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Do not assume content reflects current 
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. 


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United States 
Department of 
Agriculture 


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National Agricultural Library 


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USDA, National Agricultural | _ibrary 
NAL Bldg 

10301 Baltimore Blvd 

Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 |” 


Native Woody Plants of the 
United States 


Their Erosion-Control and Wildlife 
Values 


Ey = 
WILLIAM R. VAN DERSAL 
Biologist = 


Division of Conservation Operations:-. 
Soil Conservation Service 


UNITED STATES 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
WASHINGTON : 1938 


For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - = - Price $1.75 (Buckram) 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT 


Since the initial appearance of this work in preliminary mimeo- — 
graphed form in 1936, a great many people have contributed original 
information and suggestions without which the present publication 
would be much less complete. To all of these people, the author 
wishes to express his sincere thanks. 

He is particularly indebted to Ernest G. Holt for his advice, sug- 
gestions, and criticism, as well as his very considerable assistance dur- 
ing the preparation of the manuscript; to T. H. Kearney, for permis- 
sion to use his manuscript on the flora of Arizona; to V. L. Cory and 
H. B. Parks for the use of their manuscript catalog of the Texas 
flora, and Mr. Parks’ manuscript on the useful properties of Texas 
plants; to F. L. Mulford for the plant-growth region map, together 
with his chapter on its development; to C. W. Thornthwaite for the 
map of the climatic regions; to Clarence Cottam and his assistants, 
Phoebe Knappen, F. M. Uhler, Neil Hotchkiss, and A. L. Nelson, 
for their very great help in making available considerable data from 
the Section of Food Habits Research of the Bureau of Biological 
Survey; to E. P. Killip for advice on the taxonomic problems; to 
E. L. Crandall for his help with some of the photographs and to C. R. 
Ball, who assisted materially in the preparation of the section on 
Salix. 

Suggestions and criticisms concerning the botanical material have 
been offered by E. J. Alexander, M. L. Fernald, EK. J. Palmer, H. M. 
Raup, H. A. Gleason, W. H. Camp, H. E. McMinn, F. J. Crider, 
C. V. Morton, M. Van Rensselaer, E. H. Graham, Mildred Mathias, 
H. UL. Shantz, E. V. Komarek, Hilda Cunniff, Fred Gibson, and his 
assistant, J. Whitehead, H. S. Yates, M. G. Netting, P. B. Sears, 
H. L. Whitaker, C. F. Swingle, and Russell Albright. 

Suggestions and criticisms concerning the wildlife material were 
received from W. L. McAtee, H. L. Stoddard, Aldo Leopold, D. M. 
Gorsuch, F, N. Hamerstrom, Jr., C. B. Terrell, R. T. King, Gardiner 
Bump, R. O. Stevens, A. M. Pearson, Logan Bennett, P. D. Dalke, 
VY. EK. Davison, N. W. Hosley, W. E. C. Todd, R. E. Yeatter, and 
Hi. D. Ruhl. 


IRE 


UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION No. 303 


Washington, D. C. June 1938 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED 
STATES, THEIR EROSION-CONTROL 
AND WILDLIFE VALUES 


By WiuutaAmM R. Van Dersat, biologist, Division of Conservation Operations, Soil 
Conservation Service 


CONTENTS 
Page Page 
TET O GUI CTI OMS sae ee SOL cet Mant tI 1| Plant-growth regions—Continued. 
The relation of vegetation to soil conservation_ 2 Length of the growing season________--____-- 20 
Evaluation of plants for erosion control and SNOWeACOVeLss ses eu al We Sec ey 20 
NVR G DUG eh a aE ay al le aa on aa GI 4 Climates of growth regions_____________--_- 21 
Planting for soil and wildlife conservation____ 5 | Nitrogen-fixing bacteria_____.._.______________ 27 
Blantineforswaldlite ss. see ae 6 | Explanation of the list____.___________________- 28 
Lahilyahy joe vaunbovys fet se ORE 7 CO PC ee AB a ee ST OA ANN dn 28 
Plants of objectionable characteristics___-_____ 8 Latin names and synonyms-_-_-______--_-_--- 28 
LO OVMO WR) Oey AS = ee 9 Vernacular names of plants_________-_______ 29 
AISOTESSIVGHDIAN LSE ae 2s ree ee Ee 9 TREN aed y= ila Ten focal Nea alae Ne ee aS aS Rp a 30 
Plants harboring fungi or insect pests_____- 10 SITE esis a TOMS eee sae ee eee 30 
Selection of species for planting_________-______ 11 Growth bhalbits see eee ee OS NREL 31 
IE TIM ATV ASTICCCSS1O Mier a es on ee 11 SUAS oC lin ese ee ING CE ss SS eS 31 
Secondary succession and pioneer species___ 12 BRODASAE TOME aes SUN Say MN AAPOR as 32 
Native versus introduced species__________- 13 Utilization by wildlife_2__..___._..________- 34 
EUG ONO Ci CULO Te re ey eae TAN MEISH Of wOOdyAp lam tSels sueiee eae nea eae 35 
The correlation of soils and plant growth__- TUG ICTS OW Keys etsy a) alee ee a ei ese Rae ea ad 293 
Development of the plant-growth region map_ 16 Mimeographed and unpublished refer- 
Plant-growth regions____________________-____ 17 CTU ES Sevan aves a NN RN MET  CLAT I SIGH 2 321 
Factors in plant distribution______________- 17 | List of common names of woody plants._____ 322 
Thornthwaite’s climatic provinces__________ 19 
INTRODUCTION 


At no time has the need for conservation of our natural resources 
been as apparent as it is at present. We have seen the wasteful de- 
struction of our most basic resource, the soil, take place at an ever- 
increasing rate within a comparatively short span of years. The 
original vegetation of the country has in large part been removed, 
and as a consequence of this, not only has soil become increasingly 
subject to erosion, but wildlife, being dependent on vegetation for 
existence, has also become severely depleted. 

The same forces that cause soil losses have destroyed wildlife habi- 
tats. ‘The removal of the vegetative cover has permitted washing 
away of topsoil, and this in turn has prevented the return of vegeta- 
tion and the consequent restoration of wildlife. It is only natural, 
therefore, that revegetation should be relied upon to conserve soil, 
and since the same vegetation can be made to provide more wildlife 
habitats, 1t is possible to conserve two resources with one operation. 
It becomes apparent that soil conservation, if properly managed, 
can mean wildlife conservation. 


1 


9 MISC. PUBLICATION 363, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


But to carry out a program of soil and wildlife conservation vege- 
tation must be utilized intelligently. Where considerable numbers 
of plants are to be employed, it is essential to know as much as pos- 
sible about. every species of tree, shrub, or herb we propose for 
planting. We should know where and on what soils a species will 
grow, what degree of drought or moisture it can endure, the nature - 
and extent of its root system, its susceptibility to insects and disease, 
its aggressiveness, its relation to other species, its value to the land- 
owner as a crop-producing plant, and its use as food or cover by 
wildlife. 

In other words, the time is opportune to take inventory of the 
stock on hand; not to show how much has been lost, but to determine 
what is left to build with, and how most wisely to employ it. There 
exists a widely distributed mass of information concerning plants, 
which, if assembled and properly classified, may assist materially in 
dealing with soil and wildlife conservation. 

This publication presents an indexed list of woody plants growing 
in the United States, naming each species as unmistakably as possi- 
ble, and giving all available data pertinent to its use in erosion control 
and wildlife conservation. Such an inventory as this shows not only 
what is known about each species of plant but by inference what is 
not known. Every species is potentially a valuable resource in itself. 
The development of each plant resource eventually may disclose a 
crop as yet unsuspected. 

Tt may be noted that this indexed list is not intended for use in the 
identification of plants, although characters listed here may assist in 
making determinations. There are manuals to cover the entire coun- 
try, with the exception of Arizona and Texas. After identification is 
certain, this publication may be consulted for data on the use of any 
given woody plant. 


THE RELATION OF VEGETATION TO SOIL CONSERVATION 


Under our present agricultural system we are concerned with the 
manipulation of cultivated crops in such a manner as to keep the 
maximum of cover on the soil as much of the time as is possible. 
Such manipulated, cultivable crops may be classed as temporary 
vegetation. The permanent class will include plants that are per- 
mitted to remain on the ground without disturbance, except that 
incident to gathering from them such periodic crops as they may pro- 
duce. It is with the permanent class that this publication deals. 

As every soil conservationist knows, there is a very definite relation 
between the density of the plant cover on the soil, the amount of soil 
lost through erosion, and the productivity of that soil. These three 
functions vary in a regular and direct manner, and there is no reason 
to believe that they have not always done so. Soil is formed partly 
by vegetation, and vegetation is in good part a product of the soil. 
Reasoning from our observation of natural conditions, we must expect 
to direct our efforts to control erosion toward revegetation, since it is 
known that erosion starts with the destruction of the plant cover and 
that the kind and density of vegetation is more important in influenc- 
ing putson and erosion than is steepness of slope or intensity of 
rainfall. 


1 Data from the U. S. Forest Service, Intermountain Station, Ogden, Utah. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 3 


Many workers are of the opinion that a plant with a large root 
system is necessarily the best one to hold soil in place. This idea is 
so universally held that it may not be amiss to review briefly just 
what takes place when a soil is eroded, especially by water. In doing 
this we may come to understand more clearly how erosion can be pre- 
vented by restoring vegetation. 

In exceptional and rare instances, washing may take place below 
the surface, but under ordinary conditions the washing away of soil 
occurs at the surface. It is the movement of soil particles downhill in 
water or into the air as dust that we wish to prevent. Since such 
movements start in the very uppermost layer of the soil, our efforts 
must of necessity be directed to holding topsoil in position. Roots of 
woody plants do not, in themselves, offer much help in the top inch or 
so of soil; they penetrate deeper and may be said to be holding the 
soil in place below but not necessarily at the surface. 

Observations in the field show that soil easily washes away from 
roots and that the better the surface of the soil is covered, the less 
the soil washes. Experimental evidence has confirmed such’ observa- 
tions. Kramer and Weaver (346)? conducted a series of tests on 
many kinds of plants, mostly grains and other herbs. In their experi- 
ments they discovered that it was not the soil-binding effect of roots 
that produced the best protection, but the plant cover, which pre- 
vented most of the water from coming in direct contact with the soil. 
When the plant cover was intact its effectiveness in controlling erosion 
exceeded that of underground parts alone many times, and com- 
paratively little relation was found between the quantity of under- 
ground parts and resistance to erosion. They found also that cover 
need not be living to be effective; any kind of cover protects the soil. 
In the course of their experiments they noticed accidentally that a 
single elm leaf protected the soil below it until a column over 3 inches 
high, capped by the leaf, remained after the surrounding soil had 
been washed away. Undercutting eventually toppled the column. 
These experiments would appear to justify the use of a mulch in 
planting on eroded lands. 

It is clear that since erosion is greatest at the surface the roots 
of woody plants have comparatively little to do with its prevention. 
As a matter of fact, when water washes the covering soil off and 
begins cascading over roots, they may only aggravate soil washing. 

The surface layer of the soil can best be held in place by some sort 
of protective cover. This may consist of close-growing plants, litter, 
or a combination of the two. An efiective protection for soil is 
afforded by a mat of grasses, which are among the best of all plants 
for erosion control. An equally good cover consists of an established 
forest and the duff produced by it. A third type might be made up of 
close-growing, thicket-forming shrubs and the litter produced by them 
or of a mat of entangled vines. Run-off and removal of soil are 
reduced to a minimum under such covers as these. It is almost un- 
necessary to mention that grass sod can be formed more quickly than 
can a thicket of shrubbery and that the establishment of a forest 
and forest litter takes longer than either of these. 


2 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Bibliography, p. 293. 


4 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


EVALUATION OF PLANTS FOR EROSION CONTROL AND WILDLIFE 


Knowing that it is the surface layer of the soil that is susceptible 
to erosion and that root systems may therefore be largely neglected 
except as they serve to hold plants in place, the plant characteristics 
that are useful in erosion control may be indicated. In considering 
these it should be kept in mind that as land on which planting is to 
be done may have a certain value, species that produce a valuable crop 
as well as furnish erosion control should be used whenever possible. 
The qualifications of plants valuable in erosion control may be sum- 
marized as follows: 

1. Such plants must be able to thrive under the climatic conditions 
and in the soil in which they are to be grown; and they must be able 
to hold their own in competition with other plants. 

2. The farther their stolons, suckers, or rhizomes spread, or the 
more matted the condition of their growth, the greater space they 
will cover and the more soil they may be expected to hold in place. 
Thicket-forming or mat-forming plants or those that root from 
decumbent or declined branches, or that. form suckers or root shoots 
are of this class. 

3. With tall-growing plants, the more litter they produce and the 
greater the water-holding capacity of the litter, the more effectively 
will the plants control erosion. 

4, The bushier the plants, the denser their foliage, and the nearer 
evergreen they are, the more protection from wind and rain they will 
offer to the soil. 

5. The plants should be comparatively easy to propagate. If they 
can be purchased on the open market they are often easier to obtain 
for planting. 

6. The more rapid-growing species will provide protection sooner 
than slower-growing species. 

7. If plants furnish food and cover for wildlife, their usefulness is 
increased through the aid they give in conserving the valuable wild- 
life resource. 

8. The possession of such characteristics as resistance to grazing, 
drought, insect damage, and diseases, and the ability to grow rapidly 
on and to tolerate many kinds of soil, particularly alkaline, acid, 
saline, barren, or sterile soil, is valuable. 

9. The production of some crop, as timber, pulpwood, tannin, sugar, 
dye, comestible or ornamental fruit, or ornamental flowers enhances 
the value of erosion-control plants. 

10. Resistance to fire or ability to coppice after burning or cutting 
enables plants to maintain a cover othewise easily destroyed. 

Leopold (356) has discussed the properties that make plants valu- 
able as winter cover for game. The first and most important char- 
acter is dense winter foliage or thorns, preferably close to the ground 
Second, species easily propagated, and hence easy to establish, are 
those that can be propagated by stem or root cuttings. This gives, 
he says, a great advantage to such plants as Osage-orange, willows, 
grapes, plum, and roses. The third important property is vigor. This 
includes ability to reproduce by sprouts if cut or burned, ability to 
spread by means of root sprouts, and ability to make quick growth. 
Next comes resistance to grazing, drought, shade, and fire. Finally, 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 5 


cover plants should be unobjectionable from the agricultural stand- 
point. The striking similarity of Leopold’s criteria for game-cover 
plants and the characters valuable in erosion control is at once 
apparent. 

It has been pointed out that the restoration of cover, important alike 
for soils and for wildlife, is the objective sought in soil conservation 
as well as in wildlife conservation. The correlation of erosion control 
with wildlife planting, therefore, 1s obviously an easy one to make. 
Furthermore, the utilization for wildlife production of submarginal 
lands upon which man-made erosion is unusually severe is a sound 
economic practice. 


PLANTING FOR SOIL AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION 


It is obvious to those who have had experience in landscaping or 
forestry that the old maxim about putting all of the eggs in one 
basket applies very well to the planting of woody species. The most 
important rule to follow, whether planting for timber, pulpwood, ero- 
sion control, wildlife, or any combination of these, 1s that the species 
used must be varied—that the planting must be a mixture, not a pure 
stand. This is true for several reasons (486), namely: 

1. Solid stands of plants favor the rapid spread of disease and 
insect pests. Fungi, as well as insects, find it easy to travel from 
one plant to another of the same kind. In mixed plantings spread is 
slower and control is consequently easier. Isolation of individuals 
and groups from others of their own kind is the natural safeguard. 
against infection. 

2. Solid plantations of one species have for some time been known 
to result in depletion of the soil. Further, pure stands do not repre- 
sent the maximum productive capacity of the soil. 

3. Maximum interspersion of species ensures that all ecological 
niches will be filled. This results in a greater utilization of space 
and better erosion control. Competition between individuals, and 
therefore waste of energy, is at its highest in pure stands. 

4. In planting for wildlife, variety is essential. What one species 
of plant may lack, another may possess. The effort should be made 
to attain a well-balanced habitat, approaching as nearly as possible 
the “orderly confusion of nature.” Insectivorous birds are generally 
discouraged by pure stands, but encouraged by mixtures. The en- 
couragement of such birds leads to greater control of injurious insects. 
In several European countries it has been found an economically 
justifiable practice to put up bird houses in forest plantations to 
attract insectivorous birds and thereby to ensure some control of 
insects. The idea is extending even to this country, but proper mix- 
ing of species in planting should make such a practice unnecessary. 

It is very essential that careful planning precede actual field opera- 
tions. Press of work and the need that considerable planting be 
done in a short time are often advanced as excuses for improper 
spacing, poor selection of site and species, and faulty organization 
of the work. Actually such excuses are never valid, for the planting 
seasons are preceded by periods sufficiently long to permit of careful 
planning. Because of the impossibility of obtaining sufficient plant- 
ing stock of the kind desired, it may often be necessary to substitute 


6 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


other species, but this should be done most carefully. If the proper 
species for the required job are lacking, the planting should be par- 
tially or entirely deferred until the next season. 


PLANTING FOR WILDLIFE 


eS * * 


In planting for wildlife the aim is the creation of such 
an environment that the maximum of food and cover is available at 
all seasons of the year for the particular birds or mammals consid- 
ered” (138, py. 16). It follows that considerable care is called for in 
the selection of proper plant species. This is not a simple matter. 
Many species may be adapted for planting in a given area. Discard- 
ing those that are of little value in the control of erosion, we are left 
with a list of plants that have diverse values as food for wildlife. 

To date, recommendations of a species for planting have rested 
upon the utilization of its fruit by birds or mammals. There is a 
difference between the importance of a certain item of food in the diet 
of a given bird and the value of a species of plant for wildlife in 
general. The one relates to the welfare of a particular species of bird, 
the other to the extent to which a plant is used by mammals as well 
as various species of birds. When the welfare of wildlife in general 
is to be considered we can scarcely limit our choice to a species of 
importance to the bobwhite alone, for example, although such use 
will naturally influence our choice. Furthermore, we can scarcely 
ignore other forms of wildlife even if we wish to encourage the pro- 
duction of only one. 

McAtee (369) has said the importance of food items in the diet 
of a bird is not indicated by statements as to the frequency with which 
the items are taken. It is only under the percentage-by-bulk system 
(the proportion of one food taken to the total amount of all foods 
taken) combined with the counting of individuals, insofar as this is 
possible, that the nearest approximation to the truth can be made. 
Under the percentage-by-bulk system, he explains, comparison of 
one part of the diet with another or of the food of one species or 
group of species with that of another is possible. 

But he goes on to say (369, p. 464), “* * *™ statements of the 
frequency of occurrence of food items in bird stomachs may perhaps 
be taken as rough indices of availability of the food or relish for it.” 
And in the publications so well known to biologists engaged in wild- 
life management, he employs as his criterion of use the number of 
birds known to have eaten the fruits, buds, catkins, or other parts. 

Examination of the record of the species of plants listed in this 
publication will show some to have been utilized by a great many 
species of birds and mammals. Such species should undoubtedly be 
given priority in making planting lists. Other species may have very 
poor records. This may be true often because they are actually not 
used by wildlife. On the other hand, they may occur in a region 
from which only a few bird stomachs have been examined. They 
may bear fruits difficult to identify by ordinary methods of stomach 
analysis. The fleshy fruit of Prunus americana, for instance, has been 
found only once, in the stomach of a pine grosbeak, but observers have 
noted that many birds eat this fruit. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 7 


Tt seems clear that records showing a given species to be much 
utilized can be accepted by technicians as proof of the value of the 
plant for wildlife. Poor records indicate either that a plant is worth- 
less or that we do not know enough about it. If a species is found to 
have a very poor or limited record, recourse should be had to the 
records of the genus as a whole, exclusive of specific records, or to 
records of very similar species, for assistance in determining its value. 
Certainly, when in a genus of many species, such as Chrysothamnus 
or Aplopappus, few or no records of utilization by wildlife appear, 
it is not unreasonable to exclude the species from planting programs. 

There are two available sources of information relative to the use 
of a plant by wildlife—stomach analyses and field observations. In 
most instances, the more reliable is a stomach analysis made by the 
Bureau of Biological Survey or other responsible agency. The lack 
of stomach records necessitates using reports of field observations. 
These are open to some criticism since accurate determination of the 
birds or mammals and plants involved is often not made, and since 
interpretation of the common names in which the records are so often 
made is neither easy nor certain. In this publication if the names 
were not thought to be clear, they have been referred to the genus. 
Cottam (738) has mentioned also that in an actual instance field 
observations alone were much less than 50-percent accurate in 
appraising food values in the diet of a bird. 

The exact nutritive value of any given plant food has not yet been 
determined. We are yet scarcely far enough along to examine the 
chemical composition of various fruits and seeds of wild plants and, 
their place in the diet of any animal. Hosley (290) has considered 
the chemical composition of some, and has noted the obvious fact that 
fruits may furnish vitamins. The staple value of acorns and the seed 
of conifers, such as pines, is well known. This field of investigation 
should indeed be a valuable one. 


HIGHWAY PLANTING 


The increasing use of vegetation for the beautification of highways 
makes it of interest here to mention that such work can be turned to 
the benefit of wildlife as well as to the control of erosion. Indeed, 
the conservation of soil on highway cuts can very profitably be 
planned with a view to beautifying the road. 

Certain fundamental principles relating to highway planting have 
been clearly enunciated by Simonson, senior landscape architect of 
the Bureau of Public Roads. In the following statement he sets 
forth the basic ideas to be kept in mind in such work (4/3, pp. 172- 
174): 

The primary purpose of highway planting is to enhance the peculiar qualities 
in the views and scenery of the surroundings through which a highway passes 
so that the development within the highway limits will be properly consistent 
and appropriate to that which lies over the fence or beyond the highway borders, 
and will, therefore, present to the motorist the best of the landscape qualities 
inherent in it. 

The creation of landscape effects on the usually limited highway areas with 
little or almost no attention to the surroundings is not the correct approach and 
cannot be considered satisfactory roadside improvement. A systematic study 
of the native flora along and immediately adjacent to the highway will indicate 


8 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


the most appropriate plant materials to be used, and such an analytical process 
should develop selective appreciation of natural plantings upon the highways. 

The ecological or natural landscape approach to the highway planting pro- 
gram aims to avoid the typical static, or garden-estate type of plantation design 
in favor of fitness with the more dynamic requirements of highway travel. 

Nature is to be followed as closely as possible with fullest utilization of native 
materials or harmonizing types if the landscape development of highways is to 
proceed * * *, It is imperative, therefore, that the landscape technician adopt 
the broadest ecological viewpoint concerning the planting phases of the land- 
scape development of highways. 

The use of shrubs bearing beautiful fruits automatically provides 
food for wildhfe. As Howard (293, p. 103) has mentioned, if road- 
side improvement designed primarily to improve the scenery is made 
with “due regard * *“ * to ecological associations and as much 
diversity as is consistent with natural groupings * * *” in the 
plantings, it will in all probability contribute materially to the increase 
of bird life in the immediate vicinity. 

Plantings of species effective in erosion control provide excellent 
cover for wildlife. The danger of luring birds and mammals to high- 
ways where wildlife mortality is undoubtedly great can be obviated 
by placing plantings made for the production of wildlife food well 
back from the roadway. This is ordinarily done since on highway 
rights-of-way, plantings made too close to the road may easily become 
a hazard for motorists. 

Highway plantings are generally given more than ordinary care. 
Fertilizers are often used to ensure that the plants start; and water- 
ing, pruning, and cultivating are commonly employed to assist them 
in growing and producing flowers or seed. Under such conditions the 
remarks on plant competition and succession in the section treating of 
the selection of species for planting may apply only partially or not 
at all. 

The utilization of vegetation in highway planting is comparatively 
new, but is rapidly increasing in importance. A recent report for one 
State (7) mentions, for instance, that 700 miles of planting on main 
highway rights-of-way have nearly been completed. Future work 
may well be directed along the lines so clearly drawn by Simonson. 


PLANTS OF OBJECTIONABLE CHARACTERISTICS 


Certain species of plants possess characters that may partially or 
entirely preclude their use in many kinds of planting. A list of these 
would include plants that are: 

_ 1. Poisonous to man, either when taken internally or through skin 
irritations. 

2. Poisonous to livestock, usually internally. 

3. Secondary hosts to economically injurious fungi or insects. 

4. Susceptible to the ravages of insects the control of which is 
difficult. 

5. So exceedingly vigorous and aggressive as to crowd out more 
valuable or useful species. 

It is rare to find a situation in which plants possessing one or several 
of the above characteristics cannot be used. However, it may often 
be advantageous to substitute forms less objectionable, a procedure 
which is usually easy since the site is very unusual upon which at 
least two species of good character cannot be grown. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 9 


POISONOUS PLANTS 


Plants dermatitically poisonous to man ordinarily will not be 
planted, because collection of seed or cuttings cannot be made with- 
out exposure to the irritants. In many places such plants may be 
spontaneous. If they are of value in erosion control or as wildlife 
food or cover and particularly if they are sufficiently removed from 
habitations, they may often be left to perform a useful function. 

The subject of livestock poisoning has been admirably treated by 
Chesnut and Wilcox (19) and by Marsh (392). Their authoritative 
generalizations are paraphrased here. 

It may be stated as a general fact that the popular idea that range 
animals will voluntarily seek out poisonous plants and eat them from 
preference is not true. Animals seldom eat poisonous plants except 
as they are driven to do so by lack of other food. Almost all poison- 
ous plants are distasteful to lvestock and under ordinary circum- 
stances will be avoided. Loco plants, which are herbaceous, are an 
exception to this rule. 

The state of the local vegetation as affected by weather conditions 
ordinarily exercises considerable influence on the occurrence or non- 
occurrence of poisoning. In the early spring certain poisonous plants 
may start to grow before the native grasses. If these poisonous 
plants are at all conspicuous or offer any considerable amount of 
succulent material, livestock may be tempted to eat them. The acrid, 
bitter, or otherwise disagreeable taste of such plants seems not to 
deter livestock. Sheep and cattle may often eat large quantities of 
plants that are extremely distasteful to the human palate. 

In seasons of unusual drought, grasses on the range may become 
thoroughly dry while other plants remain green and tempting. It 
is obvious that livestock will be more apt to eat poisonous plants 
when such plants offer more tempting forage than the grasses. It 
is equally obvious that when grasses and other harmless forage plants 
are present in abundance and in good condition, sheep and cattle less 
often make the mistake of eating poisonous plants. 

To prevent poisoning of livestock, reliance should be placed on 
preventicn rather than remedies. Animals must be so well cared for 
that they will not be tempted to eat poisonous plants. They must be 
prevented from eating such plants by careful handling of the herds. 
Jt must always be borne in mind that animals seldom eat poisonous 
plants by preference, but that under starvation conditions they may 
be driven to do so with disastrous results. 

Usually, in selecting stock for planting, nontoxic species can be 
chosen. In rare instances, however, certain toxic forms may be the 
only ones capable of doing the job. In such event, great care should 
be exercised to see that plantings will not be available to livestock. 
ae a ye accomplished either by fencing or by proper management 
of the nerd, 


AGGRESSIVE PLANTS 


Whether to include or exclude a species that may become a pest 
is often a difficult decision to make. Extreme aggressiveness may be 
the character necessary for successfully controlling a given site, but 
if such aggressive species spread and become a nuisance because they 
ae difficult to eradicate, the planter may often regret having used 
them. | 


10 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


No species of woody plant is a pest throughout the country, and 
native species are far less troublesome than introduced ones. Sympho- 
ricarpos is considered a weed in places and a boon in others. Rubus 
and Smilaw are a nuisance where they cover large areas. Lonicera 
japonica is a very pernicious weed in woodlands, Campsis radicans 
and Potentilla fruticosa in pastures. Ailanthus aliissema has been 
known to supplant native forest trees, and Cytisus scoparius may 
run wild on sandy soil. 

Such plants as these form cover for soil and some produce a sec- 
ondary crop. Again, as with poisonous plants, common sense and 
caution should be used. If a species is really pernicious in a given 
region, if it easily escapes and quickly becomes widespread, and par- 
ticularly if other species can be used, the better decision would be 
to discard it. 


PLANTS HARBORING FUNGI OR INSECT PESTS 


At the present time there are nine Federal domestic quarantines 
affecting interstate movement of plants and plant products. These 
quarantines have been established to protect crops and forests from 
pests of major importance. Most regulations permit movement after 
inspection or treatment of the material to ensure freedom from 
infestation. The recognition by planting technicians of the fact that 
certain plants may assist In spreading diseases or insects that may 
cause serious loss of farm crops or forest trees as well as the plant- 
ings themselves, is essential. Familiarity with State and Federal 
regulations before plans are made is very necessary, and the techni- 
cian should cooperate in preventing the spread of pests. 

The recognition of rust hosts is of particular importance. Among 
the rust fungi the separate development of spore forms on unrelated 
hosts has taken place. Approximately one-twelfth of the species of 
rust fungi exhibits this character of heteroecism. ‘The completion of 
their life cycle depends on two host species, either or both of which 
may be an important or valued crop. It is thus evident that certain 
secondary hosts to economically important fungi must be eliminated 
from plans for planting woody species if the agricultural crop at- 
tacked by the fungus is of any importance in the vicinity of the 
planting. The more important woody species that act as secondary 
hosts are indicated in the list of woody plants. 

One of the measures taken to prevent the spread of rusts is the 
eradication of the secondary host that is of less importance eco- 
nomically. Such eradication programs are now in effect under vari- 
ous State agencies and the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- 
tine. Any technician engaged in planting operations should consult 
with State and Federal plant quarantine officials before making 
actual plantings whenever there is any doubt as to the legality of the 
operations. 

Hradication measures intended for the destruction of wild species 
known to harbor insect pests are also being carried on. Plants known 
to harbor a serious insect pest during that portion of the year in 
which nearby crops are materially damaged by that insect should be 
used with great discretion. Authorities of agencies engaged in con- 
trol and eradication of pests should always be consulted. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 11 


SELECTION OF SPECIES FOR PLANTING 
PRIMARY SUCCESSION 


The factors governing survival must be recognized when a plant, 
is placed among others to compete with them for a place in the sun. 
These factors or survival values are measured in terms of species 
requirements, although we often state them by speaking of the toler- 
ance of a plant for shade, sun, acid or alkaline soil, drought, and 
moisture. Because no experiments have been conducted, it has been 
assumed by some technicians that there is no scientific basis on which 
to judge the ability of one species to compete on the same ground and 
under the same conditions with another species. This is by no 
means true. 

For at least 20,000 years in the northern United States, and for a 
much longer time in the southern part, the species comprising the 
flora of the country have been. competing for position, settling them- 
selves little by little into their respective ecological niches and asso- 
ciations. On any given area of ground there has grown a succession 
of associations of plants which, as they have contributed to the 
gradual modification of the soil (or rock) on which they grew, have 
eventually been replaced by plants of a different association. After 
sufficient time, an association of plants has appeared which, under 
the existing environmental conditions appears to be the best adapted 
to the area. This group is often known as a climax, and although it is 
recognized that a completely stabilized environment never exists, the 
climax regions for the country have been more or less accurately 
mapped. Associations of grasses are considered to be the climax for 
the Plains region; certain climax associations of deciduous trees 
appear in the eastern part of the country; evergreen trees constitute 
a climax for the western coastal region; and there is a xerophilous 
association of succulents and leathery species that forms the climax 
in the deserts of the Southwest. It should be kept clearly in mind 
that every plant association, whether climax or preclimax, is the out- 
come of long ages of natural selection. 

Enough work has been done to enable us to predict the climax for 
most areas with some confidence, but it may be many years before 
the date of the climax can be predicted, if that ever becomes possible. 
In a general way we know what species tend to occur together, and on 
what sites they are to be expected, in any given succession in any part 
of the country. Careful observation of a species in its native, un- 
disturbed (or disturbed) habitat will usually demonstrate where 
how it fits into its environment. According to Shantz (504, p. 
3OV): 

A thorough understanding of the natural vegetation climax and of the second- 


ary stages leading to its re-establishment when it is once destroyed is the best 
basis for a revegetation and erosion-control program. 


For many years plant ecologists have been engaged in determining 
the fundamental principles concerned with the initiation, develop- 
ment, and maturity of plant associations on given sites. The slow 
encroachment of lichens and mosses on bare rock, followed by gradual 
appearance of higher plants, the development of soil, and the inva- 
sion and succession of later associations tending toward a stable inter- 


12 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


relation between soil, vegetation, and climate has long been known. 
Similarly, the accumulation of debris causing submerged water plants 
eventually to give way before the advancing shore plants, and these 
in turn before the successful competition of swamp forests and later 
dry land forests, has been studied in considerable detail. 


SECONDARY SUCCESSION AND PIONEER SPECIES 


In primary successions, as delineated above, the orderly and slow 
process of replacement of one association by another proceeds under 
natural conditions. As a consequence of the activities of man, how- 
ever, these successions are often violently interrupted for shorter or 
longer periods, and new plant associations very different in composi- 
tion from the original ones may initiate secondary successions. These 
may be started as a result of fire, overgrazing, logging, cultivation, 
road building, coal stripping or other digging operations, blowing of 
sand, and even the activities of mound-building animals. The climax 
toward which they develop, however, is the same as would have been 
developed by the original vegetation. It is with these secondary 
successions that technicians have most to deal. 

It is no longer new to point out that we are now dealing not with 
biologic areas as they were, but as man’s activities have changed 
them. Students of plant ecology and geography have long recognized 
that existing vegetation and fauna do not represent original condi- 
tions. As time goes on, studies of original vegetation must deal more 
and more with old records, historical documents, travel sketches of 
earlier periods, early surveys, and consideration of the few remaining 
virgin areas. Original faunal and floral areas can be determined only 
in this manner. Man has been relocating species of animals and 
plants to suit himself from the time the first settlers arrived in 
the country. Brief consideration of the changing face of the land 
surface of the country shows this very clearly. Furthermore, it is 
obvious that because most vegetation has been disturbed by man, 
associations comprising secondary successions are the rule rather than 
the exception. 

Tt is regrettable but true that it 1s not known with certainty just 
why one association gives way to another. It seems probable that 
changes in the substratum play a considerable part, but those changes 
cannot be measured accurately enough to say that at one time certain 
plants wiil succeed; at another, different plants will thrive. So far 
it has simply been noted that in any type of succession a series of 
what appears to be preparatory stages must precede the climax. It 
may also be noted that as a consequence, or perhaps as a parallel 
phenomenon, the food of wildlife and the fauna itself changes. Cer- 
tain pioneer plants lead the way and very rarely persist through all 
stages to the climax. Conversely, climax species almost never act as 
pioneers. Edaphic factors appear to be very important in the pre- 
Iiminary stages of secondary successions. 

In applying these facts to planting, where no further care is to be 
given to the plants, one may with reason select for use pioneer species 
that have demonstrated their ability to succeed on areas variously dis- 
turbed by man. This is of great importance. We see that under 
natural conditions the preparation of an area for occupation by climax 
species 1s undertaken by pioneer species. They do not last long, con- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 13 


sidering the length of time required for the appearance of the climax 
stages; if they are planted, we can rely upon their being replaced, 
sooner or later, by other species. But the initiation of a secondary 
succession will ensure the control of erosion on a given area and the 
production of habitats useful for wildlife. 

A list of pioneer species for various areas throughout the United 
States could easily be drawn up here. A much more certain manner 
of determining them, however, is to examine eroded areas where pio- 
neers have already begun to grow. The identification of the species 
informs the technician what to plant. And, it may be emphasized that 
the pioneers observed on such places are the results of long ages of 
natural selection of a sort that permits the survival of only those 
best adapted to initiate successions. With proper interpretation of the 
results of such long-time, natural “experimental plantings” the recla- 
mation of eroded land can be carried out with confidence. 

With these ideas in mind a principle may be stated that any techni- 
cian who wishes to plant woody species to control erosion would do 
well to remember; namely, that careful observation of local vegeta- 
tional successions, coupled with accurate determination of the species 
involved, will often indicate the best means to employ. As Shantz 
(504, p. 855) has said: “Wherever one looks, nature has pointed the 
way to recovery.” 

We have in this country one vast testing ground, comprising many 
kinds of climate, soil, and site, wherein species have failed or suc- 
ceeded for significantly long periods. As long as a species is planted 
within its known range of occurrence, in its proper site as determined 
by observation of its so-called preferences, and is intermingled 
with other species in a ratio and position approaching natural condi- 
tions, we may be satisfied that except for failures attributable to seri- 
ous local variations in environment our plants will grow and thrive. 
Aldous and Shantz (9) point out that the natural or normal plant 
cover is a result of all the growing conditions of the area wherein it is 
produced. It is, therefore, an index or measure of the factors influenc- 
ing its growth, and it serves as an indicator of the possibilities of 
producing other plants on the same land. 


NATIVE VERSUS INTRODUCED SPECIES 


A clear distinction should be made between crop plants that must 
be planted and cultivated each year, or every several years, and woody 
plants, which are untended and uncultivated (if planted in the wild) 
and which must depend for their existence upon any ability they may 
have to compete successfully with the native species that will eventu- 
ally grow around them or that are already there. In planting species 
on sites where they must be able to survive competition, it is hazard- 
ous to select plants other than those that have already shown them- 
selves capable of succeeding in similar sites. If all competition is to 
be removed through cultivation, then such an argument would neces- 
sarily be invalid. Erosion cannot be controlled by cultivation alone, 
however, and most sites needing revegetation with woody plants are 
those that are being retired from cultivation, not those on which culti- 
vation is still to be practiced. 

Many technicians engaged in planting apparently do not under- 
stand that our first choice of species for planting on a given site 


14 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


should be those that have already been tested for such a site; that is, 
species native to the region in question. Our second choice should be 
species that are not native; that is, exotic or introduced plants. If it 
is certainly known that there is no native species that can grow on a 
chosen site, then we are justified in turning to exotic forms. Clements 
(121, ». 360) summarized this: “* * * nature is to be followed as 
closely as possible, and hence native materials alone are to be employed, 
preferably from the outset, but invariably in the final composition.” 
Chapman (7/8) claims further that until additional data can be ob- 
tained we are justified in making large-scale plantings only on the 
basis of ecological principles apphed to the native species of the region. 

This should not be interpreted to mean that the introduction of a 
foreign species is inherently undesirable. It is recognized, of course, 
that the introduction of some non-native woody species has already 
been successfully accomplished, and these are excepted from the pre- 
ceding statements. But large-scale plantings should be limited to 
species proved to be adaptable to a given area and known to be able 
to compete with plants that now largely occupy the territory. In 
forest planting, Toumey and Korstian (573) characterize the selec- 
tion of exotics and species from widely diiferent regions as very 
hazardous. In ornamental planting, where each plant is protected 
and given special protection, the use of exotics may be justified, but 
unless actual experimental plantings have been made or unless site 
factors can definitely be shown to be similar to those of the region 
from which the species is introduced, exotic species should be ex- 
cluded from forest crops. The extensive use of Scotch pine and 
Norway spruce for instance, in the eastern United States is much to 
be regretted in the opinion of these workers, since results from such 
use are still problematical. 


FRUIT PRODUCTION 


Wherever dioecious species are used, if fruit production is desired, 
a few staminate (pollen-bearing) plants must be included in the 
planting. Monoecious plants, on the other hand, since both staminate 
and pistillate fiowers are present on each bush, necessitate no such 
precaution. Examples of dioecious plants include Baccharis, Ilex, 
Maclura, Myrica, Shepherdia, Taxus, and some species of Juniperus. 

There are, in addition, some species that are partly dioecious, that 
is, some of the plants may be entirely staminate and some slightly 
polygamous. In the latter, sufficient staminate flowers are present on 
pistillate plants to ensure reasonably complete fertilization. The 
genera Celastrus, Ailanthus, Morus, Rhus, and Vitis, furnish species 
of this sort (679). With these, the addition of staminate forms to 
a planting may often be advantageous although not always necessary. 

At present there is no way to distinguish readily the seeds that 
will produce staminate from those that will produce pistillate plants. 
Therefore, to ensure getting fruit-bearing plants it may be necessary 
to use cuttings only, selecting them mainly from pistillate plants. In 
reproducing such plants from seed, the proportion of staminate to 
pistillate plants is often unknown. 

Other sorts of dioecism are known. Perfect flowers may often 
produce pollen that for various reasons may be more or less incapable 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 15 


of fertilization of the pistil in the same flower or even of those on 
the same plant. An instance of such a condition is found in the wild 
plums where one plant often gives rise vegetatively to a colony. The 
pollen in the flowers of the whole colony may be unable to effect 
fertilization, and it is thus necessary in planting for wildlife food, 
to ensure that stock planted is collected from at least several different: 
colonies and well mixed before using. According to Paul B. Sears, 
who has experimented with plums, it is nearly always possible to 
induce better fruit production in one colony by introducing a few 
plants from a neighboring colony, or even by throwing fiowering 
branches from a different colony into the first. 

Production of fruit depends also on such environmental factors as 
temperature or cloudiness and precipitation during flowering. These 
conditions may very often be local, and certainly account in part for 
the patchy distribution of fruit production of the same species. Also, 
many plants that produce fruit freely in the sun will produce very 
little in the shade, as Corylus, Symphoricarpos, and Parthenocissus. 
For this reason where fruit for wildlife is desired, a variety of species, 
blooming at different times, is necessary for ultimate production. 


THE CORRELATION OF SOILS AND PLANT GROWTH 


Many statements that a given species will grow on a certain kind 
of soil will be found herein. These statements are based for the most 
part on observations of plants in their native habitats, made by many 
different workers. They are extremely general, the correlation of 
vegetation with soils being by no means certain. Soil studies that 
have been made deal with factors that are not directly related to 
plants, or else the relation of plants to such factors is not yet clear 

JI69 ). 

The distribution of some plants appears to depend directly on 
certain edaphic characters. Many species are almost entirely con- 
fined to acid or to alkaline soils. The near absence of legumes from 
very acid soils may be attributed to the inability of their symbiotic 
bacteria to succeed under acid conditions. Similarly, the ability of 
certain fungi to succeed under varying degrees of hydrogen-ion con- 
centration may condition the ecesis of woody plants on the roots of 
which they form mycorrhiza. The presence of toxic substances, the 
release of which may depend also on acidity, may prevent a plant 
from growing on a soil that under different local conditions might 
easily support that plant. The break-down of litter, for example, is 
not at all understood. For such reasons as these, and for many 
others, we are far from having identified the factors in soil whose 
variations are responsible for the local variations in plant distribu- 
tion. 

Certain physical factors of soil, however, are worth mentioning 
here. Shallow soils on an impervious subsoil may endanger the sta- 
bility of trees by restricting root growth. Heavy soils may act in the 
same way. Soils of spring-fed swamps and northern slopes are gen- 
erally colder than other soils, and sandy soils and soils of southern 
slopes are generally warmer (573). Higher and lower soil tempera- 
tures have respectively a stimulating and retarding effect on plant 
metabolism. 

33772°—38——2 


16 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANT-GROWTH REGION MAP* 


The need for a map that designates zones or areas having fairly 
uniform growing conditions for plants was recognized when an at- 
tempt was made to discuss where in the United States different roses 
could be grown and also when recommendations for the planting of 
trees on city streets throughout the country were desired. : 

To show regions where the different types of roses could be grown 
with a minimum of attention a rose zone map was prepared and was 
published in the Atlas of American Agriculture (45) and in the Amer- 
ican Rose Annual (77). It raised a storm of protest by growers and 
occasioned much discussion among them because roses were being suc- 
cessfully grown far beyond the zones indicated for each group. This 
success was due to the fact that special attention had been given to 
their culture, particularly to winter protection. Eventually it was 
generally conceded that the map showed what it purported to show. 

A map was made as a basis for recommending street trees and was 
published in a Department Bulletin, Street Trees (417), and again 
in a Farmers’ Bulletin, Trees for Town and City Streets (478). This 
map divided the country into 13 zones. The zoning was based on a 
combination of field studies in different parts of the country and a re- 
view of the literature of tree planting. Before the tree lists to ac- 
company the map were completed it became evident that more zones 
would have been desirable but this limited number was what seemed, 
practicable at the time. 

The aim in preparing these maps, and the later one appearing in 
this publication (fig. 1), is to delimit areas with growing conditions 
sufficiently similar so that a. large proportion of the plants that will 
grow in any one part of each zone will grow reasonably well in all of 
it. This makes it possible to draw up lsts of plants that can be 
recommended for growing in each region. 

Factors influencing growing conditions are latitude and altitude, 
which have a direct bearing on temperature, frosts, and length of 
growing season as well as extremes of temperature; rainfall, totals 
and distribution through the year; humidity as influenced by rain- 
fall and winds; soil type and character; and amount and intensity of 
sunshine. Often these factors change very gradually so that there is 
no sharp natural line of demarcation. In such instances almost arbi- 
trary limits must be established in order that the regions shall not be 
too large to have reasonably uniform conditions throughout. Ex- 
amples of areas thus delineated are those included in regions 15 and 16 
and in regions 18, 19, and 20. In each of these two groups of regions 
the changes are so gradual from north to south that it is difficult to 
know where to draw the separating line or lines, but the total differ- 
ence between the northern parts and the southern appears to call for 
separation. In the absence of other marked factors the north and 
south limits of these regions have been determined by the character- 
istic farm crops of each. 

It is seldom that the range of natural distribution of any two plants 
is exactly the same; nor is the range of successful cultivation of any 
two plants more likely to coincide. Although the lines on the growth- 
region map give the approximate limit of distribution of plants it 


8 This section was written by Furman Lloyd Mulford, associate horticulturist, Bureau 
of Plant Industry. 


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Plant Growth Regions by Furfnan Lloyd Mulford, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S.D.A. 


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NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 17 


will be found that the natural distribution, or the area of usual culti- 
vation, often does not coincide with the area that is shown on the 
map to be adapted to them. As a matter of fact, the growing of the 
plants may often occur beyond the area designated for them, or they 
may not be known over all the area suggested for them even though 
conditions are apparently satisfactory for their success. This over- 
lapping of adjacent areas may be only slight, but again it may extend 
much beyond the zone lines. 

It must also be recognized, however, that some plants will grow only 
under special conditions and that only in areas providing these con- 
ditions can they be expected to thrive. Bog, marsh, and water plants 
will grow only near or in water in whatever region they are found. 
Likewise plants adapted to dry knolls, ridges, or to sandy areas grow 
only in such locations, and those needing acid soils, alkaline soils, 
shade, or full sunlight can be expected to thrive only when those con- 
ditions are provided. Recommendations of plants having special re- 
quirements can be made for the different regions in the same way that 
plants thriving under more general conditions are listed, with nota- 
tions concerning their special requirements. 

When the 13-zone map was published it was recognized that some of 
the regions were too inclusive but for various reasons it was not. 
deemed desirable to subdivide them at that time. Studies were imme- 
diately begun, however, looking toward making the regions smaller 
and more informing without going into too much detail. The number 
of regions was doubled, but as the study progressed it became obvious 
that important differences in plant reaction and plant associations 
would be ignored unless more regions were included, so the number 
was increased to 29 zones, then to 30, and eventually to 32. 

The subdivision was begun by combining the known natural distri- 
bution of plants with regions of successful cultivation of trees, shrubs, 
and herbaceous perennials. Careful consideration was given to 
Weather Bureau maps of rainfall totals and distribution through the 
year and of temperatures, not only maximum and minimum but frost 
dates and length of growing season. These results were carefully 
checked with O. E. Baker, of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 
in relation to his crop-geography studies, and the resulting modifica- 
tions were later made in the growth-region limits. 

Subsequently the map was checked with the late Curtis F. Marbut, 
of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, and the zone lines were made 
to conform to the outline of soil types where there were no apparent 
discrepancies between the field studies and these modified outlines. 

Since the original publication of the 32-zone map in 1922 there 
have been many opportunities to consult with students having inti- 
mate knowledge of relatively local areas and all such opportunities 
have been utilized to check the accuracy of details. This has resulted 
in a few slight modifications. 


PLANT-GROWTH REGIONS 
FACTORS IN PLANT DISTRIBUTION 


There are three factors of great importance in the distribution of 
any given plant. Each may act separately, although they commonly 
operate in combination, They are climate, soil, and time. 


18 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. CF AGRICULTURE 


Climate, which is an expression of temperature and moisture con- 
ditions, is without question of first importance. It is, in fact, a 
summary of factors pertaining to water and to heat. Such factors 
may be further subdivided into amount and distribution of water 
or heat; or where the two interact the terms of the analysis are 
evaporation, kind of precipitation, and humidity. 

Soil, which involves both chemical and physical structure, is un- 
doubtedly of second importance. Plant distribution within areas of 
uniform climate may be modified within each area by soil factors, 
but it seems obvious that the climate plays the major role in pre- 
venting vegetation from spreading. ‘The interaction of soil and 
climate (the latter is often a contributing factor in the formation 
or modification of the former) may be of great importance. With 
sufficient rainfall, for instance, the leaching out of certain bases may 
produce an acid or neutral soil; with insufficient rainfall the soil may 
be alkaline. 

Both the preceding factors may operate provided sufficient time has 
elapsed. A newigatenned species must have time to spread before 
its range can be delimited by changes in climate or soil. If a species 
1s young, its climatic and edaphic boundaries may not yet be operat- 
ing. In its distribution, time is still a very important factor. If a 
species is old enough so that its further distribution is limited by 
factors of climate or soil, time has ceased to be an important factor 
in its present distribution. ; 

Tt is true that climatic and soil factors may be uniform or may 
change very slightly over a given area of country, as in any of Mul- 
ford’s plant-growth regions. Knowing empiricaily that a number of 
cultivated plants succeeded about equally well throughout such a 
growth region, we are reasonably safe in assuming that in general 
the range of a native species can coincide with boundaries of such 
growth regions provided it has had the necessary time to spread. 
it is Aan itent that where there is a large number of endemics and 
where great variation in characters is evident the growth-region 
boundaries do not coincide at ali well with limits of distribution, but 
where there are few endemics and variation is much less, the bounda- 
ries coincide much better. 

The correlation of Mulford’s plant-growth regions with natural 
vegetation areas has as yet not appeared in print. The present 
author has been interested in the idea for the last 5 or 6 years, has 
checked a few species with care, and a great many in a general man- 
ner. The subject cannot be dealt with adequately here, but it can 
be said that in a general way correspondence of the hnes bounding 
the range of a given woody species with the lines bounding Mulford’s 
plant-growth regions is very close. Correspondence of the growth- 
region lines with climatic and soil boundary lines is also close, where 
either the temperature, precipitation, or soil condition, or any com- 
bination of them, acts as a limiting factor in plant distribution. 

A line bounding a growth region may be considered to consist of 
series of attached shorter lines, each representing a change in soil 
condition, in average precipitation, in average temperature, or some 
other change displayed by plant distribution. On the map (fig. 1), 
the lines must be considered not as sharply delimiting one region, 
but as being drawn to separate two regions differing in one or more 


NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 19 


factors of the environment. They take no cognizance of local physio- 
graphic areas, which may themselves cause a change in soil, tempera- 
ture, or rainfall. Major physiographic areas only are recognized. In 
other words, the map is generalized. 

Vegetation areas, as they can be delineated from the notes of old 
surveyors and travelers, are more or less understood, but growth areas 
must be better and better known as we proceed to apply ecological 
principles to land use. Anyone thoroughly familiar with local con- 
ditions in a smaller area, such as a county or even a State, can point 
at once to places on Mulford’s map where the conditions are not as 
represented. Mountain tops in region 11, for instance, should all be 
characterized as 14, with the growing conditions of which they more 
nearly coincide. But the expression of more or less average condi- 
tions over the whole country is fairly accurate. 

In the following characterizations of conditions in the growth 
regions, three main items are included for each: (1) The climate, 
expressed in terms of Thornthwaite’s climatic provinces (570), (2) 
the length of the growing season, that is, the average number of days 
between the last killing frost in the spring and the first killing frost 
in the fall, and (3) the average annual number of days with snow 
cover. All three items have a considerable influence upon the growth 
of plants. 

THORNTHWAITE’S CLIMATIC PROVINCES 


Consideration of the map showing climatic regions superimposed 
on plant-growth region (fig. 2, in pocket) or of Thornthwaite’s orig- 
inal work (570) will show the climatic provinces to be characterized. 
by three factors; humidity, temperature, and seasonal distribution 
of precipitation. The combination of these three forms a climatic 
province. 

The five major humidity provinces are characterized as A (wet), 
B (humid), C (subhumid), D (semiarid), and E (arid). To deter- 
mine them, the procedure was as follows: The total monthly precipi- 
tation divided by the total evaporation was determined for every 
station whose temperature and precipitation records extended 
through a range of 10 years or more, The sum of the 12 monthly 
P_E ratios was called the P—E index, or the precipitation effective- 
ness of the station. Through field observation and study of vegeta- 
tion maps and monographs the five major humidity provinces were 
recognized and defined. Where the P-E index was 128 and above, 
the humidity province was designated as A (wet). Similarly, P-E 
index 64-127 defines B (humid); 32-63, C (subhumid); 16-31, D 
(semiarid) ; and less than 16, E (arid). Characteristic vegetation 
for A is rain forest; for B, forest; for C, grassland; for D, steppe; 
and for H, desert. 

Four subtypes were recognized : 

r—moisture abundant at all seasons. 
S=moisture deficient in summer. 
w=moisture deficient in winter. 
d=moisture deficient at all seasons. 

The determination of the four subtypes depends upon the relation 
existing between the P—E index and the sum of the P-E ratios of 
summer or winter, depending upon which is greater. 


20 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


The limiting effect of temperature on plants was expressed in the 
same manner. The coefficient for temperature efficiency Thorn- 
thwaite called the T—E ratio. The sum of the 12 monthly ratios for 
any station he calied the T-K index. Determining by empirical 
means an equation that gave the poleward limit of tundra a T-E 
index of zero and the poleward limit of the tropical rain forest and 
savannah a T—E index of 128 (which was the same as the P—EK index 
of the arid margin of the rain forest), six temperature provinces 
were defined as follows: 

A’ (tropical), T—E index 128 and above. 

B’ (mesothermal), T-H index 64-127. 

C’ (microthermal), T-—E index 382-68. 

D’ (taiga), T-E index 16-31. 

HE’ (tundra), T-E index 1-15. 

F’ (frost), T-E index 0. 

The sixth province rarely occurs in the United States. 

Where temperature efficiency is adequate, variations in precipita- 
tion effectiveness establish the primary climatic boundaries; other- 
wise temperature efficiency is the limiting factor and determines the 
boundaries. The combination of the two produces a climatic prov- 
ince, in which various combinations of temperature effectiveness, 
precipitation effectiveness, and seasonal distribution of precipitation 
are possible, as shown in figure 2. 


LENGTH OF THE GROWING SEASON 


The figures for the length of growing season are taken from the 
Atlas of American Agriculture (45). Reference to the map showing 
average annual frost-free season will show any portion of the country 
to be included between lines that indicate the average length of 
growing season. Between any two such lines is an area wherein the 
average annual frost-free season changes with the distance from any 
designated line. It is obvious that an average or mean cannot vary, 
but 1t is equally plain that it may be different in one place from what 
it is in another. Therefore, in the characterizations under each 
region when the statement is made, for instance, that the average 
is irom 10 to 20 in the northern portion and from 40 to 50 in the 
southern, it is meant that in the northern portion of the region in 
question the average of the extreme north may be 10, but at a short 
distance south it may be 20. In the southern portion likewise, the 
average may be 50 in the extreme south and a certain number of 
miles north only 40. But it should be clear from this example that 
the growing season in the northern portion, changing in length from 
one place to another, varies from 10 to 20 and that the growing sea- 
son of the southern portion varies likewise from 40 to 50. 


SNOW COVER 


The figures for number of days with snow cover are taken from 
the Atlas of American Agriculture (45). Here, as in the discussion 
of the growing season, the average annual figure is said to vary. 
Again it is obvious that averages do not vary, but may change with 
distance. When it is sald, for instance, that the average annual 
number of days with snow cover is from 1 to 10, it is to be under- 
stood that the average figure changes with distance; that somewhere 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 


in between the lines expressing 1 and 10 will be places where the 
average may be 2, 3, 4, or any number between 1 and 10. 

With this explanation, the climatic characters of each region may 
now be considered very briefly, bearing in mind that the values given 
are averages, not absolute figures. Study of the two maps (figs. 
2 and 3, in the pocket) may assist in a better understanding of the 
climate and soil in any given plant growth region. In figure 2 the 
climatic regions of Thornthwaite (in color) are superimposed on 
Mulford’s plant-growth regions (hachured). In figure 3 the impor- 
tant soil regions (in color) are superimposed upon Mulford’s plant- 
growth regions (hachured). 


CLIMATES OF GROWTH REGIONS 


REGION 1, NORTH PACIFIC COAST 


Climate wet, microthermal, with adequate precipitation at all sea- 
sons in all portions, except for two areas with a summer deficiency, 
one extending for 100 miles south of the Oregon-California line, the 
other extending the same distance north from San Francisco Bay. 
Between these two areas is a mesothermal area of some 150 miles in 
north-south extent. Fogs are frequent and winter rainfall is heavy. 
The lowest temperatures are 22° to 24° F. in the north, to about 
32° in the south. 

The average annual growing season is from 210 days to less than 
90 days in the higher northern portions and more than 240 days in 
the extreme south. The average annual number of days with snow 
cover ranges from 1 to 10 over most of the region, increasing to as 
many as 60 in the central portion. 


REGION 2, WILLAMETTE VALLEY-PUGET SOUND 


A humid, microtherma! climate throughout, with adequate precipi- 
tation at all seasons in the north, but with a summer deficiency 
south of the Columbia River. Summers warmer and drier than 
those of region 1. Commonest low temperatures range from 10° 
to 20° F. 

The average growing season is 210 days in the south and 150 days 
in the north. Average annual number of days with snow cover 
ranges from 1 to 10. 


REGION 3, CENTRAL CALIFORNIA VALLEYS 


A subhumid, mesothermal climate throughout except for the semi- 
arid to arid southwestern third. Precipitation is deficient in the 
summer through the northern two-thirds but deficient at all seasons 
in the semiarid to arid third. Winters mild; lowest temperature 22° 
to 24° F., with slightly higher temperatures on the hillsides. 

Average annual frost-free season more than 240 days. Number 
of days with snow cover less than 1 annually. 


REGION 4, CASCADE-SIERRA NEVADA 


A mountainous region where conditions vary with elevation and 
slope, the eastern side being drier than the western side. South- 
ward the eastern side is decidedly arid; northward less so. The 


yy) MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


western side varies from wet to humid. Precipitation is adequate at 
all seasons in the northern portion but deficient in summer from 
central Oregon southward. The climate is microthermal in the 
northern portion, varying to mesothermal in the more southern part. 
Average annual number of days with snow cover ranges from 10 
to 60, increasing with altitude; more than 60 at very high elevations. 
Average growing season is less than 90 to 150 days, somewhat shorter 
northward and on the eastern side and decreasing with altitude. 


REGION 5, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 


Climate subhumid, mesothermal, with a summer deficiency of rain- 
fall northward. Southward the climate becomes semiarid with a 
rainfall deficiency at all seasons. 

Average growing season 210 to more than 240 days. Snow cover 
is rare. 

REGION 6, COLUMBIA RIVER VALLEY 


Tn the north subhumid; in the south semiarid; or arid in the south- 
east corner. A microthermal climate with a deficiency of rainfall at 
all seasons. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover 10 to 60, lowest 
southward; highest, northward. Average annual growing season, 
120 to 150 days. 


REGION 7, PALOUSE-BITTERROOT VALLEY 


A microthermal climate, varying from semiarid on the extreme 
west to subhumid in the central portion, humid in the central part 
of the narrowest portion, and subhumid in the extreme eastern por- 
tion. Rainfall deficient at all seasons except in the very center of 
the area where it is deficient during the summer only. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover 10 to 90, the 
southern half with 10 to 30, but with the number increasing north- 
ward. Average annual growing season 180 days in the south to 90 
days in the north or at higher elevations. 


REGION 8, SNAKE RIVER PLAIN-UTAH VALLEY 


Northward generally subhumid, passing to semiarid and arid 
southward; microthermal and with a deficiency of rainfall at all 
seasons. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover 10 to 30 in the 
northwestern portion, 30 to 60 most common, especially southward. 
Average annual frost-free season 90 to more than 180 days, shorter 
with altitude, longer near large bodies of water and in the northern 
portion. 

REGION 9, GREAT BASIN-INTERMONTANE 


Generally semiarid, microthermal, with a deficiency of rainfall at 
all seasons, but with local arid portions, especially in the south- 
western part. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover, 30 to 60 in the 
larger western and southern portions; 60 to 90 days in the northern 
half of the eastern portion. Average annual frost-free season less 
than 90 days in the northwestern portion; between 90 and 120 in cen- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 23 


tral and western Nevada, and between 120 and 150 on the east side 
of the Sierras; in the southernmost portion more than 240 days 
along the Colorado River, increasingly shorter farther from the river 
to less than 90 days, depending upon elevation. 


REGION 10, SOUTHWESTERN DESERT 


Arid, mesothermal, with a deficiency of rainfall at all seasons. 
Growing season averages more than 240 days annually, locally some- 
what less with high altitude. 


REGION 11, SOUTHERN PLATEAU 


Climate semiarid in the northern and southwestern portions to 
arid in the south-central and southeastern portions; microthermal 
in the northern portion, elsewhere mesothermal; rainfall deficient 
throughout. 

Annual number of days with snow cover averages less than 1 in 
the southern and western portions, but ranges from 10 to 30 in the 
northern part. Proximity to mountains increases the figure locally. 
Annual growing seasons range from 90 to 150 days in the north, or 
with altitude, to more than 240 days in the south. 


REGION 12, NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS 


Great variation because of elevation and exposure. Generally sub- 
humid except for the semiarid western extension and extreme east- 
ern and south-central portions; microthermal and with an all-season 
deficiency of precipitation except in the extreme northwest where 
rainfall is adequate at all seasons. 

Annual number of days with snow cover ranges from 30 to over 
120, the number increasing with altitude. Somewhat less in south- 
central Idaho and the Blue Mountains. Average frost-free season 
generally less than 90 days; or with decreasing altitude, longer. 


REGION 13, CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAINS 


Climate similar to that of region 12, but temperatures for the 
same elevation about 7° warmer. Generally arid to semiarid at 
lower elevations, approaching subhumid to humid climate at higher 
elevations; microthermal, with rainfall adequacy at all seasons 
reached with altitude. 

Annual number of days with snow cover, 30 to 120, increasing 
with altitude. Average annual growing season less than 90 days; or 
at much lower elevations, longer. 


REGION 14, SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS 


Climate similar to that of region 13, but temperatures for the same 
elevation about 6° warmer. Arid or semiarid at low elevations to 
subhumid or humid at higher ones; microthermal except for the 
mesothermal southeastern portion. Precipitation deficient at all, 
seasons except at very high altitudes. 

_ Average annual number of days with snow cover, 10 to 60, increas- 
ing with altitude, but fewer southward. Average frost-free season 


94. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


in the western section 210 to less than 120 with altitude; in the east- 
ern section from 180 in the south to less than 90 in the higher parts 
of the extreme northern portion. 


REGION 15, NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS 


Except for the subhumid eastern portion and the Black Hills, 
semiarid throughout; microthermal and with a deficiency of rainfall 
at all seasons. In the Black Hills, with altitude a humid micro- 
thermal climate occurs, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover 30 to 60 in the 
south, but 60 to more than 120 over most of the central and northern 
portions, increasing northward. Average growing season 110 to 126 
days in the extreme north, 120 to 150 in the south and southwest, 
and 90 to 120 in Wyoming, northwestern South Dakota, southwest- 
ern North Dakota, and southeastern Montana. Extremely cold in 
winter, usually —80° to —40° F, 


REGION 16, CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS 


Climate warmer than that of region 15 and with greater evapora- 
tion. Generally semiarid except for the subhumid northeastern and 
southeastern portions; microthermal in the northern fringe and in 
the northeastern and southeastern portions, elsewhere mesothermal ; 
precipitation generally deficient at all seasons except in the northeast 
and southeast where there is a summer deficiency only. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover from less than 
1 in the extreme southern portion to 30 to 60 in the extreme north. 
Average growing season 150 days in the north to 210 days in the 
south. 

REGION 17, SOUTHERN PLAINS. 


Semiarid, except for a small arid area west of the mouth of the 
Pecos River; mesothermal, with rainfall deficient at all seasons. 
Average annual growing season 210 to more than 260 days, the longer 
season southward. Evaporation high throughout. 


REGION 18, NORTHERN BLACK SOILS 


Subhumid, except for the extreme semiarid northwestern portion; 
microthermal, rainfall deficient at all seasons. Intermediate in mois- 
ture between regions 15 and 21. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover from 30 to 60 in 
the south to over 120 in the north. Average annual growing season 
110 to 150 days, or slightly more in the extreme southern portion. 


REGION 19, CENTRAL BLACK SOILS 


Subhumid throughout; microthermal in the western portions, 
mesothermal in the eastern; precipitation deficient at all seasons in 
the northern portion, in summer in the southwestern and west-central 
portions, but adequate at all seasons in the eastern portion. Sudden 
variations common in winter; hot winds often blowing in summer; 
moisture conditions intermediate between those of regions 16 and 22. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 25 


Average annual number of days with snow cover from 1 to 10 in 
the extreme south to 30 to 60 in the extreme north. Average annual 
frost-free season from 150 days northward to 220 days southward. 


REGION 20, SOUTHERN BLACK SOILS 


Subhumid and mesothermal throughout; precipitation deficient at 
all seasons in the northwestern portion, adequate at all seasons im 
the eastern fringe and southeastern portion. Intermediate in mois- 
ture conditions between regions 16, 25, and 29. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover, 1 to 10 in the 
north to less than 1 in the south. Average frost-free season, 220 to 
more than 260 days, longest southward. 


REGION 21, NORTHERN PRAIRIES 


Subhumid, microthermal; precipitation deficient at all seasons in 
the north, changing to adequate at all seasons southward; drying) 
winds and frequent droughts of more than 30 days occur in the 
western portion. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover from 60 to 90 in 
the south to more than 120 in the north. Average annual frost-free 
season from 100 days in the north to 160 in the south. 


REGION 22, CENTRAL PRAIRIES) 


Northwestern portion and western fringe subhumid, remaining’ 
portions humid; northern portion microthermal, southern mesother- 
mal; precipitation adequate at all seasons throughout. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover 30 to 60 except 
in the southern part of the western portion, where it decreases south- 
ward, ranging from i to 10. Average growing season 150 to 160 
days in the northern portion to 180 in the southeastern portion and 
230 in the extreme southwestern portion. 


REGION 23, WESTERN GREAT LAKES 


Western portion subhumid, eastern portion humid; microthermal; 
rainfall adequate at all seasons. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover, 60 to 90 in the 
southern and southwestern portions to more than 120 in the northern 
and northeastern portions. Average annual growing season 100 days 
in the north to 150 days in the south, or in the southwest, i70 days. 
Upper Peninsula of Michigan, 110 to 140 days. 


REGION 24, CENTRAL GREAT LAKHS 


Humid, microthermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. 
Winter temperatures more moderate than in region 23. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover from 60 to 90 in 
the southern half, from 90 to 120 in the northern half. Frost-free 
season averaging 110 days in the north to over 150 in the south 
longest close to the lakes. 


26 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


REGION 25, OZARK-OHIO-TENNESSEE RIVER VALLEYS 


Humid, mesothermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. 
In the extreme southwestern portion subhumid. Much alternate 
freezing and thawing in winter. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover, 10 to 30 in the 
north, 1 to 10 in the south. Average annual frost-free season 160 
days in the north to 200 in the southeast and 240 in the southwest. 


REGION 26, NORTHERN GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE 


Humid, microthermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. 
There are two local portions in northern and southern New York 
that are wet rather than humid. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover, 90 to 120 in the 
southern portions to more than 120 northward. Average annual 
growing season less than 100 days in the north and at higher eleva- 
tions to about 130 in the south. 


REGION 27, APPALACHIAN 


Northern portion humid, microthermal; southwestern and south- 
central portions humid, mesothermal. Local areas of wet micro- 
thermal climates are distributed along the backbone of the mountains, 
and there is a wet mesothermal area in the southeastern portion. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover 1 to 10 in the 
extreme southern portion to as much as 90 in the extreme north. In 
the central portion 30 to 60 days is commonest. Average annual 
frost-free season 130 days in the north, especially at higher eleva- 
tions, to 210 days in the extreme southern portion. Throughout, the 
season is shorter with increasing altitude. 


REGION 28, PIEDMONT 


Generally humid, mesothermal, but microthermal in the extreme 
northern portion, with adequate precipitation at all seasons. Warmer 
than region 27. 

Average annual number of days with snow cover 1 to 10, decreasing 
southward to less than 1, increasing northward from 10 to 30. Aver- 
age annual growing season from 170 days in the north to 220 or 
more in the south, longer coastward. 


REGION 29, UPPER COASTAL PLAIN 


Humid, mesothermal, rainfall adequate at all seasons, Average 
annual number of days with snow cover less than 1 in the southern 
half, 1 to 10 in the northern half. Growing season 200 days in the 
north to 260 days in the south, longer coastward. 


REGION 380, SWAMPY COASTAL PLAIN 


Humid, mesothermal, with adequate precipitation at all seasons 
except in the extreme west where it gradually diminishes to a de- 
ficiency at all seasons. In central Florida the climate is subhumid, 
rather than humid. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 27 


Average annual frost-free season 230 days in the extreme north- 
east to more than 260 days in the south-central and southwestern 
portions. Snow cover rare. 


REGION 31, SOUTH CENTRAL FLORIDA 


Subhumid, mesothermal, with rainfall adequate at all seasons. 
Killing frost likely on the average in half the years; frost-free season 
well over 260 days. Snow cover extremely rare. 


REGION 32, SUBTROPICAL FLORIDA 


Humid, tropical, with adequate rainfall at all seasons. In the 
north, killing frosts are apt to occur in half the years; in the south 
there is no record of a killing frost. 


NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA 


Technicians engaged in planting for erosion control often very 
wisely choose species that are able, by means of a symbiotic relation- 
ship with a species of Rhizobium to enrich the soil by the addition 
of certain nitrogen compounds. With some exceptions, such plants 
belong to the Leguminosae. Because the soils left after considerable 
washing has taken place are often poor and unproductive, the in- 
corporation of nitrogen is of great importance in their reclamation. 
Lespedezas, alfalfa, vetch, clover, acacias, black locust, and Scotch 
broom are legumes and have been advocated for use particularly on 
account of their root associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 

The decay of various parts of the legume as well as of the root 
nodules housing the bacteria results in the addition of nitrogen com- 
pounds to the soul. Vetch, peas, beans, clover, and other annual plants, 
or those on which nodules are produced each spring to develop 
through the season and decay in the autumn enrich the soil to the 
extent of about 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre annually if the crop 
is plowed under. In black locust, Sophora, some species of Acacia, 
and, others, the nodules may last for more than one growing period, 
and often become woody. Part of the time during the life of the 
nodules the nitrogenous compounds may be used by the plant. 

Not only do members of the Leguminosae form these symbiotic 
relationships, but they are formed also by shrubs and trees of the 
genera Alnus, Ceanothus, Hlaeagnus, Shepherdia, and Myrica, besides 
members of the Cycadaceae and Podocarpaceae. Members of the lat- 
ter two families will, of course, rarely be used to any great extent 
in planting in the United States. 

The nodules formed in nonleguminous plant roots are by some be- 
heved to be caused by species of Rhizobium, although this is denied 
by others. But that the nodules of nonlegumes play a part in the 
fixation of atmospheric nitrogen very similar to that performed by 
legume nodules appears to be fairly well established. Cross-inocula- 
tion of legumes with strains from Alnus and EHlaeagnus is claimed 
to have been accomplished successfully, but ordinarily certain strains 
or races are specific for the host-plant species. Inoculation of plant- 
ing sites with the proper strain is an established farm practice 
although the bacteria are probably distributed as wind-borne dust 


98 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


under natural conditions. The rotation of legumes with nonlegumes 
for soil enrichment is also a common practice. In Taiwan (For- 
mosa), according to R. Kent Beattie, alders are included in the rota- 
tion of rice fields in much the same manner, presumably for the bene- 
fit derived from the nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the shrub’s roots. 

In general, plants producing such nodules are able to live in very 
poor soils, since lack of nitrogen is not as great a factor in their 
success as it may be for other plants. For this reason the leguminous 
plants are particularly satisfactory for planting on poor, eroded 
land, the soil of which will with difficulty support other plants. 
Many legumes are unsuccessful on acid soils, doing better on neutral 
or alkaline soils, where calctum appears to be of importance in the 
nutrition of the bacteria of the nodules. This is not always true, 
however, as in Lupinus. 

There are a number of exceptions to the rule that nodule forma- 
tion caused by RAizobium occurs in all leguminous plants. Those 
of interest here are Cercis canadensis, Gleditsia triaéanthos, and 
Gymnocladus dioica (13). The question at once arises whether these 
species enrich the soil since they bear no nodules. According to 
L. T. Leonard, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, as well as other 
authorities, they probably do not. The synonymity of legumes and 
nitrogen fixers 1s by no means certain; possibly there are many more 
legumes that do not fix nitrogen. 


EXPLANATION OF THE LIST 
SCOPE 


Tn the alphabetical list are considered all species of woody plants 
known to grow in the continental United States and on the Cali- 
fornia islands, with the following exceptions: 

1. Plants of the southern, Subtropical portion of Florida. 

2. In general, species not woody throughout; that is, woody only at the base. 

3. Species not native to the United States, unless definitely known to have 
become naturalized to such an extent as to prove their ability to compete 

ith native species. 

4, The cacti, since, as Britton and Schafer (71) have said, stem structure 
is such that no criterion other than size is availabie to determine which to 
include as trees or shrubs and which to regard as herbs.‘ 

5. Species of parasitic or partially parasitic habit, as Phoradendron, Razoum- 
ofskya, Pyrularia, since growing or uSing them presents difficulties that in 
effect exclude them from planting programs. 

6. Hybrid forms, except for occasional mention under the parent species. 


LATIN NAMES AND SYNONYMS 


The species making up the list of woody plants have been selected 
from two sources: (1) Regional and local floras, and (2) monographs 
of families or genera. But from whatever manual or monograph 
the names were taken, a decision had to be made regarding the 
proper name to use, since taxonomists are not always agreed on the 
correct technical name. Furthermore, manuais published earlier in 
the century, but still in common use, employ names not in accepted 


4 Cacti, especially the opuntias, have been used with considerable success in controlling 
gully heads. The stem sections are simply dumped into the eroding gully, and on taking 
root they form thickets that contribute materially to the control of the eroding soil. 
Many species are very important as a source of food and water for desert animals. As 
some 20 species of mammals and a like number of birds have been observed to eat cacti, 
their importance to wildlife appears to be considerable. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 29 


use under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. To 
avoid confusion, all important synonyms are included in the list in 
their proper alphabetical order with a cross reference to the current 
preferred name. The species in this list may readily be found, 
therefore, no matter with what code or manual one may be most 
familiar. 

It might be mentioned that synonyms often show relationships 
otherwise hidden. As anexample: Vitis helleri, the roundleaf grape, 
was first described as a variety of V. rotundifolia, the muscadine 
grape. In the synonymy under Vitis helleri one finds V. rotunds- 
jolia var. helleri, which indicates that V. helleri is close enough to 
V. rotundifolia to have been considered a variety of it. Other ex- 
amples could be cited to show the same thing, but this will suffice to 
indicate that records of utilization by wildlife may often have been 
applied, especially in earlier days, to both the original species and 
its variety. Thus 28 species of birds are recorded as having eaten 
V. rotundifolia. None is recorded for V. helleri. But that the bird- 
stomach record should apply partially to the latter species, changed 
recently from its varietal rank, is fairly certain. In examining plant 
characterizations, particularly with respect to wildlife foods, tech- 
nicians will do well to remember the possible interrelationships ex- 
pressed in the synonymy. 


VERNACULAR NAMES OF PLANTS 


The problem of choosing vernacular names for species of plants 
is a difficult one. The very old prejudice against the use of a Latin 
name is as pronounced as ever, and technicians are universally faced 
with the necessity of using a so-called “common name” in order to 
be understood. And yet no exact or careful work can ever be done 
unless a name is used that applies to one species of plant and no 
other. The tremendous numbers of vernacular names of plants in 
common use do not satisfy this requirement. If they could be stand- 
ardized, as the names of birds have been so that there would be no 
question of the identity impled by a name, there would be less 
confusion. 

Very laudable attempts to standardize vernacular names have been 
made, but we are still a great way from completeness. Not the least 
reason for this is that no committee having the sanction of botanists 
throughout the country has ever been organized to deal with the 
matter. If the botanists of the United States were to deal with 
common names somewhat after the manner in which the botanical 
congresses have dealt with Latin nomenclature, perhaps in time 
definite and complete understanding might be achieved. 

Standardized Plant Names (/5) treats horticultural plants for 
the most part. This and Sudworth’s Checklist of the Forest Trees 
of the United States (554) are the best attempts made so far to 
choose standard vernacular names for woody plants. Although in 
each there are names that could be much improved, yet by and large 
the names presented in them have much to recommend them. Many 
names of woody plants from these two sources have been used in 
this publication. 

A great many names have been taken from Dayton’s Important 
Western Browse Plants (258). The various manuals of the flora 


30 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


of different sections of the country have supplied others. A few 
names have been collected by the author, more notably in the South- 
west where, incidentally, a great many plants as well as towns, rivers, 
and mountains, are called by Mexican or Spanish names. 

Nevertheless, there yet remain several hundred species that do not 
bear distinctive vernacular names. They appear in the list with 
no other than a Latin name, the author believing that one person is 
not armed with sufficient authority to coin names for them. 

Many species appear under a number of different vernacular names, 
some of which may also be applied indiscriminately to various other 
species. In this work the selection of the most descriptive name has 
been made after careful consideration of the characters of the plant. 
The common name is placed opposite the Latin name; the remaining 
synonymous vernacular names may be found in the lst of common 
and scientific names of woody plants (p. 322). The more commonly 
used vernacular names are there referred to the species that often 
bears them. Incidentally, this discussion should inform those less 
familiar with plant names that the use of a common name, where ex- 
actitude is desired, is never as satisfactory as the use of the correct 


Latin name. 
RANGE 


The user of the woody plant list will find a series of numbers under 
each species after Range. Each number refers to a plant-growth 
region shown on Mulford’s map (fig. 1). The series of numbers 
under any given species expresses its approximate geographic range. 

To determine the plant-growth regions in which a plant can be 
planted with most confidence, the geographic range of the particular 
species was superimposed upon a map of Mulford’s growth regions. 
The numbers were then read off. In many instances a plant may be 
found growing naturally in only a portion of a growth region, but as- 
suming conditions within a given region to be reasonably constant, 
the plant is stated to be able to grow anywhere in the entire growth 
region. For this reason, it is cbvious that the actual geographic 
range of any native species is not necessarily expressed with 
exactitude. 

Interpretation of distribution with respect to the plant-growth re- 
gions has been conservative. The range of each species has been 
checked against records in local floras and published citations of spec- 
imens. Where a question exists, the growth region involved has been 
omitted. The growth regions herein published, therefore, depend in 
no way upon any belief the author may have that the planting of a 
given species will probably be safe in adjacent growth regions. If 
a growth region is listed for a species it has been ascertained that 
the plant actually does grow there. 

Comparison of climatic and soil conditions in one growth region 
with those in others may point the way to the introduction of a 
species from one region to another. Here as with other considera- 
tions, in this work the facts only are presented: any conclusions 
drawn from them must be those of the user of the list, 


SITE DESIGNATIONS 


Plants grow in dry soil, moist soil, or in fresh or well-drained soil. 
They are to be found in the sun, or in the shade, or in both, or some- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 31 


times in half shade. In the list under Site these facts are designated 
by the single words “dry,” “moist,” “well-drained,” “sun,” “Shade,” 
and “half shade.” Certain species of sagebrush, ordinarily occurring 
on plains, for instance, would be characterized as “dry, sun.” Cer- 
tain species of osiers, ordinarily growing along streams, would be 
noted as “Moist, sun.” Species of spice-bush, ordinarily occurring 
in rich woodlands, would be noted as “Well-drained, moist, shade.” 

Designation of a soil as dry, well-drained, or moist, depends to some 
extent on the opinion of the worker and the region in which he may 
be. Dry soil in the Great Plains or Piedmont is presumably much 
drier than dry soil in New England or western Oregon. Even moist 
soil might be considered wetter in New England than in Arizona. 
For this reason, only general designations are placed under each spe- 
cies in the list. Some common sense and a good deal of additional 
information about a plant may be needed, or further observation of 
its native habitat, especially when an unusually difficult position is 


to be its site. 
GROWTH HABITS 


Woody plants are here considered under growth-habit categories 
characterized as small shrubs, large shrubs, small trees, large trees, 
or vines. Small shrubs do not grow higher than 5 feet; large shrubs 
are 5 feet or more in height; small trees grow to 20 feet; large trees 
are more than 20 feet in height. The intermingling of such types 
must be done with care, since taller forms easily overshadow and 
repress smaller ones. 

The habit of a plant may be materially altered by its habitat. 
Some grapes, for instance, are definitely shrubs on poor, dry soil 
while on better, more moist soil they may become vines. Certain 
shrubs become trees if plenty of moisture and good soil is available. 
Many species that are ordinarily large trees, may be only small ones 
or large shrubs in poor soils. Some species are shrubby in the 
northern part of their range and treelike in the southern part, or vice 
versa. The ability of species to change habit should be considered in 
planting. 

Consideration of the general habit of a plant may assist the tech- 
nician in selecting species to suit his needs. If he desires a cover 
on the soil during the winter, he will necessarily choose an ever- 
green species. If escape cover for wildlife is desired, his choice will 
be a plant with thorns, dense foliage, or one intricately branched. 
He may want a species that will permit the growth of herbaceous 
vegetation beneath it, in which case he will look for a sparsely 
branched type with thin foliage. 

Tn the list, unless a plant is stated to be evergreen, it is understood 
to be deciduous. If it is not mentioned as spiny or thorny, it is 
understood to be free of any sort of spines or thorns. Otherwise 
characteristics are definitely stated for each plant. 


FRUITING 


Under each species in the list will be found the designation, 
“Fruit.” Here the kind of fruit is indicated, as pome (applelike), 
drupe (cherrylike), berry (drupelike but with more than one seed), 
achene (seedlike), capsule, nut. Immediately after the kind of fruit 
is designated the time of availability, very often expressed by 2 

S37g22 es 


32 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


months, as August-April. The first month indicates when the fruit 
ripens and is available for collection either by man or wildlife; the 
second month shows approximately how long the fruit persists on 
the plant. 

The data in this publication concerned with time of availability 
of fruit must be used with caution. The average dates of ripening 
of the fruit of a species with a considerable north-south range may 
have a range of several months, beginning earliest in the south and 
occurring later in the north. Furthermore, local weather conditions 
or other factors may delay or hasten the usual period of ripening. 
Therefore, when fruit is said to be available from August to April, 
it is meant that this appears to be the usual time. It does not mean 
that fruit always occurs on a particular bush during all that time. 
Only local field studies can discover when fruits are usually avail- 
able in any given region. 

Seed collectors know also that fruits particularly attractive to birds 
may not remain on the plant for any length of time if birds are 
plentiful. The seeds of Juniperus ashei, for instance, ordinarily per- 
sist like most other juniper fruits, but in 1936 the ripe fruits in the 
Ozarks were nearly cleaned off by immense flocks of robins. 


PROPAGATION 


A work of this sort can hardly deal in detail with methods of 
propagation, but certain fundamental principles should be stated 
that may contribute to a better understanding of propagation. Occa- 
sional notes indicating usual methods will be found under genera; 
if methods vary with species, under the species. 

In general, propagation of plants from seed produces more vig- 
orous plants. Because of, this, plants intended for use on difficult, 
eroded sites should preferably be grown from seed. Reproduction 
in this manner involves determination of species and collection, stor- 
age, and planting. 

roper collection of good, viable seed demands care and a knowl- 
edge of the fruiting period of the plant. Seed falling earliest is 
usually of poorest quality. In the list of woody plants the date of 
seed ripening is indicated first, but it may vary considerably from 
one place to another. In fact, as far as seed collection is concerned, 
it would be sufficient to say that the fruit of a species ripens in early 
or late spring, summer, or fall. A seed collector wisely gets to the 
plants at the earliest date of ripening to be sure that he, instead of 
birds, squirrels, or other rodents, gets the major share of the crop. 
Even so, when seed is retained well into the winter, collection may 
often be deferred until later. But in any event, before seed is col- 
lected its soundness and worth should always be determined by cut- 
ting tests. The fruit should be mature, as slightly unripe seed has 
a decidedly poorer keeping quality than fully ripe seed. 

Storage of seed depends on the species of plant. Some seed must 
be sown at once for best results; others must be stratified. Seed with 
fleshy parts usually must be cleaned by fermentation, washing, and 
drying before being stored dry. Preservation of the moisture con- 
tent of seed is of great importance during handling and storing. 
Some seed, such as that of red and silver maples, willows, and poplars, 
is killed if the water content drops below 35 percent. Seed of many 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 33 


species of the rose family will germinate readily if planted at once, 
but if dried will fall into a state of secondary dormancy necessitating 
stratification to assure germination (313). Seed of birches and bass- 
wood germinates much more poorly when permitted to dry out after 
maturity. 

Temperature greatly influences the keeping quality of seed (357). 
For most woody plant seed, 35°-40° F. is considered the best tem- 
perature. At these levels the moisture content may vary somewhat 
without harm to the seed. Freezing should be guarded against. 
Low oxygen content can be obtained by storage in airtight contain- 
ers; this should be watched, since high oxygen content reduces keep- 
ing quality. 

“Stratifying,” as here used, means placing the seed in layers of 
peat and holding them at 35°-40° F. or, in specific instances, at the 
temperature noted in the list under the species. If seed is to be 
stratified, it should first be treated with a disinfectant. Potassium 
permanganate in 5 to 10 percent solution is useful for this purpose. 

All of these operations and also those that follow are treated ad- 
mirably in The Modern Nursery (357). Seeding and Planting in 
the Practice of Forestry (573) treats particularly of tree species. 

Seed may fail to germinate because of incompletely organized 
embryos or hard seed coats, or because certain internal chemical 
changes that must take place before germination have not occurred. 
Additional food in the form of a dilute sugar solution may assist 
embryo organization during stratification. Seeds with hard seed 
coats are treated with hot water or agitated with sharp sand to assist 
them in germinating. Seed requiring a rest period must be stratified 
in the manner described. 

Such of these practices as are known to apply are indicated for 
each species or genus in the list. In addition, data on the number 
of seeds per pound, the germination percentage, and the approxi- 
mate number of usable plants to be expected from each pound of 
seed are given. These notes are intended to assist the technician in 
large-scale operations by giving him some idea of the nursery space 
he may require. Obviously, they can be only approximate. 

The number of seeds per pound depends on individual variation 
in size of seed. This in turn depends on the age and vigor of the 
plant, the fullness of the crop, differences in site of the individual 
plants, and place of collection. Trees on good sites produce larger 
seeds than those on poor ones, and seeds collected at the northern 
extension of the tree range or from higher elevations are usually 
smaller than those collected from the southern part of the range or 
from lower altitudes (573). This is probably true also of shrubs. 

it can thus be seen that the reported number of seeds per pound 
may vary tremendously. However, some indication is better than 
none at all. 

Theoretically, the number of seeds per pound multiplied by the 
percentage of germination should give the number of usable plants 
to be expected per pound of seed. Actually, this is rarely true. Too 
many other factors are involved and the number of usable plants is 
often only one-third to one-fifth or less of the theoretical figure. For 
several hundred species the actual approximate number of usable 
plants per pound of seed, determined empirically in the Section of 


24 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURH 


Nurseries of the Soil Conservation Service, is given, but all figures 
of this sort must be used with caution. 

In large-scale operations, planting stock is most often propagated 
from seed, but other methods of obtaining plants, such as lifting 
wild stock, propagation by cuttings, or direct seeding, are all useful. 
Transplanting wild stock has little to recommend it. It is costly, 
especially from a labor standpoint, and the percentage of survival 
is all too often low. 

The practice of direct seeding over all or part of a given area 
would seem to merit more investigation. The elimination of all 
storage and nursery operations has much appeal, but too little is 
known of direct seeding either to recommend or to discourage it. 
Toumey and Korstian (573) note that when an area is seeded prop- 
erly, the cost is usually high. They claim that in direct seeding, as 
might be expected, germination is usually lower and more uneven 
than in nurseries. Proper preparation and protection of the site is 
no small item in the cost. They give a table showing the number of 
pounds of seed required for planting an acre with each of 23 species 
of trees, including black cherry, which requires 10 to 25 pounds; 
black locust, 6 to 8 pounds; white oak, 600 to 800; beech, 50 to 150; 
and white pine, 5 to 9. Examples of successful direct seeding of woody 
plants are rare, but with increasing demand for large-scale planting, 
perhaps methods may be developed to overcome present obstacles. 
If it is known that direct seeding is successful, the information is 
included in the present list. 


UTILIZATION BY WILDLIFE 


The first paragraph under each species after the designation of 
fruit deals with characters directly or indirectly related to erosion 
control; the second deals wholly with utilization of the species by 
wildlife, livestock, and bees. The latter paragraph is divided into 
two portions headed “Stomach records” and “Observations.” 

Under Stomach records are placed all records of utilization based 
on examination of stomach contents. Most of such records are taken 
from the files of the Bureau of Biological Survey. A few are from 
identifications of stomach materials made by other agencies. 

It has not seemed advisable to name all the species of birds known 
to have eaten the fruit. The total number of birds utilizing the 
species of plant is listed, and a statement is added indicating which 
game birds are included. 

Under each genus characterization the paragraph dealing with 
wildlife utilization lists stomach records and observations in addition 
to those listed under species. They are not summaries. Identification 
of plant parts found in stomachs is often possible only as far as the 
genus. ‘These must hence be recorded only for the genus. The same 
may be true of observations, where identification is uncertain or pos- 
sibly inaccurate. Therefore, genus records in this publication are 
used only because such records cannot be referred to a particular 
species. 

PA records of woody-plant utilization known to the author are 
included. The Biological Survey records, the literature, and many, 
field workers have supplied information for this work. It is, how- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 35 


ever, very clearly recognized that there may be other records extant, 
and corrections and additional material are earnestly solicited by the 
author. 

Under Observations are placed all records obtained from the litera- 
ture. These cannot be considered as reliable as stomach records; but 
as indicated in the section Planting for Wildlife (p. 6), considerable 
care has been exercised to see that those stated actually do apply to 
the species under which they are placed. The animals listed under 
Stomach records and Observations should not be added to give the 
total number of animals feeding upon the plant since they are two 
separate and distinct items, and since the same species of animal may 
often have been observed to eat a part of the plant as well as to have 
had a portion of the plant found in its stomach or crop. 


LIST OF WOODY PLANTS 
Abies spp. Firs. 

About 23 species of firs are known, of which 10 occur in the United States. 
All are evergreen forest trees producing soft perishable wood of great importance 
commercially, and balsamic exudations; the seeds at each end of the cone 
are usually not fertile; cones break up at maturity; seed germination is usually 
under 50 percent and viability endures no longer than one season; propagation 
is entirely by seed sown in spring after stratifying at 32°-41° F. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 10 species of birds includ- 
ing dusky and ruffed grouse; elk, Coeur d’Alene chipmunk, black-tailed deer. 
Observations (in addition to the specific records) : Four species of birds includ- 
ing spruce and dusky grouse; Fremont pine squirrel, Arizona porcupine. 


Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes Silver fir. 
Picea amabilis Doug. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, breaks up in October. 

A very large, long-lived evergeen tree; slow growing; susceptible to fire 
damage because of its thin bark; somewhat attacked by rot; wood of impor- 
tance commercially, especially as pulp; grows poorly in cultivation; seeds borne 
heavily every 2 or 3 years, vitality transient, germination low; 11,000 seeds 
per pound. 


Abies arizonica Merr. Corkbark fir. 
A. lasiocarpa arizonica Lemm., 
Range: 138, 14. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone, ripe in September. 
A large evergreen tree; wood of no importance commercially; good seed 
years every third year; germination rate low, 25,000—45,000 seeds per pound. 
Observations: Porcupine, squirrels, and other rodents. 


Abies aromatica, see Abies grandis. 


Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam fir. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, breaks up soon afterwards. 

A large, fairly rapid-growing evergreen tree with a very shallow root system; 
intolerant of shade except for the first 6 to 8 years; age limit about 150 years; 
easily wind-thrown and damaged by fire and rot; short-lived and generally not 
satisfactory in cultivation; some 10 varieties distinguished in cultivation, one 
bearing larger cones; wood important for pulp, rarely lumber; seed borne 
abundantly at intervals of 2 to 4 years, shaded trees generally not bearing; 
55,000 seeds per pound, germination 25 percent. 

Stomach records: Five species of birds, including spruce and ruffed grouse. 
Observations: Six species of birds including ruffed, spruce and prairie sharp- 
tailed grouse; porcupine, snowshoe hare; highly important winter food of 
moose, white-tailed deer; rarely cut for building material, not food, by beaver. 


26 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Abies concolor Lindl. and Gord. White fir. 
A. lowiana (Gord.) Murr., A concolor lowiana Lemm. 
Range: 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September, soon breaks up. 

A very large evergreen tree with a shallow root system; at first rapid grow- 
ing; later slower; long-lived; resistant to fire, heat, and drought; wood used 
commercially; good seed years every 2 to 4 years, seed vitality transient; 
10,000-15,000 seeds per pound, germination 22-42 percent; five varieties dis- 
tinguished in cultivation. 

Stomach records: Mount Pinos grouse; Inyo chipmunk, black-tailed deer. 
Observations: Sooty grouse; porcupine; of outstanding importance for mule 
deer, California pine squirrel; much eaten by squirrels and other rodents. 


Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir. Southern balsam fir. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September, soons breaks up. 

A large evergreen tree, growth rate at first rapid, later slower; wood some- 
what used for pulp, rarely lumber; seed produced annually but heavy crops 
only at long intervals; short-lived both in the wild and in cultivation; 44,000 
seeds per pound, germination about 68 percent. 


Abies grandis Lindl. Lowland white fir, 
A. aromatica Raf. 
Range: 1, 2, 4,6, 7, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature September—October, soon breaks up. 

A very large evergreen tree with a deep root system; rapid growing at first, 
later slower; long-lived; intolerant of shade; wood of little importance com- 
mercially, potentially of greater value; ornamental; seed produced abundantly 
every 2 or 3 years; 20,000-34,000 seeds per pound, germination about 50 
percent. 

Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Richardson’s pine 
squirrel. 

Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Alpine fir. 
Pinus lasiocarpa Hook. 
Range: 4, 9 (at higher elevations only), 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone, mature in September. 

A very large evergreen tree; slow growing, moderately long-lived; wood 
little used commercially; lower branches may root, but new trees seldom 
develop from them; not successfully cultivated in the Eastern States; seed pro- 
duced abundantly every 3 years; seed vitality transient; 50,000 seeds per 
pound, germination 24 percent; about 5,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds, including Richardson’s grouse; 
mountain sheep, black-tailed deer. Observations: Cascade pine squirrel. 


Abies lowiana, see Abies concolor. 


Abies magnifica Murr. California red fir. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August, breaks up in September. 

A very large evergreen tree; slow growing, especially with age; long-lived; 
intolerant of shade, but more resistant with age; ornamental; wood little used 
commercially, potentially of greater use; good seed crops produced every 2 or 3 
years; Seed vitality transient; 67,000 seeds per pound. 

Observations: Sooty grouse, California pine grosbeak; of slight importance 
for mule deer. 

Var. shastensis Lemmon, Shasta red fir; very similar to the species and oc- 
curring within its range, but less common. 


Abies nobilis Lindl. Noble fir. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, begins to break up by October. 
A very large evergreen tree with a shallow or deep root system; long-lived, 
fairly rapid growing; intolerant of shade; easily fire-damaged because of its 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 37 


thin bark; insect damage very rare; wood little used commercially, potentially 
of greater value; does well in cultivation in the Eastern States; good seed 
years infrequent and at long intervals; vitality of seed transient; 16,000 seeds 
per pound, germination 40—50 percent. 


Abies venusta (Dougl.) Koch. Bristlecone fir. 
Pinus venusta Dougl. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; ripe in August, breaks up in September. 
A large evergreen tree not used commercially; seed produced abundantly 
at intervals of 3 to 5 or more years, of low and transient vitality. 


Abutilon newberryi, see Horsfordia newberryi 


Acacia spp. 

Some 450 species are known, most of them tropical; majority rapid growing 
and short-lived ; propagation is by seeds or cuttings from half-ripe wood taken 
with a heel; the seeds are treated with hot water and sown in March or 
April. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mearn’s quail. Observa- 
tions (in addition to specific records): Texas antelope squirrel, cedar-belt 
cottontail. 


Acacia amentacea DC. Blackbrush. 
Acaciopsis amentacea (DC.) Britt. and Rose. 
mange: 10 1G, 1%, 20) 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub to small tree, bearing spines; often found on sandy or other 
sous. 
Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze. Prairie acacia. 
Mimosa angustissima Mill, M. filiculoides (Cav.) Trel., A. filicina Willd., 
A, filiculoides Trel., A. hirta (Nutt.) Robins., Acaciella hirta (Nutt.) 
Britt. and Rose., Acaciella filiculoides (Cav.) Britt. and Rose. 
Rance 91, AG, 17, 20; 22, 25. 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available July—August. 
A small to usually large shrub or rarely a small fen unarmed; blooms 
May-July and often grows in sandy and other soils. 
Stomach records: Masked bobwhite. Somewhat browsed, pods relished by 
cattle and horses. 


Acacia berlandieri Benth. Guajillo. 
Senegalia berlandieri (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. 

Range: 11, 16, 17. 

Site: Dry, sun. 

Fruit: Legume, available June—July. 

A small to large spiny shrub, occasionally unarmed; flowers November-— 

March ; root system very deep; wood used for fuel locally; an important source 
of honey. 


Acacia constricta Benth. Mescat acacia. 
Acaciopsis constricta (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 10, 11, 14, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available July-September. 

A small to large, spiny shrub, often with sticky foilage, adapted to a wide 
range of soil conditions but often found in sand; seed germination about 45 
percent ; about 400 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Var. paucispina Woot. and Standl., is a larger and less spiny form usually 
found at higher elevations than the species. 

Stomach records: Masked bobwhite, Gambel quail. Observations: Jack rabbit. 
pee to worthless forage for livestock, except that pods are taken. A source 
of honey. 


Acacia cuspidata Schlecht. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in June. 


38 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Acacia emoryana Benth. 
Senegalia emoryana (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in July. 
A large shrub to small or large tree, unarmed, or with few prickles; flowers 
in March. 


Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Huisache. 
Mimosa farnesiana L., Vachellia farnesiana (L.). Wight and Arnott.. 
Range: 5.102 brad 6120.29 230: 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available July—August. 

A small shrub to large tree, depending on the degree of moisture; spiny; 
flowers February—March ; will withstand several degrees of frost; drought and 
heat-resistant; wood very durable, used commercially; very common and orna- 
mental in cuitivation; naturalized from the Gulf coast region to southern Cali- 
fornia; seed germination about 30 percent. 

Considered a valuable stock forage, especially in winter; said to impart a 
bad flavor to cattle flesh. An important honey plant. 


Acacia filicina, see Acacia angustissima. 
Acacia filiculoides, see Acacia angustissima. 
Acacia flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium fiericaule. 


Acacia greggii Gray. Long-flowered catclaw. 
Senegalia greggii (Gray) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available July—spring. 

A small to large shrub or small tree, short-spined, straggling, and thicket 
forming; flowers April—October; very drought resistant: wood very durable, 
used locally; furnishes a gum similar to gum arabic; seed germination about 
60 percent; about 200 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Sometimes used as roosts by 
Gambel quail and a favorite hiding place for jack rabbits and other animals; 
eaten by jack rabbits especially in drier seasons. A useful bee plant; furnishes 
much browse to livestock on depleted range; less used on range covered with 
good stand of grass: pods of low palatability to livestock; when of tree habit 
much value for shade; withstands heavy grazing. 


Acacia hirta, see Acacia angustisssima. 


Acacia lemmonii Rose. Lemmon acacia. 
Acaciella lemmonii (Rose) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, ripe in September. 
A small shrub, browsed to some extent; pods relished by cattle and horses. 


Acacia millefolia Wats. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large, short-spined shrub. 


Acacia pulverulenta, see Leucaena pulverulenta. 


Acacia reticulata Willd. Netvein acacia, 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub, considered good browse for cattle. 


Acacia roemeriana Scheele. Round-fiowered catclaw. 
Senegalia roemeriana (Scheele) Britt. and Rose. 
Range’: hh 46. oL¢, 20: 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATHS. 39 


A small to large, spiny shrub, generally rather stout. 
Stomach records: Scaled quail. Observations: Sonora deer, Considered a 
valuable honey plant in western Texas. 


Acacia subtortuosa, see Acacia tortuosa. 


Acacia tortuosa (L.) Willd. Catclaw. 
A. subtortuosa Shafer, Popanax tortuosa (L.) Raf., P. schaffneri (Wats.) 
Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 11, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub to small tree; spiny; blooms in March. 


Acacia vernicosa Standl. 
Acaciopsis vernicosa, (Standl.) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to rarely large shrub. 
Stomach records: Sealed quail. 


Acacia wrightii Benth. Texas catclaw. 
Senegalia wrightii (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, ripe June—September. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; short-spined and with dense foliage; 
blooms March—May; wood used locally for fuel. A good honey plant. 


Acaciella filicoides, see Acacia angustissima. 
Acaciella hirta, see Acacia angustissima. 
Acaciella lemmonii, see Acacia lemmonii. 
Acaciopsis amentacea, see Acacia amentacea. 
Acaciopsis constricta, see Acacia constricta. 
Acaciopsis vernicosa, see Acacia vernicosa. 


Acalypha californica Benth. California copperleaf. 
Range: 5 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small monoecious shrub. 


Acalypha pringlei Wats. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Capsule. 
A small shrub. 


Acamptopappus microcephalus, see Aplopappus cooperi. 


Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus (Harv. and Gray) Gray. 
Range: 10 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, many-stemmed shrub. 


Acamptopappus schockleyi Gray. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Hruit: Achene. 
A small shrub. 


Acer spp. Maples. 
About 110 species of trees or shrubs, of which 12 occur in the United States; 
many in cultivation; most with fine autumn coloration; the majority grow 
in neutral soil; propagation by seeds sown as soon as ripe, or stratified at 41° 
F. and sown in spring; vitality of seeds transient. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : White-tailed deer, opossum. 
Observations (in addition to specific records) : Thirteen species of birds; an 


AO MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


emergency food of pinnated grouse; brown mountain beaver, fox squirrel, 
moose; species other than A. pennsylvanicum and A. spicatum (qa. Vv.) in times 
of necessity are cut for food and building materials by beaver. Eaten to some 
extent by muskrat. The western species furnish good browse for livestock. 


Acer barbatum, see Acer saccharum. 
Acer bernardinum, see Acer glabrum. 
Acer brachypterum, see Acer floridanum. 
Acer californicum, see Acer negundo. 


Acer circinatum Pursh. Vine maple. 
Range: 1, 2, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Samara, available in September. 

A large shrub to a small or rarely large tree; branches commonly rest on 
the ground, where they may root; slow growing, lives 80 to 90 years; wood 
used to some extent locally; will not furnish maple sugar; about 5,000 seeds 
per pound. 

Observations: Considered to rank with A. macrophyllum as third in im- 
portance as browse for Olympic wapiti; Pacific mountain beaver. Of some 
importance as livestock browse. 


Acer dasycarpum, see Acer saccharinum. 
Acer douglasii, see Acer glabrum. 


Acer floridanum (Chapm.) Pax. Southern sugar maple. 
A. saccharinum floridanum Chapm., Saccharodendron fioridanum (Chapm.) 
Nieuwl. 


Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large tree closely related to A. saccharum. 
Var. villipes Rehder (A. brachypterum Woot. and Standl.), occurs also in 
region 11. 


Acer glabrum Torr. Dwarf maple. 
A. tripartitum Nutt., A. bernardinum Abrams, A. neomexicanum Greene. 
Range: 4, 9, 12, 18, 14, 15. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara; available in late autumn. 
Rarely a large shrub, commonly a small to large tree; usually dioecious and 
growing in poor soils; 18,000-20,000 seeds per pound. 
Var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel, (A. douglasii Hook.) occurs with the species 
in regions 4 and 12. 
Stomach records: Mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer. Observations: 
Fair browse for mule deer. 


Acer grandidentatum Nutt. Bigtooth maple. 
A. saccharum grandidentatum (Nutt.) Sudw. 
Range? 7,8) 9, 11, 12, 13; 14, 416, 19: 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara; available in September. 
A large shrub to large tree; flowers April—May. 


Acer interior, see Acer negundo. 
Acer kingii, see Acer negundo. 


Acer leucoderme Small. Whitebark maple. 
Saccharodendron leucoderme (Small) Nieuwl. 
Range: 28, 29. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Samara, available in September. 
A large shrub to small or large tree often with a crooked trunk; flowers in 
April. 
Acer macrophyllum Pursh. Bigleaf maple. 
Ranves 4: 23. 4.0: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Samara, available July-September or persistent until winter. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Al 


A large tree; usually occurs only on good soils; root system shallow; long- 
lived; wood strong, not durable, much used commercially; not successfully cul- 
tivated in the eastern United States; will produce maple sugar in nearly exactly 
as good quality and as great quantity as the eastern sugar maple; 2,700 seeds 
per pound, germination 90 percent, about 2,000 usuable plants per pound of seed. 

Observations: Western evening grosbeak ; listed with the vine maple as third 
in importance as browse for Olympic wapiti; California mule deer. 


Acer negundo L. Boxelder. 
Negundo negundo (L.) Karst., Rulac negundo Small, Negundo aceroides 
Moench. 


hansen St O20" Oi 22 23) 24 2a 20s 2a eo, eoU. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available September—October and persistent until spring. 

A large shrub, or more commonly, a small to large tree; dioecious; root sys- 
tem generally shallow, deeper in deep soils; rapid growing; short-lived; easily 
storm-damaged, injured by heart rot, fire, and insects; wood soft, weak, used 
commercially ; shoots appear on exposed or injured roots; 10,000—-14,000 seeds per 
pound, germination 40-60 percent; about 2,000 usable plants per pound of seed; 
easily transplanted when young. 

The justification for separating this species from the genus Acer and placing 
it in a Separate genus, Negundo, is very good. ‘The species is placed here merely 
for convenience but further study will very likely show this species to be 
generically different from the maples. 

Var. violaceum Kirchner. (Negundo nuttallii (Nieuwl.) Rydb., Rulac nuttal- 
lit Nieuwl.) occurs in regions 8, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 27. 

Var. teranum Pax. (Rulac texana (Pax) Small, Acer texanum Pax, Negundo 
texanum (Pax) Rydb.) oceurs in regions 19, 20, 25, and 29. 

Var. interius (Britt.) Sarg. (Acer interior Britt., Rulac interior (Britt.) 
Nieuwl., Negundo interius (Britt.) Rydb., A kingii Britt.) occurs in regions 8, 
9, 11,42, 13, 14, and 22. 

Var. arizonicum Sarg. occurs in region 11. 

Var. californicum (Torr. and Gray) Sarg. (Negundo californicum Torr. and 
Gray, Acer californicum Dietr., Negundo aceroides californicum Sarg., Rulac 
californicum (Torr. and Gray) Nieuwl.) occurs in regions 3, 4, and 5. 

Observations: Four species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant ; fox squir- 
rels; many additional squirrels and birds; California mule deer. 


Acer neomexicanum, see Acer glabrum. 


Acer nigrum Michx. f. Black maple. 
A. saccharum nigrum (Michx. f.) Small, Saccharodendron nigrum (Michx. 
f.) Small, A. barbaium nigrum Sarg. 
Range: 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Samara, available in September. 

A large tree, resembling and very closely related to A. saccharum, and inter- 
grading with it; often considered with good reason merely a variety of the 
sugar maple; grows in rich soils; wood of importance commercially; produces 
maple sugar. 

Wildlife records for the sugar maple may apply equally well to this species. 


Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped maple. 
Range: 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Samara, available in September. 
A large shrub to small or large tree, usually found in acid soil; wood some- 
times used commercially. 
Observations: Cottontail rabbit ; beaver food where Populus is lacking; moose, 
white-tailed deer. 


Acer rubrum I. Red maple. 
Rufacer rubrum (L.) Small, A. stenocarpum Britt. and Shafner. 

Range: 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 

Fruit: Samara, available March—April. 

A large dioecious or monoecious tree; occurs on a variety of soils; root sys- 

tem shallow on moist sites, deeper on dry sites; rapid growing, short-lived; not 
seriously injured by insects but subject to heart rot; severely injured by fire; 


4? MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


coppices freely, especially when young; very brilliant red in autumn: wood much 
used commercially ; 18,000 seeds per pound, germination 70 percent, about 2,000 
usable plants per pound of seed; vitality of seeds transient; easily transplanted. 
Several varieties have been described, all occurring within the range of the 
species. 

Stomach records: Palm warbler; eastern chipmunk, white-tailed deer. Ob- 
servations Ten species of birds; cottontail rabbit; considered the fifth most 
important winter food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts. 


Acer saccharinum L. Silver maple. 
A. dasycarpum Ehrh., Argentacer saccharinum (L.) Small. 
Range =213195°20; 20,22) 23,24, (25,2621, 28, 29,750: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available April—June. 

A large monoecious or dioecious tree; taproot small, lateral roots well de- 
veloped; grows in a variety of soils; at first rapid growing, later slower; short- 
lived; much subject to fungus diseases; wind-firm, but easily storm-damaged; 
easily damaged by fire; coppices freely when young; grows successfully on coal- 
stripped land in Illinois; wood hard, strong, not durable, of importance com- 
mercially; much cultivated, with some six outstanding varieties known; seed 
vitality transient; about 2,400 seeds per pound, germination 50 percent, about 
400 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Gray eastern chipmunk, eastern chipmunk. Observations: 
Four species of birds; cottontail rabbit, snowshoe hare, red squirrel, white- 
tailed deer. 


Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar maple. 
A. barbatum (Michx.) Nieuwl., Saccharodendron barbatum (Michx.) Nieuwl. 
Range: 15, 18521222324. 25, 26; 27, 28; 29: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Samara, available July—December. 

A large monoecious or dioecious tree; usually occurs on rich soil; root system 
shallow, wide spreading; slow growing, long-lived; seriously injured by fire; 
wind-firm; attacked by numerous insects; wood hard, strong, not very durable, 
much used commercially ; produces maple sugar; easily transplanted when small; 
7,000 seeds per pound, germination 50-60 percent, about 1,500 usable plants per 
pound of seed. 

Four varieties are listed, varying among other things in the amount of hair- 
iness of the leaves. All occur within the range of the species except var. 
sinuosum (Rehd.) Sarg., (A. sinuosum Rehd.), which occurs in regions 17 
and 20. 

Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Observations: Four species of birds in- 
cluding ring-necked pheasant; porcupine, red squirrel, cottontail rabbit; heavily 
utilized by moose on Isle Royale; white-tailed deer. 


Acer sinuosum, see Acer saccharum. 


Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain maple. 
Range: 2324-126, 2. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Samara, available August—November. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; ordinarily occurs on acid soil; clump 
forming; wood used to some extent commercially. 
Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Observations: Cottontail rabbit, moose; 
beaver, where Populus is lacking. 


Acer stenocarpum, see Acer rubrum. 

Acer texanum, see Acer negundo. 

Acer tripartitum, see Acer glabrum. 

Adelia acuminata, see Forestiera acuminata. 
Adelia angustifolia, see Forestiera angustifolia. 
Adelia ligustrina, see Foresticra ligustrina. 
Adelia neomexicana, see Forestiera neomexicana. 
Adelia parvifolia, see Forestiera neomezxicana. 
Adelia pubescens, see Forestiera pubescens, 


NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 43 


Adelia vaseyi, see Ricinella vaseyt. 


Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. and Arn. Chamiso. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A large, spreading shrub with small fasicled leaves; branches very close to 
the ground, and stems are practically without permanent branches; produces 
little shade and does not protect the ground from hot or dry winds; very in- 
flammable; colony forming; root system consists of deep taproot and well 
developed laterals; heavy root crown developed, which when large enough 
enables plant to survive fire; common chaparral dominant on dry slopes and 
ridges, invading and occupying burns quickly; generally regarded as a pest; 
worthless on the range; propagation by seeds or green-wood cuttings taken in 
spring. 

Observations: California mule deer. 


Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. Shankbush. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large, very inflammable shrub; flowers July-August; propagated by seeds 
or green-wood cuttings taken in spring. Of no value as stock forage. 
Observations: California mule deer. 


Adolphia californica Wats. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, spiny shrub without forage value; generally considered a 
local range pest. 


Adoiphia infesta (H. B. K.) Meisn. 
Ceanothus infesta H. B. K., Colletia multifiora DC. 
Range: 11. 
site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small to large, extremely spiny, densely branched shrub without forage 
value. 


Aesculus spp. Buckeyes. 
Most species grow in neutral soil; propagation is by seed sown in the fall or, 
after stratifying, in the spring. 


Aesculus arguta, see Aesculus glabra. 
Aesculus austrina, see Aesculus discolor. 


Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. California buckeye. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—October. 

A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; very broad-headed; coppices 
freely when cut; foliage early burning brown, falling or persistent; very orna- 
mental, flowers during May—August ; wood used for fuel to some extent; reputed 
to be very durable for fence posts. 

Observations: Redwood chipmunk, many squirrels; dead leaves fair forage 
for mule deer. Poisonous to stock; not eaten by swine; bees poisoned by the 
nectar. 


Aesculus discolor Pursh. Woolly buckeye. 
Range: 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule; available in October, seeds fall at once. 
A large shrub to a small or rarely large tree, ordinarily growing in rich soil; 
flowers April—June. 
Var. mollis (Raf.) Sarg., (A. austrina Small) the searlet buckeye, is a small 
tree with red flowers, occurring within the range of the species. 


Aesculus flava, see Aesculus ociandra. 
Aesculus georgiana, see Aesculus neglecta. 


44. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Aesculus glabra Willd. Ohio buckeye. 
Range: 22, 24 25, 27, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in September. 

A large, rapid-growing tree; fiowers April-May; short-lived; wood sometimes 
used commercially; flowers not showy. Young shoots poisonous to cattle and 
if forage is poor in spring cattle will eat them; later not attractive to livestock; 
hogs poisoned by the seeds. 

Several varieties have been described, a white-barked form, one with more 
pubescent leaves, and one with more leafiets. All are of more or less local 
occurrence within the range of the species except var. arguta (Buckl.) Robin- 
son, (A. arguta Buckl.), the shrubby buckeye, found also in region 30. 


Aesculus humilis, see Aesculus neglecta. 
Aesculus michauxii, see Aesculus neglecta. 


Aesculus neglecta Lindl. 
Range: 28. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in September. 
A large, very rare tree; flowers April—May. 
Var. georgiana Sarg. (A. georgiana Sarg.) Georgia buckeye; usually 
shrubby; occurs in regions 28, 29, and 380. 
Var. tomentosa Sarg. (A. michaurii Hort., not Spach, A. humilis Hort., not 
Lindl., A. rubra carnea superba Hort., and A. rubra carnea pubescens Hort.) in 
region 28 has very showy flowers. 


