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V

A

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT

OF

• BRITISH PLANTS,

ACCORDING TO THEIR RELATIONS TO EACH OTHER*

AS POINTED OUT BY

JUSSIEU, DE CANDOLLE, BROWN, &c.

INCLUDING

THOSE CULTIVATED FOR USE ;

WITH

AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,

IN WHICH THE TERMS NEWLY INTRODUCED ARE EXPLAINED

ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES.

BY

SAMUEL FREDERICK GRAY,

Lecturer on Botany, the Materia Medica, and Pharmaceutic Chemistry,

VOL. II.

LONDON :

PRINTED FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY,

PATERNOSTER-ROW.

1821 .

" Then spring the living herbs, profusely wild,

O’er all the deep-green earth, that task * the power
Of botanist to number up their tribes:

Whether he steals along the lonely dale.

In silent search ; or through the forest, rank
With what the dull incurious weeds account,

Bursts his blind way; or climbs the mountain rock.

Fir’d by the nodding verdure of its brow.

With such a liberal hand has nature flung
Their seeds abroad, blown them about in winds,
Innumerous, mix’d them with the nursing mould.

The moistening current, and prolific rain.”

Thomson. — Spring .

* beyond, in original.

Baldwin, 'Printer,
New Bridge-street, London,

HO (&

id

rcA/^szd

An Arrangement of the Families , and of the anomalous Genera of
pkenogamous Plants , according to their sexual Organs.

I. Stamen 1, on the receptacle or perianlhium.

Style 1 ; perianth. 0, or simple.

Style 1 ; perianth, double; petal 1
Styles 2 ; pet. 2 ; capsule 4-cel led
Styles 2 ; perianth, glumaceous
Styles 3
Styles 4

s- Fluviatiles, 2, 6.

I .Charades, 2, 5.

< Chenopodere, 3, 16.
I Halorngeae, 3, 55.
v Agrimoniaceae, 3, 59.
Vaierianea?, 3, 4J.
Callitriche, 3, 338.
V ulpia , 2, 64.
Euphorbiaceae, 3, 10.

Zannichcllia , 2, 24.

2. Stamens 1 or 2 on thepistill.

Stamen 1 - Orchideae, 2, 21.

Stamens 2 - - - Cypripediumf 2,150.

3. Stamens 2, on the receptacle or perianlhium.

Style 1 ; above ; jpcf. 2 -

SO/fe 1 ; yZowj. below ; 1. regular

Style 1 ; Jl. bel. ; pet. 1 , irreg. caps. 2-celled
Style l \ Jl. bel. ; pet. 1, irreg. caps. 1-celled
Style 1 ; Jl. bel. ; pet . 1, irreg. seeds 4, naked
Style 1 ; Jl. bel. ; pet. 1, irreg. samare 2-seeded

Style 1 i Jl. bel. ; pet. 0 or 4 ; pod 2-celled

Style l i Jl. bel. ; pet. 0 ; seeds immersed in calyx
Style 1 ; Jl. bel. ; pet. 0 ; seeds arillated ?

Style 1 ; Jl. bel. ; perianthium glumaceous
Styles 2

Circcea , 3, 34 1 .
Oleines, 3, 34.
- Veronica , 3, 64.

Lentibularias, 3, 24.
Labiatae, 3, 32.
Fraxineae, 3, 35.
S Coronopus , 3, 434.
( Lepidium, 3, 441.
Salicornia , 3, 45.
Lemnadeae, 2, 7*.

{Rhyncospora , 2, 38.
Tricophorum, 2, 43.
Gramineas, 2, 10.

4. Stamens 3.

Sf. 1 ; perianth, above, double ; peric. 1 or 2-seeded

St. 1 ; perianth, above, double ; peric. many-celled

St. 1 ; perianth, above, single

St. 1 ; perianth, below ; glumes 1-valved

St. 1 ; perianth, below ; glumes 2-valved

St. 1 ; perianth, below ; glumes 3-valved

St. 1 ; perianth, below ; glumes 6-valved

Styles 2 - - - -

St. 3; perianth, single, calycine

St. 3; perianth, double; caps. 1 ; calyx 4-leaved

St. 3 ; perianth, double ; caps. 1 ; cal. 5-leaved

St. 3 ; perianth, double ; caps. 1 ; cal . 3-cut

St. 3 ; perianth, double ; caps. 3 or 4

Styles 9

a 2

Valerianeae, 3, 41.
Cucurbitaceae, 3, 51.
Irideae, 2, 20.
Cyperaceag, 2, 9.

Gramineae, 2, 10.

Typhaceae, 2, 8.

- Junceae, 2, 12.

Gramineas, 2, 10.
Amaranthideae, 3, 47.
Oaryophylleae, 3, 72.
Paronychideae, 3, 49.
Portulacea?, 3, 48.

.TiUaa, 3, 319.
Empetrideae, 3, 7*.

IV

SEXUAL ARRANGEMENT

5. Stamens 4.

A. Style 1 ; perianthium double ; petal 1, above.
Calyx below ; pericarp 1 -seeded - - Agrimonh

Calyx below ; pericarps 2, 1 -seeded - - Resti;

Calyx above; pericarp 1 -seeded
Calyx above ; pericarps 2, i -seeded
Calyx above ; berry 1, 3-cel led

B. Style 1; perianthium double ; petal
Siam, equal, long; capsule 2-cel led
Siam, equal, long; cap sule 1 -cel led
Siam, equal, short; capsule 2-valved
Siam, equal, short ; capsule cut round
Stam. equal, short ; berry -

Stam. 2 long, 2 short; seeds 4, naked
Slam. 2 long, 2 short ; utriculus, 2 or 4 seeded
Stam . 2 long, 2 short ; caps. 2-celled, septitidal
Stam. 2 long, 2 short; caps. 2-celled, loculicidal
Stam. 2 long, 2 short ; capsule 1 -cel led

rimoniaceae, 3, 59,
Restiaceae, 2, 11.
Dipsaceae, 3, 40.
Rubiaceae, 3, 42.
Caprifoliaceae, 3, 43.

i, below.

Plantagineae, 3, 18.
Littorellideae, 3, 19.
Gentianae, 3, 27.
Primulaceae, 3, 21.
Oleineae, 3, 34.
Labiatae, 3, 32.
Pyrenaceae, 3, 33.
Scrofularinse, 3, 25.
Rhinanthaceae, 3, 22,
Orobancheae, 3, 23.

C. , Style 1 ; perianthium double; petals 4, above.

Pod 1 -celled - Berberideae, 3, 84.

Pod 2-celled - - Cruciferae, 3, 80.

D. Style 1; perianthium double ; petals 4, above.

Pericarp, a drupe ... Cornus, 3, 261 .

Pericarp , a berry - Loranthideae, 3, 44.

E. Style 1 ; perianthium single, below.

Calyx 8-cut -

Calyx 2 or 4 cut ; stamens short, irritable
Calyx 4-cut ; stamens long; capsule 2-celled
Calyx 4-cut ; stamens long ; capsule 1-celled
Calyx 2 ; drupe 1 -seeded

Agrimoniaceae, 3, 59.
Urticeae, 3, 9.

Plantagineae, 3, 18.
Littorellideae, 3, 19.
Eleagneae, 3, 13.

F. Style 1 ; perianthium single, above.

Santalaceae, 3,

12.

G. Styles 2.

Petals 4 ; capsule 2-valved
Petal 1 ; capsule cut round
Perianth, amentaceous ; pericarp a cone
Perianth, amentaceous ; pericarp a berry

H. Styles 3.

Capsule 3-valved -

Capsule cut round

I. Styles 4.

Calyx 4-toothed ; petals 4 ; berry
Calyx 4-leaved ; petals 4 ; capsule 1
Calyx 4-leaved ; petals 4 ; capsules 4
Cal. 4-leaved or 0 ; pet. 0 ; seeds 4

Buffonia , 3, 401.
Cuscutae, 3, 30. B.
Betulideae, 3, 5.

Myricae, 3, 7.

- Buxus , 3, 27.

Amaranthideae, 3, 17.

Caprifoliaceae, 3, 43.
Caryophylleae, 3, 72.
Crassulaceae, 3, 47.
Fluviatiles, 2, 6.

6. Stamens jive .

A. Style

Akenia 4, naked
Capsule 1-celled ; stigma simple
Capsule 1-celled ; stigma 2-cut
Capsule 2-celled ; seeds central
Capsule 2-celled ; seeds parietal

; petal 1, below.

Boragineae, 3, 31.
Primulaceae, 3, 21,
Menyantheae, 3, 27 B.
Solaneae, 3, 26.
Erylhrcea,‘ 3 , 94.

OF PHENOGAMOUS PLANTS.

v

Capsule 2 or 3-celled ; seeds basillary
Caps. 3 or 5-celled ; seeds central ; slam, on the
corolla -

Caps. ,3 or 5-celled ; seeds central ; slam, on the
receptacle -

Follicles 2 , upright
Berry 2-celled ; seeds central

Convolvulaceae, 3, 30.

Polemoniaceae, 3, 23.

Ericinae, 3, 36.

Vine®, 3, 29.
Solanese, 3, 26.

B. Style 1 ; petal 1, above.

Capsule 1-cel led
Capsule 2-cel led
Pericarpium 1 -seeded
Berry 1 or 2-celled
Pome 2 or 3-celled
Berries 2, 1 -seeded

Samolus, 3, 63*.
Campanulace®, 3, 38.
Composite, 3, 39.
Caprifoliace®, 3, 43.
Cucurbitace®, 3, 51.
Rubiaceae, 3, 42.

C. Style 1 ; petals 4 or 5 below.

Berry 3-celled ; calyx 1 -leaved
Capsule 3 or 5-celled ; calyx 1 -leaved
Capsule 5-celled ; calyx 2 leaved
Capsule 5-celled ; corolla spurred

D. Style 1 ; petals 5, above.

Style 2-cut ; berry tnany-seeded
Style simple; berry 5-nutted -

E. Style 1 ; petals 0.

Capsule above; calyx 1-1 caved
Capsule above ; calyx 5-leaved
Akenium above ; calyx 1-leaved
Pericarp below ; calyx 1-leaved
Seeds sunk in the calyx -

F. Styles 2 ; petal below.

Capsule 1-celled, valvular -

Capsule 2-celled, cut round

G. Styles 2 ; petals 5, below.

Capsules 2 or 3 ; 2 or 3-seed ed
Capsule 1, 1 -seeded -

II. Styles 2 ; petals 5, above.

Pericarps 2, 1 -seeded - - -

I. Styles 2; petals 0.

Seeds sunk in the calyx -

Capsule 1 -seeded -

Samare compressed -

Pericarp below, 1-seeded

K. Styles 3 ; petals 4 or 5 ; calyx above.

Caprifoliace®, 3, 43

L. Styles 3 ; petals 5 ; calyx below.

Rhamne®,

3,

65.

Celastrin®,

3,

64.

Balsamine®, 3,

, 66 B.

Violace®,

3,

78.

Grossulari®,

3,

50.

Hedera ,

3,

262.

Primulaceae,

3,

21.

Illecebruniy

3,

325.

Polygane®,

3,

15.

Santalace®,

3,

12.

Chenopodeae,

3,

16.

Gentian®,

3,

27.

Cuscut®, l

I, 30 B.

Celastrinae,

3,

64.

Herniaria ,

3,

327.

Umbelli ferae,

3,

45.

Chenopodeae,

3,

16.

Scleranthus ,

3,

323.

Ulmaceae, 3, 8.

Xanthium , 3, 21.

Capsules 2 or 3, inflated - - -

Capsule 3-valved; seeds woolly
Capsule 1-celled; seeds naked
Capsule 1-seeded -

M. Styles 3 ; petals 0.
Seeds sunk in the calyx -
Capsule 1-seeded, cut round

Celastrin®, 3, 64.
Tainaricin®, 3, 53.
Caryophylle®, 3, 72.
Corrigiola , 3, 326.

Chenopode®, 3, 16.
Arnaranthide®, 3, 17.

SEXUAL ARRANGEMENT

N. Styles 4.

Capsule 4-valved ; petals 5
Berry 4 or 5-nutted -

O. Styles 5.

Seed 1, in the calyx -

Seeds , 4 or 5, in the calyx
Capsule 1-celled ; placentarium parietal
Capsule l -celled ; plaeentarium central
Capsule 1-celled ; calyx 3-cut
Capsule 10-cel led, cells 1 -seeded
Capsules 5, 1-seeded, arillated

Parnassiae, 3, 79.
Aqui fol iaceae, 3, 43 D.

Static! nae, 3, 20.
Sibbaldia , 3, 355.
Droseraceae, 3, 75.
Caryophylleae, 3, 72.
Portulaceae, 3, 48.
Lineae, 3, 71.
Geranieae, 3, 66.

P. Styles many.

Ranunculea?, 3, 85 C.

7. Stamens six.

A. Style 1 ; stamens 4 long, 2 short.

Petals 4 - Crucifers, 3, 80.

B. Style 1 ; stamens equal ; perianthium double.

Petals 4, irregular ; capsule 1-celled - - Fumarideae, 3, 81.

Petals 5; capsule 1-celled - Frankeniaceae, 3, 74.

Petals 6; berry 2-seeded - Berberideae, 3, 84.

Petals 6 ; capsule 1 or 2-celled - Salicariae, 3, 52.

C. Style 1 ; stamens equal ; perianthium simple, glumaceous.

Glumes 6 Junceae, 3, 12.

D. Style 1 ; stamens equal ; perianthium simple, calycine.

Capsule 2-celled ; calyx 6-cut - Salicariae, 3, 52.

Pericarp 1-seeded - Poly gone®, 3, 15.

E. Style 1 ; stamens equal ; perianthium simple, petaloid.

Capsule 3-celled, below
Capsule 3-celled, above ; seeds flat
Capsule 3-celled, above ; seeds roundish
Capsule 3-celled, above ; seeds long
Berry 3-celled, above ; seeds black
Berry 3-celled, above ; seeds pale
Berry 3-celled, below

F. Style 1 ; stamens equal,

- Amaryllideae, 2, 19.

- Liliaceae, 2, 14.

Asphodeleae, 2, 15.
- - Junceae, 2, 12.

Asparageae, 2, 16.
Smilaceae, 2, 17.
Tamaceae, 2, 18.

filaments united.

Fumarideae, 3, 81.

G. Styles 2.

Petals 0 ; seeds 1

Petals 0 ; seeds 1 or 2, sunk

Petals 5; seeds 1 or 2, sunk

Polygoneae, 3, 15.
Scleranthus, 3, 323.
Sanguisorba, 3, 350.

H. Styles 3, or more.

Pericarp 1-seeded
Pericarp 1-celled, many-seeded
Pericarp 6-celled, many-seeded
Pericarps 3, many-seeded
Pericarps 3 or 6, 1 or 2-seeded
Pericarps 6,2 or 3-seed ed
Pericarps 7 to 20, 1-seeded

Polygoneae, 3, 15.
Droseraceae, 3, 75.
Aristolochiae, 3, 11,
Colchicaceae, 2, 13.
Juncagineae, 2, 24.
Alismaceae, 2, 22.
- Alismaceae, 2, 22.

Style 1

8. Stamens seven.

Trienlalis, 3, 61.

OF PHENOGAMOUS PLANTS.

9. Stamens eight.

A. Style 1 ; perianthium double.

Samarc compressed ; petals 5

Capsule 4-celled ; petals 4 - -

Capsule 1 -celled ; filaments distinct

Capsule 2-cel led ; filaments united

Capsule 4 or 5-celled ; petals 1 or 5

Berry 4-celled ; petals 1 or 4

Acerine®, 3,
Onagrari®, 3,
Gentian®, 3,
Polygale®, 3,
Ericin®, 3,
Vaccinie®, 3,

B. Style 1 ; perianthium single.

Thymele®, 3,

C. Styles 2.

Perianth, double - - -

Perianth, single; capsule 2- valved
Perianth, single; pericarp 1 -seeded, above
Perianth, single ; seeds 1 or 2 sunk

Gentian®, 3,
Chrysosplenium , 3,
Polygone®, 3,
Paronychide®, 3,

D. Styles 3.

Polygone®, 3,

E. Styles 4.

Berry 1 , above ; petals 4
Berry I , below ; petals 1 to 4
Capsule above ; petals 4
Capsules 4, above ; petals 4
Capsule below ; petals 0 -

Smilace®, 2,
Loranthide®, 3,
Caryopbylle®, 3,
Crassulace®, 3,
Halorage®, 3,

10. Stamens nine.

Styles 6 • capsules 6, above
Styles 6 ; capsule 1 , below
Styles 9

Butomace®, 2,
Hydrocharide®, 2,
Empetride®, 3,

1 1 . Stamens ten.

A. Style 1.

Fruit below -

Fruit above ; corolla regular

Fruit above ; corolla papilionaceous

Vaccinie®, 3,
Ericin®, 3,
Leguminos®, 3,

B. Styles 2.

Seeds 2, sunk in the calyx ...

Seeds 1 or 2, sunk ; petals 0
Seeds 1 or 2, sunk ; petals 5
Capsule 2-beaked, 1 or 2-celled
Capsule beakless, 1-celled

Parony chide®, 3,
Paronychide®, 3,
Agrimoniace®, 3,
Saxifrage®, 3,
Caryophylle®, 3,

C. Styles 3 or 5 ; petals 5.
Caps. 1 to 5-celled, oblong ; stam. on receptacle
Caps. 1 to 5-celled, angular; stam. on receptacle
Caps. 1 to 5-celled ; stamens on calyx
Caps. 5, tr.any-seeded
Caps. 5, 1- seeded -

Caryophylle®, 3,
Geranie® C. 3,
Caprifoliace®, 3,
Crassulace®, 3,
Geranie® A. 3,

D. Styles 3 or 5 ; petals 4.
Corolla irregular ; capsule 1 or 3-celled

Geranie® B. 3,

E. Styles 3 or 5 ; petal 1.

Berry 4 or 5-uutted *

Pericarp 1 -seeded - «. „ „

Caprifoliace®, 3.
Polygone®, 3.

vii

68.

56.

27.

77.

36.

37.

14.

27.

317.

15.

49.

15.

17.

44.

72.

47.

55.

23.
25.
7 *.

37.

36.

63.

49.

49.

59.

46.

72.

72.

66.

43.

47.

66.

66.

43.

15.

VIII

SEXUAL ARRANGEMENT, &c.

12. Stamens eleven to twenty.

Style 1 ; pet. 0 ; pericarp 1 -seeded, above
Style 1 ; pet. 0; pericarp 6-celled, below
Style 1 ; 'petals 6
Styles 2

Styles 3; capsule 1-celled, gaping
Styles 3 ; capsule 2 or 3-celled
Styles 4
Styles 10 or 12,

Ceratophyllae, 3,
Aristolochiae, 3,
Salicariae, 3,
Agrimoniaceae, 3,
Resedaceae, 3,
Euphorbiaceae, 3,
Dryad eae, 3,
Crassulaceae, 3,

13. Stamens twenty or more on the calyx ,
Styles 1, or more.

54.

11.

52.

59!

76.

10.

60.

47.

Drupe 1-celled, above

Drupaceae, 3,

62.

Pericarp 2 or 5-eelled, below

Pomaceae, 3,

57.

Capsule 2-valved, above - .

Ulmaceae, 3,

8.

Akenium 1-seeded, above; calyx flasklike

- Rosaceae, 3,

58.

Alcenium 1-seeded, above ; calyx expanded

C Dryadeae, 3,

^ Agrimoniaceae, 3,

60.

59.

14. Stamens twenty or more on the

receptacle.

A. Style 1.

Calyx 2-leaved - - -

Papaveraceae, 3,

82.

Calyx 4-leaved - - -

Ranuneulaceae, 3,

85.

Calyx 5-leaved ; placentarium parietal

Cistineae, 3,

73.

Calyx 5-leaved ; placentarium central

Tiliaceae, 3,

69.

Petals many ; berry many-seeded

Nymphaeaceae, 3,

83.

B. Styles 2 or more.

Pericarp 6-celled - - , -

Hydrocharideae, 2,

25,

Pericarp 3 or 5-cel led

Caps. 2 or more, 1-celled; petals 4 — 20, Jilaments

Hypericinae, 3,

67.

free -

Ranuneulaceae, 3,

85.

Caps. 2 or more, 1-celled ; petals 3, Jilaments free

Alismaceae, 2,

22.

Caps. 2 or more, 1-celled ; Jil. united

Malvaceae, 3,

70.

Berries many, 1-celled

Aroideae, 2,

7.

15. Stamens 1 or more , on an ament-scale.

Abietideae, 3,1.
Cupressideae, 3, 2.
Taxideae, 3, 3.

Restiaceae, 2, 1 1.
Coinposilae, 3, 39.
Dipsaceae, 3, 40.

Betid id eae, 3, 4.
Corylideae, 3, 5.
Salicinae, 3, 6.
Myriceae. 3, 7.

16. Flowers in « common calyx.

Eryngium, 3,311.
Jasione,3 , 174.

"THE

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT

OF

BRITISH PLANTS.

Series II. PLANT® ENDOGEN®.

Plants composed of cellular texture, with lymphatic,
spiral, and proper vessels; and with cortical pores in the
leaves or herbaceous tip of the stem. Stems entirely desti-
tute of a central pith, medullary radii, or true bark ; grow-
ing only at top, the vessels being disposed in bundles, the
youngest in the centre : sometimes abortive, subterraneous,
or root-like. Leaves frequently sheathed, either not notched
and with simple ribs, or lobed and with branched ribs ; but
never truly compound. Corculum of the seed simple. Coty-
ledons, either solitary; or many, alternate.

Divided into two sub-series: A, cryptogamse; B, pha-
nerogams.

Subseries II. A. Flantje endogenas cryptogams.

Fructifications hidden, unknown, or irregular.

FAMILIES.

Fructifications gregarious, either on the lower
surface of the leaves ; or rarely in spikes . . * F1LICES. 1.

Fr, crustaceous, sessile, axillary, at the base
of the leaves, or of the bractese. . LYCOPODIA CEZE. 2.

Fr. radical, spherical, coriaceous, many celled ;

Leaves revolute ; Plant aquatic .. MARSILEACEiE. 3.

Fr. terminal, amentaceous ; Stem leafless ;

Branches verticillate, jointed .... EQUISETACEiE. 4.

Fr. axillary, turbinate, spiral, many seeded ;

Plant aquatic . , CHARADE.ZE. 5.

VOL. II.

B

1. FXLXCES.

PL end. er .

Farm X. 1. FXLICES. Ferns.

Fructifications gregarious, in sori covered when young
with an involucrum ; generally seated upon the lower sur-
face of the leaves, but in some upon a spike. Capsules
unilocular, often girt with an elastic ring, which dies back
when the seeds are ripe ; seeds very minute. — Rhizoma per-
ennial, creeping; Fronds alternate, apparently radical,
when young generally convolute ; Plants usually herbaceous,
but in some mountainous situations they become evergreen
shrubs. Winch. Ann. of Phil. 3 818.

Rhizoma very bitter, emmenagogue, purgative, and an-
thelmintic. Leaves bechic, demulcent, astringent, agreeably
aromatic. Ashes contain much alkali ; which being dis-
solved in a decoction of the same plant stimulate the growth
of hair, and hence they have been called capillary plants .

1 . Capsule striated , without an elastic ring , pedicelled.

Osmundacece , a.

Caps, globular, seated round the frond
contracted into the form of a panicle Osmunda. 1.

2. Caps, striated , with an elastic ring .
a. Involucrum none. Polypodiacece b.

Sori transverse, linear . . Ceterach. 2.

Sori round Polypodium. 3.

1. Invol. umbilicate , or attached by one side;
sori round. Aspidiacece , c.

Invol. umbilicate, or kidney shape, fixed
in the centre Aspidium. 4v

Invol. sharp-pointed, open from top to
bottom Cyclopteris. 5.

Invol. attached to one side, open towards
the margin Athyrium. 6L

c. Invol fixed on one side , opening to the
midrib; sori linear. Aspleniacece , d.

Sori separate ; originating laterally from
a rib Asplenium. 7.

d. Invol. double , opening by a longitudinal
fissure; sori linear. Scolopendrice , e.

Sori oblique, parallel to each other
between the veins of the frond Scolqpendrium. 8,

PL end. cr.

1. FILICES. 1. Osmunda,

3

e. Invol. opening towards the rib ; sori linear ,
parallel to the midrib. Blechnideoe, f.

Invol . scariose, submarginal . . Blechnum. 9.

Invol. scariose, marginal Stegania. 10.

f. Invol. marginal, scariose , originating from the inflected up~
per membrane of the frond, opening inwards. Pteridece. g.

Sori linear, marginal, contiguous Pteris. 11.

Sori dot-like Adiantum. 12.

g. Invol. more or less cupshape, superficial,
containing the sori . Cyathece, h.

Sori dorsal ; invol. peltate, margin fringed ;

receptacle none .... Woodsia. IS.

Sori marginal; invol. pitcher-shape, one- leafed;

receptacle cylindrical . . Trichomanes. 14.

Sori marginal ; invol. pitcher-shape, two-leaved ;
receptacle cylindrical IIymenophyllum. 15.

3. Capsule without an elastic ring, or strive.

Sori in a compound spike, opening paral-
lelly to their insertion. Bostrichice, i. . . Bostrichium. 16.

Sori in a subarticulate distichous spike,
opening transversely. Ophioglossce, k. Ophioglossum. 17.

A. Osmund ace^:. Capsules very numerous, pedicelled,

elegantly striated, generally radiated at top; when magnified
finely veined, and pellucid.

Gen. I. 1. OSMUNDA. Lobel and Pena. Flowerfern .

Capsule footstalked, globular, semi-bivalve, opening at
the striae, situated either on the back of the unaltered frond,
or surrounding the frond contracted into the form of a
panicle. — Root fleshy ; Frond many tufted, pinnate, smooth.

Osmunda regal is. Royal Flowerfern .

Frond bipinnate ; Leaflets lanceolate, edge scarcely
notched, lower ones opposite, sub-auricled at the base;
Panicle bipinnate, fructiferous, at the apex of the frond.

Filix fcEin. q. F. ramosa non dentata florida C. Bauhin, Raii SynA2&, 4.
F. florida seu Osmut da reg^l is, Ger. em. 113! ; Park. 1038.

Osmunda regalis, Lin. S. P. 1521.

Water fern. Osmund royal. Royal moonwort. Flowering fern.

Watery places in woods; perennial; June and July.

& incisa. Lower leaflets, 2 or 3 cut.

B 2

4

2. Ceterach. 1. FILICES.

PL end . cf.

B. Polypodiace-ZE. Capsules nearly surrounded with
an elastic ring which bends back when the capsule bursts ;
Involucrum none, except the hairs which surround the
capsules.

II. 2. CETERACH. Er. Cordus. Miltwaste .

Sori transverse, linear. — Root fibrous; frond cespitose,
pinnatifid; lower surface covered with lanceolate, acute,
serrulate, reticulate, brown, shining, membranous scales,
which enclose the capsules.

Ceterach officinarum . Shop miltwaste .

Frond pinnatifid ; lobes confluent, obtuse, not notched,
beneath paleo-squamose ; scales not notched.

Ceterach officinarum, C. Bauhin , Pin. 354.

Asplenium sive Ceterach, Rail Syn. 1 1 8 5 Ger.em. 1139. Park. 1046.

A. Ceterach, Lin. S. P. 1538.

A. sinuosum, Salisb , Pr. 403.

Scolopendriutn Ceterach, Sym. Syn. 193.

Blechnum squamosum, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 617.

Gramnites Ceterach, Swartz Syn . Fit. 23.

Spleenwort.

Calcareous rocks and old walls ; perennial ; nearly all
the year.

Root black ; Frond cespitose, 4 — 8 in. high, spreading,
lanceolate, lobes alternate, rarely opposite; smooth above;
Capsules auburn.

III. 8. POLYPODIUM. Theophrastus. Polypody .

Sori round, in rows more or less distant from each other. — -

Root creeping, torulose, scaly, fibres villose; frond pin-
nately divided, sometimes naked, or furnished with simple
hairs, and long, lanceolate, reticulate, membranaceous
scales.

1. Poly podium vulgar e» Common polypody ,

Frond deeply pinnatifid; lobes linear-lanceolate, crenu-
late, approximate ; sori solitary ; rhizoma chafly.

Polypodium, Raii Syn . 117, 1 ; Ger. em. 1132.

Pol. vulgare, Park. 1039 ; Lin. S. P. 1544.

Polypody of the oak. W allfern. Polypody.

Trunks of old trees, walls; perennial; May to October.
Frond 4 — 8 in. high, erect, lanceolate, acute; sori in
two rows parallel to the ribs.

Root sweetish, but grows bitter by long boiling; gently
purgative when fresh. 5yj infused in 3§s of boiling water
is sufficient for two doses.

PL end. cr.

1. FILICES. 4. Polypod.

5

O. serratum. Leaves doubly serrate.

Polypodium murale, pinnulis serratis Petiveri, Raii Syn. 117, 2»

7. sinuatum . Lobes sinuate.

Polypodium vulgare lobis proliferis, Bolt. Fil . 33.

Cambricum. Lobes pinnatifido-dentated.

Polypodium Cambro-britannicum, &c. Plukeneti, Rail Syn. 117,3.

P. Cambiicum, Linn. S.F. 1546.

P. vulgare y, Huds. FI. Angl. 455.

s. acutum . Leaves very long, distantly serrated; ser~
ratures tapering to an acute point.

2. Polypodium latebrosnm . Shady polypody.

Frond, bipinnatifid, two lower leaflets bent back ; lobes

linear, lanceolate, obtuse, not notched, ciliated ; lower ones
adnato-decurrent at the base by a four-cornered ap-
pendage ; veins hairy : sori solitary, marginal.

Filix mas q. F. minor Britannica, &c. Bob. H. Ox. Raii Syn. 122, 8.
Pol. Phegopteris, Lin. S. P. 1550.

Pol. latebrosnm, Sal. Prod. AOS.

Wood Polypody.

Fissures of rocks ; perennial ; June and July,

Frond erect, 1 — 2. feet high, pale green ; stem very long,
hairy, and scaly; pinnce opposite, connate, soft, hairy,
lower ones reflexed; margin subcrenate; son distinct, near
the margin of the lobes.

3. Polypiumpulchellum. Handsome polypody.

Frond ternate, bipinnate, spreading, deflected ; lobes ob^

tuse, scarcely notched ; son marginal ; root filiform.

Filix fcemina q. F. ramosa minor J. Bauh. Rail Syn. 125, 6.

Polypodium Dryopteris, Lin. S. P. 1555.

Pol. pulchellum, Sal. Prod. 403.

Shady sides of rocks ; perennial ; July.

Stipes very slender, erect, a foot high, smooth ; frond
ternate, spreading, rather bent down, very tender, light
green, 3 in. wide, bipinnate, the odd one rather larger;
leaflets sessile, the lower ones larger and more compounded ;
lobes oblong, crenato-dentate ; rachis nearly capillary, ra-
ther downy ; sori numerous, small, not in the least hairy,
never running into one another.

4. Polypodium calcareum. Lime polypody.

Frond ternate, bipinnate, straight, rather ridged ; lobes

rather obtuse, scarcely notched ; sori marginal, confluent.

6

PL end . cr.

4s Aspidium. 1. FILICES.

P. Dryopteris, Dickson , Dried PI. 16; Bolt. Fil. 53.

Dryopteris Tragi, Ger. em. 1135.

Filix putnila saxatilis prima Clusii, Park. 1043.

Pol. calcareum, Smithy Ft. Br. 1117.

Treefern. Rigid 3-branched polypody.

Mountainous heaths in chalky soils; peren. July.

Root shorter and thicker than P. pulchellum ; frond stiffer
and more scaly at the base; leaves half the size, rather
upright.

C. Aspidiace^s. Sori round ; mvolucrum umbilicated
or reniform, and either attached by the centre and open
all round, or attached by one side and open on the other
side.

IV. 4. ASPIDIUM. Swartz, Schrad. Journ. Sh;eldfern.

Sori round; involu.cra kidneyshape, umbilicate, fixed in
the centre, open all round.

1. Aspidium asperum. Rough shield fern.

Frond pinnate; stipes scaly; pinnce lanceolate, falcate,

acute, ciliate, serrate, the base eared above, cut out below,
upper ones only fruitbearing, under surface chaffy; son
solitary.

Lonchitis asperg, major, Rail Syn. 1 18, 2 • Ger. em. Il40.

Polypotlium Lonchitis, Linn. S. P. 1548.

Polystichum Lonchitis, Roth Germ. 3, 71.

Royal polypody. Great spleenwort. Spleenwort polypody.

Cleft of rocks; perennial; May, June.

Frond 4 — 6 in. high, erect, narrow.

2. Aspidium odoriferum. Scented shieldfern .

Frond pinnate; pinnce lanceolate, smooth, beneath resino-

glandular, pinnatifid ; lobes lanceolate, obtuse, not notched,
the lower ones rather longer ; sori marginal, running to-
gether.

Filix mas ericeti Dunsmore Petiveri, Raii Syn. 122.

Polypodium Thelypteris, ffuds. 457.

P. Oreopteris, Ehrh. Cryp.

P. montanum, Willd. Prod. 883.

Polystichum montanum, Roth Germ. 3, 74.

Aspidium Oreopteris, Swartz Syn. Fil. 50,

Heath polypody.

Mountainous heaths and dry woods ; peren. July.

Root large, fibrous, scaly ; frond 3-4 feet high, lanceo-
late; pinnce beneath smooth, covered with numerous golden
resinous spots; sori numerous; involucra extremely thin,
umbilicate, torn, withering quickly.

Pl.end.cr. 1. FILICES. 4. Aspidium. J

minor. Smaller in all its parts.

Filixmasq.F. pumila saxatilis altera Cl usi i, Raii Syn. 122, 9; Park 1043.

Male stonefern.

3. Aspidium nemorale. Grove shieldfern.

Frond bipinnate; leaflets oblong, obtuse, very finely ser-
rate ; sori near the midrib ; stipes and midrib chaffy.

Filix mas vulgaris, Raii Syn. 120, 1 ; Park. 1Q36.

F. mas nan ramosa, pinnulis latisdensis minutim dentatis, Ger.em, 1129,

Polypodium Filix mas, Lin. S. P. 1551.

Aspidium Filix mas, Swartz Syn. Fil. 55.

Asp. nemorale, Sal. Prod. 403.

Polystichum Filix mas, Roth Germ. 3, 82.

Male fern. Male polypody.

Woods, heaths, stony places; peren. June, July.

Roots caespitose, large, scaly ; frond lanceolate, 3 feet
high ; pinnce numerous, upper leaflets joined together ;
sori near the ribs especially at the base of the leaflets in a
single row, large, prominent, numerous ; involucra urn-
bilicate, split on one side, the edge folded.

Root expells the tape-worm, 5j — $ij given in powder, in
the morning fasting, a gentle purge having been given over
night: some give a drastic purge the same morning, others
only repeat the medicine daily until the worms are expelled.
Frond burned for its alkaline ashes.

i3. cristatum. Engl. Bot. 1949.

4. Aspidium aculeatum , Prickly shieldfern.

Frond bipinnate ; leaflets ovate, subfalcate, acute, mucro-

nato-serrate ; towards the base the upper ones are truncated,
the lower ones short and wedgelike ; sori scattered ; stipes
and ribs very chaffy.

Filix mas non ramosa, pinnulis latis auriculatis spinosis. Raii. Syn. 121,2-$
Ger. cm. 1 130.

Polypodium aculeatum, Linn. S. P. 1552.

Polystichum aculeatum, Roth Germ. 3, 79.

Aspidium aculeatum, Swartz Schr. Jour. 2, 37.

Prickly polypody.

Woods, shady places ; peren. June.

Frond 2 feet high, elegant, dark green. This common
variety transplanted into a garden became similar to y,

muscosum. Leaflets extremely chaffy.

Filix mas aculeata alis expansis, muscosa lanugine aspersa Plukeneti,,
Raii Syn. 121,5.

y. Cambricum, Leaflets rounder, prickles longer than
usual.

F. mas q. F. lonchitidi affinis Doody, Raii Syn. 121, 4,

8

PL end.cn

4. Aspidium. 1. FXLXCES.

5. Aspidium lobatum. I.ohed shieldfern.

Frond bipinnate ; leaflets obtuse, ovate, mucronated ser-^

rate, those next the mainrib much larger, eared, the tips
bristled ; stipes and mainrib chaffy.

Filix mas q. F. aculeata major, &c. Rail Syn. 121,3.

F. aculeata, lonchitidis Simula Pluk. Raii Syn. 12 i, 4.

Polypodium lobatum, llud. Ft. An. 459.

Aspidium lobatum, Swartz Schr. Jour. 2,37 .

Closeleaved shieldfern.

Shady lanes; peren. June.

Very like the preceding, but paler and more shining;
frond narrower, curled, and apparently convex ; leaflets
more elliptic, less cut, 15 or 16 pair in each pinna, and
those next the mainrib so large as to extend over the
leaflets of the next pinna ; pinnae 35 or more pairs in each
leaf.

/3. ramosum. End of the frond divided into 2 or 3 curled
segments.

6. Aspidium dilatatum. Dilated shieldfern.

Frond bipinnate; leaflets oblong, distinct, pinnatifid;

lobes mucronato-serrate ; stipes chaffy ; involucra smooth.

Filix fcemina q. F. mas ramosa, pinnulis dentatis, Ger. em. 1129 j Rail
Syn. 124,2.

Polypodium cristatum, Huds. FI. Ang. 457,

P. dilatatum,' Hoffm. Germ. 2. 7.

Polystichum multiilorum, Roth Germ . 3, 87.

Crested polypody.

Moist shady places ; peren. June, July.

Root tuberous, scarcely creeping ; frotid 2 feet Xtigh, light
green ; sori numerous, very distinct.

j3. Major . Triply pinnate, 3 or 4 feet high.

y. Minor . Only the first pair of pinnas triply divided.
Polypodium rhaeticum, Hudson FI. Ang. 458 ?

7. Aspidium cristatum. Crested shieldfern.

Frond pinnate; pinnce subcordate, ovate, oblong, pinna-

tifid ; leaflets oblong, obtuse, dentato-serrate ; stipes chaffy.

Poly podium cristatum, Lin. S. P. 1551.

P. Callipteris, Hoffm. Germ. 252 ;

Aspidium cristatum, Swartz Syn. Fil. 52.

Polystichum cristatum, Roth Germ. 3.84.

Boggy heaths ; peren. June. July.

Root csespitose; frond 1-2 feet high; sori black; invo~
htcra snow white.

PL end . cr.

9

1. FILIGES. 4. Aspidium.

8. Aspidium fragrans. Fragrant shieldfern .

Frond pinnate ; pinnce lanceolate, close together, deeply

cut ; loles oblong, obtuse, dentate ; sori contiguous ; stipes
and mainril very chaffy.

Polypodium fragrans, Buds. FI. Ang. 457.

Aspidium fragrans, Swartz Syn. Fit. 51.

Sweet polypody.

Moist chinks in rocks ; perennial ; July to September.

9. Aspidium spinuhsum . Thorny shieldfern .

Frond bipinnate; leaflets oblong, decurrent, confluent,

inciso-dentate ; loles mucronato-serrate ; stipes chaffy ; invo-
lucra glandular.

Filix pumila saxatilis altera, Pluk. Aim. 151.

Polypodium spinulosum, Relz. Prodr. 250.

Polystichum spinulosum, Roth Germ. 3,91.

Aspidium spinulosum, Swartz Syn. Fil. b\.

Bogs; Perennial; June, July.

Frond 1 foot high, long stemmed, subovate, light green,
smooth, thin, nearly transparent; sori small, distant, placed
towards the axillse of the leaflets ; involucra circinate, split
on one side.

30. Aspidium palustre. Marsh shieldfern.

Frond pinnate; pinnce linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid,
smooth ; loles ovate, acute, not notched ; sori marginal, at
first contiguous ; afterwards confluent.

Filix mas q. F. minor palustris repens, Rail Syn. 122,7.

Dryopteris, Ger. em. 1135.

Dryopteris seu Filix querna repens, Park. 1041.

Acrostichum Thelypteris, Lin. S. P. 1.528.

Polypodiiun Thelypteris, Lin. Mant. 505.

Polystichum Thelypteris, Roth Germ. 3,77.

Aspidium Thelypteris, Swartz Syn. Fil. 50.

Aspidium palustre, Sal. Prod, 420.

Creeping water fern.

Marshes ; perennial ; July.

Frond upright 1--2 feet high, lanceolate, pleasant green;
stipes smooth ; loles subcrenate at the tip, the lower ones
crossing in pairs; sori numerous, and when ripe covering
the whole surface; mainril very smooth ; partial ribs rather
hairy.

V. 5. CYCLOPTER1S. Schrader. Cupfern.

Sori in round scattered spots; involucra sharppointed,
opening completely from tip to base, becoming reflexed.

Cyclopteris fragilis . Brittle cupfern.

Frond bipinnate ; leaflets oblong obluse, inciso-serrate ;
serratures obtuse, denticulate ; mainril winged.

10

6. Athyrium. 1. FILICES.

PI. end . cr.

Filix fcemina q. F.saxatilis caule teflui fragili, Rail Syn. 125, 7.
Polypodium fragile, Lin. S. P. 1553.

Aspidium fragile, Swartz . Syn. Fit 58.

Cyathea fragiiis, Smith FI. Br. 1139.

Cyclopteris fragiiis, Schrad. Journ.

Rocks, old walls ; perennial ; June, July.

<3 Riicetica. Pbmce spear shape, acute, distant ; leaflets
deeply lobed ; lobes regularly serrate.

Filix fcemina q. F. montana ramosa minor, argute denliculata Lhwyd.
Ran. Syn. 1 24, 3 ;

Polypodium Rliaeticum. With. 958.

y. acuta . Pinnce spearsh ape, acute ; leaflets crowded.

& obtusa . Pinnce spearshape, blunt.

VI. 6. ATHYRIUM, Roth FI. Germ. Femalefern,

Sori round, dispersed; involucra attached by one side,
mostly the inner one, open towards the margin.

1. Athyrium irriguum. Meadow Femalefern .

Frond pinnate ; leaflets deeply pinnatifid-cut ; lobes ovate,

oblong, sharply cut and toothed; stipes quadrangular; invo~
lucra short jagged.

Polypodium irriguum, Engl. Bot. 2199.

Aspidium irriguum, Smith Comp. FI. Ang. 156.

Shady meadows; perennial; June.

Stipes delicate, transparent green ; leaflets nearly con-
nected at the base by a sort of wing from the partial rib ;
sori several, about the lower part of the rachis ; involucra ,
oblong or square, whitish, fringed at the edge.

2. Athyrium fontanum . Spring femalefern.

Frond pinnate ; pinnce cordate, pinnatihd ; lobes ovate,

rather acute, the lowest and the terminal ones subbilobate;
sori when ripe confluent.

Filix saxatilis non ramosa, minima, PluJcen, Phytog .

Pol', podium forUanum, Lin, S ■ P. 1550.

Aspidium fontanum. Smith Comp. FI. Ang. 156.

On old walls and rocks ; perennial ; June.

Sori confluent ; involucra white, lateral.

3. Athyrium Iceium. Pleasant femalefern .

Frond bipinnate; leaflets oblong, lanceolate, inciso-ser-

rate ; serratures 2 or 3 toothed, acute ; sori oblong straight.

Filix mas non ramosa, pinnulis angustis raris profunde dentatis, Rail
Syn. 121,6; Ger. em. 13 30.

Polypodium Filix fcemina, Lin. S. P. 1551.

Aspid um Filix fcemina, Swartz Syn. Fit. 54.

Atuyrium Filix fcemina, Roth Germ. 3, 65.

Female polypody. Female shieldfern.

PI. end. cr.

I. FILICES. 6. Athyrium. 11

Shady marshes ; perennial; June, July.

Root large, ceespitose ; frond deep green ; inmlucra kid-
neyshaped, margin lacerated.

4. Athyrium regium. Royal femalefern ,

Frond bspinnate ; leaflets ovate, oblong, lobato-pinnatifid;

lobes linear, oblong, obtuse, not notched; rachis winged.

Filix foemina q. Adiantum nigrum, pinnulis cicutariae divisura Bobarti,
Rail Syn. 126.

Polypodium regium, Linn. Sp. PI. 1553.

Cyathea regia, Sm. FI. Brit. 1140,

Cyathea inci«a, Engl. B t. 163.

Aspidimn regium, Swartz Syn. Fit. 58.

Polypodium tiifidum, With. 957.

Walls, and alpine rocks; perennial; June.

Root scaly; frond nine inches long, smooth, light green;
lobes variously cut ; edge not in the least notched ; ribs
rather straight.

5. Athyrium dentatum . Toothed femalefern.

Frond pinnate ; leaflets ovato-obiong, pinnatifid ; lobes

oblong, obtuse, denticulate.

Polvpodium denfaium, Dickson Crypt.

Cyathea dentata. Smith Ft. Br. 1 141.

Aspidium dentatum, Swartz Syn. Fit. 59.

Alpine rocks; perennial; July.

Root scaly; frond about 9 in. long, lanceolate, acute,
smooth; ribs of the lobes flexuose ; rachis sometimes winged
near the tip ; involucra halved, with the margin fimbriated.

D. Aspleniace.®. Sori linear; involucra fixed on one
side, and open towards the rib.

VII. 7. ASPLENIUM. Dioscorides. Spleenwort .

Sori linear, separated, originating laterally from a rib,
and opening towards it.

1. Asplenium lanceolatum, Spear shape spleenwort.

Frond bipinnate ; leaflets obovate, obtuse, wedgeshape at
the base, finely toothed at the tip ; sori when ripe confluent;
margin of the involucrum torn.

Filix foemina q. F. elegans, adianto nigro accedens, segmentis rotun-
dioribus, Raii Syn. 127, 11.

Dryopteris Candida, Ger. em. 1 135. as to the figure only.

Asplenium lanceolatum, Huds. FI. Ang.\b\.

Rocks and old walls; perennial; June to October.

Root black, scaly; frond erect 4-5 in. high, light green,

PL end . cr»

n 7. Asplenium. 1. FILICES.

smooth; pinnce opposite; stipes short, smooth; sort 3-5
short, becoming confluent : involucra whitish ; edge torn.

2. Asplenium lucidum. Shining spleenwort .

Frond bipinnate ; pinnce oblong-lanceolate, acute ; leaf-
lets oblong, pinnatifld ; lobes toothed at the tip ; sori
become confluent; margin of the involucra not notched.

Filix f Genii na q. Adiantum nigrum officinarum J. Bauhini, Raii Syn.
126, 10.

Onopteris mas, Ger. cm. 1 1ST.

Adiantum nigrum vulgare, Park. 1049.

Asplenium Adiantum nigrum, Lin. S. P. 1541r
Asplenium lucidum, Sal. Prod. 413.

Black maidenhair. Oakfern.

Roots of trees, old walls, and shady banks ; perennial ;
J une— October.

Root black; frond erect, a foot high, sharp pointed, very
dark green, smooth; stipes long, dark purple, shining;
son many ; involucra very thin, margin not in the least
notched.

Demulcent, bechic, diuretic, nephritic; and praised by
Hoffmann as an antiscorbutic.

0. sterile. Leaflets barren, membranaceous, elegantly
palmato-laciniate.

Filix foemina q. F. minor longifolia, tarsis raris, pinnulis longis, tenuis-
simis et oblongis laciniis fimbriatis Sherard, Raii Syn. 127, 13.

In caves, where the sun’s rays cannot enter.

3. Asplenium marinum . Marine spleenwort.

Frond pinnate; leaflets oblong, obtuse, inciso-serrate ;

the base rounded and subarticulate above, truncated below.

Filix Alpina.q, Chamsefilix marina Anglica J. Bauhin, Raii Syn. 119. 2.
F. marina Anglica, Park. 1045.

Filicula petraea feemina, seu Chamaefilix marina Anglica, Ger. em. 1143.
Asplenium marinum, Lin. S. P. 1540.

Hocks on the sea coasts : perennial ; June, October.

Roots black, scaly ; frond of various sizes ; stipes black,
smooth ; leaflets alternate, dark green, veiny ; rachis winged;
sori opposite ; involucra brown, not in the least notched.

Opening, emmenagogue ; the mucilaginous extract
useful in severe burns and scalds.

|3. trapeziforme. Leaflets, lobed or jagged.

Capillus Veneris q. Adiantum majus coriandri folio, adianto vero affine,
pediculo pallide rubente Sibbaldi, Raii Syn. 124, 2,

Adiantum trapeziforme, Huds. FI, Ang. 460,

6

PLeiid.cr .

1. FILJCES. 7. Asplenium. IS

4. Asplemum Germanicum. German spleenwort .

Frond pinnate; leaflets alternate, lanceolate, cuneate,

toothed at the tip, the lower ones two-parted.

Scolopendrium alternifolium, Roth Germ. 3,53.

Aspleniutn alternifolium, With. 768.

Asplenium Breynii, Swartz Syn, Fit. 85.

Aspleniutn Germanicum, Weis Crypt. 299.

Alternate-leaved spleenwort.

Subalpine rocks ; perennial ; June to October.

Root black : fronds numerous, 6 in. high, erect, light
green, smooth ; leaflets alternate ; sori few, short, pale.

5. Asplenium saxatile. Rock spleenwort.

Frond pinnate; leaflets subrotundo-oblong, obtuse, cre-

nate, truncato-cuneate ; stipes blackish brown, shining,
keeled below.

Trichomanes, Raii Syn. 119, 1 ; Park , 1051.

T. mas, Ger. em. 1146.

Asplenium Trichomanes, Lin. S. P. 1540.

Asplenium saxatile, Sal. Prod. 403.

English black maidenhair.

Shaded rocks and old walls ; perennial; all the year.
Root black, hairy, cespitose ; fronds numerous, 6 in.
high ; rachis dark purple, smooth, shining ; leaflets smooth,
without veins, very dark green above, paler below ; invo-
valuer a whitish ; capsules brown.

0. incisum . Leaflets pinnatifid; sometimes very long.

Trichomanes foliis elegantis incisis, Raii Syn. 120,2.

y. ramosissimum. Frond very much branched at top.

6. Asplemum viride . Green spleenwort .

Frond pinnate; leaflets subrotundo-ovate, wedgeshape

at the base, obtusely serrate ; rachis green, flat beneath.

Trichomanes costa viridi, quandoque bifida, foliis lenticularibus cre-
natis, Lhwyd in Raii Syn. 119, 2.

Asplenium viride, Hud. FI. Ang. 453.

Moist alpine rocks ; perennial ; June, July.

Frond about 6 in. high, linear-lanceolate, paler than
A. saxatile ; rachis rather four-sided, or flattened below ;
involucra and capsules yellowish.

0. ramosum. Rachis divided.

Trichomanes ramosum, Raii Syn. 119, 2.

Trichomanes feemina, Ger. 985.

Branched English black maidenhair ,

1 4s 8. Scolopeti. 1. FILICES. Pl.end.cr .

*1 • Asplenium murale. Wall spleenwort .

Frond, two parted at the base, simply pinnate at the tip ;
leaflets rhomboidal, oblong, obtuse, with the tip gnawed
or crenate.

Ruta muraria, Raii Syn. 122 ; Ger. em. 1144.

Jtufa muraria, seu Salvia vitee, Park . 1050.

Asplenium Ruta muraria, Lin. S. P. 1541.

Asplenium murale, Stokes Bot. M. M. 4, 610.

Scolopendrium Ruta muraria, Roth Germ. 3. 52.

White maidenhair. W all rue. Tent wort.

Moist clefts in rocks and stone walls; per. June to Oct.

Foot dark brown; fronds many, 9 in. high, spreading,
very dark green, rather of a bluish cast, smooth ; leaflets
footstalked, wedgeshape or rhombic, horizontal or even
bent down ; sori many ; involucra whitish, their edge ere-
nulate.

Demulcent and diuretic.

/3. majus. Leaflets narrow, acuminate.

Ruta muraria q Adiautum album tenuifolium, rutae inurariae accedens,
J. Baub. Raii Syn. 123, 2.

8. Asplenium septentrionale. Northern spleenwort .

Frond usually 2 or 3 parted; loles linear, with the tip
mostly 3- toothed; stipes very long.

Filix saxatilis Tragi, Raii Syn. 120, 1 j Park. 1045.

Muscus coruiculatus, Ger. em. 1561.

Acrosticiium septentrionale, Lin. S. P. 1524.

Asplenium septentrionale, Hull FI. Ang. 241.

Scolopendrium septentrionale, Roth Germ. 3, 49.

Forked maidenhair.

Clefts of rocks in the north parts ; peren. June to Oct.

Root black, ceespitose ; fronds many, 6 in. high, upright,
dark green, smooth, narrow at the base, above three
parted ; sori parallel, brown, covering all the narrow disk ;
involucra not in the least notched.

E. Scolopendri^e. Involucra double, opening length-
ways by a slit; sori linear.

VIII. 8.SCOLOPENDRIUM.Theophrastus. Hartstongue.

Sori linear, oblique, parallel to each other, placed be-
tween the secondary ribs of the frond; involucra double,
opening by a longitudinal fissure.

Scolopendrium vulgar e. Common hartstongue .

Frond broad, lanceolate, heartshape at the base ; stipes

chaffy.

2

PI. end . cr.

I. FILICES. 9. Blechnum. 1 $

Phyllitis, Raii Syn. 116, 1 ; Ger. em.1138.

Phyllitis, seu Lingua cervina vulgaris. Park. 1046.

Asplenium Scolopendrium, Lin. 8. P. 1537.

Asplcuium elongatum, Salisb. Prod. 409.

Scolopendrium Phyllitis, Roth Gerni. 3,47.

Scolopendrium vulgare, Symons Syn.

Blechnum HngUifolium, Stokes Rot. M.M. 4,616.

Moist rocks, walls, wells, and banks ; perennial ; July.
Boot fibrous, brown; frond 12 to 18 in, high, upright,
light green on both sides, smooth ; stipes brown, often ra-
ther scaly; sori numerous, yellowish brown, distinct; invo-
lucra turn back and are hidden by the prominent capsules.

|3. cri spurn. Frond crisp, jagged at the edge.

Phyllitis crispa, J. Bauh. H. P. 3,749.

y. multifidum. Frond wavy, tip manycut, crisp.

Phyllitis multifida, Ger. em. 1138; Raii Syn. 117, 1.

S'. polyscfiides. Frond cleft at the edges.

Phyllitis polyschides laciniis singulis cruciatum decussatis Bobartlij
Raii Syn. 117, 2.

£. ramosum . Stipes branched ; frond divided.

F. Blechnide.^. Sori linear, contiguous, parallel, on
each side of the midrib ; involucra opens towards the rib.

IX. 9. BLECHNUM. Dioscorides. Spicant

Sori linear, longitudinal, contiguous, parallel to the mid-
rib ; involucra superficial, submarginal, opening on the
inside.

Blechnum boreale. Northern spicant .

Frond simple, pinnatifid ; lobes lanceolate, rather obtuse,
parallel; fruitbearing fronds distinct, and narrower than the
barren ones ; leaflets linear pointed.

Lonchitis aspera, Raii Syn. 1 IS; Ger. em. 1140.

Lonchitis aspera minor, Park. 1042.

Osmunda Spicant, Lin. S. P. 1522.

Struthiopteris Spicant, Scop. Cam. 1258.

Onoclea Spicant, Flojfm. Germ. 2, 11. .

Acrostichum Spicant, Sibthorp. 267.

Osmunda borealis, Salisb. Prod. 402.

Blechnum Spicant, Roth Germ. 3, 44.

Blechnum boreale, Swartz. Schr J. 275.

Rough spleenwort.

Moist woods and heaths ; perennial; July.

Root fibrous, scaly ; fronds a foot or IS in. high, dark
green, smooth, pectinato-pmnate; leaflets very numerous,
subalternate, mucronate; capsules brown.

16 11. Pteris. 3. FILICE8.

PL end . a\

X. 10. STEGANIA. R. Brown. Slonefern.

Sori linear, contiguous ; capsules at length covering the

back of the contracted frond, or of the leaflets ; involucra
marginal, scariose, opening inwards.

Stegania onocleoid.es. Onoclea stonefern.

Barren fronds bipinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid ; lobes obo-
vate, cuneate, inciso-dentate at the tip : fertile fronds bi-
pinnate, lower ones tripinnate ; leaflets linear oblong, ra-
ther obtuse, not in the least notched, narrower at the base.

Filix foemina q. Adiantum album crispum Alpinum Schwenckf. Raii
Syn. 126, 9 ;

Osmunda crispa, Lin. S. P. 1512.

Pteris crispa, With. Bot. Ar. 764.

Onoclea crispa, Hoff. Germ. 2, 11.

Stegania onocleoides, Yule Ed. Enc. Fit.

Osmunda rupestris, Salisb. Prod. 402.

Parsley fern. Stone brakes.

Stone walls and rocks; perennial; July.

Boot fibrous ; frond a foot high, long stalked, smooth,
pale green; leaflets petiolate, barren leaflets wedgesbape, rib-
bed, flat, cut at the tip ; fruitful leaflets , on a distinct frond,
elliptic, convex, not notched ; involucra broad, turgid, ere*
nate.

O. crispa. Leaves curled.

G. Pteride^:. Involucra marginal, scariose, arising
from the inflected upper membrane of the frond, opening
inwards.

XI. 11. PTERIS. Theophrastus. Brahes.

Sori linear, marginal.

Pteris foemina. Female brakes .

Frond three parted; branches bipinnate; leaflets line ar,
lanceolate, the upper ones whole, the lower pinnatifid ;
lobes oblong, obtuse.

Filix foemina, Raii Syn. 124; Ger. em. 1128.

F. foemina vulgaris, Park. 1037.

Fieri s aquilina, Lin. S. P. 1533.

P. borealis, Salisb. Prod. 402.

Common brakes , Female fern.

Pleaths, woods, and poor pastures; perennial; July.

Root long, fusiform ; fronds 3 feet high, spreading,
smooth; leaflets opposite; lobes alternate, sessile, lanceolate,
not notched; sori on the margin of the lobes; involucra
joined together, compressed, crenulate, brown.

PL end. cr. 1. FILICES. 13. Woodsia. 1?

0. minor. Frond very slender ; lobes roundish, confluent,
barren.

Filix foeminaq. Filicula saxatilis ramosa maritima Plukeneti, Rati Syn.
125, 5.

On moist walls, but when the roots extend to the ground,
they throw up the common variety, Dillen in Ray.

XII. 12. ADIANTUM. Theophrastus. Maidenhair .

Sori in round, distinct spots.

Adian turn font anum, Spring maidenhair.

Frond bipinnate; leaflets obovate, cuneate ; fertile lobes
terminating in a linear oblong sorus ; sterile lobes serrate.
CapiUus Veneris verus, Ger. em. 1143 ; Ran Syn. 123, 1.

Adiantum verum sive CapiUus Veneris verus, Park. 1049,

Adiantum CapiUus Veneris, Lin. S. P. 1558.

Adiantum fontanum, Sal. Prod .

A. cuneifolium, Stokes B . M. M. 4, 612.

True maidenhair.

Rocks and moist walls; perennial; May to September.
Root fibrous; fronds sometimes a foot high, upright,
spreading, handsome, smooth ; stipes and rachis very smooth,
shining, dark purple ; lobes largish, fanshape, streaked, nar-
rowed at the base, outwardly lobed, cut, rounded ; invo -
lucra kidney-shape, flattened, at first pale, but turn black.

H. Cyathe^e. Sori globular; involucra more or less
cupshaped, superficial ; capsules generally attached to an
elevated receptacle within the cup.

XIII. 13. WOODSIA. Brown. Lin. Tr. 11,173. Hairfern .
Sori dorsal, roundish ; involucra membranous, cupshape,

opening at the edge which is fringed with filiform processes ;
capsules pediceiled ; receptacle none.

Woodsia alpina. Alpine hairfern .

Frond pinnate; leaflets triangular, oblong, inciso-pinna-
tifid; lobes not nicked, the lower ones produced at the
base ; capsules few.

Filix alpina, pedicularis rubras foliis subtus villosis Lhwyd, Raii Syn ,

118, 1.

Acrostichum alpinum Bolt. Fil.16.

A. Ilvense, Huds. 451.

Polypodium Arvonicum, With. 774,

VOL. II. C

18 13.Woodsia* 1. FELICES.

PL end* cr .

P. Ilvense, With , 774.

P. hyperboreum, Swart. Syn. F. 39.

Ceterach alpinum, Dec. Syn. FI. Gall. 1435.

Woodsia hyperborea, Brown T.L. S. 11, 123.

Redrattleleafed stonefern.

Alpine rocks ; perennial ; June.

Root cespitose ; fronds spreading*, 2 to 4 in. high, lan-
ceolate, rather obtuse, both faces hairy ; rachis hairy ; leaf
lets not very close, heartshape, pinnatifid, dilated at the
base ; lobes rounded, rather convex, with the edges turned
up, scarcely crenate, not armed ; sori roundish, hairy, nu-
merous, growing at length quite close, brown.

XIV. 14. TRICHOMANES. Dioscorides. Filmfern .

Sori marginal ; capsules sessile, inserted into a cylindrical
common receptacle, contained within a one-leaf, pitcher-
shape open involucrum of a similar texture with the frond ;
surculi creeping, downy; fronds pellucid, divided into areolae,
very seldom undivided, commonly pinnatifid ; lobes one-
ribbed ; involucra terminal ; receptacle mostly extended and
elongated.

Trichomanes Irevisetum . Shortlristle filmfern .

Fronds 2 or 4, pinnatifid, smooth ; leaflets one-flowered ;
lobes linear; with the margin unnicked; involucra topshape,
hollow, wingless ; apex simple, not nicked ; receptacle hardly
exserted ; stipes winged.

Fiiix fcemina q. F. humijis repens, foliis pellucidis et sp!endentibusr
caule alato Richardson, Raii Syn. 127, 14.

Trichomanes pyxidiferum, Huds.Fl.Ang. 461.

Hymenophyllum alaturn, Eng. B. 20, 1417.

H. Tunbridgense (3. Smith F.A. 1142.

Trichomanes brevisetum, Brown in Alton II . K. 5, 529.

Cup goldilocks.

Shady springs and rocks; perennial; May and June.

Frond 4 or 5 inches high, thin, transparent, dark green.

XV. 15. HYMENOPHYLLUM. Smith. Dwarffern, ,

Sori marginal, inserted into a cylindrical receptacle, in-
cluded within a bivalve involucrum ; surculi erect, to-
mentos e; fronds pellucid, divided into areolae, pinnatifid;
lobes one-ribbed; involucrum terminal; receptacle not ex-
serted.

PL end. cr.

1. FILXCES. 15. Hymenoph. 1$

Hymenophyllum Tunlridgense. Tunbridge dwarjfern .

Frond pinnate; leaflets digitato-pinnatifid ; lobes linear,
serrate ; sori superaxillary, solitary ; involucra serrate ; rachis
winged; stipes round.

Capillus Veneris q. Adiantum petraeum perpusillum Anglicum, foliis
bifidis Tel trifidis, Raii Syn. 123, 2.

Darea Tunbridgensis, Petiver Mus.

Trichotnanes Tunbridgense, Lin. S. P. 1561.

T. pulchellutn, Salisb. Prod. 404.

Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense, Smith FI. Ang. 1141.

Tunbridge goldilocks.

Moist and shady rocks ; perennial ; May and June.

Fronds 2 or 3 in. high, cespitose, decumbent or erect,
dark green, membranaceous, transparent ; sori solitary,
sessile or with short footstalks on the upper margin of the
lobes, lenticular, compressed ; involucrum bivalve, the edge
torn or serrate ; capsules many, brown, globose, bivalve,
sitting on a short receptacle.

I. Botrychi^e. Sori in a compound two-rowed spike,
and opening parallely with their insertion ; capsules without
ring or striae.

XVI. 16. BOTRY CHIUM. Swartz. Moonwort.

Spike two rowed, compound ; sori open parallel to their
insertion ; capsules without ring or striae.

1. Botrychium lunatum. Lunated moonwort .

Scape above one fronded ; frond pinnatifid ; leaflets lu-
nate, not in the least nicked.

Lunaria minor, Raii Syn. 128 ; Ger. em. 405 ; Parte. 507.

Osmunda Lunaria, Lin. S. P. 1519.

O. lunata, Salisb. Prod. 401.

Botrychium Lunaria, Swartz Syn. Fil. 171.

Common moonwort.

In meadows and hill pastures ; perennial, June.

Root fibrous ; frond about a hand high, smooth, greenish,
single ; leaflets crescentshape ; spike at the base of the
frond, upright, tworowed ; capsules globose, smooth, brown.

Made into an ointment with butter, and rubbed in op-
posite to the kidneys, it is esteemed a certain remedy for
a dysentery.

2. Botrychium rutaceum . Rue moonwort .

Scape above one fronded ; frond bipinnatifid ; lobes

notched, 2 or 3 toothed, obtuse.

c 2

20

PL end. ct .

16. Botrych. 1. FILICES.

Lunaria minor ramosa, Lawsoni ; Raii Syn. 129 ; Ger. em. 4Q6„
Osmunda Lunaria 3. Lin. S. P. 1519.

O. lanceolata, Gmel. N. C. Petr. 12, 516.

Botrychium rutaceum, Swartz Syn. Fit. 171.

Meadows and hilly pastures ; perennial ; June.

3. Botrychium matricarioides. Feverfew moonwort .

Scape naked, three parted near the root, subbipinnate ;
leaflets oblong, obtuse, toothed.

Lunaria minor foliis dissectis Lawson, Raii Syn. 129.

Osmunda Lunaria y. Smith F. Ang. 1 107.

O. matricariae, Schrank F. Bav. 4 1 9.

Botrychium rutaceum 3. Swartz Syn. Fit. 171.

Botrychium matricarioides, Willd. S. P.

Meadows and hill pastures; perennial; July.

K. OpmoGLOssiE. Spike tworowed, apparently jointed ;
capsules immersed in the spike, opening transversely, with
neither rings nor striae.

XVII. 17. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Tragus. Adder stongue.

Spike two rowed; capsules immersed, opening trans-
versely.

Ophioglossum vulgatum . Common adderstongue.

Spike on the stem ; frond ovate obtuse, finely reticulated.

Ophioglossum, Raii Syn. 128 ; Ger. em. 404.

O. seu Lingua serpentina, Park. 506.

O. vulgatum, Lin. S. P. 1518.

O. ovatum Salisb. Prod. 401.

Ophioglossum vulgatum, C. Bank. Pin. 354.

In moist fields and pastures ; perennial ; May.

Root fibrous ; frond simple, single, ovate with a footstalk,
scarce a hand high, very smooth, greenish, not nicked,
bearing the spike at the bottom ; spike erect, acute, com-
pressed, bearing many capsules.

/3. lifidum . Spike bifid,
y. duplex . Spike double.

incisum. Frond slightly lobed.

PI. end. cr.

2. LY COPOD. 1 8. Lycopod.

21

Fam. II. 2. LYCOPODIACE^E. De Candolle. Lyco-

podinidece, Swartz.

Fructifications crustaceous, sessile in tlie axillae of the
leaves, or of the bracteae ; conceptacles of two kinds ; the
common sort (the male organs?) replete with fine powdery
masses grouped 3 by 3, or 4 by 4 into spherical globules ;
the less frequent (the female organs ?) including roughish
spherical globules marked underneath with three promi-
nent ribs. — Roots fibrous ; stem herbaceous or woody,
simple or branched, frequently rampant ; leaves small,
not nicked, numerous, either scattered, or alternate, or
two rowed, frequently stipuled.

Conceptacles capsular ; valvular; leaves cauline .

Concep. 2 valved, 1 celled; seeds cohering
in globules Lycopodium 18.

Concep. 3 valved, 3 celled; seeds angular. Bernhardia 19.

Concep. capsular, not valvular ; leaves radical.

Isoetes 20.

I. 18. LYCOPODIUM. Clusius. Wolfsclaw.

Conceptacles of one kind only, sessile, kidneyshape, two-
valved, one-celled, in the axillae of the leaves, or in spikes
- — Stalk branched ; leaves scattered.

a. Plananthus. Conceptacles sessile in the axillce of the
leaves.

1. Lycopodium imindatum. Inundation wolfsclaw.

Stalk rather branchy, creeping ; flowering branches single,
simple, erect ; apex one-rowed ; leaves linear, spread, acute,
slightly nicked, curved above.

Lycopodium q.Muscus terrestris repens, Raii Syn. 108,4.

L. palustre repens, clava singular!. Dill. M. 452.

Lycopodium inundatum, Lin . S. P. 1565,

Creeping clubmoss.

Inundated heaths, turf bogs; perennial; June, July.

Flowering branches 1 or 2 inches long ; floral leaves larger
than the common, much dilated at the base, and often one-
toothed ; conceptacles small.

22 18, Lycopod. 2. LYCOPODIACEiE. Pl.end.cr.

2. Lycopodium ahietiforme. Fir wolfs claw.

Stalk forked, erect ; branches eventopped ; leaves spread,

in eight series, linear, lanceolate, pointed, not in the least
nicked, imbricated, ridged.

Selago foliis et facie abietis, Raii Syn. 106.

S. vulgaris, Dill. Muse. 435.

Lycopodium Selago, Lin. S. P. 1565.

Upright Jirmoss.

Wet heaths in mountains; perennial; June to August.
Stalk about 8 in. high, very leafy ; leaves thick, dark
green, shining; conceptacles small, brownish yellow.

Violently emetic ; the decoction externally used destroys
lice in children’s hair.

b. Lepidotis. Conceptacles in spikes , with bractece.

3. Lycopodium annotinum. Yearly wolfs claw.

Stalk creeping ; branches ascending, twice twoparted at

the base ; leaves in five rows, linear, lanceolate, contracted
at each year’s growth ; spike solitary, sessile, terminal.

Lycopodium elatius juniperinum, clavis singularibus, sine pediculis,
Raii Syn. 107,2; Dill. MAbb.

Lycopodium annotinum, Lin. S. P. 1566.

Alpine rocks; perennial; June to August.

Stem very long ; flowerbearing shoots 2 in. high, gene-
rally branched, leafy, contracted at the last year’s shoot ;
leaves expanded, light green ; bractece smaller, closely tiled,
rather membranaceous,

4. Lycopodium clavatum . Clubbed ujolfsclaw.

Stalk creeping; branches ascending; leaves spread, ribless,

bent inwards, terminating in hairs ; spikes usually in pairs,
cylindrical, footstalked; bractece ovate, pointed, eroso-
denticulated.

Lycopodium, Raii Syn. 107, 1.

Muscus clavatus seu Lycopodium, Ger. era. 1562 ; Park. 1307.
Lycopodium vulgare pilosum, amfragosum et repens, Dill. M. 441.
Lycopodium clavatum, Lin. S. P. 1564.

Clubmoss.

Heaths or hills; perennial; July, August.

Stalks whiplike, several feet long, creeping, branched
leafy all around ; fruitbearing branches upright, 4 in. high,
loosely leafed, terminated by 1 to 3 cylindrical, leafy spikes
an inch long ; bractece broader at the bottom.

PI. end, cr.

2. LYCOPOD. 18. Lycopod. 2 8

5. Lycopodium alpinum. Alpine wolfs claw.

Branches erect, forked, bundled ; leaves fourrowed, ob-
long, convex, acute, adpressed ; spike terminal, single, ses-
sile, round.

L. sabinas facie, Raii Syn. 108,3; Dill. M. 445.

Muscus clavatus foliis cupressi, Ger. em. 1562.

M. clavatus cupressiformis, Park. 1309, 1310.

Lycopodium alpinum, Lin. S. P. 1567.

Heath cypress.

Alpine rocks ; perennial ; August.

Stalk creeping, very long, few-leafed ; branches 2 to 3 in.
long, full-leafed ; leaves imbricated, small, sharp-pointed,
keeled, light green, not in the least nicked ; hradece mem-
branaceous, flat, dilated at the base, yellowish ; conceptacles
kidney shape, yellow.

II. 19. BERNHARD! A. Beauvois. Mountainmoss .

Conceptacles capsular, cauline, three lobed, three valved,

three celled ; partitions median ;

1. Bernhardia spinosa . Thorny mountainmoss.

Stalk creeping ; branches upright, simple ; leaves spread
lanceolate, denticulate, ciliate ; spike terminal, single,
leafy, single.

Selaginoides foliis spinosis, Raii Syn. 106; Dill. M. 460,

Lycopodium Selaginoides, Lin. S. P. 1565.

Moist alpine heaths ; perennial ; August.

Stalk decumbent, branched ; branches rising up at the
end, two inches high, leafed all round, leaves light green,
shining, rather erect ; bradece larger than the leaves, spread
horizontally.

? 2. Bernhardia Helvetica. Swiss mountainmoss .

Leaves oval, subacute, furrowed ; two rows larger, and
spread, two other rows smaller and adpressed ; stem rooting.
Lycopodioides, Raii Syn. 108.

Mendip Hills, Lobel ; but has not been found by any
other person since.

III. 20. ISOETES. Linnaeus. Gen. PI. Quillwort .

Fructification radical, at the base of the leaves ; concept
tacles globular, not opening, many seeded? — stem creeping;
leaves radical, in bundles.

24? 20. Isoetes. 2. LYCOPODIACEiE. PLend.cr .

Isoetes lacustris, Lake quillwort.

Leaves awlshape, halfround.

Subularia vulgaris erecta, folio rigidissimo, Raii Syn. 306, 1.

Calaniaria folio breviore et compresso, Dill. M. 540.

Isoetes lacustris, Lin. S. P. 1563.

Bottom of alpine lakes; perennial; May and June.

Root tuberous, with numerous fibres; fronds numerous,
4 to 6 inches high, simple, four-celled, jointed, dilated at
the base, membranaceous, bearing fruit in their inside, of
two sorts, a. in the internal base of the frond, solitary ;
b, in the external base of the frond, size of a pea, roundish,
rather compressed, membranaceous, two-celled, many
seeded; seeds small, shagreened.

|3. gracilis. Leaves long, slender.

Calamaria folio longiore et graciliore, Dill. M. 541.

y.fragilis. Leaves very brittle, slender, pointed, trans-
parent ; pores numerous, minute.

Subularia fragilis, folio longiore et tenuiore. Raii Syn. 307,3.

Fam. III. 3. M A R S I L E A C E 7E . Brown. Rhizospermee ,
De Candolle.

Fructifications radical ; involucrum spherical, leathery, or
membranaceous, not opening; seeds many. — Aquatic herbs.

21. PILULARXA. Vaillant. FI. Par. 159. Peppergrass.

Involucrum solitary, subsessile, globular, leathery, four-
celled.— Young leaves rolled up like those of ferns.

Pilularia globulifera. Pillbearing peppergrass .

Leaves threadlike.

Graminifolia palustris repens, vasculis granorum piperis semulis, Raii
Syn. 136.

Pilularia globulifera, Lin. S. P. 1563.

Pillwort.

In inundated gravelly places; perennial; June, July.

Stem creeping, rooting ; involucra axillary, downy,
brown, closed, four-celled, lined with sexual organs ? an-
thers? above, yellow, clubshaped; germens? below, round-
ish, whitish.

PI. end. cr.

4. EQUISET. 22. Equisctum. 25

Earn. IV. 4. EQUISETACEiE. Richard. Peltatce,
Hoffman ; Filicum pars , Linnaeus, Jus-
sieu ; Peltigeree, Batsch ; Gonostendes ,
Willdenow.

Fructification terminal, in the peltate scales of an ament;
involucra bivalve ; seeds P numerous, naked, with four very
hygrometrical threads twisting and untwisting round them.
— Plant leafless ; branches verticillate, furrowed, jointed ;
joints girt with a one-leaf sheath.

22. EQUISETUM. Plinii H. N. 26, 13. Horsetail.

Character , same as that of the order; there being no
other genus. — Herb strongly astringent.

1. Equisetum hyemale. Winter horsetail.

Stem naked, erect, very rough, base rather branchy;

spike terminal ; sheaths white, with a black base and tip;
teeth bearded, all falling off,

Equisetum nudum, Rail Syn . 131,11 ; Ger. em. 1113.

E.junceum seu nudum, Park. 1201.

Equisetum hyemale, Lin. S. P. 1517.

Naked horsetail. Rough horsetail. Shavegrass. Dutch rushes .

In marshes and moist woods; perennial; July and August.
Stem half a yard high, sea-green, very rough ; sheaths
short; amentum ovate, black.

Used for polishing wood and brass; the epidermis
abounding in silica.

0. paucifolium. Leaves few.

y. ramosum. Lateral branches numerous.

2. Equisetum variegatum. Variegated horsetail.

Stem naked, branchy at the base, stiff, smooth ish ; spike

terminal ; sheaths black, white at the tip ; teeth white, dia-
phanous, cuspidate.

E. nudum minus variegatum Basiliense, Rail Syn. 130,3.

E. tenue, Hoppe.

Equisetum variegatum, Willd. S. P.

Banks of rivers; perennial; July.

Stem 6 inches high, quite simple, erect, round, slender,
stiff, streaked, smoothish.

6

26 22. Equisetum, 4. EQUISETACE/E. PI. end. cr.

3. Equisetum arvense . Cornfield horsetail.

m Barren stems simply branched, branches ronghish, four-

sided; fruitful stems simple; sheaths cylindrical, distant,
inciso-dentate ; teeth acute.

E. arvense longioribus setis, Raii Syn. 130, 2; Park. 1202.

E. segetale and E. sylvaticuin, Ger.em. 1114.

Equisetum arvense, Lin. S. P . 1516.

In moist cornfields and meadows; perennial; March
and April.

Barren stems , high, branched ip all parts; sheaths small;
branches verticillate, spreading, angular; angles rather
rough : Fertile stems earlier, 6 inches high ; sheaths very
long ; spike lanceolate, long, large.

elongatum. Branches very long.

E. pratense, longissimis setis, Raii Syn. 131, 8.

4. Equisetum fluviatile. River horsetail.

Barren stems simply branched; branches rather rough,

numerous, eightsided ; fruitful stems simple ; sheaths fun^
nelshape, rather close, lacero-dentate; teeth bearded.

E. inajus, Raii Syn. 130, l ; Ger. em. 1113.

E. majus palustre, Park. 1200.

E. eburneum, Roth Germ. 111.

E. fluviatile, Lin. S. P. 1517.

Great horsetail.

Marshes and river banks ; perennial ; April.

Barren stem 5 or 6 feet high, upright, branched ; branches
numerous, verticillate, long, usually simple, rough when
viewed by a lens ; fruitful stems very simple ; sheaths short,
brown, edge manyeut, bristly ; spike very large.

5. Equisetum limosum. Mud horsetail .

Stalk naked, branched ; branches about twelve, fivesided,

smooth ; spike terminal.

E. nudum laevius nostras, Raii Syn. 131, 10.

E. fluviatile, FI. Dan. H84.

E. limosum, Lin. S. P. 1517.

Smooth naked horsetail.

Marshes and watery places ; perennial; June and July.
Stems two feet high, very smooth ; branches few, erect,
smooth, very rarely verticillate ; spike large, brown, ovate ;
barren stems very simple, narrow at top.

$. ramosum. Stem branched.

E. foliis nudum ramosum, Raii Syn, 132, 12.

PL end . cr.

4. EQUISET. 22. Equisetum. 27

6. Equisetum palustre . Marsh horsetail .

(Stem branchy, furrowed, smoothish ; branches fivesided,

simple, erect; spike terminal.

E. palustre, Ger. em. 1114; Lin. S. P . 1516.

E. palustre minus. Park. 1200.

E. palustre, Raii Syn. 131, 9.

Spongy bogs; perennial; June and July.

Stem deep furrowed, branched in every part; branches
erect, long, simple, minutely scabrous; sheaths greenish,
the edges whitish ; spike terminating the stem, single,
blackish, slender, formed of a few large, distant scales.

j3. tenuissimum. Branches very long and slender.

E. palustre, tenuissimis et longissimis setis, Raii Syn. 131, 6.

y. polystachion. Upper branches , as 'well as the stem,
terminating in a spike.

E. palustre, minus, polystachion, Raii Syn , 131, 7.

7. Equisetum sylvaticum. Wood horsetail .

Stems doubly branched; branches rather rough, bowed

<down, foursided ; second branches rather threesided.

E. sylvaticum, Raii Syn. 1 30, 4 ; Ger. em. 1114 ; Lin. S. P. 1516.

E. omnium minus tenuifoliura, Park. 1201.

E. sylvaticum, Tabern. Ic. 253.

Moist woods and banks of rivulets ; per. April and May.
Boot creeping; stems erect, a foot high, very much
branched, terminated by a single spike ; branches furrowed ;
spike footstalked, upright, ovate, blunt, brown, tessulated.

/3. procumbens. Branches pointing all one way.

E. sylvaticum, procumbens, setis uno verso dispositis, Raii Syn. 131, i.

Fam. V. 5. CHARADEiE.

Fructification monoicous, axillary; bractece 2, 3, or 4;
perigoninm transparent, fivecut ; anther P sessile, single,
globular, bursting in three or four parts ; pollen P conglo-
merate with spiral threads ; nut barked, crowned, turbi-
nate, sessile, spirally streaked, onecelled, many-seeded ;
seeds very minute, spherical — Plants submersed, verticillate,
fistulous, smooth pr covered with a corklike bark, very
brittle when dry.

23. CHARA. Vaillant. M.R.A. 1719. Slonewort .

No other genus in this order.

28 23. Chara. 5. CHARADES.

PI. end . cr.

1 . Chara flexilis. Flexible si one wort.

Stem utriculate, transparent, flaccid, very smooth, very

branched ; branches opposite, spreading ; second branches
verticillate, 6 or 8 in a whorl, leafless, 2 or 3 forked at the
tip, simple, blunt; nuts without bracteae, lateral.

Ch. tr inslucens minor flexilis, Raii Syn. 133, 5.

Ch. flexilis, Lin. S. P. 1624.

In ponds and ditches ; annual ; July and August.

Green, smooth, not streaked.

0. prolifera. Apex fasciculate, proliferous.

C. nidifica, FI. Dan. 761 ; Smith Comp. F. A. 2.

C. intricata, Roth Cat. 2, 125.

C. syncarpa, Thuil. FI. Par. 472.

y. gracilis. Branches twoforked, sharp-pointed ; leaves
awlshape.

C. Iranslncens major flexilis, Vaill. M. R . Ac. 1719.

C. gracilis, Smith Comp. F. A. 3, 6.

2. Chara stellata. Starred stonewort.

Stem slender, reticulate, transparent, flaccid, branchy;

branches opposite; second branches in whorls, double or
triple forked, conglomerated together ; nuts rounded, sitting
in the diverging forks.

C. glomerata, vel C. tenuissima, Des Vaux Journ Rot. 2, 313.

Chara slellata, Wallroth Ch. 178.

Stem in tufts, an inch long, dark green ; branches very
short.

3. Chara vulgaris. Common stonewort.

Stem branchy, round, rather rough, with eight streaks;

second branches eight streaked; summit leafless, not jointed,
blunt; bractece four, unequal, two very long, twice the
length of the nuts, the two lower ones the length of the
nuts.

Chara vulgaris foetida, Vaill. M. R.A. 1719 ; Ran Syn. 132, 1.
Equisetum fcetidum sub aqua repeals, Ger. em. 1115; Park. 1201.

Chara montana, Pen. Syn. 530.

Chara vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 1624.

Muddy ponds and ditches; annual; July.

Plant submerged, foetid, brittle, usually covered with a
white chalky crust ; stem a foot high, twisted.

0. elongata. Second branches very long, not jointed ;
bractece two.

Chara vulgaris elongata, Wallroth.

C. translucens major flexilis, Vaill.?

PI. end. cr .

5. CHARADEiE. 23. Chara. 29

4. Chara hispida. Hispid stone wort.

Stem hispid, branchy, below sulcate, unarmed, above

prickly ; prickles reversed ; second branches verticillate,
eight in a whorl, six jointed, spreading; bractece unequal,
four ; nearly equal to the ovate nuts.

Chara hispida, Lin.S. P. 1624.

Ponds and ditches ; annual ; July, August.

Stems very numerous, thick, long, hispid all over.

0. tomentosa. Stem strong, hispid under the branches*

C. major subcinerea, fragilis, Raii Syn . 132, 2.

C. tomentosa, Lin. S. P.

5. Chara crinita . Hairy stonewort .

Stem rather branchy, streaked, very smooth, shining,

bristly; bristles spreading, condensed in bundles; branches
verticillate, about ten in a whorl, roundish, sixkneed, short;
bractece five, twice as long as the oblong, lanceolate, subper-
pendicular nuts.

Hippuris muscosa sub aqua repens, Pink. Aim . 135,

Chara crinita, Wallroth 191.

Turf bogs in Ireland.

SO PLANTS ENDQGENS PHANEROGAMS.

Subseries II. B. Plants endogenje phanerogams.

Monocotyledones , Jussieu.

Fructifications visible, regular ; the sexual organs distinct,
and well marked.

FAMILIES.

1. Ovaries 1 to 4, one- seeded ; perigonium free or nones

stamens hypogynous .

Cariopsides 2 to 4; stamens 1, 2, or 4 ;
perigonium 0, or fourcut, herbaceous ;
plant aquatic FLUVIATILES. 6.

Berry 1 -seeded; stamens many, on a spadix;
perig . 0; spatha convolute; plant terrestrial AROIDES. 7.

Akenium 1 ; stamens 3 ; stigmata 1 or 2 ;
perig . 3-parted ; leaves grassy ; plant aquatic

TYPHACES. 8.

Akenium 1 ; stamens 3 ; style 1 ; stigmata 2 or 8 ;
perig « glumaceous ; spathelle 1 ; leafs heaths whole

CYPERACES. 9.

Akenium 1 ; stamens 3 ; styles 2 ; stigmata 2 ;
perig. glumaceous ; spathelles 2 ; leafsheaths slit

GR AMINES. 10.

2. Ovary 1, 1 to 3-celled, many-seeded ; perigonium free /

stamens perigynous.

Valves of the capsule 2 ; seeds 2 ; stamens 4 ;

flowers aggregate ... RESTIACES. 11.

Valves 3 ; dissepiments none, or on the valves ;
perig. glumaceous ; leaves grasslike JUNCES. 12.

Valves 3 ; margin inflected to form the
dissepiments; perig . petaloid .... COLCHICACES. 18.

Valves 8, bearing the dissepiments;
perig. petaloid; seed flat; stigmata 8. . . LILIACES. 14.

Valves 8, bearing the dissepiments ;
perig. petaloid ; seed round, or angular;

stigma 1 ASPHOBELIACES. 15.

6. FLUVIATILES.

31

PL end, ph*

Berry roundish ; leaves linear, bundled ;
spermodermis crustaceous, black . . . ASPARAGEiE. 16.

Berry roundish ; leaves alternate, or ver-
ticillate; spermodermis membranaceous SMILACEiE. 17.

3. Ovary 1, Swelled; perigonium adherent;

stamens per igy nous.

Berry roundish ; leaves petiolate;
spermodermis membranaceous TAMACEiE. 18.

Valves 3, bearing the dissepiments ;
stamens 6 ; anthers opening by 2 pores

AMARYLLIDEiE. 19 .

Valves 3, bearing the dissepiments;
stamens 3 ; anthers opening outwards .... IRIDEiE. 20.

4. Ovary 1, 1 or 6-celled; pengonium adherent ;

stamens epigynous.

Stamens 1 or 2 ; perigonium irregular ;
caps, 1 -celled, 3-valved; plant terrestrial ORCHIDEiE. 21.

Stamens 9 to 20 ; perigonium regular ;
caps, 6-celled; plant aquatic HYDROCHARIDEiE. 25.

5. Ovaries 3, 6, or 12; perigonium free ;

stamens perigynous ,

Ovaries 6 or 12; leaves lanceolate;
seeds 1 or 3 erect, affixed to the suture ALISMACEiE. 22,

Ovaries 6 or 12; leaves awlshape;
seeds many, affixed to the side of the
capsule BUTOMACEiE. 23.

Ovaries 3 or 6 ; leaves awlshape ;
seeds 1 or 2, affixed to the base , . JUNCAGINEiE. 24.

Fam. I. 6. FLUVIATILES. Ventenat.

Flower unisexual, or hermaphrodite; perigonium none
or fourcut, free, herbaceous ; stamens 1 to 4 ; ovaries
many, free; style sometimes wanting; stigmata simple;
riopsides one-celled, one-seeded ; seed inverse or appended ;
embryo across the seed; perisperm none, — Plants herbaceous,
aquatic; roots fibrous; leaves mostly sheathing, either op-
posite or verticillate; flowers axillary, terminal, sometimes
solitary, but mostly in a spike or on a spadix.

32 24. Zannichel. 6. FLUVI ATILES. Pl.end.ph.

1. Flowers unisexual ; stamens 1 or 2.

FI. on a one-sided spadix ; ovary 1 Zostera. 27.

FI. solitary ; ovaries 2 to 6, sessile, gibbous

Zannichellia. 24.

2. FI. hermaphrodite ; stamens 4 ; perigonium k-cut.

FI. two-rowed on a solitary spadix ;

cariopsides 4, on footstalks Ruppia. 25.

FI. spiked ; cariopsides 4, sessile .... Fotamogiton. 26.

I. 24. ZANNICHELLIA. Miclieli. Pondweed.

Flowers solitary, monoicous. — Male. Perigonium, none ;
stamen 1 ; filament long ; anther 2 or 4-celled. — Fem. Pe-
rigonium campanulate; ovaries 2 to 6; stigmata flat, pel-
tate; capside one-seeded, sessile, compressed. — Flowers
axillary ; the male at the exterior base of the perigonium
of the female flower ; leaves linear, grasslike, 2 or 3 from
the same membranaceous sheathing stipula.

1. Zannichellia palustr is. Marsh pondweed.

Anthers 4-celled ; stigmata undivided ; capsule keeled,

toothed at the back.

Aponogeton aquaticum graminifolium, staminibus singularibns, Raii
Syn. 135.

Zannichellia palustris, Lin. S. P. 1375.

Horned pondweed.

Ponds and ditches; annual; July.

2. Zannichellia dentata . Toothed pondweed .

Anthers 2-celled ; stigmata scolloped; capsule warty.

Z. palustris minor, Mich. N.G. P.71.

Z. palustris /3, Lin. S. P. 1375.

Z. dentata, Willd. S. P.

Ponds and ditches ; annual ; July.

II. 25. RUPPIA. Lin. Gen. PL Tasselgrass .

Flowers hermaphrodite, two-rowed on a solitary spadix;
perigonium caducous, 2 valved ; stamens four; anthers
sessile, 2-celled; ovaries four, oval, conic; stigmata obtuse;
nuts four, oneseeded, oval, on a long threadlike peduncle.
Plant herbaceous, capillary, branchy; leaves cauline, al-
ternate ; floral leaves mostly opposite; spadix terminal.

Ruppia maritima . Sea tasselgrass.

Leaves linear, not nicked at the tip.

33

Pl. end.ph. 6. FLU VI AT. 25. Ruppia.

Potamogiton maritimum gramineis longioribus foliis, fructu fere umbel-
lato, Raii Syn . 134.

Bucca ferrea maritima, foliis acutissimis, Mich.N.P. G. 72.

Ruppia maritima, Lin. S. P. 184.

Salt water ditches ; perennial? July.

Flowering spike above the water, the peduncles lengthen-
ing as the depth of water requires.

III. 26. POTAMOGITON. Dioscorides. Riverweed .

Flowers hermaphrodite, spiked ; spikes furnished at the
base with 2 spathes ; perigonium 4 -parted ; stamens 4 : fila-
ments flat, short; anthers 2-celled; ovaries 4, oval, pointed;
nut 1-seeded, sessile. — Leaves mostly alternate ; floral leaves
sometimes opposite ; spike terminal or axillary.

a. Leaves of 2 sorts, l. floating, opake , convex ; 2. under
water.

1 . Potamogiton natans. Floating riverweed.

Upper leaves elliptical, petiolate, acute; base roundish

cordate, floating ; lower leaves linear, submersed.

Pot. rotundifolium, Raii Syn. 148, 1.

Pot. latifolium, Ger. em. 821.

Fontinalis major latifolia vulgaris, Park. 1254.

Potamogiton natans, Lin. S. P. 182.

Rivers and ponds ; perennial ; June.

Stem very long, leafy ; peduncle single, with linear brae-
tese at the base ; spike simple, above water ; flowers dirty-
green.

0. terrestris. Sheath of the peduncle less than half its
length.

2. P. heterophyllum. Various-leaved riverweed.

Upper leaves floating, petiolate, elliptical, oblong, acute,

membranaceous, narrowed at both ends ; lower leaves under
water, crowded, sessile, linear lanceolate.-
Pot. gramineum, FI. Danica , 222.

Pot. palustre, Teesdale , Tr. L. S. 5, 43.

Pot. crassipes, Kartach.

Pot. distachyos, Bellard.

Pot. hybrid um, Thuill. FI. Par .

Pot. natans y, Lam. Illustr.

Pot. heterophyllum, Schreb. Spic. 21.

Ponds and ditches; perennial; July to September.

Stem much branched, leafy ; leaves pale green, scored ;
Sheaths oblong, bluish ; spike greenish.

VOL. II. ^ D

3* 26. Pofcamogit. 6. FLUVIAT. Pl.end.pk .

3. Potamogiton fluitans. Floating riuerweed .

Upper leaves floating, lanceolate oval, narrower at both

ends ; peduncles long ; lower leaves under water, linear,
lanceolate acute.

Pot. natans (3, Poiret Enc. Meth. 5, 579.

Pot. fluitans, Roth FI. Ger. J, 72.

Ponds and rivers ; perennial ; August and September.
Root creeping; stem flat, very long; branches , leafy;
leaves reddish green, finely veined, alternate; sheath wide,
spearshape ; spike dense, reddish.

b. Leaves all of one sort .

4. Potamogiton lucens. Shining river weeda

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, fiat, ending in a short petiole,

shining, veined; stipules the length of the joints; spikes
many flowered, crowded.

P. aquis immersum, folio pellucido lato oblongo acuto, Raii Syn. 148,2.,
P. longis acutis foliis, Ger. ern. 822.

P. lucens, Lin. S. P. 183.

Running and stagnant waters; perennial ; June, July.
Plant keeps under water, with only the spike above the
surface ; flowers reddish ; stipules embracing the stem,
leaflike.

angustifolium . Leaves narrow ; plant smaller.

P. folio angusto, pellucido, fere gramineo, Raii Syn. 148, 3.

y. nudum . Leaves ovate, lanceolate ; petioles scarcely
margined.

5. Potamogiton crispum. Crisp riverweed.

Leaves lanceolate, alternate, sessile, waved, serrate ;

stipidee with the tip torn and ciliate; stem slightly com-
pressed.

Pot. sen Fontinalis erispa J. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 149, 7.

Tribulus aquaticus minor, quercus floribus, Ger. em. 824.

Pot. crispum, Lin . S. P. 183.

Greater water caltrops .

Ponds and slow running waters ; perennial ; June, July.
Leaves sunk, obtuse ; peduncles sunk ; spike fewflowered ;
flowers reddish, remote.

j3. serratum . Leaves serrated ; upper leaves opposite.

6. Potamogiton lanceolatum. Spearshape riverweed .

Leaves linear, lanceolate, flat, not nicked, verrucose,

broader than the stipulse, narrow at the base; peduncle
thickened, shorter than the leaves; spike ovate, dense,
fewflowered.

PI. end. ph.

6. FLUVIAT. 26. Potamogit. 35

Potamogeton setaceum, Lin. S. P. 184 ?

Potamogeton lanceolatum, Eng. Hot. 1985.

Potamogeton gramineum, Wahl. FI. Lapp. 52.

Mountain lakes; perennial; July and August.

Root creeping; stem floating, branched, slender, round;
leaves bluntish, thin, flat, 1 -ribbed, reticulately veined;
stipida involute, tubular, acute ; peduncles single, as long as
the leaf; spike 8 to 12-flowered; flowers small.

7. Potamogilon perfoliatum. Thorow riverweed .

Leaves cordate, amplexicaul, shining, singleribbed ; stem

round, recurved.

Potamogiton perfoliatum, Raii Syn. 149, 4.

Pot. tertium Dodonaei, Ger. em. 822.

Rivers and ponds ; perennial ; July, August.

Stem subdichotomous, alternately branched ; leaves
brittle, pellucid, very smooth, nearly all alike ; stipules
none ; spike erect, oblong, brown.

8. Potamogiton densum . Close riverweed.

Leaves ovate, pointed, opposite, crowded ; stem round,

forked ; spike usually 4-flowered ; peduncle slender, ter-
minal.

P. seu Fontinalis media lucens, Raii. Syn. 149, 6.

Tribulus aquaticus minor, muscatellae floribus, Ger. em. 823.

Trib. aquaticus minor alter, Park. 1248.

Potamogeton densum, Lin. S. P. 182.

Lesser water caltrops. Frogs' lettuce.

Still and slow moving waters ; perennial ; June.

Herb sunk ; stem closely leaved ; spike sometimes 2-flow-
ered, pale green.

9. Potamogiton compressum. Flat riverweed.

Leaves linear, obtuse, with 2 glands at the base ; stem

compressed; spike fewflowered; stipules broader than the
leaves.

P. caule compresso, folio graminis eanini, Raii Syn. 149,8.

Potamogeton compressum, Lin. S. P. 183.

Ditches and slow running water ; perennial ; June, July.
Stem bent ; leaves pale green, alternate; peduncle
flattened, rising above the water, 4? or 6-flowered, in distant
pairs.

|3. oppositifolium. Stem-leaves opposite.
y. majus. Leaves larger and broader than usual.

D 2

36 26, Pofcamogit. 6. FLUVIAT. Pl.end.ph.

10. Potamogiton pectinatum. Featherleafed riverweed .

Leaves bristlelike, alternate, the two upper ones opposite,
parallel, close together, sheathing at the base ; spike pe-
duncled, thin, often interrupted.

Pot. millefolium, seu foliis gramineis, ratnosum, Raii Syn. 150, 14.
Potamogeton pectinatum, Lin. S. P. 183.

Fennel-leaf pondweed.

Rivers and ponds ; perennial ; July.

Root creeping, originally tuberous ; stem sunk, flowering
in still water only, long, filiform, branchy, jointed, whitish ;
sheath prolonged at top into a small membranaceous li-
gula.

11. Potamogiton marinum. Sea riverweed.

Leaves linear, alternate, 2-rowed, sheathing ; margin of
the sheath scariose ; spike fewflowered, very much inter-
r up ted.

Pot. maritimum ramosissimum grandiusculis capitulis, capillaceo folio-,
Raii Syn . 150, 13.

Potamogeton marinum, Lin. S. P. 183.

Salt water ditches; perennial; July.

Stem firm, reddish ; joints short ; sheath white ; leaves
opake and shining.

12. Potamogiton Vaillantii . Vaillanfs riverweed .

Leaves linear, alternate, 2-rowed below, sheathing, above

opposite, subspathaceous ; spike ovate, fewflowered ; flower
rather large.

P. ingens gramineo folio longiore, Vaill. Paris. 32.

P. marinum, Teesdale Lin. Tr. 5,43.

P.Vaillantii, Roemer and Schultze Syst. Veg.

Stem long, naked below', branchy above, compressed,
deeply streaked, yellowish ; lower leaves 4> in. long, very
narrow7; upper leaves 2 or 3 in. long; both light sea-green;
spike 6 or 8-flowered, crowded together.

13. Potamogiton gramineum. Grass riverweed.

Leaves linear, lanceolate, alternate, sessile ; stipules nar-
rower than the leaves ; stem round, rather forked.

P. gramineum latiusculum, foliis et ramiticationibus densissime stipatis,,
Raii Syn. 149, 10.

Potamogeton gramineum, Lin. S. P. 184.

Ditches and rivers ; perennial; July.

Plant sunk ; stem slender, bent ; leaves close ; stipules
involuto-turbinate ; spikes ovate, fewflowered, close, from
the forks of the stem ; peduncles as long as the spike.

PLend.ph . 6. FLUVIAT. 26. Potamogit. 37

14. Potamogiton pusillum. Dwarf riverweed .

Leaves linear, opposite and alternate, distant, spreading
at the base, narrower than the stipulae ; stem round, very
slender, branchy ; peduncles axillary : spike many flowered.

Pot. pusillum, gramineo folio, caule tereti, Raii Syn. 150, 15.

Potamogeton pusillum, Lin. S. P. 184.

Ditches and ponds on a clay bottom ; perennial ; July.

Plant sunk, except the spike when in flower; stipulce
embracing the stem ; peduncles solitary, longer than the
spike; spike ovate, small.

IV. 27. ZOSTER A. Linnaeus. Grasswrack .

Flower monoicous or dioicous, resting on a one-sided
leaflike spadix ; perigonium none ; anther round ; pollen
connected by fibres ; style 2-cut ; capsule membranaceous,
] -seeded. — Root fibrous; stem round, decumbent, rooting
at the joints, leafy; leaves flat, linear, alternate, grasslike;
spadix flat, from a cleft in the leaflike, sessile spatha.

Zostera marina. Sea grasswrack .

Leaves not nicked, slightly 3-nerved ; stem roundish.

Alga, Ger. cm. 1569 ; Raii Syn. 52, 1.

A. marina gramina minor, Raii Syn. 52,2.

A. marina graminea angustifolia seminifera ramosior, Raii Syn. 52, 3.

Alga q. Potamogeiton marinum in utriculis epiphyllospermon minus
Doody, Raii Syn. 53,4.

A. angustifolia vitriariorum, Raii Syn. 53, 5.

Fucus marinus sive Alga marina graminea, Park. 1242.

Zostera marina, Lin.S. P. 1374.

Sea-shores, saltwater ditches; perennial; August.

Stem smooth, kneed ; leaves opening a little above the
base with a longitudinal slit, exserting a linear spadix
bearing flowers on one side ; anther single, sessile, at the
side of the germen; germen oblong, sessile; stigmata two,
linear ; capsule elliptic, hanging.

The scaly hairs at the base of this plant, being detached
and felted into balls by the action of the waves of the sea,
and roasted to blackness, are used in diseases of the lym-
phatic system, in the same manner and with the same in-
tent as burnt sponge.

(3. latifolia. Leaves broad, very evidently 3-ribbed.

II. 7. A ROIDEiE, Jussieu; Piperitarum pars, Lin.

Flowers monoicous, sessile, round a simple spadix ; in-
volucrum a one-leafed spatha; perigonium none; stamens
numerous, aggregated round the spadix ; anthers inverse ;

38 28- Arum. 7. AROIDEiE. PLend.ph.

ovaries separate from the stamens, in the lower part of the
spadix ; henry round, one-celled ; seed albuminous ; cor-
culum straight, in the centre of the perisperm ; radicle be-
low.— Plants herbaceous, stemless ; leaves radical, petiolate,
base slightly sheathing; spadix inclosed in a spatha, ter-
minal; scape radical; spatha. hooded, convolute at the base.

Roots contain much fecule mixed with a very acrid, vo-
latile matter, which may be separated by heat or washing ;
fecules nutritious, used for food ; acrid matter stimulant,
used as a vesicatory or escharotic; and internally, much
diluted, in consumptive cases. Leaves stimulant and acrid.

28. ARUM. Dioscorides, 2, 197. Cuckowpint.

Spatha one-leafed, cucullate, convolute at bottom ; spadix
naked at the tip, bearing the stamens in the middle, and
ovaries at the base ; anthers in several rows ; herry one-
celled, one-seeded.

Arum vulgare. Common cuckowpint.

Radical leaves hastato-sagittate, lobes deflexed ; spadix
clubshapc, shorter than the spatha.

Arum, Raii Syn. 266.

A. vulgare, Ger. era. 834; Park. 373.

A. macul^tum, Lin . 8. P. 1370.

Wake Robin, Lords and Ladies.

Woods and hedges; perennial; May.

Root tuberous, fleshy ; herb stemless ; leaves radical, pe-
tiolate, spotted ; scape simple, a foot high, terminated by
the spatha; spatha erect, bellied, pale green, coloured
within ; spadix coloured at the tip, having numerous sterile
filaments? just above the ring of anthers; anthers sessile,
crowded ; ovaries sessile ; berries fine red, juicy.

Root stimulant, and starch is made from it.

|3. immaculatum . Leaves not spotted.

III. 8. TYPHACEiE. De Candolle; Typhce , Jussieu.

Aroidcearum sectio , Brown.

Flowers monoicous, aggregated in unisexual aments;
perigomum three-parted ; stamens 3, opposite to the lobes
of the perigonium ; anthers inverse ; ovaries free, one-
seeded; ovule pendulous; style one', stigma one; akenium
drupaceous ; perisperm fleshy ; corculum central, straight ;
radicle below, inverse. — Plant gramineous, perennial ; root
tuberous ; leaves sheathing, alternate, ensiform ; aments
terminal or lateral, naked.

Pl.end.pk. 8. TYPHACEAL 29. Sparganium. 39

Ament roundish ; fruit sessile ;

setce none ; stigma linear Sparganium. 29.

Ament roundish ; fruit sessile ;

setce none ; stigma peltate Platanaria. 30.

Ament cylindrical ; fruit pedicelled ;
setce girding the fruit Typha. 31.

I. 29. SPARGANIUM. Dioscorides. Burreed ,

Ament roundish, axillary; psrigonium 3-lobed, deciduous;
stamens three ; filaments capillary ; anthers oblong ; ovary
turbinate ; style short ; stigma 1 or 2, linear, long, acute ;
akenium 1-2 seeded; not girt with bristles. — Root creeping;
leaves three-edged ; stem branchy ; ament lateral, on a
flexuose peduncle ; upper aments male.

1. Sparganium ramosum. Branched lurreed.

Leaves 3-edged at the base, sides concave; peduncle

branched.

Sparg. ramosum, Rail Syn . 437, 1 ; Ger. em. 45 ; Park. 1205 .

Sparg. erectum, Lin. S.P. 1378.

Ditches and river-banks ; perennial ; June, July.

Stem about 3 feet high ; peduncles alternately branched,
many flowered, bent at bottom ; flowerheads alternate,
sessile, many flowered ; upper heads male, numerous ; lower
heads female.

2. Sparganium simplex. Unhranched lurreed .

Leaves 3-edged at the base, sides flat ; peduncle simple.
Sparg. non ramosum, Raii Syn. 437, 2; Park. 1205.

Sparg. lati folium, Ger. em. 41.

Sparg. erectum 0. Lin. S. P. 1378.

Ponds in a gravelly soil ; perennial ; July, August.

Stem and peduncle not branched ; lowest flowerhead
sometimes pedicelled ; calyx greenish.

II. 30. PLATANARIA. Dodonasus. Rillandwort .

Ament round, axillary ; perigonium 3-leaved, deciduous ;

stamens 3; f laments capillary; ovary subturbinate; style
short; stigma ovate, peltate; akenium one-seeded, not girt
with setae. — Root creeping, perennial ; stem and leaves flat,
flaccid, semipellucid, reticulate, floating ; peduncle un-
branched ; female flowerheads 2 or 3, the lowest pedicelled,
malehead usually single, terminal.

40

31. Typha. 8. TYPHACEiE. Pl.end.pk .

Platanaria natans. Floating rihlandwort .

Leaves decumbent, flat.

Sparganium minimum, Raii Syn. 437,3; Park. 1205.

Sp. natans, Lin. S. P. 1378.

Sp. simplex jS, Huds. FI. Ang. 401 .

Rivulets and ponds in muddy soils ; perennial ; July.

III. 31. TYPHA. Theophrastus. Reedmace .

Ament cylindrical, terminal ; filament one; anthers three,
oblong, quadrangular; ovary pedicelled; peduncle long and
girt at the base with pappi ; style awlshape, persistent ;
stigma simple. — Root creeping; culm erect, simple; leaves
swordshape, sheathing at the base; male ament above.

1. Typha latifolia. Broadleaf reedmace.

Leaves linear, flat, rather swordshape; male and female

spikes close together; both cylindrical.

Typha, Raii Syn. 436, 1 ; Ger. em. 46.

T. palustris maxima, Park. 1204.

T. latifolia, Lin. S. P. 1377.

T. major, Curtis FI. Lond. 3, 61.

Ponds and slow rivers ; perennial ; July.

Culm 6 to 8 feet high, erect, not branched, jointless,
leafed at the bottom ; leaves upright, nearly as long as the
culm, linear, sharp pointed; ament terminal, upright, many-
flowered, close ; male flowers above, rather leafy, yellow ;
females below, brown.

Pollen abundant, used to produce flashes of fire; leaves
used for basket-work and mats.

2. Typha angustifolia . Narrowleaved reedmace.

Leaves linear, channelled, convex on the back ; male and

female spikes remote from one another, both cylindrical.
Typha palustris media, Raii Syn. 426,2.

T. minor, Park. 1204 ; Curlis FI. Lond. 3, 62.

T. angustifolia, Lin. S. P. 1377.

Ponds and ditches; perennial; June, July.

Culm about three feet high, slender; leaves semicylin-
drical below.

Used also for baskets and mats.

<3. minor. Spike and leaves slender.

Gravelly soils.

3. Typha media, f Mean reedmace.

Leaves linear, channelled ; culm naked, sheathed at the

base ; female spike short, thick, remote from the male.

41

Pl.end.ph. 8. TYPHACEAL. 31.Typha.

Typha palustris minor, Raii Syn. 436, 3.

Typha minor, Smith FI. Br. 960.

Typha angustifolia /3, IAn. S. P. 1378.

Typha media, De Candolle Syn. FI. Gall. 1806.

Typha minima, TVilld. S. P. 4, 198 ; De Cand. S. F. G. 1807.

Marshes ; perennial ; April, May.

Culm 3 feet long, naked, sheathed at the base ; sheaths
large, split to the bottom into jags resembling leaves, flat,
broad, acuminate at the point ; leaves radical, as long as
the culm, setaceous, very narrow, deeply channelled, convex
on the back, the outer leaves shorter than the rest.

IY. 9. CYPERACEA5. De Candolle; Cyperoidece, Jussieu.

Flowers hermaphrodite, or unisexual, glumaceous, spiked;
glume , of one spathelle, imbricate ; glumelle none, bristle-
shape, or 1 or 2 spathellules ; stamens 3, hypogynous ;
anthers terminal, affixed by its base, 2-celled ; ovary free,
1 -seeded; style 1; stigmata 2 or 3 ; akenium crustaceous,
bony or subdrupaceous, naked, or bristled, or covered with
a capsule perforated at top, formed of the spathellules
soldered together ; seed erect ; perisperm farinaceous ; cor-
culum very small near the hilum, sometimes external. —
Herb perennial, grasslike ; cidm simple, round, or 3-sided,
without knotty joints ; leaves sheathing ; sheaths not slit
lengthways ; bractece mostly sessile ; spathelle spiked ; lower
spathelles mostly empty.

1. Spathelles imbricated all round ; flowers unisexual ;
akenium inclosed in the hardened glumelle .

Caricece. a.

Spathellules 2, soldered, inclosing the akenium ;
stigmata two Carex. 32.

Spathellules 2, soldered, inclosing the akenium ;
stigmata three Trasus. 33.

Spathellide 1, involute, inclosing the akenium;
stigmata three Cobresia. 34.

2. Glumes two-rowed; flowers hermaphrodite;
glumelles none , or bristle-like. Cyperacece . b.

Style not jointed, deciduous ; stamens 3 ;

glumelle 0 ; spikes umbelled Cyperus. 35.

Style not jointed, deciduous ; stamens 3 ;

glumelle 0 ; spikes capitate Schcenus. 36.

Style not jointed, deciduous ; stamens 2 ;
glumelle 0 ; akenium drupaceous Cladium. 37.

42

32. Carex. 9. CYPERACEiE.

PI. end. ph.

Style not jointed, deciduous;
glumelles setaceous, shorter than the glume.

Ch^tqspora. 38.

Style jointed, persisting, dilated at bottom ;
glumelle setaceous, shorter than the glume.

Rhyncospora. 39.

3. Glumes imbricate all round ; flowers hermaphrodite ;
glumelles none , or bristlelike . Scirpidece. c.

Style jointed, persisting, dilated at bottom ;
spathellules 4, setaceous, shorter than the glume

Eleocharis. 40,

Style not jointed, deciduous;

glumelle none * Isolepis. 41.

Style not jointed, deciduous ;
spathellules 4 or 6, setaceous, shorter than the
glume Scirpus. 42.

Style not jointed, deciduous ;
spathellules 6, setaceous, denticulate, longer than
the glume Trichophorum. 43.

Style not jointed, deciduous;
spathellules many, setaceous, woolly, longer than
the glume Eriophorum. 44.

A. Carice^:. Spathelles imbricate all round the spike ;
flowers unisexual ; akenium inclosed in the hardened glu-
melle.

Roots generally diaphoretic, demulcent* and resolvent,
and may be substituted for sarsaparilla.

I. 32. CAREX. Carex .

Flowers monoicous or dioicous, spiked ; spikelets andro-
gynous or unisexual; spathelles imbricate all round ; spa -
thellules two, joined by the edges, perforated at top, per-
sisting, cartilaginous ; stamens 3 ; style 1 ; stigmata 2 ;
akenium 1, inclosed in the persistent spathellules.— Root
perennial, fibrous, or creeping; culm 3-sided; leaves sheath-
ing, rough on the edges; sheath whole; bractece mostly
embracing the stem, not sheathing; spikes simple or com«*
pound, mostly androgynous.

PL end. ph .

9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Carex.

43

Synoptic view of the species.

1, Spikes quite simple.

Root creeping;

fruit short, spreading C. dioica. 1 .

Root fibrous ; culm roughish ;

fruit rounded at bottom, becomes reflexed C. DcivalUana. 2.
Root fibrous ; culm smooth ;

fntit sharp at both ends, becomes reflexed C. pulicaris . 3,

2. Spikes compound ; spikelets sessile , androgynous .

a. Spikelets aggregate , capitate .

Spikes linear ;

fruit oblong, depressed C. simpliciuscula . 4,

Spikes ovate ; fruit ovate, beaked C. incurva . 5,

b. Spikelets panicled.

Spikelets compressed, not two-rowed,
female above and below, male between . . C. intermedia . 10,
Spikelets two-rowed,

male above, female below, androgynous between ;

stem crooked ; root creeping . C . arenaria. 11,

Spikelets two-rowed,

male above, female below, androgynous between ;

stem erect; root fibrous C. IVitheringii. 12.

Spikelets loose, branches distant,
male above, female below; glumes brown;

fruit small, shining, not diverging C. paniculata. 7.

Spikelet contracted,

male above, female below ; glumes ferruginous ;
fruit small, shining, not diverging .... C. tereiiuscula. 6.
Spikelet decompound,

male above, female below ; culm thick, very acute ;

fruit large, green, diverging C. vulpina. 9.

Spikelet short, simple, oblong, interrupted,
male above, female below ;

fruit large, green, diverging C. muricata . 13,

Spikelet elongated, branchy at bottom,
male above, female below ;

fruit large, green, diverging C. divulsa . 8,

c. Spikelets alternate , male in the upper part .

C. diuisa. 14.

44

9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Carex. Pl.end.ph.

d. Spikelets alternate , female in the upper part .

Lower spikelets 3 to 5 together, remote. C. axillaris . 20.
Lower spikelet single ; bractece very long ;

fruit ovate, flattened, 2-cut C. remota. 19.

Lower spikelet single ;

fruit dilated at bottom, angular, diverging, stellate.

C. stellulata. 17.

Lower spikelet single ; culm rough ;

fruit round at both ends, diverging C. elongata. 16.

Lower spikelet single ;

fruit not diverging ; spikelets all approximating.

C. ovalis. 15.

Lower spikelet single ; glumes pale ;
fruit erect; spikelets 5 or 6, interrupted .... C, curt a. 18.

3. Spikes of different sexes.

Glumes obtuse ; spikes sessile ;

fruit persisting, ovate, obtuse C. ccespitosa . 23.

Glumes obtuse ; lower spike peduncled ;
fruit persisting, compressed, flat ; apex bent,

not nicked C. rigida. 21.

Glumes obtuse ; lower spike peduncled ;
fruit persisting, elliptical, inflated ; apex 2-cut. C . pulla . 22.
Glumes acute ;

fruit deciduous, broad, compressed, acute, green

C. stricta . 24.

Glumes acute ;

fruit deciduous, slender, blunt, brown C. acuta. 25.

a. Carices with a simple spike.

1. Carex dioica. Dioicous carex.

Spikes oblong, dioicous ; fruit ovate, rather upright,
convex, ribbed; upper edge hispid; leaves threadshape;
culm smooth ; root stoloniferous.

Gramen cyperoides spica simplici cassa, Raii Syn. ed. 2, 261. The male
plant.

Gramen cyperoides minimum, ranunculi capitulo rotundo, Raii Syn.
425, spic. 15. The female plant.

Carex dioica, Lin. S. F. 1379.

Carex laevis, Hoppe.

Bogs ; perennial ; May and June.

Culm not branched, 3 -sided, 4 to 10 in. high; leafy at
the bottom; leaves smooth, shorter than the culm ; male spike
linear, acute, upright, an inch long ; female spike shorter.
7

9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Carex. 45

PL end. ph.

elongata. Spikes longer than usual.

Gramen cyperoides minus ranunculi capitulo longiore, Raii Syn. 425
spic. 16.

y. androgyna . Spikes androgynous, female flowers few,
at the base.

2. Carex Davalliana. DavalVs Carex .

Spikes sublinear, dioicous ; fruit attenuated, recurved,

ribbed, upper edge rough ; apex not notched ; culm acute-
angled, serrulate ; leaves very short ; root tufted.

Carex Davalliana, Goodenough L. T. 5, 266.

Carex dioica, Willd. Cat. B. 16.

Carex scabra, Hoppe.

Carex dioica Davalliana, Wahl. A. H, 1803, 138.

Bogs; perennial; June, July.

Root fibrous ; culm 3-sided, 8 in. high, rough ; leaves
shorter than the culm ; spikes linear, very slender, acute,
erect ; female spikes few, short ; glumes brown.

3. Carex pulicaris. Flea carex .

Spikes above male ; fruit oblong, roundish, smooth, re-
flexed, divaricated, sharp at both ends; glumes oblong,
persistent, longer than the fruit; root fibrous.

Gramen cyperoides minimum, seminibus deorsum reflexis puliciformi-
bus, Raii Syn. 424, spic. 13.

Carex pulicaris, Lin. S. P. 1380.

Carex psylliphora, Lin. Suppl. 413.

Fleagrass.

Muddy bogs ; perennial ; June.

Culm a foot high, smooth, slender; leaves setaceous,
smooth ; spikes linear, erect ; glumes brownish grey ; fruit
brown, very shining, not notched at the tip.

b. Carices with a compound , androgynous spike.

4. Carex simplicius cula. Plain carex .

Spike crowded, clubshape ; fruit oblong, depressed, beak

short, mouth not notched ; leaves very slender, convolute,
Carex simpliciuscula, Wahlenberg , Act. Holm. 1803, 141.

Westmoreland mountains; sent to him by Mr. Turner.

5. Carex incurva . Bent carex .

Spikes roundish, ovate, capitate; fruit ovate, semiglo-

bose, beaked, mouth very slightly notched ; glumes ovate,
acute, rather mucronate; culm roundish, smooth, slightly
bent ; leaves setaceous, grooved ; root creeping.

46 32. Carex. 9. CYPERACEAE.

PL end. ph.

Carex juncifolia, Allioni FI. Fed. 2296.

Carex incurva, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 544.

Deep sands at mouths of rivers ; perennial ; July, August.

Root long; culm 6 in. high ; leaves few; bractece shorter
than the spikelets ; spikelets roundish, fewflowered ; glumes
broad, blunt, brown ; fruit nnicronate, acute, angles
smooth.

Root, when fresh, sudorific, and, like that of many other
species, may be used for sarsaparilla.

6. Carex leretiuscula. Roundish carex •

Spikelets panicled, contracted ; fruit ovate, apex two-
toothed; angles ciliated, serrated; culm bluntly 3-sided,
sides convex ; root creeping.

Carex teretiuscula, Goodenough L, T. 2, 163.

Bogs ; perennial ; May.

Leaves erect, ridged ; sheaths leafless at the base, deeply
striated; culm 18 in. high, roundish; spike ovate, oblong,
decompound, contracted ; spikelets sessile, ovate ; glumes
ferruginous, acute, with a white, scariose edge.

7. Carex paniculata. Panicled carex .

Spikelets panicled ; fruit ovate, angles margined above,

margin ciiiate-serrate, apex two-toothed ; culm acutely
3-sided, sides concave ; roots fibrous, matted.

Gramen cyperoides palustre elatius, spica longiore laxa, Mail Syn. 422,
spic. 1.

Carex paniculata, Lin. S. P. 1383,

Bogs and watery places; perennial; June.

Leaves erect, Arm, light green; sheaths many, obtuse,
leafless, imbricate, blackish brown, shining ; culm 3 feet
high, upright; panicle loose, branches distant, lower
branches naked at bottom, top drooping ; bractece ovate,
margin scariose, keel ending in an awn ; glumes acute.

composita. Panicle much branched above.

y . simplex . Panicle simple ; lower spikelets distant.

8. Carex divulsa . Interrupted Carex .

Spike branchy at bottom ; spikelets ovate, upper spikelets

male, close ; lower spikelets female, distant ; fruit rather
upright, ovate, planoconvex, apex 2-toothed and margined,
margin smooth.

Gramen cyperoides spicatum minus, spica longa divulsa sen interrupta,
JRaii Syn. 424, spic. 1 0.

Carex divulsa, Goodenough L. T. 2, 160.

Carex canescens, Huds. FI. Ang. 405.

Carex loliaceu, Schreber Sjpicil. 64 ?

47

Pl.end.ph. 9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Carex.

Damp woods ; perennial ; May.

Culm 3-sided, sides flat, angles rough, 1 8 inches high ;
leaves slender ; sheaths light green ; spike long, but inter-
rupted in the lower part and branched ; spikelets 6 or 8,
ovate when ripe, slightly squarose ; upper spikelets sessile,
close, nearly confluent; middle spikelets distant; lowest
spikelets 1 or 2, distant, often compound, or on a short
branch ; hractece slender, setaceous ; glumes acute, scariose.

9. Carex vulpina . Fox carex .

Spikelets aggregate in threes or fives, oblong, crowded,
male above; fruit oval, compressed, 3-sided, divergent,
apex 2- toothed ; Iractece setaceous ; culm 3-sided, angles
very acute, sides concave ; leaves broad.

Gramen cyperoides palustre majus spica compacta, JRaii Syn. 423, spic. 8.

Gramen palustre cyperoides, Ger. em. 21.

Gramen cyperoides palustre majus, Park. 1266.

Carex vulpina, Lin. S. P , 1382.

Bogs and river sides; perennial; May to July.

Root fibrous, matted ; leaves broad, deep green, longer
than the culm ; calm upright, 2 feet high, leafy at bottom,
thick near the spike, angles very rough ; spike obtuse ;
partial spikes compact, sessile; spikelets sessile; glumes
acute, brown, with the keel greenish.

£. decomposita. Braclece awned ; panicle doubly branched.

y. aristata. Bractece awned ; panicle branched.

& acuta. Bractece acute ; panicle branched.

10. Carex intermedia. Intermediate carex.

Spikelets alternate, crowded, the lowest rather distant;
upper and lower spikelets female, middle spikelets male ;
fruit ovate, margined, apex 2-cut, angles ciliated and ser-
rate ; culm erect ; root creeping.

Gramen cyperoides, q. Gramini cyperoidi ex monte Ballon simile, spica
totali e pluribus spicis composita Plukenet, Ran Syn. 423, spic, 4.

Carex spicata, Pollich Pal. 878.

Carex disticha, Hudson FI. Ang. 403.

Carex arenaria, Leers FI. Herb. 195.

Carex intermedia, Goodenough L. T. 2, 154.

Bogs and watery places ; perennial ; May, June.

Root descending deep; leaves long; culm upright, 18
in. high, angles acute and rough ; spike blunt, thick above,
slightly compressed, never two-rowed ; spikelets many,
ovate, ferruginous ; glumes acute, brown with a pale rib.

6

48

32. Carex. 9. CYPERACEiE.

PL end . ph ,

11. Carex arenaria. Sand carex,

Spikelets alternate, crowded ; upper spikelets male, the

intermediate ones female or androgynous ; lower spikelets
female; fruit ovate, margined, apex two-cut, ciliated, ser-
rate, curved ; leaves rolled in at their edge ; root creeping.

Gramen cyperoides, q. Gramini cj-peroidi ex monte Ballon simile hir-
milius, in maritimis et arenosis nascens Plukenet. Rail Syn. 423, spic. 5.

Carex arenaria, Lin. S. P. 1381.

Shores of the sea ; perennial ; June.

Root very long; culm 18 in. long, bent, naked; leaves
in tufts ; sheaths dry, brown ; spike ovate, compressed,
two-rowed,; upper spikelets crowded; Iractece lanceolate,
scariose, the lower ones having a leafy point ; glumes
acute, yellowish, brown ; fruit lanceolate, acute, winged,
margin rough.

12. Carex Witheringii, Withering' s carex .

Spikelets alternate, crowded, upper male, lower female,

intermediate female or androgynous ; fruit ovate, apex
two-cut, margined, margin serrated, ciliated yculm upright;
leaves channelled ; root fibrous.

Carex arenaria 2. Withering 125.

Sands on the sea-shores; perennial ; June.

Root not creeping ; culm 5 in. high, naked, sheathed at
the base ; leaves slender, acute, channelled, not so long as
the culm ; Iractece leafy, acute, slender, semi-amplexicaule ;
spike two-rowed, lanceolate ; spikelets sessile, acute ; glume
lanceolate, yellow, with a green rib ending in an awn.

13. Carex muricata. Thorn carex .

Spikelets ovate; upper spikelets male, close ; fruit di-
verging, horizontal, ovate, plano-convex, apex two-toothed,
margined at the base, margin ciliated, serrated ; leaves
narrow ; root fibrous.

Gramen cyperoides spicatum minus, Raii Syn. 424, spic. 9.

Carex muricata, Lin. S. P. 1382.

Carex canescens. Leers FI. Herb. 712.

Carex spicata, Hudson FI. Ang. 406.

Woods and moist meadows ; perennial ; May and June,

Culm upright, 18 in. high, 8-sided, sides flat, angles
acute, rough; leaves narrow, keeled; spike branched, oblong,
cylindrical, 6 to 8-parted ; spikelets 8 or 10, roundish;
Iractece ovate, scariose, keeled, bristly at the end ; glume
ferruginous, with the margin and keel greenish.

(3. gracilis . Spike slender, compound ; culm rather

mooth.

9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Carex.

49

Pi. end. pk.

14. Car ex divisa. Divided car ex.

Spikelets mostly 6, ovate, upper male interrupted ; fruit

ovate, adpressed, apex 2-toothed, compressed; hractece leaf-
like erect, at the Very bottom of the spike ; root creeping.

Gramen cyperoides ex monte Ballon, spica divulsa, Raii Sz/n.423, spic. 3 .

Carex divisa, Hudson FI. AnglAOb.

Bogs and near the sea ; perennial ; May, June.

Root thick, twisted; culm upright, weak, 2 feet high;
leaves slender, upright, light green ; spike ovate, branched,
compressed ; spikelets crowded irregularly ; hractece leaflike,
longer than the spike ; glumes brown, mucronated, with a
pale edge and keel.

(3. curta. Bractece shorter than the spike.

15. Carex ovalis. Oval carex .

Spikelets mostly 6, roundish, elliptical, rather close;

lower male, solitary \ fruit ovate, margined, margin ciliated,
serrated, apex with two short teeth ; glumes lanceolate as
long as the fruit ; culm fistulous.

Gramen cyperoides spica e pluribus spicis brevibus mollibus composita,
Raii Syn. 422, spic. 2.

Carex leporina, Hudson FI. Angl.404?.

Carex ovalis, Goodenough L. T. 2, 148.

Bogs; perennial; June.

Culm upright, 2 feet high, 3-sided, leafy at the base ;
leaves deep green, flat, as long as the culm ; spikelets 4 to 6,
elliptical, reddish green ; hractece leaflike, as long as the
spike, falling off; glume acute, reddish; keel green.

16. Carex elongata. Longspike carex *

Spikelets 6 to 12, alternate, approximate, cylindrical,

lower male, single; fruit ovate, pointed, nicked, ribbed,
patulous ; glumes ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the
fruit.

Gramen cyperoides angustifolium npicis longis erectis, C. Bauhin Pi *
nax 6.

Carex elongata, Lin. S. P. 1383.

Carex canescens, Pollich Pal. 881.

Carex multicaulis, Ehr. Gram. 88.

Carex multiceps, Etr.de Flora , 78.

Marshy places ; perennial; June.

Roots in tufts; culm 2 feet high, naked above, apex
drooping ; leaves pale green, upright ; spike hardly inter-
rupted; spikelets 6 to 12, cylindrical, when ripe squarose,
crowded above, remote below ; hractece glumaceous, rib
ending in a bristle ; glumes brown red ; rib green.

VOL. II. e

50

32. Carex. 9. CYPERACEJE.

PL end . pL

17. Carex stellulata . Star carex.

Spikelets mostly 4, rather remote ; fruit ovate, pointed,
diverging horizontally ; apex 2-toothed ; margin ciliated,
serrated ; glumes ovate, acute.

Gramen cyperoides spicatum minimum spica divulsa aculeata, Raii Syn,
424, spic. 12.

Carex muricata, Hudson FI. Ang. 406.

Carex echinata, Hoffm. Germ. 326.

Carex stellulata, Goodenough L . T. 144.

Carex Leersii, Willd. Prod. 95.

Marshes ; perennial ; May and June.

Root fibrous, tufted; culm 12 in. high, bluntly 3-sided;
leaves deep green, upright; spikelets 3 or 4, distant, short,
roundish, when ripe squarose, stellate ; bractece very long,,
leaflike ; glume acute ; rib broad, green.

/3. masculina . Upper spikelet male.

18. Carex cur ta. Short carex.

Spikelets mostly 6, close, cylindrical ; fruit upright, ovate,

planoconvex, rather acute, apex undivided ; glumes ovate,
acute, shorter than the fruit.

Grainen cyperoides elegans spica composita molli, Raii Syn. 423, spic. 7.
Carex ericoides, Hudson FI. Ang. A 08.

Carex canescens, Lightfoot , 550.

Carex cinerea, Pollich Pal. 880.

Carex teaeila, E hr. Gram. 98.

Carex curta, Goodenough L. T. 2, 145.

Marshy places ; perennial; June.

Root rather creeping; culm acutely 3-cornered, 18 in.
high ; leaves slender, upright, pale green ; spikelets silvery
white, ovate, upper ones opposite, lower rather remote;
glumes skinny, tender, whitish green; bractece leaflike, slen-
der, upper ovate, whitish, rib ending in an awn.

19. Carex remota. Distant carex.

Spikelets remote, solitary ; bractecs leaflike, much longer

than the culm ; fruit ovate, acute, rather compressed, apex
slightly 2-cut, edge blunt; culm lax.

Gramen cyperoides angustifolium spicis parvis sessilibus in foliorum
alis, Raii Syn. 424, spic. 11.

Carex remota, Lin. S. P. 1383.

Moist woods and shady ditch banks; perennial; May
and June.

Root in thick tufts ; culm slender, leafy, 2 feet high ; leaves
pale green, slender ; spike very long, at length drooping ;
spikelets solitary, small, ovate, whitish, 3 or 4 lower ones

7

9. CYPERACE^E. 32. Carex. 51

PL end.ph .

very distant, the rest closer, rather naked ; bractece leaflike,
spreading, amplexicaul; glumes acute, whitish, with a green
rib ; fruit longer than the glumes.

p. axillaris . Bractece as long as the spike.

Carex axillaris, Lin. S. P. 1382.

20. Carex axillaris. Axillary carex .

Lower spikelets 3 or 4 together, distant; fruit ovate,

acute, compressed, as long as the glume; apex deeply
2-cut, margin ciliated, serrate ; lower bractece very long,
leaflike; culm stiff*.

Carex axillaris, Goodenough L, T. 2, 158.

Bogs ; perennial ; May and June.

Culm upright, 3 feet high; leaves light green, slender;
lower spikelets 3 to 5, aggregated ; upper spikelet distant,
solitary; bractece leafiike, slender, longer than the spike;
glume ovate, acute, brownish with a green rib.

c. Carices with spikes of different sexes.

21. Carex rigida. Stiff carex.

Female spikes 3, elliptical, cylindrical, blunt ; fruit sub-

globose, apex not notched ; glume ovate, blunt ; bractece
sessile, rounded at bottom, membranous, eared ; culm
rough ; leaves broad, stiff*.

Carex saxatilis, FI Dan. 159.

Carex rigida, Goodenougn L. T. 2, 193.

High mountains ; perennial ; May and June.

Root creeping ; culm 5 in. high : leaves dark green, ra-
ther glaucous, shorter than the culm; male spikes 1 or 2
acute; female spikes 3; glumes black, blunt, half the length
of the fruit.

£. recurva. Beak of the fruit bent back.

22. Carex pulla. Russet carex.

Female spikes 2 or 3, distant, elliptical ; fruit elliptical,

globose, beaked, apex 2-toothed : glume oblong, blunt,
smaller than the fruit : bractece amplexicaul.

Carex fusca, Schkuhr Carex , 64.

Carex pulla, Goodenough L. T. 3, 78.

Alpine pastures ; perennial ; July.

£ 2

52 32. Carex. 9. CYPERACEiE. PL end. ph*

Root creeping ; culm 9 in. high ; leaves slender, nearly
upright; male spike terminal, lanceolate, upright; female
spikes usually 2, upright, distant ; glume lanceolate, obtuse,
brown, edge thin and pale ; fruit inflated, longer than the
glume.

23. Carex ccespitosa . Tyft carexi

Female spikes cylindrical, blunt, mostly 3, distant, the

lower with short footstalks ; fruit ovate, obtuse, pierced
at the top, edge not notched ; glume small, oblong, blunt,
edge white ; hractece setaceous, leaflike, eared at the base ;
culm very acutely angled, flaccid; leaves narrow, long,
flaccid.

Gramen cyperoides q. G. caryophylleum angustissimis foliis, spicis ses-
sili bus brevioribus erectis non compactis, Iiaii Syn. 418. polyst. 6.

Carex casspitosa, Lin. S. P. 1388.

Bogs and damp woods ; perennial ; May*

Root creeping; culm upright, 12 in. high; leaves light
green, glaucous, soft, upright; male spikes 1 or 2, upright,
oblong, 3-sided; female 2 or 3, cylindrical; glume black,
shorter than the fruit ; hractece eared, ears large, nearly
confluent ; fruit persistent.

24. Carex strict a. Straightleaf carex .

Female spikes mostly 3, distant, cylindrical, attenuated,

the lowest with a very short footstalk ; fruit ovate, acute,
apex pierced ; glume lanceolate, acute, small ; hractece1
broad ; culm stiff, acutely angled ; leaves short, stiff.

Gramen cyperoides foliis caryophylleis, spicis erectis sessilibus e se-
mi ni bus confertis coinpositis, Iiaii Syn. 418, polyst. 4.

Carex caespitosa, Huds. Fl.Ang. 412.

Carex caespitosa Lightf. FI. Sc. 581.

Carex acuta «, Leers Herb. 204.

Carex stricta, Goudenough L. T. 2, 190.

Bogs; perenial ; April

Root creeping; calm 2 feet high, upright; male spikes 2,
upright, 3-sided ; female 3, sessile, cylindrical, acute ;
glume acute, shorter than the fruit ; hractece leaflike, not
eared at the base; fruit acute, apex not notched.

25. Carex acuta. Sharp-pointed carex.

Male spikes 2 or 3 ; female 4 or 5, with a short foot-
stalk, rather drooping, cylindrical, distant; fruit oblong,
beak very short, apex not notched but pierced ; glume
oblong, acute, as long as the fruit ; hractece long, leafy ;
culm acute-angled, rough, lax ; leaves lax.

9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Car ex.

53

PI. end.ph.

Gramen cyperoides majus angustifolium, liaii Syn. 417, polyst. 2; Qer,
ew. 29 ; Park. 1 205.

Carex acuta /3, Lin. S. P. 1388.

Carex gracilis, Curtis FL Lond. 4, 62.

Carex acuta, Goodenough , L. T. 2,203.

Watery places ; perennial; May.

Hoot creeping; culm 2 feet, high; leaves narrow, pale
green ; male spikes 2 or 3, slender ; female 3, slender,
drooping at first, but afterwards upright; glume acute,
nearly as long as the fruit.

P. minor. Culm not 2 inches high.

y. major. Male spikes very large, numerous ; glumes
^wned, longer than the fruit.

monstrosa. Stamens exserted from the spathellules.

II. 33. TRASUS. Sedge.

Spathelle one, imbricate all round ; spathellules 2, sol-
dered at the edge, persisting, becoming cartilaginous ;
stamens 2 or 3; style 1 ; stigmata 3; akenium 3 -sided, in
the soldered capsuliform spathellules. — Root perennial,
fibrous or creeping; culm 3-sided; leaves rough on the
edge and keel, sheathing; sheaths whole; bractece sheathing
or amplexicaul ; flowers spiked ; spikes many, generally
unisexual, in the 1st and 2d species androgynous, male
flowers above, few, mostly sessile; female flowers below,
numerous, either sessile or with footstalks.

A synoptic view of the species.

1. Spikes androgynous.

Spike 1 , 4 or 5-flowered ;

fruit reflected ; glumes deciduous T. pauciflorus. 1,

Spikes 3 to 5, female at top, upright
when in flower, drooping when in fruit .... T. atratus. 2.

2. Spikes of different sexes.
a. Bractece membranous ; fruit downy.

Male spikes footstalked, overtopping the
female T. clandestine. 3.

Male spikes sessile, overtopped by the
female T. digitatus . 4.

54

S3. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEAE.

PI. end . ph.

b. Bractece leaflike ; fruit downy ;
spikes sessile , or with sheathed footstalks.

Male spike 1 ; female 2 or 3 ;

bractece sheathing T. prcecox. 5 .

Male spike 1 ; female 2 or 3 ; glume short;
hractece amplexicaul ; culm upright T. tomentosus . 6.

Male spike 1 ; female 2 or 3; glume long;
hractece amplexicaul; culm lying down . . T. piluliferus. 7.

Male spikes 2 ; female 3, cylindrical, brown ;
fruit hirsute; plant hairy . . T. hirtus. 8.

Male spikes 2; female 2, ovate, oblong, black;
fruit woolly ; plant smooth T.fliformis. 9.

c. Bractece leaflike ; fruit smooth ;

spikes sessile , or with a footstalk enclosed in a sheath.

Bractece amplexicaul ; culm, acute-angled ;
fruit inflated, beaked T. vesicarius. 10.

Bractece amplexicaul ; culm obtuse-angled ;
fruit inflated, beaked T. ampullaceus. 1 1 .

Bractece sheathing ; culm smooth ;
fruit beaked, beaks recurved T.flavus. 12.

Bractece sheathing ; culm smooth ;
fruit beaked, beaks straight T. Oederi . 1 3.

d. Bractece leaflike , sheathing ; fruit smooth ;
spikes upright , upper ones sessile , lower footstalked
exserted , male 1.

Fruit beaked, 2-cut ; glume 3-ribbed ; sheath short ;
culm smooth ; ligida 0 T. extensus. 14.

Fruit beaked, 2- toothed; glume 1 -ribbed; sheath long;
culm smooth; ligula long, acute T. Hostianus. 15.

Fruit beaked, 2-toothed; glume 1 -ribbed; sheath long;
culm rough; ligula 0 T.fulvus. 16.

Fruit beaked, 2-cusped; glume 3-ribbed ; sheath long;
culm smooth; ligida short, blunt. T. distans. 17.

Fruit beaked, 2-lobed, 2-ribbed; glume 1 -ribbed;
sheath long; cidm smooth; ligula 0 T. binervis. 18.

Fruit obtuse, not nicked ; root creeping ;
sheath long ; culm smooth T. paniceus. 19.

Fruit beaked, scariose, not nicked ; root fibrous ;
sheath short ; cidm smooth T. depauperatus. 20.

9. CYPEtlACEiE. 33. Trasus. 55

PI. end. ph.

e. Bractece leaflike, amplexicaul ; spikes upright ,
upper ones sessile , lower foot stalked , male 2 or 3.

Glumes acute ;

male spike 3-sided ; female cylindrical .... T. riparius, 21.

Glume of the male flower blunt, of the female
acute, awned ; spikes cylindrical . * T. paludosus. 22.

f. Bractece leaflike , sheathing ; spikes drooping ,
upper ones sessile , lower footstalked, exserted, male 1.

Fruit crowded, ovate, acute ;

leaves broad T. pendulus. 23.

Fruit lax, lanceolate, 3-sided, ribbed ;
leaves narrower T. strigosus . 24.

g. Bractece leaflike, sheathing; fruit smooth;

spikes footstalked, drooping.

Female spike lax, filiform ;

fruit ovate, beak long T. sylvaticus . 25.

Female spike ovate ;

fruit ovate, 3-sided, pointed, smooth .... T. capillaris. 26.
Female spike ovate;

fruit elliptic, compressed, beaked, edge rough.

T. ustulatus. 27.

h. Bractece leaflike , sheathing; spikes upright,

footstalked, exserted.

Fruit smooth T. Icevigatus. 28.

Fruit rough T. erectus. 29.

i. Bractece leaflike , amplexicaul ; fruit smooth ;

spikes footstalked.

Root creeping ; female spike ovate ;

fruit elliptical, compressed T. limosus. 30.

Root creeping ; female spike cylindrical ;

fruit elliptical, 3-sided, roughish T. glaucus. 31.

Root creeping ; female spike lax, fewflowered;

fruit obovate, obtuse, smooth T. rariflorus. 32.

Root fibrous ; spikes manyflowered ;

fruit 3-sided, furrowed, beaked T. chlorostachyos. 33.

Root fibrous ;

fruit elliptical, inflated, obtuse ......... T.pallescens . 34.

56

33. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEiE.

Pl, end.pk.

1. Trasi with androgynous spikes .

1. Trasus pauciflor us. Fewflowered sedge.

Spike androgynous, not branched, mostly 4< or 5-flowered;

male flower terminal, mostly solitary ; fruit lanceolate,
round, reflexed ; glume of the female flowers deciduous ;
leaves long, convolute ; upper sheaths leafless.

Carex patnla, Hudson FI. Ang.A02 , 657.

Carex leucoglochin, Lin. Sup. 413.

Carex pauciflora, Lightfoot FI. Scot. IAS.

Alpine bogs; perennial; June.

Root fibrous, in tufts ; culm 5 in. high, smooth ; leaves
usually in pairs, only half as long as the culm ; spike ovate,
oblong, acute ; fruit yellowish green, striated.

2. Trasus atratus. Black sedge.

Spikes androgynous, 3 to 5, on footstalks, crowded, ter-
minal male in the lower part, fruitbearing, drooping; fruit
subrotund, ovate, beak short, apex 2-toothed ; glumes ovate,
acute ; bractece amplexicaul ; leaves crowded.

Carex atrata, Lin. S. P. 1386.

Alpine pastures ; perennial; June, July.

Culm upright, 2 feet high, angles smooth ; leaves light
green, broad, flat ; bractece leaflike, spreading ; spikes at
first upright, afterwards drooping ; stamens 2 or 3 ; glumes
black ; fruit yellow, ribless, smooth.

2. Trasi with many spikes , of different sexes.

a. Bractece membranous , leaflike ; terminal spike
solitary , male; female spikes sessile ; fruit hairy.

3. Trasus clandestinus . Concealed sedge .

Male spike footstalked; female 2, usually 3-flowered,

distant, nearly sessile, concealed in the bracteae ; fruit ob-
ovate, obtuse, hairy, apex not nicked ; leaves channelled.

Carex prostrata, Allioni Ped. 2,267.

Carex clandestina, Goodenough L. T. 2, 167.

On sunny rocks ; perennial ; May.

Culms in tufts, 2 in. high, upright, 3-sided; leaves up-
right, 3 times as long as the culm, dark green, edge very
rough; rachis rough, hollowed out; male spike rather
3-sided, linear, manyflowered; female spikes 2 or 3, distant,
fewflowered; bractece obtuse, brown, sheathing; glumes
pbtuse, dark brown.

9. CYPERACEJE. 33. Trasus. 5?

PI. end. ph.

4. T? - asns digitatus. Finger sedge .

Male spike sessile ; females 3, fingerlike, distant, foot-

stalked, linear ; fruit obovate, beaked, 3-sided, downy ;
glumes obovate, mucronate, as long as the fruit ; bracted
oblique, mucronate ; culm compressed ; leaves flat.

Carex digitata, Lin. S. P. 1384.

Woods in chalky soils; perennial; May.

Culm slender, obtusely 3-sided, 3 in. long, smooth;
leaves light green, slender, flat ; male spike oblong, acute ;
females 2 or 3, linear, 8-flowered, footstalked, from the
same sheath as the male and overtopping it ; bracted
sheathing, scariose; glumes loose, truncated, reddish, with
a green rib.

b. Bracted leaflike , sheathing; spikes footstalked, enclosed
in the sheath ; fruit downy.

5. Trasus prdcox. Farly sedge .

Female spikes 2, close, oblong ; fruit subglobose, obtuse,

3-sided, downy; glume ovate, acute, as long as the fruit.

Gramen cyperoides vernum minimum, Rail Syn. 421, polyst. 17.

Gramen cyperoides spicatum, Ger. cm. 22.

Gramen spicatum foliis caryophylleis, Park. 1160.

Carex montana, Relhan Cant. 353.

Carex saxatilis, Huds. FI. Ang. 408.

Carex praecox, Jacquin Austr. 446.

Carex verna, Villars Dauph. 2, 204.

Carex filiformis, Leers Herb. 718.

Carex stolonifera, Ehr. Gram . 99.

Dry barren pastures, heaths ; perennial ; April.

Root stoloniferous ; culm 3-sided, edges blunt, 6 in.
high ; leaves in tufts, short, light green, shining, recurved ;
male spikes thick, clubshape ; female spikes with a short
footstalk : bractece scariose, awned ; glume ferruginous, edge
not scariose but the same colour, rib greenish ; fruit not
notched at the apex.

c. Br acted leaflike, ample xicaul ; spikes all sessile : fruit
downy*

6. Trasus tomentosus. Napped sedge .

Female spikes 2, cylindrical, rather close; fruit roundish,

napped ; glumes ovate, acute, smaller than the fruit ; bracted
eared, amplexicaul.

Carex tomentosa, Lin. Mant. 123.

Carex sphaerocarpa, Ehr. Gram. 89

Fields; perennial; June.

58 33. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEAL Pl.end,ph»

Root creeping; culm 12 in. high, angles acute; leaves
upright, shorter than the culm ; bractece scarcely overtop-
ping the culm, sheath very short or none ; male spike lan-
ceolate, blunt ; glume lanceolate, brownish, rather pointed,
rib green; fruit as long as the glume, closely napped ; nap
first white, afterwards yellow.

7. Trasus piluliferus . Pill sedge .

Female spikes 2 or 3, close, elliptical, roundish ; fruit

round, downy, beak short ; glumes oblong, acute, longer
than the fruit ; culm lying down, serrulate.

Gramen cyperoides spicis brevibus congestis, folio molli, Raii Syn. 421,
polyst. 19.

Gramen cyperoides tenuifolium, spicis ad summum caulem sessilibus
globorum aemuiis. Rail Syn. 422, polyst. 20.

Carex pilulifera, Lin. S. P. 1385.

