca occidentalis). Leatherflower (Clematis viorna). Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calycu- lata). Lemmon, acacia (Acacia lemmonii). willow (Salia lemmonii). Lemonade, berry (Rhus integrifolia). sumac (Rhus trilobata). Lenseale (Atriplex lentiformis). Lentisco (Rhus integrifolia). Leverwood (Qstrya virginiana). Limber pine (Pinus flewilis). Lime-tree (Tilia giabra). Linden (Tilia glabra). American (Tilia glabra). Linn (Tilia glabra). Liquidambar (Liquidambar flua). Little, mountain grape (Vitis beriandieri). muscadine grape (Vitis munsoniana). pignut hickory (Carya microcarpa). sage (Artemisia nova). shagbark hickory (Carya carpa). styraci- micro- 342 Little—Continued. silverbell (Halesia parvifiora). walnut (Juglans rupestris). witch-hazel (Hamamelis vernalis). Littleleaf, ash (Frazvinus greggii). brickellbush (Brickellia microphylla). eeanothus (Ceanothus parvifelius). cherry (Prunus minutifiora). horsebean (Parkinsonia microphylla) . horsebrush (Tetradymia glabrata). Littlenut shagbark hickory (Carya microcarpa). Live oak (Quercus virginiana). Loblolly, bay (Gordonia lasianthus). pine (Pinus taeda). Locust, Black (Gleditsia triacanthos, Robinia pseudoacacia). Brostly (Robinia hispida). Clammy (Robinia viscosa). Green (Robinia pseudoacacia). Honey (Gleditsia triacanthos, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis chilensis, Robinia pseudoacacia). Mock (Amorpha californica). New Mexico (Robinia neomexicana). Peafiower (Robinia pseudoacacia). Post (Robinia peudoacacia). Red (Robinia pseudoacacia). Shipmast (Robinia pseudoacacia). Water (Gleditsia aquatica) - White (Rebinia pseudcacacia). Yellow (Cladrastis lutea, Robinia pseudoacacia). Lodgepole pine (Pinus contoria, Pinus murreyanda). Logwood (Condalia obovate). Long monkeyflower (Mimulus tongiflo- Tus). Long-flowered catclaw (Acacia greggii). Longleaf, pine (Pinus australis). willow (Saliz# fluviatiiis, Saliz interior). Long-leaved cucumbertree fraseri). Longspine horsebrush (Tetradymia spi- mOSa). Long-stalked greenbrier (Smilav pseu- dochina). Lotebush (Condalia lycioides, Condalia obtusifolia). Lovely fir (Abies amabilis). Low, asimina (Asimina pygmaea). birch (Betula pumiia). blueberry (Vaccinium vacillans). juneberry (Amelanchier humilis, Amelanchier stolonifera). sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula). sweet blueberry (Vaccinium angusti- folium). wild gooseberry (Ribes hirtellum). (Magnolia MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Lowbush, : blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) . huckleberry (Vaccinium vacillans). Lowland, hickory (Carya aquatica). white fir (Abies grandis). Lucia gooseberry (Ribes sericeum). Lupine, Chamisso (Lupinus chamissenis). Dune (Lupinus chamissonis). Guard (Lupinus excubitus). Mat (Lupinus breweri). Silver (Zupinus albifrons). Tree (Lupinus arboreus). Lyall willow (Salix lasiandra). Lyonia-vine (Calycocarpum lyonii). MacDonald oak (Quercus dumosa). MacDougal oak (Quercus pauciloba). Mackenzie willow (Salix mackenzi- ana). Macnab eypress (Cupressus macnabdi- ana). Madrone (Arbutus menziesii). Arizona (Arbutus arizonice), Texas (Arbutus terana). Magnolia, Ashe (Magnolia ashei). Bigleaf (Magnolia macrophylla). Cucumber (Magnolia acuminata). Evergreen (Magnolia grandifiora). Fraser (Magnolia fraseri). Great-leaved (Magnolia phylla). Mountain (Magnolia acuminata, Magnolia fraseri, Magnolia pyramidata). Pyramid (Magnolia pyramidata). Southern (Magnolia grandifiora). Swamp (Magnolia virginiana). Sweet (Magnolia virginiana). Umbrella (Magnolia tripetata). Yellow-flower (Magnolia cordata). Mahala mat (Ceanothus prostratus). Mahaleb cherry (Prunus mechalebd). macro- Mahogany, Alderleaf mountain (Cercocarpus al- nifolius). Arizona mountain (Cercecarpus ari- Zonicus ). Bigleaf mountain (Cercocarpus tras- kiae). Birchleaf (Cercocarpus montanus). Birchleaf mountain (Cercocarpus betuloides). Curlleaf mountain (Cercocarpus ledi- folius). Desert (Cercocarpus ledifolius). Mountain (Cercocarpus montanus). Silver mountain (Cercecarpus argen- teus). Small-flowered mountain (Cercocar- pus minutifiorus). Small-leaf (Cercocarpus intricatus). Trask (Cercocarpus traskiae). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS Mahogany—Continued. birch (Betula lenta). sumae (Rhus integrifolia). Male, berry (Xolisma ligustrina). paloverde (Parkinsonia microphylla). Mallow ninebark (Physocarpus malva- ceus, Malva rosa (Lavatera assurgentiflora). Mangla (Rhus laurina). Manzanita, Anderson sonit). Common (Arctostaphylos manzani- ta). HKastwood losa). Great-berried (Arctostaphylos glau- Ca). Greenleaf (Arctostaphylos patula). Hairy (Arctostaphylos columbiana). Heartleaf (Arctostaphylos ander- sont). Mariposa (Arctostaphylos mariposa). Parry (Arctostaphylos manzaniia). Pine-mat (Arctostaphylos nevaden- Sis). Pointleaf (Arctostaphylos pungens). Roughleaf (Arctostaphylos drupa- cea). Sandmat (Arctostaphylos pumila). Whiteleaf (Arctostaphylos viscida). Maple, Ash-leaved (Acer negundo). Bigleaf (Acer macrophyllum). Bigtooth (Acer grandidentatum). Black (Acer nigrum, Acer saccharum). Black sugar (Acer nigrum). Broadleaf (Acer macrophylium). Chalk (Acer leucoderme). Dwarf (Acer glabrum). Florida (Acer floridanum). Hard (Acer saccharum). Mountain (Acer glabrum, Acer spicatum). Oregon (Acer macrophyllum). Red (Acer rubrum). River (Acer saccharinum). Rock (Acer saccharum). Sierra (Acer glabrum). Silver (Acer saccharinum). Soft (Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum). Southern sugar (Acer floridanum). Sugar (Acer saccharum). Swamp (Acer rubrum). Vine (Acer circinatum). Water (Acer rubrum). Western sugar (Acer grandidenta- wm). White (Acer saccharinum). Whitebark (Acer leucoderme). (Arctostaphylos ander- (Arctostaphylos glandu- OF THE UNITED STATES 243 Mapleleaf, arrowwood (Viburnum acerifolium). viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium). Marine ivy (Cissus incisa). Mariola (Parthenium incanum). Mariposa manzanita (Arctostaphylos mariposa). Marsh pine (Pinus serotina). Martin, ceanothus (Ceanothus martinii). soapbloom (Ceanothus martinii). Mat, Mahala (Ceanothus prostratus). Squaw (Ceanothus prostratus). Mat lupine (Lupinus brewervi). Matrimony-vine (Lycium folium). Maul oak (Quercus chrysolepis). Mayapple (Malvaviscus drummondii). Maycherry (Amelanchier canadensis). Mayplum (Prunus texana). Mazzard (Prunus avium). Meadow, queen (Spiraea latifolia). spiraea (Spiraea alba). sweet (Spiraea alba, Spiraea, latifolia, Spiraea salicifolia). Mearn’s mockorange (Philadelphus mearnsir) . Medaddy-bush (Lonicera canadensis). Mendocino whitethorn (Ceanothus in- canus). Menodora (Menodora spinescens). Menzies, ag gooseberry (Ribes menziesii). spiraea (Spiraea menziesii). Mesa, dalea (Datea, schotti). hard-tack (Cercocarpus TUS). oak (Quercus engelmannii). Mescalbean (Sophora secundifiora). Meseat acacia (Acacia constricta). Mesquite, (Prosopis chilensis)- Arizona (Prosopis chilensis). Dwarf (Acacia reticulata). False (Calliandra eriophylla). Honey (Prosopis chilensis). Mock (Calliandra eriophylla). Screwpod (Prosopis pubescens). Velvet (Prosopis odorata). Mexican, alder (Alnus oblongifolia). ash (Frazvinus berlandieriana). blue oak (Quercus oblongifolia). bluewood (Condalia mexicana). buckeye (Ungnadia, speciosa). cherry (Prunus mexicana). elder (Sambucus mexicana). lead tree (Leucaena pulwerulenta). mulberry (Morus microphylla). orange (Choisya dumosa). persimmon (Diospyros texana). pifon (Pinus cembroides). plum (Prunus mexicana). halimi- minutiflo- 244 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Mexican—Continued. stone pine (Pinus cembroides). white pine (Pinus strobdiformis). Mezereum (Daphne mezereum). Michigan holly (Illex verticillaia). Michaux sumac (hus michauwit). Miners’ dogwood (Cornus sessilis). Mimosa (Albizezia julubrissin, Leucaena pulverulenta). Pink (Mimosa borealis). Velvetpod (Mimosa dysocarpa). Minnie-bush (Menziesia pilosa). Missouri, currant (Ribes odoratum). gooseberry (Ribes misscuriense, Ribes setesum). grape (Vitis paimaia). river willow (Selivz cordaia). viburnum (Viburnum affine). Mock, mesquite (Calliandra eriophylla). heather (Aplopappus ericoides). locust (Amorpha californica). Mockorange (Bumelia lycioides, Philadelphus spp.). Mearn’s (Philadeiphus mearnsii). Small-leaf (Philadelphus microphyl- lus). Mockernut hickory (Carye alba). fohave, dalea (Daiea arborescens). desert-rue (Thamnosma montana). horsebrush (Tetradymia stenolepis). thorn (Canotia holacantha). Mounitain—Continued. clematis (Clematis veriiciliaris). cranberry (Hugeria erythrocarpa, Vaccinium vitis-idaea). currant (Ribes viscosissimum). degwood (Cornus nuittallii). elder (Sambucus caerulea). false-indigo (Amorphe virgata). fetterbush (Pieris floribunda). fly-honeysuckle (Lonicera cauriana, Lonicera villosa). fringe (Artemisia frigida). gooseberry (Ribes moniigenum, Ribes rotundifolium). srape (Berberis acquifolium, Vitis berlandieri, Vitis rupesiris). grape, little (Vitis berlendieri). grape, sweet (Vitis moniicoia). heather (Phyliodoce caeruiea). hemlock (7'suga meriensiana). holly (Ilea montane). honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica). hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens). indigo (Amorpha glabra, Amorpha virgaia). ironwood (Cercocarpus betuloides). leatherwood (Fremontia californica). Mountain-lover (Pachistime canbyi). Mountain magnolia (Magnolia acumi- nate, Magnolia fraseri, Magnolia pyrami- data). Mohr’s shinnery oak (Quercus mohri- | Mountain, ana). Monkeyflower, Crimson (Mimulus puniceus). Long (Mimulus longifiorus). Monterey, eypress (Cupressus macrecarpa). pine (Pinus radiata). Moonseed (Menispermum canadense). Mooseberry (Viburnum alnifotium). Moosewood (Acer pennsylwanicum, Dirca palustris). Morello cherry (Prunus cerasus). Mormon tea (Hphedra viridis). Moronel (Zonicera subspicaia). Mortonia (Mortonia utahensis). Moss locust (Robinia hispida). Mossyeup oak (Quercus macrocerpa). Mountain, alder (Alnus crispa, Alnus rhombifolia, Alnus sinuata, Alnus tenuifolia). ash (Frazinus texensis). balm (Ceanothus velutinus, Hriodicityon californicum). balsam (Abies lasiocarpa). birch (Betula fontinalis). buckthorn (Bumelia monticola). camellia (Stuartia pentagyna). cedar (Juniperus mexicana). cherry (Pruws angustifolia). maple (Acer giabrum, Acer spicatum). misery (Chamaebatia foliolosa). oak (Quercus kelloggii, Quercus montana). oread (Magnolia pyramidaia). pine (Pinus pungens). privet (Ilex montana). meadowsweet (Spiraea virginiana). mulberry (Morus microphylla). redeedar (Juniperus scopulorum). rose bay (Rhododendron catawbdi- ense). silverbell (H@lesia, monticola). snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophi- lus). sweet pepperbush (Clethra ecumi- nata). spicewood (Caiycanthus fertilis). sumae (Rhus copailina). tea (Gaultheria procubens). white ocak (Quercus douglasii, Quercus grisea). whitethorn (Ceanothus cordulaius). wiliow (Sali@ scouleriena). willow, false (Salix pseudomonti- cola). Mountain winterberry (Ilex montana). Mountain-ash, (Sorbus americana). Aipine (Sorbus occidentalis). American (Sorbus americana). ——— Ss = NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Mountain-ash—Continued. European (Sorbus aucuparia). Greene (Sorbus scopulina). Pacifie (Sorbus sitchensis). Western (Sorbus siichensis). Mountain-holy (Nemopanthus mucro- nata). Mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia). Mountain-mahogany, (Cercocarpus montanus). Alderleaf (Cercocarpus alnifolius). Arizona (Cercocarpus arizonicus). Bigleaf (Cercocarpus traskiae). Birchleaf (Cercocarpus betuloides). Curl-leaf (Cercocarpus ledifolius). Small-flowered (Cercocarpus minuti- fiorus). Silver (Cercocarpus argenteus). Moxie plum (Chiogenes hispidula). Mulberry, Black (Morus nigra). Mexican (Morus microphylla). Mountain (Morus microphylla). Red (Morus rubra). Texas (Morus microphylla). White (Morus aiba). Mulefat (Baccharis viminea). Munson cherry (Prunus munsoniana). Murray pine (Pinus murrayana). Museadine grape, (Vitis rotundifolia). Little (Vitis munsoniana). Musk brush (Ceanothus jepsonii). Mustang grape (Vitis candicans). Mustard, sacred (Nicotiana glauca). Myrtle, (Cyrilla racemiflora). California wax (Myrica californica). Wax (Myrica cerifera). Wild crape (Malpighia glabra). Myrtle boxleaf (Pachistima myrsi- nites). Myrtle-croton (Bernardia myricaefo- lia). Myrtleleaf, eroton (Bernardia myricaefolia). oak (Quercus myrtifolia). Myrtle oak (Quercus murtifolia). Naked withe rod (Viburnum nudum). Nanny plum (Viburnum lentago). Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago, Viburnum prunifolium). Hairy (Viburnum pubescens). Rusty (Viburnum rufidulum). Narrowleaf, buckthorn (Rhamiuus lanceolata). eottonwood (Populus angustifolia). crab apple (Malus angustifolia). goldenbush (Aplopappus linearifo- linus). laurel (Kalmia angustifolia). papaw (Asimina angustifolia). redroot (Ceanothus ovatus). willow (Salix evigua, Sallie longifolia). 345 Narrowleaf yerba santa (Hriodictyon angustifolium) Vecklace poplar (Populus delioides, Populus sargentii). Needle palm (Rhapidophylium hystriz). Nerango (Prunus texana). Netleaf, hollygrape (Berberis californicum). oak (Quercus diversicolor). Nettle-tree (Celtis occidentalis). Netvein acacia (Acacia reticulata). Nevada, currant (Ribes nevadense). dalea (Parosela polyadenia). jointfir (Hphedra nevadensis). wild almond (Prunus andersonii). Nevin hollygrape (Berberis nevinii). Newberry falsemallow (Horsfordia newberryt). New Jersey-tea (Ceanothus ameri- canus). New Mexican, locust (Robinia neomewicana). rubberbush (Parthenium incanum). shinnery oak (Quercus novomeai- cana). New Mexico, buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa). clematis (Clematis neomexicana). Nightshade, bitter (Solanum dul- camara). Ninebark (Physocarpus capitatus, Physocarpus opulifolius). Alabama (Physocarpus alabamensis). Dwarf (Physocarpus aliernans). Mallow (Physocarpus malvaceus, Prairie (Physocarpus intermedius). Noble fir (Abies nobilis). Nogal (J/uglans major). Northern, alder (Alnus sinuata). fox grape (Vitis labrusca). gooseberry (Ribes oxyacanthoides). pin oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis). prickly-ash (Xanthoxylum ameri- canum). red oak (Quercus borealis). sloe (Prunus alleghaniensis). white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). white pine (Pinus strobus). Norway pine (Pinus resinosa). Nut pine (Pinus cembroides, Pinus edulis, Pinus monophylla, Pinus parryana). Nutbrush (Simmondsia chinensis). Nutmeg, California (Tumion californi- cum). Nutmeg, hickory (Carya myristicae- formis). Nuttall, globemallow (Malvastrum nuttallii). horsebrush (Tetradymia nuttallii). willow (Salix scouleriana). 346 Oak, Arizona white (Quercus arizonica). Barren (Quercus ilicifelia, Quercus marilandica). Basket (Quercus durandii, Quercus prinus). Bastard (Quercus coccinea, Quercus durandii). Bastard white (Quercus austrina). Bear (Quercus ilicifolia, Quercus sadleriana). Black (Quercus coccinea,) Quercus emoryi). Black serub (Quercus ilicifolia). Blackjack (Quercus marilandica). Blue (Quercus douglasii). Bluejack (Quercus cinerea). Box white (Quercus stellata). Boynton (Quercus boyntonii). Bray (Quercus brayi). Brewer (Quercus garryana). Buck (Quercus coccinea). Bur (Quercus macrocarpa). California black (Quercus kelioggii). California blue (Quercus douglasii). California live (Quercus agrifolia). California scrub (Quercus dwmosa). California tanbark (Quercus densi- flora). California white (Quercus lobata). Canyon live (Quercus chrysolepis, Quercus wislizenit). Chapman (Quercus chapmanii). Chapman white (Quercus chapmanii). Chestnut (Quercus montana). Chinquapin (Quercus muehlenbergit). Chisos red (Quercus gravesii). Coast live (Quercus agrifolia, Quercus pricei). Colorado white (Quercus phyla). Cow (Quercus prinus). Deer (Quercus sadleriana). Duck (Quercus nigra). Durand (Quercus durandii). Durand white (Quercus durandii). Dwarf chinquapin (Quercus prinoi- des). Dyer (Quercus velutina). Emory (Quercus emoryi). Hvergreen (Quercus engelmannii). Evergreen white (Quercus engel- manii). Fendler (Quercus fendleri). Gambel (Quercus gambelii). Garry (Quercus garryana). Georgia (Quercus georgiana). Grave’s (Quercus gravesit). Gray (Quercus grisea). Havard’s shinnery (Quercus havar- dii). Hedgehog (Mithocarpus densiflora). Highland live (Quercus wislizenit). Holly (Quercus undulata). Huckleberry (Quercus vaccinifolia), Interior live (Quercus wislizenii), lepto- MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Oak—Continued. Iron (Quercus chrysolepis, Quercus steilata). Island live (Quercus tomenteila). Jack (Quercus ellipsoidalis, Quercus merilandica). Lacey (Quercus laceyi). Laurel (Quercus imbdricaria, Quercus ltaurifolia, Quercus phellos). Laurelleaf (Quercus laurifolia). Leather (Quercus dumosea). Live (Quercus virginiana). MacDonald (Quercus dumosa). Mesa (Quercus engelmannii). Mexican blue (Quercus oblongifolia). Mohr’s shinnery (Quercus mohriane). Mossyecup (Quercus macrocarpa). Mountain (Quercus kelloggii, Quercus montane). Mountain white (Quercus douglasii, Quercus grisea). Myrtle (Quercus myrtifolia). Myrtleleaf (Quercus myrtifolia). Netleaf (Quercus diversicolor). New Mexican shinnery (Quercus novomexicana). Northern pin (Quercus ellipsoidalis). Northern red (Quercus borealis). Oregon white (Quercus garryana). Overcup (Quercus lyrata, Quercus macrocarpa). Palmer (Quercus palmeri). Pin (Quercus laurifotia, Quercus palustris, Quercus phellos). Possum (Quercus nigra). Post (Quercus stellata). Punk (Quercus nigra). Quercitron (Quercus velutina). Red (Quercus coccinea, Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina). Rock (Quercus dcuglassii, Quercus montana). Rock chestnut (Quercus montana). Rocky Mountain shin (Quercus wn- dulata). Rocky Mountain white (Quercus lep- tophylla, Quercus utanhensis ). Running (Quercus pumila). Rydberg (Quercus rydbergiana). Sadler (Quercus sadleriana). Searlet (Quercus coccinea). Schneck red (Quercus shumardi). Serub (Quercus catesbei, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus marilandica, Quercus prinoides). Serub chestnut (Quercus prinoides). Shin (Quercus mohriana, Quercus undulata). Shingle (Quercus imbricaria). Shinnery (Quercus havardii). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Oak—Continued. Shumard red (Quercus shumardii). Silver (Quercus hypoleuca). Slick (Quercus velutina). Slickbark (Quercus velutina). Smali chestnut (Quercus prinoides). | Small post (Quercus margaretta). Smoothbark (Quercus velutina). Southern red (Quercus rubra). Spanish (Quercus coccinea, Quercus digitata, Quercus rubra). Snotied (Quercus coccinea, Quercus nigra, Quercus shumardii, Quercus texana). Swamp (Quercus bicolor, Quercus palustris). Swamp chestnut (Quercus prinus). Swamp post (Quercus lyrata). Swamp Spanish (Quercus palustris). Swamp white (Quercus bicolor, Quercus prinus). Switch (Quercus undulata). Tan (Lithocarpus densijiora). Tanbark (Lithocarpus densifiora, Quercus montana, Quercus velutina). Texas red (Quercus texana). Toumey (Quercus toumeyi). Turkey (Quercus cinerea, Quercus ilicifolia, Quercus rubra). Upland willow (Quercus cinerea). Valiey white (Quercus lobata). Vasey (Quercus undulata). Water (Quercus arkansana, Quercus imobricaria, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Quercus palustris, Quercus phellos). Wavyleaf (Quercus undulata). White (Quercus alba, Quercus durandii, Quercus oblongifolia, Quercus stellata). White water (Quercus lyrata). Whiteleaf (Quercus hypoleuca). Wilcox (Quercus wilcoxii). Willow (Quercus phellos). Willowleaf (Quercus phellos). Wislizenius (Quercus wislizenii). Yellow (Quercus velutina). Oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea querci- folia). Oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor). Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens). Ogeche, lime (Nyssq@ ogeche). plum (Nyssa ogeche). Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra). Oklahoma plum (Prunus gracilis). Old-field, birch (Betula populifolia). pine (Pinus taeda). plum (Prunus umbellata). 347 Oldman’s beard (Hydrangea quercifo- lia). Olive, Russian (Hlacagnus angustifo- lia). Olive tree, wild (Halesia carolina). One-berry (Celtis occidentalis). One-color willow (Saliz monochroma). One-seed juniper (Juniperus mono- sperma). Opopanax (Acacia farnesiana). Yellow (Acacia farnesiana). Opossum-wood (Halesia carolina). Orange, Bitter (Citrus trifoliata). Mexican (Choisya dumosa). Mock (Prunus caroliniana). Osage (Maclura pomifera). Wild (Prunus caroliniana). Orange, gooseberry (Ribes pinetorum). honeysuckle (Lonicera ciliosa). Oregon, alder (Alnus rubra). ash (Frawvinus oregona). box-bush (Pachistima myrsinites). crab apple (Malus fusca). Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga tazifolia). gooseberry (Ribes lobbii). hollygrape (Berberis aquifolium, Berberis nervosa). maple (Acer macrophyllum). myrtie (Umbeilularia californica). pine (Pseudotsuga taxifolia). tea-tree (Ceanothus sangwineus). viburnum (Viburnum ellipticum). white oak (Quercus garryana). Oregon-grape (Berberis aquifolium, Berberis nervosa, Berberis repens). Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera). Osier, Red (Cornus stolonifera). Western (Cornus occidentalis). Oso berry (Osmaronia cerasiformis). Overcup, oak (Quercus lyrata, Quercus macrocarpa). Oxeye, sea (Borrichia frutescens). Ozark chinquapin (Castanea ozarken- sis). Pachysandra bens). Pacific, grape (Vitis californica). mountain-ash (Sorbus sitchensis). plum (Prunus subcordata). waxmyrtle (Myrica californica). yew (Taxus brevifolia). Paintbrush, bush (Castilleja hololeuca). Palaverde (Canotia holacantha). Pale, desert-thorn (Lycium pallidum). dogwood (Cornus obliqua). elderberry (Sambucus coeruiea). laurel (Kalmia polifolia). silktassel (Garrya flavescens). wolfberry (Lyciuwm pallidum). (Pachysandra procum- 348 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. Palm, Texas (Sabal terana). Palmer, clematis (Clematis paimeri). cottonwood (Populus palmeri). goldenbush (Aplopappus palmeri). oak (Quercus palmeri). Palmetto, cabbage (Sabal palmetto). Paloblanco (Celtis lindheimeri, Celtis reticulata, Forestiera neomewicana). Paloduro (Celtis reticulata). Paloverde (Cercidium macrum, Cercidium torreyanum). Panhandle grape (Vitis doaniana). Panicled dogwood (Cornus paniculata). Papaw, Common (Asimina triloba). Dwarf (Asimina parvifiora). Narrowleaf (Asimina angustifolia). Small-flowered (Asimina parvifiora). Small-fruited (Asimina pervifiora). Paper, birch (Betula papyrifera, Betula populifolia). mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera). Paperleaf alder (Alnus tenuifolia). Paradise flower (Acacia greggi). Parish, desert-thorn (Lycium parishii). goldenbush (Aplopappus parishii). Parry, lenscale (Atriplex parryi). manzanita (Arctostaphyics manza- nita). pifion (Pinus parryana). saltbush (Atriplex parryi). Partridge berry (Mitchella repens). Pasture gooseberry (Ribes cynosbatii). Payonia (Pavenia tasiopetata). Peach, Desert (Prunus andersonii). Wild (Prunus carolinia, Prunus texana). Peach, oak (Quercus pheilos). thorn (Lycium cooperi). Peachleaf willow (Salix amygdaloides). Peaflower locust (Ro0binia pseudo- acacia). Pecan (Carya pecan) . Pencil-tree (Baccharis halimifotia). Pentstemon, Heartleaf (Pentstemon cordifolius). Rothrock (Pentstemon rothrockii). Shortflower (Pentstemon brevi- fiorus). Snapdragon (Penisiemon antirrhi- noides). Pepperbush, Mountain sweet (Clethra acuminata). Sweet (Clethra alnifolia). Pepperidge (Cissus arborea, Nyssa sylvatica). Peppervine (Cissus arborea). Pepperwood (Umbellularia californica, Xanthozylum clava-her- culis). S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Perfumed cherry (Prunus mahaled). Fersimmon (Dicspyros virginiana). Black (Diospyros texana). Mexican (Diospyros texana). Pickleweed (Allenrolfea occidentalis). Piedmont rhododendron (Rhododen- dron minus). Pigeon cherry (Prunus pennsylwanica). Pigeonberry (Amelanchier alnifolia, Amelanchier florida, Cornus alternifolia, Rhamnus californica). Pigmy-cedar (Peucephyllum schottii). Pignut, (Simmondsia chinensis). hickory (Carya cordiformis, Carya glabra, Carya leiodermis, Carya pallida, Carya villosa). Pilgrim grape (Vitis novae-angliae). Pima ratany (Krameria parvifolia). Pin cherry (Prunus pennsylwanica). Pinchot juniper (Juniperus pinchottii). Pine, Apache (Pinus apacheca). Arizona (Pinus arizonica). Banks (Pinus banksiana). Bigcone (Pinus coulteri). Bishop (Pinus muricata). Black (Pinus serotina, Pinus taeda). Bristlecone (Pinus aristata). Carribean (Pinus caribaea). Chihuahua (Pinus leiophylla). Coulter (Pinus coulteri). Digger (Pinus sabiniana). Fat (Pinus australis). Foxtail (Pinus aristata, Pinus balfouriana). Georgia (Pinus australis). Gray (Pinus banksiane). Hickory (Pinus aristata). sack (Pinus banksiana). Jeffrey (Pinus jeffreyi). Jersey (Pinus virginiana). Knobeone (Pinus attenuata). Limber (Pinus fievilis). Loblolly (Pinus taeda). Lodgepole (Pinus contorta, Pinus murrayana). Longleaf (Pinus australis). Marsh (Pinus serotina). Mexican stone (Pinus cembroides). Mexican white (Pinus strobiformis). Monterey (Pinus radiata). Mountain (Pinus pungens). Murray (Pinus murrayana). Northern white (Pinus strobus). Norway (Pinus resinosa). Nut (Pinus cembroides, Pinus edulis, Pinus monophylia, Pinus parryana). Oldfield (Pinus taeda). Oregon (Pseudotsuga tawifolia). Pitch (Pinus rigida). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Pine—Continued. Pond (Pinus serotina). Prickle-cone (Pinus muricata). Red (Pinus resinesa, Pseudotsuga glauca). Rocky mountain yellow (Pinus bra- chyptera). Rosemary (Pinus taeda). Sabine (Pinus sabiniana). Sand (Pinus clausa). Santa Cruz Island (Pinus rata). Serub (Pinus banksiana, Pinus virginiana). Shore (Pinus contoria). Shortleaf (Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda). Singleleaf (Pinus monophylia). Slash (Pinus caribaea). Southern (Pinus australis). Southern hard (Pinus australis). Southern yellow (Pinus echinata). Spruce (Picea mariana, Pinus contoria, Pinus giabra, Tsuga canadensis). Sugar (Pinus lambertiana). Swamp (Pinus caribaea, Pinus palustris). Table-mountain (Pinus pungens). Tamarac (Pinus murrayana). Torrey (Pinus torreyana). Virginia (Pinus virginiana). Western white (Pinus monticoia). Western yellow (Pinus ponderosa). White (Picea engelmannii, Pinus flecilis, Pinus glabra, Pinus strobus). Whitebark (Pinus albicautis). Yellow (Pinus australis, Pinus echinata, Pinus ponderosa). bush (Aplopappus pinifolius). Pineleaf goldenbush (Aplopappus pini- folius). Pine-mat (Ceanothus diversifolius). manzanita (Arctostaphylos nevaden- sis). Pink, honeysuckle (Lonicera hispiduta). meadow spiraea (Spiraea latifolia). mimosa (Mimosa borealis). sophora (Sophora, affinis). Pinkshell azalea (Rhododendron va- seyi). Pin oak, (Quercus taurifolia, Quercus palustris, Quercus phelios). Northern (Quercus ellipsoidalis). Pifion (Pinus edulis, Pinus monophylla). Pinxter flower (Rhododendron cens, Rhododendron nu di- jfiorum). rEemo- canes- o49 Piper willow (Salix piperi). Pipestem (Clematis lasiantha). Pipe-vine, (Aristolochia durior, Aristelochia tomentosa). Dutchman’s (Aristolochia durior). California Dutchman’s (Aristolochia californica). Woolly (Aristolochia tomentosa). Pitch pine (Pinus rigida). Planetree (Platanus occidenialis). Planer-tree (Planera aquatica). Plateau gooseberry (Ribes velutinum). Plum, Allegheny (Prunus allegheniensis). Beach (Prunus maritima). Big-tree (Prunus mexicana). Bullace (Prunus umbeliata). Canada (Prunus nigra). Chickasaw (Prunus angustifolia, Prunus umbeltata). Creek (Prunus rivularis). Deer (Chrysobatanus oblongifotius). Downward (Bumelia spinifiora). Hog (Colubrina texensis, Prunus reverchonii, Prunus umbellata). Horse (Prunus americana, Prunus nigra). Hortulan (Prunus hortulana). Klamath (Prunus subcordata). May (Prunus texana). Mexican (Prunus meaicana). Moxie (Chiogenes hispidula). Nanny (Viburnum lentago). Ogeche (Nyssa ogeche). Oklahoma (Prunus gracilis). Oldfield (Prunus uwmbellata). Pacific (Prunus subcordata). Porter’s (Prunus allegheniensis). Prairie (Prunus umbeilata). Saffron (Bumelia spinifiora) . Sand (Prunus texana). Shore (Prunus maritima). Sierra (Prunus subcordata). Western wild (Prunus subcordata). Wild (Prunus americana, Prunus lanata, Prunus nigra). Wild garden (Prunus hortulana). Wild goose (Prunus hortulano, Prunus munsoniana). Wild red (Prunus americana). Wild yellow (Prunus americana). Plum grape (Vitis labrusca). Plumas bush (Ceanothus lenvnonii). Plumleaf cherry (Prunus emarginata). Plymouth crowberry (Corema conradii). Pointleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos pUNgeNs). Poison, ash (Rhus vernix). bay (Illicium floridanum). dogwood (Rhus vernix). elder (Rhus verniz). sumac (Rhus vernix). Poisonbean (Daubenbonia drummon- aii). 300 Poison-ivy (Rhus toxicodendron). Poison-oak (Rhus diversiloba, Rhus toxicodendron, Rhus verniv). Polecat tree (Rhamnus caroliniena). Polished willow (Saliz# laevigata). Polygala, Desert (Polygala acanthoclada). Thorn (Polygala acanthoclada). Pond, brush (Forestiera acuminata). pine (Pinus serotina). spice (Glabraria geniculata). Pondbush (Glabraria geniculata). Pondcypress (Tarodium ascendens). Ponil (failugia paradoaa). Popinack (Acacia farnesiana). Poplar, Balsam (Populus balsamifera). Blue (Liriodendron tulipifera). Downy (Populus heterophylla). Hickory (Liriodendron tulipifera). Necklace (Populus deitoides, Populus sargentii). Rydberg (Populus acuminata). Silver (Populus alba). White (Liriodendron tulipifera, Populus aloa). Yellow (Liriodendron tulipfera. Popotillo (Hphedra antisyphilitica, Hphedra trifurca). Poppy, Bush (Dendromecon rigida). Tree (Dendromecon rigida). Porter’s plum (Prunus allegheniensis). Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis law- soniana). Possum, grape (Vitis baileyana). oak (Quercus nigra). wood (Diospyros virginiana). Possumhaw (Ilex decidua, Viburnum nudum). Post, cedar (Libocedrus decurrens). locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). oak (Quercus stellata). Post-oak grape (Vitis lincecumit). Poverty birch (Betula populifolia). Powdery storax (Styragv pulverulenta). Prairie, acacia (Acacia angustissima). crab apple (Malus ioensis). guajillo (Acacia angustissima). ninebark (Physocarpus intermedius). plum (Prunus umbellata). weed (Potentilla fruticosa). willow (Salix humilis). Pretty willow (Salig bella). Prickle-cone pine (Pinus muricata). Prickly, ash (Aralia spinosa). gooseberry (Ribes cynosbatii). Pride of China (Melia azedarach). MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Privet, (forestiera acuminata, Ilex decidua, Ilex longipes, Ligustrum vulgare). Mountain (Ilex montana). Swamp (Forestiera acuminaia). andromeda (Xolisma ligustrina). lippia (Lippia ligustrina). Punk oak (Quercus nigra). | Purple, | anise (Illicium fioridanum). azalea (Rhododendron nudifiorum). chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia). dogwood (Cornus alternifolia). haw (Condalia obovata). virgins-bower (Clematis verticillaris). Pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda). Pussy willow (Saligv discolor). Gwarf (Salia tristis). Pyramid magnolia (Magnolia pyrami- data). Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Quarter-vine (Bignonia capreolata). Quercitron oak (Quercus velutina). Quinine, bush (Cowania stansburiana, Garrya elliptica, Garrya flavescens). cherry (Prunus emarginata). plant (Simmondsia chinensis). Quinsy berry (Ribes hudsonianum). Rabbit thorn (Lycium pallidum). Rabbitberry (Shepherdia argentea). Rabbitbrush, Douglas (Chrysothamnus viscidifio- TUS). Rubber (Chrysothamnus nauseosus). Spring (Tetradymia giabrata). Sticky (Chrysothamnus paniculatus). Sticky flower (Chrysothamnus vVisci- diflorus). Rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virga- tum). Raisin, wild (Viburnum cassinoides, Viburnum lentago). Ramoceniza (Parosela spinosa). Ramona bush (Ceanothus tomentosus). Ramshorn (Acacia greggii). Range ratany (Krameria glandulosa). Ratany, Pima (Krameria parvifolia). Range (Krameria glandulosa). White (Krameria gray). Rat-stripper (Pachistima canbyi). Rattan vine (Berchemia scandens). Rattlebox (Halesia carolina). Red, alder (Alnus ruora). ash (Fravinus pennsylvanica). bilberry (Vaccinium parvifolium). birch (Betula, fontinalis, Betuia nigra). brush (Lippia berlandiert, Quercus ilicifolia). buckeye (Aesculus pavia). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Red—Continued. chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia). eypress (Taxodium distichum). elder (Sambueus callicarpa, Sambucus pubens). elm (Ulmus alata, Uimus fulwa, Ulmus serotina). fir (Abies magnifica, Pseudotsuga glauca, Abies nobilis, Pseudotsuga taxifolia). fir, California (Abies magnifica). fir, Shasta (Abies magnifica). grape (Vitis polmata). gum (Liquidambar styraciflua). heart (Ceanothus spinosus). heather (Phyllodoce breweri, Phyllodoce empetriformis). hollygrape (Berberis haematocarpa). huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium). locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). maple (Acer rubrum). moonseed (Cebatha carolina). mulberry (Morus rubra). oak (Quercus coccinea, Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina). pine (Pinus resinosa, Pseudotsuga glauca). spruce (Picea rubra). sage (Trizis californica). soapbloom (Ceanothus sanguineus). twinberry (Lonicera utahensis). whortleberry (Vaccinium parvifoli- Um). willow (Salia laevigata, Salix lasiandra). Redbay, (Gordonia lasianthus, Persea borbonia). Smooth (Persea borbonia). Swamp (Persea pubescens). Redberry, (Rhamnus crocea) bamboo (Smilagr walteri). elder (Sambucus callicarpa). juniper (Juniperus pinchotii). Redbud, (Cercis canadensis). California (Cercis occidentalis). Redbud _ serviceberry (Amelanchier prunifolia). Redbud, Texas (Cercis reniformis). _ Western (Cercis occidentalis). Red-cardinal (Hrythrina arborea). Red cedar, (Juniperus scopulorum, Thuja plicata). HKastern (Juniperus virginiana). Mountain (Juniperus scopulorum). Rocky mountain (Juniperus scopu- lorum). Southern (Juniperus lucayana). Western (Thuja plicata). Red-flowered, clematis (Clematis pitcher). currant (Ribes sanguineum). 