Aesculus octandra Marsh. Yellow buckeye. 
A. fiava Ait. 

Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Capsule, available in September. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; root system shallow; rapid growing, 

short-lived; wood used commercially; subject to dry rot and stem borers; 
blooms April-May; a red-flowered form is known. 


Aesculus parviflora Walt. Bottlebrush buckeye. 
Range: 29), 30. 
Site: Well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in October. 
A large spreading shrub, very showy during the July flowering period; com- 
monly occurs on rich soil. 


Aesculus pavia L. Red buckeye. 
Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in September. 
A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; ordinarily occurs on slightly acid 
soil; flowers April-May; very handsome in cultivation; a form with dark-red 
fiowers is known. Poisonous to livestock. 


Aesculus rubra vars., see Aesculus neglecta. 


Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Ailanthus. 
A. glandulosa Desf. 
Range 2 2a 0-.Ono kk i 20D toa Ota 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Samara; ripe in September, long persistent. 

A large tree introduced from China but aggressively spontaneous and well- 
established in the range indicated; easily storm-damaged; rapid growing: cop- 
pices freely ; immune to the effects of smoke, dust, or insect pests; 14,000-22,000 
seeds per pound, germination 60 percent, about 3,000 usable plants per pound 
of seed; withstands considerable abuse in handling; staminate plant odoriferous 
in flower. This species produces wood even on poor soil more than twice as 
fast as any native tree having wood of anything like the same fuel value; wood 
ranked with that of black walnut or oak for fuel, excellent for cabinetmaking. 

Observations: Pine grosbeak, crossbill; white-tailed deer. 


Ailanthus glandulosa, see Ailanthus altissima. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES A5 


Albizzia julubrissin Duraz. Silktree. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Legume, available September—November. 
A large tree introduced from Asia and Africa; 11,000 seeds per pound, 3,000 
usable plants per pound of seed. 


Alhagi camelorum Fisch. Camelthorn. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available August-September. 
A small, spiny shrub naturalized from Asia Minor; rapid growing; aggressive 
and thicket forming; root system deep and extensive; eradication operations 
for this species have been in progress. 


Allenrolfea occidentalis (Wats.) Kuntze. Inkweed. 
Spirostachys occidentalis Wats. 
Range: 8, 9, 10, 11, 16. 
Site: Well-draingd, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achenelike. 
A small to large, succulent, almost leafless shrub, usually confined to and an 
indicator of alkaline soil. Sparingly eaten by livestock. 


Alnus spp. Alders. 

Generally rapid growing; commonly occurring in neutral soil; wood durable 
in water; nitrogen-fixing bacteria form nodules on the roots of alder in some- 
what the same manner as on the legumes; propagated by seeds sown in fall 
or spring; or in the shrubby species, by hard-wood cuttings and layers. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 20 species of birds, includ- 
ing sharp-tailed grouse, ruffed grouse, bobwhite, woodcock, and ptarmigan. 
Composed 2.5 percent of the food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in winter in 
Quebee and Ontario; Lilinois skunk, opossum. Obdservations (in addition to 
specific records) : Sixteen species of birds; an emergency food of prairie Sharp- 
tailed grouse, northern sharp-tailed grouse; snowshoe hare, Pacific mountain 
beaver, brown mountain beaver, porcupine, Olympic wapiti; beaver, where 
Populus is lacking; moose, white-tailed deer. Palatability to livestock not high 
but considered an important secondary forage, especially for cattle. A source 
of pollen for bees. 


Alnus alnobetula, see Alnus crispa. 


Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh. Green alder. 
A. alnobetula of Amer. auth., not Koch. 
Range: 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, Sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. 
A large shrub with somewhat decumbent branches. 
Var. mollis (Fern.) Rehd., (A. mollis Fern.) is a small tree occurring in 
regions 23, 24, 26, and 27. 
Observations: Redpoll; an important summer browse of moose on Isle Royale. 


Alnus fruticosa, see Alnus sinuata. 


Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. European black alder. 
A. vulgaris Hill, A. rotundifolia Mill. 
Range: 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. 
A small tree introduced from Hurope, with many varieties known in cultiva- 
tion; about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 
Observations: Much eaten by ruffed grouse in New York. 


Alnus incana (L.) Moench. Speckled alder. 
Ranges 21) 22.23. 24.26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone, available August-September. 

A large shrub to small tree with very thick and dense foliage; rapid growing; 
thicket forming; a naturally occurring stream-hbank protector; 256,000-625,000 
ae ae pound, about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed; easily trans- 
planted. 


46 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ptarmigan and sharp- 
tailed grouse; muskrat. Observations: Redpoll; cottontail rabbit; ignored by 
deer in Massachusetts; summer but not winter food of moose on Isle Royale; 
casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. 


Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. Seaside alder. 
Range: 25, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone, available October-November. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; sometimes forms thickets. 


Alnus mollis, see Alnus crispa. 


Alnus oblongifolia Torr. Mexican alder. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. 
A small to large tree; usually occurs at higher elevations. 


Alnus occidentalis, see Alnus tenuifolia. 
Alnus oregona, see Alnus rubra. 


Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. White alder. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12. 
Site: Moist, shade. 
Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone that remains until spring. 
A large tree, often thicket forming; wood rots quickly in soil and is of very 
little value commercially. 
Observations: Of slight importance as food for mule deer. 


Alnus rotundifolia, see Alnus glutinosa. 


Alnus rubra Bong. Red alder, 
A. oregona Nutt. 
Range: 1, 2, 5, 6. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone; seeds shed in autumn, cones persistent. 
A large tree; rapid growing, especially the first 10 to 15 years; short-lived; 
root system shallow, superficial; wood of increasing value commercially ; 363,000 
seeds per pound, germination 40 percent; about 10,000 usabie plants per pound 
of seed. 
Stomach records; Four species of birds; California mule deer. Observations: 
Pine siskin. Fair browse for cattle and sheep. 


Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. Smooth alder. 
A. serrulata Willd. 
Range: (20.22. 23-24 25,26, 26, 28, 29: 
Site: Weill-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. 
A large, thicket-forming shrub with very thick foliage; 400,000 seeds per 
pound, about 40,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 
Observations: Four species of birds, including mourning dove; white-tailed 
deer. 


Alnus serrulata, see Alnus rugosa. 


Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb. Sitka alder, 
A. viridis sinuata Regel., A. sitchensis Sarg., A. fruticosa auths. not Rupr. 
Range: 2, 4, 6, 7, 12. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. 
A small to large shrub, or northward a small to large tree. Considered fair 
browse for sheep. 


Alnus sitchensis, see Alnus sinuata. 


Alnus tenuifolia Nutt. Mountain alder. 
A. occidentalis Dippel. 
Range: 4, 7, 11, 12, 138, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet, borne in a cone. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES AT 


A large, thicket-forming shrub to small or large trees; about 10,000 usable 
plants per pound of seed. 

Observations: Captive Columbian sharp-tailed grouse; of slight importance 
for mule deer. A fair sheep browse of high palatability. 


Alnus vulgaris, see Alnus glutinosa. 
Aloysia ligustrina, see Lippia ligustrina. 
Amarolea americana, see Osmanthus americana. 


Amelanchier spp. Serviceberries. 

Between 20-25 species are known, most of them occurring in North America ; 
in slightly acid soil; many are very closely related and often difficult to dis- 
tinguish; very ornamental; generally irregular in time of ripening of the 
berries; propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe or in the spring after 
stratifying 90 days at 32°-50° F., or the stoloniferous types by suckers; seed- 
lings should remain in seedbeds 3 to 4 years before planting in the field. All 
are alternate hosts for the cedar apple fungus. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 86 species of birds, includ- 
ing ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, turkey; composed 0.16 percent of vegetable 
food of eastern skunk in Michigan; gray-tailed chipmunk, gray-necked chip- 
munk, golden-mantled marmot, black-tailed deer, white-tailed deer; mountain 
sheep. Observations (in addition to specific records): Highteen species of 
birds, including mountain quail, dusky grouse, and prairie sharp-tailed grouse; 
skunk; heavily browsed by moose; of first importance for red fox; golden- 
mantled ground squirrel, Arizona chipmunk, Say chipmunk, Wasatch chip- 
munk ; favorite food of pale chipmunk; raccoon, black bear, cottontailed rabbit, 
pica, beaver; an important food of white-tailed deer. 


Amelanchier alnifolia Nuit. Western serviceberry. 
A. oreophila Nels. 
Range: 4, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 28, 24, 26. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, Sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available July-September. 

A large shrub to small tree or rarely a large tree with a deep and spreading 
root system; blooms April-June; very variable, and the complex of forms not 
yet clear botanically. .Among others, var. pallida (Greene) Jeps. (A. pallida 
Greene), var. venulosa (Greene) Jeps. (A. venulosa, Greene), var. covillei 
(Greene) Jeps. (A. covillei Standl.) and var. cuyamacensis Munz, have been 
described. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds, including sooty grouse, Richardson’s 
grouse; plains white-tailed deer, Bitterroot valley chipmunk, black-tailed deer. 
Observations: Mountain quail, captive Columbian sharp-tailed grouse, blue 
grouse; California mule deer. A forage species of the first rank; younger 
foilage more palatable; of great importance to stock on the range. 


Amelanchier amabilis Wieg. 
A. sanguinea grandiflora Rehd. 
Range: 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available July—August. : 
A small to large shrub, heretofore probably confused with A. sanguinea. 
Probably a calciphile. 


Amelanchier bakeri Greene. 
A, purpusii Koehne. 
Range: 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
A small to large shrub; flowers in May; about 31,000 seeds per pound. 


Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch.) Roem. Bartram serviceberry. 
A. oligocarpa (Michx.) Roem. 
Range: 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available July-August. 
A large shrub; flowers in May. 


Amelanchier botryapium, see Amelanchier canadensis and A. oblongifolia. 
331 §2°—38—_—4 


AS MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic (pi. 1, A). Serviceberry. 
A. botryapium Borkh., A. ovalis subcordata DC., A. canadensis botryapium 
Torr. and Gray, A. canadensis oblongifolia Gray’s Man. A. canadensis 
obovalis Sarg., in part, A. canadensis pomentula Sarg., A. canadensis 
Britt. 
Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Pone, available June-August. 

A small, or usually large shrub or smail tree; rarely a large tree; usually 
occurs in rich soil; flowers before the leaves form, March—May; about 50,000 
seeds per pound; germination about 70 percent, about 10,000 usuable plants 
per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Twenty-seven species of birds including ruffed grouse; 
white-tailed deer. Observations: Hight species of birds, including bobwhite and 
mourning dove; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. 


Amelanchier covillei, see Amelanchier ainifolia. 


Amelanchier crenata Greene. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
A small to large shrub or small tree with dense foilage; flowers in April. 


Amelanchier cusickii Fern. Cusick serviceberry. 
Range: 6, 7, 8, 12. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
A large shrub; flowers April—June. 
Observations: Sooty grouse. 


Amelanchier elliptica, see Amelanchier florida. 


Amelanchier florida Lindl. Western serviceberry. 
A. elliptica, Nels. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 7. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available July-September. 

Usually a large shrub, occasionally a small tree or rarely a large tree; blooms 
April-June; often forms extensive thickets; sprouts promptly when browsed; 
very fire resistant; reproduces mainly by sprouts; leaves fall comparatively 
early. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Sooty grouse; of 
outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Very valuable stock forage. 


Amelanchier goldmanii Woot. and Stand. Goldman serviceberry. 
Range: 9, 11, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Amelanchier humilis Wieg. Small serviceberry, 
A, spicata Amer. auths. not (Lam.) Koch. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available July—August. 
A small steloniferous shrub; forms extensive patches; usually occurs in sandy 
soil; flowers May—June; flowering and fruiting generally earlier northward; 
about 63,000 seeds per pound 


Amelanchier huronensis Wieg. 
Range: 23, 24. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available Juiy—August. 
A large shrub or smail tree; usually occurs on sandy and limestone soil. 


Amelanchier intermedia, see also Amelanchier oblongifolia. 


Amelanchier intermedia Spach. 
Range: 28, 24. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available June—July. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES AO 


A large shrub or rarely a small tree; clump-forming or widely branched near 
the ground. This species has formerly been confused with either A. oblongi- 
folia or A. canadensis and records of wildlife utilization for these last species 
probably apply to this one as well. 


Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Smooth serviceberry. 
Ranesed2i. 22, 235245 25. 20n2t 20: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Pome, available June—July. 

A small to large shrub or usually a small tree, less commonly a large tree; 
shrubbier northward; may occur on calcareous or noncalcareous soil; very 
handsome in cultivation; fruit very irregular in time of ripening. 

Observations: Generally attractive to birds. 


Amelanchier macrocarpa Lunell. 
Range: 18, 21. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
A small shrub; flowers April—June. 


Amelanchier mormonica Schneid. 
Range: 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
A small to large shrub or small tree; flowers May—June. 


Amelanchier oblongifolia, see also Amelanchier stolonifera. 


Amelanchier oblongifolia (Torr. and Gray) Roem. Serviceberry. 
A. canadensis oblongifolia Torr. and Gray, A. botryapium Britt. and Brown, 
in part, A. obovalis Ashe, in part, A. intermedia Blanchard, in part, not 
Spach. 
Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Pome, available June—July. 
A Jarge shrub to a small, or rarely large, tree; not stoloniferous, but often 
clump-forming. 
Var. micropetala Robins., is a dwarf on exposed ledges or dry sandy soil 
near the coast in region 27. 


Amelanchier obovalis, see Amelanchier oblongifolia. 
Amelanchier oligocarpa, see Amelanchier bartramiana. 
Amelanchier oreophila, see Amelanchier alnifolia. 
Amelanchier ovalis, see Amelanchier stolonifera. 
Amelanchier pallida, see Amelanchier alnifolia. 


Amelanchier polycarpa Greene. Cluster serviceberry. 
Range: 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Pome, available in August. 
A small to large shrub or small tree; flowers in May-July and bears an 
abundance of fruit. : 
Browse value for livestock varies in different localities and at different sea- 
sons; excellent in southwestern Utah; inferior in southeastern Utah. 


Amelanchier prunifolia Greene. Redbud serviceberry. 
A. rubescens Greene. 
Range: 9, 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
' A small to large shrub or small tree, reported to be evergreen; flowers April— 
une. 
Generally worthless forage for livestock in summer but of some value te sheep 
and goats in the spring; not injured by as much as 25 percent grazing. 


Amelanchier pumila Nutt. 
Range: 13. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
A small shrub with depressed branches; flowers June—July. 


50 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Amelanchier purpusii, see Amelanchier bakeri. 
Amelanchier rotundifolia, see Amelanchier sanguinea. 
Amelanchier rubescens, see Amelanchier prunifolia. 


Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. Serviceberry. 
A, spicata, Robins. and Fern., A. rotundifolia (Michx.) Roem., A. canadensis 
rotundifolia Torr. and Gray, A. canadensis spicata Sarg., A. spicata 
(Lam.) Koch. 
Range: 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Pome, available July—August. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May—June; not stoloniferous and not colony- 
forming. 
Observations: Red squirrel. 


Amelanchier spicata, see Amelanchier humilis, A. sanguinea and A. stolonifera. 


Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg. ; Creeping shadbushk. 
A. spicata Britt. and Brown, in part, A. ovalis of European auths., in part, 
A. oblongifolia Robins. and Fern. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available in July. 
A small stoloniferous shrub; flowers in May; colony forming; often oceurs 
on sand or nonecaleareous soil or gravel; foliage dense. 
Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 


Amelanchier utahensis Koehne. tah serviceberry. 
Ranger:G,.G 6, Ose 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May—June. 
Observations:: Black-tailed deer. Good to excellent forage for sheep and 
goats; grazed moderately to heavily by cattle, especially in early spring. 


Amelanchier venulesa, see Amelanchier alnifolia. 


Amoreuxia wrightii Gray. 
Range: 10, 11, 17, 30. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 
A small shrub. 


Amorpha spp. Indigobushes. 
Propagation of all species is by seeds sown as soon as ripe, greenwood cut- 
tings made in early summer, hardwood cuttings made in fall, or by layers and 
suckers. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Antelope jack rabbit, Texas 
jack rabbit. 


Amorpha angustifolia, see Amorpha fruticosa. 


Amorpha ealifornica Nutt. California indigobush. 
A. hispidula Greene. 
Range: 3, 5, 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large, rapid-growing shrub with thick foliage; flewers May—July. 
Observations: Particularly palatable to captive deer. Not used by livestock. 


Amorpha canescens Pursh. Leadplant. 
Range: 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 238, 24, 25, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available August-September. 

A small shrub, leafy to the base; roots 6-16 feet deep; behaves as an herb 
under annual mowing; flowers July—August; occurs in sandy or in other soils; 
very handsome in cultivation; often considered a weed in pastures; about 
105,000 seeds per pound, germination about 30 percent. Sparingly grazed by 
livestock. 


Amorpha fragrans, see Amorpha fruticosa. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 51 


Amorpha fruticosa L. Indigobush. 
A. occidentalis Abrams, A. fragrans Sweet, A. fruticosa angustifolia Pursh, 
A. angustifolia (Pursh) Boynton. 
Range on Ovi dy Gn S LO 20) 2122) 2324 2 Qin 28. 29) 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Legume, available in August. 

A small to large shrub with rather sparse foliage; flowers May—July; often 
grows in clumps; rarely attacked by insects or disease; often occurs on calea- 
reous soil; very variable and with a number of varieties in cultivation; grows 
on coal-stripped lands in Illinois; 55,000-60,000 seeds per pound, germination 
60-70 percent, about 10,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Bobwhite. Possibly poisonous to livestock. 


Amorpha glabra Desf. Mountain-indigo. 
A. montana Boynton. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May—June. 


Amorpha herbacea Walt. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub; flowers June—July; ordinarily occurs on sandy or sterile soil 


Amorpha hispidula, see Amorpha californica. 


Amorpha laevigata Nutt. 
Range: 20, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub; pods one-seeded. 


Amorpha microphylla Pursh. Dwarf indigobush. 
A. nana Nutt. 
Range: 14, 15, 18, 22, 23. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in July. 
A small shrub; flowers May—June; about 60,000 seeds per pound; germina- 
tion about 50 percent. 


Amorpha montana, see Amorpha glabra. 
Amorpha nana, see Amorpha microphylla. 


Amorpha nitens Boynton. 
Range: 29. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large shrub; flowers in July. 


Amorpha occidentalis, see Amorpha fruticosa. 


Amorpha paniculata Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 11, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub; often occurs in salt marshes. 


Amorpha schwerinii Schneid. Schwerin-indigo. 
Range: 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub. 


Amorpha tennesseensis Shuttlew. Tennessee-indigo. 
Range: 25, 27, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub, 


52 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Amorpha texana Buckl. 
Range: 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large shrub. 


Amorpha virgata Small. Mountain-indigo. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large, very rare shrub. 


Ampelopsis arborea, see Cissus arborea. 
Ampelopsis cordata, see Cissus ampelopsis. 
Ampelopsis heptaphylla, see Parthenocissus heptaphylta. 
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 
Amphiachyris fremontii, see Amphipappus fremontii. 
Amphipappus fremontii (Gray) Torr. and Gray. Fremont chaffbush. 
Amphiachyris fremontii Gray. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 


Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub with rigid branches; occurs in gravel or rocky soil. 


Amygdalus andersonii, see Prunus andersonii. 
Amygdalus fasciculata, see Prunus fasciculata. 
Amyzdalus fremontii, see Prunus eriogyna. 
Amygdalus glandulosa, see Prunus texana. 
Amygdalus minutiflora, see Prunus minutifiora. 
Amygdalus texana, see Prunus texana. 


Amyris madrensis Wats. 
Range: 17%. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small to large, very leafy shrub. 


Amyris parvifolia, see Amyris texana. 


Amyris texana (Buckl.) Wilson. Chapatillo. 
Xanthoxrylum texanum Buckl., Amyris parvifolia Gray. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small to large shrub. 


Andrachne phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Couit. 
Lepidanthus phyllanthoides Nutt., Savia phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Pax. and 
Hoffm. 
Range: 16, 17, 20, 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—October. 
A small, straggling, much-branched shrub; flowers July—August. 


Andrachne reverchonii Coult. 
Savia phyllanthoides reverchoniit (Coult.), Pax and Hoffm. 
Range: 16, 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, densely leafy shrub. 


Andromeda acuminata, see Leuwcothoe acuminata. 
Andromeda arboreum, see Oxydendrum arborewm. 
Andromeda axillaris, see Leuwcothoé axillaris. 
Andromeda baccata, see Gaylussacia baccata. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 53 


Andromeda caerulea, see Phyllodoce caerulea. 
Andromeda calyculata, see Chamaedaphne calyculata. 
Andromeda canescens, see Andromeda glaucophylla. 
Andromeda cassinefolia, see Zenobia cassinefolia. 
Andromeda catesbaei, see Leucothoé catesbaet. 
Andromeda floribunda, see Pieris floribunda. 


Andromeda glaucophylla Link. Downy bog-rosemary. 
A. canescens Smail. 
Range: 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—November. 
A small, evergreen shrub; ordinarily occurs in very acid peat; flowers May- 
July. 


Andromeda ligustrina, see Xolisma ligustrina. 
Andromeda mertensiana, see Cassiope mertensiand. 


Andromeda polifolia L. Bog-rosemary, 
Range: 4, 12, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Suite: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers May—July ; possesses creeping root- 
stocks; occurs on acid peat; rarely attacked by insects or disease. 
Stomach records: Ptarmigan. Normally rejected by grazing animals; but 
poisonous to stock, especially in spring. 


Andromeda pulverulenta, see Zenobia pulverulenta. 
Andromeda racemosa, see Leucothoé racemosa. 
Andromeda recurva, see Leucothoé recurva. 


Anisacanthus insignis Gray. 
A. pumilus Wats. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub, palatable to stock but not as much so as A. thurberi. 


Anisacanthus pumilus, see Anisacanthus insignis. 


Anisacanthus thurberi (Torr.) Gray. Taparosa. 
Drejera thurberi Torr. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub with fairly good to very good palatability as stock forage; 
often closely browsed by sheep and cattle. 


Anisacanthus wrightii (Torr.) Gray. 
Drejera wright’ (Torr.) Gray. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; palatable to stock but not as much so as the preceding. 


Anisostichus capreolata, see Bignonia capreolata. 
Anneslia eriophylla, see Calliandra eriophylla. 
Anona triloba, see Asimina triloba. 

Apinus albicaulis, see Pinus albicaulis. 

Apinus flexilis, see Pinus flexilis. 


Aplopappus acradenius (Greene) Blake. Goldenbush. 
Bigelovia acradenius Greene, Isocoma acradenius Greene. 
Range: 10. 


Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, tufted shrub; flowers September—October. 


54 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Aplopappus arborescens Hall. Goldenfieece. 
Bigelovia arborescens Gray, Chrysoma arborescens Greene, Hricameria 
arborescens Greene. 
Range: 1, 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small or usually large evergreen shrub; flowers September—November. 
Grazing value nil. 


Aplopappus bloomeri Greene. Bloomer goldenbush. 
Chrysothamnus bloomeri (Gray) Greene. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers August-September ; grazing value small. 


Aplopappus brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. 


Aplopappus canus (Gray) Blake. 
Diplostephium canum Gray, Corethrogyne detonsa Greene, C. cana Greene, 
Hazardia cana Greene, H. detonsa, Greene, H. serrata Greene. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers July-August; very handsome; somewhat cultivated. 


Aplopappus cooperi (Gray) Hall. Cooper goldenbush. 
Ericameria monactis (Gray) McClatch., Acamptopappus mécrocephalus 
Jones, Chrysothamnus corymbosus Elmer, Tumionella monactis Greene. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, very leafy shrub. 


Aplopappus cuneatus Gray. Wedgeleaf goldenbush. 
Ericameria cuneatus McClatch., Bigelovia cuneata spathulata (Gray) Hall, 
Bigelovia spathulata Gray. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub. 


Aplopappus ericoides (Less.) Hook. and Arn. (pl. 2, A). Mock-heather. 
Ericameria ericoides (Less.) Jeps. 
Range: 5, 9. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers August-September; usually occurs on sand dunes; 
stems decumbent. 


Aplopappus interior, see A. linearifolius. 


Aplopappus laricifolius Gray. 
Chrysoma laricifolius (Gray) Greene, Bigelovia nelsonii Fern., Ericameria 
nelsonii Blake. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub, exceedingly handsome in flower. 


Aplopappus linearifolius DC. Narrowleaf goldenbush. 
Stenotopsis linearifolius (DC.) Rydb., Stenotus linearifolius Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 5, 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large shrub; flowers March—May. 
Var. interior (Coy.) Jones (Aplopappus interior Coy., Stenotopsis interior 
Rydb.) extends the range to regions 9 and 10. 


i PLATE 1 
Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture 


i irds yoodland borders where it often 
ie ensis. The pomes of this plant attract many birds to woodlar ) oh 
en eS bite The thicket-forming habit of this species even under the sha 


ee ae : Heri 
of trees suggests its possible use as a woodland ground cover. Its wildlife value is probably greater t 
recorded. | 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 2 


A, Aplopappus ericoides, a species well adapted to sand-dune planting. B, Aralia spinosa. The great 
flower sprays, followed by equally large fruit clusters, suggest the use of this species in highway planting; 
HOWENC!. it provides poor cover for soil unless thickly planted. (Photograph by Department of the 

nterior.) r 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 55 


Aplopappus nanus Haton. Dwarf goldenbush. 
A. resinosus Gray, Hricameria nana Nutt., H. resinosa Nutt., Chrysoma nana 
Greene. 
Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 12. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub. 


Aplopappus palmeri Gray. Palmer goldenbush, 
Ericameria palmeri (Gray) Hall, Chrysoma palmeri Greene. 
Range: 5. 


Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large, much-branched, bushy, evergreen shrub. 


Aplopappus parishii (Greene) Blake. Parish goldenbush. 
Ericameria parishii Hall, Bigelovia parishii Greene, Chrysoma parishii 
Greene. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large, resinous, densely leafy shrub. 


Aplopappus pinifolius Gray. Pineleaf goldenbush, 
Hricameria pinifolia (Gray) Hall. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, bushy shrub. 


Aplopappus propinquus Blake . Chaparral goldenbush. 
Ericameria brachylepis Hall, Bigelovia brachylepis Gray, Chrysema, brachy- 
lepis Greene, Haplopappus brachylepis brachylepis Hall. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large, very leafy, brittle-stemmed shrub. 


Aplopappus resinosus, see Aplopappus nanus. 


Aplopappus scopulorum (Jones) Blake. 
Bigelovia menziesii scopulorum Jones, [socoma scopulorum (Jones) Rydb., 
Hesperodoria scopulorum Greene. 
Range: 9. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers August-September. 


Aplopappus squarrosus Hook. and Arn. Coast goldenbush. 
Hazardia squarrosa Greene. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers freely September—October; openly branched; occa- 
sionally somewhat herbaceous. 


Aralia humilis Cav. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large shrub. 


Aralia spinosa L. (pl. 2, B). 
Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-deained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—November. 
Usually a large shrub or a small tree or rarely large tree; flowers June- 
August; very spiny; leaves very large; suckers freely if killed above ground; 


Hercules-club. 


56 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Seriously attacked in cultivation by the lilac borer; propagation is by seed sown 
as soon as ripe or stratified and sown in spring, or by root cuttings. 

Stomach records: Turkey. Observations: Much eaten by birds; white-tailed 
deer. 


Arbutus spp. Madrones. 
Propagation is by Seeds sown under glass in fall or spring. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mearn’s quail. Observa- 
tions (in addition to specific records) : Band-tailed pigeon. 


Arbutus arizonica (Gray) Sarg. Arizona madrone. 
A, galapensis arizonica Gray. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—December. 
A large evergreen tree; flowers in May. Not grazed, except rarely by goats. 


Arbutus menziesii Pursh. Madrone. 
Range: 1, 2, 3, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—January. 

A small to generaily large and widely-branched tree; flowers March—May; 
commonly shrubby southward; stump sprouts after injury; wood somewhat 
used commercially; bark used for tanning; seeds 25-30 per berry; about 1,000 
usable plants per pound of seed; difficult te transplant; very handsome and 
commonly cultivated. 

Stomach records: Two species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds 
including dove, band-tailed pigeons, and turkey; extensively eaten by deer; of 
slight importance as browse for mule deer; raccoon, ring-tailed cat. Lightly 
grazed by cattle or heavily grazed by goats. <A good bee plant. 


Arbutus texana Buckl. Texas madrone, 
A. zalapensis texzana Gray. 
Range: dl AG a1, 20: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—June. 
A large shrub or smali tree or rarely a large tree; evergreen; often found on 
limestone soil; wood used commercially to some extent; berries palatable. 
Occasionally browsed by stock. 


Arbutus uva-ursi, See Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. 


Arctostaphylos spp. Mianzanitas. 

Ordinarily chaparral shrubs; many species hold the leaves vertically; most 
reproduce extensively by root shoots; propagated by seeds sown in spring after 
stratification for 140 days at 41°-50° F. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Seventeen species of birds, 
including dusky grouse, California quail, sharp-tailed grouse; gray fox, raccoon, 
striped skunk, coyote, Inyo chipmunk, western skunk. Observations (in addi- 
tion to specific records) : Seven species of birds including dusky grouse, band- 
tailed pigeon, Merriam’s turkey; mountain sheep, New Mexico black bear, 
Allen’s chipmunk, golden-mantied ground squirrel, Oregon gray fox, ring-tailed 
eat, California gray squirrel. Usually of small value as forage except for goats. 


Arctostaphylos andersonii Gray. Heartleaf manzanita. 
A. pechoensis Dudl., Uva-ursi pechoensis (Dudl.) Abrams, U. andersonti 
(Gray) Abrams. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, availabie January—September. 
A large evergreen shrub; does not crown sprout after fire. 


Arctostaphylos bicolor (Nutt.) Gray. 
A. veatchit Kell., Xylococcus bicolor Nutt. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, densely-branched evergreen shrub. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATHS 57 


Arctostaphylos canescens EHastw. 
Range: 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available all year round. 
A large evergreen shrub; cften grows on gravelly slopes; apparently does not 
sprout after fires. 


Arctostaphylos cinerea Howell. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large evergreen shrub. 


Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper. Hairy manzanita. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large evergreen shrub that does not crown sprout after fire. 


Arctostaphylos crustacea Hastw. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large evergreen shrub. 


Arctostaphylos diversifolia Parry. 
A. arguta diversifolia Parry, Comarostaphylos diversifolia Greene. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available all year round. 
A large shrub to small evergreen tree; about 16,000 seeds per pound. 


Arctostaphylos drupacea McBr. Roughleaf manzanita. 
Uva-ursi drupacea (McBr.) Abrams. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available June—July. 
A large evergreen shrub; does not stump sprout. This species is possibly 
only a variety of A. pringlei. 
Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. 


Arctostaphylos glandulosa Hastw. Eastwood manzanita. 
A. vestita Hastw., A. virgata Hastw. 
Range: 1, 5. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available February—November. 

A small to large evergreen shrub, often found on sandstone; root crown 
broad and woody, giving rise to numerous sprouts after chaparral fires; decum- 
bent branches root. 

Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. Great-berried manzanita. 
Uva-ursi glauca (Lindl.) Abrams. 
Range: 3, 5, 8, 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; colony forming; slow growing; thrives 
on many kinds of soil; does not recover rapidly after burning. 
Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. 


Arctostaphylos hookeri Don. 
Uva-ursi hookeri (Don) Abrams. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A smali evergreen shrub growing on sandy or other soils; decumbent branches 
root at the nodes. 


58 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Arctostaphylos insularis Greene. 
Uva-ursi insularis (Greene) Abrams. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large evergreen shrub. 


Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry. (pl. 3, A, B). Parry manzanita. 
Uva-ursi manzanita (Parry) Abrams. 
Range: 1, 4. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available all year round. 
A large, slow-growing evergreen shrub; killed by fire and does not crown 
sprout. 
Stomach records: Four species of birds, including dusky grouse and sharp- 
tailed grouse. An important honey plant. 


Arctostaphylos mariposa Dudl. Mariposa manzanita, 


Uva-ursi mariposa (Dudl.) Abrams. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Kruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A large evergreen shrub; does not sprout after fire. 
Observations: Mountain quail; of slight value as forage for mule deer; 
mountain coyote, California gray fox. 


Arctostaphylos mewukka Merr. 
A. pastillosa Jeps. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large evergreen shrub: stump sprouts after fire. 


Arctostaphylos montana Eastw. 
Uva-ursi montana (Hastw.) Abrams. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small shrub to small tree; bushy and evergreen; does not survive fire 
except as seed; apparently restricted to serpentine areas. 


Arctostaphylos myrtifolia Parry. 
Uva-ursi myrtifolia (Parry) Abrams. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small evergreen shrub. 


Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray. Pine-mat manzanita, 
Uva-ursi nevadensis (Gray) Abrams. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—September. 
A small evergreen shrub; often low and procumbent, rooting where the 
branches touch the ground. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds including sooty and dusky grouse. 
Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Sparingly browsed by cattle. 


Arctostaphylos nummularia Gray. 
Uva-ursi nummularia (Gray) Abrams. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small evergreen shrub. 


Arctostaphylos oblongifolia Howell. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 59 


Arctostaphylos parryana Lemmon. 
Uva-ursi parryana (Lemmon) Abrams. 
Range: 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small evergreen shrub. Very closely related to A. manzanita and possibly 
better made a variety of that species. 


Arctostaphylos pastillosa, see Arctostaphylos mewukka. 


Arctostaphylos patula Greene. Greenleaf manzanita. 
A. platyphylla (Gray) Kuntze, Uva-ursi patula (Greene) Abrams. 
Rangewieva, 4.) 95 tae rs: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available May—September, occasionally persists all year 
round. 

A large evergreen shrub; repeated burnings cause the formation of a large 
root crown, which sprouts after each fire; heavy snowfall may force its branches 
to the ground, where they root; attempts have been made to eradicate it with 
concentrated goat feeding, but these have proved impracticable. 

Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. An emer- 
geney winter feed for livestock. 


Arctostaphylos pechoensis, see Arctostaphylos andersonii. 
Arctostaphylos platyphylla, see Arctostaphylos patula. 


Arctostaphylos pringlei Parry. 
Uva-ursi pringlei (Parry) Abrams. 
Range: 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large evergreen shrub. 
Observations: Mearn’s and Gambel quail; skunks, foxes, coyotes. 


Arctostaphylos pumila Nutt. Sandmat manzanita. 
Uva-ursi pumila (Nutt.) Abrams. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small evergreen shrub or sometimes a vinelike plant; stems prostrate, 
forming mats; occurs most often on sandy soil. 


Arctostaphylos pungens H. B. K. Pointleaf manzanita. 
Uva-ursi pungens (H. B. K.) Abrams. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available Juiy—April. 

A small to large evergreen shrub; root system fibrous, generalized, not deep, 
but taproots well developed in light sandy soil; decumbent branches root; 
germination of seed about 35 percent or less. f 

Stomach records: Sooty grouse; northern hooded skunk, black-tailed deer. 
Observations: Blue grouse, Mearn’s and Gambel quail; bear, pigeons, skunks, 
foxes, coyotes. Freely grazed by goats. 


Arctostaphylos sensitiva Jeps. 
Range: 1 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small evergreen shrub; often invades burnt-over areas; root system shal- 
low; colony-forming; killed outright by chaparral fires. 


Arctostaphylos setosissima Hastw. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large evergreen shrub. 


60 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Arctostaphylos stanfordiana Parry. 
Uva-ursi stanfordiana (Parry) Abrams. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large evergreen shrub: killed in shaparral fires. 
Aretostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl. (pl. 4, A). 
Uva-ursi tomentosa (Pursh) Abrams. 
Range: 1, 4, 5, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available all year round. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; forms very good soil cover. 
Var. crassifolia Jeps. occurs in region 5 and is killed entirely by fire. 


Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Bearberry. 
Arbutus uva-ursi L., Uva-ursi uva-ursi (.) Britt. 
Range: 1, 4, 12, 13, 14, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-March or rarely persistent all year 
round. 

A small evergreen shrub or, more properly, a woody vine; occurs most com-- 
monly on sandy soil, but may occur on loam; propagation by cuttings taken in 
late summer and rooted under glass or by seed. 

Stomach records: Highteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse and dusky 
grouse; mountain sheep, black-tailed deer. Obdservations: Ruffed grouse, Rich- 
ardson’s grouse, spruce grouse, turkey, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, 
black bear; browsed to Some extent by northern white-tailed deer. Of littie 
value for livestock. 


Arctostaphylos veatchii, see Arctostaphylos bicolor. 
Arctostaphylos vestita, see Arctostaphylos glandulosa. 
Arctostaphylos virgata, see Arctostaphylos glandulosa. 


Arctostaphylos viscida Parry. Whiteleaf manzanita. 
Uva-ursi viscida (Parry) Abrams. 
Range: I, 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available all year round. 
A large evergreen shrub or rarely a small tree; does not crown sprout after 
fire. 


Argentacer saccharinum, see Acer saccharinum. 


Aristolochia spp. Pipe-vines. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Gambel quail, but this 
record may apply to A. watsonii, a nonwoody vine. 


Aristolochia californica Torr. California pipe-vine. 
Range: 1, 3, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A vine; flowers March-April; ordinarily climbs on shrubs. 


Aristolochia durior Hill. Dutchman’s pipe-vine. 
Aristolochia macrophylla Lam., A. sipho L’ Her. 
Range: 22, 23, 25, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in September. 
A vigorous vine; flowers May—June; propagation by seeds stratified 140 days 
at 50° F. before sowing; much cultivated; probably introduced into region 23. 


Aristolochia macrophylla, see Aristolochia durior. 
Aristolochia sipho, see Aristolochia durior. 


Aristolochia tomentosa Sims. Woolly pipe-vine. 
Range: 22, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, Sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—November. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 3 


Arctostaphylos manzanita, A, Prevention of erosion on part cf this central-California hillside is assured by a 
dense thicket of manzanita. Young plants pioneering in the worn-out cultivated field in the foregound 
may soon afford protection to the rest of the hillside. B, A view in the interior of the same thicket showing 
the dense cover and litter accumulation. The cleared drainage ditch carries water from a cultivated field. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 2 


A, Arctostaphulostomentosa. Theability of most species of Arctostaphylos to grow in poor soils, their thicket- 
forming habit, and their abundant fruit production, makes the majority of them of great value in plantings 
for erosion control and wildlife. 8B, Artemisia tridentata. Typical sagebrush country. The lighter 
colored bushes are the big sagebrush, important alike as soil and wildlife cover and as food for wildlife and 
livestock. C, Atripler canescens. This plant, of considerable importance for wildlife and livestock, 
and without question a valuable soil cover, merits considerable use in planting operations in the South- 
west. D, Berberis aquifelium. A cover of such density as this should prove exceptionally valuable for 
soil as wellas wildlife. The Oregon-grape is fairly resistant to hlack stem rust. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 61 


A high-climbing vine; flowers May—June; in Alabama has shown a tendency 
to spread. 


Aronia spp. Chokeberries. 

Shrubs; commonly occur in acid soil; propagation by seed stratified 90 days 
at 22°-41° EF. before sowing. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): 12 species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, 
prairie chicken; composed 1.0 percent of food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin. 
Observations (in addition to specific records) : Hight species of birds including 
ruffed grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse; an important pheasant food, 
especially in late winter, in southern Michigan ; cottontail rabbit. 


Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Hil. Red chokeberry, 
Pyrus arbutifolia L. f. 
Ranerere 22. 25525. 2 ico oon ous 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry; available August—October, persistent, especially south- 
ward. 

A small to rarely large shrub; flowers March-May; somewhat subject to 
blight and borer attack; will withstand city smoke; leaves fall very late; 
propagation by seeds stratified 90 days at 32°-41° F.; about 10,000 usable 
plants per pound of seed; probably introduced into region 28. 

Var. atropurpurea (Britt.) Robins., (A. atropurpurea Britt., A. floribunda 
Spach), the purple chokeberry, is often separated as a distinct species. Inter- 
grading forms are common, field identification difficult, seeds in birds’ stomachs 
are indistinguishable, and there appears to be no ecological differentiation 
between this and the species. Observations: Ruffed grouse, ring-necked 
pheasant. 

Stomach records: 13 species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observations: 
Cedar waxwing; captive marsh rabbit. 


Aronia atropurpurea, see Aronia arbutifolia. 
Aronia floribunda, see Aronia arbutifolia. 


Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) HiIl. Black chokeberry, 
Pyrus arbutifolia melanocarpa Michx., P. melanocarpa Willd., P. nigra 
Sarg., A. nigra Sarg. i 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September, often persistent until 
June—July. 

A small or rarely large shrub; flowers March—June; somewhat subject to 
blight and borer attack; has been observed to grow on cinder dumps where 
fruit crops are often heavy. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, prairie chicken; com- 
posed 5.8 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin. Observa- 
tions: Haten to some extent by cottontail rabbit; white-tailed deer. 


Aronia nigra, see Aronia melanocarpa. 
Arsenococcus frondosus, see Xolisma ligustrina. 
Arsenococcus ligustrinus, see Xolisma ligustrina. 


Artemisia spp. Sagebrushes. 

Most species harbor the burdock borer and common stalk borer. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Five species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse and Gambel quail (these records apply to both her- 
baceous and shrubby species) ; mountain sheep, antelope jack rabbit, gray-sided 
jack rabbit, black-tailed deer. Obdservations (in addition to specific records) : 
Hepburn’s rosy finch; used extensively by sage grouse for cover, roosting cover 
and food, about 69 percent of their food consisting of composites, most of 
which are species of sagebrush, which are eaten particularly in winter and 
during times of scarcity of other foods; western white-tailed jack rabbit, 
Oregon jack rabbit; pygmy rabbit, especially in winter when the diet may 
be exclusively sagebrush; much eaten and furnishes cover and shelter to sage 
chipmunk; pronghorn antelope. Of great importance as forage for livestock. 


Artemisia abrotanoides, see Ariemisia californica. 


62 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. Scabland sagebrush. 
A. tridentata arbuscula (Nutt.) Hall and Clem. 
Range: 4, 7, 8, 9, 12. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, much-branched, stiff, straggling shrub; seed germination about 40 
percent. 
Observations: Of slight value as forage for mule deer. Locally of some 
value as forage for livestock. 


Artemisia bigelovii Gray. Flat sagebrush. 
A. petrophila Woot. and Standl. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 16. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, many-stemmed, spreading shrub considered more palatable to stock 
than the common sagebrush; very good spring browse, especially for sheep. 


Artemisia bolanderi Gray. 
A. tridentata bolanderi (Gray) Hall and Clem. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, much-branched, leafy-twigged shrub. Browse value about the same 
as that of A. tridentata. 


Artemisia californica Less. Coastal sagebrush. 
A, fischeriana Bess., A. abretanoides Nutt., Crossostephium californicum 
Rydb., C. foliosum Bydb., C. insulare Rydb. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, many-stemmed, xerophytie shrub; freely branched; a climax 
or subclimax dominant; casts very little shade; inflammable; browsed only 
by Sheep and goats in times of scarcity. 


Artemisia cana Pursh. Silver sagebrush. 
A. columbiana Nutt., A. viscidula (Osterh.) Rydb. 
Range: 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 15, 19, 21. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun 
Fruit: Achene. 

A small or rarely large shrub; freely branched; found on plains and lower 
mountains; generally occurs on north and sheltered sides of hills; requires 
more water than A. tridentata. 

Stomach records: One species of bird. Observations: Important food of 
sage grouse. A very important local browse for livestock. 


Artemisia columbiana, see Artemisia cana. 


Artemisia filifolia Torr. Sand sagebrush. 
Range: 9, 11, 15, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A small, freely-branched shrub: occurs only on sandy soil; experiments in 
New Mexico in range seeding with this species were unsuccessful ; fruiting heads 
often transformed into galls; a sand indicator, changes in its abundance indi- 
eating the amounts of sand in the soil; germination of seed 40-50 percent. 
Palatable to livestock and locally used as forage but seldom browsed in grass- 
land districts. 


Artemisia fischeriana, see Artemisia californica. 


Artemisia frigida Willd. Estafiata. 
Ranges, 8-9; 40, 42.13 14015, AG AS Oa 23: 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub often only woody at the base or even entirely herbaceous; 
stems decumbent at base; a mat-forming species, especially when not shrubby ; 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 63 


an indicator of overgrazing; direct seeding experiments with this species were 
unsuccessful in New Mexico; not poisonous to livestock. 

Observations: An important food of sage grouse; important winter food for 
elk, bighorn. Of high rank as forage for stock, the forage value increasing 
southward. 


Artemisia nova Nels. Small sagebrush. 
A. tridentata nova (Nels.) Hall and Clem. 
Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 18. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; often occurs on shallow, stony soils. Of importance southward 
as forage for livestock. 


Artemisia parishii Gray. 
A. tridentata parishii (Gray) Hall and Clem. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to usually large shrub; very much like A. tridentata and perhaps not 
specifically distinct ; resembles that species in practically all ecological aspects. 
For browse value refer to A. tridentata. 


Artemisia petrophila, see Artemisia bigelovit. 


Artemisia rigida (Gray) Nutt. Stiff sagebrush. 
A. trifida rigida Nutt. 
Range: 7, 8, 12. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; very often occurs on lava outcrops. 
A locally valuable browse plant, particularly palatable to horses; fair sheep 
forage. 


Artemisia rothrockii Gray. 
A. tridentata rothrockii (Gray) Hall and Clem. 
Range: 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 138. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub, usually confined to higher zones in the mountains. Browse 
value for livestock similar to that of A. tridentata. 


Artemisia spinescens Eaton. Bud sagebrush. 
Picrothamnus desertorum Nutt. 
Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A small, spiny, much-branched, rigid shrub with crowded stems; occurs on 
alkaline soil and indicates alkali in the soil; root system very extensive; ex- 
tremely resistant to drought and overgrazing. An important forage for live- 
stock, but poisonous or fatal to calves when eaten in quantity. 


Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (pl. 4, B). - Big sagebrush, 
Range: As. 6, 76, 9.10) 1) 12, 13, 15. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available in October. 

A small to large shrub, or in very good soil with plenty of water, a small 
tree; root system two storied with shallow fibrous, and deep-spreading roots; 
an indicator of deep soils largely free from aikali; seldom occurs on granitic 
soils; forms root sprouts to some extent; fairly rapid growing; direct seeding 
experiments with this species in New Mexico were unsuccessful; germination of 
seed 35 percent or less. 

Stomach records: Dusky grouse, sage grouse; black-tailed deer. Observa- 
tions: Columbian sharp-tailed grouse; mule deer, bighorn. A most important 
stock browse of special value in autumn and winter; variously reported as 
poor to excellent forage; however, it enables stockmen to carry enormous 
numbers of cattle through the winter months. Reported as mildly poisonous 
to sheep and horses but there appears to be no direct evidence of its toxicity. 


Artemisia trifida, see Artemisia tripartita. 
33772°—38——-5 


64. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Artemisia tripartita Rydb. Threetip sagebrush, 
A, trifida Nutt., A. tridentata trifida (Nutt.) Hall and Clem. 
Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 12. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available in October. 
A small shrub of value as winter livestock browse. 


Artemisia viscidula, see Artemisia cana. 


Ascyrum cuneifolium Chapm. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. 


Ascyrum hypericoides L. St.-Andrew’s-cross. 
A. linifolium Spach. 
Range: 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—October. 
A small, much-branched, erect or decumbent shrub; flowers June-September ; 
occurs on sterile soil; short-lived; in cultivation. 
Observations: White-tailed deer. 


Ascyrum linifolium, see Ascyrum hypericoides. 
Ascyrum microsepalum, see Crookea microsepala. 


Ascyrum pumilum Michx. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, diffusely-branched shrub; flowers spring to summer; stems short, 
often matted; occurs on sand. 


Ascyrum stans Michx. St.-Peter’s-wort. 
Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; generally occurs on acid, sandy soil; flowers summer to fall. 


Ascyrum tetrapetalum (Lam.) Vail. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub with very showy flowers produced from spring to fall or all 
year; usually occurs in sand. 


Asimina angustifolia Gray. Narrow-leaved papaw. 
Pityothamnus angustifolius (Gray) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small shrub. 


Asimina grandiflora, see Asimina incana. 


Asimina incana Bartr. Flag papaw. 
A. grandifiora (Michx.) Gray. A. speciosa Nash, Pityothamnus incanus 
(Bartr.) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small shrub. 


Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal. Dwarf papaw. 
Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A large shrub with spreading branches; usually occurs in sand. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 65 


Asimina pygmaea (Bartr.) Gray. 
Pityothannus pygmaeus (Bartr.) Small. 
Range: 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 
A small shrub with arching or decumbent stems. 


Asimina speciosa, see Asimina incana. 


Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. Common papaw. 
Anona triloba L. 
Range: 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—October. 

Commonly a large shrub to small tree, or rarely a large tree; flowers March— 
April; thicket forming by means of suckers; shrubby northward; often per- 
sistent and difficult to eradicate from fields; thickets often vigorous and 
dense; a lepidoterous larva injures the flowers throughout a good portion of 
its range, but when not attacked, fruit is abundantly produced; otherwise gen- 
erally free from insect enemies; two forms are known, one with white, insipid 
fruit; the other with a yellow pulp, but these are not recognized botanically ; 
propagation is by seed sown as soon as ripe; suckers are generally difficult to 
transplant; about 1,200 seeds per pound, germination about 50 percent, about 
250 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Gray fox, opossum. Observations: Probably much eaten 
by birds; opossum, squirrel, raccoon; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. 


Astrophyllum dumosum, see Choisya dwmosa. 
Atragene americana, see Clematis verticillaris. 
Atragene columbiana, see Clematis columbiana. 
Atragene occidentalis, see Clematis pseudoalpina. 
Atragene pseudoalpina, see Clematis pseudoalpina. 


Atriplex spp. Saltbushes. 

Monoecious or dioecious shrubs with a salty taste; the species harbor the 
spinach mildew and consequently should not be planted where spinach is a 
commercial crop. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Twenty-nine species of 
birds, including Gambel quail; white-sided jack rabbit, gray-sided jack rabbit; 
black-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Three species 
of birds, including ring-necked pheasant; Oregon jack rabbit, in dry seasons. 
In general, of considerable importance as cover for plains wildlife. The salty 
taste may flavor milk and possibly have a bad effect on unweaned calves, 
lambs, and kids, although the same taste appears to increase the palatability 
to livestock. 


Atriplex breweri Wats. Brewer saltbush. 
A. lentiformis breweri (Wats.) Hall and Clem., A. orbicularis Wats. 
Range: 1, 5. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A large monoecious or dioecious shrub with abundant foliage; rapid growing ; 
very tolerant of salinity; foliage subject to leaf-mining insects; much culti- 
vated, especially as a clipped hedge plant; seeds produced in abundance; occurs 
on sand, clay, and other soils. 

Observations: California mule deer. Freely browsed by livestock. 


Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (pl. 4, C). Wingscale. 
Calligonum canescens Pursh, A. garrettii Rydb., A. macropoda Rose and 
Standl., A. linearis Wats. 
Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available August-September. 
A small or rarely large, rapid-growing evergreen shrub; dioecious or rarely 
monoecious; tolerates alkali but not necessarily found on alkaline soil; root 
system extensive; taproots 30-40 feet deep; extremely drought resistant; will 


66 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


withstand comparatively low temperatures; very brittle; for range planting 
sow seeds 14-16 pounds per acre in March-April; can be seeded, if local seed 
is used, as soon as seed is ripe; germination 30-60 percent. 

Observations: Depended upon to a high degree by scaled quail for shade, 
cover, roost, and food; captive porcupine, rock squirrel, gray-spotted ground 
squirrel, Arizona jack rabbit. Produces great quantities of seeds, which are 
fattening and highly palatable to stock and have a high nutritional value. 
Browsed extensively by cattle, sheep, and goats, especially when other forage 
is scarce; has been known in a few instances to poison sheep, and concentrated 
feeding may cause scours in cattle. 


Atriplex collina, see Atriplex confertifolia. 


Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. and Frem.) Wats. Shadscale. 
Obione confertifotia Torr. and Frem., A. collina Woot. and Standl., A. sub- 
conferta Rydb. 
Range: 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available in September. 
A small, spiny, rigid, dioecious, thickly-branched, densely clump-forming 
shrub; may occur on alkaline soil to pH 8.0; about 15,000 seeds per pound. 
Observations: Three species of birds; California mule deer. Of great im- 
portance as browse for sheep and, to Some extent, cattle; spines often interfere 
with browsing by cattle. 


Atriplex garrettii, see Atripler canescens. 


Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) Wats. Desert holly. 
Obione hymenelytra Torr. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, compact, rounded, dioecious evergreen shrub; in demand for Christ- 
mas decorations. Apparently not browsed. 


Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) Wats. Lenscale. 
Obione lentiformis Torr. 
Range: 3, 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available September—October. 

A large dioecious or rarely monoecious shrub; branches wide-spreading; 
foliage very thick and dense; rapid growing; usually occurs on alkaline soil; 
about 412,000 seeds per pound. 

Observations: Fairly important as browse for mule deer; of great importance 
as a cover for wildlife. Much browsed by cattle, especially from December to 
July, when other feed is searce. 


Atriplex linearis, see Atriplex canescens. 
Atriplex macropoda, see Atriplex canescens. 
Atriplex orbicularis, see Atriplex breweri. 


Atriplex parryi Wats. Parry saltbush. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, spiny, rigid, dioecious shrub; occurs on alkaline soil. 


Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) Wats. Cattle spinach. 
Obione polycarpa Torr. 
Range: 3, 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available in October. 

A small to large dioecious shrub; intricately and much branched; leaves 
early deciduous; a most important food of Hutettia tenella, the beet leafhopper, 
an insect carrying curly top disease of sugar beets; will grow on alkaline, but 
generally occurs on the richest of the desert soils; sonsetimes fruits abundantly 
when only 1 foot high; withstands up to 8 percent salt content of soil; germina- 
tion of seed 30-60 percent. 

Stomach records: California jack rabbit. Of great importance as browse for 
stock, especially since it so often oceurs with unpalatable species; killed by 
excessive browsing. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 67 


Atriplex spinifera MacBr. Spinescale. 
Range: 8, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A small to large, spinescent, dioecious shrub; broader leaves deciduous dur- 
ing the summer; found on moderately alkaline soil; important winter-food 
plant of Hutettiz tenella, the beet leafhopper, an insect carrying the curly top 
disease of sugar beets. 

Occasionally browsed by sheep. 


Atriplex subconferta, see Atriplex confertifolia. 


Atriplex torreyi Wats. Torrey lenscale. 
A. lentiformis torreyi (Wats.) Hall and Clem. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, spiny, dioecious shrub; occurs on alkaline soil. 


Audibertia capitata, see Salvia mohavensis. 
Audibertia incana, see Salvia carnosa. 
Audibertia pachystachya, see Salvia pachyphylla. 
Audibertia polystachya, see Salvia apiana. 
Audibertia stachyoides, see Salvia mellifera. 
Audibertiella incana, see Salvia carnosa. 


Ayenia microphylla Gray. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pod, available in September. 
A small, much-branched shrub with very small leaves. 


Ayenia pusilla L. 
Range: 11, 17, 30. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, often prostrate shrub; often occurs in sand. 
Obdservations: Gambel quail. 


Azalea alabamense, see Rhododendron alabamense. 
Azalea albiflora, see Rhododendron albifiorum. 

Azalea arborescens, see Rhododendron arborescens. 
Azalea atlantica, see Rhododendron atlanticum. 
Azalea austrina, see Rhododendron austrinum. 

Azalea calendulacea, see Rhododendron calenduiaceum. 
Azalea californica, see Rhododendron occidentale. 
Azalea canescens, see Rhododendron canescens and R. roseum. 
Azalea lapponica, see Rhododendron lapponicum. 
Azalea lutea, see Rhododendron calendulacewm. 
Azalea nudiflora, see Rhododendron nudiflorum. 
Azalea oblongifolia, see Rhododendron oblongifolium. 
Azalea occidentalis, see Rhododendron occidentale. 
Azalea pilosa, see Menziesia pilosa. 

Azalea prinophylla, see Rhododendron roseum. 

Azalea prunifolia, see Rhododendron prunifolium. 
Azalea rosea, see Rhododendron roseum. 

Azalea serrulata, see Rhododendron serrulatum. 
Azalea speciosa, see Rhododendron speciosum. 

Azalea vaseyi, see Rhododendron vaseyi. 


68 MISC. PUBLICATION 3803, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Azalea viscosa, see Rhododendron viscosum. 
Azaleastrum albiflorum, see Rhododendron albiflorum. 


Baccharis spp. 

Dioecious shrubs usually growing in neutral soil; propagation is by seed 
sown in fall or spring or by soft or hard wood cuttings; the seed is hard- 
coated and may need treatment before sowing. 


Baccharis angustifolia, see also Baccharis neglecta. 


Baccharis angustifolia Michx. False-willow. 
Range: 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large shrub; flowers in the fall, or all year southward; often grows 
near or in brackish marshes. 


Baccharis consanguinea, see Baccharis pilularis. 


Baccharis emoryi Gray. Waterwillow. 
Range: 0,08, 0, 10 ak 1G Sl”: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, or more commonly moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large, loosely-branched shrub; grazed by livestock in summer and fall in 
southeastern Arizona. 


Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large shrub; flowers fall to winter or all year; ordinarily occurs in salt 
marshes and Swamps. 


Baccharis glutinosa Pers. Seepwillow. 
Range: 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, thicket-forming shrub; stems slender, erect, or straggling; 
sometimes only herbaceous; root system deep and wide-spreading; has been 
recommended for erosion control; readily propagated by cuttings. 


Baccharis halimifolia L. Groundsel tree. 
Ranges Av, 20527) 28-229, 30: 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available November—December. 
A small to large, much-branched shrub; flowers August—October; may occur 
in salt marshes. 
Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. 


Baccharis neglecta Britt. 
B. angustifolia Gray, not Michx. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers July-September; often occurs in saline 
soil; grows in sandy and other soils; invades abandoned farm lands. 


Baccharis pilularis DC. Kidneywort 
B. consanguinea DC. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers August—October; usually colony- 
forming; certain forms are prostate-spreading; has been observed to pioneer 
in gullies; grows on sandy or other soils; foliage very dense; has been recom- 
mended for sand-dune fixation. 

Stomach records: California quail. Observations: California mule deer. 


Baccharis pteronioides, see Baccharis ramulosa. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 69 


Baccharis ramulosa Gray. Yerba-de-pasmo. 
B. pteronioides DC. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large dioecious shrub; rarely grazed by stock except on over- 
grazed range; poisonous to sheep. 


Baccharis salicina Torr. and Gray. Willow baccharis. 
Range: 11, 15, 16. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available in August. 
A large shrub; flowers May-July and occurs in saline soil. 


Baccharis sarothroides Gray. Rosinbrush. 
Range: 5, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, broomlike, much-branched shrub with few leaves. Not 
palatable to livestock. 


Baccharis viminea DC. Mulefat. 
Range: 3, 5, 9, 10. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large, loosely-branched shrub; flowers July—August. 
Observations: California mule deer. 


Batodendron arboreum, see Vaccinium arboreum. 


Bebbia juncea (Benth.) Greene. 
Carphephorus junceus Benth. 
Range: 5, 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large shrub with rushlike branches. 


Befaria racemosa Vent. Tarflower. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers spring—fall; very ornamental in 
flower. 


Beloperone californica Benth. Chuperosa. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in April. 
A small, spreading shrub; leafless in dry seasons; the capsules, which break 
open violently, are sometimes infested with seed-destroying larvae. 
Observations: Very attractive to hummingbirds. Locally browsed by live- 
stock. 


Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees. Spicebush. 
Range: 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September, earlier southward, per- 
sistent or not. 

A large, bushy shrub; flowers March—May; usually occurs in slightly acid 
soil; a rich soil species but often persistent in clearings; propagated by seeds 
sown as soon as ripe; fruit crops ordinarily light, locally heavy. 

Stomach records: Seventeen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, and ring-necked pheasant; opossum. Observations: Seven species of 
birds; cottontail rabbit, marsh rabbit, white-tailed deer. 


Benzoin melissaefolium (Walt.) Nees. Southern spicebush. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A small to large shrub; very showy in the February—March flowering season. 
Observations: Marsh rabbit. 


70 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Berberis spp. Barberries. 

Certain quarantines apply to the species here listed except B. thunbergii, 
Since they are secondary hosts for the black stem rust of grains. Although 
species are individually characterized as immune or susceptible to the disease, 
Federal quarantine officials should always be consulted before the species are 
used, planted, or shipped. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Ten species of birds, includ- 
ing ruffed grouse and ring-necked pheasant ; gray-sided jack rabbit. Observations 
(in addition to specific records) : Six species of birds; jack rabbit. 


Berberis aquifolium Pursh. (pl. 4, D). Oregon-grape. 
Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Cdostemon aquifolius (Pursh) Rydb., 
Odostemon nutkanus Rydb. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 14,12, 13,14, 15.46: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—October. 

A small to large evergreen shrub with very thick foliage; flowers April—May ; 
several varieties in cultivation; fairly, but not completely, resistant to black 
stem rust. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse and dusky 
grouse; mountain sheep. Observations: Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer. 


Eerberis californicum Jeps. California hollygrape. 
Odostemon dictyotus Abrams. 
Range: 3, 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; slightly susceptible to black stem rust. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Berberis canadensis Pursh. American barberry. 
Range: 25, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available in September, long persistent. 
A small to large, spiny shrub; flowers in June; occurs on limestone, sand- 
stone, or acid soils; susceptible to black stem rust. 


Berberis fendleri Gray. Fendler barberry. 
Range: 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in September. 
A small to large, spiny shrub; flowers May—June; susceptible to black stem 
rust. 


Berberis fremontii Torr. Fremont hollygrape. 
Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde, Odostemon fremontii (Torr.) Abrams. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 

A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers May-June; often forms dense 
clumps; very tolerant of arid conditions of soil and atmosphere; susceptible to 
black stem rust; seed germination 90 percent or less. 

Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Mule deer, New Mexico 
black bear. 


Berberis haematocarpa Woot. Red hollygrape. 
Odostemon haematocarpus (Woot.) Heller, Mahonia haematocarpa Fedde. 
Range: 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in August. 
A smali to large evergreen shrub; susceptible to black stem rust; about 
103,000 seeds per pound. 
Observations: Numerous birds, including Gambel quail; mule deer. 


Berberis japonica, see Berberis thunbergii. 


Berberis nana, see Berberis repens. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES FAN 


Berberis nervosa Pursh. (pl. 1, B). Oregon-grape. 
Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt., Odostemon nervosus Rydb. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; spreads by creeping rootstocks 
to form thickets; resistant to black stem rust. 
Observations: Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer. 


Berberis nevinii Gray. Nevin hollygrape. 
Mahonia nevinii (Gray) Fedde, Odostemon nevinii (Gray) Abrams. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
-A small to large evergreen shrub; occurs on sand, clay loam, and other 
soils; at first loosely branched, later more compact; root system shallow; 
drought resistant; rare and local; susceptible to black stem rust. 


Berberis pinnata Lag. Wavyleaf hollygrape. 
Mahonia pinnata Fedde, Mahonia fascicularis DC., Odosiemon fascicularis 
(DC.) Abrams. 
Range: 1, 8, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large evergreen shrub with thick foliage; preliminary tests indi- 
cate that this species is resistant to black stem rust. Of Some importance as a 
honey plant. 


Berberis pumila Greene. Dwarf hollygrape. 
Mahonia pumila (Greene) Fedde, Odostemon pumilus Heller. 
Range: 4. 


Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small evergreen shrub; occurs from 3,000-5,000 feet; susceptibility to 
attack of black stem rust uncertain, although apparently resistant. 


Berberis repens Lindl. Creeping hollygrape. 
Odostemon repens (Lindl.) Cockerell, Mahonia repens (Lindl.) Don, Ber- 
beris nana Greene. 
Range: 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available in September. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers in May; the rhizomes produce shoots and 
deep roots at intervals; resistant to black stem rust. 
Stomach records: Black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Reputed to be 
poisonous to stock but probably not very seriously So. 


Berberis sinensis, see Berberis thunbergii. 


Berberis swaseyi Buckl. Blue agarita. 
Mahonia swaseyi Fedde. 

Range: 16. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Berry, available May-June. 

A small evergreen shrub; flowers in May; grows on many soils, including 

limestone; resistant to cold and drought; berries large, borne abundantly aimost 
every year; very ornamental; a good hedge plant; susceptible to black stem rust. 


Berberis thunbergii DC. Thunberg barberry,. 
B. japonica, B. sinensis of some. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available in August, persistent all year round. 

A small to large, somewhat straggling, spiny shrub; native of Japan, but 
more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; evergreen southward; grows 
in many kinds of soils; has not demonstrated its ability to compete with native 
vegetation, including grasses; on dry banks has been repeatedly observed to die 


72 MISC. PUBLICATION 3038, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


gradually; branches root where they touch the ground; not subject to black 
stem rust and not under quarantine; berries soften over winter and become 
more available to birds; much cultivated, and many cultivated varieties known; 
25,000—28,000 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent, about 4,000 usable plants 
per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Seven species of birds, includ- 
ing ring-necked pheasant, ruffed grouse (of value during winter), and bob- 
white; cottontail rabbit. 


Berberis trifoliolata Moric. Agarita. 
Odostemon trifoliolatus (Moric.) Heller, Makonia trifoliolata Fedde, 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available April—May. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; thicket forming; occurs on gravelly and 
other soils; fruit edible; susceptible to black stem rust. A good honey plant. 


Berberis vulgaris L. European barberry. 
Range: 22, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available August-September, persistent through the 
winter. 

A small to large shrub introduced from Europe but naturalized in the regions 
indicated; much cultivated, and many varieties known; most susceptible of all 
species to the black stem rust; being eradicated in some areas. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bobwhite. 
Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, mockingbird. 


Berberis wilcoxii Kearn. 
Odostemon wilcoxiit (Kearn.) Heller. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small shrub; has not been tested for Susceptibility to black stem rust. 


Berchemia scandens (Hill) Trel. Rattan vine. 
Range: 20; 25, 28, 29, 30: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. es 
A vigorous, much-branched vine; flowers March—June; occurs in sandy and 
other soils. 
Stomach records: 14 species of birds, including wood duck, mallard, bobwhite, 
and turkey. Observations: Much eaten by migratory birds. 


Bernardia myricaefolia (Scheele) Wats. Myrtle croton. 
Tyria myricaefolia Scheele. 
Range: 10, 11, 16,17, 20: 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers in April; will grow under extremely adverse 
conditions. Eaten at times by very hungry stock. 


Berthelotia sericea, see Pluchea sericea. 


Betula spp. Birches. 

Trees or shrubs; generally short-lived; propagation is by seeds sown as soon 
as ripe or stored dry and after stratification at 32°-50° F., for 6 weeks, planted 
in spring. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twelve species of birds, 
including gray and eastern ruffed grouse, ptarmigan, sharp-tailed grouse, and 
woodcock ; composed 0.8 percent of entire fall food of prairie chickens in Wis- 
consin, 0.73 percent of entire fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin, 46.9 
percent of all winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and 
Quebec, 12.26 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York, and 5.6 
percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States; 
northern white-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition 
to specific records): Twenty-one species of birds, including spruce grouse, 
ptarmigan, sharp-tailed grouse; staple winter food of greater prairie chicken, 
pinnated grouse, and ruffed grouse; important food of snowshoe hare, porcu- 
pine; an important food of beaver where Populus is lacking. The western 
species are browsed fairly well by livestock. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 73 


Betula alleghaniensis, see Betula lutea. 


Betula coerulea Blanch. Blueleaf birch. 
B. pendula Fern., not Roth. 
Range: 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available September—October. 
A large tree. 


Betula cordifolia, see Betuia papyrifera. 


Betula fontinalis Sarg. Red birch. 
B. occidentalis Nutt., not Hook., B. utahensis Britt., B. microphylla Bunge. 
Range: 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 18, 14, 15. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet. 
A small to rarely large tree; fair to good browse for sheep and goats; about 
1,134,000 seeds per pound. 
Var. piperi (Britt.) Sarg., (B. piperi Britt.) is smaller than the species, 
occurs in region 7, and is clump-forming. 


Betula glandulifera, see Betula pumila. 


Betula glandulosa Michx. Bog birch. 
B. hallii Howell. 
Range: 2, 4, 12, 13, 15, 28, 24, 26. 
Site: Wet, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet. 
A small to large shrub; usually occurs in sphagnum bogs. 
Observations: White-tailed ptarmigan, northern sharp-tailed grouse, greater 
prairie chicken. Palatability good for cattle and sheep in most western sec- 
tions, but plants are often inaccessible because of their occurrence in bogs. 


Betula hallii, see Betula glandulosa. 


Betula lenta L. Sweet birch. 
Range: 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available September—October. 

A large tree with open foliage; rapid growing when young, later slower; 
long-lived; root system fibrous, deep, and spreading; not fire resistant; wind- 
firm; little attacked by disease except in old age; rarely attacked by insects; 
appears to flourish best in association with other species; wood used com- 
mercially to some extent; oil of wintergreen, produced by distillation of the 
leaves, is of importance commercially ; about 500,000 seeds per pound, germina- 
tion about 26 percent. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, greater prairie chicken. Observations: Red- 
poll, sharp-tailed grouse; important food of white-tailed deer, moose, cotton- 
tail rabbit. 


Betula lutea Michx. f. Yellow birch. 
B. alleghaniensis Britt. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available September—October. 

A large tree; rapid growing, especially when young; moderately long-lived; 
root system widespread; taproot usually developed in a lateral direction; not 
fire resistant; wood of importance commercially; 400,000-440,000 seeds per 
pound. 

Stomach records: Merganser, ruffed grouse. Observations: Seven species of 
birds, including sharp-tailed grouse, ruffed grouse, prairie chicken; important 
food of white-tailed deer; red squirrel, cottontail rabbit, moose. 


Betula microphylla, see Betula fontinalis. 
Betula montanensis, see Betula papyrifera. 


Betula nigra L. River birch. 
Range: 20, 22, 28, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available July-September, 


MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


74 


A large tree with open foliage; rapid growing when young; short-lived; little 
attacked by insects or disease; coppices when cut; wood used commercially to 
some extent. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Five species of birds includ- 
ing ruffed grouse and wild turkey; white-tailed deer. 


Betula occidentalis, see Betula fontinalis and B. papyrifera. 


Betula papyrifera Marsh. 
B. alba papyrifera (Marsh) Spach. 
mange: 213.015, 182i 2223 4 OG. 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available August-September. 

A large, short-lived tree; rapid growing when young, later slower; root system 
shallow, superficial; a pioneer cn burned-over areas; free from insects and 
disease; easily fire-damaged; wood used commercially to some extent; about 
700,000 seeds per pound, germination about 21 percent, seed vitality transient. 

Var. subcordata (Rydb.) Sarg., (B. subcordata Rydb.), the paper birch, oc- 
curs in region 12. Var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern., (B. cordifolia Regel) occurs 
in regions 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, and 27. Var. occidentalis (Hook.) Sarg., (B. occi- 
dentalis Hook.), the western paper birch occurs in regions 1, 2, and 12. Var. 
montanensis (Butler) Sarg., (B. montanensis Butler) occurs in region 12. 
Var. minor (Tuckerm.) Fern., (B. papyracea var. Tuckerm.), is a shrub occur- 
ring in regions 28 and 27, strictly in bogs. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, Observations: Redpoll, 
preferred food of ruffed grouse in Maine; snowshoe hare; important food of 
moose on Isle Royale; sparingly browsed by northern white-tailed deer. 


Betula pendula, see Betula coerulea. 


Paper birch. 


Eetula piperi, see Betula fontinalis. 


Betula populifolia Marsh. 
Range: 24, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available in September. 
A small to large short-lived tree; fairly rapid growing; free from insects 
and disease; easily storm-damaged: coppices freely when cut; wood used 
commercially to some extent; generally occurs in poor sandy or gravelly soils. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds including ruffed grouse. Observa- 
tions: Five species of birds; white-tailed deer. 


Betula pumila L. 
Range: 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Small samara or nutlet, available September—October. 
A small to large shrub. 
Var. glandulifera Regel (B. glandulifera (Regel) Butter), is a shrub occurring 
in regions 18, 21, 23, and 24. 


Betula subcordata, see Betula papyrifera. 


Gray birch, 


Swamp birch. 


Betula utahensis, see Betula fontinalis. 


Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 
Bigelovia 


acradenius, see Aplapappus acradenius. 
arborescens, see Aplopappus arborescens. 
brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus. 
depressa, see Chrysothamnus depressus. 
douglasii, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. 
greenei, see Chrysothamnus greeneéi. 
nelsonii, see Aplopappus laricifolius. 
paniculata, see Chrysothamnus paniculatus. 
parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. 

parryi, see Chrysothamnus parryi. 
pulchella, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 75 


Bigelovia spathulata, see Aplopappus cuneatus. 


Bignonia capreolata L. Crossvine. 
Anisostichus capreolata (L.) Bur., Bignonia crucigera L., in part. 
Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
An evergreen, tree-climbing vine; blooms April-June; very handsome in 
cultivation ; usually occurs in rich soil. 


Bignonia crucigera, see Bignonia capreolata. 
Bignonia linearis, see Chilopsis linearis. 

Bignonia radicans, see Campsis radicans. 

Bignonia sempervirens, see Gelsemium sempervirens. 
Bignonia stans, see Tecoma stans. 

Biltia vaseyi, see Rhododendron vaseyi. 


Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. Sea oxeye. 
Buphthalmium frutescens L. 
Range: 17, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; blcoms July-September, or all year southward; may occur 
in sandy soil, salt marshes, or on prairies. 


Brahea minima, see Sabal minor. 
Brayocendron texanum, see Diospyros texana. 
Brickellia arguta, see Brickellia atractyloides. 


Brickellia atractyloides Gray. 
B. venulosus arguta (Robins.) Jeps., B. arguta Robins., Coleosanthus atrac- 
tyloides (Gray) Kuntze, C. venulosus Nels. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, much-branched shrub; flowers April—June. 


Brickellia desertorum Cov. Desert brickellbush, 
Coleosanthus desertorum Coy. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, intricately-branched shrub; blooms October—November. 


Brickellia frutescens Gray. Rigid brickellbush. 
Coleosanthus frutescens (Gray) Kuntze. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, rigid, spinose shrub; blooms April—May. 


Brickellia grayana, see Brickellia microphylla. 


Brickellia knappiana Drew. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, willowlike, slender shrub; flowers August-September ; a rare 
species. 


Brickellia laciniata Gray. 
Coleosanthus laciniatus (Gray) Kuntze. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub. 


76 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Brickellia microphylla (Nutt.) Gray. Littleleaf brickellbush. 
Bulbostylis microphylla Nutt., Brickellia grayana Hieron., Coleosanthus 
microphyllus (Nutt.), Kuntze, C. cedrosensis Greene. 
Range: 8, 9, 10, 12. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit : Achene. 
A small shrub or occasionally not entirely woody; flowers August—October ; 
usually occurs in sand. 


Brickellia multifiora Kell. 
Coleosanthus multifiorus (Kell.) Kuntze. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large shrub; usually occurs in sand. 


Brickellia nevinii Gray. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub with thick foliage. 


Brickellia squamulosa Gray. 
Coleosanthus squamulosus (Gray) Kuntze. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub. 


Brongniartia minutifolia Wats. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small, much-branched shrub. 


Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paper mulberry. 
Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze, 
Range: 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Compound drupe, available in September. 

A large shrub to small or large dioecious tree; flowers in May; naturalized 
from Japan and commonly escaped in the regions indicated; rapid growing; 
root sprouts produced copiously; very drought resistant; has spread very com- 
monly in gullies or occasionally in moist, shady places; fruits are borne 
seldom; about 200,000 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds. 


Broussonetia secundifiora, see Sophora secundifiora. 


Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks. Buckwheat-vine. 
Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Achene, available September—October, occasionally persistent 
all winter. 
A vine; blooms July-August; has colonized railroad embankments in the 
South. 
Stomach records: Mallard. 


Bryanthus taxifolius, see Phyllodoce caerule4. 


Buddleia humboldtiana Roem. and Schult. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A shrub. 


Buddleia marrubiifolia Benth. Woolly butterflybush. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; may possibly furnish some browse for livestock. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES id 


Buddleia racemosa Torr. 
Range: 11, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, loosely-branched shrub; flowers spring-summer. 


Buddleia scordioides H. B. K. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; palatability fairly good to good for sheep, goats, and cattle. 


Buddleia sessiliflora H. B. K. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small or large shrub to small tree. 


Buddleia utahensis Cov. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; possibly furnishes some browse for livestock. 


Bulbostylis microphylla, see Brickellia microphylla. 
Bumelia angustifolia see Bumelia spinifiora. 


Bumelia cassinifolia Small. Buckthorn. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
Commonly a large shrub or small to large tree; spiny; often occurs in sandy 
woods. 


Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. Woolly buckthorn. 
Siderozylon lanuginosa Michx. 
Range: 11, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe; available September—November, sometimes persistent. 
A large shrub to small or large spiny tree, evergreen southward; flowers 
June—July ; somewhat thicket forming, especially westward; occurs on rocky, 
gravelly, sandy, and other soils; 3,500-6,700 seeds per pound. 
Observations: Curve-billed thrasher, Sennett thrasher. 


Bumelia lucida Small. Shining bumelia, 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen, thorny ; branches rigid. 


Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. Southern buckthorn. 
Range: 17, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—November. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; Semievergreen; unarmed or spiny; 
flowers June-August; coppices when cut. 
Stomach records: Lesser scaup. Browsed to some extent by livestock. 


Bumelia monticola Buckl. Mountain buckthorn. 
Range: 11, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in September. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; largest forms occur on best sites; spiny 
and straggling; flowers June-July; usually occurs on limestone soil. 


Bumelia reclinata Vent. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small to large, spiny evergreen shrub; may be erect or depressed; flowers 
spring—summer or the year round; often occurs on sand. 


78 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Bumelia schottii, see Bumelia spiniflora. 


Bumelia spinifiora DC. Saffron-plum. 
B. angustifolia Nutt., B. schottii Britt. 
Range: 17, 31, 32. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available April—May. 
A large shrub to a small or rarely large tree; evergreen; flowers November— 
January ; propagated by seed. 


Bumelia tenax Willd. Tough buckthorn, 
Range: 29, 30, 31, 32. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—November. 
Most commonly a small to large Shrub; sometimes a small to large tree; 
evergreen southward; flowers May-July; spiny or unarmed; may occur on 
sand. 


Bumelia texana Buckl. 
Range: 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit : Drupe. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; branches rigid and thorny. 


Buphthalmium frutescens, see Borrichia frutescens. 
Bursera lonchophylla, see Bursera odorata. 


Bursera odorata Brandeg. 

B. lonchophylla Sprague and Riley, B. tenuifolia Rose, B. purpusti Brandeg., 
Hlaphrium covillei Rose, H. confusum Rose, H. brachypodum Rose, LE. 
odoraium (Brandeg.) Rose. 

Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, resembling a capsule. 
A small tree; usually occurs on calcareous soil. 


Bursera microphylia Gray. Elephant tree. 
Elaphrium microphyllum (Gray) Rose. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe; resembling a capsule, available in October. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; fiowers in June. 


Butneria fertilis, see Calycanthus fertilis. 
Butneria florida, see Calycanthus florida. 

Butneria mohri, see Calycanthus mohri. 

Butneria nana, see Calycanthus fertilis. 

Butneria occidentalis, see Calycanthus occidentalis. 
Buxella brachycera, see Gaylussacia brachycera. 
Buxus chinensis, see Simmondsia chinensis. 
Calliandra chamaedrys, see Calliandra eriophylla. 
Calliandra conferta, see Calliandra eriophylla. 


Calliandra eriophylla Benth. False-mesquite. 
Fs Engelm., C. conferta Benth., Anneslia eriophylla (Benth.) 
ritt. 


Range: 10, 11, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available May—August. 
A small, somewhat prostrate, densely-branched shrub; occurs on sandy and 
other soils ; flowers March—May; seed germination 64 percent. 
Stomach records: Masked bobwhite, bobwhite, antelope jack rabbit. Obser- 
vations; Gambel, scaled, and Mearn’s quail. Highly palatable to livestock. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 79 


Callicarpa americana L. (pl. 5, A). French mulberry. 
Range: 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berrylike drupe, available August—November. 

A large, bushy shrub, or rarely somewhat viny; flowers June—July; com- 
monly occurs in rich soil, but grows also in poor ones; may grow in sand, 
clay, loam, and other neutral soils; propagated by seed or cuttings, 85,000 
seeds per pound, germination about 40 percent; about 10,000 usable plants 
per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: 10 species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: 
Five species of birds, including bobwhite; ranked as forty-first on the list of 
quail food plants of the southeastern United States; captive marsh rabbits. 


Calligonum canescens, see Atriplex canescens. 


Calycanthus fertilis Walt. Mountain spicewood. 
C. nanus Loisel., Butneria, fertilis (Walt.) Kearn., B. nana (Loisel.) Small. 
Range: 27, 28, 29. 

Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 

Fruit: Capsule; available in September, persistent through the 
winter. 

A large shrub; flowers March—August; usually occurs on rich, nearly neutral 
Soil; propagation is by seeds sown in spring. Considered deleterious to cattle. 


Calycanthus floridus L. Carolina allspice. 
Butneria florida (.) Kearn. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers April—August; usually occurs in rich, neutral soil; 
propagation is by seed sown in spring. 


Calyecanthus mohri Small. 
Butneria mohri Small. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub. 


Calycanthus nanus, see Calycanthus fertilis. 


Calyecanthus occidentalis Hook. and Arn. California sweetshrub. 
Butneria occidentalis (Hook. and Arn.) Greene. 
Range: 4. 


Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers June-August; occurs from 800 to 8,800 feet. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Reputed to be 
poisonous to stock, but this may be questionable. 


Calycocarpum lyonii (Pursh) Nutt. Cupseed. 
Menispermum lyon Pursh. 

Range: 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. 

Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 

Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. 

A high-climbing and twining vine; flowers May—June; often for the most part 

herbaceous; fruit ripens irregularly ; commonly climbs over bushes along stream 
banks. 


Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Trumpetcreeper. 
Tecoma radicans (L.) Juss., Bignonia radicans (l.) DC. 
Range: 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule; available August-October or persistent through the 
winter. 

An exceedingly rapid-growing tree-climbing vine; flowers all summer; some- 
what herbaceous in cultivated fields where it is often considered a troublesome 
weed, especially southward; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois; said to be 
narcotic, but not known to be eaten by domestic animals; much cultivated and 
with several varieties known. 


33772°—38——6 


SO MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Canotia holacantha Torr. Mohave thorn. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub, or sometimes a small or large tree with rushlike branches; 
somewhat spinose; often occurs in pure stands of an acre or more; grows on 
gravelly or sandy soil. Worthless as forage for stock. 


Capsicum baccatum L. Chillipiquin. 
Range: 17, 20, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available in September, long persistent. 
A small to large shrub. 


Carlowrightia arizonica Gray. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Pod. 
A small, wide-spreading shrub; cropped to some extent by sheep and cattle. 


Carlowrightia linearifolia (Torr.) Gray. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Pod. 
A small shrub with small leaves; worthless as forage. 


Carpenteria californica Torr. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, many-stemmed, spreading evergreen shrub; flowers May-— 
July; commonly cultivated. 
Foliage very bitter, seldom grazed even by sheep. 


Carphephorus junceus, see Bebbia juncea. 


Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue beech. 
Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,:29" 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nutlet; available August—October, often persistent. 

A smail to large bushy tree; slow growing; rarely attacked by insects; wood 
very hard and durable, somewhat used commercially; propagated by seeds 
sown as soon as ripe; germination very irregular; about 300 usable plants per 
pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
turkey, and sharp-tailed grouse; composed 4.08 percent of winter food of ruffed 
grouse in New York. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, ruffed grouse, bob- 
white; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer, gray squirrel. 


Carya spp. Hickories. 

Large trees; usually grow on neutral soil; propagation is by seed stratified 
and sown in spring; because of their long taproots they are ordinarily hard to 
transplant; will not stand much trampling by stock. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Eleven species of birds, 
including wood duck, mallard, ruffed grouse, bobwhite, turkey, ring-necked 
pheasant; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific 
records) : Four species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer, cotton- 
tail rabbit, and many squirrels; gray fox, red squirrel, southwestern chipmunk, 
gray squirrel, flying squirrel. 


Carya alba, see also Carya ovata. 


Carya alba (L.) Koch. Mockernut hickory. 
Hicoria alba (.) Britt., C. tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. 
Range: 20, 22, 24, D5, 2. 2e) 29 a0. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nut; available September—November. 

A large tree; taproot much developed; rapid growing when young, rather 
long-lived; generally occurs on richer soils; wind-firm; easily fire-damaged ; 
much attacked by insects; stump and root sprouts produced freely; may occur 
on sandstone, chert, or igneous areas; wood of importance commercially; seed 
produced abundantly about every other year; 110 seeds per pound, germination 
about 85 percent; about 35 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Observations; White-tailed deer. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture 


OT eee 


A, Callicarpa americana, a valuable species for soil and wildlife conservation in the Southeast. B, Cas- 
tanopsis chrysophulla. This bushy evergreen, the golden chinquapin, should prove a valuable soil cover 
and wildlife food plant. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 6 


A, Celtis douglasii. This hackberry, like others in the genus, thrives in extremely arid regions. Its value 
as cover in an otherwise barren country is very great. B, Ceanothus prostratus forms perfect cover on part 
of a dry railroad embankment. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 81 


Carya amara, see Carya cordiformis. 


Carya aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt. Water hickory. 
Hicoria aquatica (Michx. f.) Britt. 
Range: 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nut; available September—October. 
A large tree; ordinarily grows in alluvial soil; taproot small, lateral roots 
well developed: wood of little importance commercially. 
Stomach records: Wood duck, mallard. 


Carya arkansana, see Carya buckleyi. 


Carya buckleyi Durand. Texas hickory. 
Hicoria buckleyi (Durand) Sudw. 
Range: 16, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut. 
A large tree; occurs in sandy or other soils. 
Var. arkansana (Sarg.) Ashe, (C. arkansana Sarg.) occurs also in region 25. 


Carya carolinae-septentrionalis (Ashe) Engelm. and Graebn. 
Southern shagbark hickory. 
Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. 
Range: 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 


Fruit: Nut. 
A large tree; occurs on sandy, rocky, or rich soil. 
Carya cordiformis (Wang.) Koch. Bitternut hickory: 
Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) Britt., H. minima (Marsh.) Britt., C. amara 
Nutt. 


Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 

A large tree; usually oecurs on slightly acid, very fertile soil; the most 
rapid growing of all the hickories, especially when young, later slower; tap- 
root and laterals well developed; long-lived ; easily frost- and fire-damaged when 
young; stump and root sprouts produced; has been noted to be dying out in 
Indiana supposedly because of a root disease; attacked by hickory borer, 
otherwise generally free from insects and fungi; wood very tough, of some 
importance commercially; about 110 seeds per pound, germination 80—90 
percent. 

Observations: Cottontail rabbit; fruit claimed to be generally distasteful to 
wildlife. 


Carya floridana Sarg. Scrub hickory. 
Hicoria floridana (Sarg.) Sudw. 
Range: 30, 31. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut. 
A large shrub to small tree; usually occurs on sandy soil; fruit usually 
produced abundantly. ; 


Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet. Pignut hickory. 
C. porcina Nutt., Juglans glabra Mill., Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt. 
Range: 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 

A large tree; ordinarily occurs in fertile, slightly acid soil; slow growing, 
long-lived ; root system deep; wind-firm; easily frost- and fire-damaged; some- 
what injured by bark beetles; root sprouts produced; often invades land after 
the virgin forest is cut to form pure stands; difficult to transplant; 210 Seeds 
per pound, germination about 85 percent; about 70 usable plants per pound 
of seed. 

Var. megacarpa (Sarg.) Sudw., (C. megacarpa Sarg.) has larger fruits and 
occurs within the range of the species. 

Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 


82 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Carya illinoensis, see Carya pecan. 


Carya laciniosa (Michx f.) Loud. Big shellbark hickory. 
C. sulcata Nutt., Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.) Sarg., H. sulcata ( Willd.) 
Britt. 


Range: 22, 24, 25, 27, -28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 

A large tree; ordinarily occurs on fertile soils; taproot much developed; slow 
growing, long-lived ; wind-firm; much injured by insects; root sprouts ordinarily 
grow faster than seedlings: wood valuable commercially; difficult to trans- 
plant. 

Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 


Carya leiodermis Sars. Pignut hickory. 
Hicoria leiodermis (Sarg.) Sudw. 
Range: 29. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 
A large tree. 


Carya megacarpa, see Carya glabra. 


Carya microcarpa Nutt. Little pignut hickory. 
Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt., H. ovata nuttallii (Sarg.) Sudw. 
Range: 22. 24-25. 20, 28.29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit :Nut, available September—October. 
A large tree; ordinarily occurs on rich soil. 


Carya myristicaeformis (Michx. f.) Nutt. Nutmeg hickory. 
Hicoria myristicaeformis (Michx. f.) Britt., Juglans myristicaeformis 
Michx. f., H. fernewiana Sudw. 
Range: 20, 25, 29 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 
A large tree; taproot strongly developed; difficult to transplant. The Fernow 
hickory has recently been listed as distinct from this species; its range is, as 
yet, not clear. 


Carya olivaeformis, see Caryea pecan. 


Carya ovalis (Wang.) Sarg. Small pignut. 
Hicoria ovalis (Wang.) Sudw. 
Ranges) 22.595,. 20 28..20° 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut. 
Six varieties are recognized, one cf which extends the range of the species 
to region 24. 


Carya ovata (Mill.) Koch. Shagbark hickory. 
C. alba Nutt. not Koch, Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt., H. carolinae-septentri- 
onalis australis Ashe, Juglans ovata Mill. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24 25, 26, 27, 28,29) 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 

A large, slow-growing, long-lived tree; taproot much developed; young trees 
easily frost-damaged; wind-firm; severely injured by fire; much attacked by 
insects; root sprouts decrease with age of trees; wood important commercially, 
tough, but not durable when exposed; difficult to transplant; often occurs in 
limestone hills; five recognized varieties occur within the range of the species; 


80-90 seeds per pound, germination about 85 percent; about 30 usable plants per 
pound of seed. 


Observations: Cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. 
Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. and Graebn. Pignut hickory. 
C. glabra villosa (Sarg.) Robins., Hicoria pallida Ashe. 
Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 


A small to large tree; occurs on sterile, sandy, or rocky soil; wood used 
commercially, 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 83 


Carya peean (Marsh.) Engl. and Graebn. Pecan. 
C. illinoensis (Wang.) Koch, 0. olivaeformis Nutt., Hicoria pecan (Marsh. ) 
Britt. 


Range: 16, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 

A large tree; taproot short, root system spreading; usually occurs on fertile 
soil; comparatively rapid growing (for a hickory), long-lived; ability to stump 
sprout decreases with age; easily frost-damaged; somewhat injured by bark 
beetles; wood much inferior to other hickories, unimportant commercially 
although somewhat used for fuel; nuts probably do not mature northward 
because of frost; difficult to transplant; most cultivated forms, of which there 
are about 100 named varieties, have larger nuts with thinner shells than the 
wild species; 100 seeds per pound, germination about 85 percent; about 35 
usable plants per pound of seed; a hybrid between this and C. laciniosa is 
recognized as the Nussbaumer hickory and between this and C. cordiformis as 
Brown’s hickory. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds; opossum. Observations: Three species 
of birds including wild turkey ; bassarisecus, peccary. 

Carya porcina, see Carya glabra. 

Carya sulcata, see Carya laciniosa. 

Carya texana DC. Bitter pecan. 

Hicoria texana (Le Conte) Britt. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 
A large tree. 


Carya tomentosa, see Carya alba. 


Carya villosa Schneid. Pignut hickory, 
C. buckleyi villosa Sarg., Hicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe, H. glabra villosa 
Sarg. 


Range: 20, 22, 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available October-November. 
A large, drought-resistant tree; occurs on sandy or other soils, 


Caryopitis edulis, see Pinus edulis. 
Caryopitis monophylla, see Pinus monophylla. 
Cassandra calyculata, see Chamaedaphne calyculata. 


Cassia armata Wats. Senna. 
Xerocassia armata (Wats.) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Legume. 
A small, much-branched shrub, leafless most of the year; may occur on sandy 
or other soils. 


Cassia covesii Gray. Senna. 
Harleocassia covesii (Gray) Britt. 
Range: 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub; often only herbaceous in the eastern part of its range. 
Cassia wislizenii Gray. 
Palmerocassia wislizenii (Gray) Britt. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large, much-branched, spreading shrub. 


Cassiope hypnoides (L.) Don. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, evergreen shrub; flowers June-July; procumbent and tufted, some- 
what mosslike; occurs on alpine summits. 


84 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) Don. 
Andromeda mertensiana Bong. 
Range: 1, 4, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A low shrub; stems prostrate, more or less matted; occurs at high altitudes. 
Stomach records: Mountain sheep. 


Castanea spp. 

The chinquapins are susceptible to the chestnut blight, although that disease 
has not been as destructive of them as of the chestnut; propagation is by seed 
sown in fall or spring. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Eastern flying squirrel, 
gray squirrel, red squirrel, eastern chipmunk. Observations (in addition to 
specific records): Bluejay, pileated woodpecker; opossum, white-tailed deer. 


Castanea alabamensis Ashe. Alabama chinquapin. 
Range: 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 
A large tree. 


Castanea alnifolia Nutt. Dwarf chinquapin. 
C. nana Muhl. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 
A small shrub; oceurs in sandy and other soils; forms great patches by means 
of stolons. 


Castanea arkansana, see Castanea ozarkensis. 


Castanea ashei Sudw. Coastal chinquapin. 
C. pumila ashei Sudw. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available in September. 
A large shrub to small tree; usually occurs in sand. A form with more 
pointed leaves has been described as C. margaretta Ashe. 


Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American chestnut. 
Range: 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 
A large tree, very nearly extinct through ravages of the chestnut blight; root 
system deep, taproot well developed. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey; 
white-tailed deer. 


Castanea floridana (Sarg.) Ashe. 
C. alnifolia floridana Sarg. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available in August. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; often many-stemmed even when 
arborescent. 


Castanea margaretta, see Castanea ashei. 
Castanea nana, see Castanea alnifolia. 


Castanea ozarkensis Ashe. Ozark chinquapin. 
C. arkansana Ashe. 
Range: 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut. 
A small to large tree, commonly several-stemmed. 


Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. Chinquapin. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit; Nut, available September—November. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 85 


A large shrub to small or large tree; grows in sand, loam, clay, and other 
soils; coppices freely when cut; wood used to some extent commercially ; 250 
seeds per pound, germination about 60 percent, about 50 usable plants per pound 
of seed. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds. 


Castanopsis spp. Chinquapins. 
The species have been found experimentally susceptible to the chestnut blight. 
This disease is present in California in three commercial chestnut plantings 
where the burning of attacked individuals as a control measure is being actively 
pursued with success. 
Observations (in addition to specific records): Allen’s chipmunk, golden- 
mantled ground squirrel. 


Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl.) DC. (pl. 5, B). Golden chinquapin. 
Range: 1, 4, 6. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available in September of the second season. 
A small to large evergreen tree; thicket-forming; wood rarely used commer- 
cially ; fruits sparingly. 
Var. minor (Benth.) DC., the golden chinquapin, is a large shrub in region 4. 
Observations: Of fair importance for mule deer. 


Castanopsis sempervirens (Kell.) Dudl. California chinquapin. 
C. chrysophylla minor Wats. 
Range: 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October of the second season. 
A small to large, spreading evergreen shrub. 
Observations: Bighorn. Seldom touched by livestock; concentrated feeding 
may result in poisoning. 
Castela nicholsonii Hook. Goatbush. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small, spiny, rigid shrub. 
Castela texana (Torr. and Gray) Rose. Goatbush. 
C. nicholsonii texana Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small to large, rigid, spinescent shrub; thicket-forming; resistant to cattle 
as a hedge. 


Castilleja hololeuca Greene. Bush paintbrush. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. 


Catalpa spp. Catalpa. 
Propagation of all species is by seed sown in Spring after stratification. 
Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Common catalpa. 


C. catalpa (1.) Karst. 
Range: 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: A long capsule, available September to spring. 
A large tree; flowers May—June; wood highly valued for fence posts. The 
original range is now uncertain, having been extended by plantings. 


Catalpa catalpa, see Catalpa bignonioides. 


Catalpa speciosa Engelm. Hardy catalpa. 
Rangsery ode) 2a Delo: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: A long capsule, available September to spring. 

A large tree; flowers May-June; extensively planted and probably escaping 
in many places; rapid growing, relatively short-lived; easily injured by frost, 
storms, insects, and fungi; coppices freely; wood seldom used commercially 
although much used for fence posts; about 23,000 seeds per pound, germination 
about 80 percent; about 5,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 


86 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Caudoleucaena retusa, see Leucaena retusa. 


Ceanothus spp. Ceanothus. 

Generally large shrubs to small trees; ordinarily occur on more or less acid 
soil; nodules on the roots of the species assist in nitrogen fixation in the same 
manner as in the legumes; the deciduous forms are generally characteristic of 
drier soil and lower slopes; evergreen forms more characteristic of higher 
moisture slopes. Propagation is by seed treated with hot water followed by 
stratification as given for each species; seed can be germinated without any 
treatment, but low percentage of germination must be expected; many species 
can also be propagated by stem or root cuttings. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : 15 species of birds, inclad- 
ing bobwhite, 2 species of western quail and mourning dove; mountain sheep, 
Columbian chipmunk, Mono chipmunk, gray-sided jack rabbit, black-tailed deer. 
Observations (in addition to specific reccrds) : Olympic wapiti, Rocky Mountain 
black-tailed deer, mule deer, alpine chipmunk. The deciduous forms are gen- 
erally palatable to livestock but the evergreen forms are usually worthless. 


Ceanothus americanus L. J ersey-tea, 
Range: 17, 20; 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—November. 

A small, bushy shrub; flowers May—July; root system very large, taproot 
very well developed, deep penetrating in sandstone, limestone, sand, clay, and 
other soils. 

Stomach records: Four species of birds including bobwhite and wild turkey. 


Ceanothus arboreus Greene. Island myrtle. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers Ferbruary—March; crown open; foliage 
very ample; 90 percent germination of seeds may be obtained by treating with 
hot water at 194° F.; about 48,000 seeds per pound. 


Ceanothus californicus, see Ceanothus integerrimus. 


Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg. Mountain whitethorn. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 

A small, wide-spreading, intricately-branched, thorny shrub; flowers June— 
July; thicket forming; occurs from 6,000 to 9,000 feet; stump sprouts and 
reproduces by seed very well after fires; seeds treated with hot water to 176° F., 
then stratified 34% months at 36° germinate up to 65 percent; seeds boiled 
1 minute and Stratified 3 months germinate up to 60 percent. 

Observations: Mountain quail; of outstanding importance as browse for mule 
deer; mountain beaver. Considered inferior browse for cattle, but much used 
by sheep; fairly resistant to grazing. 


Ceanothus crassifolius Torr. Deer brush. 
C. insularis Hastw. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large, much-branched evergreen shrub; flowers January—April; oceurs 
below 3,500 feet; foliage rather open; very inflammable; rarely coppices; 
intolerant of shade; propagation by seed heated to 70° ©. in water, then cooled, 
and stratified 3 months at 35° F.; germination of 76 percent is thus obtained; 
about 33,000 seeds per pound. 

Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. 


Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. Wedgeleaf ceanothus. 
Range: 38, 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers March—May; occurs below 5,000 
feet; spreading, rigid, intricately branched and with dense foliage; thicket 
forming; often sprawling; crown sprouts abundantly after fires; forms im- 
penetrable thickets but seldom makes a continuous cover; regenerates from 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 87 


exposed roots; 92-percent germination of seeds is obtained when they are heated 
to 158° F. in water, allowed to cool, and stratified 344 months at 36°; about 
54,000 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Valley quail. Observations: Mountain quail, mariposa 
brush rabbit; of outstanding importance for mule deer. If grazed extensively 
by stock, may cause kidney trouble in males; generally not browsed by stock. 


Ceanothus cyaneus, see Ceanothus tomentosus. 


Ceanothus dentatus Torr. and Gray. Sand scrub. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A small, densely-branched shrub; flowers April-June; occurs on sandy and 
other soils; 83-percent germination of seeds may be obtained when they are 
treated with hot water to 158° F., cooled, and stratified 8 months at 36°. 
Several varieties occur within the range of the species, one of which, var. im- 
pressus Trel., is prostrate. 


Ceanothus divaricatus, see Ceanothus leucodermis and C. oliganthus. 


Ceanothus diversifolius Kellogg. Trailing ceanothus. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, trailing or prostrate, matlike shrub; flowers May—June; occurs from 
306 to 600 feet elevation. 
Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Considered fair sheep browse. 


Ceanothus fendleri Gray. Fendler ceanothus. 
Range: 9, 11, 18, 14, 15. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 

A small to large shrub; branches spiny, sometimes procumbent; flowers June— 
August; may form dense thickets; occurs on sandy and other soils; root system 
somewhat shallow, taproot not deep; germination of seed not less than 16 
percent. 

Stomach records: Pereupine, black-tailed deer. Observations: A famous deer 
browse; heavily utilized by porcupines during summer. An important browse 
in the southwest for livestock. 


Ceanothus ferrisae McMinn. 
Range: 1, 3. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; branches stiff, divergent. 


Ceanothus foliosus Parry. Wavyleaf ceanothus. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available April—May. 

A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; occurs at 200 to 3,500 feet eleva- 
tion; foliage dense; often procumbent or nearly prostrate; root nodules well 
developed; 92-percent germination of seeds may be obtained when they are 
treated in hot water at 158° ¥#., cooled, and stratified 3 months at 36°. 


Ceanothus greggii Gray. Gregg ceanothus. 
C. verrucosus greggii (Brandeg.) Gray. 
Range: 4, 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in July. 

A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers March—May; spiny, rigid, and 
intricately branched. Considered by some to be C. vestitus Greene for Cali- 
fornia. Fair to good browse in winter and early spring for stock, especially 
goats. 

Var. perplexans (Trel.) Jeps. (C. perplexams Trel.), occurs within the range 
of the species. 


Ceanothus hirsutus, see Ceanothus oliganthus. 


88 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Ceanothus incanus Torr. and Gray. Coast whitethorn. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub; flowers April-May; forms extensive thickets; pioneers in 
logged woodland areas; stump sprouts after cutting; propagation is by seeds 
treated in hot water to 176° F., cooled, and stratified 3142 months at 36°; by 
this process 70-percent germination may be obtained. 


Ceanothus infesta, see Adolphia infesta. 
Ceanothus insularis, see Ceanothus crassifolius. 


Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. and Arn. Deer brush. 
C. californica Kellogg, C. integerrimus puberulus Abrams. 
Range: 4, 11. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A small to large, widely branched shrub; flowers June-August; occurs from 
2,000 to 5,000 feet northward and from 4,000 to 6,500 feet southward; foliage 
dense; some leaves persist all winter; rapid growing; stump sprouts after 
cutting or fire; withstands grazing well; reproductive power good; easily shaded 
out by pine and fir; 85-percent germination of seed is obtained by heating to 
176° F. in water, cooling, and stratifying 34% months at 36°; 68-percent germina- 
tion obtained with seeds boiled 1 minute and stratified 3 months. 

Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Of outstanding importance 
for mule deer; porcupine. The most important browse species for stock in 
California. Considered poisonous by some but probably of little significance 
physiologically. A valuable honey plant. 


Ceanothus intermedius Pursh. Redroot. 
CO. americanus intermedius Koch. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in September. 
A small shrub; flowers April—May. 


Ceanothus jepsonii Greene. Jepson ceanothus. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, rigid, erect shrub; flowers in April; colony forming; com- 
pletely killed by chaparral fires. 
Var. purpurea Jeps. (C. purpurea Jeps.), the hollyleaf ceanothus, occurs in 
the southern part of the range. 


Ceanothus lemmonii Parry. Plumas-brush. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, spreading shrub; flowers April—May. 


Ceanothus leucodermis Greene. Chaparral whitethorn. 
C. divaricatus of auth., not Nutt., C. divaricatus grosse-serratus Torr. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub to small tree; spreading and spinose, flowers April--May; 
occurs from 1,000 to 5,000 feet; persists in spite of fire; 67-percent germination 
of seed obtained by heating in water to 158° F., cooling, stratifying at 36° for 
3 months; 48-percent germination obtained by heating to 194°, cooling, and 
sowing for 4 months; about 77,000 seeds per pound. 

Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Value 
for livestock limited. 


Ceanothus macrocarpus Nutt. Big-pod ceanothus. 
C. megacarpus Nutt., C. cuneatus macrocarpus (Nutt.) Brandeg, 
Range: 5. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 89 


A large shrub to small tree: flowers January—March; occurs at low altitudes. 
Observations: California mule deer. 


Ceanothus martinii Jones. Martin ceanothus. 
C. sorediatus glabra Wats. 
Range: 9, 13. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers June-July. Highly palatable to sheep and 
cattle. 


Ceanothus megacarpus, see Ceanothus macrocarpus. 


Ceanothus microphyllus Michx. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, spreading, much-branched evergreen shrub; flowers April—May; 
occurs in sandy and other soils. 


Ceanothus oliganthus Nutt. Hairy ceanothus. 
C. hirsutus Nutt., C. divaricatus Nutt., not of auth., C. orcuttii Parry. 
Range: 5. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 

Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers May—June; occurs below 3,500 feet. 
Observations: California mule deer. 


Ceanothus orcuttii, see Ceanothus oliganthus. 
Ceanothus oregonus, see Ceanothus sanguineus. 
Ceanothus ovalis, see Ceanothus ovatus. 


Ceanothus ovatus Desf. Redroot. 
C. ovalis Bigel. 
Range: 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule available September—November. 
A small shrub; flowers May—June; occurs in sandy and other soils. 
Stomach records: Bobwhite (?). One of the best stock browse species in the 
Black Hills. 


Ceanothus palmeri Trel. Cuyamaca bush. 
C. spinosus palmeri Jeps. 
Range: 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers May-June; occurs from 4,500 to 5,700 feet; stump 
sprouts after cutting. Browsed by cattle in times of scarcity of other feed. 


Ceanothus papillosus Torr. and Gray. Bennie bush. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Capsule. ; 
A small to rarely large shrub of open habit; flowers May—June; inflammable; 
75-percent germination of seed is obtained by treating with hot water to 176° F., 
cooling, and stratifying 34% months at 36°; about 200,000 seeds per pound. 


Ceanothus parryi Trel. Lady-bloom, 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers April-June; very openly branched. 


Ceanothus parvifolius Trel. Littleleaf ceanothus. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers in June; occurs from 4,700 to 6,500 feet. 
Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. 


Ceanothus perplexans, see Ceanothus greggii. 


90 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Ceanothus pinetorum Cov. Kern ceanothus. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, spreading or erect shrub; flowers in June; occurs from 7,000 to 
8,800 feet; procumbent or prostrate forms are known. 
Observations: Rocky Mountain mule deer. 


Ceanothus prostratus Benth. (pl. 6, B). Mahala mat. 
Range: 4, 9, 12. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A small, prostrate evergreen shrub; branches root where in contact with 
the soil, and form a matlike ground cover; forms are known that are not 
as prostrate as the species. 

Var. grandifolius Jeps. occurs in region 1. 

Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. Forage value for livestock slight 
or negligible. 


Ceanothus pubescens (Torr. and Gray) Rydb. 
C. ovatus pubescens Torr. and Gray. 
Ranvec io, 16, to sale 2204 2 co a: 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers May—July ; occurs in Sandy soils. 


Ceanothus purpurea, see Ceanothus jepsonii. 


Ceanothus rigidus Nutt. Rigid ceanothus. 
C. verrucosus rigidus Brandeg. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A small to large shrub; flowers February—April; rigidly and divaricately 
branched; occurs in sandy and other soils; closely related to C. cuneatus 
(q. v.), poSsibly oniy a blue-fiowered variety; 92 percent germination of seed 
obtained by treating in hot water to 158° F., cooling, and sowing for 16 weeks. 

Var. fresnensis Jeps. extends the range to region 3. 

Observations: Fair browse for mule deer. 


Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh. Redstem ceanothus. 
C. oreganus Nutt. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 12, 24. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May—June. 
Stomach records: Valley quail. Palatability to stock, fair to fairly good. 


Ceanothus serpyllifolius Nutt. 
Range: 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Capsule. 
A small, diffusely-branched, decumbent, evergreen shrub; flowers April—May. 


Ceanothus sorediatus Hook. and Arn. Jim brush. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large, thicket-forming, spiny shrub; flowers April-May; coppices vigorously 
after cutting or burning; produces little shade; occurs from 500 to 2,500 feet; 
practically 100-percent germination of seed can be obtained by boiling 5 minutes 
and stratifying 3 months at 36° F. 


Ceanothus spinosus Nutt. Greenbark ceanothus. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

Commonly a large shrub or rarely a small tree; partly evergreen, often wide 
spreading and straggling; sometimes spiny; colony forming; occurs below 2,000 
feet ; practically 100-percent germination of seed is obtained by heating in water 
to 158° F., cooling, and sowing for 16 weeks; about 48,000 seeds per pound. 

Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES QO] 


Ceanothus subsericeus Rydb. 
Range: 18. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers in July. 


Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Esch. Blueblossom. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available July—December. 

A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers April-June; nitrogen nodules 
very abundant; forms dense thickets after fires; a pioneer in cut-over areas, 
often to the exclusion of other species; not successful in heavy soils; root 
system shallow; 88-percent germination of seed obtained by treating in hot 
water to 158° F., cooling, and stratifying 3 months at 36°; about 182,000 seeds 
per pound. 

Observations: An important food of Roosevelt elk. 


Ceanothus tomentosus Parry. Ione bush. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, loosely-branched shrub; flowers in May; occurs up to 3,000 feet; 
stump sprouts after cutting. 
Var. olivaceus Jeps. (C. cyaneus Hastw.), Ramona bush, occurs in region 5. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. Snowbrush. 
Range: 2) 4.16) 1, 12. 13, 15; 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers May—July; spreading and many 
stemmed from the base; possesses a single large taproot which may make 
transplanting difficult; root System spreading, deep; a pioneer, forming vast 
thickets in logged or burned-over areas; 68 percent germination of seed is 
obtained by treatment in hot water at 176° F., and stratification for 8 months 
at 36°, or 63 percent when boiled 5 minutes and stratified 3 months. 

Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. 

Observations: A fair browse for mule deer; pica. Usually grazed only 
slightly by stock; much grazing indicates poor range; attempts to eradicate 
the species by overgrazing by goats have failed. 


Ceanothus verrucosus Nutt. Barranca bush. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, wide-Spreading shrub; flowers January—April; occurs in 
sandy soils, not successful in heavy soils; 20-percent germination of seed 
obtained when sown directly. 


Ceanothus vestitus, see Ceanothus greggii. 
Cebatha carolina, see Cocculus carolinus. 
Cebatha diversifolia, see Cocculus diversifolius. 


Celastrus scandens L. Climbing bittersweet. 
Ranges ido. Gls) Ji 22. 232A oO one Oreo. OU: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. : 
Fruit: Pod, seeds with pulpy arils, available September—December, 
rarely later. 

A twining, high-climbing, or thicket-forming vine; essentially dioecious but 
pistillate plants have enough staminate flowers to ensure fertilization; injures 
trees by constriction; very common along fence rows; occurs in loam, sand, 
clay, and other soils; propagation is by seeds sown in fall or stratified and 
sown in spring, or by layers and root cutting; 12,000 seeds per pound, germi- 
nation 80 percent, about 3,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Hight species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bob- 
white. 

Observations: Seven species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant; cotton- 
tail rabbit, fox squirrel, songbirds. Not browsed by livestock; poisonous to 
horses but apparently not attractive to them. 


9? MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Celosia palmeri Wats. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achenelike. 
A small shrub. 


Celtis spp. Hackberries. 

Propagation of all species is by seeds sown aS soon as ripe. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-four species of 
birds, including mallard. 

Observations (in addition to specific records) : Twenty species of birds; cliff 
squirrel, rock squirrel, snowshoe hare. Except for C. douglasii, western hack- 
berries are without range Significance for livestock. 


Celtis aculeata, see Celtis iguanaea. 
Celtis anfractuosa, see Celtis iguanaea. 
Celtis canina, see Celtis occidentalis. 
Celtis crassifolia, see Celtis occidentalis. 


Celtis douglasii Planch. (pl. 6, A.). 
C. rugosa Rydb. 
Range: Oi (h-O.09, bla 2s ele. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—January. 
A small or large shrub to small tree; larger form found only on very good 
soil or in cultivation. 
Stomach records: Two species of birds. An important secondary browse for 
cattle and sheep, especially in early spring and winter; galls on the leaves, a 
general condition in Utah, reduces palatability to livestock. 


Celtis georgiana Small. Georgia hackberry. 
C. pumila georgiana (Small) Sarg. 
Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small shrub to small tree. 


Celtis helleri, see Celtis lindheimeri. 


Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. 
C. platycaulis Greenm., C. anfractuosa Liebm., C. aculeata Sw., Momisia 
aculeata Kl. 
Range: 17, 32. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large shrub to small tree with spiny branches; somewhat climbing; com- 
monly occurs on sandy soil. 


Celtis laevigata, see Celtis mississippiensis. 


Celtis lindheimeri Koch. Paloblanco. 
C. helleri Small. 
Range: 17, 20. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe; available in September, persistent until spring. 
A small to large tree. 


Celtis mississippiensis Bosc. Southern hackberry. 
C. laevigata Willd., C. smallii Beadle. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, more or less persistent. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; wood used to some extent commercially ; 
2,500-4,000 seeds per pound. 
Var. anomala Sarg. is a shrub occurring in region 20, commonly in sand. 
Stomach records: Ten species of birds. Observations: Wild turkey; eaten as 
a last resort by marsh rabbits. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 93 


Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. 
Range: 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available September-October, often persistent until 
June. 

A large shrub to more commonly a small or large tree; much spread by 
introduction as a drought-resistant plant; root system medium deep to shallow; 
rapid growing; short-lived; in general free from serious insect enemies and 
diseases, except for a witches’-broom caused by the mite Hriophyes and a pow- 
dery mildew fungus; the witches’-broom does not cause serious damage to the 
tree; very resistant to drought; wood somewhat used commercially ; propagated 
by layering, cuttings, and seed; easily transplanted when young; 1,500-2,000 
seeds per pound, germination 86 percent, about 500 usable plants per pound of 
seed ; seeds treated with concentrated sulphuric acid 1 hour, washed in water, 
and treated an additional hour in concentrated sulphuric acid, give 84-percent 
germination in 55 days, as against 22 percent in 65 days after stratification at 
41° F. for 2 months; fruit produced sparingly. Very variable in size, form, and 
color of fruit. 

Several varieties have been described, such as var. canina Sarg. (C. canina 
Raf.), a tree occurring with the species, var. crassifolia (la Marck) Gray, 
(0. crassifolia Lam.) and var. pumila Mubl., a low, straggling shrub. 

Stomach records: Twenty-five species of birds, including bobwhite and lesser 
prairie chicken. Observations: Twenty species of birds, including wild turkey, 
ring-necked pheasant, and prairie sharp-tailed grouse. 


Celtis pallida Torr. (pl. 7, A). Desert hackberry. 
Momisia pallida (Torr.) Planch. 
Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—November. 