Carex montana, Lin . S. P. 1385.

Carex filiformis, FI. Dan. 1048.

Round-headed carex.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May and June.

Culm 9 in. long, acutely 3-sided, slender, weak ; leaves
upright, bent back at top, light green ; bractece bristlelike,
3-sided; male spikes lanceolate, slender, acute; female
spikes 2 or 3, cylindrical, conglomerate, spreading ; glumes
ovate, ferruginous, edge white, rib green ; fruit green,
apex not notched.

8. Trasus hirtus. Rough sedge .

Male spikes 2; female 3, oblong, distant; lower one

shortly footstalked ; fruit oblong, pointed, rough haired,
apex 2-cusped ; glumes oblong, rough haired, awned ; awns
very long ; leaves and sheaths roughhaired.

Gramen cyperoides polystachium lanuginosum, Raii Syn. 418, polyst. 7.

Carex hirta, Lin. S. P. 1389.

Damp fields and marshes ; perennial; May and June.

Root creeping widely; culm smooth, 2 feet high, upright,
leafy; leaves upright, acute, downy on the upper face;
sheath very roughly haired above ; bractece leaflike, as long
as the spike; male spike lanceolate; glume ovate, brown,
hairy, rib yellowish; glumes of the female spike bald,
longawned, rib-green ; fruit ovate, ribbed.

/3. glaber. Bald , sheath very slightly hairy ; fruit rough-
haired.

y. compositus. Male spikes 3 or 4 ; female branched ;
spikelets 2 or 3, crowded, with a leaflike bractea at their
bottom.

9. CYPERACEiE. 33. Trasus.

£9

PL end. ph.

9. Trasus filij or mis. Thread sedge.*

Male spikes 2, very long ; female spikes 2, ovate, ob-
long, distant, sessile ; fruit elliptical, woolly, apex 2-forked;
glumes oblong, lanceolate, shortawned, as long as the fruit;
leaves grooved.

Carex filiformis, Lin. S. P. 1385.

Carex tomentosa, Lightf. Scot. 2, 552.

Carex hirta, FI. Dan. 379.

Carex lasiocarpa, Ehr. Gram. 10.

Carex splendida, Willdenouo Prod. 103.

Slender leafed carex.

Bogs ; perennial ; June.

Root creeping ; culm upright, naked, 2 feet high, to-
wards the top 3-sided ; leaves upright, stiff, narrow, not
keeled : bractece leaflike, overtopping the culm ; male spikes
distant, lanceolate ; glumes black with a yellow rib ; female
spikes 1 or 2, distant, upright ; glumes pointed, bald ; fruit
ribbed, blackish with strawcolour hairs.

0. simplex . Male spike 1.

d. Bractece leafiike , amplexicaul ; spikes sessile ,
male many , upright ; fruit smooth.

1 0. Trasus vesicarius. Bladder sedge .

Female spikes 2 or 3, footstalked, cylindrical ; fruit ob-
long, inflated, beaked, apex 2-forked ; glume lanceolate,
smaller than the fruit; bractece long; culm acutely 3-sided;
leaves broad.

Gramen cyperoides majus praecox, spicis turgidis teretibus flavescenli-
bus, Rail Syn. 420, polys t. 14.

Carex vesicaria, a and y, Lin. S. P. 1388.

Carex infiata, Huds. FI. Angl. 412.

Bogs and watery places ; perennial ; May.

Root creeping ; culm 2 feet high, upright ; leaves upright,
pale green, very long ; bractece sheathless ; male spikes 2 or 3,
slender, acute, light brown ; glumes ovate, lanceolate, pale,
ferruginous ; female spikes upright; glumes lanceolate, acute,
green ; fruit very smooth, loosely spreading.

11. Trasus ampullaceus. Crewet sedge.

Female spikes 2, cylindrical ; fruit subglobose, inflated,

beaked, apex 2-forked; glumes lanceolate, smaller than the
fruit; culm obtuse-angled ; leaves narrow, edge rough.

60 33. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEiE. Pl.end.ph.

Gramen cyperoides polystachion majus, spicis teretibus erectis, Raii
(S yn. 419, polyst. 9.

Carex vesicaria, Hudson FI. Ang. 413.

Carex rostrata. Withering B. Ar. ed. 2. 1059.

Carex ampullacea, Goodenough L. T. 2, 207.

Bogs and watery places ; perennial ; May.

Root creeping; culm upright, 2 feet high, 3-sided; angles
bald below, rough above the lowest spike ; leaves upright,
slender, glaucous ; bractece without sheaths, long, the lowest
overtopping the culm ; male spikes 2 or 3, close, very slen-
der, pale brown; glumes obtuse, brown, rib yellow m, female
spikes 2 or 3, distant, cylindrical, obtuse; glumes acute;
fruit very smooth, apex longbeaked, beak diverging at a
right angle.

e. Bractece leaflike , sheathing ; spikes footstalked9 enclosed
in the sheaths , upright , male solitary ; fruit smooth .

12. Trasus flavus . Yellow sedge .

Female spikes 3, close, elliptical ; fruit ovate, beaked,

beaks bent back, 2-toothed; glumes ovate, lanceolate, shorter
than the fruit ; culm rather smooth.

Gramen cyperoides q. Gramen palustre echinatum, Raii Syn. 421,
polyst. 18.

Gramen palnstre echinatum, Ger. em. 17.

Gramen echinatum Germanicum, Park. 1187.

Carex flava, Lin . S. P. 1384.

Hedgehog grass.

Bogs ; perennial ; May and June.

Root creeping ; culm upright, a foot high, 3-sided, leafy
below ; leaves pleasant green, upright, broadish, flat, longer
than the culm; bractece much higher than the culm, the
upper scarcely sheathing, the lower sheathing, and not
much spread out ; male spike 1 or 2, lanceolate, upright ;
female spikes 3, ovate roundish, the upper close, almost
sessile, the lower rather distant, footstalk longer than the
sheath ; glumes ovate, yellow, edge white, rib green ; fruit
yellowdsh green, diverging every way.

j3. scaber. Culm rough edged.

7. duplex . Male spikes 2.

13. Trasus Oederi. Oeder s sedge .

Female spikes 4, roundish; fruit globose, beaked, beak

rather straight, 2-toothed ; glume ovate, lanceolate, longer
than the fruit ; culm smooth.

9, CYPERACE/E. 33. Trasus.

61

PI. end. ph .

Carex extensa, Withering?

Carex Oederi, Hoffm. Germ. 214.

Carex flava jS, De Candolle Syn. FI. Gall. 1745.

Carex flava y, Willd. Sp. Pi. 4, 268.

Moist sandy meadows ; perennial ; all the year.

Root fibrous, creeping, throwing up new culms all the
year; cutm 12 in. high, lying down ; leaves slender, acute \
hractece. as long as the spike, at length reflexed ; male spike
slender ; female spike ovate, conical, acute, crowded, the
lower ones distant; fruit expanding, apex bluntish.

f. Bractece leaflike , sheathing; spikes foot stalked^ the

upper enclosed , the lower exserted , male 1 ; fruit smooth .

14?. Trasus extensus. Long sedge.

Female spikes 3, elliptical, roundish, rather close, bractese
very long ; sheath and footstalks very short ; fruit elliptical,
ribbed, apex 2-toothed; glumes ovate, pointed, smaller
than the fruit ; culm smooth ; leaves slender.

Gramen cyperoides q. Cyperoides echinatum majus Petiver, Raii Syn .
421, polyst. 18.*

Carex extensa, Gooderiough , L. T. 2, 175.

Sea-side; perennial; June.

Root fibrous; culm upright, 12 in. high, bluntly 3-sided;
leaves recurved, slender, grooved; hractece very long,
spreading, with very short, dilated sheaths; male spike
single, nearly sessile, lanceolate ; female spikes 2 or 3, close,
upright, ovate; glume ovate, 3-ribbed, pointed, ferruginous*
back green; fruit spreading, scarcely beaked, angles
smooth.

|3. cylindraceus. Spike long, cylindrical*

15. Trasus Hostianus. Host9 s sedge.

Female spikes 3, oblong, distant ; hractece leaflike, long ;
ligula opposite to the leaves, long, acute ; sheaths half the
length of the footstalk \ fruit 3-sided, beaked, beak 2-toothed,
teeth acute ; culm smooth, roundish ; glumes obtuse.

Carex fulva, Host Gram. Austr. 77.

Carex Hostiana. De Cand. Hort. Monsp .

Mountains; perennial; June.

Culm rough and angular below the spikes, upright or
bent, 2 feet high ; radical leaves keeled, light green, edge
rough ; hractece not overtopping the culm, sheath ending
in a membranous ligula ; male spikes 1 or 2, slender, sessile,
upright, cylindrical ; glume rather blunt, chesnut brown :

6

62

S3. Trasus. 9. CYPERACE^.

PI. end. plu

edge white, scariose; rib yellow, ending below the tip;
female spikes 3, distant, oblong, acute; glume ovate, lan-
ceolate, acute, nearly as long as the fruit, keeled, rib yel-
lowish, ending below the tip ; edge white, scariose ; fruit
yellowish green, 3-sided, slightly striated, angles very
smooth, beaks linear, slightly bent, apex 2- toothed, acute.

Communicated by Mr. G, Don, as found on the Moun-
tain Clova, Angus-shire, in Scotland.

16. Trasus fulviis. Tawney sedge .

Female spikes ovate, oblong, distant ; Iraclece upright ;
sheath hall the length of the footstalk ; ligula very short
or 0 ; glumes ovate, blunt, larger than the fruit ; fruit el-
liptical, beak upright, 2-toothed ; culm serrulate.

Carex trigona, Allioni Pedern. 232, 5.

Carex flava 2, Withering Rot. Arr . 134.

Carex fulva, Goodenough L. T. 2, 177.

Bogs ; perennial ; June, July.

Root creeping; culm upright, afoot high, 3-sided, angles
rough ; leaves upright, slender, dark green, shorter than
the culm ; hradeee upright, not overtopping the culm ;
sheath long, apex brownish ; ligula extremely short ; male
spike linear, slender, upright; glume obtuse, brown, rib
brownish, very faint ; female spikes 2 or 3, upright ; glume
ovate, rib pale, ending below the tip ; fruit green, longer
than the glumes, upright, spreading, faintly ribbed, angles
smooth, beak linear, 2-toothed.

17. Trasus distans. Distant sedge .

Female spikes 3, ovate, very distant ; hracteae upright ;
sheaths half the length of the footstalk; ligula opposite
to the leaf, short, blunt; glumes ovate, pointed, nearly as
long as the fruit; fruit acutely pointed, bicuspidate, acute-
angled.

Gramen cyperoides spicis parvis longissime distantibus, Raii Syn. 420,
polyst. 3 6.

Carex distans, Lin. S. P . 1387.

Bogs by the sea-side; perennial; June.

Culm smooth, 2 feet high, upright, bluntangled, weak ;
leaves broadish, short, fiat, light green, sheath long ; ligula
opposite to the leaves, short, blunt, white; male spike thick,
lanceolate, obtuse; glume ferruginous, pointed, rib broad;
glumes of the female spike broad, ovate, pointed ; ribs three,
closing at the apex; fruit longer than the glumes, brown,
nearly 3-sided, many ribbed, edges raised, smooth, 2-cut?
beaks short, diverging.

9. CYPERACEJE. 33. Trasus.

65

PL end. ph.

18. Trasus binervis. Tworibbed sedge.

Female spikes 3, cylindrical, distant ; bractece long, very

slender, sheaths long; glumes obtuse, pointed, smaller than
the fruit ; fruit elliptical, 2-ribbed, apex 2-lobed, hyaline.

Carex distans, Lightfoot FI. Sc. 561.

Carex binervis, Smith L. T. 5, 268.

Dry heaths ; perennial ; June.

Cidm upright, 2 feet high, deep glaucous green, smooth,
angles blunt ; leaves broad, glaucous ; bracterz distant, like
the leaves ; male spike thin ; glume elliptical, blunt, blackish,
slightly pointed, rib green ; female spikes 3 to 5, cylindri-
cal, upright, lower very distant; glumes acute, blackish,
smooth, pointed, rib green; fruit reddish brown, scarcely
beaked, ribs green.

ramosus. Lower female spike branched.

y. androgynus . Female spikes with a few male flowrets
above.

1 9. Trasus paniceus. Bread sedge .
Female spikes 2 or 3, cylindrical, rather distant; sheaths

long ; glumes ovate, smaller than the fruit ; fruit ovate,
blunt, apex not notched ; culm smooth.

Gramen cyperoides foliis caryophylleis, spicis e rarioribus et tumidi-
oribus granis compositis, Raii Syn. 418, polyst. 3.

Carex panicea, Lin. Sp. 1387.

Damp meadows and pastures; perennial; May and June.
Root creeping ; culm, weak, a foot high, angles blunt, sides
rounded ; bractece much shorter than the culm ; male spike 1,
bellied, acute; female spikes 2 or 3, distant, cylindrical;
glumes long, ovate, acute, rib green ; fruit inflated.

0. Lcersii. Female spike roundish, footstalk very long.

y. androgynus . Female spike having a few male flowers
at the tip.

3*. distachyos. Male spikes two.

20. Trasus depauperatus. Starved sedge.

Female spikes 2, 3 to 5-flowered, distant ; sheaths short ;

glumes oblong ; fruit longer than the glumes, obovate, in-
flated, beaked, apex oblique.

Carex ventricosa, Curtis FI. Lond. 6, 68.

Carex depauperata, Goodenough L. T. 2, 181,

Carex triflora, Willd. Phytogr. 1,2.

64

33. trasus. 9. CYPERACEiE.

PL end, phi

Woods ; perennial ; May, June.

Culm 18 in. high, upright; leaves with long sheaths,
pale green ; hractece very like the leaves, sheaths shorter J
male spike terminal* linear; gliimes obtuse, ferruginous*
rib green ; female spikes 3 to 5, distant, loose, erect, 2 to
5-flowered ; fruit ovate, 3-sided, ribbed, longbeaked, apex
scariose, not notched.

g. Bracfece leaflike> amplexicaul ;
spikes upright , upper sessile , lower footstalked, male 2 or 3;
fruit smooth .

21. Trasus ripariusi Bankside sedge *

Male spikes 3-sided ; female spikes 3, cylindrical, narrow

at top ; glumes as long and broad as the fruit, ovate, acute,
awned ; fruit oval, manyribbed, beak 2-forked.

Gramen cyperoides cum paniculis nigris, Raii Syn. 417, polyst. 1.

Carex acuta a, Huds. Ft. Ang. 413.

Carex riparia, Curtis FI. Loud. 28 1 .

Great common cyperus grass.

Banks of rivers ; perennial ; April, May.

Root creeping; herb blackish green, rather glaucous;
culm acute-angled, 3 feet high, firm, upright; leaves in
tufts, broad, long ; hractece very long, sheaths scarcely any,
ears rounded, pale; male spikes 3 or 5, close, upright,
3-sided; female spikes 3 or 4, cylindrical, thick, footstalks
long, lower sometimes hanging down \ glumes awned ; fruit
brown, spreading, beak very short.

22. Trasus paliidosus . Bog sedges

Male spikes 2 or 3. bellied; glumes blunt; female spikes 3,

cylindrical, narrowed ; glumes lanceolate, awned ; fruit
ovate, ribbed, as long as the glume, beak 2-toothed.

Gramen cyperoides miuds angustifolium, Park. 1266, Raii Syn. 418,
polyst, 2.*

Carex acuta, Curtis FI. Lond. 4, 61.

Carex rufa, Lamarcke Eric. Meth.3,394.

Carex paludosa, Goodenough L. T. 2, 202.

Carex acutiformis, Ehr. Gram. 2, 30.

Small comrHon cyperus grass.

River sides ; perennial ; May*

Root creeping ; culm 2 feet high, upright, angles acute ;
leaves very long, glaucous, upright ; hractece longer than
the culm; male spikes 3 or 4, brownish black, glumes ovate,
blunt, rib green ; female spikes slender, blunt; footstalks
short; glumes lanceolate, acute; fruit ovate, brown.

PL end. ph.

0. CYPERACE^E. 33. Trasus. 65

h. Bractece leaflike , sheathing ;
spikes drooping when ripe , sessile , lower foot stalked^ exserted ,
male 1 ; fruit smooth .

23. Trasus pendulus . Drooping sedge.

Female spikes 3 or 5, cylindrical, very long; sheaths long;

glumes ovate, as long as the fruit, awns very short ; fruit
elliptical, crowded ; beak short, 2-toothed ; leaves broad,
stiff!

Gramen cyperoides spiCu pendulS. longiora, Park. 1267 ; Raii Syn. 420,

polyst. 13.

Oarex maxima, Scop. Cam. 2, 229.

Carex agastachys, Lin. Suppl. 414.

Carex pendula, Hnds. FI. Ang. 411.

Damp woods and hedges ; perennial ; May and June.

Culm 6 feet high, firm, 3-sided ; leaves broad, dark green,
stiff, hard, glaucous beneath ; Iractece drooping, lower very
long, sheaths as long as the footstalks; spikes 5 to 7, droop-
ing, cylindrical, very compact, uppermost male, others fe-
male; glumes lanceolate, acuminated, brown, rib green;
fruit smooth.

(2. androgynus. Male spike with female flowrets at the
upper part.

24. Trasus strigosus. Harsh sedge .

Female spikes 3 or 4, threadlike, lax, distant; sheaths

long; glume ovate, lanceolate ; fruit longer than the glume,
oblong, lanceolate, ribbed, apex obliquely cut off ; leaves
slender.

Gramen cyperoides polystachium mnjusculum latifolium, spicis multis
longis strigosis, Raii Syn. 419, polyst. 11.

Carex leptostachys, Lin. Suppl. 414.

Carex strigosa, Huds. FI. AnglAW.

Wood and hedges; perennial; April and May.

Culm upright, 2 feet high, smooth, slender ; leaves broad,
light green, thin ; Iractece long, sheaths nearly the length
of the footstalk ; ligula membranous, brown, amplexicaul;
spikes 6 or 8, drooping, loose, uppermost male, others fe-
male ; fruit green.

i. Bractece leaflike , sheathing ; spikes drooping ,
footstalked , all exserted ; fruit smooth.

25. Trasus sylvaticus. Wood sedge .

Female spikes 4, distant, long, threadlike ; Iractece sheath-
ing, half as long as the footstalks ; glume ovate, mem-

VOL. II. p

66 33. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEJE. Pl.cnd.ph .

branous, awned ; fruit as long as the glumes, loose, ovate ;
leak 2-cut.

Gramen cvperoides sylvarmn tenuius spicatum, Raii Syn. 419, polyst. 10;
Park. 1171.

Carex vesicaria 0, Lin. S. P. 1389.

Carex capiliaris, Leers Herb. 202.

Carex patula, Pollich 2, 597.

Carex Drymeia, Linn. Suppl.A 14.

Carex sylvaiica, Huds. FI. AngAll.

Woods; perennial; May and June.

Culm 3 feet high, upright, leafy, 3-sided, sides convex ;
leaves roughish, light green ; hractece longsheathed ; spikes
6 or 8, slender, loose, male 1 or 2 ; glumes ovate, acute,
whitish, rib green ; fruit longbeaked.

26. Trasus capiliaris . Hair sedge.

Female spikes 3, ovate, loose, about 12-flowered; sheaths

half as long as the footstalk ; glumes ovate, shorter than
the fruit, hyaline, deciduous; fruit elliptical.

Carex capiliaris, Lin. S.P. 13S6.

Alpine mountains; perennial ; July and August.

Culm upright, naked; leaves short, narrow; hractece
upright, terminal ; footstalks 3 or 4, nearly umbellate, af-
terwards, by the growth of the rachis, distant ; male spike
upright, linear, silvery-brown, about 10 -flowered ; female
spikes drooping, short ; glumes brown, tip white ; fruit
brown, smooth.

27. Trasus ustulatus . Burnt sedge .

Female spikes 2, ovate; glumes elliptical, shorter than

the fruit; hractece sheathing, very short; fruit ovate,
pointed, 2-toothed, compressed, edge rough.

Carex atrofusca, Scheuchzer Carex , 106.

Carex ustuiata, Wahl. Act. Holm. 1803, 156.

Moist micaceous mountains; perennial; July.

Root tufted, scarcely creeping; culm almost naked, smooth,
6 in. high; leaves short, erect, striated, smooth; spike dark
blackish brown, tumid, short; male upright.

28. Trasus Icevigaius. Smooth sedge .

Female spikes 3, cylindrical, slender, distant; glumes

oblong, ovate, nearly as long as the fruit, awned ; fruit
ovate, pointed ; beaks 2, deeply cut, spreading ; sheaths
of the bracteae very long.

Carex laevigata, Smith L. T. 3, 272.

. Carex helodes, Link in Scl\rad. Diar. Bot . 1799, 303 ,

1

9. CYPERACEvE. 33. Trasus.

67

PL end . ph .

Marshes; perennial; May.

Root fibrous; culm 4* feet high, smooth; leaves upright,
broad, light green, smooth, very long sheathed; bractece
erect, overtopping the culm, pointed, upper with short
sheaths or none; spikes cylindrical, long, acute; male
usually 2, females with long footstalks ; fruit longer than
the glumes, ribbed, green, smooth ; seed 1, filling the fruit,
3-sided.

29. Trasus erectus. Upright sedge „

Female spikes 3, distant, threadlike, upright ; sheaths

short; glumes ovate, shorter than the fruit, submucronate ;
fruit ovate, inflated, 3-sided, edge slightly hispid, apex
membranous, 2-lobed.

Carex Mielichoferi, mild S. P. 4,276.

Carex ScopoJii a, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 2, 168.

Carex erecta, De Cand Syn. FI. Gall. 1741.

Alpine rocks ; perennial ; August.

Root creeping; culm 1 foot high, angles obtuse; leaves
very long, smooth, outer leaves broader and shorter; lower
sheaths brownish, often leafless ; male spike slender, ferru-
ginous, glumes obtuse, mucronate, brownish, rib broad,
pale; female spikes 2 or 3, round, upright; sheaths of the
bractese one third the length of the peduncle; glumes lax,
rib green ; fruit green, apex purple, 2-lobed.

30. Trasus limosus. Mud sedge.

Female spikes 2, ovate; glumes ovate, as long as the iruit,

mucronate ; fruit elliptical, compressed, 3-sided ; beak
very short, apex not nicked ; root creeping.

Carex limosa, Lin. S. P. 1386.

Green and gold carex.

Turf bogs; perennial; June.

Root shootbearing; herb rather sea-green; culm 1 foot
high; leaves linear, shorter than the culm, sheathed at
bottom with brown scales; bractece upright, brown, edge
whitish ; male spike upright, shining reddish brown ; female
spikes many flowered, compact ; fruit green, golden brown
on the edge ; rarely flowering.

31. Trasus glaums. Sea green sedge.

Female spikes 2, cylindrical, distant ; bracteee eared ;

glumes blunt \ fruit elliptical, roughish ; apex very blunt;
culm roundish ; root creeping.

F 2

68 38. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEiE. Pl.end.ph.

Gramen cyperoides, foliis caryophylleis, gpicis oblongis e pediculis
longioribus pendulis, Raii Syn. 418, polyst.5.

Carex limosa /3, Leers Herb. 201.

Carex glauca. Scop. Cam. 2,223.

Carex recurva, Huds. FI. Ang. 413.

Moist grass lands and woods; perennial; May, June.

Root creeping ; herb sea-green ; culm 1 foot high, sides
convex ; leaves upright, shorter than the culm, broadish ;
bractece. upright, equalling the culm in height ; male spike
linear, lanceolate; female spikes cylindrical; glumes ovate,
blackish, edge whitish, rib yellowish ; fruit bluntly 3-sided,
almost ribless, brownish green, turning black.

/3. Micheliana . Male spikes many ; fruit smooth.

Carex Micheliana, Smith L. T. 5,270.

y. ramosa. Spikes branched.

32. Trasus rari floras. Fewflowered sedge.

Female spike loose, fewflowered; glumes ovate, acute;

fruit obovate, obtusely 3-sided ; root creeping.

Carex rariflora, Eng. Bot. 35,2516.

Carex limosa rariflora, TVahlen. Act. Holm . 1803, 163.

Alpine mountains; perennial; July.

Culm a foot high ; glumes black,

33. Trasus chloros tacky os. Greenspike sedge .

Female spikes 4, cylindrical, manyflowered ; glume as

long as the fruit ; fruit ovate, lanceolate, furrowed, 2-cusped,
spreading; root fibrous.

Gramen cyperoides, spica pendula breviore, Rail Syn. 419, polyst. 12.

Pseudo-cyperus, Ger. em. 29.

Cyperus sen Pseudo-cyperus spica brevi pendula, Park. 1266.

Carex Pseudo-cyperus, Lin. S. P. 1387.

Bastard cyperus.

Moist woods and river-banks ; perennial ; June.

Culm a foot high, upright, leafy, acute-angled; leaves
pale green, sheathing; peduncles very long; spikes cylin-
drical, manyflowered, compact ; male spikes upright, red-
dish ; female spikes drooping, greenish ; glumes awned ;
awns very long, very rough.

<3. bipedunculalus. Peduncles in pairs from the same
sheath.

9. CYPERACEiE. S3. Trasus.

69

PL end. ph.

34. Trasus pallescens. Pale sedge .

Female spikes 2 or 3, elliptical ; glumes as long as the
fruit, ovate, acute ; fruit elliptical, inflated, obtuse ; root
fibrous ; leaves pale.

Gramen cyperoides polystachium flavicans, ?picis brevilms prope sum-
mitatem caulis, Raii Syn. 419, polyst. 8.

Carex pallescens, Lin. S. P. 1386.

Grass lands and moist woods; perennial; May and June.
Culm 18 inches high, leafy at bottom; leaves yellowish;
Iractece much overtopping the culm ; male spike lanceolate,
upright, pale, ferruginous; glumes ovate, yellowish, rib
green ; fruit pale green.

III. 34. COBRESIA. Willdenow. Colresia .

Spathelles imbricate all round; spathellule 1, persisting,

cartilaginous, involving the ovary ; stamens 3 ; stigmata 3,
downy ; style dilated at the base, jointed ; akenium horny,
smooth, crowned with the persistent base of the style, en-
closed in the persisting hardened glumule. — Hoot perennial,
tufted ; leaves linear, channelled, edge and keel rough ;
culm round, naked above, angular; spike compound, mo-
noicous; Iractece glumaceous, the lower one sometimes
leaflike.

Colresia caricina . Carexlike Colresia .

Spike contracted, subovate; spikelets 3 or 4, alternate,
imbricate, upper one male.

Carex hybrida, Schkuhr Car . 161.

Kobresia caricina, Willd. S. P. 4,205.

Cobresia caricina, Persoon Syn. 534.

Carex bipartita, Allioni Ped. 2301 .

Sclicenus monoicus, Eng . Bot. 20, 1410.

Subalpine mountains ; perennial ; July.

Root scaly ; leaves recurved, narrow ; culm erect, single,
9 in. high ; spike erect ; Iractece ovate, membranaceous^,
brown ; glumes brown, edge white.

B. Cyperace^:. Glumes 2-rowed; flowers hermaphro-
dite ; glumelles none or bristlelike.

IV. 35. CYPERUS. Theophrastus. Cyperus .

Spathelle 1, 2-rowed, keeled, all flowerbearing, equal;

glumelle 0 ; stamens 3 ; style not jointed to the ovary, de-
ciduous; stigmata 3; akenium oblong, 3-sided. — Root creep-
ing; culm 3 -sided, base leafy; leaves linear, keeled, edge

70 35. Cyperus. 9. CYPERACEAE. Pl.end.ph.

rough; sheath truncated, brown ; hractece 3 or 6, leaflike;
bracteolce 2 or 4, bristlelike ; spikelet 2-rowed, hermaphro-
dite, umbelled ; umbels compound.

Cyperus longus . Long cyperus ,

Culm leafy ; umbels subcorymbose ; involucrum 3 or
4-leaved, unequal; radii unequal, very long, naked; invo -
lucellum setaceous ; spikelets linear, alternate, distant, flat.

Cyperus longus, Raii Syn. 425, 1 ; Ger. em. 30 ; Lin. S. P. 67.

Cyperus longus odoratus. Park. 146.

Sweet cyperus. English Galingale.

Bogs; perennial; July to September.

Root very long, brown; culm smooth, erect, slender, 2 or
3 feet high, base leafy ; leaves very long, light green ; sheath
short, pale, scariose; umbels 6 in. high; spikelet 10 or
12-flowered ; involucellum white ; glume oblong ; apex
nicked; edge pale, scariose; keel green, smooth.

Root diuretic, emmenagogue, tonic; also sweet-scented,
the scent improving by being kept in powder.

V. 36. CLADIUM. Schrader. Pricklerush .

Spathelle 1, imbricate, 1 -flowered, outer smaller and
empty; glume lies none; stamens 2; style not jointed ; stig-
mata 2, 3, or 4; drupe long, rather 3-sided; putamen brittle,
thin; nut long, elliptical, rather 4-furrowed, upper part
naked, nucleus white. — Root creeping, fistulous, round,
branchy, tumid and knobby at the bottom; leaves flat,
linear, edge and ridge prickly, sheath short; ligula none;
corymbus terminal or axillary; spikelets 2 or 3-flowered.

Cladium Germanicum . German Pricklerush .

Culm round; corymbus crowded; spikelet fascicled.

Cyperus longus inodorus sylvestris, Ger. em. 29; Raii Syn. 426, 4.

Cyperus longus inodorus vulgaris, Park. 126:4.

Pseudo-cy perus palustris, Micheli N. P. G. 55.

Schcenus Mariscus, Lin. S. P 62.

Cladium Germanicum, Schrader Germ. 7 5.

Prickly bogrush.

Marshes, especially saline; perennial; July and August.

Leaves dry, very long; sheaths very smooth; corymbi
in pairs; peduncles long; bractece ovate; spikelet shining,
2-flowered, ovate, crowded ; glumes light brown, obtuse ;
drupe red, shining.

PL end. ph. 9. CYPERACE/E. 37. Chaetospora. 71

VI. 37. CHiETOSPORA. R. Brown. Marshrush .

Spathelle 1, imbricate, 1 or 2 outer smaller, empty;
glumelles setaceous; setce 6, shorter than the glumes; sta-
mens 2 or 3 ; style deciduous, not jointed; stigmata 2, re-
volute; akenium lenticular, 3-sided. — Root creeping; culm
roundish, base leafy; leaves flat, or half-round, channelled,
edge smooth, ridge 0; ligula short; spike terminal, upright,
2-rowed, compressed, compound; spikelet alternate, sessile,
2 or many-flowered ; rachis flexuose.

1. Chce torpor a compressa. Compressed marshrush,

Culm roundish ; leaves flat ; bractece leaiiike, acute, longer

than the spike; spikelets inanyflowered.

Gramen cyperoides spica smiplies compressa disticba, Rail Syn. 425 $
spic. 14.

Cyperella, $ 2, Micheli N. P. G. 53.

Carex uliginosa, Lin. S. P. 05.

Scirpus caricis, Retz PrGd. 64.

Scirpus coinpressus, Persoon Syn. 1, 66.

Scirpus caricinus, Schrad. Germ. 1, 132.

Turfy bogs; perennial; July.

Root shootbearing; culm rather 3-sided, 9 in. high, up-
right; leaves not channelled, smooth; ligula truncate; spike
brown, shining; lower bractece 3, slender, leaflike; upper
ovate, scariose, mucronate; spikelets 6 to 12, the lower
sometimes branched.

2. Chcetospora rufa . Red marshrush ,

Culm round; leaves half-round, channelled; bractece

leaflike, obtuse, shorter than the spike ; spikelet fewflowered.

Sclicenus rufus, Hudson FI. Ang. 15.

Schoenus brunnesis, Solanders MSS.

Schceui compressi varietas, Light/. FI. Scot. 1138.

Scirpus rufus, Wahl. Lapp. 15.

Bogs; perennial; July.

Root horizontal; culm 6 in. high ; leaves dilated at bot-
tom, membranous, sheathing, full as long as the culm ; spike
brown, shining ; spikelets 5 or 6, branched ; bractece some-
times wanting.

VII. 38. RHYNCHOSPORA. Vahl. Beakrush.

Spathelle 1, imbricate, lower smaller and empty; glu-
melles setaceous, setae 8 or 10, denticulate, shorter than the
glumes; stamens 2 or 3 ; style subulate, dilated at the bot-
tom, persisting; stigmata 2 or 3; akenium, bony, lenticular,
conical, beaked. — Root perennial, fibrous, or creeping ;
culm slender, triangular, base slightly tumid ; leaves linear,

72 87. Rhynchospora. 9. CYPERACEiE. Pl.end.ph.

channelled, edge and ridge rough; sheaths short; ligula 0,
or very short ; pikelets umbelled, axillary, or terminal, 2 or
3-flowered ; hractece leaflike, longer than the spikelets.

1. Rhynchospora alba. White beakrush .

Culm rather acute-angled ; leaves very slender, channelled;

spikelets fascicled ; root fibrous.

Cyperus minor palustris hirsutus, paniculis albis paleaceis, Raii Syn.
427,6.

Gramen jnnceum leucanthemum, Ger, em. 30.

Cyperella ^ 1. No. 1. Micheli JV. P. G. 53.

Schoenus albus, Lin. S. P. 65.

Schcenus setaceus, Thuil. FI. Par. 19.

Rhynchospora alba, Vahl Enum. 2,236.

Bogs; perennial; July and August.

Culm fascicled, in tufts, 1 2 in. high ; leaves shorter than
the culm, erect; sheath 3-sided, white; ligula very short;
spikelet oblong, erect, white, turning brownish ; akenium
compressed, acute, white ; stigmata shorter than the style.

2. Rhynchospora fusca. Brown beakrush .

Culm blunt-angled ; leaves bristlelike, channelled ; spike -

lets fascicled ; root creeping.

Cyperus minor angustifolia palustris capitulis fuscis paleaceis, Raii
Syn. 427,6.*

Cyperella ^ 1, No. 2, Micheli N. P. G. 53.

Schoenus fuccus, Lin. S. P. 1664.

Schoenus albus 8, Hudson FI. Ang. 16.

Rhynchospora alba 8 , Vahl Enum. 2, 236.

S hoenus setaceus, Thuil. FI. Paris, 19.

Rhynchospora fusca, Rcemer Syst. Veg. 88.

Turf bogs; perennial; August.

Root hard, throwing up a single culm here and there; culm
almost naked, slender; leaves very slender ; sheath round;
ligula 0 ; spikelet 3 or 4-flowered, oblong, brown, acute ;
akenium roundish, palebrown, shining ; stigmata longer
than the style.

VIII. 39. SCHCENUS. Theophrastus. Bogrush.

Spathelle 1, imbricate, 3 or 6 outer small, crowded and
empty, flowerbearing 3 or 4, alternate ; rachis flexuose ;
glumelles bristlelike, bristles 3 to 6, smooth, shorter than
the glumes ; stamens 3; style deciduous, not jointed; stig-
mate 3 ; akenium 3-sided. — Root fibrous, perennial ; leaves
all radical, tufted, bristlelike, ridged, planoconvex, shorter
than the culm ; sheaths broad, slit lengthways, black,
shining; ligula very short; culm round, not branched, apex
thickened; head terminal, ovate; spikelets many; involu-
crum 2-valved, valves unequal.,

9. CYPERACEiE. 39. Schcenus. 7$

PI. end. ph.

1. Schcenus nigricans. Black logrush.

Head ovate ; spikelels many ; lractece unequal, lower

ending in an awlshape bristle longer than the head ; culm
round, smooth.

Scirpus q. Juncus laevis minor, panicula glomerata nigricante, Rail Syn.
430, 10.

Melanoschcenus palustris, Micheli N. P. G. 46.

Schcenus nigricans, Lin. S. P. 64.

Cyperus nigricans, With. 78.

Spongy bogs; perennial; May and June.

Culm erect, 18 in. high; head terminal, black, shining;
leaves rather rough ; lower lractece ovate ; stem clasping,
black, enclosing the spikelets, cartilaginous, shining, ribbed,
opake, ridged, rib green, ending in an awlshape seta longer
than the head ; upper lractece small, similar to the lower,
but the seta is very short, or even wanting; spikelets
crowded, acute; glumes acute, keel rough; seed shining,
white.

2. Schcenus ferrugineus. Brown logrush.

Head linear; spikelets 2 or 3; lractece nearly equal;

Iristle scarcely longer than the head; culm round, smooth.

Scheenus ferrugineus, Lin. S. P. 64.

Mountain bogs ; perennial ; August.

Leaves slender, setaceous, very short, smooth; sheath
brown, apex notched ; culm slender, 8 in. high ; head
brownish, slender; Iracteolce at the base of each spike,
ovate, 5-ribbed, back smooth ; lractece nearly equal, setae
4 or 5.

C. SciRPiDEiE. Glumes imbricate all round ; flowers
hermaphrodite ; glumelles more or less bristlelike.

IX. 40. SCIRPUS. Tragus. Rush.

Spathelles 1, imbricate all round, all fertile; spaihellules
bristly, bristles 5 or 6, toothed, shorter than the glumes ;
stamens 2 br 3; style 1, not dilated at the bottom, jointed,
deciduous ; stigmata 2 ; akenium 3-sided.

a. Bceotherion. Root fibrous, perennial; culm round , smooth ,
striated ; leaves none ; sheaths tubular , leafless; spikes solitary ,
terminal; lractece 2, glumaceous.

1. Scirpus ccespitosus. Turf rush.

Spike ovate, 4 or 5-flowered ; lractece nearly equal, as
long as the spike; lower ending in a very short blunt
mucro; radical scales many.

PI. end.ph.

74 40. Scirpus. 9. CYPERACEAS.

Scirpus ruontanus capitulo brevior, Raii Syn. 429,9.

Scirpus §.

Scirpus csespitosus, Lin. S. P. 72.

Leer’s hair.

Turfy heaths; perennial; July.

Culm densely tufted, very smoothly streaked, stiff, G in.
high ; sheaths ending a short leaf ; lower hractece 3 or
5-ribbed ; mucro white, thick.

2. Scirpus pauciflorus. Fewflowered rush ,

Spike ovate, 6 or 7~dowered: traded unequal, shorter

than the spike; radical scales very few.

Scirpus, § 5, No. 1, Micheli N. P. G. 51.

Scirpus Bceolhryon, Lin. Suppl. 108.

Scirpus paucifiorns, Lightfoot Scot, 1078.

Scirpus Kalieri, Villars JJelph. 2, 188.

Hilly bogs; perennial; August.

Culms many, 6 in. high, upright; barren culms taller;
glumes obtuse, and apex whitish.

3. Scirpus campestris . Champaign rush .

Spike linear, 3 or 4 -flowered ; hr act ece equal, as long as

the spike ; radical scales very few.

Scirpus campestris, Roth Catal. 1, 85.

Splashy fields; perennial; August.

Culm 4 in. high, upright; spike when flowering linear;
when fruiting oblong; hr act ece as long, or 2 to 3 times longer
than the spike.

4. Scirpus multicaulis . Many stemmed rush.

Spike ovate, manyflowered ; hractece equal, not very

short, obtuse ; radical scales 0.

Scirpus cquiseti capitulis crassioribus et babitioribus, humiiis et multi-
eaulis, Rupp. FI. Jen. a Hallero , 319.

Scirpus palustris j8, Lin. FI. Lapp.

Scirpus palustris, Ehr. Calam. 61.

Scirpus multicaulis. Smith Ft. Brit. 48.

Scirpus multicaulis, equiseti capitulis minoribus, Reliq. Ruddeck. 28, 2.

Bogs; perennial; July.

Foot thick ; culm 9 in. high ; sheath cylindrical ; spike
ferruginous; glumes equal, ovate, obtuse, blackish, edge
and point membranaceous, rib green.

b. Scirpus. Spikes many, terminal; culm round or 3-sided *
naked; leaves none ; root creeping ; hractece 2 or 3, leajlike.

5. Scirpus lacustris . Lake rush .

Culm round, elongated, smooth ; panicle branched ; spikes

ovate; lower hractece long, upright; upper hractece short,
horizontal.

Pl.end.ph, 9. CYPERACEiE. 40. Scirpus, 75

Scirpirs palustris altissimus, Raii Syn. 423, 1.

Juncus aquaticus maxitnus, Ger.em.35.

Juncus laevis maximus, Park. H9i.

Scirpus $ 1, No. 1, Mich. N. P. G. 49,

Scirpus lacustris, Lin. S. P. 72.

Bull rush.

Rivers and large pools ; perennial ; J uly.

Root horizontal ; culm upright, 6 feet high, dark green,
spongy; sheaths alternate, submembranaceous, brownish;
branches of the panicle unequal ; bractece 2, lanceolate,
shorter than the panicle ; upper bractece many, small, placed
next the panicle; spikelets crowded, brownish; glumes
keeled, edge fringed.

6. Scirpus medius. Middling rush .

Culm round, smooth, glaucous; panicle scarcely branched;

spike ovate ; bractece 3, lower erect, leaflike, 2 upper mem-
branous, equal, prickly, as long as the panicle; stigmata 2.

Scirpus q. Juncus sive Scirpus medius C. Bauhin, Raii Syn. 428,2.
Scirpus laevis vulgaris, Park. 1 191.

Scirpus § 1, No. 2, Mich. N. P. G. 50.

Scirpus Tabernaemontani, Gmel. FL Bud. 1, 101.

Scirpus palustris /3, Smith FI. Brit. 52.

Scirp.us glaucus, Eng. But. 33, 2321.

Less Bullrush.

Pure waters; perennial; July.

7. Scirpus carinatus . Ridged rush .

Culm below round, above 3-sided ; panicle nearly simple ;

spike ovate; bractece prickly; stigmata 2; sheaths acute,
leafless.

Scirpus q. Juncus aquaticus medius, caule carinato Doody, Raii Sym.
428, 3.

Scirpus lacustris y. Smith FI. Brit. 52.

Scirpus Davilis, Hoppe in Strum. Germ. 36.

Scirpus carinatus, Engl. Hot. 28, 1988.

Banks of rivers; perennial; August.

Upper bractece shorter than the panicle.

8 . Scirpus triqueter. Threesided rush ,

Culm 3-sided ; panicle cymose ; spikes sessile and pe-

duncled; spikelets ovate, crowded; sheaths ending in short
leaves; bractea 1, leaflike, upright, longer than the spike.

Scirpus q. Juncus acutus maritimus, caule triquetro maximo moili, pro-
cerior nostras Plukeneti, Raii Syn. 428, 4
Scirpus mucronatus j8, Huds. FI. Ang. 20.

Scirpus triqueter a. Smith FI. Brit. 55.

Scirpus triqueter. Withering. Bot.Arr, 78.

Sea-shore and river-banks ; perennial ; August.

76 40. Scirpus. 9. CYPERACEiE. Pl.end.ph.

Root yellow ; culm single or tufted, 4 feet high, upright,
pale green, angles acute; hraeteola short, membranaceous;
spikelets 3 or 5 ; glumes ovate, edge ciliated, apex blunt
mucronated; apex of the anther cuspidate, small, white,
diaphanous ; akenium obovate, edge rounded, very smooth.

j3. foliaceus . Sheaths ending in a short leaf.

9. Scirpus pungens. Prickly rush .

Culm 6-sided; spikes glomerate, sessile; glumes ovate,

rounded, apex 2-cut; anther aristated; sheath ending in
short leaves; hractea 1, upright, longer than the panicle.

Scirpus q. Juncus acutus maritimus caule triquetro, rigido, mucrone
pungente Plukenet, Raii Syn. 429, 5.

Juncus acutus maritiuius caule triangulo, Park, 1196.

Scirpus mucronatus, Wither. Bot. Arr. 2, 50.

Scirpus mucronatus a, Huds. FI. Angl. 20.

Scirpus triqueter #, Smith FI. Brit. 1, 55.

Scirpus llothii, Hoppe Deutschl, FI. 3 6, 4.

Sea-shore; perennial; August.

Culm slender, firm ; sheaths all ending in leaves ; spikelets
4 or 6, sessile; hractea. 3 or 4 in. long; glumes chesnut co-
lour, rounded, lobes acute, rib not prominent.

10. Scirpus maritimus . Sea rush .

Culm 3-sided, leafy ; panicle cymose, simple, bracteate ;

leaves many, ridged ; hractea 2 to 5, pungent ; glumes mu-
cron ate.

Cyperus q. Gratnen cyperoides palustris, panicula sparsa, Parkinson
(1266), Raii Syn. 425, 2.

Gramen aquaticum cyperoides volgatius, Ger . em. 22.

Scirpus maritimus, Lin. S. P. 74.

Scirpus cyperoides, La Marcke FI. Fr. 3, 553.

Salt marshes ; perennial ; August.

Root creeping, scaly ; culm upright, rigid, 3 feet high,
angles acute; leaves channelled, pointed, upper largest;
sheaths smooth; panicle cymose, branchy, spreading; spike
sessile or peduncled; hractea unequal, pungent, lower
longest.

conglohatus. Panicle simple, conglomerate ; spikes all
sessile ; hractea mostly 2.

y. nodosus. Root knobbed.

Cyperus rotundus littoreus inodorus, Raii Syn. 426, 3.

Cyperus rotundus littoreus, Ger. em. 31.

Cyperus rotundus littoreus inodorus Anglicus, Park. 1264.

Round-rooted bastard cyperus.

PLend.ph. 9* CYPERACE^E. 4*0. Scirpus. 77

11. Scirpus sylvaticus. Wood rush.

Panicle very branched, corymbose, bracteate ; culm
3-sided, leafy ; spikelets crowded ; glumes not nicked, mu-
cronate ; bractece 3, leaflike5 unequal.

Cyperus gramineus, Rati Syn. 426, 5.

Cyperus gramineus miliaceus, Ger. cm. SO.

Pseudocy perus miliaceus, Park. 1171.

Scirpus sylvaticus, Lin . S. P. 175.

Millet cyperus grass.

Damp woods; perennial; July.

Culm single, upright, 2 feet high, hollow at top, leafy ;
leaves broad, acute, shining; sheaths smooth ; ligula small;
bractece 2 or 4*, lower longer than the panicle ; upper small,
loose, truncated ; spikelets dark green.

X. 41. ELEOCHARIS. R. Brown. Cluhrush .

Spathelle 1 , all alike fertile ; glumelles bristlelike, bristles 4,
denticulate; style dilated at bottom, jointed to the ovary ;
stigmata 2 or 3; akenium lenticular, dilated at bottom,
crowned with the hardened style.— Root annual, fibrous,
or perennial, creeping, horizontal ; culm simple, round or
angular, smooth; sheaths truncated, leafless; spike 1, ter-
minal, upright, naked ; glume imbricate all round ; leaves 0,
except on the barren culms.

a. Culm bristly , thread shape ^ angular ; root fibrous.

1. Eleochcrris acicularis. Needlelike club rusk.

Culm 4-angled, bristly ; spike ovate, acute ; bractea half

the length of the spike; root fibrous; stigmata 3.

Scirpus minimus capitulis equiseti, Rail Syn. 429, 8.

Scirpus acicularis, Lin. S. P. 71.

Cyperus acicularis. With. 78.

Eleocharis acicularis, Rcemer Sys. Veg. 154.

Wet heaths and bogs; perennial; August.

Root fibrous, in tufts; culms many; sterile culms long,
recurved, obtuse, threadshape, smooth, knotty ; sheaths very
fine ; spikes 5 to 1 1-flowered, turning black ; glumes ovate,
obtuse, rib green ; akenium white, shining ; bristles 4, fall-
ing off.

b. Culm round ; root creeping.

2. Eleocharis palustris . Marsh chibrush „

Culm round; spike oblong; glumes lanceolate, acute;

root creeping ; stigmata 2 ; bractea very small,

Q

78 41. Eleochark 9. CYPERACEiE.

PL end. ph.

Scirpus equiseti capitulo majori, Rail Syn. 429, 7.

Junctts aquaticus capitulis equiseti, Park. l]96.

Juncus minor capitulis equiseti, Ger. em. 34.

Scirpus palnstris, Lin. S. P„ 70..

Eleocharis palustns, Reenter Sys. Veg. 151.

Bulbostylis palustris, Steven Mem. Mosq. 5, 355.

Rivers and ditches; perennial; June and July.

Root horizontal, stoloniferous ; culms unequal, in tufts,
very soft, spongy, thick ; sheaths coloured ; apex brown,
obliquely truncated ; spike ovate, cylindrical, neatly imbri-
cate ; glumes equal, brown, edge scariose, rib green ; akenium
yellow.

XL 42. ISOLEPIS. R. Brown. Smoothfush .

Spathelles 1, all alike, fertile; glumelles none; stamens 3;
style not jointed to the ovary, base simple, falling off; stig-
mata 2 or 3 ; akenium lenticular or 3-sided. — Root fibrous
or creeping ; leaves 0, except the barren round culms ;
spikes terminal, single ; spikelets lateral, sessile or capitate,
footstalked ; hractece 2, glumaceous.

a. Spike 1, terminal ; hractece 2 -valued,

1. Isolepis fluitans . Floating smoot brush*

Culm branched ; barren culms flaccid ; spike fewflowered.

Scirpus equiseti capitulo ruinori, Raii Syn. 431, 12.

Scirpus fluitans, Lin. S. P. 71.

Isolepis fluitans, R. Brown Prod. 222.

Ditches and ponds ; perennial ; July, August.

Root fibrous ; culm very long, floating, rooting at the
joints ; spike green, small ; stigmata 2.

0. stolonifera. Culm channelled, leafy at the bottom ;
spike 2-flowrered.

b. Spikelets terminal , aggregated , capitate; hractece 2,
leajlike.

2. Isolepis paniculala . Panicled smoothrusk .

Heads globose, sessile or footstalked ; hractece unequal,

the lower channelled, edge sawed, the upper shorter, bent
down; culm round, naked, smooth.

Scirpus maritimus, capitulis rotundiorihus glomeratis, Raii Syn. 429,6.

Scirpioides $ 1, No. I, Micheli N. P. G. 52.

Scirpus Holoschcenus, Lin. S. P. 72.

Scirpus Holoschcenus a. Smith FI. Br. 51.

Isolepis Holoschcenus, Rcem.Sys. Veg. 151.

Salt marshes; perennial ; August to November.

PLetid.ph. 9. CYPERACEiE. 42. Isolepis. 79

Root horizontal, in tufts; culms many, sea-green, 3 feet
high, stiff; sheaths 3 or 4, alternate brown, streaked, acute,
apex ending in a short barren culm 2 or 3 in. long; panicle
unequal, stiff, divaricating; lower hractea acute, upright,
6 in. long; upper green, short, divaricated; heads 5 to 8,
verrucose; spikelets rounded ; stamens 3.

0. australis. Middle head sessile, the rest footstalked ;
culm slender.

Juncus minor acutus maritimus prolifer, P taken. Phyt. 40, 5.

Scirpioides ^ 2, No. 2, Michel* N. P. G. 52.

Scirpus australis, Lin. S. P. 72.

Scirpus Hoiosclicenus i?, Smith FI. Br. 53.

y. Romana. Head all sessile; culm very slender.

Scirpioides § 3, No. 2, Micheli N. P. G. 52.

Scirpus Romamis, Lin . S. P. 72.

Scirpus Holoschoenus y. Smith FI. Br. 53.

Isolepis Holoschoenus romamis, Roem. S. V. 151.

c. Spike terminal , solitary or aggregate; hracteos 1 or
2-leaved ; akenium streaked longitudinally.

3. Isolepis setacea . Bridle smoothrush.

Culm bristlelike, slender, unbranched ; spikes 1 to 4,
nearly sessile, horizontal; hractea 1, leaflike, long, upright,
much shorter than the culm ; akenium roundish.

Scirpus foliaceus humilis. Rail Syn. 430, 11.

Juncellus Lobellii, Park. 1192.

Grainen jtinceum maritimum exile Plimmoslii, Park. 1270

Scirpus S 2, No. 5, Micheli N. P. G. 50.

Scirpus setaceus, Lin. S. P. 73.

Isolepis setacea, R. Brown Prod. 222.

Plymouth rush. Small clubrush.

Wet sandy ground; annual ; July and August.

Root fibrous, in tufts; culms many, 3 in. high, rather
stiff; sheaths ending in a short, channelled, barren stem;
spike apparently lateral, ovate, 1, 4, 6, or 1 2-fiowered, va-
riegated with white, green, and purple ; hractece sheathing,
dilated at bottom, edge scariose, concave; akenium obovate,
very small.

XII. 43. TRICHOPHORUM. Persoon. Hares-tail

Spathelle 1 , imbricate, all round ; glumetles bristlelike ;
bristles 6, woolly, crisp, smooth, longer than the glumes,
becoming exserted; stamens 3; style 1, not dilated at bot-
tom, jointed, falling off’; stigmata 2 or 3; akenium ovate.—
Root creeping, perennial, in tufts; culm angular, rough.

SO 44. Triohophor. 9. CYPERAC£y£. Pl.end.ph .

slender, leafy at bottom ; leaves short, linear, obtuse, chan-
nelled ; sheaths tubular ; scales many ; spike terminal, single;
hermaphrodite or unisexual ; hractece 2, unequal, glu-
maceous.

Trichophorum alpinum. Alpine hares-tail .

Culm 3 or 4 angular, angles rough ; hractece shorter than
the spike ; spike few-flowered.

Linagrostis § 1, No. 3, Micheli N. P. G. 54.

Eriophorum alpinum, Lin. S. P. 77.

Trichophorum alpinum, Persoon Syn. 1,70.

Turf bogs; perennial; April, May.

Culms erect, 9 in. high ; leaves 1 in. long, blunt ; spike
ovate; hractece ovate; upper bractea mucronate; mucro
short, blunt ; lower bractea awnless.

XIII. 44. ERIOPHORUM. Theophrastus. Cotiongrass .

Spathelle 1, imbricate, all fertile; glumelles bristly,
bristles many, smooth, woollike, longer than the glumes,
becoming exserted; stamens 3; style 1, not dilated at bot-
tom, jointed, falling off; stigmata 2 or 3; akenium 3-sided,
ovate. — Root creeping, mostly in tufts, perennial; culms
round or angular, mostly smooth ; spike manyflowered,
hermaphrodite ; glumes scarcely ribbed, very thin, scariose,
dark, edge white.

a. Spikes single , terminal ; hractece 3 or 4, like the glumes .

1. Eriophorum capitatum . Headed cotiongrass.

Culm round ; sheaths slightly inflated : spike sub-

globose ; anther heartshape, ovate, short ; root creeping.

Linagrostis § 1, No. 2, Micheli N. P. G. 54.

Eriophorum capitatum, Hoff. Germ. 3, 26.

Eriophorum Scheuehzeri, Persoon Syn. 1,70.

Eriophorum vagiuatum #, Suter FL Helv. 1,28.

Eriophorum alpinum, Villars Dauph. 2, 184.

Marshy heaths ; perennial ; March.

Root long; culms few, thick, soft, deep green, sheathed
below; leaves in bundles, bristlelike, awlshape, spongy,
shorter than the culms.

2. Eriophorum vaginatum. Sheathed cotiongrass .

Culms 3-sided; sheaths inflated above, bellied; spike

oblong, ovate; anthers linear, long; root fibrous, in tufts.

PLend.ph. 9. CYPERACEJE. 44. Eriophorum. SI

Linagrostis q. Juncus Alpinus cum cauda leporina Joh.Bauhin, Raii
Syn. 436, 2.

Gramen juneoides lanatum alterum Danicum, Park. 1271.

Gramen junceum raiontanum, subcseiulea spica, Cambro-britannicum,
Park. 1188.

Linagrostis, § 1, No. 1, Micheli N. P. G. 54.

Eriophorum vaginatum, Lin . S. P. 76.

Linagrostis vaginata, La Marck FI. Fr. 555.

Eriophorum caespitosum, Schrader Germ. 1, 150.

Harestail rush , Moss crops.

Turf bogs; perennial;

Roots in dense tufts ; culms 1 foot high, hard, slender,
angles black and smooth ; sheaths long, tubular, leafless,
brown above, inflated, reticulate; leaves upright, 3-sided,
shorter than the culms.

b. Spike many peduncled, paniculate ; bracteee
leajlike , unequal .

3. Eriophorum latifolium. Broadleaved cotton grass*

Culms roundish; leaves flat; spike drooping; peduncles

rough.

Linagrostis, ^ 2, No. 1, Micheli N. P. G. 54.

Eriophorum polystachyon, Lin. S. P. 76.

Linagrostis paniculata a. La Ma<ek FI. Fr. 3,555.

Eriophorum vulgare, Persoon Syn. 70.

Eriophorum latifolium, Hoppe Hot. Tasch. 1800, 109.

Bogs ; perennial ; April.

Root fibrous, thick; culm erect, small, 2 inches high,
leafy, above rather 3-sided ; edge and ridge of the leaves
rough, apex 3-sided; sheaths white, leafless; panicle ter-
minal ; bracteae 2 or 4, green, shorter than the spike, black
and sheathing at bottom; peduncles upright, very short,
growing long and pendulous.

0. ramosum. Peduncles branched.

4. Eriophorum an gusli folium. Narrowleaved cottongrass ,
Culm roundish ; leaves channelled, plaited ; spikes

drooping ; peduncles not branched, very smooth.

Linagrostis, Raii Syn. 435, 1.

Gramen tornentariurn, Ger. em. 29.

Gratnen junceum lanatum, vel Juncus bombycinus vulgaris, Park, 1271.
Linagrostis § 2, No. 3, Micheli N. P. G. 54.

Eriophorum polystachion, Huds. FI. Ang. 21.

Eriophorum angustifolium, Hoppe Rot. Tasch. 1800, 107.

Eriophorum polystachion (?, Willd . S. P. 1,313,

Cotton grass.

Turf bogs; perennial; April.

VOL. II. G

82 44. Eriophorum. 9. CYPERACEaE. Pl. end.ph .

Root creeping, scaly; culms slender, smooth, a foot high,
round, 3-sided above; leaves long, slender, acutely keeled,
edge smooth ; panicle 4 to 8-spiked ; bract ece leaflike, un-
equal ; spike sometimes dioicous or polygamous.

0. Alpinum. Panicle 2 or 3-spiked.

5. Eriophorum gracile. Slender cotton grass.

Calami 3-sided ; leaves filiform, 3-sided, channelled ;
spike erect, peduncled, overtopping the bractege; peduncles

rough.

Eriophorum triquetrum, Hoppe Dot. Tasch. 1800, 108.

Eriophorum gracile, Roth Catnl. II. Appendix.

Linagrostis paniculata jS, La March FI. Fr. 3, 555.

Bogs; perennial; April

Roots creeping; culms slender, 18 in. high; leaves chan-
nelled at bottom ; lower sheaths brown ; spikelets 3 or 4,
oblong, fruitbearing, drooping; peduncles unequal.

V. 10. GRAMINEtE.

Flower hermaphrodite, or unisexual, glumaceous; glumes
1, 2, or manyflowered, or 2-rowed on a common rach is ;
spathelles 2 or none; glumelle of 1 or 2 spathellules; spat bel-
ittles dissimilar; outer mostly carinate, 1 or many-ribbed,
awnless, bristled, or awned; lower mostly 2-ribbed, awnless,
rarely 2-awned, sometimes more ; lodicule 1 or 2, hypogy-
nous, small, inserted mostly side by side between the ex-
ternal spathellule, and the stamens, rarely opposite, alter-
nating with the valves, or wanting; stamens 3, hypogynous,
rarely 1 or 2; anthers 2-celled, 2 forked; ovary 1, free,
1 -seeded; style 2 or 3 ; stigmata feathered, hispid, or as-
pergilliform ; cariopsis membranaceous; corculnm small, ba-
sillary; perisperm farinaceous. — - Herb annual or perennial;
root fibrous; culm cylindrical, fistulous, jointed, mostly
simple; leaves alternate, 1 at each joint, sheathing; sheath
divided lengthways; flowers small, panicled or spiked.

1. Locustce all alike ; flowrets enclosed in the same
receptacle . Monothaiama.

A. Axis not jointed ; glumes inserted alternately.
a. Glumes l-flowered ; lon er spalhelle largest.

Spathellule 1, awned; axis spiked;
spike not involucrated .... Alopecurus. 85.

Spathellule 1, awned; axis panicled;

spathellule nicked at the apex

%

Agraulus. 91.

10. GRAMINEiE;

PL end . ph.

83

Spathellules 2, awnless, acute ; lodicule
lanceolate; glumelles not notched Milium. 98.

Spathellules 2, awnless, acute; lower
spafhellule 3-cut. . .. Vilfa. 88.

Spathellules 2, lower ending in a bristle;
lower spathellule 2-cut Calamagrqstis. 93.

Spathellules 2, lower with a bristle below
the apex ; glumes nearly equal, obtuse,
nicked, with a long bristle Polypogon. 95.

Spathellules 2, lower ending in an awn ;
spathellules cartilaginous; awn jointed ...... Stipa. 97*

Spathellules 2, lower ending in an awn ;
spathellules membranaceous; awn not
jointed Achnatherum* 92.

Spathellules 2, lower with an awn below
the apex, 3 or 4-toothed ; glumes very long,
base ventricose Gastridium. 94.

b. Glumes l-Jlowered ; lower spathelle smallest ;
spathellules 2.

Spathellules awnless, lower many-toothed ;

glumes truncated, mucronate Poleum. 83.

Spathellules awnless, lower acute; glumes
very acute; locusta spiked, unilateral. .... Spartina. 87®
Spathellules mucronate below the apex ;
stigmata 3; awns turbinate, 3-sided;

panicle spiked . Psamma. 86.

Spathellule lower, with a bristle below
the apex; upper 2>-cut; stigmata 2; panicle

compound . Apera. 90.

Lower spathellules ending in a bristle;

glume truncated, fringed; axis digitate .... Mibora. 99.

Lower spathellules awned below the
middle; bristles 2, at the top; panicle spiked Lagurus. 96.

c. Glumes imperfectly 2-jlowered j spathellules 2, awnless .

Rudiment of the abortive flowret sessile,
subulate ; glumes nearly equal, boatshaped,
gibbous PiiALARis. 84.

Rudiment of the abortive flowret pedi-
celled, filiform; glumes equal; lodicule lan-
ceolate, small Chilochloa. 82.

Rudiment of the abortive flowret pedi-
celled, clavate ; glumes very short, persist-
ing ; axis digitate Cynodon. 51.

G 2

U 10. GRAMINEJE. Pl.end.ph .

d. Glumes 2 -flowered; flowers polygamous ; spathellules 2.

Spathellules awnless ; lower glumes very
minute; axis digitate; locusta unilateral.. Digitaria. 100.

Spathellules awnless; lodicule obtuse;
axis panicled; locusta involucrated with
bristles Setaria. 101.

Spathellule lower, ending in a bristle;
glumes and glumelles of the lower flowret
hairy Echinochloa. 102.

Lower spathellule awned on the back
below the middle; apex 2-lobed; lower
flowret male Arrhenatherum. 75.

e. Glumes 3, or many-flowered ; flowers polygamous .

Spathellules awnless ; glumes 5 or 7-flowered ;
upper flowret hermaphrodite, base girt with
woolly hairs Arundo. 71.

Lower spathellule awned ; glume 3-flowered ;
middle flowret s hermaphrodite, awnless

Anthoxanthum. 78.

f. Glumes 2 or many -flower ed ; flowers hermaphrodite .

Spathellules awnless ; locust ce 2 in each in-

volucrum; involucrum 1 -leaf, globed; lobes pin-

natifid Cynosurus. 68.

Spathellules awnless, cordate, not notched ;
involucrum 0 ; glumes compressed, base cor-
date, subauriculated Briza. 55.

Spathellules awnless, ovate, not notched; in-
volucrum 0; glumes ovate; upper floscule abor-
tive, pedicelled Melica. 57.

Spathellules awnless, lanceolate, acute; invo-
lucrum 0 ; stigmata aspergilliform ; seed bimu-
cronate Mon ilia. 56.

Spathellules awnless; upper 2-cut, toothed;
involucrum 0; stigmata villose; lodicule ovate,
smooth Poa. 54.

Lower spathellule mucronate, 2-lobed ;
upper 2- toothed ; locus tee elongated ; flowret s
2-rowed, imbricate Megastachya. 53.

Lower spathellule mucronate; locus tee shorter
than the glumes; lodicule lanceolate Triodia. 58.

Lower spathellule ending in a bristle;
spike involucrated ; style simple ; lodicule
subulate Sesleria. 69.

10. GRAMINEiE.

85

PL end.plu

Lower spatkellule with a very short seta
below the tip; itpper 2-cut; panicle spiked Koeleria. 67.

Lower spathellule with a short seta below
the tip, nicked; upper 2-cut; panicle com-
pound, glomerated Dactylis. 66.

Lower spathellule with a long seta below
the tip, nicked ; upper 2-cut ; locusta few-
flowered; panicle compound Zerna. 61.

Lower spathellule with a straight awn and
cordately nicked below the tip; locustce many-
flowered ; panicle loose Bromus. 62.

Lower spathellule with a flexuous awn on
the back; Jlowrets dissimilar, lower almost
awnless Holcus. 79.

Lower spathellule with a flexuous awn above
the middle ; Jlowrets all alike; apex 2-bristled

Trisetum. 72.

Lower spathellule with a plaited awrn above
the middle ; Jlowrets all alike ; bristles none ;
seed husked Avena. 74*.

Lower spathellule torn, awned below the
middle; awn filiform, plaited, twisted; seed free Aira. 77.

Lower spathellule not notched, awned be-
low the middle; middle of the awn jointed,
woolly ; below twisted ; above clubshape

CoRYNEPHORUS. 81.

Lower spathellule many-toothed, awned at
the base; awn straight, scarcely longer than
the glumelle Deschampsia. 80.

Lower spathellule 2-toothed, apex awned ;
upper obtuse, truncated; lodicule ovate . . Danthonia. 73,

B. Axis jointed or toothed ; glumes inserted parallely »
a. Locustce many-Jlowered ; Jlowrets hermaphrodite,

Spathellules awnless; lower erose, many-
toothed ; glumes margin hyaline ; lad . hearth-
shape Glyceria. 65.

Spathellules awnless, lower truncate, erose,
toothed ; glumes 3-toothed ; lodicule lanceolate

Catabrosia. 76.

Spathelhdes awnless ; lower heartshape,
nicked, obtuse; upper not nicked; lod. nicked;
locusta unilateral Sclerochloa. 52.

IQ. GRAMlNEiE.

PI, end. ph .

S6

Lower spathellule with a bristle below the
apex; apex nicked; proper peduncle inflated,
wedgeshape . ; . . . Schedonorus. 6Q,

Lower spathellule ending in a very short
bristle ; apex not nicked ; stamens 3 ; locusta
panicled; prop. ped. inflated, wedgeshape .. Festuca. 63.

Lower spathellule ending in a long bristle;
apex not nicked; stamen. 1 ; locusta panicled;
prop. ped. inflated, wedgeshape . « Vulpia. 64.

Lower spathellule ending in a bristle ;

Upper obtusely truncated ; edge stiff-haired ;

locusta 1 in each joint of the rachis . . Brachypodium. 59.

Lower spathellule ending in a short seta;
upper nicked, 2-cut; ovary bald; locusta 1 in
each tooth of the rachis Agropyron. 49.

Lower spathellide ending in a short seta;

2-cut, toothed ; lodicide unequally 2-toothed ;
locusta 1 in each tooth of the rachis ; lower
1-glumed Lolium. 48.

Lower spathellule ending in a short seta,
toothed ; lodicide not notched ; glumes broad,
boatshaped, nearly equal; locustce 1 in each
tooth of the rachis; ovary bearded Triticum. 50.

Lower spathellule ending in a long bristle,
entire; lodicide entire; glume awlshape; lo*

CUStce 1 in each tooth of the rachis Secale. 46.

Lower spathellule ending in a seta, not
nicked ; lodicide not notched ; locustce 2 or 3
irt each tooth of the rachis, ail 2-glumed .... Elymus. 47.

b. Locustce \-Jlowered .

Spathellules ending in a seta ; locustce 3 in
each tooth of the rachis; all fruitful Hordeum. 44.

Spathellules ending in a seta ; locustce 3 in
each tooth of the rachis ; 2 lateral barren Zeocriton. 45.

Spathellules membranaceous, awnless ;
glume cartilaginous, half immersed ; spike
cylindrical Ophiurus. 43.

Spathellules convolute; lower subulate,
awniess ; glumes none ; spike 1 -rowed Nardus. 42.

10. GRAMINEiE. 42. Nardus. 87

PL end . ph.

2. Locust (R dissimilar , enclosed in its proper

receptacle . Polythalama,

A. yte’s whole , pointed , nor toothed; glumes often

unequal , inserted alternately.

a. Axis androgynous ; locust ce l -flowered .

N^ut. flow, remote; spathelle 1; her m. flow.

Eeduncled; loiver spathellule with a bristle
elow the apex . Chrysurus. 70.

A. HoRDEACEiE. Rachis spiked; spikelet solitary, in
pairs, or many, 1 or many-flowered ; glumes opposite, equal ;
lower spathelle bearded or awnless ; upper spathelle 2-keeled ;
styles 2.

I. 42. NARDUS. Theophrastus. Mat grass.

Glume 0 ; spathellules 2, oblong, convolute ; lower spa -
thellule awlshape; styles and stigmata simple, hairy; ca-
riopsis free, furrowed. — Rachis toothed, spiked; spike sim-
ple, filiform; locustce 1-rowed.

Nardus strict a, Stiff mat grass.

Spike setaceous, straight, 1-rowed,

Gramen sparteum juncifutiura, Raii Syn. 393, 2.

Spartum nostras, parvum Lobclio, Ger. em. 43.

Spartum pai vum, Bafavicum et Anglicum, Parle. 1199.

!Nardus stricta, Lin. S. P. 77.

Small matweed.

Moist sandy heaths; perennial; July.

Culm bent at top, 6 in. high, stiff, rather angular, smooth;
leaves radical, closely tufted ; spike terminal, single, slender,

II. 43. OPHIURUS. Gsertner. Snaketail.

Glume cartilaginous, half immersed in a hollow of the
rachis, longer than the glumelles ; glumelles membranous,
hyaline; ovary rather naked, cordate ; stigmata feathered.
— Rachis jointed, toothed, spiked; spike simple, awlshape;
culm branchy.

1. Ophiurus incurvatus. Bent snaketail .

Spike round, awlshape, incurved; spathelles adpressed;
1 -flowered ; leaves flat ; floscules awnless,
iEgilops incurvata, Lin. S. P. 1491.

Agrostris incurvata. Scop. FI. Cam. 1, 62.

Rottbollia incuryata, Lin. Supplem , 114.

Sea hqrd grass.

88 43. Ophiurus. 10. GRAMINEiE. PL end. plu

Fields and meadows near the sea ; annual; August.

Culm rather compressed, very smooth, shining, kneed,
procumbent at bottom; leaves spreading, short smooth on
the back; sheaths rather tumid, compressed ; Li gala very
short, truncate; spike and rachis smooth; spat Julies when
in full flower patent, nearly equal, 3-ribbed ; outer spat he lie
larger, 1 -ribbed.

2. Ophiurus er ectus . Upright suakdaiL

Spike round, subulate, rather compressed, upright ; spa -
thelles 2, swordshape, 1 -flowered; fiowret awnless; leaves
channelled, subulate.

Rottbollia erecta, Savi Giorn. Pis. 4, 230.

Rottbollia filiformis, Willd. S. P. 1,464.

Rottbollia incurvata 0, De Gand. Syn. FI. Fr. 1653.

Fields near the sea ; perennial ? August.

III. 44. HORDEUM. Theophrastus. Bere«

Locusice 3 in each tooth of the rachis, 1 -flowered, all the
florets fertile ; spathelles 2, awlshape ; loner spatheliule
bristle pointed; upper spatheliule not nicked, rather ob-
tuse; lodicule blunt, not nicked, smooth ; ovary bearded at
the tip ; stigmata villose; cariopsis husky, furrowed. — Raphis
jointed, toothed, spiked; spike not branched.

Cultivated largely for malting, especially in Scotland.

1. Hordeum hexastichum . Six-row here .

Seeds disposed in six rows.

Hordeum polystiehum hybernum, Raii Syn. 388, 3, confounded with
hordeum tetrastiehum.

Hordeum hexastichon, Lin. S. P. 125.

Hordeum vulgare j9, Lam. FI. Fr. 623.

Full 6-sided big or here. Round barley. Winter barley. Greek barley.

Cultivated, sown in autumn; biennial; June and July.

Root and leaves like hordeum distichum ; culm 3 feet
high ; spike cylindrical, nearly erect ; beards more than
twice as long as the spikes ; cariopsis spread out.

Used as food for horses in warm countries, and for
malting.

2. Hordeum tetrastichum. Four-row here •

Seeds in four row2 * * * * 7s.

Hordeum polystiehum, Raii Syn. 388, 3 ; Park. 1130.

Hordeum polystiehum vernum, Ger. cm, 10.

Hordeum vulgare, Lin. S. P. 125.

Triticum vulgare, Salis. Prod. 27.

Square Barky. Big . Bear .

PLend.ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 44. Hordeum. 89

Cultivated like the preceding, with which it is generally
confounded.

Spike slightly compressed; beards nearly twice as long
as the spike; cariopsides 20 to 45, those on the sides spread
out, the others adpressed, more numerous but many im-
perfect.

0. nudum. Glume not adhering to the cariopsis.

Triticum spica hordei, Raii Syn, 387, 7.

Hordeum nudum, Ger. em. 72.

Zeopyrum, sive Tritico-speHum, Park. 1123.

Hordeum vulgare j8 cceleste, Lin.S. P. 125.

Naked barley. Black barley. Barley wheat.

Grown by few, but praised by them as excellent for
malting.

JV. 45. ZEOCRITON. C. Bauhin. Barley .

Locuslce 3 in each tooth of the rachis, 1 -flowered; the
middle floret fertile, the two lateral florets neutral or bar-
ren ; spathelles 2, awlshaped ; lo>ver spathellules bristle-
pointed ; upper spa the Hide not nicked, blunt; lodicule blunt,
not nicked, smooth ; ovary bearded at the tip ; stigmata
villose; cariopsis husked, furrowed, — Rachis toothed, joint-
ed, spiked ; spike simple.

1. Zeocriton distichon . Two-rowed barley .

Lateral flowers beardless; cariopsides angular, lying one

over the other.

Hordeum distichum, Raii Syn. 388, 1 ; Ger. em. 70; Park. 1130; Lin.
S. P. 125.

Zeocriton distichum, Palis, de Beauvais,

Barley. Spring barley .

Cultivated largely for malting, especially in England:
the decorticated seeds make a cooling and demulcent drink
by being boiled in water; and the flour is made in some
parts into bread, which must be baked almost as soon as
it is made up, as it grows sour very soon. The wort made
of the malt is antiseptic, and still more the yeast, or froth
that collects during the fermentation, which is also a va-
luable febrifuge. The fermented wort, of which there are
many varieties, is stimulant, cordial, and well supplies the
want of wine.

Beard more than twice as long as the spike.

/3. nudum . Spathelle not adhering to the cariopsis.

Turkie barley, Park. 1129.

Seeds elliptic, tawny, glabrous.

1

SO 45. Zeocriton. 10. GRAMINEiE.

PL end.ph „

2. Zeocriton vulgar e. Common barley .

Lateral flowers beardless; cariopsidps angular, patent.

Hordeum distichum, spica breviore et latiore, granis confertis, Raii
Syn. 388, 2.

Hordeum distichum minus, Park. 1129.

Hordeum Zeocriton, Lin. S. P. 125.

Sprat barley Battledore barley.

Cultivated, but not commonly.

Spike compressed, ovate, lanceolate ; beard terminal,
sometimes more than three times as long as the spike.

3. Zeocriton murinum. Wall barley.

Flowrets three; spathelle of the intermediate flowret linear,

lanceolate, ciliated ; spathelles of the outer flowrets bristled,
rough ; sheaths smooth.

Gramen secalinum, Secale sylvestre, Raii Syn, 391, 1 ; Ger. era. 73.
Hordeum spurium vulgare. Park. 1147.

Hordeum murinum, Lin. S . P. 125.

Triticum murale, Satis. Prod. 27.

Zeocriton murinum, Palis.de Beauvois.

Way bennett. Wild Rye. Mouse barley .

Ruins and waysides; annual; the whole summer.

Culms many, a foot long, erect, bent at bottom, leafy;
leaves light green, rough; sheaths nearly as long as the
leaves, rather bellied, very bald ; stipula very short ; spike
about 3 in. long.

4. Zeocriton secalinum. Rye barley.

Flowrets three; side-Jlowrets with short aristae; spathelles

of all the flowrets setaceous, rough ; locustce smooth ;
sheaths smooth.

Gramen secalinum, Raii Syn. 392 ; Ger. era. 29 *.

Gramen secalinum majus et minus, Park. 1144.

Jlordeum nodosum, Lin. S. P. 126.

Hordeum murinum Lin. S. P. 126.

Hordeum pratense, ffuds. FI. ^ ing . 56.

Hordeum secalinum, Willd. S. P. 1,45.

Zeocriton secalinum. Pal. de Beauv.

Tall meadow rie- grass .

Meadows and pastures ; perennial ; June.

Culm 18 in. high, erect, slender, leafy below, naked
above; leaves spread, acute, roughish; sheaths a little
bellied ; ligula very small ; spike short, narrow ; setae short.

5. Zeocriton maritimum. Sea barley.

Spathelles rough, inner spathelle of the lateral flowrets

^emilanceolate ; the rest setaceous ; leaves flat, soft.

10. GRAMINEiE. 45. Zeocriton. 91

PL end.ph.

Gramen secalinum palustre et maritirrsum, Raii Syn. 392,3.

Hordeum m iritimum, With. Rot. Ar. 172.

Hordeum marinum, Huds. FI. Ang. 57.

Zeocriton maritirnum, Pul. de Beauvois.

Squirrel-tail grass. Marsh rye-grass.

Grass lands by the sea; annual ; June, July.

Leaves rather glaucous; locustce pyramidal, compact;
setce long, stiff, and strongly barbed.

V. 46. SEC ALE. Pliny. Bye ,

Locusta 1 sessile in each tooth of the rachis, 2 or

3-flowered, 2 lower fertile, sessile, opposite, uppermost
abortive; spalhelles subulate, opposite, not notched, shorter
than the glumes; lower spath llule not notched, ending
in a very long bristle; upper 2-cut, toothed; lodicule ob-
ovate, not notched, pilose; ovary bearded; styles 2; stigmata
feathered; cariopsis husked, furrowed. — Rachis jointed,
toothed, spiked; spike simple; locustce crowded, imbricate.

Secale cere ale. Harvest rye .

Outer spathellule prickly, ciliated.

Secale, Raii Syn. 388, 1 ; Ger. em. 68.

Secale vulgatius, Park. 1128.

Secale cereale, L. S P. 124.

Triticum cereale, Salis. Prod. 27.

Cultivated in fields; annual; sown in autumn, for bread
either alone, or mixed with wheat to form meslin bread,
not drying so soon as wheat bread : and still more for fer-
mentation, and the manufacture of rye, malt, or corn-
spirit. The straw is split, and plaited into women’s hats,&c.

Root fibrous ; culm above naked, smooth, erect; leaves
erect; sheaths long, smooth; ligula very short; spike erect;
locustce glaucous, smooth.

|3. compositum . Spike branching.

7. vernum . Spike small, slender ; plant smalh

Secale vernum seu minus, Raii Syn. 388,2.

Secale aestivum seu minus, Park. 1129.

Sown in the spring.

VI. 47. ELYMUS. Micheli. Lymegrass .

Locustce 2 or more in each tooth of the rachis, 3 to

9-flowered ; spathelles in pairs nearly equal ; lower spa -
iheliule not notched, bristled ; bristle sometimes very short ;
Upper spathellule 2-cut, toothed; lodicule ovate, whole.

92 47. Elymus. 10. GRAMINEiE. PLe?id.pk.

hairy; ovary bearded; stigmata feathered; cariopsis husked,
farrowed.- — Rachis jointed, toothed, spiked; spike simple;
locustce crowded.

a. Locust a more than 2-flowered . Elymus.

1. Elymus arenarius . Sand lymegrass.

Spike erect, close; locustce mostly 3 -flowered, downy;

in two rows in the top and bottom of the spike, in three
in the middle ; scarcely shorter than the ciliated glume ;
Jlowrets awnless ; leaves involute, stiff.

Elymus arenarius, Lin. S. P. 122.

Hordeum villosnm, Moench Meth. 199.

Sandy sea-shores ; perennial ; July.

Root creeping; culm 4 feet high, upright, stiff; leaves
upright, firm, glaucous; lignla very short, crenulate; spike
about 7 in. long, subcompressed, closely set.

2. Elymus geniculatus. Bent lymegrass .

Spike loose, first erect, afterward bent and drooping;

locustce 3 or 4-flowered, pubescent, lower ones remote;
spalhelles , short, smooth ; leaves involute, stiff.

Elymus geniculatus, Curtis JBr. Gr. 46.

Culm 6 feet high, slender; leaves very narrow; spike
IS in. to 2 feet long, fiowrets remote, so that the rachis is
visible, the lower fiowrets at a great distance from one
another ; rachis bent twice, so that the tip hangs perpen-
dicularly down; spathelles half as long again as the lo-
custse, smooth ; locustce 4-flowered.

b. Locustce 2-flow ei'ed. Cuvieria.

3. Elymus P europceus . Europe lymegrass*,

Spike erect ; locustce in threes, 1 or 2-flowered, bearded,

rough ; spathelles linear, awlshape, bearded, as long as the
locustm ; leaves flat, smooth ; sheath hairy.

Gramen secalinmn majus sylvaticum, liaii Syn. 392,3.

Gramen secalinmn maximum. Park. 1144.

Elymus europeeus, Lin. Mant. 35.

Hordeum sylvaticum, Buds. FI. Jngl. 51.

Tritieum sylvaticum, Salisb. Prod. 27.

Secale villosum, Buds. FI. ed. 1 , 46.

Cuvieria European, Kosl. Grain. 328.

Great wood rys-grass .

Woods on chalky soils; perennial; Jnne^

PL end. ph. 10. GRAMlNEiE. 47. Elymus. 9S

Culm erect, 2 feet high, striated, bald, leafy at bottom ;
leaves spreading; sheaths ribbed, rather bellied; ligula
small, crenulate ; spike about 2 in. long, blunt, close set ;
Jlowrets mostly perfect, bearded ; beards twice as long as
the flowret ; locust ce subpedicelled, twoflowered, often only
oneflowered, as long as the spathelles.

VII. 48. LOLIUM. Pliny. Darnel

Locus tee sessile, 1-glumed ; terminal locusta 2-glumed ;
glumes opposite ; lower spathelle pointed at the tip, or with
a bristle ; upper spathelle membranous, 2-cut, toothed ;
lodicule 2-teethed ; teeth unequal; ovary rather 3-sided;
stigmata feathered ; cariopsis husked, furrowed. — Rachis
jointed, toothed, spiked; spike compound.

1. Lolium perenne, Lasting darnel

Spike beardless; locustce longer than the glume; root
perennial.

Lolium q. Gramen loliaceum, angustiore folio et spica, Raii Syn. 395,2.

Lolium rubrum, Ger. em, 78.

Lolium rubrum, sive Phoenix, Park. 1145.

Lolium perenne, Lin. S . P. 122.

Ray-grass. Red, darnel. Crap .

Meadows, pathsides, and cultivated ; perennial ; June.

Culm a foot high ; leaves deep green ; spike nearly erect,
2-rowed, compressed ; rachis bent alternately to take in the
locustae; locustce alternate, erect, ovate, compressed, many-
flowered ; glume of one spathelle, lanceolate, not bearded,
smooth, sometimes viviparous.

0. tenue. Locustce few-flowered.

Lolium tenue, Lin. S. P. 122.

Leaves and spike thin ; locustce 3 or 4 -flowered, not much
compressed, yet longer than the glume.

In barren soils.

y. paniculaium. Spike branched at bottom.

Lolium q. Gramen loliaceum paniculatum, Raii Syn. 39 5,3.

Phoenix multiplici spicata panicula, Park. 1146.

£. compositum . Spike compound, very short, 7 to
9-flowered, compressed, crowded.

e. viviparum. Glume and glumelle changed into leaves.

L purpurascens . Locustce purplish green.

94* 48. Lolium. 10. GR AMINE Ai

PL end . phi

2. Lolium temulentum . Intoxicating darneh

Spike bearded ; locustce smaller than the glume ; root

annual ; culm rough above.

Lolium album, Rail Syn. 395, 1 ; Ger.erii . 78; Park. 1145.

Lolium temulentum, Lin. S. P. 122.

Lolium annuum. Lamarck FI. Franc.

Craclialia temulenta, Schrank FI. Bat. 255.

Bromus temulentus, Bern. Erfurd. 49.

Bearded darnel.

Corn-fields and among flax ; annual * June.

Culm erect, 2 feet high, very bald below, but rough
above ; leaves rough ; ligula very short, blunt, crenulate ;
spike erect, large; fachis rough; flowrets many, awned a
little below the tip ; awn twice as long as the flowret.

Seeds ground with bread-corn produce headach and
vertigo, if the bread is eaten hot; malted with barley, and
made into malt-liquor it renders the liquor very intoxica-
tive : if eaten by itself, or with but a little wheat-flour, it is
even deleterioiis.

3. Lolium arvense. Corn darneh

Spikes mostly awnless; locustce and glumes of equal length;

root annual.

Lolium arvense, With. 1G8.

Lolium temulenium, Huds. Fl.Ang. 55.

Lolium annuum, Bern. Erford. 1801.

White darnel.

Fields; annual; July.

Culm and rachis entirely bald ; leaves bald, but some-
times rough at top 5 glume mostly of one spathelle, some-
times of two ; locustce rather longer than the glume ; flowret
apparently awnless ; awns extremely short.

VIII. 49. AGROPYRUM. Gaertner. Wheat grass.

Locustce sessile or with short footstalks; glume 3 to
9-flowered, acute, not notched, opposite, shorter than the
flowret ; lower spathellule not notched, sometimes toothed ;
bristled ; bristles sometimes very short or none 5 upper spa -
thelbde nicked or 2-cut, toothed ; lodicule ovate, not nicked*
hairy; ovary smooth; stigmata feathered ; cariopsis husked,
furrowed. — Rachis jointed, toothed, spiked; spike compound*

1. Agropyrum junceum. Rush wheat grass.

Glume mostly 9-ribbed, blunt, 4 or 5-flowered ; flowret
awnless ; rachis smooth ; root creeping.

Pl.end.ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 49. Agropyrurn. 95

Graraen caninum, q. Gramen maritimum, spica loliacea, foliis pungent
tibus Plukenet, Raii Syn. 391,4.

Triticum junceum, Lin.S. P. 128.

Triticum glaucum, Re Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1662.

Bromus truncatus, Scopolt FI. Cam. 121.

Agropyrurn jiinceum, Pal. de Beauvois.

Sea-shores, on the sands ; perennial ; July. *

Root creeping ; culm purplish at bottom, naked top and
bottom, leafy in the middle ; leaves glaucous, very smooth
underneath, rough on the upper face ; ligidce Very short ;
spike upright, 1 inch long ; spaihelles boatshape, furrowed*
blunt.

/3. crassum. Leaves less acute, convolute ; spike thick.

Gramen caninum q. Gramen loliaceum supinum, spica crassiore Tourne*
fiortii, Raii Syn. 391, 5.

y. foliosum. Spike leafy.

Gramen caninum maritimum, spica foliacea, Raii Syn. 391, 6.

2. Agropyrurn caninum . Dogs ’ wheatgrass .

Glume with a short awn, 3 to 5-ribbed, mostly 5-flowered;

Jlowrets bearded ; root fibrous, perennial.

Gramen caninum aristatum, radice non repente, sylvaticum, Raii Sun,
390, 2.

Elymus caninus, Lin. S. P. 124.

Triticum caninum, Huds. Fl.Ang. 58.

Festuca nutans, Moench Meth. 191.

Agropyrurn caninum, Pal. de Beauvois.

Bearded dcg-grass.

Woods and hedges in chalky soils ; perennial ; July.

Root not creeping ; culm 2 feet high ; leaves ribbed,
green, rough on both faces ; sheaths smooth ; ligula. very
short ; spike 3 or 4 in. long, rather upright, then drooping,
loose; lower locustce often double, the rest alternate; spa -
thelles equal, 3 or 5-ribbed, opposite ; awns purplish, as
long as the spathelle, or longer ; spathellules ciliate.

3. Agropyrurn cristatum . Crested wheatgrass .

Glume 3 to 5-flowered, awned; locustce lanceolate, im-
bricate ; culm pubescent.

Triticum cristatum, Schreb. Gram. 12.

Bromus crisiatus, Lestib. Anvers. 339.

Agropyrurn cristatum, Rcem. Sys. Veg. 758.

Rocks by sea-side; perennial; July, August.

Root creeping; culm upright, 18 in. high, procumbent
at bottom, and taking root ; leaves erect, close, striated ;
sheaths smooth ; ligula short, truncate; rachis white, alter-
nately toothed ; locustce, compressed ; pale green, 3 to
5-flowered ; spathelles with short awns ; spathellules 5-rib-
bed: Jlowrets crowded so as to depress each other.

96 49. Agropyrunr. 10. GRAMINEiE. Pl.end.ph.

4. Agropyrum pun gens. Pricking wheat grass.

Spike continued; rachis hispid; locustce alternate 2-rowed;

spathelles equal, acute, 5 to 7-ribbed ; spat/iellules very
short, mucronate ; leaves flat at bottom, edge convolute at
top, rather stiff, pungent ; root creeping.

Gramen caninum maritimum spica triticea, Raii Syn. 390,3-.

Triticum repens y, Smith FI. Brit. 1, 15S.

Triticum pungens, Lamarck FI. Fr. Sapp. 1662.

-Agropyriim pungens, Roem. Sys. Veg.

Sea-side.

Boot creeping ; leaves flat, apex rolled, smooth or hairy.

5. Agropyrum repens. Creeping wheatgrass.

Boot creeping, white, jointed, soboliferous ; locustce ob-
long, mostly 4 -flowered ; spathelles awnless ; spathellules
mucronated, as long as the spathelles.

Gramen caninum q. Gramen spica triticea repens vulgare, caninum dic-
tum, Raii Syn. 390, 1.

Gramen caninum, Ger. em. 23,

Gramen caninum vulgatius, Park. 1173,

Gramen of the medical writers.

Triticum repens, Lin. S. P. 121.

Bromus glaber, Scop. Cam. 1, 84.

Triticum arvense, Schreber.

Triticum infestum, Salis. Prod. 27.

Agropyrum arvense, Rcemer Sys. Veg. 754.

Dogs grass. Couch grass. Quitch grass.

Fields and gardens ; perennial ; July to August.

Boot creeping ; culm erect, 2 feet high, slender, leafy ;
leaves very spreading, nearly 1 -rowed, rough on the upper
surface and edge ; spike rather erect, 2 to 3 in. long ; lo-
custce small ; spathelles often awned ; awns of different
lengths.

Boot sweet, used as food for horses in many countries,
also for man in time of scarcity, or medicinally as a demul-
cent and aperient, has also been proposed as a saccharine
matter for brewing ; but being a troublesome weed in gar-
dens is mostly burnt ; leaves eaten by dogs as an emetic,
probably acting mechanicalfy.

/3. sululatum. Locustce oblong, mostly 6-flowered ; spa-
thelles awlshape ; spatkeilules mucronate, longer than the
spathelles.

Triticum subulatum, Schreber.

y. dumetorum. Locustce either single, in pairs or in
threes, oblong, 5 or 6-flowered; spathelles and spathellules
awned ; awns not a line long.

Triticum dumetorum, Schreber.

Triticum repens 3, With. Bot.Arr. 1,229.

Pl.end.ph. 10. GRAMINEAS. 49. Agropvrum. 97

& Leersianum . Locust (B oblong, mostly 5-flowered ; spa-
thelles and spathellules awned ; awns twice the length of the
spathelle.

Triticum Leersianum, Schreber.

Triticum repens, FI. Dan. 748.

Triticum sepinum, Thuill. FI. Par. 67.

IX. 50. TRITICUM. Pliny. Wheat:

Locusta 1 sessile in each tooth of the rachis, 3 or
4-flowered ; 2 lower flowerets sessile, opposite, fertile ; up-
permost often abortive ; spatkelles broad, boatshaped, nearly
equal, opposite, toothed, ending in a short bristle; spathellules
lower, toothed, ending in a short bristle ; upper slightly
nicked ; lodicule ovate, not notched, hairy ; ovary bearded
at the tip; style 2-parted ; stigmata feathered; cariopsis
husked, furrowed. — Rachis toothed, jointed, spiked; spike
simple ; locust ce crowded, imbricate.

Farina of the seed is in general use as food for mankind*
very nutritious on account of the gluten which it contains,
and which is in greater proper: ion in the wheats- grown
in warm countries than in cold ; seed used for the manu-
facture of starch, and it is malted and fermented into a kind
of beer called mum ; husks of the seeds used as a food for
horses and swine ; straw cut into chaff given to horses as a
mechanical stimulus to the appetite.

a. Cariopsis Jree ; rachis flexible; glume coriaceous .

1. Triticum cestivum . Summer wheat .

Spike parallel, compressed, bristled ; glumes glabrous,
bristled, truncated ; base contracted, plaited ; bristle from
the base, obtuse, very short.

Triticum aestivum, Raii Syn. 387, 6 * ; Lin. S. P . 126,

Triticum trimestre, Park. 1121.

Triticum vulgare, Fill. Delph. 2, 153.

Triticum segetale, Salts. Prod. 27.

Triticum vulgare a, Willd. Hort. Berol. 1, 135.

Triticum sativum, Lam. Enc. Meth. 2, 554.

Cultivated in fields ; annual ; sown in spring.

Culm erect, many, glabrous ; leaves flat ; sheath round,
smooth ; ligula truncated ; spike subquadrate ; locusta
smooth.

£. album. Spike white ; cariopsides white.

y. albo-rubrum. Spike white ; cariopsides red.

S', rubro-album. Spike red ; cariopsides white.

s. rubrurn. Spike red ; cariopsides red.

YOL. II. H

98 50. Triticura. 10. GRAMINEiE.

PI. end.ph.

2. Triticum compositum. Mamjeared wheat .

Spike compound; locusia 3'flowered, turgid, ventricose,

roundish, imbricate, bristled; uppermost flowret barren,
awnless.

Triticum spica multiplici, Raii Syn. 387, 6 ; Ger. em. 66 ; Park. 1120,4.
Triticum compositum, Lin. Suppl. 115.

Egyptian wheat.

Cultivated in fields ; annual ;

Culm not hollow at top ; leaves smooth, flaccid ; spike
thick, less 2-rowed than summer-wheat, mostly villose,
bristled ; bristle long, coloured.

3. Triticum turgidum . Turgid wheat .

Spike parallel, compressed ; locusta 4-flowered, ventri-

cose, pubescent, imbricate, bristled; uppermost flowret
barren ; glumes obtuse.

Triticum aristaturn spica maxima cinericea, glumis hirsutis, Raii Syn .
387, 4.

Triticum turgidum, L. S. P. 126.

Duckbill wheat. Square gray wheat. Gray pollard wheat .

Cultivated in fields.

Leaves smooth ; locusia very turgid, velvety, villose,
purplish ; bristle red, shining.

j8. submuticum . Glumes awned ; awns short,

y. aristaturn . Glumes awned ; awns as long as the spike.

Triticum spica villosa quadrata longiore aristis munitum, Raii Syn .
387, 3 *.

Triticum lucidum, Park. 1120.

Triticum aristis circumvailatum, Ger. em. 66.

Cone wheat. Normandy wheat. Red wheat.

4. Triticum hybernum . Winter tv he at.

Spikes parallel, compressed, nearly awnless ; glumes gib-
bous, truncated, mucronate ; base contracted, plaited ; rib
obtuse, prominent.

Triticum spica mutica, Raii Syn. 386, 1 ; Ger. em. 65 ; Park. 1120.
Triticum h , hernum, Lin. S. P. 126.

Triticum segetale, var. Salisb. Prod. 27.

Triticum vuigare £?, JVilld. Hort Berol. 135.

Triticum sativum /■?, Lam. Enc. Meth. 554.

Cultivated in fields ; sown in autumn, and reaped the
following year.

0. aristaturn . Spikes bristled.

Triticum aristis circumvailatum, grains et spica rubescentibus, glumis
laevibus et splendentibus, Raii Syn. 387, 2.

Red-eared bearded wheat.

7

10. GR AMINES. 50. Triticum. 99

PL end. pit .

b. Cariopsis free ; rachis flexible ; glume leaflike .

5. Triticum P Polonicum . Polish wheat .

Spi&e irregular ; locust a 3 or 4-flowered, ventricose,

rough, imbricate ; awn long ; 2 intermediate flowrets bar-
ren, awnless ; glumes unequal, ciliated.

Triticum majus longiore grano gUimis foliaceis incluso, seuT. Poloniae
dictum, Baii Syn , 387, 5.

Triticum Polonicum, Lin. S. P. 478.

Triticum giaucum, Moench Method .

Spike irregular, grey ; locusta 3 to 5-flowered, long; awns
very long; spathelles long; outer spathellule double the
length of the inner ; cariopsis long ; apex pubescent.

c. Cariopsis husky ; rachis brittle ; spike obtusely

compressed .

6. Triticum monococcum. One-seeded wheat .

Spike simple, compressed ; locusta 2-flowered, ventricose,

imbricate, 1 -seeded; awn of the fertile flowret long ; apex
of the glume 3-toothed ; rachis bearded ; barren flowret
awnless.

Briza monococcos, Ger. em. 73.

Zea monoccos aristis munita, Park. 1124,

Triticum monococcum, Lin. S. P.

Brant barley. St. Peter's corn.

Cultivated in fields; annual; sown in autumn.

Culm 1 or 2 feet high : leaves ciliated : ligula toothed ;
spike like rye, white, very smooth, margin of the rachis
pubescent ; locusta shining.

& rulrum . Spike pale red, pubescent.

d. Cariopsis husked; rachis brittle; spike par allelly
compressed .

7. Triticum spelta. Spelt wheat.

Spike simple, compressed ; locusta 3-flowered, ventricose,

rough, bristled ; middle flowret barren, awnless ; glumes
obtuse ; margin of the rachis very smooth.

Triticum amvleuin, Ger. em. 69.

Olyra, Park. 1 126.

Zea verna, Raii Hist. 1243.

Triticum spelta, Lin. S. P. 127.

Starch corn.

Cultivated in fields ; annual ; sown in spring.

Culm short, pubescent; leaves woolly; spike slender,
long, 2-rowed, smooth.

h 2

PL mid, p hi

100 50. Triticum. 10. GRAMINEiE.

<3. muticum. Spike awnless*

Zea, sive Spelta, Ger . em. 69.

Zeadicoccos spicamutica, Park. 1124.

Spelt corn.

B. Chlorides. Rachis spiked ; locust ce solitary, rarely
many-flowered, upper-flow ret abortive, 2-form ed ; glumes
keeled, not opposite ; lower spathellule very often awned,
rarely awnless, upper 2-keeled ; styles 2.

X. 51. CYNODON. Richard. Dogsfoth.

Spathelles alternate, half2-flowered, membranaceous, per-
sisting, shorter than the flowrets; glumelle awnless; upper
spathellule 2-cut, toothed ; rudiment of the abortive flower
pedicelled, smooth, clavate ; lodicule obtuse, truncated ;
stigmata aspergilliform ; cariopsis not furrowed ; spike digi-
tate ; locus tee 4 or 5, filiform, simple, slender, unilateral, in
a single row.

Cynodon sarmentosum. Creeping Dogs tooth.

Runners creeping; spike digitate, spreading, inner base
villose ; loeustee single, sessile ; glumes very spreading,
rough ; edge of the leaves ciliated.

Gramen Dactylon q. Gramen repens cum panicula graminis Mannas,
Itaii Syn. 399, l.

Gramen Canarium ischaemi paniculis, Park 1179.

Gramen dactyldid.es radice repente, Ger. em. 28.

Panicum dactylon, Lin. S. P. 85.

Pigitaria littoralis, Salisb. Prod. 10.

Pigitaria dactylon, Scop. Cam. 73.

Pas pal urn dactylon, Lam Ench. Meth. 5,32.

Pigitaria stolonifera, Schrad. Germ. 1, 165.

Fibichia umbellata, Koel, Gram. 309.

Cyuodon dactylon sarmentosum, Per. Syn. 1,85.

Creeping cocksfoot grass.

Sandy sea-shore ; perennial ; July, August.

Root sarmentose, jointed ; runners prostrate, many ;
culm ascending, 9 in. long ; leaves short, glaucous, spread-
ing, slightly 5-ribbed, edge scariose, back hirsute ; sheaths
hirsute; ligula pilose ; spike filiform, spreading, purplish.

PL end. ph. 10. GRAMINErE. 52. Sclefoch. 101

C. Bromeje. Rachis panicled ; locusta solitary, 1, 2, or
many-flowered j glumes keeled ; glumelle< of the same con
sistence as the glumes ; lower spathellule concave or cari-
nate, awned or awnless ; upper 2-keeled ; styles 2.

XI. 52. SCLEROCHLOA. Beauvois. Spraygrass.

Spathelles parallel, unequal, 3 to 5-flowered, obtuse,
shorter than the flowrets ; lower spathellule cordately
nicked, obtuse; iLpper not nicked; lodicule nicked? ovary
beaked ; stigmata feathered ; cariopsis free, furrowed ?
beaked, beak 2-cut; rachis panicled or spiked; locustcB
2-rowed, sessile, hermaphrodite.

Sclerochloa procumbens . Procumbent spray-grass .

Panicle lanceolate, contracted, unilateral, rough ; rachis
round ; locustce 3, 4, or 5-flowered ; flowrets bluntly ribbed.

Poa procumbens, Curtis Lond. 11.

Prt a rupesiris, With. 146, 126,

Sclerochloa procumbens. Pal. de Beauvois.

Inundated sea-rocks and ruins; annual; July, August.

Root fibrous, tufted ; culm prostrate, mostly 6 in, long ;
leaves glaucous, very long sheathed, broad, acute, flat,
acutely ribbed, rather rough ; ligula torn ; panicle stiff ;
locusta lanceolate, glaucous; spathelles obtuse, very unequal,
keeled, outer 5-ribbed; spathellules linear, 5-ribbed, apex
membranaceous, torn, inner ciliated.

XII. 53. MEG AST ACHY A. Beauvois. Ferngrass .

Spathelles alternate, 5 to 20-flowered ; shorter than the
flowrets ; lower spathellule nicked, mucronate between the
teeth ; upper 2-cut, toothed ; stigmata villose ; cariopsis
free, not furrowed ; panicle compound ; locusta long, pedi-
celled ; flowrets 2-rowed, imbricate, hermaphrodite.

Megastachya rigida. Stiff ferngrass.

Panicle 2-ranked, 1-rowed, contracted, stiff, smooth;
locusta linear, acute, 5 to 1 1 -flowered ; rachis margined;
spathellules free, obsoletely 5-ribbed ; root fibrous.

Gramcn pratense q. iramen exille duriusculum in minis et aridis pro-
veniens, Raii Syn . 410,8.

Gr^mcn minus duriusculum, Ger. cm. 4.

Gramen panioula multi plica. Park. 1157.

Poa rigida, Lin. S. P. 101.

^legastachya igida, Pal.de Beauv. T4.

Small hard grass .

102 53. Megasta. 10. GRAMINEiE. PLend.ph .

Dry sandy places and walls; annual; June, July.

Culm many, 1 to 6 in. high, erect, stiff, rather com-
pressed, smooth ; leaves slender, acute, short, often con-
volute ; sheath shining, bluish red ; ligula short, obtuse,
torn ; panicle deep green, or purplish ; peduncle short, alter-
nate, 2 -rowed ; spatkelles very slender, acute ; spathellules
very smooth, outer obsoletely 3 to 5-ribbed.

/3. maritima . Culm prostrate, thick, stiff, glaucous, small.

Triticum maritimum, WulJ inJacq. Collect. 3, 34.

XIII. 51'. POA. Theophrastus. Meadow grass .

Spatkelles alternate, 2 to 20-flowered, shorter than the
floscules; glumelles sometimes joined at the base with wool;
lower spathellule awnless; upper 2-cut, toothed; lodicule
obtuse, not notched, smooth ; stamens 2 or 3 ; style short,
2-parted ; stigmata villose ; cariopsis free, furrowed ; panicle
compound, more or less branchy and effused.

a. Locustce very smooth ; spathellules obtuse.

1. Poa aquatica . Water meadow-grass.

Panicle equal, erect, very large, much branched ; locustce

linear, 5 to 9-flowered ; glumelles free at the base, 7-ribbed ;
leaves very broad, base spotted ; root creeping.

Gramen pratense q. Gramen aquaticum majiis, Rail Syn, 411, 13.

Poa aquatica, Lin. S. P. 98.

Poa altissiraa, Moench Mcth. 185.

Reed meadow-grass.

Marshes and banks of rivers; perennial ; June and July.

Culm thick, smooth, bald, 6 feet high, erect, compressed,
2-edged ; leaves ensifbrm, smooth ; base having 2 or 3 an-
gular spots ; sheaths smooth, bald ; ligula truncated ; panicle
obtuse ; peduncle very long, rough ; glume all white ; lo-
cust(E green and purple.

|3. vivipara. Flowers viviparous.

2. Poa maritima . Sea meadow-grass .

Panicle equal, branchy, or rather spreading, becoming

contracted; locustce 5 to 12-flowered, roundish; flowrets
distant, obtuse, obsoletely 5-ribbed ; culm ascending ; root
creeping.

Gramen pratense q. Gramen paniculatum maritimum vulgatissimum,
Ran Syn. 409, 6.

Poa arundinacea, Mcencli Meth . 186.

Poa maritima, Hudson Ft. Angl . 42,

10. GKAMINEiE. 54. Poa.

103

PL end . ph.

Sandy shores ; perennial; July.

Culm decumbent at bottom, 1 foot high, very smooth,
round, leafy ; leaves involute, glaucous ; ligula obtuse ;
panicle erect; peduncles slightly flexuous, first spreading,
then erect becoming divaricated ; locus tee purplish.

3. Poa distans. Loose-flowered meadow grass.

Panicle equal, becoming divaricated ; fruit-bearing

branches deflexed ; loeustee 4 to 6-flowered, roundish ;
flow rets distant, very obtuse, obsoletely 5-ribbed ; culm
ascending ; root fibrous.

Aira aquatica Hudson FI. Angl. 34.

Poa salina ? Pollich. vi. 89.

Poa retroflexa, Curt. Lond. 6, 1,

Poa distans, Lin. Munt. 32.

Reflexed meadow-grass.

Sandy fields near the sea ; perennial ; July.

Culms many, 18 inches high, leafy, smooth; leaves
longly sheathed, smooth, flat; radical leaves slightly in-
volute ; ligula obtuse ; panicle erect ; locusta green, or
green and purple: lower spalhelle 1-ribbed ; upper 3-ribbed.

<3. glauca . Glaucous , very stiff.

Salt marshes.

b. Loeustee pubescent ; ligula truncated , or nearly wanting .

4. Poa nemoralis . Grove meadow-grass .

Panicle long, few-flowered, drooping; loeustee 2 or

3-flowered, pale, ovate, small, as long as the glumes ; glumes
acute ; glumelles acute, free, subvenose ; leaves flat, plaited
at bottom; culm weak.

Poa nemoralis, Lin. S. P. 102.

Poa angustifolia j S, Huds. FI. Angl. 41.

Poa nemoralis vulgaris, Gaudin Agr. Helv. 179.

Woods; perennial; June.

j Root slightly creeping, tufted; culm light green, 18 in. long,
slender, smooth ; leaves flat, slender, base pleated ; sheaths
shortish, smooth ; panicle slender ; peduncles in pairs or
threes ; loeustee green ; spathelles nearly equal, very acute,
3-ribbed.

5. Poaflrmula . Stiffish meadow-grass ,

Panicle pyramidical, many-flowered, erect ; loeustee 2 or

3-flowered, slightly coloured, ovate, longer than the glumes ;
glumes acute ; glumelles acute, free, subvenose ; leaves flat,
plaited at bottom ; culm firm.

PL end. ph .

104 54. P on. lO.-GRAMINEJE.

Poa nemoralis /3, Smith Flor,. Brit. 106.

Poa angustifolia a,, Huds. FL Angl. 40.

Poa pratensis 2, With. Bot. Arr. 142.

Poa nemoralis, Fill. Delph. 2* 129.

Poa nemoralis firmula, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 181.

Woods; perennial; June, July.

Culm erect, 2 feet high, naked above; panicle spreading;
peduncles nearly verticillate, branchy, naked below.

6. Poa glauca . Seagreen meadow-grass.

Panicle spikeshaped, straight, few-flowered; locustce 2 or

5-flowered, coloured, much longer than the glumes; glumes
acute; glumelles obtuse, villose; leaves flat, plaited at bot-
tom ; culm stiff, in bundles.

Poa glauca, Smith Flor . Brit. 1388.

Poa nemoralis glauca, Gaud. Agr . Helv. 182.

Mountains; perennial; June, July.

Root tufted ; culms many, 2 feet high, smooth, leafy be-
low, compressed; leaves flat, slender; sheath almost as long
as the leaves; ligula very short, crenate; panicle almost
1 -sided ; peduncles short, 1 to 2-flowered, adpressed, in
pairs or threes ; locustce ovate, small, violet, scarcely ribbed.

7. Poa ccesia. Gray meadow-grass .

Panicle pyramidical, many-flowered ; locustce 4 or 5-flow-
er ed, elliptical, acute, coloured, larger than the glumes ;
glumes acute; glumelles constricted or free; leaves and
culm glaucous.

Poa cassia, Smith Fl. Brit. 103.

Poa glauca, Poiret Ench. Meth. 5,78.

Poa nemoralis caesia, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 184.

Mountains; perennial; June, July.

Root fibrous, tufted ; herb glaucous ; culm 1 foot high,
erect, round, striated, above naked ; leaves flat ; sheath
round, keeled ; Ugida short, lanceolate, torn ; panicle erect,
diffused; peduncles nearly verticillate, branchy; locustce
ovate, erect, glaucous, and purple.

c. Locustce pubescent ; glumelles free at bottom.

8. Poa annua . Annual meadow-grass.

Panicle 1 -sided ; peduncles in pairs, divaricated; locustce

oblong, ovate, 5 to 7-flowered ; ligulce short, obtuse ; culm
oblique, slightly compressed ; root fibrous, annual.

Gramen pratense minus seu vulgatissimum, Rail Syn. 408.

Gramen pratense minimum album et rubrum, Park. 1156.

Poa annua, Lin . S. P. 99.

10. GRAMINEJE. 54. Poa.

105

PL end,ph.

Fields, pastures, and roadsides ; annual ; all the year.

Culm ascending, 9 in. long, leafy; leaves 2-rowed, spread-
ing, flat, flaccid, obtuse ; sheaths light green, compressed ;
panicle erect, smooth ; peduncles slightly branched ; locustce
compressed, white and green, with short, footstalks ; spa ^
thelles carinate, acute, edge scariose, upper 3-ribbed, lower
1-ribbed; outer spathellule 5-ribbed, obtuse, edge scariose.

|3. rubra . Locus Ice variegated with purple, white, and
green.

y. vivipara. Panicle viviparous.

& crispa. Leaves transversely crisp and waved.

9. Poa alpina. Alpine meadow-grass .

Panicle equal, diffused ; peduncles in pairs, many-flowered;
locus tee ovate, 5 or 6-flowered ; lower ligulce truncated, very
short; upper lanceolate; culm round, ascending, shining;
root fibrous, perennial.

Poa pratense /3, Huds. FI. Angl. 39.

Poa brizoides, Wohllenb. Suppl. 5.

Poa Alpina, Lin. S P . 99.

Poa Badensis. Willd. Sp. PL 92.

Poa glomerata, Knapp Gram.

Alpine meadows ; perennial; July.

Culm 18 in. high, erect, with 2 or 3 knots, naked above,
purple ; radical leaves many, spreading, flat, glaucous be-
neath, obtuse ; sheaths short ; stem leaves 2 or 3, short ;
sheaths very long; panicle broad, short, roundish; locustce
compressed, green, violet, and yellow; lower spathelle
3-ribbed ; outer spathellule obsoletely 5-ribbed, acute;
edge scariose.

vivipara. S pikelet vegetating.

Poa vivipara, Lin. S. P. 99,

%? glomerata. Tall; leaves long, flaccid; panicle clus-
tered, many-flowered ; locustce pubescent.

d. Glumelle connected at the base with wool ; culm
bulbose at the base.

10. Poa bulbosa. Bulbose meadow-grass.

Panicle ovate, almost 1-sided; peduncles mostly in pairs;
locustce ovate, lanceolate, turgid, 4 or 5-fiowered ; ligula
elongated, acute ; culm bulbose at bottom.

Poa bulbosa, Lin. S. P 102, « et y.

Sandy fields and pastures near the sea ; peren.; Apr. May.

106 54. Poa. 10. GR AMINEVS. Pl.end.ph.

Root fibrous; culm 12 in. high, erect, smooth, round ;
leaves short, flat; radical very slender, convolute; upper-
most very short ; sheaths very long, smooth, angular ; pa -
nicies slender, spreading before flowering, and afterwards
contracted ; peduncles usually in pairs, rarely solitary or
ternate ; loeustee glaucous, purple and white, large.

? jS. vivipara. Viviparous , panicle large; sheaths roughish.

Poa ciispa, Thuil. Paris. 45.

Poa prolifera, Schmidt in Mayer Plujs. Sam. 1, 188.

May, June.

e. Loeustee pubescent ; glumes connected at the base with
wool ; peduncles in pairs ; culm not bulbose.

1 1 . Poa laxa. Loose meadow-grass.

Panicle subracemose ; apex drooping, flexuous ; pe-
duncles few-flowered ; loeustee broad, ovate, pubescent, 2 or
3-flowered ; spathelles free or connected ; ligula long, acute ;
culm erect, compressed ; root fibrous.

Poa laxa, Willd. S. PI. 1,386.

Poa flexuosa, Smith Flor. Brit. 99.

Poa elegans, De Cand. FI. Fr. 1615.

Alpine mountains ; perennial ; July.

Root tufted ; culm many, smooth, 6 in. high, slightly
glaucous ; leaves flat, slender, acute ; sheaths long, dilated
below, very smooth, coloured ; panicle contracted ; loeustee
broad, oval, green, white, and violet ; glumes nearly as long
as the flowrets.

0, vivipara. Flowrets viviparous ; loeustee 2-flowered.

12. Poa compressa. Squeezed meadow-grass .

Panicle contracted, 1 -sided; peduncles many-flowered,

ligula short, very obtuse ; loeustee lanceolate, 3 to 9-flowered,
pubescent ; spathelles connected ; culm ascending, com-
pressed ; root creeping.

Grarnen pratense paniculatum medium Tournefort, Rail Syn. 409, 5.

Poa compressa, Lin. S. P. 101.

Poa muralis, Web. Werth. 114.

Walls and dry pastures; perennial; July, August.

Root jointed ; culm rooting, leafy, erect above, naked ;
leaves flat, short, rather glaucous ; sheaths smooth, 2-edged ;
ligula exserted ; panicle oblong ; peduncles sometimes semi-
verticillate, branchy, short; loeustee. green and purple.

p. erecta. Culm erect; panicle large, very branchy.

Gardens.

10. GRAMINE^. 54. Poa.

107

PI. end. ph.

f. Locustce pubescent . Glumelles connected with hairs ai

the base; peduncles mostly semiverticillate .

13. Poa trivialis . Wayside meadow-grass.

Panicle pyramidical, diffuse; locustce ovate, 3 to4-flowered,

black green ; glumelles pubescent at bottom ; leaves all flat,
rough ; sheaths and culm rough ; ligula long, acute ; root
fibrous.

Gramen pratense paniculatum medium C. Bauhin, Rail Syn. 409,2.

Poa trivialis, Lin. S. P. 99.

Poa pratensis, Ruth Germ. 2, 1, 113.

Poa scabra, Koel . Gram. 161 ; Chr. Gram. 8,72.

Poadubia, Leers Herb. 28.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May, October.

Culm rooting at the base, decumbent, weak, 2 feet high ;
leaves erect, flat, flaccid ; sheaths pale green ; panicle large,
erect, very spreading; peduncles many-flowered; locustce
small, rather obtuse.

14. Poa setacea . Bristly meadow-grass.

Panicle pyramidical, diffused ; locustce ovate, 2 or 3-flowered,

dark green; glumelles pubescent at bottom; lower leaves
involute, setaceous, rough ; culm and sheaths rough ; ligula
long, acute; root fibrous.

Poa setacea, Muds. FI. Angl. ed. 1 , 34.

Poa trivialis ; var. Huds. ed. 2, 210.

Dry sandy places ; perennial ; June, September.

Culms decumbent at bottom, 18 inches high, round;
leaves not broader than the sheath ; sheaths slightly com-
pressed.

15. Poa pratense. Field meadow-grass.

Panicle pyramidical, very spreading; locustce ovate, 3 or

4-flowered, variegated ; leaves all flat, smooth, the upper
much shorter than the sheaths ; sheaths smooth ; ligula
abbreviated, truncated ; root creeping.

Gramen pratense paniculatum majus latiore folio, Rail Syn. 409, 3.

Poa pratensis, Lin. S. P. 99.

Poa pratensis vulgaris, Gaudin Agr. Hclv. 212.

Meadows ; perennial ; May and June.

Root creeping, shoot-bearing; culm erect, smooth, round,
2 feet high; leaves obtuse, spreading; panicle becoming-
divaricated ; locustce numerous, green and white.

108

54. Poa. 10. GRAMINEJE.

PL end . ph.

16. Poa an gust i folia. Narrow-leaved meadow-grass.

Panicle pyramklical, very spreading; locustce ovate, 3 or

4-flowered, slightly coloured; radical leaves very long,
slender, roughish ; culm and sheaths smooth ; ligula short,
truncated ; root creeping.

Poa ang-jsrifolia, Lin. S. P. 99.

Poapratense angustifoiia, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 214.

Poa pratense /S, Smith Flor. Brit. 105.

Fields and meadows; perennial; May and June.

Culm erect, smooth, 18 inches high; radical leaves 2 or
3-bundled, flat, very slender, long; stem leaves short, broad,
both light green; panicle becoming divaricated, smaller
than poa pratensis ; spathelle green, or green and white.

17. Poa strigosa, Stiff meadow-grass.

Panicle contracted, almost, spike-shdped ; locustce ovate,

3-flowered, coloured; leaves slender, glaucous, becoming
convolute; sheath and culm smooth; ligula short, trun-
cated ; root creeping.

Poa strigosa, Hoff. Germ. 111,44,

Poa angustifoiia, Poinet Enel. Metli. 5, 72.

Poa pratensis strigosa. Gaud. Agras. Helv. 214.

Dry sandy places; perennial; May, June.

Culm 3 feet high ; radical leaves very slender, setaceous,
involute ; culm broad, involute, all glaucous ; panicle
strigose.

18. Poa humilis. Dwarf meadow-grass.

Panicle diffused; locustcB ovate, 3-flowered, glaucous;

leaves flat, expanding, glaucous, smooth ; sheaths and culms
smooth, glaucous; ligula short, truncated; root creeping;
glumes acute.

Poa humilis, Ehr. Gram. 115.

Foa subcaerulea, Eng. Bot. 1004.

Poa c?e ru lea, Knapp. 118.

Poa pratensis alpiua, Huds. FI. Ang. 39.

Poa alpina y, Wiihl. Sp. PI. 1,386.

Mountainous pastures; perenial; June.

Plant glaucous, purple; culm 8 in. high, ascending,
naked above; leaves short, straight; sheaths long, com-
pressed ; locustce broad, ovate ; spathelles green, apex
purple; glume lies white, purple, and green.

PL end. ph.

10. GRAMINEiE. 55. Briza.

109

XIV. 55. BRIZA. Greeks. Cowquake.

Spatlielles alternate, boatshaped, compressed, cordate at
bottom, rather eared, 3 to 12-flowered; flowrets 2- rowed,
imbricate; glumelles awnless; lower spathellute cordate at
bottom; upper almost orbicular, very short; lodicule ovate,
lanceolate, not notched, smooth; style 2-parted ; stigmata
aspergilliform : ovary hemispherical, 2-beaked ; coreopsis
free, 2-beaked ; beaks filiform, short ; panicle com-
pound; peduncles pendulous, very slender ; flowrets herma-
phrodite.

1. Briza minor . Small cowquake .

Panicle erect, base involuted in the upper leaves; pe-
duncles rough; locustce greenish, 3-angular, 5 to 7 -flowered;
glumes larger than the flowrets ; ligula long, lanceolate.

Gramen tremulum minus, panicula ampla, locustis parvis triaugulis,
Raii Syn. 412, 2.

Briza minor, Lin. S. P. 102.

Briza aspera, Knapp. 61.

Fields; annual; July.

Root fibrous; culm erect, 9 in. high, round; base often
branched; leaves erect, acute, flat, light green; sheaths smooth;
ligula stem-clasping; pan ic le diffused ; peduncles green ; lo-
custce very numerous, green and white.

2. Briza media. Middling cowquake .

Panicle erect, base naked ; peduncles smoothish ; locustce

coloured, ovate becoming cordate, 7-flowered; glumes
shorter than the flowrets ; ligula very short, obtuse.

Gramen tremulum, Raii Syn. 412, 1.

Phalaris pratensis, Ger. em. 86.

Briza media, Lin. S. P. 103.

Quaking grass. Lady’s hair . Shaker.

Fields and pastures; annual; May and June.

Root fibrous; culm erect, 1 foot high, naked above;
leaves erect, acute, flat ; sheaths very long ; ligula obtuse ;
panicle diffused; peduncles brown; locustce 10 to 30, ovate,
smooth, white and brown.

(3. virens . Ijocustce green, small ; panicle contracted.

3. Briza maxima. Large cowquake .

Panicle ramose, drooping; base naked; Locustce oblong,

cordate; 15 to 1 7-flowered ; ligula; long, acute.

110

55. Briza. 10. GR AMINEiE.

Pl. end.ph.

Phalaris pratensis altera, Ger.em. 8T.

Briza maxima, Lin. S. P. 103.

Briza grand is. Salts!/. Prod. 21.

Pearl-grass or Garden- shaker. Garden-quaker.

Dunghills; perennial; June. A doubtful native.

Culm 2 feet high, naked above ; leaves soft, lax ; locustce
4 to 8, nearly an inch long.

XV. 56. MONILIA. Moench. Singlejoint.

Spathelles alternate, 2 or 3-flowered, shorter than the
flowrets; glumelles awnless, lanceolate, acute; lodicnle rather
truncated ; style 2-parted ; stigmata aspergilliform ; cariopsis
bimucronate with the persisting vestiges of the styles,
slightly furrowed, furrows broad; panicle compound; locustce
roundish ; culm with only one joint at the base.

Monilia ccerulea. Blue singlejoint .

Panicle long, contracted, equal; locustce erect, oblong,
cylindrical.

Gramen miliaceum q. Gramen pratense serofinum, panicula longa pur-
purescens. Rati Syn. 404, 8.

Gramen pratense spica lavendulS3, Merret Pinax.

Aira cserulea, Lin. S. P. 95.

Melica cserulea, Lin . Mant. 2, 325.

Monilia cserulea, Moench in Keel. Gram. 145.

Festuca cserulea, Be Candolle FI. Fr. 1578.

Enodium cseruleum, Persoon in Gaud. Agrost. Ilelv. 145.

Monilia varia, Schrank.

Monilia variahilis, Web. fVerth. 115.

Purple melic grass. Knotless grass.

Boggy barren meadows and pastures; peren.; June, July.

Root tufted ; culm erect, 2 feet long, base thickened into
a bulb, naked above; leaves stiff; ligula densely hairy; pa-
nicle erect; locustce. violet, smooth.

The culms are made into a neat sort of broom.

|3. sylvatica . Panicle pale ; culm 2 to 3 feet high.

y. multiflora. Locusta 5 to 6-flowered.

XVI. 57. MELICA. Dodonaeus. Melich.

Spathelles alternate, unequal, membranous, almost the
length of the flowrets, 3 to 5 -flowered ; upper flower incom-
plete, abortive, pedicelled; glumelles awnless; lodicle trun-
cated, fringed ; style short, 2-parted; stigmata villose ; ca-
riopsis free, not furrowed ; panicle few-flowered, compound
or simple ; culm angular.

PL end.ph.

10. GRAMINEJE. 57. Melica. ill

1. Melica uniflora. One-flowered rnelick.

Panicle branchy, spreading, 1 -sided; locustce ovate,

erect, long footstalked; hermaphrodite flower single; cidm
very smooth.

Gramen miliaceum q. Gramen avenacemn nemorense, glumis rarioribus
ex fusco xerampelinis, Rail Syn. 403, 6.

Melica nutans, Huds. FI. Ang.SI.

Melica uniflora, Retz. Obs. Hot. 1, 10.

Melica Lobelii, Fill. Delph. 2,90.

Wood melick-grass.

Woods and hedges; perennial; May and June.

Culms 12 in. high, filiform, slender, very smooth, leafy,
ascending; leaves flat, thin, light green; sheaths short;
ligula very short, truncated ; panicle irregular ; glumes

purple.

2. Melica nutans . Drooping m click.

Panicle scarcely branched, contracted, 1 -rowed; locustce

ovate, pendulous; hermaphrodite flowers 2; culm rough
above.

Gramen miliaceum q. Gramen avenaceum locustis rubris montanum,
Rail Syn. 403, 7.

Gramen locustis rubris, Park. 1151.

Melica nutans, Lin. S. P. 98.

Melica montana, Huds. FI. Ang.SI.

.Aira nutans, Willd. Prod. 143.

Mountain melic-grass.

Mountainous woods; perennial; June, July.

Root creeping; culm erect; leaves erect, short; ligula
very short, torn; panicles racemose, few-flowered; glumes
scariose, white, edge purple.

XVII. 58. TRIODIA. R. Brown. Three-cut .

Spathelles alternate, 3 to 5-flowered, boatshaped, longer
than the flowrets ; glumelles 2-cut, toothed ; lower spathel -
lule toothed, with a mucro between the teeth ; mucro thick,
toothshape ; lodicle lanceolate, not notched, smooth ; ovary
beaked; beaks 2-cut, diverging; style 2-parted; stigmata
aspergilliform ; panicle not branched, few-flowered.

Triodia decumlens . Downlying three-cut .

Panicle contracted; locustce oblong, ovate, 3 or 4-flowered;
leaves flat, pubescent.

112 58. Triodia. 10. GRAMlNEiE. Pl.end.pk.

Gramen avenaceura parvum procnmbens, paniculis con aristatis, Raii
Syn. 408, 1 1.

Festuea decumbens, Lin. S. P. 110.

Poa decumbens, With. Bat. Arr. 147.

Bromus decumbens, Koel. Gram. 242.

Melica decumbens, Salisb . Prod . 20.

Meiic t rigida, Web. Werth. 117.

Sieglingia decumbens, Bern. Erf. 44.

Danthonia decumbens, De Cand. FI. Fr. 1543.

Triodia decumbens, Pal. de Beauv.

Mountainous fields and pastures; perennial; June.

Root fibrous, rather creeping; culm ascending, becoming
upright, 9 in. high, smooth, bald; ligula very short, longly
ciliated ; racemus oblong ; locustce swelled, green, grey,
and purple.

XVIII. 59. BR ACHYPQDIUM. Beauvois. Shortfoot .

Spathelles parallel, 3 to 15-flowered, shorter than the
flowrets ; glumelles not notched ; apex of the lower spa-
thelluie ending in a bristle ; upt>er spathellule obtuse, trun-
cated, scarcely nicked, generally edged with stiff hair; Zo-
dicule ovate, not nicked, pilose; ovary obtuse ; stigmata fea-
thered ; cariopsis slightly husked, furrowed ; rachis jointed,
spiked; spike notbranched ; locustce hermaphrodite, 2-rowed,
alternate.

a. Locustce footstalked ; footstalk broad , thick.

1. Br achy podium pinna turn. Featherlike shortfoot.

Spike upright, 2-rowed; locustce rather distant, becoming
spread, pubescent, bristled ; bristle shorter than the glu-
melle; spathellules blunt; leaves and sheath rather naked;
root creeping.

Gramen spica brizce majus, Raii Syn. 392.

Bromus pinnatus, Lin. S. P. 1 15.

Festuea pinnata, Hnds. FI. ring. 48.

Avena laeta, Salisb. Prod. 22.

Tritieum pinnatum, Moench Enum. 102.

Triticum bromoides, Web. Wirtli. 104.

Chalky fields and heaths; perennial; July.

Culm 2 feet high, jointed, slightly villose; leaves flat,
rather stiff ; sheaths smooth ; spathelles acute ; lower 5-rib-
bed ; spathellules blunt.

0. brevius. Bristle as long as the glume.

y. pubescens. Locustce pubescent.

PL end. ph. 10. GR AMINE/E. 59. Brachypod. 113

2. Brachypodium sylvaticum. Wood shortfoot .

Spike rather drooping, 2-rowed ; locustce villose, rather

remote, upright, bristled; bristles short; upper longer
than the glumelle; spathellules pointed; leaves pilose; sheaths
pubescent.

Gramen avenaceum dumetorum spicatum, Rail Syn. 394.

Festuca pinnata jS, Hue's. FI. Ang. 48.

Festuca gracilis, Moench Mcth . 191,

Festuca sylvatica, Huds A. 1.

Bromus gracilis, Weigel Obs. 15.

Bromus pinnatus, FI. Dan. 164.

Bromus dumosus, Villars Delph. 2, 119.

Bromus sylvaticus, Pollicfi. 1, H8.

Triticum sylvaticum, De Cand. Syn. FI. Fr. 1665.

Triticum tereti folium, Web. Werth. 104. But all the synonymes are
doubtful.

Woods, hedges, and fields ; perennial ; June.

Boot fibrous, tufted ; culms 3 feet high ; knots very vil-
lose; leaves flat, long, soft; ligula short, obtuse; locustce
6 or 9-flowered ; spathelles acute, lower 5-ribbed ; spathel-
lules acute, outer 7-ribbed.

pubescens. Locustce pubescent.

Bromus gracilis, Willd. Sp. PI. 1,45S,

Festuca gracilis, Koel. Gram. 267.

Triticum gracile, De Cand. Syn. FI. Fr. 1664.

Bromus sylvaticus 0, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 281.

Festuca gracilis, |3, Schrad. Germ. 1, 343.

b. Locustce sessile, facing one way.

3. Brachypodium loliaceum. Darnel shwifoot ;

Spike upright, not branched; rachis flexuose; locustce

smooth, oblong, blunt, awnless, facing one way; glume
3-ribbed, manyflowered ; root fibrous ; culms many, tufted.

Lolium q. Gramen pumilum loliaeeo simile, Raii Syn. 395,4.

Poa loliacea, Huds. FI. Angl. 43.

Triticum unilaterale, Alton Hort. Kew. 1, 122.

Triticum loliaceum, Engl. Bot. 221.

Triticum Rottbollia, De Cand. Syn. FI. Fr. 1669.

Dwarf sea wheat-grass.

Sea-shore ; annual ; June and July.

Culm stiff, branchy, ascending, smooth, 3 in. high; leaves
flat, becoming revolute ; sheaths smooth ; ligula short ; spike
stiffs in sunny places brownish.

4. Br achy podium ramosum. Branched shortfoot.

Spike branched at bottom; rachis compressed; locustce.

oblong, smooth, blunt, awnless, facing one way; glume
3-ribbed, manyflowered ; root fibrous.

VOL. II. i

PL end . pk.

114 59. Brachypod. 10. GR A MINE.®.

Triticum maritimum, Lin. S. P. 128?

Triticum loliaceum ; var. Knapp Gram. 114,2.

Sandy shores near the sea.

Culm ascending, 9 in. high ; spike 2 in. long ; branches
alternate.

XIX. 60. SCHEDONORUS. Beauvois. Schedonorus .

Spathelles parallel, 5 to 15-flowered, shorter than the
flowrets; glumelles bristled; lower spathellule slightly notched
below the apex, toothed ; teeth often ending in a bristle ;
upper 2-cut, toothed ; lodicule lanceolate, awlshape, not
notched, smooth ; stigmata villous ; cariopsis rather husked,
furrowed.- — Rachis jointed, panicled; panicle racemose,
branched; pedicle inflated, wedgeshape; ligula rather eared;
leaves all flat.

1 . Schedonorus loliaceus. Darnel schedonorus .

Panicle racemose, spiked, long, rather drooping ; locustce

remote, becoming spreading ; root fibrous.

Triticum patens, Brot . FI. Lus.

Festuca loliacea, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1 , 38.

Festuca fiuitans /3, Huds. FI. Ang. 47.

Festuca elongata, E hr. Beitr . 133.

Poa loliacea, Koel. 207.

Moist pastures ; perennial ; June, July.

Culm 2 feet high, smooth ; leaves flat ; ligula exserted,
blunt; rachis angular, rough; spikelet linear, oblong,
roundish, becoming compressed, 2-rowed ; cariopsis ad-
pressed to the rachis, flat ; outer spathellule 4 to 5-ribbed ;
inner 1 -ribbed.

£. compositus. Lower spikelets in pairs.

2. Schedonorus pratensis. Meadow schedonorus.

Panicle spreading, branchy, rather upright, loose ; locusts

linear, compressed, blunt ; root fibrous.

Gramen pratense q. Gramen paniculatum elutius, spicis lougis muticis,
squatnosis, Raii Syn. 411, 16.

Festuca pratensis, Huds. FI Ang. ed. 1,31.

Festuca elatior, Lin. FI, Suec. 32.

Festuca elatior 2, With. Bot. Arr.

Festuca fiuitans y, Huds. FI. Angl . 4T.

Brotnus elatior, Koel. 214.

Poa curvata, Koel. 207.

Damp fields and meadows; perennial; June, July.

Culm ascending, 2 feet high; leaves pointed; sheaths
streaked, very smooth ; ligula short ; panicle upright ;
branches mostly simple, rough ; locustoe manyfiowered ;
Muter glumes 3-ribbed ; spathellules scarcely ribbed.

1

10. GRAMINEiE. 60. Schedon. 115

PL end . ph.

3. Schedonoras elatior. Tall schedonorus .

Panicle rather diffuse, drooping, very much branched;
locustce ovate, lanceolate, acute; Jlowrets cylindrical, scarcely
ribbed ; leaves linear, lanceolate ; root rather creeping.

Gramen pratense q. Gramen paniculatuin nemorosum, latiore folio
glabrum, panicula nutante non aristata, Dillen in Raii Syn. 411, 15.

Festuca elatior, Lin. S. P. 111.

Festuca arundinacea, Schreb. Spicil. 57.

Festuca spadicea, Moench. M&th. 190,

Bromus littoreus, Willd. Sp. PI. 433.

Bromus arundinaceus, Roth Germ. 2, 141.

Aveua secunda, Salisb. Prod. 21.

Damp fields ; perennial ; June, July.

Culm 4* feet high, smooth ; leaves broad, ribbed, smooth ;
panicle becoming slightly erect; locustce very numerous,
ovate, acute, slightly flattened.

4*. Schedonorus sylvaticus . Wood schedonorus .

Panicle facing one way, upright, very much branched,
becoming contracted ; locustce oblong ; glumes much shorter
than the glumelles ; outer spathellule 3-ribbed; leaves ensi-
form ; root fibrous.

Festuca sylvatica, Villars Dauph. 2, 105.

Festuca calaniaria, Smith FI. Brit. 121.

Poa trinervata, Koel Gram. 17 1.

Poa sylvatica, Pollich 1, 83.

Hilly woods ; perennial ; July.

Roots in tufts ; culm, erect, 3 feet high, very smooth ;
joints purple ; leaves flat, upright ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy;
ligula very short ; panicle small, manyflowered ; locustce
small, whitish green or purplish.

5. Schedonorus deciduus. Falling schedonorus .

Panicle facing one way, erect, very much branched, be-
coming contracted ; locustce 2 or 3-flowered, oblong ; outer
spathellule 3-ribbed ; leaves linear, streaked.

Festuca decidua, Eng. Bot. 32,2266.

Mountain woods; perennial; August

Plant small and slender; leaves acute; panicle many-
flowered; locustce small, purplish; upper Jlowrets falling off.

XX. 61. ZERNA. Panzer. Drank.

Glumes 3 to 6-flowered, flowrets 2-rowed, imbricate;
spathelles alternate, linear, lanceolate, acute; lower short,
1 -ribbed; upper large, 5, 7, or 9-ribbed, tip bristled;
glumelle bristled: lower spathellule linear, convolute, 3 to

i 2

116

61. Zerna. 10. GRA.MINEJE.

PI. end. ph.

9-ribbed,heartshape lobed at the tip; Iristle straight, placed
below the tip; upper short; lodicule ovate, not notched,
smooth ; ovary blunt ; stigmata feathered ; cariopsis husked,
furrowed.— Panicle very much branched; branches semi-
verticillate, all one way; locustce linear, lanceolate; pedum
cles rather wedgeshape.

Zerna erect a. Upright drank.

Panicle erect ; peduncles simple, semiverticillate ; locust ce
upright, flattened; jlowrets wedgeshape; Iristle straight,
shorter than the glume ; radical leaves very slender, ciliate,
pilose.

Bromus erecfus, Huds. Fl.Angl.ed. 1,39.

Bromus agrestis, Allioni Pedcm. 2, 249.

Bromus perenuis, Vill. Delph. 2, 122.

Bromus pseudo-arvensis, Koel. Gram. 241.

Bromus angustifolia, Schrank Bavar. 236.

Bromus arvensis, Pollich Palat. 113.

Bromus montanus, Flor. Wetter. 147.

Dry fields ; perennial ; May to September.

Roots in tufts; culm 3 feet high, erect, round; radical
leaves very long ; stem leaves broad, flat ; sheaths long ; li -
gula short; panicle contracted; peduncles upright, very
unequal ; locustce 5 or 6-flowered.

2. Zerna gigantea . Giant drank.

Panicle drooping, loose; peduncles long, in pairs, facing-
one way; locustce flattened, bald ; Jlowrets imbricate ; bristles
flexuose, longer than the glume ; leaves broad, bald.

Festuca avenacea q. Gramen avenaceum glabrum, panicula e spicis rari«
strigosis composita, aristis tenuissimis, Rail Syn. 415, 11.

Bromus giganteus, Lin. S.P. 114.

Festuca gigantea, Vill. Daupli. 2, 110,

Bromus aquaticus, Gmel. Syst. Veg. 1, 189.

Avena gigantea, Salisb. Prod. 22.

Schedonorus giganteus, Gaud. FI. Helv.MSS.

Damp woods and hedges; perennial; July, August.

Root fibrous; culm 4 feet high, firm, smooth; leaves

nging, swordshape, firm; sheaths bald; ligula short;
panicle a foot long ; peduncles in pairs ; locustce small, whitd
and green, 4 to 7-flowered.

#. triflorus. Plant smaller ; panicle drooping and spread*
ing; locustce 3 or 4-flowered.

Bromus triflorus, Lin. S. P. 115.

Festuca tri flora, Eng. Bot. 1919.

Dry barren places.

10. GRAMINEJE. 61. Zerna.

117

PI. end. ph .

3. Zerna asper. Roitgh drank.

Panicle drooping, loose ; peduncles very long, in pairs,

feeing one way; locustce compressed, pubescent; jlowrets
becoming remote; bristle straight, shorter than the glume;
leaves villose, rough.

Festuca avenacea q. Gramen avenaceum dumetoriun panicula sparsa,
Rail Syn. 415, 10.

Bromus asper, Lin. Suppl. 111.

Bromus ramosus, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 13, 102.

Bromus nemoralis, Huds. Fl.Ang. 51..

Bromus liirsutus, Curtis FI. Lond. 8.

Bromus nemorosus, Fill. Dauph. 2, 117.

Bromus altissimus, Web. Ilolsat. 94.

Bromus montanus, Scop. Cam. 117.

Schedonorus asper, Gaud. FI. Helv. MSS.

Moist woods; annual or biennial ; July.

Root fibrous, horizontal ; culm firm, upright, 3 feet high ;
knots blackish ; hairs short, deflexed ; leaves flat, broad ;
sheaths rough ; ligula short, torn ; locustce green, or green
and purple, 7 or 9-flowered, hanging.

4. Zerna sterilis. Barren drank .

Panicle spreading, drooping at top ; peduncles semiverti-

cillate, mostly simple ; locustce oblong, rough ; Jlowrets
becoming remote; bristle straight, longer than the glume;
leaves pubescent.

Festuca avenacea sterilis eiatior, seu Bromos Dioscorides, Raii Syn ,

412, 1.

Bromus sterilis, Lin. S. P. 113.

Bromus grandiflorus, Weig. Obs. 9.

Bromus distichus, Moench Meth. 192.

Avena sterilis, Salisb. Prod. 22.

Fields and hedges; annual; June and July.

Root fibrous ; culm 3 feet high, upright, smooth ; leaves
flaccid, soft, hairy at bottom ; sheaths pubescent, hairs de~
flexed; ligu.la short, blunt; panicle a foot long, loose;
locustce hanging, green.

5. Zerna Madritensis. Madrid drank.

Panicle upright, rather spreading; peduncles simple, in

bundles; locustce oblong, rough; jlowrets becoming re-
mote; stamens 2; bristles straight, not so long as the
glume; leaves bald.

Festuca avenacea sterilis, paniculis confertis erectioribus, aristis bre*
vioribus, Raii Syn. ed. 2,261, omitted in the 3d edition.

Bromus Madritensis, Lin. S. P. 114.

Festuca Madritensis, Desfart. Atlant. 1,91.

Bromus diandrus, Curtis FI. Lond. 6,5.

Bromus gynandrus, Roth Cat. 1, 15.

Bromus muralis, Hudson FI. Angl.5Q.

Bromus ciliatus, Hudson ed. 1, 40,

118

61. Zerna. 10. GRAMINEiE.

Pl. end. ph .

Sandy places, sides of walls; annual; June.

Root fibrous ; culm 1 foot high, upright, slender, leafy ;
sheaths rather keeled ; ligula short ; peduncle 3 inches long,
upright, bundled ; branches 3 to 6, mostly simple, one-
flowered, upright; locustce upright, brownish.

/3. triandra . Stamens 3.

XXL 62. BROMUS. Theophrastus. Brome,

Glumes manyflowered \jlowrels crowded, imbricate, much
shorter than the glumelles; spathelles alternate, oval,
lanceolate ; lower 5-ribbed ; upper many-ribbed, bristled ;
glumelles awned; lower spathellule , ovate, 5 to 9 -ribbed,
apex cordately lobed, awn straight below the tip ; upper
flat oblong ; lodicule ovate, not notched, smooth ; ovary
obtuse; stigmata feathered; cariopsis husked, furrowed. —
Panicle compound ; locustce ovate.

1. Bromus aryensis . Field hrome .

Panicle spreading, drooping, compound ; peduncles

branched, long ; locustce lanceolate, acute ; spathellules el-
liptical, imbricate, depressed, smoothish, with 2 close ribs
on each side ; awn straight, shorter than the flowrets ; leaves
slightly downy.

Festuca avenacea q. Festuca elatior, paniculis minus sparsis, locustis
©blongis strigOsis, aristis purpureis splendentibus Doody, Raii Syn. 414, 9.

Bromus arvensis, Lin . S. P. 113.

Avena arvensis, Salisb. Prodr. 23.

Bromus versicolor, Pollich Paint. 109.

Bromus spicula tenuata, Knapp Gram. 81.

Bromus leptostacbyos, Hull Brit. FI. ed. 2, 32.

Corn-fields; annual; August.

Root fibrous; culm 3 feet high, upright; leaves spreading;
peduncles first upright, afterward drooping, with 6 to 12
locustse ; lower bracteate Iractece 2, falling off.

2. Bromus pratensis . Meadow brome*

Panicle ' spreading, rather erect, branched ; peduncles

long, scarcely branched ; locustce ovate, turgid ; spathellules
elliptical, broad, imbricate, smoothish, with 3 equidistant
ribs on each side; awn as long as the flowret; leaves pilose;
lower sheath tomentose.

Bromus pratensis, Ehrk. Calam. 116.

Bromus arvensis, Engl. Bot. 920.

Bromus elongatus, Gaud. Agrost. Helv. 305.

Fields; annual; June.

Culm 2 feet high; panicle small, upright ,

10. GRAMINEJE. 62. Bromus. 115

Tl. end. ph .

3. Bromus secalinus . Ztye home.

Panicle lax, drooping; peduncles semiverticillate, not
branched ; locustce oblong, ovate, compressed, bald ; jlowrets
turgid, becoming distinctly remote ; awn flexuose, shorter
than the flowret ; sheaths smooth ; leaves rather hairy on
their upper face.

Festuca avenacea spicis habitioribus, glumis glabris, Raii Syn. 414, 8,

Bromus secalinus, Lin. S. P. 112.

Bromus polymorphus y, Huds . FI. Angl. 49.

Bromus vitiosus, Weigel Obs. 4, 1.

A vena secalina, Salisb. Prod. 22.

Corn-fields; annual; July.

Culm 3 feet high, smooth ; leaves long, broad, eared at
bottom, plaited ; sheaths angular; upper always bald; ligula
short; panicle 6 in. long, erect at first; locustce large,
smooth.

4*. Bromus multiflorus. Manyflowered Irome.

Panicle spreading, drooping ; peduncles scarcely branched,
stiff, semiverticillate; locustce ovate, lanceolate, ventricose,
pubescent, becoming distant ; jlowrets depressed ; awn
straight, pubescent, nearly as long as the glume.

Festuca avenacea, q. Festuca graminea glumis hirsutis et glabris C.
Bauhin, Raii Syn . 414, 8.

Bromus secalinus 2, Lin. FI. Stiec. 96.

Bromus secalinus. Leers Herb. 36.

Bromus multiflorus, Weigel Obs. 2.

Bromus grossus, Desfont.

Bromus velutinun, Schrader Germ. 1,349.

Fields; annual; July.

Culm upright, smooth, shining; panicle 9 in. long, at
first upright, afterwards drooping ; peduncles very unequal ;
locustce ovate, 10 or 12-flowered.

5. Bromus mollis. Soft Irome.

Panicle upright, contracted; peduncles branchy, semi-
verticillate ; locustce ovate, oblong, rather compressed, pu-
bescent; jlowrets imbricate, depressed; awn straight, as
long as the glumeiles ; leaves soft, pubescent,

Festuca avenacea hirsuta, paniculis minus sparsis, Raii Syn. 413, 5.

Bromus mollis, Lin. S. P. 112.

Bromus polymorphus a, Huds. FI. Angl. 48.

Bromus hordeaceus, Lin. Sp. ed. 1,11.

Avena mollis, Salisb. Prod. 23.

Lobgrass. Oatgrass.

Meadows and pastures ; perennial ; July.

Root fibrous ; culm 2 feet high, upright ; leaves acute,
dark green ; sheaths pale ; lower ligula obtuse , panicve ovate j
peduncles 2 or 4-flowered; locustce upright.

120 62. Bromus. 10. GRAMINE.ZE.

PI. end. ph .

0. nanus. Culm 2 in. high ; panicle fewflowered.

Bromus nanus, Weigel Obs. 8.

6. Bromus racemosus. Bunched Irome.

Panicle upright, diffuse; peduncles not branched, semi-

verticillate ; locustce ovate, oblong, rather compressed, bald ;
jlowrets imbricate, depressed ; awn straight, as long as the
glumelles; leaves scarcely pubescent.