130186°—39——23 ool Red-fruited juniper (Juniperus erythro- carpa). Red-osier (Cornus stolonifera). Redroot, (Ceanothus americanus, Ceanothus intermedius, Ceanothus ovatus). Redshank (Adenostoma sparsifolium). grape (Vitis rufotomentosa). Redstem, buckthorn (Rhamnus rubra). ceanothus (Ceanothus sanguineus). Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). California (Sequoia sempervirens). Rhododendron, (Rhododendron mazi- mum). Carolina (Rhododendron carolinia- num). Catawba (Rhododendron cataw- biense). Coast (Rhododendron californicum). Lapland (Rhododendron lapponi- cum). Piedmont (Rhododendron minus). Rocky mountain (Rhododendron al- biflorum). Rosebay (Rhododendron mazrimum). Rhodora (Rhododendron canadense). Ribbonwood (Adenostoma sparsifo- lium). Rigid, brickellbush (Brickellia frutescens). ceanothus (Ceanothus rigidus). River, birch (Betula nigra). cottonwood (Populus sargentii). maple (Acer saccharinum). willow (Salix fluviatillis). River willow, Missouri (Salix cordata, Salig mis- souriense). Riverbank grape (Vitis vulpina). Rock, chestnut oak (Quercus moniana). clematis (Clematis verticillaris). elm (Ulmus racemosa). gooseberry (Ribes quercetorum). grape (Vitis rupestris). maple (Acer saccharum). nettle (Hucnide urens). oak (Quercus douglasit, Quercus montana). Rockbrush (Lysenhardtia polystachya). Rocky mountain, redcedar (Juniperus scopulorum). rhododendron (Rhododendron albi. florum). red cherry (Prunus corymbulosa). shin oak (Quercus undulata). white oak (Quercus leptophylla, Quercus utahensis). whortleberry (Vacciniumoreophilum). yellow pine (Pinus brachyptera). Romero (Trichostema tanatum). Rope-vine (Clematis paucifiora). Rosa, malva (Lavatera assurgenti- fiora). o02 Rose-acacia (Robinia lispida). Rosebay, (Rhododendron marimum). Lapland (Rhododendron lapponicum). Mountain (Rhododendron cataw- biense). Rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) . Rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides). pine (Pinus taeda). willow (Salix petiolaris). Roses (Rosé spp.). Rosin brush (Beaccharis sarothroides). Rothrock, currant (Ribes wolfii). pentstemon (Pentstemon rothrockii). Rough arrowwood (Viburnum scabrel- lum). Roughish arrowwood (Viburnum sca- brellum). Roughleaf, cornel (Cornus asperifolia). manzanita (Arctostaphylos drupa- cea). Rough-leaved, cornel (Cornus asperifolia, Cornus circinata). dogwood (Cornus asperifolia). Round - flowered catelaw (Acacia roemeriana). Roundleaf, gooseberry (Ribes rotundifolium). grape (Vitis heileri). snowberry (Symphoricarpos rotundi- folius). Rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus NAUSEOSUS). Rum cherry (Prunus serotina). Running, oak (Quercus pumila). strawberrybush (Hvonymus obova- tus): Russet, alder (Alnus crispa). buffaloberry (Shepherdia canaden- Sis). Russian-olive (Hlaeagnus angustifolia). Rusty, blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum). nannyberry (Viburnum rufidulum). Rustyleaf (Menziesia ferruginea). Rydberg, oak (Quercus rydbergiana). poplar (Populus acuminata). Sabine pine (Pinus sabiniana). Sacred mustard (Nicotiana glauca). Sadler oak (Quercus sadleriana). Sage, Ambrosia bur siodes). Autumn (Salvia greggit). Bee (Hyptis emoryi). Black (Artemisia arbuscula, Salvia mellifera). Bladder (Salazaria mexicana). Colorado (Artemisia tridentata). Desert (Salvia carnosa). (Franceria ambro- MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. CF AGRICULTURE Sage—Continued. Gregg (Salvia greggii). Hollyleaf bur (Franceria ilicifolia). Little (Artemisia nova). Red (Trizis californica). Salt (Atriplex canescens). Sheep (Hriogonum microthecum). Shrubby blue (Salvia ballotaefiora). Water (Atriplex torreyi). White (Hurotia lanata, Salvia apiana). White bee (Salvia apiana) . Wolly bur (Franseria erioscentra). Sage willow (Salix candida, Salig tristis). Sagebrush, Basin (Artemisia tridentata). Big (Artemisia tridentata). Bigelow (Artemisia bigelovii). Bud (Artemisia spinescens). Coastal (Artemisia californica). Flat (Artemisia bigelovii). Hoary (Artemisia cana). Low (Artemisia arbuscula). Sand (Artemisia filifolia). Secabland (Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia rigida). Silver (Artemisia cana). Small (Artemisia nova). Stiff (Artemisia rigida). Threetip (Artemisia tripartiia). St.-Andrews’-cross (Aseyrum hypericoi- des, Ascyrum linifolium). St. Johnswort, shrubby (Hypericum prolificum). St.-Peter’s-wort (Ascyrum stans). Salad tree (Cercis canadensis). Salal, (Gaultheria shallon). berry (Gaultheria shallon). Saloop (Sassafras albidum). Salt sage (Atriplex canescens). Saltbush, Big (Atriplex lentiformis). Parry (Atripler parryi). Saltcedar (Tamariaz gallica). San Gabriel globemallow (Malvastrum gabrielense). and, cherry (Prunus pumila). grape (Vitus lincecumii, Vitus rupestris). jack (Quercus cinerea). pine (Pinus clausa). plum (Prunus texana). sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia). scrub (Ceanothus dentatus). Sandbar willow (Salix erigua, Salia interior, Salix sessilifolia). Sandbur (Franseria dumosa). Sandmat manzanita (Arctostaphylos pumila). Sandmyrtle, box (Leiophyllum buzifo- lium). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Sangre de drago (Jatropha spathu- lata). Santa Cruz, Island pine (Pinus remorata). ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribun- dus). Santa Lucia fir (Abies venusia). Sargent, cottonwood (Populus sargentis). cypress (Cupressus sargentii). Sarsaparilla (Smilax lanceolata, Smilax walteri). Wild (Smilax glauca). Sarsaparilla vine (Smilax pumila). Sarvisberry (Amelanchier alnifolia, Amelanchier canadensis, Amelanchier florida). Sassafras (Sassafras albidum). Satin willow (Salia sitchensis). Satin-curls (Clematis catesbyana). Saw, brier (Smilax glauca). palmetto (Serenoa repens). Scabland sagebrush (Artemisia arbus- cula, Artemisia ri- gida). Seale broom (Lepidospartum squama- tum). Scarlet, buckeye (Aesculus discolor, Aesculus pavia). oak (Quercus coccinea). Scentless syringa (Philadelphus in- odorus). Schneck red oak (Quercus shumardii). Schwerin’s indigo (Amorpha schwer- init). Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius). Serewbean (Prosopis cinerascens, Prosopis pubescens). Serewpod mesquite (Prosopis pubes- cens). Serub, birch (Betula glandulosa). ceanothus (Ceanothus foliosus). chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides). hickory (Carya floridana). oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus marilandica, Quercus prinoides). pine (Pinus banksiana, Pinus virginiana). Sea oxeye (Borrichia frutescens). Sea-ash (Xanthozylum clara-herculis). Seaside alder (Alnus maritima). Seepwillow (Baccharis glutinosa). Senna (Cassia armata, Cassia covesii). September elm (Ulmus serotina). Sequoia (Sequoia washingtoniana). Serviceberry, (Amelanchier oblongi- folia, Amelanchier sangui- nea). Canada (Amelanchier canadensis). 30d Serviceberry—Continued. Cluster (Amelanchier polycarpa). Cusick (Amelanchier cusickii). Downy (Amelanchier canadensis). Dwarf (Amelanchier oblongifolia) . Goldman (Amelanchier goldmanii). Small (Amelanchier humilis). Smooth (Amelanchier laevis). Utah (Amelanchier utahensis). Western (Amelanchier alnifolia, Amelanchier florida). Seven-bark (Hydrangea arborescens, Hydrangea quercifolia). Sevenleaf ivy (Parthenocissus hepta- phylia). Shadblow (Amelanchier canadensis). Shadbush (Amelanchier canadensis). Shadscale (Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia). Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata). Shankbush (Adenostoma sparsifolium). Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica). She-balsam (Abies fraseri). Sheepberry (Viburnum lentago, Viburnum prunifolium). Sheep-currant (Ribes cereum), Sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia). Sheep-nut (Simmondsia chinensis). Sheep-sage (Hriogonum microthecunt). Shellbark hickory (Carya ovata). Shin oak (Quercus mohriana, Quercus undulata). Shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria). Shining, bumelia (Bumelia lucida). . sumac (Rhus copallina). willow (Salix lucida). withe-rod (Viburnum nitidum). Shinnery oak (Quercus havardii). Shiny willow (Salix lucida). Shipmast locust (Robinia acacia). Shittimwood (Bumelia lanuginosa, Bumelia lycioides). Shoestrings (Amorpha canescens, Campsis radicans). pseudo- Shore, pine (Pinus contorta). plum (Prunus maritima). Short shucks (Pinus virginiana). Shortflower pentstemon (Pentstemon breviflorus) . Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata, Pinus taeda). Shortspine horsebrush (Tetradymia Spinosa). Shrub, (Calycanthus floridus). yellow-root (Xanthorriza simplicis- sima). Shrubby, blue sage (Salvia ballotaefiora). buckeye (Aesculus glabra). cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa). croton (Croton fruticulosus). St. Johnswort (Hypericum prolifi- cum). 354 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Shumard red oak (Quercus shumar- dit). ; Sierra, bearberry (Arctostaphyios nevaden- sis). bladdernut (Staphylea bolanderi). coffeeberry (Rhamnus rubra). currant (Ribes nevadense). gooseberry (Ribes roezlii). maple (Acer glabrum). plum (Prunus subcordata). sweet bay (Myrica hartwegii). willow (Saliz commutata, Saliz orestera). Silkbay (Persea humilis). Silktassel, Coast (Garrya elliptica). Fremont (Garrya fremontii). Pale (Garrya flavescens). Veatch (Garrya veatchii). Yellowleaf (Garrya flavescens). Silktassel bush (Garrya elliptica, Garrya lindheimeri). Silktree (Aldicezia julubrissin). Silky, camellia (Stuartia malachodendron). cornel (Cornus amomum). willow (Saliz sericea, Salix sitchensis). Silver, birch (Betula tutea, EFlaeagnus argentea). bush (Hlaeagnus argentea). bush, desert (Shepherdia rotundi- folia). chain (Robinia pseudoacacia). fir (Abies amabdilis, Abies concolor, Abies grandis). lupine (Lupinus albifrons). maple (Acer saccharinum). mountain-m ahogany (Cercocarpus argenteus). oak (Quercus hypoleuca). poplar (Populus alba). sagebrush (Artemisia cana). willow (Salix argyrocarpa, Saliz discolor, Saliz geyeriana). Silverbell, (Halesia carolina). Little (Halesia parviflora). Mountain (Halesia monticola). Two-wing (Halesia diptera). Silverbell tree (Halesia carolina). Silverberry (Hlaeagnus argentea). Silverleaf, hydrangea (Hydrangea radiata). willow (Salix argophylla). Silverling (Baccharis halimifolia). Silvery wormwood (Artemisia filifolia). Single spruce (Picea canadensis). Singleleaf pine (Pinus monophylia). Sitka, alder (Alnus sinuata). Peay (Chamaecyparis nootkaten- &s e Sitka—Continued. spruce (Picea sitchensis). willow (Salig sitchensis). Skunk, bush (Rhus trilobata). currant (Rives bracteosum, Ribes glandulosum, Ribes prostraium). spruce (Picea canadensis). Slash pine (Pinus caribaea, Pinus pawstris). Slender, buckwheatbrush (Hriogonum micro- thecum). poreleaf (Porephyllum gracile). willow (Salia# exigua). Slick oak (Quercus velutina). Slickbark oak (Quercus velutina). Slippery elm, (Ulmus fulwa). California (Fremontia californica). Sloe (Prunus umbellata, Viburnum prunifolium). Sinall, chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides). cranberry (Vaccinium owvycoccus). pignut hickory (Carya microcarpa, Carya ovalis). post oak (Quercus margaretia). sagebrush (Artemisia nova). serviceberry (Amelanchier humilis). viburnum (Viburnum obovatum). Small’s hackberry (Celtis smailii). Small-flowered, mountain-mahogany (Cerceocarpius minutifiorus). papaw (Asimina parvifiora). Small-fruited, hickory (Carya microcarpa). papaw (Asimina parviflora). Small-leaf, mahogany (Cercocarpus intricatius). mockorange (Philadelphus wmicro- phyllus). Small-leaved horsebean (Parkinsonia microphylla). Smilax (Smilagv lanceolata). Smith buckthorn (Rhamnus smithii)- Smoketree (Cotinus americanus, Parosela spinosa). Smooth, alder (Alnus rugosa). ash (Fragvinus velutina). azalea (Rhododendron arborescens). clematis (Clematis addisonii). cottonwood (Populus acuminata). cypress (Cupressus glabra). gooseberry (Ribes oxyacanthoides, Ribes rotundifolium). hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens). labrador tea (Ledum glandulosum). redbay (Persea borbonia). serviceberry (Amelanchier laevis). sumac (Rhus glabra). willow (Saliz laevigata). winterberry (Ilex laevigata). withe rod (Viburnum nudum). NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Smoothbark, cottonwood (Populus acuminata). oak (Quercus velutina). Snailseed (Cebatha carolina, Cocculus diversifolius). Snap willow (Salix fragilis). Snapdragon pentstemon (Pentstemon antirrhinoides ). Snow gooseberry (Ribes niveum). Snowbell (Styragv grandifolia). Snowberry, (Symphoricarpos albus). Mountain (Symphoricarpos oreo- philus). Roundleaf (Symphoricarpos rotundi- folius). Utah (Symphoricarpos utahensis). Western (Symphoricarpos occiden- talis). Whortleleaf (Symphoricarpos ro- tundifolius). Snowbrush (Ceanothus cordulatus, Ceanothus velutinus). Snowdrop, (Halesia carolina). tree (Halesia diptiera). Snowflower tree (Chionanthus virgi- nica). Snowy hydrangea ata). Soapberry, Drummond (Sapindus drummondii). Florida (Sapindus marginatus). Western (Sapindus drummondi). Soapbush (Porlieria angustifolia). Soft, arrowwood (Viburnum molle). maple (Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum). (Hydrangea radi- Softleaf, arrowwood (Viburnum molie). willow (Salig sessilifolia). Soldier berry (Ribes aureum). Solonis grape (Vitis longii). Sonora ironwood (Olneya tesota). Sophora, pink (Sophora affinis). Sorrel-tree (Oxydendrum arboreum). Soulard crab apple (Malus soulardii). Sour, berry (Rhus integrifolia). buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea). cherry (Prunus cerasus). gum (Nyssa sylvatica). oak (Rhus integrifolia). tupelo (Nyssa ogeche). tupelo gum (Nyssa ogeche). Sour-top blueberry (Vaccinium cana- dense). Sourwood (Oxvydendrum arboreum). Southern, balsam fir (Abies fraseri). black gum (Nyssa biflora). blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum). buckthorn (Bumelia lycioides). California black walnut (Juglans californica). cypress (Tagodium distichum). fox grape (Vitis rotundifolia). 305 Southern—Continued. gooseberry (Vaccinium melano- carpum). hackberry (Celtis mississippiensis). hard pine (Pinus australis). magnolia (Magnolia grandifiora). pine (Pinus australis). prickly-ash (Xanthoxrylum clava-her- culis). redeedar (Juniperus lucayana). red oak (Quercus rubra). shagbark hickory (Carya carolinae- septentrionalis) . Spicebush (Benzoin melissaefolium). spruce (Picea australis). Sugar maple (Acer floridanum). white cedar (Chamaecyparis oides). wild cherry (Prunus australis). ee ie (Hamamelis macrophyl- Qa). yellow pine (Pinus echinata). Southwestern black cherry (Prunus vi- rens). Spanish, bayonet (Yucca spp.). buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa). dagger (Yucca spp.). grape (Vitis berlandieri). oak (Quercus coccinea, Quercus digitata, Quercus rubra). Sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum). Speckled alder (Alnus incana). Spicebush (Benzoin aestivale,. Myrica cerifera). Sven hop sage (Graysia brande- get). Spineseale (Atriplex spinifera). Spiny, greasebush (Forsellesia spinescens). hackberry (Celtis pallida). hop-sage (Grayia spinosa). myrtle (Caenothus spinosus). saltbush (Atriplex confertifolia). Spiraea, Douglas (Spiraea douglasii). Dwarf (Spiraea caespitosa). Meadow (Spiraea alba). Virginia (Spiraea virginiana). Willowleaf (Spiraea salicifolia). Sponge wood (Acacia farnesiana). Spoonwood (Kalmia latifolia). Spotted, bark (Quercus shumardii). oak (Quercus coccinea, Quercus nigra, Quercus shumardii, Quercus texana). Spring rabbitbrush (Tetradymia gla- brata). Spruce (Tsuga canadensis). Alberta (Picea albertiana). Bigcone (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa). Black (Picea mariana). Blue (Picea pungens). thy- MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 306 Spruce—Continued. Bog (Picea mariana). Brewer (Picea breweriana). Cat (Picea canadensis). Colorado blue (Picea pungens). Double (Picea mariana). Douglas (Pseudotsuga glauca, Pseudotsuga taxifolia). Engelmann (Picea engelmannii). Lemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Red (Picea rubra). Single (Picea canadensis). Sitka (Picea sitchensis). Skunk (Picea canadensis). Southern (Picee australis). Tideland (Picea sitchensis). Weeping (Picea breweriana). Western white (Picea albertiana). White (Picea canadensis, Picea engelmannii). Spruce pine (Picee mariana, Pinus contorta, Pinus glabra, Tsuga canadensis). Squashberry (Viburnum Viburnum paucifiorum). Squaw, apple (Peraphyllum ramosissimum). bush (Rhus trilobata). earpet (Ceanothus prostratus). currant (Ribes cereum). desert-thorn (Lycium torreyi). huckleberry (Vaccinium stamineum). mat (Ceanothus prostratus). thorn (Lycium torreyi). Stagbush (Viburnum prunifolium). Stagger bush (Xolisma mariana). Staghorn sumac (Rhus giabra, Rhus hyphina). Starleaf (Choisya dumosa). Steeplebush (Spiraea tomentosa). Sticky, currant (Ribes viscesissimum). laurel (Ceanothus velutinus). S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Straggle bush (Ribes divaricatum). Straggly gooseberry (Ribes divarica- tum). Strawberry, bush (Hvonymus americanus). bush, running (Hvonymus obovaius). shrub (Calycanthus floridus). Stretch-berry (Smilax bona-noz). Striped maple (Acer pennsylwanicum). Styrax (Styraxz americana). Sugar, blueberry (Vaccinium angustifoli- um). bush (Rhus ovata). grape (Vitis monticola, Vitis rupestris). maple (Acer saccharum). maple, black (Acer nigrum). pine (Pinus lambertiana). sumac (Rhus ovata). tree (Acer saccharum). Sugarberry (Celtis mississippiensis, Celtis occidentalis, Ehretia, anacua). acerifolium, | Sumac, Dwarf (Rhus copallina). Evergreen (Rhus virens). Fragrant (Rhus aromatica). Laurel (Rhus laurina). Lemonade (Rhus trilobata). Mahogany (Rhus integrifolia). Michaux (Rhus michauzii). Mountain (Rhus copallina). Poison (Rhus verniz). Shining (Rhus copallina). Smooth (Rhus glabra). Staghorn (Rhus glabra, Rhus typhina). Sugar (Rhus ovata). Swamp (Rhus vernix). Utah (Rhus triiobata). Winged (Rhus copallina). Yellow (Rhus glabra). Summer grape (Vitis argentifolia). rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus panicu-| Supplejack (Berchemia scandens). latus). Stickyflower rabbitbrush (Chrysotham- nus viscidifiorus) . Stiff, eornel (Cornus foemina). dogwood (Cornus femina). sagebrush (Artemisia rigida). Stink currant (Ribes bracteosum). Stinking, buckeye (Aesculus glabra). cedar (T'umion taxifolium). fir (Abies grandis). willow (Amorpha californica), Stinkwood (Nyssa sylvatica). ae pine, Mexican (Pinus cembrot- des). Storax, (Styraz officinalis). American (Styrar americana). Downy (Styraxr pulveruienta). Powdery (Styrar pulverulenia). Sycamoreleaf (Styraxv platanifolia). Suterberry america- num). Swamp, ash (Frazinus caroliniana). azalea (Rhododendron viscosum). bay (Persea pubescens). birch (Betula fontinalis, Betula pumila). black gum (Nyssa biflora). blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). blueberry, downy (Vaccinium atro- coccum). candleberry (Myrica carolinensis). chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). cottonwood (Populus heterophylla). eurrant (Ribes lacustre). fly-honeysuckle (Lonicera folia). gooseberry (Ribes lacustre). haw (Viburnum cassinoides, Viburnum nudum). (Xenthozylum oblongi- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Swamp-—Continued. hickory (Carya cordiformis). ironwood (Cyrilla racemiflora). laurel (Kalmia polifolia, Magnolia virginiana). magnolia (Magnolia virginiana). maple (Acer rubrum). oak (Quercus bicolor, Quercus palustris). pine (Pinus caribaea, Pinus palustris). post oak (Quercus lyrata). privet (Forestiera acuminata). redbay (Persea pubescens). sassafras (Magnolia virginiana). Spanish oak (Quercus palustris). sumac (Rhus verniz). white oak (Quercus bicolor, Quercus prinius). willow (Salix nigra). wood (Dirca palustris). Sweet, acacia (Acacia farnesiana). azalea (Rhododendron arborescens). birch (Betula lenta, Ceanothus parvifolius). buckeye (Aesculus octandra). cherry (Prunus avium). crab apple (Malus coronaria). haw (Viburnum prunifolium). laurel (Illicium floridenum). magnolia (Magnolia virginiana). mountain grape (Vitis monticola). pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia). pepperbush, mountain (Clethra acu- minata). viburnum (Viburnum lentago). winter grape (Vitis cinerea). Sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana, Persea borbonia, Symplocos tinctoria). Sweet-bush (Cercocarpus betuloides). Sweetfern (Myrica asplenifolia). Sweetgale (Myrica gale). Sweetgum (Liquidambar styracifiua). Sweetleaf (Symplocos tinctoria). Sweetspire (/tea@ virginica). Switch oak (Quercus undulata). Switch-ivy (Leucothoé catesbaei). Switch-sorrel (Dodonaea arizonica). Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). Arizona (Platanus wrightii). California (Platanus racemosa). Western (Platanus racemosa). Sycamoreleaf storax (Styrav platani- folia). Syringa (Philadelphus lewisii, Philadelphus serpyllifolius). Table-mountain pine (Pinus pungens). Tacamahac (Populus balsamifera). Tag alder (Alnus tenuifolia). Tall, bilberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium). inkberry (Ilex coriacea). red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvi- folium). 3500 Tamarack (Lariz laricina, Laria lyalli). pine (Pinus murrayana). Tamarisk (Tamariaz gallica). Tanbark oak (Jithocarpus densiflora, Quercus montana, Quercus velutina). Tan bay (Gordonia lasianthus). Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora). Tansy-bush (Chamaebatiaria folium). Taparosa (Anisacanthus thurberi). Taray (Saliz tazvifolia). Tarbush (Chamaebatia foliolosa, Flourensia cernua). Tarflower (Befaria racemosa). Tarweed (Chamaebatia foliolosa). Tassel bush, Canyon (Garrya veatchii). Dwarf (Garrya flavescens). Utah (Garrya flavescens). Tasseltree (Garrya elliptica). Tassel-white (Jtea virginica). Tea, Mormon (Ephedra viridis). Teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens). Tealeaf willow (Salix planifolia). Tecate cypress (Cupressus guadelou- pensis). Tennessee-indigo seensis). Tepopote (Ephedra antisyphilitica, Ephedra trifurca). Tesota (Olneya tesota). Texan, pecan (Carya texana). sloe (Prunus tarda). Texas, almond (Prunus minutiflora). ash (Fravinus texensis). catclaw (Acacia wrightii). cottonwood (Populus terana). ebony (Pithecolobium flexicaule). elm (Ulmus crassifolia). hickory (Carya buckley). jointfir (Hphedra texrana). madrone (Arbutus texana). mallow (Malwaviscus drummondii). mulberry (Morus microphylla). palm (Sabal texana). redbud (Cercis reniformis). red oak (Quercus texana). sarsaparilla (Menispermum cana- dense). virgins-bower mondii). walnut (Juglans rupestris). Thick-leaved hackberry (Celtis reticu- lata). Thinleaf, alder (Alnus sinuata, Alnus tenuifolia). huckleberry (Vaccimium membrana- ceum). Thunberg barberry (Berberis thunber- mille- (Amorpha tennes- (Clematis drum- git). -Thunderwood (Rhus verniz). MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. 308 Thurberia (Thurberia triloba). Thorn, Box (Lycium halimifolium). California box (Lycium californi- cum). Hire (Cotoneaster pyracantha). Rabbit (Lycium pallidum). Squaw (Lycium torreyi). Thorn, polygala (Polygala acanthoclada). tree (Gleditsia triacanthos). Thorny ash (Aralia spinosa). Threetip sagebrush (Artemisia tripar- tita). Tideland spruce (Picea sitchensis). Tight-eye (Cyrilla racenifiora). Tisswood (Halesia carolina, Persea borbonia). Titi, (Cliftonia monophylla). Black (Cliftonia monophylla, Cyrilla racemifiora). Tobacco, tree (Nicotiana glauca). Tobbaco brush (Ceanothus velutinus). Tomatilla (Lycium pallidum, Lycium torreyi). Toothache tree (Aralia spinosa). Torchwood (Amyris texana). Tornillo (Prosopis pubescens). Torote (Bursera microphylla). Torrey, jointfir (Hphedra torreyana). lenscale (Atriplex torreyi). pine (Pinus torreyana). Tough buckthorn (Bumelia tenaz). Toumey oak (Quercus toumey?). Toyon (Photinia arbutifolia). Trailing, bluebrush (Ceanothus diversifolius). ceanothus (Ceanothus diversifolius). Tramp’s trouble (Smilax bona-noz). Trask mahogany (Cercocarpus tras- eatelaw (Acacia wrightii). huckleberry (Vaccinium arboreum). lupine (Lupinus arboreus). pea (Parosela spinosa). tobacco (Nicotiana glauca). Treebine (Cissus incisa). Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima). Treemallow, California (Lavatera assurgentifolia). Treepoppy (Dendromecon rigida). Trembling aspen (Populus tremu- loides). Trumpet honeysuckle (Lonicera sem- pervirens ). Trumpetereeper (Campsis radicans). Trumpetflower (Bignonia capreolata, Campsis radicans, Tecoma stans). Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera). Tupelo, (Nyssa aquatica, Nyssa sylvatica). gum (Nyssa aquatica). gum, large (Nyssa aquatica). S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Tupelo—Continued. gum, sour (Nyssa ogeche). Sour (Nyssa ogeche). Water (Nyssa bdiflora, Nysse@ ogeche). Turkey, grape (Vitis lincecumii). oak (Quercus cinerea, Quercus ilicifolia, Quercus rubra). shed (forestiera pubescens). Turpentine broom (Thamnosma mon- tana). Turpentineweed (Gutierrezia linearis, Gutierrezia longifo- lia). Tweedy cottonwood (Populus tweedyi). Twinberry, (Mitchella repens). Red (Lonicera utanensis). Twinberry honeysuckle (ZLonicera in- volucrata). Twinflower (Linneea borealis). Two-wing silverbell (Halesia diptera). Umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripe- tala). Umbrella tree, (Cornus alternifolia. Magnolia tripetala). Ear-leaved (Magnolia fraseri). race (Magnolia macrophyl- a). Una de gato (Acacia greggii). Undergreen willow (Salix commutata). Unknown tree (Celtis occidentalis). Upland willow oak (Quercus cinerea). Utah, buddleia (Buddleia utahensis). honeysuckle (ZLonicera utahensis). juniper (Juniperus utahensis). serviceberry (Amelanchier utahen- Sis). Snowberry (Symphoricarpos wutah- ensis). sumac (Rhus trilobata). tassel bush (Garrya flavescens). Valley, cottonwood (Populus wislizenii). white oak (Quercus lobata). willow (Salix hindsiana). Varnish-brush (Ceanothus velutinus). Vase-vine (Clematis viorna). Vasey oak (Quercus undulata). Vauquelinia (Vauquelinia californica). Veatch silktassel (Garrya veatcnii). Veiny arrowwood (Virburnum veno- sum). Veinyleaf hollygrape (Serberis ner- VOSA). Velvet, ash (Freavinus velutina). mesquite (Prosopis odorata). Velvetleaf, blueberry (Vaccinium canadense). elder (Sambucus coerulea). Velvetpod mimosa (J/imosa carpa), ayso- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Viburnum, Downy (Viburnum pubescens). Kentucky (Viburnum molle). Maple-leaf (Viburnum acerifolium). Missouri (Viburnum affine). Oregon (Viburnum ellipticum). Small (Viburnum obovaium). Sweet (Viburnum lentago). Victor gooseberry (Ribes victoris). Vine maple (Acer circinatum). Virginia, clematis (Clematis virginiana). creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefo- lia, Parthenocissus vitacea). pine (Pinus virginiana). spiraea (Spiraea virginiana). willow (liea virginica). Virgins-bower, (Clematis ligusticifolia). Purple (Clematis verticillaris). Texas (Clematis drummondii). Viscid currant (Ribes viscosissimum) . Wacopy (Dirca palustris). Watfer-ash (Ptelea trifoliata). Wahoo (Hvonymus occidentalis, Ulmus alata). Walnut, Arizona (Juglans major). Black (Juglans nigra). California (Juglans californica). California black (Juglans hindsii). Desert (Juglans rupestris). Hinds (Juglans hindsii). Little (Juglans rupestris). Southern California black (Juglans californica). Texas (Juglans rupestris). Western (Juglans rupestris). White (Juglans cinerea). Ward willow (Sali# longipes). Wartystem ceanothus (Ceanothus ver- rucosus). Water, ash (Fragvinus caroliniana, Fravinus paucifiora). beech (Carpinus caroliniana). birch (Betula, fontinalis, Betula nigra). bitternut (Carya aquatica). elm (Ulmus americana). gum (Nyssa biflora). hickory (Carya aquatica). jacket (Lycium andersonii). maple (Acer rubrum). eak (Quercus arkansana, Quercus imbricaria, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Quercus palustris, Quercus phellos). sage (Atriplex torreyi). tupelo (Nyssa _ biflora, Nyssa ogeche). white oak (Quercus lyrata). Water-elm (Planera aquatica). Waterlocust (Gleditsia aquatica). 309 Water-wally (Baccharis glutinosa). Waterwillow (Baccharis emoryi). Watson gooseberry (Ribes watsoni- anum). Wavyleaf, ceanothus (Ceanothus foliosus), hollygrape (Berberis pinnata). oak (Quercus undulata). Wax currant (Ribes cereum). Waxberry (Myrica cerifera). Waxmpyrtle, (Myrica cerifera). Pacific (Myrica californica). Wedgeleaf, ceanothus (Ceanothus cuneatus). goldenbush (Aplopappus cuneatus). hornbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus). Weeping, oak (Quercus lobata). spruce (Picea breweriana). Western, alder (Alnus rubra). azalea (Rhododendron occidentale). black currant (Ribes lazxiflorum). blackhaw (Viburnum ellipticum). black willow (Salix lasiandra). blueberry (Vaccinium occidentale). bog blueberry (Vaccinium occiden- tale). buckeye (Aesculus glabra). burningbush (Hvonymus occidenta- lis). catalpa (Catalpa speciosa). chokecherry (Prunus demissa). chokecherry, black (Prunus missa). cottonwood (Populus sargentii). crab apple (Malus fusca, Malus toensis). dogwood (Cornus nuitallii). hackberry (Celtis reticulata). hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). hophornbeam (Ostrya knowltonii). huckleberry (Vaccinium occidentale). juneberry (Amelanchier alnifolia). juniper (Juniperus occidentalis). larch (Lariz occidentalis). leatherwood (Dirca occidentalis). mountain-ash (Sorbus sitchensis). osier (Cornus occidentalis). paper birch (Betula papyrifera). redbud (Cercis occidentalis). redcedar (Thuja plicata). sand cherry (Prunus besseyi). serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia, Amelanchier florida). snowberry (Symphoricarpos occiden- talis). soapberry (Sapindus drummondii). sugar maple (Acer grandidentatum). sycamore (Platanus racemosa). walnut (Juglans rupestris). white pine (Pinus monticola). white spruce (Picea albertiana). wild grape (Vitis californica). wild plum (Prunus subcordata). de- 360 Western—Continued. yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa). yew (Tacus brevifolia). Wheatbrush (Cliftonia monophylia). Whin (Genista tinctoria). White, alder (Alnus rhombifolia, Clethra acuminata, Clethra alnifolia). ash (Fravinus americana). ash, Biltmore (Frazinus biltmore- ana). azalea (Rhododendron viscosum). basswood (Tilia heterophylla). bee-sage (Salvia apiana). birch (Betula papyrifera, Betula populifolia). brush (Lippia ligustrina). burrobrush (Hymenoclea salsola). bur-sage (Franseria dumosa). cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Libocedrus decurrens, Thuja occidentalis). eedar, northern (Thuja occidentalis). cedar, southern (Chamaecyparis thy- oides). cornel (Cornus foemina). cypress (Taxodium distichum). dalea (Parosela emoryi). elm (Ulmus americana). fir (Abies concolor, Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa). fir, Colorado (Abies concolor). fringe (Chionanthus virginica). gooseberry (Ribes inerme). hickory (Carya alba). laburnum (Robinia pseudoacacia). lilae (Ceanothus integerrimus). locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). maple (Acer saccharinum). mulberry (Morus alba). oak (Quercus alba, Quercus durandii, Quercus oblongifolia, Quercus stellata). pine (Pinus flevilis, Pinus glabra, Pinus strobus). poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera, Populus alba). ratany (Krameria grayi). sage (Hurotia lanata, Salvia apiana). spruce (Picea canadensis, Picea engelmannii). swamp honeysuckle (Rhododendron viscosum). walnut (Juglans cinerea). willow (Salix lasiolepis). wiliow, European (Salix alba). White-back ceanothus (Ceanothus cras- sifolius). Whitebark, maple (Acer leucoderme). pine (Pinus albicaulis). soapbloom (Ceanothus leucodermis). MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE White-bay (Magnolia virginiana). White-flowered, azalea (Rhododendron albifiorum). lantana (Lantana involucrata). Whiteheart hickory (Carya alba). Whiteleaf. manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida). oak (Quercus hypoleuca). Whitestem, gooseberry (Ribes inerme). pine (Pinus albicaulis). Whitethorn, (Ceanothus cordulatus, Ceanothus incanus). Chaparral (Ceanothus leucodermis). Coast (Ceanothus incanus). Mountain (Ceanothus cordulatus). White-wicky (Kalmia cuneata). Whitewood (Liriodendron tulipifera). Whortleberry, Big (Vaccinium membranaceum). Blue (Vaccinium ovalifolium). Bog (Vaccinium uliginosum). Dwarf (Vaccinium caespitosum). Great (Vaccinium corymbosum). Grouse (Vaccinium scoparium). Red (Vaccinium parvifolium). Rocky mountain (Vaccinium oreo- philum). Whortleleaf snowberry pos rotundifolius). Wicky (Kalmia angustifolia, Kalmia carolina, Kalmia hirsuta). Wilcox oak (Quercus wilcoxvii). Wild, allspice (Benzoin aestivale). apple (Malus pumila, Peraphyllum ramosissimum). bamboo (Smilax auriculata). black cherry (Prunus serotina). black currant (Ribes fioridum). box (Gyminda latifolia). cherry (Prunus emarginata, Prunus serotina). china (Sapindus marginatus). cotton, Arizona (Thurberia triloba). crapemyrtle (Malpighia glabra). grape (Vitis girdiana). grape, California (Vitis californica). grape, western (Vitis californica). hazel (Simmondsia chinensis). hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens). laurel (Symplocos tinctoria). lilac (Ceanothus leucodermis). lime (Xanthorylum fagara). olive (Osmanthus americana). olive tree (Halesia carolina). orange (Prunus caroliniana). peach (Prunus caroliniana, Prunus tevana). pepper (Ceanothus americanus). plum (Prunus americana, Prunus lanata, Prunus nigra). plum, garden (Prunus hortulana). raisin (Viburnum cassinoides, Viburnum lentago). (Symphoricar- NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Wild—Continued. red cherry (Prunus pennsylwanicu). red plum (Prunus americana). sarsaparilla (Calycocarpum lyonii, Smilax glauca). snowball (Ceanothus americanus). tea (Amorpha canescens). yellow plum (Prunus americana). Wild Goose plum (Prunus hortulana, Prunus munsoniane) Willow, Acequia (Salix exigua). Arroyo (Salix lasiolepis). Autumn (Saliv serissima). Balsam (Saliv balsa vifera). Barclay (Salix barclayi). Basket (Salix purpurea). Beaked (Salix bebbiana). Bearberry (Saliva uva-urst) Bebb (Salia bebbiana). Black (Saliz nigra). Blue (Salix subcoerulea). Blueback (Salix glaucops). Blueleaf (Salix glaucophylia). Bluestem (Salia irrorata). Bog (Salix pedicellaris). Brewer (Salix breweri). Caudate (Salix caudata). Cherry (Salix monticola). Coast (Salix hookeriana). Coyote (Saliz exrigua). Crack (Salix fragilis). Diamond (Saliz mackenziana). Dudley (Salix gooddingii). Dune (Salix piperi). Dusky (Salix melanopsis). Dwarf gray (Saliz tristis). Dwarf pussy (Salix tristis). Huropean white (Salix alba). False (Baccharis angustifolia). False mountain (Salix pseudomonti- cola). Farr (Salix farrae). Fire (Salix scouleriana). Firmleaf (Salix pseudomyrsinites). Fragile (Saliz fragilis). Geyer (Salix geyeriana). Glaucous (Salig discolor). Goodding (Salix gooddingii). Greensides (Salix monochroma). Gulf (Salix nigra). Harbison (Saliz harbisonii). Heartleaf (Salix cordata). Hoary (Salix candida). Labrador (Salix argyrocarpa). Lemmon’s (Salia lemmonii). Longleaf (Saliz fluviatilis, Salix longifolia). Lyall (Salix lasiandra). Mackenzie (Salix mackenziana). Missouri river (Salix cordata). Mountain (Saliz scouleriana). Narrowleaf (Salix exigua, Saliz interior) . Nuttall (Saliz scouleriana). One color (Salix monochroma). Peachleaf (Saliva amygdaloides). 361 Willow—Continued. Piper (Salix piperi). Polished (Salix laevigata). Prairie (Salix humilis). Pretty (Salix bella). Pussy (Salix discolor). Red (Salix laevigata, Saliz lasiandra). River (Salig fluviatilis). Rosemary (Salix petiolaris). Sage (Salix candida, Salix tristis). Sandbar (Salix exigua, Salix interior, Salix sessilifolia). Satin (Salix sitchensis). Shining (Salix lucida). Shiny (Salix lucida). Sierra (Salix commutata, Salix orestera). Silky (Salix sericea, Salix sitchensis). Silver (Salix argyrocarpa, Salix discolor, Salix geyeriana). Silverleaf (Salix argophylla). Sitka (Saliz sitchensis). Slender (Salix exigua). Smooth (Salix laevigata). Snap (Salia fragilis). Soft-leaved (Salix sessilifolia). Swamp (Sali#z nigra). Tealeaf (Salix planifolia). Undergreen (Salix commutaia). Valley (Salix hindsiana). Virginia (Jtea virginica). Ward (Salix longipes). Water (Baccharis emoryi). Western black (Salix lasiandra). White (Salix lasiolepis). Wright (Saliz wright). Yellow (Salix lasiandra, Salia lutea). Yewleaf (Salix tazvifolia). Willow, baccharis (Baccharis salicina). cottonwood (Populus angustifolia). oak (Quercus phellos). Willowleaf, cherry (Prunus salicifolia). oak (Quercus phellos). spiraea (Spiraea salicifolia). Wine gooseberry (Ribes inerme). Winged, elm (Ulmus alata). sumac (Rhus copallina). Wingscale (Atriplex canescens). Winter, currant (Ribes sanguineum). grape (Vitis berlandieri, Vitis cordifolia). grape, sweet (Vitis cinerea). Winterberry, (Jlex decidua). Evergreen (Ilex glabra). Mountain (Ilex montana). Smooth (Ilex laevigata). Winterfat (Hurotia lanata). 362 Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). Bush (Gaultheria ovatifolia). Wislizenius, cottonwood (Populus wislizenii). oak (Quercus wislizenii). Wisteria, Kentucky (Wisteria macro- stachya), Witch-alder (Fothergilla major). Creeping (Fothergilla parvifolia). Dwarf (Fothergilla gardenii). Witch hazel, (Hamamelis virginiana). Little (Hamamelis vernalis). Southern (Hamamelis macrophylla). Witch hobble (Viburnum alnifolium). Withe rod, (Viburnum cassinoides). Naked (Viburnum nudum). Shining (Viburnum nitidum). Smooth (Viburnum nudum). Wolf, currant (Ribes wolfii). shed (Forestiera pubescens). Wolfberry, (Symphoricarpos occiden- talis). Fremont (Lyciwm fremontii). Pale (Lycium pallidum). Wood vamp (Decumaria barbara). Woodbine (Lonicera sempervirens). Wood-waxen (Genista tinctoria). Woolly, buckeye (Aesculus discolor). buckthorn (Bumelia lanuginosa). bur-sage (Franseria eriocentra). butterflybush (Buddleia marrubdii- folia). pignut (Carya villosa). pipe-vine (Aristolochia tomentosa). Woollyleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus to- mentosus). Wormwood, folia). Wright, buckwheatbrush wrightit). silktassel (Garrya wrightii). willow (Saliz wrightii). Yaupon, (/lex cassine, Ilex vomitoria). Desert (Schaefferia cuneifolia). Yellow, ash (Cladrastis lutea). azalea (Rhododendron calendula- ceum). birch (Betula lutea). buckeye (Aesculus octandra). buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana). silvery (Artemisia fili- (Hriogonum MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Yellow—Continued. cucumbertree (Magnolia cordata). elder (Tecoma stans). fir (Abies grandis, Pseudotsuga glauca, Pseudotsuga tazifolia). heather (Phyllodoce glandulifiora). honeysuckle (Lonicera flava). jessamine (Gelsemium sempervi- rens). linn (Magnolia acuminata). locust (Cladrastis lutea, Robinia pseudoacacia). oak (Quercus velutina). opopanax (Acacia farnesiana). parilla (Menispermum canadense). pine (Pinus australis, Pinus echinata, Pinus ponderosa). Yellow, poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). sumac (Rhus glabra). willow (Salix lasiandra, Saliv lutea). woodbine (Lonicera fiava). Yellow-fiower magnolia (Magnolia cor- data). ‘Yellowleaf silktassel (Garrya flaves- cens). Yellowroot (Xanthorhiza simplicis- sima) . Yellow-wood (Rhramnus caroliniana, Symplocos tinctoria). Yerba de chivata (Clematis ligustici- folia). Yerba del oso (Rhamnus california). Yerba del pasmo (Adenostoma sparsi- folium). Yerba-de-pasmo (Baccharis ramuiosea). Yerba de selva (Whipplea modesta). Yerba reuma (Frankenia palmeri). Yerba-santa, (Hriodictyon trichocalyz). California (Hriodictyon californi- cum). Narrowleaf (Hriodictyon angusti folium). Yew, Canada (Tarus canadensis). Florida (Tarus floridana). Pacific (Tarus brevifolia). Western (Tazus brevifolia). Yewleaf willow (Salix taxifolia). Zorrillo (Choisya dumosa). Zenobia (Zenobia pulverulenta). O yasmin entascemntetieatieentinainas OS EY, Le a el alae a alien lh aah saat mp SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PLANT GROWTH REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Lon x x aces. -4-—4------\ pes = Es ee ea at oS N Qi av A QA. Lat Le y> PANT ON See ‘ 2 . ‘ a te DN psf DNASE ALLE Via Vf AFL ZY GF 4 € <1 CM SRO NL aren s y SS OK xy q v SoS: SS e: y ( x OD) S wa | KKK Y SSK L PSS LS 4 NX Se RSS PROSE Scale in Miles 100 50 100 50 25 0 23 Western Great Lakes. 18 Northern Black Soils. LEGEND 13 Central Rocky Mountains. ] North Pacific Coast. 28 Piedmont. 4 Palouse - Bitterroot Valley. 24 Central Great Lakes. 19) Central Black Soils. 20 Southern Black Soils. {@) Southern Rocky Mountains. 15. Northern Great Plains, 2 Willamette Valley--Puget Sound. 3 Central California Valleys. 4 Cascade-Sierra Nevada. 29 Upper Coastal Plain 8 Snake River Plain-Utah Valley. 9 Great Basin -Intermontane. 10 Southwestern Desert. £ a g © ° oO a = S = n” eo) ™ ys. ce. 25 Ozark-Ohio-Tennessee River Valle 26 Northern Great Lakes-St. Lawren 27 Appalachian. 2| Northern Prairies. 2 2 Central Prairies. 16 Central Great Plains. 17 Southern Plains. © ay = ~~ ras s p= = a oO 25 ~~ = oS wn S 2 —_ 2 re x) 2 ro ° +S 5 = n fas) © | | Southern Plateau. 5 Southern California. 2 Northern Rocky Mountains. 6 Columbia River Valley. Map prepared by Cartographic Drafting Unit Figure 1 Plant Growth Regions by Furfan Lloyd Mulford, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S.D.A. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CLIMATIC PROVINCES AND PLANT GROWTH REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES Figure 2 SOIL CONSERVATION SERVIGE Climatic Provinces by C. W. Thornthwaite. Soil conservation Service, U. S. D. A. Plant growth Regions by Furman Lloyd Mulford, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. D. A. Lith. A. Hoen & Co. = 129° 47° Oo 1 4r* 45° 45° 43° | 43° 4i° 4i° : = 39 39° Fa ts ly leat ‘ A : Fp | s a as < a rit . x] “| Ha Z mw ‘ A é Oa NY 37° 37° 35° 35° 33°) 133° | Sie A312 29° 29 CLIMATIC PROVINCES Examples: EB’d—arid, mesothermal, moisture deficient _— at all seasons (El Paso) | DB’s—semiarid, mesothermal, summer dry | = climate (Los Angeles) Ole \ Hi 27° : KEY TO SYMBOLS \ HUMIDITY TEMPERATURE SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION ° PROVINCE PROVINCE OF PRECIPITATION 25 A Wet A’ Tropical t adequate at al] seasons 25 SC B Humid B’ Mesothermal S summer deficiency = C Sub-Humid C’ Microthermal d deficiency at all seasons J D Semiarid D’ Taiga —_ E Arid E’ Tundra | + me | \J l2i° 119° ihre 1S? lise WI° 109° 107° 105> 103° 101° g9° 97° 95° 93° 91° 89° ome 85° 83° BI° 79° Cale 5 Tee Scale in Miles 100 50 25 O 50 100 200 300 1=B= B= —r LEGEND FOR CLIMATIC PROVINCES Wet, Mesothermal, Adequate at all seasons. [ES] Humid, Mesothermal, Summer deficiency [i] Subhumid, Microthermal, Summer deficiency. Semiarid, Microthermal, Summer deficiency. Arid, Mesothermal, Deficiency at all seasons. | Wet, Microthermal, Adequate at all seasons. (2) Humid, Microthermal, Summer deficiency. [GZ Subhumid, Tropical, Deficiency at all seasons. Semiarid, Mesothermal, Deticiency at all seasons. [21 _| Arid, Microthermal, deficiency at all seasons. | Humid, Tropical, Adequate at all seasons. (ST) Subhumid, Mesothermal, Adequate at all seasons. |_13 | Subhumid, Mesothermal, Deficiency at all seasons. Semiarid, Microthermal, Deficiency at all seasons. esa) Taiga. Humid, Mesothermal, Adequate at all seasons. (8 Subhumid, Microthermal, Adequate at all seasons. Subhumid, Microthermal, Deficiency at all seasons. (SD Arid, Tropical, Deficiency at all seasons. Tundra. Humid, Microthermal, Adequate at all seasons, [i] Subhumid, Mesothermal, Summer deficiency. (5S) Semiarid, Mesothermal, Summer deficiency. LEGEND FOR PLANT GROWTH REGIONS —| | North Pacific Coast. eal 7 Palouse - Bitterroot Valley. FA} 13 Central Rocky Mountains RSJ 18 Northern Black Soils. 23 Western Great Lakes. Piedmont. Hi 2 Willamette Valley -- Puget Sound. RX 8 Snake River Plain - Utah Valley, 14 Southern Rocky Mountains. 19° Central Black Soils. (LLU) 24 Central Great Lakes. SSS Upper Coastal Plain. LZ 3 Central California Valleys. 9 Great Basin - Intermontane. eS 15. Northern Great Plains. ZO Southern Black Soils. ZO Ozark - Ohio - Tennessee River Valleys L10 30 Swampy Coastal Plain. RE 4 Cascade - Sierra Nevada. | 10 Southwestern Desert. Gaal I6 Central Great Plains. 2 Northern Prairies. WLLL 26 Northern Great Lakes -St. Lawrence. ian 3| South - Central Florida. 