A large, spiny, densely-branched, evergreen shrub; forms dense thickets; 
wood useful for fence posts; seed germination apparently low. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds, including Gambel and scaled quail; 
antelope jack rabbit. Observations: Scaled quail, mocking bird, thrasher, 
phainopeplas, cactus wren, cardinal, Pyrrholuxia, towhee, Gambel quail; used 
almost to the exclusion of other species as roosts by Gambel quail; Mexican 
raccoon, jack rabbit, captive deer. A good honey plant. 


Celtis platycaulis, see Celtis iguanaed. 


Celtis reticulata Torr. Thick-leaved hackberry, 
C. mississippiensis reticulata Sarg. 
Range: 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in September. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; grows in limestone and other soils in- 
cluding rocky and gravelly ones; wood locally used for fence posts; berries rich 
in calcium; formerly a staple Indian food; seed germination about 80 percent, 
about 400 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Var. vestita Sarg. (C. rugulosa Rydb.) occurs in the northeastern portions 
of the range. ; 


Celtis rugulosa, see C. reticulata. 
Celtis rugosa, see Celtis douglasii. 
Celtis smallii, see Celtis mississippiensis. 


Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonball bush. 
Ineioees 8 4) Oy ills 1G, al, 1G, AU Pal, Be Oey OL a) Oo) PG Ps 7485 ail} : 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nutlike capsule, available September-December or even later. 
Commonly a large shrub, rarely a small or even a large tree; flowers in May 
northward, August southward; generally occurs in neutral soil; will grow in 
fresh soil under cultivation but in the wild state usually dies out for lack of 
moisture; propagation is by seed sown in fall or stratified and sown in spring, 
probably also by cuttings. 
Stomach records: Twenty-five species of birds, most of them water or shore 
birds; composed 1.76 percent of food of 1,725 mallards. Observations: Ring- 
necked pheasant. Probably poisonous to livestock if eaten. A good bee plant. 


04 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Cerasus borealis, see Prunus nigra. 

Cerasus caroliniana, see Prunus caroliniana. 
Cerasus demissa, see Prunus demissa. 
Cerasus emarginata, see Prunus emarginata. 
Cerasus mahaleb, see Prunus manalebd. 
Cerasus minutifiora, see Prunus minutifiora. 
Cerasus nigra, see Prunus nigra. 

Cerasus trichopetala, see Prunus corymbulosa. 


Ceratiola ericoides Michx. Rosemary. 
Range: 29: :302731- 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small, much-branched, aromatic evergreen shrub; often occurs in very 
acid soil; easily destroyed by fire. 
Stomach records: Lesser scaup. 


Cercidiopsis microphylla, see Cercidium microphyllum. 


Cercidium spp. 
All species are propagated by seed. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. 


Cercidium floridum, see Cercidium macrum, and C. torreyanum. 


Cercidium macrum Johnst. Texas paloverde. 
C. floridum of auth. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small tree; thorny but not as much so as C. texanum; flowers throughout 
the summer. 


Cercidium microphyllum (Torr.) Rose and Johnst. Littleleaf horsebean. 
Parkinsonia microphylla Torr., Cercidiopsis microphylla (Torr.) Britt. and 
Rose. 


Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, persistent for at least a year after ripening. 
A small to large shrub or rarely small tree; spiny; somewhat used locally 
for food. 


Observations: Jack rabbit. Of local importance as an emergency forage for 
livestock. 


Cercidium texanum (Wats.) Gray. 
Parkinsonia texana Wats. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small or rarely a large shrub; thorny and often intricately branched; 


leaves early deciduous; often forms dense thickets; easily grown from seed; 
said to be a honey plant. 


Cercidium torreyanum (Wats.) Sarg. (pl. 7, B). Paloverde. 
C. floridum Torr. not Benth., Parkinsonia torreyana Wats. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume; available July, falls immediately. 
A small to large tree; flowers April-May; occurs in sandy and other soils; 
leafless most of the year. 
Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: A favorite food of burro 


deer. Of local importance as an emergency forage for livestock. A good bee 
plant. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 7 


A, Celtis pallida, the desert hackberry, because of its great importance for wildlife and the dense cover it 
produces, should prove of outstanding value in planting for soil and wildlife conservation. PB, Cercidium 
torreyanum. The recorded value of the paloverde as food for wildlife is not great, but as cover for soil and 
wildlife in arid regions its value is obvious. (Photograph by U.S. Forest Service.) 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 8 


A, Cercis canadensis. The pods of the redbud often remain unopened throughout the winter, except those 
opened by birds. B, Chionanthus virginica, The beauty and fragrance of the flowers of the fringe tree 
entitle it to a place in highway plantings. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 95 


CGercis canadensis L. (pl. 8, A). Redbud. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well- drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Legume; available July—August, pods persist throughout winter, 
seeds fall or not. 

A small tree; flowers March-April; occurs in slightly acid, sand, loam, 
calcareous, and other soils; root nodules are not formed by this legume; propa- 
gation is by seed treated with hot water and sown in spring; about 25,000 
seeds per pound; seed germination 80 percent, about 2,000 usable plants per 
pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed 
deer. Observations: Bobwhite; captive marsh rabbit. 


Cercis occidentalis Torr. Western redbud. 
Range: 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available July—August. 

A large shrub to small tree; flowers February—April; occurs in slightly acid 
soil; roots very long laterally; propagation is by seed treated with hot water 
and subsequently chilled for 3 months before sowing. 

Observations: Rocky Mountain mule deer. Without forage value for live- 
stock. 


Cercis reniformis Hngl. Texas redbud. 
C. texensis Sarg. 

Range: 17, 20. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Legume. 

Commonly a small to large shrub, more rarely a small to large tree; occurs 

on limestone or slightly acid soil; forms dense thickets; propagation is by seed 
treated with hot water and sown in spring. 


Cercis texensis, see Cercis reniformis. 


Cercocarpus spp. Mountain-mahoganies. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Black-tailed deer. Ob- 
servations (in addition to specific records): A favorite food of Rocky Mountain 
mule deer and of Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer; yellow-haired porcupine. 
The species generally furnish much forage for cattle, sheep, and goats at all 
seasons. 


Cercocarpus alnifolius Rydb. Alderleaf mountain-mahogany, 
C. parvifolius Sarg., in part. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available July—September. 
A large shrub or small tree; semievergreen; flowers in March; 33,000-60,000 
seeds per pound. 


Cercocarpus argenteus Rydb. Silver mountain-mahogany, 
Range: 14, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, availabie in August. 
A large evergreen shrub, flowers in May. An excellent browse for goats, 
relished also by cattle and sheep. 


Cercocarpus aYizonicus, see Cercocarpus intricatus. 


Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. Birchleaf mountain-mahogany. 
CO. parvifolius betuloides Sarg., C. rotundifolius Rydb., O. douglasii Rydb. 
Range: 4, 5, 9, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available July—September. 

A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; evergreen; flowers April—June; 
exceedingly variable; crown sprouts with vigor after fire or with advance of 
old age; seed germinates well as soon as planted; in the mountain regions 
generally occurs below 6,000 feet. 

Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. An important 
browse for cattle and sheep. 


Site: Dry, sun. 
33772°—38——-7 


06 MISC. PUBLICATION 3803, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Cercocarpus breviflorus Gray. 
Range: 11, 14, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large evergreen shrub. 


Cercocarpus dougiasii, see Cercocarpus betuloides. 
Cercocarpus eximius, see Cercocarpus paucidentatus. 
Cercocarpus flabellifolius, see Cercocarpus montanus. 
Cercocarpus fothergilloides, see Cercocarpus montanus. 


Cercocarpus hypoleucus Rydb. 
Range: 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers June—July. 


Cercocarpus intricatus Wats. Littleleaf mountain-mahogany. 
C. intricatus villosus Schneid., C. arizonicus Jones. 
Range: §, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available July—August. 
A small evergreen shrub, flowers in May; densely branched, spinescent; 
generally occurs at elevations of 4,000-5,000 feet. A poor browse for livestock. 


Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Curlleaf mountain-mahogany. 
Range: 4, 9, 10, 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available August-September. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers July—August; occurs in 
gravelly and rocky soils, 
Observations: Sonora deer; of outstanding importance as browse for mule 
deer. Very poor livestock forage. 


Cercocarpus minutifiorus Abrams. Small-flowered mountain-mohagony. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large evergreen shrub. 


Cercocarpus montanus Raf. Mountain-mahogany. 
C. fothergilioides H. B. K., GC. parvifolius Nutt. C. flabellifolius Rydb. 
hance: OF tly 12513, 14, 15,216: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available August—October. 

A large shrub or rarely a small tree; evergreen; flowers May—July; root 
system deep, spreading; slow growing; casts little shade; 30,000-60,000 seeds 
per pound, germination not less than 22 percent. 

Stomach records: Black-tailed deer, mountain sheep. Observations: Say 
chipmunk, Mexican bighorn, deer, and other herbivorous game animals. One 
of the most important western livestock browse species; palatability good for 
all livestock; reputed to be poisonous, but this appears to be doubtful; killed 
by overgrazing. 


Cercocarpus parvifolius, see Cercocarpus montanus, and C. alnifolius. 


Cercocarpus paucidentatus (Wats.) Britt. Hairy mountain-mahogany. 
C. parvifolius paucidentatus Wats., C. eximius (Schneid.) Rydb. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit. Achene. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers March—May and again in 
August. A first-class goat browse. 


Cercocarpus rotundifolius, see Cercocarpus betuloides. 


Cercocarpus traskiae Eastw. Bigleaf mountain-mahogany. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available in August. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers in May. 
Cerothamnus carolinenses, see Myrica carolinensis. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 97 


Cerothamnus ceriferus, see Myrica cerefera. 
Cerothamnus inodorus, see Myrica inodora. 
Cerothamnus pumilus, see Myrica pumila. 
Chamaebatia australis, see Chamaebatia foliolosa. 


Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth. Mountain misery. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, very leafy evergreen shrub; flowers in July; forms large mats by 
means of rootstocks; in cultivation. Worthless as livestock forage. 
Var. australis Brandeg. (OC. australis (Brandeg.) Abrams), which occurs in 
region 5, is somewhat taller than the species. 


Chamaebatiaria glutinosa, see Chamaebatiaria millefolium. 


Chamaebatiaria millefolium (Torr.) Maxim. Fern-bush. 
C. glutinosa Rydb., Spiraea millefolium Torr., S. glutinosa (Rydb.) Fedde. 
Range: 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pod. 
A small to large, densely branched, aromatic shrub; flowers June—August. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. A fair browse 
for sheep and goats. 


Chamaecyparis spp. 

Monoecious, evergreen trees of importance in the production of timber. Six 
species are known, of which three occur in the United States; propagation is by 
seeds sown in spring. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : three species of birds. 


Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murr.) Parl. Port Orford cedar. 
Range: 1, 2. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone, maturing in September—October of the second season, 
some opening, others holding seed until spring. 

A large evergreen tree; moderately rapid growing; long-lived; resistant to 
fungi and insects, but not to fire; wood very durable, of importance commer- 
cially; seed crops heavy; vitality transient; about 70 varieties recognized in 
cultivation ; seeds per pound variously stated from 80,000 to 234,000, germination 
about 40 percent, slow, about 129,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 


Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Lam.) Spach. Alaska cedar. 
Range: 1, 4 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; available September—October of the second season. 

A large evergreen tree; slow growing, long-lived; root system shallow; little 
subject to fungus attack; wood of importance commercially, very durable; 
seeds produced sparingly, of transient vitality ; 106,000 seeds per pound; some 
15 varieties in cultivation. 


Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP. 
Range: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit : Cone; matures and opens September—October of the first season; 
persistent 2 to 3 years. 

A large evergreen tree; root system shallow; easily damaged by fire; nearly 
free from insect attack; only slightly susceptible to fungi; not wind-firm; some- 
what storm-damaged northward; generally occurs on sandy loam and other 
soils; wood of considerable importance commercially, very durable; large crops 
of seed produced annually from an age of 4 or 5 years; 420,000—-470,000 seeds 
per pound; 3.64 pounds of seed per bushel of fruit; germination 70-90 percent; 
12 varieties distinguished in cultivation. 

Observations: Very little eaten by birds or rodents. 


Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Cassandra, 
Andromeda calyculata L., Cassandra calyculata Don. 
eanees sina. 25, 2A 26. oo: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 


08 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A small evergreen shrub; occurs only on acid peat; flowers April-June: forms 
dense thickets; propagation is by seeds sown under glass in winter or spring. 

Observations: A staple winter food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse in Wiscon- 
sin; cottontail rabbit. 


Chamaerops acaulis, see Sadal minor. 

Chamaerops glabra, see Sabal minor. 

Chamaerops hystrix, see Rhapidophyilum hystriz. 
Chamaerops louisiana, see Sabal louisiana. 
Chenopodium spinosum, see Grayia spinosa. 


Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet. DBesertwillow. 
C. saligna Don, Bignonia linearis Cav. 
Range: 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—October, persistent. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May—June, showy; wood durable 
in contact with soil, of no commercial value; 50,000-100,000 seeds per pound, 
germination 40-60 percent, about 4,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Gambel quail. Browsing of this species denotes over- 
stocking or overgrazing of the range. 


Chilopsis saligna, see Chilopsis linearis. 


Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. and Gray. Creeping snowberry. 
Vaccinium hispidulum L. 
Range: 12, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. _ 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A small prostrate evergreen vine; occurs in peat bogs and mossy woods; 
flowers May—June; roots at the nodes. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Oliye-backed thrush, spruce 
grouse. 


Chionanthus virginica L. (pl. 8, B). Fringetree. 
Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; fiowers May—June; occurs in sandy and 
cther soils, often acid ones; loses foliage early; propagation is by seed stratified 
and sown in spring; about 2,000 seeds per pound; very ornamental in eulti- 
vation. 

Stomach records: Pileated wocdpecker. 


Choisya dumosa (Torr.) Gray. Starleaf. 
Astrophyllum dumosum Torr. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small much-branched shrub. Ordinarily not browsed by livestock; reputed 
poisonous, but this apparently is questionable. 


Chrysactinia mexicana Gray. Damianita. 
Pectis taxifolia Greene. 
Range: biz 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, much-branched, aromatic evergreen shrub; heathlike; flowers spring- 
summer. Not known to be grazed, but since it is medicinal with Mexicans and 
Indians may possibly have injurious properties. 


Chrysobalanus oblongifolius Michx. Deer-plum. 
Geobalanus obiongifolius (Michx.) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in September. 

A small shrub; flowers May—June; often forms thickets of considerable size 
by means of a dense network of underground stems; quickly recovers from 
burning; often occurs in sand. 

Observations: Gophers, turtles, and other short-legged animals. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 99 


Chrysobotrya aurea, see Ribes aureum. 

Chrysobotrya odorata, see Ribes odoratum. 

Chrysocoma nauseosa, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 

Chrysoma arborescens, see Aplopappus arborescens. 

Chrysoma brachylepis, see Aplopappus propinquus, 

Chrysoma laricifolius, see Aplopappus laricifolius. 

Chrysoma nana, See Aplopappus nanus. 

Chrysoma palmeri, see Aplopappus palmeri. 

Chrysoma parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. 

Chrysothamnus spp. (pl. 9, A). Rabbitbrush. 


The members of this genus display great variation, and aS many as 6 genera 
have been described and 88 forms, nearly all of which have been given specific 
rank at one time or another. Intergrading characters are many, and in this 
treatment we follow that of Hall and Clements. (247). 

The following records apply not only to woody species but to herbaceous 
ones, of which there are many: 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep; black- 
tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records): A reserve food of 
western white-tailed jack rabbit; Oregon jack rabbit, mule deer, Arizona jack 
rabbit, western chipmunk, bighorn; generally of considerable importance as 
cover for plains birds and mammals. Palatability worthless to fairly good for 
livestock. 


Chrysothamnus albidus (Jones) Greene. 
Range: 8, 9. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, brittle-twigged, very leafy shrub; a pronounced halophyte of alkali 
flats. 


Chrysothamnus asper, see Chrysothamnus parryi. 
Chrysothamnus baileyi, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. 
Chrysothamnus bigelovii, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 
Chrysothamnus bloomeri, see Aplopappus bloomeri. 
Chrysothamnus collinus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 
Chrysothamnus concolor, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 
Chrysothamnus consimilis, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus, 
Chrysothamnus corymbosus, see Aplopappus cooperi. 


Chrysothamnus depressus Nutt. Dwarf rabbitbrush. 
Bigelovia depressa Gray, Linosyris depressa Torr. 
Range: 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. ; 
A small, densely clump-forming shrub. Closely cropped, apparently by sheep, 
but scarcely of importance as browse. 
Chrysothamnus douglasii, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. 
Chrysothamnus elatior, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. 
Chrysothamnus elegans, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. 
Chrysothamnus filifolius, see Chrysothamnus greenei. 
‘Chrysothamnus glareosus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 
Chrysothamnus glaucus, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. 
Chrysothamnus graveolens, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 
Chrysothamnus greenei (Gray) Greene. 
C. filifolius Rydb., Bigelovia greenei Gray. 
Range: 9, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 


100 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A small shrub; occurs on sandy, alkaline plains; flowers August-September: 
greatly increased by overgrazing. Of some slight value as browse for livestock 
where other feed is not available. 


Chrysothamnus humilis, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. 
Chrysothamnus latifolius, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. 
Chrysothamnus leiospermus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 
Chrysothamnus linifolius, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. 
Chrysothamnus marianus, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. 
Chrysothamnus monocephalus, see Chrysothamnus parryi. 


Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas) Britt. Rubber rabbitbrush, 
Chrysocoma nauseosa Pallas. 
Ranze:'4, 6, 7,:c. & 44, 12) 13, Aa ws: 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A small to large shrub; flowers September—December; root system deep; re- 
produces readily from seed and grows vigorously when transplanted, even when 
crowns are divided; forms basal sprouts after cutting; contains on the average 
2.8 percent of rubber, although this may increase to 6.5 percent in individual 
plants; the most constant producers are those forms inhabiting alkali soils; it 
has been estimated that 300 million pounds of good-grade rubber are represented 
in this country by this species, but extraction is not yet commercially profitable. 

Twenty subspecies or varieties are included within this species; they rep- 
resent the species in various sections of the Great Basin and adjacent areas. 
C. nauseous includes the following forms: 

C. bigelovit (Gray) Greene, C. collinus Greene, C. concolor Rydb., C. consimilis 
Greene, C. glareosus Rydb., C. graveolens (Nutt.) Greene, C. leiospermus (Gray) 
Greene, C. occidentalis Greene, C. oreophilus Nels., C. pinifolius Greene, 
C. pulcherrimus Nels. (more robust), C. salicifolius Rydb., C. speciosus Nutt., 
C. turbinatus Rydb. 

Certain forms, as consimilis and viridulus, form pure stands on alkali flats; 
in general the important varieties are subclimax dominants of the sagebrush 
association. 

Observations: Northward it furnishes an important winter browse for elk and 
perhaps moose; California mule deer. Value as browse for livestock depends 
on local conditions; palatability ordinarily very low; probably poisonous when 
eaten exclusively ; a not infrequent indicator of overgrazing. 


Chrysothamnus newberryi, see Chrysothamnus parryi. 
Chrysothamnus occidentalis, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 
Chrysothamnus oreophilus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 


Chrysothamnus paniculatus (Gray) Hall. Sticky rabbitbrush. 
Bigelovia paniculata Gray, Ericameria paniculata (Gray) Rydb. 
Range: 10. 


Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, brittle-twigged shrub; flowers May—October; resistant to 
low temperatures; grows in extremely poor soils; rubber content about 2.5 per- 
cent, but strains may be found containing a higher percentage. 


Chrysothamnus parryi (Gray) Greene. 
Linosyris parryi Gray, Bigelovia parryi Gray. 

Range: 4, 8, 9, 10, 13, 12, 18, 15. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Achene. ‘ 

A small shrub occurring on sandy or gravelly soils: an indicator of over- 

grazing. Ten subspecies or varieties are recognized which do not separate on 
stable characters but which are more or less separated geographically; the 
whole complex is here considered a single major species. It includes among 
others: C. asper Greene, C. newberryi Rydb. C. vulcanicus Greene, C. mono- 
cephalus Nels. and Ken., and C. wyomingensis Nels. 


Chrysothamnus pinifolius, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus, 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 101 


Chrysothamnus pulchellus (Gray) Greene. 
C. baileyi Woot. and Standl., Bigelovia pulchella Gray, Linosyris pulchella 
Gray. 
Range: 9, 11, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; usually occurs in sand. 
Var. elatior (Standl.) Hall and Clem. (C. elatior Standl.) is taller than the 
species and occurs in region 11. 


Chrysothamnus pulcherrimus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 
Chrysothamnus pumilus, see Chrysothamnus viscidifiorus. 
Chrysothamnus salicifolius, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 
Chrysothamnus serrulatus, see Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. 
Chrysothamnus speciosus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 
Chrysothamnus stenolepis, see Chrysothamnus viscidijiorus. 


Chrysothamnus teretifolius (Dur. and Hilg.) Hall. 
Linosyris teretifolia Dur. and Hilg., Hricameria teretifolia (Dur. and Hilg.) 
Jeps. 
Range: 5, 8, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small or rarely a large, brittle-twigged shrub; irregularly much branched 
and spreading to form a flat or rounded plant; rubber content 2.5 percent or 
5 percent in certain strains. Resinous, and not browsed by livestock. 


Chrysothamnus turbinatus, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus. 


Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Douglas rabbitbrush. 
Bigelovia douglasiit Gray. 
Range 405569, 6, 9, LOY it, 12,13, 15: 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A small or rarely a large shrub; about 20 segregates, 16 of which have been 
accorded specific rank, have been published; they pass insensibly into one 
another and cannot be easily or satisfactorily defined; the species as here 
treated includes: 

C. douglasii Clem. and Clem., C. elegans Greene, C. glaucus Nels., OC. humilis 
Greene, C. latifolius (Haton) Rydb., C. linifolius Greene, C. marianus Rydb., 
C. pumilus Nutt., C. serrulatus Rydb., C. stenolepis Rydb. 

This species also contains rubber, the highest content being found in forms 
inhabiting alkali soils. 

All forms are browsed to a limited extent by sheep and cattle, except where 
other feed is fairly plentiful. 


Chrysothamnus vulcanicus, see Chrysothamnus parryi. 
Chrysothamnus wyomingensis, see Chrysothamnus parryi. 


Cissus ampelopsis Pers. 3 Heartleaf ampelopsis. 
Ampelopsis cordata, Michx. 
Range: 19:20; 22. 25, 27, 28, 29, 30: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—November. 

A rapid-growing vine; flowers May-June; berry inedible; produces a great 
deal of cover; propagated by seeds sown after stratification; 9,600 seeds per 
pound. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: 
A favorite fruit of brown thrasher, wood thrush, and flicker. 


Cissus arborea (L.) Des Moul. (pl. 9, B). Peppervine. 
C. stans Pers., Ampelopsis arborea (l.) Rusby. 

Range: 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 

Fruit: Berry, available September—November. 

A slender, bushy vine; ordinarily occurs in rich soil; flowers June—July ; will 

grow under most difficult conditions; has been noted as common along roads 
and railroads in Alabama, 


102 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Cissus incisa (Nutt.) Des Moul. Treebine. 
Vitis incisa Des Moul. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20:22, 25, 29° 30; 3k. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in October. 

A vigorous evergreen tree occurring in sandy and other soils; flowers June— 
August; easily transplanted ; propagation is by seed or by division of the woody 
tubers. 

Observations: Birds especially fond of the berries. 

Cissus stans, See Cissus arborea, 


Citharexylum brachyanthum Gray. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small, much-branched, somewhat spinose evergreen shrub. 
Citharexylum fruticosum L. Fiddlewood. 
C. villesum Jacq. 
Range: 17, 30, 31, 32. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers all year round; ordinarily 
oecurs in sandy soil. 


Citharexylum villosum, see Citharerylum fruticosum. 


Citrus trifoliata L. Bitter orange. 
Poncirus trifoliata (l.) Raf. 
Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, availiable September—October. 

A small, thorny, thicket-forming tree; flowers April-May; a native of China 
but naturalized in the regions indicated; used as grafting stock for oranges; 
much cultivated. 

Cladothamnus campanulatus, see Rhododendron albifiorum. 


Cladrastis lutea (Michx.) Koch. Yellow-wood. 
Ranges 25. 2, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available September—October, persistent through win- 
ter or soon falling. 
A small to large tree; flowers May—June; ordinarily occurs on rich, eal- 
careous or neutral soil; propagated by Seeds sown in spring; very handsome 
in flower and much cultivated. 


Clematis spp. 

The species are propagated by seeds sown under glass in spring. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Black-tailed deer. Ob- 
servations (in addition to specific records) : Goldfinch. 


Clematis addisonii Britt. Smooth clematis. 
Viorna addisonii (Britt.) Small. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A shrubby vine; flowers in May; root system deep; stems weak. 


Clematis arizonica Heller. 
Viorna arizonica Heller. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A vine. 
Clematis bigelovii Torr. 
Viorna bigelovii (Torr.) Heller. 
Range: 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A vine. 


Clematis brevifolia, see Clematis ligusticifolia. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 103 


Clematis catesbyana Pursh. Satin-curis. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A vine; ordinarily occurs on sandy soil. 


Clematis coccinea, see Clematis texensis. 


Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. 
Atragene columbiana Nutt. 
Range: 2, 4, 12, 13. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A vine, browsed to some extent by cattle in northwestern Montana when the 
foliage is young. 


Clematis crispa L. Curly clematis. 
C. cylindrica Sims, Viorna crispa (L.) Small. 
Range: 17, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained moist sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A slender vine; flowers June—-September; often occurs on acid soil. 


Clematis cylindrica, see Clematis crispa. 


Clematis drummondii Torr. and Gray. Drummond clematis. 
Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available in August. 
A climbing or clambering vine. 


Clematis filifera, see Clematis pitcheri. 
Clematis flaccida, see Clematis viorna. 


Clematis gattingeri Small. 
Viorna gattingeri Small. 
Range: 25. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A slender vine, flowering in July. 


Clematis glaucophylla, see Clematis viorna. 


Clematis lasiantha Nutt. Pipestem. 
Range: 3, 4, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A climbing or clambering vine; flowers April-May; about 103,000 seeds per 
pound. 


Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Virgins-bower. 
C. brevifolia Howell. 
Range: 10273, 4,.0, 6, 0, 6, 9» 11, I2e13) 14) 15, 1618219122: 
Site: Well-drained, sun. ; 
Fruit: Achene, available September—November. 
A vigorous climbing or clambering vine; flowers June-August; root system 
shallow, fibrous; rootstocks produced; seed germination about 80 percent. 
Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Of slight importance as 
browse for mule deer. 


Clematis missouriensis, see Clematis virginiana. 


Clematis neo-mexicana Woot. and Standl. New Mexico clematis. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A vine. 


Clematis obliqua (Small) Schneid. 
Viorna obliqua Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit :‘ Achne. 
A vine; flowers April—August. 


104 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Clematis palmeri Rose. Palmer clematis. 
Viorna palmeri (Rose) Woot. and Standl. 
Range: 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A vine. 


Clematis paucifiora Nutt. Rope-vine. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A trailing, clambering, or climbing vine; flowers March—April. 


Clematis pitcheri Torr. and Gray. Red-fiowered clematis. 
C. filifera Benth., C. simsti of auth., not Sweet, Viorna pitcheri (Torr. and 
Gray) Britt., V. filifera (Benth.) Woot. and Standl. 
Range: 21,°16, 17, 20; 25, -30: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A high-climbing vine; flowers June—September. 


Clematis pseudoalpina (Kuntze) Nels. 
C. pseudoatragene pseudoalpina Kuntze, C. alpina occidentalis (Hornem.) 
Gray, Atragene occidentalis Hornem., A. pseudoalpina (Kuntze.) Rydb. 
Range: 9, 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A vine; flowers April-June; commonly occurs at high elevations. 


Clematis reticulata Walt. 
Viorna reticulata (Walt.) Small. 
Range: 11, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A branching vine; flowers in July; occurs on sandy and other soils. 


Clematis simsii, see Clematis pitcheri. 


Clematis subreticulata Harb. 
Viorna subreticulata Harb. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A vine; occurs on sandy and other soils. 


Clematis texensis Buckl. 
C. coccinea Engelm., Viorna coccinea (Engelm.) Small. 
Range: 17, 20. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A branching vine; flowers July-September. 


Clematis versicolor Small. 
Viorna versicolor Small. 
Range: 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A vine. 


Clematis verticillaris DC. Mountain clematis. 
Atragene americana Sims. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Achene, available July—August. 
A trailing or climbing vine ; flowers May—June; often occurs on calcareous soil; 
a comparatively weak climber without great luxuriance. 
Clematis viorna L. Leather-flower. 
C. glaucophyila Small, C. flaccida Small, Viorna viorna (L.) Small, 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A vine; flowers May—August; usually occurs in rich soil. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 105 


Clematis virginiana L. Virginia clematis. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available August-September. 
A climbing vine; flowers July-September. 
Var. missouriensis (Rydb.) Palm. and Steyerm., (C. missouriensis Rydb.) 
occurs in regions 22, 24, and 25. 


Clethra acuminata Michx. White-alder. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree; ordinarily occurs on noncaleareous soil; flowers 
July-August; rarely attacked by insects or diseases; propagated by seeds 
sown under glass in winter or spring. 


Clethra alnifolia L. Sweet pepperbush. 
Range: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers July-August; may occur in acid swamps or sandy 
woods; commonly persistent on sandy soil in the South; rarely attacked by 
insects or diseases; propagated like the ‘preceding. 


Clethra tomentosa Lam. 
C. alnifolia tomentosa Michx. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers August-September, and occasionally in win- 
ter; propagated like the preceding. 


Cliftonia monophylla (Lam.) Sarg. Titi. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: A dry drupe, available August-September. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; flowers in April; stems 
often contorted. Browsed somewhat by livestock. A honey plant. 


Clinopodium carolinianum, see Clinopodium georgianum. 


Clinopodium coccineum (Nutt.) Kuntze. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small shrub; flowers all year, and ordinarily occurs in sand. 


Clinopodium georgianum Harper. 
C. carolinianum (Michx.) Heller. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small shrub; flowers summer-fall. 


Cneoridium dumosum (Nutt.) Hook. f. 
Pitavia dumosa Nutt. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Fleshy, drupelike capsule. 
A small to large, much-branched evergreen shrub; flowers Marech—April. 


Cocculus carolinus DC. Carolina moonseed. 
Cebatha carolina Britt., Epibaterium carolinum (1) Britt. 
Range: 11, 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, persistent over winter 
southward. 
A climbing, bushy vine; semievergreen southward; commonly found along 
hedgerows and roadways. 
Stomach records; Three species of birds. 


106 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Cocculus diversifolius DC. Snailseed. 
Cebatha diversifolia (DC.) Kuntze. 
Rance ah 30: 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A semievergreen, clambering vine very like the preceding. 


Coldenia greggii, see Ptilocaiyx greggii. 


Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. Blackbush. 
Range 92 10, cbt: 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, much-branched, wide-spreading. spinescent shrub; flowers 
April—August; occurs on sandy, gravelly and other soils; thicket forming. 
Furnishes some feed for cattle and sheep in winter. 


Coleosanthus atractyloides, see Brickellia atractyloides. 
Colieosanthus cedresensis, see Brickellia microphyila. 
Coleosanthus desertorum, see Brickellia desertorum. 
Coleosanthus frutescens, see Brickellia frutescens. 
Coleosanthus laciniatus, see Brickellia laciniata. 
Colecsanthus microphyllus, see Brickellia microphylla. 
Coleosanthus multiflorus, see Brickellia multifiora. 
Coleosanthus squamulosus, see Brickellia squamulosa. 
Coleosanthus venulosus, see Brickellia atractyloides. 
Collietia multiflora, see Adolphia infesta. 

Colubrina californica, see Colubrina texensis. 


Colubrina texensis (Torr. and Gray) Gray. Hog-plum. 
C. californica Jobnst., Rhamnus texensis Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 10, 11, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupelike capsule, available in June. 
A large shrub to small tree; much branched; thicket forming; flowers April— 
May; adapted to a wide range of soil conditions; forage value unknown. 


Comarostaphylos diversifolia, see Arctostaphylos diversifolia. 
Comptonia peregrina, see Myrica asplenifolia. 


Condalia spp. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Masked bobwhite, Gambel 
quail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Mexican raccoon, long- 
tailed Texas skunk, jack rabbit. Generally of low palatability to livestock. 


Condalia lycioides (Gray) Weberb. Lotebush. 
Zizyphus lycioides Gray. 
Range: 9 105s 7, 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small to large, straggling shrub; very rigid, spiny, most often without 
leaves; thicket forming; sometimes considered a range pest. 
Observations: Taken by various birds, including Gambel and scaled quail, 
and band-tailed pigeon. 


Condalia mexicana Schlecht. Mexican bluewood. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large shrub with spinose branches. 


Condalia obovata Hook. Bluewood, 
Range: 11. 16.120, 30 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, ripening irregularly through the summer, 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 9 


A, Chrysothamnus spp. A view in Grand Canyon National Park showing the characteristic growth habit of 
rabbitbrush. The species are of importance as cover for plains wildlife and of value to livestock. (Photo- 
graph by Department of the Interior.) B, Cissus arborea. The beautiful pepper-vine’s ability to grow 
in the poor soils along railroad embankments and roadsides suggests its use in controlling erosion on high- 
way cuts. C, Crataegus brevispina. This important species for erosion control and wildlife plantings in 
the arid portions of the Northwest is distinctive in having blue-black fruit. The abundant crop, however, 
is characteristic of most hawthorns. 


Mise. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agricuiture RAGE lO 


ha 
A, Cornus amomum. Streambank plantings of this species may provide excellent food and cover for wild- 
life frequenting stream edges. B, C. paniculata. The thicket-forming habit of this as well as many of 


the other shrub dogwoods or osiers recommends them for erosion control planting. Records show the 
fruits of this species to be particularly acceptable to birds. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 107 


A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May-June; spiny; often leafless 
in the dry season; forms dense impenetrable thickets; wood valued as fuel. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds. Observations: Much sought after by 
birds. Somewhat browsed by livestock. 


Condalia obtusifolia (Hook.) Weberb. Lotebush. 
Rhamnus obtusifolia Hook., Zizyphus obtusifolia (Hook.) Gray. 
hanse:) tt 16. 17, 20; 29, 30, 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in June. 
A small to large, spiny shrub; very persistent when established. 
Stomach records: Phainopepla. Observations: Extensively eaten by gray fox. 


Condalia parryi (Torr.) Weberb. Parry jujube. 
Lizyphus parryi Torr. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large, spiny shrub; flowers in April. 


Condalia spathulata Gray. Squawbush. 
Range: 10, 11, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large, more or less evergreen shrub; densely branched, rigid; occurs in 
sandy and other soils. 
Stomach records: Gambel quail. 


Conradina canescens (Torr. and Gray) Gray. 
Range: 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small, much-branched, stiff shrub; flowers May—July; occurs in sandy and 
other soils. 


Cordia boissieri DC. Anacahuita. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 

A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; evergreen; flowers April—June; 
may occur on limestone soils; fruit edible but said to cause dizziness; very 
ornamental in cultivation. 

Livestock are apparently fond of the fruit; seed eaten by hogs. 


Corema conradii Torr. Plymouth crowberry. 
Empetrum conradit Torr. 

Range: 26, 27; 28: 

Site: Well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Dry drupe, available July—August. 

A small, evergreen shrub; flowers April-May; diffusely branched; usually 

dioecious; staminate plants very handsome in flower; occurs in sandy and 
other soils; forms large patches. : 


Coreopsis gigantea (Kellogg) Hall. Giant coreopsis. 
Range: 5 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small robust, evergreen, single-stemmed shrub. 


Corethrogyne cana, See Aplopappus canus. 


Corethrogyne detonsa, see Aplopappus canus, 


Cornus spp. Cornels, dogwoods. 

The species are often difficult to separate, the characters used to distinguish 
them often being very minor; probably some species will eventually be reduced 
to Synonyms; most species grow in neutral soil; propagation is by seed stratified 
at 32°-50° F. for 120 to 140 days and sown in spring. Seeds of many germinate 
the first year if planted promptly on ripening; many species more easily 
propagated by cuttings. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Sixty species of birds, in- 
cluding bobwhite and Richardson’s grouse; gray fox, Virginia deer; composed 


108 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


56.69 percent of food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition 
to specific records) : Thirty-four species of birds, including bobwhite, ruffed and 
pinnated grouse; an important winter food of white-tailed deer; beaver; rabbit ; 
skunk; eastern chipmunk. 


Cornus alternifolia L. f. Blue cornel. 
Svida alternifolia (L. f.) Small. 
Ranve e225 Dowe24. 2 OO. 22g ee. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. 
A small to large shrub or rarely a small to large tree; fiowers May—July; 
subject to a serious twig blight. 
Stomach records: Eleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- 
tions: Warbling vireo; white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. 


Cornus amomum Mill. (Pl. 10, A) Silky cornel. 
C. sericea L., Svida amomum (Mill.) Small. 
Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A small to large, spreading shrub; flowers May—July; grows on coal-stripped 
lands in Illinois. 
Stomach records: Ten species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bobwhite. 
Observations: Ring-necked pheasant. 


Cornus asperifolia Michx. Roughleaf cornel. 
Svida asperifolia (Michx.) Small. 
Range: 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. 

Usually a large shrub or rarely a small to large tree; flowers May—June; 
often oceurs on sandy soil; 16,600—21,000 seeds. per pound. 

Stomach records: Forty-one species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken; composed 3.5 percent of 
fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; armadillo. Observations: Wild 
turkey, ring-necked pheasant, cottontail rabbit. 


Cornus baileyi Coult. and Evans. Bailey cornel. 
Svida baileyi (Coult. and Evans) Rydb. 
Range: 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. 
A small to large shrub; ordinarily occurs in sand; flowers May—June. 
Stomach records: Bobwhite. 


Cornus californica Mey. Creek dogwood. 
Svida californica (Mey.) Abrams. 
Range: 3, 4, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—November. 
A large shrub; flowers April—-August; very closely related to C. stolonifera 
and perhaps more properly considered as a variety of that species. 
Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer in Cali- 
fornia. 


Cornus candidissima, see Cornus foemina. 


Cornus circinata L’Her. Round-leaved cornel. 
C. rugosa Lam., Svida rugosa (Lam.) Rydb. 
Range: 18.21 2223746 Joe Gots 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. 
A large shrub; flowers May—July; occurs in sandy and other soils. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse. Observations: Blue- 
headed vireo; cottontail rabbit, moose. 


Cornus florida L. Flowering dogwood. 
Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Raf. 
Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September-February. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 109 


A small to large tree; flowers April-June; root system not deep; slow grow- 
ing, long-lived; relatively free from insects and diseases; coppices freely; 
often occurs in slightly acid soil; wood used commercially; difficult to trans- 
plant; propagation is by seed stratified 120 to 140 days at 32°-50° F. and sown 
in spring, or by cuttings which root best in peat after treatment with potassium 
permanganate ; 3,500-4,000 seeds per pound, germination about 70 percent, about 
1,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Thirty-six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, and wild turkey; eastern chipmunk. Observations: Twenty-eight species 
of birds including bobwhite and wild turkey; ranks twenty-first on the list 
of quail food plants of the Southeast; preferred food of wild turkey; much 
eaten by squirrels; white-tailed deer; gray squirrel. 


Cornus foemina Mill. Stiff cornel. 
C. stricta Lam., C. candidissina Marsh., Svida foemina (Mill.) Rydb., 
S. stricta (Lam.) Small. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A large shrub; flowers May-June. 


Cornus glabrata Benth. Brown dogwood. 
Svida catalinensis Millsp. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A large, thicket-forming shrub; flowers May—June; procumbent or drooping 
branches root where they touch the ground. 


Cornus instolonea, see Cornus stolonifera. 


Cornus interior Rydb. 
Svida interior Rydb. 
Range: 15, 16, 18, 19. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A large shrub; flowers June—July. 


Cornus microcarpa Nash. 
Svida microcarpa (Nash) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in September. 
A large shrub; flowers April-May. 


Cornus nuttallii Aud. Pacific dogwood. 
Cynozrylon nuttallii (Aud.) Schaf. 
Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available October-November. 

Usually a small tree, more rarely a large one; flowers in April and again in 
August-September; ordinarily grows best when somewhat shaded by adjacent 
trees, the removal of which often brings on the death of the plant; coppices 
freely ; wood very little used commercially; cultivated to some extent; about 
6,000 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Four species of birds; Townsend’s chipmunk. Observations: 
Cooper’s chipmunk ; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Cornus obliqua Raf. Pale dogwood. 
C. purpusii Koehne. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. 
A small to large, spreading shrub; flowers May—June; foliage dense; possibly 
better considered as a form of C. amomum (q. V.). 


Cornus occidentalis Cov. Western osier. 
C. pubescens Nutt., Svida pubescens (Nutt.) Standl. 
Range 3-192). 3.°4.°7, 12° 13: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. 


110 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A large shrub to small tree; 14,000-17,500 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: Twelve species of birds. Observations: Mountain beaver. 
Occasionally grazed in the fall by cattle, less so by sheep and goats. 


Cornus paniculata L’Her. (pl. 10, B). Gray dogwood. 
C. racemosa of nurserymen. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, weil-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available August-November, occasionally persistent. 

A small shrub; flowers in June; occurs on sandy, clay, gravelly and other 
soils; forms extremely dense thickets; suecessful on very difficult sites; en- 
dures city smoke; easily propagated by seeds, or particularly by cuttings; 
about 3,500 uncleaned seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Twenty-two species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, sharp-tailed grouse and ring-necked pheasant; composed 0.4 percent 
of total annual food and 5.3 percent of fruit food of ring-necked pheasant 
in Michigan. Observations: An important pheasant food in southern Michigan 
as late in the season as May; cottontail rabbit. 


Cornus priceae Small. 
Svida priceae Small. 
Range: 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in September. 
A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; very similar to C. asperifolia 
(q. v.). 


Cornus pubescens, see Cornus occidentalis. 
Cornus purpusii, see Cornus obliqua. 
Cornus racemosa, see Cornus paniculata. 
Cornus rugosa, see Cornus circinata. 
Cornus sericea, see Cornus amomum. 


Cornus sessilis Torr. Miners dogwood. 
Range: 3, 4. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers in April; thicket forming. 


Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red osier. 
Svida stolonifera (Michx.) Rydb. 
Range: 4, 7%; 8, 9, 11,.12; 138, 14, 15,.18)2 2122" 235 240) 25, 426;720 3 28: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available July-September, occasionally persistent until 
May. 

A large, erect or spreading shrub; flowers May-July; thicket forming by 
means of rootstocks; occurs in sand or wet Swamps; generally erect or spread- 
ing; prostrate branches root; tolerates alkaline soil; about 17,800 seeds per 
pound. 

Var. coloradensis Schneid. (C. instolonea Nels.) is a variety without stolons. 

Stomach records: Twelve species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
sharp-tailed grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Four species of 
birds including sharp-tailed grouse, Hungarian partridge; white-tailed deer, 
mule deer, elk, moose, cottontail rabbit snowshoe hare. Not at all or slightly 
browsed by livestock. 


Cornus stricta, see Cornus foemina. 


Corylus spp. Hazelnuts. 

The species are ordinarily propagated by seeds stratified and sown in spring 
or sown directly in the fall; propagation by cuttings is often unsuccessful. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Four species of birds in- 
cluding ruffed grouse and sharp-tailed grouse; composed 1.0 percent of fall 
food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin. Observations (in addition to specific 
records): Seven species of birds including ring-necked pheasant; a_ staple 
winter food of greater prairie chicken, pinnated grouse, and ruffed grouse; 
white-tailed deer, moose, red squirrel, pale chipmunk, gray chipmunk, beaver, 
flying squirrels. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATHS 111 


Corylus americana Walt. American hazelnut. 
Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit. Nut, available July-September, occasionally persistent until 
December—February. 

A large, thicket-forming shrub; coppices very freely after cutting; seldom 
bears fruit in the shade; easily transplanted; foliage generally dense; 250 
seeds per pound, germination 80 percent, about 60 usable plants per pound 
of seed. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite. Ovservations: Ring-necked phea- 
sant; blue jay; squirrels, white-tailed deer. Somewhat grazed by sheep. 


Corylus californica (DC.) Rose. California hazelnut. 
C. rostrata californica DC. 
Range: 1, 2, 3, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—November. 
A large shrub to small tree; thicket forming; foliage more or less dense. 
Observations: Staple winter food of Steller’s jay; Douglas’ squirrel, Town- 
send’s chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, golden-mantled ground squirrel, digger 
squirrel; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Extensively or not at 
all browsed by livestock. 


Corylus cornuta, see Corylus rostrata. 


Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked hazelnut. 
C. cornuta Marsh. 
Ranges) 15, 18.20 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available August-September. 
A small to large, thicket-forming shrub, often occurs on acid soil. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite; sharp-tailed grouse, prairie 
chicken ; composed 2.7 percent of winter food of the northern sharp-tailed grouse 
in Quebec and Ontario. Observation: Blue jay; moose, southwestern chip- 
munk, eastern chipmunk, squirrels; eighth most important preferred winter 
food of white-tailed deer. 


Corypha hystrix, see Rhapidophyllum hystriz. 
Corypha minor, see Sabal minor. 

Corypha palmetto, see Sabal palmetto. 
Corypha pumila, see Sabal minor. 

Corypha repens, see Serenoa repens. 


Cotinus americanus Nutt. Smoketree. 
C. cotinoides (Nutt.) Britt., Rhws cotinoides Nutt. 

Range: 16, 17, 20, 25, 29. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers April-May; ordinarily occurs 

on calcareous soil; fruit produced very sparingly; wood very durable as fence 
posts; very brilliant scarlet in autumn. 


Cotinus cotinoides, see Cotinus americanus. 


Cotoneaster pyracantha (L.) Spach. Firethorn. 
Pyracantha coccinea Roem., Crataegus pyracantha Medic. 
Range: 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome; available October, persistent through winter. 
A small to large evergreen shrub with dense foliage; flowers in May; very 
spiny ; difficult to transplant except when small. 
Observations: Robin; generally attractive to birds. 


Coursetia axillaris Coult. and Rose. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub to small tree; densely branched. 


33772°—38——8 


112 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Covillea glutinosa, see Covillea tridentata. 


Covillea tridentata (DC.) Vail. Creosotebush. 
C. glutinosa (Engelm.) Rydb., Larrea mewicana Moric., L. glutinosa En- 
gelm., L. tridentata (DC.) Cov., L. tridentata glutinosa Jeps. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A small to large evergreen shrub; slow growing; sparsely branched and with 
thin foliage, especially when older; inhabits the most xeric areas in North 
America; makes successful and persistent growth in thin bodies of soil over 
layers of hardpan; transplants ordinarily require considerable water to start 
them growing; very inflammable. 

Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Texas antelope squirrel, jack 
rabbit. Not eaten by livestock ; poisonous to sheep. 


Cowania alba, see Cowania stansburiana. 
Cowania davidsonii, see Cowania stansburiana. 


Cowania ericaefolia Torr. Heath cliffrose. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, straggling, much-branched evergreen shrub found on _ limestone 
soils. 


Cowania havardii Wats. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, much-branched evergreen shrub. 


Cowania stansburiana Torr. Quinine bush. 
C. mexicana dubia Brandeg., C. davidsonii Rydb., C. mexicana stansburiana 
(Torr.) Jeps., C. alba Good. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available in October. 

A small to large shrub or small to rarely large tree; evergreen; freely 
branched, stiff; flowers in June; increased branching occurs under grazing; 
seed germination 10-80 percent. 

Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: A staple food of mule 
deer. An important and valuable browse for cattle and sheep. Browsing to 
65 percent stimulates beneficially the reproduction of the plant; more than 80 
percent causes deterioration. 


Crataegus spp. Hawthorns. 

These species are small shrubs to small trees growing in many sites, in all 
kinds of soil, in all parts of the country, most of them being almost impossible 
of identification except by specialists. No effort is here made to Separate the 
various species. Somewhat more than 1,200 species have been listed for the 
country, the majority of these occurring in the northeastern United States; other 
studies have reduced this number to less than 100. Owing possibly to hybridi- 
zation and great variation, the actual number of species has not been deter- 
mined up to the present time. Nevertheless, these plants are of considerable 
value for erosion control and for wildlife food and cover. A great many of 
them are thicket forming and many species hold the fruit over the winter. Most 
species are thorny and provide a dense cover valuable for soil and wildlife 
alike. The best way in which to discover the utility of these species is to 
examine the wild forms occurring in any particular region and to collect such 
ones as seem to be able to grow on eroded sites and to produce the maximum 
amount of cover and food. 

Most species grow in neutral soil, often on very poor soils; young plants often 
form long taproots and hence are often difficult to transplant; 6,000—40,000 
seeds per pound, germination about 40 percent, about 2,500 usable plants per 
pound of seed; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring; alternate 
hosts for the cedar apple rust. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 113 


Special mention should be made of Crataegus brevispina (Dougl.) Heller, 
(C. douglasii Lindl.) (pl. 9, C) occurring in the northwest. This form makes 
dense thickets in more moist soils and produces its blue-black fruit in great 
abundance. Observers have noted that the ring-necked pheasant, Hungarian 
partridge and various western quails feed extensively on the berries. Two 
other western hawthorns, C. columbiana Howell, and @. piperi Britt, both 
red-fruited, occur in extremely dry situations and appear to be potentially of 
value in erosion control, more notably in the more arid sections of Oregon, 
Washington, and Idaho. 

Stomach records (summary) : Thirty-six species of birds, including bobwhite 
and eastern ruffed grouse; composed 9.63 percent of food eaten by ruffed grouse 
in the northeastern United States; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations 
(summary): Seventeen species of birds including Hungarian partridge, sharp- 
tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant ; white-tailed deer (in some localities, ignored 
in others), cottontail rabbit. Browsed somewhat by livestock. Considered 
valuable honey plants, especially where they occur in abundance. 


Crataegus pyracantha, see Cotoneaster pyracantha. 


Crookea microsepala (Torr. and Gray) Small. 
Ascyrum microsepalum Torr. and Gray, Hypericum microsepalum (Torr. 
and Gray) Gray. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A smail evergreen shrub; often occurs in sandy soil. 


Crossosoma bigelovii Wats. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small, spreading, spinescent shrub; flowers in April. 


Crossosoma californicum Nutt. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small to large shrub or small tree; flowers in May. 


Crossosoma parviflorum Robins. and Fern. 
Range: 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small to large shrub. 


Crossostephium californicum, see Artemisia californica. 
Crossostephium foliosum, see Artemisia californica. 
Crossostephium insulare, see Artemisia californica. 


Croton spp. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records, and including herbaceous 
as well as woody species) : Thirty-six species of birds, including bobwhite, Cali- 
fornia quail, greater and lesser prairie chicken, and mourning dove. 


Croton alabamensis Smith. Alabama croton. 
Range: 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, much-branched thicket-forming evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; 
very rare. 


Croton berlandieri, see Croton humilis. 


Croton cortesianus H. B. K. 
C. trichocarpus Torr. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub. 


1d MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Croton gonzalezii, see Croton sonorae. 


Croton humilis L. 
C. berlandieri Torr. 
Range: 17, 32. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils. 


Croton pringlei, see Croton sonorae. 


Croton sonorae Torr. 
C. pringlei Wats., C. gonzalezit Greenm. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, much-branched shrub. 


Croton suaveolens Torr. 
Range: 11, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, stout, much-branched shrub. 


Croton trichocarpus, see Croton cortesianus. 


Croton torreyanus Muell. 
C. suaveolens oblongifolius Torr. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, slender shrub. 


Cupressus spp. Cypress. 
Evergreen, monoecious trees of comparatively little value commercially. 
Seven species occur in North America, of which five are found in California 
and two in the southern Rocky Mountain region; propagation is by seed sown in 
spring. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Four species of birds. 


Cupressus arizonica (Mast.) Greene. Arizona cypress. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone, ripe in September of the second season, persistent many 
years. 

A large evergreen tree; rapid growing in good soil, slow growing in poorer 
soils; long-lived; susceptible to fire; wood valuable locally, durable when sea- 
soned; seeds remaining in unopened cones viable, at least for several years; 
germination percentage of seeds high, irregular; seed produced abundantly 
annually ; 100,000 seeds per pound; much spread by cultivation. 


Cupressus bakeri, see Cupressus macnabiana. 
Cupressus forbesii, see Cupressus guadaloupensis. 


Cupressus glabra Sudw. Smooth cypress. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; ripening at the end of the second season, persistent 
unopened 14-18 years. 
A large evergreen tree; slow growing, long-lived; wood of limited use com- 
mercially, moderately durable; seed germination moderately high, vitality of 
seed declining rapidly after fifth year. 


Cupressus goveniana Gord. Gowen cypress. 
C. pygmaea Sarg. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season; seeds shed 
September—October, cones persistent many years. 
A large shrub to small or rarely large trees; evergreen; slow growing, long- 
lived; root system shallow; thrives on rocky or sandy soils; of no importance 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 115 


commercially ; seeds abundantly produced annually when plant is only 2 or 3 
feet high; vitality of seeds persistent ; ornamental in cultivation. 


Cupressus guadaloupensis Wats. 
C. forbesti Jeps. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone. 
A small evergreen tree. 


Forbes’ cypress. 


Cupressus macnabiana Murr. 
C. nevadensis Abrams, C. bakeri Jeps. 
Range: 1, 3, 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in autumn of the second season; seeds shed 
immediately, cones persistent several years. 
A small to rarely large evergreen tree; slow growing, moderately long-lived ; 
wood of no importance commerciaily; seeds produced annually; ornamental 
in cultivation. 


Macnab cypress. 


Cupressus macrocarpa Gord. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, opens slowly, 
persistent several Seasons. 

A large evergreen tree; at first rapid growing, later slower; long-lived; free 
from insects and most diseases; susceptible to fires because of its thin bark; 
forms a cover on wind-swept coasts to the water’s edge; wood of little impor- 
tance commercially ; resistant to drought and mildly saline conditions; will with- 
stand considerable abuse in handling; seeds produced annually in abundance; 
93,000 seeds per pound, germination 16 percent; much spread by plantings; 
ornamental in cultivation. 


Monterey cypress. 


Cupressus nevadensis, see Cupressus macnabiana. 
Cupressus pygmaea, see Cupressus goveniana. 


Cupressus sargentii Jeps. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone. 
A small to large evergreen tree; seven varieties in cultivation. 


Sargent cypress. 


Cyanococcus 
Cyanococcus 
Cyanococcus 
Cyanococcus 
Cyanococcus 
Cyanococcus 
Cyanococcus 
Cyanococcus 
Cyanococcus 
Cyanococcus 
Cyanococcus 
Cyanococcus 


amoenus, see Vaccinium corymbosum. 
angustifolius, see Vaccinium angustifolium. 
atroceccus, see Vaccinium atrococcum. 
corymbosus, see Vaccinium corymbosum. 
elliottii, see Vaccinium elliottii. 

hirsutus, see Vaccinium hirsutum. 
myrsinites, see Vaccinium myrsinites. 
pallidus, see Vaccinium corymbosum. 
pennsylvanicus, see Vaccinium angustifolium. 
tenellus, see Vaccinium virgatum. 
vacillans, see Vaccinium vacillans. 
virgatus, see Vaccinium virgatum. 


Cynoxylon floridum, see Cornus florida. 


Cynoxylon nuttallii, see Cornus nuttallii. 


Cyrilla racemifiora L. 


Swamp ironwood. 


Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Corky drupe, available August-September. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; semievergreen; much branched; flowers 
May-July; may occur on sandy or other soils; considered a good honey plant. 


116 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link. Scotch broom. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available August-September. 

A large evergreen shrub introduced from Europe but spreading in the regions 
indicated; flowers May—June; occurs most commonly on sand, but also on loam 
and clay; drought resistant; will grow on very poor soils; tolerant of saline 
conditions; will withstand considerable abuse in handling; claimed to be a 
weed in fields, especially sandy ones, but ordinarily regarded by farmers as 
not dangerous because it is easily burned off; has been used very successfully 
for erosion control on highway embankments along the Oregon coast; has been 
advocated as a renovater of barren soils because of the high potash content of 
its ash; considered by some authorities as in part parasitic on oak roots, but 
if so, is not an obligate parasite; 65,000 seeds per pound; propagated by seeds 
treated with hot water and sown in spring or by cuttings. 

Stomach records: California quail. Observations: Captive bobwhite; cotton- 
tail rabbit. Poisonous to livestock, but seldom touched by grazing animals. 


Dalea amoena, see Parosela fremontit. 
Dalea arborescens, see Parosela arborescens. 
Dalea argyrea, see Parosela argyrea. 
Dalea californica, see Parosela fremontii. 
Dalea emoryi, see Parosela emoryi. 

Dalea formosa, see Parosela formosa. 
Balea fremontii, see Parosela fremontii. 
Dalea frutescens, see Parosela frutescens. 
Dalea greggii, see Parosela greggii. 

Dalea humilis, see Parosela thyrsiflora. 
Dalea johnsonii, see Parosela fremontii. 
Dalea polyadenia, see Parosela polyadenia. 
Dalea saundersii, see Parosela fremontii. 
Dalea schottii, see Parosela schottit. 

Dalea scoparia, see Parosela scoparia. 
Dalea spinosa, see Parosela spinosa. 

Dalea thyrsiflora, see Parosela thyrsiflora. 
Dalea wheeleri, see Parosela fremontii. 


Daphne mezereum L. Mezereum. 
Range: 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A small to large, sparse shrub; introduced from Europe and western Asia 
but locally established in the regions indicated; flowers March—April. 
Observations: Eaten by songbirds. 


Dasiphora fruticosa, see Potentilla fruticosa. 
Datisca hirta, see Rhus typhina. 
Daubentonia cavanillesii, see Daubentonia drummondii. 


Daubentonia drummondii Rydb. Poisonbean. 
D. cavanillesii Standl., D. longifolia of auth. 
Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub; often occurs in sand; seeds very poisonous to sheep and goats 
but pods and green plants apparently not harmful. 


Daubentonia longifolia, see Daubentonia drummondii. 
Daubentonia thurberi, see Diphysa thurberi. 
Decachaena baccata, see Gaylussacia baccata. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 117 


Decachaena frondosa, see Gaylussacia frondosa. 
Decachaena nana, see Gaylussacia nana. 
Decachaena tomentosa, see Gaylussacia tomentosa. 
Decachaena ursina, see Gaylussacia ursina. 


Decumaria barbara L. Climbing hydrangea. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available July. 
A vine. Reputedly dermatitically poisonous. 


Dendrium buxifolium, see Leiophyllum buvifolium. 
Dendrium hugeri, see Leiophyllum hugeri. 
Dendrium lyonii, see Leiophyllum lyonii. 


Dendromecon rigida Benth. Treepoppy. 
Range: 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, rigid, freely-branched evergreen shrub; stems usually several 
from the base; common in burned-over territory. 
Observations: California mule deer. 


Desmothamnus lucidus, see Xolisma lucida. 


Dicraurus leptocladus Hook. f. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achenelike. 
A small dioecious shrub. 


Diervilla diervilla, see Diervilla lonicera. 


Diervilla lonicera Mill. Bush-honeysuckle. 
D. diervilla (L.) MacBr., D. trifida Moench. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers June-August; propagation is by seed sown under 
glass in spring. 
Observations: An important Summer food of moose on Isle Royale. 


Diervilla rivularis Gatt. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers July—August. 


Diervilla sessilifolia Buck. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, loosely-branched shrub; flowers July—August. 


Diervilla trifida, see Diervilla lonicera. 


Diospyros texana Scheele. Black persimmon. 
Brayodendron texanum Small. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July-August. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; dioecious; flowers April-May; wood 
used to some extent commercially; bears an abundance of fruit which supplies 
a black stain. 

Observations: Wild turkey; Mexican raccoon, long-tailed Texas skunk; rel- 
ished by many wild animals. 


Diospyros virginiana L. (pl. 11). Persimmon. 
Range: 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available August—October, sometimes persistent. 


118 MISC. PUBLICATION 3038, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May-June; often forms dense 
thickets on dry, eroded slopes; stoloniferous; root system, including taproot, 
and stolons deep and wide spreading; trees produced from stolons usually do 
not reach large size; survives on extremely adverse sites; often difficult to 
eradicate from cultivated fields and pastures; fruits prolifically ; various forms 
have been described varying in habit, fruit production, ete.; will grow in stand- 
ing water for several months; forms have been observed which hold the fruit 
until March; fruits while still very young; occurs in sand, clay, loam, and other 
soils; occurs on coal-stripped lands in southern Illinois; wood used to some 
extent commercially; propagation is by seed stratified at 41°-50° F. for 365 
days and sown in spring; 1,000 seeds per pound, germination about 80 percent. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds,, including bobwhite; raccoon, spotted 
skunk, gray fox, red fox, white-tailed deer. Observations: Sixteen species of 
birds, including wild turkey; gray fox, red fox; much eaten by Virginia opossum; 
flying squirrel, spotted skunk; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits; white- 
tailed deer. Not browsed by cattle; fruit greedily eaten by hogs. 


Diphysa echinata, see Dipnysa thurberi. 


Diphysa thurberi (Gray) Rydb. ‘ 
D. echinata Rose, Daubentonia thurberi Gray. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large shrub. 


Diplacus arachnoides, see Mimulus longifiorus. 
Diplacus aridus, see Vimulus aridus. 

Diplacus aurantiacus, see Mimulus aurantiacus. 
Diplacus longiflorus, see Mimulus longiflorus. 
Diplacus parviflorus, see Mimulus flemingii. 
Diplacus puniceus, see Mimulus pwniceus. 
Diplostephium canum, see Aplopappus canus. 


Dirca occidentalis Gray. Western leatherwood. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in June. 
A small to large shrub; flowers February-March; colony forming; fruit 
rarely developed in any quantity; spreads by means of shoots developed from 
long roots; propagated by seed sown in fall or spring; difficult to transplant. 


Dirca palustris L. Leatherwood. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available May—June, dropping at once or occasionally 
persistent. 

A small to large shrub; widely branching when old; flowers March—April; 
free from insects and disease; ordinarily oecurs in sterile soil of all kinds; 
propagation is by seed sown in fall or spring; berries said to be narcotic. 

Observations: Moose; poorly eaten by white-tailed deer. 


Distegia involucrata, see Lonicera involucrata. 


Dodonaea arizonica Nels. Hopbush. 
D, viscosa angustifolia (L. f.) Benth. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub or rarely a small tree; often occurs on calcareous soils; pro- 
duces seed abundantly; germination of seed at least 44 percent. Sometimes 
nibbled by stock but since it is a fish poison containing saponin it should be 
closely watched in time of scarcity of food for livestock. 

Observations: Relished by Gambel quail and other birds. 


Drejera thurberi, see Anisacanthus thurberi. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 11 


Diospyros virginiana, the ubiquitous persimmon, displays many characters of value in an erosion control 
program. Its fruits are of great importance to many forms of wildlife. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 12 


A, Elaeagnus angustifolia. A colony of escaped plants thriving on soil abandoned because of extreme 
alkalinity. Particularly while young, this species forms excellent soil cover. B, A branch showing the 
abundant fruit crop produced by the introduced Russian-olive. Reports indicate that native birds and 
mammals are taking the fruits with increasing frequency. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture IFLA 6} 


A, Elaeagnus argentea. A natural thicket providing protection for a stream bank as well as for wildlife. 
B, E. argentea. The fruit of the silverberry as well as that of Russian-olive is of value for game birds. 
C, Ephedraspp. Thebroomlike habit ofthis plant is characteristicof many othere phedras. Inthe South- 


west they may prove of value in soil and wildlife conservation plantings. (Photograph by Department 
of the Interior.) 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 14 


A, Eriogonum parvifolium, a species particularly adapted to planting on sand dunes. B, Eurofia lanata, 
a valuable forage plant capable of direct seeding for erosion control. C, Fallugia paradora. The apache- 
plume is a plant with great possibilities for erosion control in the Southwest. This specimen has been 
much browsed by livestock. 


NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 119 


Drejera wrightii, see Anisacanthus wrightii. 
Duranta plumieri, see Duranta repens. 


Duranta repens L. 
D. plumieri Jacq. 
Rangve: Tt on7, 32. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
= large shrub to small tree; spiny or unarmed; occurs in sandy and other 
soils. 


Earleocassia covesii, see Cassia covesii. 

Ebenopsis flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium flexicaule. 
Echinopanax horridum, see Oplopanax horridum. 
Echites macrosiphon, see Macrosiphonia macrosiphon. 
Edwinia americana, see Jamesia americana. 

Edwinia californica, see Jamesia americana. 


Ehretia anacua (Berl.) Johnst. Anaqua. 
H. elliptica DC. 
Range: 11, 17, 20, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available June—April. 

Often a large shrub, occasionally a small or large tree; almost evergreen; 
flowers March-April; suckers freely from the roots and thus forms clumps; 
vigorous and difficult to eradicate when established; not subject to disease; 
grows well under semidesert conditions; usually shrubby on drier soils; suckers 
easily transplanted. 

Observations: Attractive to birds. 


Ehretia elliptica, see Hhretia anacua. 


Elaeagnus spp. 

Propagation of these species is by seed stratified and sown in spring or sown 
directly in the fall; most occur on neutral soil. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Sharp-tailed grouse. Ob- 
servations (in addition to specific records): Pinnated and sharp-tailed grouse, 
songbirds. 


Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (pl. 12, A, B). Russian-olive. 
Range: 7, 9215; 18; 21,22. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe; available August—October, often persistent until March. 
A large shrub to small tree; introduced from Europe and western Asia and 
locally established in the regions indicated; tolerates considerable alkalinity or 
salinity; very resistant to drought; rarely attacked by insect pests; 1,000—4,000 
seeds per pound; germination about 90 percent, about 500 usable plants per 
pound of seed. 
Stomach records: Ring-necked pheasant. Observations: Hight species of 
birds, including sharp-tailed grouse, eaten by numerous birds in Europe; fox 
squirrel. 


Elaeagnus argentea Pursh. (pl. 13, A, B). Silverberry. 
E. commutata Bernh. 
Range: 9, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available July—October. 

A small to large, bushy shrub or small tree; flowers May—July ; stoloniferous 
and thicket forming; will grow on limestone soil; 2,000 seeds per pound; 
germination about 90 percent, about 500 usable plants per pound of seed. ; 

Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, prairie chicken; snowshoe hare. Fruit 
but not foliage taken by livestock. 


Elaeagnus canadensis, see Shepherdia canadensis. 
Elaeagnus commutata, see Hlaeagnus argeniea. 
Elaeagnus rotundifolia, see Shepherdia rotundifolia. 


120 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Elaeagnus utilis, see Shepherdia argentea. 
Elaphrium, see Bursera. 


Elliottia racemosa Muhl. 
Range: 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub: flowers June-July; commonly occurs on sandy soil; one of 
the rarest of American shrubs; spreads by rootstocks to form large colonies, 
which are known at only a few stations, many having been exterminated; self- 
pollination appears to be impossible and hence, because of the separation of 
clumps as they now exist, propagation by seed seems to have ceased; in culti- 
vation. 


Empetrum conradii, see Corema conradii. 


Empetrum nigrum L. Crowberry. 
Range: 1, 4, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry; available August-September; often persistent the year 
round. 
A small evergreen, procumbent shrub; monoecious or dioecious; forms dense 
colonies ; occurs in sand or peat. 
Stomach records: Forty-one species of birds, including ruffed grouse, Alaska 
spruce grouse, ptarmigan, and many water birds. 


Emplectocladus andersonii, see Prunus andersonii. 
Emplectocladus fasciculatus, see Prunus fasciculata. 


Ephedra spp. (pl. 13, C). 

Shrubby, usually dioecious gymnosperms with scalelike leaves; fruit cone- 
like or nutlike, sometimes fleshy. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain quail, Arizona 
eottontail, Holzner eottontail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : 
Captive porcupine; much grazed by mule deer; Sacramento cottontail rabbit. 
Generally eaten by livestock. 


Ephedra antisyphilitica Mey. Canatilla. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 19, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
ruit: Nutlike; available April-May. 
A small to large shrub; branches lax, occasionally reclining or prostrate. 


Ephedra californica Wats. California jointfir. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike. 
A small, prostrate or ascending shrub. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Ephedra coryi Reed. 
Range: 16. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berrylike; available spring—early summer. 

A small, slender-stemmed, profusely-branched shrub; often occurs in sandy 
soils; produced from an underground stem whose origin is from a node of an 
extensive rhizome system; readily adjusts itself to shifting sands, seeds ap- 
parently not viable. 


Ephedra fasciculata Nels. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike. 
A small evergreen shrub; stems slender, prostrate. 


Ephedra funerea Coy. and Mort. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berrylike. 
A small, much-branched, spinose shrub, 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 121 


Ephedra nevadensis Wats. Nevada jointfir. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike. 
A small, nearly leafless, shrub with spreading branches. Much grazed by 
livestock. 


Ephedra pedunculata Engelm. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berrylike, available September—November. 
A shrub or small vine; stems often reclining or climbing over surrounding 
shrubs. 


Ephedra texana Reed. Texas jointfir. 
Range: 16. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berrylike. 
A small to large shrub with erect branches; fruit comparatively fleshy. 
Ephedra torreyana Wats. Torrey jointfir. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 14, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike. 
A small shrub; branches flexuous. Grazed by cattle, especially in winter. 
Ephedra trifureca Torr. Popotillo. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available April—May. 
A small, much-branched, often spinescent shrub; germination of seed at least 
34 percent. 
Stomach records: Scaled quail; mountain sheep. Observations: Jack rabbit, 
Mexican bighorn. Grazed by cattle, especially in winter. 
Ephedra viridis Cov. Mormon tea. 
Range: 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike; available in May. 
A small shrub with crowded, erect, rigid, broomlike branches; flowers March— 
June; root system deep, fibrous, but scarcely spreading. 
Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Mule deer. An important 
browse for livestock. 


Epibaterium carolinum, see Cocculus carolinus. 
Ericameria arborescens, see Aplopappus arborescens. 
Ericameria brachylepis, see Aplopappus proninquus. 
Ericameria cuneatus, see Aplopappus cunedatus. 
Ericameria ericoides, see Aplopappus ericoides. 
Ericameria monactis, see Aplopappus cooperi. 
Ericameria nana, see Aplopappus nanus. 

Ericameria flelsonii, see Aplopappus laricifolius. 
Ericameria palmeri, see Aplopappus palmeri. 
Ericameria paniculata, see Chrysothamnus paniculatus. 
Ericameria parishii, see Aplopappus parishii. 
Ericameria pinifolia, see Aplopappus pinifolius. 
Ericameria resinosa, see Aplopappus nanus. 

Ericameria teretifolia, see Chrysothamnus teretifolius. 


Eriodictyon angustifolium Nutt. Narrowleaf yerba-santa. 
Range: 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit : Capsule. 
A small to large evergreen shrub of very little value as forage, except to 
goats. 


199 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. and Arn.) Greene. California yerba-santa 

EH. glutinosum Benth. 

Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; forms colonies, the plants of 
which may often be connected by lateral roots 34 inches deep; occurs on 
clay, sandy, rocky and other soils. 

Observations: A fair browse for mule deer. Practically worthless as forage 
for livestock. A valuable honey plant. 


Eriodictyon crassifolium Benth. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large colony-forming, evergreen shrub; occurs in sandy or gravelly soils. 
Var. traskiae (Hastw.) Jeps., (#. traskiae Eastw.) is very similar to and 
occurs with the species. Var. niveum Brandeg., (H. niveum EHastw., BE. tomen- 
tosum Benth.) occurs also in region 1. 


Eriodictyon glutinosum, see Hriodiciyon californicum. 
Eriodictycn lanatum, see Hriodictyon trichocalyx. 
Eriodictyon niveum, see Hriodictyon crassifolium. 
Eriodictyon tomentosum, see Hriodictyon crassifolium. 
Eriodictyon traskiae, see Hriodiciyon crassifolium. 


Eriodictyon trichocalyx Heller. Yerba-santa. 
EH. angustifolium pubens Brandeg. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Hruit: Capsule. 
A small openly-branched evergreen shrub; occurs on sandy, stony, and other 
soils; older leaves are often black with fungal growth; colony-forming. 
Var. lanatum (Brandeg.) Jeps., (#. lanatum (Brandeg.) Abrams) occurs in 
region 106. 


Eriogonum spp. 

Available records of utilization by wildlife referred only to the genus may 
include more herbaceous than shrubby species. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Richardson’s grouse; 
mountain sheep, antelope jack rabbit, California jack rabbit, Texas jack rabbit, 
black-tailed deer, Arizona cottontail. Observations (in addition to specific 
records) : Bighorn. 


Eriogonum arborescens Greene. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, loosely branched, ornamental shrub. 


Eriogonum cinereum Benth. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, freely branched shrub; occurs on coastal bluffs. 


Eriogonum corymbosum Benth. 
Range: 9, 11, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers June—September. 


Eriogonum deserticola Wats. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, much-branched shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; branches 
leafless with age. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 123 


Eriogonum divergens Small. 
FE. corymbosus divaricatus Torr. 
Range: 9, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers July—August. 


Eriogonum effusum Nutt. 
Range: 9, 15, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers July—September. 


Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. California-buckwheat. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A small shrub; stems more or less decumbent; grows on the poorest soils and 
in the most exposed situations; casts a poor shade. 

Var. foliolosum (Nutt.) Stokes, (#. foliolosum Nutt.) occurs in region 5. 
Var. polifolium (Benth.) Torr. and Gray (LH. polifolium Benth.), occurs in 
region 10. Var. flavoviride Munz and Johnst., occurs in region 10 and is smaller 
than the species. 

An important early spring feed for sheep, especially in times of scarcity of 
other forage. Of first importance as a honey plant. 


Eriogonum fendlerianum, see Hriogonum microthecum. 
Eriogonum foliciosum, see Hriogonum fasciculatum. 


Eriogonum giganteum Wats. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, coarse shrub. 


Ericgonum heermannii Dur. and Hilg. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub. 


Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. Slender buckwheatbrush. 
Range: 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available September—November. 
A small, much-branched shrub; flowers July-September. Of small impor- 
tance as browse for livestock. 
Var. fendlerianum Benth. (HH. fendlerianum (Benth.) Small), oceurs from 
Colorado to New Mexico. 


Eriogonum nebraskense Rydb. 
Range: 15. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, spreading shrub with short branches; flowers in July. 


Eriogonum nodosum Small, 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub. 


Eriogonum parvifolium Smith. (pl. 14, A). 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, loosely-branched, decumbent to prostrate shrub; taproot deep and 
with lateral roots spreading out three times as far as the parts above ground; 
occurs on sand dunes or hillsides. 


124 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Eriogonum polifolium, see Hriogonum fasciculatum. 


Eriogonum salinum Nels. 
Range: 9. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers June-July ; occurs on saline soil. 


Eriogonum simpsonii Benth. 
E. microthecum leptophyllum Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 9, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers July—August. 


Eriogonum sulcatum Wats. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, diffusely-branched shrub; flowers April—May. 


Eriogonum wrightii Torr. Wright’s buckwheatbrush 
Range: 8, 9, 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, much-branched shrub; leafy in the lower half; flowers June—Novem- 
ber; germination of seed not less than 22 percent. 
Var. subscaposum Wats. makes a dense, leafy mat, has leafy branches shorter 
than the species, and occurs in regions 9 and 10. 
Observations: An excellent forage for deer; highly palatable to captive deer; 
characterized as the most important single forage for large game animals in 
Arizona. Fair browse for livestock. 


Erythrina arborea (Chapm.) Small. Red-cardinal. 
EH. herbacea arborea Chapm. 
Range: 17, 30, 31, 32. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub to small or large tree, or vine; stems solitary or thickly tufted; 
thorny ; occurs in sandy soils. 


Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney. Coralbean. 
E. purpusii Brandeg. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 

A large shrub to small tree; spiny; seed germination 20-40 percent; of some 
value as forage for livestock; seed, bark, and stems are more or less poisonous, 
but probably do not cause much trouble to livestock except on overgrazed 
range. 


Erythrina purpusii, see Hrythrina flabelliformis. 


Esenbeckia runyonii Mort. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Woody capsule, available in April. 
A small or rarely a large tree; flowers in July. 


Eubotrys elongata, see Leucothoé elongata. 
Eubotrys racemosa, see Leucothoé racemosa. 
Eubotrys recurva, see Leucothoé recurva. 


Eucnide urens Parry. Rock-nettle. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers in May; armed with stinging hairs; stems often 
decumbent. 


SS 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 125 


Eurphorbia misera Benth. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub or rarely a large shrub to small tree; much branched; 
straggling. 


Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq,. (pl. 14, B). Winterfat. 
H. subspinosa Rydb. 
Range: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available September—October. 

A small dioecious or monoecious shrub; occurs on subalkaline soils; branches 
slender, many from the base; very rapid growing; root system spreading but 
deep; seed produced in great abundance; 91,000 seeds per pound, vitality transi- 
ent; in direct seeding sown 3 to 4 pounds per acre; germination of seed 30-70 
percent. 

Observations: Important winter browse for elk; California mule deer. Very 
valuable forage for sheep and cattle, particularly in the winter and fall; con- 
sidered very fattening for livestock. 


Eurotia subspinosa, see Hurotia lanata. 


Evonymus sp. 
Observations (in addition to specific records) : Fox sparrow, mockingbird. 


Evonymus americanus L. Strawberrybush. 
Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule; available September—October; seeds with a fleshy aril. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May-June; stems often creeping or trailing, 
rooting at the nodes, or semierect; propagation is by seed stratified and sown 
in spring; 30,000 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: Five species of birds. 


Evonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Burningbush. 
Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule; available August—November; seeds with a fleshy aril. 
A small to large shrub or rarely a small tree to large tree; flowers May—June ; 
subject to scale and fungus attack; bark medicinal; propagation is by seed 
stratified and sown in spring; 40,000 seeds per pound, germination about 70 
percent, about 8,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds including Hungarian partridge. 
Observations: Palatable to rodents, possibly to deer. A drastic purgative to 
livestock but seldom browsed. 


Evonymus obovatus Nutt. Running strawberrybush. 
Range: 24, 25, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August—October; seed with a fleshy aril. 

A small, spreading shrub or trailing vine; thicket or mat forming; branches 
rooting at the nodes; flowers April-May; propagation is by seed stratified and 
sown in spring. 

Evonymus occidentalis Nutt. Western burningbush. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available July—October; seed with a fleshy aril. 

A large shrub or rarely small tree; branches slender, straggling; flowers 
May-June; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring. 


Var. parishii Jeps., (H. parishii Trel.) is found in the southern California 
mountains. 


Stomach records: Robin. Not browsed by stock. 
Evonymus parishii, see Hvonymus occidentalis. 
Eysenhardtia amorphoides, see Hysenhardtia, polystachya. 
Eysenhardtia cobriformis, see Hysenhardtia polystachya. 


126 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, see Hysenhardtia polystachya. 


Eysenhardtia polystachya (Orteg.) Sarg. Kidneywood. 
#. amorphoides H. B. K., HE. orthocarpa (Gray) Cockerell, HE. orthocarpa 
Wats., #. reticulata Penn., H. swibcoriacea Pennell, H. cobriformis Pennell, 
Ff. texana Scheele, Viborquia polystachya Orteg. 
Range: 10, 11, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in September. 
A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; flowers in May; fruit borne 
sparingly ; germination of seed about 50 percent. 
Observations: Particularly palatable to captive deer. A valuable honey 
plant. Good goat browse, and in southeastern Arizona one of the best summer 
and fall browses for horses and cattle. 


Eysenhardtia reticulata, see Hysenhardtia polystachya. 
Eysenhardtia subcoriacea, see Eysenhardtia polystachya. 
Eysenhardtia texana, see Hysenhardtia polystachya. 
Fagara clava-herculis, see Xanthorylum clava-herculis. 
Fagara fagara, see Xanthorylum fagara. 

Fagara pterota, see Xanthorylum fagara. 

Fagus americana, see Fagus grandifolia, 


Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech. 
F. americana Sweet. 
Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—October. 

A large tree; occurs on many Slightly acid soils except sand; root system 
shallow and spreading; subject to sunscald; easily injured by fire and late 
frosts; root sprouts common; generally free from insect attack; wood used 
commercially; grass ordinarily will not grow under this tree; seeds often 
abortive; 1,400--1,800 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent, about 250 usable 
plants per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Ten species of birds, including ruffed grouse; opossum, rac- 
coon, gray and red fox, white-tailed deer; found in 21.3 percent of raccoon 
stomachs examined November—January in New York. Observations: Fifteen 
species of birds, including bobwhite, ruffed grouse, wild turkey, and ring-necked 
pheasant; black bear; preferred food of flying squirrel; white-tailed deer, Vir- 
ginia opossum, cottontail rabbit, red squirrel, red fox, gray fox, porcupine; a 
most important food of raccoon in fall and early winter. 


Fallugia acuminata, see Fallugia paradoza. 


Fallugia paradoxa (Don) Endl. (pl. 14, C). Apache-plume. 
F. acuminata Cockerell, F. paradoze acuminata Woot., F. micrantha Cock- 
erell, Sieversia paradoxa Don. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 18, 14, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available August-November. 

A small to large, freely-branched, somewhat straggling, shrub; evergreen: 
fiowers May—September; rapid growing when supplied with water; does not 
reach full height unless protected from grazing; seeds germinate well as soon 
as planted at 60-70° F.; direct seeding experiments in New Mexico were un- 
successful; germination of seed 30-60 percent. 

Palatability fair to low for sheep, goats, and cattle; endures grazing well. 


Fatsia horrida, see Oplopanaz horridum. 


Fendlera falcata Thornb. 
Range: 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May—July. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Le 


Fendlera rupicola Gray. 
Range: 9, 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available July—August. 
A large shrub; flowers May—June; will endure intense heat and considerable 
drought. 
Observations: Much used by captive deer. Palatability high for goats in 
New Mexico, and closely grazed by cattle in central Arizona. 


Fendlera tomentella Thornb. 
Range: 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub. 


Fendlera wrightii (Gray) Heller. 
F. rupicola wrightii Gray. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers May-June. 


Fendlerella cymosa, see Fendlerella, utahensis. 


Fendlerella utahensis (Wats.) Heller. 
F.. cymosa Greene, Whipplea utahensis Wats. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, spreading, densely-branched shrub. 
Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. 


Flourensia cernua DC. Blackbrush. 
Helianthus cernuus Benth. and Hook. 
Range: 11, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, much-branched, erect or procumbent shrub; occurs on sandy 
and other soils. 
Observations: Somewhat eaten by jack rabbits. Not browsed by livestock 
except under extreme conditions. 


Forestiera spp. 
Observations (in addition to specific records) : Mexican raccoon. 


Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. Forestiera. 
Adelia acuminata Michx. 
Range: 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available May—October. 

A large shrub, less commonly a small to large tree; flowers March-April; 
somewhat spiny; thicket forming; fruit much attacked and distorted by insects, 
but on falling into water keeps in perfect condition far into the succeeding 
spring. 

Stomach records: Wood duck, mallard. Observations: A good duck food. 


Forestiera angustifolia Torr. 
Adelia angustifolia, (Torr.) Kuntze. 
Range: 11, 17, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in June. 
A small to large, densely branched, stiff evergreen shrub. 
Stomach records: Sealed quail. Observations: Much eaten by scaled quail; 
extensively eaten by gray fox. 


Forestiera ligustrina (Michx.) Poir. 
Adelia ligustrina Michx. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large, widely branched shrub; often occurs on limestone or sandy soils. 


33772°—38——9 


128 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Forestiera neomexicana Gray. Paloblanco. 
F. parvifolia Small, F. acuminata parvifolia Gray, Adelia neomexicana 
(Gray) Kuntze., A. parvifolia (Gray) Small. 
Range: 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available June—September. 
A small or commonly large, spiny, much-branched, spreading shrub; germina- 
tion of seed 40-70 percent. 


Forestiera parvifolia, see Forestiera neomevxicana. 


Forestiera phillyreoides (Benth.) Torr. 
Piptolepis phillyreoides Benth. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large shrub to small tree; thicket-forming; fruit dropped as soon as ripe. 


Forestiera pubescens Nutt. Elbow bush. 
Adelia pubescens (Nutt.) Kuntze. 

Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. 

Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 

Fruit: Drupe, available June—October. 

A small to large, widely branched shrub; recurved branches root where they 

touch the ground; propagation is by cuttings or seeds; has been recommended 
as a good erosion control and wildlife cover plant. 


Forestiera reticuiata Torr. 
Range: 16, 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen. 


Forestiera sphaerocarpa Torr. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small evergreen shrub. 


Forsellesia mionandra (Koehne) Heller. 
Glossopetalon mionandrum Koehne. 
Range: 13. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small, spinescent, intricately-branched shrub. 


Forsellesia nevadensis, see Forsellesia spinescens. 


Forsellesia pungens (Brandeg.) Heller. Dwarf greasebush. 
Glossopetalon pungens Brandeg. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A very small shrub with weak branches; often occurs in rocky soils. 


Forsellesia spinescens (Gray) Greene. Spiny greasebush. 
F. nevadensis (Gray) Greene, Glossopetalon spinescens Gray, G. nevadense 
Gray. 


Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small, spiny, intricately-branched shrub; flowers February—May; occurs 
most commonly on limestone, but can grow on granite; a pioneer species. 
Observations: Mule deer. Close-cropped by sheep in Utah. 


Fothergilla spp. 
Propagation of all species is by seeds which do not germinate until the second 
year or by layers which take 2 years to root. 


Fothergilla alnifolia, see Fothergilla gardenii. 
Fothergilla carolina, see Fothergilla gardenii. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 129 


Fothergilla gardenii Murr. Dwarf witch-alder. 
F. carolina Britt., F. alnifolia L. f. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available July—August. 
A small shrub; flowers April-May; usually occurs in sandy soil; free from 
insects and disease; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring, or by 
suckers or root cuttings. 


Fothergilla major Lodd. Witch-alder. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Moist, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in September. 
A small to large, much-branched shrub; flowers in May; foliage rather 
dense; free from insects and disease; propagation is by seed stratified and 
sown in spring. 


Fothergilla monticola Ashe. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; very like F.. major but more 
spreading. 


Fothergilla parvifolia Kearney. Creeping witch-alder. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; forms extensive clumps by 
means of long underground stems; free from insects and disease; propagation 
is by seed stratified and sown in spring. 


Fouquieria splendens Engelm. Ocotillo. 
Range: 10, 11, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, spiny shrub; stems simple, several from one base; leafless most of 
the year; of no recorded forage value; flowers and fruit a source of food for 
Indians. 


Frankenia jamesii Torr. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; occurs on alkaline soil. 


Frankenia palmeri Wats. Yerba reuma. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers June—July; often occurs in salt marshes. 


Franseria albicaulis, see Franseria dumosa. 


Franseria ambrosioides Cav. Ambrosia bur-sage. 
Range: 5, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Bur. 
A small to large shrub. 


Franseria dumosa Gray. White bur-sage. 
F, albicaulis Torr., Gaertneria dumosa Kuntze. 
Range: 5, 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Bur. 
A small, much-branched, compact, spiny shrub; locally valuable as feed for 
cattle and sheep, 


130 MISC. PUBLICATION 803, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Franseria eriocentra Gray. Woolly bur-sage. 
Gaertneria eriocentra Kuntze. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Bur. 
A small, rigid, spreading shrub; usually occurs on sandy soil. 


Franseria ilicifolia Gray. Hollyleaf bur-sage. 
Gaertneria tlicifolia Kuntze. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Bur. 
A small, rigid, much-branched, evergreen shrub; usually occurs on sand; 
leaves somewhat spiny. 


Fraxinus spp. Ash. 

All species usually occur on neutral soil; propagation is by seed stratified 
at 32°-50° F. for 380 to 90 days and sown in spring, or sown directly in the 
fall although seeds sometime remain dormant until the second year; rapid 
growing when young; usually easily transplanted. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Seven species of birds, 
including bobwhite; white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific 
records): Five species of birds; an important food of white-tailed deer in 
Massachusetts; porcupine; a reserve food and building material for beaver. 
Important source of pollen for bees. 


Fraxinus americana L. White ash. 
Range!) 20/22, 23.24 25.-27, 28, 29,30: 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available October-November. 

A large tree; occurs on many kinds of soil; flowers April-June; root sys- 
tem fibrous, deep; rapid growing; much attacked by borers; not extensively 
damaged by fungi; much cultivated; wood of great importance commercially ; 
6,000 seeds per pound, germination of seed 40 percent, about 1,500 usable plants 
per pound of seed. 

Var. microcarpa Gray is a shrub ordinarily growing in drier situations and 
bearing smaller fruit. 

Observations: Purple finch, pine grosbeak ; cottontail rabbit, porcupine, white- 
tailed deer. 


Fraxinus anomala Wats. Dwarf ash. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large shrub to small tree; 22,000 seeds per pound, about 5,000 usable plants 
per pound of seed. Provides at least poor and sometimes fair to fairly good 
browse for goats, sheep, and cattle. 


Fraxinus attenuata, see Fraxrinus velutina, 


Fraxinus berlandieriana DC. Mexican ash. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available in May. 
A large dioecious tree. 


Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle. Biltmore white ash. 
Range: 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Kruit: Samara. 
A large dioecious tree; flowers April-May; very similar to F. americana but 
more hairy. oi 


Fraxinus californica, see Fravinus oregona. 


Fraxinus caroliniana Mill. Water ash. 
F. caroliniana rehderiana Sarg., F. platycarpa Michx. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large dioecious tree; flowers March—April. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 131 


Fraxinus coriacea, see Frarinus velutina. 


Fraxinus cuspidata Torr. Flowering ash. 
Range: 11, 14, 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 

Usually a large shrub, more rarely a small or large tree; flowers April—May ; 
commonly arborescent southward but mostiy in Mexico; often thicket-forming ; 
16,000 seeds per pound. Provides poor and sometimes fair to fairly good browse 
for goats, sheep, and cattle. 

Var. macropeiala (Hastw.) Rehder, (Ff. macropetala Hastw.) differs from 
the species in bearing three, five, and seven foliate leaves. 


Fraxinus darlingtonii, see Fraxinus pennsylwanica. 


Fraxinus dipetala Hook. and Arn. Flowering ash. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large shrub. 
Observations: California mule deer. 


Fraxinus floridana, see Fraxvinus pauciflora. 
Fraxinus glabra, see Frazvinus velutina. 


Fraxinus greggii Gray. Littleleaf ash. 
fF’. schiedeana parvifolia Torr. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A small to large tree. 


Fraxinus lanceclata, see Fraxrinus pennsylvanica. 


Fraxinus lowellii Sarg. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available in July. 
A small to large tree; possibly closely related to F. anomala. 


Fraxinus macropetala, see Fraxinus cuspidata. 


Fraxinus michauxii Britt. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large tree; flowers April—May. 


Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black ash. 
F.. sambucifolia Lam. 
Range: 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Samara; available June—-September, falling or persistent until 
spring. : 

A large perfect or dioecious tree; flowers April-May; root system shallow; 
easily wind thrown; severely damaged by fire but quite free from fungus and 
insect damage; coppices poorly; wood used commercially ; vitality of seeds low; 
3,000 seeds per pound. 

Observations: Evening grosbeak; cottontail rabbit. 


Fraxinus oregona Nutt. Oregon ash. 
fF. californica Hort. 
Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Samara; available September—October, partially persistent 3 to 
12 months. 

A large dioecious tree; flowers April-May; rapid growing, relatively long- 
lived ; free from disease; wood of importance commercially ; comes into leaf late 
in spring and sheds its foliage early in the fall; fruit produced in great quanti- 
ties ; 10,000 seeds per pound, vitality persistent. 

Observations: Western evening grosbeak. A fairly important cattle browse 

nd good local browse for sheep and goats, 


132 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Fraxinus papillosa, see Fraxinus velutina. 


Fraxinus paucifiora Nutt. Water ash. 
F. floridana Sarg. 
Range: 29, 30, 31. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large dioecious tree; flowers in March; more abundant southward. 


Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red ash. 
F., darlingtonii Britt., F. smallit Britt. 
Range: 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available September—October. 

A large dioecious tree; flowers April-May; root system shallow; fairly im- 
mune from insects and fungus diseases; easily injured by fire; rapid growing 
when young, later slower; coppice does not develop into large trees; wood used 
commercially; 11,000 seeds per pound, germination 50 percent. Between this 
and its varieties occur many intergrading forms. 

Var. lanceolata Sarg., the green ash (F. viridis Michx. f., F. lanceotata 
Borkh.) will grow in much drier situations than the species and occurs in 
regions 12 and 17 in addition to the areas noted for the species; root system 
shallow, widespreading; rapid growing when young, later slower; grows on coal- 
stripped lands in Illinois; not short-lived; generally free from insects and dis- 
eases; easily injured by fire; 16,000-17,000 seeds per pound, germination about 
85 percent, about 3,000 usable plants per pound of seed. Also considered a sepa- 
rate species and rather distinct in the Hast but much less so westward. 

Observations: Three species of birds; white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit, 
snowshoe hare. 


Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, see Fravinus velutina. 
Fraxinus platycarpa, see Fragvinus carolinianda. 


Fraxinus profunda Bush. Pumpkin ash. 
F. americana profunda Britt. 
Range: 25, 27, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available September—October. 
A large dioecious tree; flowers April-May; leaves very large. 


Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. Blue ash. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available June—October. 

A large, perfect or dioecious tree; flowers March-April; occurs on limestone 
and other soils; root system shallow, spreading; grows on drier soils than any 
other of the ashes in their native habitats; rapid growing, rather short-lived; 
wood most durable of all ashes, used commercially ; 7,000 seeds per pound. 


Fraxinus sambucifolia, see Frazinus nigra. 
Fraxinus smallii, see Frazinus pennsylvanicda. 
Fraxinus standleyi, see Fravinus velutina. 


Fraxinus texensis (Gray) Sarg. Texas ash. 
F. americana tetensis Gray. 
Range: 16, 17, 20, 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large dioecious tree; flowers in March; often occurs on limestone soil. 


Fraxinus toumeyi, see Fraxinus velutina. 


Fraxinus velutina Torr. Velvet ash. 
F. pistaciaefolia Torr., F. glabra Thornb., F. velutina glabra (Thornb.)' 
Rehd., F. papillosa Lingels., F. standleyi Rehder., F. standleyi lasia 
Rehder. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available in September. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 133 


A small to large, dioecious, almost evergreen tree; flowers March-April; 
13,000-40,000 seeds per pound. An extremely variable species, the following 
apparently reasonably well separated; Var. toumeyi (Britt.) Rehd. (Ff. attenu- 
ata Jones in part., F. towmeyi Britt.) occurs with the species but is most common 
in Arizona; said to be the most alkali- and drought-resistant form; 10,000 seeds 
per pound. 

Var. coriacea (Wats.) Rehd. (Ff. coriacea Wats., Ff. pistaciaefolia coriacea 
Gray, F. americana pistaciaefolia Wenz), the desert ash, occurring in regions 9) 
and 10, is of some value as early-spring and late-fall browse for stock; 29,000 
seeds per pound. Var. glabra (Thornb.) Rehder (f. glabra Thornb.), the smooth 
ash, occurs within the range of the species. 


Fraxinus viridis, see Fraxinus pennsylwanica. 


Fremontia californica Torr. California fremontia. 
F. mexicanum McBr., Fremontodendron californicum Cov., Ff. mexicanum 
Davids. 


Range: 3, 4, 5, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers May—July ; foliage thin; grows 
on very poor soils; not tolerant of excess moisture or poor drainage; an 
abundant seeder. 

Observations: Of slight forage value for mule deer. Fair to good browse for 
eattle and goats. 


Fremontia mexicana, see F'remontia, californica. 
Fremontodendron californicum, see Fremontia californica. 
Fremontodendron mexicanum, see Fremontia, californica. 
Gaertneria dumosa, see Franseria dumosa. 

Gaertneria eriocentra, see Hranseria eriocenira. 
Gaertneria ilicifolia, see Franseria ilicifolia. 


Garrya spp. 
Propagation of all species is by seeds, layers, or half-ripe cuttings under 
glass. 


Garrya buxifolia, see Garrya flavescens. 


Garrya eliiptica Dougl. Tasseltree. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available June-August. 
Commonly a small to large shrub, rarely a small tree; flowers January— 
March. 


Garrya flavescens Wats. Silktassel. 
G. pallida Hastw. 
Range: 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 
A large, dioecious, spreading shrub; flowers April—May. 
Browsed to some extent by livestock and suffers no injurious effects from 
grazing up to 25 percent. 
Var. busifolia (Gray) Jeps., (G. buxifolia Gray) occurs in regions 1 and 4 
and is lower than the species. 


Garrya fremontii Torr. Fremont silktassel. 
Range: 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A large evergreen shrub; flowers February—March. Considered a good browse 
for cattle. 
Observations: California mule deer. 


Garrya goldmanii, see Garrya ovata, 
Garrya lindheimeri, see Garrya ovata. 


134 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Garrya lindheimeri Torr. Silktassel bush. 
Range: 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—October. 
A small to large shrub, or where moisture is plentiful, a small to large tree ; 
almost evergreen; flowers April—May. 


Garrya ovata Benth. 
G. goldmanti Woot. and Standl., G. lindheimeri Torr. 
Range: 11, 16, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; occurs on limestone and other soils. Con- 
sidered a good feed for goats. 


Garrya pallida, see Garrya flavescens. 


Garrya veatchii Kellogg. Canyon tasselbush. 
G. flavescens palmeri Wats., G. veatchii palmeri HKastw. 
Range: 1, 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large shrub; flowers January—May. 
Observations: Cf slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Garrya wrightii Torr. Wright’s silktassel. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 

A large evergreen shrub; flowers June-August; resistant to drought; ap- 
parently the hardiest of all species of Garrya; transplantation difficult ; cuttings 
rarely successful. 

Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Observations: Arizona white-tailed deer, 
Mexican bighorn. Locally of some forage value for livestock. 


Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. 
G. myrsinites Hook., Vaccinium humifusa Graham. 
Range: 1, 4, 12, 18. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A small evergreen shrub or vine; flowers in August; stems procumbent, root- 
ing; propagation is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring. 
Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Quail, grouse; 
deer. 


Gaultheria myrsinites, see Gauliheria humifusa. 


Gaultheria ovatifolia Gray. Bush wintergreen. 
Range: 4, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A small evergreen shrub; propagation is by seed sown under glass in winter 
or spring. 
Observations: Grouse, quail; deer. 


Gaultheria procumbens L. Teaberry. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
¥ruit: Berry, available August—June. 

A small evergreen shrub; flowers May—September; occurs in sandy or other 
soils; stems creeping on or below the surface, forming mats; berry gradually 
increasing in size over winter; 1 ton of leaves produces 1 pound of oil of 
wintergreen; propagation is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring, or 
by division; 2,800 fresh berries per pound. 

Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
sharp-tailed grouse, and ring-necked pheasant; mountain sheep, white-tailed 
deer. Observations: Six species of birds, including bobwhite, ruffed and spruce 
grouse; white-tailed deer; a favorite food of eastern chipmunk. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 135 


Gaultheria shallon Pursh. (pl. 15, A. B). Salal. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—December. 

A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; when occurring in dry, 
sunny situations the species becomes much dwarfed; apparently needs a very 
humid atmosphere for best growth; forms a dense cover, more especially on 
sandy soil; most robust near the sea; propagation is by seed sown under glass 
in winter or spring. 

Stomach records: Wren tit. Observations: Blue grouse, band-tailed pigeon, 
sooty grouse; Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer, Townsend’s chipmunk, brown 
mountain beaver, Olympic black bear; emergency ration for Olympic wapiti, 
an important food of Roosevelt elk. Not palatable to livestock. 


Gaylussacia spp. 
Propagation of all species is by seed sown under glass in winter or spring. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Fifty-one species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked 
pheasant; opossum. Observations: White-winged crossbill; ranked with Vac- 
cinium as twenty-ninth on the list of quail food plants in the Southeast; bear. 


Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) Koch. Black huckleberry. 
G. resinosa (Ait.) Torr, and Gray, Andromeda baccata Wang., Decachaena 
baccata (Wang.) Small. 
Range: 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available July—September. 

A small, much-branched, rigid shrub; flowers May—June; occurs in sandy and 
other, usually acid soils; many fruit-color varieties occur within the range of 
the species. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed 
grouse, greater prairie chicken; composed 1.9 percent of entire amount of fail 
food taken by sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin; taken by 3 out of 17 fall-col- 
lected prairie chickens in Wisconsin; white-tailed deer. Observations: Ruffed 
grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, mourning dove. 


Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx.) Gray. Box huckleberry. 
Vaccinium brachycerum Michx., Bureila brachycera (Michx.) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, 
Fruit: Berry; available July—August. 

A small evergreen shrub; fiowers May—June; forms extremely dense colonies, 
each representing a single plant; usually occurs in acid soils, including very 
poor ones; seed often produces sterile fruit; best developed in southeastern 
West Virginia. 

Observations: Ruffed grouse. 


Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) Torr. and Gray. Dwarf huckleberry, 
Vaccinium dumosum Andr., Lasiococcus dumosus (Andr.) Small. 
Range: 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available June—October. 
A small shrub; evergreen southward; flowers May-June; occurs in sandy 
and other soils, often swamps; stems are produced from a creeping rootstock. 
Var. hirtella (Ait.f.) Gray, (G. hirtella (Ait.) Klotz., Lasiococcus mosieri 
Small), occurs within the range of the species. 


Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. and Gray. Dangleberry. 
Vaccinium frondosum L., Decachaena frondosa (.) Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available June—September. 
A small to large, widely-branched, shrub; flowers May-June. A dwarf form 
has been described as var. tomentosa Gray. 
Stomach records: Two species of birds. Observations: Ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, cedar waxwing. 


Gaylussacia hirtella, see Gaylussacia dumosa. 


136 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Gaylussacia nana (Gray) Small. 
Decachaena nana (Gray) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small shrub; usually occurs in sand; spreads by means of underground 
stems. 


Gaylussacia resinosa, see Gaylussacia baccata. 


Gaylussacia tomentosa (Pursh) Chapm. 
Decachaena tomentosa (Pursh) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small shrub; occurs in sandy soil; stem unbranched; spreading by under- 
ground stems. 


Gaylussacia ursina (Curtis) Torr. and Gray. Bear huckleberry. 
Decachaena ursine (Curtis) Small. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry; available July—August. 
A small, loosely-branched shrub; flowers May—June; often occurs in acid 
humus. 


Gelsemium rankinii Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
An evergreen vine. 


Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. Yellow jessamine. 
Bignonia sempervirens lL. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
An evergreen vine; flowers March—October ; stems and branches often tangled 
and matted. Poisonous to livestock. 
Stomach records: Bobwhite. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. 


Genista tinctoria L. Dyer’s greenweed. 
Range: 27, 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub; flowers June-July; introduced from Europe but naturalized 
in the region indicated; free from insects and disease; propagation is by seed. 


Geobalanus oblongifolius, see Chrysobalanus oblongifolius. 


Glabraria geniculata (Walt.) Britt. Pond spice. 
Litsea geniculata (Walt.) B. and H. 
Range: 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large, much-branched shrub; flowers March-April. 


Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Waterlocust. 
Range: 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available August-September. _ 

A large tree; flowers in July; sometimes forms large thickets in comparatively 
deep water; rarely attacked by insect pests; wood Somewhat used for fence 
posts; propagation is by seed stratified and soaked in hot water before sowing 
in spring. 

Gleditsia texana, see Gleditsia triacanthos. 


Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honeylocust. 
Range: 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available September—February. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 15 


Gaultheria shallon: A, Effective stabilization of sand on the Oregon coast accomplished by a dense ground 
cover of salal. 8B, A near view of the fruit borne abundantly by the salal plants in A. These fruits are 
relished by man as well as by wildlife. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 16 


A, Ilex longipes. The fruit of this holly is produced in great abundance and is undoubtedly of some wild- 
life value. 3B, J. opaca. Fruiting branches of this dense-foliaged species find a ready market at Christ- 
mas time. ‘The berries are relished by many kinds of birds. C, JI. vomitoria. Yaupon in the sandy soil 


of northern Florida. Its fruit, relished by birds and produced in great quantity, should assure it an 
important place in wildlife plantings. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 137 


A large thorny tree; flowers May-July; foliage sparse; usually occurs on 
alluvial soils; very resistant to drought; somewhat tolerant of salinity; root 
system deep, widespreading or superficial; rapid growing, rather long-lived; 
wind-firm ; free from disease and insects; badly injured by fire; widely culti- 
vated ; root nodules not formed; coppices freely; grows in many kinds of soils; 
wood very durabie, used commercially; easily transplanted; propagation is by 
seeds stratified and soaked in hot water before Sowing in spring; about 3,000 
seeds per pound, germination 73-90 percent, about 1,000 usable plants per 
pound of seed. A probable hybrid between this and G. aquatica has been de- 
seribed as G. tevana Sarg. There is a thornless variety (var. inermis Pursh.) 

Stomach records: Bobwhite, starling. Observations: White-tailed deer, snow- 
shoe hare, cottontail rabbit, gray squirrel. Fruit greedily eaten by cattle. 


Glossopetalon mionandrum, see Forsellesia mionandrum. 
Glossopetalon nevadense, see Forsellesia spinescens. 
Glossopetalon pungens, see Forsellesia pungens. 
Glossopetalon spinescens, see Forsellesia spinescens. 


Gordonia lasianthus (L.) Ellis. Loblolly bay. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers in July; short-lived. 


Grayia brandegei Gray. Spineless hop-sage. 
Range: 9. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub. Considered a valuable winter forage for livestock. 


Grayia polygaloides, see Grayia spinosa. 


Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Mogq. Spiny hop-sage. 
G. polygaloides Hook. and Arn., Chenopodium spinosum Hook. 
Range: 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available July—August. 
A small, much-branched, spinose, stiff, monoecious or dioecious shrub; flowers 
April-May ; may occur on alkaline soil. 
Observations: Somewhat eaten in dry seasons by Oregon jack rabbit. Browsed 
by livestock and considered good forage for sheep and cattle. 


Grossularia amara, see Ribes amarum. 
Grossularia binominata, see Ribes binominatum. 
Grossularia californica, see Ribes californicum. 
Grossularia cognata, See Ribes cognatum. 
Grossularia curvata, see Ribes curvatum. 
Grossularia cynosbatii, see Ribes cynosbatii. 
Grossularia divaricata, see Ribes divaricatum. 
Grossularia hesperia, see Ribes hesperium. 
Grossularia hirtella, see Ribes hirtellum. 
Grossularia inermis, see Ribes inerme. 
Grossularia irrigua, see Ribes irriguum. 
Grossularia lasianthum, see Ribes leptanthum. 
Grossularia leptantha, see Ribes leptanthum. 
Grossularia lobbii, see Ribes lobbii. 

Grossularia marshallii, see Ribes marshallii. 
Grossularia menziesii, see Ribes menziesii. 
Grossularia missouriensis, see Ribes missouriense. 
Grossularia nivea, see Ribes niveum. 

Grossularia oxyacanthoides, see Ribes oxyacanthoides, 


138 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Grossularia parishii, see Ribes divaricatum. 
Grossularia pinetorum, see Ribes pinetorum. 
Grossularia quercetorum, see Rides quercetoruim. 
Grossularia roezlii, see Ribes roeetlii. 

Grossularia rotundifolia, see Ribes rotundifolium. 
Grossularia sericea, see Ribes sericeum. 
Gressularia setosa, see Ribes setosum. 
Grossularia speciosa, see Ribes speciosum. 
Grossularia velutina, see Ribes velutinum. 
Grossularia victoris, see Ribes victoris. 
Grossularia watsoniana, see Ribes watsonianum. 
Guiacum angustifolium, see Porlieria augustifolia. 


Gutierrezia linearis Rydb. Turpentine weed. 
Range: 15, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers July-September. 


Gutierrezia longifolia Greene. Turpentine weed, 
Range: "9S. 13. 141G-. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; flowers in August. 


Gyminda grisebachii, see Gyminda latifolia. 


Gyminda latifoiia Sw. Faise boxwood. 
G. grisebachti Sarg. 
Range: 17, 32. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen. 


Gymuocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Kentucky coffeetree. 
Range: 19, 205 225 23.024. 25.27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume; available in September, persistent unopened through the 
winter. 

A large tree; ordinarily occurs in rich soil; flowers May—June; root system 
deep, widespreading; root nodules not formed; wind-firm; wood very durable, 
used to some extent commercially; rarely attacked by insects or disease. Seed 
germination high but irregular and slow, vitality high; 200-300 seeds per pound. 
Leaves poisonous to cattle, but cases of poisoning are infrequent, often happening 
when pods fail into drinking pools. 


Gymnolomia tenuifolia, see Viguiera stenoloba. 


Halesia spp. 
Observations (in addition to specific records) : Gray squirrel. 
Halesia carolina L. Silverbell. 
Hi, tetraptera L., Mohrodendron carolinum Britt. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Weli-drained, sun, shade, 
Fruit: Winged capsule. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers March-April; rarely attacked 
by insect pests; easily storm-damaged; very ornamental and much cultivated ; 
propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring or sown as soon as ripe. 


Halesia diptera Ell. Two-wing silverbell. 
Mohrodendron dipterum Britt. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Winged capsule. 
A small to large tree; flowers March—April; propagation as above. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 139 


Halesia monticola (Rehd.) Sarg. Mountain silverbell. 
Range: 27, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Winged capsule. 
A large tree; flowers in May; rapid growing in cultivation ; more vigorous and 
upright than H. carolina. 


Halesia parviflora Michx. Little silverbell. 
Mohrodendron parviflorum Britt. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Winged capsule, available August-September. 
A small to large tree; flowers March-April. Possibly only a variety of H. caro- 
lina. Propagation as above. 


Halesia tetraptera, see Halesia carolina. 


Halliophytum hallii (Brandeg.) Johnst. 
Tetracoccus hallii Brandeg., Securingea fasciculata hallii (Brand.) Jeps. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, dioecious, spreading shrub; flowers April-May; spinescent; 
leaves fascicled ; intricately branched but scarcely bushy. 


Hamamelis macrophylla Pursh. Southern witch hazel. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—November. 
A small to large tree; flowers December—February; produces stoloniferous 
shoots around the trunk; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring or 
as soon as ripe. 


Hamamelis vernalis Sarg. Little witch hazel. 
Range: 25, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; occurs only on gravel; flowers January—March; thicket 
forming by means of stolons. 
Observations: White-tailed deer. 


Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch hazel. 
Range: 24, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August—-December. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; occurs in sandy and other soils; flowers 
August—December ; free from insects and disease; slow growing; thicket forming; 
will withstand city smoke; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring 
or aS soon as ripe; seeds ordinarily take 2 years to germinate. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant; white-tailed 
deer. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; cottontail rabbit, beaver, white- 
tailed deer. 


Havardia brevifolia, see Pithecolobium brevifolium. 
Havardia pallens, see Pithecolobium brevifolium. 
Hazardia cana, see Aplopappus canus. 

Hazardia detonsa, see Aplopappus canus. 

Hazardia serrata, See Aplopappus canus. 

Hazardia squarrosus, see Aplopappus squarrosus. 
Hedeoma incana, see Poliomintha incana. 
Helianthus cernuus, see Flourensia cernua. 


Helietta parvifolia (Gray) Benth. Baretta 
Pteiea parvifolia Gray. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available in October. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; thicket forming; flowers 
April—May ; occurs on limestone and other soils. 


140 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Heliomeris tenuifolia, see Viguiera stenoloba. 
Herpothamnus crassifolius, see Vaccinium crassifolium. 
Hesperodoria scopulorum, see Aplopappus scopulorum. 
Hesperopeuce mertensiana, see 7'suga mertensiana. 
Heteromeles arbutifolia, see Photinia arbutifolia. 
Heteromeles salicifolia, see Photinia arbutifolia. 
Heyderia decurrens, see Libocedrus decurrens. 
Hicoria alba, see Carya alba. 

Hicoria aquatica, see Carya aquatica. 

Hicoria buckleyi, see Carya buckleyi. 

Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis, see Carya carolinae-septentrionalis. 
Hicoria cordiformis, see Carya cordiformis. 

Hicoria fernowiana, see Carya myristicaeformis. 
Hicoria floridana, see Carya floridana., 

Hicoria glabra, see Carya glabra. 

Hicoria laciniosa, see Carya laciniosa. 

Hicoria leiodermis, see Carya leiodermis. 

Hicoria microcarpa, see Carya microcarpa. 

Hicoria minima, see Carya cordiformis. 

Hicoria myristicaeformis, see Carya myristicaeformis. 
Hicoria ovalis, see Carya ovalis. 

Hicoria ovata, see Carya ovata. 

Hicoria pallida, see Carya pallida. 

Hicoria pecan, see Carya pecan. 

Hicoria sulcata, see Carya laciniosa. 

Hicoria texana, see Carya texana. 

Hicoria villosa, see Carya villosa. 


Hoffmanseggia microphylla Torr. 
Range: 1 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large shrub; flowers in April; stems rushlike, forming a broad, 
rounded bush; commonly occurs in sandy soils. 


Holacantha emoryi Gray. Crucifixion thorn. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit; Nutlike drupe. 
A large dioecious, thorny, rigid, much-branched, nearly leafless shrub; fruit- 
ing clusters very dense. 


Holodiscus spp. 
Propagation of all species is by seed sown in the fall. 
Observations (in addition to specific records): Relished by Olympic wapiti. 


Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. Oceanspray, 
Spiraea discolor Pursh, Sericotheca discolor (Pursh) Rydb. Schizonotus 
discolor (Pursh) Raf. 
Ihanges) 12.5459 rel2- 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A large bushy shrub; flowers May—July; often pioneers in burned-over areas. 
Var. microphyllus (Rydb.) Jeps. (H. microphylius Rydb., Sericotheca micro- 
phylla Rydb,), occurring in regions 4, 12, and 13, is a dwarf form. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 141 


Var. glabrescens (Heller) Jeps. (H. glabrescens Heller, Sericotheca glab- 
rescens (Greenm.) Rydb., S. obovata Rydb.), occurring in regions 4, 12, and 
13, is a more spreading type. 

Observations: Black-tailed deer. Of minor importance as browse for live- 
stock, 


Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt.) Heller. 
Sericotheca dumosa (Nutt.) Rydb., Spiraea dumosa Nutt. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small to large, compact shrub; often forms large clumps. 
Observations: Yosemite cony. 


Holodiscus glabrescens, see Holodiscus discolor. 
Holodiscus microphyllus, see Holodiscus discolor. 


Holodiscus schaffneri (Rydb.) Standl. 
Sericotheca schaffneri Rydb. 
Range: 9, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small shrub. 


Hopea tinctoria, see Symplocos tinctoria. 


Horsfordia alata (Wats.) Gray. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Dry carpel. 
A large shrub; flowers April—December. 


Horsfordia newberryi (Wats.) Gray. Newberry falsemallow. 
Abutilon newberryi Wats. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Dry carpel. 
A small to large shrub with virgate branches; flowers April-May. Appar- 
ently not palatable to livestock. 


Hosackia balsamifera, see Lotus stipularis. 
Hosackia macrophylla, see Lotus stipularis. 
Hosackia stipularis, see Lotus stipularis. 


Houstonia fasciculata Gray. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A small, spreading shrub. 


Hudsonia ericoides L. Gold-heather. 
Range: 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, bushy evergreen shrub, often occurs on sandy or rocky soil; flowers 
in May; occurs mainly along the coast. 