Festuca avenacea spicis strigosioribus, e guimis glabris compactis, Raii
Syn. 414,7.

Festuca avenacea, q. Gramen avenaceum pratense, gluma tenuiore gla-
bra Bobarti, Raii Syn. 414, 6.

Bromus racemosus, Lin. S. P. 114.

Bromus polymorphus /3 et 8, Huds. FI. Angl. 49.

Fields and pastures ; annual; June.

Culm slender, smooth; leaves pilose; sheaths hirsute;
panicle not branched ; peduncles long, not branched ; locustce
shining, white and green.

7. Bromus squarrosus. Scurfy hrome .

Panicle loose, not branched, nearly facing one way,

drooping at top ; peduncles not branched, in pairs ; locustce
ovate, lanceolate, rather compressed, very smooth ; jlowrets
imbricate, depressed; awn becoming divaricated; leaves
pubescent.

Bromus squarrosus, Lin. S. P. 112.

Fields; annual; July. A doubtful native.

Roots fibrous; culm 18 in. high, upright, smooth; leaves
and sheaths pubescent ; panicle rather racemose ; locustce
very large, shining.

XXII. 63. FESTUCA. Fescue.

Glume 2 to 15-fiowered; spathelles parallel, nearly equal;
lower many-ribbed ; glumelles bristled ; lower spathellule
not notched, ending in a seta shorter than the glumelle ;
upper 2-cut, toothed ; lodicule ovate, not notched, hairy ;
stamens 3 ; stigmata villose ; cariopsis mostly husked, fur-
rowed.— Rachis jointed, panicled ; panicle branchy, facing
one way ; pedicels inflated, wedgeshape.

a. Ligula very short , truncated , 2-eared ; leaves all
Irisllelike ; culm 4- angular .

1 . Festuca ovina. Sheeps fescue.

Panicle spreading, becoming contracted; locustce ovate,

4 or 5-flowered, bristled ; spathellules roundish, smooth at
bottom, inner margin very smooth ; leaves setaceous, rough.

10. GEAMINEiE. 63. Fesluca. 121

FI. end. ph.

Festuca ovina, Lin. S. P. 108.

Avena ovina, Salisb. Prod. 22.

Meadows and hills ; perennial; June.

Root fibrous, in tufts ; radical leaves many, upright, glau-
cous; stem-leaves few, short; sheaths very long; culm 8 in.
high ; panicle spikeshape ; peduncles solitary ; Iocustce very

small.

2. Festuca tenuifolia . Fineleaved fescue .

Panicle facing one way, spreading, becoming contracted;

Iocustce ovate, 4 or 5-flowered, awnless, rough ; spat hellnles
roundish, upper edge very smooth ; leaves hairlike, flaccid,
rough.

Gramen pratense q. Gramen capillaceum locustellis pennatis non aris-
tatis, Itaii Syn. 410, 9.

Festuca tenuifolia, Sibthorp. 44.

Festuca ovina jS, Leers Herb. 33.

Meadows ; perennial ; June.

3. Festuca vivipara. Childing fescue.

Panicle contracted ; Iocustce ovate, lanceolate, pubescent ;

flowrets compressed, keeled, awnless, pubescent ; inner
margin of the spathellules pubescent; culm rather naked;
leaves very slender, smooth.

Gramen pratense q. Gramen spartemn montanum spica foliacea grain) nea
majus et minus How. Raii Syn. 410, 11.

Festuca ovina jS, Lin. S. P. 108.

Festuca vivipara, Smith FI. Brit. 114.

Alpine mountains ; perennial; July.

Root fibrous, in tufts; leaves recurved, angular, light
green; panicle short, scarcely branched, upright; Iocustce
green ; glume and glumelle changing into leaves.

4. Festuca violacea. Violet fescue.

Panicle branched, slightly spreading; Iocustce oblong,

smoothish, bristled ; leaves hairlike, soft; stem-leaves very
short, doubled, capillary ; culm threadlike.

Festuca rubra, With. Bot. Arr. 202. ?

Festuca violacea, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 231.

Festuca ovina jS, Smith Ft. Br. 1 13.

Meadows and hills; perennial; June.

Root in tufts ; culm very smooth, 4 in. high ; leaves light
green ; stem-leaves 2 or 3 ; sheaths very long, smooth ;
panicle oblong ; peduncles in pairs, violet ; Iocustce violet.

122 63. Festuca. 10. GRAMINEiE.

PI. end. ph .

5. Festuca ccesia. Grey fescue.

Panicle contracted, glaucous; locustce roughish, bristled;

fiowreis cylindrical; margin of the inner spathellule pu-
bescent ; leaves compressed, channelled ; ligula minute ;
root fibrous.

Festuca caesia, Engl. Bot. 1917.

Dry barren heaths; perennial; June.

Roots in tufts; culm 9 in. high; naked above, sides con-
vex; leaves narrow, carinate, smooth, channelled ; panicle
ovate, very glaucous, tinged with purple; flowrets 4? or 5,
round ; awn straight ; glumelle downy at the edge.

b. Ligula very short , truncated , 2-eared; radical leaves
bristlelike ; stem leaves flat , broad ; culm round.

6. Festuca rubra. Red fescue.

Panicle facing one way, spreading, erect ; locustce oblong,

elliptical, smooth, bristled, reddish ; bristle long ; leaves
glaucous, stem-leaves woolly above; root creeping.

Festuca rubra, Lin. S. P. 109.

Alps and sea-coasts; perennial; July.

Root creeping, jointed; radical leaves glaucous, upright,
smooth, stiff, bristlelike, angular ; stem-leaves broader,
closely villose above ; culm smooth ; locustce purplish.

0. vivipara. Spikelet viviparous,

7. Festuca glauca. Seagreen fescue.

Panicle compact, becoming loose and spreading, glau-
cous; locustce oblong, elliptical, 7 to 20-flovvered, bristled;
bristle short ; leaves seagreen ; culm stiff ; root creeping.

Festuca glauca, Winch Bot. Guide , 2, 1102, not of Lamarck.

Loose sands of the sea; perennial ; June.

Root creeping ; leaves narrow, involute, acute, in tufts \
culm reedlike, 12 in. high.

8. Festuca Cambrica. Welsh fescue.

Panicle oblong, upright, branched; locustce ovate, smooth,

bristled ; leaves glaucous ; stem-leaves smooth ; roots fibrous.
Festuca Cambi ica, Huds. FI. Angl. 45.

Festuca rubra jS, Smith Ft. Br . 1 16.

Mountains of Wales; perennial; May, June.

Root fibrous; culm 9 in. high, cylindrical, smooth; radical
leaves upright, channeled, acute; stem-leaves 2 or 3, acute,
smooth ; locustce, 6 or 7-fiowered.

10. GRAMINEiE. 63. Festuca. 123

PL end. ph.

@. glair a. Locust ce 3-flowered.

Festuca glabra, Lightf . FI. Scot. 1085.

Festuca rubra y, Smith FI. Brit. 116.

9. Festuca duriuscula . Stiff-' fescue.

Panicle facing one way, upright, spreading ; locust ee lan-
ceolate, smoothish, bristled ; leaves stiff, bristlelike, sea-
green; root fibrous.

Festuca avenacea q. Gramen pratense panicula duriore laxa, unam
partem spectantia, Raii Syn. 413,4.

Festuca duriuscula, Lin. S. P. 108.

Festuca dura, Host Gram. Austr. 2,87.

Festuca duriuscula laevigata, Gaudin Agr. Ilelv. 251.

Dry pastures; perennial; June.

Roots in tufts; radical leaves many, hard, smoothish; stem-
leaves flat, stiff, short ; sheaths smooth ; ligula short, brown ;
panicle obldng, broad, green and white; peduncles single.

10. Festuca dumetoruin. Hedge fescue.

Panicle upright, spikeshape, facing one way ; locust cc
pubescent, bristled ; Iris tie shorter than the glumelle ;
leaves threadlike, seagreen ; root fibrous.

Festuca dumetorum, Lin. S. P. 109.

Festuca duriuscula, var. Huds. FI. Ang - 45.

Dry pastures; perennial; June.

Roots in tufts ; leaves many ; stem-leaves slender, flattish,
rather stiff; panicle slender; locustae smaller than festuca
duriuscula; glumelle entirely pubescent.

XXIII. 64. VULPIA. Gmelin. Capons-tail.

Glumes 4, 6, or 8-flowered ; spathelles parallel, very un-
equal; inner 3 or 4 times shorter than the outer; glumelle
bristled ; lower spathellule ending in a bristle longer than
the glumelle; upper 2-cut, toothed; lodicule ovate, entire,
hairy; stamen 1 \ stigmata villose; cariopsis rather husked,
furrowed. — Rachis jointed; panicle racemose, facing one
way; pedicels inflated, wedgeshape; leaves bristlelike.

1 . Vulpia murorum. Wall capons-tail.

Panicle long, rather contracted, drooping, spiked, many-
flowered ; loeustee smoothish ; inner spathelle half the length
of the outer; culm inclosed in a sheath nearly to the panicle;
ligula short, 2-eared.

Festuca avenacea q. Gramen murorum spica longissima, Ger. em.

Raii Syn. 415, 12.

Festuca myurus, Lin. S. P. 109.

Yulpia myurus, Gmel. FI. Bad. 1,8.

124 64}. Vulpia.

10. GRAMINEiE.

PI. end.ph.

Walls and barren places; biennial; May to September.

Root fibrous, in tufts; culms many, 12 in. high, upright,
very smooth; radical leaves nonet; stem-leaves 3 to 6, short;
sheaths bellied above, inclosing part of the panicle ; ligula
white; panicle 6 in. long, pale green; lower peduncle many-
flowered.

2. Vulpia hromoides. BromeUke capons- tail.

Panicle short, spikeshape, fewflowered, upright; loeustee
smoothish ; inner spathelle half the length of the outer ;
culm naked above; ligula scarcely visible.

Festuca hromoides, Lin. S. P. 110.

Bromus Derloniensis, Altioni Fed. 2,2225.

Bromus ambiguus, Cyrilli.

Walls and barren places; biennial; May to September.

Culm 6 in. high, usually branched at bottom ; leaves
bristlelike, short ; ligula brown ; panicle 3 to 9-flowered ;
peduncle 1 -.flowered ; margin of the inner spathellule pu-
bescent.

$. sciuroides. Culm very high.

Festuca sciuroides, Roth Germ. 1,46, et 2, 130.

3. Vulpia maritima. Sea capons-tail ,

Panicle scarcely branched, spikeshape, upright, few-
flowered; locust <e smooth; inner spathelle very minute,
scarcely perceptible; ligula short, obtuse.

Festuca avenacea sterilis humillima spica unam partem spectante, Ran
Syn. 413,3.

Folium hromoides, Hud. FI. Ang. 55.

Stipa peunata, Lin. Sp. P. 116.

Festuca uniglumis, Solander in Aiton H. Kew. 1, 108,

Sandy sea-shores; biennial; June.

Root fibrous ; culms angular, many, branched, leafy, 6 in.
high ; leaves subinvolute, smooth ; sheaths long, smooth ;
panicle 12 in. long; locustce upright.

XXIV. 65. GLYCERIA. R. Brown. Manna-grass.

Glume 5 to 7-fiowered ; spathelles parallel, truncated,
shorter than the locustae ; edge membranous, transparent ;
lower spathellule torn, manytoothed, boatshape ; upper
2-toothed, embracing ; lodicule almost connate, cordate ;
stigmata feathered; cariopsis fewfur rowed. — Rackis panicled :
panicle scarcely branched, facing one way.

PL end. ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 65. Glyceria. 125

Glyceria flint ans. Floating manna- grass.

Panicle spread out, facing one way ; locustce linear,
round, compressed, adpressed; spathdlules 7-ribbed; root
creeping.

Gramen prateuse q. Gramen aquaticum cum longissima panicula, Rail
Syn. 412,17,

Gramen fluviatile, Gcr. em. 14; Park. 1275.

Festuca fiuitans, Lin. S. P. 111.

Poa fiuitans, Sulisb. Prod. 219.

Desvauxia fiuitans, Palisot de Bcauvois .

Glyceria fiuitans, Brown Prod.

Flo te- grass.

Rivers and watery places; peren. ; April to September.

Culm ascending, lower joints rooting; leaves flat, obtuse,
broad ; lower leaves floating ; sheaths long ; ligula deltoid,
short; panicle long; peduncles solitary or in pairs, very
spreading ; locustce blunt, green and white.

fr terrestris . Panicle scarcely branched, very small.

y. vivipara. Glume and glumelle changed into leaves.

2". maritima. Leaves glaucous, blunt, broad; locustce
6 or 8-flowered.

XXV. 66. DACTYLIS. Roughgrass .

o o

Glume 2 to 7-flowered ; spathelles alternate, nearly
equal, shorter than the flowrets; glumelle bristled; lower
spathellule nicked below the tip, bristled ; upper 2-cut,
toothed; lodicule ovate, hairy; stigmata villose; cariopsis
free, scarcely furrowed.— Rachis panicled ; panicle branched ;
peduncles short; locustce many, crowded into 1 -sided heads.

Dactylis glomerata. Balled roughgrass.

Panicle very much branched; peduncles alternate, spread-
ing; leaves carinate.

Gramen arundinaceum q. Gramen asperum, Raii Syn. 400, 2.

Dactylis glomerata, Lin. S. P. 105.

Brooms glomeratus, Scop. Cam. 111.

Festuca glomerata, Vill. Dauph. 2, 98.

Rough cocksfoot.

Fields and hedges; perennial; June to August.

Root fibrous, tufted ; cidm erect, 2 feet high, naked above;
leaves acute, dark green ; sheaths compressed ; ligula long.

126 66. Dactylis. 10. GRAMINEiE. Plend.pL

XXVI. 67. KOELERIA. Persoon. Silver-grass .

Glume 2 or S-flowered; spathelles alternate, nearly as
long as the flowrets ; glumelle bristled ; lower spathellule
shining, pointed beneath the tip, edge scariose; bristle very
short; upper 2-cut; stigmata rather plumose; feathers
aspergill iform ; cariopsis free. — Rackis panicled; panicle not
branched ; peduncles crowded ; locustce compressed, pu-
bescent, nearly awnless.

Koeleria cristata. Crested silver-grass*

Panicle spikeshaped, base interrupted, smoothish ; locusts
2 or 3-flowered, very slightly bristled, very acute; leaves
flat, the lowest ciliately pubescent ; culm smooth below the
panicle.

Gramen alopectiroides q. Gramen pumilum hirsutum spica purpuro-
argentea molli, Rail Syn. 396, 3.

Aira cristata, Lin. S. P. 94.

Poa cristata, With. Bot. Arr. 145,

Festuca cristata, Fill. Daupk. 2,93.

Koeleria cristata, Persoon Syn. 1,97.

Barren pastures and walls ; perennial ; July and August.

Root fibrous, in tijfts ; culm upright, leafy at bottom ;
leaves green, shorter than the culm ; sheath rough ; ligula
very short; panicle oblong; peduncles pubescent, short, in
pairs ; locustce yellowish.

XXVII. 68. CYNOSURUS. Linnaeus. Dogs-taiL

Glumes 4 or 5-ftowered ; spathelles alternate, shorter than
the flowrets; glumelle awnless; lower spathellule very acute,
upper 2-cut, toothed; lodicule ovate, not nicked, hairy;
stigmata villose; cariopsis husked, furrowed. — Rachis spiked;
spike branched ; locustce 2 in each involucrum ; involucrum
1 -leafed, lobed; lobes pinnatified.

Cynosurus cristatus. Crested dogs-tail .

Panicle linear ; leaves linear.

Gramen vermim q. Gramen cristatum, Raii Syn. 398,2.

Gramen cristatum Anglicum, Park. 1159.

Gramen crlstaium Bauhini, Ger.em. 29.

Cynosurus cristatus, Lin. S. P. 105.

Piileum cristatum, Scop. Cam. 81.

Dry pastures; perennial; June to August.

Roots in tufts ; culm erect, 1 foot high, very smooth ; leaves
narrow, smooth; sheaths round, quite smooth; ligula short;
spike facing one way, 1 or 2 in. long.

P. tetragomis. Spike 4-rowed, 4-sided.

y. viviparous . Spike viviparous.

PL end. ph.

10. GRAMINEiE. 69. Sesleria. 127

XXVIII. 69. SESLERIA. Scopoli. Moor-grass.

Glume 3 or 4-flowered ; spathelles alternate, shorter
than the pedicelled flowrets ; glumelle bristled ; lower
spathellule irregularly 2-toothed, bristled below the apex ;
upper 2-cut, toothed ; lodicule ovate, longer than the ovary,
subulate; style simple; stigmata very long, feathered.—
Rackis spiked ; spike branched, involucrated ; universal in -
volucrum manyleaved ; leaflets sometimes falling off.

Sesleria caerulea. Blue moor-grass .

Spike ovate, oblong; leaflets of the involucrum alternate,
not notched ; locustce 2 or 3-flowered ; bristle of the spa-
thellule shorter than the glumelle ; leaves flat, obtuse.

Gramen vernum q. Gramen parvumt montanuui spica crassiore purpuro-
caerulea brevi, Raii Syn. 399.

Cynosurus caeruleus, Lin. S. P. 106.

Sesleria caerulea. Scop. Cam. i, 63,

Damp chalky soils ; perennial ; April and May.

Roots fibrous, in tufts; culm 12 in. high, upright, smooth ;
leaves bent back ; sheaths short, pale, smooth ; ligula
scarcely visible; spikes upright, blue and brown, shining.

XXIX. 70. CHRYSURUS. Persoon. Gold-tail.

Spathelles alternate; locustce dissimilar; neuter locusta
(involucrum of Linnaeus) manvflowered, flowrets distant ;
spathelles linear, awlshape; spathellule 1, barren; herma-
phrodite locusta 1 -flowered; spathelles linear, awlshape;
flowrets pedicelled; lower spathellule bristled, under the
unnicked tip; upper spathellule not nicked; lodicule lan-
ceolate ; ovary nicked ; style 2-parted ; stigmata plumose ;
cariopsis 2-beaked, free, not furrowed. -—Rachis panicled;
panicle much branched.

Chrysurus echinatus . Rough gold-tail .

Panicle contracted, ovate; barren locusta scariose, longly
bristled ; leaves lanceolate.

Gramen alopecuroides spica aspera brevi, Raii Syn. 397,5.

Cynosurus echinatus, Lin. S. P. 105.

Chrysurus echinatus. Pal. de Beanvois.

Rough-eared fox-tail.

Sandy grounds near the sea; annual; July.

Root fibrous; culm erect, branchy at bottom; leaves sharp-
pointed, light green, flat; sheaths large, inflated; ligula
long; panicle grey, growing silvery, shining.

£. purpureus. Awn purplish.

128 70. Chrysurus. 10. GRAMINEiE. Pl.end.ph,

D. Arundinace.e. Rachis panicled ; locustce single,
manyflowered ; glumes carinate ; glumelles of nearly the
same consistence as the glumes; lower spathellule concave,
awlshape at top; bottom generally girt with hairs; upper
2-ribbed ; styles 2.

XXX. 71. ARUNDO. Pliny. Reed.

Glumes 5 or 7-flowered ; spathelles alternate, unequal,
acute, shorter than the flowrets; lower Jlowret male or
neuter; glumelles naked; upper Jlowret hermaphrodite;
glumelles girt at bottom with wool : lower spathellule long
awlshape ; 2ipper 2-cut, toothed ; lodicule truncate, fringed ;
stigmata aspergilliform ; cariopsis husked. — Panicle very
much branched, loose.

Arundo vallatoria . Bankside reed.

Panicle loose ; locustce upright, 5-flowered ; leaves and
sheaths smooth ; root creeping.

Arundo vallatoria, Ger. «m. 32; Raii Syn. 401, 1.

Harundo vulgaris sive vallatoria, Park. 1202.

Arundo Phragmitis, Lin. S. P. 120.

Arundo palustris, Salisb. Prod. 24.

Watery places; perennial; July.

Cidm annual, erect, 6 feet high ; leaves spreading, glau-
cous underneath ; ligula very short ; pajiicle rather erect,
purplish.

Panicles dye woollen green ; culm forms a very durable
skreen in gardens against the wind, and is also used as a
foundation for plaster-floors ; the inner membrane of the
culm forms a very sensible hygrometer.

|3. variegata. Leaves variegated.

E. Avenace^:. Rachis panicled; locustce fewflowered;
glumes carinate; glumelles of the same consistence as the
glumes; lower spathellule awned; awn kneed, twisted; upper
2-keeled ; styles 2-cut.

XXXI. 72. TRXSETUM. Persoon. Threelrisile .

Glumes membranaceous, 3 to 5-flowered; spathelles al-
ternate, nearly as long as the flowrets ; lower spathellule
2-cut, toothed, back awned above the middle; awn her-
baceous, flexuosc, rarely, plaited ; lodicule lanceolate, not
notched, bald; style 2-parted; stigmata plumose, nearly
aspergilliform ; cariopsis slightly husked, furrowed. — Panicle
branched.

10. GRAMINEiE. 72. Trisetiim. 129

Pi. end. ph.

Trisetiim Jlavescens. Yellow threelristle .

Panicle equally spreading, diffused, becoming contracted;
locustce 2 to 5-flowered, shining, yellowish ; lower leaves
pubescent; ligula scarcely visible; outer spathellules 5-rib-
bed; root rather creeping.

Gramen avenaceum pratense elatius, panicula flavescente, locustis
parvis, Raii Syn. 407, 5.

Avena llavescens, Lin. S. P. 97.

Trisetum pratense, Persoon Syn. 1,97.

Fields and pastures; perennial; June and July.

Culm upright, 2 feet high ; leaves flat, acute ; sheaths
pubescent ; panicle rather drooping, manyflowered ; pedun-
cles semiverticillate ; locustce spreading ; flowrets longer1
than the glume.

0. liflorum. Locustce 2- flowered*

XXXII. 73. DANTHONIA. R. Brown. Haver .

Glumes 2 to 5-flowered ; spathelles alternate, nearly equal,
longer than the flowrets; lower spat hellule 2-toothed, awned
between the teeth ; awn plaited, twisted, tapewormshape ;
upper blunt, truncated, not nicked ; lodicule ovate, not
notched, bald; stigmata aspergilliform ; cariopsis free, ob-
tuse, scarcely furrowed.— Panicle not branched, facing one
way.

Danthonia strigosa. Rough haver .

Panicle oblong, slender, loose; locustce 2-flowered; lower
spathellide streaked at the tip ; leaves smooth.

Avena strigosa, Schreber Lips. 52.

Danthonia strigosa, Pal. de Beauvois , 92.

Cornfields; annual; July.

Root fibrous ; culm 3 feet high, smooth ; leaves flat, glau-
cous; ligula blunt; panicle upright, the tip drooping.

XXXIII. 7'k AVENA. Pliny. Oat.

Glume membranaceous ; spathelles alternate, nearly equal,
longer than the flowrets ; glumelles awned ; lozver spathel-
lule 2-lobed or 2-cut, toothed, awned on the back ; awn
leathery, plaited, twisted ; upper spathellule 2-cut, toothed,
sometimes torn ; lodicule ovate, not notched, bald ; stigmata.
villose; cariopsis husked, furrowed. — Panicle branched,
loose.

VOL. II,

K

130 74. Avena. 10. GRAMINEJE.

PL end. ph

a. Ijocustce 2- flowered.

1. Avena sativa. Cultivated oat.

Panicle loose ; locustce drooping, 2-fruited ; cariopsides

smooth, husked; upper Jlowret awnless.

Avena alba, Raii Syn. 389, 1.

Avena vesca, Ger. tm. 685 Parte. 1134.

Avena sativa, Lin. S. P.

White oats.

Cultivated in fields, principally in the northern parts ;
annual; June, July.

Culm 4} feet high ; glumelles whitish.

Seeds used in the south for the food of horses, but in
the north they are ground and the meal used either for
bread, or for gruel : they are also malted for making an
ale or a distilled spirit called whiskey : the ashes of the
straw used to polish marble.

0. nigra. Glumelles blackish brown.

Avena nigra, Raii Syn. 389, 3.

Black oats.

y . mutica. Flou/rets all awnless.

Avena vesca, Park. 1134.

& uniflora . Glumes 1 -flowered.

Avena alba Scotica, semine siniplici, pediculo laxo pendente, Raii Syn.
389, 2.

2. Avena orientalis . Pastern oats .

Panicle facing one way, contracted ; locustce horizontal,

parallel, 2-fruited; cariopsides husked, smooth; uppermost
jlowret awnless.

Avena orientalis, Schreher Spic. 52.

Occurs along with the former species, but rarely.
j3. mutica. Flowrets all awnless.

b. Locustce 3 or more-jlowered.

3. Avena nuda . Naked oat .

Panicle contracted, slender; locustce upright, 3-seeded;

cariopsides smooth, free; uppermost jlowret awnless.

Avena nuda, Raii Syn. 389, 6; Ger. em. 75 j Park. 1 134.

Pills . Pilcorn .

Cultivated in Cornwall, Staffordshire, and elsewhere;
annual; July and August.

Glumelles yellow ; flowrets very narrow.

10. GRAMINEiE. 74. Avena.

181

PL end . ph.

4. Avena fatua. IVild oat.

Panicle equally branched, loose ; locusta drooping, 3 to

5-seeded ; cariopsides husky, very hairy at bottom ; ftowrets
all awned ; leaves flat.

Avena q. iEgilops quibusdam aristis recurvis, seu Avena pilsoa, J. Bau-
hini, Raii Syn. 389, 7.

iEgilops bromoides, Ger. em. 77.
iEgilops bromoides Belgarum, Park. 1148.

Avena fatua, Lin. S. P. 118.

Bearded wild oats , or haver.

Fields and corn-fields ; annual; August.

Root fibrous ; culm upright, 4 feet high, naked above ;
leaves broad, rather upright, plaited ; sheaths bald; ligula
blunt ; panicle upright ; peduncles unequal ; pedicles droop-
ing ; locustce pendulous ; glumelles yellow, growing black ;
awns brown.

p. pilosissima . Glumelles entirely covered with hair.

5. Avena puhescens . Downy oat .

Panicle upright, nearly simple; locustce upright, long,

3-flowered ; cariopsides husked ; partial rachis bearded ;
culm simple; leaves all flat, pubescent.

"Gramen avenaceum septimum seu glabrum (potius hirsutum) panicula
purpuro-argentea splendente D. Doody, Raii Syn. 406, 2.

Avena pubescens, Lin. S. P. 1665.

Avena pratensis, Gouan Hort. 53.

Chalky fields and pastures; perennial; June.

Root fibrous, in tufts ; culm 2 feet high, smooth, bald ;
leaves obtuse, uppermost smooth, bald; lower ligula very
short ; upper oblong, blunt ; panicle oblong ; locustce large,
becoming obovate, shining, silvery green.

/3. glabra. Leaves smooth.

6. Avena pratensis. Meadow oat.

Panicle upright, spiked, long ; peduncles single or in

pairs ; locustw upright, 5 to 8-fiowered ; cariopsides husked ;
partial rachis hairy ; radical leaves , involute, rough, bald ;
upper flat.

Gramen avenaceum montanum, spica simplici, aiislis recurvis, Raii Syn.
405, 1.

Arena pratensis, Lin. S. P. 119.

Calcareous fields and pastures; perennial; July.

Root fibrous; culms many, 2 feet high, upright, simple,
naked above; radical leaves linear, acute, stiff; stem leaves
broad ; sheaths very long ; ligulce lanceolate.

/3. bromoides.

K 2

132 74. Avena. 10. GR AMINES.

PI. end. pit

7. Avena Alpina. Alpine oat.

Spike upright; panicle nearly spikelike; leaves naked,
finely serrulate ; sheaths oblong, rough ; culm compressed.

Avena planiculmis, Eng. Bot. 30, 2144.

Avena alpina, Smith T. L. S. 10, 335.

Trisetum alpinum, Roomer Syst. Veg. 663.

Gaudinia planiculmis, Pal. dc Beauvais , 95.

Mountain rocks ; perennial ; July.

Root tufted ; culm 3 feet high ; flowrets very large ; rackis
hairy at the top ; locustce 3 to 5-flowered.

XXXIV. 75. ARRHENATHERUM. Beauv. Dog-grass,

Glumes membranous, 2-flowered ; spathelles alternate,
shorter than the flowrets: lower flowret male; lower
spathellule 2-lobed at the tip, lobes often torn-edged,ci]iate;
awned on the back below the middle ; tipper membranous,
hyaline, 2-cut, toothed; lodicule lanceolate, not notched,
smooth: upper flowret hermaphrodite; spathellules 2-cut,
toothed ; lower awned above the middle of the back ; awn
short or none; stigmata featherlike; cariopsis free, fur-
rowed.— Panicle branched, loose.

1 . Arrhenatherum elatius. Tall dog-grass .

Panicle equally spread, rather contracted, drooping;
glumelles smooth ; hermaphrodite flowret nearly awnless ;
culm with smooth knots ; root knotty ; leaves smooth.

Avena elatior, Lin. S. P. 117.

Avena elata, Salisb. Prod. 23.

Holcus avenaceus, tYigger FI. Holsat, 72.

Fields and pastures; perennial; June, July.

Culm erect, 4 feet high ; leaves dark green, flat, recurved ;
sheaths round ; ligula short; panicle oblong; peduncles
nearly verticillate ; spikelet large, whitish, or white and
purple.

/3. muticum * Flowrets awnless.

y. sulmulicum. Hermaphrodite flovjret awnless.

& aristatum. Flowrets with long awns.

2. Arrhenatherum hulhosum . Bulbose dog-grass.

Panicle equally spread, verticillate ; glumelles smooth ;
hermaphrodite flowret nearly awnless; knots of the culm
pubescent ; root bulb-bearing,

Pl.end.ph. 10. GRAMINEAL 75. Arrhenath. 133

Gramen averiaceum q. Gramen nodosum avenacea panicula C. Bauhin,
Raii Syn. 406, 4.

Gramen caninum nodosum, Ger . cm. 23.

Gramen caninum nodosum bulbosum vulgare, Park. 1175.

Avena nodosa, Cullum , 41.

Avena elatior jS, Schreb. Gram.

Avena precatoria, Thuill. FI. Par.

Fields; perennial; June and July.

Locustce smaller than in the former species.

XXXV. 76. CATABROSIA. Beauvois. Sweetgrass .

Glumes 2 to 5-flowered ; spathelles parallel, shorter than
the flowrets, rather truncated, torn-edged, toothed ; glu-
melles awnless; lower spathellule rather truncate; torn-
edged, toothed; tipper slightly 3-cut; lodicule lanceolate;
ovary slightly nicked; stigmata featherlike, rather aspergil-
liform ; cariopsis 2-horned. — Panicle compound.

Caiahrosia aqualica. Water sweetgrass ,

Panicle loose, spreading; peduncles rather verticillate ;
locust ce 1 or 2-flowered ; lower spathellule furrowed, plaited*
smooth ; leaves flat, smooth,

Gramen miliaceum aquaticum, Rail Syn. 402, 3 .

Aira aquatica, Lin. S. P. 95.

Poa dujcis, Salisb. Prod. 26.

Poa airoides, Koel. Gram. 194.

Watery places; perennial; May, June.

Root creeping ; culm floating, extended ; branches ascend-
ing; leaves floating, broad; ligula not notched, white;
panicle upright ; locustce small, close together, coloured.

p. uniflora. Locustce 1 -flowered ; Jlowret sessile,

XXXVI. 77. AIRA. Theophrastus. Hairgrass .

Glumes scariose, 2-flowered; spathelles alternate, nearly
equal, longer than the flowrets; glumelles awned; lower
spathellule torn or toothed at the tip, awned below the
middle; awn coriaceous, plaited, twisted; upper 2-cut
toothed ; lodicule ovate, not nicked, bald ; stigmata villose ;
cariopsis free. — Panicle branched ; leaves bristlelike.

a. Srpathelles equal ; glumelles awned above the base ;
flowrets nearly sessile ; plant annual . Canchium.

1 . Aira prcecox. Early hairgrass.

Panicle contracted, spikeshape; base of the spathelles
naked; awn twice the length of the glumes; ligulce obtuseo

134 77. Aira. 10. GRAMINEiE. Pl.end.ph.

Gramen avenaceum q. Gramen parvum praecox, panicula (potius spica)
laxa canescente, Raii Syn. 407, 10.

Aira praecox, Lin. S. P. 97.

Avena praecox, Pal. de Beauvois.

Avena pusilla, Web. Holsat. 9.

Barren sandy places; annual; May and June.

Culm erect, 3 in. high, very smooth, pale green ; sheaths
inflated, angular, smooth; panicle erect; locustce upright.

2. Aira caryophyllea. Clove hair grass.

Panicle diverging, 3-forked; peduncles rather straight;

lase of the spathellules rather naked ; awn scarcely longer
than the glumes ; ligula long, acute.

Gramen avenaceum q. Gramen paniculatum locustis parvis purpuro-
argenteis annuum, Raii Syn. 407, 7.

Avena caryophyllea, Lin. S. P. 97.

Sandy places; annual; July.

Culm branched at bottom, leafy; sheaths slightly striated;
panicle 3 or 4-forked ; locustce small, silvery purple.

b. Spathelles unequal ; spathellules awned at the lase ;

Jlowrets pedicelled ; perennial.

3. Aira flexuosa. Bent hair grass.

Leaves long, bristlelike, smooth; ligula short, blunt;

panicle expanding ; peduncles in pairs, flexuose ; awn
double the length of the spathellules; spathellules toothed,
spinous.

Gramen avenaceum q. Gramen paniculatum locustis parvis, purpuro*
argenteis, majus et perenne Doody, Rail Syn. 407,8.

Aira flexuosa, Lin. S. P. 96.

Wet mountainous places; perennial; June, July.

Roots in tufts; culm 18 in. high, smooth, round, nakedish;
leaves radical, fascicled, smooth, shorter than the culm ;
sheaths rough ; locustce small, whitish.

4. Aira selacea. Bristly hairgrass.

Leaves short, bristlelike, rough ; ligida long, acute ; pa-
nicle rather contracted; peduncle becomes flexible; awn
double the length of the spathellule; spathellules toothed,
spinous.

Aira setacea, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. I.

Aira flexuosa j8, Smith FI. Brit. 85.

Aira montana, Willd. Sp. PI. 1,379.

Avena montana, Web . Holsat. 9?

Aira scabro-setacea, Knapp Gram. 32.

Woods and heaths; perennial; July.

PLend.ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 78. Anthroxati. 135

XXXVII. 78. ANT II O X ANT HUM. Lin. Spring-grass .

Glume 3-flowered ; spathelles unequal, membranous,
longer than the glumelles: side flowrets neuter, 1-spa-
thellaled, awned ; one flowret with a twisted, plaited awn
below the middle ; the other with a straight awn near the
tip : middle flowret hermaphrodite, three times shorter
than the side flowrets ; spalhellules membranous, rather
blunt, awnless; style simple at bottom; stigmata very long,
featherlike; cariopsis free, furrowed. — Spike branched.

Anthoxanthum odoratum. Sweet spring-grass .

Spike ovate, oblong ; fertile flowret rather pedicelled,
longer than the awn ; spathellule of the barren flowret ci-
liated.

Gramen vernum spica brevi laxa, Raii Syn. 398, 1,

Anthoxanthum odoratum, Lin. S. P. 40.

Fields and pastures; perennial; May.

Root fibrous; culm 2 feet high, upright, smooth, bald,
naked above; leaves lanceolate, acute, shorter than the
sheath, ciliated ; upper leaves very short ; sheaths smooth,
villous above ; upper very long ; ligulae nicked ; spike in-
terrupted, greenish becoming yellow, woolly ; peduncles
semiverticillate, fewflowered; locustce very smooth, erect;
plant while drying smells like woodroof,

j3. pubescens, Locustce pubescent.

y. effusum. Spike slightly branched ; leaves pubescent.

alpinum . Spike branched ; awn longer than the flow-
ret, leaves smooth. Perhaps a distinct species.

XXXVIII. 79. HOLCUS. Linnaeus. Softgrass.

Glumes 2-flowered ; spathelles alternate, nearly equal,
membranous, longer than the flowrets, mucronate; flowrets
dissimilar, both hermaphrodite ; lower flowret longer ;
spathellules not notched, awned on the back ; awn bent or
plaited ; lower spathellule of the upper flowret mostly awn-
less ; lodicule lanceolate, not notched, bald ; style 2-parted ;
cariopsis free, not furrowed. — Panicle contracted, cylindrical.

1. Holcus lanatus. Woolly softgrass .

Awn of the upper flowret bowed, bent back ; spathelles
unequal, villous ; root fibrous ; leaves villous, soft.

136 *79. Holcus. 10. GRAMINEzE.

PL end. ph.

Gramen miliaceum pratense molle, Raii Syn. 404, 14,

Gramen pratense paniculatmn molle. Park. 1155.

Gramen lanatum Dalechampii, Ger. em. SO *.

Holcus lanatus, Lin. S. P. 1485.

Avena lanata, Koel. Gram. SOS.

Aira Holcus lanatus, Fill. Delpli. 2, 87.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; June and July.

Culms in tufts, 2 feet high, leafy above, pubescent ; leaves
broad, pubescent; sheaths woolly, grey; ligulce short; pa-
nicle coloured becoming grey; peduncles in pairs or threes;
locust ce ovate.

2. Holcus mollis. Tender softgrass.

Awn of the upper flowret bent ; spathelles nearly equal,
rather naked; root creeping; leaves rather naked.

Gramen miliaceum aristatum molle, Raii Syn. 404, 15.

Holcus mollis, Lin. S. P. 1485.

Avena mollis, Koel. Gram. 300.

Aira Holcus mollis, Fill. Delph. 2, 88.

Woods and fields; perennial; June and July.

Culm solitary, smooth ; knots pubescent; leaves pubescent
becoming smooth ; sheaths rather smooth ; ligula long ;
panicle greenish black ; peduncles rough ; hcustce ovate,
lanceolate.

XXXIX. 80. DESCHAMPSIA. Beauv. Pearlgrass.

Glume 2 or 3-fiowered ; spathelles alternate, nearly equal,
longer than the fiowrets ; lower spathellule many toothed at
the tip, awned at bottom ; awn straight, scarcely longer
than the base; upper spathellule 2-cut toothed; lodicule
roundish, not nicked, hairy; style 2-parted ; stigmata dis-
tant, villous; cariopsis free, scarcely furrowed. — Panicle
branched, semiverticillate.

1 . Deschampsia Icevigata . Smooth pearlgrass ,

Panicle contracted ; base of the spathellules pilose ; pe-
duncles very short, smooth ; leaves and sheath very smooth,

Aira laevigata, Smith T. L. S> 10, 334.

Deschampsia laevigata, Roemer Sys. Feg. 687.

Mountains and sea-coasts in the North ; per.; June, July.

Culm 18 in. high.

p. vivipara . Panicle viviparous*

2. Deschampsia ccespitosa . Tufted pearlgrass.

Panicle spreading; base of the spathellules pilose ; pedicells

of the upper fiowrets long, hairy ; leaves furrowed above ;
sheaths roughish ; ligula lanceolate, acute.

10. GRAMINEiE. 79. Holcus.

137

PI. end.ph.

Gramen miliaceum segetale majus, Raii Syn. 403, 5.

Gramen segetum panicula speciosa, Park. 1158.

Grameu segetale, Ger. em. 5.

Aira caespitosa, Lin. S. P. 96.

Aira altissima, La March FI. Tr. 3, 581.

Deschampia caespitosa, Pal. de Beauvois.

Hassocks. Rough caps. Bulls’ faces.

Woods and damp fields ; perennial ; J uly.

Roots in thick tufts ; culm 3 feet high? upright; leaves
slender; ligula long, 2-cut; panicle greenish purple; locustce
small.

/3. argentea . Panicle silvery white.

y. vivipara. Panicle viviparous.

3. Deschampsia Doniana . Don's pearl grass.

Panicle rather spreading ; base of the spathellule longly
pilose; pedicell of the upper flowret long, pilose; leaves fur-
rowed above ; sheaths very smooth ; ligula truncated at top.

Aira glomerata. Geo. Don.

Mountain Clova, Angus-shire; perennial; July.

Roots in tufts; culm erect, 2 feet high, very smooth;
leaves stiff, flat, narrow, become revolute; sheaths short,
lower white with a membranous edge; ligulce long; panicle
upright, villous.

XL. 81. CORYNEPHORUS. Beauvois. Club-awn.

Glumes 2-flowered ; spathelles alternate, membranous,
longer than the flowrets ; lower spathellule not notched,
awned at bottom; awn woolly, jointed in the middle; the
lower part coriaceous, twisted, threadshape ; the upper
clubshape, smooth ; upper spathellule 2-cut toothed ; stig-
mata villous. — Panicle branched.

Corynephorus canescens. Grey club-awn.

Leaves bristlelike; culm leafy; panicle spreading, be-
coming spikeshape, sheathed.

Gramen miliaceum maritimum molle, Raii Syn. 405, 16.

Aira canescens, Lin. S. P. 97.

Avena canescens, Weber Holsut. 9.

Weingaertneria canescens, Bern. Erford. 51.

Corynephorus canescens, Pal. de Beauvois.

Sands by the sea ; perennial ; July.

Root fibrous, in tufts; culm upright or ascending, 6 in.
high, smooth; leaves erect, stiff j rough, glaucous; ligula
lanceolate, acute; panicle upright, rather facing one way,
rarely coming out of the sheath ; locustce silvery-grey.

138 81. Coryneph. 10. GR AMXNEiE. Pl.end.ph.

F. Agrostide^:. Rachis panicled ; panicle sometimes
contracted, spikeshape ; locustce solitary, one-flowered ;
glumes and glumelles of nearly the same consistence, often
keeled ; lower spatkellule awned or awnless ; upper some-
times 2-keeled ; styles 2.

XLI. 82. CHILOCHLOA. Beauvois. Cals-taiL

Spathelles alternate, unequal, acute, longer than the
flowrets, the edge and back often pilose ; glumelles awnless,
rather cartilaginous ; rudiment of an abortive flowret pedi-
celled, threadshape ; upper spatkellule notched'; lodicule
lanceolate, not notched, bald ; style short, 2-parted; stigmata
villous; cariopsis detached, not furrowed. — Spike branched,
cylindrical.

1. Chilochloa aspera. Rough cats-tail.

Spike cylindrical, lobed, loose; glumes naked, thickened

above; glumelles blunt; culm branchy.

Phleum paniculafum, Huds. FI. Angl. 26, omitting the synonyms,

Phaia.fi s paniculata, Aiton Hort. Kew. 6, 87.

Phalaris aspera, Retz Obs. 414.

Phleum asperum, Villars Delph. 1, 61.

Chilochloa aspera, Pal. de Beauvois , 37.

Fields, walls, and heaths; annual; June and July.

Root fibrous; culms 9 in. high; leaves smooth, the upper-
most very short; sheaths inflated, smooth; ligula long, acute;
spike stiff, rather acute ; peduncles verticillate ; glumes
with very short awns, keeled, gibbous above, edge opake,
very bluntly truncated; smell like that of anthoxanthum.

2. Chilochloa Boehmeri. Boekmer’s cats-tail .

Spike cylindrical, lobed; spathelles rather smooth, inner

edge turned up ; spathellules acute ; sheaths slightly bellied ;
culm not branched.

Phalaris phleioides, Lin. S. P. 80.

Phleum phalaroides, Koel. Gram. 182.

Phleum Boehmeri, Wibel Werth. 125.

Sandy fields; perennial; June and July.

Root fibrous; culm mostly single, purple, shining, 18 in.
high ; leaves and sheaths rather rough ; spike dense, ovate-
cylindrical.

3. Chilochloa arenaria. Sand cats-tail.

Spike ovate, lanceolate, scarcely branched, obtuse ; spa-
thelles ciliated; spathellules short, torn-edged; sheaths bel-
lied ; culm branchy.

Pl.end.ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 82. Chilochloa. 139

Gramen typhinum maritimum minus, Raii Syn. 398, 4,

Phleum arenarium, Lin. S. P. 88.

Phalaris phleioides 0, Aiton Hort. Kew. 1,86.

Phalaris arenaria, Huds. FI. Angl. 23.

Chilochloa arenaria, Pal. de lieauvois.

Sandy places near the sea ; annual ; June.

Roots fibrous ; culm many, leafy below, naked above,
9 in. high, purple, shining; leaves glaucous; sheaths smooth ;
spike scarcely lobed.

4. Cliilochloa hirsuta . Rough cats-lail.

Panicle cylindrical, lobed, loose; spaihelles lanceolate,
keeled, ciliate hairy, with very short bristles ; spathellules
oblong, hairy.

Phleum phalarideum. Fill. Delph. 2, 60.

Phleum Michelii, Allioni Pedem. 2138.

Phalaris alpina. Be Cand. Syn. FI. Fr. 1489.

Chilochloa Michelii, Pal.de Beauvoisy t. 7, f. 2.

Alpine rocks ; perennial ; July.

Root creeping, thickened above; culm erect, very smooth,
18 in. high; leaves smooth, edge membranous, white;
sheaths lax ; upper very long, purplish ; ligula obtuse ; pa-
nicle soft, green or purplish.

XL1I. 83. PHLEUM. Pliny. Timothy .

Spaihelles alternate, boatshaped, compressed, nearly equal,
twice as long as the spathellules, truncated at the tip,
pointed with a prominent, bristlelike, intermediate rib;
glumelle awnless; lower spathellule truncated, many toothed,
inclosing the upper twotoothed spathellule; lodicule lan-
ceolate, acute, not nicked, bald ; ovary beaked ; beak in-
clined ; style 2-parted ; stigmata nearly aspergilliform, vil-
lous ; cariopsis free, not furrowed, beaked ; beak 2-parted.
— Spike cylindrical.

1. Phleum pralense. Meadow timothy.

Spike cylindrical, very long ; spathelle much longer
than the beard ; keel ciliated ; culm upright ; root fibrous.

Gramen typhinum majus sive primum, Ger. em. 11 ; Raii Syn. 398, 1.

Gramen typhinum medium seu vulgatissimum, Park. 1170.

Phleum pratense, Lin. S. P. 87.

Fields and pastures; perennial; July to September.

Culm 3 feet high, naked above, smooth, bald; leaves flat,
very acute, bald, rough; ligula obtuse; spike 3 to 5 in.
long, green, rather blunt; locustce very much crowded.

(3. viviparum. Glumes and glumelles changed into leaves.

y. minus . Culm short, not bulbose at the base.

140 83. Phleum. 10. GRAMINEiE.

PI. end. ph.

2. Phleum nodosum. Knotted timothy.

Spike cylindrical, short; spathelles much longer than

the beard ; keel ciliated ; culm ascending, bulbous at bottom ;
root fibrous.

Gramen typhinum q. Gramen nodosum spica parva 0. Bauhin, Ilaii S yn.
398, 3.

Phleum nodosum, Lin. S. P. 88.

Phleum pratense, var. Hnds. FI. Angl. 26.

Barren places ; perennial ; July to November.

Culm 9 in. high, rather naked above; leaves very acute;
spike 1 to 2 in. long, obtuse.

3. Phleum alpinum. Alpine timothy.

Spike ovate, cylindrical; spathelles the length of the

beard ; keel ciliated ; culm ascending ; root rather creeping.
Phleum alpinum, Lin. S. P. 88.

Mountains in the North; perennial; July.

Root jointed ; culm 18 in. high ; upper sheaths very long,
inflated; lower ligula very short; upper slender, acute;
spike 1 in. long, blackish purple.

XLIII. 84. PHAL ARIS. Dioscorides. Phalaris.

Spathelles alternate, nearly equal, boatshape, gibbous on
the back, often membranous winged, longer than the flow-
rets ; glumelles awnless, hardened, leathery ; rudiment of an
abortive flowret sessile, like an appendix, awlshape, bald
or hairy ; upper spathellule slightly nicked ; lodicule ovate,
not notched, hairy ; style short, 2-parted ; stigmata villous ;
cariopsis free, included in the hardened glumelle, not fur-
rowed.—-PV/mc/e spikeshape, or effused ; locustce crowded ;
peduncle often involucrated.

a. Panicle spikeshape ; keel of the glumelles winged.

1 . Phalaris Canariensis. Canary phalaris.

Panicle ovate ; margin of the upper spathelle truncate ;
culm rather upright; root fibrous.

Phalaris major, semine albo, Raii Syn. 394, 1.

Phalaris, Ger. em. 86.

Phalaris Canariensis, Lin. S. P. 79.

Phalaris ovata, Moench. Meth.

Canary grass.

Roadsides, ruins, also cultivated ; annual ; June to Sept.
Culms many, 2 feet high, smooth; leaves flat, lanceolate,
edge white ; upper sheaths inflated ; ligula large ; panicle
very dense; peduncles short; locustce broad, ovate, whit©
with 2 lunate green lines.

Seeds used as food for singing birds.

PI. end.ph.

10. GRAMINEiE. 84*. Phalaris. 14*1

b. Panicle loose ; keel of the spathelle sharp .

2. Phalaris arundinacea . Reedy phalaris .

Panicle upright, oblong, bellied, contracted ; locustce
facing one way ; spathelles acute ; leaves flat ; culm upright ;
root creeping.

Gramen ariindinaceura, acerosa gluma, Jerseyanum, Raii Syn. 400, 2.

Phalaris arundinacea, Lin. S. P. 80.

Arundo colorata, Soland&r in Aiton Ilort. Kevo. 1, 116.

Calamagrostis colorata, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 37.

Typhoides arundinacea, Moench. Meth. 99.

Baidigera arundinacea, Flor. Wetter. 99.

Calamagrostis variegata, With. Bot.Arr. 2, 124.

Bogs and river-sides ; perennial; July.

Roots in tufts; culm upright, 3 feet high, knots smooth;
leaves very broad, flat ; sheaths round, long ; ligula short,
obtuse ; panicle large, glomerate ; peduncles in pairs or
threes; involucrum small, white; locustce compressed, whitish
or purplish ; ribs 3, green.

0. glauca. Leaves glaucous.

y. picta. Leaves elegantly streaked with white.

Ladies ’ laces. Gardeners’ garters. Ribband grass.

XLIV. 85. ALOPECURUS. Theophrastus. Foxtail .

Spathelles alternate, lower larger, distinct or grown to-
gether at the bottom; spathellule one, pitchershape, split
on one side, awned below the middle ; lodicule linear, not
nicked, bald; style 2=parted, nearly simple at bottom; stig-
mata very long, nearly aspergillifbrm.-— Spi&e compound,
stiff, cylindrical, not involucrated ; peduncles very short.

a. Spathelles soldered together above the middle ; keel
dilated, bald above ; awn long.

1. Alopecurus agrestis. Wild foxtail .

Spathelles acute, rough, almost bald; spike cylindrical,

attenuated, acute; peduncles not branched, 1 -flowered; culm
erect, rather rough.

Gramen myosuroides majus, spica longiore, aristis rectis, Raii Syn. 397,1.

Gramen alopecuroides minus, Ger. em. 10.

Gramen alopecuroides spica longa majus et minus, Park . 1169.

Alopecurus agrestis, Lin. S. P. 89.

Alopecurus myosuroides, Muds. ed. 1,23.

Great mouse-tail grass.

Fields and ways; annual; July.

Roots fibrous ; culm 18 in. high, leafy ; leaves rough above ;
ligula lanceolate; spike 3 in. long, slender, purplish.

142 85. Alopecurus. 10. Gil A MINERS. Pl.end.pk,

&. minor. Small , brown; spike short.

Gramen myosuroides minus, spica breviore, arislis recurvis, Raii Syn.
397 , 2.

b- Spathelles soldered at the base ; keel ciliated ;
awn long.

2. Alopecurus pratensis . Field foxtail.

Spathelles acute, villose ; awn longer than the spathelles ;

spike cylindrical, obtuse ; peduncles branched, many flowered ;
culm upright, smooth ; root fibrous.

Gramen alopecuroides q. Gramen alopecuro simili, glabrum cum pilis
longiusculis in spica, Onocordon mihi denominatum, J. Bauhin, Raii Syn.
396,1.

Gramen alopecuroides majus, Ger. em. 10.

Gramen phalaroides majus sive Italicum, forte etiam Gramen phala-
roides spica molli sive German i cum, C. Bauhin, Park. 1164.

Alopecurus pratensis, Lin. S. P. 72.

Common foxtail grass.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May.

Culm 2 feet high, thick, very smooth ; leaves broad,
long ; sheaths smooth ; ligula short, blunt ; spike 2 or 3 in.
long, whitish.

0. hiatus. Spike much lobed.

3. Alopecurus alpinus. Alpine foxtail.

Spathelles rather acute, villous ; awn as long as the spa-
thelles; spike ovate; peduncles branched, manyflowered ;
culm upright, smooth; root creeping.

Alopecurus alpinus, Eng.Bot . 1126.

Alopecurus ovatus, Knapp Gram. 15.

Scotch Alps; perennial; June and July.

Culm 1 foot high, upright; radical leaves linear, slender;
stem-leaves short, broad, acute ; sheaths long, bellied ; ligula
short; spike blunt, whitish.

c. Spathelles free j keel ciliated .

4. Alopecurus hullosus . Bullous foxtail.

Spathelles acute, villose; awn longer than the spathelles;

spike cylindrical, attenuated ; culm upright, bulbose at bot-
tom.

Gramen myosuroides nodosum, Raii Syn. 397, 3.

Alopecurus bulbosus, Lin. S. P. 1665.

Alopecurus geniculalus j6, Huds. FI. Angl. 27.

Salt-water marshes; perennial; July.

6

PLend.ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 85. Alopecurus. 143

Roots in tufts ; culm 9 in. high, smooth ; radical leaves
smooth, short ; stem-leaves smooth, linear, spreading ; ligula
short ; spike 2 in. long, dark sea-green ; anthers deep
greenish blue.

5. Alopecurus geniculatus . Kneed foxtail .

Spathelles blunt, villose; awn longer than the spathelles;

anthers linear; spike cylindrical, blunt; peduncles scarcely
branched, 1 or 2-flowered ; culm ascending, knee-jointed.

Grarnen alopecuroides q. Gramen aquaticum geniculatum spicatum,
Raii Syn. 396, 2.

Gramen fluviatile spicatum, Ger. cm. 14.

Gramen aquaticum spicatum, Park. 1275.

Alopecurus geniculatus, Lin. S. P. 89.

Watery places; perennial; May and June.

Root fibrous ; culm floating, very long, leafy, lower joint
rooting; leaves rather smooth; ligula short; spike short,
purplish; anthers linear oblong, purple, becoming dull
yellow.

0. lulbosus . Culm rather upright, bulbous at bottom ;
spike dark green.

6. Alopecurus fulvus . Flamecolour foxtail .

Spathelles blunt, villous ; awn as long as the spathelle ;

anthers nearly round ; spike cylindrical ; peduncles branched,
manyflowered ; culm ascending, knee-jointed.

Gramen alopecuroides q. Gramen fluviatile album Tabernaemoutani,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 396, 2 * .

Alopecurus geniculatus 4, With. Rot. Arr. 120.

Alopecurus fulvus, Engl. Rot. 1467.

Duck-grass. Spike flote-gr ass.

Watery places ; perennial ; August and September.

Root fibrous; leaves broader than those of alopecurus
geniculatus; sheaths inflated; spike 2 in. long, pale green;
anthers fine orange, becoming quite white ; awn very slen-
der, soft.

XLV. 86. PSAMMA. Beauvois. Marram .

Spathelles alternate, acute, lower smallest ; spathellides
hairy below the tip, mucronate, nearly as long as the spa-
thelles, acute ; lodicule lanceolate, awlshape, acute, bald ;
ovary topshaped, rather 3-sided ; style 3-parted ; stigmata 3,
featherlike; cariopsis top-shape, rather 3 -sided, free; cor -
culum terminal? — Spike branched, erect, cylindrical; pe-
duncles branched, very short ; locust ce many, crowded.

144 86. Psamma. 10. GR A MINEAE.

PI. end . ph .

Psamma arenaria. Sand marram .

Spike long ; leaves involute, pungent ; root creeping.

Gramefi sparteum spicatuin foil is niucronatis longioribus, vel spici
secalina, Raii Syn. 393, 1.

Spartum Anglicanum, Ger. em. 38.

Spartum marinum nostras, Park. 1198.

Arundo arenaria, Lin. S. P. 121.

Calamagrostis arenaria, With. But. Arr. 123.

Ammophilla arundinacea, Host Gram. Austr. 4,41.

Psamma arenaria, Roem. Sys. Veg. 845.

Sandy sea-shores ; perennial ; July.

Roots spreading; culm 4 feet high, stiff, leafy; leaves
upright, spreading, glaucous, very smooth, bald ; sheaths
smooth; ligula long, acute; panicle 6 in. long; locustoe
light glaucous green.

XLVI. 87. SPARTINA. Schreber. Sea-grass .

Spathelles alternate, very acute; lower smallest; spa-
thellules 2-cut, nicked, toothed, shorter than the spathelles,
awnless ; lodicule rather truncated, fringed ; style very long;
stigmata 3, villous.- — Spike branched; spikelets alternate;
locustoe 1 -sided, sessile, in two rows.

Spartina stricta . Rough sea-grass .

Spathelles rather longer than the spathellules, keel rather
smooth ; spikelets adpressed ; locustoe loosely tiled, upright ;
leaves convolute, pungent.

Gramen sparteum, q. Spartum Essexianum, spicagemina clausa Petiver,
Raii Syn. 393, 4.

Dactylis cynosuroides, Huds. FI. Angl. 43; but not of Linnaeus.

Dactyl is stricta, Solander in Ait. Hort. Iieio. 6, 104.

Limnetis pungens, Persoon Syn. 1,72.

Spartina stricta, Roth N. Beytr. 101.

Marshy fields at the mouth of large rivers; per.; July, Aug.

Root creeping; culm upright, 2 feet high, not branched,
stiff, very smooth; leaves stiff, upright; sheaths long, very
smooth, shining, very close to the culm, upper partly en-
closing the lower spikelet; ligula very short; spikelets 2,
hairy, soft; spathelles mostly mucronate below the tip.

{3. triplex . Spikelets three.

XJLVIL 88. VILFA. Adanson. Bent*

Spathelles alternate, not notched, rather longer than the
spathellules, lower largest ; lower spathellule 3 -cut, toothed,
acute or ending in a bristle ; upper 2-cut ; lodicule acute ;
stamens (1 to) 3; style 2-parted, short; stigmata villous ;
cariopsis free, not furrowed.— Ptfrciefe branched, more or
less contracted or effused ; peduncles semiverticillate.

PI. end. ph.

1. Viifa alba .

10. GRAMINEiE. 88. Viifa. 115

While bent.

Culm creeping, branched, rooting ; panicle loose, spread-
ing ; spathellules smooth, nearly equal, toothed, serrulate ;
locustce lanceolate; leaves ft at, rough; sheaths smooth.

Gramen miliaceum majus panicula spadicea, Rati Syn. 405, 11.

Gramen miliaceum majus panicula viridi, Raii Syn. 404, 12.

Agrostis alba, Lin. S. P. 93. ‘

Agrostis polymorpha seu palustris, IFuds. FI. Angl. 22.

Marsh bent grass. While Squitch. Squitch.

Marshes and woods ; perennial; July.

Root creeping, thick, white; culm naked above, 3 feet
high, smooth ; ligula obtuse.

|3. conferta. Short ; peduncles crowded at bottom, long,
naked, not branched ; both spathelles serrated on the back.

7. ramosa. Short ; peduncles crowded at bottom, long,
naked, branched ; upper half only of the inner spatheile
serrated.

nuda. Peduncles all naked at bottom, and branched ;
upper half only of the inner spatheile serrated.

£. sylvatica. Glumes and glumelles growing longer after
flowering ; lower branch of the panicle naked at bottom.

Gramen miliaceum sylvestre glumis oblongis, Raii Syn. 404, 13.

Agrostis sylvatica, Lin. S. P. 1665.

Agrostis polymorpha 77, Iluds. FI. Angl. 32.

2. Viifa nigra. Black bent.

Stolones creeping, branchy ; culm upright ; panicle scat-
tered, fewflowered ; locustce lanceolate ; peduncles bare at
bottom ; spathelles unequal ; upper part of the lower spa-
thelle serrulate ; upper spatheile smooth ; leaves nearly
smooth, slender; sheaths smooth.

Agrostis nigra, With. Bot. Arr. 173.

Agrostis stolonifera, Leers Herb. 26 ; not of Linnaeus.

Black squitch.

Woods and moist places; perennial; July.

Culms many, slender, 2 feet high ; leaves flat, weak ; ligulcz
blunt; panicle 2 to 4 in. long; peduncles deep purple; locustce
brown, scattered.

3. Viifa stolonifera. Running bent.

Culm creeping, taking root, branchy ; panicle compact,

lower branches spreading, densely crowded at bottom with
flowers ; locustce ovate, lanceolate ; spathelles nearly equal,
pubescent; lower spatheile serrulated at the upper part;
leaves flat.

VOL. IT.

L

146 88. Vilfa. 10. GRAMINE.ZE. Pl.end.pk.

Gramen miliaceum q. Gramen montanum miliaceum minus, radice re-
pente C. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 402,2.

Gramen canimim supiuum, Ger. em. 261.

Agroslis stolonifera, Lin. S. P. 93.

Agrostis polymorpha 8, Huds. FI. Angl. 31.

Black Squitch. Fiorin grass.

Fields and damp pastures; perennial; July and August,

Root fibrous ; culm smooth, blackish purple , leaves rough ;
sheaths rather smooth ; ligula rounded ; panicle upright,
rather 1 -sided; spathelles rather blunt, purplish.

/3. marina. Culm stiff’, glaucous, 3 in. high; sheaths
rather smooth.

brevis. Panicle pale red becoming dull green,, branches
very short; leaves and sheaths rough.

Agrostis brevis, Knapp Gram , 116.

& maritima. Branches of the panicle long, naked, short,
crowded at bottom ; leaves and sheaths rough.

Agrostis maritima, With. Bot.Arr. 2, 175.

4. Vilfa vulgaris . Common lent.

Culm upright; panicle hairlike, upright, spreading; pe-
duncles threeforked, naked at bottom ; pedicells upright,
locustce ovate, crowded ; outer spathelle serrate at the tip ;
inner smooth; inner spathellule very short, blunt; stem-leaves
rough ; sheaths very smooth; ligula truncated.

Gramen miliaceum locustis minimis, panicula fere arundinaeea, Rail
$yn. 402, 4.

Agrostis vulgaris. With. Bot. Arr. 132.

Agrostis tenuis, Sibthorp , Oxf. 36.

Agrostis eapillaris, Iluds. ed. 1 ; but not of Linnaeus.

Agrostis polymorpha a, Huds. FI. Angl. 31.

Agrostis hispida, Willd. S . P. 1,370.

Fine bent grass.

Pastures; perennial; July and August.

Culm 2 feet long; leaves long, slender; lower leaves
smooth; panicle oblong; peduncles rather smooth ; locustce
small, coloured.

5. Vilfa divaricata. Spread bent .

Culm upright; panicle spreading out wide; peduncles

hairlike, naked above half their length, 3-forked ; pedicells
spread out wide; locustce ovate, spread; outei' spathelle
serrulate ; inner smooth ; inner spathellule very short, ob-
tuse ; stem-leaves rough ; sheaths very smooth ; ligula trun-
cated.-

PI* end'ph, 10. GRAMINEJE. 88. Vilfa. 147

Agrostis tenella, Hofftn. Germ » 3, 1, 36 ?

Agrostis divaricata, Hoffni. Germ . 3, 1, ST.

Agrostis capillaris, Wiild. S. P. 1, 369.

Agrostis vulgaris tenella, Gaud . Agr. Helv. 84.

Agrostis vulgaris seminuda, Knapp Gram. 115.

Fields and meadows ; perennial; July.

Culm 2 feet long ; leaves slender ; panicle pyramidical,
large ; peduncles rather rough ; locustce pale ; style falling
off.

pumila . Culms 2 in. high, in tufts; cariopsis long,
covered with a dust (ustilago ?) style remaining.

Agrostis pumila, Lin. Mant. 1,31.

Agrostis vulgaris y, Smith FI. Brit. 97.

Agrostis divaricata; var. Hoffm. Germ. 3, 1,37.

In barren ground.

XLVIII. 89. AGROSTIS. Theophrastus. Fiorin .

Spathelles alternate, membranous, longer than the spa-
thellules, nearly equal or lower largest ; lou er spathellule
2-cut at the tip, lobes often nicked, awned below the middle ;
awn plaited, twisted ; upper much shorter, 2 or 4-cut,
toothed ; lodicule obovate, not nicked, smooth ; style short,
2-parted ; stigmata villous ; cariopsis free, not furrowed.
— Panicle branched more or less, contracted or effused.

1. Agrostis canina . Dogs fiorin.

Spathelles nearly equal ; tip of the outer serrate ; of the

inner smooth ; panicle upright, spreading ; peduncles hair-
like, three-forked ; pedicles upright ; locustce ovate, crowded ;
awn twice the length of the spathellule ; culm upright.

Agrostis canina, Leers Herb. 21.

Agrostis vulgaris ; var. Smith FI Brit. 79.

Agrostis capillaris; var. Fill. Delph. 2,73,

Fields; perennial; July.

Culm 18 in. high, branchy at bottom, smooth ; stem^leaves
rough ; ligula truncated ; panicle 3 in. long, coloured ; pe-
duncle naked at bottom, smooth ; locustce coloured.

2. Agrostis laxa . Loose-panicle florin .

Spathelles nearly equal ; tip of the outer serrate, of the

inner smooth ; panicle spreading ; peduncles hairlike, three-
forked ; pedicells spread ; locustce ovate, spread ; awn twice
as long as the spathellules; culm upright.

Agrostis vulgaris y; var. Smith FI. Brit. 80.

Fields; perennial; July.

l 2

148 89* Agrostis. 10. G RAMIN EiE. PLend.ph ,

Root creeping; culm 18 in. high, smooth, branchy at
bottom; I'lgula very shortly truncated; panicle oblong, be-
coming, pyramidical; peduncles rather long, naked; locustce
pale.

0. pumila. Culms in bundles, 2 in. high ; cariopsis long,
covered with a dust (ustiiago ?)

Agrostis vulgaris -/; var. Smith FI. Brit. 80.

3. Agrostis puhescens. Downy florin .

Spat/ielles nearly equal, pubescent, tip of the outer spa-
thelle serrate, of the inner smooth; panicle contracted; pe-
duncles short ; locustce lanceolate, crowded ; awn short :
culm branchy, upright.

Agrostis stolonifera ; var. Smith Ft. Brit. 81.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; July, August.

XLIX. 90. AFERA. Adanson. Silk-grass,

Spathelles alternate, nearly equal, rather longer than the
spathellules ; lower spathellule not nicked at the tip, bristled
below the tip ; upper 2-cut, toothed ; lodicule lanceolate,
not nicked, bald; stamens 1 or 3; style short, 2-parted;
stigmata villous ; cariopsis free, husked, not furrowed.—
Panicle branched, large.

2. Apera effusa . Large-panicled silk- grass.

Panicle spreading, rather 1 -sided, manyflowered ; shorter
peduncles crowded with flowers ; longer naked at bottom ;
leaves smooth; culm upright; awn 5 times as long as the
spathellules.

Gramen miliaceum majus. glumis aristatis, spadiceis et pallidis. Raii
$yn. 405, 17.

Gramen arundinaceum, Ger. cm. 5.

Gramen agrorum spica venti, Pari;. 1158.

Agrostis Spica venti, Lin. S. P. 91.

Apera Spica venti, Palis, de Beauvais.

Corn-fields in moist sandy soils; annual ; June and July.

Root fibrous ; culm smooth, 3 feet high ; leaves rather
smooth ; sheaths smooth ; ligula torn ; panicle very large ;
locustce minute, green or yellowish.

2. Apera P paluslris. Marsh silk-grass.

Panicle spreading, manyflowered ; shorter peduncles
crowded with flowrets; longer naked at bottom ; awn shorter
than the spathellules; culm creeping, taking root; leaves
rough.

149

Pl.end.ph. 10. GRAMINEJE. 90. Apera.

Agrostis palustris, With. Bot. Arr. 168.

Swampy places ; perennial; June and July.

Culm rather smooth, branched ; leaves broad ; sheaths
rough; ligula rough, long; panicles 6 in. long; spathelles
equal; keel serrate, of the inner only half way down; spa -
thellules one fourth shorter than the spathelles, the inner
shorter and narrow.

L. 91. AGRAULUS. Beauvois. Field-grass.

Spathelles alternate, longer than the spathellule, nearly
equal; spathellule 1, nicked at the tip, awned below the
middle ; awn twisted, plaited ; lodicule ovate, lanceolate,
bald, not nicked ; stigmata villous; cariopsis free, furrowed.
— Panicle more or less spreading; radical leaves bristlelike ;
stem-leaves fiat, broad.

1 . Agraulus caninus. Fogs field-grass.
Tips of the outer spathelle serrate, of the inner smooth ;

glumelles naked; locuslce ovate, acute, coloured; panicles
spreading ; peduncles 3-forked, manyflowered ; leaves in
bundles, smooth; culms ascending.

Agrostis canino, Lin. S. P. 92.

Agrostis vinealis, Schreher Spic. 57, 977.

Ischodium eaninnm, Schrader Germ. 198.

Damp fields and pastures ; perennial ; July.

Culm prostrate, often branched, leafy, smooth ; leaves flat,
smooth; uppermost broader, rough; sheaths short; upper
very long, roughish ; ligulce long, obtuse, fringed ; panicle
upright, hispid ; locustce small, violet.

2. Agraulus pallidus . Pale-green field-grass.

Keel of the outer spathelle serrate, of the inner at the

tip only ; glumelles naked ; locustce lanceolate, pale ; panicle
rather spreading ; peduncles branchy, fewflowered ; leaves
rough.

Agrostis pallida, With. 169.

Forests ; perennial ; May and June.

Culm 18 in. high, smooth; ligulce long, acute; panicle
3 in. long; peduncles capillary ; locustce pale green.

3. Agraulus setaceus. Bristle field-grass.

Spathelles serrate at the tip ; spaihellules hairy at bottom ;

locuslce lanceolate; panicle contracted; peduncles upright,
manyflowered ; culm ascending.

PL end . ph.

150 91. Agraulus. 10. GR AMINE/E.

Agrostis setacea, Curtis Land. 6, 12.

Agrostis alpina, With. Bot.Arr. 128.

Agrostis mutabilis, Sihth. Oxf. 10 ?

Agrostis canina 6 et y, Huds. FI. Angl. 88.

Dry heaths; perennial; July and August.

Culm 1 fool high ; leaves pale, rather glaucous ; radical
leaves in tufts, upright ; ligula long, torn ; panicle whitish ;
peduncles branched, rough, semiverticil late; spathelles slen-
der, acute; spatliellules mucronated gt the tip; awn longer
than the spathelle.

(3, purpureus. Locustce slightly coloured.

LI. 92. ACHNATHERIUM. Beauvois. Bushgrass,

Spathelles alternate, lower largest ; spatliellules membra-
naceous; lower slightly nicked, awned; upper not nicked,
pointed ; awn terminal, not jointed, plaited, twisted; lodicule
lanceolate, not nicked, bald : style short, 2-parted ; stigmata
villose ; cariopsis furrowed. — Panicle branched, loose.

Achnatherium lanceolatum . Spear bushgrass.

Panicle diffuse; locustce rather spread, upright; spathelles
lanceolate, longer than the awn; culm rather branched;
leaves linear.

Arundo q. Calamagrostis minor glumis rutGs et viridibus Petiveri, Dil-
len in Raii Syn. 401 , 3.

Arundo Calamagrostis, Lin . S. P. 121.

Arundo epigejos, Huds, FI. Ang. 54.

Calamagrostis epigejos, With. Bot. Arr. 123.

Calamagrostis lanceolata, Koel. Gram. 58.

Wood and hedges ; perennial ; July.

Hoot fibrous ; culm erect, 4? feet high, leafy, very smooth ;
leaves slender, pointed, light green; sheaths long; ligula
lanceolate; panicle rather upright; locustce small, purple
or light brown.

$, pilosum . Leaves hairy above.

LIE 93. CALAMAGROSTIS. Dioscorides. Reedgrass,

Spathelles alternate, very acute, longer than the spathel-
lules; lower largest; spathellules membranous, often villous;
lower 2 or 4-toothed; bristled between the teeth; upper
2-cut, toothed; bristle awlshape; lodicule lanceolate, not
nicked, bald; style short, 2-parted; stigmata villous; ca -
riop-As free, not furrowed.- — Panicle branched, becoming
effused.

Pl. end. ph. 10. GR AMINE2E. 93. Calamagrostis. 151

1 . Calamagrostis epigejos. Creeping reedgrass.

Panicle upright ; locustce imbricate, bundled, facing one

way; spatheiles longer than the spathellules, linear, bristled;
bristle shorter than the hairs; leaves lanceolate; ligida
long.

Aruudo q. Gramen arundinaceum panicula molli spadicea majus, Raii
Syn. 401,2.

Gramen tomentosum arundinaceum, Ger. em. 9.

Calamagrostis si ve Gramen tomentosum, Park, 1182,

Arundo epigejos, Lin, S. P. 120.

Arundo calamagrostis, Huds. FI. Angl. 54,

Calamagrostis lanceolata, With. Bot. Arr. 122.

Banks and damp woods ; perennial ; July.

Root jointed, creeping; culms in bundles, upright, 6 feet
high ; leaves very long, bald, dry, glaucous ; sheaths long,
bald ; ligula lanceolate ; panicle manyflowered, oblong,
green or blackish violet, becoming grey, woolly; locustce
long, drooping.

2. Calamagrostis neglecla. Neglected reedgrass .

Panicle upright, spread; locust cc upright, spread; spa-
theiles the same length as the spathellules; bristles and hairs
shorter than the spathellules ; leaves linear ; ligula very

short, truncated.

Arundo neglecta, Ehrh. Calam. 118.

Arundo stricta, Schrad. Germ. 1,215.

Calamagrostis neglecta, Flor. Wett. 1,84.

Marshy places ; perennial; June.

Root creeping; cidm 2 feet high, ascending, slender,
bald ; leaves narrow, acute, rough above and on the edge,
when dry convolute ; sheaths bald, ligula not notched ;
panicle slender, 3 to 6 in. long, purplish or reddish brown ;
glumes acute, not bristled.

LIII. 94. GASTRIDIUM. Beauvois. Lentil-grass .

Glumes 1 -flowered; spatheiles alternate, bellied at bot-
tom, 3 times as long as the spathellules; lower largest;
spathellules leathery, hardening ; lower 3 or 4-toothed,
bristled beneath the tip ; upper 2-cut, toothed ; style short,
2-parted ; stigmata hairy ; cariopsis husked. — Panicle
branched, contracted, approaching to a spike shape.

Gastridium auslrale. Southern lentil-grass ,

Bristle much longer than the spatheiles.

152 94>. Gastridium. 10. G RAMIN EzE. Tl.end.ph>

Gramen pauiceum q. Panicum serotinum arvense, spica pyramidal*
Tournefort, Raii Syn. 394, 4.

Milium lendigei um, Lin. S. P. 91.

Agrostis australis, Lin . Mant. 1,30.

Agrostis rubra, Huds.ed. 1,26.

Alopecurus ventricosus, Huds. FI. Angl. 28.

Agrostis ventricosa, Gouan Hort. 39.

Agrostis panicea, Lamarck Enc.Meth. 1, 58.

Agrostis lendigera, De Land. Syn. FI. Gall. 1508.

Sandy meadows and pastures; annual; August.

Root fibrous; culm branchy, upright, very smooth; leaves
flat, slender, short, bald, rough ; sheaths smooth ; ligula
long, 2-parted; panicle greenish white; peduncles branched;
locustce crowded.

LIV. 95. POLYPOGON. Desfontaines, Beards .

Glumes 1 -flowered ; spathelles alternate, nearly equal or
lower largest, much longer than the spathellules, slightly
nicked and with a long bristle at the tip ; spathellules car-
tilaginous ; lower not notched, bristled below the tip ; upper
2-cut, toothed ; bristle of the glumelle straight, herbaceous ;
style 2-parted; stigmata villous; cariops'is free, not furrowed.
— Panicle branched, contracted, nearly spikeshape.

1. Polypogon littoralis. Shore beards .

Spathellules smooth; bristle scarcely longer than the

spathelles ; culm decumbent ; root creeping.

Agrostis lutosa, Poiret Enc. Meth. Sup. 1,249.

Agrostis littoralis, With. Bot. Arr. 2, 129.

Polypogon littoralis, Smith Comp. FI. Br. 13.

Salt marshes ; perennial ; August.

Culm decumbent at bottom, 12 in. high, smooth; leaves
broad, flat, rough ; ligula pubescent, torn ; panicle close,
lobed ; locustce white, green or purple at the tip.

2. Polypogon Monspeliensis. Montpelier beards.

Spathellules pubescent, hispid; bristles 3 times as long

as the spathelles ; culm erect; root fibrous.

Gramen alopecuroides, q. Alopecurus maxima Anglica Parkinson,
(1166), Raii Syn. 396,4.

Alopecurus altera maxima Anglica paludosa, Ger. em . 88.

Alopecurus Monspeliensis, Lin. S. P. 89.

Alopecurus aristalus, Huds. FI. Angl. 28.

Phleum crinitum, Schreb. Gram. 151.

Agrostis panicea, Willd. S. P. 1 , 363.

Agrostis tri-aristata, Knapp Gram. 23.

Pl.end.ph . 10. G RAMI NEAL 95. Polypcgon. 153

Damp fields on sea-coasts ; annual ; July and August'

Root small; culms many, 18 in. high, smooth, bald; leaves
striated ; sheaths long, bald ; ligula torn ; panicle upright,
lobed, branched ; locustce numerous, crowded, 1 -sided,
greenish yellow.

0. panideus . Culm 6 in. high ; panicle very small, scarcely
lobed.

Phleum crinitum, Huds. Fl.Angl. 28.

Alopecurus paniceus, Lin. S. P. 90.

Cynosurus paniceus, Lin. S. P. ed. 1,73.

LY. 96. LA GURUS. Linnaeus. Hares-iaiL

Glumes 1 -flowered; spathelles alternate, linear, rough-
edged, longer than the spathellules, nearly equal or lower
smaller; lower spathellule 2-bristled at the tip, awned on
the back above the middle ; upper not nicked ; awn twisted,
bent; lodicule ovate, not nicked, bald; style short, 2-parted;
stigmata hairy ; cariopis free, not furrowed. — - Panicle
branched, spikeshape.

Lagurus ovatus . Eggshaped hares-taiL

Spike ovate, drooping ; leaves pubescent ; awn twice as
long as the spathelle.

Lagurus ovatus, Lin. S. P. 119.

Sandy fields ; annual ; June.

Culm solitary, 18 in. high, ascending, bald, naked above;
lower leaves lanceolate, acute ; upper ovate ; sheaths long,
bellied below ; ligula oblong ; locus tee many, crowded ;
spathelles ciliated.

G. Stipaceje. Rachis panicled ; locustcE solitary, one-
flowered ; spathelles membranaceous ; lower spathellules sol-
dered, leathery ; upper not 2-keeled, involving, awned ; stig-
mata 2.

LVI. 97. STIPA. Linnaeus. Feather-grass .

Spathelles membranaceous, longer than the spathellules ;
spathellules cartilaginous ; lower convolute, awned at the
tip; upper not nicked; awn long, jointed, falling off; lodicule
oblong, not nicked, bald ; stamens 1 or 3 ; style short,
2-parted ; stigmata, villous ; cariopsis free, furrowed. • — -
Panicle scarcely branched, loose.

154

97. Stipa. 10. GRAMINEiE. Pl.end.ph

Stipa pennata. Feathered feather-grass.

Lower spathellule smooth at bottom.

Gramen sparteum pennatum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 395, 3.

Stipa pennata, Lin. S. P. 1 15.

Limestone rocks ; perennial; July. A doubtful native.

Foots in tufts ; culm not branched, 1 foot high, upright,
without joints ; leaves involute, bristlelike ; ligula lanceo-
late; locustce 4 or 5, very large; awn 6 to 10 in. long,
acute, angular; hairs soft, pellucid.

H. Panice je. Rachis spiked or panicled ; locust ce soli-
tary, or many in pairs, 1 -flowered ; jlowrets 1 barren, or
unisexual ; spathellules often stronger than the spathelles,
more or less cartilaginous ; lower spathellule semi-involute,
awnless or rarely awned, not keeled ; stigmata 2.

a. Locustce \-Jlowered , hermaphrodite .

LVII. 98. MILIUM. Pliny. Millet .

Spathelles herbaceous, longer than the spathellules,
lower largest; spathellules leathery, hardened, placed some-
what contrary to the spathelles ; lodicule lanceolate, not
nicked, bald; ovary 2-cut; style 2 parted; stigmata , asper-
gilliform ; cariopsis free, 2-horned, wrapped in the persist-
ing spathellules, not furrowed. Panicle branched, loose.

Millium effusum . Loose millet .

Locustce ovate, spreading; spathelles bald ; panicle semi-
verticillate.

Gramen miliaceum, Raii Syn. 402, I ; Ger. em. 6.

Gramen miliaceum vulgare, Park. 1153.

Milium effusum, Lin. S. P. 90.

Agrostis effusa, Lamarck Enc. Meth . 1,59.

Millet grass.

Damp woods; perennial; June and July.

Root rather creeping ; cidm upright, 3 feet high ; leaves
long, dark green, drooping ; sheaths bald, round ; ligula
obtuse, torn; panicle large, pyramidical, few-flowered;
peduncles naked below far up, becoming reflexed; pedicells
thickened ; locustce small, green ; herb odoriferous while
drying.

10. GRAMINEiE. 99. Mibora. 1.55

PL end.ph.

LVIII. 99. MIBORA. Adanson. Dwarf -lent.

Spathelles alternate, truncated, fringed, longer than the
spathellules, lower smallest; lower spathellule torn; jaggs
bristled; upper not nicked; ovary beaked; beak naked;
stigmata villous; cariopsis free, not furrowed. — Spike simple,
few-flowered ; rachis flexuose ; locustce nearly sessile.

Mibora verna. Spring dwarf -bent.

Spike filiform ; locustce elliptical, large and truncated
at top.

Gramen minimum Anglo-Britannicum Lobelii, Rail Syn. K k 7.

Mibora verna, Adanson.

Knappia agrostidea, Smith FI. Br. 1387.

Agrostis minima, Lin. S. P. 93.

Sturmia minima, Sturm. FI. Germ. 7, 1.

Chamagrostis minima, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1650.

Nardus, Guett.

Sturmia verna, Persoon Ench. 1,72.

Sandy shores ; annual ; April and May.

Root fibrous; culm upright, 2 in. high, scaly and leafy
at bottom, naked smooth and knotless above far up ; leaves
hairlike, blunt, glandular, spotted ; sheaths very short ;
ligula long, blunt ; spike violet, 6 or 8-flowered.

b. Locustce 2 or many -flowered ; one barren.

LIX. 100. DIGIT ARIA. Haller. Fingers.

Spathelles alternate ; lower very small, often scarcely
visible; lower flowret neuter; spathellule one, herba-
ceous, awnless ; upper hermaphrodite; spathellules rather
leathery, hardening, awnless ; style 2-parted ; stigmata
aspergilliform ; cariopsis free, very slightly furrowed. —
Spikelets simple, linear, digitate or in bundles, with a flat-
tened membranaceous back ; locustce 1 -sided ; pedicells 2 or
many-flowered.

1 . Digitaria sanguinalis . Bloody fingers.

Spikelets digitate, 3, 4, or 6 ; inside smooth at bottom ;
between upright and spreading; locustce elliptical; spathelles
very unequal; leaves and sheaths slightly papillose.

Gramen dactylon latiore folio, Raii Syn. 399, 2.

Ischaemon sylvestre latiore folio, Park. 1178.

Ischmmon vulgare, Ger.em. 27.

Panicum sanguinale, Lin. S. P. 84.

Digitaria sanguinalis, Scop. Cam. 72.

Syntherisma vulgare, Schrad. Germ. 1, 161.

Paspalum sanguinale, Poiret Enc. Met/i. 5, 33.

Cocks foot grass.

PI. end . ph.

156 100. Digitaria. 10. GRAMINEdS.

Fields; annual; July and August.

Culm lying down, branchy, smooth, joints villous; leaves
smoothish, 7 or 9-ribbed ; sheaths broad, often spotted ;
ligula very short, fringed ; spikelets 1 -sided ; peduncles
short, 2-flowered, one nearly sessile ; locus tee green or
purple.

2. Digitaria glabra . Bald fingers.

Spikelets mostly in pairs ; inner knotted and forked at
bottom; loeustee ovate; spathelles nearly equal; sheaths
and leaves bald.

Panicum fill forme, Jacquin Ohs . 3, TO.

Digitaria fiiiformis, Koel. Gram. 26.

Paspalum ainbiguum, Be Cand. Syn. Ft. Gall. 1505

Syntherisma glabrum, Schrad . Germ. 1, 163.

Panicum geminatum, Gaud, in Seringe Cat. 8.

Panicum glabrum, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 1,23.

Sandy fields; annual; July and August.

Culms in tufts, smooth, shining; leaves short, soft, bald;
ligula short, torn ; spikelets facing one way; rachis flexuous;
peduncles very short, 2-flowered ; knots at the bottom sub-
pellucid.

LX. 101. SETARIA. Beauvois. Bristlegrass .

Spathelles alternate, lower very small ; spathellules leathery,
hardened; lower spathellule pointed ; lower flowret neuter
or male; lodicule very blunt, almost sickleshaped; ovary
nicked ; stigmata aspergiiliform ; cariopsis free, enclosed
in the persistent spathellules.— -Panicle simple, spikeshape ;
locus tee involucrated with 2 or more bristles.

1. Setaria verticillata. Whorled bristlegrass.

Locustce in whorls, by fours ; involucrum 1 -flowered,
2-bristled ; culm diffused ; bristles rough with reflexed
teeth ; cariopsides smoothish.

Gramen paniceum spica aspera, Rail Syn , 394, 3.

Panicum verticillatum, Lin. S. P. 82.

Penniseturn verticillatum, Brown Prod.

Setaria verticiliata, Pal. de Beauv.

Corn fields ; annual ; August and September.

Root fibrous; culm branchy, ascending, rather compressed,
bald, prickly above; leaves broad, 9-ribbed, bald; sheaths
smoothish; ligula hairy; panicle green, with whorls at
intervals at bottom ; locustce smoothish.

/3. breviseta. Bristles of the involucrum short, and
scarcely longer than the locustae.

Pl.end.ph. 10. GRAMINEjE. 101. Setaria. 157

2. Setaria glauca. Seagreen Iristlegrass .

Locustce crowded; inuolucrum 2-flowered, 8 or 10-bristled;

bristles with upright teeth ; cariopsides wavy crosswise.

Panicum glaucum, Lin. S. P. 83.

Setaria glauca, Pal. de Beauvais.

River-side by Wandsworth, near London; along with
echinochioa crus-galli and fagopyrum erectum; Aug. 1819.

Culm ascending ; leaves scarcely visibly 9-ribbed, hairy
on the back at bottom ; sheaths smooth ; ligula long, hairy ;
panicle rather thick, scarcely lobed.

3. Setaria viridis. Green Iristlegrass .

Locustce crowded ; involucrmn 2-flowered, 6 or 8-bristled ;

Iris ties rough with upright teeth; cariopsides very minutely
dotted ; panicle slightly lobed.

Gramen paniceum, spica simplici Issvi, Rail Syn. 393, 1.

Panicum s^lvestre spica simplici, Park. 1154.

Gramen panic! cfhgie, spica simptici, Ger. era. IT.

Panicum viride, Lin. S. P. 83.

Panicum Crus-galli, Flora Dan. 852.

Selaria viridis. Pal. de Beauvais.

Panicum Germanicum, Host Gram. 2, 15.

Sandy fields ; annual ; Jufy.

Culms ascending ; leaves many-ribbed ; panicle cylindrh
cal, sometimes interrupted at bottom, white or purplish ;
bristles 2 or 3 times as long as the locustse.

|3. major. Plant larger.

LXI. 102. ECHINOCHLOA. Beauv. Hedgehog- grass.

Spathelles hairy, acute ; lower very small, convolute at
bottom ; lower flowret male or neuter ; spaihellules 2,
herbaceous, hairy ; lower either long-pointed or bristled ;
zipper 2-cut, toothed; upper flowret hermaphrodite;
spaihellules leathery, hardened ; lower pointed ; lodicule
subovate, not nicked ; ovary nicked ; style 2-par ted ; stig-
mata aspergilliform ; cariopsis 2-horned, free, not furrowed,
inclosed in the persisting spathellules. — Spike branched ;
spikelets alternate; locustce 1 -sided.

Echinochioa Crus-galli. Cocks-foot hedgehog-grass.

Spikelets facing one way, alternate or in pairs, subdivided ;
peduncles 5-angled, smoothish ; leaves linear, lanceolate.
Gramen paniceum spica divisa, Rail Syn. 394, 2.

Panicum vulgare, Ger. era. 85.

Panicum sylvestre herbariorum, Park. 1154.

Panicum Crus-galli, Lin. S. P. 84.

Echinochioa Crus-galli, Roemer Syst. Leg. 2,478.

Milium Crus-galli, Moench Meth , 203.

158 102. Echinoch. 10* GRAM1NEAL Pl.end.pfu

Corn-fields by rivers ; annual ; August.

Culm smooth ; leaves soft, broad, 7 or 9-ribbed ; sheaths
smooth, bald ; ligula a yellow spot ; spike doubly branched,
green or purple ; peduncles flexuous ; locustce ovate, acute ;
spathelles either long-pointed or with a short bristle.

0. aristata . Bristle 8 or 10 times as long as the spa-
thelles.

Fam. VI. 11. RESTIACEiE. R. Brown.

Perigonium free, 2 to 6 -parted, rarely none; stamens
definite, 1 to 6, when 2 or 3 opposite to the lobes of the
4 or 6-parted perigonium ; ovary 1 or many-celled ; cells
1 -seeded ; ovules pendulous; pericarp capsular or nutlike ;
seeds inverse, albuminous ; perisperm fleshy, same shape as
the seed ; corculum basil lary, lenticular, on the outside of
the perisperm, opposite to the umbilicus. — Culm herbaceous,
naked or sheathed ; leaves simple, slender ; sheaths cut, one
edge overlapping the other ; flowers aggregate, mostly di-
clinous ; hr acteoe distinct.

I. 103. ERIOCAULON. Gronovius. Pipewort.

Head androgynous ; hr acted 1 -flowered, outermost often
empty, in vol ucrating; perigonium 4 or 6*-lobed ; lobes in a
double series ; male in the centre ; inner lobes of the pe-
rigonium connate below ; stamens 4 or 6 ; anthers 2-celled ;
female in the circumference ; inner lohes of the perigonium
distinct; style 1 ; stigmata 2 or 3; capsule 2 or 3-celled,
2 or 3-lobed, opening at the prominent angles ; seeds one
in each cell, pendulous.

Eriocaulon septangulare . Seve?i-a?igled pipewort .

Scape streaked ; leaves cellular, compressed, swordshape,
bald, shorter than the scape; head globose; external hracted
empty, bald ; inner hracted and perigonium hairy, fringed
at the tip ; stamens 4.

Eriocaulon septangulare, Withering Bot. Arr. 184.

Eriocaulon decangulare, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 569.

Nasrnythia articulata, Huds. FI. Ang. 415.

Lakes in the Hebrides ; perennial ; September.

Herh reticulately cellular; roots simply fibrous, jointed;
scape erect, a span high, single, 7-angled, leafless ; leaves
many, radical ; head hemispherical, white and black ;
hracted scariose; flower snow-white with 2 black spots,
tip feathered ; anthers black; capsule 2-celled.

7

12. JUNCEJE. 104. Acorus.

PL end.ph.

159

Earn. VII. 12. JUNCEiE. De Candolle.

Flowers hermaphrodite, or diclinous; perigonium free,
often glumaceous, 6-sepaled ; stamens 6, rarely 3 ; filaments
inserted in the base of the sepales ; anthers 2- celled; ovary
1 ; 3-celled, many-seeded, seeds on the partitions ; or
1-celled, 3-seeded, seeds at the base; style 1; stigmata 1
or 3 ; capsule 3-valved, valves partition-bearing ; spermo -
dermis neither crustaceous, nor black; perisperm cartila-
ginous ; corculum enclosed. — Root annual or perennial,
mostly fibrous ; rhizoma often creeping ; leaves sheathing,
or approaching to sheathing ; flowers panicled or corym-
bose, rarely spiked.

Flowers in a round , lateral spike.

Perigonium 6-cut ; style 0 ; capsule 3-angular,

3-celled Acorus. 104,

Flowers in a corymhus or panicle .

Filaments naked ; caps. 1-celled, 3-seeded Luzula. 106.

Filaments naked ; caps. 3-celled, many-

seeded; stigmata 3 Juncus. 105.

Filaments woolly ; caps. 3-celled, many-
seeded; stigma 1, capitate Abama. 107.

I. 104. ACORUS. Dioscorides. Sweetjlag.

Spadix cylindrical, lateral, tessellated with flowers ; peri -
gonium glumaceous, 6-lobed ; stamens 6 ; style 0 ; capsule
3-angular, 3-celled, 1 -seeded. —Rhizoma creeping; leaves
swordshape, sheathing one another at bottom ; spadix from
the side of the leaf.

Acorus undidatus. Wavy sweetjlag.

Floral /en/'much longer than the spike.

Acorus verus, sive Calamus officinarum, Park. 140; Ruii Syn . 437, 1.

Acorus verus officials faho calamus, Ger. em. 62.

Acorus calamus, Lin. S. P. 462.

Acorus undulatus, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2, 282.

Banks of rivers ; perennial; June.

Spadix 3 in. long, close covered with florets in a spiral
line ; leaves very large, 3 or 4 feet long ; root aromatic.

160

1 05. Juncus. 12. JUNCEiE.

PI. end . p/z.

II. 105. JUNCUS. Pliny. Jmk.

Perigonium 6 -parted, glumaceous, persisting ; bracteola
2 or 3-leaved; stamens 3 or 6; stigmata 3; capsules 3-celled,
3-valved ; dissepiments median ; seeds on the dissepiments.

• — Plants cespitose; roots fibrous or creeping, annual or
perennial, in tufts ; culm simple and leafless, or branched
and leafy; sheathing at bottom; leaves none except the
barren culms ; or few, roundish, channelled, knotty, jointed,
or smooth ; flower terminal or lateral, in a panicle or co-
rymb us ; lowest peduncle longest : Iractece membranaceous,
pungent or leaflike.

a. Culm naked .

1 . Juncus acutus. Pointed junk.
Culm naked, pungent ; panicle lateral ; Iractece spinous ;

capsules mucronate, roundish, double the length of the
perigonium.

Juncus acutus capitulis sorghi, Rail Syn. 431 , 1.

Juncus maritimus capitulis sorghi, Park. 1192.

Juncus acutus, Lin. S. P. 463.

Juncus maritimus, Lamarck Enc. Math. 3,253.

Great sharp searush.

Sandy shores of the sea ; perennial ; July.

Root fibrous ; stein 3 feet high, stiff, pointed ; barren
stems shortest ; panicle branched, many-flowered ; Iractece
membranaceous, dilated at bottom, pricking at top; flowers
clustered; sepales ovate, blunt; capsule ovate, broad, round-
ish, 3-seeded, mucronate, shining ; caruncle long, at the end
of the seed.

2. Juncus maritimus . Sea junk.

Culm naked, pungent ; panicle lateral, subproliferous ;

Iractece spinous; capsule oblong, acute, as long as the pe-
rigonium.

Juncus acutus maritimus Anglicus, Parle. 1194 ; Raii Syn. 43J,2.
Juncus acutus jS, Lin. S. P. 463.

Juncus acutus, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 3, 253.

Juncus maritimus, Smith FI. Brit. 375.

Lesser sharp sea rush.

Sea-shores ; perennial ; August.

Root fibrous ; stem 2 feet high, glaucous ; sheaths brown,
polished ; panicle doubly branched, slightly proliferous ;
Iractece membranaceous at bottom, awlshape at the tip,
spinous; sepales lanceolate, acute, jagged at the tip; capsule
linear, oblong; caruncle long, at each end of the seed.

G

12. JUNCEiE. 105. Juncus.

161

PL end. ph.

3. Juncus glaucus . Seagreen junk.

Leaves none ; panicle lateral, upright, slender ; capsule

elliptical, rather pointed, shorter than the perigonium.

Juncus acutus, Ger. cm. 31 ; Rail Syn. 432,3.

Juncus acutus vulgaris, Park. 1193.

Juncus effusus /3, Huds.Fl. Angl. 147.

Juncus inflexus, Leers Herb. 88 ?

Juncus glaucus, Elir. Gram. 9, 83.

Common hard rush.

Pastures ; perennial ; July and August.

Root horizontal, creeping ; culm in bundles, glaucous,
2 feet high, streaked above the panicle, often indexed ;
sheaths obtuse, blackish brown, shining ; panicle about one-
third below the tip, loose, branched ; peduncles very short,
1 or 2-flowered ; hractece 2 to each flower, ovate ; tip
scariose, pointed; lobes of the perigonium awlshape, streaked,
the 3 inner shortest ; capsule 3-sided, shining ; seeds ob-
long pointed.

4. Juncus conglomerate . Roundheaded junk.

Leaves none; panicle lateral, conglomerate; stamens 3;

capsules retuse.

Juncus laevis vulgaris panicula compactiore, Ran Syn. 432,5.

Juncus laevis glomerato flore. Park. 1191.

Juncus conglomerate, Lin. S. P. 464.

Rough-headed rush.

Damp pastures ; perennial ; July and August.

Root horizontal, creeping ; culms in tufts, rather stiff,
smooth, dark green, 18 in. high, slender; sheaths smooth,
oblong, obtuse, minutely streaked, ending in a short awn ;
panicle as it were sessile, 2 or 3-inches below the apex; pit
dilated, edge scariose ; common hractece oblong, white ; uni-
versal lanceolate, awned ; flower small; bracteolce very
minute, white, ovate, acute ; lobes of the perigonium lan-
ceolate, 2-ribbed ; capsule obovate, small, retuse, 3-lobed,
shining, as long as the perigonium.

5. Juncus effusus. Loose junk.

Culm naked, erect ; panicle lateral, effused, more than

doubly branched ; capsule topshape, tip rather truncate.

Juncus laevis vulgaris panicula sparsa, Rail Syn . 432, 4.

Juncus laevis panicula sparsa major, Park. 1191.

Juncus laevis, Ger. em. 39.

Juncus effusus, Lin. S. P. 464. '

Common rush. Soft rush.

Moist pastures ; perennial ; July and August.

VOL. II. m

162 105. Juncus. 12. JUNCE^E. Pl.eiid.ph.

Root black, creeping ; culm 3 feet high, pale green, soft,
brittle, very finely streaked ; sheaths light brown, obtuse,
awned; panicle very much effused and divaricated at the tip;
involucrum small, white, slightly sheathing ; flower small ;
hractece very small, white, pointed ; lobes of the perigonium
lanceolate, linear ; edge white ; ribs 2, slightly prominent ;
capsule small, obovate, slightly retuse, very blunt, pale
brown, not shining ; style falling off.

6. Juncus jiliformis. Threadshape junk.

Culm naked, threadshape, drooping ; panicle lateral,

scarcely branched, few-flowered ; capsule roundish.

Juncus parvus, calamo supra paniculam compactam lougius preducto,
Raii Syn. 432, 6.

Juncus filiformis, Lin. S. P. 467.

Least rush.

Mountain pastures ; perennial ; August.

Root creeping, horizontal, fibrous, slender, long ; culm
upright, threadlike, 6 in. high ; tip pointed and channelled ;
light green ; sheaths few, unequal, cut, obtuse, awned, or
slightly leafy ; panicle about the middle of the culm ; flowers
nearly sessile becoming peduncled; involucra small, scariose;
upper long, bristlelike; edge of the pit broad, scariose;
hractece scariose, unequal; sepales 3-ribbed; capsule globose,
obtuse, shining, the length of the perigonium.

b. Leaves channelled.

7. Juncus squarrosus . Scurfy junk.

Culm naked ; leaves bristlelike, channelled ; panicle ter-?

minal, long ; capsule obovate, obtuse.

Juncus montanus palustris, Raii Syn. 432, 7.

Juncus squarrosus, Lin. S. P. 465.

Moss rash. Goose corn.

Barren mountain heaths; perennial; June, July.

Root fibrous ; leaves densely tufted, bristlelike, stiff, slen-
der, pointed, smooth, dilated at bottom, sheathing; outer
sheaths scaly, striped, broad; culm leafless, 12 inches
long, strait, stiff, inclining to angled ; panicle upright,
branched, clustered; floral leaves membranaceous, cut,
sheaths ending in a bristleshape leaf as long as the panicle;
peduncles 1 or 2-flowered ; flowrets large; hractece ovate,
acute, tip scariose ; sepales nearly equal, lanceolate, obtuse ;
edge scariose ; capsule obovate, 3-sided, obtuse, mucronate.

12. JUNCEiE. 105. Juncus.

163

PI. end. ph.

8. Juncus compressus. Flattened junk.

Culm not branched, leafy, compressed; leaves linear,

edge incurved ; capside roundish, longer than the perigo-
nium ; panicle terminal, shorter than the bractese.

Juncus parvus cum pericarpiis rotundis, Rail Syn. 433, 10.

Juncus bulbosus, Lin. S. P. 466.

Juncus compressus, Jacq. Vindob. 235.

Round fruited rush. Russia water-grass.

Moist fields; perennial; July.

Root creeping; culm upright, 12 in. high, simple;, base
cylindrical ; tip compressed, smooth, leafy ; leaves linear,
shorter than the culm ; sheaths cut, edge and tip scariose ;
panicle above decompound, erect, many-flowered ; floral
leaves upright, shortly sheathing ; lowermost longer than
the corymbus ; flower single, at the division ; sepales equal,
brown, obtuse, shorter than the capsule, edge scariose;
capsule round, very obtuse, mucronate.

9. Juncus ccenosus. Mud junk*

Culm simple, leafy ; leaves bristlelike, channelled ; capsule

obovate, obtuse, the length of the perigonium ; panicle ter-
minal, nearly simple, longer than the bracteae.

Juncus ceenosus, Bicheno T.L.S. 12,309.

Mud rush.

Salt marshes ; perennial ; July and August.

Darker green than the preceding ; leaves stiffer than it ;
edge of the inner sepales scariose ; capsule rather one-sided.

10. Juncus lufonius. Toad junk.

Culm 2-forked, leafy ; leaves angular ; flowers solitary,

sessile ; perigonium bristlelike ; sepales unequal ; outer twice
the length of the capsule.

Juncus palustris humilior erectus, Raii Syn. 434, 12.

Gramen junceum, Ger. em. 4.

Gramen junceum parvurn sive Holosteum Matthioli et Gramen bufonium
Flandrorum, Park. 1190.

Juncus bufonius, Lin. S. P. 466.

Toad rush. Toad grass.

Damp watery places ; annual ; June to August.

Root fibrous, tufted ; culm below simple, above forked,
round, leafy, 12 in. high ; leaves shorter than the culm,
slender, pale green, acute, upright ; sheaths angular, edges
whitish; panicle 2-forked, long ; flowers solitary, 1-rowed,
remote, lateral, and at the foot of the branches; sepales
blackish green, ribless, edge scariose ; the outer keeled ;
inner broad, ovate, flat ; capsules elliptical, obtuse, half as
long as the perigonium.

M 2

164

105. Juncus. 12. JUNCEiE.

PI. end. ph.

1 3 . viviparus. Capsule gemmiparous.
y. minimus. Plant not 2 in. high.

Juncus q. Gramen juncoides minimum Anglo-Rritannicum, holosteo
Matthioli congener, aut bufonis gramini Flandrico Lobelii, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 434, 13.

11. Juncus macer. Slender junk.

Leaves linear; cidm 2-forked, racemose ; flowers solitary,

sessile ; sepales equal, setaceous, longer than the capsule.
Juncus gracilis, Eng. Bot. 31,2174; not of Brown.

Slender rush.

Alpine bogs ; perennial ; July.

Root fibrous, woolly; culm slender, 18 in. high, termi-
nating in a few racemose forked branches, with 2 or 3
leaves at the base ; radical leaves 1 or 2, much shorter than
the culm, narrow, flat ; edges rather involute, not chan-
nelled ; flower solitary ; hractece linear, leaflike, round ;
valves of the capsules blunt, nicked.

12. Juncus trifldus. Three-cut junk.

Ciilm naked at bottom ; capsule oblong, as long as the

perigonium ; Iractece foliaceous, channelled ; flowers 3,
terminal.

Juncus trifldus, Lin. S. P. 465.

Juncus monanthos, Jacq. Obs. 33.

Three-leaved rush.

Alpine bogs ; perennial ; July.

Root tufted ; culms upright, numerous, slender, thread-
like, 12 in. high; sheaths broad, streaked; upper long,
adpressed, cut, slender, the tip ending in a leaflike awn ;
ligula membranaceous, fringed ; leaves 3, terminal, upright,
bristlelike, unequal, short, sheathing ; sepales blackish
green, edge broad and scariose ; the outer lanceolate, mu-
cronate ; the inner short, broad, blunt ; capsule oblong,
large, shining, pointed.

13. Juncus uliginosus. Bog junk.

Leaves bristlelike, channelled ; head 3-flowered, flowers

sessile ; capsule obtuse, longer than the perigonium ; culm
bulbose, rooting.

.Juncus q. Gramen junceum, capsulis triangulis, minimum, Raii Syn,
434, 11.

Gramen junceum minor, Ger. em. 4.

Juncus uliginosus, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 113.

Bulbous rush.

Moist sandy heaths ; perennial ; July and August.

12. JUNCEiE. 105. Juncus.

165

Pl, end . ph .

i?oo£ fibrous; czz/m bulbose at bottom, leafy, slender,
branching above ; branches divaricated ; leaves crowded,
bristlelike, smooth, cellular ; cells in a double row, alter-
nating ; heads 3-flowered, lateral and terminal, sessile ;
hractece small, scariose, shorter than the flowers ; sepales
equal, lanceolate, pointed, 3-ribbed ; edge scariose, dark
brown red, keel green ; capsule acute, 3-sided, obtuse, opake,
rather longer than the perigonium.

/3. viviparus. Capsule gemmiparous, hractece lengthened
out like the leaves. »

Juncus uliginosus, With. Bot. Arr. 348.

14. Juncus supinus. Downlying junk .

Leaves channelled, threadshape ; head 3-flowered, ter-
minal, facing one way ; hractece bristlelike, leafy; capside
nearly as long as the perigonium.

Juncus supinus, Hoff. Germ. 125.

Juncus capit itus, Weigel Obs. Bot. 28*

Schcenus minimus, Symons Syn. 197.

Juncu-; verticillatus j8, Willd. S. P. 2, 212.

j Oivarf rush.

Bogs; perennial; July.

Root fibrous, bulbose at bottom ; culm erect, simple, 3 in.
high ; leaves threadshape, channelled, cellular ; flowers
3 together, terminal, clustered ; hractece bristlelike, one or
more, frequently leaflike, longer than the flowers, and
forcing them on one side ; lobes of the perigonium lanceo-
late, chesnut colour; capsule oblong, rather obtuse, 3-sided.

c. Leaves jointed,

15. Juncus fluitans. Floating junk.

Leaves cylindrical, bristlelike, rather nodosely jointed ;

heads 3-flowered ; flowers sessile ; culm bulbose, slender^
rooting ; capsule obtuse, longer than the perigonium.

Juncus uliginosus y, Bicheno T. L. S. 316.

Juncus fluitans, La March Encyc. Method. 3,270.

Juncus uliginosus, FI. Dan. 817.

Juncus subverticillatus, Hojfm. Germ. 3, 166,

Watery places ; perennial ; July.

Very like isolepis fluitans; culm slender, feeble, floating;
leaves long, threadshape, slender ; panicle spreading, 3 or
4-flowered, subproliferous.

166

105. Juncus. 12. JUNCEAE.

PI. end. ph.

16. Juncus triglumis. Three-chaffed junk.

Leaves subulate; head terminal ; flowers 3, sessile; capsules

rather obtuse, as long as the perigonium ; hractece 3-leaved,
as long as the flowers.

Scirpus q. Juncello accedens graminifolia planta capitulis armeriae pro-
liferae Lhwyd, Raii Syn. 430, 9 *.

Juncus triglumis, Lin. S. P. 467.

Boggy places ; perennial ; July, August.

Culms 6 in. high ; leaves rather jointed, furrowed, chan-
nelled ; flowers large, erect, crowded ; hractece ovate, ribbed,
light brown ; 2 outer largest, opening* so as to make the
flowers stand all in the same plane ; sepales nearly equal,
obtuse, the outer brownish green, the inner paler ; capsule
elliptical, mucronate, obtuse, 3-sided.

17. Juncus hlglumis. Two-chaffed junk.

Leaves awlshape ; head terminal ; flowers 2. one pedicel-

led; capsule longer than the perigonium, tip retuse; hractece

2- leafed, unequal ; upper leaflike.

Juncus biglumis, Lin. S. P. 467.

Moist alpine meadows ; perennial ; August.

Culm 3 in. high ; leaves jointed ; sheaths broad, scariose ;
flowers large, facing one way, one above the other; hractece 2,
unequal ; upper leaflike, erect, acute, doubly striated, dark
chesnut ; lower shorter, ovate, rather acute ; sepales acute,
dark chocolate-colour ; capsule long, turbinate, retuse,

3- sided ; caruncle elongated at each end of the seed.

18. Juncus castaneus. Chesnut junk.

Leaves flat, stem-clasping; head terminal, mostly in pairs,

many-flowered, leafy at bottom ; hractece acute ; capsule
longer than the perigonium.

Juncus castaneus, Smith FI. Brit. 383.

Juncus Jacquini, Symons Syn. 87.

Micaceous rocks ; perennial; July.

Root creeping; culm upright, 12 in. high, single, leafy;
leaves upright, compressed, jointed ; sheath keeled ; heads
3 to 8-flowered, shining, blackish ; hractece membranaceous,
linear; capsules oblong, pointed, 3-celled; caruncle of the
seed awlshape, at each end.

19. Juncus suhverticillatus . Whor led junk.

Stem-leaves awlshape, knotted, jointed ; panicle corym-
bose ; head mostly 5-flowered, fasciculately whorled ; capsule
as long as the perigonium, obtuse ; perigonium awned ; culm
lying down.

12. JUNCEiE. 105. Juncus.

167

PI. end. ph.

Juncus subverticillatus, Willd. S. P. 2, 212.

Lesser jointed wood rush-grass. Park. 1 189.

Marshy places ; perennial; July, August.

Culm slightly bulbose at bottom, sarmentose; 4 in. high,
cylindrical, fistulous; radical leaves threadlike, jointed;
stem-leaves larger, awlshape, knotty, jointed; sheaths sca-
riose; flowers in a corymbus, appearing proliferous, light
brown ; sepales lanceolate, pointed, stiff; capsules light
brown, shining, mucronated.

20. Juncus acutiflorus. Pointed-flower junk.

Leaves knotty, jointed ; panicle terminal, very much di-
vided : sepales lanceolate, pointed , capsule pointed, as long
as the perigonium.

Juncus nemorosus, folio articuloso, Raii Syn. 433, 9.

Gramen jnnceum sylvaticum, Ger. em. 22.

Gramen junceum aquaticum magis sparsa panicul&, Park. 1269, 4.

Juncus acutiflorus, Ehrh. Gram. 66.

Juncus articulatus, Relhan FI. Cant. 138.

Juncus nemorosus, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 114.

Juncus sylvatica, Willd. S. P. 2, 211.

Watery places in woods; perennial; June, July.

Root fibrous, creeping; culm rather hard, leafy, slender,
upright, slightly compressed, smooth, 3 feet high, joints
fistular; leaves 3 or 4, on the stem, sheathing, compressed,
smooth ; panicle diffuse ; branches long, slender, smooth ;
capsules 3-sided, ovate, oblong, light brown, shining.

21. Juncus lampocarpus . Varnished junk.

Leaves compressed ; panicle terminal, compound, up-
right ; sepales unequal, inner obtuse ; capsule 3-sided, acute,
shining, longer than the perigonium.

Juncus foliis articulatis, floribus umbellatis, Raii Syn. 433, 8,

Gramen aquaticum, Ger. em. 12.

Gramen junceum aquaticum Bauhini, Park. 1270.

Juncus lampocarpus, Davis T. L. S. 10, 13.

Juncus articulatus, Willd. S. P. 2,211.

Juncus compressus, Relh. FI. Cant. 141.

Shining-fruited rush.

Boggy places ; perennial ; July, August.

Root creeping; culm 1 foot high, compressed, many-
leaved ; leaves compressed, sheathing, distinctly jointed,
stiff, pointed ; panicle terminal, upright ; branches stiffj
nearly simple ; flowers 5 or 6 together, sessile.

168

105. Juncus. 12. JlJNCEiE.

PI. end. ph.

22. Juncus ohtusiflorus. Bluntflowered junk.

Leaves round, knotted, jointed ; panicle very much di-
vided above, divaricated; sepales elliptical, obtuse, the
length of the capsule.

Gramen junceum sylvaticurn, Ger.em. 22,9.

Juncus obtusiilorus, Ehr. Gram. 16.

Juncus articulatus /3, Smith FI. Brit. 379, excluding the synonyms.

Stagnant watery places; perennial; July, August.

Root horizontal; culm upright, very smooth, fistulous,

3 feet high ; leaves 2 or 3, long, thick, stiflj cylindrical,
smooth, jointed, cellular ; sheaths short, pale : ligula short,
obtuse, 2-cut ; cory mhus terminal, very much branched,
entangled ; ultimate ones often retracted ; flowers small,

4 or 5 in a head; edge of the sepales scariose, broad,
brownish; capsules light brown, shining, oval, straight,
blunt, mucronate.

III. 106. LUZULA. Luzula.

Perigonium 6-parted, glumaceous, persisting ; hracteolce
3 or 4, glumaceous ; stamens 6, short ; stigmata 3 ; capsule
1-celled, 3-valved; seeds 3, affixed at the base. — Root per-
ennial ; culm upright, jointed below the sheath, round,
smooth, more or less leafy; leaves flat, lanceolate, edge fringed
with hygrometical hairs ; sheaths smooth ; ligula pilose ;
corymhus terminal, many-flowered.

1. Luzula pilosa. Hairy luzula.

Corymhus very much divided, becoming divaricated ;
flowers solitary; sepales ovate, acute; capsule cordate, ob-
tuse; caruncle of the seed hooked.

Gramen nemorosum hirsutum vulgare, Raii Syn. 416, 3.

Gramen nemorosum hirsutum, Gcr. em. 17.

Gramen nemorosum hirsutum majus, Park. 1184.

Juncus pilosus, Lin. S. P. 468.

Juncus nem irosus, Lam. Enc. Meth. 3, 273.

Juncus luzulinus, Fill. Delph. 2,235.

Juncus vernalis, Ehrli. Gram. 109.

Luzula vernal is, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 182.

Luzula pilosa, Willd. Hort. Ber. 393.

Hairy wood-rush. Hairy wood-grass.

Woods and hedges; perennial; April and May.

Roots in tufts, stoloniferous ; culm 12 in. high, slender,
simple; leaves broad; corymhus spreading; flowers lateral
and terminal ; sepales acute, dark brown, edge white ;
capsules inversely heartshaped, narrowed towards the
middle.

PL end. pit. 1 1

2. Luzula Forsteri.

12. JUNCEiE. 106. Luzula. 169

Forster’s luzula .

Corymlus slightly divided, irregular; flowers solitary,
upright ; sepales and capsules ovate, acute ; caruncle of the
seed erect, obtuse.

Juncus Forsteri, Smith FI. Brit. 1695.

Luzula Forsteri, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1824.

Chalky woods and hedges ; perennial ; May.

Root fibrous; culm 12 in. high, threadshape; leaves slen-
der, upper largest ; corymlus terminal, erect, slightly
branched ; sepales lanceolate, pointed, as long as the cap-
sule, light brown ; capsule mu cron ate ; seeds oval ; caruncle
rather straight, obtuse.

3. Luzula sylvatica. Wood luzula.

Corymlus divided, loose; flowers 3 together; sepales awned,

longer than the capsule ; caruncle obtuse.

Gramen nemorosum hirsutum latifolium maximum, Raii Syn. 416,4.

Juncus pilosus S, Lin. S. P. 468.

Juncus pilosus, Fill. Delph. 2,234.

Juncus montanus, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3, 237.

Juncus maximus, TVil/d S. P. 2, 218.

Juncus syivaticus, Huds. Fl.Angl, 131.

Great broad-leaved wood-grass.

Shady stony places ; perennial ; May and June.

Root fibrous; culm 2 feet high, upright, leafy, striated;
leaves broad, light green, 8-ribbed ; panicle cymose, re-
peatedly divided, often divaricated ; flowers small, above
fasciculate ; Iracteoz linear, hairy, acute ; sepales equal,
somewhat longer than the capsule, acuminate; capsule ovate,,
mucronate; caruncle elliptical, sitting close to the seed.

4. Luzula campestris. Field luzula .

Spikes ovate, unequally peduncled, intermediate ones

sessile ; Iracteee short ; sepales lanceolate, longer than the
capsule, mucronate ; capsule obtuse.

Gramen nemorosum hirsutum q. Gramen exile hirsutum, Ger. cm. 16;
Raii Syn. 416, 1.

Gramen nemorosum hirsutum minus angustifolium, Park. 1185.

Juncus campestris, Lin. S. P. 468.

Luzula campestris, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1827.

Small hairy wood-grass.

Meadows and pastures ; perennial; April, May.

Root fibrous, creeping; culm 4 in. high ; leaves linear,
flat, 5-ribbed ; flowers in spikes, sessile, 1 0 or 1 2 together ;
head ovate, upright, afterwards nodding ; sepales shining,
keeled, edge white; capsule obovate, obtuse, 3-sided; seeds
kidnevshape, rather rough, ash-green, opake ; caruncle en-

170

106. Luzula. 12. JUNCEiE.

PL end. pL

5. Luzula congesta . Crowded luzula .

Spikes many, ovate, umbelled ; bractece short ; sepales

lanceolate, longer than the capsule, mucronate; capsule
obtuse.

Juncus congestus, Thuil. Par. 2, ], 179.

Juncus liniger, With. Bot. Arr . 2, 436.

Luzula campestris j6, De Cand. Sj/n. F7. GaM. 1827.

Luzula erecta /3, DarL Essai, 136.

Luzula congesta, Forster FI. Tonbridgensisy 44.

Flaxen rush.

Turfy bogs ; perennial; June.

Root fibrous, in tufts ; culm upright, 12 in. high; leaves
with long hairs at the base ; umbel large, compact ; spikes
7 or 9, upright ; peduncles long ; flowers reddish brown ;
capsules large.

6. Luzula multiflora . Many -flowered luzula .

Spikes ovate, rather umbelled, very loose ; peduncles stiff ;

sepales lanceolate, acute, half as long as the capsule.

Juncus intennedius, Thuil. Par. 2, 1, 178.

Juncus erectus. Per. Syn. 1,386.

Luzula erecta a, DesJour. 1, 156.

Luzula campestris, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1827.

Juncus multiflorus, Hoffm. Germ. 1, 169.

Luzula multiflora, Lejeune Spa , 169.

Turfy bogs; perennial; June.

Root fibrous ; culm upright, 6 in. high ; flowers reddish
brown, in a corymbus of 5 or 6 unequally peduncled spikes ;
bractece short ; sepales reddish brown, edges white.

7. Luzula spicata. Spiked luzula .

Spike racemose, drooping, divided ; spikelets sessile,

bracteate ; capsule acute, the length of the sepales.

Juncus spicatus, Lin. S. P. 468.

Luzula spicata, Bicheno T. L. S. 12,366.

Luzula spicata, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1828 ?

Scotch alps ; perennial ; July.

Root fibrous, in tufts ; culm simple, 8 in. high, slender,
leafy ; leaves linear, channelled, hairy at the base ; stem-
leaves convolute or subulate ; spike terminal, nodding, cylin-
drical, oblong, obtuse; spikelets sessile, many-flowered,
bracteated; bractece pale, lanceolate; sepales lanceolate,
acuminat#; capsule pointed, 3-sided.

12. JUNCEiE. 107. Abama.

171

PL end. ph.

IV. 107. ABAMA. Adanson. Eastard-asphodeh

Perigonium 6-sepaled ; stamens 6, opposite to the sepales;
filaments woolly, persistent ; anthers linear ; ovary pyra-
midical ; style short ; stigma capitate ; capsule 3- celled ;
valves 3, bearing the dissepiments ; seeds numerous, ovate,
oblong, carunculated, imbricated on the inner margin of
the dissepiments.— Root fibrous, aggregate; rhizoma creep-
ing, threadlike; radical leaves equitant, ensiform, ribbed,
sheathing at bottom, edge membranaceous ; cidm ascend-
ing, simple, slightly leafed ; stem-leaves 1 to 3, alternate,
short, submernbranaceous ; flowers spiked, persistent, pe-
duncled, yellow ; hr acted lanceolate, 2 to each peduncle.

Abama ossifragum. Bonebreaking bastard-asphodel.

Leaves swordshape ; flower loosely spiked, nearly sessile.

Phalangium Anglicum palustre iridis folio. Raii Syn , 375,1.

Asphodelus Lancastriae verus, Ger. em. 97.

Anthericum ossifragum, Lin. S. P. 440.

Narrhecium ossifragum, Huds. FI. Angl. 145.

‘ bama ossifragum, De Cand. FI. Fr. 1852.

Lancashire bastard-asphodel.

Turfy bogs; perennial; July, August.

Culm 10 in. high, smooth; spike upright; peduncles al-
ternate, sometimes two together, upright, angular ; br acted
concave ; ovary oblong, awlshape at the tip ; capsule deep
yellow, shining.

Fam. VIII. 13. COLCHICACE^. De Candolle: Me-
renderce , Mirbel : Melanthacece , R. Brown :
Juncorum et liliorum genera qucedam , Jussieu.

Flowers hermaphrodite ; perigonium petaloid, 6-sepaled ;
sometimes tubular at bottom ; sepales before expanding
involute ; stamens 6, adnate to the sepales ; anthers often
inverted; ovary one 3-celled (or 3?), many-seeded; style
3-cut or parted ; stigmata 3 ; capsule 3- partite, 3-valved ;
edge of valves inflected and forming the dissepiments ; seeds
many, affixed to the inner marginal suture ; spermodermis
simple, membranaceous, neither black nor crustaceous ;
corculum inclosed ; perisperm fleshy.

Plants have a strong action on the human body, as
emetics, purgatives, and caustics ; so as to require the utmost
caution in using them as medicines.

Perigonium 6-sepaled ; involucrum 3-leaved ;
flower pedicelled Tofieldia. 108.

Basepf the perigonium tubular, radical. Colchicum. 1 09.

3

172 108. Tofieldia. 13. COLCHICACE^. PL end. pL

I. 108. TOFIELDIA. Hudson. 7 'ofield,

Perigonium 6-sepaled ; involucrum small, 3-cut at the

bottom ; stamens smooth ; anthers roundish, incumbent ;
style vertical, short ; capsules 3, joined at the base ; seeds
many, long, acute.— -Root fibrous, perennial; rhizoma creep-
ing; stem upright, naked or with 1 or 2 short leaves; leaves
equitant, swordshape, ribbed, sheathing at bottom, edge
membranaceous ; flowers spiked or capitate, yellow or white ;
peduncle solitary, bracteate.

Tofleldia palustris. Marsh tofield .

Spike ovate obtuse; scape smooth, threadlike; sepales
obovate, obtuse ; ovary roundish ; flowers nearly sessile.

Phalangium Scotrcum palusfre minimum iridis folio, Raii Syn. 375,2.
Anthericum calyculatum, Lin. S. P.447.

Helonias borealis, Willd. S. P. 2,274.

Tolieldia palustris, Uuds. Fl.Angl. 157.

Nathericum pusillum, Michaux Am. Bor. 1,209.

Scotch asphodel. Lancaster asphodel.

Mountain bogs; perennial; July to September.

Stem 12 in. high; spike solitary, obtuse, dense; flo rs
yellowish ; hractece ovate, very small, concave.

II. 109. COLCHICUM. Dioscorides. Meadow-saffron,
Perigonium tubular, radical; limb campanuiate, 6-parted;

stamens inserted at the top of the tube; anthers oblong,
versatile ; ovary 1 ; styles 3, very long ; stigmata 3, hooked ;
capsides 3-lobed, lobes inflated, upright, joined at the base ;
seeds many ; corculum opposite to the umbilicus. — Bulb
ovate, 1 or 2 new ones arising from beneath the persistent
tunics of the old plant in whose half-embracing sinus they
are lodged ; tunics hard, coriaceous ; spathe cylindri-
cal, cloven on one side of the apex ; flowers 2 to 6, half
produced out of the spathe ; fruit becoming peduncled;
leaves coming out with the fruit, a long time after the
flower; radical leaves sheathing; stem-leaves half-embracing ;
stems frequently two, one flowering, fruitful, as above; the
other slender, above the first, seldom flowering.

Colchicum autumnale. Autumnal meadow-saffron .

Leaves flat, broad, lanceolate; sepales ovate: bulbs rather
many-flowered; flowers appearing long before the leaves,

Colchicum commune, Raii Syn. 373.

Colchicum Anglicum purputeum, Ger.em. 127.

Colchicum auiumnale, Lin. S. P. 485.

Pl.end.ph. 13. COLCHICACEiE. 109. Colchicum. 173

Meadows ; perennial ; flowering in August and Septem-
ber, fruiting in the following May and June.

Leaves obtuse, 9 inches long, 2 inner narrower; flowers
purple, 3-sided.

0. album. Flowers white.

Colchicum Anglicum album, Ger. em. 127.

y. serotinum. Flowers late, whitish green, long, abortive.

Bulb violently emetic and purgative in the spring, less so
in autumn : reputed a specific in gout, but requires caution
in its exhibition.

Fam. IX. 14. LILIACEiE. Jussieu.

Perigonium petaloid, free, 6-sepaled, regular; stamens 6,
opposite to the lobes of the perigonium ; anthers versatile ;
ovary 1 , free ; style 0 ; stigmata 3 ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ;
partitions on the middle of the valves ; seeds many, flat, in
a horizontal double series, affixed to the central margin
of the partitions; spermodermis double ; testa crustaceous,
black, brittle ; tegmen membranaceous ; corculum included,
toward the hilum; perisperm rather cartilaginous. — Herb
bulbose ; leaves radical or cauline, sheathing or sessile,
ribbed; ribs parallel, simple; flowers naked, terminal, soli-
tary, or racemose.

Perigonium not nectariferous at the base Tulipa. 110.

Perigonium nectariferous . Fritillaria. 111.

I. 110. TULIPA. Gesner. Tulip .

Perigonium bellshape, 6-parted; lobes not nectariferous
at bottom ; stigmata sessile, thick ; capsule oblong, 3-sided;
corculum one- third the length of the perisperm. — Bulb ovate,
truncated, emitting the young bulbille on a long peduncle;
stem solitary, leafy below the middle, sometimes bent down
before flowering ; leaves 3 or 4, tubular and sheathing at
bottom ; flowers solitary, upright or drooping, yellow or
variegated ; bractece 0.

Tulipa sylvestris . Wild tulip .

Stem 1-flowered, smooth; flower somewhat drooping;
lobes lanceolate, pointed, bearded, at the tip ; stamens hairy
at bottom.

Tulipa Bononiensis, Ger. em. 138.

Tulipa sylvatica, Lin. S . P. 438.

Tulipa Turicia, Roth. Cat. Bot. 1,45.

Italian tulip , or Dalmatian cap ,

PL end.ph.

174. HO.Tulipa. 14.. LILIACEiE.

Old chalk-pits ; perennial ; April.

Stem upright, 12 in. high; leaves glaucous; flowers be-
fore they open drooping, then become upright, sweet-
scented, yellow.

II. 111. FRITILLARIA. Lobel. Fritillary.

Perigonium cupshape, 6-parted ; lobes flat at bottom,
keeled, with a linear nectariferous pit on the inside ; stamens
as long as the perigonium ; capsule 3-sided, blunt ; corculum
not one-fourth so long as the perisperm. — Combus smooth,
round, solid? one above the other; stem upright, from one
side of the bulb, simple ; flower terminal, solitary, or on
a loose raceme ; br acted none.

Fritillaria tessellala . Chequered fritillary .

Leaves all alternate, linear, channelled; stem 1 -flowered.

Fritillaria variegata, Ger. era. 149.

Fritillaria Meleagris, Lin. S. P. 436.

Fritillaria tesselata, Salisb. Prod. 236.

Fritillaria graminifolia, Stokes B. M. M. 232.

Chequered Daffodil. Snakes-heads. Guinea-hen flower.

Moist fields and meadows ; perennial ; April.

Stem 18 in. high, upright, smooth, leafy; leaves rather
acute ; flowers drooping ; fruit upright and much lengthened
after flowering.

j3. serotina. Flowers variegated, purple and black.

y. multiflora. Stem 2 or 3-flowered.

fr. alba. Flowers white.

g. lutea. Flowers yellow.

Fam. X. 15. ASPHODELEAE. Asphodelearum maxima
pars , Brown. Liliacearum sectio, De Candolle.
Asphodel i, Jussieu.

Perigonium petaloid, 6-parted or 6-cut, regular, free;
stamens 6, hypogynous, opposite to the lobes ; outer lobes
sometimes dissimilar; ovary 1, free, 3-celled, many-seeded;
style 1; stigma 1, not nicked; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved;
partitions on the middle of the valves ; seeds roundish or
angular, mostly in a double series, affixed to the central
margin of the partitions ; spermodermis single, crustaceous,
black, brittle ; corculum inclosed ; perisperm fleshy. — Herb
bulbose ; leaves radical, sometimes cauline, sheathing, rib-
bed ; ribs simple, parallel ; flowers bracteated or naked,
terminal, solitary, racemose, or umbelled.

Pl.end.ph. 15. ASPHODELEAL 112. Phalangium. 175

1. Filaments smooth , not tricuspidate , inserted at the base

of the perigonium.

Root fibrous; scape 1 -flowered;
filaments threadlike, not dilated Phalangium 112.

Root bulbose; flowers yellow, umbelled;
filaments threadlike, not dilated ......... Gage a. 11 8.

Root bulbose ; flowers blue, racemose ;
filaments dilated, awlshape Scilla. 116.

Root bulbose ; flowers whitish, racemose ;
filaments dilated at bottom Ornithogalum. 117.

Root bulbose ; flowers umbelled ;
filaments dilated at bottom; spatha 2-leaved . . Cepa. 121.

2. Filaments smooth , not tricuspidate , attached above the

base of the perigonium; root bulbose,

Perigonium 6-sepaled, persisting ;
flowers racemose; bractece 2-leaved . . . Hyacinthus. 114.

Perigonium 6-sepaled, persisting;

floivers umbelled ; spatha 3-leaved Moly. 119.

Perigonium 6-toothed, ovate, ventricose ;
flowers racemose Muscari. 113.

3. Filaments alternately 3-cuspidate , inserted at the base
of the perigonium.

Flowers racemose; spathe none;
bractece 1, at the bottom of the peduncle. Honorius. 115.

Flowers umbelled ; spathe 2-valved ;
bractece none Allium. 120.

A. Flowers solitary ; perigonium 6-sepaled; root fibrous.

I. 112. PHALANGIUM. Dioscorides. Spiderwort.

Perigonium 6-sepaled, spreading ; stamens 6 ; filaments
smooth, threadshape, equal, inserted in the base of the
sepales ; stigma 3-sided; seed 3-sided. —Root fibrous ; leaves
sheathing; sheaths membranaceous; upper leaves alternate,
stem- clasping, lanceolate ; flowers terminal, white, veined ;
bractece. none.

Phalangium serotmum. Late spiderwort .

Leaves 2, thick, semicylindrical ; upper lanceolate, dilated,
incurved, subulate ; scape 1 -flowered ; capsule oblong,
crowned.

176 112. Phalangium. IS. ASPHODELEZE. Pl.end.ph.

Bulbosa Alpina juncifolia, pericarpio unico ereclo in summo cauliculo
dod ran tali. Raii Syn . 374, 1.

Anthericum serotinum, Lin. S. P. 444.

Bulbocodium serotinum, Lin. S. P. ed. i, 2994.

Oruithogalum striatum, fVilld. S. P. 2, 112.

Phalangium serotinum, Lamarck Enc. Meth . 3, 241.

Mountain spiderwort.

Alpine rocks; perennial; June.

Stem 8 in. high ; root clubshape, covered with membra-
naceous scales; leaves 2 together, involved in awlshape
scales; upper leaves 3 or 4, alternate, nearly embracing;
flower terminal, whitish green ; dorsal rib purplish.

/3. multiflorum . Flowers 3 or 4.

B. Flowers spiked; perigonium tubular at bottom ; plant
bulbose.

II. 113. MUSCARI. Clusius. Bluebell.

Perigonium ovate, inflated in the middle, 6-toothed ;

stamens 6 ; filaments simple, smooth, threadshape, inserted
in the middle of the perigonium ; stigma 3-sided ; capsule
3-sided, angles prominent; seed ovate; corculum straight,
the length of the perisperm. — Bulb truncated ; flowers in
spikes, blue or white.

Muscari racemosum . Racemose bluebell.

Flowers ovate, 6-furrowed, crowded ; the upper sessile,
abortive ; leaves linear, keeled, lax, dependent.

Hyacinthus muscarius, Lin. S. P. 455.

Muscari racemosum, Curtis Hot. Mag, 122.

Fields and walls ; perennial ; May.

Scape 9 in. high ; spike 40 to 50 flowered ; flowers blue
or white ; smelling like starch.

III. 114. HYACINTHUS. Theophrastus. Hyacinth.
Perigonium 6-cut, persistent ; sepales revolute, connivent

at bottom into a tube; stamens 6; filaments single, thread-
like, inserted about the middle of the perigonium ; stigma
obtuse ; capsule 6-sided ; seeds roundish ; corculum straight,
as long as the perisperm.— Bulb ovate, tunicated ; leaves
linear ; scape simple ; spike terminal ; flowers pendulous,
mostly blue; bractece 2, linear, at the base of the pe-
duncle.

Plend.pk . 15, ASPHODELEiE. 114. Hyacinth us. 17?

Hyacinthus nutans . Drooping hyacinth ,

Leaves flaccid, linear, shorter than the scape; raceme
before flowering drooping.

Hyacinthus nutans, Ger. em. 99 j Sj/n. 373, 2.

Hyacinthus Anglicus, Belgicus, vel Hispanicus, Park. Paradise, 122,
Hyacinthus non-scriptus, Lin. S. P. 453.

Hyacinthus pfatensis, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3, 190.

Hyacinthus cernuus, Thuill. Par. 2.

Scilla nutans, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2, 248.

Scilla festalis, Salisb. Prod. 242.

English hyacinth. Harebells.

Woods, hedges and pastures ; perennial; May and June.
Bulls large; leaves many, keeled; scape 18 in. high,
upright ; flowers facing one way, fine-scented.— Roc/s when
fresh poisonous, may be converted into starch, or pre-
pared as a substitute for gum Arabic.

0. alius . Flowers white.

IV. 115. HONORIUS. Star of Naples.

Perigonium 6-sepaled, connivent at bottom, spreading

at top, persisting; outer sepales herbaceous, inner petaloid;
stamens 6, unequal, inserted at the base of the lobes of the
perigonium \ filaments dilated, cohering, bellshape ; the 3 on
the outer sepales longer, 2-horned; style 3-sided, 3 -grooved;
stigma blunt; capsule ovate, 3-sided; seeds many, roundish;
hilum sunk, or not tubercular ; corculum central, curved,
half as long as the perisperm ; spermodermis simpl e.-—Bulh
tunicate ; leaves linear ; scape upright ; flowers racemose,
white, outside streaked with green ; peduncles alternate,
bracteate ; Iractece slightly sheathing, single.

Honorius nutans . Drooping star of Naples .

Flowers racemose, facing one way, drooping ; leaves
strapshape, deep green, shorter than the scape; Iractece
acute, shorter than the flowers.

Ornithogalum Neapolitanum, Ger.em. 168,9.

Ornithogalum nutans, Lin. S. P. 441 .

Star-flower of Naples, Park. Paradise , 133.

Fields and meadows ; perennial ; May.

Bulb ovate ; leaves pale, acute ; scape cylindrical ; flowers
8 or 10, silvery white.

V. 116. SCILLA. Squill ,

Perigonium 6rsepaled, spreading, falling off ; stamens 6 ;

filaments simple, threadshape, smooth, inserted at the bot-
tom of the sepales ; stigma obtuse ; capsule obtuse, 3-sided;

VOL, II, n

178 i!6. Scilla. 15. A SPHODELEiE. PUnd.pli .

seeds many, roundish. — Bulb solid or tunicated ; leaves
linear, keeled ; scape upright ; flowers peduncled, racemose
or corymbose, blue or white; braclece 1 -leafed, lanceolate,
at the base of the peduncle; or none.

1. Scilla autumnalis. Autumn squilL

Leaves threadshape, linear, shorter than the scape; flowers

corymbose; peduncle ascending, as long as the flower;
braclece 0 ; root tunicated.

Hyacinthus autumnalis minor, Ger, em. 110 ; Park, Paradise , 132; Jiaii
Syn. 373, 3.

Scilla autumnalis, Lin. S. P. 443.

Anthericuni autumnale, Scop. Cam. 4 15-
Ornithogalum autumnale, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,274.

Autumn star -hyacinth.

Dry barren pastures ; perennial ; September.

Bulb ovate ; leaves spreading, many ; scape twice as long
as the leaves, upright ; flowers come out before the leaves,
bluish purple ; stamens blue.

2. Scilla bifolia . Two-leafed squilL

Leaves 2, lanceolate, linear, rather shorter than the

scape ; flowers racemose, nearly upright ; braclece none ;
root solid.

Hyacinthus stellatus Fuschii, Ger. em. 97 ; Raii Syn. 372, i.

Hyacinthus 3tellatus vulgaris sive bifolius Fuschii, Park, Parad. 126.
Scilla bifolia, Lin. S. P. 445.

Anthericum bifolium. Scop. Cam. 414.

Ornithogalum bifolium, Lamark FI, Fr, 3,274.

Star-hyacinth.

Woods; perennial; March and April.

Bulb ovate ; leaves obtuse, slightly keeled ; corymbus
inclining to racemose; peduncles long; flowers 4? to 10,
mostly pointing one way, blue; anthers brownish.

3. Scilla verna. Spring squilL

Leaves linear, thick, slightly channelled, upright, 2 or

more, shorter than the scape ; flowers few, racemose,
umbelled ; braclece lanceolate, obtuse, persisting ; root
truncated.

Hyacinthus stellaris vernus pumilus Lobelii in Adv. Raii Syn, Ind,
plant, dab.

Hyacinthus primus, Raii Syn. 372, omitting some synonyms.

Scilla verna, Huds. FI. Angl. 142.

Scilla bifolia, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 181.

Scilla umbel lata, Ram Bull. Philom. 130.

Sea clifts ; perennial ; April.

Leaves seldom more than two ; scape round ; flowers 3
to 6, blue ; bractece as long as the peduncles.

Pl.end.ph. 15- ASPHQDELEiE. 117. Ornithog. 179

VI. 117. ORNITHOGALUM. Star of Bethlem.

Perigonium 6-sepaled, connivent at bottom, spreading at
top, persisting ; stamens 6, equal ; filaments inserted on the
base of the sepales ; those inserted on the 3 outer dilated
at bottom, the others threadshape, smooth ; stigma bluntly
3-sided ; capsule 3-sided, blunt ; seeds many, roundish ;
umbilicus tubercular ; corculmh central curved, half as long
as the perisperm ; spermodermis simple. — Bulb tunicated ;
leaves radical, linear, keeled ; scape erect ; flowers alternate,
peduncled, whitish streaked with green, corymbose ; bractece
membranaceous, from the base of each peduncle.

1. Ornithogalum pallidum. Pale star- of -Bethlem.

Raceme Very long; lobes of the perigonium linear,

obtuse; bractece membranaceous, dilated at the base, very
acute ; peduncles when in flower expanding, when in fruit
approaching the scape.

Ornithogalum angustifolium majus, floribus ex albo virescentibus, Rati
Syn. 372, 1.

Aspbodelu- bulbosus, Ger. em. 97.

Asphodelus bulbosus Galeni, sen Ornithogalum majus, flore subvi-
rescente, Park. Par ad. 136.

Ornithogalum pyreniacum, Lin. S . P. 440.

Ornithogalum flavescens, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,277.

Ornithogalum pallidum, Salisb. Prod. 239.

Woods and fields ; perennial; June and July.

Bulb ovate ; leaves very long, not in the least notched,
smooth; scape 3 feet high, upright, many-flowered ; flowers
whitish green, pale yellow within ; peduncles slender.

2. Ornithogalum umbellatum. Umbel-led star-of -Bethlem.

Raceme inclining to corymbose, few-flowered ; outer

peduncles lonyer than the central ones ; lobes of the peri-
gonium elliptical, lanceolate; bractecR long, membranaceous,
acute.

Ornithogalum vulgare et verus, majus et minus, Rail Syn. 372, 2.

Ornithogalum, Ger. em. 167.

Ornithogalum vulgare, Park. Parad. 136.

Ornithogalum umbellatum, Lin. S. P. 441.

Ornithogalum Theliocharmos, Renealmt 88.

Ornithogalum horologicum, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 1,242.

Fields, pastures, and woods; perennial; April, May.

Bulbs roundish ; leaves linear, shrivelled at the tip ; scape
IS in. high ; flowers spreading, white.

N 2

PL end . pk .

ISO 118. Gagea. 15. ASPHODELEiE.

VII. 118. GAGEA. R. A. Salisbury. Gage .

Perigonium 6-sepaIed, connivent at bottom, spreading-

above, persisting ; outer sepales herbaceous, inner petaloid ;
stamens 6 ; filaments flattish, inserted at the bottom of the
sepales, not dilated ; stigma clavate, blunt ; capsule ovate,
3-sided; seeds many, roundish. — Root small, bulbose; leaves
few, obtuse, mucronate, villous \ flowers yellow, corymbose;
peduncles angular.

Gagea fascicularis. Bundle gage .

Coryrtibus many-flowered ; peduncle smooth, naked below,
fascicled ; sepales elliptical, lanceolate ; scape angular ;
radical leaves solitary.

Ornithogalum lufeum. Park. Parad. 140; Ilaii Syn. 372, 1„
Ornithogalum luteum, seu Cepe agraria, Ger. em. 165.

Ornithogalum pratense, Pers. in Uster. N. B.A. 5, 8.

Gagea fascicularis, Salisb . Ann. Bot . 555.

Yellow star-of-Bethlehem.

Moist shady places ; perennial ; April.

Bulb small ; stem 6 in. high, erect ; radical leaves mostly
single; stem leaves 2, unequal, fringed ; fringe white ; co~
rymbus 5 or 7-flowered.

/3. multiplex . Stem-leaves 3 or 4, unequal.

VIII. 119. MOLY. Moly .

Perigonium 6-sepaled, spreading ; stamens 6, affixed above

the base of the sepales, all threadlike, not dilated at bot-
tom, flat ; style nearly 3-sided ; stigma acute ; capsule
3-sided ; cells deeply parted ; axis threadlike, remaining
after the opening of the valves ; seed 1, rarely 2 or 3,
roundish ; corculum peripherical, more than half the length
of the perisperm, curved or spiral ; spermodermis simple.—
Root tunicate ; bulb simple ; leaves radical, sheathing, flat,
linear or lanceolate ; flowers umbelled, lax, terminal, white
or yellow ; spathe bivalve, lanceolate, membranaceous ;
Iraclece 0 ; scape mostly angular.

Moly latifolium . Broad-leafed moly .

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, petiolate ; scape 3-sided.

Allium sylvestre latifolium, Rati Syn. 370,5.

Allium ursinum, Ger. em. 179 ; Lin. S. P. 431.

Woods and damp fields ; perennial; May and June.
Bulbs attenuated, oblong; leaves acute, ribbed; scape
upright ; spathe deflected, shorter than the peduncles.

Pl.end.ph . 15. ASPHODELEiE. 120. Allium. 181

IX. 120. ALLIUM. Garlick .

Perigonium 6-sepaled, spreading; stamens 6, affixed at
the base of the sepales, those of the outer sepales flat,
3-pointed, middle point antherbearing; the rest simple,
threadlike; stigma acute; capsule 3-sided; cells deeply
2-parted, axis threadshape, remaining after the opening of
the valves ; seeds few, 2 or 3 ; corculum peripherical, more
than half the length of the perisperm, curved or spiral ;
spermodermis simple. — Root tunicated ; lull simple or sobo-
liferous; leaves flat or round, radical or cauline; flowers
umbelled, terminal ; umbells often bearing bulbs instead of
capsules ; spat he bivalve, dry, membranaceous, many-flower-
ed ; bracteoe none.

a. Stem-leaves flat; umbells bearing capsules .

1 . Allium Icetum. Pleasant garlick.

Umbells capsule-bearing, globose; leaves thick, rather

keeled ; bulb tunicated ; outer sepales rough on the outside.

Forruin capitatum, Ger.em. 174.

Allium Porrum, Lin. S. P. 423.

Allium Isetum, Salisb. Prod. 234.

Leek.

Cultivated as a pot-herb ; biennial.

Bulb oblong, fibrous at bottom, formed of the sheaths of
the leaves; stem erect, 3 feet high; flowers campanulate. —
Juice diuretic, dissolving calculi ; root and seed vermi-
fuge.

0. tonsile. Leaves and stem short, numerous.

Porrum sectivum, aut tonsile, Ger. em. 174.

Produced by cutting down the leaves for use.

2. Allium porraceum Leek garlick .

Umbells globose, capsule-bearing; leaves thick, linear;

bulbs soboliferous.

Allium Holmense sphaerico capita, Scorodoprasum dictum. Rail Sun,
370,4.

Scorodoprasium primum Clusii, Ger. em. 180.

Scorodoprasium alteruin Lobelii, Park. 872.

Allium Ampeloprasum, Lin. S. P. 423.

Allium Porrumf/3, Lamark FI. Fr. 3,256,

Porrum Ampeloprasum, Mill. Diet. n. 2.

Mountain garlick. Garlick leek.

Sunny hills; perennial; July.

Bulb roundish, composed of 5 or 6 ovate, acute, whitish
bulbilles inclosed in the whitish sheaths of the leaves; stem
5 feet high, gradually attenuated ; edge of the leaves rough;
stamens all tricuspidate, the 3 outer slightly toothed at th$
sides.

182 120. Allium. 15. ASPHODELEiE. PL end.ph .

b. Stem-leaves flat ; umlells hearing lulls .

3. Allium sativum . Cultivated garlicky

Umlells bulb-bearing, globose; leaves flat, linear, not

in the least notched ; lulls soboliferous.

Allium, Ger. cm. ITS; Park. Par. 511.

Allium sativum, Lin . S. P. 425.

Cultivated as a pot-herb.

Peduncle straight.

4. Allium conlortum. Twisted garlick.

Umlells bulb-bearing, globose ; leaves flat, linear, undu-
lated, subcrenate; stem before flowering contorted, after-
wards upright.