9 5 southern California. 11 Southern Plateau. (ZZ) \7 Southern Plains. SS 2.2. Central Prairies. 27 Appalachian. 32 subtropical Florida. —= 6 Columbia River Valley. (LL 4 12 Northern Rocky Mountains. 1937 Map prepared by Cartographic Drafting Unit oe: tt IMPORTANT SOIL REGIONS AND PLANT GROWTH REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES Bsn emeabers 3 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 129 127 125 123 12! 1g 7 15 ie) WI 109 107 105 103 101 99 97 95 93 91 89 87° 85° 83° 81° 79° iain 75° 73° Tg 69° 67° 65° 47° = ( 47° 4 + | + z, aI ile “F I\ £7 2 D SF, 45° é 38 in. ° S Se 6 36 ce 7 il \ t f 73 45 ; - Ale OLR, a6 3 = | WN «Nag AS : LOC pss ap | , SSAA ES et ae ope > Z y 4. EO ! AIS Ne er Dd ONG Bo GIN ( RAN : A Ghats \ < Cc : L y Le Ga DP GE EAD b&b EP Za \ Sia Beeg x ; oN 4 4 S 43° ¢. ; 38 H SS INS ‘ “6 “Ne LD 7 4) 4 Zw r 5 y Los \ 43° ©) “ y + / v ea. 6 A 50) << oe AVA Uf ON UAW. ap @ BELA ACLEAG OO RY VD ’ % 2 50 , Z v : BRN / INXS . 7 7 P\\ Z 7 . LS Ko x RSE AIG NOS > NOD OAT ON / { YN % Yi we . A LPF ADAYA DON POULADON EO SS / Q 8 ALAND ODL KX I ae : AMIS SSNS BORER NON / Va ; Ner,3 ; 1° Z 4 oN hE Joh JAE, | 5 é ONY PVA > SPTX LIA AAS SE / 7>] 4, SN \ ; Ig NC? Mo hgh ohh YNG WMA ie NNO AE 7 ( SSS SORES ot LEERY — = ; S\ 7 / L 9 ¥ Of Be 5 y \ 7’ ( xs ox a OX aN * DSSS y 9 ; NS AWG Ee £e/ ZY < ANE i RDS Sn SRS RR OS WR SE XM ‘g, / T “1 =A ny VmN SNAP ND IND LPN A > : t S WG! NA ae, a yi / SAS ORO DLL ¢ m | . ae Op bi fe fi E Ae Bll/K (SOR CEN ER AACNOCONS 4 39° x Ie ie RO AS fi O fog , B = \ MSXEXR CRIES aK y L 9 174) : Lhe y 7 / Oy ISA AY: SAY ? 2 7. l 44 L \ V7 Ea ta fe, jotta 7p Pa anes z A™ Xe << Bb 39 C4 ‘ = phan He hew Hla hel a A Ee b Ss f] Sa) aI / vy 2 g ZS. < \ } ‘ Z 7 gs le) : : ANN Zs EG 5 \ ! 36 ls Y ae aXe 13 i ‘ 2x US ja 4 2, = 3 } y SKGxS ; 136 Cl] ‘ x XEOX / : XS AD SSA ASAE around 37° / 3 er , \ LO Se SS. 13 —— Z| ng | st ' SxS are 42 ex 3 : Se ES eral QA“ Safe 3 l @ 2 ae L228 | hu ¢ 8 i} KY KY 5 1 33 1 | 1 LL 1 De Nt a Sale seals Rs k i XN i ! ™ 1 y ‘ » eee +H a pa) me Ben N @) 3 | i \ | ' fi) i } j KEKE xy 4 | 1 1 1 LA “4, Hetil? : | \ \ | | ! \ | CRKIRGCG (| 4 ! a } \ \ D ing Dye eins aN S vNG aa ! 19; ME LELLSSU) LSPTd Web Hidteess il | ! \ Van | 25 VBAAZLA AMAA ° } / | . | \ | | | f \ f ! CREOLE | P| = aa it Wd al n Ug 7 ye Zl lt ihe YS EPS OS, zoe IS WAG =I iP = Z | e toate | lig ! 1 KX SS 4 NORIO EMO i vet Aas I NEG — ULL LAs DAMME 2 acces LES Hee le Lat ni} if et } ‘ Sn ak j i ae " ir WOES es ae ea 1s 1 By, SS A oe a Cote “a™. RSS x | fier | A | oid tee = (ie ia Ug 2a ! HVS SSNS SAUNISS I RKB MPG LY | eal | #. 1 b (ai) ett a) | [ro AY el tae Zo ig beth | | 1 Vo pA NS IRV NSN | | | | ee BAIN SS | an ie eae ea Es Ne in Bi Len PTET TT RRSP SA TL at Apacs cs ege seg 3 | ow fh | = DS pe AN i eat i y eH SUL 45 { | | ! | STEEL LLY f | mi | x 2 Ore» Oe Lot 4 IO | | il = Oi Es = 3! Be 7 ze ae 35 SEES, | fj SS No SSO SME | a ee {x xen Seay / | “47 a Na) ic, nos US ON” ; | 10 A = pI | ! BG i I6 | dh li ? SIDES SIISS SSIES KX OTS TOA 33° / \ \ 49 | 1% Ne eo ones ; Zi 5 IM) el iat ; ( VS SISSSSESSSSISSIS SA I eS SAK LO, | = | eo) | Waa) YY #R 1 ve 7 te ema iL 7 eee y le | | l SW ORSESINS ON A iA, x, GIS AY fe a | Se 3! Nae | 1 MA 1 at ERI = 7 ie | Milli 1 Pe Shs SN COI ab ALKIRE OTD ML 7 hey eh y he aah MAXACT ZA eae | YA h lq Bel 1 QOS SBS Basses s SSSR 2 n ele KS OIE x | Se ' | = 4 1) BSI \ S VA ‘ NPD, | | | 7¥ 1 lay! Nea vay (] se I37| Nea | _ ey = Ge =e = A . \ SSSA SASMISS Se SSS SFE SS LIS SSo SSISS VAIS AINSSSNS SY RS SARS SSS POO SAS OPES SSM! = esiiast lie | j Battle 4. by i AES SSIES IS SURO S IS SSS SUNG SSIES RSS NASR SSIES SiS RS kS SOT QOOQS Gs OR iS ROSANA St Net et} Sea 7 4 x < : | SA SAS SOK SR SOL & Se Poss) SOON SAISN = SS SOO RRO oe See . RES = <> lie i ae % i Po Ve % . ae S 3) Re YS HSSSoneee ss ‘Ss Sy iS zo. NO Sos Se SS 9) SS Sehs SSS aR SEAS gS St & XN : NS Ny X aS & NN SSeS x x BS q Sa : Ry K SR Se PS SESS SSS SN Ne: SK Se SS NS NONT NOUN ENE > + NEENIIN' SSS aren Nive be es 29° “NO = . S az SSS NES LN eS Re H ‘ » STRAY S : ; ‘ct | Yi 2 Se 2 | ’ Ne i, SS SSS SSS ys Nines hh \ = Hl Nl =). \I N N . S NEN NINES ., 2 | ha 3 | Wie NS . N XN SS SS | | i-\ps 46 ANC EANN ries Yel S41 LLL J, WwOOS SOS ‘ | | ‘ei Ihe Ne S2IS A. DAS <> oa ) 5 | j . 5 Qi | | | i; =SE. iz y , al a oT? | | | a eee | R Mn BS = | ‘ es RNG Ny \ Bg ¢ . Bit 2. | Q ae ae | \ LY “. N © v4 —- e ir = x i \ 25° | IE : “Ip nas Aq _ \ ‘ ‘ _ (As) if 4 x y ee Lie i = OE = | pel | sli oe 121° 19° fac fe} ° ° °o fe} : = a : ° ° fo} ° ° fe} ° I 5 3 WI 109 107 105 103 101 99 97 95 93 g9I° 89° 87° 85° 83° gi° 79° Wide 75° UE Scale in Miles 100 50.25 0 50 100 200 300 The names in parentheses refer to the more extensive or representative j soil series in the respective regions. | PODZOLS 15 Silt loams, developed largely from loess. (Clinton, Fayette.) 28 Dark brown silt loams with yellowish-brown subsoils, developed on glacial 39 (Southern) light brown to gray fine sandy loams to silty clay loams, de- | 7 Rough stony land. 16 |mperfectly drained grayish silt loams developed from acid glacial drift. drift and loess. (Carrington, Tama, Clarion, Marshall.) veloped on limestone or unconsolidated sands, silts, and clays. (Uvalde, | 2 Loams and silt loams, developed from sandstones and shales. (Leetonia, (Spencer.) 22 Dark brown to reddish-brown silt loams and clay loams, developed from Reagan.) De Kalb.) 17 Loams and silt loams developed from sandstones and shales. (Melbourne.) limestone and calcareous shales. (Summit, Crawford.) SIEROZEM AND DESERT SOILS 3 Sands and loamy sands, developed on glacial drift. (Roselawn, Kalkaska.) 18 Grayish-yellow to reddish silt loams, developed from cherty limestones. 30 Dark brown or grayish-brown silt loams, having heavy subsoils or claypans. 40 (Northern) gray and grayish-brown soils, developed on loess and alluvial 4 Loams and clay loams, developed on glacial drift. (Hermon, Ontonagon.) (Clarksville, Dickson, Baxter.) (Cherokee, Parsons, Grundy, Putnam.) fans; (Ritzville. sFortmneut,) ? : ¢ GRAY-BROWN PODZOLIC SOILS RED AND YELLOW SOILS NORTHERN CHERNOZEM 41 (Southern) gray, brown, and reddish soils, developed on alluvial fans. | & lucene andl Sie loans, Gevdlite) on cilencas SESH) Gite (Cian 19 Brownish-red clay loams and gray sandy loams, developed from crystalline 3! Black loams, silt loams and clay loams, developed on calcareous glacial (Reeves, Mohave. Crosby cand: Honeoye! Ontaney) : rocks of the southern Piedmont. (Cecil, Durham, Appling, Georgeville, drift or lacustrine deposits. (Barnes, Bearden, Fargo.) SOILS OF THE PACIFIC VALLEYS | 6 Silty loameror stony) loamemdleveloped tonbeandetonestandlcnalesem (Mus: Davidson.) 32 Dark grayish-brown loams and silt loams, developed from loess. (Moody, 42 Soils too intimately associated to separate on a schematic map. (San- RinsummeiWeemnereandy : 20 Yellow to light brown silt loams, developed on loess. (Memphis, Grenada.) Holdrege.) Joaquin, Fresno, Hanford.) 4 : : : 21 Gray to yellow sandy, fine sandy loams, developed from Coastal Plain 33 Dark.grayish-brown silt loams with claypans, developed from loess. (Crete, INTRAZONAL AND AZONAL SOILS 7 Loams and silt loams, developed on acid glacial drift, sandstone and shale ; j material. (Canfield, Volusia, Lordstown, Wooster.) materials. (Norfolk, Ruston, Orangeburg.) Hastings.) #3 Rough and mountainous. s Stony and gravelly loams, developed on glacial drift. (Gloucester, Troy.) 22 Brownish-red to red silt loams and clay loams, developed from limestone. SOUTHERN CHERNOZEM -- DARK BROWN SOILS 44 Largely sands, some of which are associated with bogs. (Valentine sand, i (Dewey, Decatur, Fullerton.) 34 Heavy or moderately heavy dark brown soils, developed from calcareous Dune sand, etc.) 2 Loams and silt loams, developed on the crystalline rocks of the northern 2 F : : - ° eae : : : Piedmont. (Chester, Manor.) 23 eee to light brown sands and fine sands of the Coastal Plain. materials. (Pullman, Abilene, Victoria.) 45 Black (or brown) friable soil underlain by chalky materials. These soils j d : ; orfolk sands.) ; 35 Predominantly red and brown sandy loams and sands, developed largely develop under a prairie vegetation and are known as Rendzinas (Houston 10 Sandy loams developed on nort clays. (Sas- ' : : ; : ; ; us u eee Calinctanoia hern Coastal Plain sands and clays. ( 24 Grayish fine sandy loams with some gray or black loams, in the Flatwoods from unconsolidated calcareous materials. (Amarillo, Miles, Duval.) Sumter,) 11 Brown silt loams develoned on limestone. (Hagerstown, Maury, Frederick.) Cee ee ee eC ej beon poms (nout) NORTHERN DARK BROWN (CHESTNUT) SOILS J SMENERTS CH) SelS MUMMIES Ies NEUE), “ai A) ia Shallow seoile aeuale ed continterbaden Sirnestene eee erates 25 Grayish-yellow to reddish fine sandy loams and silt loams, developed from 36 Dark brown soils developed on unconsolidated, calcareous sands, silts, and 47 Marsh, Swamp and Bog. (Carlisle, Pamlico, Rifle.) s Beak rbeaded li : sandstones and shales. (Hartselis, Hanceville, Conway.) cl Scobey, Rosebud, Keith, Walla Walla.) : ; (Fairmont, Lowell.) PE i ets candy Bea ianennet Sites.) ays. (Scobey, Rosebud, Keith, Walla a. 48 Soils developed upon lake plains. (Brookston, Maumee, Vergennes.) : ed soils of the Pacitic slopes. (Aiken, Sierra, sites. 37 Dark brown soils, developed on heterogeneous material 49 Alluvi i ; i 5) ae ; ; : : , : uvial soils. (Huntington, Sharkey, Columbia, Cass.) Loams and stony loams from granitic material with hilly to mountainous PRAIRIE SOILS BROWN SOILS | 2 , relief. (Ashe, Porters.) a ‘ , So Rough broken land, including Pierre soils. 14 Silt loams with heavy clay subsoils, developed on Illinoian glacial till. Reddish Drown sells ydeveloped ;one sandstones, shales clays cand. sans, 38 (Northern) brown loams, developed on unconsolidated sands, silts and (Gibson, Cory, Clermont, Rossmoyne.) eneis ancien.) clays. (Joplin, Weld.) LEGEND FOR PLANT GROWTH REGIONS —_ | North Pacific Coast. == 7 Palouse - Bitterroot Valley. FFA 13 Central Rocky Mountains. EXSs3 18 Northern Black Soils. 23 Western Great Lakes. Piedmont. ana 2 Willamette Valley--Puget Sound. R24 8 Snake River Plain Utah Valley. 14 Southern Rocky Mountains. 19. Central Black Soils. alae 24 central Great Lakes. Upper Coastal Plain. 4 5 Fi NX] J x Y E 5 9 LZ 6) Central California Valleys. YS 9 Great Basin - Intermontane. [——] 15 Northern Great Plains. 20 Southern Black Soils. 25 Ozark - Ohio - Tennessee River Valleys (LL 30 Swampy Coastal Plain. 4 Cascade-Sierra Nevada. Ey 10 Southwestern Desert. Beal 16 Central Great Plains. 21 Northern Prairies. WZ, 26 Northern Great Lakes-St. Lawrence. FEA 31 south-Central Florida. RF P . F . ‘x ; r 7 5 Southern California. 11 Southern Plateau. ZA 17 Southern Plains. WW 22 Central Prairies. 27 Appalachian. 32 Subtropical Florida. eee % | 6 Columbia River Valley. (ZZ4 \N2 Northern Rocky Mountains. A. Hoen & Co., Inc 1937 ; . : ' j mportant Soils Regions by Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, U. S. D. A. Map prepared by Cartographic Drafting Unit Plant growth Regions by Furman Lloyd Mulford, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. D. 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