Hudsonia montana Nutt. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, bushy evergreen shrub; very local in occurrence but probably once 
more widely distributed. 


Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Beach-heather. 
Range: 28, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers May-July; occurs in sand; intricately 
branched and matted. 


142 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Hugeria erythrocarpa (Michx.) Small. 
Vaccinium erythrocarpum Michx., Oxycoccus erythrocarpus (Michx.) Pers. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—Octcber. 
A small to large shrub; flowers June-July; ordinarily occurs in acid soil. 


Hydrangea arborescens L. Wild hydrangea. 
Range: 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available October—December. 
A small to large, Somewhat straggling shrub; flowers June-July and sometimes 
again in September; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring. 
Observations: Wild turkey ; white-tailed deer. Reputed poisonous to livestock. 


Hydrangea cinerea Small. Ashy hydrangea. 
Range: 25, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—November. 
A small to large shrub; flowers June—July. 


Hydrangea quercifolia Bartr. Oakleaf hydrangea. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large spreading shrub; flowers in June. 


Hydrangea radiata Walt. Silver-leaf hydrangea. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers June—July. 


Hymenoclea monogyra Torr. and Gray Burrobrush. 
Range: 5, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; thicket forming; 
rapid growing; aggressive; leafier than H. salsola. Little browsed by livestock. 


Hymenoclea pentalepis Rydb. : 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A smali to large shrub; very similar to H. monogyra. 


Hymenoclea salsola Torr. and Gray White burrobrush. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, spreading shrub; occurs on sandy and alkaline soils. 


Hypericum spp. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Eleven species of birds, 
including bobwhite, ruffed grouse, and ring-necked pheasant, but nearly all 
species in this country are herbaceous and the records of utilization by wildlife 
may apply mostly to them. 


Hypericum microsepalum, see Crookea microsepala. 


Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. Johnswort, 
Range: 22, 28, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Achene, available September—October. 
A small shrub; flowers July-September; occurs on sandy and other calcareous 
soils; foliage dense; free from insects and diseases; commonly occurs on eroded 
slopes; propagation is by seed or cuttings. 


Hyptis emoryi Torr. Desert lavender. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small to large, compact shrub. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 143 


Observations: Much visited by hummingbirds. Considered a fair to fairly good 
livestock browse. 
Tlex spp. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-two species of birds 
including ruffed grouse, bobwhite and wild turkey; white-tailed deer. 

Observations: Nine species of birds. 


Ilex ambigua, see Zlex montana. 
Tiex beadlei, see [lex montana. 

Ilex bronxensis, see Ilex verticillata. 
lex caroliniana, see Ilex montana. 


Tlex cassine L. Dahoon holly. 
I. dahoon Walt., I. myrtifolia Walt. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, Sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—March. 
A large shrub to small tree or rarely a large tree; evergreen; flowers in May; 
occurs on sandy and often acid soils. 
Stomach records: Six species of birds; raccoon. Observations: Fish crow, red- 
eyed vireo. 


Ilex coriacea (Pursh) Chapm. Tall inkberry. 
I. lucida Torr. and Gray, Prinos coriacea Pursh. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—October. 
A small to large shrub, or rarely a small to large tree; evergreen; flowers 
April-May. 
Tlex dahoon, see Jlex cassine. 


Tlex decidua Walt. Deciduous holly. 
Range: 16, 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—March. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers April—May. 
Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including bobwhiie. 


Ilex dubia, see Ilex montana. 


Ilex glabra (L.) Gray. Gallberry. 
Range: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade, 
Fruit: Berry, available July—June. 
A small evergreen shrub; occurs on sandy and other soils; free from insects 
and diseases; will sprout after fire. 
Stomach records: Fifteen species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey. 
Observations: Mockingbird, hermit thrush; capitive marsh rabbit. An impor- 
tant honey plant. 


Ilex laevigata (Pursh) Gray. Smooth winterberry. 
Range: 26, 27, 28, 29. . 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit, Berry, available September—January. 
A small to large shrub or rarely a large tree; flowers May—June; often occurs 
on acid soil. 


Ilex longipes Chapm. (pl. 16, A). Largeleaf holly. 
Range: 20, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—Octcber. 
A small to large shrub or small tree; branches widespreading, but not dense. 
Ilex lucida, see Ilex coriaceda. 
Ilex montana Torr. and Gray. Mountain holly. 
I. monticola, I. caroliniana (Walt.) Trel., not mill. Gray, J. ambigua 
(Michx.) Chapm., I. beadlei Ashe, I. dubia B.S. P. 
ange 2 2a) 2g coy ao: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available October-November. 
33772°—38——10 


144 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A small to large shrub or small to large tree; flowers in May; 1,875 berries 
per pound; germination of seed about 50 percent. 
Stomach records: White-tailed deer. 


Ilex monticola, see Ilex montana. 
Ilex myrtifolia, see Ilex cassine. 


Ilex opaca Ait. (pl. 16, B). American holly. 
Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—June. 

A small to large evergreen tree; occurs on sandy, loam, gravel, clay, and other 
soils; flowers April_June; taproot deep and well developed, especially with age; 
easy to transplant when young; slow growing, somewhat long-lived; free from 
insects and diseases; wood of importance commercially ; fruits 5 to 8 years after 
planting; embryo of seed rudimentary, good germination obtained when seeds 
are treated with a normal solution of potassium hydroxide for 5 minutes, then 
a normal solution of hydrochloric acid, washed and sown, and watered as needed 
with a 5-percent solution of giucose; 31,000 seeds per pound, germination 20 
percent, about 1,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 

The berries are borne on pistillate trees or occasionally on trees which may be 
monoecious. In growing hollies from seed, the proportion of pistillate to stami- 
nate trees produced is about 1 to 10. The plants ordinarily fiower from 5 to 12 
years after planting, but until then the two kinds of plants cannot be distin- 
guished. Wild seedlings ordinarily are not satisfactory for transplanting be- 
cause of the extensive root system developed at an early age. Seed germination 
extends at the very least over 1 year, and nothing is to be gained by fall plant- 
ing since seeds sown in spring germinate just as quickly as if sown 6 months 
earlier. Propagation by cuttings results in forms true to type. All staminate 
forms should not be destroyed since pollination is necessary for the formation 
of the fruit. 

Stomach records: Highteen species of birds, including bobwhite and wild 
turkey; white-tailed deer. Observations: Refused by captive marsh rabbit. 


Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray. Winterberry, 
Range: 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry; available September—October, persistent or not. 

A small to large shrub or rarely a small tree; flowers June—July; free from 
insects and diseases; easily transplanted; 2,000 berries per pound. Several 
minor varieties have been described. 

Var. tenuifolia Wats., (I. bronwensis Britt.) has solitary fruit and occurs 
in the northeastern part of the species range. 

Stomach records: Sixteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
and sharp-tailed grouse. Observations: Ten species of birds, including ring- 
necked pheasant. 


Ilex vomitoria Ait. (pl. 16, C). Yaupon. 
Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available September—October, persistent or not. 
A large evergreen shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; flowers in May. 
Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including bobwhite. 


Tllicium floridanum HEI. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupelike. 
A large evergreen shrub. Reputed to be poisonous to livestock. 


Illicoides mucronata, see Nemopanthus mucronata. 


Indigofera sphaerocarpa Gray. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 145 


Ingenhouzia triloba, see Thurberia triloba. 
Inodes texana, see Sabal texana. 

Ioxylon pomiferum, see Maclura pomifera. 
Isocoma acradenius, see Aplopappus acradenius. 
Isocoma scopulorum, see Aplopappus scopulorum. 


Isomeris arborea Nutt. Bladderpod. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers February—May ; usually occurs on alkaline soils ; some- 
times herbaceous. 


Itea virginica L. Sweetspire. 
Range: 25, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers May—June; usually occurs along the Coast; propaga- 
tion is by seed sown under glass in spring. 


Jamesia americana Torr. and Gray. Cliffbush. 
J. americana californica Jeps., Hdwinia americana (Torr. and Gray) Heller, 
EH. californica Small. 
Range: 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers May—July; commonly occurs on stream banks; in 
cultivation. 


Janusia gracilis Gray. 
Range: 10, 11, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A vine. 


Jatropha cardiophylla (Torr.) Muell. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. 


Jatropha carthaginensis, see Manihot carthaginensis. 


Jatropha multifida L. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Jatropha spathulata (Orteg.) Muell. Sangre de drago. 
Mozinna spathulata Orteg. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; stems flexible and tough. 


Juglans spp. Walnuts. 
Most species are commonly attacked by fungi and insects but none is very 
seriously damaged. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Four species of birds; 
Arizona gray squirrel, walnut rock squirrel. Observations: Two species of 
birds. 


Juglans californica Wats. California walnut. 
Range: 3, 5, 10. 
_ Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nut. 
A large shrub; resistant to walnut yellows; 30 seeds per pound. 
Observations: California mule deer. 


146 MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. 
Range: 18, 19, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nut, available September—November. 

A large monoecious tree; root system deep with a deep taproot, but rather 
widespreading; rapid growing, especially when young: short lived: foliage 
much injured by defoliating Insects; very susceptible to fire damage; wind-firm, 
but easily storm damaged; ordinarily occurs on rich soils but will grew on some- 
what poorer and drier soils than J. 2igra; wood somewhat used commercially: 
heartwood durable; propagation is by seed stratified in the fall and sown in 
spring; 16-40 seeds per pound, germination SQ percent: somewhat difficult to 
transplant; sugar may be produced from this species as in sugar maple. 

Observations: White-tailed deer, cottoniail rabbit, red squirrel, and other 
squirrels. 


Juglans glabra, see Carye glabra. 


Jugians hindsii Jeps. Hinds walnut. 

J. californica hindsit Jeps. 

Range: 1, 3, 4 
Site: Welldraimed, sun. 
Fruit: Nui. 
A large tree; not resistant to walnut yellows; 30 seeds per pound. 
Juglans major (Torr.) Heller. Arizona walnut. 
J. rupesiris mejor Torr. 
Range: 11, 16, 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Frait: Nut. 

A small or large shrub to large tree: taproot much developed, especially in 
early stages: at first rapid growing, later slower: long-lived: wood very durable 
in contact with soil; fruit borne abundantly every 2 or 3 years; 49 seeds per 
pound, germination 30-50 percent: eccurs In many Kinds of soil. 

Observations: Much eaten by squirrels and other redenis, 


Juglans myristicaeformis, see Carya myristicacformis. 
Jugians nigra L. Black walnut. 


Range: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Welltirained, sun. shade. 
Fruit: Nut, available October-November. 

A large monoecious tree; reoet system deep, widespreading; will not grow on 
dry or poor sells: rapid growing, especially when young; leng-lived: wind-firm; 
fire resistant: foliage much attacked by caterpillars: wood Injured by borers; 
generally free from fungus attacks: wood of great commercial value, very dur 
able; begins bearing at 10 te 15 years of age: propagaiion is by seeds stratified 
and sown in spring; about 25 seeds per pound, germination 90-95 percent: much 
cultivated. 

Observations: White-tailed deer, red squirrel, and other squirrels. Not pal 
atable to eatile. 


~ z iy a 
Juglans ovata, see Carve ovata. 


uglans rupestris Engeim. Texas walnut, 
J. whippieause, Torr. 
Range: 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 2. 
Site: Dry, welliireined, moist. sun. 
Froit: Nuit. 

A small to large shrub to small or rarely a large tree: seedlings with a deen- 
growing taproot, fairly rapid growing: occurs commonly en limestone sols; 
may often form thickets; eften branched to the base; fruit generally borne 
in abundance every 2 or 3 years: 75 seeds per pound. What was formerly 
considered merely a western form of this species is here treated as J. major, 
although it is often given only varietal rank and intermediate forms exist 

Observations: Rock squirrel: favorite food of Huachuca squirrel 


Juglans whippleana, see Juglans rupestris. 
Juniperus spp. Junipers. 


Evergreen, cammonly diececious, or rarely monoecious trees or shrubs; fruit 
a berrylike cone maturing in 1 te 83 seasons. Some forms are of vaive commer 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 147 


cially but all species are important because of their ability to grow on dry, 
barren slopes and exposed situations. Nearly all junipers are slow growing; 
propagation is by seed stratified at 32°-50° F., 30-60 days before planting in 
spring. Most are secondary hosts for the cedar appie rust. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-six species of birds, 
including bobwhite, ruffed grouse, and sharp-tailed grouse; armadillo, gray fox, 
Gila chipmunk, black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations (in 
addition to specific records: Twenty-four species of birds, including Merriam’s 
turkey, Mearn’s quail, northern, prairie, and Columbian sharp-tailed grouse; 
coyote, Oregon gray fox, cliff chipmunk, opossum, rock squirrel, Arizona gray 
fox, Texas plains coyote, San Juan coyote; much eaten by New Mexico black 
bear, Say chipmunk, Utah chipmunk, Couch rock squirrel; berries a staple food 
of mule deer; an emergency browse of mule deer. 


Juniperus ashei, see Juniperus mexicana. 
Juniperus barbadensis, see Juniperus lucayanda. 


Juniperus californica Carr. California juniper. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available all year round. 
A large shrub. 
Observations: California mule deer. 


Juniperus communis L. Dwarf juniper. 
Range: 1, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available September; persistent all year round. 

A small to large shrub, or even a small tree, very rarely a large tree; ever- 
green; occurs on sandy and other soils; usually monoecious, rarely dioecious; 
thrives on almost any soils; very slow growing; long-lived; wood exceptionally 
durable, not used commercially ; fruit maturing the third year, persistent 1 to 2 
years after maturity, of some importance commercially ; 17,000-80,000 seeds per 
pound. 

Var. depressa, Pursh., occurring in the northeastern United States, rarely ex- 
ceeds 3-4 feet in height. Var. montana Ait. (J. sibirica Burgsd.), is of more 
general distribution; a high mountain form usually less than 3 feet in height. 
Var. jackii Rehd. is a prostrate western form. <A fourth form is known in the 
high mountains of Japan. 

Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
sharp-tailed grouse, Hungarian partridge, and ring-necked pheasant; this and 
J. horizontatis composed 1.6 percent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed 
grouse in Quebec and Ontario. Observations: Twenty-two species of birds, in- 
cluding bobwhite and Hungarian partridge; many small mammals; white-tailed 
deer, moose. 


Juniperus erythrocarpa Cory. Red-fruited juniper. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in December. 
A small evergreen tree. 


Juniperus flaccida Schlecht. Drooping juniper. 
Sabina flaccida (Schlecht.) Lewis. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained. 
Fruit: Berry; mature in September of the second season; long per- 
sistent. 
A small to large, dioecious, evergreen tree; occurs on sandy and other soils; 
slow growing, long-lived; wood very durable, somewhat used locally. 


Juniperus gymnocarpa (Lemmon) Cory. 
J. occidentalis gymnocarpa Lemmon. 
Range: 11, 13, 14, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-December. 
A large evergreen tree, 


148 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Juniperus horizontalis Moench. (pl. 17, A). 
Range: 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available all year round. 
A small evergreen shrub; occurs on sandy and other soils; forms dense mats. 
Stomach records: Sharp-tailed grouse; this and J. communis composed 1.6 per- 
cent of winter food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebee and Ontario. 
Observations: Sparingly browsed by moose, northern white-tailed deer. 


Juniperus knightii, see Juniperus utahensis. 


Juniperus lucayana Britt. Southern red cedar. 
J. barbadensis L., Sabina barbadensis (L.) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available all year round. 
A small to large, usually dioecious, evergreen tree; root system shallow; slow 
growing, long-lived; wood very durable, much used commercially; in cultivation. 


Juniperus megalocarpa Sudw. : Big-berry juniper. 
J. utahensis megalocarpa Sudw. 
Range: 9, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, ripe September—October of the second season. 
A large, dioecious, evergreen tree; occurs in sandy, loam, gravel, and other 
soils; slow growing, long-lived. 


Juniperus mexicana Spreng. Mountain cedar. 
J. sabinoides (H. B. K.) Nees, Sabina sabinoides Small. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available September of the first season. 

A small to large evergreen tree; occurs on sandy and other poor soils, often 
limestone ; wood very durable, much used locally. 

J. ashei Buch., occurring along the White River in the Ozarks, in northwestern 
Arkansas, and southwestern Missouri, as well as in the Arbuckle Mountains of 
Oklahoma, has been said te be the same species as J. mexicana. There still seems 
to be considerable doubt whether the two are synonymous. The large break in 
the distribution of the two forms and the fact that J. ashei has been little studied 
make it impossible to state with Gefiniteness whether the two forms are distinct 
or not. 

Both forms are claimed to be resistant to the cedar apple rust; both fork near 
the base, thus possessing several boles. The fruits of J. ashei are much fleshier 
and twice as large as J. virginiana. J. ashei was in the fall of 1936 found to be 
much eaten by many songbirds, more notably robins. These birds succeeded in 
stripping almost the entire crop of seeds produced by these species throughout 
the Ozarks. 


Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. (pl. 17, B, C). Cherrystone juniper. 
J. mexicana monosperma Cory, J. occidentalis monosperma Engelm., Sabina 
monosperma (Engelm.) Rydb. 
Range: 8, 9, 11, 18, 14, 16, 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available in September; persistent all year. 

A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; dioecious, rapid growing for a juniper, 
long-lived; wood of value and much used locally for posts and fuel; usually 
several trunked. 

Stomach records: Four species of birds. Observations: Four species of song- 
birds, Gambel quail; coyote, fox, raccoon, rock squirrel; extensively eaten by 
Hopi chipmunk; deer. Browsed to some extent by goats. 


Juniperus occidentalis Hook. (pl. 18, A). Western juniper. 
Sabina occidentalis (Hook) Ant. 
Range: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12. 
Site: Dry well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available September of the second season; persistent all 
year round. 
A small to jarge, dioecious, evergreen tree; slow growing and very long-lived ; 
apparently unable to exist in close formation; grows on extremely sterile granite 
or gravels; regenerative powers remarkable. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 17 


A, Juniperus horizontalis. Like other junipers, this species can grow on very difficult sites, but develops 
slowly. The mat-forming habit enhances its value as soil cover. B, J. monosperma. As with other 
southwestern junipers, this form provides excellent cover for soil and wildlife and an important food for 
birds and mammals. C, J. monosperma. ‘The cherrystone juniper, besides itself producing valuable 
wildlife food, often serves as host to a mistletoe that bears a berry very attractive to small birds. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 18 


A. Juniperus occidentalis. The fruit of the western juniper is very similar in appearance to that of many 
others. ‘The berries of all species appear to be much utilized by wildlife, although specific records are often 
lacking. B, J. scopulorum. Dense foliage and the ability to thrive in poor soils are valuable erosion- 
contro] characters common to most junipers. The fruits of all junipers are relished by many mammals as 
well as by a host of birds. (Photograph by Department of the Interior.) 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 149 


Observations: Pinyon jay, Townsend solitaire; of slight importance as browse 
for mule deer. 


Juniperus pachyphloea Torr. Alligator juniper. 
J. mexicana pachyphloea Torr., Sabina pachyphloea (Torr.) Lewis. 
Range: 11, 14, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available September-December. 

A small to large, dioecious, evergreen tree; seasoned wood durable, used 
locally; slow growing, long-lived; fruit matures slowly and remains in good 
condition either on or off the tree for a considerable period. 

Observations: Wild turkey; New Mexico black bear, Couch rock squirrel; 
extensively eaten by gray fox; deer; considered of first importance as food 
for big game in New Mexico. Haten by all classes of livestock. 


Juniperus pinchotii Sudw. Red-berry juniper, 
Sabina pinchotii (Sudw.) Lewis. 
Range seb 1G. 20: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available all year round. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; coppices freely when cut; 
wood durable but soft; very local. 


Juniperus sabinoides, see Juniperus mexicana. 


Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. (pl. 18, B). Rocky Mountain red cedar. 
Sabina scopulorum (Sarg.) Lewis. 
Range: 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 138, 14, 15, 16. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; ripening the second season, available all year round. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; dioecious, slow growing, 
long-lived ; 20,000-30,000 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: Townsend’s solitaire; bighorn. 
Juniperus sibirica, see Juniperus communis. 


Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon. Utah juniper. 
J. californica utahensis Engelm., J. knightii Nels., Sabina wutahensis 
(Engelm.) Rydb. 
Range: 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available in September, persistent all year. 
A small to large, evergreen tree; 6,000—-7,000 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: Avocet; Utah cliff chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observa- 
tions: Deer. Haten to some extent by goats. 


Juniperus virginiana L. Eastern red cedar. 
Sabina virginiana (L.) Antoine. 
Ranger S20 21 22. 2a. 24, 20. 265 Al, 2d, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Kruit: Berry; available September—November, persistent all year round. 
A large evergreen tree; at first deep rooted, but root system becomes more 
shallow with age; thrives in many kinds of soil, including limestone, dolomitic, 
and rarely granitic and siliceous soils; slow growing and long-lived; easily 
killed by fire; attacked by fungi; wood very durable, much used commercially ; 
18,000-30,000 seeds per pound, germination ordinarily 35-70 percent; from 
berries frozen in ice 21 days, seeds germinate in 35 days to 56 percent; resists 
grazing well; very drought resistant; notable secondary host to cedar apple 
rust; some 80 varieties distinguished in cultivation. 
Stomach records: Twenty-nine species of birds including bobwhite; oppossum. 
Observations: Fifty-two species of birds including bobwhite, prairie sharp- 
tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and mourning dove; cottontail rabbit, moose. 


Kalmia sp. 
Observations (in addition to specific records) : Ruffed grouse. 
Kalmia angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved laurel. 


Range: 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. 

Site. Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 

Fruit: Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; usually occurs on acid soil; flowers June—July. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Poisonous to sheep and cattle. 


150 MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Kalmia carolina Small. Wicky. 
Range: 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers June—July; occurs on acid soil. 


Kaimia cuneata Michx. White wicky. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, stn. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers April-May; occurs in acid swamps. 


Kalmia glauca, see Kalmic polifolia. 


Kalmia hirsuta Walt. Wicky. 
Kelmictla. hirsuta (Walt.) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; fiowers May—August; occurs in sandy and other 


acid soils. 
Kalmia latifolia IL. (pl 19). Mountain-laurel. 


Range: 24 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, stm, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in September. 

Usually a small to large shrub, more rarely 2 small tree, or very uncommonly 
a large tree; evergreen; occurs in sandy and other acid soils: free from 
insects and diseases; many cultivated forms are known; neither the species 
nor the varieties thrive on clay or limestone soiis: 

Stomach records: Rutted grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Buted 
grouse; an important winter food of white-tailed deer but toxic io them if 
taken in great quantities to the exclusion of other foeds. Leaves poison sheep 
and cattle, which avoid it unless other forage is poor. Fatalities from honey 
made from this plant are on record. 


Kalmia microphylla (Heok.) Heller. 
K. glauca microphylla Book. 
Range: 4, 12, 13. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit. Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; fowers Jume—August. 


Kelmia polifolia Wangs. Pale-laurel, 
K. glauca Ait. 
Range: 4 12, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, straggling, evergreen shrub; fiowers May—July; usually occurs on 
acid soils. Very poisonous to livestock. 


Kalmiella hirsuta, see Kaimig, hirsuta. 


Karwinskia spp. 
Stemach records (im addition to specific records): Antelope jack rabbit (7), 
gray-sided jack rabbit (7). 


Karwinskia glandulosa, see Karwinskia humboldiiana. 


Karwinskia humboldtiana (Roem. and Schult.) Zuce Coyotiilo. 
K. parvifolia, Rose, K. glandulosa Zucc., Rhamnus humboldiiana Roem. and 
Schult.. R. maculata Sesse. 
Range: 11, 16, 17%. 
site: Dry, sun. : 
Fruit: Berry; available in October, commonly persistent. 
A small to large shrub; easily transplanted by root divisions. Seeds of this 
species are highly toxic to all domestic animals as weil as children; leaves only 
slightly so; the flesh of the berry is apparently not as poisoneus. 


Marwinskia parvifolia, see Karwinskia humboldiiana. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 151 


Koeberlinia spinosa Zuce. Allthorn. 
Ranger ly 1G, Ae 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in September. 

A small to large shrub, or rarely, a small to large tree; much branched, almost 
leafiess; flowers May-June; extremely spiny; difficult to transplant; thicket 
forming. 

Observations: Sealed quail, jack rabbit. 


Krameria spp. 
Observations (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. 


Krameria canescens, see Krameria grayi. 


Krameria glandulosa (MacBr.) Rose and Paint. Range ratany. 
K. parvifolia glandulosa MacBr. 
Range: 10, 11, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Pod. 

A small, much-branched, somewhat trailing shrub; flowers July-August and 
October-November; occurs in the hottest and driest parts of gravelly mesas; 
seed abundantly produced. A valuable forage for stock; grazing assists in 
spreading the burlike fruits. 


Krameria grayi Rose and Paint. Chacate. 
K. canescens Gray, not Willd. 
Range: 10, 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Pod. 
A small, thorny, spreading shrub; densely and intricately branched; occurs on 
sandy and rocky soils; parasitic on roots of various associated woody plants. 


Krameria parvifolia Benth. Pima ratany. 
Range: 10, 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Pod. 
A small, rigid, often spinose shrub; parasitic on the roots of Parkinsonia 
microphylla. 


Krameria ramosissima (Gray) Wats. 
K. parvifolia ramosissima Gray. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Sun. 
Fruit: Pod. 
A smali, spiny, rigid, much-branched shrub; fiowers April-May. 


Kraunhia frutescens, see Wisteria frutescens. 
Kraunhia macrostachya, see Wisteria macrostachya. 
Kunzia glandulosa, see Purshia glandulosa. 

Kunzia tridentata, see Purshia tridentata. 

Lantana aculeata, see Lantana camara. 


Lantana camara L. Lantana. 
L. aculeata L. 
Range: 10, 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 

A small to large, thorny shrub; occurs only on sandy soils; resistant to 
drought; apparently long-lived; the Arizona locality appears to be one where 
the plant was introduced not by man but by birds; very showy, much cultivated. 

Considered poisonous to sheep and cattle but shunned by them. 


Lantana involucrata L. White-flowered lantana. 
L. velutina Mart. and Gal., £. oderata berlandieri Torr. 
Range: 17, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A smali to large, much-branched shrub with willowlike stems; occurs in sandy 
and other soils. 


152 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Lantana lippioides, see Lippia geminata. 


Lantana macropoda Torr. 
Range: 11, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small shrub. 


Lantana velutina, see Lantana involucrata. 


Larix spp. Larches. 

Dioecious, deciduous trees, nine of which are known, three occurring in North 
America ; propagation is by Seed sown in spring. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, in- 
cluding ruffed grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to 
specific records): Five species of birds, including Franklin grouse; Olympic 
black bear; rarely cut for building material, not food, by beaver. 


Larix americana, see Larix laricina. 


Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack, 
LL. americana Michx. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 26, 27: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature the autumn of the first season, seeds shed during 
fall and winter, cones persistent 1 or 2 years longer. 

A large tree; root system shallow and spreading on wet sites, deeper on drier 
sites; rapid growing until 35 to 45 years old, then slower on ordinary Sites, or 
on poor sites generally slow growing; intolerant of shade; not fire resistant; 
susceptible to the attacks of the larch sawfly; very old trees produce less seed 
and irregularly ; 90,000 seeds per pound ; wood hard, of importance commercially ; 
quite intolerant of drier soils. 

Stomach records: Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse and northern 
sharp-tailed grouse. Observations: Hight species of birds, including spruce 
grouse, northern sharp-tailed grouse, emergency food of prairie sharp-tailed 
grouse; snowshoe hare, porcupine, red squirrel; casually browsed by northern 
white-tailed deer. 


Larix lyaliii Parl. Alpine larch. 
Range: 4, 12. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; ripens in August of the first season; seeds shed at once, 
cones soon falling. 
A large, long-lived tree; wood hard, tough, heavy, somewhat used commer- 


cially. 
Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. 
Larix occidentalis Nutt. Western larch, 


Range: 4, 12. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 

Fruit: Cone; mature in August-September of the first season; seeds 
soon shed, cones soon falling. 

A large tree; rapid growing only in juvenile stages; long-lived; grows best in 
well-drained soils; intolerant of shade, especially on dry soils; resistant to fire 
after the pole stage; generally free from insects and diseases; weod very heavy, 
very durable, and of value commercially; prolific seeder in good years, but 
sterile periods often occur for 1 or 2 seasons; has not been successful as an 
ornamental in the Hast; 100,000-150,000 seeds per pound, germination 19-30 
percent. 

Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. 


Larrea, see Covillea. 

Lasiococcus dumosus, see Gaylussacia dumosa. 
Lasiococcus mosieri, see Gaylussacia dumosa. 
Laurocerasus caroliniana, see Prunus caroliniana. 
Laurus albida, see Sassafras albidum. 

Lauris geniculata, see Glabraria geniculata. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 153 


Lavatera assurgentiflora Kellogg. Californea treemallow. 
Sanviniona assurgentifiora Greene. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Dry carpel. 
A large shrub; has been much used in windbreak plantings; from seed reaches 
6 feet in height, and blooms the first year. 


Ledum buxifolium, see Leiophyllum buavifolium. 


Ledum columbianum Piper. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers in June; common in acid bogs. 


Ledum glandulosum Nutt. Smooth Labrador-tea. 
Range: 4, 12, 13. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; common in acid bogs. 
Observations: Mountain beaver. Only slightly toxic to livestock. 


Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Labrador-tea. 
Range: 4, 12, 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in August. 

A small evergreen shrub; flowers May-June; common in acid bogs. 

Stomach records: Sharp-tailed grouse; composed 1.8 percent of winter food of 
northern sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec. Poisonous to eattle, 
although a high-ranking summer food for reindeer. Odservations: Casually 
browsed by northern white-tailed deer. 


Leiophyllum buxifolium (Berg.) Hl. Box sandmyrtle, 
Ledum busifoliwm Berg., Dendrium buxifolium (Berg.) Desv. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, widely-branched evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; occurs on sand. 


Leiophyllum hugeri (Small) Sch. 
Dendrium hugeri Small. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, much-branched evergreen shrub. 


Leiophyllum lyonii Sweet. 
Dendrium lyonii (Sweet) Small. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, copiously-branched evergreen shrub; euelie decumbent and with 
matted branches. 


Leitneria floridana Chapm. Corkwood. 
Range: 20, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Leathery drupe, available May—September. 
A small shrub to small tree; flowers March—April; spreads by suckers; does 
well only on peaty soils; wood lighter than cork. 


Lepargyrea argentea, see Shepherdia argentea. 
Lepargyrea canadensis, see Shepherdia canadensis. 
Lepargyrea rotundifolia, see Shepherdia rotundifolia. 


Lepidanthus phyllanthoides, see Andrachne phyllanthoides. 


154 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Lepisdospartum latisquamum Wats. 
LL. striatum Cov. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large shrub. 


Lepidospartum squamatum Gray. 


Linosyris squamata Gray, Tetradymia squamata Gray. 


Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, rigid, broomlike shrub. 


Lepidospartum striatum, see Lepidospartum latisquamum. 


Leucaena greggii Wats. 
Ryncholeucaena greggit (Wats.) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Leucaena pulverulenta (Schlecht.) Benth. 
Acacia pulverulenta Schlecht. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 


Broadscale broom. 


Scalebroom. 


Gregg’s lead tree. 


Mexican lead tree. 


A large tree or becoming a shrub northward; wood oceasionally used locally, 


less commonly commercially; a rich soil species. 


Leucaena retusa Benth. 
Caudoleucaena retusa (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in August. 


A large shrub to small tree or rarely a large tree; flowers April—October ; 
occurs on limestone and other soils. A favorite browse of cattle. 


Leucophyllum frutescens (Berl.) Johnst. 
L. texanum Benth. 
Range: 11, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; in cultivation. 


Leucophyllum minor Gray. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, almost prostrate shrub. 


Leucophyllum texanum, see Leucophyllum frutescens. 


Leucothoé acuminata (Ait.) Deon. 
Andromeda acuminata Ait. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large evergreen shrub, occurs on acid soils. 


Leucothoé axillaris (Lam.) Don. 
Andromeda axviliaris Lam. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 


Cenizo. 


A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers February—April; occurs in acid 


soils. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 155 


Leucothoé catesbaei (Walt.) Gray. 
Andromeda catesbaei Walt. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers in April; branches long, spreading 
or recurved; occurs on acid soils; used commercially. 


Leucothoé davisiae Torr. Blacklaurel. 
Oreocallis davisiae (Torr.) Small. 
- Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Kruit: Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers in June; occurs on acid soils. 1 to 2 ounces 
of leaves will kill a sheep. 


Leucothoé elongata Small. 
Hubotrys elongata Small. 
Range: 29, 380. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Kruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; occurs in acid swamps. 


Leucothoé racemosa (L.) Gray. 
Hubotrys racemosa (l.) Nutt., Andromeda racemosa BL. 
Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, widely-branching shrub; flowers May-June; occurs in 
acid swamps. Poisonous to livestock, especially calves. 


Leucothoé recurva (Buckl.) Gray. 
Hubotrys recurva (Buckl.) Britt., Andromeda recurva Buckl. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; occurs in acid soils. 


Libocedrus decurrens Torr. Incense cedar. 
Heyderia decurrens (Torr.) Koch. 
Range: 1, 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; ripening August-September, seeds soon shed, cones per- 
sistent. 

A large, evergreen, usually dioecious, rarely monoecious tree; root system 
compact, without a taproot; grows on any soil but adobe and boulder wash; 
high humidity is not essential for its growth; slow growing, long-lived; wind- 
firm; somewhat susceptible to diseases and mistletoe; wood of great importance 
commercially, very durable; abundant seed crop produced every 3 years; 11,000— 
17,000 seeds per pound; germination 20-40 percent; ornamental and in culti- 
vation. : 

Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer; mountain beaver. 


Ligustrum spp. Privets. 
In addition to the species listed below, L. sinense Lour., the Chinese privet, 
and L. lucidum, the glossy privet, are sometimes spontaneous about towns in 
the South. Several species, notably those following, have been used success- 
fully in erosion control in the Piedmont, Atlantic, and Gulf Coastal Plains. 
Observations (in addition to specific records): Fourteen species of birds, 
including bobwhite. 


Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. California privet. 
Range: 29, 36. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in September, persistent. 
A large shrub to small tree; nearly evergreen southward; a native of Japan 
but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; much cultivated. 


156 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Ligustrum vulgare L. Privet. 
Range: 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in September, long persistent. 

A large shrub, nearly evergreen southward; introduced from Eurasia but 
more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; not hardy in North Dakota; 
13,000 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Robin. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant in southern 
Michigan. 


Linnaea borealis L. Twinflower, 
Linnaea borealis americana Rehd. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 12, 18, 14, 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A prostrate, evergreen vine; flowers June-August; often forms a good ground 
cover. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, plains white-tailed deer. Possibly poisonous 
to livestock. 


Linosyris depressa, see Chrysothamnus depressus. 
Linosyris parryi, see Chrysothamnus parryi. 
Linosyris pulchella, see Chrysothamnus pulchellus. 
Linosyris squamata, see Lepidospartum squamatum. 
Linosyris teretifolia, see Chrysothamnus teretifolius. 


Lippia berlandieri Schauer. Redbush. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small shrub; root system shallow; easily transplanted. 


Lippia geminata H. B. K. 
L. lantanoides Coult., Lantana lippioides Hook. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small shrub. 


Lippia lantancides, see Lippia geminata. 


Lippia ligustrina Britt. Whitebrush. 
L. lycioides Steud., Aloysia ligustrina (Lag.) Small. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A large, sometimes spinescent shrub; easily grown from seed, and easily 
transplanted. Palatable to livestock, and a good honey plant. 


Lippia lycioides, see Lippia ligustrina. 


Lippia wrightii Gray. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 

A small to large shrub; generally grows among rocks; under 3,000 feet eleva- 
tion grows only on northern slopes; from 3,000 to 5,000 feet grows at any 
aspect; but over 6,000: feet it is limited to southern exposures. 

Fair to fairly good local browse for livestock. A good honey plant. 


Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweetgum, 
Range: 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Compound capsule, available September—November; seeds shed 
during the winter. 

A large tree; ordinarily occurs on better soils but able to grow on very 
poor ones; flowers April-May; very rapid growing, rather long-lived; seriously 
injured by fire; free from insects and diseases; coppices freely; wood of 
importance commercially; about 128,000 seeds per pound, germination 50-75 
percent ; somewhat difficult to transplant; very ornamental and in cultivation. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 157 


Stomach records: Twelve species of birds, including bobwhite and wild 
turkey. Observations: Thirteen species of birds, including bobwhite; ranks 
sixteenth in the list of quail food plants of the southeast; captive marsh 
rabbits, eastern chipmunk, gray squirrel. 


Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tuliptree. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available September—November. 

A large tree; occurs on a variety of soils; flowers May—June; root system 
deep, wide spreading; not easily transplanted when young; rapid growing 
when young, later slower; comparatively long-lived; Seriously injured by fire; 
free from insects and diseases; coppices freely; wood durable, of importance 
commercially; a pioneer in gullies, often forming thickets in rapidly gullying 
ravines; 12,000-14,000 seeds per pound, germination 2-12 percent, slow. 

Stomach records: Four species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed 
deer. Observations: Three species of birds; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer, 
red squirrel. 


Lithocarpus densiflora (Hook. and Arn.) Rehd. Tan oak. 
Pasania densifiora Orst., Quercus densiflora, Hook. and Arn. 
Range: 1, 4. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nut, mature at the end of the second season. 

A large evergreen tree; slow growing; free from insects and fungi; wind- 
firm; much damaged by fire; stump sprouts abundantly after injury; very 
aggressive; of great importance commercially for tannage; Second season after 
the bark is stripped a heavy crop of acorns is produced, the tree then dies. 

Var. echinoides Jeps. is a shrubbier form in region 4. 

Observations: Redwood chipmunk; of slight importance as browse for mule 
deer. Usually avoided by livestock. 


Litsea geniculata, see Glabraria geniculata. 


Lonicera spp. Honeysuckles. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Fourteen species of birds, 
including bobwhite, Gambel quail, sharp-tailed grouse, and ring-necked pheas- 
ant; Mono chipmunk, Coeur d’Alene chipmunk, buff-bellied chipmunk. Obser- 
vations (in addition to specific records): Six species of birds; moose. Most 
species are generally unpalatable to stock, although sometimes browsed. 


Lonicera albifiora Torr. and Gray. 
L. dumosa Gray. 
Range: 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available October-November. 
A small to large, bushy shrub, or occasionally somewhat climbing. 


Lonicera altissima, see Lonicera oblongifolia. 


Lonicera arizonica Rehd. Arizona honeysuckle. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 


A vine. 
Lonicera caerulea, see Lonicera cauriana and L. villosa. 
Lonicera canadensis Marsh. American fly-honeysuckle. 


L. ciliata Muhl., Xylosteon ciliatwm (Muhl.) Pursh. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available June-September. 
A small, straggling shrub; flowers April—May. 
Observations: White-tailed deer. 


Lonicera caprifolium L. Sweet honeysuckle 
Range: 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A twining vine, or occasionally somewhat shrubby ; introduced from Europe 
but more or less established in regions indicated; flowers May-June. 


158 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Lonicera cauriana Fernald. Mountain fiy-honeysuckle. 
DL. caerulea of auths., not L. 
Range: 4, 12, 138. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available June—July. 
A smail shrub; flowers April—May. 


Lonicera ciliata, see Lonicera canadensis. 


Lonicera ciliosa Poir. Honeysuckle. 
Range: 4, 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—September. 
A twining or procumbent vine; flowers in June. 
Stomach records: Catbird. 


Lonicera conjugialis Kellogg. 
Xylosteon conjugiale Howell. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A small, much-branched shrub; flowers in June. 
Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Blue grouse. 


Lonicera dioica L. Mountain honeysuckle. 
Range: 23, 24, 25, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available June—October. 
A diffuse or twining vine; flowers May—June; attacked by green aphis. 


Lonicera dumesa, see Lonicera albifiora. 
Lonicera ebractulata, see Lonicera utahensis. 


Lonicera flava Sims. Yellow honeysuckle. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A slightly twining vine; flowers April—May. 


Lonicera flavida Cockerell. 
Range: 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A trailing or climbing vine. 


Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Douglas honeysuckle. 
EL. dioica glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters, L. hirsuta glaucescens Rydb. 
Range: 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A twining vine; very similar to LZ. hirsuta; intergrades with L. dioica. 


Lonicera hirsuta Haton. Hairy honeysuckle. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—October. 
A high-climbing vine; flowers June—July. 
Stomach records: Two species of birds. 


Lonicera hispidula Dougl. Pink honeysuckle. 
Range: 2, 3, 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—February. 
A climbing vine; evergreen; flowers July-August; several varieties have been 
described. Of some importance as a honey plant. 


Lonicera interrupta Benth. Chaparral honeysuckle. 
Range: 4, 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available June—December. 
A bushy vine or small shrub; evergreen. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 159 


Observations: Wren-tit; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Not 
browsed by stock; reported by stockmen as poisonous. Of some importance 
as a honey plant. 


Lonicera involucrata (Richards) Banks. Twinberry honeysuckle. 
Xylosteon involucrata Richards, Distegia involucrata (Richards.) Raf., 
LL. ledebourt Esch. 
Range: 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 28, 24, 26. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 

A large bushy shrub; flowers June—July; suckers very freely and may form 
patches of considerable size; root system fibrous, shallow, rootstocks also shal- 
low ; 226,000 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Four species of birds. Observations: Blue grouse, flowers 
much used by blue-throated and Rivoli hummingbirds. Only locally browsed by 
livestock. 


Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honeysuckle. 
Nintooa japonica Sweet. 
Range: 5, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—March. 

A half-evergreen vine; flowers June-August; introduced from eastern Asia 
and well established in regions indicated; extremely aggressive in competition 
with native plants; known to have killed trees up 6 inches in diameter; not 
necessarily confined to richer, moister woodlands, where it does best; often con- 
sidered a troublesome weed, especially in the South; gradually becoming more 
widespread; many cultivated varieties known, of which var. halliana is most 
widely naturalized. 

Stomach records: Five species of birds, fncluding bobwhite. 


Lonicera ledebouri, see Lonicera involucrata. 


Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp fly-honeysuckle. 
L. altissima Jennings, Xylosteon oblongifolia Goldie. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available May—August. 
A small to large, somewhat straggling shrub ; flowers May—June. 


Lonicera prolifera (Booth) Rehd. Grape honeysuckle. 
L. sulivantii Gray, Caprifolium proliferum Booth. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Hruit: Berry, available July—October. 
A vine; flowers May—June; very similar to L. dioica; attacked by green aphis. 


Lonicera sempervirens L. Trumpet honeysuckle. 
Phenianthus sempervirens (1L.) Raf. 
Hance 20 E22 oweo ealelo 20, BU. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—October. 
A high-climbing vine; evergreen; flowers April-September; leaves deciduous 
northward; in cultivation. 
Observations: Purple finch. 


Lonicera subspicata Hook. and Arn. Moronel. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A climbing or trailing vine or small to large shrub; evergreen, 
Observations: California mule deer. 


Lonicera sullivantii, see Lonicera prolifera. 


Lonicera utahensis Wats. Utah honeysuckle. 
L. ebractulata Rydb. Xylosteon uiahense (Wats.) Howell. 
Range: 4, 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available June-August. 
A onal to large shrub; forms clumps. Locally of some value as browse for 
ivestock. 


33772°—38——11 


160 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Roem. and Schult. Mountain fly-honeysuckle. 
L. caerulea of auths., not L., Xylosteon villosum Michx. 
Range: 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in July. 
A small, much-branched shrub with ascending branches; generally free from 
insects and diseases ; may occur on limestone, peat, and other soils. 


Lotus stipularis (Benth.) Greene. 
Hosackia siipularis Benth., H. macrophylla Kellogg, H. balsamifera Kellogg. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub; flowers April—July. 


Lupinus spp. Lupines. 
These species are claimed to harbor the bean weavil in California. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Richardson’s grouse; moun- 
tain sheep, black-tailed deer. Observations: Clark’s nutcracker. These records 
apply to herbaceous species also. 


Lupinus albifrons Benth. Silver lupine. 
Range: 4, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large shrub or smali tree; evergreen; flowers March—July; occurs 
on sandy or dry loam; often gregarious; several varieties known. 


Lupinus arboreus Sims. Tree lupine. 
L. propinquus Greene. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 

A small to large evergreen shrub; occurs in sandy soil; flowers April—June; 
has been introduced into New Zealand, where it is considered valuable as a cover 
for shifting sand, being used extensively in dune reclamation; it is not a sand- 
binder, but should be used where there is a well-controlled area to the windward; 
pod-bearing branches laid on bare dunes will prevent the movement of sand, and 
seeds later germinate to form a cover, 


Lupinus austromontanus, see Lupinus excubitus. 


Lupinus breweri Gray. Mat lupine. 
Range: 4, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A. small evergreen shrub; flowers June-July; ordinarily occurs in rocky soil; 
forms dense, prostrate mats; Sseason’s growth 1 to 6 inches; several varieties with 
less seasonal growth are known. 


Lupinus chamissonis Hsch. Dune lupine. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available August-September. 

A small evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; occurs in sandy soil; the species 
occurs on the most exposed areas in wind-swept blow-outs and often on the crest 
of sand dunes; withstands the severest winds, and becomes established where 
sand is not moving; root system extensive. 


Lupinus excubitus Jones. Guard lupine. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available August-September. 
A small evergreen shrub; occurs on gravelly and other soils; flowers May—June. 
Var. hallii Sm. (L. hatlii Abrams, L. paynei Dav.), is larger and coarser. Var. 
johnstonii Sm., is a lower, subalpine form of dry mountain tops. Var. austro- 
montanus Sm. (L. austromontanus Heller), is a herbaceous form. 


Lupinus hallii, see Lupinus excubitus. 
Lupinus paynei, see Lupinus excubitus. 


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Misc. Pub. 303, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 20 


A, Lycium andersonii. The desert-thorns as a group show much promise for erosion control and wildlife 
plantings in the Southwest. B, LZ. andersonii. The fruits of most species of Lycium are probably utilized 
by wildlife much more than available records indicate. C, Lyonothamnus floribundus. A young speci- 
men of the Catalina ironwood growing in a California garden. Although as yet not commonly planted, 
this native tree of bushy habit and rapid growth, when supplied with adequate water, may prove valuable. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 161 


Lupinus propinquus, see Lupinus arboreus. 


Lycium spp. 

The root systems of the species are relatively extensive in comparison with the 
aerial portions, often extending 25-30 feet from the plants; roots tough and 
fibrous ; propagation is by seed sown as Soon as ripe or by cuttings. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Three species of birds, 
including Gambel and scaled quail. Observations (in addition to specific rec- 
ords) : Verdin, Gila woodpecker ; Mexican raccoon ; important food for birds and 
desert rodents generally. 


Lycium andersonii Gray. (pl. 20, A, B). Anderson desert-thorn. 
Range: 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available April-May. 
A small, spiny, scraggly shrub; flowers April-June; profusely branched; 
tolerant of alkali; occurs in sandy and other soils. 
Stomach records: Gambel quail. Observations: Attractive to black-chinned 
hummingbird. 


Lycium berlandieri Dunal. 
Range: 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large shrub; occurs in sandy and other Soils. 
Forma parvifiorum (Gray) Hitche., (L. parvijiorum Gray) is more robust with 
numerous leaves and is generally found in the northwestern part of the range. 


Lycium californicum Nutt. California desert-thorn. 
Range: 5, 10, 11. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available April—October. 
A small, densely-branched shrub; occurs on clay or sand; decumbent or 
spreading; spiny, and branches much intertwined. 


Lycium carolinianum Walt. Christmasberry. 
Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 

A small, trailing or somewhat climbing, spiny shrub; occurs on saline or 
alkaline soil, sand or limestone. 

Var. quadrifidum (Moc. and Sesse) Hitche., (L. quadrifidum Moe. and Sesse), 
the large-fruited matrimony vine, is more widely distributed and spinier than 
the species, commoner westward; grows in sand; drought resistant; will grow 
in standing water; fruit attractive to waterfowl. 


Lycium cooperi Gray. Cooper desert-thorn, 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, compact shrub; flowers April-June; occurs in sandy and 
other soils; stout, spiny and densely branched. 


Lycium exsertum Gray. 
L. fremontu bigelovii Gray. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, sparingly-branched, few-spined, rigid shrub; rapid growing ; 
nearly evergreen; procumbent branches root; roots well from cuttings; seed 
produced abundantly. 


Lycium fremontii Gray. Fremont desert-thorn. 
L. pallidum fremontii Terac., L. gracilipes Gray. 
Range: 5, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, freely-branched, somewhat spiny shrub; usually occurs in 
rather alkaline soil. Browsed by livestock in winter. 


Lycium gracilives, see Lycium fremontii. 


162 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Lycium halimifolium Mill. Matrimony-vine. 
L. vulgare (Ait.) Dunal. 

Range: 2, 4, 9, 18, 14, 15, 16, 22, 28, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 

Fruit: Berry, available August—May. 

A vine or small to large shrub; sparingly branched, spreading to recumbent ; 

spiny or unarmed; introduced and more or less naturalized from Hurope in 
the regions indicated; in the west sometimes considered a weed. 


Lycium hassei, see Lycium richit. 


Lycium macrodon Gray. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available March—May. 
A small to large, much-branched, spreading, spiny shrub; flowers in February. 


Lycium pallidum Miers. Pale desert-thorn. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 

A small to large, widespreading, thorny shrub; flowers April-May; occurs 
in sandy and other soils; sprouts readily when cut or broken down; often 
forms thickets. 

Locally important and valuable as browse for livestock, especially on winter 
range. 


Lycium palmeri, see Lycium richii. 


Lycium parishii Gray. Parish desert-thora. 
Range: 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, much-branched, short-spined, rigid shrub. 


Lycium parviflorum, see Lycium berlandieri. 
Lycium pringlei, see Lycium richii. 


Lycium puberulum Gray. 
Range: 11, 17%. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in June. 
A small, spiny, sparingly branched shrub. 


Lycium quadrifidum, see Lycium carolinianum. 


Lycium richii Gray. 
LL, palmeri Gray, L. pringlet Gray. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 

A small to large, spiny shrub; erect or somewhat clambering ; much branched ; 
sometimes forms dense thickets; tolerant of saline conditions; drought re- 
sistant; tolerant of poor soil. 

Var. hassei (Greene) Johnst., (LZ. hassei Greene) occurs in region 5 and is 
almost unarmed. The species called £. verrucosum Hastw. of the San Nicholas 
Islands is considered a freak originating from this species. It grows in eroded 
arroyos. 


Lycium spencerae, see Prunus fasciculata. 


Lycium torreyi Gray. Squaw desert-thorn. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available June—September. 
A small to large thorny shrub; flowers March—June; much branched and 
spreading; with heavy spines or unarmed. 


Lycium verrucosum, see Lycium richii. 
Lycium vulgare, see Lycium halimifolium. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 163 


Lymnobtrya lacustris, see Ribes lacustre. 

Lymnobotrya montigena, see Ribes montigena. 

Lymnobotrya parvula, see Ribes lacustre. 

Lyonia ferruginea, see Xolisma fruticosa. 

Lyonia frondosa, see Xolisma ligustrina. 

Lyonia ligustrina, see Xolismu ligustrina. 

Lyonia mariana, see Xolisma mariana. 

Lyonida nitida, see Xolisma lucida. 

Lyonia rigida, see Xolisma ferruginea. 

Lyonothamnus asplenifolius, see Lyonothamnus jloribundus. 


Lyonothamnus floribundus Gray. (pl. 20, C). Catalina ironwood. 
L. asplenifolius Greene. 
Range: 5. 


Site: Dry well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 
A small to large evergreen tree; flowers June—July ; rapid growing, especially 
when well supplied with water; bushy; drought resistant; very ornamental and 
commonly cultivated. 


Maclura aurantiacum, see Maclura pomifera. 


Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Osage-orange. 
M. aurantiacum Nutt., Toxylon pomiferum Raf., Ioxylon pomiferum Raf. 
Range: 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Synecarp, available in October. 

A large, dioecious, much-branched, thorny tree; wood very strong and dur- 
able; much cultivated as a hedge plant and extensively planted throughout the 
country for that purpose; a host for the San Jose scale; not hardy in northern 
Iowa, Minnesota, and the Dakotas; a thorny variety is Known in cultivation ; 
propagation is by seed Sown in spring after soaking 48 hours; about 12,000 
seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Crossbill; fox squirrel; 
particularly valuable cover plant for small forms of wildlife. 


Macrosiphonia berlandieri, see Macrosiphonia macrosiphon. 


Macrosiphonia macrosiphon (Torr.) Heller. 
M. berlandieri Gray, Echites macrosiphon Torr. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Pod. 
A small shrub. 
Magnolia spp. Magnolias. 
Most species are generally free from insects and diseases; most grow in acid 
soil; propagation is by seed stratified and sown in spring or sown at once; 
usually difficult to transplant. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Five species of birds, 
including bobwhite. 


Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber magnolia. 
Tulipastrum acuminatum (l.) Small. 
Range: 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. 

A large tree; flowers May-June; occurs on fertile, not heavy soils, nor dry 
sand or shale; root system deep, wide spreading, taproot rarely developed ; 
rapid growing, rather short-lived; severely injured by fire and cucumber scale; 
coppices freely; wood soft, weak, durable, used to some extent commercially ; 
often used as grafting stock for named varieties; propagation is by seed strati- 
fied at 32° F., 15 to 20 weeks, and sown in spring; about 3,000 seeds per pound ; 
easy to transplant. 


164. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Magnolia ashei Weath. Ashe magnolia. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A large shrub to large tree; occurs in sandy and other soils. 


Magnolia cordata Michx. Yellow-flower magnolia, 
M. acuminata cordata Sarg., Tulipastrum cordatum Small. 
Range: 27, 28. 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A large shrub; or in cultivation, becoming a large tree. 


Magnolia foetida, see Magnolia grandifiora. 


Magnolia fraseri Walt. Mountain magnolia. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A large tree; flowers May—June. 


fagnolia glauca, see J/agnolia virginiana. 


Magnolia grandifiora L. (pl. 21, A). Evergreen magnolia. 
M. foetida (L.) Sarg. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. 

A large evergreen tree; flowers April-August; wood weak, not durable, some- 
what used commercially; about 2,000 seeds per pound; easily transplanted, 
much cultivated. 

Stomach records: Five species of birds. Obdservations: Five species of birds, 
including wild turkey; gray squirrel, captive marsh rabbit. 


Magnolia macrophylla Michx. Bigleaf magnolia. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A large tree; flowers May-June; leaves much wind-damaged; young trees 
will coppice. 


Magnolia pyramidata Pursh. Pyramid magnolia. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A small to large tree; flowers in June. 


Magnolia tripetala L. Umbrella magnolia. 
M. umbrella WL. 
Range, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A large, rapid-growing tree; flowers May—June. 


Magnolia umbreila, see Magnolia tripetala. 


Magnolia virginiana L. Sweetbay. 
M. glauca I. 

Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. 

Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 

Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; flowers May-June; gen- 

erally occurs near the coast in the southern part of its range; often thicket 
forming; consistently found on mediacid soil; cultivated to some extent. 


Mahonia aquifolium, see Berberis aquifoliwm. 
Mahonia fascicularis, see Berberis pinnata. 
Mahonia fremontii, see Berberis fremontii. 
Mahonia haematocarpa, see Berberis haematocarpa. 
Mahonia nervosa, see Berberis nervosa. 


NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 165 


Mahonia nevinii, see Berberis nevinit. 

Mahonia pinnata, see Berberis pinnata. 

Mahonia pumila, see Berberis pumila. 

Mahonia repens, see Berberis repens. 

Mahonia swaseyi, see Berberis swaseyi. 

Mahonia trifoliolata, see Berberis trifoliolata. 

Malache lasiopetala, see Pavonia lasiopetala. 
Malachodendron pentagyna, see Stuartia pentagyna. 
Malacothamnus davidsonli, see Malvastrum davidsonit. 
Malacothamnus fasciculatum, see Malvastrum fasciculatum. 
Malacothamnus nuttallii, see Malvastrum nuttaliii. 
Malosma laurina, see Rhus laurina. 


Malpighia glabra L. Wild crapemyrtle. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small to large shrub; occurs on sandy soil; fruit edible. 


Malus spp. 

Propagation of all species is by seed stratified 85 days at 41°-46° F.; most 
species grow in neutral soil. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Highteen species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and ring-necked pheasant; composed 14.4 
percent of winter food taken by ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States; 
opossum, dusky marmot, western skunk, gray fox, red fox; composed 0.03 
percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan; found in 17.4 percent of 
130 raccoon stomachs collected in winter in New York; found in 13 percent of 
139 skunk stomachs examined in New York. Observations (in addition to 
specific records): Three species of birds; emergency food of greater prairie 
chicken; woodchuck, red squirrel, snowshoe rabbit, cottontail rabbit, gray fox; 
staple food of red fox in times of scarcity; an important food of raccoon in 
times of scarcity. 


Malus angustifolia Michx. Narrowleaf crab apple. 
MUM. sempervirens Desf., Pyrus angustifolia Ait. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available September—October. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; partially evergreen southward; con- 
sidered by some to be a form of M. coronaria (q. V.). 
Stomach records: Blue jay. 


Malus bracteata Rehd. 
Pyrus bracteata Bailey. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available September—October. 
A large shrub to small or large tree. 


Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. American crab apple. 
Pyrus coronaria L. 
Range: 16, 19. 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available September—November. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; blooms March—May, forms dense, spiny 
thickets. 
Stomach records: Grosbeak, white-tailed deer. Observations: Ring-necked 
pheasant. 


Malus diversifolia, see Malus fusca. 
Malus fragrans, see Malus glaucescens. 


166 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Malus fusea (Raf.) Schn. (pl. 21, B). Oregon crab apple, 
M. vivularis Roem., M@. diversifolia (Bong.) Roem., Pyrus fusca Raf., P. 
diversifolia Bong., P. rivularis Dougl. 
Range: 1, 2, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available August—November. 
A small to large tree; flowers April-May; thicket forming; specimens usually 
straggling when single. 
Stomach records: Robin. Observations: Much eaten by Oregon ruffed grouse. 
Not a first-class browse plant because often inaccessible on account of thicket- 
forming tendency but sometimes fair cattle forage. 


Malus glabrata Rehd. Crab apple. 
Pyrus glabrata Bailey. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
A small to large tree. 


Malus glaucescens Rehd. Dunbar crab apple. 
M. fragrans Rehd., Pyrus glaucescens Bailey. 
Range: 22.24.25, 26, 265-20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available in September. 
A large shrub to smali or large tree; flowers April-May; commonly clump 
forming and spiny. 


Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. Prairie crab apple. 
Pyrus coronaria toensis Wood, P. ioensis Caruth. 
Range: 20, 21, 22, 23,25, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available September-October. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; several varieties, all occur- 
ing within the range of the species have been described. 


Malus ljancifolia Reha. Lanceleaf crab apple. 
Pyrus lancifolia Bailey. 
Range: 20, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
A large shrub to small, spiny tree. 


Malus malus, see Malus punvila. 


Malus platyearpa Rehd. Crab apple. 
Pyrus platycarpa Bailey. 
Range: 25, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Malus pumila Mill. Wild apple. 
M. malus (L.) Britt., M. sylwestris Mill, Pyrus malus L. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available September—November. 
A small to large tree, flowers April-May; introduced from Asia, but widely 
naturalized and easily escaping. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Obser- 
vations: Nine species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant and mourning 
dove; white-tailed deer. Without doubt of extreme importance as a food- 
producing plant for wildlife. 
Malus rivularis, see Malus fusca. 
Malus sempervirens, see Malus angustifolia. 
Malus soulardii (Bailey) Britt. Soulard crab apple. 
Pyrus soulardii Bailey. 
Range: 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATHS 167 


A large shrub to small tree; presumably a cross between WM. ioensis and M. 
pumila. 


Malus sylvestris, see Malus pumila. 
Malva fasciculata, see Malvastrum fasciculatum. 


Malvastrum spp. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, but 
many species are herbaceous. 


Malvastrum davidsonii Robins. Davidson globemallow. 
Malacothamnus davidsonit (Robins.) Greene, Sphaeralcea davidsonii 
(Robins.) Jeps. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Dry carpel. 
A small to large shrub. 


Malvastrum fasciculatum (Nutt.) Greene. Bushmallow. 
M. thurberi Gray, Malva fasciculata Nutt., Malacothamnus fasciculatum, 
Greene, Sphaeralcea fasciculata (Nutt.) Arthur. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Dry carpel. 
A large shrub with wandlike branches. 


Malvastrum gabrielense Munz and Johnst. San Gabriel globemaliow. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Dry carpel. 
A small to large shrub. 


Malvastrum nuttallii (Abrams) Dav. and Moxl. Nuttall globemallow. 
Malacothamnus nuttallii Abrams. 
Range: 5. 


Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Dry carpel. 
A large shrub. 


Malvastrum thurberi, see Malvastrum fasciculatum. 


Malvaviscus drummondii Torr. and Gray. Texas mallow. 
Range: 17, 20; 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berrylike carpel, available August-September. 
A large shrub to small tree; usually occurs in sand; fruit edible. Of some 
value as forage for livestock. 


Manihot carthaginensis (Jacq.) Muell. 
M. chlorostica Standl. and Goldm., Jatropha carthaginensis Jacq. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree; roots fleshy. 


Manihot chlorostica, see Manihot carthaginensis. 


Maytenus phyllanthoides Benth, 
Range: 17, 30, 82. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen. 


Melia azedarach L. Chinaberry. 
Range: 17, 20, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available October, failing through the winter. 

A small to large tree; foliage dense; introduced from India and China and 
apparently completely naturalized in the regions indicated; will not stand ex- 
cessive drought; free from insects; rapid growing; somewhat tolerant of 
salinity ; much cultivated through the southern part of the country; fruit pulp 
is a vermifuge and a repellant of insects. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Robin; western 
chipmunk. Fermented fruit toxic to pigs. 


168 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Melochia tomentosa L. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. 


Menispermum canadense L. Moonseed. 
Range: 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A twining or clambering vine; flowers June—J uly ; exceptionally fast growing; 
spreads by means of suckers; berries poisonous to humans. Livestock seldom, 
if ever, eat the plant. 


Menispermum lyonii, see Calycocarpum lyonii. 


Menodora spinescens Gray. Menodora. 
Range: 4, 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small spinose shrub with small leaves. 


fenziesia ferruginea Sm. Rustyleaf. 
M. gabella Gray. 
Range: 1, 4, 12, 23. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, availabie August-September. 
A small to large shrub; fiowers May—June. Poisonous to livestock when eaten 
in large quantities. 


Menziesia glabella, see Menziesia ferruginea. 
Menziesia glandulifiora, see Phyllodoce giandulifiora. 


Menziesia pilosa (Michx.) Pers. Minnie-bush. 
Azalea pilosa Michx. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May—June. 
Microrhamnus ericoides Gray. Javelin brush. 
Range: 11, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in May. 
A small to large, spiny evergreen shrub with minute leaves. 
Mimosa angustissima, see Acacia anguStissima. 
Mimosa berlandieri, see Mimosa pigra. 
Mimosa biuncifera Benth. Catclaw. 
M. prolifica Wats., Mimosopsis biuncifera (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 10, 11, 16, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in September. 
A small, rarely large, thorny shrub. 
Stomach records: Scaled quail. Observations: Gambel and scaled quail; par- 
ticularly palatable to captive deer. Fairly good browse for livestock. 


Mimosa borealis Gray. 
M. fragrans Gray, M. texana Small, M. borealis texrana Gray. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large, much-branched, spiny, rigid shrub. Browsed by livestock 
but brittle and apt to be broken down with overgrazing. 
Mimosa dysocarpa Benth. Velvetpod mimosa. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in August. 
A small to large, spiny shrub. 
Observations: Gambel and scaled quail. Considered fair browse for live- 
stock. 


Catclaw. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 169 


Mimosa emoryana Benth. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit :Legume. 
A small to large, spiny shrub. 


Mimosa endlichii, see Mimosa, lemmonii. 


Mimosa farnesiana, see Acacia, farnesiana. 
Mimosa filiculoides, see Acacia angustissima, 


Mimosa flexuosa Benth. 
M. biuwncifera fleruosa Robins., Mimosopsis flecuosa (Benth.) Britt. and 
Rose. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small, much-branched, spiny shrub. 


Mimosa fragrans, see Mimosa borealis. 


Mimosa grahamii Gray. 
Mimosopsis grahamii (Gray) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large, spreading or decumbent shrub. 


Mimosa laxiflora Benth. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A smali to large, somewhat prickly shrub. 


Mimosa lemmonii Gray. 
M. endlichii Harms, Mimosopsis lemmonit (Gray) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub. 
Stomach records: Gambe!l quail. 


Mimosa lindheimeri Gray. 
M. biuncifera lindheimeri Robins., Mimosopsis lindheimeri (Gray) Britt. 
and Rose. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small, spiny shrub. 


Mimosa malacophylla Benth. 
Senegalia matacophylla (Benth.) Britt. and Rose. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. : 
Fruit: Legume, available August-September. 
A large, spiny, decumbent, or even climbing shrub. 


Mimosa pigra L. 
M. berlandierit Gray. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large, prickly shrub. 


Mimosa pringlei Wats. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large, densely branched, spiny shrub. 


Mimosa prolifica, see Mimosa biuncifera. 
Mimosa texana, see Mimosa borealis. 


70 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Mimosa wrightii Gray. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large, spiny shrub. 


Mimosopsis biuncifera, see Mimosa biuncifera. 
Mimosopsis fiexuosa, see J/imosa flexuosa. 
Mimosopsis grahamii, see Mimosa grahamii. 
Mimosopsis lemmonii, see J/imosa lemmonii. 
Mimosopsis lindheimeri, see Mimosa lindheimeri. 


Mimulus aridus (Abrams) Grant. 
Diplacus aridus Abrams. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, decumbent, evergreen shrub. 


Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis. Bush monkeyflower. 
Diplacus aurantiacus (Curtis) Jeps. 
Range: 1, 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, sparingly branched, evergreen shrub; flowers April—September. 
Palatability to livestock low or negligible. 


Mimulus flemingii Munz. 
M. parviflorus (Greene) Grant, Diplacus parviflorus Greene. 
Range? 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, evergreen shrub; flowers January—August. 


Mimulus longifiorus (Nutt.) Grant. Long monkeyfiower. 
Diplacus arachnoides Greene, D. longiflorus Nutt. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, profusely branched shrub. Palatability to livestock low or negligible. 


Mimulus parviflorus, see Mimulus flemingii. 


Mimulus puniceus (Nutt.) Steud. Crimson monkeyflower. 
Diplacus puniceus Nutt. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A small to large, freely branched shrub. Palatability to livestock low or 

negligible. 
Mitchella repens. L. Patridgeberry. 
Range: 23,2425. 26, 25,28: 29, 750: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—October, often persistent throughout the 
year. 

An evergreen vine with creeping, matted, rooting stems; flowers April-June 
and often again in autumn. 

Stomach records: Nine species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken. Observations: Five species 
of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and Canadian spruce grouse; much 
eaten by raccoon; frequently eaten by red fox. 


Mohrodendron carolinum, see Halesia carolina. 
Mohrodendron dipterum, see Halesia diptera. 
Mohrodendron parviflorum, see Halesia parvifiora. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATHS Al 


Momisia aculeata, see Celtis iguanaea, 
Momisia pallida, see Celtis pallida. 
Morella cerifera, see Myrica cerifera. 


Mortonia greggii Gray. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A very small, everygreen shrub; usually occurs on limestone soil. 


Mortonia scabrella Gray. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in September. 
A small, densely branched shrub; usually occurs on limestone soil. Not 
browsed by livestock. 


Mortonia sempervirens Gray. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, leafy shrub. 


Mortenia utahensis (Cov.) Rydb. Mortonia. 
M. scabrella utahensis Cov. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, intricately branched shrub. Not browsed by livestock. 


Morus spp. Mulberries. 

Members of this genus are attacked by the Texas root rot caused by 
Phymatotrichum omnivorum. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Forty-five species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse and bobwhite; opossum, red fox; composed 19.54 percent 
of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan. 

Observations (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-eight species of birds 
including wild turkey; cottontail rabbit. 


Morus alba L. White mulberry. 
Range: 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Compound drupe, available May—July. 

A small to large, rapid-growing tree; a very variable species introduced from 
China but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; some 10 varieties 
are distinguished in cultivation ; 300,000-850,000 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Four species cf birds. 


Morus celtidifolia, see Morus microphylla. 


Morus microphylla Buckl. Texan mulberry. 
M. celtidifolia of Sarg., not H. B. K. 
Range: 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Compound drupe, available May—June. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; usually occurs on limestone soil; 
thicket-forming ; usually dioecious; possibly not distinct from M. celtidifolia, a 
Mexican species. 

Observationss Gambel, scaled, and Mearns quail; many songbirds; highly pal- 
atable the year round to captive deer. 


Morus nigra L. Black mulberry. 
Range: 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Compound drupe, available June-August. 
A small to large tree introduced ultimately from Persia but more or less 
naturalized in the regions indicated; 200,000 seeds per pound. 


12 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Morus rubra L. Red mulberry. 
Range: 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Compound drupe, available May—August. 

A small to large, rapid-growing tree; monoecious or dioecious: root system 
shallow; short-lived; much attacked by insects and fungi; wood used com- 
mercially to some extent; seed generally not very fertile; grows on various 
soils ; 200,000 seeds per pound; a large-fruited and everbearing variety is known. 

Stomach records: Twenty-one species of birds, including bobwhite. 

Observations: Twenty-one species of birds; much eaten by Carolina fox 
Squirrel; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. 


Mozinna spathulata, see Jatropha spathulata. 
Muscadinia munsoniana, see Vitis munsoniana. 
Muscadinia rotundifolia, see Vitis rotundifolia. 


Myrica spp. 
Propagation of all species is by seed stratified and sown in spring: propa- 
gation by cuttings is considered difficult; most species grow in acid soil. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Sixty species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse and bobwhite. Observations (in addition to specific 
records) : Hungarian partridge, ring-necked pheasant, white-tailed deer. 


Myrica asplenifolia L. Sweetfern. 
Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet, available September—October. 

A small shrub; often forms very dense colonies, especially on poor, sterile 
soils, often to the exclusion of other growth; often a pasture weed: a pioneer 
in burned-over areas northward. 

Observations: Ruffed grouse, prairie sharp-tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. 


Myrica californica Cham. (pl. 21, C). Pacific waxmyrtle. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available July—June. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; occurs in sandy soil, salt 
marshes, or other situations; produces suckers; somewhat thicket forming. 
Stomach records: Five species of birds, including California quail. 


Myrica carolinensis Mill. Bayberry. 
Cerothamnus carolinensis (Mill.) Tidest. 
Range: 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available June—April or longer. 

A small to large, almost evergreen shrub; occurs in sandy, or dry, sterile 
soil; 55.500 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Thirty-eight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, and ring-necked pheasant. Observations: Sixteen species of birds, 
including bobwhite, ranks with I. cerifera as twentieth on the list of quail 
food plants of the Southeast. (Some of these observations may apply wholly 
or in part to M. cerifera). 


Myrica cerifera L. (pl. 22, A). Waxmpyrtle. 
Morella cerifera (L.) Small, Cerothamnus ceriferus (L.) Small. 
Range: 20, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 

Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available August—October. 

A small to large shrub or rarely a small to large tree; evergreen; grows in 
sandy or sterile, often acid soil. 

Stomach records: Forty-one species of birds including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, and wild turkey. Observations: Six species of birds including bob- 
white; ranks with IW. caroliniana as twentieth on the list of quail food plants 
of the Southeast; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. (See also M. caro- 
linensis.) 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 21 


A, Magnolia grandiflora. The fruit of the evergreen magnolia is of particular appeal to wild turkey. The 
fleshy red drupes, extruded from the conelike structure, are characteristic of magnolias. B, Malus fusca. 
The Oregon crab apple, ordinarily found in moist soils, may prove of value in stream-bank control. The 
fruits, though much smaller than those of eastern species, are similarly used by man. C, Myrica cali- 
fornica. The fruit of the Pacific waxmyrtle will probably be found to occupy the same place in the diet of 
western birds that the fruits of eastern waxmyrtles do in the diet of eastern birds. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 22 


i 


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A, Myrica cerifera. The fruits of this sand-inhabiting shrub have been found in the stomachs of 41 kinds of 
birds. In sand-dune control, such wildlife use may considerably enhance the value of plantings of the 
species. B, Oxrydendrumarboreum. The ornamental flowers of the sourwood, of use in honey production, 
entitle this species to consideration in erosion-control planting along roadsides. (Photograph by Depart- 


ment of the Interior.) 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 173 


Myrica gale L. Sweetgale. 
anges 12,4. 212324 26. 27. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available August-September. 
A small to large shrub; often occurs in acid soil. 
Observations: Prairie sharp-tailed grouse; casually browsed by northern 
white-tailed deer. 


Myrica hartwegii Wats. Sierra sweetbay. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Waxy, nutlike. 
A small to large shrub. 


Myrica inodora Bartr. 
Cerothamnus inodorus (Bartr.) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Waxy, nutlike. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen. 


Myrica pumila (Michx.) Small. Dwarf waxmyrtle. 
M. cerifera pumila Michx., Cerothamnus pumilus (Michx.) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 


Site: Dry, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Waxy, nutlike, available May—October. 
A small evergreen shrub; occurs in sandy or acid soils. 
Observations: Bird stomach records for M. cerifera should be consulted for 
this species. 


Negundo aceroides, see Acer negundo. 
Negundo californicum, see Acer negundo. 
Negundo interius, see Acer negundo. 

Negundo negundo, see Acer negundo. 
Negundo nuttallii, see Acer negundo. 
Negundo texanum, see Acer negundo. 

Neillia alternans, see Physocarpus alternans. 
Neillia capitata, see Physocarpus capitatus. 
Neillia malvacea, see Physocarpus malvaceus. 
Neillia opulifolia, see Physocarpus opulifolius. 
Neltuma glandulosa, see Prosopis chilensis, 
Neltuma juliflora, see Prosopis chilensis. 
Neltuma velutina, see Prosopis chilensis. 


Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. Mountain-holly. 
Illicoides mucronata Britt. , 
Range: 21, 22, 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. 
A small to large shrub; usually occurs in bogs; about 1,600 berries per 


pound. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, robin. 


Neopieris mariana, see Xolisma mariana. 

Neopieris nitida, see Xolisma lucida. 

Neostyphonia integrifolia, see Rhus integrifolia. 
Neostyphonia ovata, see Rhus ovata. 
Neowashingtonia robusta, see Washingtonia robusta. 


174. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Nephropetalum pringlei Robins. and Greenm. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. 


Nicotiana glauca Graham. Tree tobacco. 
Range: 3 "521029110172 20: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, Sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; introduced from South America, 
but naturalized in the regions indicated; foliage sparse, furnishing little soil 
cover; a pioneer in eroded areas; reputed to be poisonous. 

Observations: Especially attractive to hummingbirds. 


Nintooa japonica, see Lonicera japonica. 
Nuttallia cerasiformis, see Osmaronia cerasiformis. 


Nyssa sp. 
Observations (in addition to specific records): Red-headed woodpecker. 
Nyss2 aquatica Marsh. Tupelo gum. 


Range: 25, 29, 30. 

Site: Moist, shade. 

Fruit: Drupe, not available in October. 
A large tree; wood not durable, used commercially to some extent. 
Stomach records: Ten species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey. 
Observations: Four species of birds. 


Nyssa biflera Walt. Swamp black gum. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A large tree; wood of little importance commercially. 
Stomach records: Four species of birds, including bobwhite and wild turkey. 


Nyssa ogeche Marsh. Sour tupelo gum. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-August, persistent until November— 
December. 
A large shrub, or more commonly a small to large tree; very rare and local; 
fruits much larger than those of other species, and edible. 
Stomach records: Opossum. An important source of honey. 


Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Black gum. 
Range: 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, persistent until May or 
falling at once. 

A large tree; root system deep, widespreading, as well as superficial; resist- 
ant to fire; not wind-firm; coppices after cutting; wood not durable in soil, 
used commercially ; without notable insect enemies; 3,0004,000 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Thirty-two species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken; Louisiana 
white-tailed deer. Observations: Twenty-four species of birds, including ruffed 
grouse; greatly preferred food of wild turkey; captive marsh rabbit; favorite 
food of black bear; white-tailed deer. 


Obione confertifolia, see Atriplex confertifolia. 

Obione hymenelytra, see Atriplex hymenelytra. 

Obione lentiformis, see Atriplex lentiformis. 

Obione polycarpa, see Atriplex polycarpa. 

Odostemon aquifolius, see Berberis aquifolium. 

Qdostemon dictyotus, see Berberis californicum. 

Odostemon fascicularis, see Berberis californicum and B. pinnata. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 175 


Odostemon fremontii, see Berberis fremontii. 
Odostemon haematocarpus, see Berberis haematocarpa. 
Odosteman nervosus, see Berberis nervosa. 

Odostemon nevinii, see Berberis nevinii. 

Odostemon nutkanus, see Berberis aquifolium. 
Odostemon pumilus, see Berberis pumila. 

Odostemon repens, see Berberis repens. 

Odostemon trifoliolatus, see Berberis trifoliolata. 
Odostemon wilcoxii, see Berberis wilcozvii. 


Olneya tesota Gray. Desert ironwood. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available August-September. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May—June; evergreen; some- 
what spiny ; foliage rather dense; 2,000 seeds per pound. 
Observations: Hooded orioles; hummingbirds; much used as roosts by Gambel 
quail; bighorn. 
The species is attacked by a mistletoe (Phoradendron californicum) which 
produces fruits attractive to many berry-eating birds. Of some value as a 
forage for livestock. 


Oplopanax horridum (Small) Miquel. Devilsclub. 
Fatsia horrida (Small) B. and H., EHchincpanaxz horridwm Decne. and 
Planch., Ricinophyllum horridum (Small) Nels. and MacBr. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 12, 13, 24. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. 
A large, straggling, large-leafed, very thorny shrub; flowers May—June. 
Observations: Preferred food of Olympic wapiti. 


Opulaster alabamensis, see Physocarpus stellatus. 
Opulaster alternans, see Physocarpus alternans. 
Opulaster australis, see Physocarpus opulifolius. 
Opulaster bracteatus, see Physocarpus bracteatus. 
Opulaster capitatus, see Physocarpus capitatus. 
Opulaster glabratus, see Physocarpus glabratus. 
Opulaster intermedius, see Physocarpus stellatus and P. opulifolius. 
Opulaster monogynus, see Physocarpus monogynus. 
Opulaster opulifolius, see Physocarpus opulifolius. 
Opulaster paucifiorus, see Physocarpus malvaceus. 
Oreccallis davisiae, see Leucothoé davisiae. 
Osmanthus americanus (L.) Benth. and Hook. Devilwood, 
Amarolea americana (L.) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in September. 


Usually a large shrub to small tree or rarely a large tree; evergreen; often 
occurs in sandy soil; flowers March—April. 


Osmaronia cerasiformis (Torr. and Gray) Greene. Oso berry. 
Nuttallii cerasiformis Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 1, 2, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—August. ; 
A small to large shrub; flowers March-April; fruit pulp bitter in some 
regions, sweet in others, but not poisonous. 
Observations: Greedily eaten by many birds and mammals. Apparently of 
little value as forage for livestock. 


33772°—38——12 


176 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Ostrya baileyi Rose. Bailey hophornbeam. 
Range: 11, 16, 19. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small tree. 


Ostrya knowltonii Coy. Western hophornbeam. 
Range: 9, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Koch. Hophornbeam. 
Range: 15, 18; 20, 200.22, 23,24, 25526 28:529.-30: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Nutlet, available August—October. 

A small, very slow-growing tree. Var. glandulosa (Spach) Sarg., the more 
northern form, has been noted to be possibly the same as O. baileyi. 

Stomach records: Five species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
ptarmigan; white-tailed deer; composed 14.73 percent of winter food of ruffed 
grouse in New York. Observations: Five species of birds, including ruffed 
grouse, ring-necked pheasant; staple food of northern Sharp-tailed grouse in 
Quebec; white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. 


Oxycoccus erythrocarpus, see Hugeria erythrocarpa. 
Oxycoccus macrocarpus, see Vaccinium macrocarpon. | 
Oxycoccus oxycoccus, see Vaccinium oxycoccus. 
Oxycoccus palustris, see Vaccinium oxrycoccus. 


Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. (pl. 22, B). Sourwood. 
Andromeda arboreum L. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—October. 
A large tree; flowers June-August; rarely attacked by insects or diseases; 
wood sometimes used locally. 
Stomach records: White-tailed deer. A good bee plant. 


Oxytenia acerosa Nutt. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large shrub, leafiess and rushlike, or with leaves; often occurs on alkaline 
soil. Not eaten by livestock and considered poisonous to cattle by stockmen. 


Pachistima canbyi Gray. Cliffgreen, 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers April-May; occurs on limestone and other 
soils; creeping branches root. 
Stomach records: White-tailed deer. 


Pachistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. Myrtle boxleaf. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 9, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available July—September. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers May—July; densely branched, very leafy; 
sometimes nearly prostrate. 
Stomach records: Richardson’s grouse; mountain sheep, black-tailed deer, 
plains white-tailed deer. Occasionally browsed by livestock; rarely causes live- 
stock poisoning. 


Pachysandra procumbens Michx. Pachysandra. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers April-May; often occurs on calcareous 
soil; forms large clumps by means of rootstocks. 


NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES WT 


Padus alabamensis, see Prunus alabamensis. 
Padus australis, see Prunus australis. 
Padus caroliniana, see Prunus caroliniana. 
Padus cuthbertii, see Prunus cuthbertii. 


Padus nana, see Prunus virginiana. 

Padus demissa, see Prunus demissa. 

Padus eximia, see Prunus eximia. 

Padus melanocarpa, see Prunus demissa. 
Padus pumicea, see Prunus virginiana. 

Padus rufula, see Prunus virens. 

Padus valida, see Prunus valida. 

Padus virens, see Prunus virens. 

Padus virginiana, see Prunus virginiana. 
Palmerocassia wislizenii, see Cassia wislizenit. 
Papyrius papyrifera, see Broussonetia papyrifera. 


Parkinsonia aculeata L. Horsebean. 
Range: 10, 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 

A large shrub to small or large spiny tree; occurs in rich, sandy soils; 
introduced from tropical America; generally free from pests; resistant to saline 
conditions; often grown for hedges. Of local importance aS an emergency 
fodder for livestock. 


Parkinsonia, see Cercidiwm. 


Parosela arborescens (Torr.) Heller. Mohave dalea. 
P. neglecta Parish, Dalea arborescens Torr., Psorodendron arborescens 
(Torr.) Rydb. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small, spiny shrub with slender branches; flowers April—May. 


Parosela argyrea (Gray) Heller. 
Dalea argyrea Gray. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A smail, stout shrub. 


Parosela californica, see Parosela fremontii. 


Parosela emoryi (Gray) Helier. White dalea. 
Dalea emoryi Gray, Psorothamnus emoryi (Gray) Rydb. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small, densely branched shrub; flowers April-May; occurs on sandy and 
other soils. 


Parosela formosa (Torr.) Vail. Feather peabush. 
Dalea formosa Torr. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small, much-branched shrub; flowers April—October; very handsome in 
flower. 
Observations: Particularly palatable to captive deer. Of little importance 
as forage for livestock. 


178 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Parosela fremontii (Torr.) Vail. Fremont dalea. 
Dalea fremontii Torr., D. wheeleri Vail, Psorodendron fremontii (Torr.) 
Rydb. 


Range: 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 

A small shrub; flowers April—June. 

Var. saundersii McB., (Dalea saundersii Parish, P. sauindersii Abrams), occurs 
in region 10. Var. johnsonti (Wats.) Jeps., (Dalea johnsonii Wats., P. john- 
sonii Vail., Dalea amoena Wats., Psorodendron johnsonii Rydb.), is more leafy 
than the species. Var. californica (Wats.) Jeps., (Dalea californica Wats., 
P. californica (Wats.) Vail, Psorodendron californicum Rydb.), has also been 
described. 


Parosela frutescens (Gray) Vail. 
Dalea frutescens Gray. 
Range: 1, 14, 16, 17/20; 30: 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small, very drought-resistant shrub. Somewhat browsed by livestock. 


Parosela greggii (Gray) Heller. 
Dalea greggit Gray. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub. Much browsed by livestock. 


Parosela johnsonii, see Parosela fremontii. 
Parosela neglecta, see Parosela arborescens. 


Parosela polyadenia (Torr.) Heller. Nevada dalea. 
Dalea polydenit Torr., Psorothamnus polyadenius (Torr.) Rydb., Psoro- 
thamnus subnudus Rydb. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large, stout, intricately-branched, spiny shrub; flowers May-June; 
occurs in sandy and other soils. 


Parosela sanctae-crucis Rydb. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub. 


Parosela saundersii, see Parosela fremontii. 


Parosela schottii (Torr.) Heller. Mesa dalea. 
Dalea schottii Torr., Psorodendron schoitii (Torr.) Rydb., Psorodendron 
puberulum Rydb. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: One-seeded legume, available in June. 
A small to large, slender, densely branched shrub; flowers in April; com- 
monly occurs in gravelly soils; somewhat spinose. 


Parosela scoparia (Gray) Heller (pl. 23, A). 
Dalea scoparia Gray, Psorothamnus scoparius (Gray) Rydb. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small, broomlike shrub with rigid, slender stems and minute leaves; very 
drought resistant; occurs on sandy soil and has been recommended for use 
as a sand-binding plant. 


Parosela sessilis (Gray) Rydb. 
Dalea wislizenii sessilis Gray. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 179 


Parosela spinosa (Gray) Heller. Smoketree. 
Dalea spinosa Gray, Psorodendron spinosum (Gray) Rydb. 

Range: 10. 

Site: Dry, sun. 

Fruit: Legume. 

A large shrub to small tree; flowers January—July ; leaves few, early decidu- 

ous; very spiny; fruit produced rarely, very showy in flower. Not eaten by 
livestock. 


Parosela thyrsiflora (Gray) Vail. 
P. soralea humilis Mill., Dalea thyrsiflora Gray. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub. 


Parosela wheeleri, see Parosela fremontii. 


Parryella filifolia Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: One-seeded legume. 
A small, much-branched shrub; grows in sandy soil. 


Parthenium incanum H. B. K. Mariola. 
P. ramosissinum DC. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub; furnishes a small amount of rubber. New shoots and flower 
heads sometimes nibbled by livestock. 


Parthenium ramosissimum, see Parthenium incanum. 


Parthenocissus spp. 
Observations (in addition to specific records) : Frequently eaten by red fox; 
much eaten by raccoon in New York. 


Parthenocissus heptaphylla (Buckl.) Small. 
P. texana Rehder, Ampelopsis heptaphylla Buckl., Psedera heptaphylla 
(Buckl.) Greene. 
Range: 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A high-climbing vine; occurs on rocky or sandy soil; propagated by cuttings; 
easily transplanted. 


Parthenocissus hirsuta, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 
Parthenocissus laciniata, see Parthenocissus vitaced. 


Parthenocissus quinquefolia (l.) Planch. (pl. 25, A). Virginia creeper. 
Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene, Ampelopsis quingquefolia Michx. 
Range: 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry available August—February. 

A high-climbing or trailing vine; occurs in sand, loam, clay, and other soils; 
claimed to remain on fence posts not following the wires when planted along 
fences; has been used as a cover on rocky roadsides; resists grazing well; 
12,000-19,000 seeds per pound. 

Var. hirsuta (Donn.) Rehder (P. hirsuta (Donn.) Small), is more hairy 
than the species. 

Stomach records: Thirty-eight species of birds including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken; skunk. 
Observations: Eleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, ring-necked 
pheasant, wild turkey; white-tailed deer, eastern chipmunk. 

Parthenocissus texana, see Parthenocissus heptaphylla. 
Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr.) Hitche. Virginia creeper. 
P. laciniata Small, Psedera vitacea Greene. 
Range: 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—October. 


180 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Usually a low and rambling, or rarely a high-climbing, vine; occurs in a 
variety of soils; very rapid growing and vigorous; growth increases with water, 
but comparatively drought resistant; claimed not to stay on fence posts but to 
follow the wires when planted along fences. 

Observations: Birds especially fond of the berries. 


Pasania densiflora, see Lithocarpus densiflora. 


Pavonia lasiopetala Scheele. Pavonia. 
P. wrightii Gray, Malache lasiopetala (Scheele) Kuntze. 
Range: 17, 20, 30. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
: small shrub; ornamental in cultivation. Apparently has little browse 
value. 


Pavonia wrightii, see Pavonia lasiopetala. 
Pectis taxifolia, see Chrysactinia mexicana. 


Pentstemon antirrhinoides Benth. Snapdragon pentstemon. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, bushy evergreen shrub; flowers April—May. 
Var. microphyllus (Gray) Munz and Johnst., occurring in regions 10, 11, 
and 14, is considered fair browse for sheep and goats in times of scarcity. 


Pentstemon breviflorus Lindl. Shortflower pentstemon. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A smail to large evergreen shrub; forms loose clumps. Locally useful as 
sheep browse. 


Pentstemon cordifolius Benth. Heartleaf pentstemon. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, loosely branched shrub; flowers June—July. 


Pentstemon lemmonii Gray. Bush beardtongue. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers July-August. Locally valuable as sheep browse. 


Pentstemon rothrockii Gray. Rothrock pentstemon. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Wruit: Capsuie. 
A small, loosely branched shrub. 


Peraphyllum ramosissimum Nutt. Squaw-appie. 
Range: 4, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available July-September. 

A small to large, intricately branched, rigid shrub; flowers April-May; 
fruit occasionally not formed owing to late frosts but very abundant when pro- 
duced; rarely does well in cultivation. 

Apparently of some value as sheep and cattle browse, although this is ques- 
tioned by some authorities. 


Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay. 
Tamala borbonia (L.) Raf. 
Range: 17, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A small to large evergreen tree; flowers April-June; wood formerly used 
commercially. 
Stomach records: Two species of birds. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 181 


Persea humilis Nash. Silkbay. 
Tamala humilis (Nash) Small. 
Range: 17, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; usually occurs in sandy soil. 


Persea palustris, see Persea pubescens. 


Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. Swampbay. 
P. palustris Sarg., Laurus carolinensis pubescens Pursh, Tamala pubescens 
(Pursh) Small. 
Range: 20, 28, 29, 30, 31. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in September, long persistent. 
A small to large evergreen tree; flowers May—July. 
Stomach records: Bobwhite, fish crow. 


Petrophytum acuminatum, see Spiraea caespitosa. 
Petrophytum caespitosum, see Spiraea caespitosa. 


Peucephyllum schottii Gray. Pigmy-cedar. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, much-branched, small-leaved shrub. 


Phenianthus sempervirens, see Lonicera sempervirens. 


Philadelphus spp. Mockoranges. 
Most species are free from insects and diseases, and most occur in neutral 
soil. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. 


Philadelphus argenteus, see Philadelphus microphyllus. 


Philadelphus argyrocalyx Woot. Mockorange. 
P. ellipticus Rydb. 
Range: 9, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub. 


Philadelphus californicus, see Philadelphus lewisii. 
Philadeilphus columbianus, see Philadelphus lewisit. 
Philadelphus confusus, see Philadeiphus lewisii. 
Philadelphus ellipticus, see Philadelphus argyrocalyz, 
Philadelphus gloriosus, see Philadeiphus inodorus. 
Philadelphus gordonianus, see Philadelphus lewisii. 
Philadelphus grandifiorus, see Philadelphus imodorus. 


Philadelphus hirsutus Nutt. Mockorange. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, Shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, straggling shrub; flowers May-June. 


Philadelphus inodorus L. Mockorange. 
Range: 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers May—June. 
Var. grandifiorus (Willd.) Gray, (P. grandiflorus Willd., P. gloriosus Beadle) 
has larger flowers and occurs within range of the species. 


Philadelphus intectus, see Philadelphus pubescens. 


182 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Philadelphus lewisii Pursh. Mockorange. 
P. confusus Piper. 
Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub; flowers May—August. 

Var. californicus Gray, (P. californicus Benth.) occurs in region 4, Var. 
gordonianus Jeps. (P. gordonianus Lindl., P. columbianus Koehne.) occurs in 
regions 1, 2, and 4. 

Observations: Foliage browsed by deer in California; seed eaten by quail 
and squirrels. 


Philadelphus mearnsii Evans. Mockorange. 
Range: 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. 


Philadelphus microphyllus Gray. Mockorange. 
P. argenteus Rydb. 
; Range: 4, 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers June—August. 
Observations: Mexican bighorn. 


Philadelphus occidentalis Nels. Mockorange. 
Range: 9, 11, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers July—August, very floriferous and fragant. 


Philadelphus pubescens Loisel. Mockorange. 
Range: 25, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers June—July. 
Var. intectus Moore, (P. intectus Beadle) occurs in region 25. 


Philadelphus pumilus, see Philadelphus serpyllifolius. 


Philadelphus serpyllifolius Gray. Mockorange. 
P. pumilus Rydb. 
Range: 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, straggling shrub; branches commonly bent down at their ends. 


Photinia arbutifolia Lindl. (pl. 23, B). Christmasberr7. 
Heteromeles arbutifolia Roem. H. salicifolia (Presl.) Abrams. 
Range: 38, 4, 5. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berrylike pome, available October—February. 

A large, bushy shrub to small or rarely large tree; evergreen; foliage dense; 
somewhat tolerant of saline conditions; not inflammable; crown sprouts vigor- 
ously after a fire or when cut; a pioneer on eroded land; extensively used for 
Christmas greens. 

Stomach records: Four species of birds, including California quail; raccoon. 

Observations: Seven species of birds, including band-tailed pigeon; of slight 
importance as browse for mule deer; much eaten by birds generally. 


Phyllodoce spp. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Mountain sheep. 


Phyllodoce breweri (Gray) Heller. Red heather. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers July—August. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 23 


A, Parosela scoparia, a species which may prove of value on sandy soil. The foliage, such as it is, is fully 
developed in this specimen. 6, Photinia arbutifolia. The toyon is one of the more important shrubs in 
California for soil- and wildlife-conservation plantings. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 24 


Populus tremuloides: A, Tooth marks indicate that quaking aspen is sometimes used as food by elk. It is 
of prime importance to beaver. B, A characteristically thick grove of quaking aspen, a rapid-growing 
species of great importance as soil cover and wildlife food. (Photographs by Department of the Interior.) 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 183 


oO 
Phyllodoce caerulea (L.) Bab. Mountainheath. 
Andromeda caerulea L., Bryanthus taxifolius Gray. 
Range: 26. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers July—August. 


Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) Don. Red heather. 
Range: 1, 4, 12, 18. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub; flowers July—August. 
Stomach records: Mountain sheep. 


Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook) Cov. Yellow heather. 
Menziesia glandulifiora Hook. 
Range: 1, 4, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, tufted, matted evergreen shrub. 


Physocarpus spp. 
Most species are free from insects and diseases; most occur in neutral soil; 
propagation of all species is much easier by cuttings than by seed. 


Physocarpus alternans (Jones) Howell. 
Neillia alternans Jones, Opulaster alternans (Jones) Heller. 
Range: 10 (at high elevations), 13. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small to large, densely branched shrub; flowers . une—August. 


Physocarpus australis, see Physocarpus opulifolius. 


Physocarpus bracteatus (Rydb.) Rehd. 
Opulaster bracteatus Rybd. 
Range: 138. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small to large shrub; flowers June—July. 


Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze. Ninebark. 
Opulaster capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze, Neillia capitata Greene. 
Range: 1, 2, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, moist sun, shade. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A large, often gregarious shrub; flowers April—July. 


Physocarpus glabratus (Rydb.) Rehd. 
Opulaster glabratus Rydb. 
Range: 138. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small, very floriferous shrub; flowers June—July. 


Physocarpus intermedius, see Physocarpus opulifolius. 


Physocarpus malvaceus Kuntze. Mallow ninebark. 
P. paucifiorus Piper, Spiraea pauciflora Nutt., Neillia malwacea Greene. 
Range: 4, 7, 12, 18. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May—July ; root system comparatively shallow; 
areas long. Considered fairly good browse for sheep, goats, and occasionally 
cattle. 


Physocarpus michiganensis, see Physocarpus opulifolius. 
Physocarpus missouriensis, see Physocarpus opulifolius. 


184 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Physocarpus monogynus (Torr.) Coult. 
P. torreyi Maxim., Cpulaster monogynus (Torr.) Kuntze. 
Range: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Wollicie. 
A small shrub; flowers May—July. 


Physocarpus epulifolius (L.) Maxim. Ninebark. 
P. australis (Rydb.) Rehd., P. michiganensis Daniels, Spiraea opulifolia L., 
Opulaster opulifoiius (L.) Kuntze, O. pauciflorus (Torr. and Gray) 
Heller, Neillia opulifolia Brew. and Wats. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,. 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, stn, shade. 
Fruit: Follicle, available September—October. 
A large shrub; flowers June—July ; 1,600,000 seeds per pound. 
Var. intermedius (Rydb.) Robins., (P. intermedius Schneid.. O. intermedius 
Ryab., P. missouriensis Daniels) occurs 2iso in regions 15, 16, 18, and 19. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds 


Physocarpus paucifiorus see Prysocarpus malvaceus. 


Physocarpus stellatus (Rydb.) Rehd. 
Opulasier stellatus Rydb., Opulaster alabamensis Rydb., OCpulaster inter- 
medius Small, not Rydb. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Follicie. 
A smail to large shrub; flowers May—June. 


Physocarpus torreyi, see Physccarpus monogynus. 


Picea spp. Spruces. 

Evergreen, monoecious trees with cones maturing in a single season; important 
timber trees and unsurpassed as producers of paper pulp. 

Stomach recorés (in additien to specific records) : Twenty-eight species of 
birds, including ruffed grouse, Hungarian partridge, ring-necked pheasant ; porcu- 
pine, black-tailed Geer. Observations (in addition to specific records): Fifteen 
species of birds, including spruce, rufied, Franklin, and dusky grouse; much 
eaten by Cascade squirrel; Sierra chickaree, Richardseon’s squirrel, Townsend’s 
chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, Digger squirrel, Fremont pine squirrel, spruce 
squirrel, Olympic black bear, Arizona porcupine; rarely cut for building material, 
not food, by beaver. 


Picea alba, see Picea australis and P. canadensis. 


Picea albertiana Brown. Western white spruce. 
P. glauca altertiana (Brown) Rehd. 
Range: 4, 12. 15 (Black Hills). 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone. 
A large evergreen tree. 


Picea amabilis, see Abies amabdilis. 


Picea australis Smali. Southern spruce. 
P. alba Chapm. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone. 
A large evergreen tree. 


Picea breweriana Wats. Weeping spruce. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; ripe in early fall, seed shed September—October, cones 
soon falling. 


A large evergreen tree; slow growing; wood of no importance commercially; 
has proven unsatisfactory in cultivation; very local in distribution; good seed 
years every 2 or 8 years. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 185 


Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. White spruce. 
P. glauca (Moench.) Voss., P. alba Link. 
Range: 12, 15 (Black Hills), 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; seeds shed in September, cones soon falling. 

A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and spreading; wood of great 
importance commercialiy ; seed produced locally every year but heavy seed pro- 
duction occurs at intervals of 5 to 8 years; vitality of seed persistent; 180,000— 
230,000 seeds per pound. ‘Ten horticultural varieties are in cultivation; long- 
lived. 

Stomach records: Crossbill ; mountain sheep, plains white-tailed deer. Obdserva- 
tions: Hight species of birds; porcupine, red squirrel, moose; casually browsed by 
northern white-tailed deer. 


Picea engelmannii (Parry) Engelm. Engelmann spruce. 
P. parryana Sarg. 
Range: 4, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August, seeds shed by October, cones falling 
by spring. 

A large evergreen tree; root system shallow; growth fair on dry soil; long- 
lived; wood much used commercially; 0.5 pound of seed per bushel of cones, 
69,000-376,000 seeds per pound; germination 34-68 percent; seeds produced in 
quantity locally about every 3 years; seed vitality persistent, as much as 30-50 
percent after 5 years when properly stored. 

Stomach record: Three species of birds, including dusky grouse; black-tailed 
deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Red squirrel, porcupine, bighorn. 


Picea glauca, see Picea canadensis. 


Picea mariana (Miill.) B. S. P. Black spruce. 
P. mariana brevifetia Rehd. 
Range: 238, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August, persistent many years. 

A large evergreen tree; commonly most abundant on acid soils; root system 
shallow and widespreading; slow growing; Somewhat damaged by insects and 
fungi; wood of little importance commercially; seeds produced abundantly at 
irregular intervals; 540,000 seeds per pound, vitality persistent; prostrate 
branches often root. 

Stomach records: Blue heron, crossbill. Observations: Seven species of birds; 
snowshoe hare, porcupine. 


Picea parryana, see Picea engelmannii and P. pungens. 


Picea pungens Hngelm. Blue spruce. 
P. parryana (Andre) Parry. 
Range: 9, 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; available in August, seeds shed in September, most cones 
persistent until the following autumn. 

A large evergreen tree; root system shallow in wet soils; deeper in dry soils; 
long-lived; wood of least value commercially of the spruces; abundant seed 
crops produced every 2 or 3 years; 80,000-130,000 seeds per pound, germination 
48-7 percent, vitality long persistent ; brilliant color of forms (as Koster spruce)! 
gradually lost with age. 

Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds. 


Picea rubens, see Picea rubra. 


Picea rubra Link. Red spruce. 
P. rubens Sarg. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; available in September, most seeds falling by late fall, 
a few the following spring. 


186 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and superficial; slow growing, 
especially when young; often attacked by bark beetles, much wind and frost 
damaged; rarely injured by fire; wood of great importance commercially ; 
130,000-140,000 seeds per pound, abundantly produced at intervals of 6 to 8 
years, germination 50-75 percent. 

Observations: Much eaten by red squirrel. 


Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka spruce. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit : Cone; available in September, seeds soon shed, cones soon fall- 
ing. 

A large evergreen tree; root system shallow in moist soil, much deeper in drier 
ones; seedlings, but not mature trees, are tolerant of shade; wood much used 
commercially ; about 260,000 seeds per pound, germination 40 percent; abundant 
me crops every 2 or 3 years; seeds with persistent vitality; seedlings sensitive 
to frost. 

Stomach records: Bufilehead; stone caribou. Observations: Much eaten by 
Douglas’ squirrel. 


Pickeringia montana Nutt. Chaparral pea. 
Xylothermia montana (Nutt.) Greene, 
Range: 4, 5 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 

A small to large, densely branched, spiny, evergreen shrub, flowering May- 
June; fruits sparingly produced; crown sprouts after fire; uncovered roots will 
sprout; nodules resembling those of Ceanothus occur on the roots in very large 
clusters. Var. tomentosa (Abrams) Johnst. is a hairy form. 

Observations: California mule deer. 


Picrothamnus desertorum, see Artemisia spinescens. 


Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. Mountain fetter-bush. 
Andromeda floribunda Pursh. 
Range: 27. 


Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small evergreen shrub with dense foliage; usually occurs on acid soil; 
flowers April—June; 1,250,000 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: White-tailed deer. 


Pieris mariana, see Xolisma mariana. 
Pieris nitida, see Xolisma lucida. 


Pinckneya pubens Michx. Fevertree. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available September—October. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May—June; very rare and local 
in occurrence. 


Pinus spp. Pines. 

Probably the most important genus of timber trees in the world, and the 
largest of the coniferous group. All are evergreen trees. The cones produced 
may be from 1 to 24 inches long and the seeds are usually, but, not always, 
winged. Some seeds are shed at once, others require up to three seasons to 
mature. About 70 species are known in the world, 36 occurring in North 
America. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Forty-seven species of 
birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, dusky grouse, ring-necked pheasant, 
Richardson’s grouse, and sharp-tailed grouse; mountain sheep, opossum, black- 
tailed deer, spotted skunk, gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addi- 
tion to specific records) : Thirty species of birds, including ruffed grouse, band- 
tailed pigeon, dusky grouse, mourning dove, ring-necked pheasant; ranks third 
in the list of quail food plants for southeastern United States; an emergency 
food of pinnated grouse; important food of porcupine; Siskiyou chipmunk, 
Allen’s chipmunk, Merriam’s chipmunk, Douglas’ squirrel, Cascade squirrel, 
Richardson’s squirrel, Digger squirre!, Arizona gray squirrel, red spruce squir- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 187 


rel, rock squirrel, Fremont squirrel, many flying squirrels; Texas plains coyote, 
New Mexico black bear, Olympic black bear. 

The five-needled pines are variously restricted by plant-quarantine measures, 
and movement or planting of stock should be preceded by conferences with 
State and/or Federal authorities. Certain species, because of their suscepti- 
bility to Woodgate rust, are prohibited from interstate movement in the State of 
New York. 


Pinus albicaulis Hngelm. Whitebark pine. 
Apinus albicaulis (Engelm.) Rydb. 
Range: 1, 4, 12, 13. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Cone; matures in August-September of the second season, per- 
sistently closed; seeds only liberated through the rotting of the 
cones. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; leaves five; often dwarfed and prostrate, 
especially in alpine situations; more tolerant of shade in moist than in dry 
situations; susceptible to blister rust; wood soft and brittle; 2,800 seeds per 
pound, germination 20 percent. 

Observations: Clark’s crow; poreupine, bighorn, red squirrel; seeds commonly 
extracted by squirrels and birds from the cones. 


Pinus apacheca Lemmon. Apache pine. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; available September—October of the second season, soon 
falling. 

A large evergreen tree; leaves commonly three in a cluster; taproot well 
developed in seedling stages; at first rapid growing, later slower; intolerant 
of shade except when very young; wood hard. 

Observations: Seeds much eaten by birds and rodents. 


Pinus aristata Engelm. Bristlecone pine. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed Sep- 
tember—October. 

A large evergreen tree; five-needled; often stunted at high elevations; with- 
stands prolonged drought in its native habitat; wood not used commercially ; 
susceptible to blister rust; 16,000 seeds per pound, 9.88 pound of seed per 
bushel of cones; germination of seed 66 percent. 

Observations: Seeds much eaten by rodents ; porcupine. 


Pinus arizonica Engelm. Arizona pine. 
P. ponderosa arizonica Shaw. 
Range: 11, 14, 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Cone mature August-September of the second season, seeds soon 
shed, cones soon falling. 
A large evergreen tree; commonly five-needled ; intclerant of shade except in 
seedling stages; wood of limited use commercially. 


Pinus attenuata Lemmon. Knobcone pine. 
P. tuberculata Gord. 

Range: 4, 10. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season, persistent, 

closed as long as 30 years, opening when heated. 
A small to large evergreen tree; three-needled; very resistant to drought in 

its native habitats; easily killed by fire; intolerant of shade; wood soft; seeds 
produced annually abundantly ; seed vitality persistent. 


Pinus australis Michx. Longleaf pine. 
P, palustris Mill., in part. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; seeds shed October—November of the second season, cones 
soon falling. 
A large evergreen tree; three-needled; often occurs in sandy soil; possesses a 
massive taproot; very intolerant of shade; does not form dense woods; fairly 


188 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


resistant to fire; susceptible to bark beetle damage as well as rot; difficult to 
transplant; a timber tree of the first importance, the principal source of rosin 
and turpentine in the United States. 

Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: 
Crossbill; much eaten by Carolina fox squirrel and other squirrels. 


Pinus baifouriana Murr. Foxtail pine. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed in 
September, cones soon falling. 

A small to large evergreen tree; five-needled; endures extreme drought in 
its native habitat; intolerant of Shade; wood soft, of little importance commer- 
cially ; susceptible to blister rust. 

Observations: Porcupine; much eaten by birds and rodents; of slight impor- 
tance as browse for mule deer. 


Pinus banksiana Lam. Jack pine. 
P. divaricata (Ait.) Du Mont. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist (rare), sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season, seeds shed 
irregularly over several years; cones persistent 12 to 25 years. 

A large evergreen tree; two-needled; often occurs in sandy or rocky soil; at 
first rapid growing, later slower; intolerant of shade; except for the attacks 
of Peridermium cerebrum, generally free from most conifer diseases; has been 
successfully established in the sand-hill section of western Nebraska; wood de- 
cays rapidly in the soil, much used commercially; 105,000-164,000 seeds per 
pound, germination 54 percent. 

Stomach records: One species of bird. Observations: Porcupine. 


Pinus brachyptera Engel. Rocky mountain yellow pine. 
P. ponderosa scopulorum Engelm., P. scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon. 
Range: 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed in 
September, cones soon falling. 

A very large evergreen tree; three-needled; forms a long taproot in seedling 
stages but laterals form later; grows on almost any kind of soil; rapid growing 
especially in juvenile stages; very intolerant of shade; resistant to fire; suscep- 
tible to red rot in pure stands and much attacked by insects; wood not durable 
in the soil, of great importance commercially; 10,000-20,000 seeds per pound, 
germination 37-61 percent, about 5,000 usable plants per pound of seed. 

Stomach records: Richardson’s grouse, mountain sheep, plains white-tailed 
deer, black-tailed deer. Cbservations: Five species of birds; white-tailed squir- 
rel, Richardscn’s pine squirrel, Abert’s squirrel, tassel-eared squirrel, spruce 
squirrel, Say’s ground squirrel, chestnut-mantled ground squirrel. Records of 
utilization of P. ponderosa Douglas may apply partially to this species. 


Pinus caribaea Morel. Slash pine. 
P, heterephylla (HU.) Sudw. 
Range: 30, 31, 32. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in October, seeds shed the following spring. 

A large evergreen tree; two- to three-needled ; occurs in sandy and other soils; 
rapid growing; subject to red heart or red rot especially northward; wocd hard, 
strong, tough, durable, of value commercially; susceptible to Woodgate rust; 
15,500 seeds per pound, germination 36-85 percent, 


Pinus cembroides Zucc. Mexican pifion. 
Range: 11, 14, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, weli-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, seeds shed by COctober, cones scon 
falling. 

A small or rarely large, bushy, evergreen tree; commonly three-needied ; slow 
growing; intolerant of shade; wood used for fuel; only the scales in the middle 
of the cone bear seeds; 1,500 seeds per pound, vitality transient. 

Observations: Thick-billed parrot ; birds and rodents. 


NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 189 


Pinus chihuahuana, see Pinus leiophylla. 


Pinus clausa (Hngelm.) Vasey. Sand pine. 
Range: 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; persistent, closed for 3 or 4 years. 
A large evergreen tree; occurs commonly on poor sandy soil; wood of some 
importance locally for lumber; 74,000' seeds per pound. 


Pinus contorta Loud. Shore pine. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature August-September of the second season; Seeds 
shed at once or over a period of years; cones long, persistent. 

A large shrub to commonly a small, or rarely, a large tree; two-needled ; 
commonly occurs on sandy soil; close to the sea often forms dense, impenetrable 
thickets; 40,000-280,000 seeds per pound. Var. bolanderi Vasey is a canelike 
dwarf 2 to 5 feet high, with very small cones. 

Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Pinus coulteri Don. Coulter pine. 
Range: 4, 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season; seeds shed from 
October onward; cones persistent 5 or 6 years. 
A large evergreen tree; three-needled ; slow growing; wood rarely used except 
for fuel; 1,250 seeds per pound; vitality transient. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Pinus divaricata, see Pinus banksianda. 


Pinus echinata Mill. Shortleaf pine. 
P. mitis Michx. 
Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season; persistent 2 
or more years after ripening. 

A large evergreen tree; commonly two-needled; occurs in sandy and other 
soils; forms a long taproot as a seedling and additional strong laterals later; 
grows poorly on lime or too rich soils; crowded out by loblolly pine on moist 
soils; growth rate at first rapid, later slower; fairly free from fungus and insect 
pests; fairly resistant to fire; stump sprouts but sprouts seldom develop mer- 
chantable trees; wood hard, resinous, much used commercially; 41,000-84,000 
seeds per pound; germination 30-90 percent. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Pine siskin, crossbill. 


Pinus edulis Hngelm. Pifion. 
P. cembroides edulis Voss., Caryopitys edulis (Engelm.) Small. 
Range: 9, 11, 18, 14, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature August-September ; seeds shed September—October, 
cones soon falling. 

A small to large evergreen tree; two- or sometimes three-needled; very re- 
sistant to drought in its natural habitat; very slow growing; wood soft, decaying 
rapidly; locally used for fuel and fence posts; 1,700 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including Mearn’s quail. Observa- 
tions: Seven species* of birds, including Merriam turkey,’ thick-billed parrot; 
porcupine, Hopi chipmunk,’ Magdalena chipmunk,’ cliff chipmunk,’ rock squirrel,” 
New Mexico black bear, antelope ground squirrel,’ mule deer;° much eaten by 
birds and mammals. Seeds eaten by livestock, especially goats. 


Pinus flexilis James. Limber pine. 
Apinus flexilis (James) Rydb. 
Range: 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September, seeds shed by the end of October, 
cones soon falling, 


* These records may refer to other species of pifion pines as well, since the animals were 
stated merely to be eating pifion nuts. 


190 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S, DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A large evergreen tree; five-needled; adapted to many kinds of soil; seedlings 
form large taproots; difficult to transplant; very intolerant of shade; sus- 
ceptible to blister rust; most seed is produced by trees in open stands at low 
altitudes; long-lived; wood soft, of value commercially; 5,400-5,600 seeds per 
pound, germination 386 percent. 

Stomach records: Two species of birds, including grouse. Observations: 
Porcupine, spruce squirrel, Fremont squirrel; much eaten by birds and squirrels 
generally. 


Pinus glabra Walt. Spruce pine. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone. 
A large evergreen tree; two-needled; growth remarkably rapid; wood soft, 
of some value commercially ; 77,500 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: Bobwhite, squirrel. 


Pinus heterophylla, see P. caribaea. 


Pinus jeftreyi Murr. Jeffrey pine. 
P. ponderosa jeffreyi Vasey. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone. 

A large evergreen tree; three-needled; appears to intergrade with P. pon- 
derosa; tolerant of Shade in early stages, later intclerant; produces seed pro- 
lifically ; wood of great commercial value; 3,100-38,300 seeds per pound; seeds 
from large cones complete their germination 2 weeks before seeds from small 
cones. 

Stomach records: Four species of birds, including quail and Mount Pinos 
grouse. Observations: Clark’s nutcracker; Columbian gray squirrel, Sierra 
chickaree, Tahoe chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk; commonly much eaten by birds 
and rodents; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar pine. 
Range: 1, 4, 10. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; ripe in August of the second season, seeds shed in October, 
cones failing the following year. 

A very large evergreen tree; largest of all pines; five-needled; susceptible to 
blister rust; very intolerant of Shade except in the seedling stage; wood soft, 
of high commercial value; 2,300 seeds per pound, germination 65 percent. 

Observations: Porcupine, Columbian gray fox, Sierra chickaree, Allen’s chip- 
munk, long-eared chipmunk, California gray squirrel; of slight importance as 
browse for mule deer. 


Pinus lasiocarpa, see Abies lasiocarpa. 


Pinus leiophylla Schlecht. and Cham. Chihuahua pine. 
P. chihuahuana Engeln., P. leiophylla chihuahuana Shaw. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the third season, often persistent 
closed 5 or more years. 
A large evergreen tree; commonly three-needled; intolerant of shade; wood 
of importance commercially but only a small supply is known. 
Observations: Much eaten by thick-billed parrots. 


Pinus mitis, see Pinus echinata. 