Ophioscoridon, Ger. em. 181.

Scorodoprassum alterum, convoluto capite, Park. 873.

Allium Scorodoprasum, Lin. S. P. 425.

Allium contortum, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2,229.

Vipers garlick. Rocambole.

Cultivated as a pot-herb of superior flavour to garlick.
Bullilles in the umbel roundish, slightly compressed on
the sides ; skin tinged with violet.

5. Allium arenarium . Sand garlick .

Umlells bulb-bearing, globose ; leaves flat, linear, rough

on the edge ; spathe short, awnless ; stem before flowering
drooping.

Allium sylvestre amphicarpon, foliis porraceis, floribus et nucleis pur-
pureis, Raii Syn. 370, 6.

Forrum vitigineum ? Ger. em. 176.

Allium arenarium, Lin. S. P. 426.

Allium Scorodoprasum, FI. Dan. 1,290.

Vine leek. French leek.

Woods and mountains in the north; perennial; July.
Bulls ovate; stem 3 feet high; leaves linear, with long
^heaths.

c. Stein-leaves round; umlells hearing lulls .

6. Allium vineale. Vineyard garlick .

Umlells bulb-bearing, globose ; leaves round, fistulose ;

stem round ; lulls soboliferous ; seta of the stamens exserted.

Aliium sylvestre, Raii Syn. 369, 1 ; Park. 870; Ger. em. 179.

AIJium vineale, Lin. S. P. 428.

Crow garlick.

Dry barren places in chalky soils ; perennial ; July.

Bulls 2, small, ovate; stem slender; leaves smooth ; spathe
falling off.

Pl.end.ph. 15. ASPHODELE^E. 120. Allium. 183

£. biceps. Stem with 2 or 3 heads of bulbs.

Ampeloprason give Porrura sylvestre, Ger. cm. 1 7 0?

Ampeloprassum, Park. 871.

d. Leaves radical ; scape naked ; umlells hearing capsules,

7. Allium fissile. Partible garlick .

Umlells capsule-bearing, globose; leaves awlshape; scape
round ; bulbs soboliferous ; stamens as long as the peri-
gonium.

Ascaloni tides, Ger. em. 170.

Cepa Ascalonica, Park. Parad. 513.

Allium Ascalonicum, Lin. S. P. 429.

Scallions. Shallots .

Cultivated as a potherb.

Bulb composed of many little bulbs, not enclosed in a
common tunick ; scape 12 in. high ; spathe membrana-
ceous; flowers small, deep purple; perigonium upright,
ovate, lanceolate; anthers yellow; stigma blunt.

IX. 121. CEPA. Onion.

Perigonium 6-sepaled, spreading; stame?is 6, affixed to
the bottom of the sepales, simple at bottom, dilated at top ;
stigma acute ; capsule 3-sided ; cells deeply 2-parted ; axis
threadshape, remaining after the opening of the valves;
seeds 2 or 3, roundish ; corculum peripherical, more than
half the length of the perisperm, curved or spiral ; spermo -
dermis simple. — Root tunicated; bulbs simple or soboliferous;
leaves flat, linear or round, radical or cauline ; flower um-
belled, terminal, often bearing bulbilles instead of capsules ;
spathe bivalve, dry, membranaceous, many-flowered, crowd-
ed ; br acteoe 0.

a. Leaves cylindrical , radical ; scape naked .

1. Cepa esculenta. Esculent onion.

Umlells capsule-bearing, globose ; scape fistulous, bellied
below ; leaves round, shorter than the scape.

Cepa alba, Ger. em. 169.

Allium Cepa, Lin. S. P. 432.

Allium esculentum, Salisb. Prod. 255.

Silver-skinned onion. Deptford onion.

Cultivated for kitchen use, in marsh land.

Bulb oblong, ovate, scarcely acrid, sweetish, containing
a saccharine principle analogous to manna; scape simple.

184 121. Cepa. 15. ASPHODELEiE. Pl.end.pk

@ . rubra. Bulbs roundish, purplish, very acrid ; scape
simple.

Common onion .

Cultivated.

y. Hispanica. Bulbs oblong, ovate, very sweet, large ;
scape simple.

Spanish onion.

Cultivated from seed obtained from Spain and Portugal ;
but grows less, and becomes more acrid every year, de-
generating into the common onion.

3“. ramosa . Scape branched.

Tree onion. Bunch onion.

Cultivated, but seldom.

2. Cepa fistulosa . Pipey onion.

Umbells capsule-bearing, globose ; leaves round, fistulous,

ventricose; scape fistulous, as long as the leaves; outer
sepales shorter than the inner.

Cepa Hispanica oblonga, Ger. em. 160.

Cepa longa, Parle. Par. 511.

Allium fistulosum, Bin. S. P. 434.

Long Spanish onions. Welsh onions »

Cultivated as a ppt^herb.

3. Cepa tenuifolia . Fine-leafed onion .

Umbells capsule-bearing, crowded; leaves round, awl-

shape, threadlike; scapes in tufts, as long as the leaves;
sepales equal.

Schcenoprasum, Ger.em. 176.

Allium Schcenoprasum, Lin. S. P. 482.

Allium tenuifolium, Salisb. Prod. 235.

Gives. Chives.

Fields and pastures; perennial; June; also cultivated
for a pot-herb.

Bulbs cylindrical, in tufts; leaves attenuated, 6 or 7 in.
high, acute, glaucous, sheathing; scape slightly curved;
umbells dense; spathe purplish, ovate, persisting; flowers
crowded, whitish purple ; pistill very long.

b. Leaves nmnd, cauline j umbells bulb-bearing .

4. Cepa oleracea. Pot onion .

Urrpbells bulb-bearing, lax; leaves half-round, furrowed;

scape round.

Tl.end.ph. 15. ASPHODELEiE. 121. Cepa. 185

Moly montanum tertium Clusii, Ger. em. 188.

Allium oleraceum, JLzn. S. P. 429.

Allium virens, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 1, 67.

Allium virescens, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,259.

Allium parviflorum, Thuill. Paris.

Edges of fields; perennial; July.

Bulbs ovate; scape upright, 2 or 3 feet high, slender;
leaves slender above, channelled, acute ; spathe bellied at
bottom, attenuated, much longer than the umbells; flowers
few, campanulate, greenish purple.

c. Leaves flat, cauline .

5. Cepa car mat a. Keeled onion .

IJmbells bulb-bearing, fewflowered ; leaves linear, keeled ;
spathe very long, unequal, 2-horned, acute.

Allium montanum bicorne purpureum proliferum, Raii Syn. 369, 2.

Moly montanum secundum Clusii, Ger. em. 187.

Allium carinatum, Lin. S. P. 426.

Mountain garlick.

Rocks and mountains ; perennial ; July.

Root and plant scentless ; stem upright, 4 feet high ; leaves
slender, flat, obtuse, very longly sheathing ; spathe leafy ;
umbells fewflowered ; flowers dull brownish purple.

Fam. XI. 16. ASPARAGI.

Perigonium petaloid, 6-sepaled, regular; stamens 6, at
the base of the sepales ; anthers upright, peltate ; ovary
free, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded ; style 1 ; stigmata 3 ; berry
3-celled ; seeds few, subglobose, affixed to the inner angles
of the cells; spermodermis simple, black, crustaceous, brittle;
perisperm cartilaginous, hard ; corculum curved, transverse,
opposite to the umbilicus. — Plant herbaceous or shrubby;
leaves bundled, linear, inclosed at bottom in a sheathing
stipule; flowers axillary, white.

I. 122. ASPARAGUS. Dioscorides. Spearage.

Perigonium 6-sepaled ; sepales connivent at bottom ; sta-
mens 6 ; filaments awlshape, bald; style short; 3-furrowed.

Asparagus officinalis. Common spearage.

Stem herbaceous, round, very branchy; leaves bristlelike,
bundled; flowers often abortive, diclinous; peduncle jointed
in the middle.

Asparagus maritimus crassiore folio, Raii Syn. 267,2.

Asparagus palustris, Ger. em. 1111.

Asparagus officinalis, Lin. S. P. 448.

Sea-side) perennial; July.

186 122. Asparagus. 16. ASPARAGI. Pl.end.ph.

Stem cylindrical, lying down, very much branched, pa-
nicled; leaves linear, bristlelike, soft, 3 or 5 together; stipules
very small ; flowers yellowish, peduncled, mostly dioicous,

&. sativus . Stem upright.

Asparagus, Raii Syn. 267, 1 ; Park . 454.

Asparagus sativus, Ger. em. 1 1 10.

Sparroic-grass. Cultivated spearage.

Cultivated in gardens and fields, for a pot-herb. The
young shoots are diuretic, and communicate a violet scent
to the urine.

Fam. XII. 17. SMILACEiE. R. Brown.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual; perigonium free,
pctaloid, 6-sepaled ; stamens 6, inserted near the base of the
sepales ; ovary 3 or 4-celled ; styles often 3-cut ; stigmata 1
to 3 ; herry globose ; seeds 1 to 6, roundish or angular, af-
fixed one above the other to the inner angles of the cells ;
spermodermis simple, membranaceous, not hard, black, nor
brittle ; perisperm cartilaginous, hard ; corculum cylindrical,
opposite or near to the umbilicus. — Leaves curvedly ribbed,
opposite, alternate or verticiilate; flowers solitary, or race-
mose, whitish; berries before they are ripe usually spotted.

A. Flowers hermaphrodite .

Perigonium 6-toothed, tubular ;
stamens inserted above the base Polygonatum. 125.

Perigonium 6-toothed, campanulate ;
stamens inserted at the base . . Convallaria. 124.

Perigonium 8 -parted, spreading Paris, 123‘.

B. Flowers dioicous or unisexual .

Perigonium 6-parted; androphore cylindrical. Ruscus. 126.

I. 123. PARIS. Matthiolus. Herb-Paris.

Perigonium 8-parted (sometimes 6 to 10), expanding;
4 outer sepales, broad, herbaceous; 4 inner linear, coloured;
stamens 8 (sometimes 6 or 10); anthers adnate to the mid-
dle of the filament; filaments inserted at the base of the peri-
gonium ; styles 4 ; stigmata 4 ; ovary free, rather globose ;
berry 4-celled ; seeds 6 or 8, ovate, inserted in 2 rows at the
inner angles of the cells: perisperm fleshy ; corculum minute,
near the hilum. — Rhizoma creeping, perennial; stem simple;
leaves 3-ribbed, verticiilate, about the middle of the stem ;
peduncle terminal, solitary.

PL end. ph. 17. SMILACEdL 123. Paris. 1ST

Paris quadrifolia . Four-leafed herl-Paris.

Leaves mostly in one whorl, ovate.

Herba Paris, Raii Syn. 264, 1 ; Ger. em. 405 ; Park. 390.

Paris quadrifolia, Lin. S. P. 527.

One berry. Herb Paris. True love.

Woods and shady places; perennial; May.

Stein 12 in. high; leaves 3 to 5, acute, notched, smooth;
peduncle angular ; flowers greenish purple. — Leaves and
berries narcotic ; root emetic in doses of two scruples.

II. 124. CON VALL ARIA. Lin. Lilly -of -the-v alley.

Perigonium campanulate, 6-toothed ; stamens 6 ; anthers
terminal; filaments inserted at the base of the perigonium;
style 1; stigma blunt, 3-cornered ; ovary 3-celled, free;
berry globose, 3-celled; seeds 2, one above the other, affixed
to the inner angle of the cells, subglobose; perisperm car-
tilaginous, hard ; corculum straight, opposite to the hilum.
— Rhizoma creeping ; leaves radical, curve-ribbed ; sheaths
-scaly, cut \ flowers racemose, peduncled, whitish, bracteate;
scape solitary ; bractece lanceolate, solitary, at the base of
the peduncle ; berry spotted before it is ripe.

Convallaria majalis. May Ully-of -the-v alley.

Scape semicylindrical ; leaves ovate, lanceolate ; flowers
racemose, spiked ; peduncle drooping.

Lilium convallium, Raii Syn. 264, 1 ; Ger.em. 410.

Lilium convallium flore albo, Park. Par. 349. **

Convallaria majalis, Lin . S. P. 451.

Convallaria fragrans, Salisb. Prod. 254.

May lilly. Lilly convally.

Woods; perennial; May.

Flowers white, very fragrant ; berries red. — Flowers nar-
cotic, errhine ; extract ol the root and flowers bitter and
purgative, in doses of two scruples ; leaves dye a durable
green.

III. 125. POLYGON ATUM. Dioscor. Solomon's seal.

Perigonium cylindrical, tubular, 6-toothed; stamens 6,
inserted above the base of the perigonium ; anthers termi-
nal; style 1 ; stigma, blunt, 3-cornered; ovary 3-celled, free;
berry globular, 3-celled ; seeds 1 or 2, round ; perispenn
cartilaginous; corculum straight, opposite to the hilum. —
Rhizoma creeping, fleshy : stem simple, leafy, sheathed with
scales at the base ; leaves cauline, sessile, alternate or verti-
cillate, longitudinally streaked ; ribs prominent, curved ;
peduncles axillary, solitary, 1 or many-flowered; flowers
drooping, whitish ; bractece 0 ; berry before it is ripe mottled.

188 125. Polygonatum. 17. SMILACEJE. Pl.end.ph .

1. Polygonum verticillatum . JVkorled Solomon’s seal .

Stem upright, angular ; Zeaws lanceolate, verticillate.

Polygonatum minus, Ger. em. 903.

Convallaria verticillata, Lin. S. P. 451.

Small Solomon's seal.

Shady mountains ; perennial; June.

Stem 2 feet high, naked at bottom ; leaves 3 to 7 in a
whorl, glaucous ; peduncles branchy ; berries red.

2. Polyg, multiflorum . Many-flowered Solomon’s seal .

Stem drooping, round ; leaves ovate, elliptical, alternate ;

peduncles axillary, 1 or many-flowered ; filaments hairy ;
style flexuous.

Polygonatum, Raii Syn. 263, 1 ; Ger . em. 903.

Polygonatum vulgare, Park. 696.

Convallaria multitlora, Lin. S. P. 452.

Polygonatum multiflorum, Desfont. Ann. de Mus. 9.

Common Solomon's seal.

Woods; perennial; May, June.

Stem 2 feet high, drooping at top ; leaves facing one
way. — Roots may be made into bread ; young shoots
eaten as asparagus.

0. kumile .

Polygonatum humile Anglicum, Raii Syn. 263,4.

y. latifolium . Leaves broad, obovate.

Polygonatum hellebori albi folio, caule purpurascente, Raii Syn. 263,3
Convallaria latifolia, Hojfm. Germ. 3, 162.

3. Polygonatum vulgare. Common Solomon’s seal.

Stem 2-edged, angular, drooping; leaves ovate, elliptical,

alternate; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered filaments smooth ;
style straight.

Polygonatum floribus ex singularibus pediculis, Raii Syn. 2 63.
Polygonatum latifolium secundum Clusii, Ger. em. 904,3,

Polygonatum majus, flore majore, Park. 696.

Convallaria Polygonatum, Lin. S. P. 451.

Polygonatum vulgare, Desfont. Ann. de Mus. 9.

Convallaria rupestris, Salisb . Prod. 254.

Odoriferous Solomon's seal.

Woods; perennial; May, June.

Stem 18 in. high, drooping; flowers fragrant; leaves
facing one way. — Roots may be made into bread.

#. biflorum . Peduncles 2-flowered.

Pl.end.ph . 17. SMILACEAL 126. Ruscus. 189

IV. 126. RUSCUS. Castor. Butchers -broom.

Perigonium 6-parted, expanding ; androphore cylindrical,
tubular ; female naked, male with 6 sessile anthers ; style 1 ;
stigma 1, obtuse; ovary free, 3-celled; berry globose; seeds
1 or 2 in each cell, ovate ; corculum rather straight, not half
as long as the perisperm, opposite the hilum. — Root branchy,
perennial ; herb very stiff, evergreen, very much branched ;
leaves (leaflike peduncles?) ribbed, alternate, sessile, pun-
gent, flower-bearing; flowers sessile, white, dioicous or
unisexual.

Ruscus aculeatus. Prickly butchers-broom.

Stem stiff ; leaves mucronate, pungent ; flowers on the
upper surface of the leaves, naked.

Ruscus, Rail Syn. 262, 1 ; Park. 253.

Ruscus sive Bruscus, Ger. em. 907.

Ruscus aculeatus, Lin. S. P. 1474.

Knee holme. Pettigree. Kneehulver. Knee holly.

Woods and heaths ; perennial ; March and April.

Herb biennial, upright, smooth; leaves sessile, not notched,
dark green ; floivers white; androphore violet, yellow at top.
— Root aperitive.

&. laxus. Leaves elliptical, narrow at both ends ; branches
loose.

Ruscus laxus, Smith T. L-. S. 3, 334.

Fam. XIII. 18. TAMACEAL

Flowers dioicous; perigonium adherent, petaloid, 6-se-
paled, bellshape ; sepales contracted at the orifice ; stamens 6,
at the base of the sepales ; ovary 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each
cell; style 1 ; stigmata 3, acute, 2-cut; berry 3-celled; seeds
few, ovate ; spermodermis membranaceous.

I. 127. TAMUS. Gesner. Black-briony.

Perigonium bellshaped, spreading in the male flowers,
contracted in the female, above the ovary ; style 1 ; stig-
mata 3 ; berry 3-celled. — Root fleshy, tuberous, perennial ;
stem annual, climbing, twisting to the left ; leaves alternate,
petiolate, ribbed ; stipula 2, small, at the base of the pe-
duncle, reflexed; flowers racemose, axillary.

190 127. Tamils* 18. TAMACEJE.

PI. end. ph .

Tamus communis. Common black-briony .

Leaves cordate, acute, undivided, not notched.

Tamus racemosa, flore minore luteo pallescente, J Ran Si/n. 262, 1.

Bryonia nigra, Gcr. cm. 871.

Bryonia sylvestris nig-ra, Park. 178.

Tamus communis, Lin. S. P. 1458.

Wild vine. Our lady’s seal .

Woods and hedges; perennial; June and July.

Root black, very large;, stem branchy, round, 12 feet
long, smooth ; leaves smooth, deep green, varying greatly
in shape from reniform to sagittate ; flowers greenish; berries
red. — Root acrid, stimulant, discutient used externally.

Fam. XIV. 19. AMARYLLIDEAE. Brown.

Perigonium adherent, 6-cut, regular, imbricate before open-
ing; 3 outer sepales longer than the inner; stamens 6, inserted
in the base of the sepales or in the tube ; filaments some-
times connate at the base ; anthers adverse ; ovary adherent,
3-celled; cells many-seeded; style 1 ; stigma 3-lobed; capsule
3-celled; valves 3, partition-bearing; seeds many, affixed
to the inner angles of the cells ; perisperm fleshy ; corculum
inclosed ; spermodermis simple, membranaceous, neither

crustaceous nor black.

A. Perigonium topshape ; limb 6-cut ; crown cupshape .
Crown shorter than the limb ;

stamens unequal, 3 shorter Narcissus. 128.

Crown as long as the limb ;

stamens equal in length Ajax. 129*

B. Perigonium very short tubed j limb 6-paried ; crown 0.

Lobes of the perigonium equal Galanthus. 131.

Lobes of the perigonium unequal .... Leucojum. 130.

I. 128. NARCISSUS. Narcissus .

Perigonium funnelshape ; limb spreading, longer than the
crown, 6-cut ; crown at the mouth of the tube cupshape ;
thick; tube Cylindrical; stamens 6; 3 filaments shorter than
the rest, adhering to the tube ; anthers short, thick, boat-
shape, upright, nestling in the mouth of the tube ; stigma
small. — Herb bulbose; bulb tunicated; leaves concave, semi-
cylindrical, upright ; scape 2-edged, compressed ; spa the 1
or 2-flowered; tube of the flower white, thick; crown yel-
low, edge red.

Pl.etid.ph. 19. AMAR\ LLIDEiE. 128. Narcissus. 191

1. Narcissus m a jails. May narcissus.

Leaves erect, obtusely keeled, rather curved, glaucous;

loles of the perigonium imbricate, laterally deflexed, crown-
ed ; crown yellow, minutely plaited ; edge rather scariose,
white, slender; outer edge scarlet, crenulate; stigma as
long as the shorter stamens.

Narcissus medio purpureus, Ger.em. 123.

Narcissus medio purpureus maximus, Park. Par. 76.

Narcissus poeticus, Lin. S. P. 414 ?

Narcissus majalis, Curtis But. Mag. 193.

Narcissus patellaris, Salisb. Prod. 225.

Poets ’ narcissus. Purple circled daffodil.

Sandy heaths and fields ; perennial ; May.

Leaves about one-third in. broad, edge reflexed ; scape
erect; spathe 1 -flowered, often 2-lobed ; jloiver upright,
very fragrant, snow white; crown scarlet edged.

2. Narcissus liflorus. Two-flowered narcissus .

Leaves acutely keeled ; crown entirely yellow ; spathe 2

or 3-flowered ; scape kneed before flowering.

Narcissus medio luteus vulgaris, Rail Syn. 371, 2j Park. 74.

Narcissus uiedio luteus, Ger. em. 124,7.

Narcissus poeticus, Huds. FI. Angl. 141.

Narcissus biflorus, Curtis Bot. Mag. 197.

Narcissus cothurnalis, Salisb. Prod. 225.

Pale narcissus. Primrose peerless. Common white daffodil.

Sandy fields ; perennial ; April and May.

Edge of the leaves turned in ; scape upright ; spathe not
notched ; flowers drooping, sweet-smelling, yellowish white.

II. 129. AJAX. R. A. Salisbury. Daffodil .

Perigonium funnelshape, limb spreading, 6-parted, as
long as the crown ; crown large, cupshape ; tube topshape,
shorter than the lobes; stamens 6, free, equal, threadshape,
inserted at the base of the tube, or slightly adnate to the
sides, often 3 times as short as the crown; anthers linear,
long. — Herb bulbose ; lull tunicated, rounded below, con-
cave above ; leaves 2-rowed, strapsbape, thick, ribbed,
streaked, flat, channelled, more or less glaucous, mostly
upright before flowering ; scape upright, 2-edged ; spathe
membranaceous, 1 or 2-flowered ; flower yellow.

1. Ajax fenestralis. Window daffodil.

Scape 2-edged, roundish, straight, striated ; outer lobes
elliptical, lanceolate, scarcely longer than the tube; crown
straight, crenate, serrate, the length of the lobes.

Cy

192 129. Ajax. 19. AMARYLLIDEiE. PL end. phi

Narcissus sylvestris pallidus, calyce luteo. Rail Syn. 371, 1.

Pseudo-narcissus Anglicus, Ger. em. 133,2.

Pseudo-narcissus Anglicus vulgaris, Park. Par. 100.

Common yellow daffodil. Daffodowndilly.

Woods; perennial; March.

Flower drooping, scentless ; loles of the perigonium pale
yellow ; crown bellshape, golden yellow.

Scolicus. Scape 2-edged, compressed, tortuous, deeply
striated; loles of the perigonium elliptical, lanceolate, much
longer than the tube; edge of the crown expanded, cut,
serrate, rather rugose.

Ajax fenesfralis Scoticus, Haworth Syn. Sue. app.

2. Ajax spurms . Bastard daffodil .

Scape 2-edged, smooth, compressed ; sepales rather erect,
lanceolate ; crown much longer than the tube ; edge 6-cut,
toothed, spreading.

Ajax spurius, Haworth Syn. Succ. app. 329.

Woods and pastures; perennial; April.

Leaves striated, smooth ; sepales and crown yellow ; tip
of the anther black.

III. 130. LEUCOJUM. Dioscorides. Snowflake.

Perigonium 6-parted, tube short, limb bellshape ; loles
equal, thickened at the tip ; stamens 6, inserted on a gland
covering the ovary ; anther obtuse, opening by two pores
at the tip ; style clavate ; stigma simple, acute ; capsule
3-celled ; seeds many, roundish. — Herb bulbose ; lulls
round, tunicated; leaves radical, many, keeled; scape 2-edged,
upright; spat he 1 -leafed, 1 or many-flowered, compressed;
peduncle 1 -flowered ; flowers white, drooping, green at the
tip.

Leucojum cestimm. Summer snowflake .

Spathe many-flowered.

Leucojum bulbosum majus polyanthemum, Ger.em. 148,

Leucojum aestivura, Lin. S . P. 414.

Damp fields ; perennial ; May.

Scape 18 in. long, upright; leaves blunt, smooth; spathe

upright; flowers 5 or 6.

7

Pl.end.ph. 19. AMARYLLIDEiE. 131. Galanthus. 193

IV. 131. GALANTHUS. Linnaeus. Snowdrop.

Perigonium 6-parted; tube short, limb bellshape, lobes
unequal; 3 inner half the length of the 3 outer, heartshape,
thickened at the tip ; stamens 6, inserted on a gland cover-
ing the ovary; anthers awlshape, opening at the top by
2 pores; style threadshape ; stigma acute; capsule 3-celled;
seeds many, globose. — Herb buibose; bulb' ovate, tunicated;
leaves radical, 2, glaucous, keeled; sheaths membranaceous,
not nicked; scape round, not inclosed in the sheath; spathe
cylindrical ; flower 1, peduncled, drooping, white, tipped
with green.

Galanthus nivalis. White snowdrop .

Leitcojum bulbosum prascox minus, Ger.em. 147.

Galanthus nivalis, Lin. S. P. 413.

Early bulbous violet. Fair maids of February.

Fields and orchards ; perennial; February and March.

Stem 12 in. high. One of the first flowers that appear,
as a harbinger of summer.

Fam. XV. 20. IRIDEiE. Ventenat. Irides , Jussieu.

Ensatce , Linnaeus. Liliacearum genera
queedam , Adanson.

Perigonium adherent, petaloid, tubular at bottom, limb
6-cut or parted, often irregular ; stamens 3, inserted at the
base of the exterior lobes ; anther linear, opening outwards ;
ovary 1 ; style 1 ; apex 3-cut, lobed, often petaloid ; stig-
mata 3 ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; valves partition-bearing ;
placenta linear, on the inner edge of the partitions ; seeds
many, roundish ; perisperm horny or thick and fleshy ; cor -
culum inclosed, straight near the h\\ urn.— Herb smooth;
root tuberous or fibrous; leaves averse, equitant, 2-rowed
or linear; flower radical, terminal, spiked, corymbose, or
on a crowded panicle.

Tube of the perigonium long; limb regular;
lobes of the style wedgeshape ;

spathe 1 or 2, outer tubular Crocus. 132.

Tube of the perigonium short ; limb regular
lobes of the style linear; stigmata 2-parted;
spathe 2-valved Trichomema. 133.

Tube of the perigonium short ; limb alter-
nately deflexed; lobes of the style petaloid;
stigmata linear Iris. 134.

vol. ir.

o

194

132. Crocus. 20. IRIDEiE.

Pl. end<ph*

I. 132. CROCUS. Theophrastus. Saffron .

Perigoniwn funnelshape; tube long; limb 6-parted, re-
gular ; stamens 3 ; filaments awlshape, inserted in the base
of the lobes of the perigonium; anthers linear ; pollen glo-
bular ; ovary 3-sided, adherent ; style long, filiform ; apex
truncated, 3-lobed; lobes wedgesbape, erose or fringed at
the tip ; stigma terminal ; capsule 3-sided ; seeds many,
roundish; shell succulent; perisperm horny; corculum cen-
tral, straight, radicle descending. — Herb stemless, perennial;
comb us double, one above the other ; tunics entire or reti-
culately fibrous; leaves slender, linear, radical; midrib
broad, whitish ; spathe 1 or 2 leaved, membranaceous, 1 to 3
flowered ; capsules when ripe elevated.

a. Lobes of the style truncated , erose or toothed ; spathe
\-leafed ; tube of the perigonium closed above with
hairs ; flowers vernal , with the leaves , no part yellow .

1 . Crocus vernus* Spring saffron.

Tunics of the combus ribbed, fibrous ; midrib of the leaves

white; style longer than the stamens; lobes of the perigo-
nium lanceolate, attenuated, imbricated.

Crocus vermis fiore purpureo, Ger. em, 154, 5,

Crocus sativus' vernus, Lin. S. P. 250.

Crocus vernalis coerulea, Betring Nolls. GO.

Crocus officinalis /0, Huds. FI. Angl . 13.

Crocus vernus, Wulfen.

Ixia vernalis, Salisb. Prod.

Crocus vernus /2, Gawler Bot. Mag. 2860.

Purple spring saffron. Purple crocus .

Fields ; perennial ; March and April.

Flowers blue, white or violet.

b. Lobes of the style truncated , erose or toothed ; spathe
c2-leafed; tube of the perigonium bald; flowers autumnal ,
before the leaves , yellowish .

2. Crocus sativus . Cultivated saffron .

Lobes of the style reflexed, longer than the lobes of the

perigonium ; tube longer than the limb.

Crocus, Ran Syn. 374, 1 ; Ger. em. 151.

Crocus verus sativus autumnalis, Park. Par. 167.

Crocus sativus officinalis, Lin. S . P. 50.

Crocus setifolius, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 104^.

Crocus officinalis, Engl. Bot. 343.

Ixia autumnalis, Salisb. Prod. 33.

Saffron. True saffron.

20. IRIDEiE. 132. Crocus.

195

PL end. ph.

Fields and pastures; perennial; September to Novem-
ber : also cultivated.

Flowers pale blue, streaked with violet; tube yellow;
spathe 2-valved ; leaves fringed, come out after the flower,
and remain all the winter. — Stigmata cordial.

c. Lobes of the style many cut; spathe 1 -leafed;
flowers autumnal , appearing before the leaves .

3. Crocus nudiflorus, Naked saffron »

Tunics of the combus membranaceous, filamentous.

Crocus montanus aulumnalis, Ger. em. 154,6.

Colchicum commune, Deering Nott. 57.

Crocus nudiflorus, Engl. Bot. 491.

Crocus multifldus, Ramond Bull, de S. P. 41.

Crocus medius j 6, Allioni Add. FI. Ped. 39.

Meadows; perennial; October.

Lobes of the styles 7 to 12-cut, cuts linear; leaves appear
in December, upright; edge scarcely revolute; not gan-
1 at the tips ; flowers naked, purple violet ; fruits in

Tube of the perigonium very short ; limb large, 6-cut,
regular ; lobes equal ; filaments upright, short, pubescent,
inserted at the mouth of the tube; anthers connivent; stig-
mata 3-cut, lobes 2-parted, linear, spreading ; capsule
3-sided ; seeds many, rounded.— -Combus ovate, conical ; base
capillary (with a fusiform root); tunicks crustaceous, smooth;
toothed at the tip; sheath 2-valved, lanceolate, membra-
naceous ; leaves mostly 4, slender, linear, ribbed, thickest
in the middle ; scape upright, 1 or 2-flowered ; spathe
2-valve, lanceolate, acute, glumaceous, edge membrana-
ceous ; flowers terminal, sessile, blue.

Trichomema parviflorum . Small wild-saffron .

Leaves linear, compressed ; lobes of the perigonium lan-
ceolate, I'etuse ; inner one scarcely broader than the outer ;
stigma revolute.

Crocus vernns minor, Ger.em. 152.

Crocus Bulbocodium, Lin. S. P. 36 ?

Romulea, Miller Figures , 24.

Ixia Bulbocodium, Engl. Bot. 2549.

Ixia Bulbocodium j8, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall . 2000.

Ixia parviflora, Salisb. Prod. 34.

Hills in Guernsey ; perennial ; May.

ay.

II. 133. TRICHOMEMA. Kerr.

JVild-saffron .

o 2

196 133. Trichomema. 20. IRIDEiE.

PL end. ph .

Scape 3 in. high ; leaves very narrow, flexuous, furrowed ;
perigonium blue, tube very short ; spalhe half as long as the
perigonium ; scape shorter than the leaves.

III. 134. IRIS. Theophrastus. Fleur-de-luce .

Tube of the perigonium short ; limb 6-parted ; lobes un-
equal, 3 outer lobes spreading or reflexed ; 3 inner smaller,
upright or inflexed; stamens 3, distinct ; style 1, short,
3-lobed ; lobes petaloid, often nicked, furrowed above ; stig-
mata 3, on the duplications on the lower surface of the peta-
loid lobes; capsule 3-sided ; seeds many, globose; spermo-
dermis double; shell spongy, loose; corculum straight, half
the length of the perisperm. — Leaves ensiform, 2-rowed ;
stem compressed, leafy; spalhe 2 or 3 valved, 2 or 3 flow-
ered; valves keeled, herbaceous, edge membranaceous;
flowers fascicled, yellow or blue, striated or veined.

a. Leaves flat , equitant , ensiform , cl-rowed ; rhizoma
creeping , depressed , annulate ; lobes of the perigonium
beardless. Iris.

1 . Iris palustris . Marsh fleur-de-luce .
Stem compressed, ovate, many-flowered; lobes of the

perigonium beardless ; inner erect, smaller than the stig-
mata; leaves ensiform.

Iris palustris lutea, Ran Syn. 374, 1 ; Ger. em. 50,2.

Iris Pseudacorus, Lin. S. P. 56.

Iris lutea, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 496.

Iris palustris, Salisb. Prod. 44,

Yellow flag. Water flag. Bastard fleur-de-luce. Seggs , in the North,
Ponds and watery-places ; perennial; July.

Stem 4 feet high, 3 to 6 flowered, higher than the leaves ;
leaves 1 in. broad ; flowers yellow, spotted with deeper
yellow, veined with black; stigmata yellow. — Roots acrid
when fresh, warm when dry, may be substituted for galan-
gals; juice of the root purgative in doses of 80 drops every
hour, but is very violent in its operation; seeds roasted
resemble coffee, having more nearly the same aroma than
any other substitute for that drug.

/3. pallida. Flowers pale yellow or white.

Iris palustris pallida, Raii Syn. 375,2.

2. Irisfcetida . Stinking fleur-de-luce.

■ Stem 1 -edged, few-flowered; lobes of the perigonium

beardless; inner larger than the stigmata, spreading very
much; leaves swordshape; ovary 3-sided ; angles furrowed,

2-cut.

197

PLend.ph. 20. IRIDEiE. 134. Iris.

Iris sylvestris, quam Xyrim vocant, Rail Syn. 375, 3.

Xiris, Ger. em. 60.

Xiris sen Spatula fcetida, Park » 256.

Iris foetidissima, Lin. S P. 57.

Iris fcetida, Salisb. Prodr. 44.

Stinking gladden . Spurge wort.

Woods and hedges ; perennial; June and July.

Stem 2 feet high, half round, 2 or 4 -flowered, scarcely
higher than the leaves ; leaves dark green ; perigonium dull
grey blue, streaked or veined with black ; outer lobes
roughly folded beneath. — Juice of the root errhine ; roof in
infusion or decoction purgative, leaving a costiveness like
rhubarb ; seeds diuretic.

b. Bulb tunicated; leaves channelled ; lobes of the
perigonium beardless. Xyphium.

3. Iris variabilis. Changeable fleur-de-luce.

Scape 2-flowered ; lobes of the perigonium as narrow as
the lobes of the style; ovary round, 3-sided.

Iris bulbosa Anglica, Ger. em. 99,2.

Iris Xiphium, Lin. S. P. 58.

Xyphium vulgare, Miller Diet.

Iris variabilis, Jacq. Coll. 2, 139,

Iris coronaria, Salisb. Prod. 45.

Onion fleur-de-luce.

River sides ; perennial ; July.

Leaves channelled, awlshape, a little longer than the stem;
perigonium purplish blue; stem sometimes one-flowered.

Fam. XVI. 21. ORCHIDEiE. Jussieu.

Perigonium petaloid, adherent to the ovary, 6-sepaled ;
sepales - in^gular, in two series, often variously soldered ;
outer series of 1 odd sepale and 2 alike; inner of 2 sepales
alike and one odd one called the lip ; anthers 1 or 2,
sessile, on the gymnostemium ; pollen agglutinated into a
determinate figure; gymnostemium columnar; gyhizus va-
riously placed; pericarpium 1-celled, 3 valved, opening la-
terally by the ribs; pldcentaria 3, on the middle ot the
valves; seeds numerous, very minute; spermodermis mem-
branaceous; perisperm fleshy ; corculum at the base. — Plants
herbaceous; root tuberous, gingiberaceous or fascicled;
scape simple ; leaves sessile, ribbed lengthways, sheathing at
bottom; flowers spiked; braclea 1, at the bottom oi each
flower.

198

21. ORCHIDEAS.

PI. end . ph,

A. Pollen longitudinally divided ; caudicle with a
retinacle.

a. Retinade bursiculale , single and common to loth the
pollen masses .

Perigonium galeate ; lip long, linear ;
base with a short scrotiform spur .... Loroglossum. 1 35.

Perigonium galeate ; Up long, linear;
lase flat, or very slightly gibbous Aceras. 156.

Perigonium galeate; lip spurred;
claw bearing 2 scales longitudinally . . . Anacamptis. 137.

b. Retinacles bursiculate , 2.

Per. arched or galeate ; lip spurred ;
lursicles undivided Orchis. 138.

Perig . spread; lip spurless, convex;
rostellum split into 2 bursicules Ophrys. 139.

c. Retinacles naked .

Perigon. arched; lip spurred, 3-cut;
spur bristlelike ; rostellum split Gymnadenia. 140.

Perigon . galeate ; lip spurred, 3-cut ;

short; rostellum split Entaticus. 141.

Per. arched or galeate ; lip spurred,
undivided; cells of the anther distant;
rostellum 0 Peatantheka. 142i

Per. nearly bellshape ; inner sepales longest ;
lip many-cut, purselike at the bottom . . Herminium. 143.

B. Pollen longitudinally divided ; retinacle 0.

Per. connivent below; lip enclosed,
spurless, undivided ; pollen unarmed .... Goodyera. 144.

C. Pollen granular ; anther 1 .

Per. oblong, connivent ; lip obovate ;
gynizus rather elliptic; spike spiral .... Spiranthes. 145,

Per. globose, connivent ; lip obcordate ;
gynizus rather elliptic ; stem leafless ...... Neottia. 146,

Per. globose, connivent ; lip linear, 2-parted ;
gyjiizus rather elliptic; stem 2-leaved Listera. 147.

Per. erect, connivent; lip embracing, entire;
ovary sessile; rostellum 0 Cephalanthera. 148,

Per. spread ; lip spread, interrupted ;
ovary pedicel led; rostellum on the apex Epipactis. 149,

PLend.ph. 21. ORCHIDEAL 135. Loroglossum. 199

D. Pollen granular ; anthers 2.

Per . cross-like, spread ;

Up inflated, slippershape Cypripedium. 150,

E. Pollen solid, formed of two small masses,

a. Cells of the anther simple ,

Per . much spread; lip subovate behind;
gynostemium oblong; upper part winged. Pseudorchis. 151.

Per . spread vertically ; lip behind, heartshape ;
gynostemium very short, not winged Malaxis. 152,

b. Cells of the anther 2- parted .

Pei\ arched ; perule adnate ;

lip obovate; gynost. long, not winged Corallorhiza. 153.

A. Pollen divided ; caudicle with a retinacle ; relinacle
bursiculate ; perigonium galeate ; gynizus at the base of the
gynostemium, close to the lip; clinandrum 0; staminodia
wrinkled; cells of the anthers divided by a septulum. —
Root 2-tubercled.

I. 135. LOROGLOSSUM. Richard. Lizard-flower,

Perigonium galeate; inner sepales very narrow; lip gib-
bous at bottom, very long, three parted, middle lobe 2-cut;
gynostemium very short; retinacle 1, bursiculate.

loroglossum hircinum - Goat lizard-flower.

Lip pubescent, 3 times as long as the ovary.

Orchis barbata fcetida, Raii Syn. 376, 1.

Tragorchis maximus, and T, mas, Ger. era. 210, 1 & 2.

Tragorchis maximus, and T. vulgaris, Park. 1348.

Satyrium hircintim, Lin. S. P. 1337.

Orchis hircina. Swart in Act. Holm. 1800, 12T.

Great goat-stones. Male goat-stones.

Chalky soils ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem 2 or 3 feet high, fistulous ; spike many-flowered ;
hractea linear, twice as long as the ovary; flowers dull
purple, stinking.

<3. minor. Plant smaller ; flowers white.

Orchis barbata fcetida minor, tiore albo, Raii Syn .Sidy 2.

Orchis coryophora, Huds. FI. Angl. 383?

^00 136. Aceras. 21. ORCHIDEiE.

PI. end. ph.

II. 136. ACERAS R. Brown. Aceras .

Perigonium galeate ; inner sepales narrow ; Up flat, pen-
dulous, long, linear, 3-parted, middle lobe 2-cut; gymnos -
temium very short ; retinacle J , bursiculate.

Aceras anthropophora. Man aceras .

Lip longer than the ovary.

Orchis anthropophora oreades, Rail Syn. 379, 12.

Orchis anthropophora oreades foemina, Park. 1348.

Ophrys anthropophora, Lin. S. P. 1343.

Orchis anthropopnora, Allioni Peilem. 1835.

Aceras anthropophora, Brown in Ait. H. Kew. r 19.

Loroglossum anthropophorum, Richard Mem. Mus. 4, 54.

Green man-orchis.

Chalky pastures ; perennial; June.

Scape 18 in. high; spike many-flowered; Iraclea mem-
branaceous; flowers greenish purple.

III. 137. ANACAMPTIS. Richard. Anacamptis.

Perigonium arched, or galeate; lip spurred, spread, claw
with 2 scales on the middle ; gymnostemium very short ;
retinacle 1, bursiculate, the fore part grown together by the
sides into a cylinder.

Anacamptis pyramidalis. Pyramidal anacamptis .

Spur threadshape, as long as the ovary; spike dense*
oblong.

Orchis purpurea spioa congesta pyramidalis, Raii Syn. 377, 6.

Orchis pyramidalis, Lin. S. P. 1332.

Anacamptis pyramidalis, Richard Mem. Mas. 4, 55.

Purple late-Jlowered orchis.

Dry chalky pastures; perennial; June and July.

Scape 18 in. high ; leaves not spotted; spike pyramidal,
close, many-flowered, afterwards long ; hractea coloured, as
long as the ovary; flowers purplish or white.

IV. 138. ORCHIS. Theophrastus. Orchis.

Perigonium arched, or galeate ; lip spurred, spread ;
gynostemium very short ; gynizus entirety behind the orifice
of the spur ; rosiellum prominent below, never before ;
lursicle undivided, 2-celled within; anther longer than the
gynostemium, upright, roundish-ovoid or inverse-ovate, not
pointed at the tip; relinacles short-elliptic.

Pl.end.ph. 21. ORCHIDEiE. 138. Orchis. 201

1. Orchis fusca. Brown orchis ,

Lip rough, 3-parted; lobes unequal, ragged; lateral ones

linear; middle lobe broad, 2-cut with an intermediate point;
sepales blunt, connivent; spur straight, one-third the length
of the ovary ; hractea very short.

Orchis strateumntica, Ger. em. 215, 12; Park. 1344, 6.

Orchis magna latis foliis, galea fusca vel nigricante, DiUen in Rail Syn .
378,11.

Orchis militaris /3 and 5, Lin. S. P. 1334.

Orchis pu purea, Huds. ed. 1,334. x
Orchis fusca, Murray Syst. Feg. ed 14, 809.

Orchis moravica, Jacq. Ic. rur. 9, 182.

Chalky soils; perennial; May and June.

Stem 1 8 in. high ; flowers large, greenish brown, brown-
ish purple or pale ash-grey ; sepales broad.

2. Orchis militaris. Soldier orchis .

Lip rough, 3-parted ; lobes equal, incurved, broad ;

middle lobe 2-cut with an intermediate point; sepales
pointed, connivent; spur straight, half as long as the ovary;
hractea very short.

Orchis strateurnatica minor, Ger. em. 216, 13 ; Park. 1344, 8.

Orchis militaris, Lin. S. P- 1333.

White dogs-stones. Man-orchis.

Chalky places ; perennial ; May.

Scape 12 in. high; leaves broad-lanceolate, spotless; spike
many-flowered, dense ; flowers purplish.

3. Orchis lephrosanthos . Grey-spiked orchis •

Lip roughish ; lobes 3, equal, linear; middle lobe 2-cut,

with an intermediate point; sepales pointed, connivent; spur
rather bent, half as long as the ovary ; hractea very short.

Cynosorchis major altera, Ger. em. 205,2.

Cynosorchis latifolia minor, Park. 1344,4,

Orchis galea, et alis fere cinereis, Raii Syn. 378, 10.

Orchis militaris e, Lin. S. P. 1334.

Orchis militaris, Engl. Rot. 1873.

Orchis tephrosanthos, Villurs Delph. *2, 3%.

Orchis Simia, Be Cand. FI. Fr. ed. 3,249.

Chalky places ; perennial ; May.

Spike abruptly terminated ; 2 outer sepales sometimes lip-
shaped and spurred.

4. Orchis latifolia. Broad leaf orchis.

Lip smooth, 3-lobed, turned over at the sides; upper

sepales connivent; spur conical, shorter than the ovary;
hractea longer than the flqwer.

202 138. Orchis. 21. ORCHIDEiE.

Pl.end.ph,

Orchis palmata pratensis latifolia longis calcaribus, Raii Syn. 389, 19.

Orchis palmata major mas, sive Palma Christi mas, Park. 1356.

Orchis latifolia, Lin. S. P. 1334.

Orchis comosa, Scop, Cam. 1120.

Male Satyrion royal. Male handed orcMs.

Marshes and meadows ; perennial ; May and June.

Root palmate; scape fistulous, IS in. high ; leaves 4 or 6,
broad, lanceolate; spike 30 or 40-fiowered; bractea leaflike,
strapshape, slightly coloured ; flowers rosy, or blood colour;
lip dilated, middle lobe short with dotted lines.

fi. obtusa . Middle lobe of the lip blunt, as long and only
half as broad as the side ones.

Palma Christi mas, Ger. eni. 221, 1.

Orchis latifolia, Curtis FI. Lond. 165.

y. palustris. Middle lobe of the lip ovale, pointed, twice
as long as the side ones.

O

Serapias palustris latifolia, Ger. em. 223, 3,

Serapias draenntias palustris, Ger.etn. 226, 1.

Marsh satyrion. Marsh dragon satyrion.

& rubra. Leaves and flowers red.

Orchis palmata palustris, tota rubra, Dillen in Raii Syn. 382,25.

5. Orchis maculata. Spotted orchis .

Lip nearly flat, 3-lobed ; side lobes toothed, middle lobe

pointed ; upper sepales approximating ; lateral spread ; spur
cylindrical, shorter than the ovary; bractea as long as the
ovary.

Orchis q. Palmata speciosiore thyrso, folio maculato, Raii Syn . 381,20.

Palma Christi feemina, Ger. em. 221, 2.

Orchis palmata feemina, seu Palma Christi feemina foliis maculatis,
Park. 1357.

Orchis maculata, Lin. S. P. 1335.

Female satyrion royal. Female handed-orchis.

Woods and rich meadows; perennial; June and July.

Root palmate, divaricated ; scape slender, solid, 2 feet
high ; leaves lanceolate, generally spotted with black ; spike
long, or a short pyramid ; flowers purple ; lip marked with
lines and spots.

6. Orchis ustulata. Coffee-colour orchis .

Lip 3-lobed, lobes linear, rough with dots ; middle lobe

2-cut; sepales upright, pointed; spur hooked, one-third the
length of the ovary and bractea.

Orchis Pannonica quaria Clhsii Historiae, Raii Syn. 377,4.

Cynosorchis minor Pannoiyca, Ger. em. 207, 5.

Cynosorchis militaris Panhonica, Park. 1345.

Orchis ustulata, Lin. S. P. 1333.

Lesser Austrian dogs-stonih. Little purple flowered arch is. Dwarf orchis

203

PL end. ph. 21. ORCHIDEiE. 138. Orchis.

Chalky pastures ; perennial; June.

Scape 8 in. high, angular; Leaves 4 or 6, lanceolate,
not spotted ; spike short, close, many-flowered ; brae tea
ovate, purple; jiowers small, brown, greenish white on the
inside; spur blunt, compressed; lip white, with elevated
spots.

7. Orchis mascula, Male orchis .

hip 3-lobed, crenulate, obtuse; middle lobe 2-cut; sepales

pointed, 2 inner upright, spread; outer reflexed, 3-ribbed;
spur conical, ascending, as long as the germen.

Orchis morio mas, foliis maculatis, Rail Syn. 376, 3 j Park. 1346.

Cynosorchis morio mas, Ger. em. 268.

Orchis mascula, Lin. S. P. 1333.

M ale fool-stones.

Woods and pastures; perennial; April and May.

Root 2-tubercled ; scape 2 feet high ; leaves broad, spotted
with dark purple ; bractece lanceolate, coloured, scarcely
as long as the ovary ; flower uniformly coloured ; spur blunt,
horizontal ; lip hanging down, base white with a few purple
spots .—Roof, as being the most abundant species, is made
into salep, by being taken up when the stalks begin to fall,
the new tubercles separated, washed, and the outer thin
skin taken off; the prepared tubercles are then spread upon
a tin plate, and stoved for 8 or 10 minutes in a heat suf-
ficient to bake bread ; by which they acquire a semitrans-
parency like horn, without much diminution in size. Salep
is one of the most nutritive species of food known at pre-
sent, and extremely useful in travelling and in sea voyages.
It is probable the other species of this genus might be pre^
pared in the same manner,

8. Orchis morio. Fool orchis ,

Lip 3-lobed ; lobes crenate, middle lobe nicked ; sepales

ascending, obtuse; spur conical, ascending, shorter than
the ovary.

Orchis morio fcpmina, Rati Syn. 377, 4; Park. 1347,

Cynosorchis morio fcemina, Ger.etn. 208.

Orchis morio, Lin. S. P. 1333.

Female fool-stones.

Fields and meadows ; perennial ; May and June.

Root 2-tubercled; scape 12 in. high; leaves lanceolate ;
spike loose, 12-flowered; bractece lanceolate, membrana-
ceous, coloured ; Jiowers purple ; sepales blunt ; 3 upper
with 3 or 5 greenish ribs; spur bent, thickened at the
tip ; lip dilated, middle lobe spotted.

2

204*

139. Opiirys. 21. ORCHIBEjE. Pl.end.pk .

V. 139. OPHRYS. Pliny. Satyrion.

Ovary not twisted; perigovium spread, inner sepales often
manifestly smaller; Up spurless, wider backwards, con-
vex, mostly silky and variously painted, cartilaginous, stiff ;
rostellum very short, split into 2 roundish bursicles ; retinacle
distinctly bursiculate, short-elliptic.— -Bulls roundish; stem
leafy ; leaves lanceolate, rather glaucous ; spike loose ;
bractece lanceolate, leaflike ; ovary sessile.

1. Ophrys apifera. Bee satyrion.

Lip 3-cut, middle lobe longest, rather 3-cut; terminal

segment awlshape, recurved ; anther pointed, hooked.

Orchis fuciflora, galea et alis purpurascentibus, Itaii Syn. 379, 15.
Testiculus vulpinus secundus sphegodes, Ger. era. 212, 3.

Orchis sphegodes seu fucum referens, Park. 1350.

Orchis apifera, Huds. FI. Angl. 391.

TIumble-bee orchis. Bee Jiower.

Dry pastures on chalky soils; perennial; July.

Stem 12 in. high; leaves broad; bractece longer than the
ovary; spike few-flowered, loose; 3 outer sepales elliptical,
obtuse, purple ; 2 inner lanceolate, very short, greenish.

2. Ophrys aranifera. Spider satyrion .

Lip 3-lobed; side lobes short, blunt; middle lobe nicked*

turned back ; anther acute.

Orchis sive Tesiieulus sphegodes hirsuto flore, Raii Syn. 380, 16.

Ophrys aranifera, Huds. FI. Angl. 392.

*Ophrys fucifera, Curtis FI. Land. 6, 67.

Ophrys arachnites /3, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 2032.

Chalky places; perennial; April and May.

Stem 12 in. high; spike few-flowered; flowers green;
lip brown ; sepales spread ; 3 outer oblong, obtuse ; 2 inner
lanceolate, short, pointed.

3. Ophrys muscifera. Fly satyrion .

Lip 3-lobed ; middle lobe largest, cut into 2 segments*

disk shining ; anther obtuse.

Orchis my odes, galea et alis herhidis, Raii Syn. 379, 13.

Orchis myodes minor, Park. 1352.

Orchis myodes, Ger. em. 213, 6.

Ophrys muscifera, Huds. FI. Angl. 391.

Ophrys inseelifera myodes, Lin. S. P. 1343.

Common fly-orchis.

Chalky pastures; perennial; June.

Stem 9 in. high ; spike loose, few-flowered ; bractece. yel-
lowish ; 3 outer sepales green, 2 inner purple ; lip oblong,
dark red with bluish spots in the centre.

PL encLph. 21. OIICHIDE/E. 140. Gymnadenia. 20,5

VI. 140. GYMNADENIA. R. Brown. Gymnadenia

Ovary reclined at the tip ; perigoiiium arched ; Up spur-
red, 3-cut; spur linear; gynostemium very short; rostellum
split; retinacle distinct, naked; gynizus usually surrounding
the opening of the spur, crescent-like, dilated at each end
forwards. — Bull palmate; leaves radical, slender; spike
loose; hractece leaflike, lanceolate; flowers sweet-scented.

Gymnadenia conopsea. Gnat gymnadenia .

Spur twice as long as the ovary.

Orchis q. Palmata rubella cum longis calcaribus rubellis, Raii Syn*
381,21.

Serapias minor nitente flore, Ger. era. 222.

Orchis paluiaia minor flore rubro. Park. 1358.

Orchis conopsea, Lin. S. P. 1335.

Gymnadenia conopsea, R. Brown in Ait. H. Kew. 5.

Red handed-orchis.

Meadows; perennial; June.

Stem 18 in. high; leaves bright green; flowers pale
purple, smelling like cloves; Up bluntly 3-lobed, middle
segment not nicked ; side sepales much spread ; spur bristle-
like.

/3. alba. Flowers white.

VII. 141. ENTATICUS. Apulejus. Hand-orchis .

Ovary reclined at the tip ; perigonium galeate ; Up spur-
red; spur short; gynostemium very short; rostellum split;
retinacle distinct, naked ; gynizus usually surrounding the
opening of the spur, crescentlike, dilated at each end for-
wards.— Root fascicled or palmate; stem leafy; leaves broad;
Spike close, many-flowered ; hractece lanceolate, lead ike.

1. Entaticus albldus. Whitish hand-orchis.

Spur blunt, one-third the length of the ovary ; lip
3-parted ; lobes acute, the middle divided.

Orchis pusilla alba odorata, radice palmata, Raii Syn. 381, 1.

Satyrium albidum, Lin. S. P. 1338.

Orchis albida, Swartz in Act. Holm. 1800, 207.

Orchis parviflora, Lamarck Enc.. Meth. 4, 599.

Habcnaria albida, R. Brown in Ait. //. Kew . 5, 192.

Gymnadenia albida, Richard Mem. Mus. 4,57.

White handed- musk -orchis.

Mountainous pastures; perennial; June.

Bulbs fasciculate, in pairs; stem 15 in. high; leaves lan-
ceolate, oval; upper leaves lanceolate, pointed; flowers
small, whitish, sweet scented ; lip green.

20 6 14*1. Entaticus. 21. ORCHIDEZE. PLend.ph.

(2. major . Spike dense, whitish.

Orchis palmata, thyrso specioso longo, dense stipato, ex viridi albente,
Dillen in Rati Syn. 382, 24.

2. Entaticus viridis . Green hand-orchis .

Spur short, purselike; lip linear, 3-toothed; side hies
pointed ; middle lobe very short ; bractece half as long again
as the flowers.

Orchis palmata minor flore luteo-viridi, Raii Syn. 381,22.

Serapias batrachytes altera, Ger. em. 224.

Orchis palmata batrachytes vel myodes, Park. 1358.

Satyrium viride, Lin. S. P. 1338.

Orchis viridis, Salisb. Prod. 7.

JIabenaria viridis. Brown in Ait. H. Kew. 5, 191.

Gymnadenia viridis, Richard Man. Mm. 4, 57.

Frog satyrion. Frog orchis . Green hand-orchis.

Fields and pastures; perennial; June to August.

Bulb palmate; stem 12 in. high, leafy; leaves linear**
ovate, upper lanceolate ; spike loose ; flowers dull greenish ;
tipped with brownish purple ; ovary linear-ovate, yellowish
green or brown.

VIII. 14*2. PLATANTHERA. Richard. Fox-stones .

Perigonium arched ; Up spurred, narrow strap-like, un-
divided; cells of the anther widely distant, narrowed below,
and the broad gynizus being placed between them separates
them widely apart ; pollen in long-tailed masses ; vesicles
very numerous, very minute, linear-prismatic ; retinacle
naked, orbiculate, peltate with a very short stalk, not ter-
minating the caudicle as usual, but lodged as it were on the
side and within ; gynizus appearing as grown to the bottom
of the connective, short and rounded, the lower part not
going beyond the opening of the spur ; rostellum none. —
Root 2-tuberculate ; leaves radical, 2 or 3 ; flowers white,
fragrant ; bractece lanceolate.

Platanthera bifolia. Two-leafed fox-stones .

Orchis hermaphroditica bifolia, Raii Syn. 380, 17.

Orchis hermaphroditica, Ger. em. 211, 1.

Orchis serapias bifolia vel tri folia minor, Park. 1350.

Orchis bi folia, Lin. S. P. 1331.

Orchis alba, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 502.

Habenaria bi folia, Brown in Ait. II. Kew. 5, 193.

Platanthera bifolia, Richard Mem. Mus. 4,57.

Butterfly satyrion.

Woods and thickets; perennial ; May and June.

PLend.ph. 21. ORCHIDEiE. 142. Platanthera. 207

Stem 2 feet high, smooth, 2 or 3-leafed at bottom ; leaves
ovate, linear or lanceolate; spike long; flowers about 12,
white, fragrant ; lip green, hanging down, spur awlshape.

0. minor. Stem 8 in. high; spur oblong; leaves 2 or 3
together, narrow; flowers yellow, a month later.

Orchis alba bi folia minor, calcari oblongo, Raii Syn. 380, 8.

Testiculus psycodes, Ger. em. 211, 2.

Orchis sphegodes, sive Testiculus vulpinus primus, Park. 1351.

Gnat sutyrion. Small butterfly orchis.

IX. 143. HERMINIUM. R. Brown. Musk-orchis*
Ovary reclined at the tip ; perigonium rather bellshape,

2 inner sepales long, 3-cleft; 3 outer ovate; tip 3-cut,
hastate, with a very short baglike spur; gynostemium very
short; cells of the anthers not narrowed below into a small
sheath ; retinacle naked, rather large, with a striking snail-
like hollow underneath, joined to a short blunt rostellum ;
pollen in short, blunt-tailed masses, with only a few nearly
cubical vesicles. — Bulbs roundish ; one horizontally remote,
peduncled, smaller ; plant light green.

Herminimn monorchis . One-tubercled musk-orchis .

Radical leaves lanceolate.

Orchis odorata moschata, sive Monorchis, Raii Syn. 378, 7.

Orchis pusilla odorata, Park. 1354.

Ophrys monorchis, Lin. S. P. 1342.

Orchis monorchis, Allioni Pedem. 1882.

Herminium monorchis, R. Brown in Ait . H. Kcw. 5, 191.

Yellow sweet orchis. Musk orchis.

Barren chalky pastures ; perennial; July.

Stem 8 in. high ; radical leaves 2 or 3 ; spike close, many-
flowered ; flowers yellowish green ; bractece as long as the

ovary.

B. Perigonium not galeate; pende 0; anther stipitate,
cells not divided by a septulum ; retinacle 0 ; bursicle 0.

X. 144. GOODYERA. R. Brown. Goody er.

Ovary reclined at the tip; perigonium oblong arched;

connivent below, bellying, rather spread out above; lip
included, spurless, undivided, remarkably concavo-gibbous
below; bent into a narrow', grooved strap above; gynoste-
mium very short under the gynizus ; gynizus superficial,
circular, rather flat; rostellum laminated, upright, very
blunt; proscolla a short inverted parabola; anther stipitate,
marginal behind, roundish, acuminate ; pollen in short

20$ 144. Goody era. 21. ORCHIDEiE. Pt.end.ph.

ovate masses, rather cylindrical, agglutinating together by
the blunt tip; vesicles oblong. —Root creeping, sarmentose;
leaves 5 or '’-ribbed, reticulated; spike many-flowered,
crowded, pubescent; flowers fragrant.

Goodyera repens . Creeping goody er .

Radical leaves ovate ; sepales and lip lanceolate.

Palma Christi rad ice repcnte, Ger . em. 227, 4.

Satyrium repens, Lin. S. P. 1339.

Epipactis repens, Allioni Ped. 1853.

Neoltia repens, Swartz Act. Holm. 1800.

Goody era repens, Brown in Ait. H. Kew. 5, 198.

Creeping satyr ion.

Mossy Alpine woods ; perennial ; June to August.

Stems 9 in. high, pubescent, almost leafless ; radical leaves
small, tesselated with brownish purple; lip lanceolate, rose
colour; 3 upper petals agglutinated’.

C. Perigonium not galeate; Up mostly undivided, rarely
spurred; retinacle 0; cel Is of the anthers divided by a sep-
tulum; bur side 0.

XL 145. SPIRANTHES. Richard. Ladies-traces.

Spike spirally twisted ; ovarium bent at the tip ; perigonium
grown together in an oblong form, gaping and 2-lipped at
the top ; Up included, spurless, oblong-oval, undivided,
bracing by a groove, bent back at top and rather crisp at the
edge; gynostemium with a very short stipes; gynizus nearly
elliptic; roslellum laminated, upright; proscolla oblong or
linear; anther marginal, behind, heartshape; pollen in ob-
long masses, fastened at the tip; granules globular 3 or 4
cellulate.

Spiranthes autumnalis . Autumn ladies-traces.

Leaves radical, oblong, with a very short petiole; Up
ovate.

Orchis spiralis alba odorata, Raii Syn. 378, 8.

Triorchis, Ger. em. 218.

Triorchis alba odorata minor, atque etiam major, Park. 1354.

Ophris spiralis, Lin. S. P. 1340.

Epipactis spiralis, Allioni Ped. 1852.

Serapias spiralis, Scopoli Carn. 2, 1135.

Ophris autumnalis, Balbi Misc. 40.

Neottia spiralis, Swartz Act. Holm. 1800, 226.

Spiranthes autumnalis, Richard Mem. Mus. 4,59.

Triple ladies-traces. White orchis. Sweet cullions .

Chalky soils ; perennial ; August to September.

Pl.eiid.pTu 21. ORCHIDEiE. 145. Spiranthes. 209

Bulls 1 to 3, long ; stem 6 in. high, smooth below,
downy above, viscid; spike long, spiral, many-flowered;
Iractece lanceolate, longer than the ovary, concave, pu-
bescent; flowers small, white, odorous.

XII. 146. NEOTTIA. Lobel. Birds-nest .

Ovary pedicelled ; perigonium laxly connivent and bent
into a globe ; lip spurless, heartshaped ; gynostemium shortly
stipitate : gynizus transverse ; rostellum longer than the
gynizus, laminate, obliquely ascending ; proscolla apiculate,
minute, jointed and bent back to the hinder face of the
rostellum; anther intra-marginal, short-heartshape ; pollen
in oblong masses, agglutinating a little below the tip; vesicles
globular, 3 or 4-cellulate. — Root fascicled; scape leafless;
herb brown, no part green.

Neottia abortiva. Abortive birds-nest .

Nidus avis. Ran Syn. 382, 1.

Satirium abordvum, sive nidus avis, Ger. em. 228.

Orchis abortiva rufa, sive nidus avis, Park. 1362.

Ophrys Nidus avis, Lin. S. P. 1339.

Epipactis Nidus avis, Allioni Ped. 1849.

Neottia Nidus avis. Rich. M. M. 4, 59.

Birds-nest.

Woods; perennial; May and June.

Stem 18 in. high with alternate sheathing scales, leafless;
flowers brownish ; sepales blunt ; lip obcordate, twice as
long as the sepales.

XIII. 147. LISTER A. R. Brown. T way-blade.

Ovary pedicelled ; perigonium loosely bent into a globe ;
Up spurless, hanging, linear, flat, 2-cut ; gynostemium shortly
stipitate ; gynizus transverse ; rostellum longer than the
gynizus, laminate, obliquely ascending; proscolla apicular,
minute, jointed and bent back to the hinder face of the
rostellum; anther intra-marginal, short-heartshape; pollen
in oblong masses, agglutinating a little below the tip ; vesicles
globular, 3 or 4-cellulate. — Root fibrous; leaves 2, opposite,
sessile, curvately ribbed ; scape 2-leafed ; flowers greenish,
loosely spiked ; capsules globular.

J?

VOL. II.

210 147. Listera. 21. ORCHID EM. Vl.end.ph

1. Listera ovata. Ovate tway blade.

Leaves ovate.

Bifolium majus, sive Ophris major quibusdam, Raii Syn. 385,

Ophris bifolia, Ger. em. 403.

Bifolium sylvestre vulgare, Park. 504.

Ophrys ovata, Lin . S. P. 1340.

Epipactis ovata, Swartz 162.

Listera ovata, R . Brown in Ait. H. Kew. 5, 20L

Neottia latifolia, Richard Mem. Mus. 4, 59.

Common twayhlade.

Woods and meadows; perennial; June and July.

Stem 12 in. high, 2-leafed; flowers pedicelled, green.

2. Listera cordata. Heartleafed twayhlade .

Leaves heartshape.

Bifolium minimum, Raii Syn. 385, 2.

Ophrys cordata, Lin. S. P. 1340.

Epipactis cordata, Swartz 162.

Listera cordata, R. Brown in Ait. H. Kew. 5, 201.

Neottia cordata, Richard Mem. Mus. 4, 59.

Least twayhlade .

Spongy Alpine heaths ; perennial ; July

Stem 6 in. high ; flowers greenish.

XIV. 148. CEPHALANTHERA. Richard.

Bastard-hellebore.

Ovary sessile, bald, not twisted; perigonium upright,
connivent; lip spurless, clasping, interrupted; hypochi-
lium gibbous at the back; epichilium bent back at the
tip ; gynostemium long, straight ; gynizus transversely ob-
long, prominent; rostellum 0; anther marginal, elliptical
roundish, fastened to the back of the gynizus by its base,
the other part overtopping the gynizus, the cells growing
forwards on a connective wider than themselves; pollen
in linear masses, adhering only to the back of the gynizus
by their base ; vesicles simple. — Rhizoma creeping ; fibres
fleshy ; stem leafy ; leaves amplexicaul, 2-rowed, lanceolate,
ribbed; spike loose; flowers upright, bracteate; ovary
linear.

1. Cephalanthera grand flora. Largeflower bastard-

hellebore .

Leaves oblong, lanceolate, sessile; bractece longer than
the flower ; Up obtuse, shorter than the sepales.

Pi.encLph. 21. ORCHIDEA2. 148. Cephalantliera. 211

Helleborine flore albo, Raii Syn. 383 ; Ger. em. 441,2.

Elleborine minor flore albo, Park. 2 18.

Serapias loncophyllnm, Lin. Suppl. PI. 405.

Serapias grandiflora, Murray Syst. Veg. ed. 18, 679.

Serapias lancifolia, Murray Syst. Vcg. ed. 14, 815.

Epipactis pallens, Swartz. 160.

Serapias alba, Salisb. Prod. 8.

Cephalanthera pallens, Richard Mem. Mus. 4, 60.

Wild white-hellebore.

Woods; perennial; May and June.

Stem 12 in. high; flowers 3 to 8, upright, large, white.

2. Cephalanth. ensifolia. Sword-leafed bastard-hellebore.
Leaves lanceolate, pointed, nearly 2-rowed ; bractece very

small, awlshape; lip only half as long as the sepales.

Helleborine foliis praelongis angustis acutis, Raii Syn. 384, 7,

Serapias longi folia y, Huds. FI. Angl. 394.

Serapias xiphiophvllum, Lin. Supp. Pi. 404,

Serapias ensifolia, Murray Syst. Veg. 815.

Serapias nivea, Pillars Dauph. 2, 52.

Epipactis ensifolia, Wild S. P. 4,85.

Cephalanthera ensifolia, Richard Mem. Mus. 4, 60.

Woods; perennial; June to August.

Stem 12 in. high; flowers white; lowest bractea as long
as the flower.

3. j fephcrlqnthera rubra . Red bastard-hellebore .

Leaves lanceolate ; bractece longer than the ovary ; Up

pointed, with raised wavy lines.

Helleborine montana angustifolia purpurascens, Villen in Raii Syn .
384, 7.

Helleborine angustifolia sexta Clusii, Ger. em. 442, 3.

Elleborine angustifolia spicata versicolor, Park. 218*

Serapias rubra, Murray Syst. Veg.ed. 14,816.

Serapias longifolia 8, Huds. FI. Angl. 394.

Epipactis rubra, Willd. S. P. 586.

Cephalanthera robra, Richard Mem. Mus. 4, 60.

Narrow-leafed wild sneeze-wort.

Rocky mountainous woods ; perennial ; June.

Stem 12 in. high ; flowers purple.

XV. 149. EPIPACTIS. Dioscorides. Helleborine.

Ovary pedicelled, not twisted, pubescent ; perigonium
spread; sepales not quite alike; lip spurless, rather spread
backwards, not clasping, interrupted; hypochilium con-
cavely bunched ; epichilium inwardly 2-bunched at the
bottom; gynostemium very short, and in respect to the
ovary declining backwards ; gynizus rather square, promi-
nent backwards; rostellum apiculate, very short, blunt *

212 149. Epipactis. 21. ORCHIDEJL PLend.ph*

anther marginal, placed behind, heartshape, blunt pointed;
pollen in oblong ovate masses, agglutinating near the tip ;
vesicles appearing 3 or 4 globular. — Rhizoma creeping;
fibres fleshy ; stem leafy ; leaves amplexicaul, 2-rowed,
ovate, ribbed; spike loose; flowers drooping, bracteate;
ovary ovate.

1 . Epipactis latifolia. Broad-leafed hell chorine.
Lower hractece longer than the flowers; Up pointed,

shorter than the sepales; leaves ovate.

Helleborine latifolia montana, Raii Syn. 383, 1.

Helleborine, Ger. em. 442, 1 .

Elleborine flore vhidante, Park. 218.

Serapias Helleborine a, Lin. S. P. 1344.

Serapias latifolia, Murray Syst. Peg. 814.

Epipactis latifolia, Willd. S. P. 5, 83.

Wild white hellebore. Common bastard hellebore.

Shady woods ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem 2 feet flowers small, purplish.

£. atro-ruhens. Flowers deep red, late ; stem very downy.

Helleborine altera atro-rubente flore, Raii Syn. 313,2.

Elleborine flore atro-rubente, Park. 218.

2. Epipactis palustris. Marsk hellelorine .

Bractea shorter than the flowers ; lip crenate, blunt, as

long as the sepales ; leaves lanceolate.

Helleborine palustris nostras, Raii Syn. 384, 6.

Serapias longifolia y, Lin. S. P. 1345.

Serapias latifolia palustris, Huds. FI. Ang. 393.

Serapias palustris, Scop, Cam. 2, 204.

Epipactis palustris, Willd. S. P. 5,84.

Marsh hellebore.

Marshes; perennial; July and August.

Stem 12 in. high ; sepales variegated with purple ; S outer
green ; 2 inner white.

XVI. 150. CYPRIPEDIUM. Ladies-slipper .

Ovary not twisted, pedicell short ; perigonium spread
loosely and rather cross-like ; lower or odd sepales grown
together into one, placed under the lip, and more or less
split at the tip ; lip spurless, blown out like a slipper ; gy-
nostemium rather short, three-cut behind and above, with
the side divisions anther-bearing before below the tip, the
intermediate division very large, bent in, without any anther,
and therefore an imperfect anther or staminodium ; gynizus
(or stigma) footstalked, rather peltate ; nearly deltoid, placed
between and above the anthers; clinandrium and rostelhm 0;

TLend.ph . 21. ORCHIDEiE. 150. Cypripedeum. 213

anthers 2, joined nearly opposite, fixed immediately on
their support, roundish ; pollen pulpy-granular. — Rhizoma
creeping ; fibres fleshy ; stem leafy ; leaves amplexicaul,
many-ribbed ; flower single, drooping.

Cypripedium ferrugineum. Brown ladies-slipper.

Stem leafy ; sepales flat ; staminodium elliptic, obtuse,
channelled.

Calceolus Maria?, Raii Syn. 385, 1 ; Ger. em. 443, 1.

Elleborine major seu Calceolus Marias, Park. 217.

Elleborine ferruginea, Dalech. Hist. 1146.

Cypripedium Calceolus, Lin. S. P. 1346.

Mountainous woods ; perennial; June.

Stem 12 in. high, 1 rarely 2-flowered, leafy; sepales brown*
ish purple ; lip shorter than the sepales, compressed, yellow,
veined ; staminodium yellow dotted with red.

D. Perigonium not galeate ; lip spurless ; retinacle 0 ;
septula persistent ; ovary pedicelled ; bur side 0.

XVII. 151. PSEUDORCHIS. Dwarf-orchis v

Ovary pedicelled, generally imperfect and abortive ; peri-
gonium loosely spread ; lip behind, sessile at the base of the
gynostemium, reverse-oval, channelled, above bent back,
undivided; gynostemium oblong, rather bent, much thicker
below, with winged edges on the side of the gynizus at the
upper part ; gynizus rather square, sunk in ; edge promi-
nent; rostellum 0; anther marginal, placed above, short-
heartshape; cells roundish, very simple within; pollen in
globular nearly equal masses. — Herb light green ; bulb
ovate, scaly ; base rooting ; leaves 2 or 3, radical, petiolate,
nerved ; scape angular ; racemus loose, few-flowered ; flowers
yellowish ; bractece short.

Pseudorchis Loeselii. LoeseVs dwarf-orchis .

Leaves 2, ovate, lanceolate, opposite ; sepales linear ; lip
ovate, bent back at the tip ; bracteee shorter than the pedi-
cells.

Pseudo-orchis bifolia palustris, Rail Syn. 382, 1.

Orchis bifolia bulbosa, Ger. em. 403.

Chamaeorchis latifolia Zelandiae, Park. 1354.

Ophrys Loeselii, Lin. S. P. 1341,

Ophrys lilifolia, Huds. FI. Angl. 389.

Ophrys paludosa, Ft. Dan. 877.

Ophrys pulchella, Salisb. Prod. 8.

Cy rubidium Loeselii, Swartz .

Malaxis Loeselii, Swartz. 165.

Liparis Loeselii, Richard Mem. Mils. 4, 60,

Bulbous twayblade.

214 151. Pseudorchis. 21. ORCHIDEiE. Pl.end.ph.

Sandy moors ; perennial ; May to July.

Root bulbose, scaly; scape 4 in. h\gh; flowers lemon-
colour.

XVIII. 152. MALAXIS. Swartz. Malaxis,

Ovary pedicelled, generally imperfect and abortive ; peri -
gonium very much spread vertically; the odd sepale entirely
spread out, hanging ; the paired sepales upright, the inner
much narrower, bent back or turned over on the sides of
the former ; lip behind, upright, expanded, rather heart-
shape, pointed, generally undivided, rarely 2-cut with an
intermediate point, embracing the bottom of the gynoste-
mium by a slight or deep cut at the bottom, and enclosing
the bases of all the sepales ; gynostemium very short, up-
right, ending above and forwards in a truncate lamina,
nearly undivided, or at most 3-cut ; gynizus slightly de-
pressed into a lamina ; rostellum 0 ; anther for some time
intramarginal, entirely behind, short ; cells ovate, very
simple within ; pollen in oblong masses. — Bulb ovate, scaly,
rooting at the base ; leaves few, alternate, sheathing ; scape
angular; raceme many-flowered ; bractew small ; herb light
green ; leaves few ; flowers greenish.

Malaxis paludosa . Marsh malaxis ,

Leaves 3 or 4, spathulate, rough at the tip.

Orchis minima bulbosa, Dillen in Ran Syn. 378, 9.

Bifolium palustre, Park. 5 05; Rail Syn. 385,3.

Ophrys paludosa, Lin. S. P. 1341.

Malaxis paludosa, Swartz , 165.

Malaxis palustris, Richard Mem. Mm. 4, 60,

Marsh twayblade.

Spongy bogs ; perennial ; June and July.

Scape 4 in. high, rather naked ; flowers yellow-green ;
3 outer sepales twice as large as the inner; lip only half as
long as the sepales.

XIX. 153. CORALLORHIZA. Haller. Coral-root .

Ovary pedicelled, pedicell short ; perigonium arched in
an oblong form ; lip oblong reversed-oval, channelled be-
low, slightly cut on each edge with a small crenule, spread
over on the inside with prominences disposed lengthwise,
above spreading and turned back ; perule very short, ad-
nate ; gynostemium long, wingless, rather channelled before
with prominent edges; gynizus nearly semiorbipul^te ; ros

Pl.end.ph. 21. ORCHIDEiE. 153. Corallorhiza. 215

tellum apicular, prominent behind ; anther marginal, placed
at top, short, rather 2-globular; cells 2-cell ulate, opening
rather transversely ; pollen in 2 distinct masses, nearly glo-
bular, one before, one behind.— Herb light brown, leafless ;
root zinziberaceous, fleshy ; spike loose, few-flowered ; Irac-
tece very small.

Corallorhiza inn at a. Innate coral-root ,

Spur short, adnate; root very much branched.

Dentaria minor, Ger. em. 1585, 2.

Ophrys corallorhiza, Lin. S. P. 1339.

Cymbidium corallorhiza, Swartz , 176.

Corallorhiza innata, Brown in Ait . Hort. Kew. 5, 209.

Corallorhiza Halleri, Richard Mem. Mus. 4,61.

Moist woods ; perennial ; August and September.

Stem 9 in. high, yellowish brown, scaly; scales alternate;
flowers small ; capsules widely elliptic, hanging down.

Fam. XVII. 22. ALISMACEiE. Richard. Alismacearum
sectio , De Candolle. Juncorum sectio , Jussieu.
Tripetaloidearum genera qucedam, Lin.

Perigonium 6-sepaled; 3 outer sepales herbaceous, per-
sisting ; 3 inner petaloid, coloured ; stamens 6 or indefinite ;
ovaries many, free, 1 -celled, 1 or2-seeded; styles said stig-
mata many; camares 1 or 2-seeded; seeds erect, on the
sutures ; perisperm 0 ; corculum incurved ; radical below. —
Root fibrous, with roundish tubers ; herl aquatic, stemless,
perennial ; leaves petiolate, longitudinally ribbed ; flowers
verticillately spiked.

Stamens 6 ; flowers hermaphrodite ,

Camares 2 or 3-seeded ; etarion stellate

Damasonium. 156. ,

Camares 1 -seeded ; etarion globose Alisma. 155.

Stamens many ; floivers unisexual.

Camares 1^ -seeded; etarion globose .. Sagittaria. 154.

I. 154. SAGITTARIA. Lobell. Arrowhead.

Perigonium 6-sepaled ; stamens many, indefinite; ovaries
many, indefinite; etarion globose; camares 1 -seeded, dis^
tinct, compressed, edged. — Leaves sagittate, palmate-ribbed;
spike verticillate ; flowers unisexual ? the upper male.

216 1 54?. Sagittaria. 22. ALISM&CEiE. Pl.end.ph.

Sagittaria aquatica. Water arrowhead.

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, sagittate; lobes lanceolate,
straight ; scape simple.

Sagitta, Raii Syn. 258, 1.

Sagitta major et minor, Ger. e m. 416, 1 and 2.

Sagitta minor lalifolia, Park. 1247.

Sagittaria sagittsefolia, Lin. S. P. 1410.

Watery places; perennial ; July and August.

First leaves strapshape, sunk; the succeeding sagittate,

. reticulately veined ; scape 6-angled ; flowers 3 in a whorl;
bracteoe ovate ; male flowers with 1 to 6 styles. — Tiller nutri-
tive, eaten by the Chinese, by whom the plant is cultivated
in watery places.

minor. Plant much smaller.

Sagitta aquatica omnium minima, Raii Syn. 258,2.

II. 155. ALISMA. Cordus. Water-plantain .

Perigonium 6-sepaled ; stamens 6 ; ovaries many, inde-
finite; etarion roundish : ca mares 1 -seeded, distinct. — Root
fibrous ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, curved-ribbed ; flowers
umbelled or panicled; branches in threes, verticillate.

1. Alisma major. Great water-plantain.

Leaves ovate, acute, 7-ribbed ; etarion depressed; camares

verticillate, obtusely 3-sided.

Plantago aquatica, Raii Syn. 257, 1.

Plantago aquatica major, Ger. em. 417, 1 ; Park. 1245.

Alisma Plantago aquatica, Lin. S. P. 486.

Plantaginoides seu Plantago aquatica, Knaut Comp. 156.

Alisma Plantago, Smith FI. Brit. 400.

Watery places and river-sides ; perennial; July.

Scape 4 feet high, 3-sided, upright ; panicle verticillately
branched ; flowers blueish white. — Tubers farinaceous, much
recommended in hydrophobia, juice used for drying up the
milk in breasts.

$. lanceolata. Leaves strapshaped.

Plantago aquatica longifolia, Raii Syn. 257, 1*.

Alisma lanceolata, With. Bot. Arr. 362.

Narrow-leafed water -plantain.

2. Alisma natans. Floating water-plantain .

Leaves elliptical, obtuse; peduncles single; etarion de*

pressed ; camares verticillate, compressed, streaked.
Pamasonium repens, Vaillant. Mem, Ac. Sc, 1719.

Alisma natans, Lin. S. P. 487.

Pl.end.pL 22. ALISMACEiE. 155. Alisma. 21T

Alpine lakes ; perennial ; July and August.

Herb floating ; stem branched, leafy ; leaves alternate ;
lower submersed, linear ; peduncles opposite to the leaves
or terminal, 1 -flowered; flowers white.

3. Alisma ranunculoides. Ranunculus water-plantain.
Leaves linear, lanceolate ; etarions globose ; camares
5-sided, incurved.

Plantago aquatica minor, Raii Syn. 257,2; Park. 1245.

Plantago aquatica humilis, Ger. etn. 417, 3.

Alisma ranunculoides, Lin. S. P. 487.

Dwarf water -plantain.

Watery places ; perennial; August.

Scape 12 in. high, upright, round; peduncles simple, ver-
ticillate ; flowers pale, purple.

0. repens. Stem decumbent, rooting.

Alisma repens ? Davis Welsh Botanology.

III. 156. DAMASONIUM. Dalechamp. Starhead.

Perigonium 6-sepaled ; stamens 6 ; ovaries 6 or 8, joined
at the base; camares 2-seeded; etarion stellate. — Leaves
lanceolate or ovate; flowers umbelled, hermaphrodite.

Damasonium Dalechampii . Dalechamp' s starheado

Leaves cordate, oblong, obtuse ; etarion 6-rayed.
Damasonium stellatum Dalechampii, Raii Syn. 272.

Plantago aquatica minor stellata, Ger. em. 417, 2.

Plantago aquatica minor muricata. Park. 1245.

Alisma Damasonium, Lin. S. P. 486.

Damasonium stellatum, Pers. Syn. 1,400.

Star-headed, water -plantain.

Bogs and stagnant waters ; perennial ; June and July.
Scape 9 in. high, round, verticillately spiked ; flowers
white.

Fam. XVIII. 23. BUTOMACE.E. Richard. Alisma,
cearum pars , De Candolle. Juncorum pars,
Jussieu. Tripet aloidearum genus , Linnaeus.
Perigonium nearly petaloid, 6-sepaled; stamens 9 or
many; ovaries many, free, 1-celled, many-seeded; styles
and stigmata many; pericarp many-seeded; seeds on the
netlike veins on the sides of the valves, ascending; peri-
sperm 0; corculum straight or bent like a horseshoe! — Plant
aquatic, stemless; leaves ribbed lengthways; footstalks
sheathing ; foliation involute ; flowers umbelled, terminal ;
practece sheathing, at the base of the peduncles.

218 157. Butomus. 23. BUTOMACEiE. Pl.end.ph.

157. BUTOMUS. Theophrastus. Gladiole .

Perigonium 6-sepaled; outer sepales smaller; stamens 9;
ovaries 6, longly beaked ; pericarp twisted inwardly, opening
at the edge; valves joined side by side at the base; seed
linear, oblong, straight, round, streaked lengthways; cor -
culum straight. — Rhizoma tuberous, creeping ; leaves angu-
lar ; scape round.

Bufomus umlellatus . Umbelled gladiole .

Leaves long, linear, 3-sided.

Butomus, Rail Syn. 273, 1.

Gladiolus palustris Cordi, Ger. em. 29, C. 1.

Juncus floridus, Park. 1197.

Butomus umbellatus, Lin. S. P. 532.

Flowering rush. Water gladiole.

Ditches and river-sides; perennial; June and July.

Leaves smooth, flat above, acute; scape 2 to 4 feet high ;
flowers reddish, beautiful.

Fam. XIX. 24. JUNCAGINEiE. Richard. Alima-
cearum pars , De Candolle. Junconim
pars , Jussieu.

Perigonium herbaceous or nearly petaloid, 6-sepaled ;
stamens 6; filaments short; ovaries 3 or 6, 1 -celled; stig~
mat a 3 or 6, sessile ; camares 1 or 2-seeded ; seeds basiliary,
upright ; peri sperm 0 ; cor culum straight.— -Root fibrous ;
leaves linear, rushlike, sheathing at the base; flower spiked
or racemose.

Sepales equal ; e tar ion depressed ;
camares inflated, spread Scheuchzeria. 158.

Sepales 3 inner petaloid; etarion upright;
camares pendulous, connivent Triglochin. 159.

I. 158. SCHEUCHZERIA. Linnaeus. Scheuchzer .

Perigonium herbaceous, 6-sepaled ; sepales equal, per-
sistent; stamens 6 ; filaments short; anthers linear, long;
ovaries 3 or 6, compressed ; stigma sessile, lateral ; camares
inflated, reflexed, distant; seeds 1 or 2, oblong. — Root
scaly, creeping; leaves few, rushlike; scape round; spike
loose ; flowers greenish ; hractece at the bottom of the pe-
duncle.

Scheuchzeria palustris. Marsh scheuchzer .

Leaves bristlelike, channelled; raceme upright, few-
flowered.

Pl.end.ph • 24. JUNCAGINEiE. 158. Scheuchzeria. 219

Juqchs floridus minor, Bauh. Pinax , 12.

Juncoidi affinis palustris, Scheuchz . Gram. 336.

Scheuchzeria palustris, lin. S. P. 482.

Spongy bogs ; perennial ; June.

Scape 9 in. high; leaves longer than the scape ; spike %
to 6-flowered.

II. 159. TRIGLOCHIN. Linnaeus. Arrowgrass .

Perigonium 6-sepaled ; sepales deciduous, 3 inner nearly
petaloid; stamens 6, very short; ovaries 3 or 6, connivent;
stigmata 3 or 6, radiating at the tip of the ovaries; pericarps
(camares) regmata? 3 or 6, 1 or 2-seeded, affixed at top to
a common axis. — Root fibrous, thickened in the upper part
as if bulbose ; scape round ; leaves semicylindrical, bundled,
sheathing at the base; spike linear, many-flowered; hractece 0,

Triglochin palustre . Marsh arrowgrass ,

Capsules 3, smooth ; etarion linear, narrowed at bottom,,

Juncago palustris vel vulgaris, Rail Syn. 435, 1.

Gramen aquaticum spicatum, Ger. era. 13, 2.

Gramen aquaticum spicatum alterum, Park. 1279,

Triglochin palustre, Lin. S. P. 482.

Spiked watergrass.

Meadows and sides of water; perennial; July.

Leaves linear, channelled; scape 12 in. high.

2. Triglochin maritimum. Sea arrowgrass ,

Capsides 6, furrowed ; etarion oval.

Gramen maritimum spicatum, Raii Syn. 435, 1 ; Park. 1270,

Gramen spicatum alternm, Ger. cm. 20.

Triglochin maritimum, Lin. S. P. 483.

Saltmarsh spikegrass.

Meadows near the sea ; perennial ; May to August.

Leaves broader and more fleshy than the former.

Lam. XX. 25. HYDROCHARIDEiE. De Candolle.

Perigonium petaloid, 6-sepaled, adherent to the ovary ;
stamens 9 to 20, on the ovary in hermaphrodite flowers, or
in its place in male flowers ; ovary 1, 1 or many-celled ;
stigmata 3 or 6, 2-cut ; pericarpium 1 or 6-celled ; seeds
many; spermodermis simple; perisperm fleshy; corculum
basillary. — Herb aquatic, floating ; root fibrous ; flowers
hermaphrodite or unisexual.

Stamens 6; capsides roundish, leathery

Hydrocharis. 160.

fitamens 20; capsides narrowed, fleshy

Stratiotes. 161.

220 160. Hydr. 25. HYDROCHARIDEiE. PLcnd.pL

I. 160. HYDRO CHARIS. Linnaeus. Frog-lit.

Dioicous. — - Male. Spathe 2-parted, 3-flowered; peri-

gonium petaloid, 6-sepaled ; 3 inner sepales largest ; sta-
mens 9, in 3 series, on a barren ovary.— Female. Spathe 0;
perigonium petaloid, 6-sepaled, adherent to the ovary;
styles 6 ; stigmata acute, 2 cut ; pericarpium leatherlike,
rounded, 6-celled, many-seeded. — Herb floating, knotted,
stoloniferous ; knots leaf and flower-bearing; leaves p etio-
late, in bundles, roundish ; foliation involute ; flowers
whitish.

Hydrocharis asarifolia . Asarum-leafed froglit .

Stratiotes foliis asari, semine rotund o, Rail Syn. 290, 1.’

Morsus ranae, Ger. em. 818.

Nymphaea alba minima, sen. Morsus ranae, Park. 1252.

Hydrocharis Morsus ranae, Lin, S. P. 1466.

Frog-bit. Least water-lily.

Ditches and stagnant waters : perennial ; July.

Leaves floating, kidneyshape ; flowers white, footstalked.

$. odoratissima. Flowers double, very odoriferous.

Morsus ranae flore pleno odoratissimo, Raii Cat. Cant. 101.

II. 161. STRATIOTES. Dioscorides. Water-soldier.
Spathe compressed, persisting, deeply 2-parted, carinate,

1 -flowered; perigonium adherent, 6-sepaled; sepales sol-
dered at the base; 3 outer sepales smaller, greenish; 3 inner
larger, coloured; stamens 10 to 20, on the edge of the ovary ;
styles 6, 2-cut ; pericarpium 6-sided, attenuated, fleshy,
6-celled ; cells divided by a double membrane filled with
pulp ; seeds many, rather angular, parietal ; spermodermis
simple, membranaceous.- — Herb floating, soboliferous; leaves
sheathing, crowded, radical, vascular, angular; scape axil-
lary, 1 -flowered ; flowers often abortive, or dioicous.

Stratiotes aloides . Aloe water-soldier .

Leaves swordshape, triangular ; edge serrate with carti-
laginous teeth.

Stratiotes foliis aloes, semine longo, Raii Syn, 290, 1.

Militaris aizoides, Ger. em. 825.

Stratiotes sive Militaris aizoides, Park. 1249.

Stratiotes aloides, Lin. S. P. 1 54.

Water sengreen. Freshwater soldier. Water aloe.

Ditches and stagnant water ; perennial; July.

Leaves brittle, blackish green ; scape 2-edged, serrated ;
flowers white.

SERIES III.

PLANTS EXOGENAE.

Dicoiyledones , Jussieu.

Exorhizece, Richard.

Plants composed of cellular texture, with lymphatic,
spiral, and proper vessels ; and with cortical pores. Root
more or less conical, voften without any pith, otherways like
the trunk. Trunk more or less conical, and composed, at
least, of two parts growing by different modes, as may be
best seen in the arborescent species, in which we find 1°. a
central pith enclosed in a medullary canal, emitting on all
sides radiating medullary productions ; 2°. annual layers,
more or less woody, disposed concentrically round the pith,
the outer layers being the youngest and the least hard ;
3°. cortical layers, distinct from the wood, but scarcely dis-
tinguishable from one another, and differing from the last
in the mode of growth, the inner ones being the youngest,
and the external being the oldest. Leaves opposite or ver-
ticillate, sometimes becoming alternate by the growth of
the stem, disposed more or less spirally on the stem, often
articulated on the stem, or truly compound ; always fur-
nished with ribs that anastomose with one another. Flowers
always distinct, usually furnished with a double perigonium,
parts usually five in number, or divided into five segments.
Stamens rarely 3, 6, or 9, or any multiple of 3. Corculum
most commonly with 2 cotyledons. Coiyledons 2, placed
opposite, never alternate ; very rarely many, verticillate ;
and, in leafless plants, none.

This series contains full two thirds of the whole number
of natural families ; but the arrangement of these families
among themselves has not yet been determined, and there-
fore the families of this series are arranged by De Candolle,
for the present, into four artificial subseries resting upon
the differences observable in their petals and stamens, until
a natural arrangement by their affinities shall be discovered.

1

222

PLANTS EXOGENAE.

SUB-SERIES.

Perigonium single, petals 0, or soldered

to the calyx P. E. monochlamydece. A*

Perigonium double ; petals soldered into
one, stamen-bearing, inserted into the tha-
lamus P. E. corolliflorce . B,

Perigonium double; petals many, dis-
tinct, or soldered together, inserted along

with the stamens on the calyx P. E. calyciflorce . C.

Perigonium double; petals many, distinct,
inserted along with the stamens on the
thalamus P. E. thalamiflorce. D.

Subseries III. A. Plants exogen,® monochlamydeas.
JDicotyledones apetalce, Jussieu Gen. Plant.

Dicot yledones diclines irregular es , Jussieu Gen. Plant.
Dicotyledones incomplete De Candolle Syn. FI. Gall.

Perigonium single ; petals none, or soldered to the calyx.
FAMILIES.

A. Flowers unisexual , male amentaceous ; perisperm fleshy ;
leaves biennial.

Nuculce many,- reversed, in a cone . . ABIETIDEiE. 1.
Nuculce few, upright, in a galbulum

CUPRESSIDEiE. 2.
Nucula single, upright TAXIDEiE. 3.

B. Flowers unisexual , male amentaceous ; perisperm
none ; leaves annual.

Nucula , in a cone BETULIDEiE. 5.

Gland or nucula , in a cupula CORYLIDEiE. 6.

Capsule 1 or 2-celled; seed comose SALICINAL 4.
Nut 1 -seeded, in an ament MYRICEAS. 7.

C. Flowers hermaphrodite ; or unisexual , the male not
amentaceous ; ovary free.

Utriculus j perisperm 0 ; flowers unisexual

URTICEZE. 9«

Utriculus ; perisperm farinaceous ;
leaves sheathing at the base POLYGONEJE. 15<

PLANTS EXOGENAE.

223

Utriculus ; perisperm farinaceous ;

leaves naked at the base CHENQPODEiE. 18,

Pyxidium 1-celled, 1-seeded;

styles 3 ; stamens 3 or 5. ... . AMARANTIIACEiE. 17.

Regma 2 or 3-coccous EUPHORBIACEiE. ID.

Samara ; stamens 3 to 6 ULMACEiE. 8.

Drupe ; stamens 8 ............. THYMELEAE. 14?.

Drupe ; stamens 4? ELAEAGNEAE. 13.

D. Flowers hermaphrodite ; ovary adherent.

Stamens hypogynous : drupe P globose

SANTAL A CEiE. 12.
Stamens epigynous ; carcerule 6-celled

ARISTOLOCHLE. 11.

Fam. I. 1. ABIETIDEAS.

Flowers unisexual.*— Male. Scales of the anient imbri-
cate; anthers 1, sessile, 2-celled. — Female. Scales of the
strobile many, imbricate, 2-flowered; ovaries 2, on the
axillae of the scales ; style deflexed ; stigina near the base of
the ovary; nucula 1-celled, winged; kernel pendulous; peri-
sperm fleshy ; corculum central, straight ; cotyledons many ;
radicle above. — Trees resinous; leaves biennial, slender,
acerose, opposite, verftcillate or fascicled.

Scales of the cone clavate, angular;

leaves biennial, 2 together Pinus. 1.

Scales of the cone slender, rounded ;

leaves biennial, single Abies. 2.

Scales of the cone slender, rounded ;
leaves annual, in bundles* Larix. 2.

Gen. I. 1. PINUS. Pliny. Pine,

Monoicous. — Male. Ament racemose, compact, termi-
nal, scaly; stamens 2, on the tip of the scales of the ament;
anthers 1-celled. — Female. Ament simple, imbricate; scales
pointed ; ovaries 2 ; stigmata 2, 3-cut ; lobes tailed ; scales
of the cone oblong, clubbed, woody, imbricate; tip angu-
lar; nucules 2 on each scale, covered with a membranaceous
appendage; cotyledons 4? to 8. — Tree; branches verticillate;
buds large ; leaves biennial, 2 or 3 from the same sheath.

Pinus sylvestris. Wild pine.

Leaves in pairs, stiff ; cones generally in pairs, ovate, co-
nical, acute, as long as the leaves, rounded at bottom ; tips
of the scales (especially of the lower ones) very pyramidical.

£24?

I. Pinus. I. ABIETIDE^E.

PI. ex. mom

Pinus sylvestris foliis brevibus glaucis, conis parvis albentibus, JR ait
Syn. 442.

Pinus sylvestris, Ger. em. 1356 ; Lin. S. P. 1418.

Scotch fir. Pineaster.

Alpine mountains, also cultivated ; arborescent ; May.
Trunk tall, straight, determ inately branched, dark green ;
leaves smooth, pointed. — Wood used for timber, red or
yellow deals; juice resinous, becoming solid; lark used to
tan leather, and, mixed with meal, made into bread in the
Northern countries.

II. 2. ABIES. Pliny. Fir.

Monoicous. — Male. Ament solitary, not racemose ; sta-
men 1, on the tip of the scales of the ament; anther 2-celled.
“—Female. Ament simple; ovaries 2; stigmata 2, 3-cut;
lobes glandular ; scales of the cone imbricate, thin, rounded
at the tip and not thickened ; back not umbilicated ; coty-
ledons 3 to 9. — Trees very tall, conical ; buds large ; leaves
alternate, 2-rowed, scaly, large, acerose, linear ; aments ter-
minating the secondary branches.

a. Cones hanging down; leaves scattered.

1. Abies excelsa. Tall fir.

Leaves 4-sided ; cones cylindrical ; stales rhomboidal, flat,

edge torn and spread ; bractece minute.

Abies, Raii Syn. 441, 1 : Ger. em. 1363 ; Park. 1539.

Pinus Abies, Lin. S. P.

Abies excelsa, Salisb. T. L. S. 8,314.

Female fir. Norway fir. Mast-tree.

Cultivated for timber.

Tree evergreen, straight ; bark rough, scaly, brown ;
branches verticillate.— -Wood used for timber, white deals;
juice resinous, becoming solid.

b. Cones upright ; leaves 2-rowed.

2. Abies pectinata. Pectinate fir.

Leaves fiat, nicked; scales of the cone very blunt, de-
pressed.

Pinus Picea, Lin. S. P. 1420.

Pinus Abies, FI. Dan. 193.

Abies taxi folia, II. P.

Abies pectinata, De Cand. Syn. FI. Fr. 2063.

Silver fir.

Cultivated lor timber.

Tree tall ; bark smooth, whitish.

PL ex. moil.

1. ABXETIDEzE. 3. Larix.

225

III. 3. LARIX. Pliny. Larch.

Monoicous. — Male. Ament solitary, not racemose ;
scales stamenbearing; anther 1, 2-celled. — Female.
Ament simple; ovaries 2; stigmata hemispherical, glan-
dular, pubescent, scales of the cone imbricate, thin, rounded
at the tip, not thickened, nor umbilicated ; cotyledons 5 to 9.
— Trees tall, pyramidieal; branches alternate; buds small :
leaves acerose, in bundles, becoming single ; annual or
biennial ; flowers terminal, above or lateral.

Larix Eur opera. European larch.

Cone ovate, oblong, obtuse; edge of the scales reflex,
torn.

Larix, Ger. em. 1365,

Pinus Larix, Lin. S. P. 1420.

Larix decidua. Miller Diet.

Larix pyramidalis, fialisb. T. L. S. 8, 314-.

Cultivated for timber.

Tree middling high ; bark thick, wrinkled ; leaves annual;
aments reddish purple. — Wood hard, reddish in the middle,
lasting ; charcoal burns slow, used by smiths on the conti-
nent; juice resinous.

Farm II. 2. CUPRESSIDEAS.

Flowers unisexual ; flower-buds naked. — Male. Ament
many- flowered; scales imbricate, opposite, 1 -flowered ; an-
thers 1 or 2, sessile, 2-celled. — Fem. Ament with few scales;
scales peltate ; ovary 1 or many on each scale ; stigmata
Sessile, on the tip of the ovary ; nucula 1-celled, in the en-
larged woody scales of a galbulus, or the fleshy soldered
scales of an arcesthide; kernel pendulous; perisperm fleshy;
corculum central, straight ; cotyledons 2 ; radicle above.

I. 4. JUNIPERUS. Pliny. Juniper.

Dioicous. — Male. Ament peduncled, 10 to 14-flowered ;
scales imbricate, 3-sided, pedicelled, peltate; anthers 2 to 4,
2-celled, sessile. — Female. Ament sessile, globose; scales 3,
fleshy, concave, becoming soldered ; stigmata opening;
arcesthide globose, 3-seeded; nucule glandular on the outside.
— Shrubs evergreen ; leaves verticillate, long or linear ;
ament axillary, on the under side of the branches.

VOL. II.

Q

226 4. Juniperus. 2. CUPRESSIDEAE. PL ex. mon .

1. Juniperus communis. Common juniper.

Leaves by threes, spreading, narrow, mucronate, longer

than the arcesthides; arcesthides globose.

7 o

Juniperus vulgaris, baccis parvis purpureis, Raii Syn, 444, 1.

Juniperus, Ger.em. 1372,1.

Juniperus vulgaris, Park. 1028.

Juniperus communis, Lin. S. P. 1470.

Heaths and commons ; May.

Shrub very much branched, stiff ; leaves glaucous above j
ament solitary, ovate, male yellow; arcesthides globular,
dark purplish-glaucous. — ■ Arcesthides diuretic, used to fla-
vour spirituous liquors ; wood burned as antipestilential ;
charcoal covered with ashes retains fire long.

2. Juniperus Alpina. Alpine jumper.

Leaves by threes, broad, mucronate, as long as the

arcesthides; arcesthides elliptical.

Juniperus Alpina, Raii Syn. 444,2 ; Park. 1028,

Juniperus Alpina minor, Ger. em. 1372, 3.

Juniperus communis /3, Smith FI. Rr. 3, 1086.

Saving.

Alpine rocks ; shrubby ; May.

Stem low, lying down, very tough.

Farm III. 3. TAXIDEiE.

Flowers unisexual ; flower-buds of many imbricated scales,
1 or 2-flowered. — Male. Androphore cylindrical; anthers
many, sessile; 1 or many-celled. — Female. Ovary 1 or 2;
style upright or none ; stigmata glandular, on the tip of
the ovary ; nucule 1-celled, on the enlarged and soldered
scales; kernel reversed, pendent; perisperm fleshy; corcu-
him central, straight; cotyledons 2, obtuse; radicle above.

I. 5. TAXUS. Yew.

Dioicous, scales of the ament imbricate, round, concave.
— Male. Androphore cylindrical; anthers 8 to 10, peltate,
6 or 8-celled, cells opening below. — Female. Ovary 1;
stigma simple, sessile; utriculus ovate, hard, on a fleshy
receptacle.-— Trees or shrubs ; branches many, alternate ;
leaves linear, alternate ; flower-buds alternate, axillary.

Taxus baccata. Berry-bearing yew ,

Leaves 2-rowed, close together ; receptacle globose.

Taxus, Raii Syn. 445, 1 ; Ger . em. 1370 ; Park. 1412.

Taxus baccata, Lin. S. P . 1472.

Yew-tree. Ytugh.

PL ex. mon.

3. TAXIDE.E. 5. Taxus.

227

Mountainous woods and hedges.

Stem erect ; branches horizontal, 2-rowed ; leaves very
dark green, smooth, narrow, unarmed ; receptacle light red.

Fam. IV. 4. SAUCING. Mirbell.

Flowers unisexual, amentaceous ; scales imbricate, one»
flowered ; perigoniam free, scalelike or tubular. — Male.
Stamens I to 30 ; anthers 2-celled. — Female. Ovary free;
style 1, simple; stigmata 2 to 4 ; capsule 1 or 2-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded ; seeds comose ; spermodermis mem-
branaceous ; peris perm 0 ; corculum straight. — Trees or
shrubs ; leaves alternate, deciduous, when young having 2
stipules at their base.

Stamens 2 to 5 ; capsule 1 -celled ;
leaves ovate or lanceolate Salix. 6.

Stamens 8 to 30 ; capsule 2-celled ;
leaves angular, peduncle compressed Populus. 7.

I. 6. SALIX. Pliny. Willow.

Dioicous, rarely monoicous ; ament ovate or cylindrical ;
scales imbricate, lanceolate ; perigonium scalelike. — Male.
Stamens 2 or 3, rarely I or 5. — Female. Ovary round,
pointed, spiked; style 2-cut; stigmata 2; capsule (follicule?)
1 -celled ; seed upright, comose ; radicle below.

The willows are here arranged first by their ovaries,
whether sessile or pedicelled ; then by their styles, whether
short or long : to which succeed those whose female aments
have not vet been found. A mode of division proposed by
Dr. Hull:

a. Ovary sessile; style short .

1 . Salix purpurea . Purple willow.

Stamens monadelphous ; leaves obovate lanceolate, ser-
rated, smooth ; stem decumbent ; stigmata ovate, nearly
sessile.

Salix purpurea, Lin. S. P. 1444.

Salix monandra, Ard. Mem. 1, 64.

Near rivers; shrubby; March.

Branches very tough, purple; leaves glaucous below,
very bitter : petioles short ; ament very slender ; ovary silky.

o 2

228

6. Salix. 4. SALICIN7E.

FI. ex, moti *

2. Salix glauca. Glaucous willow .

Stamens distinct ; leaves scarcely notched, elliptical, lan-
ceolate, nearly smooth above, whitish and woolly beneath ;
petiole decurrent ; stipule convex rounded.

Salix glauca, Lin. S. P. 1446.

Alpine mountains ; shrub ; May.

Shrub 4 feet high ; leaves particularly white, narrower
and less veiny than those of salix arenaria.

8. Salix car inala. Keeled willow.

Stamens distinct; leaves ovate, denticulate, smooth, com-
pressed, keeled, minutely veined ; capsules ovate, tomentose.

Salix carinata, Smith FI. Br. 1055.

Folded-leaf willow.

Alps of Scotland ; shrub ; April.

Shrub 4 foot, upright ; secondary branches downy, stiff; ;
leaves arcuato- recurved; above shining, green; beneath pale,
opake, scarcely glaucous ; ament small, ovate ; ovary twice
as long as the scales ; stigmata become nicked.

4. Salix Lambertiana . Lambert willow .

Stamens monodelphious ; trunk upright ; leaves obovate,
lanceolate, acute, serrate, bald : stigmata very short, ovate,
nicked.

Salix Lambertiana, Smith FI. Brit. 1041.

Boyton willow.

Holts and marshes ; tree; March and April.

Tree slender, 10 feet high; branches glaucous, purple;
leaves an inch long, glaucous beneath ; ament slender ;
scales black, orbicular ; ovary thick, silky. — Excellent for
basket-work.

5. Salix pentandra. Five-stamened willow.

Stamens 4 to 7; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, crenulate,
bald ; ovary bald, shining, nearly sessile.

Salix folio laureo seu lato glabro odorato, Ran Syn. 449, 12.

Salix pentandra, Lin. S. P. 1442.

Sweet willow. Bay-leaved willow.

Sides of rivulets ; tree ; May and June.

Tree small ; branches shining ; leaves elliptical, lanceolate,
or broad-ovate, crenulate; crenules glandular, resinous,
light green, shining; ament terminal, solitary, blunt, odorous*
Scales round, hairy at bottom ; ovary lanceolate.

PL ex. man.

4. SALICINiE. 6. Salix.

229

6. Salix vitellina. Yellow willow.

Stamens 2 or 3 ; leaves lanceolate, acute, bald above,

rather silky below, serrated, serratures cartilaginous ; sti-
pules small, deciduous, bald on the inside; stigmata nicked.

Salix folio hwigo subluteo, non auriculata, virninibus luteis ; eademque
virninibus rubris, Rail Syn. 450,22.

Salix folio utrinque glauco, virninibus rubris, Raii Cant. 142.

Salix vitellina, Lin. S. P. 1442.

Yellow willow. Golden osier.

Low pastures and holts ; tree ; May.

Tree middle size ; branches erect, yellow, shining ; leaves
nearly sessile, shining above ; young leaves shining on both
sides ; ament cylindrical, coetaneous with the vernation ;
ovary bald.

7. Salix fragilis. Crack willow.

Stamens 2 to 5 ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed, ser-
rated, bald on both sides, shining above ; petioles toothed,
glandular ; ovary ovate, nearly sessile.

Salix, folio longo latoque splendente, fragilis, Raii Syn. 448.

Salix fragilis, Lin. S. P. 1443.

Salix decipiens, Hojfm. Sal. 2, 9.

Common willow.

Osier-grounds and hedges ; tree ; April and May.

Tree tall ; branches crooked, very brittle at bottom; stipules
rounded, toothed, often none ; male ament loose.

$. Salix pruni folia. Plum-leaved willow .

Stamens 2 ; leaves ovate, serrate, bald, smooth above,
glaucous below ; secondary branches rather pubescent ; cap-
sules ovate, silky.

Salix myrsiniles, Lightf. Scot. 599.

Salix prunifolia. Smith FI. Brit. 1054.

Alpine mountains ; shrubby .; May and June.

Stem ?, feet high ; branches many, spreading, reddish ;
leaves petiolate; above dark green, smooth, shining; beneath
veined, opake ; stipules half-ovate, toothed ; ament solitary,
upright.

9, Salix vapcinifolia. Bilberry-leaved willow .

Stamens 2 ; leaves ovate, serrated ; above bald, smooth ;
beneath silky, glaucous ; capsules ovate, silky ; stem de-
current.

Salix vaccinifolia, Engl. Bot . 33,2341.

South of Scotland.

230

6. Salix. 4. SALICINiE.

PL ex. mon ,

Tree low, partly procumbent, small; branches slender;
leaves narrower and more silky beneath than those of salix
pmnifolia; aments thick.

10. Salix venulosa. Veiny* willow.

Stamens 2 ; leaves ovate, serrated, bald, reticulately veined
above, rather glaucous beneath ; capsules elliptical, silky.

Salix venulosa, Smith FI. Br. 1055.

Salix formosa, Willd. S. P.4, 680.

Alpine mountains ; shrub ; May and June.

Branches many, spreading ; leaves light green beneath,
neatly veined above ; veins prominent, parallel, reticulate,
anastomosing near the edge.

31. Salix herb ctcea. Herb -willow .

Leaves orbicular, serrate, quite bald, reticulately veined,
both faces shining ; capsule bald.

Salix Alpina, alni rotuudo folio, repens, Dillen in i Rail Syn. 448, 7.

Salix herbacea, Lin. S. P. 1445.

High micaceous mountains ; shrub ; June and July.

Root creeping far, woody, much branched; stem 1 in.
high, woody, slightly branched ; leaves stiff, light green on
both faces ; ament single, terminal, few-flowered.

12. Salix reticulata. JVrinkled willow.

Leaves elliptical, orbicular, obtuse, not in the least

notched, bald, reticulately veined, green above, glaucous
beneath ; capsule villose.

Salix pumila, folio rotundo, Raii Syn. 449, 13.

Salix reticulata, Lin. S. P. 1446.

Alpine mountains ; shrub ; June.

Stem short, much branched, diffuse; second branches
reddish, leafy; leaves stiff, green above, veins red; petioles
long, red; aments single, terminal, short, dense, with a
long peduncle.

13. Salix alba. IVhite willow.

Stamens 2; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, acute, serrate,

silky on both sides, lower serratures glandular ; stigmata
2 -parted.

Salix, Raii Syn. 447, 1 ; Ger. em. 1389.

Salix folio utrinque glauco, viminibus albidioribus, Raii Cant. 142.

Salix arborea angustifolia, alba vulgaris, Parle. 1430.

Salix alba, Lin. S. P . 1449.

Woods and damp fields ; tree ; April and May.

PL ex. mon .

4. SALICINJE. 6. Salix.

231

Bark green ; branches many, spreading ; leaves acutely
and regularly serrulated ; ament terminal, long, very slen-
der, many-flowered ; capsules ovate, rather bald.

14. Salix ceerulea. Blue willow .

Stamens 2 ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, silky be-
neath, growing smooth, lowest serratures glandular ; stig-
mata 2-parted.

Salix alba,var. Smith FI. Brit. 1072.

Salix ceerulea, Engl. But. 2431.

Damp fields ; tree ; May.

Plant growing quick; leaves large, blueish.

b. Ovary sessile; style long.

15. Salix viminalis . Basket willow.

Leaves lanceolate, linear, very long, pointed, not in the

least notched ; above green, bald; beneath silvery, silky;
branches rodlike ; style long.

Eleagnus, Daleckamp Hist. Lugd. 278.

Salix folio longissimo, Raii Syn. Pl. 450, 21.

Salix viminalis, Lin. S. P. 1448.

Osier.

Holts and boggy places; shrub; April and May.
Branches very long, silky ; leaves spread, 7 to 9 in. long ;
waved ; ribs parallel; stipules linear, lanceolate, often none;
aments cylindrical, early, very hairy ; capsules ovate, silky.

16. Salix rosea. Bose willow.

Stamens monadelphous ; trunk upright ; leaves lanceo-
late, pointed, serrate, bald, beneath rather glaucous ; style
long, filiform ; stigmata linear.

Salix humilior foliis angustis subcseruleus, ex adverso binis, Raii Sun.
448, 1 1 .

Salix Helix, Lin. S. P. 1444.

Salix inonandra, Hoffm. Sal. 1, 18.

Holts and boggy places ; tree ; March and April.

Tree slender, 10 feet high; branches tenacious, grey and
purple, shining ; leaves petiolate, bitter ; ament long, thick,
ovary silky ; capsules woolly, white.

17. Salix Forby ana. Forby willow.

Stamens monadelphous ; branches upright ; leaves rather

stipuled, lanceolate, toothed, bald, above dark green, be-
neath glaucous ; stigmata linear.

232

6. Salix. 4. SAUCING.

PL ex, more.

Salix fissa, T. L. S. 6, 115.

Salix Forbyana, Smith FI. Br. 1041.

Basket, osier.

Holts ; shrub ; April.

Branches upright, flexible, tough, bald, yellow or purple ;
leaves petiolate, 2 or 3 in. long: stipule lanceolate; peduncle
of the ament short, scales black; ovary ovate, silky. — Used
for basket-work.

38. Salix rubra. Bed willow.

Stamens monadelphous ; leaves linear, lanceolate, long,
acute, toothed, bald, both sides light green.

Salix minime fragilis, foliis longissimis utrinque viridibus, non serratis,
Raii Syn. 449, 14.

Salix rubra, Iluds. FI. Angl. 428.

Salix vifescens, Villars Dauph. 3, 783.

Salix fissa, Ehrard Arb. 29.

Osier grounds ; shrub ; April and May.

Branches very long, tough, grey, or purplish ; leaves 4 in.
long, slender ; stipules linear, lanceolate, or none.

19. Salix tenuifolia. Thin-leof willow.

Stamens distinct ; leaves elliptical, acute, serrate, rather

Raid, glaucous beneath; stipules indistinct; capsules entirely
bald.

Salix tpnuifolia, Lin. FI. Lapp. ed. 2, 292.

Salix Pontederas, Villars Dauph. 3,766.

Rocky sides of rivers; shrub; May and June.

Shrub 2 feet high ; branches many, spread, while young
pubescent ; leaves an inch and half long, light green above,
veins reticulate ; stipules falcate and serrate, or none ; cap-
sule bald.

20. Salix myrsinites. IV hor tie-leaf willow.

Stamens distinct ; small branches hirsute ; leaves ellipti-
cal, serrate, bald, shining, veined on both sides ; capsules
awlshape, pubescent.

Salix myrsinites, Lin. S. P. 1445.

Salix retusa, Dickson T. L. S. 2, 288.

Scotch alps ; shrub; May and June.

Shrub 2 feet fyigh ; branches many, divaricating ; leaves.
3'4ths of an inch long, stiff, both sides light green, while
young rather silky ; stipules serrate, bald ; ament terminal,
erect.

PL ex. mon.

4 . SAUCING. 6. Salix.

233

21. Salix arenaria. Sand willow .

Stamens distinct ; leaves scarcely nicked, ovate, acute,

above rather villous; beneath densely woolly.

Salix arenaria, Lin. S. P. 1447.

Salix Lapponum, Light f. Scot. 604.

Salix Helvetica, Villars Dauph. 3, 783.

Scotch alps; shrub; June.

Stem 5 feet high, branchy ; leaves sometimes rather ser-
rate, blackish green above, white beneath; ament short,
villous ; capsule woolly.

22. Salix Stuartiana. Stuart willow.

Stamens distinct ; leaves scarcely nicked, lanceolate,

pointed, hairy above, densely silky beneath ; stigmata two-
parted, capillary.

Salix Stuartiana, Eng. Rot. 36,2586.

Salix arenaria, mas. Smith Ft. Brit. 1059.

Scotch alps ; shrub ; June.

Stem 3 feet high ; branches dark brown ; leaves small ;
flower-buds large ; aments ovate ; floral leaves large.

23. Salix cinerea , Grey willow .

Stamens distinct; leaves scarcely nicked, obovate, lanceo-
late; above bald, smooth, shining; beneath reticulately
veined, glaucous, rather villose; stipules heartshape, serrate.

Salix cinerea, Lin. S. P. 1449.

Salix daphnoides, Villars Dauph. 3,765.

Woods ; tree ; May.

Tree 30 feet high ; branches shining ; leaves green above,
reddish beneath; lower leaves not nicked ; upper serrate;
stipules small ; ament short, very dense ; capsule ovato-
lanceolate, bald ; style very long, 4-cut.

24. Salix colinifolia. Quince-leaf willow .

Stamens distinct ; leaves elliptical, orbicular, rather

toothed, above slightly pubescent, beneath villous, rectan-
gularly veined.

Salix cotinifolia, Smith FI. Br. 1066.

Mountain coppices; shrubby; April.

Shrub 2 feet high; branches spreading, pubescent, leafv;
leaves stiffs pointed, dark green above, pale beneath; buds
villous ; ament short ; capsule lanceolate, villous.

G. Salix. 4. SALICINiE,

P/. ex. man .

234

c. Ovary pedicelled ; style short.

25. Salix hi color. Two-coloured willow.

Leaves elliptical, pointed, denticulato-serrate ; above

bald, shining; beneath glaucous, veined, rather hairy; ovary
pedicelled, lanceolate, silky.

Salix bicolor, ErJir.jirb. 118. not of Willden. Berol.

Salix lamina, Smith T. L. S. 6, 122.

Woods; shrub; April and May.

Bark brown ; leaves rather revolute, dark green above,
when dry blackish ; ament scarcely an inch long ; stamens
short; anther roundish.

26. Salix nigricans. Blackish willow.

Leaves elliptical, lanceolate, crenate, bald ; beneath glau-
cous veined ; ovary pedicelled, lanceolate, pointed, silky.

Salix phylicifolia /S, Lin. S. P. 1442.

Salix nigricans, Smith T. L. S. G, 120.

Holts; shrub; April.

Bark blackish ; branches rather straight ; leaves slightly
rounded at bottom, dark green above, when dry black ;
stipules , if present, rather large, oblique heartshape; ament
an inch and half long, blunt ; stamens hairlike ; anthers
oblong ; capsule awlshape.

27. Salix amy gdalina. Almond-leaved willow.

Stamens 3 ; leaves ovate, oblique, serrated, bald ; ovary

pedicelled; stipules 'very large.

Salix folio auriculato splendenle flexilis, Raii Syn. 448,9.

Salix amygdalina, Lin. S. P. 1443.

Holts and bogs ; shrub ; April, May.

Bark deciduous; branches bald, brittle; leaves rounded
at the base, oblique: above light green; beneath glaucous;
stipules rounded; aments coetaneous, thick, dense; scales
bald ; capsules quite bald.

28. Salix decipiens . Deceiving willow.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, quite bald; petiole rather

glandular; ovary attenuated, pedicelled; branches bald,
highly polished.

Salix decipiens, Eng. Bet. 1937.

Woods and hedges; tree; April.

Bark varnished; twigs reddish; floral leaves obtuse, di-
lated, obovate, recurved; ovary bald ; stamens 2, rarely 3.

PI. ex. mon.

4. SALICINAE. 6. Salix.

235

29. Salix arbuscula. Treelike willow.

Leaves lanceolate, obsoletely tootlied, bald; stipules 0;

small h ranches pubescent ; aments ovate.

Salix arbuscula, Lin. FI. Lapp. ed. 2, 297.

Salix arbuscula y. Lin. S. P. 1445.

Scotch alps ; small tree ; April.

Stem 1 foot high, slender; branches spreading, thread-
shape, while young pubescent ; leaves sharp at both ends ;
ament short, erect.

30. Salix aurita. Eared willow.

Leaves somewhat serrate, obovate, blunt, with a deflected

point, villous on both sides, reticulately veined ; stipules
variously formed.

Salix folio rotundo minore, Raii Syn. 450, 17.

Salix caprea rotundifolia, Ger. em. 1390.

Salix aurita, Lin. S. P. 1446.

Salix caprea §, Huds. FI. Angl. 430.

Mountainous woods; shrub.; April and May.

Branches many, horizontal, entangled; leaves crisped or
waved, above greyish, soft, pubescent ; beneath, villous ; sti-
pule persisting; aments very short; capsule awlshape, villous.

pumila . Leaves roundish, hoary beneath.

Salix caprea pumila, folio subrotundo subtus incano, Raii Syn. 450, 18.
Salix caprea e, Huds. FI. Angl. 430.

31. Salix aquatica. Water willow.

Leaves rather serrate, obovate, elliptical, pubescent, flat,

beneath rather glaucous ; stipules rounded, toothed.

Salix folio ex rotunditate acuminato, Raii Syn. 449, 16.

Salix caprea a, Huds. FI. Angl. 429.

Salix aurita, Hoff. Sal. 5.

Salix cinerea, With Rot. Arr. 54.

Woods and damp hedges ; tree; April.

Tree upright ; leaves scarcely wrinkled, soft, greyish,
becoming bald above, venulose beneath and rather hairy f
buds woolly ; capsule awlshape, villous.

32. Salix sphacelata. JVitkered-leaj willow.

Leaves not notched, elliptical, flat, pubescent on both

sides, rather withered at the tip ; stipules very small ; cap-
sule awlshape, villous.

Salix lanata, Light/. Scot. 602.

Salix caprea, var. Hoffm. Sal. 1,28.

Alpine valleys ; shrub ; April and May.

236

6. Salix. 4. SALICINiE.

PI. ex. moil ,

Branches spreading ; leaves flat, very rarely and slightly
crenate, tips brownish; capsules narrowed at the end, be-
coming rather naked.

33. Salix caprea. Sallow willow.

Leaves ovate, pointed, serrate, waved ; above smooth,

bald; beneath tomentose; stipule rather lunate; capsules
ventricose, villous.

Salix lati folia rotunda, Rail Syn. 449, 15.

Salix fr.lio suhrotundo auriculata, Rail Cant. 145, 2.

Salix caprea a, Lin. S . P. 1448.

Salix caprea y. Muds. FI. Angl. 429.

Woods and hedges ; tree; April.

Branches shining; small branches pubescent; leaves va-
riously shaped, waved, veined beneath; stipules recurved;
ament early, ovate ; capsule ovate, villose.

34. Salix mollissima . Velvet willow.

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, subcrenated; beneath silky,

woolly; stipules lunate, very small.

Salix mollissima, Smith Flor. Brit. 1070; Ehrh. Arh. 79 ?

Holts; shrub; March.

Branches erect, very tough, rather bald ; leaves above
green, smooth, quite bald; petiole attenuated ; aments ovate,
small; ovary shortly pedicelled; syle short; stigmata linear,
very deeply divided.

35. Salix acuminata. Pointed willow .

Leaves lanceolate, oblong, pointed, waved and slightly

toothed ; above smooth, rather bald ; beneath tomentose ;
stipules kidneysliape ; capsule ovate, narrowed, pubescent.
Salix caprea acuto longoque folio, Raii Syn. 450, 19.

Salix caprea latifolia, Ger.em. 1390, 4.

Salix caprea, var. Lightf. Ft. Scot. 608.

Salix acuminata, Mill. Diet. 8, 14.

Woods and hedges; tree; April.

Branches rather smooth ; leaves above light green ; main-
rib beneath reddish ; stipules toothed ; aments early, ovate,
cylindrical ; style rarely 2-cut.

36. Salix stipularis . Large-stipuled willow.

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, slightly crenate, above bald,

beneath tomentose, stipules nearly heartshape, very large;
perigonium cylindrical, long.

Salix stipularis, Engl. Bot. 1214.

Holts; shrub; March.

Branches erect, woolly; leaves long, unequally and slightly
crenate ; stipules with a short petiole.

PL ex. mott.

4. SALlClNiE. 6. Salix.

237

37. Salix triandra. Three-stamened willow.

Stamens 3 ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, narrowed at both

ends, bald ; ovary pedicelled, quite bald.

Salix folio amygdalino, utrinque aurito, corticem abjiciens, Ran Syn .
Salix triandra, Lin. S. P. 1442.

Holts and sides of rivers ; tree ; May to August.

Bark deciduous ; small branches upright ; leaves 3 in.
long; serratures rounded, slightly glandular ; above light
green ; beneath rather glaucous ; stipides ovate, oblique,
sometimes none; aments terminal, slender; stamens rarely 2;
capsule ovate, pointed. — Bark febrifuge.

38. Salix petiolaris. Bong-leaf -stalk willow.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, bald, glaucous beneath; ovaries

pedicelled, ovate, silky; stigmata sessile, 2-lobed.

Salix petiolaris, Smith T. L. S. 6, 122.

Holts and bogs ; shrub ; April.

Branches slender, lax, brownish; leaves patulous ; above
light green, quite bald, shining; beneath glaucous ; petioles
long; stipides lunate, small; aments short.

39. Salix Dicksoniana. Dickson willow.

Leaves elliptical, pointed; slightly toothed, bald on both

sides, glaucous beneath ; small branches quite bald ; aments
ovate, very short.

Salix myrtilloides. Smith Fl . Bor. 1056.

Salix Dicksoniana, Engl. Bot. 1390,

Scotch alps ; shrub ; April.

Stem a foot high, upright, branchy ; leaves flat, smooth,
teeth glandular at the tip, above light green, beneath very
finely veined ; petioles short ; ovary ovate ; stigmata thick.

40. Salix argentea. Silver willow .

Leaves not cut, elliptical, somewhat revolute with a re-
flected point ; above villous ; beneath silky, shining ; small
branches silky, silvery.

Salix putnila, foliis utrinque candicantibus et lanueinosis, BiUen in Rail
Syn. 447, 3.

Salix repens y, Huds. Fl. Angl. 429.

Salix arenaria, Lightf. Fl. Scot. 604.

Salix fusca, With. But. Arr. 51.

Sandy sea-shores ; shrub ; May.

Stem diffuse or prostrate ; leaves an inch long, shining';
Stipules very small; aments early, cylindrical, blunt ; capsules
ovate, lanceolate, silky.

238

6. Salix. 4. SALXCIN/E.

PL ex, mon ,

41. Salix prostrata. Prostrate willow.

Leaves rather toothed, elliptical, pointed ; beneath glau-
cous, silky ; stem prostrate ; petiole short, thick.

Salix prostrata, Smith Flor. Brit. 1060.

Salix polymorpha, Ehrh. Arb. 490.

Moist mountains ; small shrub; June, July.

Branches long, slender; leaves scarcely revolute ; above
dark green, slightly veined, rather pubescent ; ovary ovate,
silky ; pedicell very short ; style short, thick ; stigmata
cloven.

42. Salix fusca. Brown willow .

Leaves rather denticulated, elliptical, oblong, pointed;

above bald ; beneath glaucous, silky ; petiole attenuated ;
stem erect, spreading.

Salix fusca, Lin. S. P. 1447.

Moist heaths and mountains ; small shrub ; May.

Small branches rather straight, pubescent; leaves glandu-
lar on the edge ; above brownish green ; stipules lanceolate,
awlshape; capsules awlshape, silky; stigmata 2-parted.

43. Salix parvifolia. Small-leaved willow .

Leaves elliptical, scarcely cut, hooked ; beneath glaucous,

silky; stem decumbent; stipules ovate, not in the least
notched.

Salix parvifolia, Eng. Bot. 1961.

Damp fields ; small shrub ; April, May.

Foetid ; branches many, entangled, wandlike, 18 in. long ;
leaves about half an inch long; female ament ovate, dense;
ovary pedicelled, silky; style short, thick; stigmata thick,
obtuse, deeply divided.

44. Salix adscendens. Ascending willow.

Leaves elliptical, oblong, somewhat serrated, hooked ;

heneath glaucous, silky; stem ascending; stipules ovate,
serrated.

Salix adscendens, Eng. Bot. 1962.

Moist places ; shrub ; May.

Shrub foetid, low creeping, twice as large as salix parvi-
folia ; branches long, straight, obliquely ascending ; leaves
oblong, slightly silvery ; female ament ovate ; ovary silky.

PI. ex. moil.

4. SALICINiE. 6. Salix,

239

45. Salix repens. Creeping willow.

Leaves not in the least notched, elliptical, lanceolate,

rather mucronulate; above rather naked; beneath glau-
cous, silky ; stem depressed.

Salix pumila angustifolia prona parte cinerea, Rnii Syn. 447, 5.
Chamseitea sive Salix pumila, Ger.em. 1391,7.

Salix repens, Lin. S. P. 1447.

Salix depressa, Hoffm. Sal. 1, 63.

Sandy heaths ; small shrub ; May.

Stem creeping, rooting, very branchy; branches entangled;
leaves rather revolute, above bald; stipule none; aments
many, lateral; capsules pedicelled, lanceolate, pubescent;
stigmata 2-parted.

/3. lanuginosa. Leaves narrow ; beneath downy.

Salix pumila angnstifolia inferne lanuginosa, Rail Syn. 447.

Salix liumilis repens, Ger. em. 1391, 8.

y. rotund if olia. Leaves rounded below, ash-coloured.

Salix alpina pumila, rotundifolia repens inferne sub cinerea, Ran Syn.
448, 6.

Salix humilis, Ger. em. 1391,6.

46. Salix rupestris . Pock willow *

Leaves obovate, serrated, smooth ; both sides silky; sti *>

pules pilose ; ovary pedicelled, silky; stigmata undivided.
Salix rupestris, Eng. Bot. 2342.

Scotch alps; small shrub; April.

Stem trailing, decumbent; branches slender, pubescent;
leaves an inch long, even, flat ; stipule ovate ; ovary ovate ;
style prominent; stigmata ovate, entire or scarcely notched.

47. Salix Andersoniana. Anderson willow.

Leaves elliptical, pointed, crenulated, pubescent ; stipules

half-ovate, rather bald; ovary bald; stigmata 2-cut.

Salix Andersonia, Eng. Bot. 2343.

Scotch mountains; shrub; May.

Taller than salix rupestris; branches short, pubescent;
leaves light green, paler beneath ; stipules small ; ament
ovate ; ovary taper, pointed, quite bald ; style shortish ;
stigmata deeply cloven.

48. Salix Forsteriana. Forster willow *

Leaves elliptical, obovate, pointed, crenate, rather pu-
bescent, beneath glaucous; stipules arched ; ovary silky.

Salix Forsteriana, Eng. Bot. 2344.

Woods of Scotland ; tree; May.

240

6. Salix. 4. SALICINiE.

PI. ex. mofi.

Branches pubescent; leaves 3 inches long, dull green;
stipules vaulted, toothed ; ovary ovate, taper, pointed, silky;
style short ; stigmata entire.

d. Ovary pedicelled ; style long.

49. Salix lanceolata. Lance-leaved willow.

Stamens 3 ; leaves lanceolate* serrated at both ends, at*

tenuated, bald; petiole decurrent; ovary pedicelled.

Salix lanceolata, Engl. Bot. 1436.

Woods and bogs; small tree; April, May.

Bark deciduous ; leaves 3 inches long, often with a small
pair of leaflets at the base; stipules pointed.

50. Salix Russelliana. Bussel willow.

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrated, bald; ovary pedi-

celled, subulate, smooth.

Salix Russelliana, Smith Flor. Brit 1045.

Leicestershire , Dishley or Gorgomel willow. Bedford willow.

Bogs and holts ; tree ; April and May.

Branches shining, very tough, flexible; leaves long, bald,
shining, beneath glaucous ; stipules half cordate, toothed ;
aments lax; stigmata parted.

5 1 . Salix phylicifolia. Tealeaf willow.
Leaves lanceolate, waved, crenate, bald, beneath glau-
cous; stipules rather lunate; ovary pedicelled, silky.

Salix phylicifolia «, Lin. S. P. 1442.

Salix phylicifolia, Smith T. L. S. 6, 123.

Salix radicans. Smith FL Brit. 1053.

Scotch alps ; small tree ; May.

Branches smooth, rooting, spread ; leaves not cut at top
or bottom, unequally and broadly crenated in the middle ;
above dark green ; beneath glaucous, reticulately veined ;
petiole attenuated; stipules lunate; ament early; style long;
stigmata 2-cut.

52. Salix malifolia. Appleleaf willow.

Leaves elliptical, oblong, toothed, repand, scariose, quite

bald ; stipules heartshape, very large.

Salix malifolia. Smith FI. Brit. 1053.

Mountains? shrub.

Stem 3 feet high ; Munches upright, blackish, tortuous,
hairy ; leaves 2 in. long, scariose, above light green, be-
neath rather glaucous, veined ; veins divaricating, anasto-
mosing ; petiole very broad at bottom.

PI. ex. mon.

4. SALICINiE. 6. Salix.

241

53. Salix rosmarinifolia. Rosemary leaf willow.

Leaves not in the least cut, linear, lanceolate, stiff,

straight, beneath silky ; stem erect ; stipules upright, flat ;
aments recurved.

Salix pumila rhamni secundi Clusii folio, Dillen in Rail Syn. 447, 2.

Salix rosmarinifolia, Lin. S. P. 1448.

Damp sandy places ; shrub.

Stem 3 feet high ; branches many, straight ; leaves up-
right, an inch long, edge glandular, above pubescent ; sti-
pules lanceolate; aments early, short, drooping; ovary pe-
dicelled, ovate, lanceolate; style long; stigmata dark purple.

e. Female plants not discovered.

54. Salix Croweana . Crowe willow.

Stamens soldered ; leaves elliptical, somewhat serrate,

beneath glaucous.

Salix Croweana, Smith T. L . S. 117.

Bogs ; small tree ; April and May.

Branches short, spreading, rather brittle, shining; leaves
spreading, elliptical, both sides quite bald ; above light
green, shining; beneath glaucous, veiny; aments short.

55. Salix oleifolia. Oliveleaf willow.

Leaves elliptical, heartshape, pointed, crenulate, both

sides pubescent ; stipules nearly heartshape, toothed, rather
bald ; branches hairy.

Salix oleifolia, Smith FI. Brit. 1065.

Coppices; small tree; March.

Tree 10 feet high; branches spread, loose, finely pu-
bescent; leaves stiff, flat; above light green, finely pubes-
cent; beneatli ferruginous; petioles thick, above pubes-
cent ; stipules rounded ; buds woolly.

56. Salix hirta. Rough willow .

Leaves elliptical, cordate, pointed, crenulate, both sides

pubescent; stipules nearly heartshape, toothed, rather bald;
branches hairy.

Salix hirta. Engl. Bot. 20, 1404.

Heaths ; small tree ; April and May.

Branches thick, very hairy; leaves pale beneath; petioles
long, very hairy ; male ament cylindrical, rather slender.

VOL. II.

R

PI. ex. mon •

242 7. Populus. 4. SALICINAS.

II. 7. POPULUS. Pliny. Poplar .

Flowers dioicous ; ament scaly; scales oblong, loose, imbri-
cate; edges torn; perigonium tubular, obliquely truncated,
on the base of the scale : — Male, Stamens 8 to 20 •
Female, Ovary 1, ovate, pointed, inverted; ovules many;
stigmata 4, sessile ; capsule 2-celled, 2-valved ; seeds comose,
radicle above.

a. Turions tomentose or hairy; stamens 8. Populus.

1 . Populus alia . White poplar .
Leaves heartshape, roundish, lobed, toothed; beneath

tomentose, snow-white ; ament ovate, oblong.

Populus alba, Raiijiyn. 446, 2 ; Ger. em. 1486.

Populus alba nivea, Alton Hort. Keiv. 3, 403.

Populus major, Miller Diet. ed. 8, 4.

Populus nivea, Willd. Baumz. 221.

Abele .

Damp woods ; tree ; March.

Branches horizontal ; leaves above, black green, beneath
very densely woolly ; petiole one-third as long as the leaf ;
stipules lanceolate, obsoletely toothed; ament an inch long.

2. Populus canescens . Grey poplar.

Leaves roundish, angularly repand, toothed; beneath

tomentose, hairy ; ament cylindrical, long, loose.

Populus alba foliis tninoribus. Rail Syn. 446, 2* ; Ger. em. 1487
Populus alba, Mill. Diet. ed. 8, 1.

Populus alba canescens, Alton Hort. Keio. 3, 405.

Populus nigra, Mill. Illustr. 90.

Populus canescens, Smith FI. Brit. 3, 1080.

River-sides; tree; March.

Roots widely creeping ; branches ascending ; leaves above
light green, bald ; beneath tomentose, woolly, greyish ;
sometimes rather smooth ; stipules linear, falcate^ toothed ;
ament 2 in. long.

3. Populus tremula. Trembling poplar ,

Leaves nearly orbiculate, toothed, both sides smooth;

ament oblong.

Populus Lybica, Raii Syn. 446, 3 ; Ger. em. 1487.

Populus tremula, Lin . S. F. 1464.

Asp. Aspen.

Damp woods; tree; March and April.

Tree tall; small branches smooth; turions hairy; leaves
tremulous ; stipules bristlelike ; aments 2 in, long, hairy.

Pl.ex.mon. 4. SALICINiE. 7. Populus. 24^

b. Turions smooth , laid; stamens 12 to 16. ASgirus.

4. Populus nigra . Black poplar .

Leaves deltoid, pointed, serrate, both sides smooth ; pe~
dole short; branches patulous.

Populus nigra, Raii Syn. 446, 1 ; Ger. em. 1486; Lin. S. P. 1464.

Watery places; tree; March.

Tree tall, smooth; leaves dark green; petiole half as
long as the leaves; aments smooth.

Fam.V. 5. BETULIDEiE.

Flowers monoicous, amentaceous. — Male, Perigonium
none, or 4-cut; stamens 4 or 12, inserted on the scales of
the ament ; anthers 2-celled. — Female, Perigonium 0 ;
ovary free, 2-celled ; stigmata 2 to 4, terminal ; nucula P 1
or 2-celled, in the scales of a cone ; perisperm 0 ; corculum
straight, flat; radicle above. — Tree or shrub; leaves alter-
nate, annual, when young having 2 stipules at the base.

Stamens 12; nucula P edged Betula. 8.

Stamens 4 ; nucula P ovate, naked Alnus. 9.

I. 8. BETULA. Pliny. Birch .

Ament long, cylindrical. — Male. Scales in threes ; middle
scale stamen-bearing; perigonium 0; stamens 12. — Female.
Scales deciduous, 3-lobed at the tip, 2 or 3-flowered at
the base; styles 2 ; ovary compressed, 2-celled, 1 abortive;
nucula heartshape, with a membranaceous edge.

1. Betula alba . White birch .

Leaves deltoid, acute, doubly serrate, smooth; lateral
lobes of the scales of the cone rounded.

Betula, Raii Syn. 443 ; Ger. em. 1478.

Betula alba, Lin. S. P. 1393.

Woods and hedges; tree; April and May.

Bark white, epidermis peeling off; leaves petiolate, be-
neath pubescent; cone peduncled, drooping; scales cylin-
drical; twigs and buds blackish. — Bark used anciently for
writing on ; leaves applied outwardly and taken internally
in dropsy, and other diseases, also used to dye yellow;
twigs used for brooms, and for correcting children, on ac-
count of their toughness ; juice obtained by piercing the
teree under a large arm, nearly through to the bark on the

u 2

244 8. Betula. 5. BETULIDEiE.

PI. ex. mon.

opposite side, is saccharine, lithontripic, and may be fer-
mented either into a wine or beer ; wood used for heels of
women’s shoes, and packing-boxes.

j3. pendula. Twigs pendulous, rough with tubercles ;
leaves small.

y. glohosa . Cones ovate, or nearly spherical.

\

2. Betula nana . Dwarf birch .

Leaves orbicular, crenate, smooth, beneath reticulately
veined.

Betula nana, Lin. S. P. 1394.

Spongy mountainous heaths ; shrub ; May.

Stem 3 feet high ; branches numerous, stiff ; leaves both
sides smooth, 1 to 3 from each bud ; petioles short ; ament
lateral, upright, blunt.

II. 9. ALNUS. Pliny. Alder.

Male. Ament long, cylindrical; scales pedicelled, heart-,
shape, with 3 small scales beneath, flowerbearing at the
base; perigonium urceolate 4-cut; stamens 4.— -Female.
Cone ovate, globose; pedicell branched; scales imbricate,
corky, persistent, 4-lobed at the tip, 2-fiowered ; perigo -
nium 0 ; ovary compressed, 2-celled ; stigmata 2; nucula com-
pressed, ovate, naked, 2-celled, 2-seeded.

Alnus glutinosa. Glutinous alder.

Leaves roundish, cuneate, obtuse, rather retuse, glutinous;
axillae of the ribs beneath villous.

Alnus, Rail Syn. 442, 1 .

Alnus nigra, sive Frangula, Ger. em. 1469.

Alnus vulgaris, Park. 1408.

Betula Alnus a, Lin. S. P. 1394.

Betula Alnus, Huds. FI. Angl. 416.

Alnus glutinosa, Gcerln. Sem. and Fr. 2,54.

Black alder. Butchers’ prick tree. Owler.

Watery places; tree; March.

Leaves serrate, dark green, shining ; ribs pinnate, pa-
rallel ; beneath pilose at the base ; peduncles branched, ter-
minal ; aments pendulous ; cones upright, scales not falling
off. — Inner bark purgative.

Fam. VI. 6. CORYLIDEJS. Corylacece , Mirbell.

Cupnlacece , Richard.

Blowers unisexual. — Male amentaceous ; perigonium
simple or 0 ; stamens 5 to 20, on the scales ; anthers 1 or

Pl, ex, moil.

6. CORYLIDEiE. 10. Carpinus. 245

2-celled. — Female. Cupula 1 or many-flowered; perigo -
nium adherent, many- toothed ; ovary 1, many-celled ; ovules
many ; style 2 or many-cut ; stigmata 2 or many ; cupula
containing 1 or many glands; glans or nucula 1 -celled,
1 -seeded by abortion of the rest; kernel pendent; peri-
sperm 0 ; corculum straight, central ; radicle adverse. — Stem
ligneous ; leaves alternate, simple, stipuled, pinnately ribbed.

Cupula open at top,

Nucula angular ; ament-scale rounded. . . Carpinus. 10.

Nucula ovate ; ament-scale 3- lobed Corylus. 11.

Gians ovate; cupula cupshape Quercus. 12.

Cupula closed , or valvular.

Ament globose ; cupula hairy Fagus, 13.

Ament linear ; cupula spinous ; flowers
glomerated * . Castanea. 14.

A. Cupula open at top.

I. 10. CARPINUS. Pliny. Hornleam.

Monoicous. — Male. Ament long, loose, cylindrical; scales
ovate, pointed, concave, ciliated, imbricate ; stamens 8 to
14; anthers bearded at the tip. — Female. Cupula 2-leaved,
very large, 3-lobed, reticulately veined, 2-flowered; peri -
gonium 6-toothed, unequal, persistent ; ovary 2-celled, com-
pressed ; ovules 2, one abortive ; style 2, filiform ; stigmata 2 ;
nucula bony, angular, 1 -celled. — Stem arborescent; aments
axillary and terminal; cupulde racemose.

Carpinus ulmoides. Elmlike hornleam.

Leaves of the cupula 3-parted ; lobes not cut, lanceolate,
middle one long.

Ostrya ulmo similis fructu in umbilicis foliaceis, Raii Syn. 451.

Betulus, sive Carpinus, Ger. em. 1479.

Ostrys, sive Ostrya, Park. 1406.

Carpinus Betulus, Lin. S. P. 1416.

Hornbeam. Hornbeech. Witch-hasel , Essex. Hardbeam. Yoke elm.

Woods and hedges ; tree ; May.

Bark white, smooth; leaves ovate, doubly serrate, pe-
tioled; ament lateral, scales brown; cupula terminal;, nucula
ribbed. — Inner bark dyes yellow ; wood white, very tough,
grows very hard like horn, used in millwork, burns like a
candle.

Pl. ex . mon.

246 11. Corylus. 6. CORYLIDEiE.

II. 11. CORYLUS. Pliny. Basel

Monoicous.~M.ALE . Ament cylindrical ; scales imbricate*

hairy, 3-lobed, middle lobe broader, covering the narrow
side ones ; stamens 6 or 8, very short.— Female. Flowers
many, in the scales of the bud, becoming peduncled ; cu-
i)ula 1 -leafed, 1 -flowered, fleshy below, above turgid, 2-lip-
ped, torn ; perigonium scarcely visible ; ovary 2-celled ?
styles 2 ; ovules 2 ; nucula ovate, smooth, involucrated at
the base, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Stem shrubby; ament ter-
minal ; fmit-luds axillary.

1 . Corylus sylvestris. Wild Basel

Stipules oblong, ovate; cupula bellshape, tip patulous,

torn, toothed ; leaves ovate, heartshape, pointed.

Corylus sylvestris, Raii Syn. 439 ; Ger. cm. 1439, 2.

Corylus, seu Nux avellana sylvestris, Park. 1416.

Corylus avellana, Lin. S. P. 1417.

Hasel nut .

Woods and hedges; shrubby; March and April.

Leaves expanding after the flowers; petioles short; aments
pendulous ; fruit-buds ovate ; styles blood-red, projecting.

- — Flowers the first of our trees, considered by country-
people to prognosticate the future harvest : root used for
inlaying and staining; wood clears turbid wine, used for
walking-sticks, fishing-rods, crates, hoops, and for char-
coal ; nuts eaten, also expressed for oil.

2. Corylus tululosa . Tulular hasel.

Stipules oblong, blunt; cupula tubular, cylindrical, tip

narrower, jagged, toothed; leaves rather round, heartshape,
pointed.

Nux avellana, sive Corylus, Ger. em. 1438, 1 ; Park. 1416.

Corylus avellana 8, Lin. S. P. 1417.

Corylus tubulosa, Willd. S. P.

Filberd.

Cultivated for its fruit.