Pinus monophylla Torr. and Frem. Singleleaf pinion. 
P. cembroides monophylla Voss., Caryopitys monophylla (Torr. and Frem.) 
Rydb. 


Range: 4, 5, 9, 10, 18, 14. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, seeds shed in 
September. 

A small to large, flat-topped evergreen tree; commonly one-needled ; very local 
in occurrence; endures extreme drought in its native habitat; very slow grow- 
ing; intolerant of shade; wood much used for fuel locally; 1,200 seeds per 
pound. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 191 


Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Seeds of great value gen- 
erally for wildlife; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Seeds are 
much used as food by Indians, and commonly eaten by livestock. 


Pinus monticola Dougl. Western white pine. 
Strobus monticola (Dougl.) Rydb. 
Range: 1, 4, 12. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season, seeds soon 
shed, cones soon falling. 

A large evergreen tree; five-needled; seedlings with a large taproot, difficult 
to transplant; somewhat tolerant of shade in early stages, later intolerant; 
susceptible to blister rust; wood of great commercial value; most seed is pro- 
duced by the dominant and codominant crown classes of trees; 14,000-29,000 
seeds per pound, germination 18-44 percent; largest cones produce the best- 
quality seeds; in pure stands 21% to 5 pounds of viable seed is produced per 
acre, in moderately good seed years; trees 70 to 100 years old produce a larger 
quantity of viable seed than older trees; seeds first borne by trees from 40 
to 60 years of age; long-lived. 

Observations: Say’s chipmunk, porcupine; of slight importance as browse for 
mule deer. 


Pinus muricata Don. Bishop pine. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, persistent closed 
for many years. 

A large evergreen tree; two-needled; grows especially well in water-soaked 
sand but thrives also in dry soil; fairly tolerant of shade; an aggressive species; 
adaptable to many difficult positions; wood of value commercially ; 18,000-60,000 
seeds per pound. 


Pinus murrayana Balf. Lodgepole pine. 
P. contorta murrayana (Balf.) Engelm., P. contorta latifolia Wats. 
Range: 2, 4, 10, 12, 18, 14, 15. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature August-September of the second season, seeds 
shed at once or over a period of years. 

A small to large evergreen tree; two-needled ; intolerant of shade; easily killed 
by fire; comparatively free from fungi; not wind-firm; root system shallow, or 
deep on well-drained, deep soil; susceptible to sunscald ; 76,000-110,000 seeds per 
pound, germination 63 percent. 

Stomach records: Sierra grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations: 
Three species of birds, including Franklin grouse; porcupine, Sierra chickaree, 
Fremont pine squirrel, red squirrel, Yosemite cony; western chipmunk; an im- 
portant browse cf deer and elk in the northern Rocky Mountains. 


Pinus palustris, see also Pinus australis. 


Pinus palustris Mill. Swamp pine. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone. 
A large evergreen tree; two-needled; grows particularly well near the sea; 
4,000-8,000 seeds per pound, germination 46-87 percent. See P. australis for 
what has heretofor been known as the longleaf pine. 


Pinus parryana Engelm. Parry pifion. 
P. cembroides parryana Voss., P. quadrifolia Parry. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; ripe in August of the second season, seeds shed before 
the middle of September. 
A small to large evergreen tree; commonly four-needled; slow growing; some- 
what tolerant of shade in the early stages; wood without commercial value. 
Observations: Seeds much eaten by birds and squirrels. 


Pinus ponderosa Laws. Western yellow pine. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; ripe August-September of the second season, seeds soon 
shed, cones soon falling. 
33772°—38——1, 


192 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A large evergreen tree; three-needled; wood of great commercial value. 

Stomach records: Seven species of birds including California quail. Observa- 
tions: Four species of birds including sooty grouse; porcupine, Columbian gray 
squirrel, Sierra chickaree, California gray squirrel; of outstanding importance 
as browse for mule deer. (Records of utilization of this species may apply 
partially to P. brachyptera.) 


Pinus pungens Lam. Mountain pine. 
Range: 25, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; seeds shed in autumn of the second season or within 
2 or 3 years, cones persistent 18 to 20 years but seeds often sterile 
with age. 

A large evergreen tree; two-needled; rather slow growing; intolerant of 
shade; bears seed when 5 years old; often occurs on dry, gravelly slopes but 
grows also in moist clay; aggressive in old fietds; 40,500 seeds per pound, 
germination 60-90 percent. 


Pinus quadrifolia, see Pinus parryana. 


Pinus radiata Don. Monterey pine. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, persistent closed 
6 to 10 years, opening when heated. 

A large, often flat-topped evergreen tree; three-needled; occurs naturally in 
only a few scattered colonies; short-lived in arid situations; does not thrive 
in wet soils; rapid growing; somewhat tolerant of shade; prolific annual 
seeder; wood little used because scarce; humus from the species accumulates 
rapidly; tolerant of saline conditions; 20,000 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Two species of birds. 


Pinus remorata Mason. Santa Cruz Island pine. 
P. radiata binata Lemmon. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone. 
A large evergreen tree; two-needled. 


Pinus resinosa Ait. Red pine. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, seeds soon shed, cones falling the 
next spring. 

A large evergreen tree; two-needled; rapid growing; intolerant of shade; 
withstands severe cold and drought; resistant to fire; much more resistant to 
insects and diseases than white pine; rarely seeds abundantly; typical of, 
but not restricted to sandy soils; prunes itself early in close stands; wood not 
durable in soil, much used commercially; 30,000-69,000 seeds per pound, ger- 
mination 50-87 percent; easily transplanted. 

Stomach records: One species of bird. Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 


Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch pine. 
Range: 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature the second season, opening Slowly, persistent 
several years. 

A large evergreen tree; three-needled; grows in dry, rocky, sandy, and other 
sterile soils; coppices when cut; rapid growing when establHshed; extremely 
resistant to fire; wood somewhat used commercially; 35,000-73,000 seeds per 
pound, germination 70 percent. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds including ruffed grouse; white-tailed 
deer. Observations: Seven species of birds; a preferred food of red squirrels. 


Pinus sabiniana Dougl. Digger pine. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September of the second season, seeds shed 
during several years, cones persistent several years longer. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 193 


A large evergreen tree; three-needled; rapid growing, especially in moist 
soil; extremely drought resistant; searcely resistant to fire; seedlings, but 
not older trees, tolerant of shade; susceptible to fungus attack ; wood of little 
commercial value, easily decaying; vitality of seeds transient. 

Observations: California gray squirrel; of slight importance as browse for 
mule deer. 


Pinus scopulorum, see Pinws brachyptera. 


Pinus serotina Michx. Pond pine. 
P. rigida serotina (Michx.) Loud. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; some open, some remain closed after maturity. 

A large evergreen tree; commonly three-needled; rapid growing; intolerant 
of shade; wood heavy, resinous; 56,000 seeds per pound, germination 70-90 
percent. 

Stomach records: Bobwhite. 


Pinus strobiformis Engelm. Mexican white pine. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in September, seeds completely shed by the middle 
of October. 

A large evergreen tree; five-needled; susceptible to blister rust; seedlings 
endure moderate shade; wood little used commercially ; most seed produced at 
middle elevations; 2,700 seeds per pound. 

Observations: Much eaten by birds and squirrels. 


Pinus strobus L. Northern white pine. 
Strobus weymouthiana Opiz., 8S. strobus (L.) Small. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in July of the second season, seeds discharged 
in September. 

A large evergreen tree; five-needled; root system small, shallow; successful 
on sandy soils; commonly attacked by white-pine weevil and blister rust; wood 
of great importance commercially; numerous varieties distinguished in cul- 
tivation; 25,000 seeds per pound, germination 67 percent. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer. 
Observations: Hight species of birds; a preferred food of red squirrel; moose, 
snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit, casually browsed by northern white-tailed 
deer. 


Pinus taeda L. Loblolly pine. 
Range: 19, 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; opens slowly, seeds shed in late fall and winter, cones 
persist a year longer. 

A large evergreen tree; three-needled; seedlings with a long taproot, older 
trees with a spreading root system; not commonly found on heavy clay or 
highly siliceous solls; rapid growing; tolerant of shade in earlier stages, later 
much less so; susceptible to diseases and insects; wood not durable, valuable 
commercially; invades and reforests abandoned fields very rapidly; 13,000~ 
55,000 seeds per pound, germination 25-80 percent. 

Stomach records: Hight species of birds, including bobwhite. 


Pinus torreyana Carr. Torrey pine. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the third season, some seed shed in 
September, the rest remaining in the cone for several years. 

A small to large evergreen tree; five-needled; often low, crooked, and sprawl- 
ing in exposed situations; apparently intolerant of shade; wood of no impor- 
tance commercially because scarce; slow growing; 657 seeds per pound, prolific 
annual seeder; the rarest and with the most restricted range of any American 
pine. 


Pinus tuberculata, see Pinus attenuata. 


194. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Pinus venusta, see Abies veniusta. 


Pinus virginiana Mill. Virginia pine. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August of the second season, opening slowly, 
persistent up to 4 years. 

A large evergreen tree; two-needled ; may grow on poor, light, sandy soils, but 
thrives best on clay, loam, or sandy loam; slow growing; intolerant of shade; 
damage by insects slight ; not subject to any fungus threatening widespread de- 
struction; short-lived; abundant seeder; 62,000 seeds per pound, percentage of 
fertile seeds high; wood somewhat used commercially. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds, including bobwhite; white-tailed deer. 
Observations: Six species of birds. 


Piptolepis phillyreoides, see Forestiera phillyreoides. 
Pistacia mexicana, See Pistacia texrana. 


Pistacia texana Swingle. 
P. mexicana of auths., not H. B. K. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Dry drupe. 

A large shrub to small or rarely large tree; dioecious; leaves semievergreen; 
commonly occurs on limestone soils; as old trunks die new ones sprout from 
the base; highly drought resistant; vigorously recuperative; highly intolerant 
of shade; root system deep-penetrating; largest trees often staminate, smaller 
ones pistillate; seed commonly without an embryo when fruit is ripe. Leaves 
commonly eaten by goats. 


Pitavia dumosa, see Cneoridium dumosum. 


Pithecolobium brevifolium Benth. Huajillo. 
Havardia brevifolia (Benth.) Small, H. pallens (Benth.) Britt. and Rose, 
Zygia brevifolia Sudw. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available July-August. 
A small to large spiny evergreen tree; commonly occurs in rich soils; thicket 
forming. 
Of some importance as winter browse for sheep and goats. 


Pithecolobium flexicaule (Benth.) Coult. Texas-ebony. 
Acacia flexicaulis Benth., Siderocarpos flexvicaulis (Benth.) Small, Zygia 
flexicaulis Sudw., Hbenopsis flezicaulis (Benth.) Britt. and Rose, Samanea 
flexicaulis MacBr. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume; available in September, pods never shed. 
A large shrub to large tree: evergreen; spiny; slow growing; wood very 
durable; locally used for fence posts; very ornamental in bloom; seeds eaten 
by natives. 


Pityothamnus pygmaeus, see Asimina pygmaed. 
Pityothamnus angustifolius, see Asimina incana. 
Pityothamnus incanus, see Asimina incanda. 


Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. Planer-tree. 
Range: 20, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Dry, drupe, available April—May. 

A small to large tree; fairly rapid growing, short-lived; wood not used 
commercially ; somewhat cultivated; grows on many soils. 

Stomach records: Four species of birds; composed 45.5 percent of food of 
175 mallard ducks collected October-December in central Louisiana. Obser- 
vations: Black duck; ring-neck duck; considered an important duck food; 
squirrels. 


Platanus sp. Sycamores. 
Observations (in addition to specific records): goldfinch, band-tailed pigeon. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 195 


Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. 
Range: 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene; available in October, persistent through the winter. 
A very large, spreading tree; root system shallow, wide spreading; rapid 
growing, long-lived; much decayed with age; grows on coal-stripped lands 
in Illinois; wood of importance commercially ; 100,000-170,000 seeds per pound, 
germination 5-10 percent, slow. 
Stomach records: Mallard. Observations: Four species of birds; white- 
tailed deer; somewhat eaten by muskrat. 


Platanus raceinosa Nutt. California sycamore. 
Range: 8, 4, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large tree; somewhat tolerant of alkali; trunk commonly leaning, hori- 
zontal, or even prostrate; wood not durable. 
Observations: Goldfinch; California mule deer. 


Platanus wrightii Wats. Arizona sycamore. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large tree. 


Pluchea borealis, see Pluchea sericea. 


Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Cov. Arrowwood. 
Polypappus sericeus Nutt., Tessaria borealis DC., Pluchea borealis Gyray., 
Berthelotia sericea Rydb. 
Range: 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A large, willowlike shrub; flowers November-—June; often forms dense, pure 
stands. 
Observations: California mule deer. Somewhat nibbled by cattle and horses. 


Poliomintha incana (Torr.) Gray. 
Hedeoma incana Torr. 
Range: 9, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 

A small shrub; commonly occurs on sandy soil; will grow on gypsum deposits. 

Polycodium caesium, see Vaccinium caesium. 

Polycodium floridanum, see Vaccinium caesium. 

Polycodium melanocarpum, see Vaccinium melanocarpum. 

Polycodium neglectum, see Vaccinium neglectum. 

Polycodium stamineum, see Vaccinium stamineum. 

Polygala acanthoclada Gray. Thorn polygala. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large, spiny, much-branched shrub; forms densely interwoven mounds. 
Not eaten by livestock. 

Polypappus sericeus, see Pluchea sericea. 
Poncirus trifoliata, see Citrus trifoliata. 
Popanax, see Aeacia. 

Popanax schaffneri, see Acacia tortuosa. 
Popanax tortuosa, see Acacia tortuosa. 
Populus spp. 

Commonly large dioecious trees; occur on neutral soils; ordinarily rapid 
growing and short-lived; most cottonwoods appear to be fairly tolerant of 
Salinity, especially P. fremontii. Members of the genus are attacked by the 
Texas root rot caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Ten species of birds, in- 
cluding ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, California quail, valley quail, sharp-tailed 


196 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


grouse; composed 12.46 percent of winter food of eastern ruffed grouse in 
New York, and 8.8 percent of winter food for the entire northeastern United 
States; mountain sheep. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Twelve 
species of birds including spruce grouse, Columbian sharp-tailed grouse, staple 
winter food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse; staple food of greater prairie 
chicken, northern sharp-tailed grouse, pinnated, gray, and ruffed grouse; im- 
portant food of white-tailed deer; preferred food of snowshoe hare; porcu- 
pine; important food of Pacific coast beaver; Sonora deer, moose; cottontail 
rabbit; broad-tailed beaver; staple food of mule deer; favorite food of beavers, 
few other trees being cut where these are present. A chief source of propolis. 
Nearly all western species are palatable to livestock. 


Populus acuminata Rydb. Lanceleaf cottonwood. 
Range: 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy or rocky soils; wood used locally. 


Populus alba L. White poplar. 
Range: 6, 8, 9, 11, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large tree; introduced from Eurasia and more or less naturalized in the 
regions indicated; much attacked by scale and canker in Indiana; many varie- 
ties in cultivation. 


Populus angulata, see Populus sargentii. 


Populus angustifolia James. Narrowleaf cottonwood. 
Range: 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15 (Black Hills). 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, rapid-growing tree; wood used locally. 


Populus arizonica Sarg. Arizona cottonwood. 
P. mexicana of Amer. auths., not Westm. 
Range: 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, rapid-growing, short-lived tree; wood much used locally. 
Observations: Beaver. 


Populus aurea, see Populus tremuloides, 


Populus balsamifera L. Balsam poplar. 
P. tacamahaca Mill., P. candicans Michx. 
Range: 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available May—June. 

A large tree; commonly occurs in any wet soil; root system deep, spreading; 
rapid growing, somewhat short-lived ; wood used commercially; vitality of seeds 
transient; germination percentage of seeds low. The much planted Carélina 
poplar is believed to be a hybrid between this and P. nigra L. 

Stomach records: Stone caribou. Observations: Ruffed grouse. 


Populus besseyana Dode. 
Range: 8, 12, 15. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large tree. 


Populus candicans, see Populus balsamifera. 
Populus cercidiphylla, see Populus tremuloides. 


Populus deltoides Marsh. Eastern cottonwood. 
P. virginiana Fourg. 
Ranger 5, 17,8419. 20)521922.523.9245 25, 26,2260 25, ZOU: 
Site: Well-drained moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule available May—June. 
A large tree; commonly occurs in rich soil; root system shallow, wide- 
spreading; appears to thrive in any moist soil; very rapid growing, short- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 197 


lived; easily damaged by fire when young, less so with age; much attacked 
by fungi; easily storm damaged; fairly wind-firm; 1,860,000 seeds per pound, 
germination 60-90 percent, vitality transient; stump sprouts and root sprouts 
produced; has been successfully used in checking erosion and in fixation of sand 
dunes; wood used commercially; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois. 

Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Evening, and rose-breasted 
grosbeak ; cottontail rabbit. Much browsed by cattle. 


Populus fremontii Wats. Fremont cottonwood. 
P. macdougalii Rose. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy soil; grows well in saline soils; 
rapid growing, short-lived; wood used locally; much attacked by mistletoe. 
Several varieties are described, all occurring within the range of the species. 

Observations: California mule deer. 


Populus grandidentata Michx. Largetooth aspen. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27%, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in May. 

A small to large tree; grows in sand, humus or loam; root system shallow ; 
very rapid growing, short-lived; often Severely injured by fungi, fire, wind, and 
insects; wood used commercially ; a pioneer in burned and cut-over land; germi- 
nation percentage of seeds high, vitality transient. 

Observations: Cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. 


Populus heterophylla L. Swamp cottonwood. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in May. 
A large tree; root system very shallow; rapid growing, short-lived; subject 
to heart rot at maturity; wood of importance commercially. 


Populus macdougalii, see Populus fremontii. 
Populus mexicana, see Populus arizonica. 
Populus occidentalis, see Populus sargentii. 


Populus palmeri Sarg. Palmer cottonwood. 
Range: 16, 20. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large tree. 


Papulus sargentii Dode. Sargent cottonwood. 
P. deltoides occidentalis Rydb., P. occidentalis (Rydb.) Britt., P. angulata 
Port. and Coult. 
Range: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. : 
A large tree; rapid growing, short-lived; wood used to some extent locally. 


Populus tacamahaca, see Populus balsamifera. 


Populus texana Sarg. Texas cottonwood. 
Range: 16. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, short-lived, rapid-growing tree. 


Populus tremuloides Michx. (pl. 24, A, B,). Quaking aspen. 

P. aurea Tidest., P. vancouveriana Trel., P. cercidiphylla Britt. 

IRIS 6 2 Ay as (UG fe Gh allo as IBY a ley aU Ol) a OR Oh Gas Oye rd, 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available May-June. 

A small to large tree; occurs in many soils; apparently not satisfactory in 
pure plantations owing to insects and disease; root system shallow; will grow in 
many soils but apparently does best in sandy loam; very rapid growing, short- 
lived; easily and seriously damaged by fire, wind, fungi, and insects; wood 


198 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


yI importance commercially ; root sprouts formed; seed vitality transient, much 
abortive; generally a transient Species invading and quickly occupying burned 
and logged areas and soon giving way to other species; the shade of these trees 
is never dense in spite of the closeness of stands; frequently supports an under- 
story of weeds. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse and sharp- 
tailed grouse; black-tailed deer, northern white-tailed deer, mountain sheep, 
plains white-tailed deer; composed 3.2 percent of winter food of northern sharp- 
tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario. Observations: Highly palatable to captive 
deer; pika; mountain beaver; white-tailed deer; important food of snowshoe 
hare; important browse of moose; important food of Pacific coast and Shasta 
beaver; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; red squirrel; the 
principal food of beaver throughout its range; black bear, cottontail rabbit, 
porcupine. Frequently supports understories of weeds and browse highly 
esteemed by livestock. Very palatable to sheep and goats. 


Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray. Black cottonwood. 
AM Tea D er An Ge akees. lezeed: 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy humus or gravel; root system shallow ; 
very rapid growing, longest-lived of the poplars although comparatively short- 
lived; storm-damaged, not wind-firm; wood of importance commercially, espe- 
cially for pulp; seed with a high percentage germination, vitality transient. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. 


Populus tweedyi Britt. 
Range: 9. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large tree. 


Tweedy cottonwood. 


Populus vancouveriana, see Populus tremuloides. 
Populus virginiana, see Populus deltoides. 


Populus wislizenii (Wats.) Sarg. Valley cottonwood. 
P. fremontii wislizenii Wats. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy Soil; rapid growing in moist situa- 
tions, slow in intermittently moist situations; short-lived, muck cultivated 
throughcut New Mexico; wood used locally, especially for fence posts. Eaten 
by cattle. 


Porlieria angustifolia (Hngelm.) Gray. Soap-bush. 
Guiacum angustifolium HWngelm. 

Range: 11, 17, 20. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; branches rigid, spreading or strag- 

gling; wood very durable, used locally for fence posts. An important honey 
plant. 


Potentilla fruticosa L. Shrubby cinquefoil. 
Dasiphera fruticosa (i.) Rydb. 
Ranges) 4) 1213514) 1518 2 2223 24 226 eee. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit : Achene. 

A small evergreen shrub; flowers June-September; often sprawling; much 
branched; an aggressive species commonly invading pastures in New England, 
but plowing and close pasturing have successfully checked its spread; some 
14 varieties are in cultivation. 

Observations: Rarely browsed by moose; casually browsed by northern white- 
tailed deer. Considered inferior forage for cattle, but of importance for sheep 
and goats in the Southwest. 


Prinos coriacea, see Ilex coriaced. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 199 


Prosopis spp. Mesquites. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Scaled quail, antelope jack 
rabbit, gray-sided jack rabbit; Texas jack rabbit, Arizona cottontail, Holzner 
ecottontail. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Gambel quail, Mexi- 
can turkey, white-winged dove. 


Prosopis articulata, see Prosopis chilensis. 


Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz. Mesquite. 
P. juliflora (Swartz) DC., P. velutina Woot., P. julifiora velutina (Woot.) 
Sarg., P. odorata Torr., P. articulata Wats., P. glandulosa Torr., P. juli- 
flora glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell, Neltuma julifiora (Swartz) Raf., 
N. glandulosa (Torr.) Britt. and Rose, N. velutina (Woot.) Britt. and 
Rose. 
Range: 9, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume; available September—October, rarely July. 

A large, spiny shrub to a small or rarely large tree; adapted to a wide range 
of soil conditions; seedling with a taproot but mature plant with a generalized 
root system; roots penetrate as much as 60 feet below the surface and 30 feet 
is common; little damaged by insects or disease; much used locally for fuel; 
thicket forming; Shrubby in dry areas, larger and treelike in moist places; 
wood very hard and durable, often used for fence posts; underground stems 
enormous, locally an important source of fuel; commonly attacked by mistletoe; 
aggressive, apparently taking possession of grasslands, particularly when they 
are overgrazed; nearly impossible to kill by overgrazing; usually widespreading 
and lower when heavily grazed. 

Standley (539) points out that in Mexico so many intergrading forms occur 
that separation of P. chilensis into three or more species is impossible. He 
notes that Specimens from Peru and Argentina, if labeled from the United 
States, would be determined by a botanist as P. juliflora. (In an appendix he 
changes this name to P. chilensis). The variability of the species permits of 
many different forms, but from studies made by Standley of specimens from 
many localities, it would Seem most useful to consider all forms as one species. 

Stomach records: Five species of birds including scaled quail and Gambel 
quail; Mearn’s coyote, northern hooded skunk; composed 36 percent of food 
of antelope jack rabbit, and 56 percent of food of Arizona jack rabbit through- 
out the year in Arizona. 

Forage value for stock high; occasionally poisonous to stock if eaten to the 
exclusion of other forage; seeds pass out of the digestive tract of livestock 
unharmed, and in this condition are often eaten by birds, especially Gambel 
quail. An exceptionally good honey plant. Observations: Scaled quail; west- 
ern white-winged dove; captive porcupine (pods only) ; Texas antelope squirrel ; 
gray-tailed antelope squirrel; Harris ground squirrel; gray-spotted ground 
squirrel; Rio Grande ground squirrel; Mexican raccoon; coyote; Texas white- 
tailed deer; mule deer; rock squirrel. Far surpasses any other species in both 
frequency of occurrence and quantity taken in the food of Gambel quail; the 
buds and flowers are taken in spring, and in fall and winter seeds are eaten; 
these quail often use the rachides of the leaves in nest-building. 

A host for the mistletoe (Phoradendron californicum) which produces an 
abundant and almost continuous crop of berries. Phainopeplas, mockingbirds, 
sage thrashers, robins, and bluebirds depend almost wholly on these berries 
for food; they are also eaten by Gambel quail. The Abert towhee, Crissal 
thrasher, phainopepla, and Lucy warbler commonly breed in the mesquite 
association. 


Prosopis cinerascens Gray. Screwbean. 
Strombocarpa cinerascens Gray. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small, spiny shrub. 


Prosopis glandulosa, see Prosopis chilensis. 
Prosopis juliflora, see Prosopis chilensis. 
Prosopis odorata, see Prosopis chilensis. 


200 MISC. PUBLICATION 3038, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Prosopis pubescens Benth. Screwpod mesquite. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available July—October. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; spiny; occurs in sandy loam, gravel, 
and other soils; has a tendency to grow in thickets; wood very durable in con- 
tact with the soil, of importance locally. 

Stomach records: Masked bobwhite, road runner, Gambel quail. Much 
browsed by livestock, and pods used for fodder. 


Prosopis velutina, see Prosopis chilensis. 


Prunus spp. Cherries, plums. 

Trees or shrubs commonly divided into two classes, the cherries and the 
plums; most species are in general rather easily damaged by fire; constant 
cropping of the twigs leads to much suckering in the plums, which in turn saps 
the vitality of the root system. 

Considerable discussion, in print and out, has resulted in causing the genus 
to be regarded with suspicion, as far as the poisonous qualities of some species 
are concerned. The statement that leaves in a wilting condition are poisonous 
is common. This may be a fallacy in view of work done at the New Hamp- 
shire Agricultural Experiment Station (Dayton, 158). However, parts of 
the plants contain varying quantities of amygdalin, a glucoside which, with the 
proper enzyme, yields hydrocyanic acid. The glucoside is present in leaves, 
bark, and especially in the seed, but never in the fruit pulp. In the eastern 
chokecherries the young vigorous leaves and tenderest shoots develop most of 
the cyanogenetic materials, and therefore in that region cattle should not be 
permitted to graze too early in the season in pastures where cherry is growing 
and should never be permitted to gorge themselves upon it. Hungry sheep 
should never be driven along trails lined with cherries. The pits, which are 
most poisonous, are never eaten by livestock. Birds, rodents, and other mam- 
mals are fond of the fruits and are considered to be largely responsible for 
the dissemination of the species. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Sixty-nine species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, and ring- 
necked pheasant; composed 8.8 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in 
New York, and 9.8 percent of winter food of ruffed grouse for the northeastern 
United States; red squirrel, gray eastern chipmunk, red fox, white-tailed deer; 
found in 71 skunk stomachs in New York; composed 6 percent of fruit food of 
eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition to specific records) : 
Thirty-two species of birds, including band-tailed pigeon, Gambel quail, dusky, 
gray ruffed, and ruffed grouse, emergency food cf northern sharp-tailed grouse; 
ranks nineteenth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast; ring-necked 
pheasant; coyote, Say chipmunk, opossum, Douglas ground squirrel, raccoon, 
pica, and red fox, porcupine, Olympic wapiti, Wasatch chipmunk, Siskiyou 
chipmunk, rock squirrel; New Mexico black bear, Say’s ground squirrel. 
Browse value on sheep and cattle range is considerable, although most species 
do not resist overgrazing well. 


Prunus alabamensis Mohr. Alabama cherry. 
Padus alabamensis Small. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers in May. 


Prunus alleghaniensis Porter. Allegheny plum. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available Juiy—August. 
A small to large shrub or small tree; flowers in April, commonly straggling ; 
thicket forming; flowers and fruit borne profusely; sprouts readily from in- 
jured or exposed roots. 


Prunus americana Marsh. (pl. 25, B). Wild plum. 
Range: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17%, 18, 19; 20,) 21,22, 23) 245 25,927,428; 295480: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit; Drupe, available July—October. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 25 


\j 


A, Parthenocissus quinquefolia. Along fence rows and as a cover for steep banks, the Virginia creeper should 
find much use. Its fruits are much sought after, especially by birds. B, Prunus americana. 'This plum 
and its close relatives are of outstanding merit in controlling erosion on poor sites. Its value as cover for 
wildlife is equally great. COC, P. maritima. Although a native on sandy soil, the beach plum has been 


successfully used on poor clay soil. It forms an excellent cover both for soil and wildlife, and produces an 
abundant crop of fruit. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 26 


a 


ay 


A, Prunus besseyi. A specimen in a garden where maximum development of the bushy habit indicates 
possibilities for soil and wildlife-cover planting. B, P.demissa. The fruit of the western chokecherry is 
of considerable value for wildlife. In planting it for erosion control care must be taken to guard against 
possible stock poisoning. C, P. ilicifolia. The ability of the hollyleaf cherry to coppice after killing 
of its aerial portions enhances its erosion-control value, (Photograph by U. 8, Forest Service.) 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 201 


A large, spiny shrub to small or rarely large tree; flowers April-May ; thicket 
forming ; about 316 named varieties are known, the best-fruited types occurring 
in the Middle West; commonly sprouts from the roots to form extensive col- 
onies ; 800-1,500 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Pine grosbeak. Observations: Prairie sharp-tailed grouse, 
ring-necked pheasant; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits; much eaten by 
many kinds of birds. 


Prunus andersonii Gray. Desert peach. 
Emplectocladus andersonii (Gray) Nels. and Ken., Amygdalus andersonii 
(Gray) Greene. 
Range: 4, 9. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit. Drupe. 

A small to large shrub or Small tree; flowers in May; thorny, spreading ; 
eccurs on gravelly, sandy, or other soils; extremely drought resistant; taproot 
well developed; thicket forming. 

Considered fair to good sheep and goat browse and only slightly inferior for 
cattle. 


Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw plum. 
P. chicasa Michx. 
ange: 20!) 22.25, 28, 29530: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available May—August. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers March—April; somewhat thorny ; 
densely thicket forming; commonly occurs in sandy soil; 800-1,000 seeds per 
pound. 

Var. watsonit (Sarg.) Waugh, (P. watsonii Sarg.) is a dwarf occurring in 
regions 17 and 19. 


Prunus arKansana, see Prunus mewvicana. 
Prunus australis, see also Prunus mexicana. 


Prunus australis Beadle. Southern wild cherry. 
Padus australis Small. 
Range: 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—August. 
A small to large tree; flowers in April; oceurs on clay soil. 


Prunus avium L. Sweet cherry. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in July. 
A small to large tree; flowers April-May; introduced from Eurasia and 
more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; wood used commercially. 
Stomach records: Nine species of birds; red squirrel. 


Prunus besseyi Bailey (pl. 26, 4). Western sand cherry. 
P. prunella Daniels, P. pumila besseyi (Bailey) Waugh. 
Range: 15, 16, 18, 19, 23. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 

A small, bushy shrub; flowers April-May; more or less prostrate; sprouting 
from roots but rarely forming thickets; occurs on sandy and other soils; 4,000 
seeds per pound; fruit produced the second or third year from seed; large- 
fruited varieties are known. 

Observations: Ring-necked pheasant. Poisonous to livestock. 


Prunus borealis, see Prunus nigra. 
Prunus capollin, see Prunus serotina. 


Prunus capuli, see Prunus serotina. 


902 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Prunus caroliniana Ait. Laurel cherry. 
P. sempervirens Willd., Laurocerasus caroliniana (Mill.) Roem., Padus 
caroliniana Mill., Cerasus caroliniana Michx. 
Range: 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, persistent the year round. 
A iarge shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; flowers February—April; 
rapid growing; thicket forming. 
Observations: Three species of birds. Leaves poisonous to livestock. 


Prunus cerasus L. Sour cherry. 
Range :422> 25.27: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available June—July. 
A small to large tree; flowers April-May; introduced from southern Europe 
and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds, including bobwhite. Observations: 
Seven species of birds. 


Prunus chicasa, see Prunus angustifolia. 


Prunus corymbulosa Rydb. Rocky Mountain red cherry. 
P. pennsylwanica corymbulosa (Rydb.) Wight, Cerasus trichovetala Greene. 
Range: 12. 


site: Dry, sun. 
Hruit: Drupe. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May-June; commonly occurs in stony places. 


Prunus cuneata, see Prunus susquenhande. 


Prunus cuthbertii Small. Cuthbert cherry. 
Padus cuthbertii Small. 
Range: 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—August. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Prunus demissa (Nutt.) Walp. (pl. 26, B). Western chokecherry. 
P. virginiana demissa Sarg., Cerasus demissa Nutt., Padus demissa, Roem. 
Ranges. 2) 4.6.79. 12) 15. 1401516, 18.021. 
Site: Dry. well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. 

A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; thicket forming. 

Var. melanocarpa Nels. (Padus melanocarpa (Nels.) Shaf., Prunus melano- 
carpa (Nels.) Rydb.), the black western chokecherry, occurs with the species; 
thicket forming; spreads by rhizomes; root system shallow with occasional 
deep-feeding roots; 3,000-5,C00 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds; black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed 
deer. Observations: Three species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant, 
sharp-tailed grouse; of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; pica; 
eaten avidly by many birds. Commonly lightly to moderately browsed by 
stock; overgrazing of this species commonly leads to poisoning, notably in the 
spring; not harmful in the fall. 


Prunus depressa, see Prunus pumila. 


Prunus emarginata (Dougl.) Walp. Bitter cherry. 
Cerasus emarginata Dougl., C. glandulosa Kellogg., C. californica Greene, 
C. crenulata Greene, C. arida Greene, C. rhamnoides Greene, C. kellog- 
giana Greene, C. padifolia Greene, C. obliqua Greene, C. parvifolia 
Greene, C. obtusata Greene. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available May—September. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers April-May; densely thicket 
forming; flowers and fruit appear earliest near the Coast. 
Var. villosa Sudw., (P. mollis Walp., P. emarginata mollis Brew., Cerasus 
prunifolia Greene, P. prunifolia (Greene) Shaf.), the plumleaf cherry, occurs 
within the range of the species, 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 203 


Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse; Mono chip- 
munk. Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; 
much eaten by Allen’s chipmunk; alpine chipmunk. Of most value as stock 
forage toward the end of the season; has been frequently ciaimed to be 
poisonous, but probably because it has been confused with the chokecherries. 


Prunus eriogyna Mason. Desert apricot. 
P. fremontii Wats., Amygdalus fremontii (Wats.) Abrams. 

Range: 5, 10. 

Site: Dry, sun. 

Fruit: Drupe, available in May. 

A large, spiny shrub; flowers February—March; heat and drought resistant; 

germination of seed rapid, from 8 to 10 days after planting. Furnishes a small 
amount of forage for sheep and goats. 


Prunus eximia Small. 
Padus eximia Small. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large tree. 


Prunus fasciculata Gray. Desert almond. 
Hmplectocladus fasciculatus Torr., Lyciwm spencerae MacBr., Amygdalus 
fasciculata Gray. 
Range: 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 18. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available April—May. 
A small to large shrub or small tree; dioecious, thorny; occurs in gravelly 
and sandy soil; densely branched; ferms dense thickets. Furnishes some 
browse for sheep and goats. 


Prunus fremontii, see Prunus eriogynd. 
Prunus fultonensis, see Prunus mexicana. 
Prunus glandulosa, see Prunus terand. 


Prunus gracilis Engelm. and Gray. Oklahoma plum. 
P. normalis Rydb., P. normalis Small, P. chicasa normalis Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 16, 22, 25. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available June-August. 
A small, straggling shrub; commonly occurs in sandy soil; thicket forming; 
especially susceptible to the black knot fungus. 


Prunus havardii (Wight) Mason. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in July. 
A large, rigidly-branched, spinescent shrub. 


Prunus hookeri, see Prunus texanda. 
Prunus hortulana, see also Prunus munsoniana. 


Prunus hortulana Bailey. Wild goose plum. 
Range: 22, 25, 27, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers April-May; commonly occurs 
in rich soils; does not produce suckers but often oceurs in groves; fruit pro- 
duced abundantly ; 34 named varieties are known. 


Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt.) Walp. (pi. 26, C). Hollyleaf cherry. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available October-December. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; foliage dense and compact; 
flowers March-May ; occurs in sand, loam, clay, and other soils; clump forming ; 


904. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


casts a heavy shade; coppices vigorously after fire; tolerant of alkali; drought 
resistant; will withstand considerable abuse in handling; 240 seeds per pound. 
Observations: Hairy woodpecker; eaten by songbirds; California mule deer. 


Prunus incana, see Prunus pumila. 
Prunus injucunda, see Prunus mitis. 
Prunus integrifolia, see Prunus lyonii. 


Prunus lanata (Sudw.) Mack and Bush. Wild plum. 
P. americana lanata Sudw., P. palmeri Sarg. 
Range: 22, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—October. 
A large shrub to small tree; thicket forming, suckering; 16 named varieties 
known. 


Prunus lyonii (EHastw.) Sarg. (pl. 27, A). Catalina cherry. 
P. ilicifolia integrifolia Sudw., P. integrifolia Sarg., not Walp., P. ilicifelia 
occidentalis Brandeg. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; flowers March—June; more 
robust and rapid growing than P. ilicifolia, even when planted on the mainland ; 
drought resistant. 

Observations: Fruit much sought after by birds which commonly eat off the 
flesh and leave the seed hanging on the bush. 


Prunus mahaleb L. Mahaleb cherry. 
Cerasus mahaleb (l.) Mill. 
Range: 22, 25, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, availiable in July. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; introduced from Europe and 
more or less naturalized in the regions indicated. 


Prunus maritima Wang. (pl. 25, C). Beach plum, 
P. pygmaea Willd., P. sphaerocarpa Michx., P. acuminata Michx., P. 
sphaerica Willd., P. pubescens Pursh, P. littoralis Bigel., P. pubigera 
Steud. 
Range: 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August—March. 

A small to large, straggling shrub; flowers April-May; lower branches often 
decumbent or prostrate; more or less thorny; occurs only on sandy soils but 
will grow on clay. 

Stomach records: Starling. 


Prunus melanocarpa, see Prunus demissa. 


Prunus mexicana Wats. Mexican plum. 
P. australis Muns., P. reticulata Sarg., P. tenuifolia Sarg., P. polyandra 
Sarg., P. arkansana Sarg. 
Range: 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—November. 

A small to large tree; flowers in March; does not sucker or form thickets; 
somewhat drought resistant; occasionally injured by frost; has been success- 
fully used as grafting stock; numerous varieties occur within the range of the 
species. 

Var. fultonensis Sarg. (P. fultonensis Sarg.), has fruits which ripen in June. 


Prunus minutiflora Engelm. Texas almond. 
Cerasus minutifiora (Engelm.) Gray, Amygdalus minutifiora (Engelm.) 
Wight. 


Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 205 


A small to large, intricately-branched, dioecious shrub; forms dense thickets ; 
staminate plants much more numerous than pistillate plants in the field; prob- 
ably occurs most commonly on limestone soil. Furnishes a small amount of 
browse for sheep and goats. 


Prunus mitis Beadle. Georgia sloe. 
P. injucunda Small, P. umbellata injucunda (Small) Sarg. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available June-August. 
A large shrub to small tree; occurs in sandy and other soils. 


Prunus mollis, see Prunus emarginata and P. nigra. 


Prunus munsoniana Wight and Hedr. Wild goose plum. 
P. hortulana Bailey in part, P. hortulana Waugh, not Bailey. 
Range: 20, 22, 25, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers March—May; forms dense 
thickets; about 67 named varieties are known. 


Prunus nana, see Prunus virginiana. 


Prunus nigra Ait. Canada plum. 
P. mollis Torr., P. borealis Poir., P. americana nigra Waugh, Cerasus 
borealis Michx., C. nigra Loisel. 
Range: 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. 

A large shrub to small tree; flowers in May; forms root sprouts; thicket 
forming; branches often spinescent; may occur on limestone soils; does not 
break or damage in severe snow and storms; about 20 named varieties are 
known. 


Prunus normalis, see Prunus gracilis. 
Prunus palmeri, see Prunus lanata. 


Prunus pennsylvanica L.f. Pin cherry. 
P. perscifolia Desf., P. montana Marsh., P. lanceolata Willd. 
Range: 18, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. 

A small to large tree; flowers April-June; root system shallow; rapid grow- 
ing, short-lived; particularly bushy northward; thicket forming; occasionally 
seriously damaged by the cherry-leaf beetle; commonly a shrub on poor soils; 
occurs on many kinds of soil including sand; has been used as grafting stock 
for sour cherry; 8,000 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Twenty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse, 
bobwhite, ptarmigan, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant and greater 
prairie chicken; this and P. serotina composed 2.3 percent of winter food 
of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario; composed 0.64 percent 
of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; Lyster chipmunk, white-tailed 
deer; chipmunk. Observations: Five species of birds; an emergency food of 
prairie sharp-tailed grouse; cottontail rabbit, moose; of importance as food 
for beaver where Populus is lacking. Poisonous to livestock. 


Prunus prunella, see Prunus besseyi. 
Prunus prunifolia, see Prunus emarginata. 


Prunus pumila L. Sand cherry. 
fe ELEC SSG Pursh, P. incana Schwein., Cerasus canadensis Mill. C. glauca 
oench. 


Range: 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available June-August. 

A small shrub; flowers April-May; spreading and creeping; commonly pros- 
trate with growing branches erect; suckers abundantly produced where stems 
touch the ground; occurs commonly in sandy soil; 4,000 seeds per pound. 

; Se Three species of birds; casually browsed by northern white- 
ailed deer, 


206 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Prunus pygma, see Prunus reverchonii. 


Prunus reverchonii Sarg. 
P. pygma, Muns. Hog plum. 
Range: 16, 20. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—September. 
A small to large shrub; flowers March-April; forms dense thickets; with- 
stands severe drought; will grow on limestone soils. 


Prunus rivularis Scheele. Creek plum. 
P. texana Scheele, not Dietr. 
Range: 17%, 25. 29; 30: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in June. 
A large shrub. 


Prunus rufula, see Prunus virens. 
Prunus salicifolia, see Prunus serotina. 
Prunus sempervirens, see Prunis caroliniana. 


Prunus serotina ° Ehrh. Black cherry. 
Range: 11518, 19, 20, 21.522) 23; 24, 25,26, 20,.28.029..30: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. - 
Fruit: Drupe, available June—-November. 

A small to large tree; root system deep; wind-firm; much attacked by 
insects and fungi; easily injured by fire; wood of importance commercially ; 
4,000-5,000 seeds per pound, germination 70-90 percent. 

Stomach records: Thirty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, and sharp-tailed grouse; composed 0.47 percent of fall food of prairie 
chicken in Wisconsin; this and P. pennsylvanica composed 2.3 percent of winter 
food of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario; white-tailed deer. 
Observations: Twenty-one species of birds including bobwhite, ring-necked 
pheasant; an important food of red fox; sixth most important preferred food 
of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts; raccoon; cottontail rabbit; squirrel; 
black bear. 

The most poisonous species to livestock of all cherries. 


Prunus subcordata Benth. Pacific plum. 
P. subcordata kelloggii Lemmon. 
Range: 2, 3, 4, 12. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 

A large shrub or rarely a small tree: fiowers March—May; thicket forming; 
leaves commonly shed just before fruit is ripe; fruit commonly borne only 
every 2 years; in the central portion of its range the fruit often develops into 
a bladdery structure caused by a fungus; propagates not only by seed but by 
buds formed on the roots; occurs in sand, gravel, loam, and other soils. 

Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. Heavily browsed 
by sheep; often killed by overgrazing. 


Prunus susquehanae Willd. Appalachian cherry. 
P. cuneata Raf., P. pumila cuneata (Raf.) Bailey. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27, 28: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—August. 
A small shrub; occurs in sandy and rocky barrens; roots long and stocky. 
Stomach records: Prairie chicken. 


Prunus tarda Sarg. Texan sloe. 
P. umbellata tarda (Sarg.) Wight. 
Range: 16-17, 20; 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available October-November. 
A small to large tree; flowers in April; often more or less thorny; flowers 
abundantly produced. 


6 Var. salicifolia (H. B. K.) Koehne, (P. salicifelia H. B. K., P. capuli Cav. P. capollin 
Koehne), is a Mexican species apparently outside the United States. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 27 


A, Prunus lyonii. The naked pits at the left have been stripped of their flesh by songbirds. The species 
is an excellent soil cover and should prove of great value in conservation plantings. 6B, Rhamnus cali- 
fornica var. tomentella. More robust and bushier than the species, this variety affords better cover for soil 
and wildlife. In the records of considerable utilization as wildlife food no distinction is made between the 
fruits of the variety and of the species. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 28 


Prunus virginiana. This thicket-forming, profusely fruiting cherry appears to have great value in a program 
involving soil and wildlife conservation. Its stock-poisoning character prevents any use of it except in 
fenced areas, 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 207 


Prunus tenuifolia, see Prunus mexicana. 
Prunus texana, see also Prunus rivularis. 


Prunus texana Dietr. Wild peach. 
P. glandulosa (Hook.) Torr. and Gray, P. hookeri Schneid., Amygdalus 
glandulosa Hook., A. texana (Dietr.) Wight. 
Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available April-May. 
A small to large almost evergreen shrub; somewhat thorny; found on sand 
or sandy loam; apparently does not occur on limestone; root system deep ; 
drought resistant. Furnishes a small amount of forage for sheep and goats. 


Prunus umbellata Elliott. Black sloe. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. 
A small tree; occurs in sandy and other soils. 


Prunus valida (Woot. and Standl.) Rydb. 
Padus valida Woot. and Standl. 
Range: 9, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small tree; flowers in June. 


Prunus virens Shreve. Southwestern black cherry. 
Padus virens Woot. and Standl. 
Range: 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; more or less evergreen; flowers in May; 
fruit sometimes borne in great profusion; attempts to use this as grafting stock 
have been unsuccessful. 

Var. rufula Sarg. (P. rufula Tidest., Padus rufula Woot. and Standl.) is more 
pubescent than the species. 

Observations: Eagerly eaten by bears and other wild animals. Fair to good 
winter browse for livestock. 


Prunus virginiana L. (pl. 28). Choke cherry. 
P. nana (Du Roi) Roem., Padus nana Du Roi, P. virginiana (.) Mill. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. 

A large shrub to small tree; forms dense thickets by sending out long roots 
which sprout at intervals; fruit abundantly produced; 3,000-5,000 seeds per 
pound. 

Var. pumicea (Woot. and Standl.) Palmer, (Padus pumicea Woot. and 
Standl.) occurs in regions 11 and 14. 

Stomach records: 31 species of birds including ruffed grouse, bob-white, 
ring-necked pheasant, sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken. Obd- 
servations: Fourteen species of birds including bobwhite, ring-necked pheasant, 
cottontail rabbit, black bear. 


Prunus watsonii, see Prunus angustifolia. 

Fsedera heptaphylla, see Parthenocissus heptaphylla. 
Psedera quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 
Psedera vitacea, see Parthenocissus vitacea. 


Pseudotsuga spp. Douglas fir. 
Evergreen, monoecious trees of the greatest importance as timber. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Black-tailed deer. Ob- 

servations (in addition to specific records) : Spruce squirrel. 


33772°—38——_14 


208 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Pseudotsuga douglasii, see Pseudotsuga tazvifolia. 


Pseudotsuga glauca Mayr.’ Colorado Douglas fir. 
P. douglasii glauca Mayr. 
Range: 9, 11, 18, 14, 16. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone, available September—October. 

A large evergreen tree; resistant to winter cold; susceptible to spring frost; 
grows well on dry, sandy soil and moist loamy soil but not clay, gravel or poorly 
drained sites; slow growing; wood much less valuable commercially than that 
of P. taxifolia; does not pioneer in burns; shorter lived than P. tazifolia. 

Stomach records: Richardson’s grouse; plains white-tailed deer, black-tailed 
deer, mountain sheep. Observations: Captive sharp-tailed grouse, dusky grouse; 
red squirrel, chestnut-mantled ground squirrel, porcupine, bighorn. 


Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Torr.) Mayr. Bigcone spruce. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August, seeds shed August-September, some 
cones persistent the year round. 
A large evergreen tree; Slow growing; wood not used commercially; seed 
vitality low but persistent. 
Observations: Seeds eaten by rodents and birds. 


Pseudotsuga mucronata, see Pseudotsuga tavifolia. 


Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lam.) Britt. Oregon Douglas fir. 
P. douglasii Carr., P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw., P. douglasii caesia Schwerin. 
mansesle 324: 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature September—October, seeds shed at once. 

A very large evergreen tree; demands high relative humidity for best growth; 
cannot withstand severe cold or drying winds; grows best on well-drained, 
sandy loam; absent from poorly drained areas; growth rate rapid; an ex- 
tremely important timber tree; often a pioneer in burns; much larger and 
longer lived tree than P. glauca. (See footnote under P. glauca.) 

Var. caesia Schwerin is a form more or less intermediate between this species 
and P. glauca; it occurs in regions 6, 7, and 12; makes no summer growth and 
is slower growing than the species. 

Observations: Dusky and Franklin grouse; browsed as a last resort by Olym- 
pic wapiti: porcupine; much eaten by Douglas squirrel, Sierra chickaree, red 
spruce squirrel, and Magdalena chipmunk; of slight importance as browse for 
mule deer. 


Psilostrophe cooperi (Gray) Greene. 
Riddelia cooperi Gray. 
Range: 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, clump-forming shrub. 


7 The separation of the Rocky Mountain from the western form of the Douglas fir has 
not commonly been made in this country, but there appears to be such a good basis for 
this separation, not only ecologically but taxonomically, that it is here made. Reference 
to Henry and Flood (278) and Frothingham (204) will show the following characteristics 
to separate the two species: P. tazifolia—(1) Rapid growing; (2) wide crown: (3) 
produces a second ieading shoot in summer and this late growth makes it susceptible to 
injury by late frosts; (4) foliage more regularly disposed in two ranks, soft to touch; 
(5) leaves thin, under surface flat, no idioblasts present; (6) leaves contain geraniol, and, 
consequently, smeil like pineapple; (7) young cones green to pink, bracts erect; (8) cones 
3 to 4 inches long; (9) wood straight, light, durable, excellent timber; (10) torus of 
bordered pits centrally placed, wood readily permeated by creosote; (11) germination of 
seed poor; (12) attacked by Chermes; (13) growth rate twice that _of the other species, 
timber yield 4 to 10 times that of the other; (14) will grow in England but not New 
England. P. glawca—(1) Less rapid growing; (2) crown narrow, compact, pyramidal ; 
(3) does not produce a second leading shoot, growth completed early in the season, and, 
consequently, not susceptible to frost; (4) foliage less regularly disposed in two ranks; 
(5) leaves thick, under surface convex, idioblasts present: (6) leaves contain bornyl ace- 
tate and, consequently, smell like turpentine; (7) young cones brilliant red, bracts 
spreading and reflexed; (8) cones 2 to 3 inches long; (9) wood irregular in structure, 
strong and durable, rough timber; (10) torus of bordered pits pressed to one side, wood 
not readily permeated by creosote: (11) germination of seed much better and sooner than 
the other species; (12) not attacked by Chermes; (13) growth rate about haif that of 
the other species, timber yield much less than that of the other species; (14) will not 
grow in England, but will grow in New England. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 209 


Psorodendron arborescens, see Parosela arborescens. 
Psorodendron californicum, see Parosela fremontit. 
Psorodendron fremontii, see Parosela fremontii. 
Psorodendron johnsonii, see Parosela fremontii. 
Psorodendron puberulum, see Parosela schottii. 
Psorodendron schottii, see Parosela schottii. 
Psorodendron spinosum, see Parosela spinosa. 
Psorcthamnus emoryi, see Parosela emoryt. 
Psorothamnus polyadenia, see Parosela polyadenia. 
Psorothamnus scoparius, see Parosela scoparia. 
Psorothamnus subnudus, see Parosela polyadenia. 


Ptelea spp. 

The species of this genus are apparently not well understood at present. The 
reduction of all to two species is without doubt open to question but since 
authorities do not agree on what is to be done with the P. trifoliata complex, 
it is offered here as one species. None is eaten by livestock. 


Ptelea angustifolia, see Ptelea baldwinii. 


Ptelea baldwinii Torr. and Gray. California hoptree. 
P. baldwinii crenulata Jeps., P. crenulata Greene, P. angustifolia Benth. 
Range: 3, 5, 9, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; about 7,000 seeds per pound. 


Ptelea crenulata, see Ptelea baldwinii. 
Ptelea microcarpa, see Ptelea trifoliata. 
Ptelea parvifolia, see Helietia parvifolia. 
Ptelea rhombifolia, see Ptelea trifoliata. 
Ptelea serrata, see Ptelea trifoliata. 
FPtelea tomentosa, see Ptelea trifoliata. 


Ptelea trifoliata L. Hoptree. 
P. microcarpa Small, P. tomentosa Raf., P. serraia Small, P. rhombifolia 
Heller. 


Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 28, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara; available in September, persistent until spring. 
A large shrub to small or very rarely a large tree; flowers in June; 18,350 
seeds per pound. 


Ptilocalyx greggii Torr. 
Coldenia greggti Gray. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small, much-branched shrub. 


Purshia glandulosa Curran. Antelope brush. 
Kunzia glandulosa Greene, P. tridentata glandulosa Jones. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available August-September. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; flowers April—July. 
Observations: Hagerly eaten by California mule deer, 


Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Antelope brush, 
Kunzia tridentata Spreng. 
Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 16. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Achene, available in August. 


210 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A small to large shrub; flowers May—August. 

Intricately branched, often many-stemmed; occurs in clay, sand, and other 
soils; root system fairly deep, scarcely spreading. 

Stomach records: Columbian chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observations: Of 
outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; pica, painted chipmunk, sage 
brush chipmunk; one of the chief browse plants for deer and antelope. 

A very important browse plant seldom touched by horses but extensively 
cropped by goats, cattle, and especially sheep; palatability appears greatest in 
spring, winter, and late fall. 


Pyracantha coccinea, see Cotoneaster pyracantha. 
Pyrus americana, see Sorbus americana. 
Pyrus angustifolia, see Malus angustifolia. 
Pyrus arbutifolia, see Aronia arbutifolia. 
Pyrus bracteata, see Malus bracteata. 

Pyrus coronaria, see Malus coronaria. 

Pyrus diversifolia, see Malus fusca. 

Pyrus fusca, see Malus fusca. 

Pyrus glabrata, see Malus glabrata. 

Pyrus glaucescens, see Malus glaucescens. 
Pyrus ioensis, see Malus ioensis. 

Pyrus lancifolia, see Malus lancifolia. 

Pyrus malus, see Malus pumila. 

Pyrus melanocarpa, see Aronia melanocarpa. 
Pyrus nigra, see Aronia melanocarpa. 

Pyrus occidentalis, see Sorbus occidentalis. 
Pyrus platycarpa, see Malus platycarpa. 
Pyrus rivularis, see Malus fusca. 

Pyrus sambucifolia, see Sorbus americana. 
Pyrus sitchensis, see Sorbus americana and BS. sitchensis. 
Pyrus soulardii, see Malus soulardii. 


Quercus spp. Oaks. 

There are two classes of oaks; the black oak group and the white oak group. 
The acorns of the white oaks mature in a single season. Those of the black 
oaks ordinarily take 2 years to mature. It seems possible to insure a consistent 
crop of acorns by planting oaks of the two groups in mixtures when a con- 
sistent food supply is assured to wildlife. Where one type may fail to produce 
seed, the other may supplement. White and black oaks occur in about equal 
numbers in the eastern United States and in the Mexican Sierras, Cordillera, 
and tableland. The total number of species of white oaks in the United States 
amounts to about 54; of black oaks 26, and cf an intermediate class 4, making a 
total of approximately 84 species. The timber produced by the white oaks is 
heavier, harder and more durable than that of the black oaks. Together they 
produce about half the hardwood lumber of the United States. 

As a class the oaks are slow growing, long-lived, disease-resistant, very little 
Subject to insect attacks. One thinks immediately of oak galls or oak apples, 
but these malformations are seldom of sufficient importance to make much 
difference to the general vigor and health of the species involved. 

The poisonous properties of oaks should be considered in making any exten- 
sive plantings of them. It is known that concentrated feeding of stock on oak 
forage may result in tannic acid poisoning. This is true especially in the 
spring. However, cattle losses are apt to occur when other forage is scarce, 
as in the spring, in dry years, and on overgrazed range. Proper management 
of livestock should preclude any serious effects from the oaks. The best prac- 
tices would include grazing cattle in summer and fall on oak, not grazing 
them before grass has had a chance to become lush, and in general, seeing to 


NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Dita 


it that there is variety in forage. Chemical analyses show that the leaves are 
not a balanced ration for livestock and accordingly, they must be supplemented 
by grass or other feed. The deciduous species are more nutritive than the 
evergreen, and are more readily eaten by livestock. 

While most tree oaks are recognized as having timber value, there are many 
shrubby species that may be profitably utilized for erosion-control planting and 
wildlife food and cover. These are the species ordinarily classed as scrub oaks. 
Certain of these are always shrubby, no matter in what site they may be grow- 
ing. The tree oaks, however, may gradually become reduced in size in moun- 
tainous or arid regions. So far as known, there are no oaks which can be 
classed as weeds, although they are occasionally considered to be so in certain 
localities. Eradication, however, is not difficult. 

Many of the species of scrub oaks are thicket forming and some reproduce 
by stoions. Their growth is generally vigorous, many are evergreen, and as a 
group are comparatively fast growing. The ability on the part of scrub oaks to 
form a dense cover rapidly is one which is well known. Altogether there 
would appear to be few plants that are more admirably adapted for erosion 
control, coupled with value to livestock, wild mammals, and birds, than the oaks. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Sixty-three species of birds 
including ruffed grouse (1 stomach with 24 acorns and many with 10 to 20), 
bobwhite (386 acorns in 1 stomach), Mearn’s quail, California quail, Gambel 
quail, wild turkey, plumed quail, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, 
greater prairie chicken, lesser prairie chicken (50 acorns in 1 stomach), and 
mourning dove; ground squirrel, armadillo, opossum, black-tailed deer; Louisi- 
ana white-tailed deer, muskrat, raccoon, gray squirrel, eastern chipmunk, black 
bear, gray fox, white-tailed deer, ring-tailed cat, eastern skunk. Composed 
4.5 percent of the entire fall food eaten by prairie chicken in Wisconsin; com- 
posed 5.0 percent of the winter food of ruffed grouse in the northeastern United 
States; composed 2.3 percent of food of 1,725 mallards. It may be noted here 
that stomach records show such birds as wrens and sparrows to have taken 
at least one complete acorn and that the comparatively large size of acorns 
apparently does not prevent even small birds from eating them. 

Observations (in addition to specific records): Forty-nine species of birds 
including turkeys, ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, doves; acorns heavily 
utilized by lesser prairie chicken in the fall, and oak flowers an important, food 
of the same bird in spring in Oklahoma, ranks sixth on the list of quail food 
plants of the Southeast; Merriam turkey; preferred fall food of prairie sharp- 
tailed grouse, ruffed grouse, and pinnated grouse; Mearn’s quail; an important 
food of band-tailed pigeons; constituted a larger percentage of food of mule 
deer in the Kaibab National Forest than any other food; Rocky Mountain black- 
tailed deer; Texas white-tailed deer; red fox; raccoon, porcupine, Mexican raec- 
coon, peccary, Virginia opossum, snowshoe hare, New Mexico black bear, 
Olympic black bear, Townsend’s chipmunk, Siskiyou chipmunk, Allen’s chip- 
munk, larger Colorado chipmunk, Arizona chipmunk, gray-footed chipmunk, cliff 
chipmunk, golden-mantled ground squirrel, chestnut-mantled ground squirrel, 
Douglas ground squirrel, southwestern chipmunk, little northern chipmunk, pale 
chipmunk, gray chipmunk; cut for food and building material in times of searc- 
ity by beaver; Merriam’s chipmunk; Douglas’ squirrel, Sierra chickaree, digger 
squirrel, Abert’s squirrel, Arizona gray squirrel, rock squirrel, gray squirrel, 
Carolina fox squirrel, Couch rock squirrel, black-backed rock squirrel, flying 
squirrels, California gray squirrel. 

Without doubt there is a much greater number of animals, particularly 
squirrels and chipmunks, than here listed that feed on acorns. That they have 
not been recorded in the literature is evidence that acorns are so generally 
accepted as being food for squirrels and chipmunks that many workers have felt 
it unnecessary to record utilization. 


Quercus acuminata, see Quercus muhlenbergii. 


Quercus agrifolia. Née. California live oak. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 

A large shrub to large tree; evergreen; occurs in sand, loam, gravel, and other 
Soils; attacked by tent caterpillars; wood of some value as fuel; a shrub in dry 
hills (Var. frutescens Engelm.). 

Observations: California quail; California mule deer. 


212 MISC. PUBLICATION 3038, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Quercus alba L. White cak. 
Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. 

A large tree, or rarely a low shrub with altitude; root system deep, taproot 
well developed; slow growing, very long-lived; not seriously injured by insects 
or fungi; not very fire resistant; difficult to transplant even as seedling; wood 
durable, of great importance commercially ; bark a source of tannin; fruit borne 
when trees are 20 to 40 years old; full crops borne at intervals of 8 to 10 years, 
but some seed produced almost annually; 100-150 seeds per pound, germination 
75-95 percent; coppice shorter lived and more tolerant of shade than seed-grown 
stock. Several varieties have been described, all of which occur within the range 
of the species. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, bob- 
white, ruffed grouse, wild turkey ; an important food of white-tailed deer ; cotton- 
tail rabbit; forms a considerable proportion of the food of the red squirrel. 


Quercus alvordiana, see Quercus dumosa. 
Quercus andromeda, see Quercus virginiana. 
Quercus annulata, see Quercus breviloba. 
Quercus aquatica, see Quercus nigra. 


Quercus arizonica Sarg. Arizona white oak. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—November. 
A small to large shrub or small tree; fruit ripens very irregularly; a small 
shrub at higher elevations. 
Observations: Thick-billed parrots; highly palatable to captive deer. 


Quercus arkansana Sarg. Arkansas oak. 
Range: 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial. 
A large tree; occurs in sandy and other soils; has been considered a hybrid 
between Q. nigra and Q. marilandica. 


Quercus austrina, see Quercus durandii. 


Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp white oak. 
Q. platanoides (La Marck) Sudw. 
Range: 21, 22; 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. 
A large tree; root system somewhat shallow; free from insects and diseases, 
fire-damaged especially when young; produces stump sprouts; wood durable, of 
commercial value; 80-125 seeds per pound, germination 80 percent. 


Quercus borealis Michx. f. Northern red oak. 
Q. rubra of auths., not L. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available October-November. 

A very large tree; rapid growing when young, long-lived; taproot deep; pro- 
duces a denser shade than most oaks; severely injured by fire; much attacked 
by borers and subject to fungus attack, especially heart rot; apparently not 
drought resistant; coppices freely when young; wood of great importance com- 
mercially ; 80-100 seeds per pound, germination 80-95 percent. 

Var. borealis maxima (Marsh.) Ashe, (Q. mazvima Ashe) is a large-fruited 
form occurring within the range of the species. 

Stomach records: White-tailed deer. Observations: Ruffed grouse; tenth 
most important food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts; forms 2 considerable 
portion of the food of red squirrels; cottontail rabbit; heavily browsed by moose 
on Isle Royal. Observations: Bobwhite; eaten by white-tailed deer in Missouri, 
and northern white-tailed deer in Michigan. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 213 


Quercus boyntonii Beadle. Boynton oak. 
Q. stellata boyntonii (Beadle) Sarg. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large, thicket-forming shrub. 


Quercus brayi Small. Bray’s oak. 
Q. muhlenbergit brayt (Small) Sarg. 
Range: 11, 16. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large tree. Acorns much sought after by livestock, including domesticated 
turkeys. 


Quercus brevifolia, see Quercus cinerea. 
Quercus breviloba, see also Quercus durandii. 


Quercus breviloba (Torr.) Sarg. 
Q. obtusifolia breviloba Torr., Q. annulata Buckl. 
Range: 11, 16, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
Commonly a large shrub, or a small to large tree; thicket forming; occurs on 
limestone and other soils. 
Var. laceyi (Small) Trel., (Q. laceyi Small), the Lacey oak, is a particularly 
rapid-growing form. 
A valuable browse for liyestock. 


Quercus brewerl, see Quercus garryanda. 
Quercus californica, see Quercus kelloggii. 


Quercus canbyi Trel. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A small to large tree. 


G@uercus catesbaei, see Quercus laevis. 


Quercus chapmanii Sarg. Chapman white oak. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
Commonly a small shrub or a large shrub to large tree; semievergreen ; occurs 
in sandy and other soils. 


Quercus chisosensis, see Quercus gravesii. 


Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. Canyon live oak. 
Range: 1, 4, 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 

A small to large shrub, or small to large tree; evergreen; commonly shrubby 
on exposed sites; occurs in sand, loam, and other soils; forms a dense ground 
cover; long lived; stump sprouts abundantly produced, somewhat spiny; wood 
of some value commercially; the most ancient existing American oak; acorns 
much attacked by grubs. 

Observations: California woodpecker ; of slight importance as browse for mule 
deer. 


Quercus cinerea Michx. Bluejack oak. 
Q. brevifolia (Lam.) Sarg. 
Range: 16, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial, available in November. 
A small to large tree; occurs in sand, loam, and other soils; fruit produced 
in great profusion. 
Quercus coccinea Muench. Scarlet oak. 
Ranger Zine  2oaectn 20, 202%, oS 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial, available September—October. 


914 #£xMISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A large tree; root system shallow; rapid growing, short-lived; much attacked 
by dry rot; coppices produced by young trees only; wood of importance com- 
mercially; much cultivated; apparently not drought resistant; 156-400 seeds 
per pound, germination 75 percent. Var. twberculata Sarg. has larger acorns 
and occurs within the range of the species southward. 

Observations: Bluejay, Sharp-tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. 


Quercus confusa Woot. and Standl. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. — 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A small, somewhat evergreen tree. 


Quercus densiflora, see Lithocarpus densiflora. 
Quercus digitata, see Quercus rubra. 


Guercus diversicolor Trel. Netleaf oak. 
Q. reticulata of auths., not H. B. K. 
Range: 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A small to large shrub or small to large tree; evergreen. 
Observations: Thick-billed parrot. Fair summer browse for stock. 


Quercus douglasii Hook. and Arn. California blue oak, 
Range: 1, 374; 5510. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A small to large tree; Slow growing; stump sprouts produced; subject to dry 
rot; wood much used locally for fuel; seed produced abundantly. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Acorns much 
used for livestock feeding. 


Quercus dumosa Nutt. California scrub oak. 
Range: 1, 8, 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 

A large shrub to small, or rarely large tree; evergreen; root system deep, 
taproot well developed, especially in Seedling stages; commonly occurs in sterile 
soils; branches numerous, closely tangled, starting near from the ground; acorn 
crop ordinarily light and very uncertain; grows on all kinds of soils; killed 
by severe fires, but if not too severely burned, coppices and within 3 years 
again produces good cover; a Small tree only on the California islands. 

Var. macdonaldii (Greene) Jeps., (Q. macdonaldii Greene), the MacDonald 
oak, is in region 5, and has been claimed to be a hybrid between Q. dumosa and 
Q. engelmannii. Var. bullata Engelm. (Q. durata Jeps.), the leather oak, is a 
spreading, thicket-forming shrub occurring in regions 1 and 5. Var. alvordiana 
(Hastw.) Jeps. (0. aivordiana HBastw.) occurs in region 5. Var. turbinella 
(Greene) Jeps. (Q. turdinella Greene), occurring in regions 5, 9, 11 and 14, is 
a small to large shrub considered a valuable winter browse plant for livestock. 
lt has been observed to be eaten by Mearns, Gambel, and scaled quail. 

Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. Im- 
portant as a sheep and goat browse but distinctly inferior for cattle. The 
high tannin content of the plant necessitates careful handling of lambs where 
it occurs. 


Quercus durandii Buckl. Durand white oak. 
Q. breviloba (Torr.) Sarg., in part., Q. sinuata Walt., Q. austrina Small. 
Range: 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub to large tree; thicket forming and shrubby westward; occurs 
on limestone and other soils. 


Quercus durata, see Quercus dumosa. 


Quercus eastwoodiae Rydb. 
Range: 11, 18. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub; not thicket forming. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 215 


Quercus ellipsoidalis Hill. Jack oak. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 
A small to large shrub or small to large tree; often occurs on clay soils. 


Quercus emoryi Torr. Emory oak. 
Q. hastata Liebm. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available July-August, or ripening irregularly 
from June—September. 
A small to large shrub or small to large tree; evergreen; wood somewhat used 
commercially. 
Observations: Mearn’s Gambel, and scaled quail; Mexican mule deer; Couch 
rock squirrel; much eaten by Gila chipmunk; highly palatable the year round 
to captive deer. 


Quercus engelmannii Greene. Evergreen white oak. 
Range: 5 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large evergreen tree; occurs on loam, sand, gravel, and other soils; wood 
useful only for fuel. 
Observations: California mule deer. 


Quercus falcata, see Quercus rubra. 


Quercus fendleri Liebm. Fendler oak. 
Q. undulata pedunculata DC. 
Range: 11, 13, 14, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub; not thicket forming. Considered fair browse for cattle. 


Quercus fusiformis, see Quercus virginiana. 
Guercus gambelii, see also Quercus leptophyila. 


Quercus gambelii Nutt. Gambel oak. 
Q. douglasit gambelii DC., Q. undulata gambelii Engelm. 
Range: 9, 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 

A large shrub to small tree; resistant to heavy grazing. 

Observations: Turkey. When associated with more palatable species, lightly 
grazed by cattle, sheep and horses; acorns sweet, relished by swine and other 
stock and with high fattening qualities; of moderately high palatability to 
goats; shoots contain 4-10 percent of tannic acid. 


Quercus garryana Dougl. : Oregon white oak. 
Range: 1, 2. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 

A large shrub to large tree; wood durable, valuable commercially. 

Var. brewert (Hngelm.) Jeps. (Q. breweri Engelm., Q. oerstediana Brown), 
the Brewer oak, is a smail to large, spreading shrub occurring in region 4. It 
is much browsed by Rocky Mountain mule deer and much eaten by stock, the 
protein content of the foliage being almost equal to that of alfalfa hay. War. 
semota Jeps., the Kaweah oak, is a shrub occurring in region 4. 

i Observations: Band-tailed pigeon, Lewis’ woodpecker, ring-necked pheasant; 
ear. 


Quercus geminata, see Quercus virginiana. 


Quercus georgiana Curtis. Georgia oak. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial, 
A large, rare tree. 


216 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Quercus gravesii Sudw. Grave’s oak. 
Q. texana chisosensis Sarg., Q. chisosensis Sarg. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 
A small to large tree. 


Quercus grisea Liebm. Gray oak. 
Range: 11, 14, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 

A large shrub or rarely a small tree; partially evergreen; clump forming, 
bears great quantities of nut galls; wood useful only for fuel; very resistant 
to drought. 

Observations: Viosca’s pigeon, thick-billed parrot; Sonora deer, Arizona porcu- 
pine. An important local browse for livestock. 


Quercus gunnisonii (Torr.) Rydb. 
Q. alba gunnisonii Torr., Q. gambelii gunnisonii Wenz. 
Range: 11, 138, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A small to large shrub or small tree. 


Guercus hastata, see Quercus emoryi. 


Quercus havardii Rydb. Shinnery oak. 
Range: 11, 16. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 

A small shrub; thicket forming; grows in sandy soil; spreads by underground 
stems, the bulk of the species being underground; propagation is by separation 
of the root stocks as well as by acorns. 

Observations: Bobwhite, prairie chicken; pececary. The large and sweet 
acorns are relished by livestock but this species has caused much poisoning. 


Quercus humilis, see Quercus pumila. 


Quercus hypoleuca Engelm. Whiteleaf oak. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual, although often maturing the second season. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; semievergreen; wood used locally. 
Observations: Thick-billed parrot; favorite food of the Apache squirrel. 


Quercus ilicifolia Wang. Bear oak. 
Q@. pumila (Marsh) Sudw., Q. nana Sarg. 
Range: 22, 25, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn biennial, available September—October. 

A large shrub to small tree; thicket forming; often forms a nearly complete 
ground cover; fruit produced very prolifically; suckers freely; not evergreen, 
but dead leaves often persistent through the winter; often occurs in extremely 
sterile soils. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Wild turkey; white-tailed 
deer. 


Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle oak. 
Range: 22, 28, 24, 25, 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available September—October. 
A large tree; wood used commercially; somewhat cultivated; 450-S00 seeds 
per pound. 
Observations: Red-headed woodpeckers. 


Quercus intricata Trel. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A small, intricately branched shrub. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES P17 


Quercus kelloggii Newb. California black oak. 
Q. californica (Torr.) Cooper. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 

A small shrub to large tree; occurs in sandy and other soils; root system 
deep; slow growing, long-lived; shrubbier at higher elevations; wood much used 
for fuel; stump sprouts freely produced, of rapid growth, often prostrate; 
subject to mistletoe. 

Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. 


Quercus laceyi, see Quercus breviloba. 


Quercus laevis Walt. Turkey oak. 
Q. catesbaet Michx. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 
A large tree; commonly occurs in sandy soil; root system deep; rather rapid 
growing, generally short-lived; free from insects and disease. 


Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel oak. 
Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available September—October. 
A large tree; occurs in sand, loam, and other soils; somewhat cultivated ; 
540-690 seeds per pound. 
Var. rhombica (Sarg.) Trel., (Q. rhombica Sarg., Q. obtusa Ashe) occurs within 
the range of the species. 


Quercus leiodermis, see Quercus velutina. 


Quercus leptophylla Rydb. Rocky Mountain white oak. 
Q. gambelii Nutt., in part. 
Range: 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large tree; commonly occurs in groups; wood hard, strong, used for fuel. 


Quercus lobata Née. Valley white oak. 
Range: 3, 4, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 

A large tree; ordinarily occurs in richer soils; rapid growing; wood cf some 
value commercially ; taproot well developed; long-lived ; produces very abundant 
crops of acorns; weeping trees confined to fertile loam soils. 

Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Quercus lyrata Walt. Overcup oak. 
Range: 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. 

A small to large tree; commonly does not occur on poor soils; root system 
deep, taproots and deep-seated laterals well-developed; slow growing, long-lived ; 
generally free from insects and disease; resistant to fire; wood durabie, of 
importance commercially ; 150 seeds per pound, commonly produced abundantly 
every 3 or 4 years. Young plants browsed by cattle. 


Quercus macdonaldii, see Quercus dumosa. 


Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur oak. 
Range: 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. 

Rarely a large shrub to small tree, or more commonly a large tree; root 
system deep, especially on dry sites; commonly occurs on rich, not poor soils, 
although often found in sand; slow growing, long-lived; not seriously injured by 
fungi or insects, except rarely June beetles; more resistant to smoke than most 
oaks; wood durable, much used commercially ; 380-400 seeds per pound, germina- 
tion 60-75 percent, vitality 6 to 12 months. 

Observations: Wood duck; acorns form a considerable portion of food of red 
squirrel; white-tailed deer. Young plants browsed by stock. 


218 MISC. PUBLICATION 803, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Quercus margaretta Ashe. Small post oak. 
Q. stellata margaretia Sarg. 
Range: 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub to small tree; occurs on sandy and other soils. 
Var. stolonifera Ashe forms dense thickets by means of stolons. 


Quercus marilandica Muench. Blackjack oak. 
Range: 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available in October. 

In the north, a large shrub; in the south, a large tree; commonly occurs on 
sand, clay, loam, and other soils; wood rarely used commercially. Var. ashei 
Sudw. occurs in regions 19, 20, and 29. 

Stomach records: Wild turkey; white-tailed deer. Observations: A greatly 
preferred food of wild turkey, white-tailed deer. 


Quercus maxima, see Quercus borealis. 


Quercus media Woot. and Standl. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub to small tree; thicket forming. 


Quercus michauxii, see Quercus prinus. 

Quercus microcarya, see Quercus nigra. 
Quercus minima, see Quercus virginiana. 
Quercus minor, see Quercus stellata. 


Quercus mohriana Buckl. Shin oak. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 19, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
Usually a small shrub, more rarely a small tree; thicket forming; occurs on 
limestone, sandy, and other soils; becomes a tree only in deep ravines and on 
steep hillsides where protected. 


Quercus montana Willd. Chestnut oak. 
Q. prinus of auths., not L. 
Range: 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available October—November. 

A large tree; root system deep; oceurs on rich or poor soils; fairly rapid 
growing, long-lived; seedlings tolerant of shade; very fire resistant; coppices 
freely when young; wood durable, much used commercially; bark contains 
more tannin than any other eastern oak; 60-150 seeds per pound. 


Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. Chinquapin oak. 
Q. acuminata Sarg. 
Ranges 16.20) 219 2293.24) 2020, 2 aoe OU: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available October-November. 

Commonly a small, or more rarely, a large tree; may occur on limestone 
soil; taproot well developed; rather rapid growing; becomes more intolerant of 
shade with age; free from insects and disease; young growth easily damaged 
by fire; stump sprouts produced; wood durable, used commercially ; 520 seeds 
per pound. 


Quercus myrtifolia Wilid. Myrtle oak. 
Range: 17, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Pruit: Acorn, biennial. 
A small to large shrub or small tree; thicket forming; commonly occurs on 
sandy soil. 


Quercus nana, see Quercus ilicifolia. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES P19 


Quercus nigra L. Water oak. 
Q. aquatica Walt. 
Range: 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available October-November. 

A large tree; rapid growing in good soils; occurs in sand, loam and other 
soils; wood somewhat used commercially ; much cultivated; very susceptible to 
mistletoe; 400-600 seeds per pound. A form described as Q. microcarya Small 
occurs on Stone Mountain, Ga. 


Quercus nitescens, see Quercus novomecxicanda. 


Quercus novomexicana (DC.) Rydb. New Mexican shinnery. 
Q. douglasii novomexicana DC., Q. nitescens Rydb. 
Range: 11, 13, 14, 16. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub to small or large tree. 


Quercus oblongifolia Torr. Mexican blue oak. 
Range: 10) 11, 17. 
Site: dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub to small or large trees; evergreen; often thicket forming, 
especially at the heads of canyons; produces fruit even as a shrub. 
Observations: Highly palatable to captive deer. 


Quercus obtusa, see Quercus laurifolia. 


Quercus obtusifolia (DC.) Rydb. 
Q. undulata obtusifolia DC. 
Range: 14, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Quercus oerstediana, see Quercus garryana. 
Quercus pagoda, see Quercus rubra. 
Quercus pagodaefolia, see Quercus rubra. 


Quercus palmeri Engelm. Paimer oak. 
Q. chrysolepis palmeri Engelm. 
Range: 5, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 
A large, divaricately-branched, evergreen shrub. 


Quercus palustris Muench. Pin oak, 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available September—October. 

A large tree; root system well developed laterally ; rather rapid growing and 
short-lived; resistant to dust and smoke; free from insects and disease; cop- 
pices fairly well; much cultivated; wood used commercially; 600 seeds per 
pound. 

Observations: Bobwhite, mourning dove; cottontail rabbit. 


Quercus pauciloba Rydb. MacDougal oak. 
Range: 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub, or more commonly a small to large tree. 


Quercus phellos L. Willow oak. 
Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available in October. 
A large tree; occurs in sandy and other soils; wood used commercially ; much 
cultivated ; 600 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: Gray fox. Observations: Wild turkey, mourning dove, 
bobwhite. 


9209 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Quercus platanoides, see Quercus bicolor. 


Quercus pricei Sudw. Coast live oak. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 
A small to large evergreen tree; occurs in gravelly and other soils. Hardly 
separable from Q. agrifolia. 
Quercus prinoides Willd. Dwarf chinquapin oak. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. 
A large shrub to small tree; thicket forming; occurs on sandy, limestone 
and other soils; 400 seeds per pound. 
Observations: Ruffed grouse, cottontail rabbit. 


Quercus prinus, see also Quercus montana. 
Quercus prinus L. Swamp chestnut oak. 
Q. michaucit Nutt. 
Range: 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. 

A large tree; taproot and deep laterals well developed; long-lived; generaliy 
free from insects and diseases; easily fire-damaged when young; stump sprouts 
never large; Wood durable, much used commercially; a fertile-soil species; 
70-150 seeds per pound, germination 86 percent. 

Stomach records: Mourning dove; white-tailed deer. Observations: Cotton- 
tail rabbit. 


Quercus pumila, see also Quercus ilicifolia. 


Quercus pumila Walt. Running oak. 
Q. humilis Walt. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A small evergreen shrub; often forms small sparse thickets by means of root 
stocks; not a pioneer species. 
Stomach records: Bobwhite. 


Quercus pungens, see Quercus undulata. 
Quercus reticulata, see Quercus diversicolor. 
Quercus rhombica, see Quercus laurifolia. 
Quercus rubra, see also Quercus borealis. 


Quercus rubra L. Southern red oak. 
Q. falcata (Michx.) of Amer. auths., Q. digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. 
Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available September—October. 

A large tree; root system deep as well as Shallow on the same tree; occurs on 
sandy or heavy soils; rapid growing, rather short-lived; very sensitive to late 
frosts; much attacked by heart rot; coppices freely, especially when young; 
much cultivated; wood not durable, somewhat used commercially. 

Var. pogodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe, (Q. pogedacfolia (Ell.) Ashe, QG. pagoda Raf.), 
and var. leuwcophylla Ashe, both occur within the range of the species. 


Quercus rydbergiana Cockerell. Rydberg oak. 
Q. undulata rydbergiane Cockerell. 
Range: 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual, 
A small evergreen shrub. 


Quercus sadleriana Brown. Sadler oak. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; forms dense thickets; occurs at altitudes 
of from 5,000-7,000 feet. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 291 


Observations: Acorns relished by deer and bear. Poor to fair browse for 
livestock, but acorns relished. 


Quercus schneckii, see Quercus shumardii. 


Quercus shumardii Buckl. Shumard red oak. 
Q. texana Sarg. 
Range: 16, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available in October. 
A very large tree; occurs on limestone and other soils; root system shallow ; 
free from insects and diseases; wood of value commercially. 
Var. schneckii (Britt.) Sarg., (Q. schneckii Britt.), the Schneck red oak, oc- 
curs alSo in region 17. 


Quercus sinuata, see Quercus durandii. 


Quercus stellata Wang. Post oak. 
Q. minor (Marsh.) Sarg. 
Range: 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. 

A large tree; commonly occurs in poor soil such as sand and gravel; root 
system deep; slow growing; long-lived; tolerant of shade only when young; 
fruit produced abundantly every 2 or 3 years; wood durable, difficult to season, 
much used commercially ; 35-686 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Wild turkey. Observations: A preferred food of wild tur- 
key ; white-tailed deer. 


Quercus submolis Rydb. 
Q. utahensis submollis (Rydb.) Sarg. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Quercus subturbinella Trel. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Quercus texana Buckl. Texas red oak. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 
A small to large tree; occurs on limestone and other soils. Var. stellapila 
Sarg., occurs within the range of the species; by some it is considered specifi- 
cally distinct. 


Quercus texana, see Quercus shumardii. 


Quercus tomentella Engelm. Island live oak 
Range: 5. ; 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 
A large evergreen tree; moderately long-lived; occurs in gravelly and other 
soils. Possibly only a variety of Q. chrypolepis. 


Quercus toumeyi Sarg. 
age Toumey oak, 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large shrub to large tree; more or less evergreen. 


Quercus turbinella, see Quercus dumosa. 


Quercus undulata Torr. Rocky Mountain shin oak. 
Q. vaseyana Rydb., Q. vaseyana Buckl., Q. undulata vaseyana Rydb. 
Range: 9, 11, 13, 14, 16) 17, 20: 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 


299 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A small to large shrub or small to large tree; somewhat evergreen; forms 
thickets of vast extent; bears great quantities of nut galls. 

Var. pungens Engelm, (Q. pungens Liebm.), the holly oak, occurs in regions 
9 and 11. 

Stomach records: Prairie chicken. Fair to fairly good cattle feed in winter 
and spring; good goat feed, especially in spring. 


Quercus utahensis (DC.) Rydb. Rocky Mountain white oak. 
Q. stellata utahensis DC. 
Range: 9, 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A large tree; root system shallow with occasional deep-feeding branches, or 
sometimes altogether deep; wood used to some extent for fuel. 
Stomach records: Porcupine, black-tailed deer. 


Quercus vaccinifolia Kellogg. Huckleberry oak. 
Q. chrysolepis vaccinifolia (Kellogg) Hngelm. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 
A small, thicket-forming evergreen shrub. 
Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Of outstanding importance as 
browse for mule deer. Acorns readily eaten by livestock, but foliage of low 
palatability. 


Quercus vaseyana, see Quercus undulata. 


Quercus velutina Lam. Black oak. 
Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,28, 29; 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; biennial, available October-November. 

A large tree; commonly occurs on poor soil; taproot at first well developed, 
later superficial; seedlings slow growing; long-lived; coppice freely produced, 
rapid growing, short-lived; wind-firm; rarely injured by insects, except when 
fire-damaged; susceptible to drought injury; easily fire-damaged; wood used 
commercially; usually attacked by heart rot; 180-300 seeds per pound, germi- 
nation 80 percent or more. 

Var. missouriensis Sarg., (Q. leiodermis Ashe), the smooth-bark oak, occurs 
with the species westward. 

Cbservations: Cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. 


Quercus venustula Greene. 
Range: 138, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A small to large shrub; acorns commonly produced abundantly. 


Quercus virginiana Mill. Live oak. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20,, 25, .29;:30:7 3: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn; annual, available September—October. 

A small to large shrub or small to large, evergreen tree; occurs on sand, 
clay, and alluvial soils; root system deep, spreading; fruit often produced 
by plants 12 inches in height; able to grow very close to the sea, where roots 
may be covered with salt water at high tide; rapid growing at first, later 
slower; long-lived; free from insects and diseases; produces stump sprouts; 
branches very wide-spreading ; wood durable, of little importance commercially. 

Var. geminata (Small) Sarg., (Q. geminata Small) occurs in regions 29 and 30. 
Var. virescens Sarg. occurs in Florida. Var. macrophylla Sarg., with larger 
leaves, occurs in southeastern Texas. Var. evimea Sarg., (Q. andromeda Ridd.) 
of eastern Louisiana, has smaller leaves and acorns. Var. fusiformis (Small) 
Sarg., (Q. fusiformis Small) occurs in regions 16 and 20 and is generally 
shrubby. Var. minima (Small) Sarg., (Q. minima Small, Q. virginiana dentata 
Chapm.) occurs in region 30, is usually less than 3 feet high, and has under- 
ground stems. Var. maritima (Michx.) Small occurs in regions 29 and 30 and 
is shrubby. Var. pygmaea Sarg. has smaller acorns, is a shrub, and occurs 
in region 30. 


NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 223 


Quercus vreelandii Rydb. 
Range: 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, annual. 
A small to large shrub. 


Quercus wilcoxii Rydb. Wilcox oak. 
Range: 9, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 
A small to large shrub or rarely a small tree; evergreen; thicket forming. 
Not eaten to any extent by cattle. 


Quercus wislizensii DC. Highland live oak. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Acorn, biennial. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen; not as tolerant of shade 
as formerly supposed; coppices quickly after fires, but such growth is slow; 
attacked by mistletoe; makes good soil cover; acorns not produced in very 
great quantities; wood not durable, locally valuable as fuel; occurs in loam, 
gravel, and other soils; near the coast and on the California islands generally 
shrubby. 

Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. 


Ramona incana, see Salvia carnosa. 
Ramona polystachya, see Salvia apianda. 
Ramona stachyoides, see Salvia mellifera. 
Raphis acaulis, see Sabal minor. 


Rhamnus spp. Buckthorns. 
Most species occur on neutral soil; some species are secondary hosts for the 
crown rust of oats; propagation is by seeds stratified and sown in spring or 
by soft or hardwood cuttings made at the nodes. 
Observations (in addition to specific records) : Three species of birds; gen- 
erally relished by birds. Evergreen species have a limited value as browse 
for livestock in winter. 


Rhamuus alnifolia L’ Her. Alder-leaved buckthorn. 
Range: 4, 12, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July—September. 
A small shrub; flowers May-June; branches decumbent, rooting; thicket 
forming. Of no value as browse for cattle; poor to fair browse for sheep. 


Rhamuus betulaefolia Greene. Birchleaf buckthorn. 
R. californica betulaefolia (Greene) Trel., R. confinis Greene, R. ellipsoidea 
Greene, R. revoluta Rose. 
Range: 9, 11, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available, September—October. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May-June; not a secondary host for oat 
crown rust. 


Rhamnus californica Hsch. California buckthorn. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 

A large evergreen shrub; flowers March-April; a secondary host for the rust 
of velvet grass but not oats. 

Var. tomentella (Benth.) Brewer and Wats. (R. tomentella Benth., R. ursina 
Greene) (pl. 27, B), commonly more compact, bushy, and robust than the 
species, occurs in regions 38, 4, 5, 10, and 11. Var. viridis Jeps. (R. cuspidata 
Greene) occurs in regions 4, 5, 9, and 10. Var. obtusissima (Greene) Jeps., 
(2. obtusissima Greene) occurs in region 4. Var. occidentalis (Howell) Jeps. 
(R. occidentalis Howell), occurs in region 1. 

Stomach records: Seven species of birds. Observations: Four species of birds, 
including band-tailed pigeon; California mule deer, black bear. Of some im- 

33772°—38-—_15 


D4 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


portance as a honey plant. Of no value as forage for cattle; poor to fair for 
sheep. 


Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Yellow buckthorn. 
Ranger L7 205 22.25.28, 297730: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Hruit: Drupe, available September—November. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers May—June; occurs on limestone, 
ioam, and other soils; susceptible to the crown rust of oats. 
Stomach records: Catbird. 


Rhamnus catalinae, see Rhamnus crocea. 
Rhamnus confinis, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. 


Rhamnus crocea Nutt. (pl. 29, A, B). Hollyleaf buckthorn. 
Range: 3, 5, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 

A small to large shrub, or rarely a small to large tree; partially evergreen; 
flowers February—May; densely branched; experimentally susceptible to the 
crown rust of oats. 

Var. insularis Sarg. (R. insularis Greene, R. pirifolia Greene, R. catalinae, 
Davids.) has larger berries, and occurs in region 5. Var. ilicifolia (Kellogg) 
Greene (R. ilicifolia Kellogg) has spiny leaves, is more commonly treelike, and 
occurs in regions 4, 5, and 10. Var. pilosa Trel. (R. pilosa Abrams) occurs in 
region 5. 

Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Observations: California mule deer. 


Rhamnus cuspidata, see Rhamnus californica. 

Rhamnus ellipsoidea, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. 

Rhamnus fasciculata, see Rhamnus smithii. 

Rhamnus humboldtiana, see Karwinskia humboldtiana. 

Rhamnus ilicifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. 

Rhamnus insularis, see Rhamnus crocea. 

Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Lance-leaved buckthorn. 
Range: 22, 25, 27, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Kruit: Drupe, available August-September. 

A small to large shrub; flowers in May; commonly occurs on calcareous soils; 


susceptible to crown rust of oats. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds. 


Rhamnus maculata, see Karwinskia humboldtiana. 
Rhamnus obtusifolia, see Condalia obtusifolia. 
Rhamnus obtusissima, see Rhamnus californica. 
Rhamnus occidentalis, see Rhamnus californica. 
Rhamnus pilosa, see Rhamnus croced. 

Rhamnus pirifolia, see Rhamnus crocea. 


Rhamnus purshiana DC. (pl. 30, A, B). Cascara. 
Range? 1:52, 3:94. 6,¢:29) steak, ii2s 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. 

A small to large shrub or a small to large tree; occurs on sand, gravel, loam, 
and other soils; experimentally susceptible to the crown rust of oats; coppices 
freely after cutting ; bark of impertance commercially ; commonly smaller south- 
ward; 4,735 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Seven species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds, 
including Oregon ruffed grouse, band-tailed pigeon; New Mexico black bear; of 
fair importance as browse for mule deer; Olympic black bear, Oregon gray fox, 
raccoon, ring-tailed cat. Without forage value for livestock. 


Rhamunus revoluta, see Rhamnus betulaefolia. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 29 


Rhamnus crocea: A, A large specimen of hollyleaf buckthorn forming an effective cover on poor soil; B, a 
close view of the dense foliage and fruit. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 30 


Rhamnus purshiana: A, The shrubby southern form of cascara may prove a more valuable cover plant than 
the treelike northern form. #8, The drupes are cathartic to man. Their physiologic effect on wildlife 
species is not known, 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THH UNITED STATES D225 


Rhamnus rubra Greene. Redstem buckthorn. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A small shrub; flowers in June; susceptibility to crown rust of oats not 
known. 


Rhamnus smithii Greene. Simith buckthorn. 
Rk. fasciculata Greene. 
Range: 11, 18, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small to large, dioecious, densely leafy shrub; susceptible to the crown rust 
of oats. 


Rhamnus texensis, see Colubrina texensis. 
Rhamnus tomentella, see Rhamnus californica. 
Rhamnus ursina, see Rhamnus californica. 


Rhapidophyllum hystrix (Fraser) Wendl. and Drude. Needle palm. 
Chamaerops hystriz Fraser, Corypha hystriv (Fraser) Desf., Sabal hystriz 
Desf. 


Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; rootstocks creeping and rooting. 


Rhododendron spp. 

This genus has often been divided into several separate genera or genus 
sections. The most notable for the United States are rhododendron and azalea. 
It is generally agreed among botanists that these two cannot be maintained as 
separate genera although they may well appear to be separable as far as the 
species in this country are concerned. They are here treated as one. The 
species popularly known as azaleas are largely deciduous, at ieast in North 
America. Those known as rhododencdrons are mostly evergreen. The azaleas 
are generally to be found growing in the sun; the rhododendrons make their 
best growth in the shade. Nevertheless, there are no constant botanical char- 
acters to separate them. 


Rhododendron alabamense Rehd. Alabama azalea. 
Azalea alabamense (Rehd.) Small. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers April—May. 


Rhododendron albiflorum Hook. White-flowered azalea. 
Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb., Azalea albiflora Kuntze., Cladotham- 
nus campanulatus Greene. 
Range: 4, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; fiowers June-July. While under normal range con- 
ditions it is not palatable to livestock, it is nevertheless poisonous. 


Rhododendron arborescens (Pursh) Torr. Smooth azalea. 
Azalea arborescens Pursh. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub or rarely a small tree; flowers June—July. 


Rhododendron atianticum (Ashe) Rehd. 
Azalea atlantica Ashe. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, half shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers April-May; mat forming; aggressive; spreads by 
means of stolons; many often invade fields. 


296 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Rhododendron austrinum (Small) Rehd. 
Azalea austrina Small. 
Range: 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers April-May; commonly occurs on sandy soil. 


Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr. Flame azalea. 
Azalea calendulacea Michx., A. lutea L. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May-June; branches erect or spreading; very 
ornamental. 


Rhododendron californicum Hock. California rose-bay. 
R. macrophyllum Don. 
Range: 1, 2. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub or rarely a smail tree; evergreen; flowers May-June; 
considered poisonous to sheep. 


Rhododendron canadense (L.) B. S. P. Rhodora. 
R. canadense Torr., R. rhodera Gmel., Rhodora canadensis UL. 
Range: 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A smail, much-branched shrub; flowers in May. 


Rhododendron canescens (Michx.) Sweet. Hoary azalea. 
Azalea canescens Michx, not Small. 
Range: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large sparingly-branched shrub, flowers April-May; occurs in sandy and 
other soils. 


Rhododendron carolinianum Rehd. Carolina rhododendron. 
Range: 27%. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, much-branched evergreen shrub; flowers April—May. 


Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. (pl. 31). Catawba rhododendron. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large evergreen shrub; flowers May—June; often forms thickets covering 
extensive tracts of land; poisonous to livestock either fresh or dry. 


Rhododendron cuthbertii, see Rhododendron minus. 


Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wahl. Lapland rose-bay. 
Azalea lapponica Ti. 
Range: 26. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, prostrate evergreen shrub, commonly occurring on alpine summits. 


Rhododendron macrophyllum, see Rhododendron californicum. 


Rhododendron maximum L. Rhododendron. 
Range: 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers June—July; thicket forming ; 
much cultivated. 
Stomach records: Sharp-tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: 
Eaten by deer but poisonous to them if taken in large quantities. Poisonous 
to stock, which avoid it unless very hungry. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES DOG 


Rhododendron minus Michx. Piedmont rhododendron. 
R. cuthbertii Small., R. punctatum Ander. 
Range: 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, straggling evergreen shrub; commonly occurs on sandy soil. 


Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. Pinxter flower. 
Azalea nudifiora L. 
Range: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; commonly occurs in sandy soil. 


Rhododendron oblongifolium (Small) Mill. 
Azalea oblongifolia Small. 
Range: 25, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; commonly occurs in sand or limestone soils. 


Rhododendron occidentale (Torr. and Gray) Gray. Western azalea. 
Azalea occidentalis Torr. and Gray, A. californica Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 4. 


Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit : Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers June-July; rarely occurs in sunny positions. 
Observations: Much used by mountain beaver. An important livestock-poison- 
ing plant. 


Rhododendron prinophyllum, see Rhododendron roseum. 


Rhododendron prunifolium (Small) Mill. 
Azalea prunifolia Small. 
Range: 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, 
A large shrub. 


Rhododendron punctatum, see Rhododendron minus. 
Rhododendron rhedora, see Rhododendron canadense. 


Rhododendron roseum (Loisel.) Rehd. 
R. prinophyliwm (Small) Mill., Azalea rosea Loisel., A. prinophylla Small, 
A. canescens Porter, not Torr., and of Small, not Michx. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit : Capsule. 
A large shrub; often dominant and thicket forming in old clearings; very 
ornamental. 


Rhododendron serrulatum (Small) Mill. 
Azalea serrulata Small. 
Range: 30. 
Site: Moist, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, 
A large shrub. 


Rhododendron speciosum (Willd.) Sweet. 
Azalea speciosa Willd. 
Range: 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; flowers April—May ; thicket forming; commonly occurs 
on sandy soil. 


Rhododendron vaseyi Gray. Pinkshell azalea. 
Azalea vaseyi (Gray) Rehd., Biltia vaseyi (Gray) Small. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; in cultivation. 


998 Misc. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT, OF AGRICULTURE 


Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. Swamp azalea. 
Azalea viscosa L. 
Range: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers June-July ; stoloniferous forms are often found. 


Rhodora canadensis, see Rhododendron canadense. 
Rhoeidium cinereum, see Rhus microphylla. 
Rhoeidium microphyllum, see Rhus microphylla. 
Rhoeidium potosinum, see Rhus microphylla. 


Rhus spp. 

This genus has been variously divided. One section in particular, (Lobadium 
(Raf.) DC.), has been much separated as Schmalizia. The group Venenatae 
Engelm. has been much separated as Toxricodendron. 

Most species grow on neutral soil; nearly all species are comparatively free 
from insects and diseases; propagation is by stem or root cuttings, or by seed 
sown as soon as ripe or stratified and sown in spring. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Seventy-one species of birds 
including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, lesser prairie chickens, bobwhite, 
California quail, plumed quail, wild turkey, and mourning dove; composed 3.17 
percent of winter food of ruffed grouse in New York, and 3.8 percent of winter 
food of the same bird for the northeastern United States; opossum. Obdserva- 
tions (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-three species of birds, including 
ruffed grouse. An important food of bobwhite in Oklahoma; ranks tenth in the 
list of quail food plants in the Southeast; Mearn’s quail; rock squirrel, cedar- 
belt ecttontail; preferred food of cottontail rabbit. 


Rhus albida, see Rhus glabra. 
Rhus angustiarum, see Rhus glabra. 
Rhus arbuscula, see Rhus glabra. 
Rhus arguta, see Rhus glabra. 


Rhus aromatica Ait. (pls. 32 A, B: 33). Fragrant sumac. 
FR. canadensis Marsh., R. crenata (Mill.) Rybd., R. nortonii (Greene) Rydb., 
Schmaltzia aromatica Desy., 8. arenaria Greene, S. illinoensis Greene. 
Range: 20222" 23-524. 25. 26720 co co: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available July—August, persistent the year round. 
A small to large shrub; adapted to many kinds of soil including limestone; 
thicket forming. 
Stomach records: Western flicker, ruffed grouse. Observations: Preferred 
food of wild turkey; white-tailed Geer. 


Rhus ashei (Small) Greene. 
R. caroliniana Ashe, not Mill., Schmaltzia ashei Small. 
Range: 28. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small shrub; commonly occurs in sandy soil. 


Rhus asplenifolia, see Rhus glabra. 
Rhus canadensis, see Rhus aromatica. 


Rhus choriophylla Woot. and Standl. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available through winter. 
A small to large evergreen shrub. 


Rhus cismontana, see Rhus glabra. 


Rhus copallina L. Bwarf sumac. 
Schmaltzia copallina (L.) Small. 
Ranges 20,214 22.523, 24. 25.2%, 28:, 29: 550,62. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, persistent the year round. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 31 


Rhododendron catawbiense. The ornamental. value of the catawba rhododendron, its pnicket ormne 
tendency, and the cover it provides for soil, combine to make it of value in highway plantings. (Photo 
graph by U.S. Forest Service.) 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 32 


Rhus aromatica: A, The fragrant sumacinsummer. The dense foliage provides excellent cover for soil and 
wildlife. B., The winter aspect of fragrant sumac, showing the spreading, semiprostrate habit, and 
indicating the cover afforded the soil even when leaves are gone. 


PLATE 33 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture 


the control of eros 


in 


The ornamental fruit, useful for wildlife, enhances the value of fragrant sumac plantings 
ion. 


Rhus aromatica. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 34 


A, Rhus glabra. A typical sumac thicket furnishing food the year round for wildlife. Adaptable to poor 
soils, this plant may well aid in the control of erosion. B, A fruiting branch of R. trilobata, a species with 
great possibilities for planting in the arid parts of the country. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 220, 


vw) 


A small to large shrub or small to large tree; commonly forms thickets; oc- 
curs in slightly acid soils; trunks sometimes used for fence posts; 13,000-70,000 
seeds per pound. 

Var. lanceolata Gray, (Rhus lanceolata Gray, Schmaltzia lanceolata Small) 
occurs in region 11 where it commonly grows on dry, limestone soil. 

Stomach records: Twenty species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
sharp-tailed grouse, and lesser prairie chicken. Observations: Ring-necked 
pheasant; white-tailed deer. 


Rhus cotinoides, see Cotinus americanus. 
Rhus crenata, see Rhus aromatica. 

Rhus crenatifolia, see Rhus trilobata. 
Rhus desertorum, see Rhus toxicodendron. 


Rhus diversiloba Torr. and Gray. Poison oak. 
R. diversiloba radicans (Torr. and Gray) McNair, R. lobata Hook., Tea- 
icodendron diversilobum (Torr. and Gray) Greene, 7’. comarophyllum 
Greene, 7. isophyllum Greene. 
Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, commonly persistent. 

A small to large shrub or occasionally a vine; often forms extensive thickets ; 
somewhat aggressive; poisonous. 

Stomach records: Thirty-three species of birds, including California quail. 
Observations: Three species of birds; of slight importance as browse for mule 
deer; black bear. Of importance as a honey plant. Not poisonous to live- 
stock, fair cattle feed, especially in dry seasons. 


Rhus emoryi, see Rhus trilobata. 
Rhus eximia, see Rhus toxicodendron. 


Rhus glabra L. (pl. 34, A). Smooth sumac. 
R. albida Greene, R. angustiarum Lunell, R. arbuscula Greene, R. arguta 
Greene, Rk. asplenifolia Greene, R. cismontana Greene, R. media Greene, 
Rk. nitens Greene, FR. occidentalis (Torr.) Blankenship, R. sambucina 
Greene, R. sandbergii (Vasey and Holz.) Greene, R. tesselata Greene, 
Schmaltzia glabra (L.) Small. 
Range: G4, So) Oy Lida beds. 19.205 20 22) 23) 24, 25, 26,27, 28, 
29, 30, 31. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe; available September—October persistent the year round. 

A small to large straggling shrub; little branched; commonly thicket form- 
ing; grows on coal-stripped land in Illinois; commonly occurs in slightly acid 
soil; 27,000-32,000 seeds (with coats) per pound. 

Stomach records: Thirty-two species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, prairie chicken, mourning dove, and wild turkey. Obdservations: 
Seven species of birds including bobwhite, Hungarian partridge, ring-necked 
pheasant; a preferred food of wild turkey; white-tailed deer; a preferred food 
of cotton-tail rabbit. 


Rhus hirta, see Rhus typhina. 


Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Benth. and Hook. Mahogany sumac. 
Neostyphonia integrifolia Shaf., Styphonia integrifolia Nutt. 
Range: 5, 10. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe; available August-September. 

A small to large evergreen shrub; forms remarkably dense thickets; tolerant 
of saline conditions; very drought resistant; will grow on extremely poor soils 
including sand and clay; lower procumbent branches root where they touch the 
ground; taproot and secondaries well developed and often extending 10 feet 
beyond the periphery of aerial portions; 6,800 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Five species of birds; composed 8.4 percent of food of 84 
road runners, being found in 31 percent of stomachs examined. Observations: 
California mule deer. Poor or worthless forage for livestock except occa- 
sionally goats. é : 


930 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Rhus kearneyi Barkl. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained. sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small evergreen tree. 


Rhus lanceolata, see Rhus conellina. 


Rhus laurina Nutt. Laurel sumac. 
Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in September, persistent. 

A large evergreen shrub; root system spreading; produces a very dense 
shade; endures extreme heat and drought; seeds produced abundantly; coppices 
vigorously after fire; extremely sensitive to frost; 129,600 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds, including quail. Observations: Pallid 
wren tit; California mule deer. 


Rhus lobata, see Rhus diversiloba. 
Rhus longipes, see Rhus toxicodendren. 
Rhus media, see Rhus glabra. 


Rhus michauxii Sarg. Michaux sumac. 
R. pumila Michx. Schmalizia michauzii (Sarg.) Small. 
Range: 28. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A small stoloniferous shrub; commonly occurs on sandy soil; has been con- 
sidered poisonous but recent manuals do not list it as such. 


Rhus microcarpa, see Rhus toxicodendron. 


Rhus microphylla Hngelm. 
Rhoeidium micrephyllum Greene, Rh. cinereum Greene, Rh. potosinum 
Greene. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available May—July. 
A small or rarely a large shrub; densely branched; somewhat spinescent. 
Stomach records: Cliff chipmunk. Cbservations: Sonora deer. Palatabillity 
to livestock low. 


Rhus nitens, see Rhus glabra. 

Rhus nortonii, see Rhus aromatica. 
Rhus occidentalis, see Rhus glabra. 
Rhus osterhoutii, see Rius trilobata. 


Rhus ovata Wats. (pl. 35). Sugar sumac. 
Neosiyphonia ovata (Wats.) Abrams. 
Range: 5, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September, persistent. 
A large evergreen shrub: casts a dense shade; coppices rapidly after burning; 
thicket forming; 18.700 seeds per pound. 
Observations: California mule deer. Worthless or poor browse for livestock, 
except oceasionally for goats. 


Rhus oxyacanthoides, see Rhus trilobata. 
Rhus pulvinata, see Rhus typhina. 
Rhus pumila, see Rhus michauvit. 


Rhus guereifolia (Michx.) Steud. 
R. toxicodendron quercifolia Michx., Toxricodendron quercifolium (Michx.) 
Greene. 
Range: 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small poisonous shrub. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 35 


Rhus ovata, a species of great importance as protection for soil and cover for wildlife. The utilization of the 
fruit is as yet unrecorded. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 36 


A, Rhustyphina. Thestaghorn sumac fruit, while eaten by numerous birds, is probably a last resort. The 
thickets it forms recommend it for erosion-control planting. B, Rubus laciniatus. The large, thorny 
hummocks formed by this species are of outstanding value as wildlife cover. In the Northwest its relative 
freedom from disease will permit its use in erosion-control planting. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 231 


Rhus radicans, see Rhus toxvicodendron. 
Rhus rydbergii, see Rhus toxicodendron. 
Rhus sambucina, see Rhus giabra. 
Rhus sandbergii, see Rhus glabra. 
Rhus tesselata, see Rhus glabra. 


Rhus toxicodendron L. Poison-ivy 
R. desertorum Lunell, Rk. eximia Standl., R. longipes Greene, R. microcarpa 
Steud., R. radicans L., R. rydbergit Small, R. toxicodendron radicans 
Dippel, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, T. biternatum Greene, T. 
eximium Greene, 7’. fothergilloides Lunell, T. hesperinum Greene, T. 
macrocarpum Greene, T. negundo Greene, T. punciatum Greene, T. rufes- 
cens Greene, T. rydbergii (Small) Greene. 
RABEL Otomo o lon oO Gum IS TO D0) 20 2) 23.) 24: 
25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—November. 

A small to large poisonous shrub or vine; very variable in habit, from a 
small, nearly herbaceous shrub te a vigorous, high-climbing vine. This species 
has been much broken up as the synonomy indicates, but good botanical char- 
acters Separating the forms as species do not appear to be satisfactory. A 
study of the forms in Indiana by Dream (162) showed that the low, erect 
forms are branches of underground stems; that the thick-leaved forms are 
always found in places exposed to heavy winds and direct sunlight; and that 
the hairy-fruited forms are rare, distributed throughout the area, and without 
other characters to distinguish them. 

Stomach records: Sixty species of birds including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie 
chicken; composed 0.8 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin. 
Observations: Nineteen species of birds including ring-necked pheasant; white- 
tailed deer; leaves refused by captive marsh rabbits. 


Rhus trilobata Nutt. (pl. 34, B). Lemonade sumac. 
R. canadensis trilobata (Nutt.) Gray, R. crenatifolia Schlecht., R. emoryi 
Woot., R. osterhoutui Rydb., R. oxyacanthoides (Greene) Rydb., R. tri- 
lobata mollis Greene, R. utahensis Good., Schmalizia trilobata (Nutt.) 
Small, §. ajffinis Greene, S. anisophylla Greene, 8. bakeri Greene, 8. 
cognata Greene, S. cruciata Greene, S. emoryi Greene, S. glabrata Greene, 
S. glauca Greene, S. glomerata Greene, S. leiocarpa Greene, S. malaco- 
phylla. Greene, S. oxyacanihoides Greene, S. pulcheila Greene, S. querci- 
folia Greene, 8S. ribifolia Greene, S. scaberula Greene, S. simplicifolia 
Greene, S. straminea Greene, S. subpinnata Greene. 
Rangel (3,45.0)o,. 9; 10, 1 12 ts T4015, 16, 19. 20,22... 24.7,.95. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available the year round. 

A small shrub; roots very long; sometimes thicket forming; under natural 
conditions endures extreme drought; 10,000-25,0000 seeds per pound. This 
species has been much broken up, and the segregates recombined as the syn- 
onomy indicates. 

Stomach records: Nineteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
valley, Gambel and western quail, greater prairie chicken and lesser prairie 
chicken. Observations: Ring-neck pheasant, sage hen, scaled quail; moun- 
tain sheep; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Worthless to good 
forage for stock; of most value in Arizona and Colorado, less so in Utah. 


Rhus typhina Torner (pl. 36, A). Staghorn sumac. 
Rf. hirta (L.) Sudw., Datisca hirta L., Schmalizia hirta (L.) Small. 
Range: 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available in September, persistent the year round. 
A large shrub to small tree; sprouts persistently from the roots after cutting 
or injury; forms loose thickets; 50,000 seeds per pound. 
A plant more or less intermediate between this and R. glabra has been de. 
scribed as R. pulwinata Greene. 


939 MISC. PUBLICATION 3038, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Stomach records: Fourteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, ring-necked pheasant and mourning dove; eastern skunk. Observations: 
Four species of birds including sharp-tailed grouse; important food of ring- 
necked pheasant in southern Michigan; closely browsed by moose on Isle Royale; 
white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit; ninth most important preferred winter food 
of deer in Massachusetts. Resistant to grazing. 


Rhus utahensis, see Rhus trilobata. 
Rhus venenata, see Rhus vernia«. 


Rhus vernix L. Poison sumac. 
R. venenata DC., Toxicodendron vernie (L.) Kuntze, T. pinnatum Mill. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe; available in September, persistent. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; foliage not dense; rather loosely 
branched; poisonous. 
Stomach records: Sixteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse and ring- 
necked pheasant. Observations: Five species of birds; an important food of 
ring-necked pheasant and bobwhite; cottontail rabbit. 


Rhus virens Lindh. Evergreen sumac. 
Schmaltzia virens (Lindh.) Small. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in September. 
A small to large shrub or small tree; evergreen; commonly occurs on lime- 
stone soils; grows in extremely difficult positions; may often be prostrate. 


Ribes spp. Gooseberry, currant. 

These species are alternate hosts of the white-pine blister rust. Various State 
and Federal laws restrict or prohibit the movement of Ribes as well as the five- 
leaved pines, and any operators interested in planting these should get in touch 
with the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, as well 
as with the officers in their particular State who are concerned with the move- 
ment of the shrubs and trees (State entomologists, plant-quarantine officers, and 
horticulturists ). 

At the present time, while all species have not been tested, no native species 
is known to be resistant to the blister rust. Nine hundred feet is a safe dis- 
tance to plant Ribes (except the cultivated black currant) away from the pines. 
The spores of the rust have been known to infect cultivated black currant 150 
miles or more from the pines, and the statement has been made (154) that if 
there were no cultivated black currants, the disease would not be as widespread 
as itis. Reference to Pinus will Show which of those species have five needles. 

The genus is often divided into two, Ribes and Grossularia, currants and 
gooseberries, respectively. ‘There appears yet to be considerable difference of 
opinion as to whether the two should be combined or separated. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Thirty-three species of 
birds, including dusky grouse, mourning dove, and Richardson’s grouse; moun- 
tain sheep, black-tailed deer, coyote, northern chipmunk, pale chipmunk, and 
rufous-tailed chipmunk. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Seven 
species of birds including dusky grouse, prairie sharp-tailed grouse, Gambel 
quail; Say chipmunk, painted chipmunk, gray-footed chipmunk, lesser Colorado 
chipmunk, Arizona chipmunk, cliff squirrel, golden-mantled ground squirrel, 
alpine chipinunk, eastern chipmunk, western chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, Siski- 
you chipmunk, pica, and porcupine; formed a prominent share of the midsum- 
mer food of skunks in New York. Fairly to moderately palatable to livestock, 
except goats, and of considerable forage significance on some ranges. 


Ribes acerifolium Howell 
R. howellii Greene. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small shrub, 


Ribes affine, see Ribes laxiflorum. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 233 


Ribes amarum McClatch. Bitter gooseberry. 
Grossularia, amara (McClatch.) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, spiny shrub; flowers March—April. 


Ribes americanum, see also Ribes laxiflorwm. 


Ribes americanum Mill. Black currant. 
R. floridum LU Her, 
Range: 12, 18, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 
A small, unarmed shrub; flowers April—May; closely related to R. nigrum of 
Europe, the most dangerous host of the white-pine blister rust. 
Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; eagerly eaten by songbirds. 


Ribes ascendens, see Ribes nevadense. 