III. 12. QUERCUS. Pliny. Oak.

Monoicous. —Male. Ament threadshape ; flowers distant ;

perigonium torn; stamens 5 to 10. — Female. Cupula one-
flowered, scaly ; scales many, coalescing into a cup ; peri-
gonium 6-sepaled ; sepales very small, pubescent, girding
the base of the style; ovary 3-celled, 2 cells abortive; style
short, pyramidical, thickened; glans 1-celled, 1-seeded,
base included in the cupula. — Stem arborescent ; leaves an-
nual (in exotics perennial).

PL ex. mon.

6. CORYLIDEiE. 12. Quercus. 247

1. Quercus longceva. Lo?ig lived oak.

Leaves annual, nearly sessile, oblong, broader above,

sinuses acute, angles blunt; fruit oblong, peduncled.

Quercus latifolia, Rail Syn . 440, 1 ; Park . 1385.

Quercus vulgaris, Ger. cm. 1339, 1.

Quercus Robur, Lin. 8. P. 1414.

Quercus Robur y, pedunculata, Martyn. FI. Rust. 10.

Quercus pedunculata, Willd. Baum. 278.

Quercus fcemina, FI, Dan 1180.

Quercus racemosa, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 1,715.

Quercus longaeva, Salisb. Prod. 392,

Common oak. English oak.

Woods and hedges; arborescent; April.

Tree formal ; leaves above smooth, shining ; beneath pale.

2. Quercus sessiliflora . Squat-flowered oak.

Leaves annual, petioled, oblong, smooth; sinuses acute,

opposite; jruit oblong, sessile.

Quercus lalitolia mas, quae brevi pediculo est, Raii Syn. 440,2.

Quercus Robur, Willd. Baum. 277.

Quercus Robur y, sessilis, Martyn FI. Rust. 11.

Quercus sessiliflora, Smith FI. Brit. 1027.

Bay oak.

Woods; arborescent; April and May.

Leases smooth, more equally and regularly lobed than
the former.

3. Quercus pulescens. Downy oak.

Le wes annual, petioled, oblong, obovate, sinuate, pu-
bescent beneath ; lobes obtuse, angular ; base rather heart-
shape, irregular ; fruit nearly sessile.

Quercus sessifloia j8, Smith FI. Brit. 1027.

Quercus pubescens, Willd. S. P. 4,450.

Durmast oak , Martyn FI. Rust. 12.

Woods; arborescent; April and May.

The wood of all the oaks is hard, tough, tolerably flexi-
ble, not easily splintering, and very durable ; sawdust used
to dye drabs and browns ; bark tans leather, is also astrin-
gent, and with a little copperas dyes woollen purplish blue ;
leaves eaten by cows, sheep, and goats; glans, called
acorn, i. e. oak-corn, fattens swine and deer ; balls, called
oak-apples, produced by insects, dye with copperas a more
beautiful black than nut-galls, but less durable.

PL ex. mon .

248 13. Fagus. 6. CORYLIDE^.

B. Cupula closed, valvular.

IV. 13. FAGUS. Pliny. Beech .

Monoicous. — Male. Ament pendulous, globose, dense;

perigonium 6-lobed ; stamens 8. — Female. Cupula two-
dowered, 4-lobed, outside armed with soft spines ; perigo-
nium 6-sepaled; sepales tomentose; style 1, 3-cut; stig-
mata 3; ovary 3-celled ; 2 in each cell; glans 1-celled,
3-sided, 1 or 2-seeded.

Fagus sylvatica . Wood leech .

Leaves ovate, smooth, slightly toothed, edge fringed.
Fagus, Rail Syn. 439 ; Ger. em. 1444; Park. 1403.

Fagus sylvatica, Lin. S. P. 1416.

Woods and hedges ; arborescent; April and May.

Bark smooth; leaves petioled, ribs few and straight.-—
W ood brittle, decaying in the air but lasting under water ;
leaves used for stuffing mattresses ; glands, called mast,
fatten swine, dried and made into bread, also roasted for
coffee, and pressed for their oil.

V. 14. C A STAN E A. Theophrastus. Chestnut.

Polygamous. — Male. Ament very long, cylindrical ;

flowers glomerate, scattered along the axis; perigonium
6-sepaled ; stamens 5 to 20. — Hermaphrodite. Cupula 2
or 3-flowered, 4-lobed, armed with hard branchy spines ;
perigonium 5 or 6-sepaled; sepales covered on the inside
with stiff hairs; stamens 12, red, abortive; ovary 6-celled ;
ovules 2 in each cell, 3 to 5 abortive ; styles 6 ; glans one-
celled, mucronate ; seeds 1 to 3, wrinkled.

Castanea vesca. Eatalle chestnut.

Leaves oblong, lanceolate, pointed, mucronately serrate,
both sides smooth.

Castanea, Rail Syn. 440; Gtr. era. 1442, 1.

Castanea vulgaris. Park. 1400.

Fagus Castanea, Lin. S. P. 1416.

Castanea vesca, Gccrtn. Sem. et Fr. PI. 37.

Woods ; arborescent ; May.

Bark with broad cracks; leaves bald, annual, ribs parallel;
aments necklacelike. — Wood durable, but now usually cut
young for hop-poles ; fruit esculent.

0. sativa. Leaves larger, more glossy; styles 6 to 9.

Spanish chestnut.

Glans 3 times as large as the wild, earlier, and better
tasted.

PI. ex. mon .

7. MYRICiE. 15. Myrica.

249

Fam. VII. 7. MYRICiE. Richard.

Flowers unisexual, amentaceous. — Male. Aments one-
flowered ; stamens 4 to 6 ; anthers 2-celled. — Female.
Ovary 1, free; stigmata 2; nut 1 -celled; shell bonelike;
kernel inverse; perisperm 0. — Stem woody; leaves glandu-
lar; ament axillary; or spiked, terminal; drupe resinous,
spotted.

I. 15. MYRICA. Theophrastus. Gaule.

Dioicous , rarely monoicous ; aments ovate, scales lunate.
— Male. Stamens 4 to 6 ; anthers 4-valved. — Fem. Ovary 1;
stigmata 2 ; drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded.

Myrica Brabantica. Brabant gaule.

Leaves lanceolate, rather serrated ; stem shrubby.

Gale, frutex odoratus Septehtrionalium, Elseagnus Cordo, Raii SynAiS.
Myrtus Brabantica, sive Elleagnus Cordi, Ger.em. 1414.

Rhus sylvestris, sive Myrtus Brabantica vel Anglica, Park. 1451.
Myrica Gale, Lin. S. P. 1453.

Gaule. Sweet willow. Dutch myrtle.

Bogs and fens ; shrubby; May.

Branches many, upright ; twigs rather bent ; leaves nearly
sessile; aments early, sessile. — Used instead of hops, but
unless the wort is boiled a long time, the liquor occasions
the head-ach; dyes wool yellow; drives away fleas and
moths; yields an oil by distillation with water; powder or
infusion vermifuge; tans calf-skins; aments boiled in water
throw up a waxy scum.

Fam. VIII. 8. ULMACEiE.

Flowers hermaphrodite, or unisexual by abortion ; peri -
gonium simple, free, 4 to 6-toothed; stamens 4 or 6, on the
perigonium ; ovary 1 ; styles 2 ; stigmata 2 ; samara one-
seeded ; seed pendent ; perisperm 0 ; embryo straight ; coty-
ledons plaited ; radicle above.

I. 16. ULMUS. Pliny. Elm,

Flowers hermaphrodite ; perigonium bellshape, 4 or
5-toothed, coloured, not falling off ; stamens 3 or 6 ; ovary
compressed; stigmata 2; samara suborbiculate, swelled in
the middle, 1-seeded. — Stem arborescent; leaves rough,
ribs parallel ; flowers fascicled, scaly, axillary.

250 16. Ulmus. 8. ULMACEyE.

PL ex . TTioft,

1 r Ulmus campestris. Field elm .

heaves doubly serrate, rough, unequal at bottom ; flowers
nearly sessile, 4-cut ; samara oblong, naked.

IJimus vulgatissima folio lato scabro, Raii Syn. 468, 1 ; Ger. em . 1480, 1.
Ulmus vulgaris, Park, 1404.

Ulmus campestris, Lin . S. P. 327.

Common elm.

Hedges ; arborescent ; April and May.

Bark of the twigs smooth; flowers purplish.— -Wood
hard, tough ; bark mixed with meal to make bread in time
of scarcity ; young leaves eaten greedily by silkworms ; de-
coction of the inner bark diuretic.

2. Ulmus sulerosa. Cork-harked elm .

1, eaves doubly serrate, rough, pointed, unequal at bottom ;
flowers peduncled, mostly 5-cut; samara rounded, naked.

Ulmus minor, folio augusto scabro, Raii Syn. 469,2; Ger.etn. 1480,2.
Ulmus minor, Park. 1404.

Ulmus suberosa, Erkr. Arb. 14, 1.

Narrow-leaved elm.

Hedges; arborescent; April.

Bark of the twigs corkiike, cut; branches spreading; twigs
nearly 2-row ed.

2. Ulmus glabra . Smooth-leaved elm .

Leaves doubly serrated, smooth, unequal at bottom;

flowers nearly sessile, 5-cut ; samara reverse-ovate, naked.
Ulmus folio glabro, Raii Syn. 469 ; Ger. em. 1481,4; Park. 1404.
Ulmus glabra, Cnllum 97 ; Engl. Sot. 2248.

Ulmus montana Smith Ft. Brit. 282.

Ulmus campestris, 3, With. Bot.Arr. 279.

Witch elm.

Hedges; arborescent; March.

Bark smooth ; branches spread, scattered and hanging
down long ; leaves rather stiff.

4. Ulmus montana. Mountain elm .

Leaves doubly serrate, pointed, rough, unequal at bot-
tom ; flowers peduncled, effused, mostly 6-cut ; samara
rounded.

Ulmus folio latissimo scabro, Raii Syn. 469; Ger. cm. 1418,3.

Ulmus latiore folio, Park. 1404.

Ulmus effusa, Willd. S. P. 1, 1325.

Ulmus campestris /3, Relhan Cant. 107.

Ulmus campestris y, Huds. FI. Angl. 129.

Ulmus glabra, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 95.

Ulmus campestris, FI. Dan. 632.

Ulmus montana, Rauh. Pin. 427 ; With. Bot. Arr. 279.

Witch hasely Statutes, as 8 Eliz. 10. Broad-leaved elm.

PI. ex. >mon.

251

8. ULMACEiE. 16. Ulmus,

Woods and hedges ; arborescent ; April.

Bark of the twigs smooth, coming off easily; flowers
larger than those of the witch elm, appearing on younger
trees than those of the common elm ; leaves much resembling
those of the hasel, but the point is sharper. — Wood not so
valuable as the common elm, used formerly for long bows
for poor persons; and for magical purposes, whence its
name.

5. Ulmus major. Great elm .

Leaves unequally serrated, rough, unequal at bottom ;
flowers nearly sessile, 4-lobed ; samara reverse-ovate, naked.

Ulmus major, Engl Bot. 2542.

Ulmus Holland ica, Mill. Diet.

Cultivated in hedges ; arborescent ; March.

Branches spreading; bark corklike, wrinkled; samara
scarcely cut.

Fam. IX. 9. URTICE^E.

Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite ; perigonium simple,
free, 3 or 5-cut, persisting. — Male. Stamens 3 to 5, in-
serted into the base of the perigonium. — Female. Ovary 1,
free ; styles 2, 1 or 2-lobed ; stigmata 2 ; utriculus dry,
1 -seeded; seed pendent; perispermO; corculum straight or
spirally twisted; radicle above.— Stem herbaceous; leaves
alternate, rarely opposite, mostly stipuled ; flowers solitary,
amentaceous or spiked.

A. Stamens 4 ; stigma I.

Flowers racemose, the female bivalve .... Urtica. 18.

Flowers in a common involucrum .... Parietaria. 19.

B. Stamens 5 ; stigmata 2.

Flowers , the female in a dense spike .... Lupulus. 17.

Flowers , the female axillary Cannabis. 20.

Flowers in a common involucrum .... Xanthium. 21.

I. 17. LUPULUS. Brunsfel. Hop.

Flowers dioicous. — Male. Flowers racemose ; perigonium
5-parted ; stamens 5 ; filaments short ; anthers oblong. —
Female. Flowers in dense verticillate spikes; perigonium
2-sepaled ; sepales membranaceous, persistent, unequal ;
outer very large, ovate, involute at the base ; inner small,
reversely ovate; ovary 1; styles 2; stigmata 2; utriculuS

252

17. Lupulus. 9. URTICEiE.

PL ex. mom

membranaceous ; seed 1 ; shell crustaceous ; corculum
spiral; cotyledons linear. — Stem annual, twining, rough,
angular; leaves petioled, opposite, palmately ribbed, lobed
or not cut ; stipule intrafoliaceous, reflex ; flowers axillary
or terminal, peduncled, solitary.

Lupulus communis. Common hop .

Lupulus mas et fcemina, Raii Syn. 137.

Lupulus salictarius, Ger. em. 885.

Lupulus seu sativus, seu sylvestris, Park. 176.

Humulus Lupulus, Lin. S. P. 1457,

Lupulus communis, Gcerln. 1,358.

Woods and hedges; also cultivated; perennial; July.

Root branchy; stem very long; leaves cordate; stipules
not cut, reflex female spike aromatic, bitter. — Stem makes
excellent cloth, cordage, and paper, if steeped all the win-
ter, then dried and dressed like hemp ; female flowers in-
fused in wort, or boiled with it, render the liquor bitter,
and prevent it growing sour so soon as otherwise it would;
a pillow stuffed with them produces sleep when opium fails;
and a tincture made with spirit of wine or brandy is in
general preferable to that of opium as a narcotic, although
inferior as a spasmodic ; young shoots eaten in spring as
asparagus ; a decoction of the roots, or an extract of them
is sudorific.

The hopgrowers distinguish the garlick, long white, and
oval hop.

II. IS. URTICAo Pliny. Nettle.

Monoicous , rarely dioicous. — Male. Flowers racemose;
perigonium 4 -parted ; stamens 4 ; filaments long, before
the anthesis curved ; barren pistill glandular, cyathiform.— -
Female. Flowers racemose, rarely capitate ; perigonium
2-sepaled; ovary 1, free; stigma 1, sessile, pubescent; utri-
culus rather membranaceous, girded by the sepales ; seed
compressed; corculum straight; cotyledons leaflike; radicle
above. — Herb generally covered with pungent, excretory
hairs; stem 4-angular; leaves petioled, stipuled, opposite,
rarely alternate, palmately ribbed ; flowers axillary.

1 . Urtica dioica. Dioicous nettle .

Leaves opposite, cordate, ovate, lanceolate, largely ser-
rated ; racemes much branched, in pairs, longer than the
petiole ; plants mostly dioicous.

PL ex . mo?i.

9. URTICE^E. 18. Urtica.

252

Urtica racemifera major perennis, 139, 1.

Urtica urens, Ger. em. 706,2.

Urtica major vulgaris, and Urtica media sylvestris, Park . 440.

Urtica dioica, Lin S. P. 1396.

Common stinging-nettle. Great stinging-nettle.

Banks and hedges; perennial; July and August.

Root creeping ; herh dark green ; stem erect, 3 feet high ;
stipules ovate, erect; racemes many-flowered. — Stalk dressed
as hemp, for cordage, cloth, or paper ; young shoots eaten
in spring as a potherb ; leaves recover paralytic limbs by
whipping; one pressed against the roof of the mouth will
stop a bleeding at the nose; juice dyes wool green; a de-
coction of the herb with salt used to coagulate milk.

2. Urtica urens. Slinging nettle .

heaves opposite, elliptical, 3 or 5 -ribbed, acutely ser-
rated; racemes in pairs, nearly simple, shorter than the
petiole.

Urtica minor, Raii Syn. 140, 2 ; Ger. em. 707, 3.

Urtica urens, Lin. S. P. 1398.

Small stinging-nettle .

Fields and way-sides ; annual ; June to October.

Roots fibrous ; herb light green ; stipule reflexed ; raceme
androgynous.

3. Urtica pilulifera . Pelletbearing nettle .

Leaves opposite, ovate, broadly serrate ; fruitbearing

heads globose, peduncled, in pairs.

Urtica pi!ulife;a, Raii Syn. 140,3; Lin. S. P. 1395.

Urtica Romana, Ger. em. 705, 1 ; Park. 440.

Roman nettle.

Ruins by the sea-side; annual; June and July.

Root fibrous; stem blueish; leaves rarely rather heart-
shape.

III. 19. PARIETARIA. Pliny. Pellitory-of-the-walL

Flowers 2 hermaphrodite and 1 female in a 6 or 8-leaved
involucrum. — Herm. Perigonium 4-sepaled; stamens 4;
filaments at first incurved, afterwards spreading elastically ;
anthers double, opening elastically; ovary 1, above; stigma
penecilliform ; utriculus crustaceous, shortly pedicelled, in
the persistent sepales ; seed 1, inverse; corculum straight;
cotyledons leaflike; radicle above. — Fem. Like the herma-
phrodite, but without the stamens.— Herb rather rough,
juicy ; leaves alternate ; flowers glomerate, axillary.

254? 19. Parietaria. 9. URTICEiE.

PL ex, mon ,

Parietaria officinalis . Common pellitory-of-the-wall.

Leaves lanceolate, ovate, pointed, above somewhat shining;
beneath hairy, base 1-ribbed; leaflets of the involucrum
ovate; stem nearly erect.

Parietaria, Raii Syn. 158 ; Ger. era. 330.

Parietaria vulgaris. Park. 437.

Parietaria officinalis, Lin. 1492.

Walls and ruins; perennial; June to September.

Stem much branched, reddish, shining; leaves oblique,
blackish green, lateral ribs palmate, springing out above the
base. — Leaves strewed in granaries to drive away weevils ;
juice diuretic, contains nitre, sometimes in considerable
quantities.

IV. 20. CANNABIS. Dioscorides. Hemp,

Dioicous . — Male. Perigonium 5-sepaled; stamens 5;

fllaments short ; anthers oblong. — Fem. Perigonium oblong,
opening on the side; ovary 1; styles 2; stigmata 2 ; peri-
carp crustaceous, 2-valved, rather globose, enclosed in the
perigonium ; corculum curved, inverse ; cotyledons ovate,
thick; radicle incurved, above. — Herb erect; leaves stipuled,
digitate, the lower opposite, the upper alternate, the floral
sometimes simple; male flowers on panicles, axillary or
terminal ; female 2, sessile, on the top of the twigs, with
the rudiment of a new shoot between them.

Cannabis sativa. Cultivated hemp ;

Cannabis sativa, Raii Syn. 138; Lin. S. P.

Cannabis mas, etfcemina, Ger. era. 708, 1 and 2.

Cannabis sativa mas et fcemina, Park. 597.

Male. Female hemp. Barren hemp. Summer hemp.

Female. Male hemp. Steel hemp. Chari hemp. Winter hemp.

Cultivated in rich land ; annual ; male , July ; female
August.

Stem macerated in water, and dressed for its fibres, used
for cordage, strong linen, and paper: seeds boiled in milk
for coughs and the jaundice, also used to cause fowls and
birds to lay eggs ; and pressed for its oil.

V. 21. XANTHIUM. Dioscorides. Ditch-burr,

Monoicous, — Male. Involucrum many-leaved, many-

flowered ; clinanthium paleaceous ; perigonium tubular, five-
lobed ; stamens 5; anthers approximate.— Fem. Involucrum
1 -leafed, oblong, 2-flowered, outside muricated, inside two-

PL ex . mon.

9. URTICEiE. 21. Xanthium. 255

celled; perigonium 0; ovary 1 ; styles 2, persistent; utri «
ca/ws membranaceous, enclosed in the hardened involu-
crum ; seed erect, corculum straight ; cotyledon ovate ; radicle
below. — Herb hamous; leaves petiolate, alternate, rather
rough, palmately ribbed ; flowers spiked, axillary or termi-
nal ; spike short ; male flowers above, female below.

Xanthium inerme . Unarmed ditch-burr »

Stem not armed ; leaves heartshape, 3-ribbed at bottom*

Xanthium, seu Lappa minor, Ran Syn. 140 ; Park , 1222.

Bardana minor, Ger. em. 809, 2.

Xanthium Strumaria, Lin. S. P. 1400.

Louse burr. Ditch burr . Lesser burr-dock.

Deep rich soil ; annual ; August and September.

Root fibrous ; stem much branched ; leaves lobed, ser*
rated ; flowers green.

Fam. X. 10. EUPHORBIACEiE.

Flowers unisexual ; perigonium simple, free, 3 or 4-cut»
sometimes 0. — Male. Stamens a to 12; filaments often
jointed in the middle, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers
double.-— Fem. Ovary free, often stipitate ; styles 2 or 3 ;
stigmata 2 or 3, 2-cut or lobed ; regma 2 or 3-coccous ;
cocci 1 or 2-seeded ; placentarium apicillate ; seed appended ;
corcu rum straight, flat ; radicle laterally adverse ; peris perm
fleshy, involute. — Stem herbaceous or frutescent ; juice
often milklike, very acrid ; flowers either solitary, spiked,
©r girt with an involucrum.

A. Monoicous ; flowers in an involucrum ; stamen 1.

Bractece many ; bracteolce 2 ;
mter lobe of the involucrum ovate, not cut

Galaehceus. 22.

Bractece many ; bracteolce 2 ;

mter lobe of the involucrum lunate, 2-horned Esula. 23.

Bractece many ; bracteolce connate ;

'mter lobe of the involucrum lunate, 2-horned

Characias. g'E

Bractece and bracteolce 0 ;
mter lobe of the involucrum ovate, not cut

ChamMcyck. cZ$s

256

10. EUPHORBIACEiE.

PI, ex, mon.

B. Flowers unisexual, naked ; stamens 4 to 12,

Monoicous ; stamens 9 to 12; stem herbaceous

Mercurialis. 26,

JDioicous; stamens 4 ; stem arborescent ...... Buxus. 27.

A. Monoicous, herbaceous ; perigonium 0 ; involucrum
1 -leafed, cup-shaped, 3 or many-flowered ; flowers pedi-
celled; one of them female, trigynous; the others male,
monandrous.

II. 22, GALARHCEU8. Haworth. Wartwort ,

Bractece many; bracteolce 2, cordate; involucrum campanu-
late, 8-cut; lobes alternate, the outer coloured, not cut,
rounded ; inner membranaceous, upright.- — Male. Flowers
many ; perigonium many-parted ; sepales rather feathery ;
filament jointed in the middle. — Fem. solitary, central;
perigonium 0 ; ovary pedicelled ; stigmata 3, 2-forked ;
regma exserted, 3-coccous, 3-seeded. — Root fusiform ; herb
milky, smooth; stem leafy; flowers terminal, umbelled, in-
volucrated.

a. Regma bald, smooth,

1. Galarhoeus decussatus. Crossing wartwort,

TJmbells 4-rowed, forked; leaves opposite, sessile, quite

entire ; base cordate, 4-rowed ; seeds ovate, reticulated.
Lathyris, seu Cataputia minor, Ger. em. 503, 18.

Euphorbia Lathyris, Lin. S. P.

Tithyraallus Lathyris, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 99.

Euphorbia decussata, Salisb. Prod. 389.

Galarhoeus Lathyris, Haworth Succ. PI. 143.

Caper spurge.

Dry stony places ; perennial ; May and June.

Stem 2 to 4 feet high ; herb purple glaucous.

2. Galarhoeus helioscopius. Sun wartwort,

TJmbells 5-rowed, forked ; bracteola reversely ovate ;

leaves wedgeshape, serrated ; seeds ovate, reticulated.

Tithymalus helioscopius, Ruii Syn. 313, 8 ; Ger. em. 498,2; Park. 186.
Euphorbia helioscopia, Lin. S. P. 658. »

Galarhoeus helioscopius, Haworth Succ. PI. 154.

Sun spurge.

Cultivated fields ; annual ; July and August.

Herb light green ; stem branchy at bottom ; leaves bald ;
flowers yellow.— Juice of this and the other species corrodes
warts, and destroys the nerves of aching teeth : also used to
raise blisters behind the ears.

PL ex. mon . 10. EUPHORBlACEiE. 22. Galar. 257

b. Capsules laid , warty.

3. Galar hocus platyphyllus. Broad-leaved wartwort.

Umhell 5-rayed, 3-rayed, forked ; hracteola ovate rhom-

boidal, keeled, hairy; leaves lanceolate, serrulated; seeds
ovate, smooth.

Tithymalus platyphyllos Fuchsii, Rail Syn. 312,4

Euphorbia platyphylla, Lin. S. P. 660.

Galarhoeus platyphyllus, Haw. Succ. PI. 151.

Broad-leaved spurge.

Fields ; annual ; July and August.

Root fibrous; stem upright, bald; leaves sessile, rather
glaucous, subpilose, lower leaves rather petioled.

(3. strictus. Smaller, slenderer; umlells 3 or 4-rayed;
stem spreading at bottom.

Tithymalus verrucosus, Rail Syn.S 12,3.

Tithymalus verrucosus Dalechampii, Park. 187.

Euphorbia stricta, Lin. Syst.Nat. 1040.

Euphorbia verrucosa, IJuds. FI. Angl. 209.

Galarhoeus strictus, Haworth Succ. PI. 151.

4. Galarhoeus Hyhernus. Irish wartwort .

Umlells 5 or 6-rayed, forked ; hracteola oval ; leaves re-
versely ovate, not cut in the least, blunt, rather bald ; sterile
branches 0 ; capsule prickly warty.

Tithymalus Hibernicus, Raii Syn. 312,5.

Tithymalus platyphyllus, Ger. era. 500.

Euphorbia Hyberna, Lin. S. P. 662.

Galarhoeus Eybernus, Haw. Succ. PI. 145.

Makinboy. Knotty-rooted spurge .

Fields ; perennial ; June.

Root fusiform ; stem simple, 2 feet high ; leaves uniform ;
umlells few-flowered ; lobes of the involucrum kidney-shape*

II. 23. ESULA. Pliny. Esula .

Rractece many ; bracteoloc 2, leaves distinct ; involucrum.
lobed; lobes 8 or 10; the outer deflected, 2-cut, lunate; inner
upright, membranaceous.— Male Flowers many; perigo -
nium many-parted ; sepales rather feathery ; filament jointed
in the middle. — Fem. solitary, central; perigonium 0; ovary
pedicelled; stigmata 3, 2-forked; regma exserted, 3-coc-
cous, 3-seeded. — Root fusiform; herb milky, smooth ; stem
leafy ; flowers terminal, umbelled, involucrated.

a. Regma bald , smooth ; seeds angular ; annual.

1 . Esula rolundifolia. Round-leaved esula ,

Umbtdls 3-rayed, forked ; bracteoloc ovate ; leaves not in
the least cut, reverse-ovate, petioled ; seeds rather 6-sided*
pitted.

VOL. II, s

258 23. Esula. 10. EUPHOEMACE/E. Pl.ex.mon,

Tithamylus parvus annuus, foliis subrotundis non crenatis, Peplus dic-
ius, Raii Syn. 313, 9.

Peplus sive Esula rotunda, Ger. era. 503, 19.

Euphorbia Peplus, Lin. S. P. 653.

Esula rotundifolia, Rivinus Tetrap.irr. 118.

Esula Peplus, Haworth Succ. Pl. 157.

Euphorbia (Esula) Peplus (oleraceus), Pers. Syn. 2, 14.

Cultivated fields ; annual; July and August.

Root fibrous; herb light green, erect, branchy; flowers
yellow, small.

2. Esula exigua. Dwarf esula .

JJmbells 3 or 5-rayed, forked ; bracteolce lanceolate ; leaves

sessile, linear, not cut; seeds nearly 4 -sided, traversely cor-
rugated.

Tithymalus leptophyllus, Rail Syn . 313, 7 ; Park . 193.

Esula exigua Tragi, Ger. era. 503, 17.

Euphorbia exigua, Lin. S. P. 654.

Esula exigua, Haworth Succ. PI. 157.

Cornfields; annual; July. ,

Herb 6 in. high, bald; flowers very small, yellow.

b. Regma bald , smooth ; seeds ovate ; perennial.

3. Esula Vortlandica. Port land-island esula *

JJmbells 5-rayed, forked; bracteolce nearly heartshape,

concave, mucronulate; leaves linear, reversely ovate, pointed,
bald, spreading ; seeds ovate, reticulate.

Tithymalus maritimus minor Portlandicus, Raii Syn. 313,6.

Euphorbia Portlandica, Lin. S. P. 656.

Esula Portlandica, Haworth Succ. PL 154.

Sea-coasts; perennial; August.

Root branchy ; herb glaucous, 1 foot high ; capsules rough
at the angles ; involucrum 8-cut, outer lobes yellow.

4. Esula par alia. Sea esula.

JJmbell 5-rayed, forked ; bracteolce cordate kidneyshape ;

leaves lanceolate, imbricate, concave ; seeds ovate, smooth,
spotted with red.

Tithymalus paralius, Raii Syn. 312, 4 ; Ger. era. 498, l.

Euphorbia Paralias, Lin. S. P. 657.

Euphorbia paralia, Engl. Rot. 1915.

Tithymalus maritimus, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,90.

Esula paralia, Haworth Sutc. Pl. 144.

Sea spurge.

Sea-side ; perennial ; August and September.

Herb light bluish grey, very smopth; 12 in. high invo -
lucrum 10-cut, outer lobes fulvous.

Pl.ex.mon. 10. EUPHORBIACEiE. 23. E&ila. 259

5. Esula cupressina. Cypress esula .

Urnbell 7 to 1 5-ray ed, forked; bracteolce rather heart*

shape; leaves on the stem lanceolate; on the sterile branches
linear, crowded ; seeds ovate, smooth.

Tithymalus cupressinus, Ger. em. 499, 5.

Euphorbia Cyparissias, Lin. S. P. 661.

Esula Cyparissias, Haworth Succ. PI. 155.

Cypress spurge. Welcome to our house.

Woods and sterile fields; perennial; May and June.
Root creeping; stem a foot high.

6. Esida Dalechampii. Daleckamp esula .

Umbells 6 or 8-rayed, forked, crowded \ bracteolce ovate*

obtuse; leaves on the sterile branches and stem linear,
obovate.

Tithymalus pineus, Ger. em. 499, 6.

Euphorbia Esula, Lin. S. P. 660.

Esula, Rivinus 1'etr. irr. 116.

Pine spurge.

Woods; perennial; July.

Root woody; stem 18 in. high, branchy at bottom, bald*

III. 24. CHARACIAS. Spurge.

Bractece many; bracteolce connately perfoliate; involu-
crum 8 or 10-lobed; outer lobes distant, 2- cut, lunate;
inner upright, membranaceous. — Male Flowers many;
perigonium many-parted ; sepales rather feathery ; filament
jointed in the middle. — Fem. solitary, central ; perigo -
nium 0; ovary pedicelled; stigmata 3, 2-forked; regma ex-
serted, 3-coccous, 3-seeded. — Stem simple, upright, shrubby,
pubescent, generally naked at bottom; leaves pubescent,
perennial ; umbells many-rayed.

1 . Characias purpurea . Purple spurge .

Umbells many-rayed, forked; bracteolce naked; leaves
lanceolate, very short, pubescent; stem simple, shrubby
regma hairy.

Tithymalus characias Monspeliensium, Ran Syn. 312, 2; Ger . em. 499.
Euphorbia characias, Lin. S. P. 662.

Tithymalus purpureus, Lamarck FI. Ft. 3,98.

Esula characias, Haworth Succ. PI. 155.

Sweet wood-spurge.

Mountainous woods ; shrubby ; March and April.

Stem pubescent, 3 feet high, tubercular, reddish; lobes of
the involucrum lunate, blackish purple.

s 2

260 24. Charac. 10. EUPHORBI ACEiE. PI. ex. inori 4

2. Characias amygdaloides. Almond spurge .

Umbells 5 to 8-rayed, forked, lanceolate, rather heart-
shape ; leaves lanceolate, not cut, obtuse, hairy ; seeds ovate*
smooth ; regma bald.

Tithymalus characias amygdaloides, ttaii Syn. 3 12, 1 ; Ger. em. 500, 9,
Euphorbia amygdaloides, Lin. S. P. 662, not of Persoon.

Euphorbia sylvatica Lin. ? Jac FI. Austr . 4, 3t5,

Esula amygdaloides, Haworth Succ. Pi.

Unsavoury spurge.

Woods and heaths; perennial; March and April.

Stem simple, reddish, hairy, naked at bottom ; leaves
perennial; lobes of the involucrum lunate, pointed.

IV. 25. CHAMiESYCE. Dioscorides. Peplis .

Bractea and bracteola 0; involucrum 8 to 10-parted;

outer lobes fleshy, not cut, rounded above ; inner upright,
membranaceous. — Male flowers many; perigonium many-
parted ; sepales rather feathery; filament jointed in the
middle. — Fem. solitary, central; perigonium 0; ovary pe-
dicelled ; stigmata 3, 2-forked ; regma exserted, 3-coccous,
3-seeded. — Herbaceous ; stem angular, forked, leafy, rather
prostrate; leaves opposite, unequal at the base, ribbed;
stipules intrafoliaceous ; involucra small, axillary, solitary.

Chamcesyce maritima. Sea peplis .

Leaves not cut, nearly heartshape; involucrum solitary;
stem procumbent ; seeds ovate, smooth; regmahix\&.

Tithymalus maritimus supinus aivnuus, Peplis dictus, Raii Syn. 313, 10.
Peplis, Ger. em. 503, 20 ; Park. 194.

Euphorbia Peplis, Lin. S. P. 652.

Euphorbia Chamaesyce, Peplis, Persoon Syn. 2, 14.

Anisophyllum Peplis, Haworth Succ. PI. 154.

Hyssop spurge.

Sea-shore; annual; July and August.

Root long ; stem divaricating, 4-angular, reddish,; leaves
petioled, rather fleshy, purplish green, 1 -ribbed, unequally
eared at bottom ; stipules many, bristlelike.

V. 26. MERCUllIALIS. Mercury .

Dioicous, rarely monoicous ; perigonium 3-sepaled. — •
Male. Stamens 9 ; anthers globular, double. — Fem. Ovary
2-bunched; styles 2; stigmata 4; regma 2-coccous; seeds
single; perisperm fleshy; corculum inverse; radicle above.
~-Herb annual; leaves opposite, stipuled ; stipulm intrafo-
liaceous; fiowers axillary or terminal, spiked or fascicled.

PI. ex. mon. 10. EUPHORBIACEiE. 26. Mercur. 261

a. Monoicous , barren filaments 0; herbaceous , smooth.
Mercurial is.

1. Mercurialis annua. Annual mercury.

Stem brachiate ; leaves bald ; flowers glomerately spiked ;

root fibrous.

Mercurialis annua glabra vulgaris, 1 Ran Syn. 139,2.

Mercurialis mas et fcemina, Ger. em. 332, 1, and 2.

Mercurialis vulgaris mas et fcemina, Park. 295.

Mercurialis annua, Lin. S. P. 1465.

French mercury.

Ruins; annual; July to September.

Herb light green, smooth, shining, upright, foetid; leaves
ovate, serrated; capsules muricated. — Mucilaginous, used
in clysters ; juice takes away warts.

b. Dioicous; barren filaments 2; herbaceous , or shrubby ;
rough. Cynocrambe.

2. Mercurialis perennis. Perennial mercury.

Stem quite simple ; leaves rough ; flowers with long pe-
dicells ; root creeping.

Mercurialis perennis repens, cynocrambe dicta, Raii Syn. 138, 1.
Cynocramhe mas et fcemina, Ger. em. 333, 1.

Mercurialis sylvestris cynocrambe dicta vulgaris, mas et foemina. Park .
292.

Mercurialis perennis, Lin. S. P. 1465.

Mercurialis nemoralis, Salisb. Prod. 390.

Dog's mercury.

Woods and hedges, male and female plants generally in
separate patches ; perennial ; April and May.

Root much branched ; stem 18 in. high, upper part
densely leaved; leaves petiolate, ovate; stipulce membra-
naceous, reflex ; capsules pilose, rough. — Mildly laxative
when boiled as greens ; but a case has occurred in which
being eaten fried with bacon, it produced hypercatharsis
and convulsions, and was fatal to three children, but their
two parents escaped.

Yl. 27. BUXUS. Pliny. Box.

Monoicous ; perigonium 3 to 4-sepaled. — Male. Sta-
mens 4, inserted on the rudiment of the germen ; barren
filaments 2; anthers arrowshape. — Fem. Barren filaments 3;
styles 3 ; stigmata 3, blunt ; regma 3-coccous ; cocci two-
seeded. — Stem arborescent; secondary branches opposite,
4.-sided, girt below with many bracteae; leaves opposite, per-
ennial ; petiole decurrent, making the branches angular ;
flowers glomerate, axillary, nearly sessile, scaly ; female
single, central ; male many, in the circumference.

262 27. Buxus. 10. EUPHORBIACEiE. PI. ex . mon.

Buxus sempervirens . Evergreen lox .

Leaves ovate ; edge of the petiole rather hairy ; anthers
ovate, arrowshape.

Buxus, Raii Syn. 445, 1 ; Ger. eni. 1410.

Buxus arbor vulgaris, Park. 1428.

Buxus sempervirens, Lin. S. P. 1394.

Chalky hills; arborescent; April.

Tree low, bald; leaves often nicked, shining; flowers
yellowish. — Wood yellowish, very hard, smooth and tough;
also sudorific ; leaves cathartic and vermifuge.

/3. angustifolia . Stem arborescent ; leaves lanceolate.

Buxus augustifolia, Raii Syn. 445, 2.

y. subfruticosa . Stem low, rather shrubby ; leaves

small, reverse ovate.

Fam. XI. 11. ARISTOLOCHLE. Jussieu.

Perigonium simple, adherent, 1 -leafed, 1-sepaled, few-
lobed, semi-petaloid ; aestivation valvular ; stamens definite
6 or 12, epigynous, sessile; style short; stigma many-lobed;
carcerule coriaceous, 6 or 8-celled ; dissepiments vertical ;
placentarium axillary; seed horizontal or ascending; cor-
culum small, cordate, hidden, basilary ; perisperm horny,
radicle below.

Perigonium tubular, apex ligulate . . Aristolochia. 28,

Perigonium campanulate, 3-lobed Asarum. 29.

I. 28. ARISTOLOCHIA. Dioscorides. Birthwort,

Perigonium tubular, bellied at bottom, dilated at top,
ligulate ; stamens 6, on the style ; filaments very short, bear-
ing the anther on one side ; style very short, thick ; stigma
6-cut ;>t carcerule 6-celled, dissepiments membranaceous,
not 2-partile ; seeds horizontal, incumbent, flat, not mar-
gined, winged below. — Stem volubile or erect ; leaves alter-
nate, pedately veined; stipule 0; flowers axillary.

Aristolochia infesta. Troublesome birthwort .

Leaves petiolate, roundish, heartshape, rather blunt; stem
upright; peduncles 1 -flowered, aggregate; perigonium gp^
right; hp oblong.

Aristolochia Saracenica, Ger. em. 847, 4.

Aristolochia Clematith, Lin. S. P 1364.

Aristolochia infesta, Salisb. Prod. 215,

Saracen's Birthwort.

2

PLex.mon. 11. ARISTOLOCHLZE. 28. Aristol. 268

Woods and ruins; perennial; July and August.

Herb light green, bald ; rhizoma creeping ; stem simple,
rather flexuous ; leaves not in the least cut ; flowers yel-
lowish green, fecundated by the irritation of the tipula
pennicornis.

II. 29. ASARUM, Dioscorides. Asarabacca.

Perigonium bellshape, 3-lobed ; lobes incurved ; stamens 1 2 ;
filaments produced beyond the anthers ; anthers 2-celled,
one cell on each side of the filament; style 1, short; stig-
mata 3-rayed ; carcende adherent, coriaceus, 6-celled ; dis-
sepiments separate at the axis ; seeds few, ascending, me-
niscus, with an elevated ridge below. — Rhizoma creeping ;
stem simple, short, 2-leaved, 1 -flowered; leaves petiolate,
opposite; flowers terminal, ped uncled.

Asarum Europceum. European asarabacca .

Leaves 2, kidneyshape, obtuse, not in the least cut.

Asarum, Raii Syn. 158 • Ger. em. 836, 1.

Asarum vulgare, Park. 266.

Asarum Europceum, Lin. S. P. 633.

Asarum luc'uium, Salisb. Prod. 344.

Common asarabacca. Folefoot. Hazelieort.

Woods in the North; perennial; May.

Stem round, pubescent; flowers blackish purple, villous,
drooping. — Root coarsely powdered purgative, finely pow-
dered emetic ; leaves infused in doses of a drachm or two are
emetic, in powder sternutatory, the basis of most cephalic
snuffs.

Fam. XII. 12. SANT ALACEiE. Brown. Elceagnearum
et Onograrum genera qucedam , Jussieu.
Thisiacece , Richard. Elceagnoidece ,

Ventenat. Calyciflorum pars , Linnaeus.
Elceagnearum pars , Adanson.

Perigonium adherent, 4 or 5-cut, rather coloured ; aesti-
vation valvular ; stamens 4 or 5, opposite to the lobes of the
perigonium, and inserted at the base of the lobes ; ovary
1 -celled, 2 or 4-seeded; ovules affixed near the tip of the
central placentarium, pendulous; style 1 ; stigma simple or
lobed; pericarp (scleranthum ?) 1-seeded, nut or drupe-
like ; perisperm fleshy, same form as the seed ; corculum
cylindrical, central, inverse ; radicle above. — Shrubby or
undershrubby ; leaves alternate, or somewhat opposite, un-
divided, minute, rarely stipule-like; stipule 0; flowers small;
rather spiked, rarely umbelled, or solitary.

264* 30. Thesium. 12. S ANTAL ACE AL PL ex* mom

30. THESIUM. Linnaeus. Thesium .

Perigonium tubular, funnel-shape or hypocrateriform,

4 or 5-cut, persistent, not glandular, with no epigynous
disk ; stamens furnished on the outside with a fine bundle
of villi ; stigma nicked ; pericarp barked, crowned. — Leaves
alternate, slender, linear ; racemes terminal ; bractece leaf-
like, persistent, outer ones soldered to the peduncle; lateral
ones small, sometimes wanting ; flowers whitish on the
inside.

Thesium linophyllum . Flax-leaved thesium .

Stem erect, rather branchy ; racemes leafy ; flowers pe-
dicelled ; Iractece 3 ; leaves linear, lanceolate ; tule of the
perigonium very short.

Linaria adulterina, Raii Syn. 202; Ger. em . 555, 14.

Pseudolinaria montana alba, Park. 459.

Thesium linophyllum, Lin. S. P. 301.

Thesium lini folium, Salisb. Prod. 146.

Bastard toadflax.

High chalky pastures ; perennial ; July.

Foot woolly; herb stiff, bald; sbem 6 in. high; leaves
facing one way, edge rough ; raceme many-flowered.

Fam. XIII. 13. EL/EAGNEiE. Brown. Elceagnearum
pars , Jussieu, Adamson. Flceagnoidece ,
Ventenat. Calyciflorum pars , Linnaeus.

Perigonium free, not cohering to the ovary, 1 -leaved,
tubular, 2 to 5-lobed; aestivation valvular; stamens inserted
on the base of the lobes, one or two in each lobe ; ovary
simple; ovule 1, upright; stigma simple; pericarp drupa-
ceous, perisperm 0; cotyledons plano-convex, plumule
minute; radicle below, straight. — Stem arborescent or
shrubby ; leaves alternate, entire; flowers hermaphrodite or
unisexual, axillary.

31. HIPPOPHAE. Dioscorides. Sallow-thorn .

Dioicous. — Male. Perigonium 2-parted; anthers 4,

nearly sessile. — Fem. Perigonium tubular, 2-cut; style 1;
stigma oblique, exserted ; drupe globose; shell crustaceous,
hard, shining. — Stem shrubby; branches spinous at the tip;
leaves spread, spotted; flowers axillary, solitary, greenish.

Hippophae littoralis. Shore sallow-thorn .

Leaves linear, lanceolate ; above bald ; beneath whitish,
scaly.

PI. ex, mon. 13. ELiEAGNEiE. 31. Hippophae. 265

Ithamnoides fructifera, foliis salicis, baccis leviter flavescentibus, Ruii
Syn. 445.

Rhamnus secundus Clusii, Ger.em. 1334,2.

Rhamnus primus Dioscoridis L< belio, sive littoralis, Park. 1006.

Hippophae Rhamnoides, Lin. S. P. 1452.

Hippophae littoralis, Salisb. Prod. 71.

Sea buckthorn.

Sea-shore; arborescent; May.

Small tree; younger branches reddish ; leaves dark green
above, silvery beneath ; petioles short ; berry mucronulate,
reddish yellow, one-spotted.

Fain. XIV. 14. THYMELEiE.

Per igonium free, tubular, coloured; limb 4 rarely 5-cut;
aestivation imbricate; stamens inserted in the mouth of the
tube, definite, 8 rarely 2 or 4, if there is less or only as
many as the lobes, opposite; but if twice as many, in two
series, the upper series opposite to the lobes, the lower
alternating; barren filaments few; anthers 2-celled; cells
opening lengthways in the middle; ovary simple, ovule 1,
pendulous, placentarium lateral, subapicular; style 1; stigma
not cut ; pericarp nutlike or drupaceous ; perisperm 0,
or very thin, fleshy; corculum straight, inverse; radicle
short, above; cotyledons plano-convex; plumula incon-
spicuous.— Stem shrubby; lark very tough; leaves alter-
nate or opposite, not in the least cut; stipule 0 ; flowers
capitate, or spiked ; terminal or axillary, solitary.

32. DAPHNE. Dioscorides. Daphne.

Perigonium funnelshape, withering; limb 4-cut; stamens 8,
hidden; style terminal, very short ; stigma capitate; drupe
berrylike; putamen crustaceous, shining.- — Stem shrubby,
naked at bottom; leaves Spread, or rarely opposite ; flowers
bracteated, axillary or terminal, often glomerate.

A. Perigonium separable into 2 lamina ; flowers lateral ,
coloured; leaves annual . Mezereon.

1. Daphne florida. Flowering daphne.

Flowers lateral, sessile, in threes; leaves lanceolate, bald,
appearing after the flowers, annual.

Chamaeh a Germanica, sive Mezereon, Ger. etn. 1402.

Daphne Mezereum, Lin. S. P. 509.

Thymaelea Mezereum, Gcertn. Sem.et Fr. 1, 188,

Daphne florida, Salisb. Prod. 2 81.

German olive-spurge.

Woods; shrubby; March and April,

266 32. Daphne. 14. THYMELEiE. Pl.ex.mon.

Twigs bearing flowers in the middle and leaves at the
end ; flowers bracteate, rose-colour or whitish, odorous ;
drupe red. — Drupes corrosive, gr. xij. killed a young wo-
man immediately ; bark of the root 2 drms, boiled in 3
pints of water to 2, and taken daily, resolves venereal nodes;
chewed, it cured a palsy of the tongue.

B. Perigonium separable into 2 lamina ; flowers axillary ,
racemose , greenish ; leaves perennial . Laureola.

2. Daphne sempervirens. Evergreen daphne.

Flowers racemose ; raceme axillary, drooping, 4 to 6-flow-

ered ; leaves lanceolate, bald.

Laureola, Raii Syn. 465; Ger. em. 1404; Park. 205, 1,

Daphne Laureola, Lin. S. P. 510.

Thymelea Laureola, All. Ped. 484.

Daphne major, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,221.

Daphne sempervirens, Salisb. Prod. 281.

Spurge laurel. Laurel. Lowry.

Coppices and fields ; shrubby; March.

Stem round, 3 feet high, leafy at top ; branches few ; leaves
drooping, pale green, crowded ; flowers green ; drupe black.
— Bark of the root useful in rheumatism, fevers, and worms ;
10 gr. is a brisk and severe purge for a strong adult : this
and the whole plant is very acrimonious.

C. Perigonium not separable into 2 laminae ; flowers ter-
minal, in bundles , coloured ; leaves perennial . Cneorum.

3. Daphne prostrata. Trailing daphne.

Flowers panicled, terminal, sessile; leaves lanceolate,

naked, mucronate.

Cneorum Matthioli, Ger. em. 1596,4; Park. 201,2.

Daphne Cneorum, Lin. S. P. 511.

Thymaelea Cneorum, Allioni Pedem. 487.

Daphne prostrata, Salisb. Prod, 281.

Rock rose. Dwarf oleander.

Mountains of Wales; shrubby; May.

Stem woody, trailing ; leaves crowded ; flowers reddish,
odorous; drupe juicelesss.

Fam. XV. 15. POLYGONEiE,

Perigonium 1 -leafed, free, 4 or 6-cut, often coloured,
persistent; aestivation imbricate; stamens definite, equal in
number to the lobes of the perigonium and styles, in-
serted at the base ; anthers 2-celled, cells opening longi-
tudinally ; ovary 1, free; ovule 1, upright; styles and
stigmata 2 or 3 ; utriculus dry, hard, crustaceous, (the-

Pl.ex.mo7i . 3 5. POLYGONEAS. 33. Bristorta. 267

cidium) naked, or joined to the perigonium ; perisperm
farinaceous, rarely nearly wanting; corculum inverse, lateral,
rarely central ; plumula inconspicuous ; radicle above. —
Stem herbaceous, rarely shrubby ; leaves alternate, sheath-
ing at their base, or with an intrafoliaceous adnate sheath ;
younger leaves revolute beneath ; flowers hermaphrodite,
rarely unisexual, spiked or racemose.

Perigonium 4 or 8-parted, not falling off.

Flowers spiked, terminal Bistorta. 33.

Flowers spiked or panicled; spikes many Persicaria. 34.

Flowers axillary Polygonum. 35.

Flowers corymbose ; thecidium 3-sided Fagopyrum. 36.

Perigonium 4 or 6-sepaled, inner ones persistent > outer reflexed .

Stigmata 3 ; corculum lateral ;

inner sepales tubercular at the base Lapathum. 37.

Stigmata 3 ; corculum lateral ;
inner sepales not tubercular at the base .... Acetosa. 38.

Stigmata 2 ; corculum central ;
inner sepales not tubercular at the base Oxyria. 39.

I. 33. BISTORTA. Snakeweed .

Perigonium 5-parted, persistent; stamens 8; 3 opposite
and 5 interposed ; styles and stigmata 3 ; thecidium 3-an-
gular; corculum lateral. — Rhizoma tortuous; stem simple;
ocreoe 2-valved, 2-flowered ; flowers spiked ; spike solitary,
terminal.

1 . Bistorta major . Great snakeweed.

Leaves ovate, waved ; radical leaves decurrent into a pe-
tiole ; spike dense, obtuse.

Bistorta major, Rail Syn. 1 4T, 1 ; Ger. em. 399, 1.

Bistorta major vulgaris, Park. 391.

Polygonum Bistorta, Lin. S. P 516.

Polygonum amoenum, Salisb. Prod. 258.

Bistort Oyster loit. Passions , Cheshire. Patience dock , Manchester.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May and June.

Stem 18 in. high; leaves beneath, glaucous, veined; spike
erect, many-flowered; flowers pedicelled. — Young shoots
eaten as a potherb ; root strongly astringent, used also in
tanning leather.

268 33. Bistorta. 15. POLYGONEiE. Pl.ex.mon.

2. Bistorta vivipara . Childing snakeweed .

Leaves lanceolate, margin revolute ; spike linear ; flowers
often gemmiparous.

Bistorta minor, Raii Syn. 147, 2 ; Ger. em. 399, 2.

Bistorta minor nostras, Park. 392.

Polygonum viviparum, Lin. S. P. 516.

Small bistort. Small snakeweed.

Fields and pastures; perennial ; June and July.

Stem 9 in. high; spike obtuse; flowers rosy; lower flowers
bulbiferous.

(3. alpina . Radical leaves roundish, minutely serrated.

Bistorta minima Alpina, foliis imis subrotundis et minutissime serratis,
Raii Syn. 147,3.

Bistorta Alpina pumila varia, Park. 392.

II. 34. PERSICARIA. Pliny. Peachwort.

Perigonium 3 to 5-parted, persistent ; stamens 5 to 7 :
filaments connected by a gland, 3 or 4 at the sinus of the
lobes, the others opposite to the sides of the ovary; styles 2;
stigmata 2, blunt ; ihecidium ovate, compressed ; corculum
lateral ; cotyledons accumbent. — - Stem much branched ;
ocrece 1 or 2-valved, 2 or 3-flowered ; flowers spiked ; spike
terminal or axillary.

1. Persicaria amphibia. Amphibious peachwort.

Leaves lanceolate, acute, serrulate, bald, heartshape at

bottom.

Persicaria salicis folio perennis, potamogiton angustifolium dicta, Raii
Syn. 14% 9.

Potamogiton angustifolium, Ger. em. 821, 2.

Fontalis major longifolia, Park. 1254, 1 a.

Polygonum amphibium, Lin. S. P. 517.

Narrow-leaved pondweed.

Watery places ; perennial ; J uly and August.

Stem floating ; stipules entire ; leaves pleasant green,
glossy, edge aculeated ; flowers pedicelled ; stamens shorter
than the lobes of the perigonium.

<3. terrestris. Stem erect ; leaves dark, rough ; stamens
longer than the lobes of the perigonium.

2. Persicaria acris. Sharp peachwort .

Stem upright; leaves bald, smooth, lanceolate, spotless;

stipules fringed ; spikes filiform, drooping ; style cloven.

PL ex. mon.

17. POLYGONEiE. 34. Persicaria. 269

Persicaria vulgaris acris, seu hydropiper, Raii Syn. 144, 1.

Persicaria vulgaris acris, seu minor, Park. 856.

Polygonum Hydropiper, Lin. S. P. 517.

Persicaria acris, Lamarck FI. Fr. 234.

Polygonum gracile, Salisb . Prod. 259.

Arsesmart. Water-pepper.

Watery places ; annual ; September.

Stem 2 feet high, much branched; upper part of the joints
swelled; leaves pale green ; flowers reddish, glandular on
the outer side.

3. Persicaria pusilla. Dwarf peachwort .

Stem rooting at bottom ; leaves linear, lanceolate, flat,

spotless; stipules fringed; spikes slender, threadshape, rather
upright ; style very slightly 2-cut.

Persicaria pusilla repens, Raii Syn. 145,2; Ger.em. 446,3; Park. 857,
Polygonum Persicaria /3, Lin. S. P. 518.

Polygonum minus, Htids. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 148.

Polygonum Hydropiper 0, Huds. FL Angl. ed. 2, 170.

Persicaria pusilla, Lamarck FI. Fr. 235.

Polygonum strictum, Alliorti Ped. 2051.

Polygonum intermedium, Ehrh.

Polygonum mite, Schrank Bavar. 1, 668.

Polygonum angnsti folium, Roth Germ. 2, 453.

Small creeping arsesmart.

Damp sandy places ; annual ; September.

Stems' many, above erect, 9 in. high, slightly branched;
spikes reddish; flowers not glandular on the outer side.

4. Persicaria maculosa . Spotted peachwort.

Stem erect ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, often spotted, bald ;

stipules fringed ; spikes ovate, oblong ; peduncles smooth ;
style nearly 2-cut.

Persicaria maculosa, Raii Syn. 145 ; Ger. cm. 445, 2.

Persicaria vulgaris mitis seu maculosa, Park. 856,

Polygonum Persicaria, Lin. S. P . 518.

Polygonum nudicaule, S&lisb. Prod. 259.

Dead arsesmart.

Damp places; annual ; July and August.

Stem 3 feet high, alternately branched ; leaves spreading,
deflexed ; spike upright, rose-red.

0. argentea. Leaves not spotted, silver coloured.
Polygonum folio salicis alba vulgaris, Raii Syn. 145,7.

Silver arsesmart, Peliver Herb. Brit. 3, 9.

5. Persicaria incana. Grey peachwort .

Stem ascending; leaves oblong, lanceolate, spotted, be-
neath pubescent; stipules fringed ; peduncles smooth ; spikes
oblong, erect.

270 34. Persicaria. 15. POLYGONEiE. Pl.ex.mon .

Persicaria folio subtus incano, Dillen in Raii Syn. 145, 5.

Polygonum incana, Willd. Sp. PI. 446.

Polygonum tomentosum, Schrank Eav. 1,669.

Polygonum Persicaria /3, Smith FI. Brit. 424.

Polygonum turgidum, Theuil. Par. 2, 199.

Polygonum scabrum, Moench Meth. 629.

Water pepper.

Corn-fields ; annual ; July.

Stem 18 in. high; leaves spread; spikes reddish. — Plant
acrid, like pepper.

6. Persicaria lapathifolia . Dockleaved peachwort .

Stem patulous ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, bald ; stipules

not fringed ; peduncles rough, glandular ; spikes ovate, erect,
becoming drooping ; thecidium compressed, concave on
each side ; style 2-lobed.

Hydropiper, Ger. em. 445, 1 .

Persicaria mitis major, foliis pallidioribus, Raii Syn. 145, 6.
Polygonum lapathifolium, Lin. S. P. 517.

Polygonum pallidum. With. Bot. Arr. 381.

Polygonum Persicaria Huds. FI. Angl. 170.

Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, Curt. Fl.Lond.

Dunghills and cornfields ; annual ; July and August.
Stem upright, 3 feet high ; leaves pale green, mealy;
upper leaves glandular ; spike thick, ovate.

0. rubra . Stem and flower red.

7. Persicaria maculata . Spotted peachwort.

Stem patulous, spotted with red ; leaves ov^ite, lanceolate;

beneath bald, whitish ; stipules not fringed ; peduncles rough,
glandular ; spikes oblong, slender ; style 2-lobed.

Persicaria lati folia gen icu lata, caul i bus maculatis, Dillen in Raii Syn.
145, 8.

Polygonum Persicaria, >j, 8, Huds. FI. Angl.

Polygonum pallidum 3, With Bot. Arr.

Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, var. Curtis Fl.Lond.

Polygonum lapathifolium y. Smith FI. Brit. 425.

Ditches and watery places ; annual ; September.

Upper leaves smooth, dotted beneath ; lower leaves blueish
white, downy, not dotted ; spikes slender, whitish green,
becoming reddish.

8. Persicaria salicifolia. Willow-leaved peachwort .

Stem decumbent ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, hoary be-
neath; stipules not fringed; peduncles rough, glandular;
spike ovate ; stamens 6 ; styles 2.

PL ex. mon, 15. POLYGONE.ZE. 31. Persicaria. 271

Persicaria maculosa procumbens foliis subtus incanis, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 146, 10.

Polygonum pallidum var. With. Bot. Arr. 473.

Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, var. Curtis FI. Land.

Polygonum lapathifolium 8, Smith FI. Brit. 425.

Ditches and watery places ; annual ; September.

III. 35. POLYGONUM. Dioscorides. Knotgrass .

Perigonium 5-parted, persisting ; stamens 8 ; 5 opposite,

3 interposed, connected by a gland ; styles and stigmata 3,
very short ; thecidium rounded ; corculum lateral ; cotyledons
incumbent.— -Root fibrous, slightly woody ; stem procum-
bent, branchy; leaves alternate; flowers axillary; ocreaa
cylindrical, 3 or 4-flowered.

Polygonum aviculare . Bird knotgrass .

Leaves elliptical, lanceolate, edge rough ; stem procum-
bent, herbaceous ; ocrece acute, few-ribbed.

Polygonum mas vulgare, Raii Syn. 146, 1 ; Ger. em.565.

Polygonum mas vulgare majus, Park. 443, 1.

Polygonum aviculare, Lin. S. P. 519.

Polygonum latifolia, Retz Obseirv.

Sieine’s grass. Bird’s tongue , North.

Roadsides and paths in gravelly soils ; annual or biennial ;
April to October.

Stem divaricated, knotted at every joint ; leaves ovate or
lanceolate ; flowers pink. — Herb given to sick swine that
refuse their meat ; seeds may be ground into a good flour
for cakes, and are the principal food of small birds when
wild.

jS. Irevifolium . Leaves oblong, a quarter of an inch long.

Polygonum brevi angustoque folio, Raii Syn. 146, 2.

y. angustifolium. Leaves strapshape.

Polygonum oblongo angustoque folio, Raii Syn. 146,3.

rotundifoliim. Leaves roundish, crowded.

Polygonum folio rotundo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 147,4.

s. marinum . Stem rather woody.

Polygonum marinum, Raii Syn. 147,5. excluding his synonyms, which
belong to Polygonum maritimum, Linn, a very different plant.

IV. 36. FAGOPYRUM. Theophrastus. Buckwheat .

Perigonium 5-parted, unequal, 2 inner small, 3 outer

keeled, persisting; stamens 5 interposed and 3 opposite,
with 5 nectariferous glands ; styles 3 ; stigmata 3 ; thecidium

£72 36. Fagopyrum. 15. POLYGONEiE. PLex.mon ,

3-angular; corculum central; cotyledon foliaceous, transversely
pleated. — Root fibrous ; stem much branched, upright or
twining ; leaves heartshape-sagittate, or with the base cut
in ; flowers corymbose or panicled, axillary or terminal.

1. Fagopyrum esculentum, Esculent buckwheat*

Stem upright, flexuous, spineless; leaves heartsliape, sa-
gittate ; angles of the thecidium equal, not sinuated.

Fegopyrum, Rail Syn. 144, 1.

Tragopyron, Ger. em. 89.

Tragopyrum, Park. 1141.

Polygonum Fagopyrum, Lin. S. P. 522.

Polygonum cereale, Salisb. Prod. 259.

French wheat. Branks. Bullimong.

Cultivated for its seeds, also as a green crop to plough
in for manure, and to attract game to the place ; sometimes
wild by roadsides, but does not bear our winters well: an-
nual ; July to August.

Stem a foot high, smooth ; leaves fleshy, the upper sessile;
flowers purplish-white. — Seeds nutritive, make good crum-
pets ; used also to feed poultry.

2. Fagopyrum carinatum. Keeled buckwheat.

Stem twining, smooth, angular; leaves cordate, sagittate;

ocrece truncated, not notched ; outer lobes of the perigonium
obtusely keeled.

Fegopyrum scandens sylvestre, Raii Syn. 144,2.

Volubilis nigra, Ger. em. 863, 5.

Convolvulus minor atriplicis folio. Park. 171.

Polygonum Convolvulus, Lin. S. P. 522.

Polygonum infestum, Salisb. Prod. 259.

Helxine caule volubili, Lin. FI. Lapp . 154.

Fagopyrum carinatum, Moench. Meth. 290.

Black bindweed.

Fields ; annual ; June to September.

Leaves pedicelled ; racemes terminal, leafy; flowers in
bundles, drooping.

3. Fagopyrum membranaceum . Winged buckwheat.

Stem twining, streaked ; leaves triangular, sagittate-

waved ; outer lobes of the perigonium winged, wings mem-
branaceous.

Polygonum dumetorum, Lin. S. P. 558.

Polygonum Convolvulus, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2, 399.

Fagopyrum membranaceum, Moench. Meth. 290.

Fields and hedges; annual; June and September.

PL ex.mon. 15. POLYGONS. 37. Lapathum.

273

V. 37. LAPATHUM. Theophrastus. Dock.

Perigonium 6-parted, unequal ; outer small, reflexed ;
inner larger, persistent, enclosing the thecidium, tuber*-
cular at the base : stamens 6 ; styles 3; stigmata 3, many-cut;
thecidium 3-angular; corculum lateral, peripherical ; radicle
above. — Root fusiform, perennial; herb slightly acid ; stem
branched; joints swollen above; leaves lanceolate; flowers
in half whirls, panicled ; terminal or axillary ; hermaphro-
dite or unisexual.

a. Inner lobes of the perigonium not cut *

1. Lapathum aquaticum. Water dock.

Leaves acute, rather glaucous ; lower heartshape, lanceo-
late; upper lanceolate ; sepales ovate, obsoletely tubercu-
lated ; tubercles becoming large, oblong, lanceolate.

Lapathum maximum aquaticum sive hydrolapathum, Raii Syn. 140, 1.

Hydrolapathum maximum, Ger. em. 389, 1.

Hydrolapathum majus. Park. 1225.

Itumex aquaticus, Lin. S. P. 479.

Rumex Britannicus, Huds. Fl.Angl.ed. 1, 135.

Rumex Hydrolapathum, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 2, 151»

Rumex paludosus, Huds. 154.

Rumex antiscorbuticus, Salisb. Prod. 25S*

Great water-dock.

Hitches and river-sides ; perennial ; Augiist.

Root thick ; stem 5 feet high, upright ; whirls near to-*
gether; sepales ovate, veined, rarely slightly toothed. —
Root antiscorbutic, and useful in chronic diseases from ob-
structions in the viscera ; also a good tooth-powder.

2. Lapathum crispum. Curl-leaf dock .

Leaves lanceolate, waved, acute ; sepales ovate, all tuber*-

culate: tubercles large, ovate, gibbous.

Lapathum folio acuto crispo, Raii Syn. 141,3.

Rumex crispus, Lin. S. P. 476.

Road-sides and pastures ; perennial ; June and July.

Root yellowish ; stem angular ; racemes closely leafed at
the bottom.

3. Lapathum conglomerate. Palled dock.

Lower leaves heartshape, lanceolate ; upper lanceolate ;

branches spreading; whirls distant; sepales linear, obtuse,
all tubercled.

\

Rumex paludosus, Aiton Hort. Kew. 482,

Rumex conglomerate, Roth Germ. 1,422,

Rumex Nemolapathum.

VOL. II.

T

PI. ex. mon.

274 37. Lapathum. 15. POLYGONS

Damp woods and bogs; perennial; July.

Stem erect ; branches diffused ; leaves ovate, lanceolate ;
whirls remote, glomerate.

4. Lapathum sanguineum . Bloody dock.

Lower leaves heartsliape, lanceolate; upper lanceolate,

waved ; ribs coloured ; sepales oblong, often tubercled.

Lapathum folio acuto rubente, Raii Syn. 142, 11.

Lapathum sativum sanguineum, Ger. em. 390, 5.

Itumex sanguineus, Lin. S. P. 476.

Lapathum sanguineum, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 2.

Rloodicort .

Woods and waysides; perennial; July.

Leaves petioled, veined; racemes leafless; thecidium small;
— Leaves laxative ; seeds astringent.

5. Lapathum viride. Green dock.

Lower leaves heartshape, lanceolate ; upper lanceolate,

veined ; ribs green; sepales oblong, tubercled.

Lapathum viride, Dillcti in Rail Syn. 141,6.

Rumex acutus, Curtis FI. Land.

Rumex acutus /? , Iluds. FI, Ang. 155.

Rumex viridis, Sibthorp FI. Oxon. 118.

Sandy places ; perennial ; July.

b. Inner valve of the perigonium toothed.

6. Lapathum acutum. Sharp-pointed dock.

Leaves heartsliape, oblong, pointed ; stem smooth ; ra-
cemes leafy, divaricated, long; valves oblong, rather toothed,
tubercled.

Lapathum acutum, Raii Syn. 142,7 ; Ger. cm. 388, 1.

Lapathum acutum majus, Park. 1224, 1.

Rumex acutus, Lin. S. P. 478.

Fields and watery places ; perennial ; July.

Root dyes different shades from straw to olive green.

0. minimum. Plant small.

Lapathum acutum minimum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 141, 5; Ger. em. 388, 2;
Park. 1224.

7. Lapathum obtusifolium. Blunt-leaved dock.

Radical leaves heartshape, oblong, obtuse ; upper leaves

ovate, lanceolate, acute; stem roughish; racemes leafless,
linear, oblong ; valves tubercled, toothed ; teeth awlshape.

PI. ex. 771071.

15. POLYGONS. 37. Lapathum. 275

Lapathum vulgare, folio obtuso, Raii Syn . 141,2.

Lapathum sylvestre folio minus acuto, Ger. em. 388,3.

Lapathum sylvestre vulgatius, Park. 1225.

Rumex obtusifolius, Lin. S. P. 478.

Lapathum obtusifolium, Moench Meth. 256.

Lapathum sylvestre «, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 4.

Road-sides and ruins ; perennial ; July and August.

Root yellowish ; radical leaves very large, exceeding
grateful to deer.

8. Lapalfium pulchrum. Handsome dock .

Radical leaves panduraeform ; upper leaves oblong ; stem

divaricating, smooth ; racemes leafy ; valves deltoid, veined,
toothed, tubercled.

Lapathum pulchrum Bononiense sinuatum, Raii Syn. 142,8.

Rumex pulcher, Lin. S. P. 477.

Lapathum sinuatum, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 5.

Fiddle dock.

Barren sandy places and roadsides ; perennial ; August.
Stem procumbent; branches long, inclined; leaves smooth.

9. Lapathum aureum. Golden dock.

Leaves linear ; racemes spikelike, whirls crowded ; valves

deltoid, tubercled, 4-toothed ; teeth bristlelike, longer than
the valves.

Lapathum folio acuto flore aureo, Raii Syn. 142, 9.

Rumex maritimus, Lin. S. P. 478,

Rumex aureus, With. Bot. Arr. 356.

Lapathum minus, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,4.

Rumex Anthoxanthum, Salisb. Prod. 52.

Bogs and watery places ; perennial; July and August.
Stem furrowed, rough ; leaves flat, slender ; flowers golden
yellow.

10. Lapathum palustre. Marsh dock.

Leaves linear, lanceolate; racemes interrupted; whirls

distant ; valves lanceolate, tuberculate, toothed at the bot-
tom ; teeth bristlelike, shorter than the valves.

Lapathum aureum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 142, 10.

Hydrolapathum minus, Ger. em. 389, 2 ; Park. 1225.

Rumex maritimus 13, Huds. FI. Angl. 155.

Rumex maritimus, Curtis FI. Lond.

Rumex palustris, Smith FI. Brit. 394.

Golden dock.

Bogs and damp places; perennial; July and August.
Stem rough ; radical leaves large, acute; whirls leafy.

t 2

276 38. Acetosa. 15. POLYGONS.

PL ex. man.

VI. 38. ACETOSA. Brunsfel. Sorrel.

Perigonium 6-parted ; 3 inner lobes persisting, girding
the fruit, not tubercled at bottom ; 3 outer smaller, re-
flected ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; stigmata 3 ; thecidium 3-angu-
dar; corculum lateral, peripherical. — Root fibrous or creep-
ing ; kerb acid ; flowers in half whirls, racemose or pa-
nicled, hermaphrodite or unisexual.

2. Acetosa pratensis. Meadow sorrel .

Leaves oblong, sagittate, with barbs turned backwards ;
root fibrous ; flowers unisexual ; valves not cut.

Acetosa pratensis, C. Bauh. Pin. 114; Miller Did.

Lapathum acetosum vulgare, Raii Syn. 143, 12.

Oxalis, sive Acetosa, Ger.em. 396, 1.

Acetosa vulgaris. Park. 742.

Rumex Acetosa, Lin. S. P. 481.

Lapathum acetosum, Scopoli Cam. 2, 438.

Common sorrel. Garden sorrel. Sorrel dock.

Fields and pastures; perennial; June.

Stem leafy, 3 feet high; radical leaves petiolate, blunt;
upper sessile, pointed ; thecidium shorter than the valves.
— Root dried gives a beautiful red colour to water, as if
changed to wine; leaves acid, used in salads and sauces;
expressed juice cleared by settling, and evaporated, yields
an essentia] salt, sold for salt of lemons, and used to take
iron-moulds out of linen.

ft Alpina. Herb much larger ; thecidium longer than the
valves.

Lapathum q,. Acetosa montana maxima C. Bauhini, Dillen in Raii Syn.
143, 12.

2. Acetosa repens. Creeping sorrel.

Leaves lanceolate, hastate, barbs acute, recurved; rhiz'oma
creeping; flowers unisexual, valves not cut.

Lapathum acetosum repens lanceolatum, Raii Syn. 143, 13.

Oxalis tenuifolia, Ger. em. 379.

Acetosa minor lanceolata, Park. 744.

Rumex Acetosella, Lin. S. F. 481.

Acetosa tenuifolia, Moench Meth. 357.

Rumex infestum, Salisb. Prod. 258.

Sheep's sorrel. Sheep’s dock.

Barren sandy places ; perennial ; June and July.

Stem 12 inches high ; radical leaves hastate; stem leaves
lanceolate or hastate.

PL ex. 771071.

15. POLYGONS. 38. Acetosa. 277

8. Acetosa scutata. Shielded sorrel.

Leaves hear tsh ape, hastate; barbs reflex, diverging; stems
roundish ; flowers hermaphrodite, valves not cut.*

Oxalis Franca seu Romana, Ger. an. 397, 4.

Rumex scutatus, Lin. S. P.481.

Roman sorrel. French sorrel. Round-leaved sorrel.

Stony, mountainous places; perennial; June and July :
also cultivated.

Stem and leaves glaucous.

VII. 39. OXYRIA. Hill. Welsh-sorrel.

Perigonium 4-parted ; 2 inner lobes larger, erect, adnate
to the seed, not granuliferous at bottom ; 2 outer smaller,
reflexed ; stamens 6 ; styles 2, distant ; stigmata 2, pencil-
shape ; thecidium rhomboidal, 2 outer angles winged ; cor -
culum central, straight; cotyledones linear, incumbent; ra-
dicle above. — Root perennial; leaves mostly radical, pe-
tiolate; flowers in bundles, panicled, hermaphrodite.

Oxyria rotundifolia. Round-leaved Welsh-sorreL

Leaves orbiculate, retuse or nicked ; valves oval, noi
toothed.

Acetosa rotundifolia hortensis, Raii Cat. Cant. 1, 6.

Lapathum q. Acetosa rotundifolia repens Eboracensis folio in medio
deliquium patienie Morison, Raii Syn. 143, 14.

Acetosa Cambro-Britannica montana, Park. 745,

Rumex digynus, Lin. S. P. 480.

Acetosa digyna, Miller Diet.

Lapathum digynum, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 6.

Alpine places ; perennial ; June.

Stem a foot high, upright, rather naked ; leaves pale
green, ribbed.

Fam. XVI. 16. CHENOPODEiE. De Candolle.

Atriplices , Jussieu.

Perigonium free, 1 -leafed, deeply divided, persisting,
rarely tubular at bottom ; aestivation imbricate ; stamens
inserted at the base of the perigonium, opposite the lobes,
and as many or fewer than the lobes; ovary 1, free, one-
seeded ; ovule affixed at the base, upright or inverted ; stifle
divided, 2 or 4-cut ; stigmata undivided ; utriculus mem-
branaceous, rarely fleshy ; embryo curved, or spiral, round
the farinaceous perisperm ; radicle at the hilum, above or
6

278

16. CHENOPODEiE.

PL ex. mon.

below ; plumula scarcely visible. — Herbs or undershrubs ;
leaves alternate, rarely opposite ; stipules or sheaths none ;
flowers small, greenish, rarely unisexual.

Stamens 1 or 2.

Perigonium not cut ; utriculus membra-
naceous Salicornia. 46.

Perigonium 3-parted; utriculus fleshy .... Blitum. 40.

Stamens 5; perigonium not enlarging after flowering.

Utriculus half-adherpnt Beta. 41.

Utriculus free Chenopodium. 44.

Stamens 5 ; perigonium enlarging after flowering.

Spermodermis double ;

perigonium 3 or 4-cut Spinachia. 42.

Spermodermis double ;
perigonium in female flowers 2-leaved,

compressed Atriplex. 43.

Spermodermis simple ;

seed horizontal; corcidum snail-like Salsola. 45.

I. 40. BLITUM. Theophrastus. Elite.

Perigonium 3-cut, coloured ; stamen 1 ; ovary above ;
styles 2 ; utriculus fleshy ; seed lenticular ; spermodermis
double, the outer crustaceous ; corculum annular. — Flowers
glomerate; fruit like a strawberry, axillary or terminal.

Blitum virgatum.

Heads spread, lateral.

Blituiruvirgatum, Lin, S. P. 7.

Dunghills, but scarcely a native ; annual ; July.

II. 41. BETA. Pliny. Beet.

Perigonium 3-parted, slightly adherent at bottom to the
ovary ; stamens 5 ; styles 2 ; utriculus depressed, immersed
in the perigonium ; seed horizontal ; spermodermis double,
the outer coriaceous ; corculum annular. — Boot fusiform,
fleshy ; stem furrowed ; glomerules 2 to 4-flowered, sessile,
axillliry; hractece 2 or 3 to each flower.

PI. ex. mon .

16. CHENOPGDEiE. 40. Blitum. 279

1 . Beta maritima. Sea beet.
Stem prostrate at bottom ; lower leaves triangular, petio-

late ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; lobes of the perigonium
quite entire.

Beta sylvestris maritima, Raii Syn. 157 ; Park. 750.

Beta maritima, Lin. S. P. 322.

Sea-shores ; perennial ; August.

Root black, internally white; stems many, much branched
at the top ; flowers racemose.

2. Beta vulgaris . Common beet.

Stem erect; leaves ovate; flowers 3 or 4 together.

Beta alba, Ger. em. 318, 1.

Beta, Park. 487.

Beta vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 322.

Beta esculenta, Salisb. Prod. 152.

Beta cicla, Murray Syst. Nat. 262.

Beta horlensis, Mill. Diet. 2,var.

Cultivated ; biennial ; July and August.

Leaves green. — Roots saccharine, very nutritive, used as
food for man and beast, and also to manufacture sugar, of
the same kind as cane sugar.

/3. rubricaulis. Leaves green with red veins ; stem and
branches red.

Beta rubra, Ger. em. 3 18,2.

Beta vulgaris 3, var. Miller Diet.

y. rubra. Leaves red.

Beta rubra Romana, Ger. em.319,3.

Beta vulgaris «, Lin. S. P. 322.

Beta vulgaris 3, Miller Diet.

£ albo-rubens. Root tuberous, red, internally white.

Beta hybrida, Salisb. W. 15.

Root of scarcity. Mangel wurzel.

e. raposa. Root tuberous, red throughout.

Beta vulgaris y, Lin. S. P. 322.

Beta raposa, Park. 489.

Turnep-rooted beet.

£. lutea. Root yellow.

Beta vulgaris o, Lin. S. P. 322.

III. 42. SPINACHIA. Spinage.

Flowers unisexual. — Male. Perigonium 5-parted ; sta-
mens 5. — Female. Perigonium 2 or 4-parted ; styles 4 ;
utriculus upright, in the hardened and enclosing perigo-
nium; spermodermis simple, membranaceous; corculum an-
nular.— Flowers glomerate, axillary.

280 42. Spinachia. 16. CHENOPQDEiE. PL ex.- mon.

1. Spinachia spinosa. Prickly spinage.

Leaves sagittate ; fruit horned, sessile.

Spinachia, Ger. em. 330 ; Park. 496.

Spinachia oleracea, Lin. S. P. 1456.

Spinachia spinosa, Be Cand. FI. Gall.

Spinachia sessili-fiora spinosa, Stokes Bot. Mai. Med . 4,537,

Winter spinage.

Cultivated; biennial; April to June.

Leaves used as a potherb, laxative.

2. Spinachia inermis . Smooth spinage.

Leaves oblong, ovate; fruit spineless, sessile.

Spinachia oleraGea jS, Lin. S. P. 1456.

Spinachia glabra. Miller Diet.

Spinachia sessiliflora inermis, Stokes B. M. M. 4,537.

Spinachia inermis, De Cand. FI. Gall. 2243.

Round-leaved spinage .

Cultivated ; annual ; April to June,

Leaves used as a potherb? laxative,

IV. 43. ATRIPLEX. Pliny. Orache.

Flowers polygamous. — Hermaphrodite. Perigonium
5-parted ; stamens 5 ; styles 2, rarely perfect ; utriculus de-
pressed.— Female. Perigonium 2-cut; style 2-cut; utri-
culus compressed by the enlarging persistent perigonium ;
seed upright ; spermodermis dppble, the outer crustaceous ;
corculum annular; radicle above.— Leaves alternate; rarely
opposite; stem rarely shrubby ; flowers glomerate, panicled.

Leaves opposite; stem shrubby. Halimus.

1. Atriplex portulacoides. Purslane orache.

Stem shrubby, diffused ; leaves opposite, obovate, lanceo-
late, not cut, powdery, glaucous.

Atriplex maritima fruticosa, Halimus et Portulaca marina dicta, an-
gustifolia, Raii Syn. 153, 11.

Halimus vulgaris, sive portulaca marina, Ger. em. 523,

Portulaca marina nostras, Park. 724.

Atriplex portulacoides, Lin. S. P. 1493.

Common sea-purslane.

Sea-shore; shrubby; July and August.

Root woody; stem 18 in. high, 4-sided ; flowers yellowish,
monoiepus, female deltoid.

Leaves alternate ; stem herbaceous . Atriplex.

2. Atriplex laciniata. Jagged orache.

Stem herbaceous, diffused, spreading, pubescent at top ;

leaves deltoid, sinuate, toothed, silvery underneath.

Pl. ex. man.

16. CHENOPODEiE, 43. Atriplex. 281

Atriplex maritima, Raii -Syn. 152,8.

Atriplex marina, Ger. tin. 325, 4.

Atriplex marina repens, Park. 758.

Atriplex laciniata, Lin. S. P. 1494.

Jagged sea-orache.

Sea-shores ; annual ; July.

Root fibrous; stem spreading ; leaves unequally toothed,
sinuated ; hermaphrodite flowers spiked, conglomerate,
small, axillary, pedicelled, crowded i fruit 3-ribbed, toothed.

|3. truncata . Leaves angular, much sinuated.

Atriplex maritima nostras, procerior, foliis angulosis, incanis ad-
mod um sinuatis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 152, 6.

3. Atriplex patula. Spreading orache.

Stem herbaceous, spreading; leaves deltoid, lanceolate,

rather hastate; fruit thorny on the disc.

Atriplex sylvestris, folio hastato sive deltoide, Raii Syn. 151, 1.
Atriplex sylvestris vulgaris, Ger. em. 326, 5.

Atriplex patula, Lin. S. P. 1494.

Atriplex hastata, Huds. FI. ring. 443.

Delt sea-orache. Common wild orach.

Ruins and common fields ; annual ; July and August.
Root fibrous ; stem much branched, upright ; leaves al-
ternate ; lower leaves deltoid ; upper slender, lanceolate ;
racemes leafy ; fruit deltoid, rhomboid ; seed dotted. — Herb
used as a pot-herb.

|3. Stem procumbent, reddish ; leaves less hoary.

Atriplex maritima perennis folio deltoide seu triangulari minus incano,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 152, 5.

y. aurita . Stem procumbent, reddish ; leaves fleshy,

eared at bottom, scarcely toothed, reddish.

Atriplex maritima ad foliorum basin auriculata procumbens, et lie vix
sinuata, Dillen in Raii Syn. 152, 7.

Sandy sea-shores.

4. Atriplex angustifolia. Narrow-leaf orache .

Stem herbaceous ; leaves lanceolate, diverging, not cut ;

lower leaves somewhat hastate ; fruit hastate, smoothish.

Atriplex sylvestris angustifolia, Raii Syn. 151, 2; Ger. em. 326, 7j
Park. 748.

Atriplex patula, Huds. FI. AnglA\3.

Atriplex angustifolia, Smith FI. Brit. 1092.

Spear orache.

Fields and ruins; annual; June to August.

Petioles short; leaves lanceolate, horizontal ; lowermost
broad, sometimes hastate ; apex of the fruit long, acute ;
edge not cut. — Seeds useful in dysentery, emetic.

282 43. Atriplex. 16*. CHENOPODEiE. 'PL ex. man .

5. Atriplex erecta. . Upright orache.

Stem herbaceous, upright ; leaves ovate, lanceolate ; lower

leaves sinuate ; fruit deltoid, acute, muricated all over.

Atriplex angustifolia lacinata, Dillen in Raii Syn. 152, 4.

Atriplex erecta, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1,376.

Atriplex patula, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 2, 444.

Ruins; annual; August.

Stem much branched ; leaves rather powdery, pointed ;
upper leaves entire ; lower indented ; racemes terminal,
nearly leafless ; fruit small.

6. Atriplex littoralis . Shore orache .

Stem herbaceous, upright ; leaves linear ; fruit ovate,

pointed, muricated, indented.

Atriplex angustissimo et longissimo folio, Dillen in Raii Syn. 153, 12 *.
Atriplex maritima angustifolia, obtusiori folio, Dillen in Raii Syn.
153, 12 * *.

Atriplex maritima scoparia2 folio, Dillen in Raii Syn. 153, 12.

Atriplex littoralis, Lin. S. P. 1494.

Grass sea- or ache.

Muddy sea-shores ; annual ; August and September. „
Stem much branched ; leaves not cut, powdery under-
neath ; spike ovate, cylindrical, nearly leafless.

0. serrata. Leaves serrated.

Atriplex angustifolia maritima dentata, Raii Syn. 152,3.

Atriplex serrata, Huds. FI. Angl. 444.

Atriplex marina, Pers. Syn. 1,293.

Jagged long orache.

7. Atriplex pedunculata . Footstalked orache .

Stem herbaceous, flexuous, diverging; leaves obovate,

very entire; female flowers peduncled, wedgeshape.

Atriplex marina semine lato, Raii Syn. 153, 10.

Atriplex pedunculata, Lin. S. P. 1495.

Heart sea-purslane .

Muddy sea-shores ; annual ; August and September.
Herb powdery, woolly; stem 9 in. high, angular; leaves
spreading, not cut; flowers terminal, crowded; female
flowers deflexed, 3-lobed.

|S. humilis. Stem shorter; plant more diffused.

Atriplex maritima nostras, ocymi minoris folio, Raii Syn . 153,9.

V. 44. CHENOPGDIUM. Pliny. Goosefoot.

Perigonium 5-parted, persisting, not enlarging after
flowering ; stamens 5 ; styles 2-cut ; stigmata 2 or 4 ; utri-
cula membranaceous, depressed, girt by the perigonium ;

PL ex. moil' 16. CHENQPODEiE. 44. Chenopod. 283

* V

seed orbicular, horizontal; spermodermis double, the outer
crustaceous; corculum annular; radicle horizontal, centri- ”
fugal. — Herb succulent, mostly powdery ; flowers glomerate,
panicled.

a. Leaves ovate or rhomboidal ; often toothed or loled;
flowers not bracteated .

1. Chenopodium spinac folium. Spinage-leaved goosefoot.

Leaves triangular, sagittate, not cut; spike compound,

terminal, erect, leafless.

Blitum sylvestre, q. Blitum perenne Bonus Henricus dictum, ilaii Sun ,
156, 45.

Bonus Henricus, Ger. era. 329, 1 .

Lapathum unctuosum, sive Bonus Henricus, Park. 1225.

Chenopodium Bonus Henricus, Lin . S. P.318.

All good. Good King Harry y Cambridgeshire. English Mercury.

Ruins and waysides, also cultivated ; perennial ; May to
August.

Root much branched; stem unctuous, powdery; leaves
petioled, powdery underneath ; flowers crowded, powdery,
many only female: perigOnium dilated, erose; styles pu-
bescent.— Herb laxative, eaten as a potherb ; young shoots
peeled and boiled eat like asparagus.

2. Chenopodium urbicum. Town goosefoot.

Leaves triangular, rather toothed ; racemes crowded, very

long, stiff, approaching the stem, nearly leafless.

Blitum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium ereetum foliis triangularibus dentatis,
spicis e foliorum alis plurimis longis, erectis, tenuibus, Dillen in Raii Syn.
155,11.

Chenopodium urbicum, Lin. S. P. 318.

Broad-pointed hlite.

Dunghills ; annual ; August and September.

Stem angular ; racemes axillary ; seeds much larger than
those of chenopodium rubrum.

3. Chenopodrum rubrum. Red goosefoot.

Leaves rhomboidal, triangular, sinuate, toothed ; racemes

erect, compound, rather leafy, shorter than the stem.

Blitum sylvestre, q. Blitum Pes anserinus dictum, Raii Syn. 154,2.
Atriplex sylvestris latit'oiia, sive pes anserinus, Ger. era. 328, 1 ; Park.
749.

Chenopodium rubrum, Lin. S. P. 318.

Goosefoot. Soichane. Wild orach.

Dunghills and ruins ; annual ; August.

Leaves thick, shining, deeply toothed; racemes rather
spreading, reddish ; seed very minute.

284* 44. Chenopod. 16. CHENOPOD EiE. PI. ex. mon.

4. Chenopodium lotryoides. Punch- of- grapes goosefoot.

Leaves triangular, rather toothed, the upper rather blunt ;

racemes upright, compound, rounded, leafless.

Blitum sylvestre, q. blito pes anserinus dicto similis, Rati Syn. 154,, 4.
Chenopodium botryoides, Engl. Rot. 2247.

Sea-shores; annual ; August.

Leaves small, fleshy ; flowers reddish.

5. Ckenopodium murale . Wall goosefoot .

Leaves ovate, shining, acute, unequally toothed; racemes

very much branched, cymose, leafless ; stem upright,
spreading.

Blitum sylvestre, q. Blitum Pes anserinus dictum, acutiore folio. Rail
Syn. 154,3.

Atriplex sylvcstris latifolia altera, Ger. era. 32S ; Park. 749.
Chenopodium murale, Lin. S. P. 318.

Ruins ; annual ; August.

Herh dark green, shining, foetid ; leaves triangular, ovate,
teeth incurved, petioles long ; seed minutely punctured.

6. Chenopodium angulatum . Cornered goosefoot.

Leaves heartshape, angular, toothed, pointed; racemes

much branched, rather cymose, divaricating, leafless.

Blitum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium stramonii folio, Rail Syn. 154,5.
Chenopodium hybridum, Lin. S. P. 319.

Chenopodium angulatum, Lamarcke Enc. Boi. 1, 194.

Maple Elite. Maple-leaved goosefoot.

Damp rubbish y annual ; August.

Herh smooth, foetid, slender ; leaves large, light green ;
seed dotted.

7. Chenopodium album. White goosefoot.

Leaves rhomboidal, ovate, crowded, not cut at the bot-
tom, the upper oblong, not cut ; racemes branched, nearly
leafless; seed smooth.

Blitum sylvestre, q. Atriplex sylyestris dictum, Rail Syn. 154, 1.
Chenopodium album, Lin. S. P. 319.

Frost blite.

Dunghills,' rubbish ; annual; August.

Herb oily, powdery.

£. rotundifolium. Leaves roundish.

Blitum (sylvestre) folio subrotundo, Dillen in Rail Syn. 155, 10.

y. viride . Herb green ; leaves narrow, scarcely cut ; ra-
cemes loose.

Atriplex sylvestris altera, Ger. era. 326, 6.

Chenopodium viride, Lin. S. P. 319.

Chenopodium album /3, lluds. FI. Angl. 106.

PI. ex. mon. 16. CHENOPODEiE. 44. Chenopod. 285
$. integerrimum. Leaves not in the least cut.

Blifum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium foliis integris racemosurn Dale, Dillen.
in Raii Syn . 155, 12.

£. incrassatum . Leaves thick, blunt.

Blitum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium crasso et obtuso oleae folio, Dillen in
Raii Syn. 156, 13.

S. Chenopodium Jicifolia. Fig-leaved goosefoot.

Leaves hastate, sinuate, erose, not cut behind; the upper
oblong, not cut ; seeds dotted.

Blitum (sylvestre) ficus folio, Dillen in Raii Syn , 155,9.

Chenopodium serotinum, Hads. FI. Angl. 106,

Chenopodium viride, Curt. FI. Land.

Buddie's Jig -b life.

Dunghill and rubbish ; annual ; August.

Herb green ; axillce of the branches purplish.

£. erection. Plant upright ; leaves like those of chrys-
anthemum segetum.

Blitum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium erectum chrysanthemi segetum folio,

Dillen in Raii Syn. 155, 8.

9. Chenopodium glaucum. Seagreen goosefoot .

Leaves oblong, sinuate, repand, glaucous underneath;

racemes glomerate, leafless ; seeds dotted.

Blitum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium angustifolium laciniatum minus,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 155, 7.

Chenopodium glaucum, Lin. S. P. 320.

Oakleaved blite. Oakleaved goosefoot.

Sandy rubbish ; annual ; August.

Plant diffuse ; leaves green above ; racemes short, lobed.

10. Chenopodium olidum. Stinking goosefoot.

Leaves rhomboidal, ovate, not in the least cut ; racemes

conglomerate.

CD

Blitum (sylvestre) fcetidum, Vulvaria dictum, Raii Syn. 156, 14.
Atriplex olida, Ger. em. 327.

Atriplex olida, sive sylvestris fcetida, Park. 749.

Chenopodium Vulvaria, Lin. S. P. 320.

Chenopodium olidum, Curtis FI. Lond.

Chenopodium fcetidum, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 196.

Stinking orache.

Ruins, especially near the sea; annual; August.

Herb very foetid, diffuse, prostrate, powdery, greyish.

11. Chenopodium poly sper mum. Many-seeded goosefoot.

Leaves ovate, not cut ; stem prostrate ; racemes cymose?

diverging, leafless.

286 44. Chenopod. 1G. CHENOPODEiE. PL ex. moll.

Blitum sylvestre, q. chenopodium bets folio Tournefortii, Raii Syn „
15T, 18.

Atriplex sylvestris, sive Polyspermum, Ger. em. 325,3.

Blitum polyspermon, Park. 753.

Chenopodium polyspermum, Lin. S, P, 321.

Wild orach. All-seed.

Rubbish and dunghills; annual; July and August.

Herb prostrate, dark green; racemes long, many-flowered,
reddish ; seeds kidneyshape, reddish, minutely dotted.

1 2. Chenopodium acutifolium . Pointed-leaf goosefoot.
Leaves ovate, pointed, not cut; stem upright; racemes

somewhat cymose, long, leafless.

Chenopodium acutifolium, Engl. Hot. 1481.

Chenopodium polyspermum, Curtis FI. Lend.

Rubbish and waste grounds; annual; July and August.
Herb nearly erect, paler than the preceding; racemes
stiffer ; seeds orbicular, blackish.

13. dentatum . Leaves with a large tooth on one or both
sides.

b. Leaves linear , not cut ; bractece 2 or 3 to each flower .

Kali.

13. Chenopodium maritimum. Sea goosefoot .

Leaves bald, subulate, fleshy, half round ; flowers glome-
rate, axillary, sessile.

Blitum (sylvestre) kali minus album dictum, Raii Syn. 156, 14.

Kali minus, Ger. em. 535.

Kali minus album, Park. 279.

Chenopodium maritimum, Lin. S. P. 321.

White glasswort.

Sea-shore and salt-marshes ; annual ; August.

Stem upright, branched, many, alternate ; bractece 2 ;
style 1 ; stigmata 3, pink ; seeds shining, minutely striated.
— An excellent potherb.

14. Chenopodium fruticosum. Shrubby goosefoot.

Leaves bald, fleshy, round, blunt, imbricate; stem shrubby,

bald ; flowers .sessile, axillary, single.

Blitum (sylvestre) fruticosum minimum, Vermicularis frutex dictum
Rail Syn. 156, 16.

Vermicularis frutex minor, Ger. em. 523, 4.

Vermicularis fruticosa altera, Park. 731.

Salsola fruticosa, Lin. S. P. 324.

Chenopodium fruticosum, Lin.Ifort. Clif.

Shrubby glasswort .

Sea-shore; shrubby; August.

PI. ex. man* 16. CHENQPODEiE. 4-4. Chenopod. 287

Shrub upright, branches many ; leaves erect, perennial,
rather glaucous ; flowers greenish ; bractece. 3, scariose.

VI. 45. SALICORNXA. Dodonaeus. Glasswort .

Perigonium turbinate, not cut, ventricose, succulent;
stamen 1 or 2, inserted at the base of the perigonium ; style
2-cut ; utriculus membranaceous, enclosed in the enlarged
fleshy perigonium ; seeds vertically compressed ; spermo-
dermis double, the outer coriaceous; corculum annular,
cylindrical ; perisperm farinaceous, radicle below. — Stem
shrubby or herbaceous, leafless, round, jointed ; branches
opposite ; joints 2-toothed at the tip, the terminal flower-
bearing ; flowrets small, sessile, three on each side of the
joint.

1 . Salicornia herlacea . Herb glasswort .

Stem herbaceous, upright ; internodes reverse-conical ;

joints compressed, nicked ; spikes attenuated towards the
tip ; stamen 1.

Salicornia, Raii Syn . 136, 1.

Salicornia, seu Kali genienlatum, Ger. an. 535 ; Park. 280.

Salicornia herbacea, Lin. S. P. 5.

Salicornia europsea a, Huds. FI. Angl. 1.

Salicornia annua, Afzel. MS. 1 ; Engl. Hot. 415.

Salt-wort. Sea-grass. Crab-grass. Frog-grass.

Sea-shores ; annual ; August and September.

Branches many, jointed, succulent, fleshy.— Ashes alka-
line.

2. Salicornia procumbens . Procumbent glasswort .

Stem herbaceous, lying down ; internodes reverse-coni-
cal ; branches simple ; spikes attenuated towards the tip ;
stamens 2.

Salicornia myosuroides procumbens, surculis longissimis, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 137,2.

Salicornia europsea $, Hnds. FI. Angl. 1.

Salicornia herbacea y, Smith FI. Brit. 2.

Salicornia procumbens, Engl. Bot. 2475.

Sea-side ; annual or biennial ; August and September.

Much subdivided at bottom ; style nearly simple ; spikes
very long.

|3. purpurea . Spike small, purplish ; stem very much
spread.

Salicornia ramosior procumbens, foliis brevibus purpurascentibus, Dillen
in Raii Syn. 137,4.

Salicornia europaea »), Huds. FI. Angl. 1.

Salicornia herbacea 8, Smith FI. Brit. 2.

7

28$ 45. Salicornia. 16. CHENOPODEAS. PL ex. man *

3. Salicornia radicans. Rooting glass wort.

Stem woody, rooting at bottom ; joints compressed,
nicked ; internodes subcylindrical ; spikes oblong ; sta-
mens 2.

Salicornia erecta, foliis brevibus, cupressiforme, Dilleii in Raii Syn.
137, 5.

Salicornia europaea #, Huds. Fl.Angl. 1.

Salicornia biennis, Afzel. MS. 2.

Salicornia prostrata, Engl. Dot. 1691.

Muddy sea-shores ; biennial or perennial ; August.

Root creeping ; spikes swelled.

3. Salicornia fruticosa. Shruhhy glasswort.

Stem woody, ascending ; joints and internodes cylindri-
cal; spikes nearly subsessile, cylindrical, obtuse.

Salicornia, q. Kali geniculatum perenne fructicosus procumbens, Raii
Syn. 136,2.

Salicornia europaea y, Huds. FI. Angl. 1.

Salicornia fruticosa, Lin. S. P. 5.

Jointed glass-wort.

Sea bogs ; perennial ; August.

Stem rather shrubby, very much branched ; spikes many-
flowered ; flowers rather distant.

VII. 46. SALSOLA. Csesalpinus. Saltwort.

Perigonium 5-parted, persistent; lobes furnished after
flowering with a membranaceous keel, or periphyllum ; sta-
mens 5 ; styles 2, 3-cut ; stigmata 2 or 3 ; utriculus mem*
branaceous, enclosed in the connivent perigonium ; seed
rather gibbose ; spermodermis simple, membranaceous ;
perisperm 0 ; corculum spiral, horizontal ; cotyledons very
long, linear; radicle above. — Stem herbaceous or shrubby;
flowers axillary, solitary, sessile ; hractece 3.

Salsola decumlens . Trailing saltwort .

Stem herbaceous, decumbent; leaves subulate, spinous,
rough ; hractece 3, leaflike, spinous.

Kali spinosum cochleatum, Raii Syn. 159.

Tragus Matthioli, Ger.em. 1117,2; Park. 1034.

Salsola Kali, Lin. S. P. 322.

Prickly 'glasswort. Bastard sea-grape.

Sandy sea-shores ; annual; July.

Stem stiff, very much branched, pubescent ; leaves spread-
ing ; periphylla reddish.

PL ex, mon . 17. AMARANTHIDEiE. 47. Amar. 289

Fam. XVII. 17. AMARANTHIDEiE. Amaranth i,

Jussieu. Amar ant hacece, De Candolle.

Perigonium free, often coloured; aestivation imbricate ;
stamens 3 to 5, hypogynous, free or monadelphious ; ovary 1,
free; styles many; stigmata simple; capsules 1 or many-
seeded ; seeds upright ; perisperm farinaceous, central ; cor-
culum annular, peripherical ; cotyledons incumbent ; ra-
dicle below; plumule inconspicuous. — Herbaceous ; leaves
alternate or opposite, not cut ; stipules 0 ; flowers small,
often unisexual, capitate or spiked, often girt with coloured
scales.

I. 47. AMARANTHUS. Dioscorides. Strawberry-blite.

Monoicous ; perigonium 3-sepaled. — Male. Stamens 3,
distinct. — Fem. Styles 3; pyxidium 1-seeded, 3-beaked ;
seeds erect; umbilicus naked; spermodermis double, the
outer crustaceous. — Stem streaked ; flowers glomerate,
axillary or panicled, terminal.

Amaranthus minor. Small strawberry-blite.

Stem spread ; leaves ovate, retuse or nicked ; flowers
glomerate, lateral.

Blitum rubrum minus, Dillcn in Raii Syn. 157 ; Ger.em. 321, 4.

Amaranthus Blitum, Lin. S. P. 1405.

Small garden-blite. Small red blite.

Fields and dunghills ; annual ; August.

Stem much branched ; leaves alternate ; petioles long ;
flowers green ; seed compressed.

290 PLANTS EXOGENiE COROLLIFLOR.E.

Subseries III. B. Peantje exogen^e coROLLiELORiE.

Dicotyledones monopetalce hypogynee ,
Jussieu Gen. Plant.

Perigonium double ; petals soldered into a single one ;
inserted on the thalamus, and bearing the stamens.

FAMILIES.

A. Pericarp a cariopsis.

Cariopsides 4 or 2, naked ;

corolla irregular; stamens 2 or 4 LABIATAE. 32*

Cariopsides 4 or 2, naked ;

corolla irregular ; stamens 5 BO 11 A G I N E IE . 31.

Cariopsides 4, in an utri cuius,

bearing the style; stamens 4 ...... PYRENACEiE. 33.

B. Pericarp 1, capsular or drupaceous *

a. Seeds on a central spermophore .

Fruit X-celled; corolla regular .. PRIMULA CEiE. 21.
Fruit 1 -celled; corolla irregular

LENTIBUL ARES. 24.
Fruit 2 or 4-celled, becoming 1 -cel led ;
corolla regular; stamens 4 ..... . PL ANT AG IN E JE. 18.

Fruit 2-celled, septifidal;

corolla not lipped, plaited ; slam. 5 . . . . SOLANEiE. 26.
Fruit 2-celled, septifidal ;

corolla lipped; stamens 2 or 4. . SCROPHULARIAE. 25.

Fruit 2-celled, loculicidal ;
retina.de 0 ; stamens 2 or 4, filaments

separate RHINANTPXACEiE. 22.

Fruit 3-celled, loculicidal ;

corolla regular; stamens 5 ... . POLEMONXACE7E. 28.
b. Seeds affixed at the base .

Capsule 2 or 4-celled .... CONVQLVULACEiE. 30.

Perry 1-celled JASMINEiE. 32.

Capsule 1-celled, 1 -seeded ;

stamens 4 LITTORELLIDEiE. 19.

PLANTS EXOGENAE COROLLIFLORiE. 291

c. Seeds affixed at the tip,

Utriculus 1 -seeded, seed erect .... STATICINAE. 20.
Samara 2-seeded ; seed reversed . . FRAXINEAE. 35.

d. Seeds parietal.

Corolla not lipped GENTIANAE. 27.

Corolla lipped OROBANCHIDEAE. 23.

C. Pericarps many , capsular .

Follicles 2 , t VINCAE. 29.

Fam. I. 18. PLANTAGINEAE. Jussieu.

Calyx 4-sepaled, persisting; corolla 1-petaled, tubular,
scariose, persisting ; limb 4-parted ; stamens 4 ; fllaments
inserted in the tube, alternate with the cuts, exserted,
flaccid ; induplicate at the aestivation ; anthers 2-celled ;
cells opposite, contiguous, opening longitudinally ; ovary
sessile, without any girding disk, 2 or 4-celled ; ovules pel-
tate, solitary or indefinite ; style 1, capillary; stigma his-
pid, undivided ; pericarpium a pyxidium ; dissepiment lon-
gitudinal, becoming free, seedbearing; seeds sessile, peltate,
single or in pairs, or many ; shell mucilaginous ; perisperm
fleshy, same shape as the seed ; coiculum straight, central,
nearly as long as the perisperm ; radicle below ; plumula
inconspicuous. — Stem herbaceous, short or scarcely any;
hairs simple, jointed ; leaves mostly radical, crowded, stel-
late, not cut, or toothed, often flat, and ribbed, sometimes
semicylindrical ; scapes axillary ; flowers spiked, sessile ;
bractea 1 to each flower.

Ovary 2-celled ; dissepiments flat ;

cells many-seeded Plantago. 48.

Ovary 2-celled ; dissepiments flat ;

cells one-seeded Arnoglossum. 49.

Ovary 3 or 4-celled; dissepiments 4-sided;
cells one-seeded Asterogeum. 50.

Gen. I. 48. PLANTAGO. Pliny. Plaintain .

Corolla 4- cut; anthers oblong; ovary 2-celled ; dissepi-
ments flat ; cells many-seeded. — Stem scarcely any ; leaves
crowded, radical, flat, ribbed ; scape radical.

V 2

292 48. Plantago. 18. PLANTAGINEiE. PL ex. cor,

1 . Plaiitago major. Great plantain .

Spike 30 or 40-flowered ; bractece membranaceous ; leaves

ovate, 7 or 9-ribbed, toothed, or not cut.

Plantago latifolia vulgaris, Raii Syn. 314, 1 ; Park. 493.

Plantago latifolium, Ger. em. 419, 1.

Piantago major, Lin. S. P. 163.

Broad-leaved plantain. fVaybrede.

Pastures and waysides ; perennial ; all the year.

Stem 7 to 18 in. high, rather rough, approaching to
2-edged ; leaves with long petioles. — Leaves applied as a
dressing to fresh wounds.

jS. paniculata . Spike abortive, panicled ; Iractea leaflike.
y. dental a. Leaves with large teeth at the base.

2. Plantago bracteata. Bracteated plantain.

Bractea spreading, very long, leaflike ; leaves ovate, bald,

ending in a long petiole.

Plantago rosea spicata, Ger. em. 419, 4.

Plantago bracteata, 3Icench. Meth. 439.

Plantago major, var. Lin.S.P. 163.

Spiked rose-plantain.

Waysides; perennial; June.

Leaves 7 or 9-ribbed ; spike flat or pyramidical, and re-
mains the same when cultivated.

3. Plantago minima. Small plantain .

Spike 3 to 6-flowered; bradece membranaceous; leaves

ovate, 3-ribbed, toothed or not cut.

Plantago latifolia glabra minor, Raii Syn. 314,3.

Plantago major iS, Lin. S. P. 163.

Plantago minima, De Cand . FI. Gall. 22,97.

Dry barren pastures; perennial; June to August.

Stem 18 in. high; leaves rough.

II. 49. ARNOGLOSSUM. Dioscorides. Lambs-tongue.

Corolla 4-cut ; anthers oblong ; ovary 2-celled ; dissepi-
ments flat ; seeds 1 in each cell. — Stem scarcely any ; leaves
and scapes radical.

1. Arnoglossum incanum. Hoary lambs-tongue .

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pubescent; spike cylindrical;
scape round.

Plantago major incana, Raii Syn. 314, 3 j Park. 493.

Piantago incana, Ger. em. 419,2.

Plantago media, Lin. S. P . 163.

Hoary plantain.

PI, ex, cor. 18. PLANTAGINEiE. 48. Arnoglos. 293

Chalky soils; perennial ; June to August.

Stem loin, high; spikes shorter than the scape; leaves
5-ribbed, often toothed and ovate.

£. ramosum. Spike branched.

y. variegatum. Leaves variegated with yellow.

2. Arnoglossum lanceolatum. Spearshape lamls-iongue.
Leaves lanceolate ; spikes ovate, bald ; scape angular,

downy.

Plantago quinquenervia, Raii Syn. 314, 5 ; Ger. em. 422, 1.

Plantago angustifolia, sive quinquenervia major. Park. 496.

Plantago laneeolata, Lin. S. P. 164.

Ribwort plantain. Rib-grass.

Pastures; perennial; June.

Leaves mostly 5-ribbed, dark green; spike variegated;
scape 2 feet high.

0. trinei'vium. Leaves narrow, 3-ribbed.

Plantago angustifolia minor, Dillen in Raii Syn. 315, 6.

y. roseum. Lower Iractece leaflike, longer than the spike.

Plantago quinquenervia rosea, Ger. em. 422,2. —

& ramosum . Spike with 2 or 3 heads.

3. Arnoglossum maritimum . Sea lamls-tongue .

Leaves half-round, not in the least cut, fleshy, woolly,

at bottom; spike cylindrical, dense; scape round, downy,
upright or ascending, longer than the leaves.

Plantago marina, Raii Syn. 315,7.

Plantago marina vulgaris, Park. 498.

Plantago maritima, Lin. S. P. 165.

Plantago montana, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1,53,

Coronopus, Ger. em. 425, 1.

Sea buckshorn. Sea plantaine.

Sea-coasts ; perennial ; June and July.

Root woody, truncated; scape 6 in. high; spikes an inch
long ; leaves grooved above ; Iractece keeled ; tubes of the
corolla woolly.

4. Arnoglossum gramineum . Grasslike lambstongue .

Leaves jather linear, flat, sparingly toothed, bald at bot-
tom ; spike cylindrical ; scape round, scarcely as long as the
leaves.

Plantago graminea, Lamarck Illustr. 343.

Plantago maritima 3, With. Bot. Arr. 256.

Sea-coasts ; perennial ; July.

Leaves 5 inches long, 3-ribbed ; spike 2 in, long; Iractece
ribbed, not keeled.

2

294 49. Arnoglos. 18. PLANTAGINEiE. PL ex, cor.

5. Arnoglossum Alpinum . Alpine lambstongue .

Leaves linear, lanceolate, flat, bald, not cut, soft ; spike

cylindrical ; bractece shorter than the flower ; scape round,
double the length of the leaves.

Plantago, an Alpina angustifolia J. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 315, 9.

Plantago Alpina, Lin. S. P. 165.

Plantago maritium y, Huds. FI. Angl. 64.

Alpine pastures • perennial; June.

Leaves 2 inches high ; spike an inch long ; flowers loose.

6. Arnoglossum subulatum . Awlshape lambstongue .

Leaves linear, awlshape, hard; spike cylindrical; bractece

shorter than the flower; scape round, pubescent, rather
flexuose.

Plantago subulata, Lin. S. P . 166.

Plantago Coronopus 3, With. 257.

Meadows on the sea-coast ; perennial ; June to August.
Leaves hard, pointed, dark green, hairy ; spike cylin-
drical ; flowers slightly distant.

III. 50. ASTEROGEUM. Star-of- the- earth,

Perigonium 4-lobed; anthers ending in a small lanceolate
membrane ; ovary 3 or 4-celled ; dissepiments 3 or 4-seeded ;
cells 1 -seeded.— Stem scarcely any; spike and leaves radical.

Asterogeum laciniatum. Jagged star-of-the-earth ,

Leaves rather hairy, pinnatifid ; scape round, downy;
bractece hairy.

Plantago foliis laciniatis, Coronopus dicta, Raii Syn. 315,8.

Cornu cervinum, Ger. em. 427.

Plantago Coronopus, Lin. S. P. 166.

Harts-horn. Herb-ivy.

Sandy places ; annual ; May to August.

Leaves hairy, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid ; scape an inch
long.

/3. capitatum . Spike very short, few-flowered, almost ca-
pitate ; leaves nearly entire.

Plantago gratnineo folio hirsuto, minor, capitulo rotundo brevi, Dillen
in Raii Syn. 316, 10.

Fam. II. 19. LITTORELLIDEiE. Plantaginum genus.

Jussieu.

Flowers unisexual. — -Male. Calyx 4-parted, persisting;
corolla 1-petaled, tubular, scariose, persisting; limb 4-parted;
stamens 4, inserted on the receptacle ; filaments exser ted,

Pl.ex.cor . 19. LITTORELLIDEaE. 51. Littorel. 295

flaccid ; before aestivation induplicate ; anthers 2-celled,
opening longitudinally ; rudiment of the pistill minute.—
Fem. Calyx none ; bracleec 3 ; corolla urceolate, undivided,,
contracted at the mouth, slightly toothed; stamens 0; ovary
1-celled, 1 -seeded; ovule upright; style 1, capillary, very
long; stigma hispid, not cut; pyxidium 1 -seeded. — Herb
stemless; leaves linear, rushlike, dilated at bottom, rather
sheathing; male flower peduncled, solitary; peduncle with
a pellucid, reticulated, membranaceous bractea about the
middle ; female flowers 2 or 3, radical, sessile.

51. LITTORELLA. Linnaeus. Shore-iveed.

No other genus in this family.

Litlorella lacustris. Lake shore-weed .

Plantago palustris gramineo folio monanihos, Parisiensis, Raii Syn.

11.

Plantago nniflora, Lin. S. P. 167.

Littorella lacustris, Lin. Mant. 295.

Inundated sandy places; perennial; June.

Root fusiform ; leaves bald, convex beneath; flowers up-
right, white; style nearly as long as the scape.

/3. hirsuta. Leaves hairy.

Fam. III. 20. STATXCINiE. HofFmansegg and Link.

Plumbaginum pars. Jussieu.

Perigonium double, persisting; calyx 1 -leafed, tubular,
not cut, plaited, persisting ; corolla 5-petaled, equal ; sta-
mens 5, adnate to the claw of the petals; ovary 1, free,
1-seeded ; ovule upright; placentarium apicular ; placenta
threadlike, bent; styles 5 ; stigmata 5; utriculus membra-
naceous; spermodermis single, coriaceous; perisperm fa-
rinaceous ; corculum central, compressed, erect, nearly as
long as the seed; plumula inconspicuous ; radicle below. —
Herbaceous or under-shrubby ; leaves simple, not cut, al-
ternate or crowded, radical ; rather sheathing at bottom ;
flowers hermaphrodite, capitate or spiked.

Flowers capitate, involucrated ;
leaves radical Statice. 52.

Flowers sessile, spread ;

leaves spread Limoni um. 53,

Pl. ex. cor .

296 52. Statice. 20. STATICINJE.

I. 52. STATICE. Dalechamp.

Thrift.

Involucrum many-flowered, scariose, many-leaved, re-
flexed at bottom, sheathing the scape ; cahjx scariose,
plaited ; stamens 5. — Leaves small, radical ; scapes many,
naked ; flowers capitate, terminal.

Statice pulchellum. Handsome thrift.

Leaves linear, flat, obtuse, flaccid.

Statice montana minor, Rail Syn. 203.

Caryophyllus marinus minimus Lobelii, Ger. gw. 602, 1.

Gramen marinum minus, Park. 1279.

Statice Arineria, Lin. S. P. 394.

Sea gilliflower. Thrift. Sea-grass. Our ladies cushion.

Sea-shores and alpine places ; peren. ; July and August.

Root woody ; leaves in tufts, linear, bald ; scape downy ;
flowers rose-coloured.

Involucrum scariose, 3 or 4-leaved, 1 -flowered. — Leaves
cauline, spread ; flowers sessile, distant, in a longitudinal
series.

Stem panicled, round; leaves oblong, bald, obtuse, be-
neath mucronate, edge undulated.

Limonium, Raii Syn. 261, 1 ; Ger. em. 411, 1.

Limoni u m majus vulgatius, Park. 1234. -

Sea-shores; perennial ; July and August.

Root woody ; leaves not in the least cut; scape alternately
branched ; twigs corymbose ; flowers sky-blue.

0. minus. Plant much smaller ; leaves pointed, tapering
to the bottom.

Limonium minus, Raii Syn. 202, 2.

Limonium parvum, Ger. em. 411,2.

y. obtusum. Plant smaller ; leaves short, blunt, tapering
at bottom.

serotinum. Leaves long, taper, pointed ; flowers late.

Limonium Anglicum minus, caulibus ramosioribus, floribus in spicis
rarius sitis, Diilen in Raii Syn. 202,3.

2. Limonium reticulatum. Network sea-lavender .

Stem diffused, prostrate, panicled ; barren branches naked,
bent back ; leaves wedgeshape, unarmed ; scales of the in-
volucrum smooth.

Statice reticulatum, Lin. S. P. 394.

Sea -shore ; perennial ; July and August.

II. 53. LIMONIUM. Dioscorides.

Sea-lavender.

Limonium commune.

Common sea-lavender.

PL ex. cor, 20. STATICINJE. 5 3. Limoni um. 297

Leaves oblong wedgeshape, petioled, acute ; scape pro-
strate; twigs divaricating, lower ones barren; flowers ter-
minal, blue.

Fam. IV. 21. PRIMULACEAL. Ventcnat, Lysimachice ,
Jussieu. Anagallidce , Adanson. Rota -
cearum et Preciarum pars , Linnaeus.

Calyx 1-leaf, persisting, 5 or rarely 4-cut, regular; co-
rolla 1-sepaled, regular; limb 4 or 5-cut; stamens as many
as the lobes opposite to them; ovary free, 1 -celled ; style 1 ;
stigma capitate ; capsule valvate ; spermophore central, free;
seeds many, peltate ; perisperm fleshy ; corculum straight,
enclosed, parallel to the umbilicus; radicle below (De Can-
dolle) or vague. — Stem herbaceous; leaves simple, often
not cut, opposite, whirled, or spreading.

Calyx 4-sepaled; corolla rather pitcher-shape;
stamens 4, distinct, bald; pyxidium . . . Centunculus. 54.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla rotate ;
stamens 5, bearded ; pyxidium An agallis. 55.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla nearly bellshape ;
stamens 5, connate; pyxidium Irasekia. 56.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; cor . rotate ; lobes distant ;
stam. 5, distinct, smooth; capsule 10-valved

Naumburgia. 58.

Calyx 5-sepaled; corolla rotate, 5-toothed;
stamens 5, distinct, smooth; capsule 10-valved

Numularia. 59.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla salvershape ;
stamens 5, nearly sessile ; capsule 5-valved Hottonia. 60.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; cor. rotate, limb reflexed ;
stam. 5, short; capside fleshy, 5-valved ,. . . Cyclamen. 63.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla rotate ;
stam. 5, connate, glandular; caps. 5

to 10-valved Lysimachia. 57.

Calyx 7-sepaled ; corolla rotate ;

stamens 7 ; capsule . Trientalis. 61.

Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla salvershape ;
lobes 2-cut; stam. 5, enclosed; capsule .... Primula. 62.

I. 54. CENTUNCULUS. Pliny. Chaff-weed.

Calyx 4-lob ed; corolla rather pitchersliape, 4-cut; sta-
mens 4 ; filaments short, bald, distinct; pyxidium globose.
• — Leaves alternate ; flowers axillary ; bractece 0.

298 54. Centunculus. 21. PRIMULA CEAE. PL ex. cor1.

Centunculus minimus. Small chaff-weed

Leaves ovate ; flowers sessile.

Centunculus, Dillen in Raii Syn. sheet A. 16.

Centunculus minimus, Lin. S. P. 169.

Bastard pimpernel.

Bogs and inundations; annual ; June and July.

Stem rather branchy ; leaves sessile, spreading ; flowers
white or pink, shortlived, only open in the hottest part of
the day.

II. 55. AN AG ALLIS. Dioscorides. Pimpernel.

Calyx 5-lobed; corolla rotate, 5-lobed, spreading; sta-
mens 5; filaments bearded, distinct; stigmata obtuse, ere-
tiate; pyxidium globose. — Stem 4-angled ; leaves opposite,
dotted underneath ; flowers solitary, axillary.

1. Anagallis ever idea. Blue pimpernel.

Stem rather erect ; leaves opposite or ternate, ovate, ra-
ther pointed ; lobes of the corolla ' becoming reflex, edge
toothed.

Anagallis foemina, Raii Syn. 382,3 ; Ger. em. 617, 2.

Anagallis caeruleo flore, Park. 558.

Anagallis ccerulea, Schreb.

Fields and gardens ; annual ; June and July.

Stem slightly branched, rather winged ; flowers blue.

/3. alba. Flowers white.

Anagallis terrestris flore albo, Raii Syn. 282, 4.

2. Anagallis phcenice a. Scarlet pimpernel.

Stem diffused, slightly procumbent; leaves opposite and

ternate, ovate, obtuse ; peduncles longer than the leaves ;
lobes of the corolla not cut, dilated; margin glandular,
hairy.

Anagallis flore phceniceo, Raii Syn. 282, 1 ; Park. 558.

Anagallis mas, Ger. em. 617, 1.

Anagallis arvensis, Lin. S. P. 211.

Fields and gardens; annual; June and July.

Stem much branched, not winged ; flowers scarlet. —
Collected before the flowers expand, and given in powder
1 scr. 4 times a day, useful in epilepsy and madness ; flower
opens only when fine weather is coming on.

<9. verlicillata. Leaves in threes or fours.

Anagallis phcenicia foliis amplioribus ex adverso quaternis , Raii Syn.
282, 2.

PL ex. cor.

2-1. PRIMULACEiE. 56. Irasekia. 299

III. 56. IRASEKIA. Schmidt. Twopenny -grass.

Calyx 5-lobed ; corolla nearly bellshape, veined ; limb

5-lobed, upright, spreading ; stamens 5 ; filaments connate
at the base, bearded; stigma, acute; pyxidium globose.—
Stem angular; leaves opposite, petiolated ; flowers solitary.

Irasekia alpina. Alpine twopenny-grass.

Leaves opposite, ovate, pointed, petiolate; stem prostrate,
filiform.

Nummularia minor, flore purpurasvente, Rail Syn . 283, 2 ; Ger. em.
632, 2; Park. 555.

Lysimachia tenella, Lin. S. P. 211.

Anagallis tenella, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 14, 196.

Irasekia alpina, Hoffm. Germ. 2.

Purpleflowered moneywort.

Inundated heaths and bogs ; perennial ; July and August.
Stem creeping, thin ; leaves spreading, light green ; pe-
duncles 2 or 3 times as long as the leaves.

IV. 57. LYSIMACHIA. Dioscorides. Loosestrife .

Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ;

filaments covered with capitate glandular hairs, connate at
the base; capsule globose, opening at the tip by many
valves.— Stem 't-angular; flowers axillary, solitary, or race-
mose.

Flowers solitary , axillary.

1 . Lysimacdiia repens. Creeping loosestrife .

Stem creeping; leaves roundish, rather heartsh ape ; pe-
duncles solitary ; sepales ovate, pointed;

Nummularia, Ran Syn. 283, 1 ; Ger. an. 630, 1.

Nummularia vulgaris, Park. 555.

Lysimachia Nummularia, Lin. S. P. 211.

Moneywort. Herb twopence . Twopenny-grass.

Fields and damp pastures; perennial; June, July.

Stem compressed, mostly simple ; leaves pale green, often
perennial ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; corolla glan-
dular.

Flowers terminal , racemose , hr act ea ted.

2. Lysimachia vulgaris. Common loosestrife.

Leaves opposite, attenuated, ovate, lanceolate; sepales

lanceolate.

Lysimachia lutea, Rail Syn. 282, 1 $ Ger. em. 474, 1.

Lysimachia lutea major vulgaris, Park. 544.

Yellow willow-herb.

Watery places and rivers; perennial; July.

1

300 57. Lysimachia. 21. PRIMULACEiE. PL ex. cor.

Root creeping; stem upright; leaves pointed, veined,
bald.

$. tomentosa . Leaves tomentose underneath.

V. 58. NAUMBURGIA. Moench. Yellowherh.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; lobes distant

with a tooth between each ; stamens 5, longer than the co-
rolla ; filaments filiform, smooth, distinct; style long, fili-
form ; pyxidium globose, many-valved.— Herb entirely co-
vered with red glands; stem simple, round; leaves opposite,
sessile, entire; racemes axillary, opposite, solitary ; flowers
peduncled, bracteated.

Naumburgia guttata. Spotted Yellowherh .

Leaves linear, lanceolate ; racemes peduncled.

Lysimachia lutea, flore globoso, Ran Syn. 282, 3; Ger. em. 475,3;
Park. 544.

Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Lin. S. P. 209.

Naumburgia guttata, Moench. Meth. Sup. 23.

Tufted loosestrife.

Watering places ; perennial; July.

Root creeping; stem upright, 18 in. high; leaves bald;
racemes erect, close ; flowers yellow, spotted.

VI. 59. NUMULARIA. Tragus. Moneywort.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; stamens 5,
shorter than the corolla ; filaments distinct, smooth, bald ;
capsule globose, many-valved. — Stem recumbent, 4-sided ;
leaves opposite, petiolated, bald, entire ; peduncles axillary,
solitary, 1 -flowered; Iractea 0.

Numularia sylvatica. Wood moneywort.

Leaves ovate, pointed; peduncles longer than the leaves;
sepales subulate.

Numularia sylvatica, Gesner Hort. Germ.

Anagallis lutea, Raii Syn. 282,5; Ger. em. 618,4.

Anagallis flore luteo, Park. 558.

Lysimachia nemotum, Lin. S. P.211.

Yellow pimpernel.

Woods and damp hedges; perennial; May to September.
Stem rooting, shining ; peduncle slender ; flowers yellow.

PL ex, cor. 21. PRIMULACEAE. 60. Hottonia. 301

VII. 60. HOTTONIA. Boerhaave. Water-violet .

Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla salvershaped ; tube short; limb
flat, 5 to 8-lobed ; stamens 5 to 8, nearly sessile ; stigma
globose; capsule globose, pointed, 1 -celled. — Herb aquatic;
leaves whirled, pinnate or toothed, immersed; flowers ver-
ticillately spiked; spikes terminal; bracteci 1 to each flower.

Hottonia palustris. Marsh water-violet •

Leaves pinnately pinnatifid, not cut; flowers peduncled,
whorled.

Hottonia, Raii Syn. 285.

Viola palustris, Ger.em. 826, 1.

Hottonia palustris, Lin. S. P. 208.

Bog feather foil.

Watery places ; perennial ; June and July.

Root sarmentose; stem naked; leaves bald, not in the
least cut; flowers flesh-coloured.

0. rosea . Flowers deep rose-colour.

VIII. 61. TRIENTALIS. Cordus. Winter green.

Calyx 7-sepaled ; sepales subulate ; corolla 5 to 7-parted,
equal, persistent ; stamens 5 to 7 ; stigma nicked ; pericarp
membranaceous. — Rhizoma creeping ; stem simple, naked
at bottom ; leaves verticillate, veined ; peduncles terminal,
aggregate, 1 -flowered.

Trientalis europea . European winter green*

Alsinanthemos, Raii Syn. 286.

Trientalis europea, Lin. S. P. 488.

Chickvcetd winter-green.

Turfy mountains ; perennial ; May and June.

Rhizoma rather tuberous; stem 12 in. high; leaves lan-
ceolate, not cut, bald ; flowers spreading, snow-white, ele-
gant; anthers subulate.

IX. 62. PRIMULA. Matthiolus. Primrose .

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla salvershape ;
tube cylindrical, longer than the calyx ; limb 5-cut ; lobes
nicked ; stamens 5, enclosed ; capsule ovate, opening at the
top in 10 valves. — Leaves radical, mostly wrinkly; flowers
fascicled ; brsxciea 1 at the bottom of each peduncle.

302 62. Primula. 21. PRlMULACEiE. PI. ex. con

1 . Primula grandiflora. Large- flowered primrose .
Leaves ovate, oblong, wrinkled, toothed; fascicles ra-
dical, few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, pointed,
as long as the tube; limb of the corolla flat.

Primula veris vulgaris, Raii Syn. 284, 1 ; Park. 535.

Primula veris minor. Gar. em. 781,5.

Primula veris, Lin. S. P. 205.

Primula acaulis, Curt. FI. Lond.

Primula sylvestris, Scopoli Cam.

Primula vulgaris, Huds. FI. Angl. S3.

Primula grand iflora, Lamarck. FI. Fr.

Field primrose.

Woods and hedges; perennial; April.

Leaves hirsute underneath ; peduncle as long as the leaves ;
Iractece awdshape; flowers upright. — leaves in doses of a
drachm and a half, a strong but safe emetic.

£. rufa. Flowers reddish, liver-colour.

2. Primula elatior. Tall primrose .

Leaves ovate, wrinkled, rather toothed; fascicles many-

flowered; teeth of the calyx chaff-like, pointed, scarcely
half as long as the tube; limb of the corolla flat.

Primula pratensis inodorata lutea, Raii Syn. 284, 2 ; Ger. em. 780, 2.
Primula veris /3, Lin. S. P. 204.

Paralysis altera odorata, flore pallido, polyantbos, Park. Par. 244.
Primula vulgaris, Huds. FI. Angl. 84.

Primula inodora, Rel/i. Cant. 81.

Primula elatior, With. Bol. Arr. 234.

Great covos-lips. Ox-lips.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; April.

Scape longer than the leaves; outer flowers often" droop-
ing; neck of the tube of the corolla hemispherical.

3. Primula veris . Spring primrose .

Leaves ovate, oblong, wrinkled, rather toothed ; fascicles

many-flowered; flowers drooping; teeth of the calyx very
blunt ; limb of the corolla concave, very small.

Primula veris major, Raii Syn. 284, 3 ; Ger. em. 780, 1.

Paralysis vulgaris pratensis, flore simplici odornto, Park. Par. 244.
Primula veris a, Lin. S. P. 204.

Primula veris, Huds. FI. Angl.

Primula officinalis, With. Rut. Arr.

Common cuws-lips. Paigles.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; April to June.

Leaves contracted in the middle; scapes fewr, longer than
the leaves; flowers scented; limb small; tube oblong. —
Root scented like anise ; leaves sometimes used as a pot-
herb or as salad ; flowers used to make a fine slightly nar-
cotic wine.

PL ex. cor.

21. PRIMULA CEiE. 62. Primula. 803

4. Primula P farinosa. Mealy primrose.

Leaves ovate oblong, rather crenate, bald, beneath pow-
dery ; fascicles many-flowered; flowers spreading; limb of
the corolla flat.

Auricula ursi, q. Verbasculum uinbellatum Alpinum minus C. Buuhini,
Rail Syn. 285, 1 .

Primula veris flore rubro, Ger. em. 783, 1 .

Paralysis minor flore rubro, Park. Par. 246.

Primula farinosa, Lin. S. P. 205.

Bird’s eye.

Mountain bogs ; perennial ; June and July.

Leaves light green, smooth, veined beneath ; scape up-
right; limb of the corolla small, red, paler beneath; lobes
linear, nicked; mouth of the tube glandular.

X. 62. CYCLAMEN. Theophrastus. Sow-bread.

Calyx 5-cut ; corolla rather rotate ; tube short ; mouth
prominent; limb 5-parted, reflex; stamens 5; filaments
very short ; anthers approximating ; stigma pointed ; cap-
sule fleshy, globose, 5-valved. — Root fibrous ; comlus
roundish; leaves radical, veiny, often spotted; petioles
long, flexuous; scape 1 -flowered ; flowers drooping, white
or purplish ; fruit twists up spirally, and buries itself in
the ground.

Cyclamen vernum . Spring sowbread.

Leaves heartshape, angular, edge toothed.

Cyclamen vernum, Ger. em. S43,3.

Cyclamen europseum, Smith FI. Brit. 224.

Cyclamen hederaefolium, Ait. Hort. Kevs. 196.

Woods and hedges; perennial ; April.

Combus large; leaves bald, spotted and waved with white,
beneath purplish ; lobes of the corolla twisted.

Fam.V. 22. RHI NANTHACEiE. Be Candolle. Pedi-
cular es. Jussieu.

Calyx divided, often tubular, persisting; corolla hypo-
gynous, irregular, often lipped ; stamens 2 or 4, inserted
on the corolla, 2 often shorter than the others ; anthers often
2-bristled at the base; ovary free, 2-cell ed ; style simple ;
capsule 2-valved, valves joined together by the central pla-
centarium ; perisperm fleshy ; corculum straight ; cotyledons
half round ; plumula inconspicuous. — Herb often becomes
black by drying ; leaves opposite or alternate ; flowers often
spiked ; bractea 1 to each flower.

304? 64?. Veronica. 22. RHINANTHACEiE. PL ex. cor*

A. Corolla rotate , irregular; calyx 4? or 5-parted.

Stamens 2; corolla 4-lobed Veronica. 64?.

Stamens 4, didynamous ; cor. 5-lobed . . Sibthorpia. 65.

B. Corolla ringent , clipped; calyx 1-leaf edf 4:-cut;
stamens 4, didynamous.

Seeds striated ; lower anthers spinose . . Euphrasia. 66.

Seeds striated ; anthers spinose Odontites. 67.

angular ; anthers tomentose Bartsia. 68.

Seeds flat, imbricate; galea compressed Rhinanthus. 69.
Seeds 2, smooth ; galea compressed Meeampyrum. 71.

C. Corolla ringent > 2-lipped; calyx 1-leaf ed, 5-cut;
stamens 4, didynamous.

Seeds mucronate; galea compressed Pedicularia. 70*

I. 64. VERONICA. Euchs. Speedwell.

Calyx 4-parted ; corolla rotate, 4-lobed, unequal ; sta-
mens 2 ; capsule compressed, ovated, or rather heartshape.
— Stem herbaceous, rarely shrubby ; leaves opposite or ver-
ticillate, flowers spiked, terminal or axillary ; or leaves al»
ternate, flowers solitary, axillary.

a. Spike terminal; leaves opposite; root perennial .

1 . Veronica spicata . Spiked speedwell .
Spike terminal ; leaves opposite, oblong, crenate, blunt,

not in the least cut at the tip ; stem ascending.

Veronica spicata recta minor, Ran Syn. 279, 2.

Veronica recta minima, Ger. em. 627,4.

Veronica erecta angustifolia, Parle, 550.

Veronica spicata, Lin. S. P. 14.

Smallest Jludlin, Smallest Paul's Betony.

Dry chalky pastures ; perennial ; July to September.

Stem 9 in. high, rather woody, downy; leaves crenulately
serrate, hairy ; flowers dark blue, mouth bearded.

£. linearis. Leaves linear, scarcely cut.

2. Veronica hyhrida. Mule speedwell.

Spike terminal ; leaves opposite, elliptical, blunt, une-
qually crenulately serrated ; stem upright.

Veronica spicata Cambro-Britannica, bug u la: subhirsuto folio, Rail
Syn. 278, 1 .

Veronica hybrida, Lin. S. P. 14.

Veronica spicata j8, Huds. FI. Angl. 3.

PL ex* cor. 22. RHINANTHACEiE. 64?. Veronica. 305

Mountains ; perennial ; July.

Stem 18 in. high; spikes many.

3. Veronica saxatilis . Rock speedwelL

Spike corymbose, few-flowered; leaves elliptical, rather

obtuse, scarcely cut ; sepales rather blunt ; capsules ovate,
4-valved ; stem diffuse, rather shrubby.

Veronica fruticans serpillifolia, Ger. em. 628, 5.

Veronica saxatilis, Lin. Supp. PI. 83.

Veronica fruticulosa, FI. Dan. 342.

Shrubby fluellin.

Scotch alps; perennial; July.

Stem much branched; branches simple; leaves dark
green; flowers 3 or 5, large, violet blue; mouth red; pe-
duncles longer than the bractese.

4. Veronica fruticulosa. Shrubby speedwelL

Spike corymbose, loose, many-flowered; leaves lanceo-

late, ovate, rather toothed, pointed ; sepales pointed ; cap-
sules ovate, 4-valved; stem rather shrubby, upright.

Veronica fruticulosa, Lin. S. P. 15.

Veronica frutescens, Scop. Cam.

Moist mountains; perennial; July.

Stem much branched, prostrate ; branches upright, 9 in.
high ; leaves pale green ; spike downy ; peduncles the length
of the bractese ; flowers pale flesh-colour with purple lines.

5. Veronica Alpina . Alpine speedwelL

Spike crowded ; leaves oblong, lanceolate, bald, acute,

toothed or scarcely cut ; sepales fringed ; stem simple, up-
right, leafy.

Veronica Alpina, Lin. S. P. 15.

Alpine spongy bogs; perennial; July and August.

Stem 6 in. high ; leaves 3-ribbed, dark green, shining ;
flowers blue, small ; capsule elliptical, nicked, 2-valved.

6. Veronica serpyllifolia . Thymeleaf speedwelL

Spike loose; leaves ovate, bald, blunt, crenate; bractece

leaflike, not cut ; capsule reverse heartshape, shorter than
the style; stem creeping at bottom.

Veronica pratensis minor, Itaii Syn. 279,3; Park. 551.

Veronica minor, Ger. em. 627, 2.

Veronica serpillifolia, Lin. S. P. 15.

PauVs betony. Little fluellin.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May and June.

VOL. II. x

306 64. Veronica. 22. RHINANTHACEiE. PI. ex. cor .

Leaves petioled, shining, rather fleshy ; flowers blue or
flesh-colour, streaked with violet; sepales reverse ovate;
bractece twice as long as the peduncle.

7. Veronica humifusa. Ground speedwell .

Spike short; leaves heartshape, roundish, slightly scal-
loped ; stem prostrate.

Veronica Alpina, Lightf. Scot. 72.

Veronica humifusa, Dick. T. L. S. 2, 288.

Veronica serpillifolia /3, Smith FI. Brit. 19.

Mountains 5 perennial ; June.

Stem only 3 in. high, creeping; leaves roundish, nearly
sessile; flowers few, crowded, blue; peduncles short.

b. Spike lateral ; leaves opposite ; root perennial .

8. Veronica fontinalis. Spring speedwell .

Leaves ovate, very blunt, serrate, petioled ; stem creeping.

Veronica aquatica rotundifolia, Beccabunga dicta, minor, Raii Syn .
280, 8.

Anagallis sive Beccabunga, Ger. em. 620, 1.

Anagallis aquatica vulgaris, sive Beccabunga, Park. 1236.

Veronica Beccabunga, Lin. S , P. 16.

Brook-lime.

Rivulets; perennial; June.

Leaves light green, shining, rather fleshy; spikes oppo-
site, many-flowered; bractece linear, shorter than the pe-
duncles ; flowers blue; capsules twin.— -Leaves eaten in sallads
as an antiscorbutic.

9. Veronica aquatica. Water speedwell .

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, sessile; stem upright; spikes

opposite.

Veronica aquatica longifolia media, Raii Syn. 280,9.

Anagallis aquatica major, Ger. em. 620, 2.

Anagallis aquatica folio oblongo crenato, Park. 1237.

Veronica Anagallis-aquatica, Lin. S. P. 16.

Veronica Anagallis, Smith FI. Brit. 20.

Great long-leaved brook-lime.

Bogs and ditch-sides ; perennial ; J uly.

Leaves pointed, bald, shining; flowers blue; capsules
nearly twin.

10. Veronica angustifolia. Narrow-leaved speedwell.

Leaves linear, denticulate; spikes alternate; peduncles

divaricated.

Veronica aquatica angustifolia minor, Raii Syn. 280, 10.

Veronica scutellata, Lin. S. P. 16.

Sandy bogs and inundations ; perennial ; July and Aug.

PI. ex. cor, 22. RHINANTHACEjE. 64. Veronica. 307

Stem weak, diffused ; flowers small, blue, flesh- colour,
streaked.

ft puhescens . Stem and leaves downy.

11. Veronica mont ana. Mountain speedwell.

Leaves ovate, petioled, serrate; stem hairy; petioles hairy;

spikes alternate, loose, threadshape, few-flowered.

Veronica cbamaedryoides, foliis pediculis oblongis insidentibus, Rail
Syn. 281, 12.

Veronica montana, Lin. S. P. 17.

Madwort.

Woods and hedges, chalky soils; perennial; May, June.
Stem weak; leaves shining; flowers pale blue streaked
with purple ; capsules margined, fringed.

12. Veronica hiharhata . Two-bearded speedwell .

Leaves ovate, sessile, wrinkled, cut, serrated ; stem with

2 opposite rows of hairs ; spikes opposite, many-flowerd.

Veronica Chamaedrys syivestris dicta, Rail Syn. 281.

Chamaedrys syivestris, Ger. em. 657,3.

Chamaedrys spuria syivestris. Park. 107.

Veronica Chamaedrys, Lin. S. P. 18.

Veronica bibarbata, Stokes Bot. M. M. 31.

Wild germander.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May.

Stem decumbent ; flowers large, light contused-flesh
colour; capsules reverse heartshape. — Leaves substituted
for those of tea, more grateful than those of veronica offi-
cinalis.

13. Veronica officinalis. Shop speedwell.

Leaves reverse oval, toothed, hairy, rough ; stem pro-
cumbent, hairy.

Veronica supina et vulgatissima, Raii Syn. 281, 2.

Veronica vera et major, Ger. em. 626, 1.

Veronica mas et supina. Park. 550.

Veronica officinalis, Lin. S. P. 14.

Fluellin. Speedwell.

Bare sandy places ; perennial ; May and June.

Stem diffuse ; spike solitary, many-flowered ; flowers light
blue, veined. — Leaves substituted for those of tea, but are
rather too astringent and bitter.

c. Flowers solitary , axillary ; leaves alternate ; root annual .

14. Veronica verna. Vernal speedwell.

Flowers solitary ; leaves finger-parted ; peduncles shorter

than the leaves ; stem upright, stiff.

x 2

308 64. Veronica. 22. RHINANTHACEiE. PL ex* cor,

Veronica verna, Lin. S. P. IT.

Dry fields ; annual ; April.

Stem 6 in. high, often much branched ; flowers blue ;
sepales pointed.

1 5. Veronica iriphyllos . Three-leaved speedwell .
Flowers solitary ; upper leaves finger-parted ; peduncles

longer than the calyx ; seeds flat.

Veronica flosculis singularibus, foliis laciniatis erecta, Rail Syn. 280,6.
Alsine recta, Ger. em. 612, 5.

Veronica triphyllos, Lin.S. P. 19.

Upright chickweed.

Sandy fields; annual; April.

Stem much branched ; lower leaves not cut ; upper leaves
nearly sessile, unequal, 3 to 5-lobed ; peduncles long ; se-
pales blunt, unequal ; flowers dark blue ; capsule nicked ;
seeds many, flat.— Her b dries black.

16. Veronica arvensis . Cornfleld speedwell .

Flowers solitary; leaves ovate, heartshape, cut; bractece

oblong, scarcely nicked; seeds many, flat; stem upright.

Veronica flosculis singularibus, cauliculis adherentibus, Raii Syn. 279,5.
Alsine foliis veronicse, Ger.em. 613, T.

Alsine foliis subrotundis Veronicse, Park . 762.

Veronica arvensis, Lin. S. P. 18.

Speedwell chickweed.

Dry fields and walls ; annual ; May.

Stem 6 in. high ; leaves pale green ; sepales lanceolate,
pointed ; flowers pale blue ; capsules reverse heartshape ;
seeds elliptical.

17. Veronica agrestis. Field speedwell.

Flowers peduncled ; leaves heartshape, ovate, broadly

serrate ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; stem spreading,
diffused; seeds many; umbilicus concave; outside wrinkled.

Veronica floris singularibus, in oblongis pediculis chamaedryfolia, Raii
Syn. 279, 4.

Alsine foliis trissaginis, Ger.em. 616, 1 ; Park. 764,

Veronica agrestis, Lin. S. P. 18.

Germander chickweed. Henbit.

Fields and pastures; annual; May to September.

Stem hairy; leaves nearly sessile; flowers small, light
blue; sepales blunt, fringed; capsules twin, hairy.

18. Veronica hedercefolia. Ivyleaved speedwell.

Flowers peduncled ; sepales heartshape; peduncles longer

than the leaves; leaves heartshape, flat, 5-lobed; seeds 2 to
4* in each celi ; umbilicus concave, outside wrinkled.

PL ex. cor . 22. RHINANTHACEiE. 64. Veronica. 309

Veronica flosculis singularibus, hederulae folio, Raii Syn. 281,7.

Alsine hederacea, Ger.em. 616,3.

Alsine hederulae folio minor. Park. 762.

Veronica hederaefolia, Lin. S. P. 19.

Small henbit. Winter weed. Ivy chickweed.

Fields and cultivated places ; annual ; May to September.
Stem semiprostrate ; leaves longly petioled; sepales broad,
fringed, pointed ; flowers pale blue ; capsules twin.

II. 65. SIBTHORPIA. Hudson. Pennywort .

Calyx 5- parted; corolla nearly rotate; tube short; limb

5-lobed, nearly regular; stamens 4, distant, very short;
stigma peltate ; capsule compressed, orbicular, opening at
the apex, 4-seeded. — Herb creeping, hairy, rooting ; leaves
alternate; peduncles capillary, solitary; flowers yellow.

Sibthorpia Europxa. European pennywort .

Leaves kidneyshape, rather peltate, crenate.

Alsine spuria pusilla repens foliis saxifragae aureae, Raii Syn. 352, I.
Sibihorpia Europea, Lin. S. P. 880.

Sibthorpia prostrata, Salisb. Icon. 2, 6.

Cornish pennywort. Cornish moneywort.

Damp boggy places ; perennial; July and August.

Stem prostrate, creeping, threadshape, rooting near the
petioles ; leaves petioled, horizontal ; peduncles shorter than
the leaves ; calyx hispid ; corolla purplish yellow.

III. 66. EUPHRASIA. Brunsfell. Eyebright .

Calyx cylindrical, 4-toothed, equal; corolla tubular, two-

lipped ; galea nicked ; lip 3-lobed, lobes equal, 2-cut ; sta-
mens 4, didynamous ; lobes of the lower anthers spinose ;
capsule ovate, oblong ; seeds few, rather angular, striated.
— Leaves opposite or alternate ; flowers axillary.

Euphrasia officinalis . Shop eyebright.

Leaves ovate, linear, shortly toothed.

Euphrasia, Raii Syn. 282 *, 1 ; Ger. em. 663, 1.

Euphrasia vulgaris, Park. 1329.

Euphrasia officinalis, Lin. S. P. 841.

Meadows and pastures ; annual; July to September.
Stem 8 in. high, purplish; branches racemose; flowers
alternate, sessile, white with purplish lines; palate yellow;
capsule nicked. — Herb weakly astringent, reputed oph-
thalmic.

310 67. Odontites. 22. RHINANTH ACE/E. PI. ex. cor .

IV. 67. ODONTITES. Tabernsemontanus. Odontites.

Calyx coloured, 4 rarely 5-cut ; corolla tubular, two-
lipped ; galea not cut, straight, enclosing the anthers ; lip
3-cut; lobes linear, equal, blunt; anthers bald, lobes spi-
nose ; capsule ovate, compressed, naked ; seeds many, stri-
ated.— Stem 4-angular ; leaves opposite, sessile ; bractece
leaflike ; flowers spiked, one-sided.

Odontites rubra. Red odontites.

Stem much branched, pilose ; leaves linear or lanceolate,
serrate.

Euphrasia pratensis rubra, Rail Syn. 284 *, 2.

Crataeogonon Euphrosyne, Ger. em. 91,3.

Euphrasia pratensis rubra major, Park. 1329,3.

Odontites, Rivini Monop. irr. 90,2.

Euphrasia Odontites, Lin. S. P. 841.

Bartsia Odontites, fluds. FI. Angl . 268.

Wood chickweed. Eyebright cow-whcat.

Fields and pastures; annual; July and August.

Stem much branched; leaves rough; spikes many-flower-
ed ; flowers rose-colour ; capsules hairy.