Ribes aureum Pursh. Golden currant. 
Chrysobotrya aurea (Pursh) Rydb. 
Range: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 22, 23. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available June—July. 
A small to large shrub; flowers April—May. 
Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; of fair importance as browse for mule 
deer. Poor to fair browse for livestock. 


Ribes binominatum Heller. Ground gooseberry. 
Grossularia binominata (Heller) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, trailing, spiny shrub; flowers in June. 


Ribes bracteosum Doug]. Stink currant. 
Range: 1, 2, 4. 
Site: Moist, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May-June. 


Ribes californicum Hook. and Arn. Hillside gooseberry. 
Grossularia californica (Hook. and Arn.) Coy. and Britt. 
Range: 1, 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
Commonly a small shrub, rarely a large shrub; spiny and compact; flowers 
January—April; berry small and usually single. 


Ribes cereum Dougl. Wax currant. 
R. inebrians Lindl., R. pumilum Nutt., R. churchii Nels. 
Range: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16. - 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available June—August. 
A small to large, unarmed, much-branched shrub; flowers June-August. 
Observations: Blue, spruce, and Richardson’s grouse, chickadee; eaten by 
many songbirds; an important food of chipmunks in California; California mule 
deer. Of some importance as forage for livestock. 


Ribes churchii, see Ribes cereum. 
Ribes ciliosum, see Ribes triste. 


Ribes cognatum Greene. 
Grossularia cognata (Greene) Coy. and Britt. 
Range: 7, 8, 9. 
Site: Moist, sun, 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large, spiny shrub, 


334 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Ribes coloradense Cov. Colorado currant. 
Range: 138, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, unarmed shrub; branches decumbent or prostrate. 


Ribes curvatum Small. Georgia gooseberry. 
Grossularia curvata (Small) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in July. 
A small, spiny shrub. 


Ribes cynosbatii L. Pasture gooseberry. 
R. gracile Michx., Grossularia cynosbatii (L.) Mill. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available April—-August. 
A small, spiny shrub; flowers April—June. 
Observations: Red squirrel, cottontail rabbit. 


Ribes divaricatum Dougl. Straggly gooseberry. 
R. sucksdorfii Heller, Grossularia divaricaia (Dougl.) Cov. and Britt., G. 
parishit Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large, spiny, straggling shrub; flowers in April. 


Ribes erythrocarpum Cov. and Leiberg. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, unarmed shrub; branches trailing and rooting. 


Ribes floridum, see Ribes americanum. 


Ribes glandulosum Grauer. Skunk currant. 
R. prostretum L’Her. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small shrub; flowers May—June ; decumbent or spreading; spiny or unarmed. 


Ribes glaucescens, see Ribes nevadense. 
Ribes gracile, see Ribes cynosbatii. 
Ribes grantii, see Ribes nevadense. 
Ribes hallii, see Ribes viscosissimum. 


Ribes hesperium McClatch. 
Grossularia hesperia (McClatch.) Coy. and Britt. 
Range: 5 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large spreading, spiny shrub. 
Ribes hirtellum Michx. Low wild gooseberry. 
R. saxesum Hook., Grossularia hirtella (Michx.) Spach. 
Ranges 15508, 21, 23024526. 27 
Site: Moist, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available in July. 
A small, spiny shrub. 
Ribes hittellianum, see Ribes nevadense. 
Ribes howellii, see Ribes acerifolium. 
Ribes hudsonianum Rich. Hudson Bay currant, 
Range: 23, 24. 
Site: Moist, shade. 


Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 
A small to large, unarmed shrub; flowers May—June. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 2935 


Ribes indecorum Hastw. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large, loosely-branched, unarmed shrub. 


Ribes inebrians, see Rides cerewm. 


Ribes inerme Rydb. Whitestem gooseberry. 
Grossularia inermis (Rydb.) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A small to large shrub; flowers in May; spiny or unarmed. Forage value for 
sheep, fair. 


Rites irriguum Dougl. 
Grossularia irrigua (Dougl.) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 6, 7, 12. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, spiny shrub. 


Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp currant. 
R. parvulum Rydb., Lymnobotrya parvula Rydb., L. lacustris (Pers.) 
Rydb. 
Range: 4, 12, 18, 14, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available in August. 
A small, spiny shrub; flowers May—June; stems prostrate or ascending. 


Ribes lasiantha, see Ribes leptanthus. 
Ribes laxiflorum, see also Ribes odoratum. 
Ribes laxifiorum Pursh. Western black currant. 


R. americanum Pall., not Mill., R. affine Dougl. 
Range: 1, 4, 12, 138. 
Site: Moist, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, unarmed shrub; flowers in April; often decumbent and covering 
large areas. 


Ribes lentum, see Ribes montigenum. 


Ribes leptanthum Gray. Alpine gooseberry. 
Grossularia leptantha (Gray) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 9, 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large spiny shrub. 
Var. lasiantha (Greene) Jeps. (R&R. lasiantha Greene, Grossularia lasianthum 
(Greene) Cov. and Britt.) occurs in region 4 and is smaller than the species. 
Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. 


Ribes lobbii Gray. Gummy gooseberry. 
Grossularia lobbii (Gray) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 1, 2. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large, spiny shrub; flowers in June. 
Stomach recorés: Lewis woodpecker (?} 


Rites longiflorum, see Ribes odoratum. 


Ribes malvaceum Smith. California black currant. 
R. purpurascens Heller. 
Range: 8, 4, 5. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 

Fruit: Berry. 
A large unarmed, many-stemmed shrub; flowers December—April. 
Observations; California mule deer. 


236 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Ribes marshallii Greene. Hupa gooseberry. 
Grossularia marshaliit (Greene) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, spiny shrub; flewers in July; iow and spreading; forms matlike 
colonies. 
Ribes menziesii Pursh. Menzies gooseberry. 
Grossularia menziesii (Pursh) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large, spiny, loosely branched shrub; flowers February—April. 
Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Blue grouse. 


Ribes mescalerium Coy. 
Range: 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, weil-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, unarmed shrub, with insipid fruit. 


Ribes missouriense Nuit. Missouri gooseberry. 
Grossularia missouriensis (Nutt.) Cov. and Britt. 
Range>21, 22, 23, 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July-September. 
A small to large, spiny shrub; flowers in May; berries very large. 


Ribes mogolionicum, see Ribes wolfii. 
Ribes molle, see Ribes montigenum. 


Ribes montigenum McClatch. Mountain gooseberry. 
R. lentum (Jones) C. and R., R. molle Howell, not Poepp., Lymnobotrya 
montigena (McCiatch.) Rydb. 
Range: 4, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, spiny shrub; flowers in July; straggling and much-branched. Of 
more than average palatability to livestock. 


Ribes nevadense Kellogg. Nevada currant. 
R. variegatum Nels., R. ascendens Eastw., R. hittellianum Eastw., R. glau- 
cescens Eastw., &. grantii Heller. 
Range: 4, 10, 12, 13. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, diffusely branched, unarmed shrub; fiowers May-July. 
Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer; mountain 
beaver. Scmewhat browsed by sheep in California. 


Ribes niveum Lindl. Snow gooseberry. 
Gressularia nivea (Lindl.) Cov. and Britt. 
Ranve = S. Oteeds. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, spiny shrub. 


Ribes odoratum Wendl. Golden currant. 
R. larijfiorum Nutt., BR. longiflorum Nutt., Chrysobotrya odorata (Wendl.) 
Rycb. 


Range2 15, 16, 18-19" 20222 223 25: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, unarmed shrub; flowers April—May. 


Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Northern gooseberry. 
Grossularia oxryacanthcides (i.) Mill. 
Range: 4, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in August, 
A small, spiny shrub. 
Stomach records: Bobwhite. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES D327 


Ribes parvulum, see Ribes lacustre. 


Ribes petiolare Dougl. 
Range: 4, 12, 13. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, unarmed shrub. 


Ribes pinetorum Greene. Orange gooseberry. 
Grossularia pinetorum (Greene) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 10, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, spiny shrub; very ornamental in bloom. 


Ribes prostratus, see also Ribes glandulosum. 


Ribes prostratum L’Her. Skunk currant. 
Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available in July. 
A small shrub with reclining stems. 


Ribes pumilum, see Ribés cereuwm. 
Ribes purpurascens, see Wibes malvaceum. 


Ribes quercetorum Greene. Rock gooseberry. 
Grossularia quercetorum (Greene) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 3, 4, 5, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, spiny shrub; flowers February—March. 


Ribes reniforme Nutt. 
Range: 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small or, more generally, a large shrub. 


Ribes roezlii Regel. Sierra gooseberry. 
R. wilsoniannum Greene, Grossularia, roezlii (Regel) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Hruit: Berry. 
A small, spiny shrub; flowers May-July; loosely branched; fruit produced 
abundantly. 
Observations: Of outstanding importance as browse for mule deer. A fair 
sheep and cattle browse. 


Ribes rotundifolium Michx. Roundleaf gooseberry. 
Grossularia rotundifolia (Michx.) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available June-August. 
A small shrub; flowers May—July ; spiny or unarmed. 


Ribes sanguineum Pursh. Red-flowered currant. 
Range: 1, 2, 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 
A large, unarmed shrub; flowers April-June; several varieties are in cultiva- 
tion. 
Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Observations: Three species of birds, includ- 
ing blue grouse. Good sheep and fair cattle browse. 


Ribes saxosum, see Ribes hirtelium. 


Ribes sericeum Hastw. Lucia gooseberry. 
Grossularia sericea (Hastw.) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, prickly shrub; flowers February—March; berries large. 


228 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Ribes setosum Lindl. (pl. 37, A). Missouri gooseberry. 
Grossularia setose (Lindl.) Cov. and Britt. 
Range: 12, 15, 18. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available June-August. 
A small, spiny shrub; flowers in May. 
Observations: Moose. 


Ribes speciosum Pursh. Garnet gooseberry. 
Grossularia speciosa (Pursh) Coy. and Britt. 
Range: 1, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large, spiny shrub; flowers April-May; nearly or quite evergreen; very 
ornamental in bloom. 
Observations: California mule deer. 


Ribes stanfordii, see Ribes velutinum. 
Ribes suksdorfii, see Ribes divaricatum. 


Ribes triste Pall. _ American red currant. 
FR. ciliosum Howell. 
Range 3-45 12) 715 Ss 2023) 244 26512 Gas: 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small unarmed shrub; flowers June-July; the prostrate or ascending 
branches root. 


Ribes variegatum, see Ribes nevadense. 


Ribes velutinum Greene. Plateau gooseberry. 
R. stanfordii Elmer, Grossularia, velutina (Greene) Coy. and Britt. 
Range: 4, $, 10, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May—June; spiny or unarmed. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Ribes viburnifolium Gray. Tsiand gooseberry. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, evergreen, straggling shrub; flowers in January. 


Ribes victoris Greene. Victor gooseberry 
Grossularia vietoris (Greene) Coy. and Britt. 
Range: 1, 8. 
Site: Well-drained, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, spiny shrub; fiowers in March. 


Ribes viscosissimum Pursh. ticky currant. 
R. hallii Janez. 
Range 2459.49 12-13 14: 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, unarmed shrub; flowers June-July; root system as much as 4 feet 
deep, not fibrous. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, Richardson’s grouse. Odservations: Of 
slight importance as browse for mule deer; mountain beaver. Palatability 
good, as browse for livestock. 


Ribes watsonianum Koehne. Watson gooseberry. 
Grossularia watsoniana (Koehne) Coy. and Britt. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large, spiny shrub. Highly palatable to livestock. 


Ribes wilsonianum, see Ribes roeclii. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 939 


Ribes wolfii Rothr. Rothrock currant. 
R. mogollonicum Greene. 
Range: 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in August. 
A small to large shrub. Fairly good cattle browse in Utah. 


Ricinella vaseyi (Coult.) Coult. and Fish. 
Adelia vaseyi Coult. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large dioecious shrub; sometimes spiny; leaves few. 


Ricinophyllum horridum, see Oplopanag horridum. 


Ricinus communis L. Castor-bean. 
Range: 3. 5, 10; 1 20.30: 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 

A large shrub or rarely a small tree; probably introduced from Africa, but 
more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; herbaceous, and not escaping 
northwards. 

tomach records: Bobwhite, mourning dove. 


Riddelia cooperi, see Psilostrophe cooperi. 


Robinia spp. Locusts. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Seven species of birds 
including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, western quail, and mourning dove. 


Robinia boyntonii Ashe. 
R. hispida rosea Hort. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub or rarely a large tree; flowers May—June; probably does not 
produce fruit; very handsome when in flower. 


Robinia elliottii (Chapm.) Ashe. 
R. hispida elliottii Chapm. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large, spiny shrub; flowers May—June; occurs on sandy and other Soils. 


Robinia fertilis Ashe. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large, stoloniferous shrub; fruit freely produced; spiny or unarmed. 


Robinia grandifiora Ashe. 
Range: 27. _ 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in July. 
A small to large shrub; flowers April-May; rarely spiny; easily propagated by 
root suckers which are extensively produced; occurs in sandy and other soils. 


Robinia hartwigii Koehne. 
R. viscosa hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe. 
Range: 27, 28, 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large, spiny shrub; flowers in June. 


Robinia hispida L. Rose-acacia. 
Range: 25, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Legume, available in September. 

A small to large, stoloniferous shrub; spiny, or more commonly unarmed ; 
foliage not dense; tolerant of arid conditions; commonly produces little fruit; 
propagates extensively by suckering. 

ie 28 1G 


P40 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Robinia kelseyi Cowell. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large, spreading, spiny shrub; flowers May—June; 80,640 seeds per 
pound. 


Robinia longiloba Ashe. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub; flowers in May; spiny or unarmed; seldom produces fruit, 
propagates extensively by suckering, but never forms extensive thickets. Pos- 
sibly a hybrid between R. boyntonii and R. grandiflora. 


Robinia luxurians, see Robinia neomericana. 


Robinia nana Ell. 
R. hispida nana (Ell.) Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 28, 29, 80. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; spiny or unarmed; usually 
little branched. 


Robinia neoméxicana Gray. New Mexican locust. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available September—October. 

A smali to large, spiny shrub; thicket forming on drier, rockier slopes; hardy 
as far northward as New England; in cultivation in the Eastern States and 
western Europe; 21,800 seeds per pound. 

Var. luxurians Dieck, (R. luzurians (Dieck) Rydb.) is a small tree oceurring 
within the range of the species. 

Stomach records: Gambel quail (?); mountain sheep, porcupine, black-tailed 
deer; Coeur d’Alene chipmunk. Obdservations: Porcupine, mule deer. An im- 
portant goat browse; somewhat cropped by horses and cattle without harmful 
effects. 


Robinia pallida Ashe. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
More commonly a small, or sometimes a large Shrub; reproduces by suckers. 


Robinia pedunculata Ashe. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A jiarge shrub; spiny or unarmed. Possibly a hybrid between R. hispida and 
R. boyntonii. 


Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black locust. 
Range? 152.73, 4, 5,6, 7, 8,12; 15) a6 20h 1 22 2325s 26nd oto: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available September—April. 

A large, short-lived tree; somewhat tolerant of alkali; much attacked by locust 
borer, but apparently the greater the growth rate the less borer trouble; wood of 
importance commercially, particularly for fence posts; root system extremely 
shallow; easily transplanted when young; makes its best growth on fertile soil; 
on very poor soils makes poor growth and does not reach large size; rapid grow- 
ing on good soils, slow growing on poor soils; seriously injured by fungi; not 
resistant to fire; coppices freely; 20,000-26,000 seeds per pound. Range much 
extended by cultivation; original range not clear, 

Var. rectissima Raber, the shipmast locust, is a tree to 100 feet, occurring on 
the richer soils of the northern and western parts of Long Island, and locally in 
New York and Massachusetts. The trunk is columnar, very straight and yields 
a wood which is harder and more durable than that of the species. It is longer 
lived than the species, produces almost no seed, and propagation is by root 
cuttings and root sprouts. May possibly be more resistant to the attacks of the 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES PAI 


borer, and the damage is confined to branches rather than trunks. Some 16 
other varieties are known in cultivation. 

Stomach records: Five species of birds, including bobwhite, and mourning 
dove; gray fox, opossum, white-tailed deer. Observations: Four species of 
birds; ranks thirteenth on the list of quail food plants in the Southeast; an 
important food of the bobwhite in Oklahoma; ring-necked pheasant; cottontail 
rabbit, snowshoe hare, white-tailed deer. Young shoots and bark poisonous to 
all livestock ; leaves not poisonous; poisoning cases not infrequent. 


Robinia rusbyi Woot. and Standl. 
Range: 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Robinia speciosa Ashe. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
Commonly a small shrub, rarely a large one; much branched; unarmed ; 
propagates by root suckers. 


Robinia subvelutina Rydb. 
Range: il. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small spiny shrub. 


Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy locust. 
Range: 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in September, persistent through the winter. 
A small to large, spreading tree; extensively naturalized in the eastern 
United States. 


Rosa spp. Wild roses. 

Because of the difficulty of identifying the various species and the fact that 
at present there appears to be considerable confusion in the taxonomy of roses, 
the species are here omitted except for the general characterization of the genus. 

Their erosion-control value lies in the fact that many are climbing, sprawl- 
ing, or thicket-forming species, often making a rather dense cover on the sur- 
face of the soil, with the branches usually rooting where they touch the ground. 
Nonclimbing species may produce suckers at various distances from the crown. 
Some species have dense foliage, but others have open foliage. Some may 
eften be weedy in fields. The best procedure, in working with roses, as with 
the hawthorns and blackberries, is to choose for planting those species in any 
given region which seem to be doing the best job of erosion control under 
natural conditions. 

Among the thicket-forming species may be mentioned R. californica C. and S., 
R. carolina L., R. laevigata (the Cherokee rose), R. nutkana Presl, and R. 
pisocarpa Gray. 

Species with more or less outstanding livestock browse records include R. 
acicularis Lindl., &. californica C. and S., R. eglanteria L. (R. rubiginosa L.), 
R. fendleri Crep. (probably the most important browse species of the genus), 
R. gymnocarpa Nutt., R. macounit Greene, R. macrantha Greene, R. manca 
Greene, R. melina Greene, R. nutkana Presl, R. pisocarpa Gray, R. sayi 
Schwein., R. spaldingit Crep., R. spithamea Wats., and R. woodsii Lindl. 

Stomach records (summary): Thirty-eight species of birds, including ruffed 
grouse, bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, and prairie chicken; composed 1.7 percent 
of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; composed 5.6 percent of fall food 
of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin; composed 3.0 percent of winter food of 
northern sharp-tailed grouse in Quebec and Ontario; composed 1.5 percent of 
winter food of ruffed grouse in the northeastern United States; mountain 
sheep, pale chipmunk, black-tailed deer; plains white-tailed deer, opossum, 
white-tailed deer, coyote. Observations (summary): Sixteen species of birds; 
of considerable importance as food for greater prairie chicken, sharp-tailed 
grouse and ring-necked pheasant; a greatly preferred food of wild turkey; fur- 
nishes grit for prairie sharp-tailed grouse, northern sharp-tailed grouse, pin- 


QAP MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


nated grouse, and ruffed grouse; Merriam’s turkey; red squirrel, pale chip- 
munk, mule deer, porcupine; relished by Olympic wapiti. Rocky Mountain 
mule deer, Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer, Rocky Mountain snowshoe rabbit, 
New Mexico black bear, moose, snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit, pica. 

in view of the involved synonomy of the species it is quite certain that iden- 
tifications and reports of utilization by wildlife are probably very often in 
error, and that some of the species names listed above may be misunderstood by 
users of this list. Perhaps the safest statement to make would be that since 
most of the roses hold their fruit the year round and have been fairly well 
demonstrated to act either as a reserve food or grit or both, that utilization of 
the wild roses in planting for wildlife may often be of value. 


Rubus spp. Blackberries, dewberries. 

Because of the difficulty of identifying species of Rubus, which are in the 
same general taxonomic confusion as Crataegus, they are treated only as a 
genus. 

The erosion-control value of the blackberries or dewberries lies in the fact 
that many species form dense thickets comparatively rapidly, and that many 
form dense mats on the ground. ‘The branches of most species are either pros- 
trate or with the tips bent down, and wherever they touch the ground they take 
root. Most species will grow satisfactorily in very barren and infertile scils and 
most of them require sunlight for their best growth and for fruit production. 
Many are considered troublesome weeds in fields. The greater number ordi- 
narily invade and rapidly occupy burns, eroded areas, old fields, and logged 
areas. Many produce biennial canes which fruit and perish. 

Numerous species harbor rusts which also attack cultivated blackberries and 
raspberries. They are subject as well to anthracnose leaf spot, mosaic, and 
double blossom, all diseases which affect cultivated species of Rubus. For this 
reason considerable care needs to be exercised in planting them. Among those 
most free cf disease should be listed the Himalaya blackberry (R. procerus 
Muell., R. thyrsanthus of Am, Auths.) which is susceptible to orange rust, but 
fairly free from other diseases and safe to plant. The second species is the 
evergreen blackberry (R. laciniatus Willd.) (Pl. 36, B) which, outside of the 
Northwest, is generally subject to double blossom but otherwise is comparatively 
free from disease. Both of these introduced species are more or iess natural- 
ized in various parts of the country. 

Mowing brambles usually results in an increase in the number of shoots and 
enhanced vigor of growth. If this is practiced two to three time a season for 
2 years or longer, eradication may be accomplished. Burning generally favors 
brambles unless additional brush is piled on them to make a hotter fire. 

Stomach records (summary): One hundred and forty-six species of birds, 
including bobwhite. ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, Richard- 
son’s grouse, California quail, ring-necked pheasant, and greater prairie chicken ; 
composed 3.1 percent of fall food of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; composed 8.1 
percent of fall food of sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin; mountain sheep, 
coyote, opossum, Townsend’s chipmunk, chipmunk, dusky marmot, Florida 
skunk, black-tailed deer, red fox, gray fox, plains white-tailed deer, white- 
tailed deer; composed 10.8 percent of fruit food of the eastern skunk in Mich- 
igan. 

Observations (summary): Sixty-three species of birds; ranks eighteenth on 
the list of guail food plants of the Southeast; an important food of ring- 
necked pheasants; blue grouse, ruffed grouse, Hungarian partridge, relished by 
scaled quail, band-tailed pigeon; form a prominent share of midsummer food 
of skunks in New York; of considerable importance as food and cover for rab- 
bits; pica, red squirrel, black bear, beaver; second most preferred winter food 
of deer in Massachusetts (especially R. hispidus); R. parviflorus is of outstand- 
ing importance as browse for mule deer, R. lewcodermis of slight importance; 
red fox, captive marsh rabbit, porcupine; relished by Olympic wapiti; an im- 
portant food of Roosevelt elk; Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer, Rocky Moun- 
tain mule deer, ring-tailed cat, Townsend’s chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, golden- 
mantied ground squirrel, brown mountain beaver, Pacific mountain beaver, 

lympic black bear, snowshoe hare; squirrels, moose. 

Of some small value as forage for livestock; as a whole the group is of 
secondary palatability to livestock. 


Rufacer rubrum, see Acer rubrum. 
Rulac californicum, see Acer negundo. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES P43 


Rulac interior, see Acer negundo. 

Rulac negundo, see Acer negundo. 

Rulac nuttalii, see Acer negundo. 

Rulac texana, see Acer negundo. 
Ryncholeucaena greggii, see Leucaena greggii. 


Sabal spp. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Two species of birds. 


Sabal adansonii, see Sabal louisiana, and S. minor. 
Sabal caroliniana, see Sabel minor. 

Sabal deeringiana, see Sabal louisiana. 

Sabal glabra, see Sabal minor. 

Sabal hystrix, see Rhapidophyllum hystria. 


Sabal louisiana (Darby) Bomhard. Delta palmetto. 
S. adansonii Raf., not Guers., S. deeringiana Small, Chamaerops louisiana 
Darby. 
Range: 30. 


Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small to large evergreen tree. 


Sabal mexicana, see Sabal texana. 
Sabal minima, see Sabal minor. 


Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. Dwarf palmetto. 
S. adansonii Guers., not Raf., S. caroliniana Sehult., 8. glabra (Mill.) Sarg., 
S. minima (Nutt.) Wendl, S. nitida Hart., S. pumila (Walt.) EIL, S. 
taurina Lodd., Brahea minima (Nutt.) Wendl., Chamaerops glabra Mill., 
C. acaulis Michx., Corypha minor Jaca., U. pumila Walt., Raphis acaulis 
Walt. 
Range: 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Weil-drained, moist. 
Fruit: Drupe, persistent. 
A large evergreen shrub; stems subterranean; often considered a _ trouble- 
some plant in cultivated fields. Much browsed by cattle. 


Sabal nitida, see Sabal minor. 


Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. Cabbage palmetto. 
- S. Schwearziit (Cook) Beec., Corypha palmetto Walt. 
Range: 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, moist. 
Fruit: Drupe, available October—November. 
A large evergreen tree. 
Stomach records: Four species of birds. Observations: Five species of birds 
including bobwhite. 


Sabal pumila, see Sabai minor. 
Sabal schwarzii, see Sabal palmetto. 
Sabal taurina, see Sabal minor. 


Sabal texana (Cook) Becc. Texas palm. 
S. mexicana Wats., not Mart., Inodes texana Cook. 
Range: 11, 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large evergreen tree; commonly occurs in sand; grows readily from seed; 
slow growing; difficult to transplant. 


Sabina barbadensis, see Juniperus lucayana. 
Sabina flaccida, see Juniperus flaccida. 

Sabina monosperma, see Juniperus monosperma. 
Sabina occidentalis, see Juniperus occidentalis. 


DAA MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Sabina pachyphloea, see Juniperus pachyphloea. 
Sabina pinchotii, see Juniperus pinchotii. 

Sabina sabinoides, see Juniperus mexicana. 
Sabina scopulorum, see Juniperus scopulorum. 
Sabina utahensis, see Juniperus utahensis. 

Sabina virginiana, see Juniperus virginiana. 
Saccharodendron barbatum, see Acer saccharum. 
Saccharodendron floridanum, see Acer floridanum. 
Saccharodendron leucoderme, see Acer leucoderme. 
Saccharodendron nigrum, see Acer nigrum. 


Sageretia minutifiora (Michx.) Trel. Buckthorn. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small or large, trailing or straggling shrub, or occasionally a yine; spines- 
cent; flowers April-May; commonly occurs on calcareous soil. 


Sageretia wrightii Wats. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small to large, spiny shrub. Without forage value for livestock as far as 
known. 


Salazaria mexicana Torr. Bladder-sage. 
Range: 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small or rarely a large shrub; intricately branched and spinescent. 


Salix spp. Willows. 

The willows are generally rapid growing; tolerant of moisture; adaptable 
to a great variety of soils and situations; gregarious because of the ease with 
which they grow from suckers and their vitality and free formation of shoots 
and seeds; most willows commonly produce root shoots and shoot roots; 
generally intolerant of shade and hence usually replaced by other trees in 
forests; relatively short-lived; seed vitality transient; often much wind- 
damaged; many of the species are very difficult of separation. 

Attention should be called to the willow scab. This disease, caused by the 
attacks of two fungi (Fwusicladium saliciperdium and Physalospora miyabeana), 
occurs through most of New England and in New York and Pennsylvania. It 
has recently been found in the mountains of North Carolina. Willows of the 
Salig alba, S. nigra, and S. cordata types seem most susceptible. In the sus- 
ceptible region at least, willows used for extensive planting should be grown 
from cuttings taken from resistant trees. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Twenty-three species of 
birds, including ptarmigan, ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, California quail, sharp- 
tailed grouse, and Richardson’s grouse; composed 3.9 percent of winter food 
of northern sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec; mountain sheep, moose, 
northern white-tailed deer, brush rabbit, grizzly, plains white-tailed deer, black- 
tailed deer. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Thirteen species of 
birds, mostly upland game birds, as ptarmigan, ruffed grouse, Gambel quail, 
sharp-tailed grouse; willow, rock and white-tailed ptarmigan; staple winter 
food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse in Wisconsin; emergency food of greater 
prairie chicken in Wisconsin and Iowa; somewhat eaten by muskrats in times 
of scarcity; snowshoe hare; much eaten by beaver; much eaten in the spring 
by rock squirrels in the Southeast; principal food of golden beaver; important 
food of snowshoe rabbits in northern Minnesota; Olympic wapiti; important 
food of moose; porcupine, Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer; important food of 
Pacific coast beaver, Shasta beaver and brown mountain beaver; Rocky 
Mountain snowshoe rabbit, broad-tailed beaver, Rio Grande beaver, bighorn. 

The majority of species have value as browse for livestock. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES YA5 


Salix adenophylla Hook. 
S. syrticola Fern. 
Range: 23, 24, 26. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, straggling shrub. 


Salix alba L. European white willow. 
Range: 9, 15, 16, 19, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large tree introduced from Europe and more or less naturalized in the 
regions indicated. 


Salix ambigua, see Salix longipes. 


Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peachleaf willow. 
Range: 4) 6.18. ods Alo ISO 1G tS. 19) 2057216225 23024 2b: 
26,20. 


Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; dioecious; rapid growing; short- 
lived. 


Salix argophylla Nutt. Silverleaf willow. 
S. macrostachya Nutt. 
Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Of value as 
browse for cattle and sheep. 


Salix argyrocarpa Anders. 
Range: 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. 


Salix austinae, see Salix lemmonii. 
Salix bakeri, see Salix lasiolepis. 


Salix balsamifera (Hook.) Barr. Balsam willow. 
S. pyrifolia Anders. 
Range: 28, 24, 26. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub or rarely a small tree. 


Salix barclayi Anders. Barclay willow. 
S. conjuncta Bebb. 
Range: 4, 12, 13. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, thicket-forming shrub. 
Stomach records: Mountatin sheep. An especially good browse for sheep. 


Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb willow. 
S. perrostrata Rydb., S. rostrata Rich. 
Range: 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; does not form suckers. 
Observations: Cottontail rabbit. Relished by livestock in the West. 


Salix bella Piper. 
Range: 7, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub. 


246 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Salix bigelovii, see Saliz lasiolepis. 
Salix boiseana, see Saligz lasiolepis. 
Salix bolanderiana, see Saliz melanopsis. 


Salix bonplandiana H. B. K. 
S. pallida H. B. K., 8S. bonplandiana toumeyi Schneid. 
Range: 16, 11, 
Site: Weil-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A ljiarge tree. Eaten by livestock when young. 


Salix brachycarpa Nutt. 
S. stricta (Anders.) Rydb. 
Range: 4, 12, 138. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Kruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. 


Salix brachystachys, see Salix scouleriana. 


Salix breweri Bebb. Brewer willow. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, spreading shrub. 


Salix caespitosa, see Salix petrophila. 
Salix californica, see Salix eastwoodiae. 


Salix candida Fluegge. Sage willow. 
Range = 12,°13,°15, 18521; 22, 2357 24°26: - 27. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. 


Salix capreoides, see Saliz scouleriana. 


Salix cascadensis Cockerell. 
S. tenera Anders. 
Range: 4, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, prostrate shrub. 
Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Observations: Of slight importance as 
brewse for muie deer. Haten by sheep. 


Salix caudata (Nutt.) Heller. Caudate willow. 
S. lasiandra caudata (Nutt.) Sudw. 
Range: 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills). 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub. 
Salix chapmanii, see Salix longipes. 
Salix chiorophylla, see Salixv planifolia. 


Salix coactilis Fern. 
Range: 26. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub. 


Salix columbiae, see Salirz pseudomyrsinites. 


Salix commutata Bebb. 
Range: 4, 12. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. An important 
browse for livestock. 


NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES QAT 


Salix conjuncta, see Salix barclayi. 
Salix cordata Muhl. 


Range: 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. 


Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub to large tree. 

Salix coulteri Anders. 

Range: 1, 2. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub. 


Salix covillei, see Salix subcoerulea. 
Salix cuneata, see Salix sitchensis. 


Salix discolor Muhl. 
S. eriocephala Michx., 8S. prinoides Pursh. 


Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. 


Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree. 
Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 


Salix dodgeana Rydb. 
Range: 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A prostrate, tiny shrub of mountain peaks. 


Salix eastwoodiae Cockerell. 
S. californica Bebb, not Lesq. 
Range: 4, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A smal! shrub. 


Salix eriocephala, see Salix discolor. 
Salix exigua Nutt. 


Heartleaf willow. 


Pussy willow. 


Sandbar willow. 


S. fiwiatilis exigua (Nutt.) Sarg., S. lutosericea Rydb., S. nevadensis 


Wats., S. stenophylia Rydb. 


Range: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. 


Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 


A large shrub to small tree; commonly occurs in sand and other soils. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Relished by 


livestock. 


Salix farrae Ball. 
Range: 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, alpine shrub. 
Salix fendleriana, see Salix lasiandra. 
Salix fernaldii, see Salix vestita. 
Salix flava, see Saliz lutea. 
Salix flavescens, see Salix scouwleriana. 
Salix fiuviatilis, see also Salix interior. 
Salix fluviatilis Nutt. 


Farr willow. 


River willow. 


S. longifolia of auths, not Muhl., S. sessifolia of auths., not Nutt. 


Range: 1, 2, 6. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub to small tree. 


248 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Salix fragilis L. Crack willow. 
Range: 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Canvsule. 
A small to large tree; twigs very brittle at base (abcission layer), easily 
breaking off and rooting. 
Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 


Salix franciscana, see Saliz lasiolepis. 


Salix geyeriana Anders. Geyer willow. 
S. macrocarpa Nutt. 
hance: 2; 412. 135, 142 15. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub. Relished by livestock. 


Salix glaucophylla Bebb. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 26. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; forms extensive thickets; occurs in sand. 


Salix glaucops Anders. 
S. glauca glabrescens of auths., S. nudescens Rydb., S. pseudolapponum v. 
Seem., S. seemanii Rydb., S. wyomingensis Rydb. 
Range: 4, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills). 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. An especially important stock-browse plant of the highest 
summer ranges. 


Salix gooddingii Ball. 
S. nigra of Jeps., not Marsh., 8. vallicola (Dudl.) Britt. 
Ranves3 24.529 Oe 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub to large tree; apparently not tolerant of alkaline conditions; 
commonly occurs in patches or clumps. 
Observations Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. 


Salix gracilis, see Salix petiolaris. 


Salix harbisonii Schneid. Harbison willow. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large tree. 


Salix herbacea L. 
Range: 26. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A creeping plant of mountain peaks. 


Salix hindsiana Benth. Valley willow. 
S. parishiana Rowl., S. sessilifolia of Calif. auths. 
Range: 1: 3, 4,5, 10. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to large tree. 


Salix hookeriana Barr. Coast willow. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large, bushy shrub to small or large tree; may occur on or near salt 
marshes; commonly occurs in sand, gravel, or muck; may be buried by sand 
although often continuing to grow. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 249 


Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie willow. 
Ranges) 15.18) 19. 20; 21, 225,23) 24) 255 26; 27, 28, 29: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; thicket forming. 


Salix interior Rowl. Sandbar willow. 
S. fluviatilis of auths., not Nutt., in part, 8S. linearifolia Rydb., in part, 
S. longifolia Muhl., S. thurberi Rowl., S. wheeleri (Rowl.) Rydb. 
Range: 15, 16, 17) 18, 20, 205220235) 24.) 25,) 26, 27,28, 29, 30: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in April. 
A large shrub to small or rarely a large tree; forms thickets by stolons. 
Observations: White-tailed deer. 


Salix irrorata Anders. Bluestem willow. 
Range: 11, 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
Commonly a small shrub, more rarely a large shrub to small tree. 


Salix laevigata Bebb. Red willow. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to large tree; rapid growing when young; short lived; coimn- 
monly occurs in sandy or gravelly soil. 
Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. 


Salix lancifolia, see Salix lasiandra. 


Salix lasiandra Benth. 
S. fendleriana Anders., S. lancifolia Anaers., S. lyallii (Sarg.) Heller. 
Ranges 203, 4. 5 ats, Ae 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; commonly occurs in sandy and other 
soils. 
Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. 


Salix lasiolepis Benth. Arroyo willow. 
S. bakeri v. Seem., 8. boiseana Nels., S. sandbergii Rydb. 
Range: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub to small or large tree. 

Var. bigelovii (Torr.) Bebb, (8S. bigelovit Torr., 8. franciscana vy. Seem.) 
occurs in the central northern portions of the range. The form described as 
S. sandbergii is perhaps better considered a variety of the species. It occurs 
in regions 8 and 12, and is able to grow in dry sites. 

Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. 


Salix lemmonii Bebb. Lemmon’s willow. 
S. austinae Bebb. 
Range: 4, 10. 


Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Salix ligulifolia Ball. 
Range: 4, 13, 14. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small or large shrub to small tree. 


Salix linearifolia, see Salix interior. 


Salix longifolia, see Salix fluviatilis, S. interior, and S. melanopsis. 


950 MISC. PUBLICATION 303. U. 8: DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Salix longipes Shuittlew. 
S. ambigua Small, S. chapmanii Small, S. occidentalis Koch, S. iardii Bebb. 
Range :-19)° 20, 22, 25, 27; 28-28.°30"s1;-32: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large tree. 
Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. 


Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willow. 
Range 182 (2 23. 242 26a 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small or rarely a large tree. 
Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 


Salix lutea Nuit. Yellow willow. 
S. flava Rydb., &. watsonii (Bebb) Rydb. 
Range: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18, 14, 15, 18. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small or large shrub to smail tree, universally browsed by livestock. 


Salix lutesericea, see Salix exigua. 
Salix lyallii, see Salix lasiandra. 
Salix mackenziana (Hook.) Barr. Mackenzie willow. 
S. cordata mackenziana Hook. 
mance: t24° GU 7.8. ID oS. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small or rarely a large tree; occurs in rocky and gravelly 
soil. 
Salix macrocarpa, see Saligz geyeriana. 
Salix macrostachya, see Saliz argopnylla. 
Salix marginata, see Salix nigra. 


Salix melanopsis Nutt. Dusky willow. 
Range: 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small or large tree. 
Var. bolanderiana (Rowl.) Schneid. (S. bolanderiana Rowl., S. longifolia 
Jeps.) occurs within the range of the species. 
Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Salix microphylla, see Saliz tazvifolia. 


Salix missouriensis Bebb. 
Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 23. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Salix monochroma Ball. 
S. pyrifolia Anders., as used by Ball. 
Range: 6, 8, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; relished by livestock, especially in the fall. 


Salix monticola Bebb. 
S. padophylla Rydb. 
Range: 9, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub. 


Salix myrtilloides, see Salix pedicellaris. 
Salix nelsonii, see Salix planifolia. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 251 


Salix nevadensis, see Salix exigua. 
Salix nigra, see also Salix gooddingit. 


Salix nigra Marsh. Black willow. 
S. marginata Wimm. 
Range: 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available April—June. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; root system spreading; rapid growing, 
especially when young; short-lived; much injured by fire, wind, and fungi; seed 
germination percentage high, vitality transient; wood used to some extent com- 
mercially. 

Observations: White-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. 


Salix nivalis Hook. 
Range: 4, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, prostrate shrub. 


Salix nudescens, see Salivz glaucops. 
Salix nuttallii, see Salix scouleriana. 
Salix occidentalis, see Salix longipes. 


Salix orestera Schneid. Sierra willow. 
S. glauca orestera Jeps., S. glauca villosa Bebb (Jeps. et al.). 
Range: 4. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large, spreading shrub. 


Salix pachnophora, see Saliz subcoeruiea. 
Salix padophylla, see Salix monticola. 
Salix pallida, see Salix bonplandiana. 
Salix parishiana, see Salix hindsiana. 


Salix parksiana Ball. 
Range: 1. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub. 


Salix pedicellaris Pursh. Bog willow. 
S. myrtilloides of auths., not L. 
Range: 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. Var. hypoglauca Fern., is in regions 1, 2, 4, 12, 21, 23, and 24. 


Salix pellita Anders. 
Range: 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Salix pennata Ball. 
Range: 4, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in August. 
A small, spreading shrub. 


Salix perrostrata, see Salix bebbiana. 


Salix petiolaris Smith. 
S. gracilis Anders. 
Range: 18, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub. 


DD MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Salix petrophila Rydb. 
S. caespitosa Kenn. 
Range: 4, 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub with creeping stems; occurs on alpine summits. 


Salix phylicifolia, see Saliz planifolia. 


Salix piperi Bebb. Piper willow. 
Range: 1, 2. 
Site: Dry, weil-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree, commonly occurs in sand. 


Salix planifolia Pursh. 
S. chlorophylla Anders., S. monica Bebb, S. nelsonii Ball, S. phylicifolia of 
Amer. auths., not L. 

Range: 4, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills), -23, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A small to large shrub. 

Observations: Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. 


Salix prinoides, see Saliz discolor. 
Salix pseudolapponum, see Salix glaucops. 


Salix pseudomonticola Ball. 
Range: 4, 12, 15 (Black Hills). 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub. 


Salix pseudomyrsinites Anders. 


Saliz columbiae Mac Br and Nels. 
Range: 4, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub. 


Salix purpurea L. Basket willow. 
Range: 225 25. 21.28.2290: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Salix pyrifolia, see Saliz balsamifera, and S. monochroma. 
Salix rostrata, see Salix bibbiana. 
Salix sandbergii, see Salix lasiolepis. 


Salix saximontana Rydb. 
Range: 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A prostrate shrub; branches occasionally rooting. 


Salix scouleriana Barr. Fire willow. 
S. brachystachys Nutt., 8S. capreoides Anders., S. flavescens Nutt., S. nut- 
tallii Sarg., S. scouleriana crassijulis Anders. 
Ranges 23, 46. 15.5, 9, 10,12, 13" 7415: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small or large tree: rapid growing; easily recovers from 
grazing; thicket forming; a pioneer in burned-over areas. 
Observations: Of fair importance as browse for mule deer. One of the best 
species of native western range willows as browse for livestock. 


Salix seemanii, see Saliz glaucops. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 253 


Salix sericea Marsh. Silky willow. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Moist, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub. 
Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 


Salix serissima (Bail.) Fern. Autumn willow. 
S. pallescens hirtisquama Anders. 
Range: 12, 138, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; commonly occurs on caleareous soil. 


Salix sessilifolia, see also Salix fluviatilis and S. hindsiana. 


Salix sessilifolia Nutt. Sandbar willow. 
Range: 1, 2, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree, of some importance as a honey plant in 
California. 


Salix sitchensis Sans. Silky willow. 
S. cuneata Nutt. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 7, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small or large tree. 


Salix stenophylla, see Salix exigua. 
Salix stricta, see Salix brachycarpa. 


Salix subcoerulea Piper. Blue willow. 
S. covillei Eastw., S. pachnophora Rydb. 
Range: 4, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; relished by livestock. 


Salix syrticola, see Salix adenophylla. 


Salix taxifolia H. B. K. Yewleaf willow. 
S. microphylla Schlecht. and Cham. 
Range: 9, 11. 


Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to large tree. 


Salix tenera, see Salix cascadensis. 
Salix thurberi, see Salix interior. 


Salix tracyi Ball. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Salix tristis Ait. Dwarf gray willow. 
Range: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; commonly occurs in sandy soil. 


Salix tweedyi (Bebb) Ball. 
S. berrattiana tweedyi Bebb. 
Range: 12. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub. 


254 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Salix uva-ursi Pursh. Bearberry willow. 
Range: 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small, prostrate, mat-forming, alpine shrub, with a central root. 


Salix vallicola, see Salix gooddingii. 


Salix vestita Pursh. 
S. fernaldii Blankinship. 
Range: 12, 26. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 


Salix wardli, see Salix longipes. 
Salix watsonii, see Salix lutea. 
Salix wheeleri, see Salix interior. 


Salix wolfii Bebb. 
Range: 12, 13. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. Var. idahoensis Ball, is considered a very good sheep browse 
in Idaho. 


Salix wrightii Anders. Wright willow. 
S. amygdaloides wrightii Anders. 
Range: 11, 14, 16. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to large tree, eaten by livestock when young. 


Salix wyomingensis, see Salix glaucops. 


Salvia spp. Sage. 

Stomach records ‘(in addition to specific records) : Gambel and scaled quail. 
These records may apply to herbaceous as well as woody species. In general, 
the species rival clover and linden as honey plants. 


Salvia apiana Jeps. White sage. 
Audibertia polystachya Benth., Ramona polystachya (Benth.) Greene. 
Range: 5, 10. 


Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A large shrub. An apparent hybrid between this and P. clevelandii is called 
S. palmeri (Gray) Greene. 
Furnishes some winter browse for livestock. An important honey plant. 


Saivia ballotaeflora Benth. Shrubby blue sage. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers throughout the summer; drops its leaves in times of 
drought, regains them with rain. 


Salvia carnosa Dougl. Desert sage. 
Audibertia incana Benth., Audibertiella incana Briq., Ramona incana 
(Benth.) Dougl. 
Range: 4, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small, compact, much-branched shrub; flowers May—June; a variety which 
is woody at the base only occurs in region 5. Generally of low palatability 
but somewhat useful as browse for livestock. 


Salvia clevelandii Gray. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small shrub; flowers May—August. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THH UNITED STATEHS 255 


Salvia confinis Fern. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small shrub. 


Salvia eremostachya Jeps. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small shrub. 


Salvia funmerea Jones. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small, densely branched, compact, densely leafy shrub; fiowers April-May. 


Salvia greatae Brandeg. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small shrub; flowers in April. 


Salvia greggii Gray. Autumn sage. 
Range: 11, 17%. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small shrub; flowers throughout the summer. 


Salvia mellifera Greene. Black sage. 
Audibertia stachyoides Benth., Ramona stachyoides (Benth.) Brig. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small to large, openly branched shrub; flowers April-May; inflammable; 
somewhat loosely branched. 
More or less browsed by sheep and goats. Has been said to be the best 
honey plant of the Pacific coast. 


Salvia mohavensis Greene. 
Audibertia capitata Gray. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small, much-branched, compact shrub; flowers May—June. 


Salvia pachyphylla Mopling. 
Audibertia pachystachya Gray. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nuilet. 
A small shrub. 


Salvia palmeri, see Salvia apiana. 


Salvia pinguifolia (Fern.) Woot, and Standl. 
Range: 11 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small shrub. 


Salvia vaseyi (Porter) Parish. 
S. vaseyi (Porter) Jeps. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlet. 
A small shrub. 


Samanea flexicaulis, see Pithecolebium flexicaule, 
33772°—38—_—17 


956 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Sambucus spp. Elders. 

The blue- or biack-fruited species are edible at least when cocked; some red 
berries have poisoned human beings; most species grow on slightly acid soil. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): One hundred and eleven 
species of birds, including ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, California quail, and 
Gambel quail; opossum. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Thirty- 
four species of birds, including bana-tailed pigeon, porcupine, Clympic black 
bear. 


Sambucus caerulea Raf. (pl. 37, B). Blueberry elder. 
S. glauca Nutt., S. neomexicana Woot. 
Ranges d,-2-4,-5, 6, 7,8, 9, 11, 12, 13) 14, 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available August—October, or rarely to December. 

Usually a large shrub, more rarely a small to large tree; flowers April—July; 
not gregarious; coppices freely, the sprouts growing as much as 15 feet in a 
single year; berries produced abundantly; wood durable in contact with the 
soil. 

Var. velutina (Dur.) Schwer., (S. velutina Dur.), the velvet-leaf elder, occurs 
in regions 4, 5, and 10. It has a limited value as browse for livestock and is 
of outstanding importance as browse for muie deer. A form of the species 
occurring in region 14 has been described as S. vestita Woot. and Standl. 

Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, California 
quail, valley quail, and Gambel quail. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; 
much eaten by birds generally; Rocky Mountain mule deer; California mule 
deer. Worthless to poor forage for sheep; worthless for cattle in the spring 
and summer, but in the fall good to excellent. 


Sambucus callicarpa Greene. Redberry elder. 
Range: 1, 2, 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available June-September, occasionally persistent until 
December. 

Commonly a large shrub or rarely a smail to large tree; flowers April-May; 
somewhat loosely-branched; coppices freely; sprouts may grow as much as 
13 feet in one season; clump forming. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds, including sooty grouse. Observa- 
tions: Sooty grouse, band-tailed pigeon. Good sheep and fairly good cattle 
browse in the fall. 


Sambucus canadensis L. (pl. 38). American elder. 
Ranves 116. 0, 1S. 20" Ot 2 23 42 WOO ebeos aoc: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—October. 

A large stoloniferous shrub; flowers June—July; produces seed 4 years after 
sowing; the fresh leaves, berries, flowers, and roots yield hydrocyanie acid; 
eooking breaks up the cyanogenetie glucosides; grows on coal-stripped lands in 
Illinois: 175,000468,000 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Forty-three species cf birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, and ring-necked pheasant; composed 0.2 percent of total annudl food, and 
2.8 percent of fruit food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan. Observations: 
Sixteen species of birds, including mourning Gove, wild turkey; an important 
food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan; red squirrel, captive marsh rabbit, 
white-tailed deer. Highly palatable in the fall to livestock. 


Sambucus glauca, see Sambucus caerulea. 


Sambucus melanocarpa Gray. Black elder. 
Range: 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July-September. 
A large shrub with comparatively thick foliage; flowers May—June; may 
occur on rocky sites. Locally valuable as a fall forage for livestock. 


Sambucus mexicana Presl. Mexican elder. 
S. caerulea arizonica Sarg. 
Ranges 52107 tie 1G) af. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, said to be available the year around. 
A large shrub to small tree, said to be evergreen; fruit rarely matures in New 
Mexico. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 37 


A, Ribes setosum. A typical wild gooseberry, susceptible to whitepine blister rust, but valuable for soil- 
and wildlife-conservation plantings in regions where five-needled pines are not grown. B, Sambucus 
caerulea. A very large specimen of an elder that more commonly attains only shrub stature. A note- 
worthy species for erosion-control and wildlife plantings. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture 


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NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES DASHA 


Sambucus microbotrys Rydb. Bunchberry elder. 
Range: 9, 18, 14, 15 (Black Hills). 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
“ruit: Berry, available July—September. 
A smei. shrub or rarely a large shrub; flowers May—July. 
Stomac.. records: Richardson’s grouse. Observations: Dusky grouse. Ex- 
tensively srowsed in summer, even more in the fall, by livestock. 


Sambucus neomexicana, see Sambucus caerulea. 


Sambucus pubens Michx. Red elder. 
S. racemosa of auths., not L. 
Range: 15 (Black Hills), 21, 22, 28, 24, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available June-November, sometimes persistent until 
January. 
A large shrub; flowers April-May; 48,800 seeds per pound. Records of 
this species on the West Coast probably refer to S. callicarpa (q. v.). 
Stomach records: Twenty-three species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, and ring-necked pheasant. Observations: Moose, red squirrel, white-tailed 
deer. 


Sambucus racemosa, see Sambucus pubens. 


Sambucus simpsonii Rehd. Southern elder. 
Range: 29, 30, 31. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 

A large shrub to small tree; flowers throughout the year; forms vast thickets. 

Sambucus velutina, see Sambucus caerulea. 

Sambucus vestita, see Sambucus caerulea. 

Sanvinicna assurgentiflora, see Lavatera assurgentifolia. 


Sapindus drummondii Hook, and Arn. Western soapberry. 
Ranges it 06. 17, 19, 20, 22,25, 29, 30: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available September—October, commenly persistent until 
spring. 

A large shrub or small to large tree with dense foliage; flowers May—June; 
occurs on clay, limestone and other soils; wood used to some extent commer- 
cially; 1,500-1,700 seeds per pound; contains large quantities of saponin, a 
severe poison which is objectionable to the taste. Not browsed by livestock. 


Sapindus manatensis, see Sapindus marginatus. 


Sapindus marginatus Willd. Florida soapberry. 
S. manatensis Radek, 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available in October. 
A small to large tree; flowers in May; commonly occurs in sand. 


Sapium biloculare (Wats.) Pax. 
S. bilocularis amplum Johust., Sebastiania bilecularis Wats. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree; a fish poison; produces jumping beans. 


Sarcobatus baileyi Cov. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small shrub. 


Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. Greasewood. 
Range: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small to large, spiny shrub; occurs in alkaline soil, withstanding a hydrogen- 
ion concentration to pH 8.0. 


258 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Observations: Porcupine, jack rabbit, Zuni prairie dog, painted chipmunk; 
Cary San Luis chipmunk, western chipmunk. A valuable fall and winter 
browse for livestock provided it is eaten with other forage in ordinary amounts; 
young stems and fresh leaves in the spring have caused livestock poisoning. 


Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. Sassafras. 
S. variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze., S. sassafras (LL) Karst., S. officinale Nees 
and Eberm., Laurus albida Nutt. 
Rangec:20) 22723. 24-220 26.52(— 28, 29: 30: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe; available August—October. 

Usually a large shrub, less commonly a small to large tree; occurs on many 
kinds of soils including sand; reproduces extensively by means of root stocks; 
densely thicket forming; dioecious; coppices freely after cutting; wood very 
durable, somewhat used commercially; a pioneer species in old fields; often a 
troublesome weed. 

Stomach records: Highteen species of birds including bobwhite; woodchuck. 
Observations: Ten species of birds; ranks twenty-sixth on the list of quail 
food plants in the Southeast; marsh rabbit, woodchuck, wild turkey; black 
bear, white-tailed deer. 


Sassafras officinale, see Sassafras albidum. 
Sassafras sassafras, see Sassafras aibidum. 
Sassafras variifolium, see Sassafras albidwm. 

Savia phylianthoides, see Andrachne phyllanthoides. 


Schaefferia cuneifolia Gray. Desert yaupon. 
Range: 11, 17; 20. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Dry drupe; available in May. 
A small, densely-branched, spinose shrub; slow growing; easily transplanted. 


Schinus fagara, see Xanthozylum fagara. 
Schizonotus discolor, see Holodiscus discolor. 
Schmaltzia affinis, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia anisophylla, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia arenaria, see Rhus aromatica. 
Schmaltzia aromatica, see Rhus aromatica. 
Schmaltzia ashei, see Rhus ashei. 
Schmaltzia bakeri, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia cognata, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia copallina, see Rhus copailina. 
Schmaltzia cruciata, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia emoryi, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia glabra, see Rhus glabra. 
Schmaltzia glabrata, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia glauca, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia glomerata, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia hirta, see Rhus typhina. 
Schmalizia illinoensis, see Rhus aromatica. 
Schmaltzia lanceolata, see Rhus copallina. 
Schmaltzia leiocarpa, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia malacophylla, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia michauxii, see Rhus michaucii. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 259 


Schmaltzia oxyacanthoides, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia pulchella, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia quercifolia, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia ribifolia, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia scaberula, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia simplicifolia, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia straminea, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmalizia subpinnata, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia trilobata, see Rhus trilobata. 
Schmaltzia virens, see Rhus virens. 
Sebastiania bilocularis, see Sapium biloculare. 
Securingea fasciculata, see Halliophyium hallii. 
Senegalia berlandieri, see Acacia berlandieri. 
Senegalia emoryana, see Acacia emoryana. 
Senegalia greggii, see Acacia greggii. 
Senegalia malacophylia, see Mimosa malacophylla. 
Senegalia roemeriana, see Acacia roemeriana. 
Senegalia wrightii, see Acacia wrightit. 


Sequoia spp. 

Two species of trees attaining tremendous size and age, and producing fine 
timber; wood very resistant to decay. ‘The tallest, most massive, and oldest of 
United States forest trees; bark very thick; range of both species very 
restricted; finest specimens often protected; reproduce freely and abundantly. 

Observations (in addition to specific records): Crossbill; much eaten by 
squirrels. 


Sequoia gigantea, see Sequoia washingioniana. 


Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb.) Hndl. Redwood. 
Range: 1 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; ripe in September, seeds shed at once, cones persistent a 
few months. 

A very large, evergreen tree; root system deep or shallow; rapid growing 
when young, later slower; extremely long-lived; forms very dense forests; 
reproduces commonly by root and stump sprouts which grow faster than seed- 
lings; wood of great importance commercially ; 82,000-115,000 seeds per pound. 

Observations: Sierra chickaree. 


Sequoia washingtoniana (Winsl.) Sudw. Bigtree. 
S. gigantea Decne., S. wellingtoniona v. Seem. 
Range: 4 


Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; mature at the end of the second summer, seeds shed 
slowly, cones soon falling. 

A very large, evergreen tree; extremely long-lived; at first rapid growing, 
later slower; resistant to fire, insects, and fungi; wood of great importance 
commercially ; 93,800 seeds per pound, germination 24 percent, vitality persistent. 

Observations: Much eaten by the California pine squirrel. 


Sequoia wellingtoniana, see Sequoia washingtoniana. 


Serenoa repens (Bart.) Small. Saw palmetto. 
S. serrulata (Michx.) Hook. f., Corypha repens Bart. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe; available June—November. 


260 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A small to large shrub or small tree; evergreen; stems erect, or often creep- 
ing and rooting, or subterranean ; forms extensive, dense colonies. 

Stomach records: Five species of birds, including bobwhite. Observatiens: 
Captive marsh rabbit; gray squirrel. An important source of honey. 


Serenoa serrulata, see Serenoa. repens. 

Sericotheca discolor, see Holodiscus discolor. 
Sericotheca dumosa, see Holodiscus dumosus. 
Sericotheca glabrescens, see Holodiscus discolor. 
Sericotheca microphylla, see Holodiscus discolor. 
Sericotheca obovata, see Holodiscus discolor. 
Sericotheca schaffneri, see Holodiscus schafjneri. 


Serjania brachycarpa Gray. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A vine. 
Serjania incisa Torr. 
Range: 17%. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A vine. 


Shepherdia spp. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): 7 species of birds, includ- 
ing ruffed grouse; buff-bellied chipmunk, black-tailed deer. Observations (in 
addition to specific records) : Three species of birds, including prairie chicken ; 
much eaten by pale chipmunk; porcupine, western chipmunk. 


Shepherdia argentea Nutt. (pl. 49, B). Silver buffaloberry. 
Lepargyrea argentea (Nutt.) Greene, Hlaeagnus utilis Nelson. 
Range: 4, 9, 11, 12, 18, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 

A large, somewhat thorny, dicecious shrub; flowers April-May; edible fruit 
borne in great profusion; difficult to transplant from the wild; staminate plants 
in winter have dense clusters of rounded flower buds, while the fruit-bearing, 
pistillate plants have smaller, flattened, fewer, more slender buds; 386,000-48,000 
seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Twelve species of birds; pale chipmunk. Cbservations: 
Western robin, sharp-tailed grouse. Of slight importance as browse for mule 
deer ; porcupine, Wasatch chipmunk. Worthless as browse for livestock. 


Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Canadian buffaloberry. 
Lepargyrea canadensis (L.) Greene, Hlaeagnus canadensis (L.) Nelson. 
Range: 2, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July-September. 

A small to large, dioecious shrub; flowers April—June; typical of moist, open, 
wooded slopes; root system compact, fibrous, rather shallow; commonly occurs 
on calcareous soil. 

Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including dusky grouse. Observa- 
tions: Bohemian and cedar waxwings, sharp-tailed grouse; Alpine chipmunk; 
casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer. Without browse value for 
cattle; of limited value for sheep before frost. 


Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry. 
Lepargyrea rotundifolia (Parry) Greene, Hlaeagnus rotundifolia (Parry) 
Nelson. 
Range: 9, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, densely branched evergreen shrub; fiowers in March; commonly 
sprawling; often occurs in clay soil. Considered a valuable winter food for live- 
stock in southeastern Utah. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 39 


Smilaz glauca. <A fruiting branch collected in midwinter in Maryland. The thicket-forming tendency of 


this and other species of Smilax make them valuable erosion-control plants on submarginal land where 
they provide food and cover for wildlife as well as cover for soil. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 40 


A, Sorbus sitchensis. A species with promise for erosion-control and wildlife plantings at higher elevations 
in the West. B, Shepherdia argentea, a fruit-bearing shrub of value to wildlife and of great potential use 
in erosion-control planting. C, Simmondsia chinensis. The goat nut provides a thick cover in the 
desert region where cover is ata premium. Its nutlike seed is utilized by wildlife. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 261 


Siderocarpos flexicaulis, see Pithecolobium flexicaule. 
Sideroxylon lanuginosa, see Bumelia lanuginosa. 
Simmondsia californica, see Simmondsia chinensis. 


Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid. (pl. 40, C). Goat-nut. 
S. californica Nutt., S. pabulosa Kellogg, Burrus chinensis Link. 
Range: 5, 10. 


Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 

A small to large, bushy monoecious or dioecious shrub; slow growing, fruit 
often produced in great quantities; flowers in April; seed germination 80-100 
percent; seedlings slow-growing. 

Observations: Much eaten by squirrels; mule deer; white-winged doves. An 
important browse for livestock. 


Simmondsia pabulosa, see Simmondsia chinensis. 


Smilax spp. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records: Forty-four species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, wild turkey, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked 
pheasant, and greater prairie chicken; composed 3.6 percent of the fall food of 
prairie chicken in Wisconsin; composed 1.0 percent of fall food of sharp-tailed 
grouse in Wisconsin; gray fox, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to 
specific records) : Twelve species of birds, considerably eaten by marsh rabbit; 
cottontail rabbit. 


Smilax auriculata Wait. Wild-bamboo. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry. 
An evergreen vine; unarmed, or with small prickles, rootstocks bearing large 
tubers; occurs in sandy and other soils. 
Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. 


Smilax bona-nox L. Fringed greenbrier. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available October-November. 
A spiny vine, partially evergreen; flowers in June; root-stocks bearing large 
tubers. (See also S. pseudochina.) 
Stomach records: Thirteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- 
tions: Captive marsh rabbit. 


Smilax californica Gray. California greenbrier. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—November. 
A smooth or prickly vine; commonly spreads by rootstocks, 


Smilax cinnamomifolia, see Smilax lanceolata. 


Smilax glauca Walt. (pl. 39). Sawbrier. 
Range: 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—Octcber, often persistent until 
spring. 

A partially evergreen vine; flowers in June; occurs on sand, clay, and other 
soils; underground stems deep, bearing large tubers; often troublesome in 
clearings and meadows; comparatively difficult to eradicate; thicket forming; 
very tolerant of fire. 

Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- 
tions: Captive marsh rabbit. 


Smilax hispida Mubhl. Bristly greenbrier. 
Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available October-November, commonly persistent until 
spring. 


262 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A high-climbing vine; grows well on poor soils including sand; does not 
spread by stolons. 
Observations: Wild turkey. 


Smilax lanceolata L. Coral greenbrier. 
S. cinnemomifolia Small. 
Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in September. 
A vigorous, evergreen vine; prickly or unarmed; rootstocks commonly fleshy ; 
production of fruit uncertain. 
Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. Browsed by cattle. 


Smilax laurifolia L. Laurel greenbriex. 
Range: 20, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, weil-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September of the second season. 

A very vigorous, high-climbing evergreen vine; not thorny; commonly forms 
large entanglements; fruit very abundantly produced; rootstocks commonly 
bearing very large tubers which may be used for propagation purposes. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds. Observations: Refused by captive 
marsh rabbits. 


Smilax pseudochina L. Chinabrier. 
Range: 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
‘ruit: Berry. 

An evergreen vine; commonly occurs in sandy and other soils; rootstocks 
often bear iarge tubers. By some authorities considered identical with S. 
bona-nonr. 

Stomach records: Mockingbird. 


Smilax pumila Walt. Sarsparilla vine. 
Range: 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available in spring, persistent the year round. 
A trailing or low-climbing, unarmed vine; flowers in the fall. 
Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. 


Smilax renifolia Small. 
Range: 17, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A high-climbing dioecious vine. 


Smilax rotundifolia L. Catbrier. 
Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in October, persistent throughout the winter. 
A thicket-forming, evergreen, spiny vine; rootstocks tuberous, very long. 
Stomach records: Ten species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- 
tions: Pileated woodpecker; captive marsh rabbit, opossum. 


Smilax walteri Pursh. Ceral greenbrier. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—October, persistent all winter, espe- 
cially southward. 
An unarmed, or rarely somewhat prickly vine; flowers in June. 
Stomach records: Two species of birds. Observations: Captive marsh rabbit. 


Solanum duleamara L. Bitter nightshade. 
Ran ees 2) Ona2s Dow Doel ge Doo os 
Site: Dry, weli-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—May. 

A thicket-forming vine; flowers May—September; introduced from Eurasia 
and more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; often only herbaceous; 
rot a dermatitic poison; berries not poisonous when cooked; often considered 
a weed. Species of Solanum commonly harbor the potato and tomato mosaic 
as well as potato stalk borer, Colorado potato beetle, onion thrip, and green- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 263 


house red spider mite. For this reason the species should be used with con- 
siderable caution. 

Stomach records: Hight species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, 
and ring-necked pheasant; composed 0.3 percent of total annual food, and 3.9 
percent of fruit food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan. Observations: Red- 
eyed vireo; an important food of pheasants in southern Michigan; black duck, 
white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. 


Sophora affinis Torr. and Gray. Coralbean. 
Range: 10, 16, 20, 25, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume; availabie September—October, persistent through the 
winter. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers in June; occurs in limestone and other 
soils. 


Sophora arizonica Wats. - 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in May. 
A large, handsome, shrub; flowers in March. 


Sophora secundifiora (Cay.) DC. Frigolito. 
BLroussonetia secundifiora Orteg. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available in September. 

A large shrub, or rarely a small to large tree; evergreen; often occurs on 
limestone soil; seeds contain sophorin and are extremely poisonous; thicket 
forming; propagation is by Seeds sown at once; growth of seedlings very slow. 
Poisonous to livestock as well as human beings. 


Sophora tomentosa L. 
Range: 17, 32. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume. 
A small to large, evergreen shrub; flowers the year round; commonly occurs 
in sandy soils. 


Sorbus spp. Mountain-ashes. 

Propagation of all species is by seeds stratified 90 days at 32°-41° F’. and sown 
in spring. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Nine species of birds, in- 
cluding ruffed, sooty, and sharp-tailed grouse. Observations (in addition to 
specific records): Hleven species of birds, including ruffed grouse, ring-necked 
pheasant, sharp-tailed grouse; a favorite food of moose. 


Sorbus americana Marsh. American mountain-ash. 
Pyrus americana (Marsh) DC., P. sambucifolia of auths., not Cham. and 
Schlecht. 


Range: 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available August—March. 

A small to large tree; flowers May—June; fruit commonly bearing very few 
seeds; very susceptible to San José scale; 83,000—-100,000 seeds per pound. 

Var. decora (Schneid.) Sarg. (Pyrus sitchensis of Gray’s Man., not Piper, 
S. decora Schneid.), occurs in regions 24 and 27. 

Stomach records: Wight species of birds including ruffed grouse, ptarmigan, 
and sharp-tailed grouse; composed 17.9 percent of winter food of sharp-tailed 
grouse in Ontario and Quebec. Observations: Thirteen species of birds; pre- 
ferred winter food of ruffed grouse in Wisconsin: blue grouse; fruits claimed 
preferred by birds to that of S. aucuparia when the two species are available 
together ; white-tailed deer; of importance as browse for moose; much eaten by 
fisher ; a staple food of marten. 


Sorbus angustifolia, see Sorbus sitchensis. 


Sorbus aucuparia L. European mountain-ash. 
Range: 21, 22, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Pome, available August-September. 


264 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


A large shrub or more commonly a small tree; introduced from Europe and 
more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; commonly produces more 
viable seeds than S. americana; 104,700 seeds per pound. 

Observations: Three species of birds, including sharp-tailed grouse; song- 
birds generally; claimed to be a second choice of birds where this and 
S. americana grow together. 


Sorbus californica, see Sorbus siichensis. 
Serbus decora, see Sorbus americana. 
Sorbus dumosa, see Sorbus scopulina. 


Sorbus occidentalis (Wats.) Greene. Alpine mountain-ash, 
S. pumila Raf., Pryus occidentalis Wats., 
Range: 4, 12. 


Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Pome, available August—December. 
A large shrub; flowers June-August. 
Observations: Oregon jay; Clark’s crow. Important locally as browse for 
livestock, although susceptibility to rust lessens the browse value. 


Sorbus pumila, see Sorbus occidentalis. 


Serbus scopulina Greene. Greene motuntain-ash. 
S. dumosa Greene. 
Range: 4, 9, 10, 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Pome, available July—December. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers in June; commonly cccurs in sandy or 
gravelly soil. 
Stomach records: Dusky grouse. Where in association with highly palatable 
species is little cropped by livestock; elsewhere excellent browse for sheep. 


Sorbus sitchensis Roem. (pl. 40, A). Pacific mountain-ash. 
S. angustifolia Rydb. (?), S. californica Greene, Pyrus sitchensis (Roem.) 
Piper. 
Range: 4, 12. 


Site: Dry, well-drained, moist. 
Fruit: Pome, available August-November. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers in June; thicket forming; occurs in 
sandy loam and other soils. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds, including Richardson’s grouse. 
Fair browse for sheep, less so for cattle. 


Sphaeraicea davidsonii, see Malvastrum davidsonii. 
Sphaeralcea fasciculata, see Malvastrum fasciculatum. 


Spiraea spp. Spiraeas. 
Nearly all species are free from insects and diseases; most occur in neutral 
soil. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Ruffed grouse, sharp- 
tailed grouse; mountain sheep. Observations (in addition to specific records) : 
Pica, cottontail rabbit. Palatability of the western species to livesteck is low. 


Spiraea albla Du Roi. Meadow spiraea. 
Range: 15 (Black Hills), 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small shrub: flowers June-August. 
A possible hybrid between this and S. tomentosa has been described as 
S. subcanescens Rydb. It occurs in region 28. 


Spiraea arbuscula, see Spiraea densifiora. 


Spiraea caespitosa Nutt. Dwarf spiraea. 
Peirophytum caespitosum (Nutt.) Rydb., P. acuminatum Rydb. 
Range: 4, 9, 10; 1, 1385 45: 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small, mat-forming shrub; flowers in May; occurs on limestone and other 
soils; will grow over dry bare rocks. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 265 


Spiraea californica, see Vawquelinia californica. 


Spiraea corymbosa Raf. Dwarf spiraea. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small, sparsely-branched shrub; flowers May-June. 


Spiraea densiflora Nutt. 
S. arbuscula Greene, 8S. helleri Rydb., S. splendens Koch. 
Range: 1, 4, 12, 13, 15 (Black Hills). 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small shrub, flowers July-August; forms dense mats. 


Spiraea discolor, see Holodiscus discolor. 


Spiraea douglasii Hook. Douglas spiraea. 
Range: 1, 2, 3, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle, available September—October. 
A small to large shrub; flowers July-August; thicket forming by means of 
suckers. 


Spiraea dumosa, see Holodiscus dumosus. 
Spiraca glutinosa, see Chamaebatiaria millefolium. 
Spiraea helleri, see Spiraea densiflora. 


Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. Meadowsweet. 
Range: 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A large, thicket-forming shrub; flowers June-August. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Ignored by deer in Massa- 
chusetts; casually browsed by northern white-tailed deer in northern Michigan. 


Spiraea lucida Dougl. 
Range: 2, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15 (Black Hills). 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 

A small, sparsely branched shrub; flowers May—July; possesses creeping root- 
stocks; erect branches often die back annually too near the base. <A possible 
hybrid between this and S. menziesii has been described as S. pyramidata 
Greene. It occurs in regions 1, 2, 4, and 12. 


Spiraea menziesii Hook. Menzies spiraea. 
Range: 2, 4, 7, 8, 12. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small shrub; flowers June-August. Fair to good forage in the fall for 
sheep and cattle. : 


Spiraea millefolium, see Chamaebatiaria millefoliwm. 
Spiraea opulifolia, see Physocarpus opulifoliis. 
Spiraea paucifiora, see Physocarpus malvaceus. 
Spiraea pyramidata, see Spiraea lucida. 


Spiraea salicifolia L. Willowleaf spiraea. 
Range: 25, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small to large shrub; introduced from Siberia and eastern Russia and more 
or less escaped and naturalized in the regions indicated. 
Observations: Ring-necked pheasant; cottontail rabbit, 


Spiraea splendens, see Spiraea densiflora. 


Spiraea subcanescens, see Spiraea alba, 


2°66 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Spiraea tomentosa L. Hardhack. 
Ranke oi 22 oO Oe ke 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle, available August—December. 
A small shrub; flowers July-September; possesses underground stems; long 
considered an aggressive weed in New England pastures. 
Observations: Ignored by white-tailed deer in Massachusetts. 


Spiraea virginiana Britt. Virginia spiraea. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle, available in September. 
A small, straggling shrub; flowers in June. 


Spirostachys occidentalis, see Allenrolfea occidentalis. 


Staphylea bolanderi Gray. California bladdernut. 
Range: 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 
A large shrub to large tree; flowers April-May. 


Staphylea trifolia L. American bladdernut. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in September. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers in May. 
Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 


Stenolobium incisum, see Tecoma stans. 
Stenolobium stans, see Vecoma stans. 
Stenotopsis interior, Aplopappus linearifolius. 
Stenotopsis linearifolius, see Aplopappus linearifolius. 
Stenotus linearifclius, see Aplopappus linearifolius. 
Stewartia, see Stwartia. 
Stillingia aquatica Chapm. Corkwood. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; often grows in standing water. 
Stomach records: Bobwhite. 
Strobus monticola, see Pinus monticola. 
Strobus strobus, see Pinus strobus. 
Strobus weymouthiana, see Pinus strobus. 
Strombocarpa cinerascens, see Prosopis cinerascens. 


Stuartia malachodendron L. Silky-camellia. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Woody capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers June—August. 


Stuartia pentagyna L’Her. Mountain-camellia. 
Malachodendron pentagynum (L’Her.) Small. 
Range: 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Woody capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers July—August. 

Styphonia integrifolia, see Rhus integrifolia. 

Styrax americana L. American snowbell. 
Ranve = 252214 25, 29; 30: 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 267 


A large shrub; flowers March—April. 
Stomach records: Mallard. 


Styrax fulvescens, see Styrav officinalis. 


Styrax grandifolia Ait. Snowbell. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Dry drupe, available in October. 
A large shrub to small or large tree; flowers March—May; occurs in sandy 
and other soils. 
Stomach records: Wood duck. 


Styrax officinalis L. 

A Mediterranean species represented in California by var. californica Munz 
and Johnst., a large shrub; in regions 4 and 10; flowering May-July. Var. 
fulvescens (Hastw.) Munz and Johnst. (Styraxr fulvescens Hastw.) is a similar 
plant in regions 5 and 10. 

The fruit of both is a capsule, and both occur in sunny sites which are dry 
or well-drained. 


Styrax platanifolia Engelm. Storax. 
Range: 20, 29. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Stony capsule. 

A large, handsome shrub. 

Styrax pulverulenta Michx. Powdery storax. 
Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A smail to large shrub; flowers March-April. Very similar to S. americana. 

Stomach records: Mallard. 

Svida alternifolia, see Cornus alternifolia. 
Svida amomum, see Cornus amomum. 
Svida asperifolia, see Cornus asperifolia. 
Svida baileyi, see Cornus baileyi. 

Svida californica, see Cornus californica. 
Svida catalinensis, see Cornus glabrata. 
Svida foemina, see Cornus foemina. 
Svida interior, see Cornus interior. 

Svida microcarpa, see Cornus microcarpa. 
Svida priceae, see Cornus priceae. 

Svida pubescens, see Cornus occidentalis. 
Svida rugosa, see Cornus circinata. 

Svida stricta, see Cornus foemina. 

Svida stolonifera, see Cornus stolonifera. 
Symphoricarpos spp. 

All species may be propagated by soft or hardwood cuttings cut below the node 
and treated with potassium permanganate, or they may be propagated by seed. 
Many species contain small amounts of saponin, but such large quantities are 
necessary to cause acute poisoning that cases of livestock poisoning are rare. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Twenty-six species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse, dusky grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, 
and California quail; black-tailed deer, plains white-tailed deer. Observations 
(in addition to specific records): Six species of birds; much eaten by ring- 
necked pheasant; Hungarian partridge; pica, Rocky Mountain black-tailed deer. 
Hxtremely important browse for livestock in Utah, Nevada, and southern idaho; 
cases of livestock sickness charged to this genus appear to be extremely rare. 


Symphoricarpos acutus, see Symphoricarpos albus. 


968 MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake. (pl. 41, A). Snowberry. 
S. racemosus Michx., S. mollis Nutt., S. acutus (Gray) Howell, S. albus 
mollis (Nutt.) Keck. 
Range? 1-2.-3, 4,5, .6,-0,.S,09) oO, leis, 145 1b ss 2b 2a ee, 
26, 27, 28. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available year round. 

A small, thicket-forming shrub; flowers June-September; occurs on limestone 
and other soils; declined branches root; killed by excessive grazing; 72,000- 
95,000 seeds per pound. 

Var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake, is taller, has larger leaves, larger clusters of 
fruit, and larger fruit than the species. It occurs within the range of the 
species. Var. pauciflorus Blake, (S. paucifiorus Britt.), is a dwarf occurring 
within the range of the species. 

Stomach records: Nineteen species of birds, including ruffed grouse, Cali- 
fornia quail, ring-necked pheasant, Hungarian partridge, sharp-tailed grouse, 
and Richardson’s grouse; plains white-tailed deer. Observations: Hungarian 
partridge, sharp-tailed grouse, prairie sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, 
bobwhite; of slight importance as browse for mule deer. A very important 
browse for livestock. 


Symphoricarpos fragrans, see Symphoricarpos longifiorus. 
Symphoricarpos glabratus, see Symphoricarpos oreophilus. 
Symphoricarpos glaucus, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. 


Symphoricarpos longifiorus Gray. 
S. fragrans Nels. 
Range: 9, 10, 11, 138. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small shrub, with somewhat declining branches. 


Symphoricarpos mollis, see Symphoricarpos albus. 


Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Wolfberry. 
Range: 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—January. 

A small shrub; flowers June-July ; commonly reproduces by reotstocks; very 
similar to S. elbus, but generally stouter. 

Stomach records: Five species of birds, including greater prairie chicken. 
Observations: Five species of birds; a fairly important food of ring-necked 
pheasant. An important and nonpoisonous browse for livestock. A good honey 
plant. 


Symphoriecarpos orbiculatus Moench. Coralberry. 
S. vulgaris Michx., S. symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. 
Range: 18,20, 24, 22. 23, 24) 25, 21% 28; 29; 3G: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—June. 

A small shrub, or very rarely, a large shrub; flowers in July; thicket forming 
by means of stolons which are freely produced; grows on coal-stripped land in 
Illinois; has demonstrated great adaptability to rigorous conditions and high 
value for erosion control of the most barren and sterile soils in the Piedment; 
has been effectively used as living check Gams and water spreaders; commonly 
bears fruit soon after planting; often weedy in pastures; 407,000 seeds per 
pound. 

Stomach records: Nine species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bebwhite, 
sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant, greater prairie chicken, and wild 
turkey. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, white-tailed deer. 


Sympnoricarpos oreephilus Gray. Mountain snowberry. 
S. rotundifolius orecphilus Jones, 8S. glabratus Eastw., S. parishit Rydb. 
Rtanves 42-9.) 10:2 Ss 14 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A small, stoloniferous shrub; flowers June-July; root system fibrous, gener- 
alized; often trailing or with procumbent branches. 
Stomach records: Black-tailed deer. Observations: Wasatch chipmunk, deer. 
A yaluable forage for livestock, : 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 269 


Symphoricarpos parishii, see Symphoricarpos oreophitus. 
Symphoricarpos parvifolius, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. 
Symphoricarpos paucifiorus, see Symphoricarpos albus. 
Symphoricarpos racemosus, see Symphoricarpos albus. 


Symphoricarpos rotundifolius, Gray. Roundleaf snowberry. 
S. glaucus Hastw., 8S. parvifolius Hastw., S. vaccinioides Rydb., 8. tetonensis 
Nels. 


Range: 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—September. 
A small, straggling shrub; flowers May—June. 
Stomach records: Varied thrush, California quail. Observations: Chipmunk, 
California mule deer. Fair to good sheep and goat browse. 


Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos, see Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. 
Symphoricarpos tetonensis, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. 


Symphoricarpos utahensis Rydb. Utah snowberry. 
Range: 9, 12, 18. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small shrub. 


Symphoricarpss vaccinioides, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. 
Symphoricarpos vulgaris, see Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. 


Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L’Her. Sweetleaf. 
Hopea tinctoria lL. 
Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
large shrub to small or large tree; semievergreen; flowers March—May, the 
two forms occurring along the coast and in the mountains respectively are by 
some considered specifically distinct, 
Stomach records: Phoebe. Relished by cattle. 


Talinopsis frutescens Gray. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub. 


Tamala borbonia, see Persea, borbonia. 
Tamala humilis, see Persea humilis. 
Tamala pubescens, see Persea pubescens. 


Tamarix gallica L, Tamarisk. 
Range: 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 18, 16, 19, 22, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well- drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 

A large shrub to small tree; foliage comparatively sparse; introduced from 
Europe but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; withstands con- 
tinued drought well; not easily hurt by alkali in the soil; generally free from 
insects and disease; thicket forming; grows rapidly from cuttings. 


Taxodium spp. Baldcypress. 

tomach records (in addition to specific records): Hleven species of birds, 
including wild turkey. Observations (in addition to specific records): Texas 
fox squirrel. 


Taxodium ascendens Brongn. Pondcypress. 
T. imbricarium (Nutt.) Harp. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone. 
A large tree. 
Stomach records: Little brown crane. 


270 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. Southern cypress. 
Range: 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Cone. 

A large tree; root system shallow, with “knees” in wet situations; at first 
rapid growing, later slower; somewhat attacked by fungi; wood of great im- 
portance commercially, especially durable; heavy seed years frequent; 3,000 
seeds per pound 15-25 percent viable, vitality transient (1 year or less). 

Stomach records: Six species of birds. 


Taxcdium imbricarium, see Tarodium ascendens. 


Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific yew. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupelike, available in September, falling in October. 

A small to large, evergreen tree with very dense foliage; extremely slow 
growing, very long-lived; attacked at maturity by heart rot; wood very durabie, 
littie used commercially ; germination of seeds 50-60 percent, vitality persistent. 

Observations: Much eaten by birds; ring-tailed cat. Poisonous to cattle. 


Taxus canadensis Marsh. Canada yew, 
Rance: 2-22. 23 24 IG ae 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun (rare), shade. 
Fruit: Drupelike, available August-September of the second season. 

A small evergreen shrub with dense foliage; commonly forms a continuous 
ground cover; prostrate branches root where covered by detritus; fruit produced 
sporadically. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- 
tions: "Third most important preferred winter food of white-tailed deer in 
Massachusetts; highly palatable winter and summer food for moose on Isie 
Royaie; favorite food of northern white-tailed deer in Michigan. Poisonous to 
livestock, although the pulp of the fruit is harmless. 


Taxus ficridana Nutt. Florida yew. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Hruit: Drupelike, available in fall. 
A small evergreen tree; very local in distribution; wood not used com- 
mercially because scarce. 


Tecoma radicans, see Campsis radicans. 


Tecoma stans (L.) H. B. K. Trumpetilower. 
Bignonia stens L., Stenclobium stans v. Seem., 8S. incisum Rose and Standl. 
Range: 10, 11, 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub to small tree; much cultivated. 
Stomach records: Mountain sheep. Without browse value for livestock. 


Tessaria borealis, see Pluchea, sericea. 


Tetracoccus dioicus Parry. 
Range: 5. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available July—November. 
A small much-branched dioecious shrub. 


Tetracoccus hallii, see Halliephytum halliz. 


Tetracoccus ilicifolius Cov. and Gilm. Hollybush. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Wruit: Capsule, available August-September. 
A small evergreen shrub; growth open and spreading; very rare. 


Tetradymia spp. : 
Observations (in addition to specific records): Pigmy rabbit; Oregon jack 
rabbit in dry seasons. 


Tetradymia axillaris, see Teiradymia spinosa. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Oa 


Tetradymia canescens DC. Gray horsebrush, 
T. linearis Rydb. 
Range: 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 138, 14. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A smail, freely-branched shrub; flowers July-August; occurs in sandy and 
rocky soils. 
Var. inermis (Nutt.) Gray, (7. inermis Nutt.) the spineless horsebrush, 
occurs with the species, often on alkaline soil. Considered worthless or poor 
winter feed for stock; possibly poisonous to sheep. 


Tetradymia comosa Gray. Hairy horsebrush. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, many-stemmed shrub. 


Tetradymia glabrata Gray. Littleleaf horsebrush. 
Range: 8, 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A small shrub; flowers June-August; commonly without leaves from about 
June 15. Generally not palatable to livestock; sheep poisoned by it, especially 
when taken in large quantities in the spring; poisonous effect cumulative; 
apparently not poisonous to cattle. 


Tetradymia inermis, see J'etradymia canescens. 
Tetradymia linearis, see Tetradymia canescens. 
Tetradymia longispina, see Tetradymia spinosa. 


Tetradymia nuttallii Torr, and Gray. Nuttall horsebrush. 
Range: 9, 13. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit : Achene. 
A small prickly shrub; fiowers May—August; of local browse value for sheep. 


Tetradymia spinosa Hook. and Arn. Shortspine horgebrush. 
Range: 8, 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A small, rigid, divaricately-branched shrub; flowers May—August; somewhat 
spiny. Var. longispina Jones, (7. longispina (Jones) Rydb., 7. axillaris Nels.) 
occurs in the southern part of the range. 

Observations: A valuable forage for antelope. Locally valuable as a forage 
for sheep. 


Tetradymia squamata, see Lepidos»aritum squamaium. 


Tetradymia stenolepis Greene. Mohave horsebrush. 
Range: 4, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, much-branched shrub. 


Thamnosma montana Torr. and Frem. Turpentine-brocm, 
Range: 9, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers April-May; branches broomlike; leaves early decidu- 
ous. Not palatabie to livestock. 
Thuja spp. Arborvitae. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Four species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse. 


Thuja occidentalis L. Northern white cedar. 
Range: 22, 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in early autumn, persistent through the winter. 
A small to large, evergreen tree; root system usually shallow, or deeper on 
dry sites; slow growing, long-lived; very easily damaged by fire and wind; 
mature trees often decay at the base; wood durable, important commercially ; 
33772°—38——-18 


272. MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


some 50 varieties are known in cultivation; 184,000-412,000 seeds per pound, 
germination 44 percent. 

Stomach records: Armadillo. Observations: Redpoll, pine siskin; staple food 
of white-tailed deer; eaten extensively by red squirrel; winter food of moose, 
but not relished, on Isle Royale; snowshoe hare; cottontail rabbit. 


Thuja plicata Don. Western red cedar. 
Range 112. 45\6-2(s. a2: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August, opening in September, persistent until 
the following summer. 

A large evergreen tree; root system shallow; wind-firm, except on wet soils; 
develops best in a humid climate; slow growing, long-lived; easily fire-damaged ; 
without notable insect enemies, or fungi, until mature; heavy seed crop pro- 
duced every 2 or 8 years; wood durable, of great importance commercially ; 
203,000-504,000 seeds per pound, germination 52-738 percent, vitality transient, 
some 18 varieties distinguished in cultivation. 

Stomach records: Plains white-tailed deer. Obdservations: Bark commonly 
used by Richardson’s pine squirrel for nest material; an important browse 
for deer in the northern Rocky Mountains. 


Thurberia thespesioides, see Thurberia triloba. 


Thurberia triloba (DC.) Tidest. Arizona wild cotton. 
1. thespesioides of auths, not Gray, Ingenhouzia triloba DC. 
Range: 10, 11, 14. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available August-September. 

A large, sparsely-branched shrub; flowers May-July; growth more vigorous 
on moist areas protected from wind; distribution extremely local; will not 
grow where soil is too dry; a native host plant of the wild cotton boll weevil, 
which also feeds on cultivated cotton, and for this reason restricted by plant 
quarantine. 

Seareely palatable to cattle but somewhat nibbled by sheep and goats. 


Tilia spp. Basswoods. 

The taxonomy of this group is much confused, owing in great part to the fact 
that the species vary considerably and that hybrids are apparently easily 
formed. Propagation of all species is by seed stratified as soon as ripe and 
planted in spring; dried seed may require 2 years for germination. Many species 
attacked by Texas root rot disease caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. 

Stomach records (in addition to specifie records): English sparrow, bob- 
white; Franklin ground squirre!, white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition 
to specific records) : Redpoll; porcupine, fox squirrel, white-tailed deer; staple 
food of cottontail rabbit; eastern chipmunk. 


Tilia alabamensis, see Tilia floridana. 
Tilia americana, see Tilia glabra. 
Tilia apposita, see Tilia caroliniana. 


Tilia australis Small. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike. 
A large tree. 


Tilia caroliniana Mill. 
T. apposita Ashe, 7. lata Ashe, T. pubescens Ait. 
Range: 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available in July. 
A large tree; flowers in May. 
Var. rhoophila Sarg. occurs in regions 17, 20, 29, and 30. 


Tilia cinerea, see Tilia truncata. 


Tilia cocksii Sarg. Basswood. 
Range: 29. i 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available in July. 
A small tree; flowers in May. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 273 


Tilia crenoserrata, see Tilia floridana. 
Tilia eburnea, see Tilia lasioclada. 


Tilia floridana Small. 
T. alabamensis Ashe, T’. crenoserrata Sarg. 
Range: 17, 20, 25, 27, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available August-September. 
A large tree; flowers in May. 
Var. alabamensis Ashe, (T. alabamensis Ashe, var. oblongifolia Sarg., T. 
oblongifolia Sarg.) occurs in region 29. Var. hypoleuca Sarg. (T. hypoleuca 
Ashe) oceurs in region 25 and has been also considered a variety of JT. glabra. 


Tilia fulva, see Tilia glabra. 


Tilia georgiana Sarg. Basswood. 
T. pubescens Vent., not Ait. 
Range: 29, 30. 


Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available in September. 
A small to large tree. 


Tilia glabra Vent. Basswood. 
T. americana L., in part, 7. fulva Raf., T. venulosa Sarg. 
Range: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available August—October, sometimes persistent. 

A large tree; flowers May—July; root system deep, wide spreading; rapid 
growing, rather short-lived; attacked by rots and insects; resistant to fire 
when older; coppices freely; wood not durable, of importance commercially ; 
3,500-6,500 seeds per pound, germination 10-15 percent. 

Stomach records: Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bob- 
white; gray eastern chipmunk. Observations: Pinnated grouse; cottontail 
rabbit, white-tailed deer. A valuable honey plant. 


Tilia, heterophylla Vent. White basswood. 
T. tenera Ashe. 
Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available August-September. 
A large tree; flowers May-July; root system deep, wide spreading; rapid 
growing, short-lived; coppices freely; wood used commercially. 
Var. michauati (Nutt.) Sarg., (7. michaucii Nutt.), occurs in regions 22, 25, 
27, 28, and 29. 


Tilia hypoleuca, see Tilia floridana. 


Tilia lasioclada Sarg. Basswood. 
T. eburnea Ashe. 
Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available in September. 
A large tree; flowers in May; commonly occurs on rich soils. 


Tilia lata, see Tilia caroliniana. 


Tilia leucocarpa Ashe. Basswood. 
T. nuda Sarg. 
Range: 20, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available July—September. 
A small or large tree. 


Tilia littoralis Sarg. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike. 
A large tree; flowers in June; very locally distributed. 


Tilia michauxii, see Tilia heterophylla and T. neglecta. 
Tilia monticola, see Tilia truncata, 


974. MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. S. DEPT. OCF AGRICULTURE 


Tilia neglecta Spach. 
T. michauzii Sarg., not Nutt., 7. pubescens Sarg., not Ait. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available in September. 
A large tree; flowers June—July. 


Tilia nuda, see Tilia leucocarpa. 
Tilia oblongifolia, see Tilia floridana. 


Tilia phanera Sarg. 
Range: 17, 20. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available in September. 
A small to large tree; flowers in June; rare and local. Var. scabrida Sarg., 
oceurs in regions 11, 20, and 30. 


Tilia pubescens, see Tilia caroiiniana, T. georgiana, and T. neglecta. 
Tilia tenera, see Tilia heterophylla. 


Tilia texana Sarg. Basswood. 
Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Hruit: Nutlike. 
A small tree; flowers in June. 


Tilia truncata Spach. Basswood. 
T. cinerea Raf., T. monticola Sarg. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike, available in September. 
A large tree; flowers in July. 


Tilia venulosa, see Tilia glabra. 

Torreya californica, see Tumion californicum. 
Torreya taxifolia, see Zumion tavxifolium. 
Toxicodendron biternatum, see Rhus toricodendron. 
Toxicodendron comarophyllum, see Rhus diversiloba. 
Toxicodendron diversileobum, sce Rhus diversiloba. 
Toxicodendron eximium, see Rhus toricodendron. 
Toxicodendron fothergilloides, see Rhus tozicodendron. 
Toxicodendron hesperinum, see Rhus toxicodendron. 
Toxicodendron isophyllum, see Rhus diversiloba. 
Toxicodendron macrocarpum, see Rhus toxicodendron. 
Toxicodendron negundo, see Rhus toxicodendron. 
Toxicodendren pinnatum, see Rhus vernix. 
Toxicodendron punctatum, see Rhus toricodendron. 
Toxicodendron quercifolium, see Rhus quercifolia. 
Toxicodendron radicans, see Rhus toxicodendron. 
Toxicodendron rufescens, see Rhus toxicodendron. 
Toxicodendron rydbergii, see Rhus toricodendron. 
Toxicodendron vernix, see Rhus verniz. 

Toxylon pomiferum, see Maclura pomifera. 


Trichostema arizonicum Gray. Bluecurls. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike. 
A small shrub. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 215 


Trichostema lanatum Benth. 
T. parishii Vasey. 
Range: 9. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Nutlike. 
A small to large, leafy shrub; flowers May—June. 


Trichostema parishii, see Trichostema lanatum. 


Trixis californica Kellogg. American trixis. 
Range: 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 

A small, bushy shrub. Lightly browsed by cattle in winter and early spring. 


Tsuga spp. Hemlocks. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Nine species of birds, includ- 
ing ruffed grouse. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Pine siskin ; 
porcupine; Douglas’ squirrel, Cascade squirrel, Sierra chickaree, Richardson’s 
squirrel, Townsend’s chipmunk, Cooper’s chipmunk, Allen’s chipmunk, Pacific 
mountain beaver, Olympic black bear; rarely cut for building material, not food, 
by beaver. 


Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern hemlock. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone, mature in October, seeds shed during winter, cones falling 
in the spring of the second year. 

A large, evergreen tree; root system very shallow except in deep soils; gener- 
ally free from fungi; easily killed by humus fires; attacked by eastern hemlock 
borer ; easily wind damaged ; wood of importance commercially ; bark a valuable 
source of tannin; seed produced abundantly at intervals of 2 or 3 years; 
144,000-279,000 seeds per pound, germination 30-60 percent; some 16 varieties in 
cultivation. 

Stomach records: Hight species of birds, including ruffed grouse and sharp- 
tailed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations: Nine species of birds; seventh 
most important preferred winter food of white-tailed deer in Massachusetts; 
browsed to some extent by northern white-tailed deer in Michigan; red squirrel, 
snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbit. i 


Tsuga caroliniana Hngelm. Carolina hemlock. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone, mature September—October. 
A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and spreading; wood of some 
importance commercially. 


Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western hemlock. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 6, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Cone; mature in August, seeds shed September—October, cones 
falling by spring. 

A large evergreen tree; root system shallow and spreading except on deep 
soils; slow growing, long-lived; easily injured by fire; susceptible to insect 
damage; wood of considerable importance commercially; 274,000-324,000 seeds 
per pound, produced abundantly at intervals of 2 or 3 years. 

Stomach records: Two species of birds; plains white-tailed deer, black- 
tailed deer. Observations: Browsed as a last resort by Olympic wapiti. 


Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Sarg. Mountain hemlock. 
Hesperopeuce mertensiana (Bong.) Rydb. 
Range: 4, 12. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Cone; seeds shed September—October, cones falling by spring. 
A large evergreen tree; slow growing, probably long-lived; wood not used 
commercially; seed produced abundantly every several years; 102,000-207,000 
seeds per pound, vitality transient. 
Stomach records: Crow, sooty grouse. 


Tulipastrum, acuminatum, see Magnolia acuminata. 
Tulipastrum cordatum, see Magnolia. cordata. 


276 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Tumion californicum (Torr.) Greene. California-nutmeg. 
Torreya californica Torr. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupelike, available September—October. 
A large, dioecious, evergreen tree; wood durable, locally used for fence posts. 


Tumion taxifolium (Arn.) Greene. Stinking-cedar. 
Torreya taxvifolia Arn. 
Range: 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupelike. 
A large evergreen tree; commonly occurs on limestone soils; wood used 
locally for fence posts. 


Tumionella monactis, see Aplopappus cooperi. 
Tyria myricaefolia, see Bernardia myricaefolia. 


Ulex europaeus L. Gorse. 
Ranges A, 2.27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, available August—October. 

A small to large, very spiny evergreen shrub; flowers May-July; foliage 
extremely dense; occurs on sand, loam, clay, and other soils; forms im- 
penetrable thickets; introduced from Europe and locally established in the 
regions indicated; able to survive burial in sand; almost explosively inflam- 
mable; tolerant of saline conditions; aggressively spreading in regions 1 and 2. 

Not grazed by livestock. Of some value as a honey plant. 


Uimus spp. Elms. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Seven species of birds, 
including ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to spe- 
cific records) : Nine species of birds; an emergency food of pinnated grouse in 
Wisconsin and Jowa; greater prairie chicken; fox squirrel, red squirrel; a 
favorite food of muskrat. 

All native species of elm are susceptible to the Dutch elm disease, caused 
by the fungus Ceratostomeila ulmi. The virulence of the disease is very great 
and every effort should be made to prevent its further spread. Interstate 
movement of some species from certain States is prohibited because of the 
disease. The principal resistant species is the Asiatic U. pumila. Members 
of this genus are also seriously subject to the attacks of the Texas root rot 
caused by Phymatotrichum omnivorum. 


Ulmus alata Michx. Winged elm. 
Range: 17, 20, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available in March. 
A large tree; occurs in gravel, loam, and other soils; wood used commercially ; 
easily transplanted; much cultivated. 
Observations: White-tailed deer. 


Ulmus americana L. American elm. 
Range: 15216, 18.19). 20:01. 22) 25. 25, 260 20 ee ee ee 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available March—May. 

A large tree; root system very shallow; rapid growing, long-lived; much 
subject to defoliating insects and borers; not wind-firm; comparatively fire 
resistant; wood of this species is the most important commercially of the 
elms; 53,000-100,000 seeds per pound, germination as much as 99 percent; 
much cultivated; resistant to drought; grows on coal-stripped lands in Illinois. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite, Hungarian partridge; opossum. 
Observations: Five species of birds including Hungarian partridge, pinnated 
grouse; cottontail rabbit, snowshoe hare; heavily browsed by white-tailed deer. 


Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. Cedar elm. 
Range: 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available September—November. 
A large shrub or more commonly a large tree; may occur on alluvial soil 
or dry limestone; a shrub in dry situations; wood used commercially to 2 
limited extent; somewhat cultivated. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 277 


Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery elm. 
Range: 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available May—June. 

A large tree; root system deep and spreading; rapid growing, short-lived; 
severely injured by defoliating insects; wood durable, used commercially to 
some extent; 35,000-75,000 seeds per pound. 

Observations: Purple finch; porcupine, cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. 


Ulmus racemosa Thomas. Rock elm. 
U. thomasii Sarg. 
Range: 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available in May. 

A large tree; root system deep when mature; slow growing, rather long- 
lived; severely injured by defoliating insects; wind-firm; fairly free from 
fungi; easy to transplant; wood used commercially, the most durable of any 
of the elms. 

Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 


Ulmus serotina Sarg. Red elm. 
Range: 25, 27, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara, available in November. 
A large tree; wood hard, tough; somewhat cultivated; occurs on limestone 
and other soils; 149,000 seeds per pound. 


Ulmus thomasii, see Ulmus racemosa, 


Umbellularia californica (Hook. and Arn.) Nutt. (pl. 41, B). Oregon myrtle. 
Range: 1, 4, 5, 10. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available in October, somewhat persistent. 

A small to large shrub or small to large tree; the typical form is a large 
tree occurring along streams and valley floors; may be gregarious on north 
slopes of canyons, forming a very solid cover; dwarf forms, which fruit 
heavily and form very dense cover, are known to occur in dry chaparral; pros- 
trate forms, occurring on ocean bluffs and hillsides, form low, thick, compact, 
dense mats; sprouts freely after injury; fruits abundantly produced; wood very 
valuable commercially. 

Stomach records: Steller jay. Observations: Much eaten by Columbian gray 
squirrels. Of slight importance as browse for mule deer. Roots eaten by hogs. 


Ungnadia speciosa Endl. Spanish buckeye. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule; available August-—October, persistent unopened for 
a considerable period. 

A large shrub or rarely a small to large tree; occurs on limestone and 
other soils; not resistant to extremely hot weather; occasionally cultivated. 
Probably has caused some livestock poisoning, but not commonly taken by 
livestock except in time of food scarcity. Seeds poisonous to human beings. 
A source of early honey. 


Urvillea mexicana, see Urvillea ulmacea. 


Urvillea ulmacea H. B. K. 
U. mexicana Gray. 
Range: 17. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Samara. 
A large vine 


Uva-ursi, see Arctostaphylos. 


Vaccinium spp. Blueberries, huckleberries. 
With one exception, none of these species can be grown on soil containing 
calcium even in small quantities; all occur naturally on acid soils. 
Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Eighty-seven species of 
birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, dusky grouse, southern 


278 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


white-tailed ptarmigan, Richardson’s grouse; composed 2.4 percent of fall food 
of prairie chicken in Wisconsin; composed 7.6 percent of winter food of 
northern sharp-tailed grouse in Ontario and Quebec; Coeur d’Alene chipmunk, 
red fox, plains white-tailed deer, opossum, white-tailed deer; composed 0.56 
percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition 
to specific records): Thirty-five species of birds including ruffed, and spruce 
grouse, ptarmigan, an important focd of ring-necked pheasant; ranked with 
Gayluissacia as twenty-ninth on the list of quail food plants of the Southeast; 
emergency food of prairie sharp-tailed grouse, Hungarian partridge; southern 
white-tailed deer, ptarmigan; skunk; much browsed by moose; much eaten 
by red fox; rarely eaten by coyote; relished by Olympic wapiti, Rocky Moun- 
tain black-tailed deer, Douglas squirrel, Allen’s chipmunk, Pacific mountain 
beaver, Oregon gray fox, California skunk, Olympic black bear, Virginia opos- 
sum; heavily browsed by Rocky Mountain snowshoe rabbit; lesser Colorado 
chipmunk, Virginia opossum; heavily browsed by white-tailed deer, cottontail 
rabbit; much eaten by raccoon; alpine chipmunk, ring-tailed cat. 


Vaccinium amoenum, see Vaccinium corymbesum. 


Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Lowbush blueberry. 
V. dobbinii Burn., V. nigrum Britt., V. pennsylwanicum Lam., not Miller, 
Cyanococcus pennsylvanicus (uam.) Rydb., C. angustifolius (Alt.) Rydb. 
Range: 22, 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July-September. 
A small shrub, flowers April-June; occurs in sandy and other soils; spreads 
by underground stems; commonly the earliest ripening blueberry. 
Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bobwhite, and 
greater prairie chicken. Observations: Ruffed grouse, bobwhite. Without 
forage significance for livestock. 


Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. Tree huckleberry. 
Batodendron arboreum (Marsh.) Nutt. 
Range: 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available, September—November. 

A large shrub to small or large tree; evergreen southward; flowers May-— 
August; occurs in sandy and other soils; the only species of the genus and one 
of the two in the heath family supposedly capable of growing in neutral or 
slightly alkaline soil. 

Stomach records: Bobwhite. Observations: Mockingbird. 


Vaccinium atroceccum (Gray) Heller. Black blueberry. 
V. corymbesum atrococcum Gray, Cyanococcus atrococcus (Gray) Small. 
Range: 24, 26, 27, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July-August. 
A small to large, spreading shrub; flowers May—June. 


Vaccinium brachycerum, see Gaylussacia brachycera. 


Vaccinium caesariense Mack. New Jersey blueberry. 
Range: 28. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large shrub; flowers in May. 


Vaccinium caesium Greene. 
Polycodium caesium Greene, P. floridanum (Nutt.) Greene. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small, irregularly branched shrub. 


Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Dwarf bilberry. 
Range: 4, 7, 12, 138, 23,.24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available June—September. 
A small shrub: flowers June-July. Without value as forage for livestock. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 279 


Vaccinium canadense Kalm. Canada blueberry. 
Range: 22, 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July-September. 
A small, much-branched shrub; flowers May—June. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse. Of mediocre forage 
value for livestock. 


Vaccinium corymbosum L. Highbush blueberry. 
V. amoenum Ait., Cyanococcus amoenus (Ait.) Small, C. corymbosus (L.) 
Rydb. 


Range: 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry (rare), well-drained (rare), moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available June-August. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May-June; suckers freely and transplants 
well; fruit of value commercially. 
Var. pallidum (Ait.) Gray, (V. pallidwm Ait., Cyanococcus pallidus (Ait.) 
Small), has superior fruit. 
Observations: Mourning dove, ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasant; cottontail 
rabbit. 


Vaccinium crassifolium Andr. Creeping blueberry. 
Herpothamnus crassifolius (Andr.) Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small evergreen shrub; possibly maintains itself mainly by vegetative 
reproduction. 


Vaccinium deliciosum Piper. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A smal shrub. 


Vaccinium dobbinii, see Vaccinium angustifolium, 
Vaccinium dumosum, see Gaylussacia dumosa. 


Vaccinium elliotti Chapm. Elliott blueberry 
Cyanococcus elliottii (Chapm.) Small. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available May—June. 
A small to large shrub; flowers March—May. 


Vaccinium erythrocarpum, see Hugeria erythrocarpa. 
Vaccinium erythrococcum, see Vaccinium scoparium. 
Vaccinium frondosum, see Gaylussacia frondosa. 

Vaccinium globulare, see Vaccinium membranaceum. 


Vaccinium hirsutum Buckl. ; Hairy huckleberry. 
Cyanococcus hirsutus (Buckl.) Small. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in August. 
A small shrub; flowers May-June; fruit hairy. 


Vaccinium hispidulum, see Chiogenes hispidula. 
Vaccinium humifusum, see Gauliheria humifusa. 


Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Cranberry. 
Ozycoccus macrocerpus (Ait.) Pursh. 
Range: 22, 28, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—March. 

A creeping, evergreen, mat-forming vine; flowers June-August; this species 
includes varieties furnishing the commercial cranberry; 500 berries per pound, 
about 25 seeds per berry. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse. 

Observations: Crow, mourning dove, bobwhite, prairie sharp-tailed grouse. 


ISO MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Vaccinium macrophyllum, see Vaccinium membranaceum. 


Vaccinium melanocarpum Mohr. Southern gooseberry. 
Polycodium melanocarpum (Mohr) Small. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available in July. 
A small shrub; occurs in sandy and other soils; fruit commonly produced in 
great quantities. 


Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. Thinleaf huckleberry. 
V. globulare Rydb., V. macrophyllum Piper, V. myrtilloides Hook. 
Range: 1, 4, 12, 18, 15 (Black Hills), 23, 24. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July-September. 
A small shrub; flowers June-July. Poor to worthless to fairly good or good 
browse for sheep; poor to worthless forage for cattle and horses. 


Vaccinium microphyllum, see Vaccinium scoparium. 


Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. Evergreen blueberry. 
Cyanococcus myrsinites (Lam.) Small. 
Range: 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in May. 
A small evergreen shrub; fiowers April-May decumbent or upright; occurs in 
sandy and other soils. Var. glaucum Gray, in the southern part of the range, is 
taller than the Species. 


Vaccinium myrtilloides, see Vaccinium membranaceum. 


Vaccinium neglectum (Small) Fern. 
Polycodium neglectum Small. 
Range: 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small shrub with inedible fruit. 


Vaccinium nigrum, see Vaccinium angustifolium. 


Vaccinium occidentale Gray. Western huckleberry. 
Range: 4, 12, 18. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 
A small shrub. 
Stomach records: Sooty grouse. Obdservations: Blue grouse. Fair to fairly 
good sheep and goat feed; cropped locally by cattle. 


Vaccinium oreophilum Rydb. Rocky Mountain whortleberry. 
Range: 12, 18, 14. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—October. 
A small shrub; fiowers in June. 
Stomach records: Richardson’s grouse. Worthless as forage for cattle; some- 
times fair sheep feed. 


Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Blue whortleberry. 
Range: 2, 4, 12, 23, 24. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 
A large, straggling shrub; flowers June—July. Locally useful as browse for 
sheep and goats. 
Observations: Spruce grouse. 


Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. Evergreen huckleberry. 
Range: 1, 2, 5. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July-September, or rarely longer. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; most commonly oceurs in sandy soil; forms 
a dense cover when growing close together. 
Var. saporosum Jeps., in region 1, has fruit which ripens earlier with a better 
flavor. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES IS 


Stomach records: Ruffed grouse (7). Observations: Listed with V. parvi- 
folium as second in importance as browse for Olympic wapiti in Washington; 
California mule deer; an important food of Roosevelt elk. 


Vaccinium oxycoccus L. Small cranberry. 
Oxycoccus palustris Pers., O. oxycoccus (l.) MacBr. 
Range: 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September, often persistent. 
A low, creeping, evergeen vine, occurring only in peat; flowers May-July. 
Var. intermedium Gray occurs in regions 1, 2, and 12. 
Stomach records: Coeur d’Alene chipmunk. Obdservations: Prairie sharp- 
tailed grouSe, ring-necked pheasant. 


Vaccinium pallidum, see Vaccinium corymbosum. 


Vaccinium parvifolium Smith. (pl. 41, C). Tall red huckleberry. 
Range: 1, 2, 4, 12. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, Sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available June-September. 
A small to large shrub. 
Observations: Sooty grouse; listed with V. ovatum as second in importance 
as browse for Olympic wapiti in Washington; an important food of Roosevelt 
elk. Locally of value as browse for sheep and occasionally cattle. 


Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, see Vaccinium angustifolium. 


Vaccinium scoparium Leiberg, Grouseberry. 
VY. erythrococcum Rydb., V. microphyilum Rydb. 
Range: 4, 12, 13, 14, 15 (Black Hills). 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July-September. 
A smali shrub. 
Observations: An important food of wildlife. Inferior browse for livestock. 


Vaccinium simulatum Small. 
Cyanococcus simulatus Small. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A small to large shrub. 


Vaccinium stamineum L. Deerberry. 
Polycodium stamineum (i) Greene. 
Angele. 24) 202602, 28,020: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry; available July-September, soon dropping. 
A small, profusely-branched shrub; somewhat thicket forming. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse; gray fox. Observations: Hight species of 
birds, including bobwhite and ruffed grouse; white-tailed deer. 


Vaccinium tenellum, see Vaccinium virgatum. 


Vaccinium uligincsum L. Bog bilberry. 
Range: 1, 4, 12, 18, 14, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—September. 
A small shrub; flowers June—July. 
Stomach records: Spruce grouse, ptarmigan, Harris’ sparrow; mountain 
sheep. Observations: Three species of birds. 


Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. Dryland blueberry. 
Cyanococcus vacillans (Kalm.) Rydb. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—September. 
A small, loosely-branched shrub; flowers May—June; occurs in sandy and 
other soils. 
Stomach records: Gray fox. Observations: Ruffed grouse; preferred food of 
wild turkey; cottontail rabbit, white-tailed deer. 


IRD MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Vaccinium virgatum Ait. Rabbiteye blueberry. 
Cyanococcus virgatus (Ait.) Small. ; 
Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 
A small to large shrub; flowers Aprii—May. 
Var. tenellum (Ait.) Gray, (V. tenellum Ait., Cyanococcus tenellus (Ait. ) 
Small), possesses underground stems, and occurs in regions 25, 27, and 29, 
Stomach records: Cardinal. 


Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Cowberry. 
Vitis-idaea vitis-idaea (L.) Britt., Vitis-idaea punctata Moench. 
Range: 23, 26. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—October. 
A small shrub or mat-forming vine; evergreen; flowers June-July; repro- 
duces by creeping rootstocks. 
Var. minus Lodd., a dwarf variety, is claimed by some to be the only repre- 
sentative of the species in the United States. 


Vachellia farnesiana, see Acacia farnesiana. 


Vauquelinia angustifolia Rydb. 
Range: 11. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to smail tree; evergreen. 


Vauquelinia californica (Torr.) Sarg. Vauquelinia. 
V. corymbosa Corr., V. torreyi Wats., Spiraea californica Torr. 
Range: 5, 10, 11. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule, available in August. 
A large shrub to small tree; evergreen; flowers in June. 


Vauquelinia corymbosa, see Vauquelinia californica. 
Vauquelinia torreyi, see Vauquelinia californica. 
Viborauia polystachya, see Hysenhardtia polysiachya. 


Viburnum spp. Viburnums. 

Most species occur on nearly neutral soil; most are free from insects and 
disease; propagation is by seed Stratified and sown in spring or by soft or 
hardwood cuttings, cut below the node, and if propagated in sand and peat, 
treated with potassium permanganate. 

Stomach records (in addition to specifie records) : Twenty-seven species of 
birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, and greater prairie chicken ; 
coyote; white-tailed deer. Observations (in addition to Specific records): Ten 
species of birds, including bobwhite and ruffed grouse; porcupine; eastern 
chipmunk. Of comparatively little value as browse for livestock. 


Viburnum acerifolium L. Mapleleaf viburnum. 
Range: 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, often persistent until 
July. 
A small shrub; flowers May—June; slow growing; endures city smoke; oc- 
casionally thicket forming; about 4,500 fresh berries per pound. 
Stomach records: Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse; white-tailed 
deer. Observations: Sparingly eaten by cottontail rabbit. 


Viburnum affine Bush. Missouri viburnum. 
V. pubescens affine Rehd. 
Range: 22, 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist (rare), sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A small shrub; flowers May-June. Var. hypomalucum Blake extends the 
range to regions 23, 24, 26, 27, and 28, and is more floriferous. 


Misc. Pub. 303, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 41 


A, Symphoricarpos albus. The dense thickets formed by the snowberry, coupled with its ability to grow 
on poor sites, make it a valuable plant in erosion control. 8B, Umbellularia californica. Oregon myrtle, 
shown here growing along a stream in the northern part of its range, may find a place in stream-bank 
plantings. Its value as wildlife cover is great; its value as food is possibly greater than actual records would 
indicate. C, Vaccinium parvifolium. 'The juicy, red fruit of this species is probably of great value for 
wildlife despite the paucity of actual stomach records. 


PLATE 42 


lture 


1cu 


Dept. of Agr 


fisc. Pub. 303, U. S. 


N 


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‘surjurvld Japsoq puP[pooOM UT 9Sn 9~qIssod Jo seeds y 


“ULNYO/ULID WNUWINGLA 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATHS I83 


Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. (pl. 42). Hobblebush. 
Range: 28, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. 
A small to large shrub; flowers May—June; commonly occurs in acid soils; 
thicket forming; reclining branches often root at the nodes or at the tip. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. Observations: Cottontail rabbit; preferred 
food of white-tailed deer in New York. 


Viburnum americanum, see Viburnum trilobum. 


Viburnum bracteatum Rehd. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large shrub. 


Viburnum cassinoides L. Withe rod. 
Range: 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October, failing at once. 
A small or more commonly a large shrub; flowers June—July; occasionally 
thicket forming; 3,000 dry berries per pound. 
Stomach records: Ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked pheasant. 
Observations: Hungarian partridge; an important food of white-tailed deer; 
ecottontail rabbit. 