V. 68. BARTSIA. Linnaeus. Painted-cup.

Calyx tubular, not bellied, 4-cut, unequal, coloured at

the tip; corolla tubular, 2-lipped; galea concave, long,
not cut ; lower lip reflexed, 3-cut ; lobes equal, not cut ;
stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers tomentose ; capsule ovate,
compressed; seeds many, angular. — Leaves alternate and
opposite ; flowers alternate, bracteate, spiked or terminal.

1 . Bartsia Alpina. Alpine painted-cup .

Leaves opposite, heartshape, ovate, bluntly serrated.

Euphrasia rubra Westmorlandica, foliis brevibus obtusis, Raii Syn,
285 *, 3.

Clinopodimn Alpinum, Ger.em. 676,6.

Bartsia alpina, Lin. S. P. 839.

Wild basil of the Alps. Poley mountain.

Alpine rivulets ; perennial ; J uiy.

Root creeping; stem simple; leaves sessile; bractece. co-
loured : spike purple, terminal; calyx viscid, purple \ flowers
purplish violet; capsule pubescent; seeds winged at the
angles, striated.

2. Bartsia viscosa. Viscous painted-cup .

Pubescent; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, pointed, ser-
rated ; lower leaves opposite ; flowers lateral, distant.

PL ex, cor. 22. RHINANTHACE.ZE. 68. Bartsia. 311

Euphrasia major lutea latifolia palustris, Raii Syn. 285 *,4.

Bartsia viscosa, Lin. S. P. 839.

Bogs ; annual ; July and August.

Stem round, upright ; leaves sessile, veined \ flowers nearly
sessile, yellow, lobes blunt; calyx villous; capsule roundish;
seeds not winged.

VI. 69. RHINANTHCJS. Linnaeus. Rattle .

Calyx bellied, 4-cut; corolla tubular, 2-lipped; galea

arched, compressed; lip flat, 3-lobed; lobes equal; sta-
mens 4, didynamous ; anthers hirsute ; capsule scariose,
compressed, blunt, covered by the calyx ; seeds many, im-
bricate, compressed, flat, winged. — Leaves opposite, sessile ;
flowers opposite, bracteated, spiked, terminal, yellow.

Rhinantkus glaher . Smooth rattle.

Leaves lanceolate, acutely serrated ; calyx bald.

Pedicularis seu crista galli lutea, Raii Syn. 284 *, 1 j Park. 713.

Crista Galli, Ger. em. 1071.

Khinanthus Crista-galli, Lin. S. P. 840.

Yellow rattle. White rattle . Cockscomb. Penny-grass.

Fields and pastures ; annual ; June.

Stem much branched, smooth, often spotted ; flowers
rough, heartshape at bottom; calyx reticulately veined;
peduncles short.

0. major. Plant large ; leaves narrow ; stem much
branched ; flowers small, yellow ; lip purple.

Pedicularis major angustifolia ramosissima, flore minore luteo, labello
purpureo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 284 *, 2.

VII. 70. PEDICULARIA. Tragus. Lousewort.

Calyx bellied, 5-cut; corolla tubular, 2-lipped; galea

compressed, often nicked; lip 3-lobed, flat, spreading;
lobes equal, or the middle smallest; stamens 4, didynamous;
capsule compressed, mucronated, often oblique and longer
than the calyx ; seeds few, angular, mucronate. — Leaves
opposite or alternate, mostly pinnatifid ; flowers opposite
or alternate, bracteated, spiked, terminal,

1 . Pedicularia palustris. Marsh lousewort.

Stem much branched; leaves pinnate; pinnae lanceolate,

pinnatifidly toothed ; calyx ovate5 inflated, 2-parted, crest-
ed ; galea obtusely truncated.

Pedicularis palustris rubra elatior, Raii Syn , 284 *, 4.

Pedicularis palustris, Lin. S. P . 845.

Tall red rattle.

312 70. Pedicul. 22. RHINANTHACEAL PI. ex. cor ,

Bogs and damp pastures ; perennial ; June and July.

P' Root fibrous; stem 18 in. high, angular; leaves spread;
flowers large, purple ; calyx rather leaflike ; galea slightly
nicked ; hies of the lip round, fringed.

2. Pedicularia sylvatica . Wood lousewort.

Stem much branched at the bottom, simple above ; leaves
pinnace ; pinnce ovate, acutely toothed ; calyx oblong, in-
flated, unequally 5-cut, crested; galea blunt, truncated,
acutely 2-toothed.

Pedicularis pratensis rubra vulgaris, Raii Syn. 284 *, 3 ; Park. 713.
Pedicularis, Ger.etn. 1071, 1.

Pedicularis sylvatica, Lin. S. P. 845.

Lousewort. Red rattle. Rattle grass.

Pastures; perennial; June and July.

Root fusiform ; stem 9 in. high, erect; branches spreading ;
leaves radical, simple, ovate; flowers large, rose-colour; lip
of the corolla unequally 3-cut; edge bald. — Juice, or de-
coction, a good injection for sinuous ulcers : farmers sup-
pose it renders sheep scabby, overrun with vermin, and
makes their wool loose.

VIII. 71. MELAMPYRUM. Theophrastus. Cow-wheat .

Calyx tubular, 4-cut; corolla tubular, 2-lipped, com-
pressed; galea arched, edge replicate; lip furrowed, 3-cut;
stamens 4, didynamous; capsule oblong, obliquely pointed,
compressed; cells 2-seeded, gibbous, smooth. — Leaves op-
posite; flowers opposite, spiked, terminal; hractece leaflike,
edge of the base crested.

1. Melampyrum cristatum. Crested cow-wheat.

Spike 4-angular; hractece heartshape, compact, imbricate,

toothed.

Melampyrum cristatum, flore aibo et purpureo, Rail Syn. 286 *, 1.
Melampyrum cristatum, Lin. S. P. 842.

Crested cow-wheat.

Woods and cornfields ; annual ; July.

Stem rough, 4-angular; leaves linear, not cut; spike so-
litary, many-flowered ; hractece compressed, coloured, pec-
tinately toothed.

2. Melampyrum arvense. Corn-field cow-wheat.

Spike conical, lax; hractece lanceolate, pinnately toothed;

teeth coloured, setaceous; teeth of the calyx rough.

pi, ex* cor. 22. RHINANTHACEiE. 71. Melamp. 31 S

Melampyrum purpurascente coma, Raii Syn. 286 *,3.

Melampyrum caeruleum, Ger. em. 90,3.

Melampyrum arvense, Lin. S. P. 842.

Blue cow-wheat. Purple cow-wheat .

Sandy fields; annual; July.

Stem 2 feet high, much branched, upright ; leaves lan-
ceolate, not cut ; spike many-flowered ; bractece spreading,
purple ; corolla closed ; apex purple.

3. Melampyrum vulgatum. Common cow-wheat.

Flowers axillary, one-rowed, conjugately remote ; corolla

closed ; lip porrected ; calyx rather coloured ; lobes ascend-
ing; ste m much branched.

Melampyrum sylvaticum flare lufeo, sive satureja lutea sylvestris, Raii
Syn. 286 *,2.

Crataeogonon album, Ger. em. 91, 1.

Crataeogonon vulgarp, Pash. 1326, 1,

Melampyrum pratense, Lin. S. P . 843.

Melampyrum vulgatum, Pers. Syn. 151.

Woods and hedges; annual; July and August.

Stem smooth ; leaves lanceolate ; hractece pinnatifid ; tube
of the corolla white ; mouth closed, yellow ; palate fulvous.

0. album. Corolla white, with 2 yellow spots on the
lower lip.

Melampyrum latifolium fiore albo, labio inferiore duabus maculis luteis
distincto, Dillen in Raii Syn. 286 *, 2.

4. Melampyrum alpestre. Alp cow-wheat .

Flowers axillary, 1 -rowed, conjugately remote; corolla

open; lip deflexed; galea hirsute; leaves linear; 2 lower
ones reverse ovate.

Melampyrum sylvaticum, Lin. S. P. 843.

Melampyrum alpestre, Pers. Syn. 151.

Alpine woods and pastures ; annual; July and August.
Stem not much branched, roughish ; leaves not cut ;
flowers small ; lobes of the calyx broad at the bottom ; co-
rolla yellow, mouth fulvous.

Fam. VI. 23. OROBANCHEiE. Link. P edicularibus
ajflnes , Jussieu. Rhinanlhacearum
sectio , De Candolle.

Calyx divided, persistent, tubular; corolla bypogynous,
ringent ; stamens 4, inserted on the corolla, didynamous ;
anthers 2-celled; ovary free, 1-celled, glandular at the base;
style simple; stigma 2-lobed; capsule 2-valved, 1-celled;
valves distinct; placentarium longitudinal, on the middle

314 72. Orobanche. 23. OROBANCHEAL PL ex . cor .

of the valves ; seeds numerous, minute ; spermodermis sim-
ple, fungous; perisperm fleshy; corculimi subglobose, ex-
centric; cotyledons very short; radicle centrifugal.— Herb
rather fleshy, mostly parasitic on the root of other plants ;
root tuberous, scaly, imbricate ; stem alternately scaly,
mostly simple ; flowers bracteated, spiked, terminal.

2-parted ; lobes 2-cut Orobanche. 72.

Calyx 4-cut, bellshape Lathrjea. 73.

I. 72. OROBANCHE. Theophrastus. Broomrape .

Calyx 2-parted ; lobes 2-cut; corolla tubular, 2-lipped,

4 or 5-lobed ; stamens 4, didynamous. — Herb light-brown,
simple ; Iractea 1 or 3 to each flower.

a. Bractea 1 to each flower ; corolla i-lobed .

1. Orobanche major . Great broomrape .

Stem quite simple ; corolla 4-cut, inflated ; lobes of the

lip equal, acute; stamens below bald; stigma 2-lobed; lobes
distant ; style above pubescent.

Orobanche major garyophyllum olens, Raii Syn. 288*, 1.

Itapum genista?, sive Orobanche, Ger . em. 1311,2; Park. 229,
Orobanche major, Lin. S. P. 882.

Sterile places on leguminous plants; perennial; June
and July.

Root rather tuberose ; stem 1 foot high, pubescent ; spike
many-flowered ; flowers scentless.

2. Orobanche elatior . Tall broomrape .

Stem not branched; corolla 4-cut, tubular ; lobes equal,

acute i filaments downy beneath ; stigma reverse-heartshape;
style bald above.

Orobanche elatior, Sutton T. L. S. 4, 178.

Orobanche amethystea, Thuill. Ft. Par.

Margin of fields; perennial; July and August.

Herb yellowish ; spike many-flowered, close ; stigma yel-
low.

3. Orobanche minor. Small broomrape .

Stem not branched; corolla 4- cut* tubular ; middle lobe

3-cut ; filaments fringed beneath ; style bald above.

Orobanche flore minore, Dilltn in Raii Syn. 288 *, 2 ; Park. 1363.
Orobanche minor, Eng. Bot. 422.

Clover fields ; annual ; July and August.

Herb pale purplish ; stem rather bent ; stigma purple.

PL ex. cor, 23. OROBANCHEiE. 72. Orobanche. 315

b. Br actea 1 to each flower ; corolla 5-lobed.

4. Orohanclie rubra. Red broomrape .

Stem not branched ; corolla tubular ; galea cloven ; lip

equally 3-lobed ; fllaments fringed at bottom ; style fringed
above.

Orobanche rubra, Eng. Bel. 1786.

Basalt rocks ; perennial ; August.

Root creeping; herb purplish red; stem a foot high; spike
20-flowered ; flowers glandular, hairy ; bracteae pointed ;
lobes of the caiyx undivided ; style red, sweet-scented.

c. Bractece 3 to each flower j corolla 5-lobed . Gymnocaulis.

5. Orobanche cacrulea . Blue broomrape.

Stem seldom branched; corolla tubular; galea 2-lobed,

cut; caly x 4-cut, tubular.

Orobanche flore majore, Ger. em. 1312.

Nidus avis flore et caule violaceo purpureo colore, Ger. em. 228.
Orobanche ramosa With. Bot. Arr. 508.

Orobanche purpurascens, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 954.

Orobanche purpurea, Jacq. Austr.'illQ.

Orobanche lrevis, Lamarcke FI. Fr. 2,327.

Orobanche casrulea, ViUar's Dauph. 2, 406.

Large-flowered, broomrape.

Mountainous pastures; perennial; July.

Stem straight, bluish; spike few-flowered, loose; flowers
bluish-violet, palate white; stamens bald; style downy;
stigma yellowish.

j3. ramosa. Stem branched.

6. Orobanche ramosa . Branched broomrape.

Stem branched; corolla 5-cut, lobes blunt, not in the

least cut; calyx short, deeply 4-cut.

Orobanche ramosa, Dillen in Raii Syn. 288 *,3; Park. 1363; Ger. em.
1312; Lin. S. P. 882.

Hemp-fields; annual; August and September.

Stem 1 foot high ; spike many-flowered, pointed ; flowers
purplish-blue, tube yellowish; stamens rather fringed; stifle
rather bald ; stigma white.

II. 73. LATHRiEA. Linnaeus. Toothwort.

Calyx bellshape, 4-cut; corolla tubular, 2-lipped; galea
2-cut; lip 3-cut; stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers hirsute;
stigma nicked ; seeds globose. — ■ Root scaly ; scales close,
imbricated; stem not branched, purplish ; bractea 1 to each
flower ; flowers pedicelled.

3

316 73. Lathraea. 23. OROBANCHEFE. PL ex. cor.

Lathrcea simplex. Branchless toothwort.

Stem not branched ; flowers peduncled.

Anblatum Cordi sive aphyllon, Raii Syn. 288 *.

Dentaria major MaUbioli, Ger. era. 1585, 1.

Squamaria, Rivini Monop. irr. 89,5.

Lathraea Squamaria, Lin. S. P. 844.

Clown's lungwort.

Dry woods, on hazel and elm ; perennial ; April.

j Root white; scales heartshape; stem upright, 9 in. high,
downy; bractece ovate, bald; calyx white; limb of the co-
rolla purple; tube white. — Used as a pectoral by country
people.

Fam. VII. 24. LENTIBULARIAl. Richard. Utricu -

lariee, Hoffinansegg and Link. Lysi-
machiis qffines , Jussieu. Personata -
rum sectio , De Candolle.

Calyx divided, persisting ; corolla, monopetalous, hypo-
gynous, irregular, spurred, 2-lipped ; stamens 2, enclosed
at the tooth of the corolla ; anther simple or contracted in
the middle; ovary 1-celled; style 1, very short; stigma two-
lipped; seeds small ; perisperm fleshy; cotyledons sometimes
only 1 ?-—Herb aquatic or marsh ; leaves radical, undivided,
fleshy, or compound rootshape and bladdery; scape naked,
or covered with minute scalelike or bladderlike stipules,
often undivided, 1 or many-flowered ; bractea 1 to each
flower, or none.

Calyx 2-parted; lower lip not cut . Utricularia. 74.

Calyx 5-cut, bellshape ; lower lip 2-lobed

PlNGUICULA. 75.

I. 74. UTRICULARIA. Linnaeus. Bladder-snout.

Calyx 2-leaved ; lips equal, undivided ; corolla personate,
upper lip sometimes nicked ; lower lip large, not nicked,
spurred at the base ; stamens 2 ; stigma 2-lippied. — Plant
herbaceous, aquatic, free; leaves rootshape, underwater,
many- cut, with many bladders full of air while flowering,
and of water before and after ; scape leafless ; flowers spiked
or solitary, yellow.

1. Utricularia vulgaris , Common bladder snout.

Stem conical ; scape few-flowered ; upper lip of the co-
rolla as long as the palate, not nicked ; leaves pinnatifidlv
many-cut; lobes hairlike.

2

PL ex. cor. 24. LENTIBULARIiE. 74. UtricuL 317

Lentibularia, Raii Syn. 288 *, 1.

Millefolium palustre galericulatum, Ger.em. 828,5.

Millefolium aquaticum tlore luteo galericuiato, Park . 1258.

Utricularia vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 26.

Hooded water-milfoil.

Stagnant waters and bogs ; perennial ; July.

Herb much branched ; scape upright; spike 3 to 8-flowered;
flowers large, golden-yellow with red lines ; nectary bent,
nearly as long as the lips.

2. Utricularia intermedia. Intermediate bladdersnout.

Spur conical; scape 3 or 4 -flowered ; upper lip of the

corolla flattened, not cut, double the length of the palate ;
leaves crowded, 3-parted; lobes hairlike, forked.

Utricularia intermedia, Heyne in Schrad. Journ. 18,5.

Utricularia minor, FI. Hanica, 128.

Irish lakes; perennial; July.

More leafy, and less bladdery, than utricularia vulgaris.

3. Utricularia minor. Small bladdersnout .

Spur keeled, blunt, very short; upper Up of the corolla

nicked, as long as the palate ; leaves 3-parted ; lobes hair-
like, forked.

Lentibularia minor, Raii Syn. 286 *, 2.

Utricularia minor, Lin. S. P. 26.

Small hooded-milfoil.

Ditches and bogs ; perennial ; July.

Herb slender ; flowers small, pale.

II. 75. PINGUICULA. Gesner. Butter wort.

Calyx bellshape, 5-cut ; corolla 2-lipped, upper lip three-
lobed ; lower lip shorter, 2-lobed, spurred at the base ;
stamens 2; stigma 2-lipped. — Leaves radical, fat; scape
1 -flowered; flowers purplish.

1. Pinguicula vulgaris. Common butterwort.

Spur conical, obtuse, straight, the length of the corolla ;
upper lip 2-lobed; lower 3-parted; scape bald; capsule
ovate.

Pinguicula Gesneri, Raii Syn. 281 *, 1.

Pinguicula sive sanicula Eboracensis, Ger. em. 788, 2 ; Park. 532.
Pinguicula ovata, Slokes Bot. Mat. Med. 37.

Yorkshire sanicls . Butter root. White root.

Spongy bogs and damp heaths; perennial; May, June. -
Leaves bald, slightly involute; limb of the corolla un-
equal.—Warm rein-deer milk strained through the leaves.

318 75. Pinguicula. 24. LENTIBULARLE. PL ex. cor.

and left for a day or two to turn sour, is coagulated without
any separation of cream or curd, but not cow’s milk ; juice
kills lice, and heals chaps in cows’ udders.

2. Pinguicula Lusitanica. Portuguese hutterwort.

Spur conical, subulate; scape drooping, downy; leaves

reticulately veined ; capsules globose.

Pinguicula flore minore earneo, Raii Syn. 281.

Pinguicula Lusitanica, Lin. S. P. 25.

Marshes; perennial; June and July.

Leaves pale green, downy, lasting all the winter; veins
red ; flowers flesh-colour ; limb regular.

3. Pinguicula grandiflora. Large-flowered lutterwort.

Spur awlsliape, straight, as long as the corolla ; upper lip

of the corolla spreading, nicked, very large; lower lip
3-Iobed.

Pinguicula grandiflora, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 3, 21.

Marshes in Ireland; perennial; May.

Leaves much larger than those of pinguicula vulgaris,
more veiny and yellower ; scape 9 in. high ; flowers reticu-
lated with dark blue veins.

Earn. VIII. 25. SCROFULA RINiE, Link. Personate e,
De Candolle. S crop hular ice , Jussiem
Scrophular inarum pars9 Brown. An-
tirrhince , Persoon.

Calyx divided, persisting; corolla irregular; limb di-
vided, mostly 2-iipped; stamens 4, didynamous, inserted
in the corolla; ovary free; style 1 ; stigma simple or 2-cut;
capsule 2-celled, 2-valved; valves concave, more or less
separated from one another, sometimes 2-parted ; dissepi-
ments central, parallel with the valves, sometimes simple
and free ; sometimes double, formed of the united intro-
flected valves ; seeds many, on the middle of the dissepi-
ments; perisperm fleshy; corcuium straight; cotyledons
half-round. — Stem herbaceous; leaves opposite or alter-
nate ; flowers bracteated.

Cor. small, bellshape, equally 5-lobed ;
stigma globose; capsule half 2-celled .... Limosella. 76.

Cor. bellshape, unequally 4-lobed ;
stigma simple; capsule 2-celled Digitalis. 82.

Pi. ex, cor. 25. SCROFULARINAE. 76* Limosella. Sid

Cor. 2-lipped ; 4 or 5-lobed ;

stigma 1 ; dissepiments double Scrofularia. 77.

Cor. personate, spurred ; pyxidium

2-celled; seeds wrinkled; leaves ovate Elatine. 78.

Cor. personate, spurred; capsule
opening by 2 rents ; seeds wrinkled ;

leaves angular Cymbalaria 79.

Cor . personate, spurred ; capsule
opening by 2 rents ; seeds compressed ;

winged ; leaves linear Antirrhinum. 80.

Cor. personate, spurless ; capsule

opening by 3 holes; leaves linear ....... Oronicum. 81.

I. 76. LIMOSELLA. Linnseus. Mudwort .

Calyx 5-cut, equal ; corolla short, bellshape, 5-cut, equal;
stamens 4 with 2 very slightly shortened, or only 2 ; stigma
capitate; capsule half 2-celled, 2-valved; valves not nicked;
dissepiments incomplete. — Herb very small, marsh, creep-?
ing; leaves bundled; petioles dilated, rather sheathing at
the base; scape 1 -flowered; hractea 0.

Limosella aquatica . Water mudwort .

Leaves lanceolate, spathulate ; scape shorter than the
leaves.

Plantiginella palustris, Raii Syn. 278.

Plantago aquatica minima Clusii, Park. 1244.

Limosella aquatica, Lin. S. P. 881.

Dried-up ponds and stagnant pools; annual; July, Aug.

Root fibrous ; stolones creeping ; leaves upright, acute,
not cut, bald ; scape becoming reflexed; flower flesh-colour ;
calyx pointed.

II. 77. SCROFULARIA. Brunsfell. FigworL

Calyx 5-lobed ; corolla globose ; limb contracted ; 2-lip-
ped ; upper lip 2-lobed with a scale on the middle of the
inside ; lower lip short, 3-lobed ; stigma 1 ; capsule
roundish, pointed; valves not cut, introflected at the bot-
tom ; dissepiments double. — Stem herbaceous, angular ;
leaves mostly opposite ; peduncles 2 or many-flowered ;
bractece 2 at the divisions ; flowers opposite, axillary or
terminal, spiked.

320 77. Scrofularia. 25. SCROFUL ARINiE. PI. ex. cor*

1 . Scrofularia nodosa. Knotty Jigwort .
Keanes heart-shape, lanceolate, acute, toothed; 3-ribbed

at the base; stem acute-angled; racemes terminal.

Scrophularia major, Raii Syn. 283 *, 2 ; Ger. em. 716, 1.

Scrophularia vulgaris, Park, 6 JO.

Scrophularia nodosa, Lin. S „ P. 863.

Great jigwort. Kernel wort. Brown wort.

"Wood and hedges; perennial; July.

Root granulated ; stem 3 feet high, upright, simple ;
leaves petioled ; spikes terminal, forked ; flowers blackish
blood-colour. — Its rank smell and bitter taste indicate it
to have some active qualities : a decoction of the leaves is
used as a wash for the scab in swine.

2. Scrofularia aquatica. Water jigwort .

Leaves heartshape, blunt, serrated, petioled ; stem mem-

branaceously winged ; racemes terminal.

Scrophularia aquatica hiajor, Raii Syn. 283 *, 1.

Betoniea aquatica, Ger. em. 715, 1.

Betonica aquatica major, Park. 613.

Scrophularia aquatica, Lin. S. P. 864.

Water betony. Brown wort. Bishop's leaves , Yorkshire.

Watery places ; perennial ; July.

Root fibrous; stem 4 feet high ; racemes mostly solitary,
upright; flowers blackish blood-colour.

3. Scrofularia scorodonifolia. Sage-leaf Jigwort.

Leaves heartshape, doubly serrated, beneath tomentose ;

racemes terminal, 3-forked, leafy.

Scrophularia scorodonise folio, Raii Syn. 283 *, 3.

Scrophularia scorodonia, Lin. S. P. 865.

Watery places and fields; perennial ; July and August.
Calyx hairy; flowers paler than those of S. aquatiea.

4. Scrofularia lutea. Yellow jigwort.

Leaves heartshape, acutely and doubly serrated, downy;

peduncles axillary, solitary, forked, leafy.

Scrophularia flore luteo, Ger. em. 7 17, 3.

Scrophularia vernalis, Lin. S. P. 864.

Spring Jigwort.

Watery places and hedges ; biennial ; April and May.
Stem 4-angular, hairy ; leaves petioled, pointed ; peduncles
as long as the leaves, manv-fiowered ; flowers crowded,
yellow, bellied.

PL ex. cor . 25. SCROFULARINiE. 78. Elatine. 821

III. 7S. ELATINE. Dioscorides. Fluellin.

Calyx 5 -sepal ed ; sepales lanceolate, acute ; corolla per-
sonate, spurred; upper lip 2-cut, reflexed; lower lip 3-cut;
mouth closed; palate gibbous; stamens 4, didynamous;
stigma simple ; capsule globose, 2-celled ; cells obliquely
cut round ; valve circular, from the upper part of each
cell; seeds oblong, wrinkled. — Stem prostrate, weak; leaves
petioled, penninerved.

1. Elatine hastata. Sharp-pointed fluellin.

Upper leaves hastate ; lower leaves oval, alternate ; pe-
duncles bald.

Linaria Elatine dicta, fnlio acuminato, Uaii Syn. 282*, 5.

Elatine altera, Ger . era. 625, 2.

Elatine folio acuminato, Park. 553.

Antirrhinum Elatine, Lin. S. P. 851.

Elatine hastata, Moench Meth. 523.

Fields ; annual ; July to September.

Leaves hairy; sepales lanceolate; corolla yellow, throat
violet-colour, spur pale.

/3. purpurea . Corolla violet.

y. regularis. Corolla regular, 5-cut ; spurs 5.

2. Elatine ovata. Round-leaved fluellin.

Leaves ovate, alternate, hairy; lower leaves opposite,

slightly toothed ; peduncles villose.

Linaria Elatine dicta, folio subrotundo, Raii Syn. 282 #, 6.

Veronica fcemina Fuchsii, sive Elatine, Ger. em. 625,2.

Elatine folio subrotundo. Park. 553.

Antirrhinum spurium, Lin. S. P. 851.

Elatine ovata, Moench Supp. 171.

Female fluellin .

Fields ; annual ; July to September.

Branches hairy ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers
yellow, upper one violet.

/3. regularis . Flowers regular, 5-cut.

IV. 79. CYMBALARIA. Matthioli, Bastard navel-wort .
Calyx 5-sepal ed ; corolla personate, spurred ; galea 2-cut,

reflexed; lip 3-cut, mouth closed; palate prominent, two-
lobed; stamens 4, didynamous; style 1; stigma simple;
capsule valveless, 2-celled, opening by a rent at the top of
each cell; seeds wrinkled, angular. — Stem prostrate, weak;
leaves alternate, fleshy, palmately ribbed; peduncles axillary,
1 -flowered.

VOL. II.

Y

322 79. Cymbal. 25. SCROFULARLE. PL ex. cor .

Cymhalaria hederacea. Ivy bastard-navelwort .

Leaves heartshape, 5-lobed, bald.

Linaria hederaceo folio glabro, seu Cymbalaria vulgaris, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 282 *,4.

Cymbalaria Italica, Ger . em. 529, 6.

Antirrhinum Cymbalaria, Lin. S. P. 851.

Antirrhinum 5-lobum, Stokes Bot. Mat . Med. 885.

Elatine Cymbalaria, Moench Meth. 522.

Cymbalaria, Rivinus Mon. irreg. 186.

Italian bastard-navelwort.

Old walls ; perennial ; May to November.

Stem rooting, bald ; leaves petioled, fleshy ; beneath pur-
plish ; corolla violet, palate yellow ; spur short.

V. 80. ANTIRRHINUM. Theophrastus. Toad-flax .

Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla personate, spurred ; galea 2-cut,
reflexed; lip 8-cut; mouth closed, palate prominent; sta-
mens 4, didynamous ; style 1 ; stigma simple ; capsule ovate,
valveless, 2-celled, opening by a rent at the top of each
cell ; seeds compressed, edged. — Stem mostly upright ; leaves
not cut; flowers generally spiked.

a. Leaves alternate; spur long , pointed.

1. Antirrhinum vulgar e. Common toad-flax .

Leaves lanceolate, linear, crowded ; stem upright, spiked ;
calyx bald, much shorter than the spur.

Linaria lutea vulgaris, Raii Syn. 281 *, 1 j Ger. em. 550.

Linaria vulgaris nostras, Park. 458.

Antirrhinum Linaria, Lin. S. P. 858.

Linaria vulgaris, Moench Meth. 528.

Osyris, Fuchsii Hist. 545.

Great toad-flax. Yellow toad-flax. Batter and eggs ,

Fields and pastures; perennial ; June and July.

Roots creeping ; stem scarcely branched ; leaves spread,
bald, rather glaucous ; spike many-flowered, close ; flowers
gold-yellow; palate villous, fulvous. — > Juice mixed with
milk a poison to flies ; leaves in infusion diuretic and pur-
gative ; in ointment useful in the piles.

regulare. Corolla 5-cut, regular ; 5-spurred ; stamens 5,
equal in length.

Peloria, Lin. Amoen. Ac. 1,3.

y. album. Corolla nearly white.

bicalcaratum. Corolla irregular, 2-spurred.

PL ex. cor.

25. SCROFULARIiE* 80. Antirrh. 823

b. Lower leaves in whirls; spur pointed , longer than
the sepales.

2. Antirrhinum repens. Creeping toad-flax.

Leaves linear, glaucous ; upper leaves crowded, alter-
nate, spread ; lowest leaves in whirls ; stem panicled, nearly
upright; root creeping; flowers streaked; calyx bald, as
long as the capsule and spur.

Linaria caerulea foliis brevioribus et angustioribus, Raii Syn. 282 *,3„
Linaria odorata Monspessulana, Raii Syn. 282*, 4.

Antirrhinum repens, Lin. S. P. 854.

Antirrhinum Monspessulanum, Lin. S. P. 854.

Antirrhinum striatum, Lamarck Encycl. Meth. 4, 149.

Linaria decumbens, Moench Meih. 523.

Blue toad-flax.

Chalky hills ; perennial ; July to September.

Root creeping; stem decumbent at the base; leaves up-
right, 4< or 5 in a whirl ; branches panicled, alternate, spiked;
flowers sweet-scented; corolla greenish white; upper lip
streaked with purple ; seeds angular.

/3. regulare . Flowers regular, 5-cut, 5-spurred.

3. Antirrhinum arvense . Field toad-flax .

Leaves linear, bald ; lower leaves in whirls of 4 ; calyx

pilose, viscid; flowers racemose; spur recurved; stem up-
right, branched.

Antirrhinum arvense, Lin. S. P.

Linaria comosa, Moench Meth. 523.

Sandy corn-fields ; annual ; July and August.

Leaves bald; flowers small, blue; bractece recurved,

P. luteum. Flowers yellow.

Settle in Yorkshire. Withering Bot. Arr.

c. Lower leaves opposite; spur blunt , shorter than the
sepales.

4. Antirrhinum minus. Small toad-flax.

Leaves lanceolate, blunt, elliptical, alternate ; lower leaves

opposite; stem very much branched, diffuse; calyx longer
than the spur.

Linaria Antirrhinum dicta, Raii Syn. 283*, 7.

Antirrhinum minimum repens, Ger. em. 549, 5.

Antirrhinum sylvestre minimum. Park. 1334.

Antirrhinum minus, Lin. S. P. 852.

Linaria viscida, Moench. Meth. 523.

Small creeping snapdragon.

Sandy corn-fields ; annual ; June to August.

y 2

324? SO. Antirrh. 25. SCROFULARJJE. PL ex. cor. -

Stem pubescent; leaves viscid; peduncles axillary, one-
flowered, as long as the leaves ; sepales hairy, nearly as long
as the corolla ; corolla violet ; lip white ; palate yellow.

VI. 81. ORONTIUM. Dodonseus. Sriapdragon.

Calyx 5-sepaled, 2 lower sepales distant ; ' corolla per-
sonate, spurless, gibbous at the base; tube inflated; limb
2-lipped ; galea 2-cut, reflexed ; lip 3-lobed ; palate pro-
minent closing the mouth ; capsule oblique at the base,
opening often in 3 holes, 1 in the upper, and 2 in the lower
cell ; seeds oval, convex on one side, and concave on the
other, edged.— Stem erect; leaves linear; flowers rather
spiked.

1 . Qrontium arvense. Field snapdragon.

Leaves lanceolate, slender ; flowers rather spiked ; sepales

linear, longer than the corolla ; stem and peduncle hirsute.

Antirrhinum angustifolium sylvestre, Raii Syn. 283 *.

Antirrhinum minus, Ger. em. 549, 4.

Antirrhinum sylvestre minimum, Park. 1334.

Antirrhinum Orontium, Lin. S. P. 860.

Orontium arvense, Persoon Syn. 2, 159.

Antirrhinum craniolaris, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 283.

Antirrhinum humile, Salisb . Prod. 98.

Small snapdragon.

Chalky and sandy fields; annual; July and August.

Stem upright, much branched, hairy ; leaves bald ; flowers
nearly sessile; sepales unequal ; corolla flesh -colou r ; galea
and lip rose-colour; palate yellow; capsule dotted. — Poi-
sonous.

0. album. Corolla white ; galea and lip violet.

2. Orontium majus. Great snapdragon.

Leaves lanceolate, spiked ; sepales ovate, obtuse, hairy ;

hairs glandular.

Antirrhinum purpureum sive album, Ger. em. 549, 2.

Antirrhinum majus, Lin. S. P- 859.

Antirrhinum grandifiorum, Stokes Bot. M. M. 384.

Antirrhinum murale, Salisb. Prod. 100.

Orontium m^jus, Persoon Syn. 159.

Old walls; perennial; July ahd August.

Stem seldom branched; leaves bald; spike terminal;
flowers close; corolla very large, rose-colour; palate yellow.

jS. album. 0orolla white.

PL ex. cor. 25. SCROFULARIAL 82. Digitalis. 325

VII. 82. DIGITALIS. Gesner. Foxglove .

Calyx 5- sepal ed ; sepales unequal ; corolla bellshape,
bellied; limb oblique, 4 or 5-lobed; lobes unequal; stigma
simple ; capsule ovate, pointed, 2- celled ; dissepiments
double from the inflected edges of the valves ; seeds very
numerous, rather prismatic. — Leaves alternate ; flowers
spiked, terminal.

Digitalis speciosa. Handsome foxglove.

Sepales ovate, acute; lobes of the corolla blunt ; upper
lobe not cut ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, wrinkled, pubescent.

Digitalis purpurea, Itaii Syn. 283 * ; Ger. em. 790, 1 ; Lin , 5. P. 866.

Digitalis purpurea vulgaris, Park. 653.

Digitalis speciosa, Salisb. Prod . 100.

Woods; perennial; June and July.

Stem 4 feet high, upright, downy; leaves petioled, crenate;
spike upright, many-flowered ; flowers purple and white, with
blood-coloured spots and hairs. — The old authors recom-
mend it as a pulmonary and epileptic medicine boiled in
wine or water, without any particular caution : the leaves
are now considered as one of our most valuable diuretics
in dropsy, either in powder, infusion, or tincture, and as a
sedative in pulmonary consumption; but it must be em-
ployed with care, as it has a great effect in reducing arterial
action and retarding the pulse, and this action is frequently
exerted suddenly, by the accumulated effects of small doses,
so that if the practitioner be not constantly on his guard,
he may be surprised by the occurrence of fatal symptoms
and lose his patient, even after he has relinquished the use
of the medicine.

Fam. IX. 26. SOLANEiE. Jussieu.

Calyx 5-cut or 5-parted, persisting; corolla regular, 5- cut,
deciduous : aestivation plaited ; stamens 5, at the base of the
corolla, alternate with the lobes; ovary 1, free, 2 or 4-celled,
many-seeded ; style 1 ; stigma blunt, rarely 2-furrowed ;
pericarp 2 to 4-celled ; capsular 2-valved ; dissepiments pa-
rallel and double, or berried ; placentarium central, adnate
to the dissepiment ; seeds numerous, sessile ; perisperm
fleshy ; corculum enclosed, curved or spiral, excentric ; ra-
dicle near the hilum ; cotyledons half-round. — Herbs or
shrubs ; leaves alternate ; flowers mostly extrafoliaceous,
pedicelled, bracteated, or rarely spiked.

326

26. SOLANEiE.

PI. ex. cor .

1. Pericarp capsular.

Cor, rotate ; stamens 5 ; filaments villous ;
capsule 2-valved Verbascum. 83.

Cor, funnelshape ; limb unequally 5-lobed ;
capsule ovate, operculated Hyoscyamus. 84.

Cor, funnelshape; limb regularly 5-lobed;
capsule 2-valved ; stigma nicked Nicotian a. 85.

Cor, funnelshape, 5-angular, 5-pointed ;
capsule 4-valved; stigma 2 -lamellar . . Stramonium. 86.

2. Pericarp berried.

Cal, and cor, campanulate ; stam. 5, fili-
form; berry globose, on the calyx AtrOpa. 87.

Cal, 5-sepaled ; cor. rotate, nectariferous
at the base ; anthers opening at top by 2
pores Dulcamara. 88.

Cal. 5-sepaled ; cor. rotate, naked at the
base ; anthers opening at top by 2 pores . .. Solanum. 89.

Cal. 5-sepaled ; cor. rotate ; anthers open-
ing longitudinally ; seeds villous Lycopersicon. 90.

I. 83. VERBASCUM. Pliny. Mullein.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate ; limb 5-lobed, unequal ;
stamens 5, mostly unequal ; filaments villous at the base ;
capsule 2-valved, 2- celled ; dissepiments double, from the
inflected edge of the valves; seeds many; spermodermis
double; outer leathery; corculum straight; cotyledons ob-
long, rather leaflike ; radicle central.

1 . Flowers glomerate.

1. Verbascum decurrens. Decurrent mullein .

Leaves decurrent, tomentose on both sides ; stem simple.

Verbascum mas latifolium luteum, Raii Syn. 287, 1.

Tapsus barbatus, Ger. era. 773, 1.

Verbascum album vulgare, siveTbapsus barbatus communis, Park. 6C.

Verbascum Thapsus, Lin. S . P. 252.

Verbascum decurrens, Stokes Bot. M. M. 378.

Great mullein. High taper. Cow’s lungivort. Hares' beard.

Chalky and sandy banks; biennial; July and August.

Root fusiform; stem 35 feet high, tomentose; leaves not
cut, hairy, white, very much branched, entangled; spike
terminal, many-shaped ; flowers sessile, yellow or white. —
Externally used it is emollient; given also to cows that are
consumptive ; a decoction, 2 oz. to the quart, given daily,

PL ex. cor .

26. SOLANEiE. 83. Verbascum. 327

is useful in diarrhoea, or as a clyster in tenesmus ; the down
of the leaves is also used for tinder ; the whole herb flung
into ponds is said to intoxicate the fish so that they may
be taken by the hand.

£. thapso-nigrum . Leaves ovate ; lower leaves petioled ;
middle sessile; upper decurrent; stem branched ; flowers
in bunches, sessile.

A mule-plant of v. decurrens impregnated by v. nigrum,
Poison.

y. mgra-lychnitis. Leaves woolly ; radical leaves petioled ;
stem leaves sessile ; flowering branches numerous, axillary ;
flowers in bunches.

Near Yarmouth, probably a mule-plant, Turner .

2. Verbascum thapsoides. Thapsus-like mullein .

Leaves decurrent ; stem branched.

Verbascum thapsoides, Huds. FI. Angl. 90.

Verbascum Thapsi, Lin, S. P. 1669.

Verbascum Lychnitis /6, Smith Ft, Brit. 250.

Bastard mullein.

Chalky and sandy meadows, Kent, Hudson .

3. Verbascum lychnites. Candlewick mullein .

Leaves wedgeshape, oblong, naked on the upper surface;

stem angular, panicled; beards of the filaments yellowish.

Verbascum flore albo parvo, Rail Syn. 287, 3.

Verbascum lychnite Mattbioli, Ger. em. 775, 3.

Verbascum mas, foliis longioribus, Park. 60.

Verbascum lychnites, Lin. S. P.252.

Waysides in chalky soils; perennial; July and August.

Stem 3 feet high, woolly ; leaves very woolly beneath, re-
ticulately veined above; stem leaves sessile ; flowers pedi-
celled, in bunches, milk-white.

4. Verbascum pulverulentum Hoary mullein.

Leaves ovate, oblong, slightly serrated, powdery on both

sides, tomentose ; stem round, panicled ; beard of the fila-
ments yellow; anthers bright red.

Verbascum pulverulentum flore luteo parvo, Raii Syn. 287,2.

Verbascum Lychnitis j8, Huds. FI. Angl. 90.

Verbascum pulverulentum, Salisb. Prod. 104.

Yellow hoary mullein. Norfolk mullein.

Waysides and hedges in chalky soils; biennial; July.

Herb mealy, downy ; stem 4 feet high ; leaves all sessile,
obsoletely serrated ; flowers golden yellow ; beard of the
stamens whitish yellow.

328

83. Verbascum. 26. SOLANEJE.

PI. ex. cor.

5. Verbascum mixium . Mixed mullein .

Leaves oblong, acute, slightly crenate, sessile, mealy

tomentose ; lower leaves petioled ; branches panicled, vil-
lous ; beards of the filaments violet.

Verbascum nigro-pulverulentum /3, Smith FI. Br. 251.

Verbascum mixtum, Be Candolle FI. Fr. 2674.

6. Verbascum nigrum. Black mullein.

Leaves oblong, heartshape, petioled, crenate rather

downy ; beards of the filaments purplish.

Verbascum nigrum flore parvo, apicibus purpureis, Raii Syn. 288,4.
Verbascum nigrum, Ger. em. 775, 2 ; Lin. S. P. 253.

Verbascum nigrum vulgare, Park. 61.

Waysides; perennial; July and August.

Stem upright, angular, purplish, slightly branched ; leaves
dark green ; spike very loose ; flowers in bunches, pedi-
celled, golden yellow' ; anthers yellowish red.

7. Verbascum virgatum. Rodlike mullein.

Leaves oblong, lanceolate, toothed, sessile ; radical leaves

rather lyrate, downy ; stem branchy ; flowers aggregate,
sessile.

Blattaria flore amplo, Ger.em. 778.

Verbascum Gallicum, Willd. Sp. PI. 1005.

Verbascum virgatum, Stokes in With. B. Arr.3 19.

Verbascum Chaexii, Villars Belph. 491.

Waysides and fields; biennial; August.

Stem 6 feet high, branched at bottom, round ; branches
simple, virgate ; radical leaves wrinkled, pinnatifid at bot-
tom, above shining, beneath venose ; flowers yellow, very
large, tube purplish.

b. Flowers solitary.

8. Verbascum luridum. Dark mullein.

Leaves amplexicaul, crenate, oblong, bald, serrate; ra-
dical leaves nearly lyrate, sinuate; peduncles 1 -flowered,
solitary ; stem branched, angular ; beards of the filaments
purple.

Blattaria lutea, Raii Syn. 288, 1.

Blattaria Plinii, Ger. em. 776.

Blattaria flore luteo, Park. 64.

Verbascum Blattaria, Lin. S. P. 254.

Verbascum luridum, Salisb. Prodr.

Moth mullein.

Sandy places; annual; July.

Root fusiform ; stem 4 feet high ; spikes terminal, many-
flowered ; flowers golden yellow with purple lines.

PI. ex, cor, 26. SOLAN EJE. 84?. Hyoscyamus. 329

II. 84. HYOSCYAMUS. Dioscorides. Henbane.

Calyx tubular, 5-cut ; corolla funnelshape ; limb obliquely
spreading, unequally 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; stigma capitate ;
capsule ovate, compressed, dehiscent, circumscissile ; seeds
ascending; corculum homotropous. — Herbaceous; bractece
mostly double ; flowers solitary, axillary, mostly facing one
way.

1. Hyoscyamus niger. Black henbane.

Leaves amplexicaul, sinuate ; flowers nearly sessile.

Hyoscyamus vulgaris, Raii Syn. 274, 1.

Hyoscyamus niger, Ger. em. 353, 1 ; Lin . 3. P. 257.

Hyoscyamus niger vel vulgaris, Park. 362.

Hyoscyamus lethalis, Salisb . Prod. 131.

Common henbane .

Ruins and waysides; annual; July.

Root fusiform; herb viscous, foetid, woolly, clammy;
stem-leaves alternate; flowers upright; calyx reticulateiy
veined ; tube of the corolla white, purple in the middle ;
limb pale yellow veined with purple ; anthers and style deep
purple. — Roots, leaves, and seeds, reputed poisonous; but
the seeds may be eaten with impunity; the inspissated
juice is added to opium to prevent costiveness ; the smoke
removes toothach.

2. Hyoscyamus albus. White henbane.

Stem-leaves petioled, heartshape, pointed, sinuate; brac-
tece not cut ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla bellied.

Hyoscyamus albus, Ger. em. 353, 2 ; Lin. S. P. 257.

Hyoscyamus luridus, Salisb. Prod. 132.

Rubbish by the sea-side ; annual ; July.

Leaves downy, paler than those of hyoscyamus niger. —
Effects similar but milder than those of the black.

III. 85. NICOTIANA. Lonicerus. Tobacco.

Calyx 5-parted ; lobes equal ; corolla funnelshape ; limb
5-plaited ; stamens 5, equal, villous at bottom ; stigma ca-
pitate, nicked ; capsule ovate, conical ; apex cut.

1. Nicotiana rustica. Country tobacco.

Leaves petioled, ovate, not in the least cut ; lobes of the
corolla blunt.

Hyoscyamus luteus, Ger. em. 356.

Nicotiana rustica, Lin. S. P. 258.

Yellow henbane. English tobacco.

Dunghills, naturalized from America; annual; July.

7

sso

85. Nicotiana. 26. SOLANEiE.

PI. ex. cor .

Leaves may be smoked for the same purposes as Ame-
rican tobacco.

IY. 86. STRAMONIUM. Lobel. Thorn-apple .

Calyx large, tubular, bellied, 5-angular; apex 5-cut,
falling off ; base orbicular, peltate, persistent ; corolla very
large, funnelshape; tube long; limb 5-angular, 5-plaited,
5-pointed ; stamens 5 ; stigma 2-lamellar ; capsule rough or
smooth, half ovate, 4-celled; valves 2 or 4 ; dissepiments
prominent.

Stramonium fee tidum. Stinking thorn-apple .

Capsules ovate, thorny, upright ; leaves ovate, sinuate,
•bald, narrowed at bottom into a petiole.

Solanum porno spinoso oblongo, flore calathoide, stramonium vulgo
dictum, Rail Syn. 266, 1.

Stramonium spinosum, Ger. em. 348, 2 ; Lamarck FI. Gall.

Stramonium majus album, Park. 360.

Datura Stramonium, Lin. S. P. 255.

Stramonium feet id uni, Scop. Cam. 252.

Stramonium vulgatum, Gcertn. Fr. et Sem. 2, 243,

Datura lurida, Salisb. Prod . 131.

Dunghills, waysides, naturalized from America; annual;
July.

Herb lurid, narcotic ; stem forked, spreading, 3-feet high;
■leaves from the fork ; flowers axillary, white.— -Leaves given
internally bring on delirium, itching, eruptions and inflam-
mation of the skin ; these effects are counteracted by acetous
or citric acid ; the expressed juice of the leaves inspissated,
used in doses of 2 to 16 grs. a day, is useful in convulsive
and epileptic diseases : ointment made from them is ano-
dyne : the seeds used internally produce the same effects as
the leaves; the root and lower part of the stem smoked as
tobacco is antispasmodic.

V. 87. ATROPA. Linneeus. Dwale .

Calyx bellshape, 5-cut; corolla bellshape, double the
length of the calyx; stamens 5, equal ; filaments thread-
shape, downy at bottom ; anthers oval ; stigma capitate ;
berry globose, sitting on the calyx. — Stem caulescent; leaves
mostly in pairs; flowers extra-axillary, solitary, or rather
crowded.

Atropa let halts . Deadly dwale .

Stem herbaceous; leaves ovate, edge not cut.

PL ex „ cor.

26. SOLANtLE. 87. Atropa. 331

Belladonna, Raii Syn. 265, 1.

Solanum lethale, Ger. em. 340 ; Park. 346.

Atropa Belladonna, Lin. S. P. 360.

Atropa lethalis, Salisb. Prod. 132.

Belladonna trichotoma, Moench. Meth. 179.

Chalky ruins; perennial; July.

Rhizoma creeping, fleshy; stem erect, 2-forked, downy;
leaves lateral, in pairs, dark green ; flowers lateral, solitary,
peduncled, drooping, dark-violet ; calyx viscous ; anthers
white;; berry blackish, shining. — Leaves externally applied
with advantage to tumours of the breasts, even if cancerous;
applied to the eye it causes a dilatation of the pupil, and
affects it for some time, so that it will not contract even in
the strongest light. A poultice of the roots boiled in milk
cures hard, ill-conditioned tumours and ulcers. Juice of
the ripe berries is poisonous, and has frequently been fatal
to children ; it also stains paper of a durable purple.

VI. 88. DULCAMARA. Dodonseus. Bitter-sweet.

Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, 5-parted; lobes equal,
reflected, with 2 green spots at the base of each ; stamens 5 ;
anthers oblong, soldered together; opening at the tip with
2 pores ; stigma simple ; berry ovate, shining, 2-celled,
many-seeded; seeds smooths — Stem shrubby; leaves lobed
or sinuate; flowers corymbose, opposite to the leaves.

Dulcamara flexuosa. Bending bitter-sweet.

Stem flexuous; leaves bald, ovate, heartshape; upper
leaves lobed, eared.

Solanum lignosum, sen Dulcamara, Raii Syn. 265, 1 $ Park. 350,

Amara dulcis, Ger. em. 350.

Solanum Dulcamara, Lin. S. P. 264.

Dulcamara flexuosa, Moench. Meth. 514.

Woody nightshade. Bitter-sweet.

Damp hedges; shrubby; June and July.

Root woody; stem branched; leaves petioled, alternate,
not cut, bald; corymbus opposite or terminal, drooping;
flowers violet, flesh-colour, or rarely white. — Root smells
like potatoes: twigs in infusion highly esteemed as a resto-
rative and alterative, far superior to China or sarsaparilla.
Two drms. of the sliced dry twigs infused in a pint of hot
water for half an hour, then boiled for 15 min. dose two
cupfulls, morn and even. Useful in acute rheumatism, in-
flammatory diseases, fevers, suppression of the lochise,
asthma, scurvy, and lues venerea.

332 88. Dulcamara. 26. SOLANEiE. Pl.ex.lor>

&. hirsuta. Leaves rough with hairs.

Solatium lignosum, seu dulcamara marina, Raii $yn. 265, 2.

Sea-coasts, Ray, Hudson.

VII. 89. SOLANUM. Pliny. Nightshade .

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate, 5-lobes ; lobes naked at
bottom ; anthers 5, oblong, opening at their tip by 2 pores;
stigma blunt; berry smooth, fleshy, 2-celled, many-seeded;
seeds smooth; corculum spiral. — Stem shrubby or herba-
ceous ; leaves simple, sometimes pinnate with an odd one,
in many doubly ; peduncles solitary or many ; one or many'*
flowered ; extra-axillary, or scattered or terminal.

a. Stem herbaceous , not armed; leaves sinuate or lobed ;
racemes forked , rather umbelled or panicled, drooping , extra -
foliaceous ; peduncles short ; flowers small , white , or light
violet ; berry small, globular. Maurella.

1. Solanum nigrum. Black nightshade.

Stem angular ; leaves ovate, toothed, angular, bald ;

berries black.

Solanum vulgare, Raii Syn. 265, 4 ; Park. S46.

Solanum hortense, Ger. em. 339, 1.

Solanum nigrum, Lin. S. P. 266.

Solanum humile, Salisb. Prod. 134.

Garden nightshade. M or ell. Petty m or ell.

Dunghills and gardens; annual ; June to September.
Root much branched; stem spreading; leaves petioled;
flowers smell like musk. — Leaves applied externally abate
inflammation ; internally, 1 or 2 grs. infused in boil-
ing water, and taken at bedtime, occasions a copious per-
spiration, are diuretic, and generally purge the next day.

2. Solanum villosum. Villous nightshade.

Stem round, villous at top ; leaves ovate, angulate, rather

villous ; berries yellow.

Solatium nigrum /3, Huds. FI. Atigl. 93.

Solanum villosum, Re Cand. FI. Fr.

Dunghills and cultivated grounds ; annual ; July.

b. Leaves pinnately cut with an odd lobe ; lobes not cut ;

racemes corymbose, terminal .

3. Solanum tuberosum. Tuberous nightshade .

Root bearing tubers ; stem herbaceous, not armed ; seg-
ments of the leaves unequal, alternate ; pedicells jointed ;
corolla 5 -angular.

PL ex. cor.

26. SOLANEiE. 89- Solarium.

333

Solanum tuberosum esculentum, Rail Syn. 265, 3.

Battata Virginiana, sive Virginianorum, et Pappus, Ger. em. 927.

Pappas, seu Battatas Yirginianorum, Park. Par. 517,3.

Solanum tuberosum, Lin. S. P. 285.

Lyeopersicon tuberosum, Miller Diet.

Battatas. Virginia potatoes. Potatoes.

Cultivated, naturalized from Peru; peren.; June, July.

Root tuberous, abounding in starch, nutritive, yielding
far more food on an acre than any other plant, hence the
cultivation of it spreads rapidly over the globe ; tulers
nearly cylindrical ; skin white ; leaves dark green ; corolla
white.

@. rulrum . Tulers large, nearly cylindrical ; skin red ;
leaves dark green ; corolla reddish, variegated.

y. album. Tubers oblong; skin red; leaves dark green ;
corolla whitish.

& variegatum . Tubers roundish ; skin yellowish ; leaves
crisp ; corolla variegated.

s. violaceum. Tubers first round, growing rather cylin-
drical ; skin mottled with yellow and red ; corolla violet.

VIII. 90. LYCOPERSICON. Anguillara. Love-apple.

Calyx 5 to 20-parted ; corolla 5 to 20-cut ; anthers poly-
adelphious, conical, tip lengthened by a membrane opening
lengthways ; style broad, nearly simple ; stigmata many ;
ovary many-celled; berry bunched, broad, fleshy; seeds
vilious. — Leaves pinnately-cut with an odd lobe; pedicell
jointed under the flower ; corolla yellow.

Lyeopersicon esculentum. Eatable love-apple.

Stem hairy, hairs diverging; leaves irregularly pinnately-
cut ; segments incised, beneath glaucous.

Poma amoris, Ger. em. 346.

Pomum amoris majus, Park. 353.

Solanum Lyeopersicon, Lin. S. P. 185.

Lyeopersicon Pomum amoris, Moench. Moeth. 515.

Gold apples. Tomatoes.

Dunghills, and cultivated as a potherb ; annual; June.

Panicles internodial; fruit shining. — Fruit boiled in
soups ; pulp of the fruit boiled with salt and spices used as
a sauce.

27. GENTIANS.

PL ex. cor.

334

Fam. X. 27. GENTIANS.

Calyx 1 -leafed, 5 rarely 8-cut, persistent; corolla mono-
petalous, hypogynous, regular, withering or falling off;
limbs lobed; lobes equal to the lobes of the calyx; aestivation
imbricate ; stamens as many as the lobes, alternating with
them; ovary 1, free, 1 or 2-celled, many-seeded; style 1,
rarely 2 ; stigma simple or 2-lobed ; capsule many-seeded,
1 or 2-celled, 2-valved ; valves with inflected edges, which,
in the 2-celled, form the dissepiments ; seeds small, on the
edge of the valves ; corculum straight, in the centre of the
fleshy perisperm ; radicle near the umbilicus. — Stipules 0 \
flowers terminal or axillary.

Corolla rotate ; lobes fringed ; base
bearded ; seeds margined, fringed Limnanthe. 98.

Corolla rotate ; lobes bald ; base
2-glandular ; seeds margined, not cut Swertia. 97.

Cor. rotate, 8-cut; lobes bald; base
naked ; seeds ovate Chlora. 96.

Cor. funnelshape; tube long; stigma
2-cut ; anthers becoming spirally twisted . . Erythjea. 94.

Cor. funnelshape ; lobes hairy ; stigma
capitate; leaves ternate Menyanthes. 99.

Cor. funnelshape; mouth naked; lobes
not fringed, eared ; anthers distinct Ericala. 92.

Cor. hypocrateriform ; mouth bearded : •

lobes 4 or 5, not fringed; anthers distinct Erythalia. 93.

Cor. hypocrateriform ; tube bellied ;
lobes 4; anthers straight; stigma capitate

Franouevillia. 95.

Cor. bellshape; mouth naked; lobes
not fringed; anthers connate ...... Pneumonanthe. 91.

A. Gentians verje. Leaves opposite, mostly sessile;
edge not cut; capsule 1 -celled; herb very bitter.

I. 91. PNEUMONANTHE. Val. Cordus. Lungflower.

Calyx rather 5-sided, 5-toothed; corolla bellshape, 5-cut;
mouth naked ; teeth 5, alternating with the lobes ; edge not
cut ; stamens 5 ; anthers grown together into a tube ; stig-
mata 2, sessile; capsule oblong, 1 -celled, 2-valved, opening
at the tip ; seed round, not margined.— Root perennial ;
Jlowers blue, plaited.

PL ex. cor. 27. GENTIANiE. 91. Pneumonanthe. 335

1 . Pneumonanthe vulgaris . Common lung flower.
Leaves linear, blunt ; flowers axillary and terminal, pe-

duncled.

Gentiana palustris angustifolia, Raii Syn. 274, 1.

Pneumonanthe, Ger. em. 438.

Gentianella autumnalis, pneumonanthe dicta, Park. 406.

Gentiana Pneumonanthe, Lin. S. P. 330.

Gentiana linifolia, Salisb. Prod. 137,

Gentiana linearifolia, Lamarck FI. Fr . 2,298.

Ciminalis Pneumonanthe, Brockh. in Rcemer. Arch. 1, 26.

Pneumonanthe vulgaris, Schmidt in Roem. Arch. 1,17.

Calathian violet. Autumn bellflower. Harvest bells.

Turfy heaths ; perennial ; August and September.

Root flagelliform ; stem upright, simple, 4-angled ; flowers
deep blue, plaits of the corolla green,

2. Pneumonanthe grandiflora. Large lungflower.

Stem 1-flowered, scarcely as long as the flower; plaits

of the corolla spotted on the inside ; spots ovate ; leaves
ovate, lanceolate, 3-ribbed.

Gentiauella verna major, Ger. em.436, 1.

Gentianella Alpina verna major, Park. 403.

Gentiana acaulis, Lin. S. P. 330.

GentiaiA grandiflora, Lamarck. Fl. Fr. 2,333,

Pneumonanthe acaulis, Schmidt in Rcem. Arch. I, 17.

Ciminalis acaulis, Brockh. in Roem. Arch. 1,26.

Ciminalis longiflora, Moench. Meth. 514.

Mountains of South Wales; perennial; May.

Flowers very large, blue.

II. 92. ERICALA. Renealm. Rastard-felwort.

Calyx tubular, 3 to 5-angular, toothed ; corolla funnel-
shape or hypocrateriform ; limb 5-iobed, lobes with a tooth
on each side ; edge not cut or crenate : mouth naked ; sta-
mens 5; anthers free; stigmata 2-lobed, fringed, sessile;
capsule fusiform, 1 -celled, 2-valved, opening at the top;
seeds ovate. — Root perennial; stems many, mostly simple;
flowers terminal and axillary, blue.

1. Ericala verna . Spring lastard-felwort .

Stems many, simple, 1-flowered; leaves ovate, acute;
radical leaves crowded, large; corolla hypocrateriform,
longer than the stem, 5-cut.

Gentiana alpina verna, Ger. em. 436, 2.

Gentiana verna, Lin. S. P. 331.

Gentiana Bavarica, Jacq. Obs. 3, 19.

Ericala verna, Brockh. in Roem. Arch. 1, 26.

Hippion vcrnale, Schmidt in Rcem. Arch. 1, 17%

Gentianella serrata a, Lamarck Fl. Fr. 2, 294,

Spring alpine felwort,

2

336 92. Ericala. 27. GENTIANS. PL ex. cor.

Barren mountains ; perennial ; April.

Root creeping; stem short, branched at bottom, 4 -angular
above ; flowers terminal ; corolla deep blue, tube whitish
green ; lobes crenate.

2. Ericala Bavarica. Bavarian bastardflelwort .

Stems many, simple, 1-flowered; leaves ovate, blunt;

radical leaves crowded, imbricate, smaller than the others.
Gentiana Bavarica, Lin. S. P. 331.

Hippion Bavaricmn, Schmidt in Roem. Arch. 1, 17.

Ericala Bavarica, Brockh. in Rcem. Arch. 1,26.

Barren mountains ; perennial ; April.

3. Ericala nivalis. Snow bastard-felwort .

Stem branched; branches alternate, 1-flowered; stem

leaves lanceolate; corolla funnelshape, 5-cut.

Gentianella fugax minor, Ger. em. 437, 3.

Gentiana nivalis, Lin. S. P . 332.

Hippion nivale, Schmidt in Rcem. Arch. 1, 17.

Ericala nivalis, Brockh. in Rcem. Arch. 1, 26.

Small alpine gentian. Dwarf felwort.

Scotch alps ; annual ; August.

Root fibrous; stem and branches upright; radical leaves
pointed; flowers deep blue, tube greenish.

Calyx bellshape, 4 or 5-cut; corolla hypocrateriform,
4 or 5-lobed, edge not cut, with a many-cut scale or para-
phyllum at the base of each lobe; stamens 4 or 5, distinct;
styles 2; stigmata clubshape; capsule 1 -celled; seeds ovate,
not margined. — Root annual ; leaves and lobes of the calyx
minutely cartilaginously serrated at the edge ; flowers
fascicled, rather umbelled.

Calyx 4 or 5-lobed : lobes equal ; leave
late.

Gentianella fugax autumnalis elatior, centaurii minor foliis, Rail Syn.
275,1.

Gentiana Amarella, Lin. S. P. 334.

Gentiana Germanica, Willd. Sp. P.

Gentiana campestris, Allioni Pedem.

Gentiana Atnarella a, Lamark FI. Fr. 292.

Gentiana pulchella, Salisb. Prod. 137,

Erythalia Amarella, Brockh. in Rcem. Arch. 1,26.

Hippion Amarellis, Schmidt in Roem. Arch. 1, 17.

Chalky pastures ; annual; August.

III. 93. ERYTHALIA. Renealm.

Erythalia.

1. Erythalia pulchella.

PL ex. cor.

27. GENTIANS. 93. Erythalia. 337

Root fusiform, twisted; stem upright, branchy above;
leaves ovate, 3 -ribbed ; peduncles 1 or 2-flowered ; tule of
the corolla white, limb purple*

jS. quadrifida. Corolla 4-cut.

Gentiana campestris, Walcot, Brit. Flor .

y. prcecox. Flowering in April or May.

Geutiana fugax verna, seu praecox, Raii Syn. 275, 3.

£ multiplicata. Flowers double ; lobes inflected.

2. Erythalia campestris . Field erythalia «

Calyx 4-lobed ; 2 outer lobes larger, ovate, spearshape,
overlapping the other 2; edge of the lobes of the calyx
and of the leaves cartilaginous and minutely serrated.

Gentiana pratensis, flore lanuginoso, Raii Syn. 275, 1.

Gentiana campestris, Lin. S. P. 334.

Gentiana Amarella jS, Lamark FI. Fr.

Gentiana Amarella, Allioni Pedem. 353.

Erythalia campestris, Brockh. in Roem. Arch. 1,26.

Hippion campestre, Schmidt in Roem. Arch. 1, 17.

Gentianella tetandra, Moench Meth. 482.

Chalky pastures and hills by the sea; ann. ; September.

Stem 9 in. high, rather branchy; calyx appearing as if
enclosed in 2 bractese.

IV. 94. ERYTHRiE A. Renealm. Centory a

Calyx 5-sided, 5-cut; corolla funnelshape; tube cylin-
drical ; mouth denticulated ; limb 5-cut ; stamens 5, equal,
exserted, declined ; anthers distinct, after the anthesis spi-
rally twisted ; style 1 ; stigma capitate, 2-parted ; capsule
linear, 1 -celled. — Flowers rose-coloured, in bundles, ter-
minal or axillary.

1. Erythrcea vulgaris . Common centory.

Stem long, forked; leaves ovate, oblong; radical leaves
crowded ; flowers sessile, panicled, girt at the base with J
or 2 scales ; calyx shorter than the tube.

Centaurium minus, Raii Syn. 287, 1.

Centaur ium parvum, Ger. cm. 547, 1.

Centaurium minus vulgare, Park. 272.

Gentiana Centaurium, Lin. S. P. 332.

Chtronia Centaurium, Curtis FI. Lond .

Centaurium vulgare, Rajinesque.

Chironia pulchella, Salisb. Prodr. 334.

Erythrasa Centaurium, Pers . Syn. 1,283.

Little centory. Small centory. Small purple centory.

Dry pastures ; annual ; July and August

VOL. n. 7,

338 94?. Erythraea. 27. GENTIANS. PL ex. cor.

Root branched; stem 12 in. high, 4-angular, branched
at bottom ; leaves 3-ribbed, smooth.

0. quadrifida. Corolla 4-cut.
y. alba. Corolla white.

2. Erythrcea littoralis. Shore centory.

Stem simple, stiff; leaves linear, obovate; lobes of the

calyx subulate; flowers sessile, corymbose, capitate.

Chironia littoralis, Eng. Bot. 33,2305.

Erythra;a conferta, Persoon Syn. 1,283?

Northern sea-shores ; annual ; June.

Stem 3 in. high ; style scarcely declined.

3. Erythrcea pulchella. Pretty centory ,

Stem short, much branched; leaves ovate; lobes of the

calyx awlshape, little shorter than the tube of the corolla ;
flowers erect, pedicelled.

Gentiana Centaurium /3, Lin. S. P. 333.

Chironia pulchella, Swart. Act. Hoi. 1783, 85.

Erythraea ramosissima, Pers. Syn. 283.

Sandy sea-shores ; annual ; August and September.

Stem 2 in. high, forked ; leaves 3 or 5-ribbed.

V. 95. FRANQUEVILLIA. R. A. Salisbury. MSS.

Gentianella.

Calyx cupshape, rather angular, 4-cut; corolla hypocra-
teriform ; tube ovate ; limb 4-cut, regular ; stamens 4, short,
upright ; anthers straight, distinct, slightly exserted ; style 1 ;
stigma capitate; capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, open at top;
seeds angular, dotted. — Flowers upright, terminal, loosely
panicled or solitary, yellow, persisting ; peduncles long.

Franquevillia minima. Least gentianella.

Stem rather forked ; radical leaves roundish ; stem leaves
awlshape, connected at the base.

Centaurium palustre luteurn minimum nostras, Rail Syn . 286,2.

Gentiana filiformis, Lin. S. P.335.

Exacum iili forme, Engl. Bot. 235.

Hippion filiforme, Schmidt in Raemer Arch.

Bogs; annual; July.

Roots fibrous; stem forked or simple, roundish, 2 in.
high; peduncles 4-sided, 1 -flowered.

PL ex. cor.

27. GENTIANS. 96. Chlora.

339

VI. 96. CHLORA. Renealm. Yellow-wort ,

Calyx 8 or 1 0-sepaled ; sepales lanceolate ; corolla hypo-

crateriform; tube short; limb 6 or 10-parted; stamens 6
to 10 ; filaments short, inserted in the mouth of the co-
rolla; anthers upright, exserted ; styles 1, short, 2-cut;
stigmata 2, 2-cut; capsule oblong, 1-celled, many-seeded;
seeds ovate. — Stem forked at top ; leaves connate at the base;
flowers solitary, from the forks of the stem.

Chlora perfoliata. Thoroughleafed yellow-wort.

Herb glaucous ; radical leaves ovate, stellate ; stem leaves
3-angular, acute, connate.

Centaurium luteum perfoliatum, Raii Syn. 287, 4.

Centaurium luteum Lobelii, Ger. em. 547,2.

Centaurium minus luteum et perfoliatum non ramosum, Park. 271.
Gentiana perfoliata, Lin. S. P. 335.

Chlora perfoliata, Lin. Mant.

Blackstonia perfoliata, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 146.

Chironia perfoliata, Salisb. Prod. 137.

Yellow cent or y.

Chalk hills ; annual ; July and August.

Root tortuous ; stem 1 foot high.

VII. 97. SWERTIA. Linnaeus. Fellwort.

Calyx 4 or 5 sepaled ; corolla rotate ; tube very short,

not spurred ; limb 5-parted ; lobes lanceolate ; glands 2,
fringed, at the base of each lobe ; stamens 4 or 5, shorter
than the corolla; anthers versatile; style very short, 2-parted;
stigmata 2; capsule ovate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded;
seeds margined, wing not cut. — Flowers blue, axillary and
terminal; peduncles often 1 -flowered.

Swertia perennis. Perennial fellwort.

Stem simple; radical leaves lengthened into a petiole;
peduncles 4-sided, opposite ; corolla 5-cut.

Gentiana Pennei minor, Ger. em. 433,5.

Swertia perennis, Lin. S. P.328.

Spotted gentian. Marsh gentian.

Alpine bogs; perennial; August.

Root white ; stem a foot high ; flowers upright, purplish,
spotted with black.

34:0 98. Limnanthes. 27. GENTIANJE. PL ex. cor.

B. Menvanthf;e. Leaves alternate, mostly toothed, or
ternate; aestivation inflected.

VIII. 98. LIMNANTHES. Stokes. Water-rose.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate, limb spreading, 5-parted ;

edge of the lobes ciliated, base bearded; stamens 5 ; style
short; stigma 2-lobed, lobes crenate; glands 5, hypogy-
nous, alternating with the stamens; capsule compressed,
1 -celled, valveless, suture seedbearing, in 2 rows; seeds
compressed, edge winged ; wings fringed.— Her b floating ;
leaves alternate, peltate, rough underneath ; petiole dilated
at the base, rather sheathing; flowers yellow, axillary, in
bundles; peduncles 1 -flowered.

Limnantiies peltata . Shield-leaf water-rose.

Leaves heartshape orbicular ; edge not cut.

Nymphaea lutea minor, flore fimbriato, Rail Syn. 368,2,

Nymphraa lutea minima, Ger. em. 820, 5.

Nymphasa lutea minor, Park. 1252.

Menyanthes nymphoides, Lin. S. P. 207.

Limnanthemum peltatum, Gmel.Act. Petr. 1769,527.

Waldschmidia nymphoides, Wigg. Fl.Holsat. 20.

Villarsia nymphoides, Ventenat.

Menyanthes natans, Lamarck FI. Fr. 203.

Menyanthes nymphaeoides, Engl. Bot. 217.

Limnanthes nymphoides, Stokes Bot. Med. Mat. 300.

Fringed buckbean. Less yellow water-lily. Dwarf water-lily.

Ditches and slow streams; perennial; July and August
Stem very long; leaves dark green, sometimes spotted.

IX. 99. MENYANTHES. Dioscorides. Buckbean.
Calyx 5-parted ; corolla funnel-shape ; inside densely

villous ; limb spreading, bent back, 5-lobed ; edge not cut ;
stamens 5: style 1, exserted; stigma capitate, 2 cut; cap-
sule 1 -celled, 2-valved ; seeds ovate, compressed, shining. —
Leaves ternate, petioled; base of the petiole dilated, rather
sheathing; scape many-flowered; flowers spiked; bractea I
at the base of each peduncle.

Menyanthes palustris . Marsh buckbean.

Menyanthes palustre, triphyllum latifolium et angustifolium, Raii Syn.
285, l.

Trifolium paludosum, Ger. em.1194; Park. 1212.

Menyanthes trifoliata, Lin. S. P. 208.

Marsh clover. Marsh trefoil.

Watery places and spongy bogs; perennial ; June, July.

2

Pl.ex.c6r. 27. GENTIANS. 99. Menyanthes. 341

Roof black; stem ascending, branched at bottom ; leaf-
lets toothed, repand ; flowers peduncled, flesh-colour. — •
Leaves extremely bitter, used instead of hops, and to de-
stroy worms, as also in rheumatism and dropsy ; they are
also smoked.

Fam. XI. 28. POLEMONIACEiE. Ventenat Polemonii9

Jussieu. Polemomdece , Persoon.
Personatce , Adanson.

Calyx 1 -leafed, divided, persisting; corolla 1 -petal ed,
hypogynous, regularly 5-lobed ; stamens 5, inserted in the
middle of the tube of the corolla, alternating with the lobes ;
ovary 1, free, 3-celled, many-seeded, girt at the base with
an annular gland ; style simple ; stigmata 4 ; capsule 3-celled,
3-valved; dehiscence loculicidal; spermophore axile, 3-sided,
angles opposed to the middle of the valves ; seeds many,
peritropal ; spermodermis membranaceous ; perisperm
fleshy; corculum straight, transverse; radicle below; coty-
ledons elliptical, leaflike. — Stem herbaceous ; leaves opposite
or alternate ; flowers terminal or axillary.

I. 100. POLEMONIUM. Dioscorides. Jacob's ladder.

Calyx pitchershape, 5-cut ; corolla bellshape, rotate ;
tube short; limb 5-lobed; stamens 5; filaments dilated,
villous at bottom ; anthers oval, incumbent ; capsule 3-celled ;
cells 2-seeded: seeds angular.— -Herb erect; leaves alter-
nate, pinnate with an odd leaflet ; flowers subcorymbose,
terminal.

Polemonium vulgare. Common Jacob's ladder .

Flowers upright ; calyx longer than the tube of the co-
rolla ; root fibrous.

Polemonium vulgare caeruleum et album, Raii Syn. 288, 1.

Valeriana Graeca, Ger.em. 1076; Park. 122.

Polemonium caeruleum, Lin. S. P. 280.

Polemonium elatum, Salisb. Prod. 125.

Greek valerian. Ladder to heaven. Setwalt.

Limestone rocks ; perennial ; June.

Stem pubescent, angular; leaflets 14 to 17 pair, ovate,
unequal at the base ; corolla blue or white.

342

101. Vinca. 29. VINCiE.

PI. ex. cor.

Fam. XII.* 29. VINCiE. Apocynarum genus. Jussieu.

Calyx 5-cut, persisting; corolla 1-petaled, hypogynous,
regular, 5-lobed ; aestivation imbricate, deciduous ; stamens 5,
on the corolla, alternating with the lobes ; filaments dis-
tinct ; anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally ; pollen gra-
nular, applied immediately to the stigma ; ovaries 2 ; style 1 ;
stigma 1, capitate ; follicles 2, long, 1-celled or half 2-celled ;
opening longitudinally on the inner edge; seeds naked,
often margined, on the edges of the follicles ; spermodermis
simple; perisperm fleshy ; corculum straight ; radicle above ;
plumule inconspicuous; cotyledons leaflike. — Shrubs or
under-shrubs often twining, lactescent; leaves opposite, edge
not in the least cut, often fringed with glands ; flowers
axillary or terminal.

I. 101. VINCA. Pliny. Pervinkle.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla salvershape; tube long; mouth
slightly prominent, 5-sided ; limb flat, 5-lobed ; lobes blunt ;
anthers approaching ; stigma annulate at the base ; follicles
upright, round, half 2-celled ; seeds ovate. — Stem shrubby,
diffuse ; flowers solitary, axillary.

1. Vinca minor. Small pervinkle.

Stem procumbent ; leaves oblong, lanceolate, edge bald ;

peduncles 1 -flowered, solitary, axillary, longer than the
leaves ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate.

Vinca pervinca minor, Raii Syn. 268, 1 j Ger. em. 894, 1.

Vinca pervinca vulgaris, Park. 380.

Vinca minor, Lin. S. P. 304.

Vinca ellipticifolia, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 495.

Vinca humilis, Salisb. Prod. 146.

Woods and coppices; perennial; May.

Bhizoma creeping ; stem upright ; leaves perennial ; flowers
alternate, violet; mouth white.

2. Vinca major. Great pervinkle.

Stem upright ; leaves ovate, edge fringed ; peduncles one-

flowered, solitary, axillary; teeth of the calyx bristlelike,
long.

Vinca q. Clematis daphnoides major, Raii Syn. 268, 2.

Clematis daphnoides, sive Pervinca major, Ger. em. 894.

Clematis daphnoides latifolia, seu Vinca pervinca major. Park. 381.

Vinca major, Lin. S. P. 304.

Pervinca major, Scop. Cam. 274.

Vinca grandiflora, Salisb. Prod. 146.

Vinca ovali folia, Stokes B. M. M. 497.

PL ex . cor .

29. VINCiE. 101. Vinca.

343

Woods and coppices ; perennial ; May.

Stem upright ; leaves rough ; flowers blue ; follicles
shining.

Fam. XIII. 30. CONVOLVULACEiE. De Candolle.

Convolvuli , Jussieu.

Calyx 5-1 obed, persisting; corolla 1 -petal, hypogynous,
deciduous, limb 5-lobed ; lobes regular ; stamens 5, in-
serted at the base of the corolla and alternate with the
lobes; ovary simple, 2 or 4-celled, rarely 1-celled or 2
or 4-parted, few-seeded, girt at the base with an an-
nular gland; ovules definite; style 1, simple or divided;
stigma obtuse or acute ; capsule 2 or 4-celled, mostly
valvular, rarely valveless or opening transversely ; edge of
the valves opposite to the dissepiments : seeds bony, affixed
at the base of the inner angles of the dissepiments; pe-
risperm mucilaginous ; corculum curved ; cotyledons cor-
rugated ; radicle below.— Stem herbaceous, rarely shrubby,
mostly twining, milky, bald or simply pubescent; leaves
alternate, mostly undivided, rarely 0; stipules 0; inflo-
rescence axillary or terminal : peduncles 1 or many-flowered ;
Iractece usually 2 to each flower.

Corolla bellshape ; calyx 5-parted ;

Iractece 2, leaflike, embracing the calyx. Calystegia. 102.

Corolla bellshape ; calyx 5-parted ;

Iractece 0, or very small, distant .... Convolvulus. 103.

Corolla bellshape, tube naked ;

leafless, parasitic Cassytha. 105.

Corolla funnelshape, tube 4 or 5-scaled ;
plant leafless, parasitic Cuscuta. 104.

A. Convolvuli. Ovary 1 ; capsule mostly valvate ; cotyle-
dons wrinkled ; plant leafy.

I. 102. CALYSTEGIA. R. Brown. Bindweed.

Calyx 5-parted, inclosed in a 2-leaved bractea; corolla

bellshape, 5-plaited, 5- angled ; stamens 5, nearly equal,
shorter than the limb ; ovary half 2-celled, 4-seeded ; style
undivided ; stigmata 2, blunt, round or globular ; capsule
1-celled. — Herb milky, bald, twining or prostrate; peduncles
solitary, 1 -flowered.

344 102. Calyst. 30. CONVOLVULACEiE. PLex.cor0

1. Calystegia sepium . Hedge bindweed .

Stem twining ; leaves arrowshape, acute, barb blunt ;

bractece half the length of the corolla; peduncle 4*sided,
longer than the petiole.

Convolvulus major, Raii Syn. 275, 1.

Smilax lenis sive laevis major, Ger. em. 861, 1.

Convolvulus major albus, Park. 163.

Convolvulus sepium, Lin. S. P. 212.

Convolvulus repens, Lin. S. P. 218.

Convolvulus laetus, Salisb. Prod. 123.

Calystegia sepium, R. Brown, Pr. FI. N. H. 483.

Great bindweed. Withe-wind. Hedge bells.

Damp hedges and holts; perennial; July and August.
Root creeping ; stem angular ; leaves hanging down ;
flowers white, flesh or deep rose-coloured.

2. Calystegia asarifolia. Asaralacca-leaved bindweed .
Stem prostrate ; leaves kidney-shape, rather fleshy ; pe -

duncles 4- angled, angles winged ; bracteae blunt, the length
of the calyx.

Convolvulus maritimus Soldanella dictus, Raii Syn. 276,5.

Soldanella marina, Ger. em. 838, 1.

Soldanella vulgaris, Park. 161.

Convolvulus Soldanella, Lin. S. P. 236.

Convolvulus asarifolia, Salisb. Prod. 12 3.

Sea bindweed. Sea withewind. Sea-bells. Sea-cqle. Sea foalfoot. Scot-
tish scurvygrass.

Sandy sea-shores ; perennial ; July.

Root creeping ; stem short, few-flowered ; leaves smooth ;
peduncles upright ; flowers flesh-colour, plaits yellow ;
stigma 2-lobed ; lobes 2-cut ; seeds angular.

II. 103. CONVOLVULUS. Pliny. Convolvulus .

Calyx 5-par ted ; brae tea 0, or 2, slender, distant from
the calyx ; corolla bellshape, 5-plaited, 5-angled ; stamens 5,
nearly equal ; ovary 2-celled ; cells 2-seeded ; style undi-
vided ; stigmata 2, threadshape ; capsule valvate. — Stem
twining, milky ; peduncles solitary, 1 or few-flowered.

1 . Convolvulus arvensis . Cornfield convolvulus .

Stem twining; leaves arrowshape; barbs and tip sharp ;
peduncles 4-sided, 1 -flowered; brae tece linear.

Convolvulus minor vulgaris, Raii Syn. 275, 2 ; Park. 171.

Smilax lievis minor, Ger.em. 861,2.

Convolvulus arvensis, Lin. S. P.218.

Convolvulus sagittifolia, Salisb. Prod. 123.

Small bindweed. Withe-wind. Hedge-bells.

Fields and hedges; perennial; June and July.

PL ex. cor. 30. CONVOLVULACEiE. 103. Convol. 345

Root creeping ; stem angular ; leaves rather bald ; pe-
duncles bracteated in the middle ; flowers flesh-colour,
sweet-scented.

2. Convolvulus auriculatus. Eared convolvulus .

Leaves linear, hastate, pointed ; barbs not nicked ; pe-
duncles 4-sided, 1 -flowered ; bracteae lanceolate.

Convolvulus arvensis minimus, Rail Syn. 276.

Convolvulus arvensis /3, Lin . S. P. 232.

Convolvulus auriculatus, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 540.

Hedges ; perennial ; June.

Leaves and flowers much smaller than those of C. ar-
vensis.

B. Cuscutje. Ovary 1 ; capsule opening tranversely, two-
celled; corculum spiral ; cotyledons 0; plant leafless, pa-
rasitic.

III. 104. CUSCUTA. Matthiolus. Dodder .

Calyx 4 or 5-cut; corolla funnelshape ; tube short; limb

4 or 5-cut; stamens 5 ; filaments inserted in the mouth,
with a scale near the bottom ; stigmata 2, pointed ; capsule
2-celled, 2-seeded, cut round. — Herb leafless, twining, pa-
rasitic ; flowers sessile, aggregate, capitate ; bractea 1 .

Cuscuta minor. Small dodder.

Flowers sessile ; nectariferous scale crenate ; stigmata
pointed.

Cuscuta major, Rati Syn. 281.

Cuscuta sive cassuthe, Ger. em. 577.

Cuscuta, Park. 10.

Cuscuta europsea jS, Lin. S. P . 180.

Cuscuta europaea, Huds. FI. Angl. 104.

Cuscuta epithymum, Lin . Sys. Veg. a Murray , 167.

Cuscuta campanulata, Stokes Hot. Mat. Med. 239.

Parasitic on heath ; perennial ; August.

Stem twisted : flowers crowded ; calyx reddish ; corolla
white.— Herb purgative; but believed to partake, in some
measure, of the virtues of the plants on which it grows.

IV. 105. CASSYTHA. Gesner. Hellweed.

Calyx 5-cut ; corolla bellshape, 5-cut ; stamens 5 ; fila-
ments inserted in the throat of the corolla, naked ; stig-
mata 2, pointed; capsule cut round, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — -
Stem annual, leafless, twining, parasitic ; flowers peduncled,
aggregate, capitate; bractea 1.

346 105. Cassyth. 30. CONVOLVULACEiE. Pl. ex. cor.

Cassytha major . Great hellweed.

Flowers nearly sessile ; stigmata pointed.

Cuscuta major, C. Baah. Pin. 219, 3.

Cuscuta europaea, Lin. S. P. 180.

Great dodder. Strangletare. Devil's guts.

Parasitic on thistles and nettles ; annual ; August.

Stem bald; jlowers transparent, reddish.

Fam. XIV. 31. BORAGINEiE, Jussieu. Buglossince ,

Link.

Calyx 5-cut; corolla hypogynous, 1-petaled, mostly re-
gular, 5-cut, rarely 4-cut ; mouth naked or with 5 scales ;
aestivation inbricate; stamens on the corolla, equal, alter-
nating with the lobes, rarely 0; ovary 1, free, 4-parted,

4- seeded, or simple^ or 4-celled; ovules definite, pendu-
lous; style 1, on the gynobasis ; stigma 2-cut; cariopsides? 4,
distinct or connate at the base; perisperm 0; corculum
straight; radicle above; cotyledons leafiike. Herbaceous
or shrubby; leaves alternate, mostly rough; hairs conical,
usually not partitioned, stiff, often rough, filled with a
grumous mass, dilated at bottom, placed on a cellular tu-
bercle, often girt with cells at bottom, and very rarely with
other partitioned hairs placed among the others; stipules 0;
jlowers mostly in a 1 -sided spike, rarely panicled or corym-
bose, something axillary, solitary.

A. Cariopsides 4, topshape , distinct , l- celled, imperforate at
the bottom ; gynobasis flat ; mouth of the corolla pervious .

Corolla funnelshape; mouth naked; tube 2

or 3 times as long as the calyx Mertensia. 114.

Cor. funnelshape ; mouth naked ; tube twice

as long as the calyx ^Egonychon. 115.

Cor . funnelshape, mouth with 5 gibbous

warts ; as long as the calyx . Lithospermum. 116.

Cor .'funnelshape; mouth hairy; calyx tubed,

• or 5-angular Pulmonaria. 113.

Cor. tubular; limb swelled, unequal; calyx

5- parted Echium. 1 IS.

B. Cariopsides 4, topshape , distinct, l-cslled, imperforate at
the bottom ; gynobasis flat ; mouth of the corolla closed.

Cor. funnelshape; mouth closed with scales;
cariopsides smooth Myosotis. 106.

6

PL ex. cor. 31. BORAGINEAE. 347

Corolla rotate ; mouth closed with radii ;
cariopsides wrinkled Borrago. 109.

C. Cariopsides 4, topshape , distinct , 1 -celled, perforated at
the bottom ; gynobasis flat ; mouth of the corolla arched.

Cor. funnelshape ; arches upright ;

calyx 5-parted, in fruit upright . . Buglossa. 111.

Cor. funnelshape ; arches upright ;
calyx 5-parted, becoming bellshape,

drooping Anciiusa. 112.

Cor. bellshape; arches awlshape, conical;
calyx 5-parted Symphytum. 117.

D. Cariopsides 4, depressed , distinct , 4- celled ; perforated at
bottom ; gynobasis columnar ; mouth of the corolla arched.

Calyx becoming compressed ; lobes sinuated ;

cariopsides smooth Asperugo. 110.

Calyx 5-parted ; cor. funnelshape ; arches

convex y cariopsides prickly Cynoglossum. 107.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate ;
cariopsides smooth, cyathiform ....... Omphalodes. 108.

I. 106. MYOSOTIS. Dioscorides. Mouse-ear .

Calyx 5-cut, or toothed ; corolla salvershape, mouth with
short convex, connivent scales; limb 5-parted ; lobes blunt
or nicked ; stamens enclosed ; cariopsides 4, turbinate, one-
celled, bald, smooth, imperforated at bottom ; gynobasis flat,
small. — Flowers spiked ; spike 1- sided, before flowering re-
volute.

1. Myosotis sylvatica. Wood mouse-ear .

Leaves oblong, lanceolate, rather blunt, with soft hairs ;
racemes very long, loose ; bracteae 0 ; pedicells in fruit spread-
ing, rather longer than the calyx ; calyx 5-cut, close ; limb
spread out, longer than the tube.

Mydsotis scorpioides latifolia hirsuta, Bilim in Raii Syn. 229, 2.

Myosotis sylvatica, Pers. Syn. 1, 156.

Myosotis rnontana, Besser Prod. FI. Gall. 1 , 142.

Myosotis scorpioides sylvatica, Horn. Hort. Hafn. 2,986.

Myosotis scorpioides y, Smith FI. Brit. 1,213.

Woods; annual; all the summer.

Roots fibrous; stems many, upright, divided at top into
very loose racemes; leaves fringed; upper leaves embracing;
lower leaves reverse- ovate.

S4S 106. Myosotis. 31. BORAGINEiE. PL ex. cor,

2. Myosotis alpestre . Alp mouse-ear.

Leaves lanceolate, rather pointed, slightly 3-ribbed, hir-
sute ; hractece 0 ; pedicells in fruit spreading, rather longer
than the calyx; calyx 5- cut, close; hairs long, spreading;
limb spread out, longer than the tube.

Myosotis alpestris, Willd. enum. 1, 175.

Myosotis lithospermifolia, Horn. Hort. Ilaffn. 1, 173.

Myosotis seorpioides /3, Willd.

Myosotis suaveolens, Willd.

Myosotis odorata, Poirot Encyc. Bot.

Myosotis rupicola, Engl. Bot. 36, 2259.

Myosotis Pyreniaca, Poirot Mem. Toul. 3, 323.

Alpine rocks; perennial; July.

Stems many, upright, hairy, spreading at bottom, simple

top ; racemes terminal, short, conjugate, solitary ; flowers
before aestivation conglomerate.

S. Myosotis palustris. ' Marsh mouse-ear.

Leaves reverse-ovate, lanceolate, blunt, rather rough;
hractece 0 ; pedicells in fruit diverging, twice as long as the
calyx; calyx 5-cut, blunt, open; bristles straight, closely
adpressed ; limb spread out, longer than the tube.

Myosotis seorpioides palustris, Rail Syn. 229,4 ; Ger, em.331,3.

Myosotis seorpioides repens, Park. 691.

Myosotis palustris, Roth. Germ. 221.

Myosotis perennis, Gmel. FI. Baden. 1,409.

Myosotis seorpioides, Willd. S. P. 1,746.

Myosotis repens. Dorr. Gat.

Myosotis seorpioides y, Smith. FI. Brit. 212.

Echioides palustris, Moench. Meth. 416.

Myosotis adpressa, Stokes Bot. M. M. 269.

Water scorpion- grass.

Damp fields and rivulets; perennial; July and August*

Plant light green ; stems many, rather creeping at bot-
tom, upright, simple; racemes terminal, revolute before
flowering, becoming upright.

4. Myosotis arvensis. Cornfield mouse-ear.

Leaves oblong, lanceolate, pointed, hirsute ; hractece 0 ;
pedicells in fruit spreading, twice as long as the calyx ; calyx
5-cut, upright; bristles spread, hooked; limb upright, spread-
ing, nearly as long as the tube.

Myosotis seorpioides hirsuta, Rati Syn. 229, 1 ; Park. 691.

Myosotis seorpioides arvensis hirsuta, Ger.em. 337.

Myosotis arvensis, Roth. Germ. 222.

Myosotis annua, Gmel. FI. Baden. 1,410.

Myosotis seorpioides, Hesfont. Fl.Atlant. 153.

Myosotis seorpioides 8, Smith FI. Brit . 1, 212.

Echioides annua, Moench. Meth. 416.

Myosotis haraosa, Stokes B. M. M. 269.

Mouse-ear scorpion-grass.

PL ex. cor, 31. BORAGINE/K. 106. Myosotis. 349

Dry fields ; annual ; June.

Root fibrous ; stems many, branched ; racemes terminal,
revolute becoming upright and long.

5. Myosostis versicolor . Changeable mouse-ear.

Leaves lanceolate, rather blunt, hirsute; racemes 0; pedi-
cells in fruit upright, spreading shorter than the calyx ; calyx
4>-cut, pointed ; bristles spreading, hooked ; limb spreading,
shorter than the tube.

Myosotis scorpioides hirta minor, Rail Syn. 239, 3.

Myosotis scorpioides minor, flosculis luteis. Park. 692.

Myosotis versicolor, Ehrh . Pers. Syn. 1, 156.

Myosotis collina, Hojfm. Fl. Germ. 1791, 61,4,

Myosotis arvensis j8, Gmel. Fl. Bad. 1,41 1.

Barren sandy places ; annual ; June.

Stems one or many, middle stem upright, side stems
ascending; racemes terminal, spikeshape; flowers small,
sky-blue or pale yellow.

II. 107. CYNOGLOSSUM. Dioscor. Hounds-tongue,

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla funnelshape ; tube short, mouth
arched; arches convex, connivent; cariopsides 4, 1 -celled,
compressed, not perforated at bottom ; outer side covered
with glochidated prickles; affixed at the side of the columnar
gynobasis. — Leaves tomentose or bald ; flowers spiked or
glomerate, axillary.

1. Cynoglossum officinale . Shop hounds-tongwe ,

Stem upright, leafy ; lower leaves broad, lanceolate,

narrower at bottom ; upper leaves broader at bottom,
pointed, downy, nappy ; racemes paniculate during flower-
ing ; hr acted 0 ; stamens enclosed.

Cynoglossum, Rail Syn. 226, 1 .

Cynoglossum majus vulgare, Ger.em. 804, 1 ; Park. 51 1.

Cynoglossum maximum montanum. Park. 512.

Cynoglossum officinale, Lin. S. P. 1, 192.

Ruins and waysides ; perennial or biennial ; June.

Plant foetid ; stem upright, branched above, from the
axillae of all the upper leaves, ending in racemes ; leaves
grayish, waved ; flowers drooping, 1 -sided: corolla one-third
longer than the calyx ; tube white ; limb bellshape, veined.

|3. album. Flowers white.

2. Cynoglossum sylvaticum. Wood hounds- tongue.

Stem upright; lower leaves rather spatul ate, lanceolate ;

upper leaves embracing the stem, ovate, oblong, pointed ;
above rather bald, shining ; beneath rough ; hr acted 0 ; star
mens enclosed.

350 107. Cynogloss. 31. BORAGINEJE. PL ex, con

Cynoglossum folio virenti, Raii Syn. 226,2.

Cynoglossum minus folio virente, Ger. em. 805, 4.

Cynoglossum semper virens. Park. 512.

Cynoglossum officinale y, Lin. S. P. 193.

Cynoglossum Virginianum, Lin. Syst. Veg. 15 7.

Cynoglossum sylvaticum, Gmelin Baden. 1,421.

Cynoglossum montanum, Lamarck lllustr. 1794.

Cynoglossum Virginicum, Willd . S. P. 1,762.

Cynoglossum Apenninum, Roth Tent. Germ. 2, 219.

Cynoglossum virens, Schreber FI. Lips. 162.

Cynoglossum Germanicum, Jacq. Obs. 2, 31.

Small green-leaved hounds-tongue.

Waysides; biennial; June.

Root fusiform ; stems many, below simple, above branched;
branches upright, spreading ; leaves flat, above light green,
bald ; racemes terminal, drooping at top before flowering.

III. 108. OMPHALODES. Venus-navelwort.

Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate; mouth arched; arches

short, connivent ; limb 5-parted ; lobes blunt ; cariopsides 4,
1' celled, compressed, smooth; edge membranaceous, often
cyathiform; bottom not perforated; gynobasis columnar.
— Flowers spiked, glomerate.

Omphalodes verna . Spring Venus-navelwort .

Leaves petioled, smooth ; root-leaves ovate, heartshape ;
stem-leaves ovate; racemes conjugate, few-flowered.

Cynoglossum omphalodes, Lin. S. P. 193.

Omphalodes verna, Moench. Meth.

Omphalodes repens, Schrank.

Rocks at Teignmouth, Mrs. Turner; perennial; March
and April.

Rhizoma creeping, buried ; stems many ; flowering stems
simple, emitting stools at the bottom ; hradece 2 ; flowers
peduncled, blue.

IV. 109. BORRAGO. Marcellus. Borrage .

Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, mouth arched, arches

blunt, nicked; anthers distinct, oblong or lanceolate; cari-
opsides 1 -celled, topshape, imperforated at bottom; gyno-
basis small, flat.

Borrago oflzcinalis. Shop borrage.

Lower leaves reverse ovate, narrowed at the base ; lobes
of the corolla ovate, pointed, spread out.

Borrago hortensis, Raii Syn. 228 ; Ger, em. 796, l.

Borrago, Park. 249.

Borago officinalis, Lin. S. P. 197.

PL ex. cor, 31. BORAGINEiE. 109. Borrago. 351
Road-sides; annual;

Root fusiform; stem upright, hispid, branchy; branches
upright, spreading; leaves hispid ; flowers drooping; pedi -
cells long, 1 -sided. — Racemes terminal, short, bracteated;
corolla skyblue ; stamens and arches black.

0. alba. Flower white.

Borrago flore albo, Ger. cm. 797, 2.

V. 110. ASPERUGO. Pliny. Madwort .

Calyx round, deeply 5- cut, with teeth between the cuts,

becoming long and compressed; lamellae flat, parallel,
sinuated, toothed ; corolla rather funnelshape, mouth
arched; arches convex, connivent ; filaments short; anthers
rounded; stigma capitate; cariopsides 4, 1 -celled, smooth,
compressed, not perforated at bottom ; gy nobasis columnar.

Asperugo procurnbens. Procumbent madwort.

Asperugo vulgaris, Raii Syn. 228.

Aparine major Plinii, Ger. em. 1122,2.

Borrago minor sylvestris, Park. 765.

Asperugo procurnbens, Lin. S. P. 198.

Great goose-grass. German madwort.

Rich waste land ; annual ; April and May.

Root slender; stem procumbent, flagelliform, branchy,
with small hooked spines; leaves in threes or fours, oblong,
obtuse; rough above; rather baldish beneath; edges hairy,
hooked ; flowers from the side of the leaf, solitary, purplish.

/3. alba. Flowers white.

VI. 111. BUGLOSSA. Dioscorides. Bugloss.

Calyx 5-parted; corolla funnelshape; mouth closed; arches

upright, blunt; cariopsides 4, 1 -celled, topshape, concave,
perforated at bottom ; gynobasis flat, small.— Flowers race-
mose; fruit upright.

1. Buglossa arvensis. Field bugloss.

Stem upright, branchy ; leaves lanceolate, half-embracing,

subrepand, toothed, strigose, very rough; racemes leafy;
calyx as long as the bent tube ; lobes of the corolla unequal,
lanceolate.

Buglossa sylvestris minor, Raii Syn. 227, 1 ; Ger.em. 799, 3.

Buglossum sylvestre minus, Park. 765.

Lycopsis arvensis, Lin. S. P. 199.

Anchusa arvensis, Ilojfm. et Link FI. Lusit. 1, 179.

Small wild bugloss.

352 111. Buglossa. 3b BOllAGINEiE. Pl.ex.c0r4

Way-sides ; annual ; June and July.

Root fusiform ; stem upright or ascending, branched ;
leaves wavey ; hairs sitting on tubercles ; racemes terminal ;
pedicells short; corolla blue, finely veined with white.

2. Buglossa sempervirens. Evergreen lugloss.

Stem upright; leaves ovate, scarcely toothed, hispid;
upper sessile; lower longly peduncled; peduncles axillary,
2-leaved ; racemes conjugate, rather capitate ; lobes of the
corolla equal.

Buglossum latifolium semper virens, Dillen in Raii Syn.227,2.

Borago semper virens, Ger.em. 797,3.

Anchusa sempervirens, Lin. S. P. 192.

Buglossum sempervirens, Allioni Pedem. 166.

Waysides ; perennial ; May and June.

Stem upright, extremely rough, bristles turned back-
wards ; leaves pointed, rough on both sides, edges waved ;
calyx deeply 5-parted; corolla nearly rotate, blue; tube
very short; limb horizontal, 5-parted; lobes rounded,
equal; foramina of the cariopsides closed with a scale.

VII. 112. ANCHUSA. Hippocrates. Alkanet .

Calyx 5-cut or toothed, becoming bellshaped and in-
flated; corolla funnelshaped, 5-lobed; lobes equal; mouth
closed; arches upright, blunt; cariopsides 4, 1 -celled, tur-
binate, perforated at the base; gynobasis flat, small.—
Flowers racemose ; fruit drooping.

Anchusa officinalis . Shop alkanet .

Leaves lanceolate, hispid; bracteee ovate, lanceolate, as
long as the calyx ; calyx 5-cut, pointed.

Buglossa vulgaris, Ger. em. 798, 1.

Anchusa officinalis, Lin. S. P. 191.

Waste places by the sea; perennial; June and July.

Stems many, upright, branched at top ; leaves pointed,
not in the least cut; flowers sessile, imbricated ; spikes ter-
minal ; tube of the corolla as long as the calyx, constricted
under the limb ; limb upright, spreading; lobes rounded ;
mouth closed with 5 upright arches.

0. incarnata. Flowers red, variegated.

y. alba. Flowers white.

PL ex. cor. 31. BORAGINEiE. 113. Pulmonaria. 353

VIII. 113. PULMONARIA. Gesner. Lungwort.

Calyx 5- cut, prismatic, 5-sided, when in fruit bellshape ;

corolla funnelshape ; mouth pervious, hairy ; cariopsides 4,
1 -celled, topshape, not perforated at bottom; gynolasis flat,
small.

1 . Pulmonaria angustifolia. Narrowleaved lungwort.
Leaves pubescent, hirsute, lanceolate; root-leaves p etio-
late ; stem-leaves sessile, half embracing the stem.

Pulmonaria foliis echii, Raii Syn. 22 6, 1 ; Ger. em. ed. 2, 80S.
Pulmonaria maculosa, Ger. em. ed. 1, 808, 1.

Pulmonaria angustifolia, Park. Par. 251,2; Lin. S. P. 191.

Pulmonaria maculata /3, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 278.

Bugloss cows-lips. Long-leaved stage of Jerusalem.

Woods; perennial; May.

Root branched, black; stem upright, roundish, simple;
leaves pointed; hairs short, pressed to the stem; flowers
pedicelled ; bractea lanceolate ; racemes 2, terminal, in
bundles.

0. oblongata. Leaves small, short, broad, and blunt.

2. Pulmonaria ojficinalis. Shop lungwort .

Leaves rough ; root-leaves ovate, cordate, petioled ; upper

stem-leaves sessile, ovate, oblong.

Pulmonaria foliis echii, Ger. em. ed. 1, 808, 2.

Pulmonaria maculosa, Ger. em. ed. 2, 808, 1.

Pulmonaria latifolia maculosa, Park. 251.

Pulmonaria officinalis a, Lin. S. P. 194.

Pulmonaria maculata y, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 280.

Jerusalem cows-lips. Spotted lungwort. Broad-leaved lungwort.

Woods; perennial; May.

Stems many, simple, upright; leaves pointed; upper
stem-leaves with short petioles; lower sessile, ovate, oblong;
flowers purple, pedicelled, when in fruit drooping. — Yields
a large quantity of ashes when burned.

IX. 114. MERTENSIA. Roth. Martens,

Calyx deeply 5-parted; corolla rather funnelshape; tube

much longer than the calyx ; limb rather bellshape ; lobes
short, rounded ; mouth pervious, naked ; filaments as long
as the tube; anthers oblong; stigma capitate; cariopsides 4,
1-celled, ovate, imperforate at the base; gynobasis flat,
small. Radical leaves growing after flowering; flowers
racemose.

2 A

VOL. IT.

354f 114. Mertensia. 31. BORAGINEiE. Pl.ex.cor.-

Mertensia maritima. Sea merter\s .

Stem procumbent, branched ; leaves ovate, blunt, fleshy,
bald, glaucous ; calyx bald.

Echiutn aiarinum, Raii Syn. 228, 1.

Buglossum dulce ex insulis Lancastriae, Park. 765?

Pulmonaria maritima, Lin. S. P. 195.

Pulmonaria procumbens, Stokes Bot. M. M, 281.

Sea buglass.

Sea-shore; perennial; July.

Root fusiform; stems many, procumbent or ascending;
lower leaves petioled ; upper half-embracing the stem ; ra-
cemes terminal, rather corymbose ; flowers pedicelled, up-
right.— Narcotic.

X. 115, AEGONYCHON-. Bastard-alkanet .

Calyx 5-parted, shorter than the corolla ; corolla funnel-
shape ; mouth naked, pervious ; anthers oblong, enclosed ;
cariopsides 4, 1 -celled, ovate, imperforate at the bottom ;
gynobasis flat, small. — Leaves not growing after flowering,
not veined; flowers axillary, solitary; racemes leafy.

1 . JEgony chart repens. Creeping bastard-alkanet.

Stem herbaceous : barren stems creeping ; flowering stems

upright; leaves lanceolate, pointed, attenuated at the base,
rough; cariopsides stony, smooth, bald.

Lithospermum majus Dodonari, flore purpureo, semine anchusse, Raii
Syn. 229, 2.

Lithospermum majus, Ger.eni. 609, 1.

Lithospermum vulgare majus, Park. 2131.

Lithospermum purpureo-caeruleum, Lin. S. P. 190.

Lithospermum repens, Stokes Bot. M. M. 271.

Lithospermum violaceum, Lamarck FI. Fr. 271.

Great gromwell. Pearl plant. Lichicale.

Chalk woods ; perennial ; May.

Rdot branched, black; stems many; middle stems upright;
all the rest decumbent, simple ; leaves stiff; petioles short ;
corolla violet or flesh-colour, rarely white ; cariopsides white.

2. JEgojiychon arvense. Field bastard-alkanet ,

Stem herbaceous, upright, branched ; leaves lanceolate,

narrowed at the base, pointed, hirsute, rather fringed ;
calyx rather shorter than the corolla, spreading when in
fruit; cariopsides wrinkled, rough.

Buglossum arvense annimm, lithospermi folii, Raii Syn . 227.

Anchusa degener facie milii solis, Ger. em. 610, 4.

Lithospermum arvense radice rubente, Park. 432.

Lithospermum arvense, Lin. S. P. 190.

Bastard gromwell . Bastard alkanet »

Pi. etc. cor. 31. BORAGINEiE. 115. iEgonychoh. §55

Fields ; annual ; May and June.

Boot branched, reddish ; stems upright, above branched ;
hairs adpressed; leaves sessil flowers sessile; corolla whitish
yellow; cariopsides oval, white. — Root tinges oil red; juice
of the root used to dye the face red.

XI. 116. LITHOSPERMUM. Dioscorides. GromwelL

Calyx 5-parted ; lobes unequal, growing connivent ; co-
rolla nearly bellshape; mouth nearly closed with 5 up-
right rotate tubercles ; anthers nearly sessile, oblong ; cari-
opsides 4, 1 -celled, ovate, imperforate at the bottom; gyno-
basis small, flat .— Leaves veined; radical leaves not en-
larging after flowering ; flowers axillary.

Lithospermum officinale. Shop gromwell.

Stem herbaceous, round, upright, very much branched ;
leaves broad, lanceolate, veined, pointed, very rough ; tube
of the corolla as long as the calyx.

Lithospermum seu milium solis, Raii Syn. 223, 1.

Lithospermum minus, Ger. em. 609, 2.

Lithospermum vulgare minus, Park. 432.

Lithospermum officinale, Lin. S. P. 189.

Lithospermum ochroleucum, Stokes Rot. M. M. 270.

Small gromwell. Gray mill. Grey millet.

Edges of fields ; perennial ; May.

Boot branched; stem straight, much branched above;
leaves nearly sessile, above dark green, below paler \ flowers
yellow ; cariopsides smooth, bald.

XII. 117. SYMPHYTUM. Dioscorides. Comfrefl

Calyx 5-parted; corolla cylindrical, bellshape, mouth

closed; arches awlshape, forming a cone; nuts 4, 1 -celled,
perforated at the base ; gynobasis flat, small.

1. Symphytum tuberosum. Tuberous comfrey *

Stem simple ; leaves ovate, oblong, narrower at the base ;
lower leaves petiolate ; upper leaves sessile, rather decur-
rent.

Symphytum tuberosum, Ger. em. S06, 3 ; Lin. S. P, 195.

Moist shady places ; perennial ; July.

Boot tuberous, creeping, white on the outside; stem di-
vided at top into 2 peduncles ; leaves not in the least cut,
above hairy, beneath smoother and paler, much veined ; ra*
cemes terminal, drooping.

2 A 2

856 117- Symphytum. 31. BORAGINEiE. PL ex. cor.

2. Symphytum officinale. Shop comfrey.

Stem branched, above winged ; leaves ovate, lanceolate,
narrower at the bottom, decurrent, above very rough, be-*
neath hirsute ; calyx pointed, hirsute.

Symphytum magnum, Raii Syn. 230, 1.

Consolida major, Ger. era. 805, 2.

Symphytum majus vulgare, Park . 523.

Symphytum officinale, Lin.S. P. 195.

Great comfrey. Great consound. Knit-back. Black-wort.

Watery places; perennial; May.

Root cylindrical, black ; stems many, 3 feet high ; leaves
waved; root-leaves ovate; racemes terminal, conjugate,

1 -sided, drooping, becoming upright; corolla bellied, white
or yellowish* — Root astringent, glutinous, mucilaginous ;
the decoction extracts the colour from seed lac ; leaves fla-
vour cakes and panada ; shoots a good pot-herb.

0. purpureum . Corolla purple or reddish ; calyx expand-
ing, shorter than the tube of the corolla.

Censollda major flore purpureo, Ger. em. 806, 1.

Symphytum patens, Sibthorp Ft. Ox. 70.

Symphytum Behenium, Schmidt Ft. Bohem. 3,212.

XIII. 118. EC I HUM. Dioscorides. Viper s-bugloss.

Calyx 5-parted; corolla funnelshape or bellshape; mouth
enlarged, naked; lobes mostly unequal; huts 4, 1-celled,
topshape, rough, imperforate at bottom ; gynobasis small,
fiot.—Stem herbaceous.

1. Echium Italicum. Italian viper s-bugloss.

Stem simple, stiff; leaves linear, lanceolate, strigose,

hispid; racemes very long, spike-like; spikelets 2-cut,
short; flowers close; lobes of the corolla nearly equal; sta-
mens twice as long as the corolla.

Echium q. Lycopsis, Raii Syn . 227,2.

Lycopsis, Park. 519.

Echium Italicum, Lin. S. P. 2.0 0.

Echium aspcrrimum, Buberst. FI. Tour. 1, 135.

Echium altissimum, Jacq. FI. Austr. 5, 35.

Echium lineari folium, Mcench. Meth. Supp. 149.

Wall bugloss.

Sandy grounds, Jersey ; biennial? July.

Stem simple or many, upright, 4 feet high, spotted with
dark purple; flowers sessile, imbricate, 1 -sided, in many
spikelets ; corolla whitish.

1

PI. ex. cor.

31. BORAGINEJE. 118. Echium. 35 7

2. Echium vulgare. Common viper s-hugloss.

Stem jnostly simple, tubercular, hispid ; leaves linear,
lanceolate, hispid ; racem.es terminal, spikeshaped, very
long; spikelets simple, spreading; stamens longer than the
corolla.

Echium vulgare, Raii Syn. 221, 1; Ger. cm. 602,2; Park, 414; Lin.
S. P. 200.

Fields and wastes; biennial; June and July.

Root branched, thick ; stems many, simple, upright ;
leaves hispid; flowers imbricate; spikes short, axillary; pe-
dicells upright, spreading. — Root chewed, used as a poultice
in venomous bites.

/3. violaceum. Sterg branched from the bottom, spread-
ing and often decumbent ; stamens very long.

Echium alterum, sive lycopsis Anglica, Gillen in Raii Syn. 228,3.

Echium vulgare Hudson FI. Angl. 83.

Echium violaceum, Schmidt FI. Bohem. 203,3,

y. album. Corolla white.

Fam. XV. 32. LABIA T/R. Jussieu. Stachydece , R.A.

Salisbury.

Calyx 1 -leafed, tubular, persisting, 4 or 5-cut; corolla lip-
ped, ringent, or irregular ; stamens 2 or 4, often didynamous,
inserted on the corolla; ovary 1, free, 4-lobed ; style 1, on
the receptacle or gynobasis, between the lobes of the ovary;
stigma mostly 2-cut ; microbasis (cariopsides 4) at the base
of the calyx; perisperm 0; corculum straight; radicle be-
low; cotyledons flat. — Stem herbaceous, rarely shrubby,
4-sided ; hairs distinctly partitioned ; leaves opposite \ flowers
mostly in bundles, disposed in close panicles forming spu-
rious whirls, rarely solitary, sometimes terminal and capi^
tate, bracteated.

a. Stamens 2, corolla not lipped.

Upper lobe of corolla nicked Lycopus. 119.

b. Stamens 2; corolla lipped ; filaments \-toothed.

Galea arched \filam. toothed in the middle Salvia. 147.

Galea arched, not compressed Horminum. 149.

Galea compressed Sclarea. 148.

c. Stamens 4 ; corolla not Upped.

Calyx 5-cut, slightly hairy ; upper lobe
of the corolla nicked Mentha. 120.

358

32. LABIATE

Pi. ex. cor .

Calyx 5-cut ; mouth hairy ; upper lobe
of the corolla not nicked Pulegium. 121.

d. Stamens 4 ; upper lip of the corolla truncated.

Corolla truncated above, 2-toothed ;

cariopsides reticulated Bugula. 122.

Corolla above deeply cut ;

calyx-teeth rather unequal Cham^brys. 123,

Corolla deeply cut above ;

upper tooth very broad Scorodonia. 124.

e. Stamens 4; corolla 2-lipped ; lips distant ;
calyx irregular , not lipped.

Galea slender, spread, 2-parted ;

calyx spread Lavandula. 125.

Galea slender ; mouth toothed

on each side; anthers hirsute . Lamium. 132,

Galea slender, mouth 2-toothed

below ; anthers bald Galeopsis. 134.

Galea slender, mouth not toothed ;
sarcoma round the ovary ; anthers co-
herent Glechoma. 131.

Galea slender, mouth not toothed ;
sarcoma 0 ; middle lobe of the lip
rounded, concave Nepeta. 126,

f. Stamens 4; corolla 2-lipped ; Ups distant ; galea slender ;
mouth not toothed; sarcoma 0; middle lobe of the lip
flattened or deflected ; calyx irregular , not lipped.

Bractece 0 ; calyx baldish on the inside ;

tube of corolla short, rather gibbous Stachys. 128.

Bractece 0; calyx baldish on the inside ;

tube long, curved, not gibbous Betonica. 127.

Bractece 0 ; calyx bald on the inside ;
tube short ; lip obtusely 3-lobed Trixago. 129.

Bractece 0; calyx bald on the inside;
tube short; lip acutely 3-lobed; anthers bald

Galeobdolon. 133.

Bractece 0; calyx bald on the inside;
tube short ; lip acutely 3-lobed ; anthers
spotted Cardiac a. 135.

Bractece 0 ; calyx woolly inside, en-
larged above ; tube short Eriostomum. 130.

PI. ex. cor.

32. LABIATiE.

359

Bractece 0 ; calyx bearded inside, cylin-
drical ; tube middling long Satureja. 14S.

Bracteated ; calyx bearded inside, cylin-
drical ; flowers densely spiked. ........ Origanum. 138.

g. Stamens 4; corolla 2-lipped ; calyx regular , not 2-lipped.

Galea not cut; lip unequally 3-lobed . . . Ballota. 136.
Galea 2-cut; calyx 1 0-toothed .... Marrubium. 137.

h. Stamens 4 ; corolla 2- lipped ; calyx 2-lipped) 5-cut ;

fllaments not 2-forked.

Involucrum from the secondary bractese ;

calyx bald inside ; galea nicked Clinipodium. 144,

Involucrated ; flowers densely spiked;

calyx cylindrical, inside bald Majgrana. 139.

Invol. 0 ; calyx cylindrical ; middle lobe

of the lip of the corolla not cut Thymus. 140.

Invol. 0 ; calyx cylindrical ; middle lobe

2-cut i Calamintha. 142.

Invol. 0; calyx gibbous at the base Acinos. 141.

Invol . 0; calyx enlarged above Melissa. 145.

i. Stamens 4; corolla 2-lipped; calyx 2-lipped , 5-cut ;

fllaments 2-forked .

Stigma 2-cut Brunella. 1 50.

k. Stamens 4; corolla 2-lipped; calyx 2-lipped, 2 to 4>-cut .

Calyx 3 or 4 cut Melittis. 146.

Calyx 2-cut Scutellaria. 150.

l. 119. LYCOPUS. Fuchs. Gypsey-wort .

Calyx 4 or 5-cut, irregular, not 2-lipped ; mouth naked ;

corolla not lipped, tubular or 4-cut; upper lobe naked;
stamens 2, diverging ; ovary girt by a yellow gland, or sar-
coma.— Hairs distinctly partitioned, joints short, not swelled
at the base ; flowers axillary, sessile, in spurious whirls.

1. Ly copus riparius. Bankside gypsey-wort.

Stem rather hairy; leaves oval, lanceolate, usually smu-
tted, serrated, rather hairy.

360 119. Lycopus. 32. LABIATiE. PL ex. cor.

Lycopus palustris glaber, Ilaii Syn. 236, 1.

Marrubiuro aquaticum, 6 rer. em. 700, 1.

Marrubiurn aquaticum vulgare, Park. 1230.

Lycopus europseus, Lin . S. P. 30.

Lycopus vulgaris, Pers. Syn. 24.

Lycopus riparius, Salisb. Prod. 72.

Water horehound.

Bank-sides by water ; perennial; July to September.

Stem upright; leaves petioled; calyx downy; corolla
whitish purple; lower lobes spotted on the inside, sometimes
with 2 filaments, which rarely have barren anthers. — Root
astringent; juice strains the flesh brown, gives a durable
stain to linen, woollen, and silk ; and dyes a black with
green vitriol.

0. incisus. Leaves deeply divided, nearly pinnatifid.

II. 120, MENTHA. Theophrastus. Mint.

Calyx 5-cut, irregular, not 2-lipped ; inside bald or
slightly hairy; corolla little longer than the calyx, 4-lobed ;
lobes nearly equal; upper lobe nicked; stamens 4, didyna-
mous, diverging. — Rhizoma creeping; herb odoriferous.

a. Calyx entirely hirsute.

1. Mentha sylvestris. Wild mint.

Leaves heartshape, lanceolate, unequally toothed, serrate ;
tomentose beneath ; racemes terminal, oblong; bractece awl-
shape; calyx villous; hairs longer than the breadth of the
segments; stamens exserted.

Mentha spicata q. Menthastrum spicatum folio longipre capdicante
J. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 234,5.

Mentha sylvestris, Lin. S. P. 804.

Mentha spicata longifolia, Lin. S. P. ed. 1,576.

Mentha sylvestris a, Huds. FI. Angl.2h0.

Mentha longifolia, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1,221,

Mentha villosa 1, Sole Month. Brit. 3.

Mentha tomentosa, Stokes Boi. Ma M. 312.

Mentha candicans, Miller Diet.

Horse mint.

Damp rubbish and road-sides; peren.; Aug. and Septem.

Stem tomentose ; hairs deflexed ; upper leaves lanceolate,
pointed ; racemes compounded of whirls, many-flowered ;
peduncles hairy; hairs closely deflected; bractece the length
of the flowers. — Aromatic.

PI. ex. cor.

32. LABIATAE, 120* Mentha.

3.61

2. Mentha villosa. Villous mint.

Leaves ovale or elliptical, wrinkled, unequally serrate;

villous beneath; racemes terminal; bractece awlshape; calyx
rather hirsute ; hairs straight; lobes triangular, awlshape;
stamens as long as the corolla.

Mentastrum, Ger. em. 684,3. Figure only.

Mentha sylvestris, FI. Dan. 484.

Mentha villosa 2, Sole Menth. Brit. 610.

Mentha ncmorosa, Willd. S. P. 375.

Mentha sylvestris 13, Smith Ft. Brit. 610.

Mentha villosa, Huds. FI. Angl.

Road-sides; perennial; August and September.

Stem purplish at bottom ; leaves sessile or with short pe-
duncles, pointed ; racemes narrow ; sinuses of the calyx
blunt.

£. candicans , Leaves short; spikes blunt.

Mentha candicans, foliis, spicis et odore vulgari sativse similis, Raii
Syn. 234,5.*

y. alopecuroides. Leaves elliptical, broad, blunt.

Mentha alopecuroides, Hull Br. FI. 126.

Mentha rotundifolia, Sole Menth. Br. 9.

3. Mentha rotundifolia. Round-leaved mint .

Leaves elliptical, blunt, wrinkled, crenate, pilose above,

tomentose beneath ; racemes terminal, hirsute, interrupted ;
bracteee lanceolate, hirsute; lobes of the calyx awlshape,
triangular, fringed ; fringe shorter than the breadth of the
lobes.

Mentha spicata q. menthaslrum folio rugoso rotund iore spontanemn,
flore spicato, odore gravi J. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 234, 6.

Mentastrum, Ger. em. 684,3, description.

Mentha crispa, Lin. S. P. ed. 1, 446,

Mentha rotundifolia, Lin. S. P. 805.

Mentha sylvestris, Sole Menth. Br.1,3.

Rubbish; perennial; August and September.

Stem 3 feet high, pilose, hairs deflexed ; leaves sessile,
acutely crenated; lower leaves elliptical, oblong; racemes
panicled; whirls rather remote; hairs of the pedicells de-
flexed; stamens exserted. — Odour peculiar, stimulant; of
great use in chlorosis, and in removing the dull languor
after epileptic fits.

(3. variegata. Leaves variegated with green.

Mentastrum niveum Anglicum, Ger. em. 684,4.

4. Mentha glomercita. Glomerated mint.

Leaves ovate, petioled; terminal whirls rounded ; pedicells

hispid backwards; calyx hirsute on every side.

362

120. Mentha. 32. LABIATzE.

PI. ex. cor ,

Mentha spicata q. Sisymbrium hirsutum Doody, Raii Syn. 233,7.

Mentha (spicata) aquatica seu Sisymbrium, Raii Syn. 233, 6 ; Ger. em .
084, 2.

Mentha hirsuta, Lin. Mant. 81.

Mentha aquatica, Huds. Ft. Angl . 252, a, /3.

Mentha birsnta, Smith T. L. S. 5, 193.

Mentha glomerata, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 616.

Water Mint.

Watery places ; perennial; August and September. Very
variable in form.

Flowers capitate; leaves pubescent; stem hirsute, hairs
deflected, pressed to the stem ; stamens longer than the co-
rolla ; hractece lanceolate, hirsute ; peduncles very hirsute ;
hairs white, reflexed; calyx furrowed. — Stimulant; used
in sauces as a carminative, odour peculiarly grateful.

£. aurantiaca. Flowers capitate, head and leaves smaller
and rounder than the preceding : odour like that of
oranges.

Mentha (spicata) sisymbrium dicta hirsuta, glomerulis ac foliis minori-
bus et rotundioribus, Billen in Raii Syn. 233, 8.

y. piperita. Flowers capitate ; leaves nearly bald ; sta-
mens shorter than the corolla.

Mentha nigricans, Miller's Diet.

Mentha piperita, Lin. S. P. 805.

Mentha piperita /3, Huds. FI. Angl. 251.

d. palustris. Flowers spiked or capitate ; spike leafless ;
lower whirls peduncled ; leaves hairy, pale beneath.

Mentha spicata q. menthastri aquatici genus hirsutum, spica latiore
J. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 234, 4.

Mentha aquatica, Miller Diet.

Mentha palustris, Sole Menth. 13,6.

e. paludosa. Flowers spiked, in whirls ; whirls close to-
gether; stamens as long as the corolla; odour like marjoram,

Mentha paludosa, Sole Menth. 49, 22.

£. saliva. Flowers in whirls; whirls peduncled; stamens
longer than the corolla, or variable ; leaves hirsute.

Mentha verticillata ; varietas hirsutie foliorum discrepans, Raii Syn ,
232, 4. *

Mentha verticillata, Lin. S. N. ed. 10, 1099 ; IJuds. ed . 1, 222.

Mentha sativa, Lin. S. P. 805.

Mentha rivalis, 0, y, et 5, Sole Menth. 45.

Mentha arvensis, var. Withering Bot. Arr.

vj. glabra. Flowers in whirls ; leaves roundish, bald.

Mentha aquatica verticillata glabra, rotundiore folio, Dillen in Herb .
Sherard.

2

PL ex. cor .

32. LABIATE. 120. Mentha.

363

Q. exigua. Flowers in whirls, very small ; odour very
fragrant.

Mentha (verticillata) aquatica exigua, Dillen in Raii Syn. 232, 2.

5. Mentha acutifolia. Sharpleaved mint.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed at both ends, unequally

serrate ; flowers in whirls; whirls sessile; calyx covered
with hairs; pedicells hairy; hairs horizontal; stamens shorter
than the corolla.

Mentha verticillata, Miller Diet.

Mentha acutifolia, Smith T. L. S. 5,203.

Edges of fields ; perennial ; September,

Stem nearly simple; hairs deflexed; petioles short; leaves
not serrated at top and bottom ; whirls nearly equal, many-
flowered; Iractece linear; calyx tubular; hairs ascending;
mouth of the corolla hairy.

6. Mentha arvensis . Field mint.

Stem very branched ; leaves in whirls, ovate or elliptical,

rather blunt ; flowers in whirls ; calyx bellshape, hirsute in
every part ; hairs horizontal.

Mentha aquatica, Raii Syn. ed. 1, 78.

Mentha (verticillata) sen calamintha aquatica, Raii Syn. 232, 1.

Calamintha aquatica, Ger. em. 684,2.

Mentha arvensis, Lin. S. P. 806.

Water calamint.

Inundated sandy meadows; perenn. ; June to September.

Stem very diffuse; leaves petioled; whirls many-flowered,
nearly sessile; Iractece lanceolate; pedicells bald at bottom,
very hairy at the tip; calyx short; corolla hairy within;
stamens exserted.

/3. major. Leaves broad ; whirls and flowers large ; sta-
mens exserted ; odour grateful.

Mentha arvensis major, Sole Menth. Br. 29. y.

y. prcEcox. Stem erect; leaves recurved, elliptical ; flower-
ing early; corolla slightly hairy on the outside; stamens
enclosed.

Mentha praecox, Sole Menth. Br. 31, 13.

gentiiis. Leaves short, broad, round; stamens enclosed;
odour like basil.

Mentha verticillata arvensis folio rotundiore, odore aromatico. Raii Syn.
?32, 3.

Mentha gentiiis, Miller , Diet. «

e. agrestis. Stem upright ; leaves very broad, nearly heart-
shape ; veins very strong, parallel ; stamens enclosed.

Mentha agrestis, Sole Menth. Br. 33, 14.

364*

120. Mentha. 32. LABIATiE.

Pl. ex. cor .

b. Calyx laid at the base.

7. Mentha gracilis. Slender mint .

Stem upright, very much branched ; leaves lanceolate,

acute, serrated, nearly sessile; flowers in whirls; peduncles
and base of the calyx quite bald.

Mentha (verticiilata) fasca sive vulgaris, Ruii Syn. 232, 5 ; Park. 31.

Mentha rubra, Hicds. FI. yingl. 252.

Mentha gentilis, Engl. Bat. 449.

Mentha gracilis, Sole Menth. Brit. 37, 16.

Red mint.

Watery places and damp fields; perennial; August.

Stem rough-sided, much branched in the middle; leaves
light green, both sides slightly hirsute; whirls nearly sessile;
hractece lanceolate; calyx tubular, bellshaped, purple; apex
and teeth hirsute ; stamens enclosed ; odour like that of
m. viridis.

&. cardiaca . Stem upright, nearly smooth, dark brown;
leaves smooth, long, narrow, deep green ; lower leaves with
short peduncles; upper sessile; odour like basil.

Mentha cardiaca, Ger. em. 6S0, 4.

Mentha gentilis, Sole Menth. Brit. 35, 15.

Heart mint. Heart wort.

8. Mentha gentilis.'' Elegant mint .

Stem very much branched, spreading; leaves ovate, blunt,

serrated; flowers in whirls; pedicell and base of the calyx
bald.

Mentha gentilis, Lin. S. P. S05.

Mentha rubra, Sole Menth. Brit. 41, 8.

Watery places and ruins; perennial; August.

Stem upright, 12 inches high, rough; branches long;
leaves petioled, light green, rather hirsute on both sides ;
whirls nearly sessile; bractece lanceolate; calyx hairy above;
stamens enclosed.

jS. rivalis. Stem 3 feet high, rough ; leaves long, nearly
elliptical.

Mentha nivalis a, Sole Menth. Brit. 41, 18.

y. variegata. Leaves variegated with yellow and white;
whirls sessile, rarely pedicelled; pedicells rarely slightly
hairy ; hairs deffexed.

Mentha variegata, Sole Menth. Brit. 43, 19.

PI. ex. cor .

32. LABIATJE. 120. Mentha.

365

9. Mentha rubra. Fed mint .

Stem upright, flexuous, bald ; leaves ovate, petioled,

inciso-serrated ; flowers in whirls; whirls peduncled ; pe-
duncles and calyx quite bald ; teeth of the calyx hirsute.

Mentha vertieillala, Rail Syn. 232, 4 .

Mentha sativa rubra, Ger. em. 680, 1.

Mentha crispa. Park. 31.

Mentha rubra, Smith Tr.Lin. Soc. 5,205.

Mentha sativa, Sole Menth. Hr. 47,24.

Edges of rivers ; perennial ; September.

Stem 6 feet high, slightly branched, bald ; leaves dark
green, shining ; upper small and roundish ; bractece linear ;
pedicells shining ; flowers rather large, bald.

0. crispa . Leaves crisped.

Mentha crispa verticillata folio rotundiore, Rail Syn. 232, 4.*

y. pratensis. Stem branched at the top, changing from
pale green to dark brown ; leaves harsh, wrinkled, hairy,
deeply serrated, hanging down close to the stem.

Mentha pratensis, Sole Me, nth. Br. 39, 17.

10. Mentha odorata. Sweetscented mint.

Leaves petioled, heartshape, rather blunt, serrated, both

sides naked; pedicells and calyx quite bald ; flowers capitate;
head quite blunt.

Mentha rubra, Miller Diet.

Mentha odorata. Sole Menth. Brit. 21,9.

Bergamot mint.

Watery places; perennial; July and August.

Herb quite bald, reddish ; stem upright, much branched ;
spikes terminal, very short, den lower whirl remote,
slightly peduncled ; bractece bristlelike ; calyx slender, fur-
rowed ; tube and teeth entirely bald ; stamens included ;
odour like oranges.

1 1 . Mentha piperita. Pepper mint .
Spike blunt, interrupted below; leaves petioled, rather

ovate, nearly bald; calyx quite bald at the base; stamens
enclosed.

Mentha piperata, Iluds. FI. Angl. 251.

Mentha piperata officinalis, Sole Menth . Br. 15,7,

Mentha officinalis, Hull. Br. FI. 227.

Watery places; perennial; August and September.

' Stem C1 feet high, much branched ; hairs recurved; leaves
ovate, lanceolate, acute, serrated, dark green, pale beneath ;
spike solitary, long; lower whirl very remote, peduncled;

S66 120. Mentha. 32. LABIATE. PL ex. cor.

Iractea fringed ; odour pungent ; taste bitter aromatic.—
Stem and leaves covered with glands containing a carmina-
tive and antispasmodic oil.

|3. vulgaris. Leaves ovate, short, rather elliptical ; spikes
short, blunt, and like a head.

Mentha (spieata) spicis brevioribus et habiiioribus, foliis menthse fuscae*
sapore fervido pi peris, Raii Syn. 234, 7.

Mentha piperita, Hull Br. FI. 127.

Mentha piperita vulgaris, Sole Menth. Br. 19,8.

y. hircina. Leaves heartshape, ovate, bald ; spikes pointed*
long; lower whirl very remote, pedicelled; taste virose*
ungrateful.

Mentha piperita sylvestris, Sole Menth. Br. 53,24.

Mentha piperita, Hull Br. FI. 127.

12. Mentha viridis. Green mint.

Spikes interrupted, attenuated ; leaves sessile, heartshape,

lanceolate, pointed, naked ; Lraclece and teeth of the calyx
rather hirsute.

Mentha Romana, Ger. erh. 680, 3.

Mentha spieata viridis, Lin. S. P. ed. 1, 576.

Mentha viridis, Lin. S. P. 804.

Mentha glabra, Mill. Die.

Spear mini. Common garden mint. Brown mint . Maycril mint.

Bogs ; perennial ; August.

Stem ■ 3 feet high, upright, bald ; leaves bald ; spikes pa~
nicled, whirls remote; hracteee twice as long as the flowers;
pedicells and calyx bald ; odour aromatic, acrid. — A con-
serve of the leaves, as also the distilled water and distilled
spirit prevent and stop nausea and vomiting : leaves used
also as carminatives to season flatulent food ; made into
poultices, or in fomentations, used to dissolve coagulations
of milk in the breasts, milk with which mint leaves are
mixed not curdling nearly so soon as pure milk.

13. angustifolia. Leaves rather hirsute beneath ; teeth of
the calyx fringed, fringes short.

Mentha spieata angustifolia, glabra, folio rugosiore, odore graviore,
Raii Syn. 233, 1.

y. ciliata . Leaves rather hirsute beneath; teeth of the
calyx fringed ; fringes long, very copious.

Mentha spieata angustifolia, glabra, spica latiore, Dillen in Raii Syn ,
233, 2.

& laii folia. Leaves broad, short, wrinkled; teeth of the
calyx fringed ; fringes short.

Mentha spieata glabra, latiore folio, Dillen in Raii Syn, 234,3.

#

Pi. ex. cor. 32. LABIATAK. 121. Pulegium. 367

III. 121. PULEGIUM. Pliny. Pennyroyal .

Calyx 5- cut, irregular, not 2-lipped, mouth closed with
hairs when in fruit; corolla little longer than the calvx,
4-lobed, nearly equal ; upper lobe not nicked ; stamens *di-*
dynamous, diverging. — Rhizoma creeping; herb aromatic;
ivhirls pedicelled ; bractece 0.

Pulegium aromaticum . Scented pennyroyal.

Leaves reverse ovate, oblong, blunt, rather crenate ;
flowers in whirls ; pedicells and calyx tomentose ; teeth of
the calyx fringed.

Pulegium, Raii Syn . 235, 1.

Pulegium regium, Ger. cm. 671, 1.

Pulegium vulgare, Park. 29.

Mentha Pulegium, Lin . S. P. 807.

Pennyroyal . Pudding- grass. Pulialt royal. Organic.

Inundated places; perennial; September.

Stem prostrate, much branched, downy, creeping; leaves
petioled, blunt ; whirls many-flowered ; pedicells hairy ;
hairs short, horizontal ; corolla purple ; tube white ; stamens
exserted. — Herb antispasmodic, used in hysterical diseases,
in infusion, or as a distilled water: syrup of the juice used
in hooping cough.

/3. album. Flowers white.

y. erectum . Stem upright; pedicells hairy; hairs slightly
deflected.

Pulegium mas, Ger. era. 671,2.

Mentha Pulegium /?, Stokes Rot. M. M. 3,320.

IV. 122. BUGULA. Dioscorides. Bugle .

Calyx 5-cut, irregular, not 2-lipped ; corolla tubular,
upper lip or galea very short, truncated, 2-toothed ; lower
3-lobed ; middle lobe large, reverse heartshape ; stamens
exserted, ascending; anthers all alike, short, 1-celled; mi-
crobasis reticulated. — Hairs short, tranversely parted.

a. Flowers axillary , spiked; leaves broad; root creeping .

1 . Bugula reptans. Creeping bugle. »

Stolones creeping ; leaves oval, oblong, baldish ; stems
solitary.

Bugula, Raii Syn. 245, 1 ; Ger. em. 631, 1.

Bugula vulgaris, Park. 245.

Ajuga reptans, Lin. S. P. 785.

Teucriuin reptans, Salisb . Prod.

Bugula reptans, Scopoli Cam.

Brown bugle. Sickle wort. Herb carpenter ,

538

PL ex. cor •

122. Bugula. 32. LABIATiE.

Woods and damp pastures; perennial; April and May.
Flowering stem upright, simple, rather hairy ; leaves el-
liptic, blunt, repand ; upper leaves sessile ; bractece not in
the least cut; middle lobe of the corolla cut.

,e. hirsuta. Stolones short; herb hirsute; stem roundish.
Dry mountains.

2. Bugula pyramidalis. Pyramidal bugle .

Stolones 0; leaves oval and oblong, villous; root-leaves

very large, reverse ovate, crenate ; bractece not cut ; whirls
pyramidically crowded, many-flowered.

Ajuga pyramidalis, Lin. S. F. 785.

Scotch mountains ; perennial ; May and June.

Boot tuberous; stem single; root-leaves many, petioled,
blunt, repand ; stem-leaves very few, short ; bractece oval,
cut, coloured; spike close; corolla purple.

3. Bugula alpina . Alpine bugle .

Stolones 0; stems many, simple; leaves reverse ovate,

unequally toothed, rather hairy ; stem-leaves nearly as large
as the root-leaves ; whirls rather distant, many-flowered.
Bugula cserulea alpina, Rail Syn. 245, 2; Park. 525.

Ajuga pyramidalis, Huds. FI. Angl. 248.

Ajuga Genevensis, Withering Bot. Art.

Ajuga alpina, Lin. Mant. 80.

Mountain bugle.

Mountains; perennial; June.

Lower bractece cut; upper not cut, coloured.

b. Flowers axillary , solitary ; leaves slender , mostly 3-cut or
toothed; root annual. Chamsepitys.

4. Bugula arvensis. Field bugle .

Stem diffuse; leaves 3-cut, edge of the lobes not cut;

flowers shorter than the leaves.

Chamsepitys vulgaris, Raii Syn. 244, 1 ; Park. 283.

Charnffipitys mas, Ger. em. 525, 1.

Teucrium Chamaepitys, Lin. S. P. 787.

Bugula Chamaspitys, Scop. Cam 718.

Ajuga Chamaepitys, Fjngl. Rot. 77.

Teucrium arvense, Salisb. Prod. 70.

Ground pine. Herb ivy. Forget me not. Field cypress.

Sandy fields; annual; April and May.

Stem much branched; leaves 3-cut to the middle; lobes
revolute ; lower leaves undivided ; flowers nearly sessile,
yellow spotted with red. — Herb bitter, acrimonious, useful
in gout, intermitting fevers, and jaundice.

tridentata. Leaves linear; edge not cut; tip 3-toothed.

PL ex cor, 32. LABIATiE. 123. Chamaedrys. 369

V. 123. CHAMAEDRYS. Dioscorides. Germander .

Calyx tubular, gibbous at the base, 5-toothed; teeth
lanceolate, upper broadest, 2 lowest slender; corolla ringent;
galea truncated, deeply cut ; lobes falcate, connate at the
tip; lower lip 3-parted, lateral lobes long, middle lobe
concave, very large, slightly 3-lobed ; stamens 4, didyna-
mous, exserted, ascending ; microbasis , or cariopsides,
smooth. — Flowers axillary.

1. Chamcedrys laciniata. Jagged-leaf germander.

Stem decumbent ; leaves pinnatifid ; lobes 3-cut ; flowers

peduncled, in threes.

Chamcepitys foemina, Ger. em. 525, 2.

Teucrium Botrys, Lin . S. P.

Chamaedrys Botrys, Mcenck Meth. 38 3.

Female ground-pine .

Cultivated places; annual; June to August.

Stem 4-sided, branched ; hairs horizontal ; leaves petioled,
many-cut, lobes cut ; flowers in threes from the base of
each leaf ; calyx much swollen at the base ; corolla purplish.

2. Chamcedrys officinalis • Shop germander.

Stem rather procumbent, villose ; leaves wedgeshape,

ovate, cut, crenate, hirsute, petioled ; flowers in threes,
Chamcedrys vulgaris sen sativa, Raii Syn. 231, 1 ; Park. 104.
Chamcedrys major latifolia, Ger. em. 656, 1.

Chamaedrys minor, Ger. em. 656, 2.

Chamcedrys, Park. Parad. 456.

Teucrium Chamaedrys, Lin. S. P. 790.

Teucrium veronicaefoliuin, Salisb. Prod. 76.

Chamcedrys officinalis, ' Meench'Meth. 383.

Wall germander . English treacle.

Old walls; perennial; July.

Rhizoma creeping ; stem ascending, branched, nearly
4-sided ; lower half of the leaves not cut, growing narrow ;
calyx hairy ; teeth downy, edged with white ; corolla pur-
plish.— Herb diuretic, emmenagogue and diaphoretic; its
decoction in wine recommended in gout.

3. Chamcedrys palustris. Marsh germander .

Stem diffuse, downy ; leaves oblong, sessile, toothed,

rather naked ; flowers peduncled, in pairs.

Scordium, Raii Syn. 246, 1 $ Ger, em. 660, 1.

Scordium legitimum, Park. 111.

Teucrium Scordium, Lin. S. P. 790.

Water germander. Scordium. Garikk germander.

Bogs ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem procumbent, 4-sided, hairy; leaves toothed, ser-
rated ; flowers in twos or threes, peduncled ; calyx hairy.
vol. u, 2 b

370 124. Scorodonia, 32. LABIATiE.

PI. ex. cor.

VI. 124. SCORODONIA. Val. Cordus. Wood-sage.

Calyx tubular, bellied at the bottom, 2-lipped ; upper

lip not cut, ovate, upright; lower lip 4-toothed; 2 side teeth
short; 2 lower teeth jutting forwards; galea truncated,
deeply cut; lobes rounded; lip 3-cut, side-lobe oblique
spread ; middle lobe reverse heartshape ; stamens 4, didy-
namous, exserted ; gynobasis or cariopsides smooth. —
Flowers racemose, terminal, yellow ; racemes leafy.

Scorodonia solitaria. Single-flowered wood-sage.

Stems upright ; leaves heartshape, rather downy, toothed,
petioled ; racemes axillary, facing one way.

Scorodonia seu Salvia agrestis, Raii Syn. 245, 1 ; Ger. era. 662, 1.

Scorodonia seu scordium alterum quibusdam et salvia agrestis, Park . 111.

Teucrium Scorodonia, Lin. S. P. 789.

Teucrium salvisefolium, Salisb. Prod. 76.

Scorodonia heteroraalla, Moench Meth. 384.

Scorodonia solitaria, Stokes B. M. M. 3, 374.

Wood sage. Garlick sage.

Woods and heaths ; perennial ; July.

Rhizoma creeping; stem 4-sided, panicled, racemose';
leaves wrinkled ; flowers peduncled, yellow ; stamens violet.

VII. 125. LAVANDULA. Gesner. Lavender.

Calyx tubular, ovate; outside many-ribbed; inside bald;

edge not cut or but slightly toothed ; periphyllum ovate,
projecting; corolla tubular, long, bellied above; galea large,
narrower than the lip, flat, 2-cut ; lip 3-lobed ; lobes equal,
blunt; stamens 4, didynamous, from the side of the tube,
convergent, enclosed. — Stem herbaceous or shrubby \ flowers
spiked, bracteated.

Lavandula Tragi. Tragus's lavender.

Leaves sessile, lanceolate, linear, not cut, edge turned-
under ; spike interrupted ; bractece lanceolate.

Lavandula fiore crerulea, Ger. em. 583, I.

Lavandula major, sive vulgaris, Park. 73.

Lavandula Spica, Lin. S. P, 800.

Lavandula Tragi, Salisb. Prod.18.

Lavender spike.

Cultivated shrubby; June and July.

Stem upright ) stem-leaves scarcely turned under: branch-
leaves turned under, airy underneath; hairs stellate ; bractese
brown; flowers violet, sweet-scented. — Spikes yield much
essential oil in distillation, oil very sweet-scented, contain-
ing a large proportion of camphire ; flowers nervine, anti-
spasmodic, cephalic.

PL ex. cor .

371

32. LABIATE. 126. Nepeta.

VIII. 126. NEPETA. Pliny. Cat-mint .

Calyx cylindrical, not 2-lipped, striated, dry, bald on the

inside, 5-toothed; teeth unequal, upper tooth broadest;
tule of the corolla long ; mouth spreading ; edge reflexed ;
galea slender, short, 2-cut ; lip 3-lobed ; side lobes short ;
middle lobe very large, concave, crenate ; stamens 4, didy-
namous, exserted, converging.— Flowers verticillate spiked,
or terminal panicled ; peduncles many-flowered, bracteated.

Nepeta mollis. Soft cat-mint.

Leaves petioled, heartshape, toothed, serrate ; whirls pe-
dicelled ; flowers spiked.

Nepeta major vulgaris, Raii Syn . 237, 1 ; Park, 38.

Mentha felina, seu cattaria, Ger. em. 682, 1.

Nepeta cattaria, Lin. S. P. 796.

Nepeta mollis, Salisb. Prod. 78.

Nep.

Edges of chalky fields ; perennial ; July and August.
Herb very soft, sometimes woolly ; stem upright ; leaves
wrinkled; spikes blunt, many-flowered; corolla, white, lip
spotted with red. — Odour aromatic, much liked by cats.

IX. 127. BETONICA. Pliny. Betony.

Calyx irregular, not lipped, 5-toothed; teeth unequal,

awned; mouth hairy; corolla lipped ; tube bent at bottom ;
galea upright, not cut ; lip 3-cut ; middle lobe deflexed at
the sides ; stamens 4, didynamous, short, not converging. — •
Stem simple ; flowers terminal, spiked ; true bractece 0.

Betonica officinalis. Shop betony .

Leaves heartshape, crenate, rather hairy; hairs of the
stem adpressed; calyx rather bald ; galea not cut; middle
lobe of the lip nicked.

Betonica, Raii Syn. 238; Ger. em. 714, 1 .

Betonica vulgaris flore purpureo, Park. 614.

Betonica officinalis, Lin. S. P. 810.

Wood betony.

Woods; perennial; July and August.

Stem with rough and stiff bristles ; leaves blunt, serratures
broad; lower leaves petioled; spikes leafy; corolla purple
or white. — Root emetic ; herb sternutatory, also smoked as
tobacco : formerly in high esteem as cephalic.

2 B 2

372

PL ex. cor *

128, Stachys. 32. LABIATAE.

X. 128. STACHYS. Dioscorides. Wound-wort .

Calyx irregular, not lipped, sometimes closed, 5-toothed ;
teeth awlshape, irregular, sometimes distorted ; corolla lip-
ped,* tube short, gibbous, prominent; galea arched, nicked;
lip 3-lobed, lobes reflexed sideways; stamens 4, didyna-
mous, becoming reflexed sideways. — Flowers axillary or
verticil lately spiked ; true bracteoe 0.

1. Stachys sylvatica . Wood wound-wort.

Stem solid; leaves heartshape, wrinkled, pointed, serrate,

petioled; whirls 6-flowered.

Galeopsis legitima Dioscoridis, Raii Syn. 237, 1 ; Park. 908.

Galeopsis vera, Ger. em. 709, 1.

Stachys sylvatica, Lin. S. P. 811.

Hedge nettle.

Woods and hedges; perennial; July and August.
Rhizoma rather creeping ; stem simple ; leaves dark green ;
spike ovate, interrupted; calyx hispid; corolla brownish
blood-colour; lip white, spotted.

0. minus. Leaves angular.

Galeopsis q. lamiuni sylvaticum spicatum fcetidum, folio anguloso minus
Plukeneti, Dillen in Raii Syn. 237, 2.

2. Stachys ambigua. Doubtful woundwort .

Stem pipey; leaves oblong, serrate, petioled; whirls

6-flowered.

Stachys ambigua, Engl. Bot. 30, 2089.