Viburnum densiflorum Chapm. 
Range: 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A small shrub; flowers April-May. 


Viburnum dentatum L. Arrowwoeod. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available October—December. 
A large shrub; flowers May-June; thicket forming; endures city smoke; 
easily propagated by cuttings; 17,900 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: Seven species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- 
tions: Three species of birds; eastern chipmunk. 


Viburnum ellipticum Hook. Western blackhaw. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-September. 
A small to large shrub; flowers April—June. 
Stomach records: Magpie. 


Viburnum ferrugineum, see Viburnum rufidulum. 


Viburnum lentago L. Nannyberry. 
Range: 13, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available August-September, commonly persistent. 

Usually a large shrub, more rarely a small or large tree; multiplies freely 
by suckers; will endure city smoke; easily propagated by cuttings; 3,000—-5,000 
berries per pound, 4,300 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Four species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- 
tions: Ten species of birds, including ring-necked pheasant; much eaten by 
ruffed grouse; much eaten by raccoon; skunk, cottontail rabbit; gray squirrel. 
Fruit eaten to some extent by sheep and goats. 


Viburnum molie Michx. Soft arrowwood. 
Range: 22, 25, 29. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A large shrub; flowers in June; commonly occurs in calcareous soil. 
Stomach records: Two species of birds. 


ISA MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Viburnum nitidum Ait. Shining withe rod. 
V. nudum angustifolium Torr. and Gray. 
Range: 28, 29. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—October. 
A large shrub with reclining branches. 


Viburnum nudum L. Possumhaw. 
Range: 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available September—March. 
Usually a large shrub or rarely a small tree; flowers May—June cr oceasion- 
ally in autumn. 
Stomach records: Bobwhite. 


Viburnum obovatum Walt. Small viburnum. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
A large shrub to small tree. 


Viburnum opulus, see Viburnum trijobum. 


Viburnum paucifiorum Raf. Squashberry. 
Range: 4, 12, 13, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available July-September, more or less persistent. 
A small to large, straggling shrub; flowers June—July. 
Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse. Observa- 
tions: Moose, red squirrel. Foiiage of low palatability to livestock. 


Viburnum prunifolium L. Blackhaw. 
Range: 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August—March. 
Usually a small or large shrub or rarely a smal! tree; flowers April—June; 
4,200 seeds per pound. 
Stomach records: Hight species of birds including bobwhite; gray fox, white- 
tailed deer. Observations: Three species of birds. 


Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Hairy nannyberry. 
V. dentatum pubescens Ait., V. rafinesquianum Schult. 
Ranges %15,-21, 22.224. 25, 27. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe, available August—October. 
A small, straggling shrub; flowers June—July ; commonly occurs on calcareous 
soil. 
Stomach records: Thrush. 


Viburnum rafinesquianum, see Viburnum pubescens. 


Viburnum reufidulum Raf. Southern blackhaw. 
V. ferrugineum Small, V. rufotomentosum Small. 
Ranges, 19.20) 25; 26.28 3290.30: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe; available October-November, often persistent until 
March. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; slow-growing, long-lived ; 
occurs in sand, loam, and other soils. 


Viburnum rufotomentosum, see Viburnum rufidulum. 


Viburnum scabrellum (Torr. and Gray) Chapm. Rough arrowwood. 
V. dentatum semitomentosum Michx., V. semitomentosum (Michx.) Rehd. 
Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist. 
Fruit: Drupe; available September—October. 
A small to large shrub; flowers in June. Very similar to V. dentatum. 


Viburnum semitomentosum, see Viburnum scabrellum. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES ISR5 


Viburnum trilobum Marsh. (pl. 48). Highbush cranberry. 
V. opulus americanum of amer. auths., not Mill. 
Range: 4, 12, 15 (Black Hills), 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Drupe; available September—October, often persistent until May. 

A large shrub; flowers June—July ; 16,000 seeds per pound. 

Stomach records: Three species of birds, including ruffed grouse and sharp- 
tailed grouse. Observations: Six species of birds, including Canada ruffed 
grouse and ring-necked pheasant. Without significance as browse for live- 
stock. 


Viburnum venosum Britt. Veiny viburnum. 
V. venosum canbyi Rehd. 
Range: 27. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Drupe. 
Usually a small shrub, rarely a large shrub; flowers June—July. 


Viguiera deltoidea Gray. 
Range: 5, 9, 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, much-branched shrub represented in the United States by var. 
parishtt (Greene). Browse value for livestock limited. 


Viguiera parishii, see Viguiera deltoidea. 


Viguiera reticulata Wats. 
Range: 10. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
Fruit: Achene. 
A small, loosely branched shrub with limited browse value for livestock. 


Viguiera stenoloba Blake. 
Gymnolomia tenuifolia Benth. and Hook., Heliomeris tenuifolia Gray. 
Range: 11, 16, 17. 
Site: Dry, sun. 
HWruit: Achene. 
A smail, much-branched shrub with limited value as browse for livestock. 


Viorna addisonii, see Clematis addisonii. 
Viorna arizonica, see Clematis arizonica. 
Viorna bigelovii, see Clematis bigelovii. 
Viorna coccinea, see Clematis texensis. 
Viorna crispa, see Clematis crispa. 
Viorna filifera, see Clematis pitcheri. 
Viorna gattingeri, see Clematis gattingeri. 
Viorna obliqua, see Clematis obliqua. 
Viorna pitcheri, see Clematis piicheri. 
Viorna reticulata, see Clematis reticulata. 
Viorna versicolor, see Clematis versicolor. 
Viorna viorna, see Clematis viorna. 


Vitis spp. Grapes. 

The species vary greatly in many characters including resistance to disease; 
Species native to high arid regions where the air is too dry to permit growth 
of mildews and rots are attacked quickly when transplanted to low, moist cli- 
mates; species growing in Phylloxera-free regions are usually much attacked 
when transplanted to regions infested with the pest; the species are nearly 
dioecious, but staminate flowers are often borne on pistillate vines; propagated 
by stratified seed or soft or hardwood cuttings. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records): Highty-two species of 
birds, including ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, bobwhite, California quail, 
wild turkey, ring-necked pheasant, and mourning dove; western skunk, striped 
skunk, gray fox, red squirrel, raccoon, eastern skunk, opossum; composed 2.36 


286 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


percent of fruit food of eastern skunk in Michigan. Observations (in addition 
to specific records) : Forty-five species of birds, including Gambel quail, band- 
tailed pigeon, ruffed grouse; ranks seventeenth on the list of quail food plants 
of the Southeast; ring-necked pheasant, Hungarian partridge, pinnated grouse; 
heavily browsed by white-tailed deer; important food of raccoon, gray fox, 
red fox, coyote, cottcntail rabbit, skunk, rock squirrel. 


Vitis acerifolia, see Vitis longit. 


Vitis aestivalis Michx. Summer grape. 
Range: 22. 23 32495) 26, 2oneo. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September, often persistent. 

A vigorous, high-climbing vine; flowers May-June; grows on sand, clay, 
loam, and other soils, but does best on warm, gravelly, well-drained ones; 
roots large, hard, penetrating; fairly resistant to cold and drought; resistant 
to mildew and rot, about 75 percent to Phyllorera; has given rise to numerous 
cultivated forms; about 50 percent of cuttings root. 

Stomach records: Hight species of birds, including ruffed grouse and bob- 
white. Observations: Cardinal, cowbird; a greatly preferred food of wild 
turkey ; white-tailed deer. 


Vitis andersonii, see Vitis vulpina. 


Vitis argentifolia Muns. Blueleaf grape. 
VY. aestivalis bicolor Deam, V. bicolor LeConte, V. caerulea Munson, V. 
lecontiana House. 
Range 332223524 2526520025: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—October, often persistent. 

A vigorous, high-climbing vine; flowers May-June; resistant to very low 
temperatures; somewhat attacked by mildew; grows in sand, sandy clay, and 
other soils; resistant to cold and drought; roots hard, fibrous, large; about 40 
percent of cuttings root although propagation by cuttings is often difficult; 
fruit borne prolifically. 

Stomach records: Ruffed grouse. 


Vitis arizonica Hngelm. Canyon grape. 
Range: 9, 10, 11,.16, 1%. 
Site: Weil-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available July-August, often persistent until October. 
A weak, much-branched vine or small to large shrub with abortive tendrils; 
searcely climbing; endures cold and drought well; where grown with excessive 
moisture commonly attacked by mildew and rots; grows better in sandy than 
heavy soils; easily grown from cuttings; apparently formerly cultivated by the 
Pueblo Indians. 
Observations: Haten by numerous birds including Gambel, scaled, and Mearns 
quail; prized food of skunks, foxes, coyotes, bears; much eaten by captive deer. 


Vitis austrina, see Vitis simpsonii. 


Vitis baileyana Muns. Possum grape. 
V. virginiana Muns., not Poir. 

Range: 25, 27, 28, 29. 

Site: Well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 

A slender, climbing, much-branched vine; roots fleshy, sparingly branched, 

not deep-penetrating; fairly resistant to Phyllowera; commonly occurs on cal- 
cerous Soils. 


Vitis berlandieri Planch. Winter grape. 
Range: 11, 17, 20, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—October. 

A stecky vine; high climbing in favorable situations; commonly occurs on 
limestone soils; roots hard, little-branched, penetrating deeply; resistant to 
black rot and Phylloxvera; susceptible to mildew; long-lived; will endure cold 
and drought; commonly occurs on calcareous soil; seed germination slow; 
about 40 percent of cuttings root. 


Vitis bicolor, see Vitis argentifolia. 
Vitis boulderensis, see Vitis vulpina. 


Misc. Pub. 302, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 43 


Viburnum trilobum. Highbush cranberry ranks high for erosion-control and wildlife plantings. Its orna- 
mental character recommends its use on highway cuts. 


Misc. Pub. 303. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture “PLATE 44 


Yucca elata. Yuccas appear to have little value either for wildlife or soil conservation. More informatiom 
on their possible usefulness is needed. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES Qa. 


‘Vitis caerulea, see Vitis argentifolia. 


Vitis californica Benth. California grape. 
Range 2. a, 45 Onmale 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August, commonly persistent. 

A vigorous, high-climbing or trailing vine, or frequently a shrub; roots soft; 
very susceptible to downy mildew; more or less resistant to Phylloxera; very 
resistant to fire. 

Stomach records: Robin, valley quail. Observations: Mountain quail. 


Vitis candicans Hngelm. Mustang grape. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry; available June-August, often persistent until well into 
winter. 

A vigorous, climbing vine; roots vigorous, tender, penetrating more deeply 
than any other species of grape; endures great drought and heat; free from 
disease; long-lived; foliage thick; difficult to grow from cuttings; about 75 
percent resistant to Phylloxera; commonly occurs on limestone soil although 
thriving in nearly any soil; seedlings at first feeble, later very vigorous. 

Var. coriacea Bailey has smaller and more edible fruit, and occurs within ths 
range of the species. 


Vitis caribaea, see Vitis sola. 


Vitis champinii Planch. Champin grape. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 25. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available June-August, commonly persistent. 

A robust, climbing vine; roots deep-penetrating, large, much-branched; often 
occurs on limestone soil but will grow on a variety of soils; about 60-percent 
resistant to Phyllowera; resistant to Anaheim disease; resistant to cold and 
drought; staminate vines commonly fewer in its native habitats than the 
pistillate ones; 80 percent of cuttings root; often forms dense thickets. Has 
been considered a possible hybrid between V. rupestris or V. berlandieri, and 
VY. candicans. 


Vitis cinerea Hngelm. Sweet winter grape. 
Range: 11, 17, 20, 22, 28, 25, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry; available August—November, long persistent. 

A vigorous, high-climbing vine; flowers May—June; commonly occurs on deep, 
rich, riverbank soils; roots large, fleshy, deep-penetrating, scarcely fibrous; very 
long-lived, resistant to great extremes of drought and moisture; free from 
Gisease; 75 percent resistant to Phylloxera; resistant to cold; about 25 percent 
of cuttings root; often difficult to reproduce by cuttings. 


Vitis cordifolia Michx. Frost grape. 
Range: 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Hruit: Berry, available August—-October, often persistent. 

A large, vigorous, high climbing vine; flowers May-June; roots strong, hard, 
fairly deep-penetrating ; nearly completely resistant to Phyllovera; resistant to 
mildew, rot, and drought; very resistant to cold; cuttings grow with difficulty, 
approximately 25 percent being successful; occurs on calcareous, sandy, and 
other soils. Var. sempervirens Muns., occurring within the range of the species, 
has more persistent foliage, is more sensitive to cold, and has fruit which ripens 
later than that of the species. 

Stomach records: Twenty-eight species cf birds, including ruffed grouse, bob- 
white, and wild turkey. Observations: Cardinal, gray-cheeked thrush. 


Vitis doaniana Muns. Doan grape. 
Range: 16, 19, 20. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—October, persistent. 

A rapid-growing, vigorous vine, remaining bushy if failing to find support; 
commonly occurs on sandy, calcareous soils; roots fibrous, hard, spreading, and 
penetrating; resistant to drought, cold, and disease; 60 percent resistant to 
Phyllorera; 60 percent of cuttings take. 


33772°—38 11) 


I88 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Vitis girdiana Muns. Valley grape. 
Range: 5, 10. 
Site: Dry (rare), well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September, persistent. 
A robust, high-climbing vine; roots soft, not completely resistant to Phylloz- 
era; sensitive to coid; sunject to mildew, rot, and Anaheim disease; often occurs 
on sandy soil. 


Vitis helleri (Bailey) Small. Roundleaf grape. 
V. cordifolia helleri Bailey. 
Range: 17, 26. 
Site: Weil-draimed, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in July. 
A vine. 


Vitis incisa, see Cissus incisa. 


Vitis labrusea L. Fox grape. 
Range :22,.23; 24, 25.426, 20. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry; available August—Octcber, dropping at once. i 
A vigorous, high-climbing, bushy vine; roots large and fieshy, spreading, not 
deeply penetrating; growth of l-year-ola plants feeble, vigcrous when estab- 
lished; Goes pest in well-drained, alluvial soil but occurs in many, including 
sand; withstands cold well, heat and drought rather poorly; not affected by 
Gowny mildew; berries falling singly when ripe; easily grown from cuttings; 
susceptible to Phyiiowera; seeds rarely preduce plants true to type. 
Stomach records: Six species of birds, including ruffed grouse and ring- 
necked pheasant. Odservations: Much eaten by skunk, fox, raccoon, and 
opossum, 


Vitis lecontiana, see Vitis argentifolia. 


Vitis lincecumii Buckl. Pinewoods grape. 

Range: 20, 25, 29. 

Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 

Fruit: Berry; available June-September, falling at once or persistent. 

A vigorous, moderately-ciimbing vine, or a Shrub if without support; occurs in 

sand, clay, loam, and other soiis; roots, long, hard, fleshy, penetrating deeply; 
fairly resistant to cold; extremely resistant to drought; susceptible to mildew 
and rot; 75-percent resistant to Pryllozera; about 50 percent of cuttings take; 
reproduction by cuttings often difficuit; fruit-bearing vines generally do not 
self-fertilize; seed germination prompt. Fruit often eaten by domestic turkeys 
before ripening. 


Vitis longii Prince. Long’s grape. 
V. acerifolia Raf., VY. nova-mexicana Muns., V. solonis Hort. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 25: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Hruit: Berry, available Juiy—August, long persistent. 

A vine or more commonly a smali to iarge, stocky, erect, much-branched 
shrub; climbs vigorously in cultivation; roots large, much-branched, hard, deep- 
penetrating; occurs in sand and calcareous soils; drought and cold-resistant; 
about 75-percent resistant to Piylioxera; not resistant to mildew or anthracnose; 
60 percent of cuttings root; self-pollination rare. 

Yar. microsperma Bailey, a vigerous, small-seeded form very resistant to 
drought, occurs along the Red River in Texas. 


Vitis montana, see Vitis monticola. 


Vitis monticola Buckl. Sweet mountain grape. 
V. montana of Auths. not Buckl. - 
Ranges tel. 520: 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—Cctober. 

A slender, small-leaved vine with open foliage; roots little-branched ; resistant 
to cold, drought, mildew, ret and nearly completely resistant to Phyllorera; 
slender when wild, stocky in cultivation; commonly occurs on limestone soils, 
but grows moderately well on sand; 65 percent of cuttings root. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 28S 


Vitis munsoniana Simpson. Little muscadine grape. 
Muscadinia munsoniana Small. 
Range: 30, 31. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, available August—November. 
A slender, trailing vine; blooms nearly continuously ; usually not high-climbing. 


Vitis museadina, see Vitis rotundifolia. 
Vitis nova-mexicana, see Vitis longii. 


Vitis novae-angliae Fern. Pilgrim grape. 
Range: 26, 27. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in September. 
A vigorous, climbing vine; often forms thickets of great profusion. 


Vitis palmata Vahl. Cat grape. 
V. rubra Michx. 

Range: 22, 25, 29. 

Site: Well-drained, sun. 

Fruit: Berry, available September—October, persistent. 

A slender, high-climbing vine; flowers May—June; roots fibrous at the surface, 

hard and penetrating ; resistant to drought and cold when established ; resistant 
to Phyllovera; free from disease; seed germination very slow. 


Vitis riparia, see Vitis vuilpina. 


Vitis rotundifolia Michx. IMuscadine grape. 
V. muscadina Raf., Muscadinia rotundifolia (Michx.) Smail. 
Range: 20, 22, 25, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Berry, availabie August-September. 

A very vigorous, high-climbing vine; flowers in May; occurs in sandy and 
other soils; roots thick, little- branched; berries drop singly as soon as ripe; 
free from diseases : cuttings root with difficulty, but layers of wood twisted 
withelike at one point when covered root easily; the original of the Scupper- 
nong grape. 

Stomach records: Cardinal, boowhite; opossum. Odservations: Cardinal. 


Vitis rubra, see Vitis paimata. 


Vitis rufotomentosa Small. Redshank grape. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available August-September. 
A strong, high-climbing vine. 


Vitis rupestris Scheele. Sand grape. 
Range: 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available July—August. 

A vigorous, much-branched vine, or more commonly a low, bushy shrub: 
occasionally prostrate and trailing; succeeds in poor, caleareous and sandy 
soils; roots slender, long; almost entirely resistant to Phyllorera; more or less 
resistant to drought; resistant to cold; not resistant to anthracnose; resistant 
to other diseases and insects; easily propagated by cuttings; 80 percent of 
cuttings root; pistillate plants rarely produce fruit alone; seed germination 
rapid. 

Observations: Deer. Browsed by cattle and sheep. 


Vitis simpsonii Munson. Currant grape. 
V. cincerea floridana Munson, V. austrina Small. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available in August. 
A strong, high-climbing vine. 


Vitis slavinii, see Vitis vulpina. 


PASTE) MISC. PUBLICATION 3063, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Vitis sola Bailey. Curtiss grape. 
V. caribaca Am. auth., not DC. 
Range: 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; available August-September, persistent. 
A vigorous vine. 


Vitis sclonis, see Vitis longii. 


Vitis treleasei Munson. Gulch grape. 
Range: il. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry, available September—November. 
A vine or shrub; much branched; scarcely climbing; tendrilis deciduous the 
first year unless they find support; seeds smali; drought resistant; compara- 
tively susceptible to mildew and rot. 


Vitis virginiana, see Vitis baileyana. 


Vitis vulpina L. Riverbank grape. 
VY. beulderensis Daniels, V. riparia Michx. 
Range: 15, 16; 18, 19,215 22, 23.24, 25, 26, 27; 28, 23. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Berry; availabie June-November, persistent. 

A vigorous, moderately-branching and climbing vine; commonly occurs on 
well-drained, loose, sandy soils; grows poorly in lime or clay soil; roots long, 
thin, hard, fibrous; almost entireiy resistant to Phyllorera; very resistant to 
cola; not resistant to heat and drought; germination of seed quick and vig- 
orous; easily grown from cuttings, 85 percent of cuttings root; easily grafted; 
commonly used in Europe as grafting stock for V. vinifera; 14,500 seeds per 
pound. 

Var. syrticola Fern. and Wieg., the dune grape, commonly occurs on sand 
Gunes in region 24 and apparently withstands partial burial in sand. VW. 
slaviniti Rehd. is a supposed hybrid between Y. vulpina and V. argeniifolia, 
VY. andersonii is a supposed hybrid between V. vulpine and V. kaempferi glabres- 
cens, a Japanese species. 

Stomach records: Six species of birds, including roaffed grcuse, bobwhite, wild 
turkey, and mourning dove; composed 4.1 percent of total annual food and 
54.3 percent of total fruit food of ring-necked pheasant in Michigan; white- 
taiied deer. Observations: Ring-necked pheasant, cedar waxwing; red fox, 
skunk, white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit. 


Vitis-idaea punctata, see Vaccinium vitis-idaea. 


Vitis-idaea vitis-idaea, see Vaccinium vitis-idaea. 


Washingtonia robusta Wendl. Fan palm. 
W. jilifera robusta (Wendl.) Parish, Neowashingtonia robusta (Wendl) 
Heller. 
Range: 10. 


Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Berry. 
A large evergreen tree; occurs in alkaline soil. 


Whipplea modesta Torr. Yerba de selva. 
Range: 1, 4. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small trailing shrub; flowers April—June; prostrate branches root freely 
at the nodes. 


Whipplea utahensis, see Fendlerella utahensis. 


Wisteria frutescens (L.) Poir. American wisteria. 
W. speciosa Nutt.. Kraunhia frutescens (i.) Greene. 
Range 2-120) 222-25, -28, 29-230: 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Legume, availabie September—November. 
A vine. 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 991 


Wisteria macrostachya Torr. and Gray. Kentucky wisteria. 
Kraunhia macrostachya (Torr. and Gray) Small. 
Range: 25, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. 
Wruit: Legume; available in October, often persistent until March. 
A robust and vigorous vine; flowers May—July. 


Wisteria speciosa, see Wisteria frutescens. 
Xanthorriza apiifolia, see Xanthorriza simplicissima. 


Xanthorriza simplicissima Marsh. Yellowroct. 
X. apiifolia L’Her. 
Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A small ereeping and rooting shrub; flowers April-May; free from insects 
and diseases; may form a dense ground cover. 


Xanthoxylum gpp. 
Observations (in addition to specific records) : Extensively used by kingbird. 


Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Northern prickly-ash. 
Range: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30. 
Site: Dry (rare), well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Follicle. 
A large shrub to small tree; flowers April-May; spiny. 
Stomach records: Red-eyed vireo, bobwhite. Observations: Important food 
of pheasants in southern Michigan; cottontail rabbit; eastern chipmunk. 


Xanthoxylum clava-herculis L. Eercules-club. 
Fagara clava-herculis (.) Small. 
Range: 20; 22, 25; 28, 29; 30. 
Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle, available May—June. 
A large shrub to small tree; thorny; occurs in sandy or graveliy soils. 


Xanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. Wild lime. 
Xx. pterota H. B.K., Schinus fagara L., Fagara pterota L., F. fagara Small. 
Range: 11, 17, 82. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Follicle, available March—September. 
A large shrub to large tree; evergreen, thorny, and dioecious; shrubby west- 
ward. 
Observations: Cottontail rabbit. 


Xanthoxylum texanum, see Amyris texana. 
Xerocassia armata, see Cassia armata. 


Aolisma ferruginea (Walt.) Heller. 
Lyonia rigida Nutt. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub to small tree, or very rarely a large tree; evergreen; widely- 
branched; occurs in sandy and other soils; flowers February—April. 


Xolisma foliosifiora, see Xolisma ligustrina. 


Zolisma fruticosa (Michx.) Nash. 
Lyonia ferruginea Nutt. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large evergreen shrub. 
Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britt. Maleberry. 
Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC., Arsenococcus ligustrinus (L.) Small, Andromeda 
ligustrina Muhl. 
Range: 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A large shrub; flowers May-July. 


992 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Var. foliosifiora (Michx.) Fern., (Arsenococcus frondosus (Pursh) Small, 
Aolisma foliosifiora Small, Lyonia frondosa Pursh) is commoner southward. 
Observations: Ignored by white-tailed deer in Massachusetts. 


Xolisma lucida (Bartr.) Rehd. Fetter bush. 
Lyonia nitida (Bartr.) Fern., Pieris nitida Benth. and Hook., Desmothamnus 
lucidus (Lam.) Small, Neopieris nitida (Bartr.) Britt. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large evergreen shrub; fiowers April—May. 


Xolisma mariana (L.) Rehd. Staggerbush. 
Lyonia mariana (L.) Don., Neopieris mariana (L.) Britt., Pieris mariana 
(L.) Benth. and Hook. 
Range: 20, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, moist. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small shrub; flowers May—July; occurs in sandy soil. Foliage said to be 
poisonous to lambs and calves. 


Xylococeus bicolor, see Arctostaphylos bicolor. 
Xylosteon ciliatum, see Lonicera canadensis. 
Xylosteon conjugiale, see Lonicera conjugialis. 
Xylosteon involucrata, see Lonicera involucrata. 
Xylosteon utahensis, see Lonicera utahensis. 
Xylosteon villosum, see Lonicera viilosa. 
Xylosteon oblongifolia, see Lonicera obiongifolia. 
Xylothermia montana, see Pickeringia montana. 


Yucca spp. (pl. 44). 

Generally slow-growing, simple-stemmed, treelike species often with very 
long roots; commonly occur in dry, sterile soils; stems commonly grow to 
keep pace with shifting sands; trunks occasionally used in construction; pol- 
lination rarely occurs unless a small white moth gathers the pollen and pushes 
it into the stigmatic tube, the larvae feeding exclusively on maturing seeds 
of the plant. Propagation is by seed, offsets, stems, or rhizome cuttings. 

Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Band-tailed pigeon; wild 
turkey. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Bacecate fruit commonly 
eaten by birds and mammals; jack rabbit, rusty antelope squirrel, gray-tailed 
antelope squirrel, black-backed rock squirrel, mexican mule deer. Nearly all 
species are eaten by livestock if the tender parts are within reach. Some 
are of importance as honey plants. 


Zanthoxylum, see Xanthoxrylum. 


Zenobia cassinefolia (Vent.) Poll. 
Andromeda cassinefolia Vent. 
Range: 29, 30. 
Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub. 


Zenobia pulverulenta (Partr.) Poll. Zenobia. 
Andromeda pulwerulenta Bartr. 
Range: 29, 30. 


Site: Well-drained, sun, shade. 
Fruit: Capsule. 
A small to large shrub; occurs on sandy and other soils. 


Zizyphus lycioides, see Condalia lycioides. 
Zizyphus obtusifolia, see Condalia obtusifolia. 
Zizyphus parryi, see Condalia parryi. 

Zygia brevifolia, see Pithecolobium brevifolium. 
Zygia flexicaulis, see Pithecoiobium flericaule. 


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NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 293 


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NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 297 


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1914. A DETERMINATION OF THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE WESTERN 
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298 


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1881. ANNOTATED LIST OF THE BIRDS OF NEVADA. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. 
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1918. BIRDS AND MULBERRIES. Auk 35: 359-360. 
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1936. RESTORATION OF ROADSIDE COVER BY THE Cc. c. c. Wilson Bull. 48: 
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1921. A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA. U. 8. Dept. Agr. North Amer. 
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1928. BIRDS OF ALABAMA. Ed. 2, 384 pp., illus. Birmingham, Ala. 

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1932. FLORIDA BIRD LIFE. 579 pp., illus. New York. 

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1897. A FLORA OF NORTHWEST AMERICA... 792 pp. Portland, Oreg. 
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19383. PLANTING LISTS FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, A HANDBOOK OF ORWNA- 

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1915. TESTING GRAPE VARIETIES IN THE VINIFERA REGIONS OF THE UNITED 
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1930. A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE FERNS AND SEEDS PLANTS OF OKLAHOMA. 
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1937. EASTERN RED CEDAR. Jour. Forestry 35; 865-867. 
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1935. THE WASHINGTON SPECIES AND VARIETIES oF ROSA. Madrofio 38: 
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1934. WHAT DECIDUOUS SHRUBS WILL ENDURE SHADE? Morton Arboretum 

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1931. PLANTS NEW TO ARIZONA. (AN ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES ADDED TO 
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1937. INGENHOUZIA AND THURBERTA. Amer. Jour. Bot. 24: 298-300. 

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1936. EROSION CONTROL ON MOUNTAIN ROADS. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Cir. 380, 
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1933. GAME MANAGEMENT. 481 pp., illus. New York and London. 
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1932. THE TREES OF INDIANA IN THE LOCAL AND GENERAL DISTRIBUTION 
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1936. CALIFORNIA QUAIL FEEDING UPON ACORNS. Condor 38: 126. 
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1916. DISCOVERY OF PRUNUS CUNEATA IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSHY. Rhodora 

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1927, TREES AND SHRUBS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION, WITH KEYS AND 
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1921. PLANTS OF MISSISSIPPI; A LIST OF FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS. 
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1936. MAMMALS OF INDIANA, Amer. Midland Nat. 17: 1-384, illus. 
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1920. FOOD HABITS OF SEVEN SPECIES OF AMERICAN SHOAL-WATER DUCKS. 

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1935. AN ILLUSTRATED MANUAL OF PACIFIC COAST TREES. 409 pp., illus. 
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1888. THE EARTH AS MODIFIED BY HUMAN ACTION. 629 pp. New York. 
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1935. QUAIL-FOOD PLANTS OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. U. S. Dept. Agr. 
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1915. THE LIFE HISTORY OF LODGEPCLE PINE IN THE FOCKY MOUNTAINS. 
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MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


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NATIVH WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 319 


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LIST OF COMMON NAMES OF WOODY PLANTS 


Acacia, (Albizzia julibrissin). Albaricoque (Prunus texana). 
Dwarf (Robinia nana). Alberta spruce (Picea albertiana). 
False- (Robinia pseudoacacia). Alder, 

Fernleaf (Acacia angustissima). Black (Ilex verticillata). 


Green-barked (Cercidium floridum 


Lemmon (Acacia lemmonii). 
Mesceat (Acacia constricia). 


California (Alnus rhombifolia). 
HKuropean black (Alnus glutinosa). 
Green (Alnus crispa). 

Hazel (Alnus rugosa). 


Cercidium torreya- 
num). 


Netvein (Acacia reticulata). Hoary (Alnus incana). 

Prairie (Acacia angustissima). Lanceleaf (Alnus oblongifolia). 

Rose- (Robinia hispida). Mexican (Alnus oblongifolia). 

Sweet (Acacia farnesiana). Mountain (Alnus crispa, 
Acequia willow (Salix exigua). Alnus rhombifolia, 
Adelia (Forestiera acwminata). Alnus sinuata, 
Adobe-land grape (Vitis champinii). Alnus tenuifolia). 
Agarita (Berberis trifoliolata). Northern (Alnus sinuata). 
Agrito (Berberis trifoliolata). Oregon (Alnus rubra). 
Ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima). Paperleaf (Alnus tenuifolia). 
Alabama, Red (Alnus rubra). 


azalea (Rhododendron alabamense). 
cherry (Prunus alabamensis). 
chinquapin (Castanea alabamensis). 
croton (Croton alabamensis). 
ninebark (Physocarpus alabamensis). 


Alaska, 


cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). 
cypress (Chamaecyparis nootkaten- 
Sis). 


Russet (Alnus crispa). 
Seaside (Alnus maritima). 
Sitka (Alnus sinuata). 
Smooth (Alnus rugosa). 
Speckled (Alnus incana). 
Tag (Alnus tenuifolia). 
Thinleaf (Alnus sinuata, 
Alnus tenuifolia). 
Western (Alnus rubra). 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS 


Alder—Continued. 
White (Alnus rhombifolia, 
Clethra acuminata, 
Clethra alnifolia). 
Alder buckthorn (Rhamnus carolini- 
and). 
Alderleaf mountain-mahogany (Cerco- 
carpus alnifolius). 
Alder-leaved buckthorn (Rhamnus al- 
nifolia). 
Algaroba (Prosopis glandulosa). 
Algerita (Berberis haematocarpa). 
Allegheny, 
barberry (Berberis canadensis). 
mountain-spurge (Pachysandra pro- 
cumbens). 
plum (Prunus allegheniensis). 
Alligator, 
juniper (Juniperus pachyphloea). 
wood (Liquidambar styraciflua). 
Allseale (Atriplex polycarpa). 
Allthorn (Koeberlinia spinosa). 
Almond, Texas (Prunus minutifiora). 
Alpine, 
fir (Abies lasiocarpa). 
gooseberry (Rives lepthanthum). 
larch (laria lyallii). 
mountain-ash (Sorbus occidentalis). 
Ambrosia bur-sage (Franseria, ambro- 
sioides). 
American, 
arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis). 
aspen (Populus tremuloides). 
barberry (Berberis canadensis). 
bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia). 
chestnut (Castanea dentata). 
china-root (Smilax pseudo-china). 
crab apple (Malus coronaria). 
cranberry-bush (Virburnum 
bum). 
dogberry (Cornus stolonifera). 
elder (Sambucus canadensis). 
elm (Ulmus americana). 
fly honeysuckle (Lonicera, canaden- 
Sis). 
hazelnut (Corylus americana). 
holly (Jlex opaca). 
ivy (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). 
larch (Lariz laricina). 
linden (Tilia glabra). 
mountain-ash (Sorbus americana). 
olive (Osmanthus americana). 
red currant (Ribes triste). 
snowbell (Styrax americana). 
storax (Styrax americana). 
trixis (Trizis californica). 
wisteria (Wisteria frutescens). 
Anacahuita (Cordia boissieri). 
Anacua (Hhretia anacua). 


trilo- 


Anderson, 
desert-thorn (Lycium andersonii). 
manzanita (Arciostaphylos ander- 
sont). 


Angelica tree (Aralia spinosa). 
Anise, purple (Illicium floridanum). 


OF THE UNITED STATHS 323 


Antelope-brush (Purshia glandulosa, 
Purshia tridentata). 
Apache, 
pine (Pinus apacheca). 
plume (Fallugia paradoza). 
Appalachian cherry (Prunus pumila, 
Prunus susque- 
hanae). 
Apple, 
Squaw (Peraphyllum ramosissimum). 
Wild (Peraphyllum ramosissimum). 
Arborvitae (Thuja, occidentalis, 
Thuja plicata). 
American (Thuja occidentalis). 
Arizona, 
ash (Frazinus velutina). 
buckthorn (Bumelia lanuginosa). 
cottonwood (Populus arizonica). 
cypress (Cupressus arizonica). 
fir (Abies arizonica). 
grape (Vitis arizonica). 
honeysuckle (Lonicera arizonica). 
madrone (Arbutus arizonica). 
mesquite (Prosopis chilensis). 
mountain-mahogany (Cerococarpus 
arizonicus). 
pine (Pinus arizonica). 
sycamore (Platanus wrightii). 
walnut (Juglans major). 
white oak (Quercus arizonica). 
wild cotton (Thurberia triloba). 
Arrowwood (Pluchea sericea, 
Viburnum acerifolium, 
Viburnum dentatum). 
Mapleleaf (Viburnum acerifolium). 
Rough (Viburnum scabrellum). 
Soft (Viburnum molle). 
Soft-leaved (Viburnum molle). 
Veiny (Viburnum venosum). 
Arroyo, 
grape (Vitis vulpina). 
willow (Salig lasiolepis). 


Ash, 
Alpine mountain (Sorbus _ occiden- 
talis). 
American mountain (Sorbus ameri- 
cana). 


Arizona (Fragvinus velutina). 

Biltmore white (fMrazinus bilimore- 
ana). 

Black (Fravinus nigra). 

Blue (Fravinus quudrangulata). 

Brown (Fravinus nigra). 

Carolina (Fravinus caroliniana). 

Desert (Frazvinus velutina). 

Dwarf (Frazinus anomala). 

Huropean mountain (Sorbus aucu- 
paria). 

Flowering (Frazinus cuspidata, 

Fraxinus dipetala). 

Foothill (FPraxinus dipetala). 

Fragrant (Frazinus cuspidata). 

Greene mountain (Sorbus scovu- 
lina). 

Hoop (frazinus nigra) 


324 


Ash—Continued. 
Leatherleaf (Fragvinus velutina). 
Littleleaf (Fravinus greggii). 
Mexican (Fravinus berlandieriana). 
Mountain (Frazvinus texensis, 
Sorbus americana). 
Oregon (Fravinus oregona). 
Pacific mountain (Sorbus sitchen- 
Sis). 
Prickley (Xanthoxrylum spp.). 
Pumpkin (Fragvinus profunda). 
Red (Fravinus pennsylwanica). 
Swamp (Frazvinus caroliniana). 
Texas (Frazinus terensis). 
Thorny (Aralia spinosa). 
Velvet (Fragvinus velutina). 
Water (Frazinus caroliniana, 
Frazinus paucifiora). 
Western mountain (Sorbus sitchen- 
Sis). 
White (Fragvinus americana). 
Yellow (Cladrastis lutea). 
Ashe magnolia (Magnolia ashei). 
Ashes (Frazinus spp.) 
Ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo). 
Ashy, 
grape (Vitis cinerea). 
hydrangea (Hydrangea cinerea). 
Asimina, Low (Asimina pygmaea). 
Aspen (Populus tremuloides). 
American (Populus tremuloides). 
Largetooth (Populus grandiden- 
tata). 
Quaking (Populus tremuloides). 
Trembling (Populus tremuloides). 
Autumn, 
sage (Salvia greggii). 
willow (Saliz serissima). 


Azalea, 
Alabama (Rhododendron ala- 
bamense). 
California (Rhododendron occiden- 
tale). 


Early (Rhododendron canescens). 

False (Rhododendron albifiorum). 

Flame (Rhododendron  calendula- 
ceum). 

Hoary (Rhododendron canescens). 

Pinkshell (Rhododendron vaseyi). 

Purple (Rhododendron nudifiorum). 

Smooth (Rhododendron  arbores- 
cens). 

Swamp (Rhododendron viscosum). 

Sweet (Rhododendron arborescens). 

Western (Rhododendron  occiden- 
tale). 

White (Rhododendron viscosum). 

White-flowered (Khododendron albi- 
florum). 

Yellow (Rhododendron 
ceum). 

Bailey, 

eornel (Cornus baileyi). 

grape (Vitis baileyana). 

hop-hornbeam (Ostrya baileyi). 

osier (Cornus baileyi). 

Baldcypress (Tagvodium distichum). 


calendula- 


MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. 


S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Balloon bush, California 
bolanderi). 
Balm-of-gilead (Populus balsamifera). 
fir (Abies balsamea). 
Balsam, (Abies balsamea, 
Abies concolor, 
Abies fraseri, 
Abies lasiocarpa). 
Single spruce (Abies balsamea). 
Balsam, 
cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). 
fir (Adies balsamea, 
Abies concolor). 
poplar (Populus balsamifera). 
willow (Saliz balsamifera). 
Bamboo, (Smilax bona-noz). 
Red-berry (Smilax walteri). 
Wild (Smilaw auriculaia). 
Bamboo vine (Smilax laurifolia). 
Banks pine (Pinus banksiana). 
Barbados cherry (Malpighia glabra). 
Barberry, 
Allegheny (Berberis canadensis). 
American (Berberis canadensis). 
California (Berberis californicum, 
Berberis pinnata). 
Cliff (Berberis canadensis). 
Common (Berteris vulgaris). 
Creeping (Berberis repens). 
Desert (Berberis fremontii). 
Dwarf (Berberis pumila). 
European (Berberis vulgaris). 
Fendler (Berberis fendleri). 
Fremont (Berberis fremontit). 
Thunberg (Berberis thunbergii). 
Barclay willow (Saliz barelayi). 
Baretta (Helietta parvifolia). 
Barranca bush (Ceanothus verrucosus). 
Barren oak (Quercus ilicifolia. 
Quercus marilandica). 


(Staphylea 


Bartram serviceberry (Amelanchier 
bartramiana). 

Basin sagebrush (Artemisia itriden- 
tata) 

Basket, 


oak (Quercus durandii, 
Quercus prinus). 
willow (Salix purpurea). 
Basswood, (Tilia spp.) 
White (Tilia heterophylla). 
Bastard, 
cedar (Libocedrus decurrens). 
oak (Quercus coccinea, 
Quercus durandii). 
Bay, 
Lapland rose (Rhododendron 
ponicum). 
Loblolly (Gordonia lasianthus). 
Mountain rose (Rhododendron 
catawbiense). 
Poison (Illicium floridanum). 
Red (Gordonia lasianthus, 
(Persea borbonia). 
Silkk (Persea humilis). 
Smooth red (Persea borbonia). 
Swamp (Persea pubescens). 
Swamp red (Persea pubescens). 


lap- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Bay—Continued. 

Sweet (Persea borbonia). 

Tan (Gordonia lasianthus). 
Bay, 

laurel (Umbellularia californica). 

tree (Umbellularia californica). 
Bayberry (Myrica carolinensis). 
Beach, 

heather (Hudsonia tomentosa). 

plum (Prunus maritima). 
Beadtree (Melia azedarach). 
Beaked, 

hazelnut (Corylus rostrata). 

willow (Salix bebbiana). 
Bean, 

Coral (Sophora affinis). 

Evergreen coral (Sophora secundi- 

jiora). 

Meseal (Sophora secundifiora). 

Bear 
brush (Garrya fremontii). 
huckleberry (Gaylussacia, ursina). 
oak (Quercus ilicifolia, 
Quercus sadlerina). 
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi). 
holly (llex decidua). 

honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata). 

willow (Saliv uva-ursi). 
Bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosa). 
Beaver tree (Magnolia virginiana). 
Beaverwood (Celtis occidentalis). 
Bebb willow (Salix bebbiana). 
Bee-sage (Hyptis emoryi). 

White (Salvia apiana). 

Beech (Fagus grandifolia). 

Blue (Carpinus caroliniana). 

Water (Carpinus caroliniana). 
Bell-rue (Clematis verticillaris). 
Belltree (Halesia carolina). 

Benjamin bush (Benzoin aestivale). 
Bennie bush (Ceanothus papillosus). 
Bessey cherry (Prunus besseyi). 
Big 

buckeye (Aesculus octandra). 

laurel (Magnolia grandiflora). 

sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). 
saltbush (Atriplex lentiformis). 
shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa). 
summer grape (Vitis lincecumii). 
whortleberry (Vaccinium membra- 
naceum). 

Bigberry juniper (Juniperus megalo- 
carpa). 

Bigbud hickory (Carya alba). 

Bigcone 

pine (Pinus coulteri). 

spruce (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa). 
Bigelow sagebrush (Artemisia bigelo- 

vii). 

Bigleaf 

magnolia (Magnolia macrophylla). 

maple (Acer macrophyllum). 

mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus 
traskiae). 

shagbark hickory (Carya laciniosa). 
Bigpod ceanothus (Ceanothus macro- 

carpus). 


320 


Bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum). 
Bigtree (Sequoia washingtoniana). 
plum (Prunus mexicana). 
Bilberry, 
Bog (Vaccinium uliginosum). 
Dwarf (Vaccinium caespitosum). 
Red (Vaccinium parvifolium). 
Tall (Vaccinium ovalifolium). 
Biltmore white ash (Frazinus biltmo- 
reana). 
Birch, 
Black (Betula fontinalis, 
Betula lenta, 
Betula nigra). 
Blue (Betula nigra). 
Blueleaf (Betula coerulea). 
Bog (Betula glandulosa). 
Canoe (Betula papyrifera). 
Cherry (Betula lenta). 
Dwarf (Betula glandulosa). 
Gray (Betula lutea, 
Betula populifolia). 
Low (Betula pumila). 
Mountain (Betula fontinalis). 
Old field (Betula populifolia). 
Paper (Betula papyrifera, 
Betula populifolia). 
Poverty (Betula populifolia). 
Red (Betula fontinalis, 
Betula nigra). 
River (Betula nigra). 
Scrub (Betula glandulosa). 
Silver (Betula lutea). 
Swamp (Betula fontinalis, 
Betula pumila). 
Sweet (Betula lenta). 
Water (Betula fontinalis, 
Betula nigra). 
Western paper (Betula papyrifera). 
White (Betula papyrifera, 
Betula populifolia). 
Yellow (Betula lutea). 
Birchleaf, 
buckthorn (Rhamnus betulaefolia). 
mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus). 
mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus 
betuloides). 
Bird cherry (Osmaronia cerasiformis, 
Prunus avium, 
“Prunus pennsylwanica). 
Bishop pine (Pinus muricata). 
Bitter 
buffaloberry (Shepherdia canaden- 
SiS). 
cherry (Prunus emarginata). 
gooseberry (Ribes amarum). 
nightshade (Solanum dulcamara). 
orange (Citrus trifoliata). 
pecan (Carya aquatica, 
Carya cordiformis, 
Carya texana). 
Bitter-bark (Rhamnus purshiana). 
Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata). 
Bitterbush (Cowania stansburiana). 
Bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis, 
Carya glabra). 


326 


Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara). 
Climbing (Celastrus scandens). 
False (Celastrus scandens). 

Black, 
alder (Ilex verticillata). 
ash (Fravinus nigra). 
birch (Betula fontinalis, 

Betula lenta, 

Betula nigra). 
blueberry (Vaccinium atrococcum). 
cherry (Prunus serotina). 
cherry, southwestern (Prunus 


virens). 
chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa). 
chokeberry, western (Prunus de- 
Missa). 


cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). 
currant (Ribes americanum). 
cypress (Laxodium distichum). 
elder (Sambucus melanocarpa). 
gum (Nyssa sylwatica). 
gum, highland (Nyssa sylwatica). 
gum, southern (Nyssa bijfiora). 
gum, swamp (Nyssa biflora). 
haw, southern (Viburnum rufidu- 
lum). 
hickory (Carya alba, 
Carya glabra). 
highbush blueberry (Vaccinium atro- 
coccum). 
huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata). 
laurel (Gordonia lasianthus, 
Leucothoé davisiae). 
tocust (Gleditsia triacanthos, 
Robinia pseudoacacia). 
maple (Acer saccharum). 
mulberry (Morus nigra). 
cak (Quercus coccinea, 
Quercus emoryi. 
Quercus velutina). 
persimmon (Diospyros texana). 
pine (Pinus serotina, 
Pinus taeda). 
sage (Artemisia arbuscula, 
Salvia mellifera). 
scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia). 
sloe (Prunus umbellata). 
spruce (Picea mariana). 
sugar maple (Acer nigrum). 
titi (Cliftonia monophylta, 
Cyrilla racemiflora). 
walnut (Juglans nigra). 
walnut, California (Juglans hindsii). 
walnut, Southern California (Juwg- 
lans californica). 
western chokecherry (Prunus de- 
missa). 
willow (Salix nigra). 
willow, western (Sali# lasiandra). 
Blackbead elder (Sambucus melano- 
carpa). 
Blackberries (Rubus spp.). 
Blackbruch (Acacia amentacea). 
(Coleogyne ramosissima, 
Flourensia cernua). 
Blackbush (Coleogyne ramosissima). 


MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Blackhaw (Bumelia lanuginosa, 
Bumelia tenaz, 
Viburnum prunifolium). 
Rusty (Viburnum rufidulum). 
Blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica). 
Blackthorn (Viburnum lentago). 
Bladder, 
bush (Salazaria mezicana). 
sage (Salazaria mexicana). 
Bladdernut, 
American (Staphylea trifolia). 
California (Staphylea bolanderi). 
Sierra (Staphylea bolanderi). 
Bladderpod (Isomeris arborea). 
Blaspheme-vine (Smilax laurifolia). 
Blood currant (Rites sanguineum). 


Bloomer goldenbush (Aplopappus 
bloomeri). 
Blue, 


agarita (Berberis swaseyi). 

ash (Fravinus quadrangulaia). 

beech (Carpinus caroliniana). 

birch (Betula nigra). 

blossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). 

cornel (Cornus alternifolia). 

dogwood (Cornus alternifolia). 

elder (Sambucus coerulea). 

fly-honeysuckle (Lonicera villosa). 

jasmine (Clematis crispa). 

myrtle (Ceanothus thyrsijflorus). 

oak (Quercus douglasii). 

palmetto (Rhapidophyllum hystriz). 

poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). 

sage, shrubby (Salvia ballotaefiora). 

spruce (Picea pungens). 

tangle (Gaylussacia frondosa). 

whortleberry (Vaccinium 
folium). 

willow (Salix swbcoerulea). 

Biueback willow (Saliz glaucops). 
Blueberry, 

Black (Vaccinium atrococcum). 

Black highbush (Vaccinium atro- 
coccum). 

Bog (Vaccinium uliginosum). 

Box (Vaccinium ovatum). 

Canada (Vaccinium canadense). 

Common (Vaccinium corymbosum). 

Creeping (Vaccinium crassifolium). 

Downy swamp (Vaccinium atro4 
coccum). 

Dryland (Vaccinium vacillans). 

Dwarf (Vaccinium angustifolium). 

Elliott (Vaccinium elliottii). 

Hivergreen (Vaccinium myrsinites). 

Highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum). 

Low (Vaccinium vacillans). 

Low sweet (Vaccinium angustifo- 
lium). 

Lowbush (Vaccinium angustifoliuiz). 

Rabbiteye (Vaccinium virgatum). 

Sour-top (Vaccinium canadense). 

Sugar (Vaccinium angustifolium). 

Swamp (Vaccinium corymbosum). 

Velvetleaf (Vaccinium canadense). 


ovalt- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATHS 


Blueberry—Continued. 
Western (Vaccinium occidentale). 
Western bog (Vaccinium occiden- 
tale). 
Blueberry elder (Sambucus caerulea). 
Blueblossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). 
Bluebrush (Ceanothus integerrimus, 
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). 
Bluecurls (Trichostema arizonicum) . 
Bluejack oak (Quercus cinerea). 
Blueleaf, 
birch (Betula coerulea). 
grape (Vitis argentifolia). 
willow (Salia glaucophylia). 
Bluestem willow (Sdali# irrorata). 
Bluewood (Condalia obovata). 
Mexican (Condalia meavicana). 
Bog, 
bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum). 
birch (Betula glandulosa). 
blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum). 
rosemary (Andromeda polifolia). 
rosemary, downy (Andromeda glau- 
cophylla). 
spruce (Picea mariana). 
wortleberry (Vaccinium uliginesum). 
willow (Salix pedicellaris). 
Bois 
@are (Maclura pomifera). 
inconnu (Celtis mississippiensis) . 
Bottlebrush buckeye (Aesculus parvi- 


flora). 
Bottom hickory (Carya carolinde-sep- 
tenirionalis). 
Box 
blueberry (Vaccinium ovatum). 
huckleberry (Gaylussacia brachy- 
cera). 
sandmyrtle (Leiophyllum buri- 
folium). 


thorn (Lycium halimifolium). 
thorn, California (Lycium catiforni- 
cum). 

white oak (Quercus stellata). 
Boxelder (Acer negundo). 
Boxwood (Cornus fiorida). 

false (Gyminda latifolia). 
Boynton oak (Quercus boyntonii). 
Brasil (Condalia obovata). 
Bray oak (Quercus bray). 
Brewer 

oak (Quercus garryana). 

saltbush (Atriplex breweri). 

spruce (Picea breweriuna). 

willow (Salix breweri). 
Brickellbush, 

Desert (Brickeilia desertorum). 

Littleleaf (Brickellia microphylla). 

Rigid (Brickellia frutescens). 
Bristlecone, 

fir (Abies venusta). 

pine (Pinus aristanta). 
Bristly. 

greenbrier (Smilax auriculata, 

Smilax hispida). 
locust (Robinia hispida). 


327 


Broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). 

Broadscale broom (Lepidospartum la- 
tisquamum). 

Brook feather (Xanthorriza simplicis- 
sima). 

Broom, 

Broadscale 

quamum). 

Seoteh (Cytisus scoparius). 

Broom, 

brush (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus). 

crowberry (Corema conradii). 

hickory (Carya glabra). 
Brown, 

ash (fFravinus nigra). 

crowberry (Corema conradii). 

dogwood (Cornus glabrata). 

Brown’s hickory (Carya pecan). 
Brush, 

Black (Acacia amentacea). 

Blue (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus). 

Buck (Ceanothus cuneatus, 
Ceanothus sanguineus). 

Coyote (Baccharis pilularis). 

Deer (Ceanothus crassifolius, 
Ceanothus fendleri, 
Ceanothus integerrimus, 
Ceanothus leucodermis, 
Ceanothus tomentosus). 

Douglas rabbit (Chrysothamnus vis- 

cidiflorius). 

Javelin (Microrhamnus ericoides). 

Jim (Ceanothus sorediatus). 

Musk (Ceanothus jepsonit). 

Red (Lippia berlandieri). 

Rosin (Baccharis sarothroides). 

Rubber rabbit (Chrysothamnus nau- 

Se€OSUs). 

Snow (Ceanothus cordulatus, 
Ceanothus velutinus). 

Tobacco (Ceanothus velutinus). 

Varnish (Ceanothus velutinus). 

White (Lippia ligustrina). 

Bubby-blossoms (Calycanthus floridus). 
Buck, 
oak (Quercus coccinea). 
vine (Brunnichia cirrhosa). 
Buckberry (Gaylussacia ursina). 
Buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus, 
Ceanothus fendleri, 
Ceanothus sanguwineus, 
Symphoricarpos  orbicula- 
tus). 


(Lepidosparium _ latis- 


Buckeye, 

Big (Aesculus octandra). 

Bottlebrush (Aesculus parviflora). 

California (Aesculus californica). 

Fetid (Aesculus glabra). 

Georgia (Aesculus neglecta). 

Large (Aesculus octandra). 

Mexican (Ungnadia speciosa). 

New Mexico (Ungnadia speciosa). 

Ohio (Aesculus glabra). 

Red (Aesculus pavia). 

Searlet (Aesculus discolor, 
Aesculus pavia). 


328 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Buckeye—Continued. 
Shrubby (Aesculus glabra). 
Spanish (Ungnadia speciosa). 
Sweet (Aesculus octandra). 
Western (Aesculus glabra). 
Woolly (Aesculus discolor). 
Yellow (Aesculus octandra). 
Buckthorn (Bumelia cassinifolia, 
Rhamnus smithii, 
Sageretia minutaeflora). 
Alder (Rhamnus caroliniana). 
Alder-leaved, (Rhamnus alnifolia). 
Arizona (Bumelia lanuginosa). 
Birchleaf (Rhamnus betulaeefolia). 
California (Rhamnus californica). 
Carolina (Bumelia lycioides, 
Rhamnus caroliniana). 
Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana). 
Dwarf (Rhamnus alnifolia). 
False (Bumelia lanuginosa). 
Hollyleaf (Rhammnus crocea). 
Lance-leaved (Rhammnus lanceolata). 
Mountain (Bumelia monticola). 
Narrow-leaved (Rhamnus_ lanceo- 
lata). 
Redstem (Rhamnus rubra). 
Smith (Rhamnus smithii). 
Southern (Bumelia lycioides). 
Tough (Bumelia tenaz). 
Woolly (Bumelia lanuginosa). 
Yellow (Rhamnus caroliniana). 
Buckthorn bumelia (Bumelia lycioi- 


des). 
Buckwheat, California (Friegonum 
fasciculatum). 


Buckwheat vine (Brunnichia cirrhosa). 
Buckwheatbrush, 
Slender (Hriogonum microthecum). 
Wright’s (Hriogonum wrightii). 
Bud sagebrush (Artemisia spinescens). 
Budbrush (Artemisia spinescens). 
Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea). 
Bitter (Shepherdia canadensis). 
Canadian (Shepherdia canadensis). 
Russet (Shepherdia canadensis). 
Sour (Shepherdia argentea). 
Buffalo currant (Ribes odoratum). 
Bull, 
bay (Magnolia grandiflora). 
grape (Vitis rotundifolia). 
pine (Pinus ponderosa). 
Bullace, 
grape (Vitis rotundifolia). 
plum (Prunus umbellata). 
Bullbrier (Smilax bona-noz). 
Bullet grape (Vitis rotundifolia). 
Bullnut hickory (Carya alba). 


Bumelia, buckthorn (Bumelia  lyci- 
oides). 

Bunehberry elder (Sambucus micro- 
botrys). 


Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa). 
Bur, sand (Franseria dumosa). 
Burningbush (Hvonymus atropurpu- 
reus). 
Western (Hvonymus occidentalis). 


‘Burrobrush (Hymenoclea monogyra). 


White (Hymenoclea salsola). 
Burro-fat (Jsomeris arborea). 
Burro-weed (Allenrolfea occidentalis, 

Franseria dumosa). 
Bur-sage, 

Ambrosia (Franseria ambrosioides). 

Hollyleaf (franseria ilicifolia). 

White (Franserta dumosa). 

Woolly (Franseria eriocentra). 
Bush, 

Barranca (Ceanothus verrucosus). 

Benjamin (Benzoin aestivale). 

Bennie (Ceanothus papillosus). 

Buttonball (Cephalanthus ccciden- 

talis). 

Cattle (Ceanothus parvifolius). 

Creosote (Covillea tridentata). 

Cuyamaca (Ceanothus palmeri). 

Explorers (Ceanothus oliganthus). 

Fern (Chamaebatia foliolosa, 

Chamaebatiaria millefolium). 

Fetter (Xolisma lucida). 

Fever (Benzoin aestivale). 

Iodine (Allenrolfea occidentalis). 

Ione (Ceanothus tomentosus). 

Pine (Aplopappus pinifolius). 

Quinine (Cowania stansburiane). 

Ramona (Ceanothus tomentosus). 

Stagger (Xolisma mariana). 

Tansy (Chamaebatiaria milefolium). 

Tar (Chameaebatia foliolesa). 

Bush, 


beardtoungue (Pentstemon  lem- 
monii.) 

chinquapin (Castanepsis semper- 
virens). 


cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa). 

grape (Vitis longii). 

honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera). 

monkey flower (Mimulus aurantia- 
cus). 

paint-brush (Castilleja hololewca). 

poppy (Dendromecon rigida). 

wintergreen (Gaultheria ovatifolia). 


Bushmallow (Malvastrum  fascicula- 
tum). 

San Gabriel (Malvasirum gabdrie- 
lense). 


Bushmint, Emory (Hyptis emoryi). 
Bushy samphire (Allenrolfea occiden- 
talis). 
Butternut (Juglans cinerea). 
Button, 
alder (Fothergilla major). 
hazel (Fothergilla major). 
Buttonball (Platanus occidentalis). 
bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). 
tree (Platanus occidentalis). 
Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis). 
Cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto). 
Cabradora (Lippia ligustrina). 
Cachanilla (Pluchea sericea). 
Caleaire grape (Vitis champinii). 
Calico-bush (Kalmia latifolia). 
Calico-wood (Halesia carolina), 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


California, 
alder (Alnus rhombifolia). 
azalea (Rhodendron occidentale). 
balloon bush (Staphylea bolanderi). 
barberry (Berberis californicum, 
Berberis pinnata). 
bayberry (JJyrica californica). 
black currant (Ribes malvaceum). 
black oak (Quercus kellogii). 
black walnut (Juglans californica, 
Juglans hindsit). 
bladdernut (Staphylea bolandert). 
blue oak (Quercus douglasii). 
box thorn (Lycium californicum). 
buckeye (Aesculus californica). 
buckthorn (Rhamnus californica). 
buckwheat (Hriogonum  fascicula- 
tum). 
chestnut (Castanopsis chrysophylla). 
chinquapin (Castanopsis sempervir- 
ens). 
coffee berry (Rhamnus californica). 
desert-thorn (Lycium californicum). 
dutchman’s pipe-vine (Aristolochia 
californica). 
fremontia (Fremontia californica). 
grape (Vitis californica). 
greenbrier (Smilax. californica). 
hardtack (Cercocarpus betuloides). 
hazelnut (Corylus californica). 
holly (Photinia arbutifelia). 
holilygrape (Berberis californicum). 
hoptree (Ptelea baldwinit). 
huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum). 
indigobush (Amorpha californica). 
jointfir (Hphedra californica). 
juniper (Juniperus californica). 
laurel (Umbellularia californica). 
lilac (Ceanothus integerrimus, 
Ceanothus thyrsifiorus). 
live oak (Quercus agrifolia). 
mahogany (Rhus integrifolia). 
nutmeg (T'umion californicum). 
redbud (Cercis occidentalis). 
red fir (Abies magnifica). 
redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). 
rose bay (Rhododendron californi- 
cum). 
sagebrush (Artemisia californica). 
scrub oak (Quercus dumosa). 
slippery elm (Fremontia californica). 
spicebush (Calycanthus occidentalis). 
sweetshrub (Calycanthus  occiden- 
talis). 
sycamore (Platanus racemosa). 
tanbark oak (Quercus densiflora). 
treemallow (Lavatera assurgenti- 
folia). 
walnut (Juglans californica). 
white oak (Quercus lobata). 
wild grape (Vitis californica). 
yerba santa (Hriodictyon califor- 
nicum). 
Camellia, 
Mountain (Stuartia pentagyna). 
Silky (Stuartia malachodendron). 


329 


Camelthorn (Alhagi camelorum). 
Canada, 

hemlock (7'suga canadensis). 

plum (Prunus nigra). 

serviceberry (Amelanchier canaden- 

Sis). 

yew (Taavus brevifolia). 
Canadian  buffaloberry 

canadensis ). 

Canatilla (Hphedra antisyphilitica). 
Candleberry, (Myrica carolinensis, 
Myrica cerifera). 

Dwarf (Myrica pumila). 

Swamp (Myrica carolinensis). 
Candlewood (Fouquieria splendens). 
Can-hoop (llex laevigata). 

Canoe, 

birch (Betula papyrifera). 

cedar (Thuja plicata). 

Canyatilla (Hphedra trifurca). 
Canyon, 

gooseberry (Ribes menziesii). 

grape (Vitis arizonica). 

live oak (Quercus chrysolepis, 

Quercus wislizenii). 

tassel bush (Garrya veatchii). 
Capillaire (Chiogenes hispidula). 
Capul (Schaefferia cuneifolia, 

Celtis pallida). 

negro (Condalia obovata). 
Carolina, 

allspice (Calycanthus floridus). 

ash (Fragvinus caroliniana). 

buckthorn (Bumelia lycioides, 

Rhamnus caroliniana). 
cherry (Prunus caroliniana). 
cherry-laurel (Prunus caroliniana). 
hemlock (T'suga caroliniana). 
moonseed (Cebatha carolina). 
rhododendron (Rhododendron caro- 
linianum). 
Carribean pine (Pinus caribaea). 
Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana). 
Cascara buckthorn (Rhamnus purshi- 
ana). 
Cassandra (Chamaedaphne calyculata) . 
Cassena (Ilex vomitoria). 
Cassie (Acacia farnesiana). 
Cassioberry bush (Ilex vomitoria). 
Castor-bean (Ricinus communis). 
Cat, 
grape (Vitis palmata). 
spruce (Picea canadensis). 
Catalina, 

cherry (Prunus lyonii). 

hard-tack (Cercocarpus traskiac). 

ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribun- 

dus). 
Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron 
catawbiense). 
Catbird grape (Vitis palmata). 
Catbrier (Smilax rotundifolia). 
Catclaw (Acacia emoryana, 
Acacia tortuosa, 
Mimosa borealis, 
Mimosa biuncifera). 


(Shepherdia 


330 MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. 


Catclaw—Continued. 
Long-flowered (Acacia greggii). 
Round-flowered (Acacia roemeriana). 
Texas (Acacia wrightii). 
Tree (Acacia wrightit). 
Cattle, 
bush (Ceanothus parvifolius). 
spinach (Atriplex polycarpa). 
Caudate willow (Saliv caudaia). 
Ceanothus, 
Bigpod (Ceanothus macrocarpus). 
Fendler (Ceanothus fenéleri). 
Greenbark (Ceanothus spinosus). 
Gregg (Ceanothus greggit). 
Hairy (Ceanothus oliganthus). 
Hoary-leaf (Ceanothus crassifolius). 
Hollyleaf (Ceanothus jepsonit). 
Jepson (Ceanothus jepsonii). 
Littleleaf (Ceanothus parvifolius). 
Martin (Ceanothus martinii). 
Redstem (Ceanothus sanguineus). 
Rigid (Ceanothus rigidus). 
Trailing (Ceanothus diversifotius). 
Wartystem (Ceanothus verrucosus). 
Wavyleaf (Ceanothus foliosus). 
Wedgeleaf (Ceanothus cuneatus). 
Woolyleaf (Ceanothus tomentosus). 
Cedar (Libocedrus decurrens, 
Thuja occidentalis, 
Thuja plicata). 
Alaska (Chamaecyparis 
sis). 
Bastard (Libocedrus decurrens). 
Canoe (Thuja piicata). 
Eastern red (Juniperus virginiana). 
Incense (Libocedrus decurrens). 
Mountain (Juniperus mexicana). 
Mountain red (Juniperus scopulo- 
rum). 
Northern white (Thuja occidentalis). 
Port Orford (Chamaecyparis Taw- 
soniana). 
Post (Libocedrus decurrens). 
Red (Juniperus scopulorum, 
Juniperus viriginana, 
Thuja plicaia). 
Southern red (Juniperus lucayana). 
Southern white (Chamaecyparis thy- 
oides). 
Stinking (Vumion taxvifolium). 
Western, red (Thuja plicata). 
White (Chameaecyparis Ttawsoniana, 
Libocedrus decurrens, 
Thuja occidentalis). 
elm (Ulmus crassifolia). 
pine (Pinus glabra). 
Cenizo (Leucophylium frutescens), 
Chacate (Krameria grayi). 
Chalk maple (Acer leucoderme). 
Chalky leucaena (Zeucaena pulveru-: 
lenta). 
Chamis (Atripler canescens). 
Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum, 
Atripler canescens). 
(Adenostoma _  fassiculatum, 
Atriplex canescens). 


nootkaten- 


Chamiso 


S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Chamisso lupine (Lupinus chamisso- 
nis). 
Chamiza (Atriplex canescens). 
Chaparral (Ceanothus cuneatus). 
broom (Baccharis pilwiaris). 
goldenbush (Aplopappus 
quus). 
honeysuckle (Lonicera interrupta). 
pea (Pickeringia montana). 
whitethorn (Ceanothus leucodermis). 
Champin grape (Vitis champinii). 
Chapman, 
oak (Quercus champanii). 
white oak (Quercus chapmanii). 
Chapotillo (Amyris terana). 
Chayote (Diospyros terana). 
Checkerberry (Gaultheria 
bens). 
Cherry, 
Alabama (Prunus alabamensis). 
Appalachian (Prunus susquehanae, 
Prunus pumila). 
Barbados (Malpighia glabra). 
Bessey (Prunus besseyi). 
Bird (Prunus avium, 
Prunus pennsylvanica). 
Bitter (Prunus emarginata). 
Black (Prunus serotina). 
Carolina (Prunus caroliniana). 
Catalina (Prunus lyonii). 
Crab (Prunus avium). 
Cuthbert’s (Prunus cuthbertii). 
Dwarf (Prunus pumila). 
Evergreen (Prunus ilicifolia). 
Fire (Prunus pennsylwanica). 
Island (Prunus lyonii). 
Laurel (Prunus caroliniane). 
Littleleaf (Prunus minutifiora). 
Mahaleb (Prunus manhaleb). 
May (Amelanchier canadensis). 
Morello (Prunus cerasus). 
Mountain (Prunus angustifolia). 
Munson (Prunus munsoniana). 
Perfumed (Prunus maheleb). 
Pigeon (Prunus pennsylwanica). 
Pin (Prunus pennsylvanica). 
Plumleaf (Prunus emarginata). 
Quinine (Prunus emarginata). 
Rocky Mountain red (Prunus corym- 
bulosa). 
Rum (Prunus serotina). 
Sand (Prunus pumila). 
Sour (Prunus cerasus). 
Southern wild (Prunus australis). 
Southwestern black (Prunus virens). 
Sweet (Prunus avium). 
Western choke (Prunus demissa). 
Western sand (Prunus besseyi). 
Wild (Prunus emarginata, 
Prunus serotina). 
Wild black (Prunus serotina). 
Wild red (Prunus pennsylWwanica). 
Cherry, 
birch (Betula lenta). 
willow (Salix monticola). 


propin- 


procum- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS 


Cherry-laurel, Carolina (Prunus caro- 
liniana) . 
Cherrystone juniper (Juniperus mono- 
sperma). 
Chestnut oak (Quercus montana). 
Chickasaw plum (Prunus angustifolia, 
Prunus umbellata). 
Chicken grape (Vitis cordifolia). 
Chico (Sarcobatus vermiculatus). 
bush (Sarcobatus vermiculatus). 
Chihuahua pine (Pinus leiophylla). 
China-tree (Melia azedarach). 
Chinaberry (Melia azedarach). 
Chinabrier (Smilax pseudo-china, 
Smilax bona-nov). 
Chinquapin (Castanea pumila, 
Castanopsis chrysophylla) . 
Alabama (Castanea alabamensis). 
Bush (Castanopsis sempervirens). 
California (Castanopsis sempervi- 
rens). 
Coastal (Castanea ashet). 
Dwarf (Castanea alnifolia). 
Goldleaf (Castanopsis chrysophylla, 
Castanopsis sempervirens). 
Giant (Castanopsis chrysophylla). 
Ozark (Castanea ozarkensis). 
Chinquapin oak (Quercus muehlen- 
bergii). 
Chisos red oak (Quercus gravesii). 
Chittim-bark (Rhamnus purshiana). 
Chokeberry, 
Black (Aronia melanocarpa). 
Purple (Aronia arbutifolia). 
Red (Aronia arbutifolia). 
Chokecherry (Prunus virgimiana). 
Western black (Prunus demissa). 
Christmas holly (Jlex opaca). 
Christmasberry (Lycium californicum, 
Lycium carolinianum, 
Photinia arbutifolia). 
Chuperosa (Beloperone californica). 
Cinnamon wood (Sassafras albidum). 
Clammy locust (Robinia viscosa). 
Clematis, 
Curly (Clematis crispa). 
Drummond (Clematis drummondii). 
Mountain (Clematis verticillaris). 
New Mexico (Clematis neomezi- 
cana). 
Red-flowered (Clematis pitcheri). 
Smooth (Clematis addisonii). 
Virginia (Clematis virginiana). 
Cliff, 
barberry (Berberis canadensis). 
elm (Ulmus racemosa). 
Cliffbush (Jamesia americana). 
Cliff-green (Pachistima canbyi). 
Cliffrose (Cowania stansburiana). 
Climbing, 
bittersweet (Celastrus scandens). 
hydrangea (Decumaria barbara). 
nightshade (Solanum dulcamara). 
Cloud-cap gooseberry (Ribes montige- 
num). 


OF THE UNITED STATES 331 


Cluster serviceberry (Amelanchier poly- 
carpa). 
Coachwhip (Fouquieria splendens). 
Coast, 
ceanothus (Ceanothus rigidus). 
goldenbush (Aplopappus squarrosus). 
juniper (Juniperus lucayana). 
live oak (Quercus agrifolia, 
Quercus pricet). 
rhododendron (Rhododendron 
fornicum). 
silktassel (Garrya elliptica). 
whitethorn (Ceanothus incanus). 
willow (Salix hookeriana). 
Coastal, 
chinquapin (Castanea ashei). 
sagebrush (Artemisia californica). 
Coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica). 
Coffeetree (Rhamnus purshiana). 
Kentucky (Gymnocladus dioica). 
Colima (Xanthoxylum fagara). 
Colorado, 
blue spruce (Picea pungens). 
currant (Ribes coloradense). 
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga glauca). 
juniper (Juniperus scopulorum). 
sage (Artemisia tridentata). 
white fir (Abies concolor). 
white oak (Quercus leptophylia). 
Coma (Bumelia lanuginosa). 
Common, 
barberry (Berberis vulgaris). 
blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). 
greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia). 


cali- 


manzanita (Arctostaphylos manza- 
nita). 
papaw (Asimina triloba). 
Cooper, 


desert-thorn (Lyciwm cooperi). 
goldenbush (Aplopappus cooperi). 
Coral, 
greenbrier (Similar lanceolata, 
Smilax walteri). 
honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervi- 
rens). 
Coralbeads (Cebatha carolina). 
Coralbean (Hrythrina fiabeiliformis, 
Sophora, affinis) . 
Hvergreen (Sophora secundifiora). 
Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbicula- 
tus). 
Cork elm (Ulmus alata, 
Ulmus racemosa). 
Corkbark fir (Abies arizonica). 
Corkwood (Stillingia aquatica, 
Leitneria floridana). 
Cornel, 
Bailey (Cornus baileyi). 
Rough-leaved (Cornus asperifolia, 
Cornus circinata). 
Silky (Cornus amomum). 
Stiff (Cornus foemina). 
White (Cornus foemina). 
Corona del Cristo (Dalea spinosa). 


332 


Correosa (Rhus microphylla, 
Aanthorylum fagara). 


Cotton, Arizona wild (Thurberia 
triloba). 
Cotton, 


gum (Nyssa aquatica). 
thorn (Tetradymia spinosa). 
Cottonwood (Popuius deltoides, 
Populus trichocarpa). 
rizona (Populus arizonica). 
Balsam (Populus trichocarpa). 
Black (Populus trichocarpa). 
Eastern (Populus deltoides). 
Fremont (Populus fremontii). 
Lanceleaf (Populus acuminata). 
Narrowleaf (Populus angustifolia). 
Palmer (Populus palmeri). 
River (Populus sargentii). 
Sargent (Populus sargentii). 
Smooth (Populus acuminata). 
Smoothbark (Populus acuminaia). 
Swamp (Populus heterophylla). 
Texas (Populus texana). 
Tweedy’s (Populus tweedyi). 
Valley (Populus wislizenii). 
Western (Populus sargentii). 
Willow (Populus angustifolia). 
Wislizenius (Populus wislizenii). 
Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri). 
Cow oak (Quercus prinius). 
Cow-itch (Campsis radicans, 
Cissus arborea). 
vine (Decumaria barbara). 
Cowlicks (Halesia diptera). 
Coyote, 
brush (Baccharis pilularis). 
willow (Saliz exigua). 
Coyotillo (Karwinskia humboldtiana). 
Crab apple (Malus glabrata, 
Malus glaucescens, 
Malus platycarpa). 
American (Malus coronaria). 
Iowa (Malus ioensis). 
Lanceleaf (Malus lancifolia). 
Narrowleaf (Malus angustifolia). 
Oregon (Malus fusca). 
Prairie (Malus ioensis). 
Soulard (Malus soulardii). 
Sweet (Malus coronaria). 
Western (Malus fusca, 
Malus ioensis). 
Crab cherry (Prunus avium). 
Crack willow (Saliz fragilis). 
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon). 
Highbush (Viburnum trilobum). 
Mountain (Hugeria erythrocarpa, 
Vaccinium vitis-idaea). 
Small (Vaccinium ovycoccus). 
Cranberrybush 
American (Viburnum trilobum). 
Cream bush (Holodiscus discolor). 
‘Creosote bush (Covilica tridentata). 
Creek, 
dogwood (Cornus californica). 
plum (Prunus rivularis). 


MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Creeping, 
barberry (Berberis repens). 
blueberry (Vaccinium crassifolium). 
hollygrape (Berberis repens). 
shadbush (Amelanchier stolonifera). 
snowberry (Chiogenes hispiduia). 
witch alder (Fothergilla parvifolia). 
Crimson monkeyflower (Mimulus pu- 
niceus). 
Crooked bush (Forestiera acuminata). 
Crossvine (Bignonia capreolata). 
Croton, 

Alabama (Croton alabamensis). 

Shrubby (Croton fruticulosus). 
Crowberry, (Empetrum nigrum). 

Broom (Corema conradii). 

Brown (Corema conradii). 

Plymouth (Corema conradii). 
Crown-of-thorns (Koeberlinia spinosa). 
Crucifixion thorn (Canotia holacantha, 

Holacantha emoryi). 

Cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acumi- 
nata). 

Cucumbertree (Magnolia acuminata). 

Lakee leone (Magnolia macrophyl- 

a). 

Long-leaved (Magnolia fraseri). 

Yellow (Magnolia cordata). 
Cupseed (Calycocarpum tyonii). 

Curly clematis (Clematis crispa). 

Curl-lower (Clematis crispa). 

Curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cerco- 
carpus ledifolius). 

Currant, 

American red (Ribes triste), 

Black (Ribes americanum). 

Blood (Ribes sanguineum). 

Buffalo (Ribes odoraium). 

California black (Ribes malvaceum). 

Colorado (Ribes coloradense). 

Fetid (Ribes glandulosum). 

Golden (Ribes aureum, 

Ribes odoraitum). 
Gooseberry (Ribes montigenum). 
Hudson Bay (Rives hudsonianum). 
Missouri (Ribes odoratum). 
Mountain (Ribes viscosissimum). 
Nevada (Ribes nevadense). 
Red-flowered (Ribes sanguineum). 
Rothrock (Ribes wolfii). 

Sheep (Ribes cereum). 

Sierra (Ribes nevadense). 

Skunk (Ribes bracteosum, 

Ribes glandulosum, 

Ribes prostratum). 

Squaw (Ribes cereum). 

Sticky (Ribes viscosissimum). 

Stink (Ribes bracteosum). 

Swamp (Ribes lacustre). 

Viscid (Ribes viscosissimum). 

Wax (Ribes cereum). 

Western black (Ribes laziflorum). 

Winter (Ribes sanguineum). 

Wolf (Ribes wolfii). 

Currant grape (Vitis simpsonii). 
Curtiss grape (Vitis sola). 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS 


Cusick serviceberry (Amelanchier 
cusickit). 
Custard-apple (Asimina triloba). 
Cuthbert’s cherry (Prunus cuthbertit). 
Cuyamaca bush (Ceanothus palmeri). 
Cypress, (Taxodium distichum). 
Alaska (Chamaecyparis nootkaten- 
sis). 
Arizona (Cupressus arizonica). 
Bald (Tazodium distichum). 
Black (Tazvodium distichum). 
Forbe’s (Cupressus gaudeloupensis). 
Gowen (Ouwpressus goveniana). 
Guadeloupe (Cupressus guadeloupen- 
Sis). 
Lawson (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). 
Macnab (Cupressus madcnabiana). 
Monterey (Cupressus macrocarpa) . 
Pond (Taxodium ascendens). 
Red (Tazodium distichum). 
Sargent (Cupressus sargentti). 
Sitka (Chamaecyparis nootkaiensis). 
Smooth (Cupressus glabra). 
Southern (Tazodium distichum). 
Tecate (Cupressus guadeloupensis). 
White (Tagodium distichum). 
Dahoon holly (Ilex cassine). 
Dalea, 
Fremont (Dalea fremontii). 
Mesa (Dalea schottii). 
Mohave (Dalea arborescens). 
Nevada (Dalea polyadenia). 
White (Dalea emoryi). 
Damianita (Chrysactinia mexicana). 
Dangleberry (Gaylussacia frondosa). 
Davidson globemallow (Malwastrum 
davidsonit). 
Deciduous holly (Jlex decidua). 
Deer, 
brush (Ceanothus crassifolwus, 
Ceanothus fendleri, 
Caencthus integerrimus, 
Ceanothus leucodermis, 
Ceanothus tomentosus). 
oak (Quercus sadleriana). 
plum (Chrysobalanus oblongifolius). 
Deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum). 
Deerweed (Ceanothus papillosus). 
Delta palmetto (Sabal lowisiana). 
Desert, 
almond (Prunus fasciculata). 
apricot (Prunus eriogyna). 
ash (Frazrinus velutina). 
barberry (Berberis fremontii). 
brickellbush (Brickellia desertorum). 
ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii). 
grape (Vitis girdiana). 
hackberry (Celtis pallida). 
holly (Atriplex hymenelytra). 
ironwood (Olneya tesoia). 
lavender (Hyptis emoryi). 
mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius). 
peach (Prunus andersonii). 
polygala (Polygala acanthoclada). 
sage (Salvia carnosa). 


OF THE UNITED STATES 332 
Desert—Continued. 
silver-bush (Shepherdia 
folia). 

walnut (Juglans rupestris). 

willow (Chilopsis linearis). 

yaupon (Schaefferia cuneifolia). 

Desert-rue, Mohave (Thamnosma mon- 
tana) 

Desert-sweet (Chamaebatiaria miilefo- 
lium). 

Desert-thorn, 

Anderson (Lyciwm andersonii). 

California (Lycium californicum). 

Cooper (Lycium cooper). 

Fremont (Lycium fremontii). 

Pale (Lycium pallidum). 

Parish (Lycium parishii). 

Squaw (Lycium torreyi). 
Desertwillow (Chilopsis linearis). 
Devil’s claw (Acacia greggii). 
Devilsclub (Oplopanaz horridum). 
Devils-walking stick (Aralia spinosa). 
Devilwood (Osmanthus armericana). 
Dewberries (Rubus spp.). 

Diamond willow (Salix mackenziana). 
Digger pine (Pinus sabiniana). 

Doan grape (Vitis doaniana). 
Dockmackie (Viburnum acerifolium). 
Dogberry (Ribes cynosbatii). 
Dog-hobble (Leucothoé catesbaei). 
Dogwood, 

Blue (Cornus alternifolia). 

Brown (Cornus glabrata). 

Creek (Cornus californica). 

Florida (Cornus florida). 

Flowering (Cornus florida, 

Cornus nuttallii). 

Gray (Cornus paniculata). 

Gray-stemmed (Cornus paniculata). 

Miner’s (Cornus sessilis). 

Mountain (Cornus nuttallii). 

Pale (Cornus obliqua). 

Panicled (Cornus paniculata). 

Purple (Cornus alternifolia). 

Rough-leaved (Cornus asperifolia). 

Stiff (Cornus foemina). 

Western (Cornus nuttallii). 

Double spruce (Picea mariana). 
Douglas, 

fir, Colorado (Pseudotsuga glauca). 

fir, Oregon (Pseudotsuga tavifolia). 

hackberry (Celtis douglasii). 

honeysuckle (Lonicera glaucescens). 

rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidi-- 
florus). 

Spiraea (Spiraea douglasii). 

spruce (Pseudotsuga glauca, 

Pseudotsuga taavifolia). 
Downward plum (Bumelia spinifiora). 
Downy, 

bog rosemary (Andromeda glauco- 

phyla.) 

grape (Vitis cinerea). 

poplar (Populus heterophylla). 

serviceberry (Amelanchier canaden- 

sis). 


rotundi- 


334 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 


Downy—Continued. 
storax (Styrax pulverulenta). 
swamp blueberry (Vaccinium atrococ- 
cum). 
viburnum (Viburnum pubescens). 
Drago, sangre de (Jatropha spath- 
ulata). 
Drooping juniper (Juniperus flaccida). 
Drummond 
clematis (Clematis drummondit). 
Soapberry (Sapindus drummondii). 
waxmallow (lalvavisceus drum- 
mondit). 
Dryland blueberry (Vaccinium vacil- 
lans). 
Duck oak (Quercus nigra). 
Dudley willow (Salix goodingit). 
Dunbar crab (Malus glaucescens). 
Dune, 
lupine (Lupinus chamissonis). 
willow (Sali# piperi). 
Durand, 
oak (Quercus durandit). 
white oak (Quercus durandii). 
Durasnillo (Prunus terana). 
Dusky willow (Saliz melanopsis). 
Dutchmans pipe (Aristolochia durior). 
Dutchman’s pipe-vine (Aristolochia 
durior). 
Dwarf, 
acacia (Robinia nana). 
ash (Fravinus anomala). 
barberry (Berberis pumila). 
bilberry (Vacciniwm caespitosum). 
birch (Betula glandulosa). 
blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium). 
buckthorn (Rhamnus alvifolia). 
candleberry (Jyrica pumila). 
cherry (Prunus pumila). 
chinquapin (Castanea alnifolia). 
chinquapin oak (Quercus prinoides) . 
goldenbush (Aplopappus nanus). 
gray willow (Salix tristis). 
greasebush (F'orsellesia pungens). 
hollygrape (Berberis pumila). 
huckleberry (Gaylussacia dumosa). 
indigobush (Amorpha microphylla). 
juniper (Juniperus communis). 
maple (Acer glabrum). 
mesquite (Acacia reticulata). 
ninebark (Physocarpus alternans). 
papaw (Asimina parvifiora). 
palmetto (Sabal minor). 
pussy willow (Saliz tristis). 
red huckleberry (Vaccinium scopa- 
rium). 
serviceberry (Amelanchier 
folia). 
spiraea (Spiraea corymbosa, 
Spirea caespitosa). 
sumac (Rhus copallina). 
tassel bush (Garrya flavescens). 
wax myrtle (Myrica pumila). 
witch-alder (F'othergilia gardenit). 
whortleberry (Vaccinium  caespito- 
sum). 


oblongi- 


S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Dwarf-acacia (Robinia nana). 
Dyer’s 
greenweed (Genista tinctoria). 
oak (Quercus velutina). 
Kardrop (Brunnichia cirrhosa). 
Ear-leaved umbrella tree (Magnolia 
fraseri). 
Harly azalea (Rhododendron 
cens). 
Eastern, 
cottonwood (Populus deltoides). 
hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). 
redcedar (Juniperus virginiana). 
Eastwood manzanita (Arctostaphylos 
glandulosa). 
Elbow bush (Forestiera pubescens). 
Elder (Sambucus canadensis). 
American (Sambucus canadensis). 
Black (Sambucus melanocarpa). 
Blackbead (Sambucus melanocarpa). 
Blue (Sambucus coerulea). 
Blueberry (Sambucus coerulea). 
Box (Acer negundo). 
Bunchberry (Sambucus microbotrys). 
Mexican (Sambucus mevicana). 
Mountain (Sambucus coerulea). 
Red (Sambucus callicarpa, 
» Sambucus pubens). 
Redberry (Sambucus callicarpa). 
Velvetleaf (Sambucus caerulea). 
Yellow (Zecoma stans). 
Klderberry, pale (Sambucus coerulea). 
Hlephant tree (Bursera microphylla). 
Flliott’s blueberry (Vaccinium elliottit). 
Elm, 
American (Ulmus americana). 
California slippery (F'remontia cali- 
fornica) 
Cedar (Ulinus crassifolia). 
Cliff (Ulmus racemosa). 
Cork (Ulmus alata, 
Ulmus racemosa). 
Gray (Ulmus americana). 
Red (Ulmus alata, 
Ulmus fulva, 
Ulmus serotina). 
Rock (Ulmus racemosa). 
September (Ulmus serotina). 
Slippery (Ulimus fulva). 
Texas( Ulmus crassifolia). 
Water (Ulmus americana). 
White (Ulmus americana). 
Winged (Ulmus alata). 
Kmory, 
bushmint (Hyptis emoryi). 
oak (Quercus emoryi). 
Encina (Quercus agrifelia). 
Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii). 
Estafiata (Artemisia frigida). 
Turopean, 
barberry (Berberis vulgaris). 
black alder (Alnus glutinosa). 
mountain-ash (Sorbus aucuparia). 
white willow (Sali# alba). 


canes- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Evergreen, 
blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites). 
~eherry (Prunus ilicifolia). 
coralbean (Sophora secundiflora). 
huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum). 
magnolia (Magnolia grandifiora). 
oak (Quercus engelmannit). 
sumac (Rhus virens). 
white oak (Quercus engelmannii). 
winterberry (Ilex glabra). 
Explorers’ bush (Ceanothus 
thus). 
Tall grape (Vitis berlandiert). 
False 
acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia). 
bittersweet (Celastrus scandens). 
boxwood (Gyminda latifolia). 
buckthorn (Bumelia lanuginosa). 
greasewood (Amorpha canescens). 
jesSamine (Gelsemium sempervirens). 
mountain willow (Salix pseudomon- 
ticola). 
willow (Baccharis angustifolia). 
False-azalea (Rhododendron  albiflo- 
rum). 
False-indigo (Amorpha californica, 
Amorpha fruticosa). 
newberry (Horsfordia 


oligan- 


falsemallow, 
newberryt). 
False-mesquite (Calliandra eriophylla). 
Fan palm (Washingtonia robusta). 
Farkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum). 
Farr willow (Salix farrae). 
Fat pine (Pinus australis). 
Feather peabush (Dalea formosa). 
Fendler, 
barberry (Berberis fendleri). 
ceanothus (Ceanothus fendleri). 
eak (Quercus fendleri). 
soapbloom (Ceanothus fendleri). 
Fern-bush (Chamaebatia folioiosa, 
Chamaebatriaria mille- 
folium). 
Fernleaf acacia (Acacia angustissima). 
Fetid, 
buckeye (Aesculus glabra). 
currant (Ribes glandulosum). 
Fetter-bush (Leucothoé catesbaei, 
Xolisma lucida). 
Feverbush (Benzion aestivale, 
Ilex verticillata.) 
Fever-tree (Pinckneya pubens). 
Fiddlewood (Citharezylum fruticosum). 
Fir, 
Alpine (Abies lasiocarpa). 
Arizona (Abies arizonica). 
Balm-of-gilead (Abies balsamea). 
Balsam (Abies balsamea, 

Abies concolor). 
Bristlecone (Abies venusta). 
California (Abies magnifica). 
Colorado Douglas (Pseudotsuga 

glauca). 
Colorado white (Abies concolor). 
Corkbark (Abies arizonica). 
Lovely (Abies amabiis). 


33772 °—38——22 


300 


Fir—Continued. 

Lowland white (Abies grandis). 

Noble (Abies nobilis). 

Oregon Douglas (Pseudotsuga taxi- 

folia). 

Red (Abies magnifica, 

Abies nobilis, 
Pseudotsuga glauca, 
Pseudotsuga taxifolia). 

Santa Lucia (Abies venusta). 

Shasta red (Abies magnifica). 

Silver (Abies ambilis, 

Abies concolor, 
Abies grandis). 

Southern balsam (Abies fraseri). 

Stinking (Abies grandis). 

White (Abies grandis, 

Abies lasiocarpa). 

Yellow (Abies grandis, 
Pseudotsuga glauca, 
Pseudotsuga tavifolia). 

Fire, 
cherry (Prunus pennsylwanica). 
willow (Salix scouleriana). 

Firecracker plant (Aesculus pavia). 

Firethorn (Cotoneaster pyracantha). 

Firmleaf willow (Saliz pseudomyrsini- 
tes). 

Flag papaw (Asimina incana). 

Flame azalea (Rhododendron calendu- 
laceum). 

Flannelbush (Fremontia californica). 

Flat sagebrush (Artemisia bigelovii). 

Fiat-top (Hriogonum fasciculatum). 

Florida, 
mahogany (Persea borbonia). 
maple (Acer floridanum). 
soapberry (Sapindus marginatus). 
yew (Taxus floridana). 

Flowering, 
ash (Chionanthus virginica, 

Frazvinus cuspidata, 
Fragvinus dipetala). 

dogwood (Cornus florida, 

Cornus nuttallii). 

Flyeatcher (Befaria racemosa). 

Fly honeysuckle, (Lonicera ciliosa). 

Swamp (Lonicera oblongifolia). 

Foothill ash (Frazvinus dipetala). 

Forbes’ cypress (Cupressus guadelou- 
pensis ). 

Fox grape (Vitis labrusca). 
Northern (Vitis labrusca). 
Southern (Vitis rotundifolia). 

Foxtail pine (Pinus aristata, 

Pinus balfouriana). 

Fragile willow (Saliz fragilis). 

Fragrant, 
ash (Fravinus cuspidata). 
sumae (Rhus aromatica). 

Frangipani (Acacia farnesiana). 

Fraser magnolia (Magnolia fraseri). 

Fremont, 
barberry (Berberis fremontii). 
chaffbush (Amphipappus fremontii). 
cottonwood (Populus fremontii). 


326 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Fremont—Continued. 
dalea (Dalea fremontii). 
desert-thorn (Lycium fremontii). 
hollygrape (Berberis fremoniii). 
silktassel (Garrya fremontit). 
wolfberry (Lycium fremontii). 
Fremontia, California (Fremontia cali- 
fornica). 
French mulberry (Callicarpa ameri- 
cana). 
Frijolillo (Sophora secundiflora). 
Fringetree (Chionanthus virginica). 
Fringed, 
greenbrier (Smilax bona-noz). 
wormwood (Artemisia frigida). 
Frost grape (Vitis cordifolia, 
Vitis vulpina). 
Frutilla (Lycium richii). 
Fuchsia-fiowered gooseberry (Ribes spe- 
ciosum). 
Gallberry (Ilex glabra). 
Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii). 
Gander vine (Clematis virginiana). 
Garden wild plum (Prunus hortuiana). 
Garland tree (Malus coronaria). 
Garnet gooseberry (Ribes speciosum). 
Garrumbullo (Lycium torrey). 
Garry oak (Quercus garryana). 
Georgia, 
bark (Pinckneya pubens). 
buckeye (Aesculus neglecta). 
zooseberry (Ribes curvatum). 
hackberry (Celtis georgiana). 
oak (Quercus georgiana). 
pine (Pinus australis). 
sloe (Prunus mitis). 
Geyer willow (Salix geyeriana). 
Giant chinquapin (Castanopsis chryso- 
phylla). 
Gigante (Nicotiana glauca). 
Glaucous willow (Saliz discolor). 
Globemallow, 
Davidson (Malvasitrum davidsonii). 
Nuttall (Malvastrum nuttaliii). 
Goat-nut (Simmondsia chinensis). 
Goatbrush (Pachistima myrsinites). 
Goatbush (Casteia nicholsonii, 
Castela terana). 
Golden, 
currant (Ribes aureum, 
Ribes odoratum). 
hardhack (Potentilla fruticosa). 
Goldenbush (Aplopappus acradenius). 
Bloomer (Aplopappus bloomeri). 
Chaparral (Aplopappus propinquus). 
Coast (Aplopappus squarrosus). 
Cooper (Aplopappus cooperi). 
Dwart (Aplopappus nanus). 
Heatherleaf (Aplopappus ericoides). 
Narrowleaf (Aplopappus  lineari- 
folius). 
Palmer (Aplopappus palmeri). 
Parish (Aplopappus parishii). 
Pineleaf (Aplopappus pinifolius). 
Wedgeleaf (Aplopappus cuneatus). 


Goldenfleece 
cens). 
Goldenhead (Acamptopappus sphaero- 
cephalus). 
Goldleaf chinquapin (Castanopsis chry- 
sophylla, 
Castanopsis sem- 
pervirens). 
Gold heather (Hudsonia, ericoides). 
Goldman = serviceberry (Amelanchier 
goldmanii). 
Goodding willow (Salix gooddingit). 
Gooseberry, 
Alpine (Ribes lepthanthum). 
Canyon (Ribes menziesii). 
Cloud-cap (Ribes montigenum). 
Fuchsia-flowered (Ribes speciosum). 
Garnet (Ribes speciosum). 
Georgia (Ribes curvatum). 
Granite (Ribes curvatum). 
Gummy (Ribes lobbii). 
Hawthorn (Ribes oxvyacanthoides). 
Hill (Ribes californicum). 
Hupa (Ribes marshallii). 
Island (Rides viburnifolium). 
Low wild (Ribes hirtellum). 
Lucia (Ribes sericeum). 
Menzies (Ribes menziesii). 
Missouri (Ribes missouriense, 
Ribes setosum). 
Mountain (Ribes montigenum, 
Ribes rotundifolium). 
Northern (Ribes oxyacanthoides). 
Orange (Rides pinetorum). 
Oregon (Ribes lobbii). 
Pasture (Ribes cynosbatii). 
Prickly (Ribes cynosbatii). 
Rock (Ribes quercetorum). 
Round (Ribes rotundifolium). 
Sierra (Ribes roezlii). 
Smooth (Ribes oxryacanthoides, 
Ribes rotundifolium). 
Southern (Vaccinium melanocarpum). 
Stragely (Ribes divaricatum). 
Swamp (Ribes lacustre). 
Watson (Ribes watsonianum). 
White (Ribes inerme). 
Whitestem (Ribes inerme). 
Wine (Ribes inerme). 
Gooseberry currant 
genum). 
Gopher berry (Gaylussacia dumosa). 
Gopher-wood (Cladrastis lutea). 
Gorse (Ulex europaeus). 
Gowen cypress (Cupressus goveniana). 
Granite-gooseberry (Ribes curvatum). 
Granjeno (Celtis pallida). 
Grape, 
Adobe-land (Vitis champini). 
Arizona (Vitis arizonica). 
Arroyo (Vitis vulpina). 
Ashy (Vitis cinerea). 
Bailey (Vitis baileyana). 
Big summer (Vitis lincecumi). 
Blueleaf (Vitis argentifolia). 
Bull (Vitis rotundifolia). 


(Aplopappus arbores- 


(Ribes montt- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Grape—Continued. 
Bullace (Vitis rotundifolia). 
Bullet (Vitis rotundifolia). 
Bush (Vitis longi). 
Caleaire (Vitis champinii). 
California (Vitis californica). 
California wild (Vitis californica). 
Canyon (Vitis arizonica). 
Cat (Vitis palmata). 
Catbird (Vitis palmata). 
Champin (Vitis champinit). 
Chicken (Vitis cordifolia). 
Currant (Vitis simpsonii). 
Curtiss (Vitis sola). 
Desert (Vitis girdiana). 
Doan (Vitis doaniana). 
Downy (Vitis cinerea). 
Fall (Vitis berlandieri). 
Fox (Vitis labrusca). 
Frost (Vitis cordifolia, 
Vitis vulpina). 
Gulch (Vitis longii, 
Vitis treleasei). 
Little mountain (Vitis berlandieri). 
Little museadine (Vitis munsoniana). 
Missouri (Vitis palmaia). 
Mountain (Berberis aquifolium, 
Vitis berlandieri, 
Vitis rupestris). 
Museadine (Vitis rotundifolia). 
Mustang (Vitis candicans). 
Northern fox (Vitis labrusca). 
Oregon (Berberis aquifolium, 
Berberis nervosa, 
Berberis repens). 
Pacific (Vitis californica). 
Panhandle (Vitis doaniana). 
Pilgrim (Vitis novae-angliae). 
Plum (Vitis labrusca). 
Possum (Vitis baileyana). 
Post-oak (Vitis lincecumit). 
Red (Vitis palmata). 
Redshank (Vitis rufotomentosa). 
Riverbank (Vitis vulpina). 
Rock (Vitis rupestris). 
Roundleaf (Vitis helleri). 
Sand (Vitis lincecumii, 
Vitis rupestris). 
Solonis (Vitis longii). 
Southern fox (Vitis rotundifolia). 
Spanish (Vitis berlandieri). 
Sugar (Vitis monticola, 
Vitis rupestris). 
Summer (Vitis argentifolia). 
Sweet mountain (Vitis monticola). 
Sweet winter (Vitis cinerea). 
Turkey (Vitis lincecumii). 
Western wild (Vitis californica). 
Wild (Vitis girdiana). 
Winter (Vitis cordifolia, 
Vitis berlandieri). 
Grape honeysuckle (Lonicera proli- 
fera). 
Grave’s oak (Quercus gravesii). 
Gray, 
beard (Hydrangea quercifolia). 


337 


Gray—Continued. 
birch (Betula lutea, 
Betula populifolia). 

dogwood (Cornus paniculata), 

elm (Ulmus americana). 

horsebrush (Tetradymia canescens). 

oak (Quercus grisea). 

pine (Pinus banksiana). 

willow, dwarf (Salix tristis). 
Gray-stemmed dogwood (Cornus pani- 

culata). 

Greasebush (Forsellesia spinescens). 

Dwarf (Forsellesia pungens). 

Spiny (Forsellesia spinescens). 
Grease-thorn (Forsellesia spinescens). 
Greasewood (Adenostoma fasciculatum, 

Ceanothus velutinus, 
Covillea tridentata, 
Sarcobatus vermicula- 
tus). 
Great, 
laurel (Rhododendron maximum). 
whortleberry (Vaccinium corymbo- 
sum). 
Great-berried manzanita (Arctostaphy- 
los glauca). 
Great-ieaved magnolia (Magnolia mac- 
rophylla). 
Green, 

alder (Alnus crispa). 

locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). 

osier (Cornus alternifolia). 
Greenbark ceanothus (Ceanothus spino- 


SUS). 
Green-barked acacia (Cercidium flori- 
dum, 
Cercidium  tor- 
reyanum). 
Greenbrier, 


Bristly (Smilax auriculata, 
Smilax hispida). 
California (Smilawv californica). 
Common (Smilazv rotundifolia). 
Coral (Smilax lanceolata, 
Smilagz walteri). 
Fringed (Smilax bona-nozr). 
Laurel (Smilaz laurifolia). 
Long-stalked (Smilaw pseudo-china). 
Greene mountain-ash (Sorbus scopu- 
lina). 
Greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos 
patula). 
Greensides willow (Saliv monochroma). 
Greenweed, dyers (Genista tinctoria). 
Gregg, 
ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii). 
hornbrush (Ceanothus greggit). 
lead tree (Leucaena greggii). 
sage (Salvia greggii). 
Ground, 
hemlock (Tazus canadensis). 
gooseberry (Ribes binominatum). 
Groundsel tree (Baccharis halimifolia). 
Grouse whortleberry (Vaccinium sco- 
parium). 


338 


MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Grouseberry (Gaultheria procumbens, | Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) 


Vaccinium scoparium). 


gooseberry (Ribes oxryacanthoides). 


Guadeloupe cypress (Cupressus guade-| Hazel, wild (Simmondsia chinensis). 


loupensis). 
Guajillo (Acacia berlandieri). 
Guard lupine (Lupinus excubitus). 
Guayacan (Porlieria angustifolia). 


guajillo (Pithecolobium brevifolium). 
willow (Saliz nigra). 
Gum, 
Black (Nyssa sylvatica). 
Cotton (Nyssa aquatica). 
Highland black (Nyssa sylvatica). 
Large tupelo (Nyssa aquatica). 
Sour (Nyssa sylvatica). 
Sour tupelo (Nyssa ogeche). 
Southern black (Nyssa biflora). 
Swamp black (Nyssa biflora). 
Tupelo (Vyssa aquatica). 
Water (Nyssa biflora). 
Gum elastic (Bumelia lanuginosa). 
Gummy gooseberry (Ribes lobbii). 
Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). 
Desert (Celtis pallida). 
Douglas (Celtis douglasii). 
Georgia (Celtis georgiana). 
Small’s (Celtis smallii). 
Southern (Celtis mississippiensis). 
Spiny (Celtis pallida). 
Thick-leaved (Celtis reticulata). 
Western (Celtis reticulata). 
Hackmatack (Larig laricina). 
Hagbrier (Smilax hispida). 
Hairy, 
ceanothus (Ceanothus oliganthus). 
honeysuckle (Lonicera hirsuta). 
horsebrush (TVetradymia comosa). 
huckleberry (Vaccinium hirsutum). 
manzanita (Arctostaphylos colum- 
biana). 
nanny-berry (Viburnum pubescens). 
Harbison willow (Salig harbisonii). 
Hardhack (Spiraea douglasii, 
Spiraea tomentosa). 
Hard maple (Acer saccharum). 
Hardtack, (Cercocarpus betuloides). 
California (Cercocarpus betuloides). 
Catalina (Cercocarpus traskiae). 
Mesa (Cercocarpus minutifiorus). 
Havard shinnery oak (Quercus ha- 
vardii). 
Haw (Viburnum prunifolium). 
Black (Bumelia lanuginosa, 
Bumelia tenaz, 
Viburnum prunifolium). 
Possum (Ilex decidua, 
Viburnum nudum). 
Purple (Condalia obovata). 
Southern black (Viburnum rufidu- 
lum). 
Swamp (Viburnum cassinoides, 
Viburnum nudum). 
Sweet (Viburnum prunifolium). 
Western black (Viburnum  ellipti- 
cum.) 


Hazel alder (Alnus rugosa). 
Hazelnut, 

American (Corylus americana). 

Beaked (Corylus rostrata). 
Heartleaf, 

ampelopsis (Cissus ampelopsis). 


manzanita (Arctostaphylos ander- 
sonii). 

pentstemon (Pentstemon cordi- 
folius). 


willow (Salix cordata). 
Heartnut (Krameria glandulosa). 
Heath cliffrose (Cowania ericaefolia). 
Heather, 
Beach (Hudsonia tomentosa). 
Gold (Hudsonia ericoides). 
Mountain (Phyllodoce caerulea). 
Red (Phyllodoce breweri, 
Phyllodoce empetriformis). 
Yellow (Phyilodoce glandulifiora). 
Heatherleaf goldenbush (Aplopappus 
ericoides). 
Hedge (Maclura pomifera). 
Hedgehog oak (Lithocarpus densiflora). 
Hediondilla (Covillea tridentata). 
Hediondo (Covillea tridentata). 
He-huckleberry (Cyrilla racemiflora). 
Hellefetter (Smilar hispida). 
Hell-vine (Campsis radicans). 
Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). 
Canada (Tsuga canadensis). 
Carolina (Tsuga caroliniana). 
Eastern (Tsuga canadensis). 
Ground (Taxus canadensis). 
Mountain (Tsuga mertensiana). 
Western (7'suga heterophylla). 
Hemlock spruce (Tsuga@ canadensis). 
Hercules-club (Aralia spinosa, 
Xanthorylum 
herculis). 


clava- 


Hickory, 
Big-bud (Carya alba). 
Big shellbark (Carya laciniosa). 
Bigleaf shagbark (Carya laciniosa). 
Bitternut (Carya cordiformis, 
Carya glabra). 
Black (Carya alba, 
Carya glabra). 
Bottom (Carya carolinae-septentrio- 
nalis). 
Bullnut (Carya alba). 
Hognut (Carya alba). 
King nut (Carya laciniosa). 
Little shagbark (Carya microcarpa). 
Littlenut shagbark (Carya wmicro- 
carpa). 
Lowland (Carya aquatica). 
Mockernut (Carya alba). 
Nutmeg (Carya myristicaeformis). 
Pignut (Carya cordiformis, 
Carya glabra, 
Carya leiodermis, 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Hickory—Continued. 
Pignut—Continued. 
Carya pallida, 
Carya villosa). 
Serub (Carya floridana). 
Shagbark (Carya ovata). 
Shellbark (Carya ovata). 
Small-fruited (Carya microcarpa). 
Small pignut (Carya ovalis). 
Southern shagbark (Carya carolinae- 
septentrionalis ). 
Swamp (Carya cordiformis). 
Texas (Carya buckleyi). 
Water (Carya aquatica). 
White (Carya alba). 
Whiteheart (Carya alba). 
Hickory, 
pine (Pinus aristata). 
poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). 
Highbush, 
blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). 
cranberry (Viburnum trilobum). 
Highland, 
black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). 
live oak (Quercus wislizenit). 
Hill, 
gooseberry (Ribes californicum). 
oak (Quercus douglasii). 
Hillside gooseberry (Ribes californi- 
cum). 
Hinds walnut (Juglans hindsii). 
Hoary, 
alder (Alnus incana). 
azalea (Rhododendron canescens). 
sagebrush (Artemisia cana). 
willow (Salix candida). 
Hoary-leaf ceanothus (Ceanothus cras- 
sifolius). 
Hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium). 
Hog plum (Prunus reverchonii, 
Colubrina texensis, 
Prunus umbellata). 
Hognut hickory (Carya alba). 
Holly, 
American (Jlex opaca). 
Bearberry (Ilex decidua). 
Christmas (Illex opaca). 
Deciduous (Ilex decidua). 
Largeleaf (Jlex longipes). 
Large-leaved (Nemopanthus mucro- 
nata). 
Michigan (Ilex verticillata). 
Mountain (Ilex montana, 
Nemopanthus mucro- 
nata). 
Holly oak (Quercus undulata). 
Hollybush (Tetracoccus ilicifolius). 
Hollygrape, 
California (Berberis californicum). 
Creeping (Berberis repens). 
Dwarf (Berberis repens). 
Fremont (Berberis fremontii). 
Netleaf (Berberis californicum). 
Nevin (Berberis nevinii). 
Oregon (Berberis aquifolium, 
Berberis nervosa). 


339 


Hollygrape—Continued. 
Red (Berberis haematocarpa). 
Veinyleaf (Berberis nervosa). 
Wavyleaf (Berberis pinnata). 
Hollyleaf, 
buckthorn (Rhamnus crocea). 
bur-sage (Franseria ilicifolia). 
ceanothus (Ceanothus jepsonit). 
cherry (Prunus ilicifolia). 
Hollyseale (Atriplex hymenelytra). 
Honey, 
mesquite (Prosopis chilensis). 
shucks (Gleditsia triacanthos). 
Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos, 
Prosopis glandulosa, 
Prosopis chilensis, 
Robini pseudoacacia). 
Honeysuckle (Lonicera ciliosa, 
Rhododendron 
cens). 
American fly (Lonicera canadensis). 
Arizona (Lonicera arizonica). 
Bearberry (Lonicera involucrata). 
Blue fly (Lonicera villosa). 
Bush (Diervilla lonicera). 
Chaparral (Lonicera interrupta). 
Coral (Lonicera sempervirens). 
Douglas (Lonicera glaucescens). 
Fly (Lonicera ciliesa). 
Grape (Lonicera prolifera). 
Hairy (Lonicera hirsuta). 
Japanese (Lonicera japonica). 
Mountain (Lonicera dioica). 
Mountain fly (Lonicera cauriana, 
Lonicera villosa). 
Orange (Lonicera ciliosa). 
Pink (Lonicera hispidula). 
Swamp fly (Lonicera oblongifolia). 
Trumpet (Lonicera sempervirens). 
Twinberry (Lonicera involucrata). 
Utah (Lonicera utahensis). 
Yellow (Lonicera flava). 
Hoop ash (Fravinus nigra). 
Hopbush (Dodonaea arizonica). 
Hophornbeam, (Ostrya virginiana). 
Bailey (Ostrya baileyi). 
Western (Ostrya knowltonii). 
Hop-sage, - 
Spineless (Grayia brandegei). 
Spiny (Grayia spinosa). 
Hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata). 
Hornbeam, (Carpinus caroliniana). 
Bailey hop (Ostrya baileyi). 
Western hop (Ostrya knowltonii). 
Horse, 
plum (Prunus americana, 
Prunus nigra). 
sugar (Symplocos tinctoria). 
Horsebean, (Parkinsonian aculeata). 


CaNES- 


Little-leaf (Parkinsonia micro- 
phylla). 

Small-leaved (Parkinsonia  micro- 
phylia). 


Horsebrier (Smilax rotundifolia). 


340 


Horsebrush (Partheneium incanum). 
Gray (Tetradymia canescens). 
Hairy (Tetradymia comosa). 
Littleleaf (Tetradymia glabrata). 
Longspine (Tetradymia spinosa). 
Mohave (Tetradymia stenolepis). 
Nuttall (Tetradymia nuttallii). 
Shortspine (Tetradymia spinosa). 

Hortulan plum (Prunus hortulana). 

Huajillo (Pithecolobium brevifolium). 

Huckleberry, 

Bear (Gaylussacia ursina). 

Black (Gaylussacia baccata). 

Box (Gaylussacia brachycera). 

California (Vaccinium ovatum). 

Dwarf (Gaylussacia dumosa). 

Dwarf red (Vaccinium scoparium). 

Evergreen (Vaccinium ovatum). 

Hairy (Vaccinium hirsutum). 

Lowbush (Vaccinium vacillans). 

Red (Vaccinium parvifolium). 

Squaw (Vaccinium stamineum). 

Tall red (Vaccinium parvifolium). 

Thinleaf (Vaccinium membrana- 

ceum). 

Tree (Vaccinium arboreum). 

Western (Vaccinium occidentale). 
Huckleberry oak (Quercus vaccinifo- 

lia). 

Hudson Bay currant (Ribes hudsonia- 
num). 

Huisache (Acacia farnesiana). 

Huisachillo (Acacia tortuosa). 

Hupa gooseberry (Ribes marshallii). 

Hydrangea, 

Ashy (Hydrangea cinerea). 

Climbing (Decumaria barbara). 

Mountain (Hydrangea arborescens). 

Oakleaf (Hydrangear quercifolia). 

Silverleaf (Hydrangea radiata). 

Smooth (Hydrangea arborescens). 

Snowy (Hydrangea radiata). 

Wild (Hydrangee arborescens). 
Incense cedar (Libecedrus decurrens). 
Indigo, 

False (Amorpha fruticosa). 

Mountain (Amorpha glabra, 

Amorpha virgata). 

Schwerin’s (Amorpha schwerinii). 

Tennessee (Amorpha tennesseensis). 
Indigobush, (Amorpha fruticosa, 

Dalea spinosa). 

California (Amorpha californica). 

Dwarf (Amorpha microphylia). 
Indian, 

cherry (Rhamnus caroliniana). 

currant (Symphoricarpos orbdicula- 

tus). 

plum (Osmaronia cerasiformis). 
Inkberry, (Jbez glabra, 

Ilex verticillata). 

tall (flex coriacea). 

Inkweed (Allenrolfea occidentalis). 

Inland Jersey-tea (Ceanothus ovatus). 

Interior live oak (Quercus wislizenii). 

Iodine bush (Allenrolfea occidentalis). 


MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 


S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Ione bush (Ceanothus tomentosus). 
Iowa crab apple (Malus ioensis). 
Iron oak (Quercus chrysolepis, 
Quercus stellata). 
Ironwood, (Bumelia lycioides, 
Bumelia tenaz, 
Carpinus caroliniana, 
Cliftonia monophylla, 
Ostrya knowltonii, 
Ostrya virginiana, 
Prosopis chilensis). 


Catalina (Lyonothamnus floribun- 
dus). 

Santa Cruz (Lyonothamnus flori- 
bundus). 


Swamp (Cyrilla racemiflora). 
Island, 
ceanothus (Ceanothus arboreus). 
cherry (Prunus lyonii). 
gooseberry (Ribes viburnifolium). 
live oak (Quercus tomentella). 
myrtle (Ceanothus arboreus). 
Islay (Prunus ilicifolia). 
Ivy, (Kalmia latifolia, 
Leucothoé catesbaet). 
American (Parthenocissus quinque- 


folia). 
Marine (Cissus incisa). 
Sevenleaf (Parthenocissus  hepta- 
phylla). 
Jack, 


oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis, 
Quercus marilandica). 

pine (Pinus banksiana). 

Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japo- 
nica). 

Jara (Baccharis glutinosa). 
dulee (Baccharis glutinosa). 
Javelin brush (Microrhamnus 

coides). 

Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi). 

Jepson ceanothus (Ceanothus jepsonii). 

Jersey pine (Pinus virginiane). 

Jerusalem-thorn (Parkinsonia acule- 
ata). 

Jessamine, 

False (Gelsemium sempervirens). 

Yellow (Gelsemium sempervirens). 
Jim brush (Ceanothus sorediatus). 
Jointfir, 

California (Ephedra californica). 

Nevada (Hphedra nevadensis). 

Texas (Ephedra terana). 

Torrey (Ephedra torreyana). 
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). 
Joshua tree (Yucca brevifelia). 
Judas-tree (Cercis canadensis). 
Julibrissin (Albizzia julubrissin). 
Juneberry, (Amelanchier canadensis). 

Low (Amelanchier humilis, 

Amelanchier stotonifera). 
Junebud (Cercis canadensis). 
Juniper, 
Alligator (Juniperus pachyphloea). 
Big berry (Juniperus megalocarpa). 


eri- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Juniper—Continued. 
California (Juniperus californica). 
Coast (Juniperus lucayana). 
Colorado (Juniperus scopulorum). 
Dwarf (Juniperus communis). 
One-seed (Juniperus monosperma). 
Pinchot (Juniperus pinchotii). 
Red-berry (Juniperus pinchotii). 
Red-fruited (Juniperus erythro- 
carpa). 
Utah (Juniperus utahensis). 
Western (Juniperus occidentalis). 
Kentucky, 
coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioica). 
viburnum (Viburnum molle). 
wisteria (Wisteria macrostachya). 
yellow wood (Cladrastis lutea). 