Fields in north of Scotland ; perennial ; September.
Rhizoma creeping, white; leaves paler than those of s. syl-
vatica ; corolla bright red ; lip variegated ; teeth of the calix
lanceolate.

3. Stachys palustris . _ Marsh woundwort.

Leaves heartshape, linear, lanceolate, rather bald, sessile,

acutely serrated; whirls 6 to 10-flowered.

Sideritis Anglica strumosa radice, Raii Syn. 242, 1 ; Park . 587.

Panax coloni, Ger. em. 1005.

Stachys palustris, Lin. S. P. 811.

Clowns allheal. Clowns woundwort.

Moist places ; perennial ; August.

Rhizoma creeping; stolones becoming tuberous; stem
rough; bristles deflexed; leaves silky above, woolly beneath;
lower leaves slightly petioled ; spikes dense, long ; corolja
purple, lip variegated. — Herb astringent, used to cure
wounds by the first intention, by being bruised and applied
to them ; also in ointments.

PI. ex . catr.

373

32. LABlATiE. 129. Trixago.

XI. 129. TRIXAGO. Lomcerus. Trissago.

Calyx irregular, not lipped, 5-toothed ; teeth unequal ;

mouth nearly naked ; corolla lipped ; tube not so long as
the calyx; galea arched, not cut; lip 3-lobed, middle lobe
larger, blunt; stamens 4, didynamous, becoming diverged
sideways. — Flowers verticillate, spiked ; true hractece 0.

Trixago arvense. Field trissago .

Leaves heartshape, blunt, crenate, rather hirsute; lower
leaves petioled ; upper leaves sessile.

Sideritis humilis lato obtuso folio, Ran Syn. 242, 2; Ger. cm. 699, 5.
Sideritis hederulae folio, Park. 587.

Stachys arvensis, Lin. S. P. 814.

Glechoma raarrubiastri, Villars Delph.

Trixago cordifolium, Mcench Meth. 398.

Fields in light soils; annual; July and August.

Root fibrous ; stem weak, branched ; leaves 3-ribbed at
the bottom, broadly crenate ; teeth of the calyx fringed ;
corolla purplish.

XII. 130. ERIOSTOMUM. Link. B as e-hore hound.

Calyx irregular, not lipped, 5-toothed.; teeth unequal,

spinose; mouth with long hairs; corolla lipped, tube short;
galea arched, nicked ; lip 3-lobed ; middle lobe very large,
reverse heartshape; stamens 4, diverging. — Flowers verti-
cillate, spiked ; true hractece 0.

Eriostomum Germanicum . German hase-h or eh ound.

Leaves narrow at bottom, silky above, woolly beneath ;
root leaves ovate; upper leaves acutely crenated.

Stachys Fuchsii, Rail Syn. 239, 1 ; Ger. cm. 695,2,

Stachys major Gerrnatiica, Park. 48.

Stachys Germanica, Lin. S. P. 812.

Wild stinking ho rehound.

Fields and hedges in chalky soils; perennial ; July.

Stem woolly, very soft ; leaves veined ; spikes leafy ; calyx
very closely villose; corolla purplish, very villous on the
outside.

<

XIII. 131. GLECHOMA. Dioscorides. Ground-ivy,
Calyx tubular, cylindrical, striated, naked on the inside,

5-cut, rather unequal, not 2-lipped, 3 upper teeth long,
2 lower short ; corolla tubular, tube twice as long as the
calyx, bellied above; galea distant, slender, 2-cut; lip
3-cut, side lobes narrow, middle lobe large, nicked; cm-

374* 131. Glechoma. 32. LABIATiE.

PI. ex. cor .

Mers 4, bent, cohering in pairs ; ovary girt with a sarcoma.
— Herb creeping ; hairs distinctly articulated ; flowers axil-
lary, peduncled.

Glechoma hederacea. Ivy ground-ivy.

Leaves heartshape or kidneyshape, crenate ; teeth blunt.

Calamintha humilior, folio rotundiore, Raii Syn. 243, 3.

Hedera terrestris, Ger. em. 856, 1.

Hedera terrestris vulgaris, Park. 677.

Glechoma hederacea, Lin. S. P. 807.

Chamaeclema hederacea, Maench Meth. 393.

Alehoof. Tun hoof. Cats foot. Gill go by the ground.

Woods and hedges; perennial; April and May.

Herb downy; stem creeping, branches upright, flower-
bearing ; leaves petioled, spreading ; flowers in whirls 3 or
4 together, blue. — Herb astringent, vulnerary, and pec-
toral, used to fine malt liquors ; powder of the leaves used
in cough, consumption, and jaundice ; juice as an errhine
useful in headach.

0. parvifolia. Leaves small, finely cut.

Calamintha foliis eleganter dissectis, cauliculis erectioribus,brevioribus;
foliis minoribus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 243, 3.

y. grandifolia. Leaves heartshape, kidneyshape, large.

2. Glechoma hirsuta. Hairy ground-ivy.

Leaves heartshape, toothed; teeth acute; pedicells nsuaWy
3-flowered; teeth of the calyx awlsh ape; filaments bearing
the anthers below the tip.

Calamintha q. hedera terrestris montana C. Bauhini, Dillen in Raii Syn.
243,4; Park. 677.

Lamium Pannonicum tertium Clnsii, Ger. em. 704, 6.

Glecoma hederacea j8, Hudson FI. Angl. 254.

Glechoma hederacea e, cordifolia, Stokes Bot. M. M. 329.

Glechoma hirsuta, Persoon Syn. 121.

Woods and hedges ; perennial ; April and May.

Stem 3 feet long, rougher and more hairy than the for-
mer; teeth of the leaves terminated by a white spot; flower
large.

XIV. 132. LAMIUM. Pliny. Dead-nettle.

Calyx bellshape, irregular, not 2-lipped ; apex spreading,
inside naked, 5-toothed ; 1 upper slender, long ; 4 lower
nearly equal ; corolla tubular, long ; mouth inflated ; edge
reflexed; galea distant, slender, arched, not cut; lip 3-lobed ;
side lobes very short, with 1 or 2 bristlelike teeth ; middle
lobe reverse-kidney shape, crenated ; anthers hirsute. —
Flowers in whirls, axillary.

PL ex. cor.

32. LABIATE. 132. Lamium. 375

1. Lamium album. White dead-nettle.

Leaves ovate heartshape, pointed, acutely serrate, pe-
tioled; whirls 20-flowered.

Lamium album, Raii Syn. 240, 1 ; Ger. em. 702, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 809.

Lamium vulgare album, seu Archangelicum flore albo, Park. 604.

White archangel. Dead nettle.

Ruins and waysides ; perennial; May to September.

Rhizoma creeping ; leaves deeply serrated ; flowers up-
right, white, rarely flesh-colour; galea villous; calyx bald,
with a brown spot; anthers black.

2. Lamium maculatum. Spotted dead-nettle .

Stem hirsute; leaves heartshape, wrinkled, pointed, hir-
sute, broadly serrate; whirls 10-flowered.

Lamium montanum Columnae, Park. 605.

Lamium maculatum, Lin. S. P. 809.

Banks; perennial; April.

Stem ascending : hairs deflexed ; petioles long ; root
leaves with a white spot ; flowers large, purple or white ;
galea irregularly crenated ; anthers tawny.

3. Lamium purpureum. Purple dead-nettle.

Leaves heartshape, blunt, petioled, toothed ; teeth blunt

and unequal ; upper leaves crowded; whirls 8 or 10-flowered;
tube of the corolla bearded on the inside at the bottom ;
galea not nicked.

Lamium rubrum, Raii Syn. 240, 2; Ger. em. 703, 3.

Lamium vulgare, folio subrotundo, flore rubro, Park. 604.

Lamium purpureum, Lin. S. P. 809.

Lamium nudum, Moench Meth. 393.

Small dead nettle. Red archangel.

Ruins and waste places $ annual ; May to September.

Stem bald, branched at bottom : leaves unequally cre-
nated ; flowers purple or white ; anthers red ; calyx bald ;
teeth fringed. — This, as well as the 1. album, is used as a
pot-herb.

0. integrum. Lfeaves not cut : flowers small.

Lamium rubrum foliis per ambitum nec serratis nec crenatis, flore
minore, Prof. Martyn's MS.

4. Lamium incisum. Cut-leaved dead-nettle.

Leaves heartshape, dilated, petioled, acutely and une-
qually cut ; upper leaves crowded ; tube of the corolla bald
on the inside, slenderer than the calyx.

2

376 132. Lamium. 32. LABIATiE.

PL ex . cor.

Lamium rubrum minus, foliis profunde incisis, Raii Syn. 240,3.
JLamium purpureum #, Huds. FI. Angl. 255.

Lamium incisum, TVilld. S. P. 89.

Lamium dissectum, Withering Bot. Arr. ed. 3.

Lamium hybridum, Theuill. Paris,

Kitchen-gardens; annual; May.

Stem branched at bottom ; leaves cut, lobes pointed ;
flowers small, purplish.

5. Lamium amplexicaule. Stem-emlr acing dead-nettle .

Floral leaves sessile, embracing the stem, blunt, crenate
or cut ; title of the corolla slender.

Lamium folio caulem ambiente majus et minus, Raii Syn, 240, 4.

Alsine Jlederula altera, Ger, em. 616, 4.

Alsine Hederulae folio minor, Park. 762.

Lamium amplexicaule, Lin. S. P. 809.

Henbit. Great henbit.

Sandy fields ; annual ; February to June.

Lower leaves petioled, heartshape, bluntly and deep!}
serrated; upper leaves heartshape, sessile, 5-lobed; lobes
crenated ; flowers rose-colour ; early flowers very short,
barren ; later flowers 4 times as long as the calyx, fertile.

XV. 133. GALEOBDOLON. Dioscorides. Archangel
Calyx bellshape, 5-cut; teeth 5, unequal, pointed; 2 lower
teeth narrow ; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx,

2- lipped ; galea arched, not cut ; lip 3-cut ; lobes broad,
pointed, middle lobe longest; anthers bald.

Galeoldolon luteum. Yellow archangel

Leaves ovate ; involucrum 4-leaved.

Lamium luteum, Raii Syn. 240, 5 ; Ger. em. 702, 2 ; Park. 606.
Galeopsis Galeobdolon, Lin. S. P. 810.

Leonorus Galeobdolon, Scop. Cam. 705.

Lamium Galeobdolon, Crant. Austr. 262.

Pollichia Galeobdolon, Roth. Germ. 1,254.

Galeobdolon Galeopsis, Curtis FI. Lond.

Galeobdolon luteum, Huds. FI. Angl. 258.

Galeobdolon vulgare, Persoon Syn. 122.

Cardiaca sylvatica, Lamarck FI, Fr. 384.

Yellovo dead-nettle. Weasel snout.

Damp meadows and woods ; perennial ; May.

Stem erect, simple ; hairs deflexed ; leaves petioled ; whirls
many-flowered; calyx bald; teeth hairy; corolla yellow;
mouth spotted with red.

0. montamm. Upper leaves lanceolate ; involucrum 6 or

3- leaved.

y. regulare . Terminal flower salvershape, 6-cut.

PL ex. cor ,

32. LABIATiE. 134. Galeopsis. 377

XVI. 134. GALEOPSIS. Dioscorides. Hedge-nettle .

Calyx bellshape, irregular, not lipped, 5-toothed ; teeth
rather spinose ; mouth bald ; corolla lipped, tube longer
than the calyx ; galea arched, crenate ; lip 3-lobed ; middle
lobe broadest, with a tooth on each side between that and
the lateral lobes; mouth with 2 elevated, hollow, blunt
horns on the lower side ; anthers bald. — Flowers whirled,
axillary,

a. Teeth of the calyx triangular , pointed ; stem rather bald ;
internodes of the stem equal, Ladanum.

1. Galeopsis angust folia. Harrow-leaved hedge-nettle .

Stem long, much branched, rather bald ; leaves linear,

lanceolate, narrow at both ends.

Ladanum segetum, Rivinus Monop. hr. 24 , 1.

Galeopsis angustifolia, Per. Syn. 122.

Tetraliitum Ladanum, Mosnch Meth. 394.

Cornfields; annual ; June to August.

Stem 4-angled ; leaves beneath pubescent ; flowers small,
reddish ; whirls girt with 1 or 2 leaves and 4 bractese.

$. regularis. Terminal flower regular, 4 or 5-cleft.

2. Galeopsis segetum. Harvest hedge-nettle.

Leaves lanceolate, scarcely cut; whirls distant; calyx

downy.

Galeopsis Ladannm, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 2,600.

Fields; annual; June to August.

3. Galeopsis parvflora. Small-flowered hedge-nettle .

Leaves ovate, blunt, equally serrated, ribbed, rather bald, -

petioled; calyx hirsute, rather shorter than the tube of the
corolla.

Galeopsis Ladanum, Lin. S, P. 810.

Galeopsis parvifiora, Lamarck Enc. Met h. 600.

Galeopsis Ladannm 2, With. Rot. Arr. 652.

Galeopsis intermedia, Villars Delph. 2,387 .

Galeopsis latifolia, Hoff. Germ. 418.

Fields ; annual ; August and September.

Stem mostly simple; leaves spreading, ovate; petioles
short, serratures large ; flowers in rather distant whirls ;
corolla purple and white.

4. Galeopsis ochroleuca . Yellowish hedge-nettle.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, serrate, petioled, villose; tube of

the corolla very long ; galea crenately incised.

PL ex. cor.

378 134. Galeopsis* 32. LABIATE.

Sideritis arvensts, latifolia hirsuta lutea, Raii Syn. 242,3.

Galeopsis villosa, Huds . FI. Angl. 256.

Betonica birta, JIuds. FI. Angl. ed. 1,220; not of Linnaeus.

Galeopsis grand iflora, Gmelin Syst. Veg. 905.

Galeopsis ochreleuca, Lamarck Enc. Meth . 2, 600.

Galeopsis dubia, Leers Herb. 450.

Galeopsis prostrata, Villars Delph. 388.

Tetrahit longiflorum, Moench Meth. 395.

Fellow iron-wort. Downy hemp-nettle.

Sandy fields; annual; July and August.

Leaves equally and regularly serrated ; calyx villous ;
tube of the corolla 3 times as long as the calyx, yellow ;
palate fulvous ; anthers rather villous behind.

b. Teeth of the calyx awlshape, distant , spinous , hispid ; in-
ternodes of the stem thickened above . Tetrahit.

5. Galeopsis nodosum . Knotted hedge-nettle .

Stem hispid ; internodes thickened above ; leaves ovate,

ferrate ; upper whirls contiguous ; tube of the corolla twice
as long as the calyx; galea rather straight.

Lamium can na.bin o folio vulgare, Raii Syn. 240,7.

Cannabis spuria, Ger. em. 709 ; Park. 599.

Galeopsis Tetrahit, Lin. S. P. 810.

Tetrahitum nodosum, Moench Meth. 395.

Galeopsis urticsefolia, Salisb. Prod. 81.

Common hemp-nettle. Wild hemp. Bastard kemp.

Fields; annual; July and August.

Stem every where hispid ; hairs turned back ; leaves
pointed, hispid on both sides ; tube of the corolla white,
galea convex, purple ; lip white, or purple and white.

0. regularis. Terminal flower regular, 4-cut; stamens
equal.

6. Galeopsis versicolor. Changeable hedge-nettle .

Stem hispid; internodes thickened above; leaves broad

ovate, serrate ; whirls contiguous ; tube of the corolla 3 timgs
as long as the calyx ; galea bellied.

Lamium cannabino folio, flore amplo luteo, labio purpureo, Raii Syn.
241,9.

Galeopsis Tetrahit jS, Lin. S. P. 810.

Galeopsis cannabina, With. Bot. Arr. 529.

Galeopsis versicolor, Curtis FI. Land.

Large -flowered hemp-nettle. Bee nettle.

Sandy fields; annual; July and August.

Leaves pale; corolla yellow; lip with yellow lines, and
u central violet spot.

PI. ex. cor.

32. LABIATAE. 135. Cardiaca.

379

XVII. 135. CARDIACA. Gesner. Mother-wort .

Calyx bellshaped, 5-sided, 5-toothed, irregular, not
lipped: mouth naked; teeth unequal, spinose, expanded,
2 lower longest; corolla lipped, tube as long as the calyx ;
galea upright, concave, not nicked ; outside very villous ;
lip turned back, 3-lobed, lobes pointed, nearly equal ; sta-
mens 4, didynamous; filaments villous; anthers speckled
with shining dots ; ovary tomentose at the tip, margined. —
Leaves cut; flowers in whirls, axillary.

Cardiaca vulgaris . Common mother-wort .

Leaves petioled ; lower leaves wedgeshape, ovate, 3-lobed,
toothed ; upper leaves lanceolate, undivided.

Cardiaca, Rail Syn. 239, 1; Park 41, 42 j Ger. 705, 1.

Leonurus Cardiaca, Lin.S. P. 817.

Cardiaca trilobata, Lamarck FI. Fr. 383.

Stachys triloba, Stokes Bot. M. M. 339.

Cardiaca vulgaris, Moench Meth. 401.

Leonurus ruderalis, Salisb. Prod. 84.

Chalk fields ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem downy; villi bent back; leaves spreading, linear
tomentose, veiny; whirls many-flowered; corolla white and
woolly on the outside; red and variegated on the inside;
anthers spotted with white.— Antispasmodic, the decoction
used in palpitation of the heart, hysteria ; and also given to
cattle against coughs and fever.

XVIII. 136. BALLOTE. Dioscor. Bastard-horehound .

Calyx bellshape, 5-sided, 10-ribbed, 5-toothed, regular;
teeth equal ; corolla 2-lipped ; galea concave, crenated ; lip
3-lobed ; side lobes roundish, middle lobe large, heart-
shape, cut ; seeds triangular. — Flowers axillary ; whirls pe-
duncled, many-flowered.

Ballote foetida. Stinking bastard-hellebore .

Leaves rather heartshape, ovate, crenate, hirsute ; calyx
veined, enlarged above, rather truncated; teeth ovate, mu-
cronated, spreading.

Ballote, Raii Syn. 244, 1.

Marrubium nigrum, Ger. em. 701, 1.

Marrubium nigrum foetidum Ballote dictum, Park. 1230.

Ballota nigra, Lin. S. P. ed. 1, 582.

Mentha aqualica, FI. Dan. 673.

Ballota foetida, De Cand. FI. Fr. 2576.

Ballota sordida, Salisb. Prod. 83.

Black horehound. Stinking horehound.

Hedges and ruins; perennial; July and August.

380

136. Ballote. 32. LABIATE.

PL ex. cor.

Stem branched ; hairs recurved ; leaves petioled ; whirls
bracteated; bracteae bristlelike, fringed, shorter than the
calyx; calyx fnnnelshape; teeth very short, awned; corolla
purple ; galea yellow ; odour acrid, pungent. — Decoction of
the herb useful in hypochondriacal and hysterical diseases.

XIX. 137. MARRUBIUM. Pliny. Horehound .

Calyx hypocrateriform, ridged, 10-streaked, regular,

10-toothed; 5 alternate teeth smaller; corolla lipped; tube
as long as the calyx; galea linear, straight, 2-cut; lip 3-cut;
middle lobe reverse heartshape. — Flowers in whirls, axil-
lary ; whirls sessile, many-flowered, bracteated.

Marrubium vulgare . Common horehound.

Stem upright; leaves rather round, ovate, toothed,
wrinkled, veined; teeth of the calyx bristlelike, hooked.

Marrubium album, Raii Syn. 239, 1 ; Ger. em. 693, 1 ; Rivinus Mon. 66.
Marrubium album vulgare, Park. 44.

Marrubium vulgare, Lin. S. P. 816.

Marrubium uncinatum, Stokes Bot. M.M. 355.

White horehound.

Ruins and waysides ; perennial ; July.

Stem woolly ; leaves petioled, white, woolly beneath ;
whirls very hairy ; bractece bristlelike ; corolla white.

XX. 138. ORIGANUM. Theophrastus. Organy.

Calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed; teeth unequal; mouth

closed with hairs ; corolla lipped ; tube compressed ; galea
upright, nicked : lip 3-cut, nearly equal : seed roundish. —
Flowers densely spiked; bractece ovate, imbricate,! -flowered;
spikes many, terminal or axillary.

Origanum vulgare. Common organy.

Leaves ovate ; spike roundish, panicled ; panicles conglo-
merate ; bractece ovate, coloured, as long as the calyx.

Origanum vulgare spontaneum, Raii Syn. 236, 1,

Origanum Anglicum, Ger. em. 666, 4.

Origanum, Rivinus Mon. 60.

Majorana sylvestris, Park. 12.

Origanum vulgare, Lin. S. P. 821.

Origanum floridum, Salisb. Prod. 85.

English wild marjoram. Grove marjoram.

Chalk-fields and hedges; perennial; July and August.
Stem hirsute: hairs turned back; leaves ovate, slightly
and rarely serrated ; spikes crowded, ovate ; bractece deep

PL ex. cor .

32. LARIATiE. 138. Origanum. 381

brownish purple; corolla purplish. — Plant warm, aromatic;
dried leaves make a good tea ; essential oil very acrid, used
as a caustic to rotten teeth and horses : tops dye purple.

0. rufescens . Leaves ovate, lanceolate ; spikes topshape ;
bractece dull purplish brown.

Origanum Onifes, Raii Syn. 236,2, not of Linnaeus.

Marjorana major Anglica, Ger. em. 664,2.

Majorana latifolia, sive major Anglica, Park. 12.

Pot marjoram. Winter marjoram .

Cultivated for a potherb.

XXL 139. MAJORANA. Brunsfel. Marjoram .

Calyx 2-iipped ; mouth oblique, when fruitbearing naked ;
upper lip large; lower lip 2-iobed ; corolla lipped; tube
compressed; galea upright, nicked; lip 3-cut; lobes nearly
equal; seeds roundish. — Flowers in dense spikes; bractece
ovate, imbricate, 1 -flowered ; spikes 4-sided, terminal or
axillary.

1. Majorana tenuifolia . Fine-leaved marjoram.

Stem undershrubby ; leaves petioled, elliptical, slightly

serrated, blunt, tomentose; spikes roundish, many, glome-
rate, peduncled ; bractece pointed.

Marjorana tenuifolia, Ger. em. 664, S.

Origanum Majorana /?, Lin. S. P. 825.

Origanum majoranoides, Willd. S. P. 3, 137. „

Majorana ovatifolia, Stokes Bot. M. M. 352.

Marjoram gentle.

Cultivated for an aromatic pot-herb ; peren. ; June, July.

2. Majorana vulgaris . Common marjoram .

Root annual ; stem herbaceous ; leaves petioled, elliptical,

blunt, nearly bald, edge not nicked ; spikes roundish, in
threes, compact, peduncled.

Marjorana major, Ger. em. 684, 1.

Majorana vulgaris, Park. 33.

Origanum Majorana, Lin. S. P. 825.

Majorana ovatifolia, Stokes Bot . M. M. 350.

Origanum odorum, Salisb. Prod. 85.

Great sweet marjoram. Fine marjoram.

Cultivated for an aromatic pot-herb; peren.; June, July.
Stem upright, downy; hairs drooping; branches few at
the bottom; upper braches spreading, flower-bearing; brae-
tece ovate, longer than the calyx.

1

382 140. Thymus. 32. LABI ATiE. PL ex. car i

XXII. 140. THYMUS. Theophrastus. Thyme.

Calyx bellshape, or ovate, 2-lipped; 3 upper lobes broad,
recurved ; 2 lower lobes awlshape, bent in, fringed ; mouth
closed with hairs ; corolla short, lipped : galea nicked ; lip
8-lobed ; side lobes ovate ; middle lobe oblong, broad, en-
tire.— Stem undershrubby ; leaves small; flowers glomerate,
axillary or terminal ; plant odoriferous.

1. Thymus campestris. Field thyme .

Stem lying down ; leaves flat, blunt, fringed at bottom ;

flowers capitate.

Serpyllum vulgare, Raii Syn. 230, 1 ; Ger. em. 570, 1.

Serpyllum minus vulgare, Park. 8.

Serpyllum flore minore, Rivinus Mon. 42.

Thymus Serpyllum, Lin. S. P . 825.

Thymus campestris, Salisb. Prod. 85.

Wild thyme. Mother of thyme. Pulial mountain. Running thyme .
Creeping thyme.

Dry sandy heaths, and cultivated; peren.; July, August.
Stem branched; leaves petioled, edge not nicked; heads
leafy ; flowers pedicelled ; corolla purplish ; galea upright.
— Aromatic, used as a pot-herb in soups.

0. alius . Flowers white.

y. grandiflorus . Flowers large.

Serpyllum vulgare flore amplo, Raii Syn. 230,2.

citratus. Leaves yellow-green ; odour like that of le*
tnon-peel.

Serpyllum citratum, Raii Syn. 231,4; Ger. em. 571, 7.

Serpyllum Pannonicum Clusii, Park. 8.

Lemon thyme. v

2. Thymus lanuginosus . Woolly thyme.

Stem creeping, hirsute ; leaves ovate, obtuse, villous ;

flowers in heads.

Serpyllum vulgare hirsutum, Raii Syn. 231, 6.

Thymus Serpyllum, Lin. S. P. 825; a variety.

Thymus lanuginosus, Pers. Syn. 133.

Serpyllum montanum hirsutum, Riuinus Mon. 421.

Hoary wild thyme.

Sandy heaths; perennial ; July and August.

Stem undershrubby; leaves roundish, every where hir-
sute; corolla purple. — Infusion relieves headach after
drinking.

13. minor . Stem creeping, small; plant scentless.

Serpyllum hirsutum minus repens, inodorum, Raii Syn. 231,8.

PL ex . cor.

32. LABIATiE. 140. Thymus. 38 $

y. pallidiflorus . Stem shrubby flowers pale red.

Serpyllum villosum fructicosus, floribus dilute rubentibus, Raii Syn .
231,7.

3. Thymus angustifolius . Narrow-leaved thyme .

Stem lying down ; leaves wedgeshape, linear, fringed at

bottom ; flowers capitate.

Serpyllum angustifolium glabrum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 231, 5.

Thymus Serpillum, Lin. S. P. 825; a variety.

Thymus Serpillum, Woodville Med. Rot. 110.

Thymus angustifolius, Pers.Syn. 130.

Dry sandy places and rocks ; perennial ; July and Aug.

4. Thymus vulgaris . Common thyme .

Stem upright, undershrubby ; leaves ovate or lanceolate,

turned over at the edge ; flowers spiked, in whirls.

Thymum durius, Ger. era. 573, 1 ; Park. 7.

Thymus vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 825.

Thymus collinus, Salisbi Prod. 86.

Hard thyme. Common garden thyme.

Cultivated as an aromatic pot-herb; peren.; July, Aug.

XXIII. 141. ACYNOS. Dioscorides. Basil-thyme .

Calyx furrowed, hairy, hispid ; gibbous at bottom, mouth
closed with hairs ; limb 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed ;
lower lip 2-bristled; tube of the corolla short; mouth rather
inflated ; galea upright, nicked ; lip 3-parted, spreading,
middle lobe concave, nicked. — Flowers in whirls, axillary.

Acynos vulgaris . Common basil-thyme .

Stem ascending, branched at bottom ; leaves ovate, acute,
serrate at bottom ; whirls 6 -flowered.

Acinos multis, Raii Syn. 238, 1.

Ocymum sylvestre, Ger. era. 675, 1.

Clinopodium minus, sive vulgare, Park. 21.

Thymus Acinos, Lin. S. P. 826.

Acinos, Rivinus Mon. 43.

Acinos thymoides, MosnchMeth. 401.

Acynos vulgaris, Peis. Syn. 131.

Thymus gibbosus, Stokes Rot. M. M. 360.

Calami ntha arvensis, Lamarck FI. Fr. 391.

Thymus concinnus, Salisb. Prod. 86.

Small wild basil.

Sandy and chalky fields; annual ; July and August.

Stem villous ; leaves ovate, rather turned over, rough,
not dotted ; peduncles 1 -flowered ■: corolla light violet, co-
loured ; lip white and black.

384? 142. Caiarnintha. 32. LABIATAE. PL ex. cor.

XXIV. 142. CALAMINTHA. Dioscorides. Calamint.

Calyx streaked, dry, flattish above ; mouth closed with
hairs ; limb 2-lipped ; upper lip even, 3-toothed ; lower lip
2-cut ; corolla lipped ; mouth rather inflated ; galea nicked ;
lip 3-parted ; middle lobe sliglftly nicked or crenulated ;
stamens 4, didynamous. — Flowers in whirls, axillary; whirls
peduncled; peduncle# forked.

1. Caiarnintha vulgaris . Common calamint .

Stem weak, hirsute ; leaves ovate, blunt, serrate, hirsute,

punctured ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, forked, co-
rymbose ; lower lobes of the calyx villous, twice as long as
the upper lobes.

Caiarnintha vulgaris, Raii Syn. 243, 1 ; Park. 36.

Caiarnintha vulgaris officinarum, Ger . cm. 687.

Calamentha, Rivinus Mon. 46.

Melissa Caiarnintha, Lin. S. P. 827.

Thymus Caiarnintha, Scop. Cam. 733.

Caiarnintha montana, Lamarck FI. Fr. 391.

Thymus Calamentha, Withering Bot. Arr. 664.

Caiarnintha officinalis, Mcench. Meth . 409.

Roads and waysides ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem upright : leaves petioled, veined, acutely serrated,
pale beneath ; hairs at the mouth of the calyx enclosed ;
corolla twice as long as the calyx, light violet; galea arched;
odour aromatic, pleasant.

2. Caiarnintha trichotoma . Three-forked calamint *

Stem ascending, rather hirsute ; leaves ovate, blunt,

slightly serrate, rather bald ; peduncles axillary, many-
flowered, forked, corymbose ; teeth of the calyx nearly equal,

Caiarnintha odore pulegii, Raii Syn. 243, 2; Ger. em. 687,4.

Caiarnintha minor incana, Park. 37.

Caiarnintha folio incano, Rivinus Men. 47.

Melissa Nepeta, Lin. S. P. 828.

Thymus Nepeta, Smith FI. Brit. 612.

Caiarnintha parviflora, Lamarck Ft. Fr. 396.

Caiarnintha trichotoma, Mcench. Meth. 409.

Field calamint.

Hedges and waysides ; perennial; August.

Stem rather woody ; leaves broadly and bluntly serrated;
2 upper teeth of the calyx upright or recurved; hairs at the
mouth prominent, white.

PI. ex. cor.

385

32. LABIATiE. 143. Satureja.

XXV. 143. SATUREJA. Pliny. Savory .

Calyx bellshape, upright, not lipped, 10-ribbed; mouth

bearded, 5-toothed; teeth rather unequal ; tube of the co-
rolla as long as the calyx ; galea erect, 2-cut ; lip 3-cut ;
lobes all nearly equal ; stamens 4, didynamous, distant. —
Stem woody ; leaves punctured ; flowers in whirls, axillary.

1. Satureja hortensis. Garden savory.

Stem brachiate, fastigiate ; leaves linear, lanceolate, rather

blunt, dotted, edge not cut ; peduncles axillary, nearly co-
rymbose.

Satureja hortensis, Ger. em. 575, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 795.

Satureja brachiata, Stokes Bot. M. M. £00.

Winter savory.

Cultivated for an aromatic potherb; peren. ; July, Aug.

2. Satureja montana. Mountain savory .

Leaves linear, lanceolate, mucronate, dotted, edge not

in the least cut ; peduncles axillary, cymose, nearly facing
one way ; teeth of the calyx pointed.

Satureja hortensis aestiva, Ger. em. 575,2. •

Satureja montana, Lin. S. P. 794.

Satureja mucroni folia, Stokes Bot. M. M. 300.

Summer savory.

Sussex, also cultivated for an aromatic potherb ; annual ;
June.

Leaves keeled, fringed at bottom; racemes terminal, leafy;
corolla rose-coloured.

XXVI. 144. CLINOPODIUM. Dioscorides. Wild-basil.
Calyx tubular or ribbed, downy, lipped ; upper lip 3-cut,

lower lip 2-parted, awlshape, smooth, naked; tube of the
corolla short; mouth enlarged; galea upright, nicked; lip
3-lobed, lateral lobes roundish ; middle lobe nicked. —
Flowers in whirls, axillary; whirls involucrated ; bractece
many, bristlelike.

Clinopodium vulgar e . Common wild-basil.

Stem mostly simple ; leaves petioled, ovate, blunt, remote,
slightly toothed, hairy; bractece bristlelike.

Clinopodium origano simile, Rail Syn. 239, 1.

Acynos, Ger. em. 675,2.

Acinos sive clinopodium majus. Park. 22.

Clinopodium, Rivinus Mon. 43.

Clinopodium vulgare^ Lin. S. P. 821.

Melissa glome rata, Stokes Bot. M. M. 366,

Stone basil.

VOL. II. 2 C

386 144*. Clinopodium. 32. LABIATiE. PL ex. cor*

Fields and hedges ; perennial ; August.

Stem fulvous, hairy ; whirls terminal and axillary, many-
flowered, peduncled ; peduncles branched. — Aromatic.

XXVII. 145. MELISSA. Brunsfels. Bawm.

Calyx tubular, rather naked or slightly hairy, spreading
at top, mouth 2-lipped; upper lip flat, 3-toothed; lower
2-lobed ; galea arched, half 2-cut ; lip long, 3-parted ;
middle lobe largest, ovate; stamens 4, didynamous. — Flowers
in whirls, axillary.

Melissa officinalis. Shop bawm.

Stem much branched ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate ; whirls
halved, nearly sessile ; bractece oblong, pedicelled.

Melissa, Ger. em. 689, 1.

Melissa vulgaris, Park. 40.

Melissa officinalis, Lin. S. P. 827.

Balm.

Cultivated; perennial; July.

Leaves rather bald ; flowers reddish. — Plant aromatic ?
infusion used 'in cephalic, cardiac, uterine, and stomachic
affections, as also in stinking breath.

XXVIII. 146. MELITTIS. Pliny. Bastard-bawm..

Calyx tubular, larger than the tube of the corolla, mouth
naked, unequally 2 lipped ; upper lip not cut, sometimes
2-cut ; lower lip 2-cut ; corolla lipped, tube cylindrical ;
galea arched, cut ; lip 3-lobed, middle lobe reverse heart-
shape, large, crenate ; anthers bent, cohering by pairs. —
Flowers axillary, 6 in a whirl, not bracteated.

Melittis grand flora . Large-flowered bastard-bawm.

Stem simple; leaves petioled, ovate, serrate, hairy; whirls
6 to 8 -flowered ; peduncles 1 -flowered.

Melissa Fuchsii, Raii Syn. 242, 1.

Melissa Fuchsii flore purpureo, Ger. em. 690, 3.

Melissophyllum Fuchsii, Park. 41.

Melissophyllum, Rivinus Mon. 21,2.

Melittis Melissophyllum, Lin. S. P. 832.

Woods and hedges ; perennial ; May and June.

Root fibrous; stem hairy; flowers axillary; calyx co-
loured, 3-lobed ; upper lobe not cut, pointed, nicked or
deeply 2-cut, even on the same plant; corolla downy, flesh-
colour; lip deep purple with a white border.

PI. ex. cor.

32. LABIATJE. 146. Melittis. 387

<3. alba. Flowers yellowish white; middle of the lip
violet, edge white.

Melissa Fuchsii flore albo, Ger. em. 690, 3.

Melissophyllum, Rivinus Mon. 21, 1.

Melittis Melissophyllum, Curtis FI. Lond.

Melittis grandiflora, Engl. Bot. 636.

XXIX. 147. SALVIA. Pliny. Sage.

Calyx bellshape, streaked ; mouth naked, 2-lipped ; upper

lip 3-toothed ; middle tooth broad, short ; lower lip 2-cut ;
corolla ringent ; galea arched, concave, nicked ; lower lip
3-cut ; side lobes slender ; middle lobe rounded ; stamens 2 ;
filaments with a traverse pedicell in the middle. — Flowers
in whirls, spiked.

Salvia officinalis. Shop sage.

Leaves lanceolate, ovate, crenulate, reticulated; racemes
in whirls ; calyx longer than the bracteae ; teeth pointed.

Salvia major, Ger. em. 764, 1.

Salvia major vulgaris, Park. 49.

Salvia officinalis, Lin. S. P. 34.

Great sage.

Cultivated ; perennial ; May and June.

Stem villous ; leaves unequal at bottom, whitish-green ;
calyx slightly woolly; corolla purple. — Aromatic, used in
cookery, also diuretic; infusion drank as an emmenagogue,
and useful in palsy, giddiness, trembling, and other nervous
affections.

0. rubra. Leaves reddish.

Red sage.

y. absinthites. Leaves bitter, like wormwood.

Salvia absinthites, Ger. em. 764, 7.

Salvia minor altera, flore rubente, Park. 51.

Wormwood sagef

$. auriculala. Leaves eared at the base.

XXX. 148. SCLAREA. Matthioli. Clary.

Calyx bellshape ; mouth naked, 2-lipped ; upper lip

3-toothed ; lower lip 2-cut ; corolla lipped ; galea arched,
compressed, nicked ; lower lip 8-lobed ; side lobes slender ;
middle lobe rounded ; stamens 2 ; filaments with a traverse
pedicell at bottom. — Flowers axillary, in whirls, often
spiked.

2 c 2

388

148. Sclarea. 32. LABIATE.

PL ex. cor *

Sclarea pratensis. Meadow clary .

Leaves heartshape, oblong, crenate ; uppermost pairs of
leaves embracing the stem ; whirls rather naked ; hractece
pointed, coloured, longer than the calyx ; teeth of the upper
lip of the calyx connivent ; galea glutinous.

Sclarea pratensis foliis serratis, flore caeruleo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 237, L

Horminutn sylvestre Fuchsii, Ger. em. 769,3.

Horminum sylvestre vulgare, Park. 55.

Horminum pratense, Rivinus Mon. 36.

Salvia pratensis, Lin. S. P . 35.

Sclarea pratensis, Moetich Meth. 376.

Clear-eye .

Dry fields and hedges on chalk ; perennial ; July.

Leaves wrinkled; lower leaves petioled; whirls 6-flowered;
calyx hirsute ; hairs with heads, glandular ; corolla violet-
colour, 4 times as long as the calyx.-— in water acquire
a thick mucilage round them, used to put into the eyes to
get out substances which have flown into them.

XXXI. 149. HORMINUM. ^Hippocrates. Oculus-Christu

Calyx bellshape ; mouth naked, 2-lipped ; upper lip
3-toothed; lower lip 2-cut; galea arched, compressed,
nicked ; lower lip 3-lobed ; side lobes slender ; middle lobe
rounded ; stamens 2 ; filaments with a traverse pedicell at
the bottom. — Flowers axillary, in whirls, spiked.

Horminum sylvestre . Wild Oculus-Christi.

Leaves heartshape, oblong, sinuately and doubly cre-
nated, wrinkled ; teeth on the upper lip of the calyx con-
nivent ; corolla much slenderer and a little longer than the
calyx.

Horminum sylvestre lavendulas flore, Raii Syn. 237, 1 ; Park. 57.

Horminum sylvestre, Ger. em. 771, 1.

Salvia Verbenaca, Lin. S. P.35.

Horminum coloratura, Moench Meth. 376.

Wild clary.

Fields and pastures on chalk ; peren. ; June to October.

Stem ascending ; leaves rather bald ; Iractece longer than
the calyx ; calyx hirsute ; hairs with heads, glandular ;
teeth inflected ; corolla blue, not twice as long as the
calyx ; tube constricted ; seeds round, black, smooth. —
Seeds in water acquire a mucilaginous envelope, so that
they are used, like those of meadow clary, to extract things
from the eyes.

JPl. ex. cor.

32. LABIATiE. 150. Brunella.

389

XXXII. 150. BRUNELLA. Brunsfels. Sdfheal.

Calyx tubular; mouth naked, lipped; upper lip flat,
truncated, 3-cut; lower lip shorter, 2-cut; galea concave,
either nicked or not; lip 3-lobed ; middle lobe largest,
nicked ; stamens 4, didynamous ; filaments forked or two-
toothed; one branch antherbearing, the other naked ; stigma
2-cut. — Stem simple ; flowers spiked, terminal, in dense
whirls; hractece large, fringed or torn.

'Ku

Brunella vulgaris • Common self heal.

Stem ascending; leaves petioled, oblong, ovate, toothed
at the bottom ; upper Up of the calyx truncated, 3-toothed,
ending in short bristles ; middle tooth as broad again as
the others.

Prunella, Raii Syn. 238, 1 ; Ger. em. 632, l ; Rivinus Mon. 29.

Prunella vulgaris, Park. 1680; Lin. S. P. 837.

Brunella vulgaris, Stokes Bot. M. M. 377 ; Moench Meth. 414.

Prunel. Carpenters herb. Sickle wort. Hook-heal.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem much branched, hairy ; hairs upright ; leaves hairy,
slightly toothed ; spike solitary, blunt ; hractece heartshape,
pointed, fringed ; tipper lip of calyx dilated ; lower lip
deeply 2-cut; corolla violet colour.— Herb used both in-
ternally in decoction, and externally in the cure of fresh
wounds ; also in the inflammatory sore throat.

XXXIII. 151. SCUTELLARIA. Cortusus. Skullcap .

Calyx tubular, short; mouth naked, lipped; lips riot
cut, pointed ; paraphyllum concave, incumbent on the
upper lip ; tule of the corolla longer than the calyx, bent
at bottom ; upper lip compressed, arched ; mouth 2-lobed ;
lower broadest, nicked ; seeds closed up in the calyx by the
enlarged paraphyllum.- — Flowers solitary, axillary ; hractece
2 to each peduncle.

1. Scutellaria galericulata. Hooded skullcap.

Leaves heartshape, lanceolate, distantly crenated ; flowers
solitary, axillary.

Cassida palustris vulgatior, flore caeruleo, Raii Syn, 244, 1,

Lysimachia galericulata, Ger . em. 477, 10.

Lysimachia caerulea, sive latifolia major, Park. 221,

Scutellaria, Rivinus Mon. 77.

Scutellaria galericulata, Lin. S. P. 835.

Cassida galericulata, Moench Meth. 413.

Hooded loosestrife. Blue skullcap.

390 151. Scutellaria. 32. LABIATJE.

PI. ex. cor .

Watery places; perennial; July and August.

Stem 4- angular, nearly bald, branched in the middle;
leaves wrinkled ; petioles very short ; flowers on short pedi-
cells, solitary or on opposite sides of the stem, looking one
way ; bractece 2 to each flower ; calyx hairy ; corolla blue.

2. Scutellaria minor . Small skullcap .

Leaves heartshape, ovate, edge scarcely nicked ; flowers
axillary, solitary. **

Cassida palustris minima, flore purpurascente, Rail Syn. 244,2.

Gratiola lati folia, Ger. em. 581.

Gratiola latifolia, seu nostras minor, Park. 221.

Scutellaria minor, Lin. S. P. 835.

Broad-leaved hedge hyssop. Small hooded mint.

Damp heaths; perennial; August.

Stem branchy at bottom; leaves rarely toothed at the
bottom, or hastate; tube of the corolla red; lip white, spot-
ted with red.

Fam. XVI. 33. PYRENACEiE. Ventenat. Vitices, Jus-
^ sieu. Verbenacece , Persoon.

Labiatis qffines , Link.

Calyx 1 -leaved, tubular, persisting; corolla tubular,
mostly irregular, rarely lipped, deciduous ; stamens 4, didy-
namous, rarely equal, or 2; ovary 1, free, 2or4-celled;
ovules upright, solitary; style 1, placed on the ovary;
stigma simple or 2-lobed ; cariopsides 2 or 4, enclosed in an
utriculus, 1 -seeded ; utriculus vanishing and membranaceous,
or persistent and fleshy ; seed upright ; perisperm 0 ; corcu-
lum placed lengthways; radicle below. — Stem herbaceous
or shrubby ; leaves not cut or divided, opposite ; flowers in
heads, spiked or corymbose.

152. VERBENA. Pliny. Vervain .

Calyx 5-toothed ; upper tooth smallest and shortest; co-
rolla funnelshape; tube bent; mouth contracted; limb
5-lobed, unequal ; stamens 4, didynamous, all fertile ; utri-
culus membranaceous, vanishing ; cariopsides 4, in the utri-
culus.— Leaves laciniate or not cut ; flowers spiked ; bractea
one to each flower.

Verbena officinalis. Shop vervain .

Stem upright, mostly solitary; leaves inciso-pinnatifid ;
spike threadlike, panicled.

PL ex, cor.

33, PYRENACEiE. 152. Verbena. 391

Verbena vulgaris, Raii Syn. 236, 1.

Verbena communis, Ger. era. 718, 1.

Verbena mas, sive recta et vulgaris, Park. 678.

Verbena officinalis, Lin. S. P. 29.

Holy herb. Juno's tears. Mercury's moist blood, Pygeon's grease.
Columbine.

Fields, ruins, and waysides; perennial, Ray and Curtis ;
biennial, Hudson and Aiton ; annual, Boerhaave and Lin-
naeus; July.

Stem upright, bent at bottom ; leaves rough ; lower leaves
deeply lobed; upper leaves 3-cut or simple; spikes many-
flowered; bractece ovate, acute, shorter than the calyx;
rolla small, purple ; mouth fringed ; galea 2-cut ; lip 3-lobed,
nearly equal. — Herb cephalic, slightly astringent ; decoction
used in headach, coughs, jaundice, and other obstructions
of the viscera; and as a gargle in sore throat.

Fam. XVII. 34. OLEINiE. Link. Jasminear urn pars,

Jussieu.

Flowers hermaphrodite; calyx 1-leafed, free, persistent,
divided; corolla hypogynous, 1-petaled, 4-cut ; eestivation
valvate ; stamens 2, alternating with the lobes of the co-
rolla; anthers 2-celled, cells opening lengthways; ovary 1,
simple, base not glandular, 2-celled ; ovules pendulous, 2 in
each cell, side by side; style 1 ; stigma 2-cut; fruit a berry
or drupe, 1 or 2-celled, 1 or 2-seeded by abortion ; seeds
pendulous; spermodermis simple; perisperm fleshy; cor-
culum straight, central, nearly as long as the perisperm ;
cotyledons leaflike; radicle above, plumule inconspicuous.
— Leaves opposite, simple; flowers racemose or panicled,
terminal; peduncles opposite, bracteated.

153. LIGUSTRUM. Pliny. Privet.

Calyx very small, 4-toothed ; tube of the corolla short ;
limb 4-lobed, spreading: stamens 2; berry 1 or 2-celled,
2 or 4-seeded, black.— Flowers panicled, terminal.

Ligustrum vulgare. Common privet.

Leaves lanceolate or elliptical, mucronate; panicle con-
tracted.

Ligustrunj, Raii Syn. 465, 1 ; Ger. era. 1594.

Ligustrum vulgare, Park. 1446; Lin. S. P. 10.

. Prim-print. Print.

Woods and hedges in damp gravelly soils ; shrubby s
May and June.

PL ex . cor.

392 153. Ligustrum. 34. OLEINiE.

Leaves nearly sessile, deep green, bald, deciduous, edge
not cut ; flowers white. — Cultivated for hedges and screens,
as it bears cutting in any form ; leaves bitter and astringent ;
berries with alum dye wool and silk green, and a rose-
coloured paint is prepared from them.

<3. sempervirens. Leaves biennial, falling off in the spring.

y. variegaium. Leaves variegated, green and straw
colour.

Fam. XVIII. 35. FRAXINEiE. Oleinarum pars9 Link.

Jasminearum pars , Jussieu.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual ; calyx 0, or free,
persisting, 1-leaved; corolla 0, or hypogynous, 1-petaled
and 4-cut, or 4 petaled ; petals joined in pairs by the fila-
ments ; aestivation rather valvular ; stamens 2, alternate
with the petals or lobes; anthers 2-celled; cells opening
lengthways; ovary 1, simple, not girt with a glandular disk,
2-celled; ovules 2, pendulous, side by side in each cell;
style 1 or 0 ; stigma simple or 2-cut ; fruit a capsule or
samara, 1 -seeded by abortion; seed pendulous; spermoder-
mis simple ; perisperm ^fleshy ; corculum straight, central,
nearly as long as the perisperm ; cotyledons leaflike; radicle
above ; plumule inconspicuous. — Tree or shrub ; leaves op-
posite, simple or pinnate ; flowers racemose or panicled,
terminal or axillary; peduncles opposite, 1-bracteated.

I

154. FRAXINUS. Pliny. Ash *

Flowers unisexual and hermaphrodite; calyx 0; corolla 0;
stamens 2, rarely 3 or 4 ; anthers sessile ; ovary 2-celled ;
ovules 4; samara 1 -celled, 1 or 2-seeded; wings lanceolate.

Fraxinus excelsior. Tall ash .

Leaflets slightly petioled, lanceolate, pointed, serrate,
bald ; wedgeshape at bottom ; samara lanceolate, tips ob-
liquely nicked.

Fraxinus, Raii Syn. 269, 1 ; Ger. em. 14T2, 1.

Fraxinus vulgaris, Park. 1419.

Fraxinus excelsior, Lin. S. P. 1509.

Woods and hedges; arborescent; April and May.

Bark grey ; buds black ; branches upright or ascending ;
hermaphrodite, male, and female flowers on different trees
rarely on the same. — Wood an excellent timber, used alsa
for long handles or shafts ; bark and wood diuretic and li-
thontriptic; samarae (called ask keys, birds tongue, kite keys^

PL ex. cor.

35. FRAXINEiE. 154. Fraxinus. 393

sparrows tongue) acrid and bitter, their decoction used in
diseases of the liver; tops and leaves used to feed cattle in
winter and dry summers, but they spoil the taste of the
milk if eaten by cows; bark used in tanning; leaves half
an ounce to an ounce and half in decoction are a good
purgative, and a decoction of 2 dr. of the bark, or 6 dr.
of the leaves are used to cure agues.

/3. aurea. Bark golden yellow.
y. verrucosa . Bark warty.

S'. heterophylla. Leaves simple and ternate, or quinate.

£. simplicifolia. Leaves all simple.

£. horizontal is. Leaves pinnate ; branches horizontal.
t). pendula . Leaves pinnate ; branches pendulous.

River sides. Wood of little value.

0. erosa. Leaflets torn on the edges.

t. argentea. Leaves variegated, whitish green and silver
colour.

394- PLANT7E EXQGENJE CALYCIFLORiE.

Subseries III. C. Plants exogen^ calyci floras.

Dicotyledones petaloidece perigymsy
Jussieu.

Perigonium double; petals many, distinct, or soldered
together, inserted along with the stamens on the calyx.

FAMILIES.

A. Perisperm fleshy , or horny .

a. Seeds on a central spermophore, or affixed at the lase ;
radicle below.

Ovary free ; capsule or berry 4 or 5-celled ;
stamens 3 to 10, opposite to the lobes . . . ERXCINiE. 36*.

Ovary free; capsule 1-celled . . . PORTULACEiE. 48.

Ovary free, 2 to 5-celled ; cells few-seeded ;
stamens 4 or 5, alternating with the netals or
lobes CELASTRINiE. 64.

Ovary adherent, rarely free; capsule 2-celled,
dehiscent by an orifice; stamens3to\0 SAXIFRAGES. 46.

Ovary adherent; capsule 2 to 5-celled, be-
coming ruptured; stamens 5 . . CAMPANULACEiE. 38.

Ovary adherent; berry 4 or 5-celled VACCINIEJE. 37.

Ovary adherent ; fruit 2- seeded ;
leaves not cut, in whirls' RURIACEiE. 42.

b. Seeds inverted , i.e. radicle above ; ovary adherent .

Akenium; stamens 4, alternating with the
lobes of the corolla ; flowers aggregate . DXPSACEiE. 40.

Utriculus or capsule Jew-seeded Px\ RON Y CHIDEiE. 49,

Berry 3 or 4-celled ; stamens 4 or 5, alter-
nating with the lobes or petals CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 43.

Berry few-seeded ; stamens 4 to 8, opposite
to the petals; plant parasitic . . . LORANTHIDEiE. 44.

Polakenium 2-celled, separable; petals 5;
stamens 5, interposed ; flowers in umbels

UMBELLIFERiE. 45.

c. Seeds parietal ; ovary adherent .

Berry 1-celled; stamens and petals 5

GROSSULARLE. 50.

1

PLANTS EXOGENiE CALYCIFLORiE. 395

B. Perisperm 0, or very thin .

a. Seeds on a central spermophore , or at the base ;
radicle below.

Calyx free; stamens 5; capsule. TAMARICINiE. 53.
Calyx free; stamens 6 to 12; capside

SALICARIAE. 52.
Calyx free; stamens 4 or 5, opposite

to the petals; berry RH AMNEiE. 65.

Calyx adherent ; stamens 2 to 8 ;

petals 2 or 4? ONAGRJJE. 56.

Calyx adherent ; stamens indefinite ;
petals 5 POMACEiE. 57.

b. Seeds parietal ; radicle below .

Ovary adherent; stamens 3 to 5

CUCURBITACEiE. 51.
Ovary free ; legumen ; corolla pa-
pilionaceous ' LEGUMINOSiE. 63.

Ovary free; caviares many... CRASSULACEiE. 47.

c. Seeds inverted , i.e. radicle above.

Stamens 5 ; anthers united ; akenium

composite; 39.

Siam. 1 to 3, distinct ; corolla tubular

- _ . VALERIANE.E. 41.

Siam. 1 to 8, distinct ; cor. 0, or

4- petaled HALORAGEiE. 55.

Siam. 4, 5, or indefinite; cor. 0, or

5- petaled; ovaries definite, 1-seeded, en-
closed in the calyx AG R IMONI A CM. 59.

Sta n, indefinite ; corolla 5-petaled ;
ovaries indefinite, 1-seeded, enclosed in

the calyx ROSACE /E. 58.

Stam. indefinite ; corolla 5-petaled ;

ovaries indefinite, 1-seeded, free * DRYADEA2. 60.

Slam, indefinite ; corolla 5-petaled ;
ovaries definite, 3 to 10, free, 1 or

2-seeded . ULMARIAE. 61.

Stam. indefinite ; corolla 0 ; ovary 1 ;

cotyledons 4 CERATOPHYLLiE. 54.

Stam. indefinite; corolla 0; ovary 1;
drupe 1 or 2-seeded DRUPACEiE. 62.

396

36. ERICINjE.

PI. ex. cal

Fara. I. 36. ERXCINiE. Desvaux. Ericaceae et Bicornes9
Ventenat. Ericce et Rkododendrce , Jussieu.
lihododendracece , Mirbel. Bicornum pars9
Linnaeus. Monotropce , Nuttall.

Calyx I -leaf, 4 or 5-cut, persisting, free; corolla hypo-
gynous, 1-petaled, 4 or 5-cufc or parted, regular, falling off
or withering; aestivation imbricate; stamens definite, 3, 8,
or 10, opposite, equal or double the number of the lobes,
hypogynous, i.e. inserted into the lobes of the corolla;
ovary many- celled, girt at bottom with a scaly or secreting
disk; ovules many; style 1; stigma 1, not nicked or toothed;
pericarpium a capsule or berry, many-celled ; spermophore
central, axillary ; seeds many ; perisperm fleshy ; corculum
axillary, straight ; radicle near the hylum. — Shrubs or
undershrubs ; leaves perennial or annual ; alternate or op-
posite ; inflorescence various ; peduncles mostly 2-bracteated.

Stamens 3 or 9 ; calyx 3-parted ; corolla
3-parted Empetrum. 164.

Siam. 5; corolla bellshape Chamjecistus. 163.

Stam. 8; corolla bellshape;

capsule dehiscent, septicidal Menziesia. 155,

Stam. 8 ; anthers enclosed ; corolla ven-
trieose; capsule dehiscent, loculicidal Eremocallis. 157.

Stam . 8 ; anthers exserted ; corolla bell-
shape; capsule dehiscent, loculicidal . . Gypsocallis. 158.

Stam. 8 ; horned ; corolla tubular ;

capsule dehiscent, septifragal Calluna. 159.

Stam. 8 or 1 0 ; corolla 4 or 5-parted ;
anthers 1-celled, peltate ; plant parasitic Monotropa. 166.
Stam. 10; corolla ovate, 5-cut;

capsule dehiscent, loculicidal Andromeda. 160.

Stam. 10; corolla 5-parted;

anthers 2-celled ; capsule 5- celled Pyrola. 165.

Stam. 10; corolla 5-parted;
anthers 2-celled, 2-horned ; cap-
sule 5-celled Moneses. 166.

Slam. 10; corolla bellshape;

capsule dehiscent, septicidal Phyllodoce. 156.

Stam. 10 ; villous; berry many-seeded .. Arbutus. 161.
Stam. 10 ; bald; berry 5- seeded Uva-ursi. 162.

FLex.cal. 36. ERICINiE. 155. Menziesia. 397

A. Anthers 2-celled, opening in 2 foramens ; corolla tubu-
lar, 5-cut.

I. 155. MENZIESIA. Jussieu. Menzies .

Calyx 4-parted ; corolla bellied, falling off ; limb 5-cut,

recurved, stamens 8 ; filaments on the base of the corolla ;
anthers opening at the tip by 2 reverse-ovate foramens;
capsule 4-celled; dehiscence septicidal; seeds many, scro-
biculate. — Stem undershrubby ; leaves alternate, broad,
lanceolate, annual ; edge not cut, turned down ; flowers
spiked, drooping ; bractece 3 to each peduncle, 2 side ones
smaller.

Menziesia polifolia. Many-leaved menzies .

Leaves ovate ; edge turned over, beneath tomentose,
snowy ; racemes long.

Erica Cantabrica flore maximo, foliis myrti subtus incanis, Dillen in
Rail Syn. 472, 6.

Erica Sancti Dabeoci Hibernis D. Lhwyd. Rail Hist . 3 ; Dendr . 98.
Vaccinium Cantabricura, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. J, 143.

Erica Daboecia, Lin. S. F. 509.

Andromeda Daboecia, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 13, 338.

Menziesia polifolia, Juss. Ann. Mus. 1, 55.

Menziesia Daboecia, Be Cand. FI. Gall. 674.

Irish heath.

Mountain bogs, in Ireland; shrubby; June and July.
Stem slender, upright; lower leaves opposite; flowers
purple.

II. 156. PHYLLODOCE. R. A. Salisbury. Phyllodoce .
Calyx deeply 5-cut; corolla bellied, falling off; tube

5-cut, bent; stamens 10, at the bottom of the corolla;
anthers opening near the tip in 2 reverse-ovate foramens ;
capsules 5-celled ; dehiscence septicidal ; seed semi-orbicu-r
late. — Stem shrubby ; leaves linear, perennial ; edges turned
down ; furrowed beneath ; flowers aggregate, out of the
axilla of the terminal leaves.

Phyllodoce taxifolia. Yew-leaf phyllodoce.

Leaves linear, blunt/ edge toothed ; teeth cartilaginous ;
tube of the corolla pitchershape.

Andromeda caerulea, Lin. S. P. 563.

Erica caerulea, Willd. Sp. P . 2, 39.

Andromeda taxifolia, Pallas FI. Ross . 2,54.

Menziesia caerulea, Swartz Act. Holm. 10, 377.

Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb. Farad. Land. 36.

Heaths; shrubby; June and July.

Leaves fringed with glandular hairs ; flowers bluish flesh-

colour.

398 157. Eremocallis. 36* ERICINiE.

PL ex. caL

III. 157. EREMOCALLIS. R. A. Salisbury, MS. Heath .

Calyx k- parted; corolla conical, bellied; limb 4-cut, re-
curved ; stamens 8, enclosed ; anthers awned at the bottom,
opening in 2 oblong pores; stigma blunt; capsule 4->celled,
4-valved ; dehiscence loculicidal. — Stem shrubby ; leaves
entire, linear, edge turned down, furrowed beneath ; flowers
lateral or terminal ; calyx 2 or 3 bracteated at the bottom.

1 . Eremocallis glomerata. Headed heath .

Leaves 4 in a whirl, fringed; flowers in heads; style en-
closed ; stigma blunt.

Erica Brabantica folio coridis hirsuto quaterno, Raii Syn. 411,4.

Erica major flore purpureo, Ger. em. 1382,4; description only.

Erica pumila Belgarum Lobelio, scoparia nostras, Park. 1482.

Erica tetralix, Lin. S. P. 502.

Erica cotulifonnis, Trans. Lin. Soc. 6, 369.

Erica glomerata, Salisb. Prod. 293.

Damp heaths; shrubby; July and August.

Leaves petioled, spread, revolute ; hairs glandular, with
heads ; flowers looking one way, flesh-colour, or white.

2. Eremocallis cinerea. Grey heath .

Leaves 3 in a whirl ; flowers racemose ; style slightly ex-

serfced ; stigma headed.

Erica tenuifolia, Raii Syn. 472,3; Ger. em. 1382,7.

Erica cinerea, Lin. S. P. 501.

Erica mutabilis, Salisbury T.Lin. S. 6,369.

Small heath. Thin-leaved heath.

Heaths; shrubby; July and August.

Leaves triangular, bald ; racemes in whirls ; flowers bluish
or white.

IV. 158. GYPSOC ALLIS. R. A. Salisbury, MS.

Gypsum-heath .

Calyx 4-parted ; corolla bellshape ; limb 4-cut ; stamens 8,
exserted ; anthers erect, awnless, opening at the tip in two
reverse-ovate foramens; cells distinct; stigma 4-cut; cap-
sule 4-cei!ed, 4-valved ; dehiscence loculicidal. — Stem
shrubby; leaves not nicked; edge turned down; flowers
axillary ; hractece 2, in the middle of the peduncles.

Gypsocallis vagans. Loose gypsum-heath .

Leaves 4 or 5 in a whirl; flowers peduncled, crowded.

Erica foliis corios multiflora, Raii Syn . 471, 5.

Erica didyma, Stokes in Wither. Rot. Arr. ed. 2, 400,

Erica vagans, Lamarck FI. Gall. 2, 230.

Erica vaga, Salisb. Prod. 294.

Erica purpureacea, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 1 , 483,

Fir-leaved heath .

PL ex. cal.

36. ERXCINiE. 158. Gypsocallis. 399

Heaths in Cornwall; shrubby; July and August.

Stem much branched, upright; leaves triangular; corolla
flesh-colour.

V. 159. CALLUNA. R. A. Salisbury. Ling.

Calyx 4-parted, nearly as long as the corolla; corolla

tubular, bellshape, 4-cut; stamens 8 ; anthers awned, opening
by 2 pores; stigma 4,-lobed; capsule 4-celled, 4~valved ;
dehiscence septifragal. — Stem shrubby ; leaves opposite,
squarrose, in 4 rows ; flowers racemose, facing one way,
drooping ; bractece 4, at the base of the calyx.

Calluna sagittafolia. Arrowleaved lingr

Leaves arrowshape.

Erica vulgaris, Raii Syn. 470,' 1 ; Park. 1480.

Erica vulgaris, sive pumila, Ger. em. 1380, 1.

Erica sagittaefolia, Stokes Bat. M. M. 371.

Calluna Erica, Be Candolle FI. Gall. 680.

Common heath or ling . Heather.

Heaths and woods; shrubby; June and July.

Stem ascending ; flowers flesh-colour or white. — Young
tops brewed along with half as much malt into a good beer;
decoction tans leather and dyes alummed wool yellow.
Honey, where it abounds, has a reddish cast. The plant
is also used for binding mud cottages, for thatching, for
making ropes, for brooms, for firing, for filling drains, and
for beds, being confined in a frame with the flowering tops
uppermost.

0. hirsuta. Leaves downy.

Erica vulgaris hirsuta, Raii Syn. 471, 2; Ger, em. 1380,2.

Erica vulgaris hirsutior. Park. 1480.

Erica ciliaris, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 144.

VI. 160. ANDROMEDA. Linnaeus. Andromeda.

Calyx very small, 5-parted; corolla ovate, bellied, 5-cut;

limb reflected; stamens 10; anthers 2, horned above, opening
in 2 foramens ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; dehiscence locu-
licidal. — Stem shrubby ; leaves perennial, alternate, edge
turned over ; flowers aggregated, terminal ; peduncles brac-
teated at bottom.

Andromeda polifolia . Many-leaved andromeda.

Leaves alternate, lanceolate, edge turned over; peduncles
terminal, aggregated ; corolla ovate.

400 160. Andromeda. 36. ERICINiE.

PL ex. cal.

Ledum palustre nostras, arbuti flore, Raii Syn. 472, 1.

Rosmarinum sylvestre minus nostras, Park . 76.

Andromeda polifolia, Lin. S. P. 564.

Andromeda montana, Salisb. Prod. 290.

Marsh cistus. Wild rosemary.

Turf bogs: shrubby; June.

Rhizoma creeping; stem creeping; leaves pointed, glau-
cous beneath ; flowers flesh-colour.

VII. 161. ARBUTUS. Pliny. Strawberry-tree.

Calyx very small, 5-cut; corolla ovate; limb small, 5-cut,
turned over, inside villous; stamens 10; filaments villous
beneath ; anthers awned, opening at the tip with 2 pores ;
stigma peltate ; berry tubercular, 5-celled ; cells many-
seeded. — Stem woody; leaves perennial, alternate; flowers
terminal, racemous, panicled; bractea 1, at the bottom of
each peduncle.

Arbutus serrcitifolia . Sawleaf strawberry-tree.

Stem shrubby ; leaves oblong, bald, bluntly serrate ; ra-
cemes compound, terminal, drooping.

Arbutus, Raii Syn. 464, 1 ; Ger. em. 1496; Park . 1489.

Arbutus Unedo, Lin. S. P. 566.

Arbutus serratifolia, Salisb. Prod. 208.

Arbutus. Arbute-tree.

Chalky rocks; shrubby; September.

Leaves blunt ; flowers reddish white.

VII. 162. UVA-URSI. Dodonseus. Bears-grape.

Calyx small, 5-parted; corolla ovate; limb small, 5-cut,
turned over; stamens 10; filaments bald; anthers awned,
opening by 2 pores at the base ; berry smooth, 5-celled, 4
or 5-seeded. — Stem undershrubby ; leaves perennial, reti-
culately veined; flowers terminal, racemose; bractea 1 to
each peduncle.

1. Uva-ursi buxifolia. Box-leaf bear s-gr ape.

Leaves reverse-ovate, blunt; edge not in the least cut.

Vitex Idaea q. Vaccinia rubra foliis myrtinis crispis, Raii Syn . 457,4.

Vaccinia ursi, sive Uva ursi apud Clusium, Ger.em. 1416,5.

Uva ursi Galeni, Clusii, Park. 1457.

Arbutus Uva~ur3i, Lin. S. P. 566.

Arbutus procumbens, Salisb. Prod. 289.

Arbutus buxifolia, Stokes Bot. M. M. 509.

Bears whortleberry.

Alpine heaths; shrubby; June.

i

Pl. ex. cal .

36. ERICINiE. 162. Uva-ursi. 40l

Stem procumbent, much branched ; bark smooth ; leaves
alternate; corolla flesh-colour; berry red, austere.

2. Uva-ursi alpina. Alpine bears-grape ,

Leaves reverse- ovate, pointed, wrinkled; edge serrated.

Vferonica Pannonica, sive Vitis Idaea, Ger.em. 1416, 4.

Vaccinia nigra Pannonica, Park. 1486.

Arbutus Alpina, Lin. S. P. 566.

Hungary whortleberries.

Dry alpine rocks; shrubby; May.

Stem prostrate ; bark falling off’; leaves fringed ; corolla
white ; bructece fringed ; berry black.

B. Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 foramens ; corolla 2 to
5-parted, nearly to the base.

IX. 163. CHAMiECISTUS. Clusius. Rose-bay .

Calyx 5-parted; corolla bellshaped; limb 5-parted, re-
gular ; stamens 5, equal, enclosed, not declinate ; capsule
ovate, 5-celled; dehiscence septicidal ; seeds many. — Shrub
procumbent ;4eaves, opposite, edge turned over, not nicked,
furrowed beneath, perennial; flowers terminal, upright,
solitary or in pairs ; bractece 3 at the base of each peduncle,
2 large, 1 small.

Chamcecistus serpyllifolius . Thyme-leaf rose-bay .

Branches diffuse, procumbent; leaves elliptical, quite
bald.

ChamJEcistus serpyllifoliis, Ger. em. 1284.

Azalea procumbens, Lin. S. P. 215.

Thyme-leaved dwarf cistus.

Alpine heaths ; shrubby ; July and August.

Stem much branched, branches intermixed; leaves pe-
tioled, spread, blunt; petioles fringed ; flowers dark rose-
colour.

X. 164. EMPETRUM. Dioscorides. Crakeberry .

Calyx 3-parted ; corolla 3-parted or 3-petaled ; lobes

turned over ; stamens very long, opposite to the lobes, 3,
or rarely 9 ; anthers opening lengthways on the sides ; ovary
flattened; style 1, short; stigma 9-rayed; berry flattened,
6 or 9-seeded. — Shrub low; leaves crowded, alternate or
nearly whirled, small ; edge turned over, concave beneath ;
flowers solitary, axillary, unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite,
frequently dioicous ; bractece 3 to each flower.

VOL. ii. 2d

PI. ex. cal.

402 164. Empetrum. 36. ERICINiE.

Empelrum nigrum . Black crake-berry.

Stem procumbent; twigs bald; leaves oblong, blunt,
bald ; edge turned over, fringed.

Empetrum montanum, frnctu nigro, Ran Syn. 444, 1.

Erica baccifera procumbens, Ger. em. 1383, 9.

Erica baccifera nigra, Park. 1485.

Empetrum nigrum, Lin. S. P. 1450.

Crow-berries. Blackberry heath.

Mountain heaths ; shrubby ; May.

Bark falling off ; inner bark yellow ; leaves membra-
naceous, swollen, furrowed underneath; petioles very short;
corolla and anthers purple; berries black.

XI. 165. PYROLA. Brunsfel. Winter-green .

Calyx very small, 5-parted; corolla 5-parted; stamens 10,
2 at the base of each lobe ; anthers opening by 2 reverse-
ovate foramens at the base, becoming reversed ; stigfha pel-
tate ; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded ; dehiscence loculicidal ;
seeds with a membranous wing. — Stem creeping, scaly,
twigs upright; leaves perennial, alternate, petioled, bald;
flowers peduncled, terminal, whitish, racemose, mostly
drooping; braciea mostly 1 at the base of each peduncle.

a. Orpheus. Corolla irregular ; stamens ascending; style
declinate ; stigma rotate , 5-tubercled9 with a central point ;
nectary 0.

1 . Pyrola rotundifolia. Round-leaved winter-green.

Leaves roundish ; racemes many-flowered ; bractece lan-
ceolate, as long as the peduncles; calyx as long as the sta-
mens ; stamens ascending ; style declinate, twice as long as
the stamens.

Pyrola, Raii Syn. 363, 1 ; Ger. em. 408, 1.

Pyrola nostras vulgaris, Park. 508.

Pyrola rotundifolia, Lin. S. P. 187.

Pyrola declinata, Mcench Meth. 315.

Common winter-green.

Woods and mountains; perennial; July.

Root scaly, creeping ; leaves dilated, slightly crenated,
rather leathery, about as long as the petiole; bractece few,
on the lower part of the peduncle ; flowers white.

\

b. Pyrola. Cor. regular; stamens incurved; anthers opening

at top; stigma peltate ; nectaries 5 ; racemes regular.

2. Pyrola media. Middlesize winter-green.

Leaves roundish ; racemes many-flowered ; peduncles

twisted ; corolla globose ; stamens regularly inflected, longer

PL ex. cal.

36. ERICINiE. 165. Pyrola. 403

than the calyx ; style declining perpendicularly, twice as
long as the stamens.

Pyrola media, Swartz Act. Holm. 1804,263.

Woods ; perennial ; June.

3. Pyrola minor. Small winter-green .

Leaves roundish ; racemes many-flowered ; peduncles
straight; stamens regularly bent; style straight, half as
long as the stamens; stigma pointed.

Pyrola minor. Rail Syn. 363,2; Lin. S. P. 1ST.

Pyrola rosea, Engl. Rot. 2543.

Woods; perennial; July and August.

Peduncles nearly naked ; flowers white or reddish.

c. Alsoganum. Corolla regular ; stamens incurved ; anthers
opening at the base ; nectaries 10 ; racemes \-rowed.

4. Pyrola secunda. One-rowed winter-green.

Leaves ovate, pointed, serrated; racemes many-flowered;
peduncles straight; bractece lanceolate, as long as the pe-
duncle ; stamens regularly bent ; style straight, longer than
the stamens.

Pyrola folio mucronato serrato, Raii Syn. 363,3.
Pyrola secunda tenerior Clusii, Ger. em. 408,2.
Pyrola tenerior, Park. 509.

Pyrola secunda, Lin. S. P. 187.

Small winter-green.

Mossy parts of alpine woods; perennial; July.

Stem procumbent, much branched; corolla greenish-
white; lobes oblong.

XII. 166. MONESES. R.A. Salisbury, MS. Moneses.

Calyx small, 5-parted; corolla 1 -petal, 5-lobed; stamenslO ,
bent inwards, 2 at the base of each lobe ; anthers 2-horned
at the base, becoming reversed, opening at the bottom of
each horn by a foramen; style straight; stigma radiated;
nectaries 0; capsule 5-eelled, 5-valved ; dehiscence loculi-
cidal; seeds many. — Root creeping; stem herbaceous, sim-
ple; leaves petioled, alternate, roundish, reticulately veined;
peduncle single, terminal, 1 -flowered ; bractea 1, distant
from the flower; flower large, white, drooping, fragrant.

Moneses grandiflora. Large-flowered moneses.

Leaves reverse-ovate, blunt, serrate; peduncle longer
than the leaves.

Pyrola quarta minima Clusii, Ger. em. 408, 4.

Pyrola uniflora, Lin. S. P. 568.

Round-leaved winter-green.

2 d 2

404 166. Moneses. 36. ERICINJE.

PL ex. cal.

Moist places in alpine woods; perennial; July.

Peduncles upright ; flowers smell like the may-lily, white,
with reddish lines.

C. Monotrop^:. Anthers peltate, horizontal, 1-celled, not
opening by 2 foramens ; plant leafless, parasitical.

XIII. 167. HYPOPITYS. Dillenius. Pine-sap.

Calyx 3 to 5-parted; corolla 3 to 5-parted, falling off,
lobes hooded at the bottom; stamens 6 to 10, 2 at the base
of each lobe ; anthers small, horizontal, 1-celled, opening
flat at last ; stigma orbicular, edge bearded ; capsule 5-celled,
5-valved; seeds many, awlshape, minute, winged. — Plant
parasitic, destitute of verdure, odour musty ; root fibrous ;
stems aggregate, simple, enlarged at bottom, fleshy, scaly ;
scales imbricate below, alternate above ; racemes first bent,
then upright ; flowers pedicelled ; bractea 1 to each flower.

Hypopitys lutea. Yellow pine-sap.

Plant yellow, bald; flowers peduncled, 3 or 4-cut; ter-
minal flower 5-cut.

Hypopitys lutea, Rail Syn. 317, 1.

Monotropa Hypopithys, Lin.S. P. 555.

Hypopitys europaea, Nutall Gen.

Yellow Birds-nest.

On the roots of birches or pines ; perennial ; June.

Herb on drying becomes black, and acquires a stronger
odour ; hr acted scaly .

Fam. II. 37. VACCINIEiE. De Candolle. Ericacearum
pars, Ventenat. Ericarum pars , Jussieu.
Bicornum pars , Linnaeus. Vacciniorum
pars , Adanson.

Calyx 1 -leafed, not cut or toothed, small, adherent to
the ovary; corolla hypogynous, 1-petaled, 4 or 5-parted,
regular, falling off’; aestivation imbricate ; stamens definite,
$ or 10, 2 at the base of each lobe, hypogynous; anthers
opening by 2 pores ; ovary adherent, many-celled ; style 1 ;
stigma 1, either cut or not; berry umbiiicated, 4 or 5-celled ;
cells many-seeded ; seeds on a central spermophore ; peri-
sperm fleshy ; corculum nearly as long as the perisperm ;
cotyledons very short ; radicle very long, below.

6

PL ex, cal. 37. VACCINIEiE. 168. Vaccinium. 405

Corolla ovate, 4-cut; anthers 2-horned Vaccinium. 368.
Cor . bellshape, 4-cut; anthers hornless;

filaments woolly Vitis-Idjea. 169.

Cor. bellshape, 4-cut; anthers hornless;
filaments bald Oxycoccus. 170.

I. 168. VACCINIUM. Pliny. Bilberry.

Calyx 4 or 5-toothed; corolla bellshape, ovate, limb
4-cut, lobes reflexed; stamens 8 or 10; filaments bald; an-
thers 2-horned ; stigma simple ; berry 4 or 5-celled, many-
seeded. — Stem shrubby ; leaves annual ; flowers solitary,
drooping.

1 . Vaccinium montanum. Mountain bilberry.

Stem angular ; leaves alternate, petioled, serrate ; flowers

solitary, axillary.

Vitis Idaea angulosa, Raii Syn. 457,2.

Vaccinia nigra, Ger. em. 1415, 1.

Vaccinia nigra vulgaria, Park. 1456.

Vaccinium Myrtillus, Lin. S. P. 498.

Vitis Idaea Myrtillus, Moench Meth. 47.

Vaccinium montanum, Salisb. Prod . 291.

Black whorts. Black whortleberries. Blackberries. Bullberries. Wine-
berries.

Spongy places in mountain woods ; shrubby ; May.
Leaves light green; flowers peduncled, flesh-coloured,
globose; calyx 5-toothed; corolla mostly 5-cut; stamens 10;
berries black, rarely white, esculent.

2. Vaccinium uliginosum. Moor bilberries .

Stem round ; leaves reverse-ovate, bald ; edge not cut

in the least, rather turned over ; beneath glaucous ; flowers
solitary, axillary.

Vitis Idaea magna quibusdam, sive Myrtillus grandis, Raii Syn. 457, 1.
Vitis Idaea foliis subrotundis major, Ger. em. 1416, 6.

Vaccinia nigra, fructu majore, Park. 1455.

Vaccinium uliginosum, Lin. S. P. 499.

Great bilberry.

Bogs on mountain heaths; shrubby; April and May.
Leaves blunt, veiny ; flowers flesh-cploured, 4-cut; sta-
mens mostly 8 ; berries black, esculent ; seeds streaked.

II. 169. VITIS-IDiEA. Pliny. Cowberry .

Calyx 4-cut; corolla bellshape, 4 or 5-parted; lobes
turned over, easily separable into 4 petals; stamens & ox
10 ; filaments woolly; anthers awnless, tip tubular, open;

406 169. Vitis-Idaea. 37. VACCINlEiE.

PL ex. cal.

stigma simple; lerry 4-celled, many-seeded. — Leaves alter-
nate, perennial, petioled; flowers racemose, flesh-colour,
drooping; hractece 1, at the base of each flower.

Vitis-Idoea punctifolia. Dotted-leaf cowberry.

Leaves reverse- ovate, dotted beneath ; edge turned over,
toothed ; racemes terminal, drooping.

Vitis Idaea semper virens fructu rubro, Rail Syn. 457,3.

Vaccinia rubra, Ger.em. 1415,2.

Vaccinia rubra buxeis foliis, Park. 1458.

Vaccinium Vitis-Idsea, Lin. S. P. 500.

Vaccinium nemorosum, Salisb. Prodr. 291.

Vaccinium punctifolium, Stokes Bot. M. M. 368.

Vitis-Idsea punctata, Meench Meth. 47.

Red whortle-berry.

Turfy heaths; shrubby; June.

Stem very low, ascending, cylindrical ; leaves thick, stiff,
ending in a rounded tubercle, reticulately veined ; edge not
cut, serrate or toothed; hractece coloured, fringed, con-
cave i flowers flesh-colour; berries red, acid, unpleasant until
baked.

III. 170. OXYCOCCUS. Cordus. Craneberry .

Calyx 4-cut; corolla 4 or 5-parted; lobes linear, turned
over, becoming separate; stamens 8 or 10, exserted ; fila-
ments connivent, bald ; anthers awnless, ending above in
long tubes; tubes separate, open; stigma pointed; berry
4-celled, many-seeded. — Ste?n shrubby; leaves perennial,
alternate, petioled; peduncles terminal, solitary, 1 -flowered,
bracteated at bottom ; flowers flesh-colour, drooping.

Oxy coccus palustris. Marsh craneberry.

Stem naked, thread shape, creeping, bald ; leaves ovate,
edge not in the least cut, turned over ; beneath glaucous.

Oxycoccus, sive vaccinia palustria, Raii Syn. 267, 1.

Vaccinia palustria, Ger. em. 1417.

Vaccinium palustre, Park. 1229.

Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Lin. S. P. 500.

Oxycoccus palustris, Pers. Syn. 410.

Vaccinium palustre, Salisb. Prod. 291.

Schollera Oxycoccus, Roth Germ. 2, 442.

Cranberries. Moss berries. Moor berries. Fen grapes. Fenberries.
Marsh whortleberries. Marshworts.

Bogs on mountains ; perennial; June.

Stem lying down; leaves small, petioled, upright; berry
pale red, mottled, or purplish red. — Berries have a peculiar
flavour, but are esteemed by some in tarts.

PL ex. cal. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. l7I.Campan. 407

Fam. III. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. De Candolle.

Campanula , Jussieu.

Calyx 4 or 8-cut, equal, persisting; corolla 1-petaled,
regular or rarely irregular, 4, 5, 6, or 8-cut, rarely 5-petaled ;
claws broad, connivent, falling off or withering; stamens
as many as the lobes, alternate with them, adnate to the
disk; anthers fixed at the base, 2-celled; cells opposite,
opening lengthways, distinct or cohering; ovary 1, many-
celled; ovules many; style 1 ; stigma 1, or as many as the
cells of the ovary, naked ; capsule below, opening by fora-
mens on the side, or in exotics half-above; tip valvular;
valves septiferous in the middle; seeds many, small; peri-
sperm fleshy ; corculum axile, straight, nearly as long as
the perisperm. — Stem herbaceous, often yielding a milk;
leaves alternate, simple; stipulce 0; flowers distant; race-
mose, axillary, or capitate, girt with a many-leaved involu-
crum.

Corolla bellshape, 5-cut; caps. 3-celled Campanula. 171.

Cor. rotate; lobes heartshape; caps.
prismatic Legousia. 172.

Cor. rotate ; lobes linear ; anthers dis-
tinct Phyteuma. 173.

Cor. rotate; lobes linear; anthers joined Jasione. 174.

Cor. unequal, 2-lipped ; lower lip 3-parted ;
anthers joined; stigma simple Lobelia. 175.

A. Flowers regular ; stigma lobed.

I. 171. CAMPANULA* Dodongeus. Bellflower.

Calyx 5-cut, segments not turned back; corolla bell-
shape, 5-cut ; stamens 5 ; filaments dilated at bottom, co-
vering the top of the capsule; anthers upright; stigma
3-parted ; capsule reverse-pyramidical, 3 to 5 -celled, open-
ing by foramens on the side. — Stem herbaceous ; lower
leaves petioled ; upper leaves mostly sessile ; flowers brac-
teated, axillary, solitary or in bundles, or racemes, terminal
or rarely solitary.

1. Campanula hederacea. Ivy -leaf bellflower.

Stem weak ; leaves heartshape, 5, 6, or 8-angled, bald ;
peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered.

Campanula cymbalarim folio, Raii Syn . 271,7 ; Ger. era. 452, 7 ; Park.
652.

Campanula hederacea, Lin. S. P. 240.

408 171. Camp an. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. Pl. ex, cal.

Damp hedges and bogs; perennial; July and August.
Stem trailing, matted, diffuse; leave e opposite or al-
ternate, very delicate, transparent; peduncles mostly ter-
minal; flowers drooping, pale sky-blue; capsules hemi-
spherical.

2. Campanula heterophylla. Odd-leaved bellflower.

Stem round, much branched, diffuse ; rqot-leaves rather

roundish, deeply crenated; stem-leaves slender, linear;
lobes of the calyx not cut, horizontal.

Campanula rotundifolia, Raii Syn. 277, 5; Ger. cm. 452, 3; Lin. S . P.
232.

Campanula minor sylvestris rotundifolia, Park. 651.

Campanula varii folia, Salisb. Prod. 126.

Round-leaved belljlower.

Heaths and walls ; perennial ; August and September.
RgoI woody ; stem upright ; radical leaves kidneyshape,
heartshape or oblong, pointed; flowers panicled, tremulous,
blue or white.

3. Campanula liniflolia. Flax-leaved bellflower .

Root-leaves reverse-ovate, rather downy; stem-leaves li-
near, lanceolate, slightly toothed; stem mostly 1-flowered;
lobes of the calyx not cut, upright.

Campanula minor alpina, rotundioribus imis foliis, Raii Syn. 277, 6.
Campanula 1 i ni folia, Jacq. Coll. 2,81.

Campanula uniflora, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1. 81 . not of Linnseus.
Campanula rotundifolia ft. Smith FI. Brit. 235.

Alpine rocks and fields ; perennial; August.

Root rather woody; stem upright, round; flowers blue.

4. Campanula patula. Spreading bellflower.

Stem angular; leaves stiff; root-leaves lanceolate, oval,

blunt; stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed; panicles spreading;
lobes of the calyx lanceolate, denticulate.

Campanula minor alba, sive purpurea, Ger. em. 452, 5.

Campanula patula, Lin. S. P. 232.

Fields and hedges; biennial ; July and August.

Root white, attenuated, esculent ; stem rough, panicled ;
leaves roughish, slightly crenate, milkbearing, bitter ; brac-
tece lanceolate, short ; flowers upright, in threes ; corolla
light-blue, with three reddish lines.

5. Campanula esculenta. Eatable bellflower.

Root fusiform ; stem angular ; leaves waved, hairy ; root-

leaves lanceolate ; stem-leaves linear ; panicle very close.

PI. ex, cal. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. 171.Campan. 40.9

Campanula q. rapunculus esculentus, Raii Syn. 277, 4.

Rapuntium parvum, Ger.em. 453, 2.

Rapunculus esculentus vulgaris. Park. 648.

Campanula Rapunculus, Lin. S. P. 232.

Campanula esculenta, Salisb. Prod. 126.

Rampions. Small rampion.

Fallow-fields, ditch banks, also cultivated; biennial or
perennial; July and August.

Root white, s\yeet; leaves toothed; panicle many-flowered;
peduncles upright; bractece linear; lobes of the cafyx awl-
shape ; flowers blue or white. — Root esculent, fine-tasted in
salads.

6. Campanula latifolia . Broad-leaved bellflower .

Stem rather round, quite simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate,

rough, irregularly serrated; peduncles 1 -flowered; fruit
drooping.

Campanula maxima, foliis latissimis, Raii Syn. 276. I.

Trachelium majus Belgarum, sive giganteum, Ger.em. 448,3.

Trachelium majus Belgarum, Park. 643.

Campanula latifolia, Lin. S. P. 233.

Giant throat-wort. Ilaskwort. Uvula-wort.

Woods and hedges; perennial; August.

Riant milky; stem 4 feet high, hispid, many-flowered*
peduncles axillary ; flowers very large, blue or pale-red.

7. Campanula rigida . Crisp bellflower .

Root creeping; stem branched; leaves heartshape, lan-
ceolate, round, rough, unequally serrated ; flowers spread,
1 -rowed, drooping; calyx rough; lobes reflex, not cut.

Campanula rapunculoides, Lin. S. P. 234.

Campanula rigida, Stokes Bot. M. M. 333.

Campanula morifolia, Salisb. Prod. 126.

Woods; perennial; August.

Lower leaves petioled; upper sessile; bractece small;
flower blue ; fruit drooping.

8. Campanula urticifolia . Nettle-leaf bellflower .

Stem angular ; leaves deeply serrated, very rough ; upper

leaves ovate-lanceolate ; lower leaves heartshape ; peduncles
axillary, few-flowered ; fruit drooping.

Campanula vulgatior foliis urticse vel major et asperior, Raii Syn. 276 2.
Trachelium majus, Ger.em. 448, 1.

Trachelium majus flore purpureo, Park. Par. 355.

Campanula Trachelium, Lin. S. P. 235.

Campanula urticifolia, Salisb. Prodr. 127.

Great throat-wort. Canterbury bells. Coventry bells.

Woods and hedges; perennial ; July.

410 171. Cainpan. 38. CAMPANULACE/E. PL ex. cal

Angles of the stem rather winged, juice yellow ; calyx
usually rough ; corolla blue or pale red, sometimes double ;
inside hairy.

9. Campanula glomerata. Ball bellflower.

Stem angular, simple; leaves ovate, crenulated, hairy;
upper leaves embracing the stem ; flowers terminal, sessile,
in heads.

Campanula pratensis flore conglomerato, Rail Syn. 277,3.

Trachelium minus, Ger.em. 449,4; Park. 644.

Campanula glomerata, Lin. S. P. 235.

Small Canterbury bells.

Chalky fields ; perennial ; July and August.

Root woody; lower leaves nearly heartshape; bractece
oval, coloured; lobes of the calyx hairy; corolla blue or
white, viscid, hairy.

/3. minor. Stem scarcely two inches high.

II. 172. LEGOUSIA. Durande. Venus’ -looking-glass.

Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, tube very short; limb
5-cut; lobes reverse-heartshape ; stamens 5; anthers dis-
tinct ; filaments very short, not dilated ; stigma 2 or 3-cut ;
capsule columnar, prismatic or cylindrical ; 2 or 3-celled,
many-seeded. — Stern herbaceous ; leaves sessile ; flowers
axillary, sessile, blue or white.

1. Legousia parviflor a. Small-flovjered Venus’ -looking-

glass.

Stem stiff, straight, slightly branched at bottom ; leaves
oblong, waved, crenate ; flowers solitary ; corolla shorter
than the calyx.

Campanula arvensis erecta, vel Speculum Veneris minus, Raii Syn.
278, 1.

Speculum Veneris minus, Ger.em. 439,2; Park. 1331.

Campanula hybrsda, Lin. S. P. 239.

Prismatocarpus confertus, Moench Meth. 496.

Prismatocarpus hybridus, De Cand. FI. Gall. 2857.

Codded corn-violet. Lesser Venus' looking-glass.

Chalky fields ; annual ; August.

Root fibrous ; stem angular, edges rough ; corolla violet.

2. Legousia arvensis. Field Venus’- looking-glass.

Stem very much branched, diffuse; leaves oblong, cre-
nate ; flowers solitary ; corolla spread open, equal to the
lobes of the calyx.

PL ex, cal. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. 172. Legousia. 411

Speculum Veneris, Ger. em. 439, 1.

Campanula Speculum, Lin. S. P. 239.

Legousia arvensis, Durande FI. Burg. 1, 37.

Prismatocarpus Speculum, De Cand. FI. Gall. 2856.

Campanula pulchella, Salisb. Prod. 127.

Corn gillijlower. Corn pink.

Chalky fields, dunghills ; annual ; July and August.

III. 173. PHYTEUMA. Dioscorides. Horned-rampions .

Calyx 5-cut; corolla at first round, concave, then 5-parted ;
tube very short; lobes of the limb linear, loose; stamens 5;
anthers distinct ; stigma 3-cut ; capsule 2 or 3-celled,
opening by lateral pores.— Stem mostly simple; flowers in
close heads or terminal spikes ; bractece 1 to each flower.

Phyteuma orbiculare . Round-headed horned rampions.

Root-leaves ovate-heartshape ; upper leaves oblong, lan-
ceolate, serrate ; flowers in a roundish head ; hractece ovate-
lanceolate.

Rapunculus corniculatus montanus, Raii Syn. 278, 1 ; Ger. em. 455, 5,
Rapunculus alopecuroides orbiculatus, Park. 648.

Phyteuma orbiculare, Lin. S. P. 242.

Mountain horned-rampions.

Pastures and waysides in chalky soils; peren.; August.
Root woody ; leaves fringed ; heads many-flowered ; brae-
tece enlarges after flowering ; flowers violet or rarely white.

IV. 174. JASIGNE. Theophrastus. Sheeps ’ scabious .

Calyx 5-cut ; corolla rotate ; tube very short ; limb 5-lobed ;
lobes long, linear, loose ; stamens 5 ; anthers grown together
at bottom into a tube ; stigma clubshape, nicked ; capsule
half 2-celled, opening at the tip by a pore ; spermophore
free ; seeds many. — Stem mostly simple ; flowers pedicelled,
in heads ; central flowers often abortive ; involucrum many-
leaved ; receptacle naked.

Jasione montana . Mountain sheeps' scabious .

Leaves linear, lanceolate, slender at bottom, hispid,
waved, crisp.

Rapunculus scabiosae capitulo caeruleo, Raii Syn. 278,2 ; Park. 646.
Scabiosa minima hirsuta, Ger. em. 723, 12.

Jasione montana, Lin. S. P. 1317.

Jasione undulata, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3,215.

Sheeps’ bit . Hairy sheeps' scabious,

Sandy pastures ; annual ; June and July.

Root woody ; stems many, round, slightly branched ; root-
leaves large ; flowers blue.

412 175. Lobelia. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. PL ex. cal

B. Lobelia. Flowers irregular, cut deepest on the lower

side, generally become resupinate ; stigma bearded,
% completely formed before the anthers burst.

Y. 175. LOBELIA. Plunder. Label.

Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla irregular, becoming resupinate,
deeply cut below, 3-lobed above; stamens 5 ; filaments dis-
tinct; anthers connected into a tube, bearded at the top ;
stigma nicked; capsule 2-celled. — - Stem upright; leaves
often radical ; flowers peduncled, in racerties; bractea 1 at
the base of each peduncle ; juice milky.

1 . Lobelia lacustris . Lake lohel .

Leaves mostly radical, linear, 2-celled, not in the least

cut; scape simple, nearly naked, few-flowered, racemose.

Gladiolus lacustris Dorlmanni, Rati Syn. 287 *, 1.

Gladiolus lacustris, Ger. em. 105, 4.

Gladiolus lacustris Clusii, sive leucojura palustrc, flore subcsruleo
Bauhini, Park. 1250.

Lobelia Dortmanni, Lin. S. P. 1310.

Lobelia lacustris, Salisb. Prod.

Water sword-Jlag.

Lakes; perefinial; July.

Root white; stem round, hollow; leaves all under water,
bent back ; flowers drooping, blue ; hractece ovate, short ;
lobes of the calyx shorter than the tube of the corolla.

2. Lobelia urens . Slinging lobel.

Stem rather erect; lower leaves reverse-ovate, denticu-
lated ; upper leaves lanceolate, serrate ; flowers in racemes.

Lobelia urens, J Lin. S. P. 1321.

Lobelia verbenaefolia, Salisb. Prod. 129.

Mountainous meadows; peren.; August and September.

Root fibrous; stem branched, bluntly angular, rather
leafy ; racemes many-flowered ; flowers 1 -rowed, violet ;
hractece. bristleshape, rough ; lobes of the calyx retuse, as
long as the tube. — Plant acrid, especially the root.

Earn. IV. 39. COMPOSITE.

Flowers collected into a calathide seated on a clinanthus :
calathide girt with a pericline composed of many scales, in
a single, double, or multiple series; scales mostly free,
sometimes soldered ; pericline often surrounded with an in-
volucrum of many verticillate bracteae attached to the base;
clinanthus naked or with appendices, flat or convex; cala-
thide of 1, 2, or 3 sorts of flowers, mostly solitary, some-

PI. ex. cal.

39. COMPOSITE.

413

times formed into a calathiphore. — Calyx very thin, adhe-
rent to the ovary ; apex simple or pappose ; corolla situated
on a gland at the top of the ovary, 5-lobed ; lobes (or rather
soldered petals) having a simple rib on each side meeting
at the tip ; aestivation valvular ; stamens 5 ; filaments in-
serted into the corolla, attached to it at the base, alter-
nating with the lobes, formed of two joints, upper joint
very short; anthers 2-celled, 4-valved, opening lengthways,
soldered together by the outer valves into a tube; ovary
mostly pedicelled, simple, 3-celled; ovules 3 ; style 1, 2-cut;
stigmata 2, on the inner faces of the lobes of the style ;
collectors 2, on the outer faces; akenium 1 -seeded by abor-
tion, naked or pappose; pappi scaly, hairy or feathery;
seeds upright ; spermodermis very thin ; perisperm 0, or
very thin; corculum straight; radicle below; cotyledons
flat. — Stem herbaceous; leaves mostly alternate.

A. Cichorace2E. Flowers all ligulate, hermaphrodite ;
clinanthus scarcely fleshy ; stigmata papillous on the whole
inner faces of the branches ; collectors hairy on the whole
outer faces of the branches and upper part of the style. —
Plant mostly lactescent ; leaves alternate ; fiowers yellow,
rarely blue, often meteoric.

a. Pappus 0, or chaffy ; scales of the pericline in a single
row ; involucrum small.

Pappus 0; clinanthus naked Lapsana. 176.

Pappus marginal, not cut ;

clinanthus naked Arnoserjs. 177.

Pappus chaffy; chaffs 5 or many .... Cichorium. 193.

b. Pappus hairlike or bristlelike , sessile ; pericline imbricate.

Pappus very soft ; akenium compressed ;
pericline bellied, imbricate Sonchus. 181.

Pappus denticulate; akenium roundish;
pericline ovate, imbricate Hieracium. 182.

Pappus snow-white; akenium streaked;
pericline simple ; calathide many-flowered .. Crepis. 183.

Pappus snow-white; akenium streaked;
pericline simple; calath. 4 or 5-flowered Prenanthes. 179.

c. Pappus hair like ^ stipitated 4 scales of the pericline
imbricate.

Pappus unequal ; pericline becoming
torulose Baekhausia. 184,

414

39. COMPOSITE, A.

PI. ex. cal.

d. Pappus hairlike , stipitated ; scales of the pericline in a
single row.

Bractece many, loose Taraxacum. 185.

Bractece few ; pericline cylindrical ;

calathide many-flowered Lactuca. 180.

Bractece few; pericline cylindrical;
calathide 5-flowered Chondrilla. 178.

e. Pappus feathered, sessile ; clinanthus naked f
pericline imbricated.

Akenium streaked lengthways ;

pappus unequal Thrica. 188.

Akenium streaked lengthways ; pappus of

the circumference unequal, scaly Virea. 189.

Akenium wrinkled transversely Picris. 190.

f. Pappus feathered , stipitate ; clinanthus naked ; scales
of the pericline one-rowed .

Akenium wrinkled transversely ;

involucrum 5-bracteated Heliyiinthia. 191.

Akenium streaked lengthways ;
involucrum 0 Tragopogon. 192.

g. Pappus feathered ; clinanthus chaffy ; pericline imbricate.

Pappi all stipitate Achyrophorus. 186.

Pappus of the centre stipitate ; of
the circumference sessile Hypochasris. 187.

I. 176. LAPS AN A. Dioscorides. Nipplewort .

Bractece 4 or 5, very short ; pericline- scales 8, in a
single row, upright, connivent; clinanthus bald, flat, with
depressed papillae ; flowers many ; akenium oblong, angular,
streaked, deciduous ; pappus 0.

Lapsana communis. Common nipplewort.

Stem upright, streaked, branched ; leaves ovate, petioled,
angularly toothed; peduncles thin, much branched; peri-
cline when in fruit angular.

Lampsana, Rail Syn. 173, 1 ; Ger. em. 255.

Lampsana vulgaris. Park. 810.

Lapsana communis, Lin. S. P. 1141.

Dock cresses.

Ruins and fields; annual; June and July.

PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, A. 176. Lapsana. 415

Root branched ; stem rather bald ; root-leaves lyrate ;
stem-leaves ovate ; floral-leaf linear, lanceolate, 1 at the;
base of each peduncle. — Eaten at Constantinople just before
flowering as a salad ; and used in Prussia to cure ulcerated
breasts.

II. 177. ARNOSERIS. Gsertner. Swine’s- succory.

Bractece very few, small ; pericline becoming torulose

and connivent into a globe; scales many, equal, single-
rowed, acutely keeled; clinanthus bald, flat, with hollow
dots ; akenium angular, furrowed ; pappus marginal,
leathery, 5-sided, not toothed. — Leaves radical ; scape
thickened above.

Arnoseris pusilla. Dwarf swine’ s-succory.

Scape 1 to 3-flowered ; leaves ovate, oblong, denticulate ;
peduncles fistulous, clubshape, thickened above.

Hieracium minimum Clusii, Hyoseris Tabermontani ct Gerardi, Raii
Syn. 173, 1; Park. 791.

Hyoseris mascula, Ger. em. 288, 8.

Hyoseris minima, Lin. S. P. 1138.

Arnoseris pusilla, Gaertner Sem. et Fr. 2,355.

Sandy fields ; annual ; June.

Root fusiform; leaves toothed; stem upright, bald, very
thin at bottom, thicker above ; corolla yellow.

III. 178. CHONDRILLA. Dioscorides. Gum-succory.
Bracteoe few, short ; pericline cylindrical ; scales 8 or

10, membranaceous at the edge, equal ; clinanthus bald,
hollowed, dotted ; flowers 5 or 6, in one row ; akenium
ovate, compressed, streaked, rather rough ; pappus stipitate,
very soft, snow-white, fugacious. — Leaves radical and cau-
line ; flowers diversely panicled, yellow.

Chondrilla muralis. Wall gum-succory.

Leaves lyrate, pinnatifid, toothed, terminal lobe 5-angu-
lar ; pappus stipitate ; stipes shorter than the akenium ;
clinanthus diversely panicled.

Lactuca sylvestris murorum flore luteo, Raii Syn. 162, 5.

Sonchus laevis muralis, Ger. em. 293, 5.

Sonchus laevis alter parvis floribus, Park. 805.

Prenanthes muralis, Lin. S. P. 1121.

Chondrilla muralis, Lamarck. FI. Fr.

Ivy-leaved sow-thistle. Wall sow-thistle.

Walls and close woods; perennial; July.

416 1 78. Chondrilla. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PL ex. cal.

Root woody; stem round, upright; radical leaves petioled ;
panicle divaricated ; flowers bracteated, yellow.

/3. integrifolia. Upper leaves not cut.

IV. 179. PRENANTHES. Vaillant. Vrenanth .

Bractece few, short ; pericline cylindrical ; scales 8 or

10, equal, membranaceous at the edge; clinanthus with
hollow dots, bald; flowers 5 or 6 in one series; akenium
ovate, compressed, streaked, rather rough ; pappus sessile,
very soft, snow-white, fugacious. — Leaves radical and cau-
line ; flowers divaricatedly panicled, yellow or purple.

Prenanthes pulchra. Handsome prenanth .

Leaves rather rough ; root-leaves runcinate ; stem-leaves
embracing the stem, ovate, lanceolate, arrowlike at the base;
panicle corymbosely divaricated, naked.

Crepis pulchra, Lin. S. P. 1134.

Lapsana pulchra, Vill. Dauph. 3,163.

Chcndrilla pulchra, Lamarck Enel. Meth. 277.

Prenanthes hieraciifolia, Willd. S. P. 3, 1541.

Prenanthes pulchra, Mcench Meth. 534.

Alpine rocks ; annual ; June to September.

Stem slender, spreading; flowers small, yellow; pericline
pyramidical, bald.

V. 180. LACTUCA. Pliny. Lettuce.

Bractece 8 or 10, unequal, pointed ; pericline cylin-
drical ; scales 8, membranaceous at the edge, pointed ;
clinanthus flat, bald, with hollow dots ; calathide many-
flowered, 7-rowed ; akenium ovate, attenuated, compressed,
streaked lengthways ; pappus stipitate, very soft, hairlike,
fugacious.— -Stem mostly prickly.

1. Lactuca sativa . Cultivated lettuce .

Root-leaves oblong, lanceolate, toothed at the edge; stem-
leaves heartshape ; flowers corymbose.

Lactuca sativa, Ger. cm. 306, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 1 1 18.

Coss Lettuce.

Cultivated for a potherb and salad ; annual ; June, Sept.

Lower leaves spreading, oblong, wrinkled; akenium white ;
pappus-stipes little shorter than the akenium.— Leaves nar-
cotic; if eaten in large quantities laxative, especially if
boiled.

PL ex. cal, 89. COMPOSITiE, A. 180. Lactuca. 417

0. planifolia. Lower leaves flat, lanceolate, oblong ; upper
leaves ovate, arrowshape ; akenia black.

Lactuca iritybacea, Ger. em. 307, 6.

Lactuca angustifolia, Lamarck Encycl. Meth. 3, 402.

Italian coss-lettuce. Endive-leaved lettuce.

y. capitata. Lower leaves curled, wrinkled, slightly sinu-
ated, ribbed at bottom ; upper leaves oblong, arrowshape.
Lactuca capitata, Ger. erri. 307, 5.

Lactuca angustifolia, Lamarck Ericycl. Meth. 3, 402.

Calh age-lettuce.

crispa. Lower leaves rounded, ovate, wrinkled, sinu-
ately lobed, keel hairy ; upper leaves oblong, arrowshape,
sinuately toothed.

Lactuca crispa, Ger. em. 306,2.

Curled-leaf lettuce.

All the varieties are cultivated extensively.

2. Lactuca * sylvestris. VVild let lube.

Leaves sinuately pinnatifid, embracing the stem, vertical ;

keel prickly; tip pointed; flowers loosely panicled.

Lactuca sylvestris costa spinosa, Raii Syn. 161, 2.

Lactuca sylvestris foliis dissectis, Ger. em. 309, 3.

Lactuca sylvestris laciniata, Park 814.

Lactuca scariola, Lin. S. P. 1119.

Lactuca sylvestris, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3,40(5'.

Mild-scented cut-leaved wild lettuce.

Edges of fields on chalky soils; annual? August.

Herb glaucous ; Iractew, heartshape, pointed ; flowers
lemon yellow.

3. Lactuca virosa. Strong-scented lettuce ,

Leaves oblong, denticulate, horizontal ; keel prickly ; tip

blunt.

Lactuca sylvestris major odore opii, Raii Syn . 161, 1 : Ger, em. 309, 1.
Lactuca sylvestris endiviae fofiis, odore viroso, Park. 813.

Lactuca virosa, Lin. S. P. 1119.

Cut lettuce.

Chalky soils; biennial; August and September.

Stem rod-like, 6 feet high, panicled above ; leaves glau-
cous, radical, many, reverse-ovate, undivided; flowers sul-
phur-colour, scarcely longer than the pericline. — Juice in-
spissated is narcotic.

(3. integrifolia. Leaves not cu,t.

Lactuca sylvestris, folio nou laciniato, Raii Syn. 162,3.

VOL. II. 2 E

t

41S 180. Lactuca. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PL ex. cal.

4. Lactuca minima . Least lettuce .

Root-leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid; stem-leaves hastate,
linear, sessile, not cut ; flowers racemose.

Lactuca sylvestris minima, Raii Syn. 263,3.

Chondrilla viscosa humilis, Ger. em. 287, 5 *; Park. 783.

Lactuca saligna, Lin. S. P. 1119.

Chalky soils; biennial or annual; August.

Stem tough, rushlike, branched; leaves keeled, spinous
or smooth ; bractece arrowshape.

VI. 181. SONCHUS. Theophrastus. Sowthistle.

Pericline imbricate, becoming connivent, ventricose at
bottom; scales many, unequal, in 2 or 3 series; clinanthus
flat, with hollow dots, bald; calathides many-flowered; ake -
nium compressed, streaked lengthways ; pappus hair-like,
sessile, very soft, fugacious. — 'Stem fistulous, milky ; leaves
runcinate, sessile ; flowers racemose or panicled.

a. Flowers blue ; pappus rough.

1. Sonchus alpinus. Alpine sowthistle.

Flowers racemose, bracteated ; peduncles and pericline

hirsute ; leaves rather lyrate ; terminal lobes deltoid, an-
gular, bald, glaucous beneath. '

Sonchus flore caeruleo, Ger. em. 294, 7.

Sonchus Canadensis, Lin. S. P. 1115.

Sonchus alpinus, Huds. FI. Angl. 336, not of Linnaeus.

Sonchus cseruleus, Camer. Epit. 281.

Sonchus montanus, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 401.

Hieracium caeruleuin, Scopoli Cam, 976.

Blue-flowered sowthistle.

Alpine pastures; perennial; July and August.

Root fleshy; stem 3 feet high, simple; leaves smooth,
upper leaves linear, fringed ; racemes solitary ; bractece
linear; calathide twice as long as the pericline; anthers
red.

b. Flowers yellow ; pappus soft.

2. Sonchus palustris . Marsh sowthistle.

Flowers many, panicled ; peduncles and pericline glandu-

larly hispid ; leaves runcinate, arrowshape at bottom, edge
rough.

Sonchus tricubitalis, folio cuspidato, Raii Syn. 163,8.

Sonchus arborescens alter, Ger. em. 294, 9.

Sonchus palustris, Lin, S. P. 1116.

Great tree sowthistle .

PI. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITAS* A. 181. Sonchus. 419

Stem 8 feet high, pipey ; leaves pointed, bald ; panicle
many-flowered ; pericline black.

3. Sonchus arvensis. Field sowthistle .

Root creeping ; leaves runcinate, heartsliape at the base,

doubly fringed ; peduncles and pericline hispid ; calathides
few, panicled.

Sonchus repens, multis hieracium majus, Rail Syn. 163,7.

Sonchus arborescens, Ger. em. 294, 8.

Sonchus arvensis, Lin. S. P. 1116,

Tree sowthistle.

Clay-fields and woods ; perennial ; August.

Root milky ; stem 4 feet high ; calathides very large ;
flowers yellow.

4. Sonchus oleraceus . Kitchen- garden sowthistle.

Leaves oblong, lanceolate, embracing the stem, slightly

sinuated ; edge fringed ; peduncles rather nappy ; pericline
bald ; calathides panicled.

Sonchus laevis, Raii Syn. 162, 1 ; Ger. em. 292, 3.

Sonchus laevis vulgaris, Park. 805.

Sonchus oleraceus, Lin. S. P. 1116.

Sonchus ciliatus, Lamarck FI. Gall. 287.

Hares' lettuce. Smooth thistle.

Cultivated places; annual; July to September.

Root fusiform; stem much branched; leaves bald; pe~
duncles white ; wool deciduous. — Herb much sought after
by hares and rabbits ; gathered for tame ones ; used by
some as a potherb and in salads.

13. latifolius . Leaves broad.

Sonchus laevis minor, paucioribus laciniis, Raii Syn. 163,2.

Sonchus laevis latifoliis, Ger. em. 292,4.

7. laciniatus. Leaves sinuated more than usual.

Sonchus asper laciniatus, Raii Syn. 163,3; Park. 804.

Sonchus asperior, Ger. em. 291, 2.

integrifolius . Leaves not sinuated.

Sonchus asper non laciniatus, Raii Syn. J63, 4.

Sonchus asper, Ger. em. 291, 1.

Sonchus asper major non laciniatus, Park. 803.

s. subrotundus. Leaves roundish.

Sonchus subrotundo folio nostras, laevissiinis spinulis circa foliorum
oras exasperatus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 1 63, 5.

£. angustifolius. Leaves narrow, oblong, very thorny on
the edges.

Sonchus angusto et phlongp folio nostras, per foliorum

ambitum creberrimi* spinulis asperatus, Dillen in Raii Syn . 163,7.

2E 2

420 182. Hieracium. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PL ex. cal

VIL 182. HIERACIUM. Dioscorides. Hawkweed.

Pericline becoming ovate ; scales many, linear, oblong,
imbricate ; clinanthus rather flat, scrobiculate, roughish,
becoming rather globose, papillose ; calathide many-
flowered ; akenium angular, furrowed ; pappus sessile, bristle-
like, denticulated, stiff, persisting, greyish.

a. Leontidese. Leaves radical , rather laid , not glaucous or
coriaceous ; scape naked ; calat hides solitary , or few.

1. Hieracium alpinum. Alpine hawkweed.

Leaves lanceolate, oblong, pointed, villous; edge whole
or denticulated ; scape rather naked, villous ; calathide soli-
tary ; pericline very villous.

Hieracium (Pulmonaria) villosum alpinum flore snagno singulari, caule
nudo, Rail Syn . 5 09, 10.

Hieracium alpinum, Lin. S . P . 1124.

Welsh mouse-ear.

Alpine rocks; perennial; July.

Scape solitary, simple, with a lanceolate leaf in the
middle; calathide upright; pericline black ; flowers golden

2. Hieracium aurantiacum. Orange hawkweed.

Leaves oblong, pointed, hairy, hispid, not cut; scape

leafy at bottom, hispid; calat hides corymbose; peduncles
conglomerate.

Hieracium hortense latifolium, sive pilosella major, Ger. cm. 305,3.
Hieracium aurantiacum, Lin. S. P.

Grim the collier. Golden mouse-ear.

Alpine wroods; perennial; June and July.

Stolones creeping ; scapes with one or two leaves about
the middle; flowers dark brownish orange colour.

b. Andryaloidese. Plant hairy; hairs long , white , jointed ,
somewhat plumose; stem leafy ; pappus very rough.

\

3. Hieracium villosum. Villous hawkweed.

Stem upright, rather branchy, villous ; leaves repand ;

toothed, villous; root-leaves oblong, lanceolate; stem-leaves
ovate, embracing the stem ; pericline open, very villous.

Hieracium quintum Clusii, Ger. em. 301, 2.

Hieracium villosum, Lin. S. P. 1130.

Damp alpine woods; perennial; Aligns!.

Pi. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, A. 182. Hieracium. 421

Stem simple, 1 -flowered, or branchy, many-flowered,
2 feet high ; leaves rather glaucous ; calathides terminal ;
flowers lemon-colour.

4. Hieracium Lawsonil. Lawson’s hawkweed ,

Stem branchy ; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, decurrent,

glaucous., scarcely cut, fringed ; stem-leaves few ; pericline
glandular hairy.

Hieracium Lawsonii, Villars J)elph. 3, 118.

Hieracium saxatilis (3, De Cand. FI. Gall.

North of England ; perennial ; July.

Stem spread open ; calathides very large ; flowers dark
citron-colour.

c. Pilosellae. Stolon es creeping , leafy ; leaves inclining to
glaucous ; rather leathery , hirsute especially on the edge ;
hairs spreading , long, white , stiff ; scape naked, or 1-leaf ed.

5. Hieracium repens . Creeping hawkweed.

Stolones creeping, leafy ; leaves ovate, not cut, nappy

beneath ; scape naked ; calathide solitary, terminal.

Pilosella repens, Rail Syn. 170, 1 ; Ger. em. 638,2.

Pilosella minor vulgaris repens, Park. 690,

Hieracium Pilosella, Lin. S. P. 1125.

Creeping mouse-ear.

Dry pastures ; perennial ; June and July,

Stolones hairy; leaves obtuse, above light green, beneath
white; hairs of the pericline white and black ; flowers lemon
yellow ; outer before opening streaked with purplish red.

6. Hieracium multifloruiji. Many-flowered hawkweed.

Stolones creeping, leafy; leaves lanceolate, naked beneath,

not cut ; scape mostly naked ; calathides panicled, terminal,
rarely solitary.

Hieracium Auricula, Lin.S. P. 1126.

Hieraciuip dubium, FI. Danica, 1044.

Mountains ; perennial ; July and August.

Scape upright, naked or with a leaf about the middle ;
calathides 3 or 6 ; flowers yellow*-

7. Hieracium dubium . Doubtful hawkweed .

Stolones creeping, leafy ; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, his-*.

pid, woolly beneath, edge scarcely cut ; scape naked ; ccda *
thides 2 to 6, terminal.

Hieracium dubium, Lin.S. P. 1125.

Hieracium Auritiulu, FI, Danica, 1111. *-

422 182. Hieracium. 39. COMPOSITiE, A. PI, ex. cal.

Damp mountains ; perennial ; July and August.

Leaves rarely toothed ; peduncles alternate, nappy ; flowers
lemon-yellow on both sides.

d. Pulmonarise. Stem leafy ; pericline hairy ; hairs black,

8. Hieracium murorum. Wall hawkweed.

Stem mostly simple, few-leaved ; leaves ovate, nearly

heartshape at the base, villous beneath, toothed ; teeth ra-
diating ; calathides panicled.

Hieracium (Pulmonaria) murorum folio pilosissimo. Raii Syn. 168, 6.
Pulmonaria Gallica, sive aurea latifolia, Ger. em. 304, 1.

Hieracium murorum Bauhini, quod est pulmonaria Gallorum Lobelii,
Park. 801.

Hieracium murorum a, Lin. S. P. 1128.

Hieracium murorum, Smith Lin. Trans. 9,236.

Hieracium murorum jS, Smith FI. Brit. 830.

French lungwort. Broad-leaved golden lungwort.

Walls and cliffs ; perennial ; May and June.

Stem furrowed ; root-leaves many, roundish ovate ; cala-
thides large, yellow.

B. laciniaium. Leaves jagged, slightly hairy.

9. Hieracium maculatum . Spotted-leaf hawkweed.

Stem fistulous, many-leaved ; leaves ovate, lanceolate,

toothed; teeth bending forwards; calathides cymose.

Hieracium (Pulmonaria) Ks7TT^xavKov hirsutum, folio longiore, Raii Syn .
169,9.

Hieracium murorum y, Smith FI. Brit. 830.

Hieracium maculatum, Engl. Bot. 2121.

Rocks and mountains ; perennial ; July.

Stem 4 feet high ; leaves dark green, strongly speckled
with black, elliptical, rather heartshape.

10. Hieracium sylvaticum. Wood hawkweed.

Stem many-leaved; leaves ovate, lanceolate, toothed at

the base ; teeth bending forwards ; calathides panicled.

Hieracium Pulmonaria dictum, augusti folium, Raii Syn. 168,7.
Pulmonaria Gallica, sive aurea angustifolia, Ger.em. 304,2.

Hieracium murorum, Lin. S. P . 1128.

Narrow-leaved French lungwort. Narrow-leaved golden lungwort.

Chalky woods and walls; perennial; July and August.
Leaves pale grass-green ; flowers lemon-coloured.

0. maculatum . Stem tall, strong ; leaves dark green,
elegantly speckled with black. ; calathides very numerous.
Hieracium sylvaticum Smith Linn. 1'rans. 9, 241.

PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, A. 182. Hieracium. 423

11. Hieracium pulmonarium. Lung hawkweed .

Stern solid, few-leaved ; leaves lanceolate, toothed ; teeth

broad, bent forward ; calathides cymose.

Hieracium pulmonarium, Engl. Bot. 33,2307,

Hieracium pulmonarioides, Villars Delph. 3, 135.

Rocks; perennial; July.

Stem-leaves 1 or 2, near the bottom ; root-leaves many,
spotted with brown ; calathides large, lemon-colour.

1 2. Hieracium paludosum. Marsh hawhweed.
Stem fistulous ; leaves heartshape, stem-clasping, toothed,

bald; calathides panicled; periclines hispid.

Hieracium montanum cichorei folio nostras, Rail Syn. 166, 11.

Hieracium montanum latifolium minus, Grer. etn. 300, 11.

Hieracium paludosum, Lin. S. P. 1129.

Alpine pastures ; perennial ; July.

Stem 3 feet high ; leaves ovate, pointed ; lower leaves
sometimes lyrate ; calathides rather corymbose ; flowers yel-
low.— Herb intensely bitter.

13. Hieracium molle. Soft-leaved hawkweed.

Stem fistulous; leaves lanceolate, hairy, slightly toothed,

embracing the stem; lower leaves petioled ; calathides pa-
nicled ; peduncles downy.

Hieracium molle, Jacquin Aust. 1 19.

Woods in Scotland; perennial; July and August.

Stem 18 inches high; leaves blunt; hairs short.

14. Hieracium cerinlhoides . Honey wort hawkweed.

Stem solid ; leaves hirsute, slightly denticulated ; root-

leaves ovate, decurrent ; upper leaves oblong, slightly
stem-clasping; calathides corymbose.

Hieracium cerinthoides, Lin. S. P. 1129.

Rocks; perennial; August.

Stem upright, villous; leaves rather glaucous, smooth
above ; pericline hirsute.

15. Hieracium Sabaudum. Savoy hawkweed.

Stem mostly simple, upright; leaves ovate, lanceolate,

toothed-serrate, slightly embracing the stem, beneath
rough ; calathides corymbose.

Hieracium (Pulmonaria) fruticosum latifolium hirsutum, Raii Syn. 167,1;
Park. 802.

Hieracium Sabaudum, Lin. S. P. 1131.

Woods and hedges; perennial ; August and September.
Stem rough, spongy inside ; leaves pointed, beneath pale ;
flowers golden yellow.

4*24* 182. Hieracium. 39. COMPOSITES, A. PL ex. cal.

@. glalrum; Leaves very slightly downy.

Hieracium (Pulmonaria) fruticpsum lajtifolium glabrum, Raii Syti.
168, 2, Park. 801.

y. humile . Leaves long, rarely toothed ; calathides so-
litary. v

Hieracium (Pulmonaria), q. hieracii seu piloselloe majoris species hu-
mijis, foliis longioribus, rarius dentatis plurimis simul flore singulari nos-
tras, Raii Syn. 170, 14.

& latifolium . Leaves broad, lanceolate; pedicells very
shqrj;.

16. Hieracium umhellatum. JJmlelled hawkweed.

Stem mostly simple, upright ; leaves linear, slightly

toothed, spreading; calathides corymbose, umbelled.

Hieracium (Pulmonaria) fruticosum angustifolium majus, Raii Sun.
168,3; Park. 801.

Hieracium intybaceum, Ger. em. 298, 5.

Hieracium umbellatum, Lin. S. P. 1131.

Endive hawkweed.

Woods; perennial; August and September.

Stem 3 feet high ; leaves many, sessile, green on both
sides, rough; calathides large; flowers golden yellow.

0. glalrum. Stem and leaves smooth.

Hieracium q. Pulmonaria angusti folia glabra, Dillcn in Raii Syn. 168,4.

y. gramineum. Leaves very narrow, not in the least
cut.

Hieracium q. Pulmonaria graminea, JDillen in Raii Syn, 168,5.

1 7. Hieracium prenanthoides. Prenanthes hawkweed.
Stem upright ; leaves embracing the stem ; slightly

toothed, edge rough; lower leaves oblong; calathides many,
pahicled ; peduncles nappy.

Hieracium spicatum, Allioni Pedem.

Hieracium prenanthoides, Villars Dclph. 3, 108.

Alpine mountains; perennial; July to September.

Stem 3 feet high, many-leaved.

18. Hieracium denliculatum. Toothed hawkweed.

Stem upright; leaves sessile, elliptical, lanceolate, den-
ticulated, rather bald, beneath glaucous ; calathides many,
panicled ; peduncles nappy.

Hieracium Kalmii, Symons Syn. 173.

Hieracium prenanthoides, Smith FI. Brit. 835,

Alpine mountains; perennial; July to September.

Stem 3 feet high ; upper leaves oval ; corolla yellow ; seeds
yery smooth.

PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITiE, A. 183. Crepis. 423

VIII. 183. CREPIS. Pliny. Hawks-heard.

Involucrum patulous ; scales many, falling off ; pericline

becoming torulous bellied ; scales many, in one series ;
clinanthus flat, pitted ; pitts fringed on the edge ; akenium
streaked ; pappus sessile, hairlike, rough, white, falling off*.

1. Crepis tectorum. Roof hawks-beard.

Leaves rather bald; root-leaves lanceolate, runcinate,

lobes ascending; upper leaves linear, threadlike, arrow-
shape, toothed, embracing the stem; calathides corymbose;
pericline downy.

Hieracium luteum glabrum, sive minus hirsutum, Rail Syn. 165,9.
Hieracium Aphacoides, Ger. em.291 , 4.

Cichoreum pratense luteum la;vius, Park. 118.

Crepis tectorum, Lin. S. P. 1135.

Hedypnois tectorum, Huds. Fl.Angl. 341.

Succory hawkweed.

Fields and pastures ; annual ; June to September.

Stem branched, mostly bald, rarely slightly hairy; leaves
light green ; calathides small ; corolla yellow.

/3. attenuata . Leaves tapering to a point.

y. integrifolia . Leaves not cut, or very slightly toothed,
lanceolate or ovate.

3*. pilosa. Stem hairy; leaves linear, very narrow.

2. Crepis biennis. Biennial hawks-beard.

Leaves hispid, runcinately pinnatifid ; lobes ascending;

upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, toothed; keel hispid, prickly;
pericline downy, prickly.

Hieracium maximum ehondrillas folio asperum, Raii Syn. 166, 12.
Crepis biennis, Lin. S. P. 1136.

Hedypnois biennis, Huds. Fl.Angl. 342.

Chalky pastures ; biennial; June and July.

Stem 4 feet high, rough; lower leaves petioled; upper
leaves lanceolate, pinnated at the base; calathides large,
corymbose; corolla yellow.- >

IX. 184. BARKHAUSIA. Mcench. Castor-weed.

Bractece awlshape, short, weak; pericline becomes angu-
lar; scales nearly equal, in one series, become keeled and
embrace the outermost akenia; calathide many-flowered;
clinanthus rather flat, pitted; pitts fringed on the edge;
akenium slender, furrowed, rough; pappus stipitate, hairy,
rough ; that of the circumference very short.

426 184. Barkhausia. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PL ex. cal.

Sarkhausia fcelida. Stinking castor-weed.

Ste?n hairy ; leaves runcinately pinnatifid, rough, sessile ;
upper lanceolate, deeply cut at the base; pericline ovate,
nappy.

Hieracium castorei odore Monspeliensium, Raii Syn. 165, 7.

Crepis foetida, Lin. S. P. 1133.

Earkhausia foetida, Moench Meth. 1133.

Picris foetida, Lamarck FI. Fran. 2, 108.

Dry chalky pastures; biennial; June and July.

Stem diffused, branched, hairy ; leaves runcinate pinna-
tifid; end lobe very large, deltoid; peduncles 1 -flowered,
thicker at top ; corolla yellovf, reddish on the back.

X. 185. TARAXACUM. Lonicerus. Dandelion .

Braclece nearly equal, lanceolate, weak, in two series ; pe-
ricline oblong; scales many, in one series, equal, lanceolate,
edge membranaceous; calathides many-flowered; clinan -
thus flat, pitted, bald ; akenium compressed, streaked length-
ways; pappus hairlike, stipitated, falling off. — Root fusi-
form; leaves radical; scape naked, hollow; calathides soli-
tary, large ; corollce yellow.

1. Taraxacum officinale . Shop dandelion.

Leaves runcinate, bald ; lobes lanceolate, toothed ; brae -

tece reflexed.

Dens leonis, Raii Syn. 170, 1 ; Ger. cm. 290, 1.

Dens leonis vulgaris, Park. 780.

Leontodon Taraxacum, Lin. S. P. 1 122.

Leontodon Dens leouis, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3,349.

Taraxacum officinale, Villars Dauph. 3,72.

Leontodon officinale, Withering Bnl. Arr. ed. 4,679.

Leontodon vulgare, Lamarck FI. Fran. 2, 113.

Piss-a-bed.

Grass-lands and road-sides ; perennial ; Apr. to Sept.

Leaves light green; calathides large; bractece nearly as
long as the pericline; akenium lemon-colour.— -Blanched
leaves and the roots used in salads, very diuretic ; juice
alterative.

(3. angustifolium. Leaves narrow, deeply cut ; akenium
reddish.

Dens leonis angustioribus foliis, Raii Syn. 167,2; Park. 780.

2. Taraxacum Raii. Raif s dandelion .

Leaves lanceolate, sinuately toothed, nearly bald; brac-
tece short, upright, closely pressed.

PL ex, cal, 39. COMPOSITE, A. 185. Taraxacum. 4*27

Taraxacum erectum, Hoffm. Germ. 1, 270.

Leontodon Raii, Gouan Illustr. 55.

Leontodon lividum, Willd. S.P. 1545.

Leontodon salinum, Pall. Pal. 735.

Hedypnois paludosa, Scop. Cam. 2, 100.

Leontodon palustre, Lyons Fasc. 48.

Leontodon Taraxacon, Withering But. Arr. 679.

Marsh dandelion.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; June and July.

Bractece pointed, much shorter than the pericline; co-
rolla yellow.

XI. 186. ACHYROPHORUS. Scopoli. Cats-ear.
Pericline oblong; scales many, imbricated, keeled, mu-

ricated ; calathides many-flowered ; clinanthus rather convex,
chaffy; chaffs linear, pointed, nearly as long as the peri-
cline, falling off* ; akenium streaked ; pappus stipitate, fea-
thered ; rays threadshape.

1. Achyrophorus maculatus. Spotted cats-ear.

Stem nearly naked ; branches solitary ; leaves ovate, ob-
long, rather toothed, often spotted.

Hieraclum primum latifolium Clusii, Raii Syn. 167, 17 ; Ger. em. 301, 1.
Hypochaeris maculata, Lin. S. P. 1140.

Achyrophorus maculatus, Scop. Cam. 986.

Chalky mountainous pastures ; perennial ; July.

Stem upright, hirsute; root-leaves rough; spots purple;
calathides mostly solitary, large ; pericline hairy ; corolla
golden.

2. Achyrophorus radicatus . Long-rooted cats-ear.

Stem branched, naked, smooth ; leaves runcinate, blunt,

rough ; peduncles scaly.

Hieracium longius radicatum, Raii Syn. 165, 6; Ger. em. 298, 6; Park.
790.

Hypochaeris radicata, Lin. S. P. 1 140.

Achyrophorus radicata. Scop. Cam. 987.

Fields and pastures; perennial; June and August.

Root very long ; stems many, 6 inches high, simple ; ca-
lathides solitary, nearly sessile, on the side.

XII. 187. HYPOCHiERIS. Theophrastus. Cats-tongue.
Pericline long, conical ; scales many, imbricate, smooth,

flat, tip coloured ; calathides many-flowered ; clinanthus
flat, chaffy ; chaff lanceolate, pointed, nearly a& long as the

4-28 187- Hypochasris. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PL ex. caL

scales of the pericline, falling off; akenium streaked ; pappus
of the circumference sessile, in the centre pedicelled ; rays
threadlike.

Hypochceris glabra. Smooth cats-tongac.

Stem branched, naked ; leaves radical, toothlike sinuated,
bald.

Hiejracium parvum in arenosis nascens, seminum pappis densius radia-
tis, Ran Ryn. 166, 14. *

Hieracium glabrum, Lin. S. P. 1140.

Sandy gravelly places ; annual ; June to August.

Stem rarely simple, mostly branched, reclined ; leaves
shining, rarely fringed ; calalhicfes solitary, upright, small;
corolla lemon yellow.

XIII. 188. THRICA. Roth. Thrica,

Bractece few, short ; pericline 8-angled ; scales and mar-
gin dilated at bottom ; calat hides many-flowered; corolla not
glandular at the tip ; mouth not hairy ; clinanthus dotted ;
dots hollow ; akenia of the circumference truncated at the
tip, involved in the scales of the pericline; pappus chaffy;
akenia of the centre long, slender, free; pappus sessile,
feathered, rays unequal. — Leaves radical; calathides soli-
tary, nodding before expansion ; outer flowers of the cala-
thide reddish.

1, Thrica hirtd. Hairy thrica.

Leaves lanceolate, sinuately toothed, hairy; hairs simple;

calathides solitary ; pericline rather bald; scales pointed.
Hieracium pumilum saxatile asperum prsemorsa radice, Raii Syn. 167,

16.

Leontodon hirsutum, Lin. S. P. 1123.

Hyoseris taraxacoides, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3 , 159. '

Hyoseris hirta, Gcertner Sem. et Fr. 2, 373.

Thrica hirta, Willd. Sp. 3, 1555.

Hedypnois hispid urn Huds. Fl.udngl. 340.

Hedypnois hirta, Smith FI. Brit. 824.

Apargia hirta, Smith Compend. 116.

Heaths and commons; perennial; June to August.

2. Thrica hispida. Bristly thrica.

Leaves lanceolate, blunt, toothed, hairy ; hairs forked ;

calathides solitary; pericline rather hoary, naked; scales
hairy.

Hyoseris taraxacoides, Villars Belph. 3166.

JLeontodon saxatile, Lamarck Encyc. Math. 3, 531.

Thrica hispida, Roth Catal. Bot, 198.

Stony and sandy places; perennial; July and August

PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, A. 1 89. Virea. 429

XIV. 189. VIREA. Adanson. Virey.

Pericline ovate; scales many, imbricate, unequal, irre-
gular ; calathides many-flowered ; clinanthus convex, rather
hairy, with hollow dots, edge of the pits fringed ; akenium
streaked ; pappus of the circumference sessile ; rays chaffy
and bristly, mixed, unequal ; of the centre with unequal
and featherlike rays. — Leaves mostly radical ; calathides
yellow.

a. Apargiae. Tube of the corolla hairy at the mouth ; tip of

the lobes glandular ; scape simple.

1. Virea hispida. Bristly virey.

Leaves pinnatifid, oblong, hirsute; hairs forked; scape

simple, bald ; pericline rather hirsute.

Dens leonis hirsutus Asjrxojfai/Aoj, hieracium dictus, Raii Syn. 17,1,3.
Hieracium dentis leonis folio hirsutum, Ger. em. 303, 6 ; figure not
accurate.

Hieracium asperum foliis et floribus dentis leonis bulbosi, Park. 788;
figure not accurate.

Leontodon hispidum, Lin. S. P. 1124.

Hedypnois hispida, Huds. FI. Angl . 340.

Dandelion hawk-weed.

Chalky pastures; perennial; July.

Root fusiform ; calathides drooping, afterwards upright.

2. Virea incana. Grey virey.

Leaves oblong, rather toothed, woolly, rough ; hairs ra-
diated at the tip ; scape simple, downy ; pericline downy.

Dens leonis montanus angustifolius, Raii Syn. 171,4.

Hieracium sextum Clusii, Ger.em. 302, 3.

Hieracium montanum angustifoiium, Park. 709.

Hieracium incamnn, Lin. S. P.

Leontodon Taraxacum y, Huds. FI. Angl. 340.

Hieracium alpinism, Villars Dsfph. 3,94.

Alpine pastures and walls ; peren. ; May to September.

b. Vi re as. Tube of the corolla laid ; tip of the lobes not

glandular ; scape often branched.

3. Virea Pyreniaca. Py reman virey .

Leaves murieated, toothed, bald; scape simple or slightly

branched; bractea 1, about the middle of the scape; peri-
cline hairy.

Hieracium Taraxici, Lin. S. P. 1125.

Pieris Taraxici, Allioni Pedem. I, 24.

Hedypnois autumnale s, Huds. FI. Angl. 34h
Hedypnois Taraxaci, Smith FI. Brit. 825.

Leontodon Taraxaci, Engl Bot. 820.

Apargia Taraxaci, Willd. S. P. 3, 1550.

Pl.ex.cah

430 189: Virea. 39. COMPOSITE, A.

Near alpine rivulets ; perennial ; August.

Leaves bald, rarely nearly linear, toothed ; scape one or
two-flowered, thickened above, downy; hairs black; corollce
golden.

4. Virea autumnalis . Autumn virey .

Leaves lanceolate, toothed or pinnatifid, rather bald ;
scape with declinate branches ; pedicells scaly, tumid above ;
pericline downy.

Hieracium minus praemorsa radice, Raii Syn. 164, 1 ; Park. 794.

Hieracium minus, sive leporinum, Ger. em. 296.

Leontodon autumnale, Lin . S. P. 1123.

Hedypnois autumnalis, Huds. Fl.Angl. 341.

Scorzonera autumnalis, Lamarck FI. Fr. 282.

Apargia autumnalis, Hojfm. Germ . 4, 113.

Small hares-hawk-weed. Yellow devil's bit .

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; August.

Calathides many, small; corollce golden, those of the
circumference reddish on the outside.

£. laciniata . Leaves jagged.

Hieracium praemorsum laciniatum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 164,2.

y. minor . leaves small, pointed.

Hieracium folio acuto minus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 164, 3.

obtusa . Leaves small, blunt.

Hieracium folio obtuso minus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 164,4.

r. hirsute . Leaves hairy.

1. prolifera. Clinanthus proliferous.

XV. 190. PICRIS. Dioscorides. Yellow-suceory .

Bractece many, unequal, linear, lanceolate ; pericline
conical ; scales many, equal, in one row ; calathides many-
flowered ; clinanthus flat, bald, pitted ; akenium transversely
streaked ; pappus sessile, feathered ; rays threadlike, equally
bearded. — Stem leafy; periclines rough; corollce yellow.

Picris hieracioides , Hawk-weed yellow- succory.

Stem rough, branched, divaricated ; leaves very rough,
lanceolate, toothed, waved ; calathides corymbose; Iractece
loose.

Hieracium asperum, majori flore in agrorum limitibus, Raii Syn. 167,
15.

Hieracium asperum, Ger. em. 298, 7.

Cichoreum pratense luteum asperum, Park. 777.

Picris hieracioides, Lin. S. P. 1 1 15.

Hedypnois hieracioides, Huds. FI. Angl. 342.

PL ex.cal.

39. COMPOSITiE, A. 190. Picris. 431

Edges of woods on chalk ; biennial ; July and August.
Root-leaves lanceolate ; stem-leaves embracing the stem,
bent back ; corymhis leafy ; peduncle scaly, slightly thick-
ened.

XVI. 191. HELMINTHIA. Geertner. Langue-de-hceuf
Bract ece 5, broad, as long as the pericline ; pericline cy-
lindrical, scales 8, equal in one series ; calathides many-
flowered ; clinanthus flat, tubercular or annulate, naked ;
akenium reverse-ovate, transversely wrinkled; pappus sti-
pitate, feathery ; rays equal.

Helminthia echioides. Bugloss langue-de-hceuf.

Bractece broad, ovate, heartshape, rather spinous ; leaves
repand.

Hieracium echioides capitulis cardui benedicti, Raii Syn. 166, 13.
Buglossum luteum, Ger. em. 798, 2.

Buglossum luteum, seu lingua bovis, Park. 800.

Picris echioides, Lin. S . P. 1114.

Helminthia echioides, Gccrtn. Sem . et Fr. 2,368.

Edges of fields on clay ; annual ; June and July.

Stem upright, branched; leaves light green, shining,
root-leaves ovate; stem-leaves embracing the stem; cala-
thides slightly panicled.

XVII. 192. TRAGOPOGON. Dioscor. Goats-heard.
Pericline simple, cylindrical, pyramidical ; scales 8 or

1 0, equal, soldered by their edges ; calathide many-flowered ;
clinanthus naked, pitted; akenium streaked lengthways;
pappus stipitate, feathered ; stipes slender, rays unequal.—
Leaves not cut, grass-like; corollce gold-colour or blue;
peduncles simple.

1. Tragopogon pretense. Meadow goats-leard.

Leaves bald, not cut, channelled, pointed, dilated at
bottom; peduncles round above; pericline as long as the
flowers in the circumference.

Tragopogon luteum, Raii Syn. 171, 1 ; Ger. em. 735,2; Park. Par. 514.
Trapogon pratense, Lin. S. P. 1109.

Go to bed at noon. Joseph's Flower. Star of Jerusalem. Noon-tide.
Yellow goats-beard.

Fields and pastures ; biennial ; June.

Root milky, sweet ; stem branched ; calathides large,
closing early in the day; corollce gold-yellow. — Young
shoots a good asparagus.

$

432 192. Tragop. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PLex.citL

2. Tragopogon porrifolium. Leek-leaved goats-heard .

Stem and leaves stiff, bald ; peduncles thickened above ;
pericline longer than the flowers in the circumference.

Tragopogon purpureum, Raii Syn. 171, 2; Ger. em. 735, 1 ; Park. 412.
Tragopogon porrifolium, Lin . S. P. 1110.

Artiji. Salsafie. Purple goats-beard.

Fields, also cultivated; biennial; May and June.

Stem 4 feet high; leaves scarcely waved; scales of the
pericline nearly twice as long as the flowers ; corollce violet.
— Roots sweet, used in salads, or boiled in soups, very nu-
tritive ; useful in atrophy, coughs, short breath, difficulty
of urine, and the stone.

XVIII. 193. CICHORIUM. Theophrastus. Succory .

Bractece 5, short, oblong, adpressed; pericline cylindri-
cal ; scales 8, connate at bottom, becoming reflexed ; cli-
nanthus naked or slightly hairy ; akenium compressed,
streaked ; pappus chaffy ; chaffs many, in a double series*
much shorter than the akenia.

1. Cichorium sylvesire. Wild succory.

Leaves runcinate, main rib rather hirsute ; calathides

sessile, axillary, in pairs.

Cichorium sylvesire, Raii Syn. 172, 1 ; Ger. em. 284, 1 ; Park. 776,
Cichorium Intybus, Lin. S. P. 1142.

Cichorium perenne, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 133.

Edges of fields; perennial; July and August.

Root fleshy; stern upright, angular, branched; calathides
many, sessile; corollce blue or white.

|3. glohosum. Branches balled.

2. Cichorium sativum. Cultivated succory .

Leaves oblong, toothed, bald; peduncles axillary, in pairs;

one long, 1 -flowered; the other very short, 3 or 4-flowered.
Intybus saliva, Ger. em. 282, 3.

Cichoreum sativum, Park. 7 74.

Cichorium Endivia, Lin. S. P. 1143.

Endive.

Cultivated ; biennial ; July and August.

Leaves toothed at the edge. — Blanched herb eaten in
salads, bitter.

j3. crispum. Leaves curled at the edge.

PL ex. cal.

89. COMPOSITE, B.

433

B. Cynarocephaleas. Pericline imbricate, scales often
spinous; clinanthus fleshy, chaffy; corolla all tubular; style
jointed above; pappus stiff. — Leaves alternate, often spinous;
stamens and stigma often irritable, contractile.

a. Pappus 0.

Flowers , centre female; circumf. androgynous;
pericline- scales compound, spinous Hippoph;estum. 205.

Flow, centre hermaphrodite; circumf. neuter;
pericline-scales fringed, not spinous Phrygia. 203.

b. Pappus hairy , rays nearly equal , connate at bottom into
a deciduous ring ; flowers all hermaphrodite .

Pericline-scales simple, spinous;

akenium transversely furrowed Onopordum. 194.

Pericline-scales simple, spinous ;

akenium streaked ; clinanthus bristly Carduus. 198.

Pericline-scales appendiculated ;
appendix toothed, spinous Silybum. 197-

c. Pappus hairy , rays unequal , imbricate , in many series «,

Flow, female, or male or hermaph.
pericline-scales lanceolate, pointed Serratula. 196.

Flow . centre hermaph.; circumf. neuter;
pericline-scales lanceolate, serrated . Cyanus. 202.

Flow, centre hermaph.; circumf. neuter;
pericline-scales lanceolate, ovate, pinnate .... Jacea. 204„

Flow, centre hermaph.; circumf. neuter;
pericline-scales palmate, spinous .... Polyacantha. 206.

Flow, centre hermaph. ; circumf. neuter ;
pericline-scales compound Leucantha. 207.

Flowers all hermaphrodite ; pericline-
scales linear, hooked at the tip Arctium. 195.

d. Pappus feathery ; flowers all hermaphrodite.

Pericline-scales , outer spinous ;

inner coloured, scariose, radiated Carlina. 201.

Pericline-scales all linear, spi-
nous; pappus deciduous Cirsium. 199.

Pericline-scales all ovate,

pointed; pappus persistent . . Bennettia. 200.

VOL. it, 2 F

434 194. Onopord. 39, COMPOSITE, B. PL ex. cal.

XIX. 194. ONOPORDUM. Pliny. Cotton-thistle .
Pericline globose, becoming depressed ; scales awlshape,

lax, ending in an awlshape spine ; flowers all hermaphro-
dite; clinanthus flat, honeycombed; edge of the pits raised,
sharp, chaffy ; akenium reverse-ovate, compressed, 4-sided,
transversely furrowed ; pappus hairlike ; rays unequal,
rough, annular at the base, deciduous. — Stem hollow, very
tall ; leaves large, thorny, tomentose; calat hides terminal,
solitary.

Onopordum vulgare. Common cot ton- thistle.

Leaves decurrent, sinuated, woolly on both sides, toothed ;
pericline-scales spreading, awlshape.

Carduus tomentosus, acantliium dictus, vulgaris, Raii Syn. 196,14.
Acantliium album, Ger.em. 1149,1.

Acanthium vulgare, Park. 979.

Onopordium Acanthurn, Lin. S. P. 1158.

White cotton-thistle . Cotton-thistle. Wild white thistle. Argentine , or
silver thistle.

Ruins and waysides ; biennial ; July.

Root fusiform; plant white, woolly; stem 3 feet high;
flowers upright ; corollcE purple. — Down of the stem and
leaves used to stuff bedding, and mix with feathers; young
shoots and periclines eaten as potherbs ; seeds bitter, much
sought after by small birds.

XX. 195. ARCTIUM. Dioscorides. Burdock.

Pericline spherical ; scales imbricate, awlshape, ending

in a recurved hooked spine; flowers all hermaphrodite;
clinanthus flat, chaffy ; chaff bristlelike, as long as the pe-
ricline; akenium compressed, 4-sided; pappus hairy, rays
unequal, shorter than the akenium, persistent, in 2 or 3
rows. — Leaves large, heartshape, petioled, not armed;
flowers rather corymbose.

1. Arctium tomentosum. Downy lurdock .

Pericline , when full grown, downy ; down cobwebby.

Lappa major montana capitulis tomentosis sive arctium Dioscoridis,
'.Raii Syn. 197, 4. "

JBardana major, Ger. em. 810, 1 *.

Bardana major lanuginosis capitulis, Park. 1222.

Arctium Lappa |S, Lin. S. P. 1143.

Arctium Baidana, Willd. S. P. 1632.

Lappa tomentosa, Ds Cand. Ft. Gall. 3009.

Ruins; biennial; July and August.

PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSIT.ZE, B. 195. Arctium. 435

Stem red ; leaves not cut ; pericline large, brownish pur-
ple ; corollce purple.

/3. minus . Pericline small, roundish, brown.

2. Arctium major. Great burdock ,

Pericline , when full grown, bald.

Lappa major, Arctium Dioscoridis, Raii Syn. 197,2.

Bardana major, Ger. em. 809, 1.

Bardana vulgaris major, Park. 1222.

Arctium Bardana, Lin. S. P. 1143.

Arctium Lappa, Lamarck 111. Gen. 667.

Lappa major, Be Cand. FI. Gall. 3010.

Great burr. Burr dock , Clot burr.

Ruins; biennial; July and August.

Leaves toothed ; calathides solitary ; pericline large. — -
Shoots eaten as asparagus, but very inferior.

minus. Calathides in heads ; pericline small.

Lappa minor, De Cand. FI. Gall. 3011.

XXL 196. SERRATULA. Pliny. Sawwort.

Pericline ovate, bellied ; scales imbricate, ovate and lan-
ceolate, pointed, not spinous ; flowers female, or male and
hermaphrodite; clinanthus flat, chaffy; chaffs bristlelike;
stigma of the female flowers very large, wavy ; akenium
streaked; pappus hairlike, rough, persistent, in many se-
ries, longer than the akenium, rays unequal.- — Plant po-
lygamous, dioicous; root perennial; juice yellow; leaves
serrated, not spinous; calathides corymbose; corollce purple.

Serratula iinctoria. Dyeing sawwort.

Leaves acutely serrated, bald at the base, mostly pinna-
tifid, rarely not cut; corymbus even-topped.

Serratula, Raii Syn. 196, 1.

Serratula purpurea, sive alba, Ger. em. 713.

Serratula vulgaris flore purpnreo, Park. 474.

Serratula tinctoria, Lin. S. P. 1153.

Carduus tinctorius, Stokes Bat. Mat. Med. 4, 142.

Woods and hedges ; perennial; July and August.