Kern ceanothus (Ceanothus  pineto- 
rum). 
Kidneywood (Hysenhardtia  polysta- 
chya). 


Kidneywort (Baccharis pilularis). 
King nut hickory (Carya laciniosa). 
Kinnikinnik (Arctostaphylus uva-ursi, 
Cornus amomum). 

Klamath plum (Prunus subcordata). 
Knackaway (Hhretia anacua). 
Knobeone pine (Pinus attenuata). 
Labrador, 

tea (Ledum groenlandicum). 

tea, smooth (Ledum glandulosum). 

willow (Salix argyrocarpa). 
Labrusca (Vitis labrusca). 
Lacey oak (Quercus breviloba). 
Lady-bloom (Ceanothus parryi). 
Lady-bush (Ceanothus parryi). 
Lambkill (Kalmia angustifolia). 
Lanceleaf, 

alder (Alnus oblongifolia). 

cottonwood (Populus acuminata). 

erab apple (Malus lancifolia). 


Lance-leaved buckthorn (Rhamnus 
lanceolata). 

Lantana (Lantana camara). 

White flowered (Lantana _ involu- 
crata). 

Lapland, 

rhododendron (Rhododendron lap- 
ponicum). 

rose bay (Rhododendron lapponi- 
cum). 


Larch (Lariz laricina, 
Larig tlyallii, 
Laria occidentalis). 
American (Larigz laricina). 
Alpine (Lariz lyallii). 
Western (Lariz occidentalis). 
Large, 
buckeye (Aesculus octandra). 
tupelo gum (Nyssa aquatica). 
Largeleaf holly (Ilex longipes). 
Largetooth aspen (Populus grandiden- 
tata). 
Large-leaved, 
cucumbertree (Magnolia macro- 
phylia), 


341 


Large-leaved—Continued. 
holly (Nemopanthus mucronata). 
umbrella-tree (Magnolia macro- 
phylia). 
Laurel, 
Big (Magnolia grandiflora). 
Black (Gordonia lasianthus, 
Leucothaé davisiae). 


California (Umbellularia califor- 
nica). 
Carolina cherry (Prunus carolini- 
ana). 


Mountain (Kalmia latifolia). 
Narrow-leaved (Kalmia angusti- 
folia). 
Pale (Kalmia polifolia). 
Sheep (Kalmia angustifolia). 
Sticky (Ceanothus velutinus). 
Swamp(Kalmia polifolia, 
Magnolia virginiana). 
Sweet ([1licium fioridanum). 
Laurel, 
cherry (Prunus caroliniana). 
greenbrier (Smilax laurifolia). 
oak (Quercus imbricaria, 
Quercus laurifolia, 
Quercus phellos). 
sumac (Rhus laurina). 
iree (Persea borbonia). 
Lavender, desert (Hyptis emoryi). 
Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis law- 
soniana). 
Leadplant (Amorpha canescens). 
Leather oak (Quercus dumosa). 
Leatherbark (Dirca palustris). 
Leatherleaf ash (Fravinus velutina). 
Leatherwood (Cyrilla racemiflora, 
Dirca palustris). 
Mountain (Fremontia californica). 
Western (Direa occidentalis). 
Leatherfiower (Clematis vierna). 
Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne  caliycu- 
lata). 
Lemmen, 
acacia (Acacia lemmonii). 
willow (Salix lemmonii). 
Lemonade, 
berry (Rhus integrifolia). 
sumac (Rhus triiobata). 
Lenscale (Atriplex lentiformis). 
Lentisco (Rhus integrifolia). 
Leverwood (Ostrya virginiana). 
Limber pine (Pinus flewilis). 
Lime-tree (Tilia glabra). 
Linden (Tilia glabra). 
American (Tilia glabra). 
Linn (Tilia glabra). 
Liquidambar (liquidambar — styraci- 
flua). 
Little, 
mountain grape (Vitis berlandieri). 
muscadine grape (Vitis munsoniana). 
pignut hickory (Carya microcarpa). 
sage (Artemisia nova). 
shagbark hickory (Carya 
carpa). 


micro- 


042 


Little—Continued. 
Silverbell (Halesia parviflora). 
walnut (Juglans rupestris). 
witch-hazel (Hamamelis vernalis). 
Littleleaf, 
ash (Fravinus greggii). 
brickellbush (Brickellia microphylla). 
ceanothus (Ceanothus parvifolius). 
cherry (Prunus minutiflora). 
horsebean (Parkinsonia microphylla) . 
horsebrush (Tetradymia glabrata). 
Littlenut shagbark hickory (Carya 
microcarpa). 
Live oak (Quercus virginiana). 
Loblolly, 
bay (Gordonia lasianthus). 
pine (Pinus taeda). 
Locust, 
Black (Gleditsia triacanthos, 
Robinia pseudoacacia). 
Brostly (Robinia hispida). 
Clammy (Robinia viscosa). 
Green (Robinia pseudoacacia). 
Honey (Gleditsia triacanthos, 
Prosopis glandulosa, 
Prosopis chilensis, 
Robinia pseudoacacia). 
Mock (Amorpha californica). 
New Mexico (Robinia neomexicana). 
Peaflower (Robinia pseudoacacia). 
Post (Robinia peudoacacia). 
Red (Robinia pseudoacacia). 
Shipmast (Robinia pseudoacacia). 
Water (Gleditsia aquatica) - 
White (Robinia pseudoacacia). 
Yellow (Cladrastis lutea, 
Robinia pseudoacacia). 
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta, 
Pinus murreyana). 
Logwood (Condalia obevata). 
Long monkeyflower (Mimulus longifio- 
rus). 
Long-flowered catclaw (Acacia greggii). 
Longleaf, 
pine (Pinus australis). 
willow (Salia fiuviatilis, 
Salia interior). 
Long-leaved cucumbertree 
fraseri). 
Longspine horsebrush (Tetradymia spi- 
nosa). 
Long-stalked greenbrier (Smilav pseu- 
dochina). 
Lotebush (Condalia lycioides, 
Condalia obtustfolia) . 
Lovely fir (Abies amabilis). 
Low, 
asimina (Asimina pygmaea). 
birch (Betula pumila). 
blueberry (Vaccinium vacillans). 
juneberry (Amelanchier humilis, 
Amelanchier stolonifera). 
sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula). 
sweet blueberry (Vaccinium angusti- 
folium). 
wild gooseberry (Ribes hirtellum). 


(Magnolia 


MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 


S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Lowbush, 
blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium). 
huckleberry (Vaccinium vacillans). 
Lowland, 
hickory (Carya aquatica). 
white fir (Abies grandis). 
Lucia gooseberry (Ribes sericeum). 
Lupine, 
Chamisso (Lupinus chamissonis). 
Dune (Lupinus chamissonis). 
Guard (Lupinus excubitus). 
Mat (Lupinus breweri). 
Silver (Lupinus albifrons). 
Tree (Lupinus arboreus). 
Lyall willow (Salig lasiandra). 
Lyonia-vine (Calycocarpum lyonii). 
MacDonald oak (Quercus dumosa). 
MacDougal oak (Quercus pauciloba). 
Mackenzie willow (Salix mackenzi- 
ana). 
Macnab cypress (Cupressus macnabi- 
ana). 
Madrone (Arbutus menziesii). 
Arizona (Arbutus arizonica), 
Texas (Arbutus texvana). 
Magnolia, 
Ashe (Magnolia ashei). 
Bigleaf (Magnolia macrophylla). 
Cucumber (Magnolia acuminata). 
Evergreen (Magnolia grendifiora). 
Fraser (Magnolia fraseri). 
Great-leaved (Magnotia 
phylia). 
Mountain (Magnolia acuminata, 
Magnolia fraseri, 
Magnolia pyramidata). 
Pyramid (Magnolia pyramidata). 
Southern (Magnolia grandifora). 
Swamp (Magnolia virginiana). 
Sweet (Magnolia virginiana). 
Umbrella (Magnolia tripetala). 
Yellow-flower (Magnolia cordata). 
Mahala mat (Ceanothus prostratus). 
Mahaleb cherry (Prunus mechaleb). 
Mahogany, 
Alderleaf mountain (Cercocarpus al- 
nifolius). 
Arizona mountain (Cercocarpus ari- 


macro- 


zonicus ). 

Bigleaf mountain (Cercocarpus tras- 
kiae). 

Birchleaf (Cercocarpus montanus). 

Birchleaf mountain (Cercocarpus 
betuloides). 

Curlleaf mountain (Cercocarpus ledi- 
folius). 


Desert (Cercocarpus ledifolius). 

Mountain (Cercocarpus montanus). 

Silver mountain (Cercecarpus argen- 
teus). 

Small-flowered mountain (Cercocar- 
pus minutifiorus). 

Small-leaf (Cercocarpus intricatus). 

Trask (Cercocarpus traskiae). 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Mahogany—Continued. 
birch (Betula lenta). 
sumae (Rhus integrifolia). 
Male, 
berry (Xolisma ligustrina). 
paloverde (Parkinsonia microphylla). 
Mallow ninebark (Physocarpus malva- 
ceus, 
Malva rosa (Lavatera assurgentiflora). 
Mangla (Rhus laurina). 
Manzanita, 
Anderson 
sonii). 
Common (Arctostaphylos manzani- 
ta). 
EKastwood 
losa). 
Great-berried (Arctostaphylos glau- 
ca). 
Greenleaf (Arctostaphylos patula). 
Hairy (Arctostaphylos columbiana). 
Heartleaf (Arctostaphylos ander- 
sonit). 
Mariposa (Arctostaphylos mariposa). 
Parry (Arctostaphylos manzanita). 
Pine-mat (Arctostaphylos nevaden- 
Sis). 
Pointleaf (Arctostaphylos pungens). 
- Roughleaf (Arctostaphylos drupa- 
cea). 
Sandmat (Arctostaphylos pumila). 
Whiteleaf (Arctostaphylos viscida). 
Maple, 
Ash-leaved (Acer negundo). 
Bigleaf (Acer macrophyllum). 
Bigtooth (Acer grandidentaiwm). 
Biack (Acer nigrum, 
Acer saccharum). 
Black sugar (Acer nigrum). 
Broadleaf (Acer macrophyllum). 
Chalk (Acer leucoderme). 
Dwarf (Acer glabrum). 
Florida (Acer floridanum). 
Hard (Acer saccharum). 
Mountain (Acer glabrum, 
Acer spicatum). 
Oregon (Acer macrophyllum). 
Red (Acer rubrum). 
River (Acer saccharinum). 
Rock (Acer saccharum). 
Sierra (Acer glabrum). 
Silver (Acer saccharinum). 
Soft (Acer rubrum, 
Acer saccharinum). 
Southern sugar (Acer floridanum). 
Sugar (Acer saccharum). 
Swamp (Acer rubrum). 
Vine (Acer circinatum). 
Water (Acer rubrum). 
Western sugar (Acer grandidenta- 
tum). 
White (Acer saccharinum). 
Whitebark (Acer leucoderme). 


(Arctostaphylos  ander- 


(Arctostaphylos glandu- 


343 


Mapleleaf, 
arrowwood (Viburnum acerifolium). 
viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium). 
Marine ivy (Cissus incisa). 
Mariola (Partheniwm incanum). 
Mariposa manzanita (Arctostaphylos 
mariposa). 
Marsh pine (Pinus serotina). 
Martin, 
ceanothus (Ceanothus martinii). 
soapbloom (Ceanothus martinii). 
Mat, 
Mahala (Ceanothus prostratus). 
Squaw (Ceanothus prostratus). 
Mat lupine (Lupinus breweri). 
Matrimony-vine (Lycium halimi- 
folium). 
Maul oak (Quercus chrysolepis). 
Mayapple (Malvaviscus drummondii). 
Maycherry (Amelanchier canadensis). 
Mayplum (Prunus terana). 
Mazzard (Prunus aviwn). 
Meadow, 
queen (Spiraea latifolia). 
spiraea (Spiraea alba). 
sweet (Spiraea alba, 
Spiraea, tatifolia, 
Spiraea salicifolia). 
Mearn’s mockorange  (Philadelphus 
mearnsit) . 
Medaddy-bush (Lonicera canadensis). 
Mendocino whitethorn (Ceanothus in- 
canus). 
Menodora (Menodora spinescens). 
Menzies, 
gooseberry (Ribes menziesit). 
spiraea (Spiraea menziesii). 
Mesa, 
dalea (Dalea schottit). 
hard-tack (Cercocarpus 
Tus). 
oak (Quercus engelmannii). 
Mescalbean (Sophora secundiflora). 
Meseat acacia (Acacia constricta). 
Mesquite, (Prosopis chilensis)- 
Arizona (Prosopis chilensis). 
Dwarf (Acacia reticulata). 
False (Calliandra eriophylla). 
Honey (Prosopis chilensis). 
Mock (Calliandra eriophylla). 
Screwpod (Prosopis pubescens). 
Velvet (Prosopis odorata). 
Mexican, 
alder (Alnus oblongifolia). 
ash (Fravinus berlandieriana). 
blue oak (Quercus oblongifolia). 
bluewood (Condalia mexicana). 
buckeye (Ungnadia, speciosa). 
cherry (Prunus mexicana). 
elder (Sambucus mexicana). 
lead tree (Leucaena pulverulenta). 
mulberry (Morus microphylla). 
orange (Choisya dwmosa). 
persimmon (Diospyros terana). 
pifion (Pinus cembroides). 
plum (Prunus mevicana). 


minutiflo- 


344 


Mexican—Continued. 
stone pine (Pinus cembroides). 
white pine (Pinus strobiformis). 

Mezereum (Daphne mezereum). 

Michigan holly (llexz verticillata). 

Michaux sumac (Rhus michauwvii). 

Miners’ dogwood (Cornus sessilis). 

Mimosa (Albizzia julubrissin, 

Leucaena pulverulenta). 
Pink (Mimosa borealis). 
Velvetpod (Mimosa dysocarpa). 

Minnie-bush (Menziesia pilosa). 

Missouri, 
currant (Ribes odoratum). 
gooseberry (Ribes missouriense, 

Ribes setosum). 
grape (Vitis palmata). 
river willow (Saliz cordata). 
viburnum (Viburnum ajfine). 

Mock, 
mesquite (Calliandra eriophylla). 
heather (Aplopappus ericoides). 
locust (Amorpha californica). 

Mockorange (Bumelia lycioides, 

Philadelphus spp.). 
Mearn’s (Philadelphus mearnsii). 


Small-leaf (Philadelphus microphyl- 


lus). 
Mockernut hickory (Carya aiba). 
Mohave, 
dalea (Dalea arborescens). 
desert-rue (Thamnosma montana). 


horsebrush (Tetradymia stenolepis). 


thorn (Canotia holacantha). 


A1SC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Mountain—Continued. 


clematis (Clematis verticillaris). 
cranberry (Hugeria erythrocarpa, 
Vaccinium vitisidaea). 
currant (Ribes viscosissimum). 
dogwood (Cornus nuttallit). 
elder (Sambucus caerulea). 
false-indigs (Amorpha virgata). 
fetterbush (Pieris floribunda). 
fly-honeysuckle (Lonicera cauriana, 
Lonicera villosa). 
fringe (Artemisia frigida). 
gooseberry (Ribes montigenum, 
Ribes rotundifolium). 

grape (Berteris acquifolium, 

Vitis beriandieri, 

Vitis rupestris). 
grape, little (Vitis berlandieri). 
grape, sweet (Vitis monticola). 
heather (Phyllodoce caerulea). 
hemlock (7'suga mertensiana). 
holly (Ilex montana). 
honeysuckle (Lenicera dioica). 
hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens). 
indigo (Amorpha glabra, 

Amorpha virgata). 
ironwood (Cercocarpus dbetuloides). 
leatherwood (Fremonitia californica). 


Mountain-lover (Pachistima canbyi). 
Mountain magnolia (Magnolia acumi- 


nata, 
Magnolia fraseri, 
Magnolia pyrami- 
data). 


Mohr’s shinnery oak (Quercus mohri- | Mountain, 


ana). 
Monkeyfiower, 
Crimson (Mimulus puniceus). 
Long (Mimulus longifiorus). 
Monterey, 
cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa). 
pine (Pinus radiata). 


Moonseed (Menispermum canadense). 


Mooseberry (Viburnum alnifolium). 
Moosewood (Acer pennsyivanicum, 
Dirca palustris). 
Morello cherry (Prunus cerasus). 
Mormon tea (Hphedra viridis). 
Moronel (Lonicera subspicata). 
Mortonia (Mortonia utahensis). 
Moss locust (Robinia hispida). 
Mossyeup oak (Quercus macrocarpe). 
Mountain, 
alder (Alnus crispa, 
Alnus rhombifolia, 
Alnus sinuata, 
Alnus tenuifolia). 
ash (Frawvinus texensis). 
balm (Ceanothus velutinus, 
Hriodictyon californicum). 
balsam (Abies lasiocarpa). 
birch (Betula fontinalis). 
buckthorn (Bumelia monticola). 
camellia (Stuartia pentagyna). 
cedar (Juniperus mexicana). 
cherry (Prumus angustifolia). 


maple (Acer giabrum, 
Acer spicatum). 
misery (Chamaebatia foliolosa). 
oak (Quercus kelloggii, 
Quercus montana). 
oread (Magnolia pyramidata). 
pine (Pinus pungens). 
privet (flex moniana). 
meadowsweet (Spiraea virginiana). 
mulberry (Morus microphylla). 
redcedar (Juniperus scopulorum). 
rose bay (Rhododendron catawbi- 
ense). 
silverbell (Hdalesia, monticola). 
snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophi- 
lus). 
sweet pepperbush (Clethra acumi- 
nata). 
spicewood (Calycanthus fertilis). 
sumac (Rhus copallina). 
tea (Gauliheria procubens). 
white oak (Quercus douglasii, 
Quercus grisea). 
whitethorn (Ceanothus cordulatus). 
willow (Saliz scouleriana). 
willow, false (Salix pseudomonti- 
cola). 


Mountain winterberry (Ilex montana). 
Mountain-ash, (Sorbus americana). 


Alpine (Sorbus occidentalis). 
American (Sorbus americana). 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 345 


Mountain-ash—Continued. Narrowleaf yerba santa (Hriodictyon 
European (Sorbus aucuparia). angustifolium) 
Greene (Sorbus scopulina). Necklace poplar (Populus deltoides, 
Pacific (Sorbus sitchensis). Populus sargentii). 
Western (Sorbus sitchensis). Needle palm (Rhapidophyllum hystriz). 
Mountain-holly (Nemopanthus mucro-| Nerango (Prunus texana). 
nata). Netleaf, 
Mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia). hollygrape (Berberis californicum). 
Mountain-mahogany, (Cercocarpus oak (Quercus diversicolor). 
montanus). _ |Nettle-tree (Celtis occidentalis). 
Alderleaf (Cercocarpus alnifolius). Netvein acacia (Acacia reticulata). 
Arizona (Cercocarpus arizonicus). Nevada, 
Bigleaf (Cercocarpus traskiae). currant (Ribes nevadense). 
Birchleaf (Cercocarpus betuloides). dalea (Parosela polyadenia). 
Curl-leaf (Cercocarpus ledifolius). jointfir (Hphedra nevadensis). 
Small-flowered (Cercocarpus minuti- wild almond (Prunus andersonii). 
florus). Nevin hollygrape (Berberis nevinii). 
Silver (Cercocarpus argenteus). Newberry falsemallow (Horsfordia 
Moxie plum (Chiogenes hispidula). newberryi). 
Mulberry, New Jersey-tea (Ceanothus ameri- 
Black (Morus nigra). canus). 
Mexican (Morus microphylla). New Mexican, 
Mountain (Morus microphylla). — locust (Robinia neomezxicana). 
Red (Morus rubra). rubberbush (Parthenium incanum). 
Texas (Morus microphylla). shinnery oak (Quercus novomezi- 
White (Morus alba). cana). 
Mulefat (Baccharis viminea). New Mexico, 
Munson cherry (Prunus munsoniana).| buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa). 
Murray pine (Pinus murrayana). clematis (Clematis neomexicana). 
Muscadine grape, (Vitis rotundifolia). Nightshade, bitter (Solanum  dul- 
Little (Vitis munsoniana). _camara). 
Musk brush (Ceanothus jepsonii). Ninebark (Physocarpus capitatus, 
Mustang grape (Vitis candicans). Physocarpus opulifolius). 
Mustard, sacred (Nicotiana glauca). Alabama (Physocarpus alabamensis). 


Dwarf (Physocarpus aiternans). 
Mallow (Physocarpus malvaceus, 
Prairie (Physocarpus intermedius). 


Myrtle, (Cyrilla racemifiora). 
California wax (Myrica californica). 
Wax (Myrica cerifera). 


Wild crape (Malpighia glabra). eee me bei nobilis). 
Myrtle boxleaf (Pachistima myrsi- | ~08? (Juglans major). 
nites). ieee ee 
di . s alder nus simuata). 
Meee (Bernardia myricaefo fom erapeCVaTeMnibiiscay: 
Myrtleleaf gooseberry (Ribes oxyacanthoides). 


pin oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis). 

prickly-ash (Xanthoxrylum  ameri- 
canum) . 

red oak (Quercus borealis). 

sloe (Prunus alleghaniensis). 


croton (Bernardia myricaefolia). 

oak (Quercus myrtifolia). 
Myrtle oak (Quercus murtifolia). 
Naked withe rod (Viburnum nudum). 


Nanny plum (Viburnum lentago). white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). 
Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago, white pine (Pinus strobus). 
Viburnum prunifolium). Norway pine (Pinus resinosa). 
Hairy (Viburnum pubescens). Nut pine (Pinus cembroides, 
Rusty (Viburnum rufidulum). Pinus edulis, 

Narrowleaf, Pinus monophylla, 
buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata). Pinus parryana). 
cottonwood (Populus angustifolia). Nutbrush (Simmondsia chinensis). 
crab apple (Malus angustifolia). Nutmeg, California (Tumion californi- 
goldenbush (Aplopappus  linearifo- cum). 

lius). Nutmeg, hickory (Carya myristicae- 
laurel (Kalmia angustifolia). formis). 
papaw (Asimina angustifolia). Nuttall, 
redroot (Ceanothus ovatus). globemallow (Malvasirum nuttallii). 
willow (Saliz exigua, horsebrush (Tetradymia nuttallir). 


Saliz longifolia). willow (Saliv scouleriana). 


246 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Oak, 
Arizona white (Quercus arizonica). 
Barren (Quercus ilicifolia, 
Quercus marilandica). 
Basket (Quercus durandii, 
Quercus prinus). 
Bastard (Quercus coccinea, 
Quercus durandii). 
Bastard white (Quercus austrina). 
Bear (Quercus ilicifolia, 
Quercus sadleriana). 
Black (Quercus coccinea,) 
Quercus emoryit). 
Black scrub (Quercus ilicifolia). 
Blackjack (Quercus marilandica). 
Blue (Quercus douglasii). 
Bluejack (Quercus cinerea). 
Box white (Quercus stellata). 
Boynton (Quercus boyntonit). 
Bray (Quercus brayi). 
Brewer (Quercus garryana). 
Buck (Quercus coccinea). 
Bur (Quercus macrocarpa). 
California black (Quercus kelloggii). 
California blue (Quercus douglasii). 
California live (Quercus agrifolia). 
California scrub (Quercus dumosa). 
California tanbark (Quercus densi- 
flora). 
California white (Quercus lobata). 
Canyon live (Quercus chrysolepis, 
Quercus wislizenii). 
Chapman (Quercus chapmanii). 
Chapman white (Quercus chapmanii). 
Chestnut (Quercus montana). 
Chinquapin (Quercus muehlenbergii). 
Chisos red (Quercus gravesii). 
Coast live (Quercus agrifolia, 
Quercus pricei). 
Colorado white (Quercus 
phyla). 
Cow (Quercus prinus). 
Deer (Quercus sadleriana). 
Duck (Quercus nigra). 
Durand (Quercus durandii). 
Durand white (Quercus durandii). 
Dwarf chinquapin (Quercus prinoi- 
des). 
Dyer (Quercus velutina). 
Hmory (Quercus emoryi). 
Evergreen (Quercus engelmannii). 
Evergreen white (Quercus engel- 
manit). 
Fendler (Quercus fendleri). 
Gambel (Quercus gambelii). 
Garry (Quercus garryana). 
Georgia (Quercus georgiana). 
Grave’s (Quercus gravesit). 
Gray (Quercus grisea). 
Havard’s shinnery (Quercus havar- 
dii). 
Hedgehog (Lithocarpus densiflora). 
Highland live (Quercus wislizenit). 
Holly (Quercus undulata). 
Huckleberry (Quercus vaccinifolia), 
Interior live (Quercus wislizenii). 


lepto- 


Oak—Continued. 

Iron (Quercus chrysolepis, 
Quercus stellata). 

Island live (Quercus tomentelia). 

Jack (Quercus ellipsoidalis, 
Quercus marilandica). 

Lacey (Qwercus laceyi). 

Laurel (Quercus imbricaria, 

Quercus laurifolia, 

Quercus phellos). 
Laurelleaf (Quercus laurifolia). 
Leather (Quercus dumosa). 

Live (Quercus virginiana). 
MacDonald (Quercus dumosa). 
Mesa (Quercus engelnannii). 
Mexican blue (Quercus oblongifolia). 
Mohr’s shinnery (Quercus mohriana). 
Mossycup (Quercus macrocarpa). 
Mountain (Quercus kelloggii, 
Quercus montana). 
Mountain white (Quercus douglasii, 
Quercus grisea). 
Myrtle (Quercus myrtifolia). 
Myrtleleaf (Quercus myrtifolia). 
Netleaf (Quercus diversicolor). 
New Mexican shinnery (Quercus 
novomexricana). 
Northern pin (Quercus ellipsoidalis). 
Northern red (Quercus borealis). 
Oregon white (Quercus garryana). 
Overcup (Quercus lyrata, 
Quercus macrocarpa). 
Palmer (Quercus palmeri). 
Pin (Quercus laurifolia, 
Quercus palustris, 
Quercus phellos). 
Possum (Quercus nigra). 
Post (Quercus stellata). 
Punk (Quercus nigra). 
Quercitron (Quercus velutina). 
Red (Quercus coccinea, 
Quercus rubra, 
Quercus velutina). 
Rock (Quercus douglassii, 
Quercus montana). 
Rock chestnut (Quercus montana). 
Rocky Mountain shin (Quercus un- 
dulata). 
Rocky Mountain white (Quercus lep- 
tophylla, 
Quercus 
utahensis). 
Running (Quercus pumila). 
Rydberg (Quercus rydbergiana). 
Sadler (Quercus sadleriana). 
Searlet (Quercus coccinea). 
Schneck red (Quercus shumardit). 
Scrub (Quercus catesbei, 

Quercus macrocarpa, 

Quercus maritiandica, 

Quercus prinoides). 

Scrub chestnut (Quercus princides). 
Shin (Quercus mohriana, 

Quercus undulata). 
Shingle (Quercus imbricaria). 
Shinnery (Quercus havardii). 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Oak—Continued. 
Shumard red (Quercus shumardii). 
Silver (Quercus hypoleuca). 
Slick (Quercus velutina). 
Slickbark (Quercus velutina). 
Small chestnut (Quercus prinoides). 
Small post (Quercus margaretta). 
Smoothbark (Quercus velutina). 
Southern red (Quercus rubra). 
Spanish (Quercus coccinea, 
Quercus digitata, 
Quercus rubra). 
Spotted (Quercus coccined, 
Quercus nigra, 
Quercus shumardit, 
Quercus texana) 
Swamp (Quercus bicolor, 
Quercus palustris). 
Swamp chestnut (Quercus prinus). 
Swamp post (Quercus lyrata). 
Swamp Spanish (Quercus palustris). 
Swamp white (Qwercus bicolor, 
Quercus prinus). 
Switeh (Quercus undulata). 
Tan (Lithocarpus densiflora). 
Tanbark (Lithocarpus densiflora, 
Quercus montana, 
Quercus velutina). 
Texas red (Quercus texrana). 
Toumey (Quercus toumeyt). 
Turkey (Quercus cinerea, 
Quercus ilicifolia, 
Quercus rubra). 
Upland willow (Quercus cinerea). 
Valley white (Quercus lobata). 
Vasey (Quercus undulata). 
Water (Quercus arkansana, 
Quercus imobricaria, 
Quercus laurifolia, 
Quercus nigra, 
Quercus palustris, 
Quercus phellos). 
Wavyleaf (Quercus undulata). 
White (Quercus alba, 
Quercus durandii, 
Quercus oblongifolia, 
Quercus stellata). 
White water (Quercus lyrata). 
Whiteleaf (Quercus hypoleuca). 
Wilcox (Quercus wilcozii). 
Willow (Quercus phellos). 
Willowleaf (Quercus phellos). 
Wislizenius (Quercus wislizenii). 
Yellow (Quercus veiutina). 
Oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea querci- 
folia). 
Oceanspray (Holediscus discolor). 
Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens). 
Ogeche, 
lime (Nyssa ogeche). 
plum (Nyssa ogeche). 
Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra). 
Oklahoma plum (Prunus gracilis). 
Old-field, 
birch (Betula populifolia). 
pine (Pinus taeda). 
plum (Prunus umbellata). 


347 


paste beard (Hydrangea quercifo- 

ia). 

aes Russian (Hlaeagnus angustifo- 
lia). 

Olive tree, wild (#alesia carolina). 

One-berry (Celtis occidentalis). 

One-color willow (Salix menochroma). 

One-seed juniper (Juniperus mono- 
sperma). 

Opopanax (Acacia farnesiana). 

Yellow (Acacia farnesiana). 
Opossum-wood (Halesia carolina). 
Orange, 

Bitter (Citrus trifoliata). 

Mexican (Choisya dumosa). 

Mock (Prunus caroliniana). 

Osage (Maclura pomifera). 

Wild (Prunus caroliniana). 

Orange, 

gooseberry (Ribes pinetorum). 

honeysuckle (Lonicera ciliosa). 
Oregon, 

alder (Alnus rubra). 

ash (Fraxvinus oregona). 

box-bush (Pachistima myrsinites). 

crab apple (Malus fusca). 

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga tasvifolia). 

gooseberry (Ribes lobbii). 

hollygrape (Berberis aquifolium, 
Berberis nervosa). 
maple (Acer macrophyllum). 

myrtle (Umbellularia californica). 

pine (Pseudotsuga taxifolia). 

tea-tree (Ceanothus sanguineus). 
viburnum (Viburnum ellipticum). 
white oak (Quercus garryanea). 
Oregon-grape (Berberis aquifolium, 
Berberis nervosa, 
Berberis repens). 
Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera). 
Osier, 
Red (Cornus stolonifera). 
Western (Cornus occidentalis). 
Oso berry (Osmaronia cerasiformis). 
Overcup, oak (Quercus lyrata, 
Quercus macrocarpa). 
Oxeye, sea (Borrichia frutescens). 
Ozark chinquapin (Castanea ozarken- 
Sis). 
Pachysandra 
bens). 
Pacific, 
grape (Vitis californica). 
mountain-ash (Sorbus sitchensis). 
plum (Prunus subcordata). 
waxmyrtle (Myrica californica). 
yew (Tazus brevifolia). 

Paintbrush, bush (Castilleja hololeuca). 

Palaverde (Canotia holacantha). 

Pale, 

desert-thorn (Lycium pallidum). 

dogwood (Cornus obliqua). 

elderberry (Sambucus coerulea). 
laurel (Kalmia polifolia). 

silktassel (Garrya flavescens). 

wolfberry (Lycium pallidum). 


(Pachysandra procum- 


348 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Palm, Texas (Sabal tezana). 
Palmer, 
clematis (Clematis palmeri). 
cottonwood (Populus palmeri). 
goldenbush (Aplopappus palmeri). 
oak (Quercus palmert). 
Palmetto, cabbage (Sabal palmetto). 
Paloblanco (Celtis lindheimeri, 
Celtis reticulata, 
Forestiera neomexicana). 
Paloduro (Celtis reticulata). 
Paloverde (Cercidium macrum, 
Cercidium torreyanum). 
Panhandle grape (Vitis doaniana). 
Panicled dogwood (Cornus paniculata). 
Papaw, 
Common (Asimina triloba). 
Dwarf (Asimina parvifiora). 
Narrowleaf (Asimina angustifolia). 
Small-flowered (Asimina parviflora). 
Small-fruited (Asimina parviflora). 
Paper, 
birch (Betula papyrifera, 
Betula populifolia). 
mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera). 
Paperleaf alder (Alnus tenwifolia). 
Paradise flower (Acacia greggi). 
Parish, 
desert-thorn (Lycium parishii). 
goldenbush (Aplopappus parishii). 
Parry, 
lenscale (Atriplex parryi). 
manzanita (Arctostaphylos manza- 
nita). 
pion (Pinus parryana). 
saltbush (Atriplex parryi). 
Partridge berry (Mitchella repens). 
Pasture gooseberry (Ribes cynosbatii). 
Pavonia (Pavenia lasiopetala). 
Peach, 
Desert (Prunus andersonii). 
Wild (Prunus carolinia, 
Prunus texana). 
Peach, 
oak (Quercus phellos). 
thorn (Lyciwm coope7i). 
Peachleaf willow (Saliz amygdaloides). 
Peaflower locust (Robinia pseudo- 
acacia). 
Pecan (Carya pecan) . 
Pencil-tree (Baccharis halimifolia). 
Pentstemon, 
Heartleaf (Pentstemon cordifolius). 
Rothrock (Pentstemon rothroekii). 


Shortflower (Pentstemon brevi- 
florus). 

Snapdragon (Pentstemon antirrhi- 
noides). 
Pepperbush, 


Mountain sweet (Clethra acuminata). 
Sweet (Clethra alnifolia). 
Pepperidge (Cissus arborea, 
Nyssa sylvatica). 
Peppervine (Cissus arborea). 
Pepperwood (Umbellularia californica, 
Xanthoczylum  clava-her- 
culis). 


Perfumed cherry (Prunus mahaleb). 
Fersimmon (Diospyros virginiana). 
Black (Diospyros tezana), 
Mexican (Diospyros texana). 
Pickleweed (Allenrolfea occidentalis). 
Piedmont rhododendron (Rhododen- 
dron minus). 
Pigeon cherry (Prunus pennsylwanica). 
Pigeonberry (Amelanchier alnifolia, 
Amelanchier florida, 
Cornus alternifolia, 
Rhamnus californica). 
Pigmy-cedar (Peucephyllum schottii). 
Pignut, (Simmondsia chinensis). 
hickory (Carya cordiformis, 
Carya glabra, 
Carya leiodermis, 
Carya pallida, 
Carya villosa). 
Pilgrim grape (Vitis novae-angliae). 
Pima ratany (Krameria parvifolia). 
Pin cherry (Prunus pennsylwanica). 
Pinchot juniper (Juniperus pinchottii). 
Pine, 
Apache (Pinus apacheca). 
Arizona (Pinus arizonica). 
Banks (Pinus banksiana). 
Bigcone (Pinus coulteri). 
Bishop (Pinus muricata). 
Black (Pinus serotina, 
Pinus taeda). 
Bristlecone (Pinus aristata). 
Carribean (Pinus caribaea). 
Chihuahua (Pinus leiophylia). 
Coulter (Pinus coulteri). 
Digger (Pinus sabiniana). 
Kat (Pinus australis). 
Foxtail (Pinus aristata, 
Pinus balfouriana). 
Georgia (Pinus australis). 
Gray (Pinus banksiana). 
Hickory (Pinus aristata). 
Jack (Pinus banksiana). 
Jeffrey (Pinus jeffreyi). 
Jersey (Pinus virginiana). 
Knobeone (Pinus attenuata). 
Limber (Pinus flezrilis). 
Loblolly (Pinus taeda). 
Lodgepole (Pinus contorta, 
Pinus murrayana). 
Longleaf (Pinus australis). 
Marsh (Pinus serotina). 
Mexican stone (Pinus cembroides). 
Mexican white (Pinus strobiformis). 
Monterey (Pinus radiata). 
Mountain (Pinus pungens). 
Murray (Pinus murrayana). 
Northern white (Pinus strobus). 
Norway (Pinus resinosa). 
Nut (Pinus cembroides, 
Pinus edulis, 
Pinus monophyila, 
Pinus parryana). 
Oldfield (Pinus taeda). . 
Oregon (Pseudotsuga tavifolia). 
Pitch (Pinus rigida). 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Pine—Continued. 
Pond (Pinus serotina). 
Prickle-cone (Pinus muricata). 
Red (Pinus resinosa, 
Pseudotsuga glauca). 
Rocky mountain yellow (Pinus bra- 
chyptera). 
Rosemary (Pinus taeda). 
Sabine (Pinus sabiniana). 
Sand (Pinus clausa). 
Santa Cruz Island (Pinus remo- 
rata). 
Scrub (Pinus banksiana, 
Pinus virginiana). 
Shore (Pinus contorta). 
Shortleaf (Pinus echinata, 
Pinus taeda). 
Singleleaf (Pinus monophylla). 
Slash (Pinus caribaea). 
Southern (Pinus australis). 
Southern hard (Pinus australis). 
Southern yellow (Pinus echinata). 
Spruce (Picea mariana, 

Pinus contorta, 

Pinus glabra, 

Tsuga canadensis). 

Sugar (Pinus lambertiana). 
Swamp (Pinus caribaea, 

Pinus palustris). 
Table-mountain (Pinus pungens). 
Tamarac (Pinus murrayana). 
Torrey (Pinus torreyana). 

Virginia (Pinus virginiana). 
Western white (Pinus monticola). 
Western yellow (Pinus ponderosa). 
White (Picea engeimannii, 
Pinus flecilis, 
Pinus glabra, 
Pinus strobus). 
Whitebark (Pinus albicaulis). 
Yellow (Pinus australis, 
Pinus echinata, 
Pinus ponderosa). 
bush (Aplopappus pinifolius). 
Pineleaf goldenbush (Aplopappus pini- 
folius). 
Pine-mat (Ceanothus diversifolius). 
manzanita (Arctostaphylos nevaden- 
sis). 
Pink, 
honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula). 
meadow spiraea (Spiraea latifolia). 
mimosa (Mimosa borealis). 
sophora (Sophora, affinis). 
Pinkshell azalea (Rhododendron va- 
seyi). 
Pin oak, (Quercus laurifolia, 
Quercus palustris, — 
Quercus phellos). 
Northern (Quercus ellipsoidalis). 
Pifion (Pinus edulis, 
Pinus monophylla). 
Pinxter flower (Rhododendron 
cens, 


Caneés- 


349 


Piper willow (Salix piperi). 
Pipestem (Clematis lasiantha). 
Pipe-vine, (Aristolochia durior, 
Aristolochia tomentosa). 
Dutehman’s (Aristolochia durior). 
California Dutchman’s (Aristolochia 
californica). 
Woolly (Aristolochia tomentosa). 
Pitch pine (Pinus rigida). 
Planetree (Platanus occidentalis). 
Planer-tree (Planera aquatica). 
Plateau gooseberry (Ribes velutinum). 
Plum, 
Allegheny (Prunus allegheniensis). 
Beach (Prunus maritima). 
Big-tree (Prunus mexicana). 
Bullace (Prunus umbellata). 
Canada (Prunus nigra). 
Chickasaw (Prunus angustifolia, 
Prunus umbellata). 
Creek (Prunus rivularis). 
Deer (Chrysobalanus oblongifolius) . 
Downward (Bumelia spinifiora). 
Hog (Colubrina texensis, 
Prunus reverchonii, 
Prunus umbellata). 
Horse (Prunus americana, 
Prunus nigra). 
Hortulan (Prunus hortulana). 
Klamath (Prunus subcordata). 
May (Prunus texana). 
Mexican (Prunus meawicana). 
Moxie (Chiogenes hispidula). 
Nanny (Viburnum lentago). 
Ogeche (Nyssa ogeche). 
Oklahoma (Prunus gracilis). 
Oldfield (Prunus umbellata). 
Pacific (Prunus subcordata). 
Porter’s (Prunus allegheniensis). 
Prairie (Prunus umbellata). 
Saffron (Bumelia spinifiora). 
Sand (Prunus texana). 
Shore (Prunus maritima). 
Sierra (Prunus subcordata). 
Western wild (Prunus subcordata). 
Wild (Prunus americana, 
Prunus tanata, 
Prunus nigra). 
Wild garden (Prunus hortulana). 
Wild goose (Prunus hortulano, 
Prunus munsoniana). 
Wild red (Prunus americana). 
Wild yellow (Prunus americana). 
Plum grape (Vitis labrusca). 
Plumas bush (Ceanothus lemmonii). 
Plumleaf cherry (Prunus emarginata). 
Plymouth crowberry (Corema conradit). 
Pointleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos 
pungens). 
Poison, 
ash (Rhus verniz). 
bay (Illicium floridanum). 
dogwood (Rhus vernia). 
elder (Rhus verniz). 
sumac (Rhus vernix). 


Rhododendron nudi-| Poisonbean (Daubenbonia drummon- 


florum). 


dit). 


350 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 


Poison-ivy (Rhus toxicodendron). 
Poison-oak (Rhus diversiloba, 
Rhus toxicodendron, 
Rhus vermiz). 
Polecat tree (Rhamnus caroliniena). 
Polished willow (Saliz laevigata). 
Polygala, 
Desert (Polygala acanthoclada). 
Thorn (Polygala acanthoclada). 
Pond, 
brush (fForestiera acuminata). 
pine (Pinus serotina). 
spice (Glabraria geniculata). 
Pondbush (Glabraria geniculata). 
Pondcypress (Taxodium ascendens). 
Ponil (Fallugia paradoaa). 
Popinack (Acacia farnesiana). 
Poplar, 
Balsam (Populus balsamifera). 
Blue (Liriodendron tulipifera). 
Downy (Populus heterophylia). 
Hickory (Liriedendron tulipifera). 
Necklace (Populus deltoides, 
Populus sargentii). 
Rydberg (Populus acuminata). 
Silver (Populus alba). 
White (Liriodendron tulipifera, 
Populus alba). 
Yellow (Liriodendron tulipfera. 
Popotillo (Hphedra antisyphilitica, 
Ephedra trifurca). 
Poppy, 
Bush (Dendromecon rigida). 
Tree (Dendromecon rigida). 
Porter’s plum (Prunus allegheniensis). 
Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis law- 
soniana). 
Possum, 
grape (Vitis baileyana). 
oak (Quercus nigra). 
wood (Diospyros virginiana). 
Possumhaw (Ilex decidua, 
Viburnum nudum). 
Post, 
cedar (Libocedrus decurrens). 
locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). 
oak (Quercus stellata). 
Post-oak grape (Vitis lincecumii). 
Poverty birch (Betula populifolia). 
Powdery storax (Styraz pulverulenta). 
Prairie, 
acacia (Acacia angustissima). 
crab apple (Malus ioensis). 
guajillo (Acacia angustissima). 
ninebark (Physocarpus intermedius). 
plum (Prunus umbellata). 
weed (Potentilla, fruticosa). 
willow (Salig humilis). 
Pretty willow (Saliz bella). 
Prickle-cone pine (Pinus muricata). 
Prickly, 
ash (Aralia spinosa). 
gooseberry (Ribes cynosbatii). 
Pride of China (Melia azedarach). 


S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Privet, (Forestiera acuminata, 
Ilex decidua, 
Ilex longipes, 
Ligustrum vulgare). 
Mountain (Jlex montana). 
Swamp (Forestiera acuminata). 
andromeda (Xolisma ligustrina). 
lippia (Lippia ligustrina). 
Punk oak (Quercus nigra). 
Purple, 
anise (Illicium floridanum). 
azalea (Rhododendron nudiflorum). 
chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia). 
dogwood (Cornus alternifolia). 
haw (Condalia obovata). 
virgins-bower (Clematis verticillaris). 
Pumpkin ash (Frazvinus profunda). 
Pussy. willow (Salizv discolor). 
dwarf (Saliz tristis). 
Pyramid magnolia (Magnolia pyrami- 
data). 
Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). 
Quarter-vine (Bignonia capreolata). 
Quercitron oak (Quercus velutina). 
Quinine, 
bush (Cowania stansburiana, 
Garrya elliptica, 
Garrya flavescens). 
cherry (Prunus emarginata). 
plant (Simmondsia chinensis). 
Quinsy berry (Ribes hudsonianum). 
Rabbit thorn (Lycium pallidum). 
Rabbitberry (Shepherdia argentea). 


Rabbitbrush, 
Douglas (Chrysothamnus viscidifio- 
TUS). 


Rubber (Chrysothamnus nawsecsus). 
Spring (Tetradymia glabrata). 
Sticky (Chrysothamnus paniculatus). 
Sticky flower (Chrysothamnus Visci- 
diflorus). 
Rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virga- 
tum). 
Raisin, wild (Viburnum cassinoides, 
Viburnum lentago). 
Ramoceniza (Parosela spinosa). 
Ramona bush (Ceanothus tomentosus). 
Ramshorn (Acacia greggit). 
Range ratany (Krameria glandulosa). 
Ratany, 
Pima (Krameria parvifolia). 
Range (Krameria glandulosa). 
White (Krameria grayi). 
Rat-stripper (Pachistima canbyi). 
Rattan vine (Berchemia scandens). 
Rattlebox (Halesia carolina). 
Red, 
alder (Alnus rubra). 
ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). 
bilberry (Vacciniwm parvifolium). 
birch (Betula. fontinalis, 
Betula nigra). 
brush (Lippia berlandieri, 
Quercus ilicifolia) . 
buckeye (Aesculus pavia). 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Red—Continued. 
chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia). 
cypress (Taxvodium distichum). 
elder (Sambucus callicarpa, 
Sambucus pubens). 
elm (Ulmus alata, 
Ulmus fulva, 
Ulmus serotina). 
fir (Abies magnifica, 
Pseudotsuga glauca, 
Abies nobilis, 
Pseudotsuga taxifolia). 
fir, California (Abies magnifica). 
fir, Shasta (Abies magnifica) . 
grape (Vitis polmaia). 
gum (Liquidambar styracijfiua). 
heart (Ceanothus spinosus). 
heather (Phyllodoce breweri, 
Phyllodoce empetriformis). 
hollygrape (Berberis haematocarpa). 
huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium). 
locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). 
mapie (Acer rubrum). 
moonseed (Cebatha carolina). 
mulberry (Morus rubra). 
oak (Quercus coccinea, 
Quercus rubra, 
Quercus velutina). 
pine (Pinus resinosa, 
Pseudotsuga@ glauca). 
spruce (Picea ruora). 
sage (Trixis californica). 
soapbloom (Ceanothus sanguineus). 
twinberry (Lonicera utahensis). 
whortleberry (Vaccinium parvifoli- 
um). 
willow (Saliz laevigata, 
Saliz lasiandra). 
Redbay, (Gordonia lasianthus, 
Persea borbonia). 
Smooth (Persea borbonia). 
Swamp (Persea pubescens). 
Redberry, (Rhamnus crocea) 
bamboo (Smilax walteri). 
elder (Sambucus callicarpa). 
juniper (Juniperus pinchotii). 
Redbud, (Cercis canadensis). 
California (Cercis occidentalis). 


Redbud = serviceberry (Amelanchier 
prunifolia). 
Redbud, 


Texas (Cercis reniformis). 

_ Western (Cercis occidentalis). 
Red-cardinal (Hrythrina arborea). 
Red cedar, (Juniperus scopulorum, 

Thuja plicata). 

Hastern (Jwniperus virginiana). 

Mountain (Juniperus scopulorum). 

Rocky mountain (Juniperus scopu- 

lorum). 

Southern (Juniperus lucayana). 

Western (Thuja plicata). 
Red-flowered, | 

clematis (Clematis pitcheri). 

currant (Ribes sanguineum). 


33772°—38 23 


ool 


Red-fruited juniper (Juniperus erythro- 
carpa). 
Red-osier (Cornus stolonifera). 
Redroot, (Ceanothus americanus, 
Ceanothus intermedius, 
Ceanothus ovatus). 
Redshank (Adenostoma sparsifolium). 
grape (Vitis rufotomentosa). 
Redstem, 
buckthorn (Rhamnus rubra). 
ceanothus (Ceanothus sanguineus). 
Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). 
California (Sequoia sempervirens). 


Rhododendron, (Rhododendron mazi- 
mum). 

Carolina (Rhododendron carolinia- 
num). 

Catawba (Rhododendron cataw- 
biense). 

Coast (Rhododendron californicum). 
Lapland (Rhododendron  lapponi- 
cum). 


Piedmont (Rhododendron minus). 

Rocky mountain (/thododendron al- 

biflorum). 

Rosebay (Rhododendron maximum). 
Rhodora (Rhododendron canadense). 
Ribbonwocd (Adenostoma  sparsifo- 

lium). 
Rigid, 

brickelibush ( Brickeilia frutescens). 

ceanothus (Ceanothus rigidus). 
River, 

birch (Betula nigra). 

cottonwood (Populus sargentii). 

maple (Acer saccharinum). 

willow (Salix fluviatiilis). 

River willow, Missouri (Salix cordata, 
Salizxv mis- 
souriense). 


ie baal grape (Vitis vulpina). 


Rock, 
chestnut oak (Quercus montana). 
clematis (Clematis verticillaris) . 
elm (Ulmus racemesa). 
gooseberry (Ribes quercetorum). 
grape (Vitis rupestris). 
maple (Acer saccharum). 
nettle (Hucnide urens). 
oak (Quercus douglasii, 
Quercus montana). 
Rockbrush (Hysenhardatia polystachya). 
Rocky mountain, 
redcedar (Juniperus scopulorum). 
rhododendron (Rhododendron albi- 
jlorum) . 
red cherry (Prunus corymbulosa). 
Shin oak (Quercus undulata). 
white oak (Quercus leptophylla, 
Quercus utahensis). 
whortleberry (Vacciniumoreophilum). 
yellow pine (Pinus brachyptera). 
Romero (Trichostema lanatum). 
Rope-vine (Clematis paucifiora). 
Rosa, malva (Lavatera assurgenti 


flora). 


302 


Rose-acacia (Robinia lispida). 
Rosebay, (Rhododendron mazrimum). 
Lapland (Rhododendron lapponicum). 


Mountain (Rhododendron caiaw- 
biense). 
Rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron 
manimum). 


Rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides). 
pine (Pinus taeda). 
willow (Salix petiolaris). 
Roses (Rosa@ spp.). 
Rosin brush (Baccharis sarothroides). 
Rothrock, 
currant (Ribes woifii). 
pentstemon (Pentstemon rothrockit). 


MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Sage—Continued. 
Gregg (Salvia greggii). 
Hollyleaf bur (Franceria ilicifolia). 
Little (Artemisia nova). 
Red (Trigis californica). 
Salt (Atriplex canescens). 
Sheep (Hriogonum microthecum). 
Shrubby blue (Salvia baliotaefiora). 
Water (Atriplex torreyi). 
White (EZurotia lanata, 
Salvia apiana). 
White bee (Salvia apiana) . 
Wolly bur (franseria erioscentra). 
Sage willow (Salix candida, 
Salig tristis). 


Rough arrowwood (Viburnum scabrel-| Sagebrush, 


lum). 
Roughish arrowwood (Viburnum sca- 
brellum). 
Roughleaf, 
eornel (Cornus asperifolia). 
manzanita (Arctostaphylos 
cea). 
Rough-leaved, 
cornel (Cornus asperifolia, 
Cornus circinata). 
dogwood (Cornus asperifolia). 
Round - flowered cateclaw (Acacia 
roemeriana). 
Roundleaf, 
gooseberry (Ribes rotundifolium). 
grape (Vitis helieri). 
snowberry (Symphoricarpos rotundi- 
folius). 
Rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus 
NQAUSEOSUS). 
Rum cherry (Prunus serotina). 
Running, 
oak (Quercus pumila). 
strawberrybush (Hvonymus 
tus). 
Russet, 
alder (Alnus crispa). 
buffaloberry (Shepherdia canaden- 
Sis). 
Russian-olive (Hlaeagnus angustifolia). 
Rusty, 
blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum). 
nannyberry (Viburnum rufidulum). 
Rustyleaf (Menziesia ferruginea). 
Rydberg, 
oak (Quercus rydbergiana). 
poplar (Populus acuminata). 
Sabine pine (Pinus sabiniana). 
Sacred mustard (Nicotiana glauca). 
Sadler oak (Quercus sadleriana). 
Sage, 
Ambrosia bur 
siodes). 
Autumn (Salvia greggii). 
Bee (Hyptis emoryi). 
Black (Artemisia arbuscula, 
Salvia mellifera). 
Bladder (Salazaria mezicana). 
Colorado (Artemisia tridentata). 
Desert (Salvia carnosa). 


drupa- 


obova- 


(Franceria ambdro- 


Sandmat manzanita 


Basin (Artemisia tridentata). 
Big (Artemisia. tridentata). 
Bigelow (Artemisia bigelovii). 
Bud (Artemisia spinescens). 
Coastal (Artemisia californica). 
Flat (Artemisia bigelovii). 
Hoary (Artemisia cana). 
Low (Artemisia arbuscula). 
Sand (Artemisia filifolia). 
Seabland (Artemisia arbuscula, 
Artemisia rigida). 
Silver (Artemisia cana). 
Small (Artemisia nova). 
Stiff (Artemisia rigida). 
Threetip (Artemisia tripartita). 
St.-Andrews’-eross (Aseyrum hypericoi- 


des, 
Ascyrum linifolium). 
St. Johnswort, shrubby (Hypericum 
prolificum). 


St.-Peter’s-wort (Ascyrum sians). 
Salad tree (Cercis canadensis). 
Salal, (Gaultheria shallon). 
berry (Gaultheria shallon). 
Saloop (Sassafras albidum). 
Salt sage (Atriplex canescens). 
Saltbush, 
Big (Atriplez lentiformis). 
Parry (Atriplex parryi). 
Saltcedar (Tamariz gallica). 
San Gabriel globemallow (Malvastrum 
gabrielense). 
and, 
cherry (Prunus pumila). 
grape (Vitus lincecumii, 
Vitus rupestris). 
jack (Quercus cinerea). 
pine (Pinus clausa). 
plum (Prunus texana). 
sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia). 
scrub (Ceanothus dentatus). 
Sandbar willow (Salix exigua, 
Salix interior, 
Salix sessilifolia). 
Sandbur (Franseria dumosa). 
(Arctostaphylos 
pumila). 


Sandmyrtle, box (Leiophyllum buzifo- 


lium). 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Sangre de drago 
lata). 
Santa Cruz, 
Island pine (Pinus remorata). 
ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribun- 
dus). 
Santa Lucia fir (Abies venusta). 
Sargent, 
cottonwood (Populus sargentiz). 
cypress (Cupressus sargentii). 
Sarsaparilla (Smilax lanceolata, 
Smilax walteri). 
Wild (Smilax glauca). 
Sarsaparilla vine (Smilax pumila). 
Sarvisberry (Amelanchier alnifolia, 
Amelanchier canadensis, 
Amelanchier florida). 
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum). 
Satin willow (Salix sitchensis). 
Satin-curls (Clematis catesbyana). 
Saw, 
brier (Smilax glauca). 
palmetto (Serenoa repens). 
Seabland sagebrush (Artemisia arbus- 


cula, 
Artemisia ri- 
gida). 
Seale broom (Lepidospartum squama- 
tum). 
Scarlet, 


buckeye (Aesculus discolor, 
Aesculus pavia). 
oak (Quercus coccinea). 
Scentless syringa (Philadelphus in- 
odorus). 
Schneck red oak (Quercus shumardii). 
Schwerin’s indigo (Amorpha_ schwer- 
init). 
Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius). 
Screwhean (Prosopis cinerascens, 
Prosopis pubescens). 
Serewpod mesquite (Prosopis pubes- 
cens). 
Serub, 
birch (Betula glandulosa). 
ceanothus (Ceanothus foliosus). 
chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides). 
hickory (Carya floridana). 
oak (Quercus macrocarpa, 
Quercus marilandica, 
Quercus prinoides). 
pine (Pinus banksiana, 
Pinus virginiana). 
Sea oxeye (Borrichia frutescens). 
Sea-ash (Xanthoaylum clara-herculis). 
Seaside alder (Alnus maritima). 
Seepwillow (Baccharis glutinosa). 
Senna (Cassia armata, 
Cassia covesii). 
September elm (Ulmus serotina). 
Sequoia (Sequoia washingtoniana). 


Serviceberry, (Amelanchier  oblongi- 
folia, 
Amelanchier sangui- 
nea). 


Canada (Amelanchier canadensis). 


30d 


(Jatropha spathu-| Serviceberry—Continued. 


Cluster (Amelanchier polycarpa). 
Cusick (Amelanchier cusickii). 
Downy (Amelanchier canadensis). 
Dwarf (Amelanchier oblongifolia). 
Goldman (Amelanchier goldmanii). 
Small (Amelanchier humilis). 
Smooth (Amelanchier laevis). 
Utah (Amelanchier utahensis). 
Western (Amelanchier alnifolia, 
Amelanchier florida). 
Seven-bark (Hydrangea arborescens, 
Hydrangea quercifolia). 
Sevenleaf ivy (Parthenocissus hepta- 
phyla). 
Shadblow (Amelanchier canadensis). 
Shadbush (Amelanchier canadensis). 
Shadscale (Atriplex canescens, 
Atriplex confertifolia). 
Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata). 
Shankbush (Adenostoma sparsifolium). 
Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica). 
She-balsam (Abies fraseri). 
Sheepberry (Viburnum lentago, 
Viburnum prunifolium). 
Sheep-currant (Ribes cereum). 
Sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia). 
Sheep-nut (Simmondsia chinensis). 
Sheep-sage (Hriogonum microthecum). 
Shellbark hickory (Carya ovata). 
Shin oak (Quercus mohriana, 
Quercus undulata). 
Shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria). 
Shining, 
bumelia (Bumelia lucida). 
sumac (Rhus copallina). 
willow (Salix lucida). 
withe-rod (Viburnum nitidum). 
Shinnery oak (Quercus havardii). 
Shiny willow (Salix lucida). 
Shipmast locust (Robinia 
acacia). 
Shittimwood (Bumelia lanuginosa, 
Bumelia lycioides). 
Shoestrings (Amorpha canescens, 
Campsis radicans). 


pseudo- 


Shore, 
pine (Pinus contorta). 
plum (Prunus maritima). 
Short shucks (Pinus virginiana). 
Shortflower pentstemon (Pentstemon 
brevifiorus). 
Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata, 
Pinus taeda). 
Shortspine horsebrush (Tetradymia 
spinosa). 
Shrub, (Calycanthus floridus). 
yellow-root (Xanthorriza simplicis- 
sima). 
Shrubby, 
blue sage (Salvia ballotaefiora). 
buckeye (Aesculus glabra). 
cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa). 
eroton (Croton fruticulosus). 
St. Johnswort (Hypericum prolifi- 
cum). 


354 
Shumard red oak (Quercus shumar- 
adit). 
Sierra, 
bearberry (Arctostaphylos nevaden- 
sis). 


bladdernut (Staphylea bolanderi). 
cotteeberry (Rhamnus rubra). 
currant (Ribes nevadense). 
gooseberry (Ribes roezlii). 
maple (Acer glabrum). 
plum (Prunus subcordaia). 
sweet bay (Myrica hartwegii). 
willow (Salix commuiata, 
Salia orestera). 
Silkbay (Persea humiiis). 
Silktassel, 
Coast (Garrya eliiptica). 
Fremont (Garrya fremontii). 
Pale (Garrya fiavescens). 
Veatch (Garrya veatchii). 
Yellowleaf (Garrya flavescens). 
Silktassel bush (Garrya elliptica, 
Garrya lindheimeri). 
Silktree (Albizzia julubrissin). 
Silky, 
camellia (Stuartia malachodendron). 
cornel (Cornus amomum). 
willow (Salix sericea, 
Saliva sitchensis). 
Silver, 
bireh (Betula lutea, 
Elaeagnus argentea). 
push (Hlaeagnus argentea). 
bush, desert (Shepherdia rotundi- 
folia). 
chain (Robinia pseudoacacia). 
fir (Abies amabilis, 
Abies concolor, 
Abies grandis). 
lupine (Lupinus albifrons). 
mapie (Acer saccharinum). 
mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus 
argenteus). 
o2k (Quercus hypoieuca). 
poplar (Populus alba). 
sagebrush (Artemisia cana). 
willow (Salix argyrccarpa, 
Salix discolor, 
Saliz geyeriana). 
Silverbell, (Halesia carolina). 
Little (Halesia parviflora). 
Mountain (Halesia monticola). 
Two-wing (Halesia diptera). 
Silverbell tree (Halesia carolina). 
Silverberry (Hlaeagnus argentea). 
Silverleaf, 
hydrangea (Hydrangea radiata). 
willow (Saliz argophylla). 
Silverling (Baccharis halimifolia). 
Silvery wormwood (Artemisia filifolia). 
Single spruce (Picea canadensis). 
Singleleaf pine (Pinus monophylla). 
Sitka, 
alder (Alnus sinuata). 
oa (Chamaecyparis nootkaten- 
Sis). 


MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Sitka—Continued. 


spruce (Picea sitchensis). 
willow (Saliz sitchensis). 
Skunk, 
bush (Rhus trilobaia). 
currant (Ribes bracteosum, 
Rites glandulosum, 
Rites prostratum). 
spruce (Picea canadensis). 
Slash pine (Pinus caribaea, 
Pinus palustris). 
Slender, 
buckwheatbrush (Hriogonum micro- 
thecum). 
poreleaf (Porophyllum gracile). 
willow (Salia exrigua). 
Slick oak (Quercus velutina). 
Slickbark oak (Quercus velutina). 
Slippery elm, (Ulmus fulva). 
California (Fremontia californica). 
loe (Prunus umbellaia, 
Viburnum prunifotium). 
Sinall, 
chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides). 
cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus). 
pignut hickory (Carya microcarpa, 
Carya ovalis). 
post oak (Quercus margaretta). 
sagebrush (Artemisia nova). 
serviceberry (Amelanchier humilis). 
viburnum (Viburnum obovatum). 
Small’s hackberry (Celtis smallii). 
Small-flowered, 
mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus 
minutifiorus). 
papaw (Asimina parvifiora). 
Small-fruited, 
hickory (Carya microcarpa). 
papaw (Asimina parviflora). 
Smail-leaf, 
mahogany (Cercocarpus iniricatus). 


mockorange (Philadelphus micro- 
phyllus). 

Small-leaved horsebean (Parkinsonia 
microphylla). 


Smilax (Smilaxvz lanceolata). 
Smith buckthorn (Rhannus smithii)- 
Smoketree (Cotinus americanus, 
Parosela spinosa). 
Smooth, 
alder (Alnus rugosa). 
ash (Fragvinus velutina). 
azalea (Rhododendron arborescens). 
clematis (Clematis addisonii). 
cottonwood (Populus acuminata). 
cypress (Cupressus glabra). 
gooseberry (Rides oxyacanthoides, 
Ribes rotundifelium). 
hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens). 
labrador tea (Ledum glandulosum). 
redbay (Persea borbenia). 
serviceberry (Amelanchier laevis). 
sumae (Rhus glabra). 
willow (Saliz laevigata). 
winterberry (Ilex laevigata). 
withe rod (Viburnum nudum). 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Smoothbark, 
cottonwood (Populus acuminata). 
oak (Quercus velutina). 

Snailseed (Cebatha carolina, 

Cocculus diversifolius). 

Snap willow (Saliz fragilis). 

Snapdragon pentstemon (Pentstemon 
antirrhinoides). 

Snow gooseberry (Rives niveum). 

Snowbell (Styragv grandifolia). 

Snowberry, (Symphoricarpos albus). 
Mountain (Symphoricarpos  oreo- 

philus). 
Roundleaf (Symphcricarpos rotundi- 
folius). 
Utah (Symphoricarpos utahensis ). 
Western (Symphoricarpos occiden- 
talis). 
Whortleleaft 
tundifolius). 
Snowbrush (Ceanothus cordulatus, 
Ceanothus velutinus). 

Snowdrop, (Halesia carolina). 
tree (Halesia diptera). 

Snowfiower tree (Chionanthus 
Nica) . 

Snowy hydrangea 
ata). 

Soapberry, 
Drummond (Sapindus drummondii). 
Florida (Sapindus marginatus). 
Western (Sapindus drummondii). 

Soapbush (Porlieria angustifolia). 

Soft, 
arrowweod (Viburnum molle). 
maple (Acer rubrum, 

Acer saccharinum). 


(Symphoricarpos  ro- 


virgi- 


(Hydrangea radi- 


Softleaf, 
arrowwood (Viburnum molle). 
willow (Salia sessilifolia). 
Soldier berry (Ribes aureum). 
Solonis grape (Vitis longi). 
Sonora ironwood (Olneya tesota). 
Sophora, pink (Sophora affinis). 
Sorrel-tree (Oxydendrum arboreum). 
Soulard crab apple (Malus soulardii). 
Sour, 
berry (Rhus integrifolia). 
buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea). 
cherry (Prunus cerasus). 
gum (Nyssa sylwatica). 
oak (Rhus integrifolia). 
tupelo (Nyssa@ ogeche). 
tupelo gum (Nyssa ogeche). 
Sour-top blueberry (Vaccinium cana- 
dense). 
Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreuwn). 
Southern, 
balsam fir (Abies fraseri). 
black gum (Nyssa biflora). 
blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum). 
buckthorn (Bumelia lycioides). 
California black walnut (Juglans 
californica). 
cypress (Taxodium distichum). 
fox grape (Vitis rotundifolia). 


300 
Southern—Continued. 
gooseberry (Vaccinium melano- 
carpum). 


hackberry (Celtis mississippiensis). 
hard pine (Pinus australis). 
magnolia (Magnolia grandifiora). 
pine (Pinus australis). 
prickly-ash (Xanthozsylum clava-her- 
culis). 
redcedar (Juniperus lucayana). 
red oak (Quercus rubra). 
Shagbark hickory (Carya carolinae- 
septentrionalis ) . 
spicebush (Benzoin melissaefolium). 
spruce (Picea australis). 
Sugar maple (Acer floridanum). 
white cedar (Chamaecyparis 
oides). 
wild cherry (Prunus australis). 
Say ea (Hamamelis macrophyl- 
a). 
yellow pine (Pinus echinata). 
Southwestern black cherry (Prunus vi- 
rens). 
Spanish, 
bayonet (Yucca spp.). 
buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa). 
dagger (Yucca spp.). 
grape (Vitis berlandieri). 
oak (Quercus coccinea, 
Quercus digitata, 
Quercus rubra). 
Sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum). 
Speckled alder (Alnus incana). 
Spicebush (Benzoin aestivale, 
Myrica cerifera). 
areas hop sage (Graysia brande- 
gei). 
Spineseale (Atriplex spinifera). 
Spiny, 
greasebush (Forsellesia spinescens). 
hackberry (Celtis pallida). 
hop-sage (Grayia spinosa). 
myrtle (Caenothus spinosus). 
saltbush (Atriplex confertifolia). 
Spiraea, 
Douglas (Spiraea douglasii). 
Dwarf (Spiraea caespitosa). 
Meadow (Spiraea alba). 
Virginia (Spiraea virginiana). 
Willowleaf (Spiraea salicifolia). 
Sponge wood (Acacia farnesiana). 
Spoonwood (Kalmia latifolia). 
Spotted, 
bark (Quercus shumardii). 
oak (Quercus coccinea, 
Quercus nigra, 
Quercus shumardii, 
Quercus texana). 
Spring rabbitbrush (Tetradymia gla- 
brata). 
Spruce (Tsuga canadensis). 
Alberta (Picea albertiana). 
Bigcone (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa). 
Black (Picea mariana). 
Blue (Picea pungens). 


thy- 


356 MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. 


Spruce—Continued. 
Bog (Picea mariana). 
Brewer (Picea breweriana). 
Cat (Picea canadensis). 
Colorado blue (Picea pungens). 
Double (Picea mariana). 
Douglas (Pseudotsuga glauca, 
Pseudotsuga tazvifolia). 
Engelmann (Picea engelmannii). 
Lemlock (Tsuga canadensis). 
Red (Picea rubra). 
Single (Picea canadensis). 
Sitka (Picea sitchensis). 
Skunk (Picea canadensis). 
Southern (Picea australis). 
Tideland (Picea sitchensis). 
Weeping (Picea brewerianda). 
Western white (Picea albertiana). 
White (Picea canadensis, 
Picea engelmannit). 
Spruce pine (Picea mariana, 
Pinus contorta, 
Pinus glabra, 
Tsuga canadensis). 
Squashberry (Viburnum  acerifolium, 
Viburnum paucifiorum). 
Squaw, 
apple (Peraphyllum ramosissimum). 
bush (Rhus trilobata). 
earpet (Ceanothus prostratis). 
currant (Ribes cereum). 
Gesert-thorn (Lycium torreyi). 
huckleberry (Vaccinium stamineum). 
mat (Ceanothus prostratus). 
thorn (Lycium torreyi). 
Stagbush (Viburnum prunifolium). 
Stagger bush (Xolisma mariana). 
Staghorn sumac (Rhus glabra, 
Rhus hyphina). 
Starleaf (Choisya dumosa). 
Steeplebush (Spiraea tomentosa). 
Sticky, 
currant (Ribes viscosissimum). 
laurel (Ceanothus velutinus). 
rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus panicu- 
latus). 
Stickyflower rabbitbrush (Chrysotham- 
nus viscidifiorus) . 
Stiff, 
cornel (Cornus foemina). 
dogwood (Cornus femina). 
sagebrush (Artemisia rigida). 
Stink currant (Ribes bracteosum). 
Stinking, 
buckeye (Aesculus glabra). 
cedar (Tumion taxifolium). 
fir (Abies grandis). 
willow (Amorpha californica). 
Stinkwood (Nyssa sylvatica). 
Stone pine, Mexican (Pinus cembrot- 
des). 
Storax, (Styrax officinalis). 
American (Styrax americana). 
Downy (Styrazr pulverulenta). 
Powdery (Styrax puiverulenta). 
Sycamoreleaf (Styraxr platanifolia). 


S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Straggle bush (Ribes divaricatum). 
Straggly gooseberry (Ribes divarica- 
tum). 
Strawberry, 
bush (Hvonymus americanus). 
bush, running (Hvonymus obovatus). 
shrub (Calycanthus floridus). 
Stretch-berry (Smilax bona-nez). 
Striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum). 
Styrax (Styrax americana). 
Sugar, 
blueberry 
um). 
bush (Rhus ovata). 
grape (Vitis monticola, 
Vitis rupestris). 
maple (Acer saccharum). 
maple, black (Acer nigrum). 
pine (Pinus lambertiana). 
sumae (Rhus ovata). 
tree (Acer saccharum). 
Sugarberry (Celtis mississippiensis, 
Celtis occidentalis, 
Ehretia anacua). 


(Vaccinium angustifoli- 


Sumac, 
Dwarf (Rhus copallina). 
Hvergreen (Rhus virens). 
Fragrant (Rhus aromatica). 
Laurel (Rhus laurina). 
Lemonade (Rhus trilobata). 
Mahogany (Rhus integrifolia). 
Michaux (Rhus michauczii). 
Mountain (Rhus copallina). 
Poison (Rhus vernix). 
Shining (Rhus copallina). 
Smooth (Rhus giabra). 
Staghorn (Rhus glabra, 
Rhus typhina). 
Sugar (Rhus ovata). 
Swamp (Rhus vernizr). 
Utah (Rhus trilobata). 
Winged (Rhus copallina). 
Yellow (Rhus glabra). 
Summer grape (Vitis argentifolia). 
Supplejack (Berchemia, scandens). 
Suterberry (Xanthoxrylum amervica- 
num). 
Swamp, 
ash (Frazinus caroliniana). 
azalea (Rhododendron viscosum). 
bay (Persea pubescens). 
birch (Betula fontinalis, 
Betula pumiia). 
black gum (Nyssa bifiera). 
blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). 
blueberry, downy (Vaccinium atro- 
coccum). 
candleberry (Myrica carolinensis). 
chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). 
cottonwood (Populus heterophyila). 
currant (Ribes lacustre). 
fly-honeysuckle (Lonicera  oblongi- 
folia). 
gooseberry (Ribes lacusire). 
haw (Viburnum cassinoides, 
Viburnum nudum). 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS 


Swamp—Continued. 
hickory (Carya cordiformis). 
jronwood (Cyrilla racemijlora). 
laurel (Kalmia polifolia, 

Magnolia virginiana). 
magnolia (Magnolia virginiana). 
maple (Acer rubrum), 
oak (Quercus bicolor, 

Quercus palustris). 
pine (Pinus caribaea, 

Pinus palustris). 
post oak (Quercus lyrata). 
privet (Forestiera acuminata). 
redbay (Persea pubescens). 
sassafras (Magnolia virginiana). 
Spanish oak (Quercus palustris). 
sumac (Rhus verniz). 
white oak (Quercus bicolor, 

Quercus prinus). 
willow (Salix nigra). 
wood (Dirca palustris). 
Sweet, 

acacia (Acacia farnesiana). 
azalea (Rhododendron erborescens). 
birch (Betula lenta, 

Ceanothus parvifolius). 
buekeye (Aesculus Octandra). 
cherry (Prunus avium). 
crab apple (Malus coronaria). 
haw (Viburnum prunifotium). 
laurel (lllicium floridanum). 
magnolia (Magnolia virginiana). 
mountain grape (Vitis moniticola). 
pepperbush (Ciethra alnifolia). 
pepperbush, mountain (Clethra acu- 

minata). 
viburnum (Viburnum lentago). 
winter grape (Vitis cinerea). 
Sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana, 
Persea borbonia, 
Symplocos tinctoria). 
Sweet-bush (Cercocarpus betuloides). 
Sweetfern (Myrica asplenifolia). 
Sweetgale (Myrica gale). 
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styracifiua). 
Sweetleaf (Symplocos tinctoria). 
Sweetspire (Jtea virginica). 
Switeh oak (Quercus undulata). 
Switch-ivy (Leucothoé catesbaei). 
Switch-sorrel (Dodonaea arizonica). 
Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). 
Arizona (Platanus wrightii). 
California (Platanus racemosa). 
Western (Platanus racemosa). 
Sycamoreleaf storax (Styrae platani- 
folia). 
Syringa (Philadelphus lewisii, 
Philadelphus serpyllifolius). 
Table-mountain pine (Pinus pungens). 
Tacamahae (Populus balsamifera). 
Tag alder (Alnus tenuifolia). 
Tall, 
bilberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium). 
inkberry (Jlex coriacea). 


red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvi- 


folium). 


OF THE UNITED STATES 


307 


Tamarack (Lariz laricina, 
Lariz lyalli). 
pine (Pinus murrayana). 
Tamarisk (Tamariz gallica). 
Tanbark oak (Lithocarpus densiflora, 
Quercus montana, 
Quercus velutina). 
Tan bay (Gordonia lasianthus). 
Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora). 
Tansy-bush (Chamaebdatiaria 
folium). 
Taparosa (Anisacanthus thurberi). 
Taray (Salix tavifolia). 
Tarbush (Chamaebatia foliolosa, 
Flourensia cernua). 
Tarflower (Befaria racemosa). 
Tarweed (Chamaebatia foliolosa). 
Tassel bush, 
Canyon (Garrya veatchii). 
Dwarf (Garrya flavescens). 
Utah (Garrya flavescens). 
Tasseltree (Garrya elliptica). 
Tassel-white (Itea virginica). 
Tea, Mormon (F£phedra viridis). 
Teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens). 
Tealeaf willow (Salix planifolia). 
Tecate cypress (Cupressus guadelou- 
pensis ). 
Tennessee-indigo 
Seensis). 
Tepopote (Ephedra antisyphilitica, 
Ephedra trifurca). 
Tesota (Olneya tesota). 
Texan, 
pecan (Carya terana). 
Sloe (Prunus tarda). 
Texas, 
almond (Prunus minutijlora). 
ash (Frasvinus texensis). 
catclaw (Acacia wrightii). 
cottonwood (Populus terana), 
ebony (Pithecolobium flexicaule). 
elm (Ulmus crassifolia). 
hickory (Carya buckleyi). 
jointfir (Hphedra tezxana). 
madrone (Arbutus texana). 
mallow (Malwaviscus drummondii). 
mulberry (Morus microphylia). 
palm (Sabal texana). 
redbud (Cercis reniformis). 
red oak (Quercus texana). 
sarsaparilla (Wenispermum cana- 
dense). 
virgins-bower 
mondit). 
walnut (Juglans rupestris). 
Thick-leaved hackberry (Celtis reticu- 
lata). 
Thinleaf, 
alder (Alnus sinuata, 
Alnus tenuifolia). 
huckleberry (Vaccinium membrana- 
ceum). 
Thunberg barberry (Berberis thunber- 


mille- 


(Amorpha  tennes- 


(Clematis drum- 


git). 
Thunderwood (Rhus verniz). 


308 


Thurberia (Thurberia triloba). 
Thorn, 
Box (Lycium halimifolium). 
California box (Lyciwm californi- 
cum). 
Fire (Cotoneaster pyracantiia). 
Rabbit (Lycium pallidum). 
Squaw (Lycium torreyi). 
Thorn, 
polygala (Polygala acanthoclada). 
tree (Gleditsia triacanthos). 
Thorny ash (Aralia spinosa). 
Threetip sagebrush (Artemisia tripar- 
tita). 
Tideland spruce (Picea sitchensis). 
Tight-eye (Cyrilla racemifiora). 
Tisswood (Halesia carolina, 
Persea borbonia). 
Titi, (Cliftonia monophylla). 
Black (Cliftonia monophylla, 
Cyrilla racemiflora). 
Tobacco, tree (Nicotiana glauca). 
Tobbaco brush (Ceanothus velutinus). 
Tomatilla (Lycium pallidum, 
Lycium torreyi). 
Toothache tree (Aralia spinosa). 
Torchwood (Amyris texana). 
Tornillo (Prosopis pubescens). 
Torote (Bursera microphylla). 
Torrey, 
jointfir (Hphedra torreyana). 
lenseale (Atriplex torreyi). 
pine (Pinus torreyana). 
Tough buckthorn (Bumelia tenaz). 
Toumey oak (Quercus touwmecy?). 
Toyon (Photinia arbutifolia). 
Trailing, 
bluebrush (Ceanothus diversifolius). 
ceanothus (Ceanothus diversifolius). 
Tramp’s trouble (Smilax bona-noz). 
Trask mahogany (Cercocarpus  tras- 
kiae). 
Tree, 
catclaw (Acacia wrightit). 
huckleberry (Vaccinium arboreum). 
lupine (Lupinus arboreus). 
pea (Parosela spinosa). 
tobaceo (Nicotiana glauca). 
Treebine (Cissus incisa). 
Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima). 
Treemallow, California (Lavatera 
assurgentifolia). 
Treepoppy (Dendromecon rigida). 
Trembling aspen (Populus tremu- 
loides). 
Trumpet honeysuckle (Lonicera sem- 
pervirens ). 
Trumpetcreeper (Campsis radicans). 
Trumpetflower (Bignonia capreolata, 
Campsis radicans, 
Tecoma stans). 
Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera). 
Tupelo, (Nyssa aquatica, 
Nyssa sylwatica). 
gum (Nyssa aquatica). 
gum, large (Nyssa aquatica). 


MISC. PUBLICATION 308, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Tupelo—Continued. 
gum, sour (Nyssa ogeche). 
Sour (Nyssa ogeche). 
Water (Nyssa diflora, 
Nyssa ogeche). 
Turkey, 
grape (Vitis lincecumii). 
oak (Quercus cinerea, 
Quercus ilicifolia, 
Quercus rubra). 
shed (Forestiera pubescens). 
Turpentine broom (Thamnosma mon- 
tana). 
Turpentineweed (Gutierrezia linearis, 
Gutierrezia, longifo- 
lia). 
Tweedy cottonwceod (Populus tweedyi). 
Twinberry, (Miichella repens). 
Red (Lonicera utahensis). 
Twinberry honeysuckle (Lonicera in- 
volucrata). 
Twinflower (Linnaea borealis). 
Two-wing silverbell (Halesia diptera). 
Umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripe- 
tala). 
Umbrella tree, (Cornus alternifolia, 
Magnolia tripetala). 
Har-leaved (Magnolia fraseri). 
Bie (Magnolia macrophyl- 
a). 
Una de gato (Acacia greggii). 
Undergreen willow (Salix commutata). 
Unknown tree (Celtis occidentalis). 
Upland willow oak (Quercus cinerea). 
Utah, 
buddleia (Buddieia utahensis). 
honeysuckle (Lonicera utahensis). 
juniper (Juniperus utahensis). 


serviceberry (Ameianchier utahen- 
Sis): 
Snowberry (Symphoricarpos uteh- 


ensis). 

sumac (Rhus trilobata). 

tassel bush (Garrya flavescens). 
Valley, 

cottonwood (Populus wislizenii). 

white oak (Quercus lobata). 

willow (Salix hindsiana). 
Varnish-brush (Ceanothus vetutinus). 
Vase-vine (Clematis viorna). 
Vasey oak (Quercus undulata). 
Vauquelinia (Vauquelinia californica). 
Veatch silktassel (Garrya veatchii). 


Veiny arrowwood (Virburnum veno- 
sum). 

Veinyleaf hollygrape (Berberis ner- 
VOSa). 

Velvet, 


ash (Frazinus velutina). 

mesquite (Prosopis odorata). 
Velvetleaf, 

blueberry (Vaccinium canadense). 

elder (Sambucus coerulea). 
Velvetpod mimosa (Mimosa 

carpa), 


ayso- 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS 


Viburnum, 
Downy (Viburnum pubescens). 
Kentucky (Viburnum molle). 
Maple-leaf (Viburnum acerifolium). 
Missouri (Viburnum affine). 
Oregon (Viburnum ellipticum) . 
Small (Viburnum obovatum). 
Sweet (Viburnum tentago). 
Victor gooseberry (Ribes victoris). 
Vine maple (Acer circinatum). 
Virginia, 
clematis (Clematis virginiana). 
creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefo- 
lia, 
Parthenocissus vitacea). 
pine (Pinus virginiana). 
spiraea (Spiraea virginiana). 
willow (/tea virginica). 
Virgins-bower, (Clematis ligusticifolia). 
Purple (Clematis verticillaris). 
Texas (Clematis drummondit). 
Viscid currant (Ribes viscosissimum). 
Wacopy (Dirca palustris). 
Wafer-ash (Ptelea trifoliata). 
Wahoo (Hvonymus occidentalis, 
Ulmus alata). 
Walnut, 
Arizona (Juglans major). 
Black (Juglans nigra). 
California (Juglans californica). 
California black (Juglans hindsii). 
Desert (Juglans rupestris). 
Hinds (Juglans hindsii). 
Little (Jugians rupestris). 
Southern California black (Juglans 
californica). 
Texas (Juglans rupestris). 
Western (Juglans rupestris). 
White (Juglans cinerea). 
Ward willow (Salia# longipes). 
Wartystem ceanothus (Ceanothus ver- 
rucosus). 
Water, 
ash (Frawvinus caroliniana, 
Fravinus paucifiora). 
beech (Carpinus caroliniana). 
birch (Betula fontinalis, 
Betula nigra). 
bitternut (Carya aquatica). 
elm (Ulmus americana). 
gum (Nyssa biflora). 
hickory (Carya aquatica). 
jacket (Lycium andersonii). 
maple (Acer rubrum). 
oak (Quercus arkansana, 
Quercus imbricaria, 
Quercus laurifolia, 
Quercus nigra, 
Quercus palustris, 
Quercus phellos). 
sage (Atriplex torreyi). 
tupelo (Nyssa _ biflora, 
Nyssa ogeche). 
white oak (Quercus lyrata). 
Water-elm (Planera aquatica). 
Waterlocust (Gleditsia aquatica). 


OF THE UNITED STATES 359 


Water-wally (Baccharis glutinosa). 
Waterwillow (Baccharis emoryi). 
Watson gooseberry (Rides watsoni- 
anum). 
Wavyleaf, 
ceanothus (Ceanothus foliosus). 
hollygrape (Berberis pinnata). 
oak (Quercus undulata). 
Wax currant (Ribes cereum). 
Waxberry (Myrica cerifera). 
Waxmyrtle, (Myrica cerifera). 
Pacific (Myrica californica). 
Wedgeleaf, 
ceanothus (Ceanothus cuneatus). 
goldenbush (Aplopappus cuneatus). 
hornbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus). 
Weeping, 
oak (Quercus lobata). 
spruce (Picea breweriana). 
Western, 
alder (Alnus rubra). 
azalea (Rhododendron occidentale). 
black currant (Ribes laxviflorum). 
blackhaw (Viburnum ellipticum). 
black willow (Salix# lasiandra). 
blueberry (Vacciniwm occidentale). 
bog blueberry (Vaccinium occiden- 


tale). 
buckeye (Aesculus glabra). 
burningbush (Hvonymus occidenta- 
lis). 


catalpa (Catalpa speciosa). 
chokeecherry (Prunus demissa). 
chokecherry, black (Prunus 
Missa). 
eottonwood (Populus sargentii). 
crab apple (Malus fusca, 
Malus ioensis). 
dogwood (Cornus nutiallii). 
hackberry (Celtis reticulata). 
hemlock (7T'suga heterophylla). 
hophornbeam (Ostrya knowltonii). 
huckleberry (Vaccinium occidentale). 
juneberry (Amelanchier alnifolia). 
juniper (Juniperus occidentalis). 
larch (Larix occidentalis). 
leatherwood (Dirca occidentalis). 
mountain-ash (Sorbus sitchensis). 
osier (Cornus occidentalis) . 
paper birch (Betula papyrifera). 
redbud (Cercis occidentalis). 
redcedar (Thuja plicata). 
sand cherry (Prunus besseyi). 
serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia, 
Amelanchier florida). 
snowberry (Symphoricarpos occiden- 
talis). 
soapberry (Sapindus drummondii). 
sugar maple (Acer grandidentatum). 
sycamore (Platanus racemosa). 
walnut (Juglans rupestris). 
white pine (Pinus monticola). 
white spruce (Picea albertiana). 
wild grape (Vitis californica). 
wild plum (Prunus subcordata). 


de- 


360 


Western—Continued. 
yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa). 
yew (Tacus brevifolia). 
Wheatbrush (Cliftonia monophylla). 
Whin (Genista tinctoria). 
White, 
alder (Alnus rhombifolia, 
Clethra acuminata, 
Clethra alnifolia). 
ash (Frazvinus americana). 
ash, Biltmore (Frazvinus biltmore- 
ana). 
azalea (Rhododendron viscosum). 
basswood (Tilia heterophylla). 
bee-sage (Salvia apiana). 
birch (Betula papyrifera, 
Betula populifolia). 
brush (Lippia ligustrina). 
burrobrush (Hymenoclea salsola). 
bur-sage (Franseria dumosa). 
cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, 
Libocedrus decurrens, 
Thuja occidentalis). 
cedar, northern (Thuja occidentalis). 
cedar, southern (Chamaecyparis thy- 
oides). 
cornel (Cornus foemina). 
cypress (Tazodium distichum). 
dalea (Paresela emoryi). 
elm (Ulmus americana). 
fir (Abies concolor, 
Abies grandis, 
Abies lasiocarpa). 
fir, Colorado (Abies concolor). 
fringe (Chionanthus virginica). 
gooseberry (Ribes inerme). 
hickory (Carya alba). 
laburnum (Robinia pseudoacacia). 
lilac (Ceanothus integerrimus). 
locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). 
maple (Acer saccharinum). 
mulberry (Morus alba). 
oak (Quercus alba, 
Quercus durandii, 
Quercus oblongifolia, 
Quercus stellata). 
pine (Pinus flezilis, 
Pinus glabra, 
Pinus strobus). 
poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera, 
Populus alba). 
ratany (Krameria grayi). 
sage (EHurotia lanata, 
Salvia apiana). 
spruce (Picea canadensis, 
Picea engelmannii). 
swamp honeysuckle (Rhododendron 
viscosum). 
walnut (Juglans cinerea). 
willow (Saliz lasiolepis). 
willow, European (Salix alba). 
White-back ceanothus (Ceanothus cras- 
Sifolius). 
Whitebark, 
maple (Acer leucoderme). 
pine (Pinus albicaulis). 
soapbloom (Ceanothus leucodermis). 


MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


White-bay (Magnolia virginiana). 
White-flowered, 
azalea (Rhododendron albifiorum). 
lantana (Lantana involucrata). 
Whiteheart hickory (Carya alba). 
Whiteleaf. 
manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida). 
oak (Quercus hypoleuca). 
Whitestem, 
gooseberry (Ribes inerme). 
pine (Pinus albicaulis). 
Whitethorn, (Ceanothus cordulatus, 
Ceanothus incanus). 
Chaparral (Ceanothus leucodermis). 
Coast (Ceanothus incanus). 
Mountain (Ceanothus cordulatus). 
White-wicky (Kalmia cuneata). 
Whitewood (Liriodendron tulipifera). 
Whortleberry, 
Big (Vaccinium membranaceum). 
Blue (Vaccinium ovalifolium). 
Bog (Vaccinium uliginosum). 
Dwarf (Vaccinium caespitosum). 
Great (Vaccinium corymbosum). 
Grouse (Vaccinium scoparium). 
Red (Vaccinium parvifolium). 
Rocky mountain (Vaccinium oreo- 
philum). 
Whortleleaf snowberry (Symphoricar- 
pos rotundifolius). 
Wicky (Kalmia angustifolia, 
Kalmia carolina, 
Kalmia hirsuta). 
Wilcox oak (Quercus wilcozit). 
Wild, 
allspice (Benzoin aestivale). 
apple (Malus pumila, 
Peraphyllum ramosissimum). 
bamboo (Smilagz auriculata). 
black cherry (Prunus serotina). 
black currant (Ribes floridum). 
box (Gyminda latifolia). 
cherry (Prunus emarginata, 
Prunus serotina). 
china (Sapindus marginatus). 
cotton, Arizona (Thurberia triloba). 
crapemyrtle (Malpighia glabra). 
grape (Vitis girdiana). 
grape, California (Vitis californica). 
grape, western (Vitis californica). 
hazel (Simmondsia chinensis). 
hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens). 
laurel (Symplocos tinctoria). 
lilac (Ceanothus leucodermis). 
lime (Xanthozrylum fagara). 
olive (Osmanthus americana). 
olive tree (Halesia carolina). 
orange (Prunus caroliniana). 
peach (Prunus caroliniana, 
Prunus texana). 
pepper (Ceanothus americanus). 
plum (Prunus americana, 
Prunus lanata, 
Prunus nigra). 
plum, garden (Prunus hortulana). 
raisin (Viburnum cassinoides, 
Viburnum lentago). 


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Wild—Continued. 
red cherry (Prunus pennsylwanica). 
red plum (Prunus americana). 
sarsaparilla (Calycocarpum lyoni, 
Smilag glauca). 
snowball (Ceanothus americanus). 
tea (Amorpha canescens). 
yellow plum (Prunus americana). 
Wild Goose plum (Prunus hortulana, 
Prunus munsoniana) 
Willow, 
Acequia (Salix exigua). 
Arroyo (Salix lasiolepis). 
Autumn (Salix serissima). 
Balsam (Salizv balsa vifera). 
Barclay (Salix barclayi). 
Basket (Saliv purpurea). 
Beaked (Salix bebbiana). 
Bearberry (Salix uva-ursi) 
Bebb (Salix bebbiana). 
Black (Saliz nigra). 
Blue (Salix subcoerulea). 
Blueback (Salix glaucops). 
Blueleaf (Salix glaucophylia). 
Bluestem (Salix irrorata). 
Bog (Salix pedicellaris). 
Brewer (Saliz breweri). 
Caudate (Salix caudata). 
Cherry (Saliz monticola). 
Coast (Salix hookeriana). 
Coyote (Salix exigua). 
Crack (Salix fragilis). 
Diamond (Sali#z mackenziana). 
Dudley (Salix gooddingit). 
Dune (Salix piperi). 
Dusky (Salix melanopsis). 
Dwarf gray (Salix tristis). 
Dwarf pussy (Salix tristis). 
European white (Salix alba). 
False (Baccharis angustifolia). 
False mountain (Salix pseudomonti- 
cola). 
Farr (Salia farrae). 
Fire (Saliz scouleriana). 
Firmleaf (Saliz pseudomyrsinites). 
Fragile (Salia fragilis). 
Geyer (Salix geyeriana). 
Glaucous (Saliz discolor). 
Goodding (Salix gooddingii). 
Greensides (Salix monochroma). 
Gulf (Salix nigra). 
Harbison (Saliz harbisonii). 
Heartleaf (Salix cordata). 
Hoary (Salix candida). 
Labrador (Salix argyrocarpa). 
Lemmon’s (Saliz lemmonii). 
Longleaf (Salix fluviatilis, 
Salix longifolia). 
Lyall (Saliz lasiandra). 
Mackenzie (Salix mackenziana). 
Missouri river (Salig cordata). 
Mountain (Saliz scouleriana). 
Narrowleaf (Salix exigua, 
Saliaz interior) . 
Nuttall (Saliz scouleriana). 
One color (Saliz monochroma). 
Peachleaf (Saliva amygdaloides). 


361 


Willow—Continued. 

Piper (Salix piperi). 

Polished (Salix laevigata). 

Prairie (Salix humilis). 

Pretty (Sali# bella). 

Pussy (Salix discolor). 

Red (Saliz laevigata, 

Salix lasiandra). 

River (Salix fluviatilis). 

Rosemary (Salix petiolaris). 

Sage (Saliz' candida, 

Salix tristis). 

Sandbar (Salix exigua, 

Salia interior, 
Salig sessilifolia). 

Satin (Salix sitchensis). 

Shining (Salix lucida). 

Shiny (Salix lucida). 

Sierra (Salix commutata, 

Salix orestera). 

Silky (Salix sericea, 

Salix sitchensis). 

Silver (Salia# argyrocarpa, 

Saliz discolor, 

Salix geyeriana). 
Silverleaf (Salix argophylla). 
Sitka (Saliz sitchensis). 
Slender (Saliz exigua). 
Smooth (Sali# laevigata). 
Snap (Sali« fragilis). 
Soft-leaved (Salix sessilifolia). 
Swamp (Salie nigra). 
Tealeaf (Salix planifolia). 
Undergreen (Salix commutata). 
Valley (Salig hindsiana). 
Virginia (ltea virginica). 
Ward (Sali# longipes). 
Water (Baccharis emoryi). 
Western black (Salix lasiandra). 
White (Salia lasiolepis). 
Wright (Sali2 wrightii). 
Yellow (Salia lasiandra, 

Salia lutea). 

Yewleaf (Salix taxvifolia). 
Willow, 

baccharis (Baccharis salicina). 

cottonwood (Populus angustifolia). 

oak (Quercus phellos). 
Willowleaf, 

cherry (Prunus salicifolia). 

oak (Quercus phellos). 

Spiraea (Spiraea salicifolia). 
Wine gooseberry (Ribes inerme). 
Winged, 

elm (Ulmus alata). 

sumac (Rhus copallina). 
Wingscale (Atriplex canescens). 
Winter, 

currant (Ribes sanguineum). 

grape (Vitis berlandieri, 

Vitis cordifolia). 
grape, sweet (Vitis cinerea). 

Winterberry, (Jlex decidua). 

Evergreen (Ilex glabra). 

Mountain (Ilex montana). 

Smooth (Ilex laevigata). 
Winterfat (Hurotia lanaia). 


362 


Wintergreen (Gauitheria procumbens). 
Bush (Gaultheria ovatifolia). 

Wislizenius, 
cottonwood (Populus wislizenii). 
oak (Quercus wislizenii). 

Wisteria, Kentucky (Wisteria macro- 
stoachya). 

Witch-alder (fothergilla major). 
Creeping (fothergilla parvifolia). 
Dwarf (Fethergilia gardenii). 

Witch hazel, (Hamamelis virginiana). 
Little (Hamamelis vernalis). 
Southern (Hamamelis mecrophylia). 

Witeh hobble (Viburnum alnifolium). 

Withe rod, (Viburnum cassinoides). 
Naked (Viburnum nudum). 

Shining (Viburnum nitidum). 
Smooth (Viburnum nudum). 

Wolf, 
currant (Ribes wolfii). 

Shed (forestiera pubescens). 

Wolfberry, (Symphoricarpos ecciden- 

talis). 
Fremont (Lycium fremontii). 
Pale (Lycium pallidum). 

Wood vamp (Decumaria darbara). 

Woodbine (Lonicera sempervirens). 

Wood-waxen (Genista tinctoria). 

Woolly, 
buckeye (Aesculus discolor). 
buckthorn (Bumelia lanuginosa). 
bur-sage (Franseria eriocentra). 
butterflybush (Buddleia marrubii- 

folia). 
pignut (Carya villosa). 


pipe-vine (Aristolochia tomentosa). 
Woollyleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus to- 
mentosus). 
Wormwood, silvery (Artemisia  ili- 
folia). 
Wright, 
buckwheatbrush (Hriogonum 
wrightit). 


silktassel (Garrya wrightii). 

willow (Salig wrightii). 
Yaupon, (lex cassine, 

Ilex vomiioria). 

Desert (Scheefferia cunefolia). 
Yellow, 

ash (Cladrastis lutea). 

azalea (Rhododendron caiendula- 

ceum). 

birch (Betula lutea). 

buckeye (Aesculus octandra). 

buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana). 


‘Yellowleaf silktassel 


MISC. PUBLICATION 803, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Yellow—Continued. 
cucumbertree (Magnolia cordata). 
elder (Tecoma stans). 
fir (Abies grandis, 
Pseudotsuga glauca, 
Pseudotsuga tavifolia). 
heather (Phyillodoce glandulifiora). 
honeysuckle (Lonicera flava). 
jessamine (Gelsemium sempervi- 
rens). 
linn (Magnolia acuminata). 
locust (Cladrasitis lutea, 
Robinia pseudoacacia). 
oak (Quercus velutina). 
opopanax (Acacia farnesiana). 
parilla (Menispermum canadense). 
pine (Pinus australis, 
Pinus echinata, 
Pinus ponderosa). 
Yellow, 
poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). 
sumae (Rius giabra). 
willow (Saliz lasiandra, 
Salix lutea). 
woodbine (Lonicera flava). 
Yellow-flower magnolia (Magnolia cor- 
data). 
(Garrya flaves- 
cens). 
Yellowroot (Xanthorriza simplicis- 
Sim) . 
Yeliow-wood (Rhamnus caroliniana, 
Symplocos tinctoria). 
Yerba de chivata (Clematis ligustici- 
folia). 
Yerba del oso (Rhamnus california). 
Yerba del pasmo (Adenostoma sparsi- 
jolium). 
Yerba-de-pasmo (Baccharis ramulosa). 
Yerba de selva (Whipplea modesta). 
Yerba reuma (Frankenia palmeri). 
Yerba-santa, (Hriodictyon trichocalyz). 


California (Hriodictyon  californi- 
cum). 
Narrowleaf (Hriodictyon angusti- 
folium). 

Yew, 


Canada (Tarus canadensis). 
Florida (Tazus floridana). 
Pacific (Tarus brevifolia). 
Western (Tazus brevifolia). 
Yewleaf willow (Salix tavifolia). 
Zorrillo (Choisya dumosa). 
Zenobia (Zenobia pulverulenta). 


O 


- Me ee 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


CLIMATIG PROVINCES AND 


129° 12% 125° 123° 


V 


121° 


2M) 


= 
a Y 7 


Sev 


= 


y 


0S 
eS 


A, Fi 
Cb ; 
Yi, OX 

yf 


Cal ee 


25° (GS ea 20 | EB’ 21 _JeEC’d 
bea] 


Mize 


PLANT GROWTH REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Od 
NWN 


* CLIMATIC PROVINCES 
y ps AC'r 
[ee EB ec: 


GW ec's 
wy co'r 

11] Cc’s 
[44 ]ccra 


HUMIDITY 
PROVINCE 


A Wel 

B Humid 

C Sub-Humid 
D Semiarid 
E Arid 


KEY TO SYMBOLS 


TEMPERATURE 


PROVINCE 


A’ Tropical 

B’ Mesothermal 
C 
D 
E 


Microthermal 


" Taiga 


’ Tundra 


' adequate at all seasons 
Ss summer deficiency 


d deficiency at all seasons 


SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION alle 


OF PRECIPITATION 


Examples: 


121° 119° 117° 15° 113° We 


era Wet, Mesothermal, Adequate at all seasons. 
{2 ] Wet, Microthermal, Adequate at all seasons. 
P| 


Humid, Tropical, Adequate at all seasons. 


Humid, Mesothermal, Adequate at all seasons. 


Humid, Microthermal, Adequate at all seasons, 


North Pacific Coast. 


Central California Valleys. 
Cascade - Sierra Nevada. 
Southern California. 
Columbia River Valley. 


BENal| 
On how _— 


Climatic Provinces by C. W. Thornthwaite. Soil Conservation Service, U. S. D. A. 
Plant growth Regions by Furman Lloyd Mulford, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. D. A. 


Humid, Mesothermal, Summer deficiency 
Humid, Microthermal, Summer deficiency. 


Subhumid, Mesothermal, Adequate at all seasons. 


Subhumid, Microthermal, Adequate at all seasons. 


Subhumid, Mesothermal, Summer deficiency. 


Palouse - Bitterroot Valley. 
Snake River Plain- Utah Valley. 


Great Basin - Intermontane. 


Willamette Valley -- Puget Sound. 


Southwestern Desert. 
Southern Plateau. 
Northern Rocky Mountains. 


SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 


147° 


45° 


EB’d—arid, mesothermal, moisture deficient _— 
at all seasons (El Paso) 


DB’s—semiarid, mesothermal, summer dry 
climate (Los Angeles) 


Scale in Miles 
100 50 25 0 50 100 


LEGEND FOR CLIMATIC PROVINCES 
{a7} Subhumid, Microthermal, Summer deficiency. 
[£53259]: Subhumid, Tropical, Deficiency at all seasons. 
Subhumid, Mesothermal, Deficiency at all seasons. 


300 


Subhumid, Microthermal, Deficiency at all seasons. 


Semiarid, Mesothermal, Summer deficiency. 


LEGEND FOR PLANT GROWTH REGIONS 


Central Rocky Mountains ISS 18 Northern Black Soils. 
Southern Rocky Mountains. 19 Central Black Soils. 
Northern Great Plains. 20 Southern Black Soils. 
Central Great Plains. 21 Northern Prairies. 


Southern Plains. Ss 22 Central Prairies. 


Sita 95° 93° 


gI° 


AS 28) 
10 24 
(a25 
WZ 26 
Rees] 27 


Semiarid, Microthermal, Summer deficiency. 
Semiarid, Mesothermal, Deticiency at all seasons. 
Semiarid, Microthermal, Deficiency at all seasons. 


Arid, Tropical, Deficiency at all seasons. 


Western Great Lakes. 

Central Great Lakes. 

Ozark - Ohio - Tennessee River Valleys 
Northern Great Lakes -St. Lawrence. 
Appalachian. 


Arid, Mesothermal, Deficiency at all seasons. 


Arid, Microthermal, deficiency at all seasons. 


Taiga. 


Tundra. 


Piedmont. 

Upper Coastal Plain. 
Swampy Coastal Plain. 
South - Central Florida. 
Subtropical Florida. 


Lith, A, Hoen & Co. 


\J 
TS. 


43° 


39° 


Siva 


Sou 


33° 


31° 


_—| 29° 


255 


Map prepared by Cartographic Drafting Unit 


362 


Wintergreen (Gauitheria procumbens). 
Bush (Gaultheria ovatifolia). 

Wislizenius, 
cottonwood (Populus wislizenii). 
oak (Quercus wislizenii). 

Wisteria, Kentucky (Wisteria smacro- 
stoachya). 

Witch-alder (Fothergilla major). 
Creeping (fothergilla parvifolia). 
Dwarf (Fothergillia gardenii). 

Witch hazel, (Hamamelis virginiana). 
Little (Hamamelis vernalis). 
Southern (Hamamelis mecrophylia). 

Witch hobble (Viburnum alnifolium). 

Withe rod, (Viburnum cassinoides). 
Naked (Viburnum nudum). 

Shining (Viburnum nitidum). 
Smooth (Viburnum nudum). 

Wolf, 
currant (Ribes wolfii). 
shed (forestiera pubescens). 

Wolfberry, (Symphoricarpos ecciden- 

talis). 
Fremont (Lycium fremontii). 
Pale (Lyciwn pallidum). 

Wood vamp (Decumaria barbara). 

Woodbine (Lonicera sempervirens). 

Wood-waxen (Genista tinctoria). 

Woolly, 
buckeye (Aesculus discolor). 
buckthorn (Bumelia lanuginosa). 
bur-sage (Franseria eriocentra). 
butterflybush (Buddleia marrubdii- 

folia). 
pignut (Carya villosa). 
pipe-vine (Aristolochia 

Woollyleaf ceanothus 
mentosus). 

Wormwood, 
folia). 

Wright, 
buckwheatbrush 

wrightit). 
silktassel (Garrya wrightii). 
willow (Salix wrightii). 

Yaupon, (llex cassine, 

Ilex vomitoria). 
Desert (Scheaefferia cuncfolia). 

Yellow, 
ash (Oladrastis lutea). 


tomentosa). 
(Ceanothus to- 


Silvery (Artemisia ili- 


(Hriogonum 


azalea (Rhododendron caiendula- 


ceum). 
birch (Betula lutea). 
buckeye (Aesculus octandra). 
buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana). 


‘Yellowleaf silktassel 


MISC. PUBLICATION 303, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Yellow—Continued. 
cucumbertree (Magnolia cordata). 
elder (Tecoma stans). 
fir (Abies grandis, 
Pseudotsuga glauca, 
Pseudotsuga taxifolia). 
heather (Phyllodoce glandulifiora). 
honeysuckle (Lonicera flava). 
jessamine (Gelsemium sempervi- 
rens). 
linn (Magnolia acuminata). 
locust (Cladrastis lutea, 
Robinia pseudoacacia). 
oak (Quercus velutina). 
opopanax (Acacia farnesiana). 
parilla (Menispermum canadense). 
pine (Pinus australis, 
Pinus echinata, 
Pinus ponderosa). 
Yellow, 
poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). 
sumae (Rius glabra). 
willow (Saliz lasiandra, 
Salix lutea). 
woodbine (Lonicera flava). 
Yellow-flower magnolia (Magnolia cor- 
data). 
(Garrya flaves- 
cens). 
Yellowroot (Xanthorriza simplicis- 
Sima). 
Yeliow-wood (Rhamnus caroliniana, 
Symplocos tinctoria). 
Yerba de chivata (Clematis ligustici- 
folia). 
Yerba del oso (Rhamnus california). 
Yerba del pasmo (Adenostoma sparsi- 
jolium). 
Yerba-de-pasmo (Baccharis ramulosa). 
Yerba de selva (Whipplea modesta). 
Yerba reuma (Frankenia palmeri). 
Yerba-santa, (Hriodictyon trichocalyz). 


California (Hriodictyon  californi- 
cum). 

Narrowleaf (Hriodictyon  angusti- 
folium). 

Yew, 


Canada (Taxus canadensis). 
Florida (Taxrus floridana). 
Pacific (Tazrus brevifolia). 
Western (Taxus brevifolia). 
Yewleaf willow (Salix tavifolia). 
Zorrillo (Choisya dumosa). 
Zenobia (Zenobia pulverulenta). 


O 


U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


127° 


4i° 


39° 


258 


119° Ilia 


IMPORTANT SOIL REGIONS AND PLANT GROWTH REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Figure 3 
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 


; SS 
SESH RS 
PSST RS 
LER 


PIS 


</ 
LY 
e 
LES 
KS . 
BS 
BSS 


<2 
% 
o, 
) 
<S 
<p 


SOR 
SSO 
SPIO 


~> 
een 
eens 
C0 


SSNS 


SS 


~~ 


NI 


SRA ASW’ 
RNR 
SAS 


yi 


47° 


45° 


43° 


39° 


STq 


35 


33° 


PIS 


26x 


(Southern) light brown to gray fine sandy loams to silty clay loams, de- 
veloped on limestone or unconsolidated sands, silts, and clays. (Uvalde, 


SIEROZEM AND DESERT SOILS 

(Northern) gray and grayish-brown soils, developed on loess and alluvial 
fans. (Ritzville, Portneuf,) 

(Southern) gray, brown, and reddish soils, developed on alluvial fans. 


SOILS OF THE PACIFIC VALLEYS 

Soils too intimately associated to separate on a schematic map. (San- 
Joaquin, Fresno, Hanford.) 

INTRAZONAL AND AZONAL SOILS 

Rough and mountainous. 

Largely sands, some of which are associated with bogs. (Valentine sand, 


Black (or brown) friable soil underlain by chalky materials. These soils 
develop under a prairie vegetation and are known as Rendzinas (Houston, 


Shallow stony soils from limestone. (Valera, Ector.) 

Marsh, Swamp and Bog. (Carlisle, Pamlico, Rifle.) 

Soils developed upon lake plains. (Brookston, Maumee, Vergennes.) 
Alluvial soils. (Huntington, Sharkey, Columbia, Cass.) 

Rough broken land, including Pierre soils. 


° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° a sea = 5 els = 
121 119 17 115 3 Wl 109 107 105° 103 101° 99° 97° 95 93° 
Scale in Miles 
100 50 25 0 50 100 200 300 
LEGEND FOR IMPORTANT SOIL REGIONS 
The names in parentheses refer to the more extensive or representative 
soil series in the respective regions. 
| PODZOLS 15 Silt loams, developed largely from loess. (Clinton, Fayette.) 28 Dark brown silt loams with yellowish-brown subsoils, developed on glacial 39 
| 1 Rough stony land. 76 \|mperfectly drained grayish silt loams developed from acid glacial drift. drift and loess. (Carrington, Tama, Clarion, Marshall.) 
| 2 Loams and silt loams, developed from sandstones and shales. (Leetonia, (Spencer.) 2 Dark brown to reddish-brown silt loams and clay loams, developed from Reagan.) 
j De Kalb.) ‘7 Loams and silt loams developed from sandstones and shales. (Melbourne.) limestone and calcareous shales. (Summit, Crawford.) 
| 3 Sands and loamy sands, developed on glacial drift. (Roselawn, Kalkaska.) 18 Grayish-yellow to reddish silt loams, developed from cherty limestones. 2o bas bow or See Say alt loams, having heavy subsoils or claypans. Ae 
4 Loams and clay loams, developed on glacial drift. (Hermon, Ontonagon.) SR a ee ae AOSHI EERE Eien y, Putnam.) i 
GRAY-BROWN PODZOLIC SOILS F 
| : é 4 en 19 Brownish-red clay loams and gray sandy loams, developed from crystalline 31 Black loams, silt loams and clay loams, developed on calcareous glacial (Reeves, Mohave. 
; cee ee eee a le ely Cale inset lin: Muah rocks of the southern Piedrnont. (Cecil, Durham, Appling, Georgeville, drift or lacustrine deposits. (Barnes, Bearden, Fargo.) 
6 Silty | asa d leced d Peter ire Davidson.) 32 Dark grayish-brown loams and silt loams, developed from loess. (Moody, 42 
rae vast ae OU ats eveloped on sandstones and shales. 20 Yellow to light brown silt loams, developed on loess. (Memphis, Grenada.) Holdrege.) 
! ‘ ‘ 21 i i 33 Dark. ish- i ith cl ; m loess. (Crete, 
7 Loams and silt loams, developed on acid glacial drift, sandstone and shale ah reecpeuieeee A aeaueaamee developed from Coastal Plain Heed brown silt loams with claypans, developed fro! (Crete ie 
6 Habis CA Sea i rues (Gloucester Trey) 22 Brownish-red to red silt loams and clay loams, developed from limestone. SOUTHERN CHERNOZEM -- DARK BROWN SOILS 44 
5 v cf Z x ee wie ‘ (Dewey, Decatur, Fullerton.) 34 Heavy or moderately heavy dark brown soils, developed from calcareous Dune sand, etc.) 
Se as on mons aevezed on the crystalline rocks of the northern 23 Grayish-yellow to light brown sands and fine sands of the Coastal Plain. materials. (Pullman, Abilene, Victoria.) 45 
43 A Pie hie a anor) : 4 S (Norfolk sands.) : 35 Predominantly red and brown sandy loams and sands, developed largely 
ze ee Bair eve pees on northern Coastal Plain sands and clays. (Sas- 24 Grayish fine sandy loams with some gray or black loams, in the Flatwoods from unconsolidated calcareous materials. (Amarillo, Miles, Duval.) Sumiter,) 
; palras: ve ington. ; ick.) area of the Coastal Plain. (Coxville, Leon, Portsmouth.) NORTHERN DARK BROWN (CHESTNUT) SOILS 46 
zg crown slit teams, developedicg limestenes ilaverswuen Maury shradedel 2°" Grayish-yellow to reddish fine sandy loams and silt loams, developed from 36 Dark brown soils developed on unconsolidated, calcareous sands, silts, and 47 
i2 Shallow soils developed on interbedded limestone and calcareous shales. sandstones and shales. (Hartselis, Hanceville, Conway.) clays. (Scobey, Rosebud, Keith, Walla Walla.) Fe 
(felrmont, Lowell) dor cer eee ; 2° Red soils of the Pacific slopes. (Aiken, Sierra, Sites.) 37 Dark brown soils, developed on heterogeneous material. 49 
13 Loams and stony loams from granitic material with hilly to mountainous PRAIRIE SOILS BROWN SOILS iA 
HOUSE NGS lean e) 27 Reddish-brown soils, developed on sandstones, shales clays and sands. 38 


Silt loams with heavy clay subsoils, developed on Illinoian glacial till. 
(Gibson, Cory, Clermont, Rossmoyne.) 


North Pacific Coast. 

Willamette Valley -- Puget Sound. 
Central California Valleys. 
Cascade - Sierra Nevada. 


Southern California. 


MEE NEIII 
On HOM _ 
NEE 
N=OowMN 


Columbia River Valley. 


Palouse - Bitterroot Valley. 
Snake River Plain Utah Valley. 
Great Basin - Intermontane. 
Southwestern Desert. 
Southern Plateau. 


(Zaneis, Renfrew.) 


(Northern) brown loams, developed on unconsolidated sands, silts and 
Clays. (Joplin, Weld.) 


LEGEND FOR PLANT GROWTH REGIONS 


FH 13 


Central Rocky Mountains. 


“Cy 16 
ZZ) \7 


Central Great Plains. 
Southern Plains. 


Northern Rocky Mountains. 


ISSJ 18 


14 Southern Rocky Mountains. 19 
— 15. Northern Great Plains. 20 


[ZA 2 
KS 22 


A) 
(1 24 
Tit] 25 
ZZ 26 
Eee 27 


Northern Black Soils. 
Central Black Soils. 
Southern Black Soils. 


Western Great Lakes. 
Central Great Lakes. 


Northern Prairies. 


Central Prairies. Appalachian. 


Ozark - Ohio - Tennessee River Valleys 
Northern Great Lakes -St. Lawrence. 


28 


Piedmont. 


“fs 
VEL s 
ASS 


RASS Upper Coastal Plain. 
(Ll 30 

Fy 3! 
[22s] 32 


Swampy Coastal Plain. 
South - Central Florida. 
Subtropical Florida. 


ae 


oO 


1937 


Important Soils Regions by Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, U. S. D. A. 


Plant growth Regions by Furman Lloyd Mulford, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. D. A. 


Map prepared by Cartographic Drafting Unit 


oe = 


6 
3 
r 
* 
¥