Root thready; stem upright, slender; leaves \y rate; pe <■*
ricline-scales rather woolly; corollce purple.^- Plant dyes
yellow.

0. alba. Flowers white.

y. land folia ^ Leaves lanceolate, serrated,

2f2

436 197. Silybum. 39. COMPOSITOR, B. Pl. ex. cal.

XXII. 197. SILYBUM. Dioscorides. Milk-thistle .

Pericline bellied ; scales imbricate, close pressed together
below, with an appendage at the tip; appendage spreading,
weak, dilated, spinous on the edges, grooved, ending in a
strong spine ; flowers all hermaphrodite ; clinanthus chaffy ;
chaffs bristlelike, half as long as the pericline ; pappus
hairy, rays linear, fringed, equal, longer than the akenium,
forming a ring at the bottom, deciduous. — Stern high,
branched ; leaves spinous ; stem-leaves embracing the stem :
cal at hides large, solitary, terminal; peduncles naked.

Silybum Marice. Mary's milk-thistle .

Leaves embracing the stem, hastate, pinnatifid, bald.

Carduus Mariae, Raii Syn. 195, 12; Ger. em. 1150.

Carduus Mariae vulgaris, Park. 976.

Carduus Marianus, Lin. S. P. 1153.

Cirsium maculatum, Scop. Cam . 2, 1009.

Silybum Marianum, Gcsrtn. Sem. et Fr. 2,378.

Carduus lactifolius, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med . 141.

Our lady's thistle. Milk thistle.

Roadsides and ruins ; annual or biennial ; August.

Stem 6 feet high; leaves dark green with broad white
anastomosing veins. — Hoot eaten early in spring ; also the
young stems, being peejed, and soaked in water to extract
the bitterness ; and the ^cales of the cup as artichokes.

£. unicolor. Leaves not variegated.

Carduus Mariae hirsutus non maculatus, Raii Syn . 195, 13.

XXIII. 193. CARDUUS. Pliny. Thistle.

Pericline ovate, bellied; scales linear, simple, without
appendices, pointed, spinous at the tip ; flowers all herma-
phrodite ; clinanthus chaffy ; chaffs linear, silky, as long as
the pericline ; pappus hairy ; rays equal, longer than the
akenium, forming a ring at bottom, deciduous. - — Stem
mostly hollow; leaves decurrent, spinous; calathides ter-
minal; corollce blue.

1. Carduus nutans. Nodding thistle.

Leaves interruptedly decurrent, spinous; calathides droop-
ing ; pericline-scales lanceolate ; upper ones spreading.

Carduus nutans, Lin . S. P. 1150.

Musk thistle.

Ruins ; annual ; July and August.

Root fusiform ; stem 2 feet high ; leaves greenish on both
sides; calathides terminal, solitary, peduncled, drooping;
— Odour like that of musk.

PL ex. cal, 39. COMPOSITE, B. 198. Carduus. 437

2. Carduus acanthoides . Bear' s-lreech thistle .

Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spinous; pericline globose,

slightly peduncled; scales linear, recurved.

Carduus caule crispo, Raii Syn. 194, 2.

Polyacanthos, Ger. era. 1173, 1.

Carduus polyacanthos, Parle. 982.

Carduus acanthoides, Lin. S. P. 1150.

Carduus crispus, Huds. FI. Angl. 350.

Thistle upon thistle. Grey thistle.

Roads near fields; annual; June and July.

Leaves green on both sides, bald; calathides terminal,
mostly peduncled ; corollce dark purple.

3. Carduus tenuiflorus. Slender-flowered thistle .

Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spinous ; nappy beneath ; pe-
ricline nearly cylindrical, aggregate ; scales lanceolate, ra-
ther upright ; peduncles very short, appendiculately spinous.

Carduus spinosissimus capitulis minoribus, Raii Syn. 194, 3.

Carduus acanthoides, Hudson FI. Angl. 351.

Carduus tenuiflorus, Curtis FI. Lond.

Welted thistle.

Fields and waysides; annual; June and July.

Stem 4 feet high, slightly branched ; pericline pale, rather
woolly; calathides crowded ; corollce pale purple.

XXIV. 199. CIRSIUM. Dioscorides. Soft-thistle,

Pericline bellied or cylindrical ; scales imbricate, linear
pointed, not appendiculated ; flowers all hermaphrodite ;
clinanthus chaffy, chaffs pale, capillary, as long as the pe-
ricline; pappus featherlike; rays equal, longer than the
akenium, annular at the base, deciduous. — Leaves spinous.

1 . Cirsium palustre. Marsh soft-thistle.

Leaves decurrent, naked, lanceolate, toothed, rough, edge
spinous ; calathides racemose, glomerate ; periclme-scales
ovate, lanceolate, mucronate, pressed close.

Carduus palustris, Raii Syn. 194, 4 ; Park. 983; Lin. S. P. 115, 1.

Cnicus palustris, Willd. S. P. 1662.

Cirsium palustre, J)e Candolle FI. Gall. 3072.

Damp fields and pastures; biennial or perennial ; July
and August.

Root branchy ; stem stiff, branched, 6 feet high ; leaves
pinnatifid, dark green, lobes sinuated; pericline ovate; co *
rollce dark purple or white.

438 199. Cirsium. 39. COMPOSITE, B. PL ex. cal

/3. mitius. Leaves less spinous.

Carduus palustris niitior bardanae capitulo in sutnmo caule singular!,
JOillen in Raii Syn. 194, 5.

y. cristatus. Stems many, coalescent, bearing a broad
flat head of flowers.

2. Cirsium lanceolatum. Spear soft-thistle.

Leaves decurrent, hispid, pinnatifid ; lobes 2-cut, diva-
ricating, spinous; pericline ovate, downy; down cobweb-
like; scales lanceolate, spinous, spreading,

Carduus lanceatus, Raii Syn. 195,8; Ger.era, 1174,6,

Carduus lanceatus latifolius sen major, Park. 982.

Carduus lanceolatus, Lin. S. P. 1149.

Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. S. P. 1662.

Cirsium lanceolatum, De Cand. FI. Gall. 3013.

Waysides and pastures; biennial; July to September.

Root branched ; stein hairy, 4 feet high ; leaves woolly
beneath ; calathides terminal, large ; pericline ovate ; corolla
purple or white.

|3. minus. Calathides small.

Carduus lanceatus flore et capite rainoribus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 195,9.

3. Cirsium heterophyllum . Odd-leaved soft-thistle.

Leaves embracing the stem, heartshape, lanceolate, ser-
iate, fringed, nappy beneath; lower leaves rather incised;
pericline- scales lanceolate, pressed close, rather mucronate,
bald ; calathides mostly solitary, peduncled.

Cirsium Britannicum Clu&ii repens, Raii Syn.. 193,2.

Cirsium Anglicum secundum Clusii, G'er. em. 1183,5*; Dr. Penny’s
figure.

Cirsium aliud Anglicum, Park. 961.

(Carduus heterophyllus, Lin. S. P. 1 154.

Carduus helenoides, Huds. FI. Angl. 352.

Cnicus heterophyllus, Willd. S. P. 1664.

Cirsium heteropbjllum, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3086.

Great English soft thistle. Melancholy thistle.

Alpine pastures; perennial; July and August.

Root creeping, knobbed; stem upright, nearly simple,
woolly ; leaves smooth, bald, green above ; white, nappy
beneath ; root-leaves petioled ; calathide terminal, mostly
solitary, drooping becoming upright; pericline ovate.

4. Cirsium acaule. Stemless soft-thistle.

Leaves petioled, pinnatifid, toothed, fringed, spinous j

calathides peduncled ; peduncles radical, solitary; pericline- ,
scales lanceolate, closely imbricate.

PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, B. 199. Cirsium. 4?39

Carduus q. carlina acaulis minore purpureo flore. Rail Syn. 195,7.
Carlina acaulis minor flore purpureo, Ger. em. 1158, 3.

Carlina acaulis Septentrionalium, Park. 969,

Carduus acaulis, Lin. S. P. 1156.

Cnicus acaulis, WiUd. S. P. 1664.

Cirsium acaule, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3089.

Dwarf carline thistle.

Fields and pastures; perennial; July and August.

Root woody ; stem 0 ; leaves depressed, bald ; calathides
large ; corollce purple.

5. Cirsium arvense. Field soft-thistle .

Leaves sessile, lanceolate, pinnatifid, hispid, toothed,

waved, spinous, rather woolly beneath; calathides panicled;
periclines first globose, then cylindrical.

Carduus vulgatissimus viarum, Raii Syn. 194, 6; Ger. em. 1173, 4.
Carduus^ceanotbos sive viarum et vinearum repens, Park. 959.

Serratula arvensis, Lin. S. P. 1 149.

Carduus arvensis, Curtis FI. Lond.

Cirsium arvense, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3070.

Common way thistle. Creeping thistle.

Fields and waysides; perennial; July.

Root creeping, flagelliform ; stem smooth ; pericline-scales
woolly on the edge ; corollce purple, rarely white.

6. Cirsium eriophorum . Wool-hearing soft-thistle .

Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, hispid ; lobes 2-rowed, doubled,

divaricated, spinous ; pericline globose, villous, cobweblike ;
scales oblong ; apex linear, long, mucronate, reflex.

Carduus tomentosus corona fratrum dictus, Raii Syn. 195, 10; Park. 978,
Carduus eriocephalus, Ger. em. 1152, 6.

Carduus tomentosus Anglicus, Park. 979.

Carduus eriophorus, Lin. S. P. 1153.

Cirsium eriophorum, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3 091.

Cnicus eriophorus, Willd. S. P.

Woolly headed thistle.

Chalky mountains ; biennial ; August.

Root fusiform ; stem much branched ; leaves rough above,
woolly beneath ; calathides solitary, very large ; pericline-
scales fringed, coloured above ; corollce purple.

7. Cirsium tuberosum . Tuberous soft-thistle .

Leaves embracing the stem, pinnatifid, fringed with

spines, lobes 2-cut, toothed near the base; calathides 1 or 2;
pericline-scales lanceolate, mucronate, spread out.

Carduus tuberosus, Lin. S. P.

Cnicus tuberosus, Willd. S. P. 1680.

Cirsium dissectum, Lamarck Enc. Meth.

Woods; perennial; July and August.

Root tuberous ; tubers oblong ; stem villous, not spined^

440 200. Bennettia. 39. COMPOSITE B. PI. ex. cal.

XXV. 200. BENNETTIA. Thistle- gentle.

Pericline ovate, cylindrical; scales imbricate, ovate, lan-
ceolate, blunt ; flowers all hermaphrodite; cimanthus chaffy;
chaffs lanceolate, as long as the pericline; pappus feather-
like; rays equal, persisting. — Root woody perennial ; stem
mostly simple; root-leaves petioled; upper leaves sessile,
ovate, not spinous, woolly; calathides corymbose, upright;
Coro lice purple.

Messieurs Edward and John Bennett, surgeons and
apothecaries of London, who devote the whole of their
leisure to the study of botany and natural history, and
have kindly given their assistance to this work.

Bennettia alpha. Alpine this tie- gentle.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, slender at the base,„ toothed,
nappy beneath ; pericline coloured, villous.

Cirsium humile montanum cynoglossi folio, polyanthemum, Raii Syn.
193,3.

Carduus mollis foliis lapathi, Ger.em. 1184.

Serratula alpina, Lin. S. P . 1145. ,

Cirsium alpinum, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3095.

Rock-leaved tkistle-gentle.

Apine rocks; perennial; July and August.

Stem round, woolly ; leaves rather bald above; calathides
nearly umbellate, large; anthers blue.

0. cynoglossifolia . Leaves linear, lanceolate, long.

Cirsium montanum polyanthemum salicis folio angusto denticulate, Raii

Syn. 193, 4.

y. discolor. Root-leaves ovate, nearly heartshape.

Serratula discolor, Willd. S. P. 1639.

XXVI. 201. CARLINA. Bodonseus. Carline- thistle.

Bractece many, weak, pinnate-spinous; pericline cylin-
drical ; scales linear, cartilaginous, shining, coloured, ra-
diating; flowers all hermaphrodite; filaments very short, quite
bald; anthers with two long horns at the base; clinanthus
concave, chaffy; chaffs below membranaceous, keeled, not
cut; above bristlelike, many-cut, as long as the pericline;
akenium with a chaffy ring, above villous ; villi silky ;
pappus featherlike, longer than the seed; rays adhering
together at the base in twos and threes, and all grown to-
gether into a ring, deciduous.

1 . Carlina vulgaris. Common car line-thistle.

Stem woolly ; leaves lanceolate, toothed, spinous, pu-
bescent beneath ; calathides manv, corymbose.

2

PI. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, B. 201. Carlina. 441

Carlina sylve^tris quibusdam,aliis atractylis, Raii Syn. 175, 1.

Carlina sylvestris major, Ger . em. 1159, 1.

Carlina vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 1161.

Sandy fields and pastures; biennial; July.

Root fusiform ; stem upright, 1 foot high ; calathides so-
litary, terminal ; corollee purple white.

XXVII. 202. CYANUS. Pliny. Bluebottle .

Pericline bellied, conical ; scales lanceolate, serrated,
inner scales with a claw; flowers of the centre hermaphro-
dite, regular; of the circumference neuter, large, irregular;
clinanthus chaffy; chaffs awlshape, flat, as long as the
akenia ; pappus chaffy, persistent ; chaffs toothed, unequal.

Cyanus vulgaris. Common bluebottle.

Leaves linear, not in the least cut ; lower leaves pinnatifid
at the base.

Cyanus, Raii Syn. 198, 1.

Cyanus vulgaris, Ger. em. 732; Park. 482.

Centaurea Cyanus, Lin. S. P. 1289.

Corn-flower. Blue-blow. Hurt-sickle.

Cornfields ; annual ; July and August.

Root fibrous ; stem much branched ; leaves pointed, ra-
ther woolly ; calathides solitary, peduncled. — Flowers yield
a fine water colour ; plant blunts the sickles of the reapers.

XXVIII. 203. PHRYGIA. Persoon. Knapweed .

Pericline globular; scales ovate, pinnatifid, bristlelike,
inner scales clawed ; flowers of the centre hermaphrodite,
regular; of the circumference neuter, large, irregular;
clinanthus chaffy ; chaffs bristlelike, half as long as the
pericline ; akenium 4-sided, bristly ; pappus chaffy, persist-
ing; chaffs linear, rough, unequal.

1. Phrygia major . Great knapweed.

Leaves pinnatifid; lobes lanceolate, toothed, slightly
hairy ; lobes of the pericline-scales upright

Jacea major, Raii Syn. 198, 1 ; Ger. em. 727,2.

Jacea nigra vulgaris laciniata, Park. 470.

Centaurea Scabiosa, Lin. S. P. 1291.

Great mat fellon. Bull weed.

Fields and waysides; perennial; July and August.

Stem 2 or 3 feet high, branched ; leaves dark green ; ca-
lathides solitary, peduncled ; flowers of the circumference
linear, slender.

442 203. Phrygia. 39. COMPOSITE, B. PL ex . cal.

2. Phrygia nigra . knapweed .

Leaves lanceolate; root-leaves slightly toothed; stem-

leaves undivided, serrated; /otas of the pericline-scales
upright ; calathides fiosculous.

Jacea nigra, Raii Syn. 198, 2 ; Ger. em. 727, 1.

Jacea nigra vulgaris, Park. 468.

Centaurea nigra, Lin. S. P. 1288.

Mat fellon.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; June to August.

Root creeping ; stem branched ; upper leaves ovate, ser-
rate or not cut ; calathides solitary, terminal ; flowers all
equal and fertile.

0. tomenlosa. Plant small, nappy, grey.

Jacea nigra minor, tomentosa, laciniata, Dillen in Raii Syn. 199, 3.

3. Phrygia pratensk. Meadow knapweed .

Leaves lanceolate, toothed, rather bald; upper leaves

strap-shape, not cut ; pericline-scales flat ; lower scales ra-
ther scarious ; lobes upright ; calathides radiated.

Jacea nigra, flore jaceae majoris, Raii Syn, 199, 2 5 var.

Centaurea pratensis, Thuill. FI. Par. 444.

Centaurea nigra /3, Smith FI. Brit. 910.

Fields and pastures; perennial; July and August.

Stem fluted, cottony; outer flowers purple, radiating,
barren ; lobes deep, strapshape ; central flowers white.

XXIX. 204. JACEA. Clusius. Jacea.

Pericline globose ; scales scarious, ovate, torn ; inner
scales clawed ; flowers in the centre hermaphrodite ; of the
circumference neuter, large, irregular; clinanthus chaffy;
chaffs linear, awlshape, shorter than the pericline; pappus 0,
or bristlelike, very short, deciduous.

Jacea nigra. Black jacea.

Leaves lanceolate, not in the least cut, root-leaves ra-
ther toothed ; branches angular.

Jacea nigra quae in Germaniae pratis nascitur, Dillen in Raii Syn. 199,2}
var.

Rhaponticum Jacea, Scopoli Cam. 2, 1017,

Centaurea Jacea, Lin. S. P. 1290.

Woods and fields, Sussex; perennial; August and Sep-
tember.

Pericline-scales pale brown, shining; lower scales pirl-
natifid.

PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITES, B. 205. Hippoph. 44S

XXX. 205. HIPPOPHAESTUM. Columna.

Star-thistle .

Pericline ovate; scales imbricate, cartilaginous, tip end-
ing in a long spine; sides toothed and spinous at the base;
nearly equal ; flowers of the centre hermaphrodite, of the
circumference female ; clinanthus chaffy ; chaffs linear,
short; akenium ovate, with a cartilaginous ring above;
pappus 0.

Hippophcestum vulgar e. Common star-thistle.

Stem spreading, divaricated, hairy; leaves pinnatifid,
toothed; calathides sessile.

Carduus stellatus, Raii Syn. 196, 15; Ger. era. 1 166, 1.

Cardutis stellaris, seu calcitrapa vulgaris, Park. 989.

Centaurea Calcitrapa, Lin. S. P. 1297.

Rhaponticum Calcitrapa, Scopoli Cam. 2, 1019.

Calcitrapa Hippophaestum, Gcertner 2,367.

Ruins and sandy sea-shores ; annual; July and August.

Stem much branched; calathides lateral, solitary; corollas
rose-colour.

XXXI. 206- POLYACANTHA. Jersey-thistle.

Pericline ovate; scales ovate, tip palmate, 5-cut, spread-
ing, spinous; flowers of the centre hermaphrodite, regular;
of the circumference neuter, large, irregular ; clinanthus
chaffy; chaffs hairy, shorter than the pericline; akenium
ovate; pappus hairy, persisting; rays unequal, stiff

Polyacantha procumbens. Procumbent Jersey-thistle.

Leaves lyrate, toothed, hispid, rather embracing the
stem ; calathides sessile, terminal.

Centaurea Isnardi, Lin. S. P. 1295.

Jersey star-thistle.

Fields and pastures, Jersey; perennial; July and August.

Stem prostrate, branched, angular; leaf-lobes rather
spinous ; upper leaves not cut ; calathides solitary ; pericline
bald ; scales spreading ; corolla light purple.

XXXII. 207. LEUCANTHA. Dalechamp.

Yellow-thistle.

Pericline ovate; scales ovate, palmate, spinous; inner-
most scales scarious, torn ; flowers in the centre hermaphro-
dite, in the circumference neuter, scarcely longer than
those in the centre; clinanthus chaffy; chaffs linear; akenium

444 207. Leucantha. 39. COMPOSITE, B. Pl. ex. cal

ovate; pappus bristlelike, shorter than the akenium ; rays
rough. — Stem branched; upper leaves decurrent; calat hides
solitary, terminal; corollce golden yellow.

Leucantha cyanifolia. Bluebottle yellow-thistle.

Leaves decurrent, woolly, lanceolate, not cut ; root-leaves
lyrate ; calathide solitary ; spines of the pericliee straight.

Carduus stellatus luteus foliis cyani, Rati Syn. 196,2.

Carduus solstitialis, Ger. em. 1166, 2.

Carduus solstitialis Dodonaei, Park. 989.

Centaurea solstitialis, Lin. S. P. 1197.

Saint Burnaby' s thistle.

Fields and hedges ; annual ; July and August.

Stem 2 feet high, branched, many-flowered ; root-leaves
denticulated.

C. CorymbifertE. Calathides flosculous, or radiated;
clinanthus scarcely fleshy, or not at all; style not jointed at
the base of the lobes.

a. Pappus 0 ; clinanthus naked.

Calathides flosculous Artemisia. 212.

b. Pappus 0 ; clinanthus naked ; calathides radiated.

Rays white; pericline-scales equal, in
two series Bellis. 220.

Rays white; pericline flattish; scales
imbricate, herbaceous Chamomilla. 219.

Rays white; pericline hemispherical;
scales imbricate, coriaceous Leucanthemum. 216.

Rays yellow ; pericline hemispherical ;
scales imbricate; akenia uniform Chrysanthemum. 215.

Rays yellow ; pericline-scales in one
Series ; akenia difform, boatshape Calendula. 208.

c. Pappus 0; clinanthus villous or chaffy.

Calathides flosculous ; clinanthus villous

Absinthium. 213.

Calath. flosculous ; clinanthus chaffy Diotis. 214.

Calath. radiated ; clinanthus naked below ;

chaffy above ; chaffs linear Maruta. 222.

Calath . radiated; rays ovate, short;
dinanthus chaffy ; chaffs linear

Achillea. 224.

PL ex, cal

39. COMPOSITE C. ms

d. Pappus marginal

Clinanthus naked ; calathides flosculous ;
pericline-scales imbricate, pressed close Tanacetum. 21 h

Clin, naked, convex ; calath. radiated ;
pericline-scales imbricate, edge scariose Pyrethrum. 21 7.

Clin, naked, flat; calath . radiated ;
pericline-scales imbricate, edge withered Matricaria. 218,

Clin, chaffy, convex; calath. radiated;
rays white Chamasmelum. 221,

Clin, chaffy, flat; calath. radiated.. .. Anthemis. 223.

e. Pappus chaffy or spinous ; clinanthus chaffy .

Calathides chaffy, radiated; pericline
imbricate ; pappus chaffy, deciduous Helianthemum. 209.

Calathides radiated ; pericline simple ;
pappus spinous, persisting Bidens. 210,

f. Pappus of the rays 0, of the centre hairlike.

Calathides radiated; rays yellow .... Dorqnicum. 237.

g. Pappus of the male pencilshape , of the female hairlike .

Calathides flosculous ; scales scariose Antennaria. 225,

h. Pappus hair like ; pericline-scales equal ln 1 series „

Leaves cauline; rays 0, or yellow;
pericline-scales and bractece sphacelated . . . Senecio. 239.

Leaves cauline ; rays yellow ;
pericline-scales not sphacelated Cineraria. 238.

Leaves radical; rays linear, yellow . . . Tussilago. 240.

Leaves radical; rays 0 Petassites. 241.

i. Pappus hairlike ; pericline-scales imbricate ; calathides
flosculous.

Flowers hermaphrodite and female; pericline
cylindrical, scarious, sphacelated .... Gnaphalium. 226.

Flowers aggregate herm. and fern. ; pericline

cylindrical, scariose or coloured . Gifola. 227.

Flowers hermaphrodite, yellow ;

style short ; branches short, ovate Chrysocoma. 236.

Flowers hermaphrodite, purple;
style short ; branches long, linear Eupatorium. 242.

446 208. Calendula. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PL ex. cal

k. Pappus hair like ; pericline-scales imbricate ; calathides

radiated.

Rays yellow, very slender ; pappus
double, the outer membranaceous Pulicaria. 229.

Rays yellow, many, very short, slender;
peric. sc. outer herbaceous, inner cartila-
ginous Conyza. 228.

Rays yellow, very slender; anthers , ba-
sillary appendix long Inula. 240.

Rays yellow, many, slender; anthers , ba-
sil! ary appendix very short Critheis. 251.

Rays yellow, 5 or 10, ovate; pericline-
scales close; calathides racemose SolidagOo 233.

Rays blue or white, many, linear;
tubular flowers all hermaphrodite Erigeron. 234.

Rays blue or white, many, linear;
tubular flower s, outer row female Trimorpha. 235.

Rays blue or white, 15 to 30, oblong;
tubular flowers all hermaphrodite Eurybia. 232.

XXXIII. 208. CALENDULA. Brunsfel. Marigold.

Pericline simple; scales many, equal, awlshape, with 2
ribs ; calathides radiated ; flowers of the centre male, of the
middle hermaphrodite, of the circumference female, fertile;
clinanthus flat, pitted, naked ; akenium bent, boatshape ;
pappus 0. — Leaves not divided; calathides solitary, termi-
nal ; Caroline orange-colour.

l. Calendula arvensis. Field marigold.

Leaves heartshape, lanceolate, embracing the stem, not

toothed ; akenium boatshape, muricated, turned inwards ;
the inner crowded together ; the outermost upright, tailed.

Calendula arvensis, Rnii Hist. 338; Lin . S. P. 1303.

Caltha officinalis, Scupoli Cam. 1040.

Cornfields and rubbish-hills; perennial; all the year;
naturalized.

2. Calendula officinalis. Shop marigold.

Leaves oblong, lanceolate, toothed; lower leaves spa-
thulate; akenium boatshape, muricated, incurved.

Calendula saliva, Raii Hist. 337.

Calendula simplici ilore, Ger. cm. 739, 6.

Calendula officinalis, Lin. S. P, 1304.

Single marigold.

PI. ex. cal, 39, COMPOSITE, C. 208. Calendula. 447

On rubbish hills; annual or perennial; all the year;
naturalized.

Corollas cordial ; also used to reduce saffron.

XXXIV. 209. HELIANTHUS. Linmeus. Sunflower,

Pericline hemispherical, spreading ; scales imbricate,
herbaceous, tip patulous reflexed ; calathides radiated ;
flowers of the centre hermaphrodite, bellied ; of the cir-
cumference barren, ligulate, ovate, oblong, very large; cli-
nanthus flat, broad, chaffy; chaffs linear, parted, short;
akenium ovate, compressed ; pappus chaffy ; chaffs soft, de-
ciduous.— Herb tall ; leaves 3-ribbed ; calathide terminal,
very large ; corolla yellow.

Helianlhus annuus . Annual sunflower.

Leaves heartshape, 3-ribbed, hirsute; peduncles thick-
ened; calathide drooping.

Flos solis, Rail Hist. 334; Park. 297.

Flos soils major, Ger.em. 751.

Helianthus annuus, Lin. S. P. 1276.

Greater sunflower. Peru marigold.

Walls and dunghills; annual; June to August.

Stem from 6 inches to 14 feet high, upright, not branched;
calathide solitary.

XXXV. 210. BIDENS. Csesalpinus. Bur-marigold.

Br acted long, equal, weak, spreading; pericline cylin-
drical ; scales nearly equal, edges scarious, soft, coloured ;
calathides flosculous; flowers all hermaphrodite; rarely ra-
diated, flowers of the rays hermaphrodite or female; cli -
nanthus convex, chaffy; chaffs similar and equal to the
pericline-scales ; akenium compressed, 3-angular; pappus
awned ; awns 2 or 4, rough, persistent, shorter than the
akenium. — Root-leaves opposite, 5-cut; calathides axillary
or terminal.

1. Bidens tripartita. Three-parted bur-marigold.

Leaves 3-parted ; lobes lanceolate, toothed ; calathides
flosculous; br acted longer than the calathides; akenium
spinous ; spines upright, mostly 3.

Verbesina sen cannabina aquatica bore minus pulchro, elatior et magij
frequens, Rail Syn. 187, 1.

Eupatorium cannabinum fosmina, Ger. em. 717, 1.

Eupatorium aquaticum duorum generam, Park, 595.

Bidens tripartita, Lin, S. P. 1165.

Water hemp. Bastard agrimony. Water agrimony .

448 210. Bidens. 32. COMPOSITE, PI. ex. cal

Watery places; annual; August and September.

Root fusiform ; stem 3 feet high, upright, bald ; leaves
3-cut, pinnatifid ; calathides solitary.— -Dyes cloth yellow.

2. Bidens cernua . Drooping bur-marigold.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, serrated, slightly connate at
bottom; calathides terminal, solitary; bractece lanceolate,
not cut; akenium spinous; spines 4, upright.

Verbesina pulchriore flare luteo, Raii Syn. 187,2.

Eupatorium cannabiuum fcemina, Ger. em. 711,1; variety with the
leaves whole.

Eupatorium aquaticum folio indiviso, Park. 596.

Watery places ; annual ; September.

Root branched ; stem rough, branched ; leaves simple.

0. radiata. Calathides radiated.

Verbesina pulchriore flore luteo, flore radiato, Raii Syn. 187,2; var.

Coreopsis Bidens, Lin. S. P. 1281.

y. minima. Stem simple, 6 to 9 inches high.

Verbesina minima, Dillen in Raii Syn. 188,3.

Bidens tripartita #, Hudson FI. Angl. 355.

Bidens minima, Lin. S. P. 1165.

XXXVI. 211. TANACETUM. Pliny. Tansy .

Pericline hemispherical; scales linear, imbricate, pressed
close, tip membranaceous; calathides flosculous; flowers of
the centre hermaphrodite, 5-lobed; of the circumference
female, fertile, 3-lobed ; clinanthus convex, naked, with
raised spots; akcnia uniform, 4? or 5-sided; pappus mar-
ginal, membranaceous, slightly 4-toothed.- — Leaves pin-
nate ; calathides corymbose, terminal ; odour aromatic.

Tanacetum vulgare. Common tansy .

Leaves bipin natifid, cut, serrated.

Tanacetum, Raii Syn. 188, 1 ; Ger.em. 650, 1.

Tanacetum vulgare, Park. 81 ; Lin. S. P. 1184.

Waysides, mountain pastures, also cultivated ; perennial ;
July and August.

Root creeping ; stem upright ; leaves alternate, embracing
the stem ; corymbus flat. — Leaves bitter, very grateful, used
to flavour puddings, omelets, and vinegar; preserves meat
from the flesh-fly, by being laid or rubbed thereon ; dye
woollen green ; corymbus and seeds excellent vermifuges.

i3. crispum. Leaves curled at the edge.

Tanacetum foliis crispis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 188, 1 *.

Tanacetum crispum Anglicum, Ger . em. 650,2.

Tanacetum crispum, Park . 81.

Curled tansy.

PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 212. Artemisia. 449

XXXVII. 212. ARTEMISIA. Hippocrates. Mugwort .

Periclme ovate or roundish; scales imbricate, oblong,
pressed close; calatkides flosculous ; flowers all fertile; of
the centre hermaphrodite, funnelshape, 5-lobed; of the cir-
cumference few, female, awlshape, not toothed ; cUnant/ms
conical, tubeiculate, naked; akenia uniform, ovate ; pappus 0.
— Stem herbaceous, or undershrubby ; leaves mostly many-
cut.

1. Artemisia campestrls. Field mugwort,.

Stem procumbent, branched, rodlike ; root-leaves woolly,

pinnate, lobes 3-cut; stem-leaves bristleshape, bald; cala -
ifiides ovate-globose, pendulous.

Abrotanum campestre, Raii Syn. 190, 1 ; Ger. em. 1106,5; Park. 94.
Artemisia campestris, Lin. S. P. 1185.

Dry sandy heaths ; perennial ; August.

Root fusiform ; leaves rather fleshy ; calatkides racemous ;
flowers brownish green.

2. Artemisia ccerulescens . Bluish mugwort .

Stem rather shrubby, branched ; leaves woolly, lanceolate,

not in the least cut; root-leaves cut; calatkides oblong,
cylindrical, panicled, drooping.

Artemisia marina, Ger. em. 1104, 3.

Artemisia eserulescens, Lin. S. P. 1189.

Sea mugwort.

Sea-shores; perennial; August.

Root fibrous ; stem round, panicled ; leaves petioled,
woolly on both sides ^ racemes simple, upright ; calatkides
small.

3. Artemisia vulgaris. Common mugwort.

Stem herbaceous ; leaves pinnatifid, cut, beneath tomen-

tose, above blackish green ; uppermost undivided, linear,
lanceolate ; calatkides nearly sessile, oblong, upright * peri-
eline tomentose.

Artemisia vulgaris, Raii Syn. 190, 1 ; Park. 90; Lin. S. P. 1188.
Artemisia, mater her'oarum, Ger. em. 1103, 1.

Artemisia minor, Park. 91.

Ruins and waysides; perennial; August.

Root woody ; stem upright, panicled ; leaves petioled ;
racemes upright, simple, leafy ; calatkides ovate. — Herb
aromatic, in decoction cures the ague ; leaves in powder
four times a day, useful in hysteric fits, after assafoetida and
ether had been tried in vain.

VOL. II. 2 Q

■150 212. Artemisia. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PL ex, cal.

4. Artemisia maritima . Sea mugwort .

Stem herbaceous, branched, ascending ; twigs drooping ;

leaves white, tomentose, many-cut; lobes flat, linear ; flower-
ing-stems simple, linear ; calathides oblong, tomentose,
sessile.

Absinthium marinum album, Raii Syn. 188,2; Ger. em. 1099, l.
Absinthium maritimum nostras, Dillen in Raii Syn. 189, 6.

Artemisia maritima, Lin. S. P. 1186. i

English sea-wormwood. Roman wormwood , Herbsellers.

Sea-shores, also cultivated ; perennial ; August.

Root woody, creeping. — Herb aromatic, bitter, milder
than wormwood.

0. latifolia. Leaves broad, woolly.

Absinthium maritimum seriphio Belgico simile, latiore folio, odorip
grati, Raii Syn. 188,3.

5. Artemisia Gallica. French mugwort.

Stem - upright, branchy, tomentose ; branches upright ;

leaves woolly, bipinnate; lobes linear, threadlike; stem-
leaves pinnate, uppermost leaves linear ; calathides oblong,
nearly sessile, upright.

Absinthium seriphium tenuifolium marinum Narbonense, Dillen in Raii
Syn . 189, 5.

Artemisia Gallica, Willd. S. P. 1834.

Artemisia maritima y, Smith FI. Bril. 864.

French sea-wormwood.

Sea-shores; perennial; August.

6. Artemisia angustifolia. Narrow-leaved mugwort.

Stem shrubby, stiff* ; lower leaves bipinnate ; upper leaves

pinnate, hairlike; pericline downy, hemispherical.

Abrotanum mas, Ger. em. 1105, 2.

Abrotanum mas vulgare. Park. 92.

Artemisia Abrotanum, Lin. S. P. 1188.

Southernwood.

Dunghills and cultivated; perennial; August.

XXXVIII. 213. ABSINTHIUM. Dioscor. Wormwood.

Pericline hemispherical ; scales oblong, imbricate, pressed
close; calathides flosculous flowers all fertile; of the centre
hermaphrodite, funnelshape, 5-lobed ; of the circumfe-
rence few, female, awlshape, not toothed ; clincmthus coni-
cal, tuberculate, villous; akenia uniform, ovate; pappus 0.
Stem herbaceous or undershrubby ; leaves mostly many-
cut.

PI. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 213. Absinth. 451

Absinthium vulgare. Common wormwood .

Leaves woolly ; root-leaves triply pinnatifid, blunt ; upper
leaves pinnatifid, pointed, lobes lanceolate ; uppermost
leaves undivided ; calathides globose, peduncled, drooping.

Absinthium vulgare, Rail Syn. 188,1; Park. 98; Geertner , Fr.etSem .
2, 393.

Absinthium latifolium sive Ponticum, Ger. em. 1096, 1.

Artemisia Absinthium, Lin. S. P. 1188.

Ruins, sea-shores, and cultivated ; perennial ; August.

Root woody; stem branched, panicled at top; racemes
upright; calathides pedicelled, drooping, yellowish. — Roots
warm, aromatic; leaves and flowers bitter, preserve beer
and destroy its acidity, if already acquired ; stomachic,
render the milk of a suckling woman bitter, and also mut-
ton if the sheep feed upon it ; moistened with hot water
and applied externally, are antiseptic, anodyne, and pre-
vents the swelling and discolouration of bruises; ashes
contain much subcarbonate of potash, very free from other
salts.

XXXIX. 214. DIOTIS. Desfontaines. Cottonweed «

Pericline hemispherical ; scales concave, imbricate,
pressed close, tomentose ; calathides flosculous ; flowers all
tubular, 5-cut, compressed below, dilated into two pro-
cesses laterally embracing the ovary ; stigma exserted ; cli-
nanthus convex, chaffy ; chaffs oblong, concave, tip exter-
nally woolly; akenium oblong; pappus 0. — Stem tomentose,
white; leaves alternate, flat, ribless; calathides terminal,
corymbose; cor olive golden.

Diotis candidissima. Very-white cottonweed.

Leaves oblong, blunt, crenate, densely woolly ; peduncle
corymbose.

Gnaphalium maritimum, Raii Syn. 180, j,

Gnaphalium marinum, Ger. em. 640.

Gnaphalium marinum seu Cotonaria, Park. 687.

Filago maritima, Lin. S. P. ed. 1, 927.

Santolina maritima, Lin. Mant. 1.

Athanasia maritima, Lin. S. P. 1182.

Diotis candidissima, Desfont. Atlant. 2,261.

Sea cudweed. Chaffweed. Petty cotton.

Sandy sea-shores ; perennial ; August and September.

Root branched ; stem decumbent ; branches upright ;
leaves alternate, spreading.

2 g 2

452 215. Chrysanth. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PI ex. cal

XL. 215. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Dios. Cor n-mary gold

Pericline hemispherical ; scales imbricate, coriaceous, in
several rows, edges scarious; calathides radiated ; flowers all
fertile ; of the centre hermaphrodite, yellow ; of the rays
female, of the same colour ; ligulse reverse-heartshape,
spreading ; clinanthus convex, tessulated, naked, bald ;
akenium topshape, furrowed ; pappus 0.

Chrysanthemum segetum . Harvest cor n-mary gold.

Leaves embracing the stem, above lobed, below toothed
serrate.

Chrysanthemum segetum, Raii Syn. 182, I ; Ger. em. 743, 1 ; Lin. S. P„
1254.

Chrysanthemum segetum nostras. Park. 1370.

Yellow corn-flower. Golden corn-flower. Goldins. Buddie. Yellow ox-

eye.

Sandy corn-fields ; annual ; June to August. Imported
from Scandinavia with seed-corn.

Root fusiform ; stem branched ; leaves glaucous, smooth ;
calathides terminal, solitary. — Used to dye yellow.

0. parviflorum . Flowers smaller.

Chrysanthemum segetum nostras, folio glauco multi-scisso raajus, fiore
minore, Raii Syn. 183,2.

XLI. 216. LEUCANTHEMUM. Dios. Maudlin-wort.

Pericline hemispherical, scales linear, imbricate, in many
series, edge membranaceous ; calathides radiated ; flowers
of the disk hermaphrodite, yellow; of the rays female, of a
different colour ; ligulae oblong, spreading ; clinanthus
convex, tessellated, bald, naked ; akenia topshape, fur-
rowed ; pappus 0.

Leucanthemum vulgar e. Common maudlin-wort.

Stem upright, branched; leaves embracing the stem,
oblong, lanceolate, blunt, cut, pinnatifid at bottom ; root-
leaves spathulate, decurrent at the base into a petiole.

Leucanthemum vulgare, Raii Syn. 184, 1.

Beilis major, Ger. em. 634, 1.

Beilis major vulgaris seu sylvestris, Park. 528.

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, Lin. S. P. 1251.

Great daisy. Oxeye. Moonwort.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; June and July.

Root fibrous; leaves dark green, shining; calathides soli-
tary, terminal. — Young leaves eaten in salads.

PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 217. Py rethrum. 453

XLII. 217. FYRETHRUM. Dioscorides. Mayweed .

Pericline hemispherical ; scales imbricate, coriaceous,
edge membranaceous ; calathides radiated ; flowers all fer-
tile; of the centre hermaphrodite, yellow ; of the rays fe-
male, of a different colour ; ligulse oblong, toothed ; cli-
nanthus convex, naked, tubercular ; akenia uniform ; pappus
marginal, lobed or undivided. — Stem diffuse, branched;
leaves much cut ; calathides solitary, terminal, scentless.

1. Pyrethrum inodorum. Scentless mayweed.

Stem branched, spreading; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, lobes

linear, threadlike, 2 or 3-parted ; pappus not divided.

Chamaemelum inodorum annuum humilius, foliis obscure virentibus,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 186, 6.

Chrysanthemum inodorum, Lin. S. P. 1253.

Matricaria inodora, Hucls. FI. Angl. 372.

Pyrethrum inodorum, Engl. Dot. 676.

Fields and pastures ; annual ; August and September.
Hoot fusiform; leaves lyrate, pinnatifid; calathides soli-
tary, large ; peduncle naked ; pericline bald ; scales blackish
on the edge.

0. duplicatum. Flowers all ligulate.

2, Pyrethrum maritimum. Sea mayweed .

Ste7ii branched, spreading ; leaves sessile, bipinnatifid ;

lobes linear, blunt, fleshy, bald, 3-cut; pappus lobed.

Chamaemelum maritimum perenne humilius, foliis brevibus crassia, ob-
scure virentibus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 186,7.

Matricaria maritima, Lin. S. P. 1256.

Matricaria inodora y, Uuds. FI. Angl. 373.

Pyrethrum inodorum. Smith Ft. Brit. 901.

Chrysanthemum maritima, Pevs. Syn. 462.

Sandy and rocky sea-shores; perennial; July.

Root woody; stem tufted, shining; leaf-loles short; ca-
lathides terminal; pericline bald; scales black on the edges.

XLIII. 218. MATRICARIA. Rrunsfel. Feverfew ,

Pericline hemispherical ; scales imbricate, coriaceous ;
edges scariose, torn ; calathides radiated ; flowers all fer-
tile ; of the centre hermaphrodite, of the rays female, of a
different colour; liguke reverse ovate, very short, rarely
wanting; clinanthus flat, naked; akenia furrowed ; pappus
membranaceous, marginal, 5-lobed. — Stem upright; leaves
petioled, pinnate; calathides corymbose, downy.

454 218. Matricaria. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PL ex, cal.

Matricaria vulgaris . Common feverfew*

Stem upright; leaves petioled, compound, flat; leaflets
ovate, incised; peduncles branched, corymbose.

Matricaria, Raii Syn. 187, 1 ; Ger. era. 652, 1.

Matricaria vulgaris, Park. 83.

Matricaria Partheniura, Lin. S. P. 1255.

Py rethrum Parthenium, Smith FI. Brit. 900.

Old walls and hedges ; perennial ; June and July.

Root fibrous, branched ; leaves rather woolly. — Plant bit-
ter, aromatic, and yields an essential oil by distillation.

XLIV. 219. CHAMOMILLA. Tragus. Wild-camomile,

Pericline hemispherical ; scales imbricate, in a few series,
herbaceous, pointed ; calathides radiated ; flowers all fertile ;
of the centre hermaphrodite ; of the rays female, of a dif-
ferent colour ; clmanthus long, conical, naked, dotted ;
akenium topshaped ; pappus O.—Stem much branched; leaves
sessile, dark green, bald ; calathides solitary, terminal.

Chamomilla vulgaris . Common wild- camomile.

Leaves lobed, pinnate; leaflets linear, not cut or lobed;
pericline rather flat, bald ; scales rather blunt.

Chamaemelum, Raii Syn. 184, 1 ; Ger. era. 754, 1, fig..

Chamaemelum vulgare, Park . 85.

Matricaria Chamomilla, Lin. S. P. 1256.

Bitter camomile.

Fields, waysides and dunghills; annual; May and June.

Stem upright, bald ; calathides many ; pericline-scales
white. — May be used for Roman camomile, with which it
is confounded by the old authors ; an infusion of it is used
in Finland in phthisis.

XLV. 220. BELLIS. Pliny. Daisy .

Pericline hemispherical ; scales many, equal, in 2 series ;
calathides radiate ; flowers all fertile ; of the centre herma-
phrodite, funnelshape, 5-cut ; of the rays female, many, of a
different colour ; ligulae slender, lanceolate ; clinanlhus co-
nical, naked, tubercled; akenium heartshape, compressed,
hairy ; pappus 0.

Beilis perennis, Perennial daisy ,

Scape 1 -flowered; leaves reverse ovate, crenate, veined,

Beilis sylvestris mirror, Raii Syn. 184, t .

Beilis minor sylvestris, Gtr. era. 636,4.

Beilis minor sylvestris simplex. Park. 530,.

Beilis perennis, Lin. S. P. 1248.

Common daisy. Days-eye , Brnisctporjt,

PL ex. cal 39. COMPOSITE, C. 220. Beilis. 455

Fields and pastures; perennial; April to September.

Root creeping ; leaves depressed. — Roots pungent, boiled
in milk to stint the growth of puppies, also externally in
scrofula ; leaves slightly acrid.

XLVI. 221. CHAMAEMELUM. Theophrast. Camomile „

Perieline hemispherical; scales nearly equal, narrow,
imbricate, in 2 or 3 series; calathides radiated; flowers
all fertile; of the centre hermaphrodite ; of the rays female,
of a different colour; ligulse 3 times as long as broad; cli -
nanthus conical, chaffy; chaffs lanceolate, membranaceous,
keeled ; akenium topshaped, 4-sided ; pappus marginal.

1. Chamcemelum nolile. Nolle camomile.

Stem branched at bottom, decumbent; leaves bipinnate;

lobes 3-parted, linear, awlshape, slightly villous ; chaffs of
the clinanthus shorter than the corollse.

Chamaemelum odoratissimum repens flore simplici, Raii Syn. 185, 2.

Chamaemelum Romanian, Ger. em. 755, 4.

Anlhemis nobilis, Lin. S. P. 1260.

Roman camomile.

Sandy pastures ; perennial ; August and September.

Root woody ; peduncles terminal, solitary, naked.— Leaves
and flowers bitter, nauseous, with a strong smell, not dis-
agreeable, antiseptic externally; flowers in infusion sto-
machic, antispasmodic, useful in calculous cases ; and in
large doses emetic ; in powder febrifuge, even where bark
has failed.

&. duplicatum. Flowers all ligulate.

y. nudum. Flowers of the circumference wanting.

Chamaemelum lutenm capitulo aphyllo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 185, 2.*

Chamaemelum nudum odoratuin, Ger. em. 754,2.

2. Chamaemelum arvense. Corn camomile.

Stem much branched, upright; leaves bipinnate, lobes

linear, lanceolate, downy; clinanthus conical; chaffs longer
than the corollas.

Chamaemelum inndorum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 185,4.

Anthemis arvensis, Lin. S. P. 1261.

White ox eye.

Ruins and sandy fields ; annual or biennial ; June, July.

Calathides peduncled, solitary, terminal. — ■ Plant scent-
less ; flowers scented.

456 222. Maruta. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PI. ex. cal.

XL VII. 222. MARUTA. Cassine. Mathes.

Periciine hemispherical ; scales imbricate, slightly scarious
at the edge; calal hides radiated; flowers of the centre her-
maphrodite ; of the rays female, of a different colour; cala-
t hides long, conical, naked at bottom, chaffy above; chaffs
bristlelike, shorter than the corollas; akenium hairy, top-
shaped, tubercular above ; pappus 0.

Maruta feetida. Stinking mathes.

Leaves bipinnatifid, bald ; leaflets awlshape, 3-parted.

Cliamaemelum fcetidum, Rail Syn. 185,2.

Cotula feetida, Ger. em. 757, 1.

Anthcmis Cotula, Lin. S. P. 1261.

Maruta, Bullet. Philom. 1819.

Stinking camomile. Mayweed.

Fields ; annual ; June and July.

Root tortuous ; stem much branched ; leaves light green.
— Ca! at hides rubbed between the fingers smell very dis-
agreeable ; herb blisters the skin of reapers, and of children
who gather it.

XLVIII. 223. ANTHEMIS. Turner. Anthemis ,

Periciine hemispherical ; scales lanceolate, membrana-
ceous, hairy ; tips torn, plumose ; calat hides radiated ; flowers
of the centre hermaphrodite; of the circumference female;
ligulse much longer than broad; clinanthus flat or slightly
convex, chaffy; chaffs long, lanceolate, keeled, membra-
naceous, sometimes as long as the corollas; tips awlshape;
akenium 4-sided, topshaped ; pappus marginal, membra-
naceous.

a. Corollce of the centre yellow , of the rays white,

1. Anthemis maritima. Sea anthemis.

Stem prostrate; leaves bipinnatifid, fleshy; beneath con-
vex, hairy ; above flat ; lobes pointed ; chaffs longer than
the corollse.

Cliamsemelum maritimum latifolium rainosissimum, flore albo, Dillen in
llaiiSyn. 186,8.

Anthemis maritima, Lin. S. P. 1259.

Rocks by the sea ; annual ; J uly.

Leaves sessile ; calathides solitary, terminal.

PI. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 223. Anthem is. 457
b. Corolla all yellow .

2. Anthemis tinctoria . Dyeing anthemis.

Stem upright, branched ; leaves bipinnatind, serrate, flat,
beneath tomentose ; pappus not divided ; chaffs as Jong as
the flowers.

Buphlhalinum vulgare, Rail Syn. 183, 1 ; Ger. em. 747,3.

Bupbthalmum Matthioli, sive vulgare millefolii foliis, Park. 1370.

Anthemis tinctoria, Lin. S. P. 1263.

Yellow oxeye. Common oxeye.

Rocks and mountains ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem 18 inches high. — Flowers yield a very clear and
good yellow dye.

XLIX. 224. ACHILLEA. Theophrastus. Yarrow.

Fericline ovate ; scales slender, pressed close, imbricate ;
cal athides radiated; flowers all fertile; of the centre her-
maphrodite, tubular; of the rays female; ligulae ovate,
broader than long ; tip repand, 3-toothed ; clinanthus flat,
chaffy; chaffs linear, shorter than the pericline; akenium
elliptical; pappus 0.

a. Corollce all yellow.

1. Achillea tomentosa. Clothlike yarrow *

Leaves bipinnatifid, villose; leaflets very much crowded;

lobes linear, lanceolate, not in the least cut, pointed ; co-
rymb us compound.

Achillea tomentosa, Willd. S. P.

Mountains; perennial; August and September.

Stem 9 inches high.

b. Corollce of the centre yellow , of the rays white.

2. Achillea millefolia. Many-leaved yarrow .

Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets blunt ; lobes awlshape, toothed.

Millefolium vulgare, Raii Syn. 183, 1 ; Park « 693.

Millefolium terrestre vulgare, Ger. em. 1072, 1.

Achillea Millefolium, Lin. S. P. 1267.

Common yarrow. Milfoil. Nose-bleed.

Fields and pastures; perennial; June to August.

Root creeping; stem upright; lobes of the leaves very
numerous, hairy underneath ; calathides crowded, small,
white. — Flowers yield an essential oil ; infusion of the
flowering herb stimulant, stomachic.

fi. rosea. Calathides rose-colour or nearly crimson.

Millefolium flore rubro, Ger. em. 1072,2.

458 224. Achillea. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PI. ex. cal.

3. Achillea serrata. Saw-leaved yarrow.

Leaves linear, lanceolate, sessile, downy, lobed at bottom :

serratures deep, acute; corymhus nearly simple.

Achillea serrata, Retz. Ohs. Hot. 2, 25.

Mountains in Derbyshire ; perennial; July.

Stem upright ; flowers yellowish- white, odoriferous.

4. Achillea sylvestris . Wild yarrow.

Leaves lanceolate, pointed ; serratures equal, acute, mu-

cron ate.

Ptarmica, Raii Syn. 183, 1 ; Ger. em. 606, 1.

Ptarmica vulgaris, Park. 859.

Achillea Ptarmica, Lin. S. P. 1266.

Sneezewort. Goosey-tongue. Wild pellitory.

Woods and damp hedges ; perennial ; June to August.
Loot creeping; calathides peduncled, white. — Root hot,
acrid, siaiogogue ; leaves in powder errhine ; herb chewed
acrid, siaiogogue ; young tops a warm spring salad.

#. plena . Cor olive all ligulate.

L. 225. ANTENNARIA. Gasrtner. Cats foot.

Pericline ovate; scales lanceolate, pointed, imbricate,
scarious, coloured ; calathides flosculous, unisexual ; clinan-
ihus pitted, naked.-— Male. Anthers 2 • bristled at the base ;
stigma truncated ; pappus pencil-shape, or thickened at the
tip. — Fem. Cor olive threadshape, limbs small ; pappus hair-
like. — Herb dioicous, tomentose, white, woolly ; leaves
flat ; calathides corymbose, rarely solitary.

1. Antennaria montana . Mountain cats foot.

Runners procumbent; stem not branched; leaves radi-
cal, spathulate ; corymbus simple, terminal, contracted ; outer
pericline^scales long, blunt.

Elichrysum q. Gnaphalium montanum album Gerardi (640,4), Raii Syn.
181,1. The male plant.

Elichrysum q. Gnaphalium longiore folio et flore Casp. Bauhini, Dillen
in Raii Syn. 182, 1.* The female.

Gnaphalium montanum, sive Pes cati, Park. 690.

Gnaphalium dioicum, Lin. S. P. 1199.

Antennaria dioica, Gcertner Sem. et Fr. 2,410.

Mountain cotton-weed. Mountain cudweed.

Dry mountain-pastures ; perennial ; June and July.

Root creeping; runners leafy, woolly ; leaves rather naked
above, tomentose beneath.

§. lanata. Leaves woolly on both sides.

PL ex. cal . 30. COMPOSITE, C. 225. Antennaria. 459

y. rubra. Calat hides reddish.

Gnaphalinm montanum purpureum, Ger. em. 640, 5.

2. Antennaria margaritacea. Pearly cats-foot .

Stem branched above ; leaves linear, lanceolate, pointed,
alternate; corymlus conglomerate.

Elichrysum q. Gnaphalium Americanum Gerardi (641,8), Raii Syn ,
182,2.

Argyrocome seu Gnaphalium Americanum, Park. Par. 874.

Gnaphalium margaritaceum, Lin. S. P. 1198.

American live-for-ever. American cudweed. Pearly everlasting.

Damp fields ; perennial ; August. Naturalized.

Root creeping; stem woolly; leaves slightly rovolute,
greenish above, densely tomentose beneath.

LI. 226. GNAPHALIUM. Dioscorides. Cudweed .

Pericline cylindrical ; scales linear, shining, membrana-
ceous, coloured, as long as the flower; calat hides flosculous;
flowers of the centre hermaphrodite, few ; c>f the circum-
ference many, threadshape ; clinanthus pitted, naked ; pap-
pus sessile, rough, hairlike, deciduous.

1. Gnaphalium luteo-allum . Pale-yellow cudweed .

Stem herbaceous, upright, not branched ; leaves slightly

stem-clasping, swordshape, repand, both sides tomentose;
lower leaves blunt; upper pointed; corymlus conglome-
rate.

Elichrysum sylvestre latifolium capilulis conglobatis, Raii Syn. 182,3.
Gnaphalium oblongo folio, Ger. em. 643, 13.

Gnaphalium luteo-album, Lin. S. P. 1196.

Long-leaved cudweed. Jersey live-long.

Sandy places and dry walls; annual; July and August.
Root small; stem diffuse at bottom; leaves not in the
least cut ; pericline pale yellow.

2. Gnaphalium supinum. Supine cudweed.

Stem herbaceous, not branched, procumbent or very

short; lower leaves pointed, tomentose; calathides capitate,

Gnaphalium supinum, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12,234.

Gnaphalium alpinum, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 470.

Dwarf cudweed.

Micaceous alps; perennial; July.

Root creeping; stem 6 inches high; leaves slender; ca-
lathides racemose, upright ; upper sessile ; lower pedicelled.

460 226. G naphal 39. COMPOSITE, C. PL ex. cal

3. Gnaphalium sylvaticum. Wood cudweed.

Stem upright, not branched, tomentose; leaves linear,

narrow at both ends, woolly on both sides; calathides ter-
minal and axillary, sessile, spiked.

Gnaphalium sylvaticum, Lin. S. P. 1200.

Gnaphalium fuscum, Lamarcke Encycl. Meth. 2, 757.

Gnaphalium Norwegicum, Retz Prod. 193.

Gnaphalium fuscatuin, Persoon Syn. 2,421.

Mountains; perennial; August.

Root fibrous ; stem solitary ; leaves pointed ; spike slightly
branched, dense ; pericline blackish.

4. Gnaphalium rectum. Upright cudweed.

Stem upright, not branched ; leaves linear, lanceolate,

serrate, tomentose, white, rather naked above; calathides
panicled ; panicle stiff, compound, leafy.

Gnaphalium Anglicum* Rail Syn. 180, 2; Ger. em. 639, I.

Gnaphalium Anglicum vulgare majus. Park. 685.

Gnaphalium sylvaticum, Huds. FI. Angl. 366.

Gnaphalium rectum, J. Bauhin Hist. PI. 3, 1, 160; Eng. Bol. 124.
English cudweed. English live-long.

Woods, hedges, and pastures; perennial; August.

Root woody; stem 2 feet high, panicled; panicle long,
imbricate, whitish; pericline flesh-brown.

5. Gnaphalium uliginosum. Bog cudioeed.

Stem much branched, diffuse, woolly ; leaves linear, lan-
ceolate, cut at bottom, tomentose on both sides ; calathides
terminal, corymbose, crowded.

Gnaphalium longifolium humile ramosum^apitulis nigris, Raii Syn .

181,6.

Gnaphalium vulgare, Ger. em. 639, 2.

Filago minor. Park. 686.

Gnaphalium uliginosum, Lin. S. P. 1200.

Common cudweed. Chaff-weed. Petty cotton. Cotton-iceed.

Damp shady places; annual; August.

Stem branched at bottom ; pericline brownish yellow.

LII. 227. FILAGO. Dodonseus. Chafeweed.

Pericline conical, pyramidical ; scales few, lanceolate,
of one colour, not sphacelated, longer than the flowers ;
calathide floscuious; flowers all tubular: of the centre 2
or 6, hermaphrodite, 4-cut, style short, pappus hairlike:
of the sides many, female, base swollen, limb 4-cut, up-
right, style long, pappus hairlike : of the circumference 5
or 6, female, tube very slender, 2-cut, style long, pappus 0 :

PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 227. Filago. 461

clinanthus awlshape, naked above, chaffy below, chaffs
linear, like the scales of the pericline, enclosing the akeriia;
akenium ovate; pappus hairlike, sessile, rough, deciduous,
or 0. — Stem forked, branched ; calathides aggregated into
a calathiphore ; calathiphore ovate, in the forks and ter-
minal.

1. Filago minima. Least chafeweed .

Stem upright, branched ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, flat*

woolly ; calathides conical, crowded, and solitary, axillary
and terminal.

Gnaphalium minimum, Raii Syn. 181,4.

Filago minor, Ger. em. 641, 9.

Gnaphalium monianum, Hudson FI. stngl. 362.

Gnaphalium montanum /8, LamarcJce Enc. Meth. 2, 760.

Filago montana, Sibthorp Ft. Ox. 262, not of Linna?us.

Least cudweed.

Sandy places; annual; July.

Leaves upright, pressed close, short, both sides woolly.

2. Filago montana. Mountain chafeweed.

Stem upright, forked; leaves linear, lanceolate, pressed

close, tomentose; calathides crowded, axillary or solitary.

Filago montana, Lin. S. P. 1312.

Gnaphalium montanum, fVilld. S. P. 1896.

Sandy places; annual; July.

Stem upright; 9 inches high, much branched, large?
and more woolly than the preceding.

3. Filago filiformis. Threadlike chafeweed.

Stem upright, forked ; leaves linear, pointed, greyish,

mlathides crowded, axillary in the forks, and terminal.

Gnaphalium parvum ramosissisnum foliis angustissimis polyspermon,
Raii Syn. 181, 5.

Filago gallica, Lin. S. P. 1312.

Gnaphalium gallicum, Hudson FI. Angl. 361 .

Grass-leaved cudweed.

Sandy fields ; annual ; July and August.

Stem simple at bottom, much branched above; leaves
revolute, twisted, both sides woolly.

4. Filago vulgaris. Common chafeweed .

Stem upright, forked ; leaves linear, lanceolate, pointed,

tomentose; calathides many; calathiphore globular, lateral
and terminal.

PL ex. caL

462 227. Filago. 39. COMPOSITE, C.

Gnaphalium minus, seu Herba impia, Raii Syn. 180, 3 ; Park. 685.

-Filago seu Herba impia, Ger. em. 6-12, 10.

Gnaphalium Germanicum, Hudson FI. Angl. 362.

Filago Germanica, Lin. S. P. 1811.

Gnaphalium dichotomum, Stokes Bot. Med. 203.

Lofgia, Cassine , Journ. Plxilom. 1819.

Herb impious . Wicked cudweed. Childing cudweed.

Fields and waysides; annual; July and August.

Stem 2 feet high ; leaves stem-clasping, both sides woolly;
flowers the younger overtop the elder. — Used in the bloody
flux both of man and beast.

LIII. 228. CONYZA. Hippocrates. Ploughmans- spikenards

Pericline ovate, cylindrical ; scales lanceolate, outer
scales leaflike, tip bent back, spreading; inner cartilagi-
nous, straight, fringed ; calathides slightly radiated ; flowers
all fertile; of the centre hermaphrodite, funnelshape, 5-cut;
of the rays female, very small, 3-cut; ligulae very short,
slender; ciinanthus flat, tubercular, rough; akenium angu-
lar, furrowed ; pappus hairlike, rough. — Herb downy ; leaves
not cut. ; radical petioled ; calathides corymbose, crowded ;
corollce yellow.

Conyza squarrosa. Rough ploughmans-spikenard .

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, downy ; upper leaves oblong,
lanceolate, not cut.

Baccharis Monspeliensium, Raii Syn. 179, 1; Ger. em. 792; Park. 114.

Conyza squarrosa, Lin. S. P. 1205.

Great Fleabane.

Chalky pastures and waysides ; biennial ; July and Aug.

Stem 3 feet high ; radical leaves ovate, crenate.-— Leaves
scented, bitter and acrid.

LIV. 229. PULICARIA. Gaza. Fleabane .

Pericline roundish ; scales imbricate, nearly equal, all
linear, pointed, tips spread out ; calathides radiated ; flowers -
of the centre hermaphrodite; of the circumference female,
many ; ligulae slender, linear, 3-toothed, recurved ; anthers
with a long, bristlelike basillary appendix; ciinanthus ho-
neycombed ; cells fringed ; akenium rounded, hirsute ; pap-
pus double; outer membranaceous, toothed; inner hair-
like, rays few, longer than the seed, deciduous. — Herb
downy ; leaves stem-clasping ; pericline downy ; branches longer
than the main stem.

PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 229. Pulicaria. 463

1. Pulicaria uliginosa. Marsh Jleabane.

Stem upright, panicled ; leaves stem-clasping, oblong,

waved, villous ; peduncles opposite to the leaves ; calathides
rather globose ; rays very short.

Conyza minor, Rati Syn. 174, 1.

Conyza minima, Ger. em. 482,4.

Inula Pulicaria, Lin. S. P. 1238.

Aster pulicarius, Scop. Carniola , 1080.

Inula uliginosa, SibthorpmmFl. Ox. 206.

Inula cylindrica, Withering Rot. Arr. 731.

Pulicaria vulgaris, Gccrtn. Sem.et Fr. 2,461.

Small jleabane . Dwarf jleabane.

Damp sandy heaths ; annual ; September.

Root fusiform; stem much branched; rays longer than
the pericline, rarely 0.

2. Pulicaria dysenterica . Bloody -flux Jleabane.

Stem downy, panicled ; side branches spread, and longer

than the main stem ; leaves stem-clasping, heartshape, ob-
long, naked, serrate, hairy beneath ; pericline-scales bristle-
like.

Conyza media, Raii Syn. 174, 1 ; Ger . em. 482, 3.

Insula dysenterica, Lin. S. P. 1237.

Aster dysentericus, Scop. Garniol . 1079.

Common jlea-wort. Herb Christopher. Middle jleabane.

Watery places; perennial; August to October.

Root creeping ; stem upright ; leaves spreading; calathides
racemose, terminal ; rays twice as long as the pericline. —
Odour soapy ; useful in dysentery.

LV. 230. INULA. Pliny. Elecampane .

Pericline hemispherical ; scales imbricate ; inner scales
linear, slender, equal, scariose ; outer ovate, unequal, weak ;
calathides radiated ; flowers of the centre funnelshape, her-
maphrodite; of the rays very numerous, female, yellow;
ligulae linear ; basillary appendix to the anther long, slen-
der ; clinanthus flat, bald, pitted, rather smooth ; akenium
4-sided, streaked, bald ; pappus hairlike, rather rough,
longer than the akenium.

Inula grandiflora . Great-flowered elecampane

Leaves embracing the stem, ovate, slightly toothed, wrin-
kled; tomentose beneath.

Helenium, Raii Syn. 176, 1 ; Ger. em. 793.

Helenium sive Inula campana, Park. 674.

Inula Helenium, Lin. S . P. 1236.

Aster Helenium, Seopoli Cam. 1078,

Scab wort. Horse-heal.

1

464? 230. Inula. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PL ex. cat

Damp fields and pastures; perennial; June to August.

Root thick, fleshy ; stem upright, 3 feet high ; radical
leaves petioled ; calai hides solitary, terminal, very large.—
Root in infusion pectoral, used in the hooping-cough; in
decoction cures the scab in sheep ; yields a peculiar prin-
ciple, inulin, resembling starch and gum.

LVI. 231. ERITHEIS. Golden-samphire .

Pericline hemispherical ; scales unequal, imbricate, awl-
shape, fleshy, outer ones weak, become all reflexed ; cala -
t hides radiated; flowers all fertile: of the centre herma-
phrodite; corollae membranaceous, lobes coriaceous: of the
rays many, female, yellow ; ligulae linear, 3-toothed ; hasil-
lary appendix of the anthers very short ; style much swollen
at the base ; clinanthus flat, honeycombed, bald ; akenium
compressed, hispid ; pappus simple, hairlike, rough. — Herb
perennial, bald, fleshy ; pericline bald ; corollce yellow*

Eritheis marilima . Sea g olden- samphire.

Leaves linear, fleshy ; tip 3-cut.

Aster maritimus fiavns, Crithmum chrysanthemum dictus, Raii Syn . 174,1 „

Crithmum chrysanthemum, Ger. em. 533,3; Park. 1287.

Inula crithmoides, Lin. S. P. 1240.

Inula crithmifolia, Hull Br . FI. 185.

Aster palustris, Lamarck FI. Fr. 214.

Muddy sea-shores ; perennial ; August.

Root creeping ; stem upright or decumbent, mostly sim-
ple ; leaves crowded ; peduncles corymbose, terminal, scaly ;
calathides large.

LV1I. 232. EURYBIA. Cassine. Hogs-beans.

Pericline hemispherical; scales imbricate, unequal, pressed
close, coriaceous, without an appendix ; calathides radiated ;
flowers all fertile; of the centre hermaphrodite; of the
rays many, female; ligulae oblong, blue or white; clinan-
thus flattish, dotted, bald; ahenia uniform, compressed;
pappus simple, hairlike, rather rough. — Herb perennial,
smooth.

Euryhia maritima. Sea hogs * beans ,

Stem bald, corymbose ; leaves linear, lanceolate, fleshy,
3-ribbed ; lower leaves slightly serrate at the apex ; peri -
cline-scales lanceolate, blunt*

PL ex. cah 39. COMPOSITE, C. 232. Eurybia. 465

Aster maritimus cceruleus Tripolium dictus, Rati Syn. 175, 2.

Tripolium vulgare majus, et minus, Ger. em. 413, 1 et 2i

Tripolium majus sive vulgare, et minus, Park. 673.

Aster Tripolium, Lin. S. P. 1226.

Sea starwort. Blue daisies. Blue camomile.

Salt marshes ; perennial ; August aud September.

Root fibrous , stem upright ; leaves not cut, lower leaves
petioled; calathides large; pericline-scales slightly fringed.

&. ftosculosa. Calathides flosculous ; rays 0.

LVIII. 233. SOLIDAGO. Brunsfeh Golden-rod*

Pericline ovate ; scales imbricate, oblong, lanceolate,
unequal, pressed close, becoming spread open, edge mem-
branaceous ; calathides radiated ; flowers all fertile ; of the
centre funnelshape, hermaphrodite; of the rays 5 or 10,
yellow, female; ligulae oblong, toothed; clinanthus flat,
small, pitted, naked ; akenium roundish, hairy ; pappus
hairlike, rough.-— Herb perennial ; calathides small, race-
mose.

Solidago vulgaris. Common golden-rod.

Stem downy, generally branched; upper leaves lanceo-
late, narrow at both ends; lower elliptical, hairy; racemes
upright ; calathides crowded, longer than the pedtincle.

Virga aurea, Raii Syn. 173, 1.

Virga aurea vulgaris, Park. 542.

Solidago Virga-aurea, Lin. S. P. 1235.

Woods and hedges; perennial; July to September.

Stem generally panicled ; radical leaves petioled. — For-
merly in great esteem as an astringent and styptic herb,
and sold dry as imported from Italy at half a crown an
ounce; but when found to be a native of Hampstead-
heath fell into contempt, on which change in its value Ge-
rarde is very pleasant.

0. dentata . Stem branched ; leaves indistinctly serrated.

Yirga aurea, Ger. em. 430, 1.

y. incurva. Stem simple, serpentine ; leaves lanceolate ;
calathides spiked.

d. paniculata. Stem simple, straight; leaves lanceolate,
tomentose ; upper leaves rarely sessile ; lower petioled ;
calathides panicled.

Virga aurea montana, folio subangusto subincano, flosculU conglobatis,
Raii Syn. 177,4.

Solidago cambrica, Hudson FI. Angl. 367 ,

VOL, II, 2 H

466 238. SoKdago. 39. COMPOSITE, C. Pt.ex.cah

e. Lapponica. Stem simple, straight; root leaves petioled,
petioles bordered ; upper leaves lanceolate ; calathides
spiked.

Solidago Lapponica, With. Bot. Arr. ed. 5,S9T.

LIX. 234. ERIGERON. Theophrastus. Erigeron .

Pericline ovate; scales imbricate, unequal, linear, lan-
ceolate, becoming deflected, edges membranaceous; cala -
thides radiated ; flowers all fertile ; of the centre tubular,
hermaphrodite, yellow ; of the rays numerous, in a single
row, female ; ligulse very slender, blue or white ; clinanthus
convex, pitted, rough ; akenium angular, silky ; pappus
hairlike, rough. — Herb rough; calathides panieled.

Erigeron Canadense . Canada erigeron .

Stem hirtous, panieled ; leaves lanceolate, fringed ; lower
leaves toothed.

Conyza Canadensis annua, acris, alba, linari® foiiis, Rail Syn. 175, 1.

Erigeron Canadense, Lin. SL P. 1210.

Canada fieabane. White golden rod.

Cultivated places; annual; August to September; natu-
ralized.

Stem upright, firm; leaves pointed; calathides small.
• — Fibre has been made into excellent paper.

LX. 235. TRIMORFHA. Cassine. Trimorphe .

Pericline ovate; scales imbricate, lanceolate, awls h ape,
acute ; calathides radiated ; flowers all fertile; of the centre
tubular, 5-cut, hermaphrodite, yellow ; of the rays female,
in two rows; inner row tubular, 5-cut; outer row ligulate,
very numerous; ligulae linear, blue or white; clinanthus
flat, pitted; akenium compressed, hispid; pappus hairlike,
longer than the akenium.

1. Trimorpha acre. Sharp trimorphe.

Stem racemose; peduncles alternate, 1 -flowered; leaves
lanceolate, ligulate, sessile; pappus reddish, twice as long
as the akenium.

Aster arvensis caeruleus acris, Ran Syn . 175,3.

Conyza caerulea acris, Ger. cm. 484, 10.

Conyza odorata caerulea, Park. 126.

Erigeron acre, Lin . S. P. 1211.

Blue fieabane .

Chalky hills ; perennial ; July and August.

PI. ex. cat 39. COMPOSITE, C. 235. Trimorpha. 467

Boot branched ; stem upright, 2 feet high ; leaves spread,
sessile; root-leaves petioled, serrated; pericline hirsute;
flowers of the rays upright.

2. Trimorpha alpina. Alpine trimorphe.

Stem 1 to 4-flowered ; leaves blunt, villous beneath ; pe-
ricline slightly hirsute; flowers of the rays spreading ; pap-
pus reddish, the length of the akenium.

Erigeron alpinum, Lin. S, P. 1212.

Alpine rocks perennial ; July.

Root fibrous ; stems many, mostly without branches ; leaves
sessile, fringed ; calathides solitary ; flowers of the rays
purplish blue ; of the centre yellow.

3. Trimorpha uniflora. One-flowered trimorphe ;

Stem 1 to 4-flowered; leaves blunt, hirsute; pericline

woolly ; flowers of the rays erect, tubular ; pappus reddish,
the length of the akenium.

Erigeron uniflorum, Lin. S. P.

Alpine places; perennial; July.

Flowers of the centre deep purple ; of the rays white.

LXI. 236. CHRYSOCOMA. Dioscorides. Chrysocome.

Pericline hemispherical or ovate; scales linear, imbricate,
convex on the back, herbaceous ; calathides flosculous ;
flowers all tubular, 5-cut, hermaphrodite; style scarcely
projecting ; lobes ovate ; clinanthus flat, pitted ; edges of the
pitts rough, toothed; akenium oblong, villous; pappus
bristlelike, rough ; deeply denticulated.

Chrysocoma nuperum. Modern chrysocome

Stem herbaceous ; leaves linear, bald ; pericline-scales
Weak.

Linosyris nnperormn Lobelii, Ger. em. 553,9.

Chrysocoma Linosyris, Lin. S. P , 1178,

Golden star-fashioned toadflax.

Sea-cliffs ; perennial ; September and October.

Stem a foot long, upright; panicle branched; calathides
solitary, terminal ; peduncles leafy ; corollce gold-yellow.

LXII. 237. DORONICUM. Brunsfel. Leopards-bane.

Pericline hemispherical; scales equal, linear, pointed in
2 series; calathides radiated; flowers all fertile; of the

2 h 2

4*68 237. Doronicum. 33. COMPOSITE, C. PL ex* cal

centre hermaphrodite ; of the rays many, female, ligulate ;
ligulas linear, spreading ; clinanthus conical, honeycombed,
cells fringed ; akenia difform ; of the centre reverse ovate,
hirsute; pappus bristlelike, toothed, rough; of the rays
topshape, furrowed, bald.

Doronicum cordifoliuvti. Heart-leaved leopard’ s-bane.
Stem hirsute ; leaves toothed ; root-leaves heartshape,
with long petioles; middle spathulate heartshape; upper
roundish heartshape.

Doronicum majus officinarum, Ger. em. 759,2.

Doronicum Pardalianches, Lin. S. P. 1247.

Doronicum cordifolium, Stokes Hot. Mat. Med. 233.

Great leopard* s-bane.

Mountainous fields and pastures ; perennial ; May.

Root tuberous, creeping ; calathides terminal, solitary,
large ; pericline longer than the flowers of the centre, and
shorter than those of the rays ; corollce gold-yellow.

LXIII. 238. CINERARIA. Dodonaeus. Fleabane .

Pericline cylindrical hemispherical ; scales naked at bot-
tom, or slightly involucrated, linear, equal, many, in a single
row; edge scarious; bractece few, very short, not spha-
celated; calathides radiated ; flowers all fertile; of the centre
hermaphrodite; of the rays ligulate; clinanthus slightly
convex, dotted, naked ; akenium furrowed ; pappus hairlike,
white, soft, longer than the akenium. — Leaves undivided.

1 . Cinerar ia palustris . Marsh fleabane .
Stem villous ; leaves broad, lanceolate, toothed, sinuated,

slightly embracing the stem ; calathides corymbose.

Conyza foliis laciuiatis, Rati Syn. 174, 3; Ger. em. 483, 5.

Cineraria palustris, Lin. S. P. 1243.

Great jagged-leaved fleabane.

Ditches and bogs; perennial; June and July.

Root fibrous ; stem 3 feet high, not branched, thick ;
leaves pale, hairy; hairs jointed ; pericline cylindrical, little
shorter than the rays ; akenium bald.

2. Cineraria integrifolia . Uncut fleabane .

Stem simple; lower leaves spathulate, toothed; upper

lanceolate, not cut at bottom i uppermost not in the least
cut.

PI. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 238. Cineraria. 469

Jacobaea Pannonica folio non laciniato, Raii Syn. 178,4.

Jacobaea august ifolia, Ger. cm. 280, 2.

Jacobaea angustifolia Pannonica non laciniata, Park. 668,

Cineraria alpina y, Lin. S. P. 1243.

Cineraria integrifolia /S, Lin.'Syst. Veg. ed . 14, 764.

Cineraria integrifolia, Withering Bot.Arr. 729.

Cambridge ragwort . Mountain Jleawort.

Chalky soils ; perennial ; May and July.

Root fibrous ; stem not branched ; leaves turned back on
the edges ; pericline cylindrical hemispherical, shorter than
the rays ; akenium silky.

fi. alpina . Stem 1 foot high ; leaves large, rather naked ;
root-leaves broadly toothed.

Cineraria Alpina, Allioni Pedem . 6,203.

3. Cineraria serratifolia. Sawleafed fleabane.

Stem stiff, rather woolly ; leaves half embracing the stem,
lanceolate, acutely serrate, slightly villous beneath ; corym -
bus terminal, divaricated.

Virga aurea q. virgae aureae sive solidagini angustifoliae affinis, Lingua
avis Dalechauipii, Job. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 176, 2.

Conyza palustris serratifolia, Ger. em. 483,6.

Conyza palustris, Park. 1232.

Senecio paludosus, Lin. S. P. 1220.

Marsh goden-rod. Marsh consound. Bird's tongue.

Bogs; perennial; June and July,

Root creeping; stem upright, simple, 6 feet high; leaves
pointed, bald above ; akenium hairy.

LXIV. 239. SENECIO. Pliny. Groundsel

Pericline hemispherical or cylindrical ; scales linear,
equal, in 1 row; bractece few, small, pressed close, becoming
reflexed, sphacelated at the tip ; calathides radiated or flos-
culous ; flowers all fertile ; of the centre tubular, herma-
phrodite ; of the rays many, ligulate, female, rarely 0 ; li-
gulae reverse ovate, yellow ; clinanthus rather flat, naked,
honeycombed; akenia uniform, round, streaked; pappus
liairlike, rough.

a. Jacobeae. Pericline hemispherical ; scales weak ; rays
spreading; leaves divided .

1 . Senecio aquaticus. Marsh groundsel

Stem upright, corymbose ; leaves lyrate, serrated ; lower
leaves reverse ovate, not cut ; pericline hemispherical ; ligulac
elliptical ; akenium bald?

470 239. Senecio. 39. COMPOSITiE, C. PI. ex. cah

Jacobaea latifolia, J. Bauhin Hist. PI. 2, 105T.

Senecio aquaticus, Hudson FI. Angl. 366.

Bogs and watery places; perennial; July and August.
Stem branched ; leaves light green; calathides large;
pericline bald.

Jlosculosus. Calathides flosculous ; rays 0.
y. lanatus . Stem and leaves rather woolly.

2. Senecio laciniatus . Jagged groundsel.

Stem upright, corymbose ; leaves lyrate, bipinnatifid,

divaricated, toothed, bald ; pericline rather -cylindrical ;
akenia of the centre hirsute, of the rays rather bald.

Jacobea vulgaris, Raii Syn. 177, 1.

Jacobea, Ger. em. 280.

Jacobea vulgaris major. Park. 668.

Senecio Jacobea, Lin. S. P. 1219.

Ragwort. St. James’ wort. Stagger wort. Staner wort. Ragweed.
Seggrum.

Ruins and pastures; perennial ; July and August.

Root fibrous; leaves blackish green, lobes wedgesh ape,
toothed; calathides numerous; pericline bald, short. — Herb
bruised recommended in cancerous cases ; dyes wool deep
green, and alummed wool yellow.

@. jlosculosus. Calathides flosculous ; rays 0.
y. maritimus. Calathides flosculous ; plant hoary, cottony.

3. Senecio tenuifolius. Thinleaved groundsel.

Stem upright, villous; leaves pointed, toothed, slightly

turned over ; beneath pale> pubescent ; pericline hemisphe-
ideal ; akenium hairy.

Jacobaea senecionis folio incano perennis, Raii Syn. 177, 2.

Senecio erucifolius, Huds. FI. Angl. 366.

Senecio tenuifolius, Jacq. Austr . 278.

Woods arid waysides on chalk ; perennial ;

Stem coryhibose; leaves stem-clasping ; calathides many;
pericline downy ; bractecc weak.

£. erucifolius. Herb less cottony ; lower leaves sessile.
Senecio erucifolius, Curtis Ft. Lond. 294.

4. Senecio squalidus. Squalid groundsel.

Stem upright, branched; leaves pinnatifid ; lobes linear,

toothed, distant; pericline hemispherical; rays spread, ek
liptical, apex not cut ; akenium tomentose.

7

PI. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 233. Senecio. £71

Senecio squalidus, Lin. S. P. 1218.

Walls; annual; June to October.

Stem rather bald; leaves deeply lobed; lobes pointed,
Hat ; beneath glaucous ; calathides few, corymbose ; perkline
bald; bractece weak, small.

b. Pericline cylindrical ; scales upright ; rays spreading ;

leaves entire .

5. Senecio repens . Creeping groundsel .

Stem upright, stiff; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acutely ser-
rated, rather bald; base wedgeshape; calathides corymbose;
ahenium bald.

Virga aurea maxima rad ice repente, Raii Syn. 177, 2.

Senecio saracenicus, Lin. S. P. 1221.

Senecio repens, Stokes Hot. Mat. Med. 212.

Damp fields and pastures; perennial; July and August.
Root creeping; stem 3 feet high; leaves sometimes slightly
downy, perkline woolly ; bractece lanceolate. — A powerful
Astringent.

c. Seneciones. Pericline cylindrical , scales upright ; rays

revolute , or 0 ; leaves lobed .

6. Senecio sylvaticus. IVood groundsel.

Stem upright, stiff, corymbose ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid,

lobed, denticulated; bractece very short, pressed close.

Senecio minor latiore folio, sive montaua, Dillen in Raii Syn. 178,3.
Senecio sylvaticus, Lin. S. P. 1217.

Senecio viscosus B, Hudson FI. Angl. 365.

Sandy and chalky heaths and woods ; annual ; July.

Stem S feet high, hairy ; leaves lyrate, pinnatifid ; cala-
thides very small, radiated; pericline slightly downy; to«
rollce yellowish.

7. Senecio Uvidus. Livid groundsel ,

Stem upright, stiff, corymbose ; leaves stem-clasping,

lanceolate, pinnatifid, toothed ; bractece very short, acute j
tip pale.

Senecio lividus, Lin. S. P. 1216.

Barren heaths ; annual ; September and October.

Stern a foot high ; calathides small, radiated, gold-yellow.

3. Senecio viscosus . Viscous groundsel.

Stem much branched, spreading ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid,
toothed, viscid ; b^cictecc weak, nearly as long as the peri?

. pline.

4 72 239. Senecio. 89. COMPOSITE, C. PL ex. cal

Senecio hirsutus, viscidus, major, odoratus, Raii Syn. 178, 2.

Senecio fcetidus, Park. 671.

Erigerum tomentosura, Ger. em. 278, 2.

Senecio viscosus, Lin. S. P. 1217.

Cotton groundsell. Stinking groundsell.

Dry soils and rubbish; annual; July to October.

Stem a foot high; calathides large, radiated; peduncles
solitary ; pericline hirsute, viscid ; corollce gold-yellow.

9. Senecio vulgaris . Common groundsel .

Stem upright, branched ; leaves stem-clasping, pinnatifid,
sinuated, toothed ; root-leaves petioled ; corymbus close ;
bractece lanceolate, short, pressed close.

Senecio vulgaris, Raii Syn. 178, 1 ; Park. 671.

Erigerum, Ger. em. 278, 1.

Senecio vulgaris, Lin. S.P. 1216.

Senecio semperflorens, Stokes Rot. Mat. Med.

Cultivated places ; annual ; all the year.

Stem rather bald ; leaves blunt ; pericline bald ; calathides
flosculous. — Juice or a strong infusion is emetic, and ver-
mifuge, useful to expel botts from horses ; bruised leaves
a good application to boils ; seeds or rather calathides in
fruit given to small birds.

LXV. 240. TUSSILAGO. Pliny. Colts-fooL

Periclme cylindrical, becomes bellied, and afterwards
entirely bent back ; scales many, linear, equal, in one se-
ries; calathides radiated; flowers all fertile; of the centre
tubular, hermaphrodite ; of the rays very numerous, female ;
ligulse linear ; clinanthus flat, becoming globose, pitted,
naked, bald ; akenia uniform, roundish ; pappus hairlike,
sessile, white, longer than the akenium.— Herb flowering
before the leaves appear ; calathides solitary ; peduncles
scaly ; leaves radical, large, angular*

Tussilago vulgaris . Common colts-foot .

Leaves heartshape, angulate-toothed, beneath downy ;
scape smooth, bracteated.

Tussilago, Raii Syn. 173, 1 ; Ger. em. 811, 1 ; Park. 1220.

Tussilago Farfara, Lin. S. P. 1214.

Folefoot. Horse-hoof. Bullfoot.

Damp chalky places; perennial; March and April.

Root creeping ; scape tomentose ; bractecz bald ; calathides
drooping, becoming upright ; leaves petioled, upright, above
bald. — Leaves austere, bitter, mucilaginous, useful in coughs

3

PL ex, cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 240. Tussilago. 473

and consumptive cases; a strong decoction of the dried
leaves of service in scrofulous cases; dried leaves the basis of
cephalic snuffs; down on the under surface used as tinder.

LXVI. 241. PETASITES. Dioscorides. Butter-bur.

Pericline cylindrical, conical, becomes bellied, and then
entirely turned back; scales many, linear, equal, in one
series ; calathides flosculous, flat at top ; flowers all fertile ;
of the centre funnelshape, equal, 5-toothed, androgynous;
of the rays threadlike, oblong, slightly 5-toothed, female;
sometimes flowers all of one sort; clinanthus flat, dotted,
naked; akenium roundish ; pappus hairlike, rough, sessile. —
Herb flowering before the leaves appear; calathides nu-
merous ; peduncles bracteated ; leaves radical.

Petasiles vulgaris . Common butterbur.

Thyrse oblong ; leaves oblong, heartshape, unequally
toothed, beneath downy, lobes approximating.

Petasites, Rail Syn. 179, 1 ; Ger, em. 814, 1.

Petasites vulgaris, Park. 419.

Tussilago Petasites, Lin. S. P. 1215.

Pestilent wort.

Moist meadows ; perennial; March and April.

Rhizoma thick, fleshy, creeping ; scales upright, woolly ;
leaves very large ; bractece lanceolate ; thyrse ovate ; flowers
uniform, all tubular, hermaphrodite ; pappus as long as the
pericline. — Rhizoma resinous, bitter, acrid, and strong
smelling ; the leaves afford shelter to small animals.

<3. elongata. Thyrse oblong; flowers 1 to 3 hermaphro-
dite, rest all female, irregularly 5-toothed ; pappus shorter
than the pericline.

Petasites major, floribus pediculis longis insidentibus, Dillen in Rail
Syn. 179,2.

Tussilago hybrida, Lin. S. P. 1214.

LXVII. 242. EUPATORIUM. Dutch-agrimony .

Pericline oblong ; scales few, oblong, equal, slightly im-
bricate; calathides flosculous ; flowers few, all hermaphro-
dite; corollae tubular, regular, 3-cut; pollen white; style
long; branches linear, divaricating; stigmata glandular;
clinanthus convex, naked, bald; akenium 4-sided, streaked;
pappus hairlike, rough. — Leaves opposite; calathides co-
rymbose.

474 242. Eupator. ,39. COMPOSITE, C. PL ex. cal

Eupatorium cannabinum . Hemp Dutch-agrimony.

Leaves petioled, 5 -parted ; lobes lanceolate, serrated ;
middle long, largest.

Eupatorium cannabinura, Rail Syn. 179, 1 ; Park. 595; Lin. S. P. 1173.
Eupatorium cannabinum mas, Ger. em. 711, 2.

Herb agrimony.

Spongy watery places ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem 3 feet high ; branches upright ; leaves 3 to 5-parted,
beneath pale; calathides many, terminal, corymbose, downy;
j\ lowers 5 or 6 ; corollae purplish. — Herb emetic and pur-
gative in small doses alterative; root diuretic.

8. lanceolatum. Upper leaves lanceolate.

Eupatorium cannabinum folio integro, seu non digitato, Billon in Rail
Syn. 180, 1 *.

Fam.V. 40. DIPSACEiE. Jussieu.

Flowers aggregate, on a common receptacle girt with a
many-leaved pericline; calyx double; outer calyx persist-
ent, not adherent to the ovary; inner closely adherent,
limb membranaceous or pappose; corollce inserted on the
apex of the inner calyx, 1-petaled, tubular, 4 or 5-lobed,
often irregular; stamens 5, inserted at the base of the tube,
as many as the lobes, alternating with them ; anthers d is-
tinct; ovary 1, in the contracted apex of the inner calyx;
style 1; stigma simple; akenium 1 -seeded, inclosed in the
calyx; seed pendent; perisperm fleshy, firm; corculum
straight, radicle above; cotyledons oblong. — Stem herba-
ceous; leaves opposite.

Inner calyx not cut;

pericline- scales unequal, long Dibsacus. 2/13.

Inner calyx not cut ;

pericline-scales equal < * Galedragon. 244.

Inner calyx 5-toothed, bristlelike ;

outer 5-toothed ; clinanthus chafly Succisa. 245,

Inner calyx 5-toothed, bristleshape;
outer dilated; clinanthus chafly ...... Columbaria. 246.

Inner calyx many-tootlied, bristleshape;
outer 4-toothed ; clinanthus hirsute ...... Scabiqsa. 247

I. 243. DIPSACUS. Eioscorides. Teasel,

Pericline-scales many, inflected ; clinanthus long, chafly ;
chaffs spinous, longer than the flowers; calyx double; outer
angular, inner pedicelled; cm/ollee 4-cut; stamens 4, ex;-!

PL ex. caL

40. DIPSACEiE. 243. Dipsacus. 47 5

serted; ovary 1 ; style simple; akenium l -seeded, enclosed
in the outer calyx; pappus cupular, not cut. — Herb rough
or spinose ; leaves connate, bald ; calathides terminal.

1 . Dipsacus sylvestris. Wild teasel .
Leaves rather connate, serrate; chaffs straight at the

tip.

Dipsacus sylvestris, seu Lab rum Veneris, Ran Syn. 192, 2.

Dipsacus sylvestris, Ger.em . 1167,2; Park. 984.

Dipsacus fullonum, Lin. S. P. 140.

Hedges and waysides ; biennial ; July.

Root-leaves crenate; stem-leaves serrate; pericline- scales
unequal ; chaffs hairy.

2. Dipsacus fullonum. Fullers teasel.

Leaves rather connate, serrate ; chaffs hooked at the tip.
Dipsacus sativus, Raii Syn. 192, 1 ; Ger. em. 1167, 1 ; Park. 988.
Dipsacus fullonum /3, Lin. S. P. 140.

Dipsacus fullonum, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 14, 143.

Fields and cultivated places ; biennial ; July.

Stem 3 feet high, straight ; leaves bald .—Heads used to
raise the nap on woollen cloth to hide the interwoven tex-
ture.

II. 244. GALEDRAGON. Xenocrates. Shepherds-rod.

Pericline-scales 5 to 10, equal, lanceolate ; clinanthiis
ovate, convex, chaffy; chaffs dilated at bottom, pointed at
top, like the scales of the pericline, longer than the flowers;
outer calyx angular, not cut; inner peduncled, inverse-
conical, fringed ; corolla 4-cut ; stamens 4, exserted ; style
stimple; akenium 1 -seeded, in the outer calyx, crowned by
the inner calyx. — Herb rough ; leaves petioled, rough ; ca-
lathides terminal.

Galedragon pilosus. Hairy shepherds-rod.

Leaves ovate, serrate, eared at bottom ; chaffs fringed,
lanceolate at the tip.

Dipsacus minor seu virga pastoris, Raii Syn. 192,3; Ger.em. 1168,3.
Virga pastoris, Park. 984.

Dipsacus pilosus, Lin. S. P. 141.

Small teasel.

Damp places ; perennial ; August.

Stem branched, upright ; calathides roundish ; corollee
white.

476

245, Succisa. 40. DIPSACEiEL

PL ex. cal.

ILL 245. SUCCISA. Fuchs. Devils-lit .

Pericline-scales few, equal, lanceolate, in one series ; cli-
nanthus ovate, convex, honeycombed, cells fringed ; chaffs
lanceolate, shorter than the flowers; outer calyx 4-toothed,
free, contracted above; inner 5 -toothed, teeth bristlelike,
rough ; corolla 4-cut, regular ; stamens 4 or 5$ exserted ;
stigma headed; akenium 1 -seeded, free, within the inner
calyx.— Stem herbaceous; leaves petioled ; calathides ter-
minal.

Succisa Fuchsii . Fuchs’ devils-lit .

Stem, simple, upright; leaves simple, lower and upper-
most not cut, middle-toothed ; calathides rather globular ;
cor olive 4-cut, regular.

Scabiosa radice succisa, fiore globoso, Raii Syn. 191, 3.

Morsus Diaboli, Ger. em. 726.

Morsus Diaboli vulgaris, Park. 492.

Scabiosa succisa, Lin. S. P. 142.

Fore-bit.

Fields and meadows; perennial; August.

Root truncated ; stem branched above ; root-leaves blunt,
upper leaves lanceolate ; corollce blue, violet, flesh-colour,
or white. — Herb dyes, yellow and green ; a strong decoction
alterative, used in gonorrhoea.

IV. 246. COLUMBARIA. Lobell. Field-scalious .

Pericline-scales lanceolate, equal, in one row ; clinanthus
ovate, convex, honeycombed, cells fringed; chaffs short,
lanceolate ; outer calyx free, dilated at top ; inner 5-toothed ;
teeth bristlelike, rough ; corolla 4 or 5-cut ; stamens 4 or 5,
exserted; akenium i -seeded, free, crowned by the inner
calyx.

Columbaria minor. Small field-scabious.

Root-leaves ovate, crenate ; stem-leaves pinnate, lobes
bristlelike; corolla 5-cut, radiating ; akenium 8- furrowed.

Scabiosa minor vulgaris, Raii Syn. 191, 2.

Scabiosa minor sive Columbaria, Ger. em. 719, 2.

Scabiosa minor campestris, Park. 484.

Scabiosa columbaria, Lin. S. P. 143.,

Chalky and sandy pastures; perennial ; June and July.

Stem brachiated above; leaves downy; uppermost not
cut, bristlelike.

PL ex. caL

40. DIPSACEiE. 247. Scabiosa. 477

V. 247. SCABIOSA. Brunsfel. Scabious .

P ericline-scales lanceolate, imbricate, in many series;
inner linear; clinanthus convex, hairy; chaffs 0; outer calyx
free, 4-cut ; inner m any-cut, lobes bristlelike, unequal ; co-
rolla 4 or 5-cut; stamens 4 or 5, exserted; akenium 1 -seeded*
4-sided, free, crowned with the inner calyx.

Scabiosa arvensis, Field scabious .

Stem branched, hispid ; leaves pinnatifid-cut ; corolla

4- cut, radiating.

Scabiosa major communior folio laciniato, Rail Syn. 191, 1.

■Scabiosa major vulgaris, Ger. em. 719, 1.

Scabiosa vulgaris pratensis. Park. 484.

Scabiosa arvensis, Lin. S. P. 143.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; July.

Stem 3 feet high, hairy, hairs deflexed ; corolla light
purple or white.

|3. integrifolia . Leaves not cut.

y. cequalis . Inner flowers , same length and shape as
the outer.

Fam. VI. 41. VALERIANEiE. De Candolle. Dipsace -

arum pars9 Jussieu.
Calyx adherent to the ovary, 5-cut, upright or pappose;
pappus revolute ; corolla tubular, on the tip of the ovary,

5- lobed, often unequal ; stamens 1 to 3, in the tube of the
corolla; style 1 ; stigmata 1 to 3; carcerule 1 to 3 -celled ;
cells 1 -seeded, often abortive; seeds inverse; perisperm 0;

corculum straight ; radicle above. — Stern herbaceous ;
leaves opposite ; flowers corymbose or panicled.

Calyx pappose ; pappus featherlike ;

corolla spurless Valeriana. 248.

Calyx pappose ; pappus featherlike ;

xorolla spurred Centranthus. 249.

Calyx toothed, persisting;

corolla spurless Valerianella. 250.

I. 248. VALERIANA. Pliny. Valerian .

Calyx-limb at first revolute, afterwards evolved into a
featherlike pappus ; corolla tubular, not spurred, rather
unequal : stamens 3; carcerule 1 -seeded.

478 248. Valeriana. 41. VALERIANE/E. PL ex. cal.

1. Valeriana officinalis. Shop valerian.

Leaves all pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, nearly equal,

toothed.

Valeriana sylvestris major, Rati Syn. 200, 1 j Ger. cm. 1075,2, Park .
122.

Valeriana officinalis, Lin. S. P. 45.

Great wild valerian. Capon's tail. Setwalte.

Hedges and river-sides ; perennial ; June.

Stem 4 feet high ; flowers flesh-colour ; stamens all fertile.

/3. montana. Stem slender ; leaves narrower ; root more
aromatic.

Valeriana sylvestris major montana, Dillen in Raii Syn. 200,2.

j Roots warm, bitterish, sub-acrid, strong-scented, anti-
spasmodic in doses of ^ss. to 5\j.; excellent in habitual
costiveness ; cats, and especially rats, are fond of them.

2. Valeriana Pyreniaca. Pyrenian valerian .

Stem-leaves heartshape, toothed, petioled ; uppermost

ternate, terminal, leaflets very large.

Valeriana Pyreniaca, Lin. S. P. 46.

Woods; perennial; June.

Stem 2 feet high ; flowers rose-coloured.

S. Valeriana sylvestris. Wild valerian „

Root-leaves ovate; stem-leaves lyrate, pinnate; flowers
mostly unisexual.

Valeriana sylvestris minor, Raii Syn. 200, S: Park . 122; the male.
Valeriana sylvestris seu palustris minor altera, Raii Syn. 200, 4; the
female.

Valeriana minor, Ger. em. 1075, 3.

Valeriana dioica, Lin. S. P. 44.

Marsh valerian.

Damp fields and bogs; perennial; June.

Stem 1 foot high ; flowers flesh-colour ; male, style im-
perfect, barren ; female, barren stamens at the base of the
tube ; sometimes both organs are perfect.

4. Valeriana annua. Annual valerian v

Leaves pinnatifid ; stamens 2, abortive.

Valeriana annua Clusii, Ger. em. 1077, 8^

Valeriana Calcitrapa, Lin. S. P.

Walls, naturalized; annual; July and August,

PL ex, cal. 41. VALERIANEiE. 249. Ccntranth. 479

II. 249. CENTRANTHUS. De Candolle. Centranthus.
Calyx-limb at first revolute, afterwards expanded into a

featherlike pappus; corolla tubular, spurred at the base;
limb rather unequal; stamens 1; carceruleP 1 -seeded. —
Herb smooth, entirely bald ; flowers corymbose.

Centranthus marinus. Sea centranthus .

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, edge not cut.

Valeriana rubra Dodonaei, Ger. em. 673, 1.

Valeriana marina, Rivini Monop.

Valeriana rubra, Lin. S. P. 44.

Centranthus ruber, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3.427.

Red Valerian .

Old walls and chalk-pits, naturalized ; perennial ; June
to September.

Gorymbus close, muck branched, terminal ; corolla dark
rose-red or white.

III. 250. VALERIANELLA. Coiumna. Corn-salad- .

Calyx-limb very small, 5-toothed, not becoming pappose;

corolla spurless; limb 5-lobed, irregular; stamens 3; ovary
3-celled, 2 cells mostly abortive ; carcerule or akeniopsis
1-celled, 1-seeded. — Stem forked; leaves small, not cut;
flowers terminal or axillary.

1. Valerianella olitoria. Garden corn-salad .

Leaves lanceolate, edge not cut; calyx, very small; fruit
1-seeded.

Valerianella arvensis praecox humilis semine compressor Raii Syn.

201, 1.

Lactuca agnina, Ger. em. 310, 1 ; Park. 812.

Valeriana Locusta, Lin. S. P. 47.

Fedia olitoria, Gartner Fr. et Sem. 2, 36.

Fedia calyculata, Stokes Rot. Mat. Med. 98.

Lambs' Lettuce.

Cornfields; annual; April to July.

Leaves minutely fringed ; flowers in tufts, terminal.—
Young leaves eaten as salad in spring and autumn.

serratifolia. Upper leaves serrated at the base.

Lactuca agnina latifolia, Ger. em. 330, 2.

Valeriana olitoria jS, Willd. S. P. 1, 103.

y. latifolia. Leaves elliptical, broad.

laciniata . Lower leaves jagged.

Valerianella seu lactuca agnina foliis serratis, Raii Syn. 201,2.

e. procera. Herb tall ; leaves not cut ; fruit round, swollen.
Valerianella vulgaris major, serotina, Raii Syn. 201,3.

480 250. Valerianella. 41. VALERIANEAE. PI. ex. cal.

2. Valerianella dent at a. Toothed corn-salad.

Leaves lanceolate, edge not cut; calyx 3-toothed, un-
equal, persisting ; fruit ovate, pointed, 1-seeded.

Valerianella dentata, Willd. S. P. 183.

Fedia dentata, Willd. S. P. 182.

Fields and corn-fields ; annual ; April.

Stem repeatedly forked ; flowers solitary, axillary ; calyx-
teeth 2 very short, 1 long; fruit ovate, gibbous.

j3. seiratifolia. Leaves toothed above.

Fam. VII. 42. RUBIACEiE. Jussieu.

Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-lobed ; corolla on
the ovary, tubular; limb 4 or 5-cut, regular; stamens 4
or 5, inserted into the corolla, alternating with the lobes ;
ovary 2-celled; style 1 ; stigmata 2, crowned by a nectary
of 2 semicircular glands ; dieresile 2-coccous, 2-seeded ;
cocci not dehiscent; placentarium central; seeds peltate;
corculum straight ; perisperm horny ; radicle above ; coty-
ledons leaflike. — Stem herbaceous ; root reddish ; leaves not
cut, in whirls ; flowers terminal, corymbose ; corolla white,
yellow or red.

Fruit dry, crowned cor. funnelshape Sherardia. 251.

Fruit dry, not crowned ; cor. funnelshape Asperula. 252.

Fruit dry, not crowned ; cor. rotate, or

bellshape Galium. 253.

Fruit berrylike ; cor. bellshape Rubia. 254.

I. 251. SHERARDIA. Dillenius. Sherard.

Calyx 2 lobed ; lobes 2 or 3-toothed, persisting ; corolla
funnelshape, tube long, limb 4-cut ; fruit dry, crowned
with the calyx.- — Flowers umbelled ; umbels sessile, termi-
nal, involucrated ; involucrum many-leaved.

Sherardia arvensis. Field sherard.

Leaves 6 in a whirl ; flowers terminal, sessile, umbelled ;
involucrum 8-leaved.

Rubeola arvensis repens caerulea, Raii Syn. 225, 1.

Sherardia arvensis, Lin. S. P. 149.

Littlefield madder.

Corn-fields ; annual ; April to September.

Herb diffuse, bald or hairy; leaves pointed, keel and edge
rough ; corolla purplish blue.

Pi. ex. cal.

42. RUBIACEi®. 252. Asperula. 481

II. 252. ASPERULA. Dodonseus. Woodroffe »

Calyx very small; corolla funnelshape, 4-cut; tube long;

fruit dry, corklike. — Flowers panicled or umbelled, ter*
minal.

a. Asperuke. Flowers white; fruit hispid .

1. Asperula odorata. Sweet woodroffe ,

Leaves lanceolate, 7 to 9 in a whirl ; flowers in bundles,

peduncled; fruit hispid.

Asperula, Raii Syn. 224, 1 ; Ger. em. 1124, 1.

Asperula, sive Aspergilla odorata, Park. 563.

Asperula odorata, Lin. S. P. 150.

Woodrowe. Woodrowe.ll,

Woods and pastures ; perennial; May.

Root creeping; stem upright, panicle forked in threes;
corolla white. — While drying exhales a pleasant fragrance,
like new hay.

b. Synanchicse. Flower reddish; fruit laid.

2. Asperula minor . Small woodroffe*.

Stem ascending, firm; leaves linear; upper leaves op-
posite, large, unequal ; cor olive all 4-cut.

Rubeola vulgaris quadrifolia lasvis, floribus purpurantibus, Raii Syn,
225, 1.

Synanchica Hist. Plant. Lugdunensis, Ger. em. 1120,5.

Asperula repens Gesneri, seu Saxifraga altera Cmsalpini, Park. 453 ,
Asperula cynanehica, Lin. S. P. 151.

Squinancy wort.

Dry chalky places ; perennial; June.

Root fibrous ; stem procumbent at bottom, afterwards
ascending ; leaves or bracteae ovate ; flowers umbelled ;
corolla flesh-colour, scented.

III. 253. GALIUM. Dioscorides. Cheese-rennet .

Calyx very small ; corolla rotate or bellshape, 4-cut ;

fruit dry, globular.

a. Corolla yellow ; fruit laid.

L Galium verurn . • True cheese-rennet .

leaves 8 in a whirl, linear, furrowed, rough above, edge
not cut ; flowering branches short, many-flowered.

Galium luteum, Raii Syn. 224, 1 ; Ger. em. 1126, 1 ; Park. 564.

Galium verum, Lin. S. P. 155.

Ladies' bedstraw. Our lady's bedstraw. Maid's hair. Petty muguet.

Hedges and woodsides ; perennial ; July and August.

Root dark green, creeping; stem ascending; panicle much
branched, contracted ; flowers smell like honey.— Root dyes
VOL. II. 2 i

482 253. Galium, 42. RUBIACEiE. PI. ex. cal

a fine red; flowers antispasmodic, with alum dye a fine
yellow, and coagulate milk when boiled in it.

2. Galimn crucialum . Crossed cheese-rennets

Stem simple at top, hairy; leaves 4< in a whirl, ovate,

hirsute, 3-ribbed ; peduncle 2-leaved ; flowers polygamous ;
corolla 4-cut.

Cruciata, Rail Syn. 223, 1 ; Ger.eni. 1123, 1.

Cruciata vulgaris, Parle. 566.

Valantia cruciata, Lin. S. P. 149.

Galium Cruciata, Scop. Cam. 1, 100.

Crosswort. Mugweed.

Woods and hedges ; perennial ; May.

Stem weak; leaves soft, light green, deflected when in
fruit; flowers corymbose.

3. Galium spurium . Bastard cheese-rennet.

Stem bent back, prickly; leaves 6 or 8 in a whirl, edge

prickly; prickles bent back ; peduncles cymose, axillary ; fruit
upright, entirely smooth ; seed kidneyshape.

Galium spurium, Lin. S. P. 154.

Fields; annual; June and Jply.

Corolla greenish ; ovary quite smooth ; fruit upright, or
not bent back.

4. Galium tricorne . Three-horned cheese-rennet.

Stem trailing, simple ; leaves 6 or 8 in a whirl, lanceo-
late; edge bent back, prickly; peduncles axillary, 3 -flowered ;
fruit drooping, tubercular.

Aparine semine Iffiviore, Rail Syn. 225, 2.

Aparirse loevis, Park. 567.

Galium spurium, Huds. FI. Angl. 68.

Galium tricorne, With. Bot. Arr. 153.

Valantia spuria, Persoon Syn. 129.

Fields ; annual ; July.

b. Corolla white; fruit laid , not tulercled .

5. Galium palustre . Marsh cheese-rennet „

Stem depressed, 4-sided, above branched, smooth ; leaves

4 or 6 in a whirl, reverse ovate, blunt, unequally.

Mollugo vulgatior minor, Raii Syn. 224, 2 ; Park. 565.

Galium album, Ger. em. 1126, 2.

Galium palustre, Lin. S. P. 153.

White ladies' bedstraw.

Fields and pastures; perennial; July.

Leaves mostly rough on the edges ; peduncles umbelled,
3 -forked, 3 -flowered.

PI, ex, cal.

42. RUBIACEAE. 253. Galium.

483

6. Galium Witheringii. Withering’s cheese-rennet ,

Stem upright, simple, rough ; leaves 5 in a whirl, lan-
ceolate, reflexed, fringed, awned.

Galium montanum, With. Bot.Arr. 187 ; not of Linnaeus.

Galium Witheringii, Smith FI. Brit, 174.

Damp mountain heaths ; perennial ; July.

Stem 9 inches high ; panicles terminal, forked ; flowers
before opening purplish, afterwards white ; anthers red.

7. Galium vulgar e. Common cheese-rennet.

Stem weak, angular, branched ; branches very much

spread ; leaves 8 in a whirl, ovate, linear, much spread,
xnucronate, edge rough \ flowers panicled; panicles spread.

Mollugo vulgatior, Raii Syn. 223, 1 ; Park. 565.

Rubia sylvestris, Ger. em. 1118.

Galium Mollugo, Lin. S. P. 155.

Wild madder. Great bastard madder.

Woods and hedges; perennial; July and August.

Stem 4 feet high, rather smooth, thick above the joints ;
leaves rather bald ; panicles forked, much branched.

/3. scabrum. Stem and leaves pubescent.

Galium scabrum, With. Bot. Arr. 190; not of Jacquin.

8. Galium scabrum. Rough cheese-rennet .

Stem tufted, swollen, diffuse, ascending, tomentose at

bottom ; leaves 6 or 8 in a whirl, linear, lanceolate, rather
rough, mucronate ; lowest leaves very small, withering,
elliptical; peduncles threeforked or in threes.

Mollugo q. Galium album supinum multicaule Florae Jenensis, Raii
Syn. 224, 5.

Galium pusillum, Lin. S. P. 154.

Galium scabrum, Jacq. Austr.

Chalky hills ; perennial ; July and August.

Stems 9 inches high, rarely bald ; leaves slightly revo-
lute; uppermost bald; corolla white, not pointed ; fruit
smooth, bald.

9. Galium erectum. Upright cheese-rennet.

Stems smooth, flaccid ; leaves 6 or 8 in a whirl ; lanceo-
late, bald, bent back, acutely serrated, mucronated ; panicles
8-forked.

Galium erectum, Huds. FI. Angl. 68.

Damp fields and pastures; perennial; June and July.

Stem much branched, rather upright, panicled at top ;
leaves awned ; panicles terminal and lateral, leafy, many-
flowered ; corolla white, pointed.

2 i 2

484

253. Galium. 42. RUBIACEAE.

PI. ex. cql.

10. Galium uliginosum. Marsh cheeses ennet .

Stem branched, weak, angles aculeated; leaves 6 or 8 in
a whirl, stiff, lanceolate, mucronated, bent back, serrate ;
serratures aculeated.

Aparine palustris minor Farisiensis, flore albo, Dillen in Rail Syn.
225,3.

Galium uliginosum, Lin. S. P. 133.

Watery places and damp pastures; perennial; August,
Peduncles terminal, bald, 2 or 3-cut; corolla white, large;
fruit small.

c. Fruit laid , granular , or lellied .

10. Galium saxatile. Rock cheese-rennet .

Stem much branched, prostrate, bald ; leaves 6 in a
whirl, reverse ovate, blunt, mucronate ; fruit granulated.
Mollugo montana minor galio albo similis, Raii Syn. 224,4.

Galium saxatilis, Lin. S. P. 154.

Galium montanum, Huds. FI. Ang. 67.

Galium procumbens, With. Bot. Arr. 187.

Small bastard madder. Trailing goosegrass.

Heaths and mountains ; perennial ; July and August.
Root creeping; stem diffuse; leaves spreading; panicle
S-forked ; corolla milky.

0. lineare. Leaves linear.

12. Galium Anglicum. English cheese-rennet.

Stem much branched, rough; leaves 6 or 8 in a whirl,

deflected, lanceolate, mucronate, edge rough ; panicle ter-
minal ; peduncle 2-cut ; fruit granulated.

A pari ne# minima, Raii Syn. 225,4.

Galium Anglicum, Huds. FI. Angl. 69.

Least goose-grass.

Walls and sandy places ; annual ; June and July.

Root fibrous ; stem 9 inches high ; panicles few-flowered ;
corolla yellowish green.

d. Fruit rough .

13. Galium uncinatum. Hook cheese-rennet .

Stem weak, much branched; joints villous; leaves 8 in a

whirl, lanceolate, keeled, rough, bent back, prickly ‘.fruit
hairy ; hairs hooked.

Aparine, Raii Syn. 225, 1 ; Ger . an. 1122, 1.

Aparine vulgaris, Park. 567.

Galium Aparine, Lin.S. P- 157.

Goose-grass. Gooseshare. Cleavers. Claver,

Hedges and fields ; annual ; May.

PI. ex. cal.

42. RUBIACEJE. 253. Galium. 485

Root fibrous ; stem 3 feet high, brittle ; peduncles axil-
lary and terminal, simple or 2-cut; corolla white, small. —
Branches used as a sieve to strain milk ; a favourite food of
young geese; juice antiscorbutic; seeds roasted for coffee.

] 4. Galium boreale. Northern cheese-rennet .

Stem upright, rough; leaves 4 in a whirl, lanceolate,
3-ribbed, bald ; fruit hispid, rather scaly.

MoTlugo montana erecta quadrifolia, Raii Syn. 224,3,

Galium boreale, Lin. S. P. 156.

Crosswort madder.

Alpine rocks ; perennial ; July.

Root creeping ; leaves unequal ; panicle 3-forked ; corolla
milkwhite.

IV. 254. RUBIA. Pliny. Madder.

Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla bellsliaped, spread out, 4 or
5-lobed ; stamens 4 or 5 ; fruit fleshy, bald, rather round.

1. Ruhia tinctorum. Dyers' madder.

Stem rough ; leaves annual, usually 6 in a whirl ; corolla

usually 4-cut; lobes oblong, rather callous.

Rubia tinctorum, Raii Syn. 223, 2; Ger. em. 1118, 1 : Lin. S. P. 158.
Rubia major sativa, sive hortensis, Park. 274.

Red madder.

Cultivated; perennial; May to August.

Root red ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, rough above ; calyx
scarce any. — Root emmenagogue ; dyes a fine red colour.

2. Rubia peregrina . Foreign madder.

Stem rough ; leaves perennial, 4 or 6 in a whirl, ellipti-
cal; above smooth, shining; corolla 5-cut; lobes mucronate,
awned.

Rubia sylvestris aspera, quae sylvestris Dioscoridis, Raii Syn. 223, 1.
Rubia minima, Ger, em. 1 120, 6.

Rubia syfvestris, Park. 274.

Rubia peregrina, Lin. S. P. 158.

Rubia Anglica, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 54.

Rubia tinctorum 1, With. Bot.Arr. 193.

Wild madder. Six-leaved madder.

Dunghills and fields ; perennial; June and July.

Root creeping ; stem branched, trailing, perennial; leaves
dark green; panicles forked, terminal; corolla yellowish.

486

43. CAPRIFOLIACEiE.

PL ex. cal.

Fam. VIII. 43. CAPRIFOLIACEIE. De Candolle.

Caprifolia . Jussieu.

Calyx 1 -leaved, adherent to the ovary, rarely free, 4 or
5-cut, generally with 2 or 3 bracteae at the base; corolla on
the ovary, regular, 1 -petal, 4 or 5-cut, or 4 or 5 petals, en-
larged at bottom, often soldered ; stamens as many as the
lobes or petals, alternating with them; ovary 1, many-
cell ed ; style 1 or 0; stigma 1 to 3; fruit a berry or nucu-
lanium, 1 or many-celled, often crowned; seed pendent;
perisperm fleshy ; corculum small, in the tip of the peri-
sperm ; radicle above. — Stem shrubby ; leaves opposite ;
flowers axillary or terminal, corymbose.

Calyx bracteated ; corolla 1-petaled;
stamens 4, 2 short Linnasa. 2 55.

Cal. bracteated; cor. 1-pet. irreg. ;
stam. 5 ; style 1 ; peduncles 2-flowered . . Xylosteon. 2 56.

Cal. bracteated; cor . 1-pet. irreg.;
stam, 5; style 1; peduncle l-flowered Periclymenum. 257.

Cal. bracteated; cor. 1-pet. reg.;
stam. 5; style 0; berry 1- seeded;
flowers all fertile Viburnum. 258,

Cal . bracteated ; cor. 1-pet. reg. ;
stam. 5 ; style 0 ; berry 1 -seeded ;
flowers outer barren Opulus. 259.

Cal. bracteated; cor. 1-pet. reg.;
stam. 5 1 style 0 ; nuculanium 5-seeded .. Sambucus. 260,

Cal. bracteated ; corolla 4-petaled ;
nuculanium 4 or 5-seeded Ilex. 263.

Bmctece 0; corolla 4-petaled;
drupe naked; nut 2-celled Cornus. 261.

Bractece 0 ; corolla 5-petaied ;
berry crowned, 5-seeded Hedera. 262,

A. Cafrifoliaceas verje. Calyx bracteated ;
corolla 1-petaled; style simple.

I. 255. LINNflEA. Haller. Linne .

Calyx 5-cut, bracteated ; bractece 2 or 4, persisting ; co-
rolla bellshape, 5-lobed; stamens 4, 2 shorter than the
others; stigma globose; berry dry, ovate, 3-celled; cells
2-seeded. — Stem woody, creeping; leaves opposite, ever-
green ; surculi upright, above naked, 2-flowered,

PL ex. cal. 43. CAPRI FOLIACE/E. 255. Linnaea. 487

Linncea borealis. Northern ! nne.

Leaves roundish, crenated.

Campanula serpyllifolia Bauhin Prod. 35.

Linnaea, 299, Haller Hist. 1, 131.

Linnaea borealis, Lin. S. P. 880.

Dry alpine woods ; perennial ; May and June.

Stem prostrate, long, creeping ; leaves petioled ; flowers
drooping; corolla red or white, variegated, smells at night
like meadow-sweet.

II. 256. XYLOSTEON. Rivinus. Upright-honeysuckle.

Calyx 5-toothed; corolla tubular, tube swollen at bot-
tom ; iimb 5 -cut, unequal ; stamens 5 ; filaments long, woolly;
stigma globose ; berry separate, connate at bottom, 2-celled,
many-seeded; or united into 1 with 2 umbilici. — Stem
shrubby, upright ; leaves opposite, petioled ; peduncles axil-
lary, 2-flowered.

Xylosleon dumetorum . Bush upright-honeysuckle.

Leaves not in the least cut, downy ; pedicells perpendi-
cular; berries distinct.

Periclymenum rectum Germanicum, Ger. em. 1294,2.

Periclymenum rectum flore rubro, Park. 1462.

Xylosteum, Rivinus Monop. irr. 120.

Lonicera Xylosteum, Lin. S. P. 248.

Lonicera pabescens, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 372.

Dry bushy places ; shrubby; May.

Stem 8 feet high ; leaves ovate, soft ; corolla yellow ;
upper leaf 4-cut ; lower strapshape, not cut ; bractece linear,
spreading. — Stem bored for tobacco-pipes; wood hard^used
for teeth of rakes.

III. 257. PERICLYMENUM. Dioscorides. IVoodbine.

Calyx 5-toothed ; bractece 2 ; corolla tubular, 5-cut, ir-
regular, 2-lipped; stamens 5, as long as the corolla; stigma
globose ; ^berries distinct, 3-celled, many-seeded. Stem
ligneous, twining ; leaves deciduous, often connate ; flowers
sessile, terminal and capitate or axillary, whirled, 6-flowered.

1. Periclymenum perfoliatum. Thorowleaved woodbine.

Upper leaves united at bottom, perfoliated ; flowers in
whirls ; calyx scarcely cut.

Periclymenum perfoliatum, Ger. em. 891,2.

Periclymenum perfoliatum give Italicum, Park'. 1460.

Lonicera Caprifolium, Lin. 8. P. 247.

Italian honeysuckle ,

488 257. Pericl. 43. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. PL exi caL

Woods ; shrubby ; May and June.

Leaves ovate, blunt, not in the least cut, bald; corolla
yellowish red at the bottom, odoriferous.

2. Perklymenum vulgare. Common woodline .

Leaves distinct ; flowers in heads, imbricate ; calyx five-?
toothed.

Caprifolium Germanicum, Rail Syn. 458, 1.

Periclymenum, Ger. em. 891, 1.

Periclymenum seu Caprifolium vulgare, Park. 1460.

Lonicera Periclymenum, Lin. S. P. 247.

Common honeysuckle. Caprifoly.

Woods and hedges; shrubby; May to July.

Leaves ovate, not in the least cut, slightly downy ; corolla
red on the outside, yellowish inside ; upper lip 3-cut, lower
2-cut.

0. quercifolium. Leaves sinuated.

Caprifolium nop perfoliatum, foliis sinuosis, Raii Syn. 458,2.

B. Calyx bracteated ; corolla I'-petaled ; style 0 ; stigmata 3.

IV. 258. VIBURNUM. Varro. Wayfaring tree.

Calyx small, 5-cut; corolla bellshape, 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ;

style 0 ; stigmata blunt; berry naked, 1-seeded; seed com-
pressed.— Leaves opposite, clothlike ; petioles naked ; flowers
umbelled, corymbus terminal, all hermaphrodite; berries
black.

Viburnum farinosum . Mealy wayfaring-tree .

Leaves heartshape, serrate, veined, beneath clothlike.
Viburnum, Raii Syn. 460, 1 ; Park. 1448.

Lantana sive Viburnum, Ger. em. 1490.

Viburnum Lantana, Lin . S. P. 384.

Viburnum farinosum, Stokes Rot. Mat. Med. 168,

Pliant mealy-tree . Cotton-tree.

Woods and hedges, in chalky soils ; tree ; May,

Leaves downy ; down radiated.-?— Bark affords birdlime ;
berries astringent.

V. 259. OPULUS. Ruellius. Gueldres-rose ,

Calyx small, 5-cut; corolla bellshape, 5-lobed; stamens 5;

berry naked, 1-seeded; seed compressed. — Leaves opposite;
petioles leafy at bottom, glandular at the tip ; flowers um»,
belled ; corymbus terminal ; outer flowers radiating, irre-
gular, barren ; inner hermaphrodite ; berries red.

PL ex, cal. 259. Opulus. 43. CAPRI FOLIACEAL 489

Opulus palustris. Marsh Gueldres-rose ,

Leaves bald, 3-lobed, sharply-toothed ; petioles glan-
dular.

Opulus, Rail Syn. 460, 1.

Sambucus aquatilis, sive palustris, Ger. em. 1424, 1.

Sambucus aquatica, sive palustris, Park . 209.

Viburuus Opulus, Lin. S. P. 384.

Water elder. Whitten-trce. Oppel-tree . Dwarf plane- tree.

Damp woods and hedges ; tree ; June.

VI. 260. SAMBUCUS. Pliny. Elder .

Calyx small, 5-cut ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ;
nuculanium 1 -celled ; Pyrenees, 1-seeded. — Stem herbaceous
or arborescent; leaves opposite, pinnate with an odd one,
or bipinnate, rarely 2-glandular; flowers umbellate, co-
rymb us terminal ; berry black.

a. Ebulus. Stem herbaceous ; stipules leaflike ; stamens
upright; flowers pedicelled; corolla bellshape rotate .

1. Sambucus humilis. Dwarf elder ,

Stem herbaceous; leaves pinnate; leaflets lanceolate; sti-
pules petioled, leaflike, ovate ; cymes 3 or 5-parted.

Sambucus humilis seu Ebulus, Rail Syn. 461,4.

Ebulus sive Sambucus humilis, Ger. em. 1426; Park. 209,

Sambucus Ebulus, Lin. S. P. 385.

Sambucus herbacea, Stokes Rot. Mat. Med. 170,

Danewort. Wallwort,

Ruins and waysides ; perennial ; July.

Root creeping ; stem simple, upright ; leaves dark green,
serrated, leaflets equal at the base, glandular. — Root vio-
lently cathartic in doses of 5js.; leaves drive away mice,
and are supposed to prevent disease in swine if used as
litter; berries dye blue.

b. Stem arborescent ; stipules 0 ; stamens divaricating ;

flowers nearly sessile ; corolla rotate.

2. Sambucus niger. Black elder .

Stem arborescent ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate, ser-
rated ; cymes 5 or 7-par ted.

Sambucus, Rail Syn. 461, 1 ; Ger. em. 1422.

Sambucus vulgaris. Park. 207,

Sambucus nigra, Lin. S. P. 385.

Common elder.

Woods and hedges tree; June.

/

490 260. Sambuc. 43. CAPRIFQLIACEiE. PL ex. cal*

Stem arborescent, much branchy; leaflets mostly 5, bald;
berry globose, blood-purple. — Plant narcotic, wood hard,
tough, yellow ; inner bark purgative, acrid, and in small
doses diuretic ; leaves purgative, drive away insects ; flowers
in decoction diaphoretic, and expectorant, used to flavour
vinegar, deleterious to turkeys ; berries poisonous to all
poultry, laxative and diaphoretic, used to colour wines.

|3. viridis. Berries green or white.

Satnbucus acinis albis, Raii Syn. 461,2.

Sambucus fructu albo, Ger. em. 1422, 2 ; Park. 208.

White-berried elder.

y. laciniata. Leaves jagged ; berries greenish white.

Sambucus laciniato folio, Rail Syn. 461,3; Park. 208.

Sambucus laciniatis foliis, Ger. cm. 1422,3.

Parsley-leaved elder.

C. Calyx not bracteated ; corolla many-petaled ; style 1.

VII. 261. CORNUS. Pliny. Cornel.

Calyx 4-toothed ; corolla 4-petaled ; stamens 4 ; drupe not
crowned ; nut 2-celled, 2-seeded.

1 . Cornus sanguinea . Bloody cornel.
Stem arborescent ; branches upright ; leaves ovate, both

sides green ; cyme naked, depressed.

Cornus fcemina, Raii Syn. 460, 1 ; Ger. em. 1467 ; Park. 1521.

Cornus sanguinea, Lin. S. P. 171.

Wild cornel-tree. Dogberry. Hounds-tree . Honnds-berry. Prick-tim-
ber. Gatter-tree.

Woods and hedges ; shrubby ; July.

Branches opposite, dark purple ; leaves not in the least
cut; flowers white, odoriferous; drupe black .—Wood hard,
smooth, used for skewers ; leaves change to blood-red in
autumn ; drupe bitter, styptic, dyes purple, long in ripen-
ing, when ripe yield a viscid oil.

2. Cornus herb ace a. Herbaceous cornel .

Stem herbaceous ; branches binate ; leaves opposite,

sessile, distinctly ribbed ; umbells axillary, peduncles invo-
lucrated.

Chamaepericlymenurn, Raii Syn. 26 1 , 1 ; Ger. em. 1296,5; Park. 1461.
Cornus Suecica, Lin. S. P. 171.

Cornus herbacea, Hudson FI. Angl. 71.

Cornus biramis, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 221.

Dwarf cornel. Dwarf honeysuckle.

Alpine fields; perennial; June and July.

Pl. ex. cal. 43. CAPRIFOLIACEJE. 261.Cornus. 491

Root creeping; stem 4-angular, one foot high, tip 2-cut;
umbell simple, in the fork ; involucrum 4-leaved, persisting ;
flowers purplish ; drupe sweetish.

VIII. 262. HISDERA. Pliny. Ivy.

Calyx 5-toothed; corolla 5-petaled ; stamens 5, longer
than the petals ; anthers 2-forked at bottom ; style short ;
stigma simple; ovary 5- celled, cells 1 -seeded; berry only
1 -celled, crowned with the calyx. — Stem shrubby, sarmen-
tose, climbing on walls and trees ; leaves alternate, ever-
green ; petioles dilated at bottom ; flowers umbelled, terminal.

Hedera communis. Common ivy .

Leaves 5-angular, 5 dobed; uppermost ovate, swelled,
upright.

Hedera communis major and minor. Rail Syn. 459, 1.

Hedera corymbosa, Ger. em. 856, 1 .

Hedera arborea sive scandens et corymbosa communis, Park. 678.

Hedera Helix, Lin. S. P. 292.

Climbing ivy. Berrybearing ivy.

Walls and trees ; shrubby ; October.

Leaves petioled, edge not in the least cut, dark green ;
flowers green. — Root used to whet knives ; leaves nauseous,
used in the atrophy of children, and as a cover to issues
instead of a plaster; berries slightly acid, emetic and pur-
gative ; gum strong smelling, attractive of fish.

j3. sterilis. Herb trailing on the ground; leaves 3-angular;
flowers 0„

Hedera Helix, Ger. em. 857, 2; Park. 678.

Barren ivy. Creeping ivy . Ground ivy.

D. AguiFOLiACEiE. Ovary free.

IX. 263. ILEX. Pliny. ’ Holly.

Calyx very small, 4-toothed ; corolla 4-petaled, soldered
at the base; stamens 4; stigmata 4; nuculanium 1 -celled;
pyrencc 4, streaked, 1-seeded. — Stem arborescent or shrubby;
leaves alternate, evergreen, spinose ; peduncles axillary,
many, 2-bracteated.

Ilex vulgaris. Common holly.

Leaves ovate, pointed, spinous, shining, waved ; flowers
nearly umbelled.

Agrifolium, Raii Syn. 466, 1 ; Ger. em. 1338.

Agrifolium sive aquifolium, Park. 1486.

Ilex Aquifolium, Lin. S. P. 181.

Aquifolium vulgare, Gartner Fr. et Sem. 2, 72.

flutter. Holme.

S

492 263. ilex. 43. CAPRIFOLI ACEM. PI. ex. caL

Woods and hedges; tree; May.

Lower leaves thorny, upper unarmed ; nuculania scarlet,
crowned with the persisting stigmata, — Wood hard, smooth;
bark yields birdlime; berries a great resource for small
birds in winter, and are used in colic.

Fam. IX. 44. LORANTHIDEriE. Loranthece , Richard

and Jussieu.

Calyx 1 -leaved, adherent to the ovary, mostly bracteated ;
bract ece 2 or 3 ; corolla on the ovary, regular; petal 1, 4
or 5-cut ; or 4 or 5, soldered at the base ; stamens 4 or 5 ;
opposite to the lobes or petals ; ovary many-celled ; style 1 ;
stigma 1 ; fruit fleshy or dry; ovule i, attached to the apex;
perisperm fleshy ; corculum cylindrical, axile ; cotyle-
dons 2 ; radicle above, roundish, slightly elevated from the
perisperm, — Plant parasitic ; stem woody ; leaves opposite ;
stipules 0; flowers axillary or terminal? solitary or spiked.

I. 264. VI SCUM. Pliny. Misseltoe.

Monoicous or dioicous.— Calyx scaly, scales prominent,
not cut ; corolla 4-petaled, petals short, soldered at bot-
tom ; anthers 4, sessile, inserted in the middle of the petals ;
ovary connate to the edge of the calyx ; stigma 1 ; berry
globose, 1 -seeded. — Plant parasitic, shrubby or under*
shrubby ; leaves opposite, thick ; flowers axillary, sessile.

Viscum album. White misseltoe ,

Leaves lanceolate, blunt ; flower-heads axillary,

Viscum, Rail Syn. 464, 1 ; Ger, cm . 1350.

Viscum vulgare, Park. 1392.

Viscum album, Lin. S. Pr 1451.

Missel.

On trees ; shrubby ; May.

Stem much branched, jointed; leaves pale green, ligulate,
coriaceous, many-ribbed ; head few-flowered ; flowers yel-
lowish green ; receptacle fleshy ; berry white. — Leaves used
against epilepsy and other spasmodic diseases, also against
the rot in sheep ; bark and berries yield birdlime : propa-
gated by rubbing the berries on the bark of trees so as to
make them adhere. The viscum quercus of the ancient
druids, to which many magical properties were attributed,
is supposed by De Candolle not to be this plant, but the
loranthus, because he has never found the viscum growing
upon oak, although common in the countries formerly de-

PL ex. cal. 4 1* . L O R A N T HIDE M . 264. Viscum. 493

voted to the druidical religion ; and the loranthus grows
commonly on the indigenous oaks of Italy, and is there
taken for the misseltoe ; so that it is probable the loranthus
formerly grew on the oaks in the druidical countries, but
was extirpated by them, from the great use made of it in
their religious rites.

II. 265. ADOXA. Linnaeus. Moscatelh

Calyx 4 or 5-cut ; bracteae 2 or 4, scalelike ; petals 0 ;
stamens 8 or 10, alternating with the lobes of the calyx;
anthers roundish ; styles 4 or 5 ; berry globular, umbili-
cated, 4 or 5-celled ; cells 1 -seeded .—Stem herbaceous;
root-leaves biternate ; scape-leaves 2, opposite, in the mid-
dle ; head single, 5-flowered, cubical ; top-flower 5-cut,
decandrous, pentagynous ; side-flowers 4-cut, octandrous,
tetragynous.

Adoxa tuherosa. Tuberous moscatelL

Moschatellina foliis furnariee bulbosae, Rail Syn. 261, 1.

Radix cava viridi flore, Gcr. em. 1091, 10.

Ranunculus nemorosus, Moschatella dictus, Park. 226.

Alabastritis, sive denlaria minima, Park . 621.

Adoxa moschatellina, Lin. S. P. 327.

Small bunnikens holewort.

Shady places ; perennial ; April and May.

Root creeping, scaly ; flowers greenish. — An anomalous
plant scarcely referable to this or any other family.

Fam. X. 45. UMBELLIFERZE. Jussieu. Umbellate,

Linnaeus.

Flowers hermaphrodite, unisexual, or neuter, rarely
diclinous; calyx adhering to the ovary, not cut, or 5-cut;
corolla 5-petaled ; petals often unequal, radiating, not cut
or cut, inflected into a lacinule, falling off; stamens 5, sim-
ple, inserted between the calyx and the stylopodium ; an-
thers ovate, nearly round, 2-celled ; styles 2, persistent,
sitting on a stylopodium ; stylopodium dilated at bottom,
covering the ovary ; fruit 2-partible, ovules pendulous ;
spermapodium axile, usually 2-parted, thickened at bottom ;
akenia 2, vittated, or not vittated and then inodorous and
insipid ; vittce resinbearing, aromatic, enclosed in the epi-
carp under the vallecules and commissures, or in the mem-
branaceous endocarp ; seed inverted ; perisperm horny ;
coreulum small, straight; radicle above; cotyledons linear,

494

45. UMBELLIFER7E.

PI. end. caL

ovate, nearly equal. — Root fusiform ; stern mostly herba-
ceous; leaves alternate, cut, or compound, rarely undivided ;
petiole sheathing; flowers umbelled; umbells terminal or
axillary, often divided into umbellules, naked or involu-
crated or involucellated, or both.

A. Flowers regularly umbelled , white or reddish*

A. 1. Fruit ribbed , ribs naked.

a. Akenium roundish , vittated ; vittae epicarpic , dorsal and
commissural.

a. 1. Involucrum and involucella many-leaved.

Calyx 5-toothed ; petals reverse ovate, nicked ;
akenium oblong, 5-ribbed ; stylopodium scaly

Brepanopiiyllum. 27 6.

Calyx 5-toothed ; petals uncut, involute ;
akenium oblong, 5-ribbed ; ribs winged Ligusticum. 292,

Calyx 5-toothed; petals uncut, involute;
akenium oblong, 5-ribbed Pseudospermum. 293.

Calix 5-toothed ; petals uncut, broad-based ;
akenium ovate, oblong, spongy Crithmum. 283.

a. 2. Involucrum 0 or few-leaved, deciduous ; involucella
many-leaved , regular.

Petals heartshape, equal; calyx very small;
aken. oblong, 5-ribbed; involucella ovate Sium. 277.

Pet. heartshape, broad, equal ; cal. very small ;
aken. oblong, 5-ribbed ; involucella linear .. Bunium. 288.

Pet. heartshape, reverse ovate, equal ;
cal. 5-toothed ; aken. ovate, semiglobose,

5-ribbed Cicuta. 279.

Pet. heartshape, nearly equal ; lacinule short ;
aken. ovate, 5-ribbed, crowned ; rays fertile

Phellandrium. 280.

Pet . heartshape, radiating ; lacinule long ;
aken. truncate, 5-ribbed, crowned ; rays bar-
ren CEnanthe. 281.

Pet. heartshape, radiating; lacinule short;
aken. linear, awlshape, 5-ribbed ; rays barren

Chjsrophyllum. 275.

Pet. lanceolate ; calyx very small ;
aken. orbicular, laterally compressed;

umbells simple Hydrocotyle. 278.

PI ex. cal. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 495

a. 3. Involucrum 0, or few-leaved, deciduous ; involucelia

halved.

Involucelia many-leaved, erect \ petals nicked;

akenium elliptical, 5-ribbed Meum. 291.

Involucelia 3-leaved, hanging ; pet . heartshape ;
akenium ovate, 5-jugated ^Ethusa. 286.

a. 4. Involucrum and Involucelia 0.

Pet. reverse ovate, bald ; lacinule crenulate;

akenium ovate, 5-ribbed Pimpinella. 284.

Petals reverse heartshape ;

akenium linear, oblong, 5-ribbed Carum. 290,

Petals ovate, lanceolate ; lacinule acute ;
aken. ovate, 5-jugated ;flow. unisexual Trinia. 285.

b. Fruit globular , vitiated; vittce epicarpic , commissural ,

not dorsal.

Involucrum 0; involucelia 3-leaved, halved;
pet. 2-lobed, radiating; aken. hemispherical,

4-ribbed Coriandrum. 301.

c. Fruit roundish , not vitiated , inodorous , insipid.

Involucel. halved, 3-leaved; pet. rev. heartshape;

aken. ovate, 5-ribbed ; ribs crenulate Coniujvi. 287.

Involucrum and involucel. 0 ; pet. rev. ovate,
equal; aken. oblong, 5-ribbed ....... ./Egopodium. 289.

d. Fruit compressed ; vittce, endocarpic .

Involucrum and involucelia many-leaved ;
cal. 5-toothed; aken. ovate, edged; pet . rev.

heartshape, spreading Thysselinum. 295,

Involucelia many-leaved ; cal. 0 ; aken.
winged, 3-ribbed ; umbell hemispherical . . Angelica. 297.

Involucelia few-leaved ; cal. 0 ;
aken. margined, 3-ribbed ; umhell flat Imperatoria. 296.

Involucelia halved; cal. 5-lobed;
aken. fungous ; pet . ovate lanceolate,

inflected Archangelica. 298.

A. 2. Fruit ribbed; ribs armed.
a. Ribs hairy ; vittce epicarpic , dorsal and commissural.

Involucrum and involucelia many-leaved ;
calyx very small ; pet. heartshape, hirsute ;
akenium x*everse ovate, 5-ribbed ........ Libanotis. 294.

496

45. UMBELLlFERiE.

PL ex.cdh

b. Ribs bristled , glochidated ; vittee epic ar pic, dorsal and
commissural.

Akenium ovate, 5-ribbed ; prickles united
by a membrane at bottom ; invol. pinnatifid Caucus* 265a

Aken. ovate, 3-ribbed, prickly ; involucrum
not cut; pet. rev. heartshape, strigose Torilis. 268*

Aken. ovate, 5-ribbed ; prickles in 2 rows ;
involucella many-leaved Caucalis. 269 .

Aken. oblong, 7-jugate; prickles in 1
or 2 rows, alternately; involucrum and
involucella many-leaved Turgenia. 270.

c. Ribs armed , beaked ; vittee 0; inodorous , insipid.

Involucella 5-leaved, not cut ; petals equal ;
akenium beaked, 5 jugate; beak short .... Myrkhis. 274.

Involucella many-leaved, pinnatifid; pet. equal;
akenium beaked ; beak long Scandix. 273.

Involucella 3 to 5-leaved, not cut; pet. equal;
aken. awlshape, bald, beaked; beak short;
spermapodophore naked CerefoLium. 271.

Involucella 3 to 5-leaved, not cut; pet. equal;
aken . awlshape, thorny, beaked ; beak short ;
spermapodophore fringed Anthriscus. 272.

A. 3. Fruit no t ribbed.

a. Fruit compressed , armed ; vittee epicarpic , dorsal , and
commissural .

Involucrum and involucella few-leaved ;
pet . radiating ; aken . 4-vittated ; dorsal

vittee clavate Sfondylium. 299.

Involucrum and involucella many-leaved ;
pet. radiating; aken. margined, thickened ;
dorsal vittee 4, threadshape Tordylium, 300.

b. Fruit roundish , armed ; vittee endocarpic.

Involucrum and involucella many-leaved ;
aken. ovate, chaffy ; cal. 5-toothed ; pet. rev.
heartshape Sanicula. 267*

B. Flowers regularly umbelled , yellow or greenish.

a. Fruit ribbed ; ribs naked ; vittee epicarpic, dorsal, and
commissural.

Invol . 0 ; akenium oblong, 3-angular ;
albumen involute .

Smyhnjum. SOS',

VI. ex. cal.

497

45. UMBELLIFEPtiEi

Invol. 0 ; akenium ovate, 5-ribbed ;

petals involute Fceniculum. 307.

Invol. 0 ; akenium roundish, 3 -ribbed ;
petals roundish; lacinule blunt . .... Apium. 306.

Involucella many-leaved ; petals ovate ;
lacinule pointed ; ate. ovate, 5-ribbed

Petroselinum* 305.

Involucella many-leaved ; pet. incurved :;
akenium ovate, compressed, margined ;
calyx 5-lobed Peucedanum. 302.

Involucella many-leaved ; pet. incurved ;
aken . ovate, compressed ; calyx 0 Silaus. 304.

b. Fruit rilled , inodorous , insipid ; vittce 0.

Involucellum 5-leaved; akenium ovate,
oblong, 5-ribbed ; ribs 2-keeled Bupleurum. 309.

c. Fruit rilless , compressed ; vittce epicarpic , dorsal and
commissural.

Involucrum and involucella 0; pet. involute;

dorsal vittce 4, equal, acute Pastinaca. 303.

d. Fruit rilless , venulose , inodorous , insipid ; vittce 0.

Involucrum and involucella 5-leaved ;
akenium ovate ; calyx toothed Agostana. 310.

C. Flowers capitate, sessile, white ; akenium chaffy;
calyx 5-toothed .

Involucrum 3 to 5-leaved ; involucella 1-leaf,
topshape; aken . immersed in the involucella ;

flowers unisexual Echinophora. 282.

Flowers intermixed with chaffs;
aken. ovatg, hispid, chaffy Eryngium. 311.

I. 266. DAUCUS. Dioscorides. Carrot.

Involucrum and involucella many-leaved ; leaflets pinna-
tifid ; calyx 5-toothed, small ; petals nicked, unequally
2-lobed ; lacinule oblique, flexuous, keeled ; fruit ovate ;
akenium ovate ; latuscule 5-ribbed ; ribs bristly, bristles in
1 row ; vallecules 4, prickly ; prickles in a single row, con-
nected at bottom by a melnbrane containing vittse ; sperma-
podium simple, bristlelike. — Umlells m any-rayed, flat when
flowering;.

VOL. ii. 2 k

498 266. Daucus. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. PI. ex, cal.

1 . Daucus vulgaris, . ' Common carrot.

Stem and leaves hispid ; petioles ribbed underneath ;

lobes of the leaflets slender, linear, pointed ; umbells when
in fruit concave ; prickles of the akenia bald, hooked at
the tip.

Daucus vulgaris, Raii Syn „ 218, 2.

Pastinaca sylvestris tenuifolia, Ger.em. 1028, 1; Park. 902.

Staphylinus, Rivinus Pent. 28.

, Daucus Carota, Lin. S. P, 348.

Caucalis Carota, Hudson FI. Angl. 11 4.

Wild carrot . Bird's nest. Bee's nest.

Edges of fields; annual; June and July.

Root fusiform; leaves tripinnate; flowers white; of the
centre blood-colour. — Seeds diuretic, carminative, and their
infusion useful in gravelly complaints.

ft polygamus. Marginal flowers of the umbels mostly
male ; akenium yellow ; prickles very large.

y. maritimus. Leaves dark glossy green, hairy ; seg-
ments deeply cloven ; flowers all white.

Daucus maritimus, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 1, 634.

& flavus . Roots large, deep yellowr, or white.

Daucus sativus radice lutea et alba, Raii Syn. 218, 1.

Pastinaca saliva tenuifolia, Ger. em.

Pastinaca tenuifolia sativa lutea, Park. 902.

Yellow carrots.

Cultivated; biennial; June and July.

s, atro-rubens . Roots large, blackish red.

Daucus sativus radice atrorubente, Raii Syn. 218, 1.

Pastinaca sativa atrorubens, Ger. em. 1027.

Pastinaca sativa altera atrorubens, Park. 901.

Red carrots. Black carrots.

Cultivated in deep rich soils ; bieynial ; June and July.

Roots of both these cultivated varieties saccharine, nu-
tritive, to man and beast; but when horses are kept upon
them for some time they induce haematuria ; in poultices
they abate the pain and foetor of foul and cancerous ulcers.

2. Daucus P maritimus. Sea-carrot .

Stem wToolly, scored ; leaflets dilated, fleshy, rounded,

hirsute ; umbell when in fruit convex.

Daucus maritimus, Withering Bot. Arr. 290; not of Lamarck.

Daucus Carota y, Smith FI. Brit. 300.

Rocks on the sea-coasts ; annual ; July and August.

Stem 2 feet high ; leaves woolly, ' leaflets cloven, broad,
round at the end, curled; involucrum pinnatifid; involu-
cella cut or not cut ; akenium with 4 large deeply toothed
ridges, and 3 small intervening ones ; teeth flat.

PL ex . cal. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 267. Sanicula. 499

IL 267. SANICULA. Brunsfel. Sa?iicle9

Involucrum pinnatifid ; involucella many-leaved ; flowers
glomerate ; calyx 5-toothed ; petals equal, reverse heart-
shape ; lacinule lanceolate, channelled, toothed at the tip ;
fruit round, crowned with the calyx and long reflexed style ;
akenium ovate, covered with hooked spines ; spermapodium 0;
vittce many, epicarpic.

Sanicula Europea . European sanicle .

Stem leafless; leaves 5-lobed; lobes 3-cut, toothed ; flowers
all nearly sessile.

Sanicula sive Diapensia, Rail Syn. 221, 1 ; Ger. em. 948, 1.

Sanicula vulgaris sive Diapensia, Park. 532.

Sanicula europaea, Lin. S. P. 339.

Astrantia Diapensia, Scop . Cam. 2, 304.

Caucalis Sanicula, Crantz 228.

Woods and copses; perennial; May.

Root fleshy; stem 18 in. high; leaves petioled, bald; um-
bell-rays unequal, often branched ; flowers whitish, uniform,
hermaphrodite and female fertile, male barren ; female
flowers often apetalous.

III. 268. TORILIS. Adanson. Hedge-parsley .

Involucrum 1 to 5-leaved ; involucella 5 to 8-leaved ;
leaves adpressed ; calyx 5-toothed, persisting, equal ; petals
reverse-heartshape, 2-lobed, strigose ; lacinule short, chan-
nelled, lanceolate ; fruit ovate ; akenium ovate, slender
above ; latuscule 3-ribbed ; vallecules 4, 4-vittated ; ribs and
vallecules covered with bristles and prickles; prickles
rough, distinct ; spermapodium threadshape, bristlelike,
slightly 2-cut; spermapodophore fringed, hairs adpressed.

a. Umbells terminal ; akenium equally muriated.

1. Torilis rubella. Red hedge-parsley .

Involucrum and involucella 5-leaved ; prickles of the ake-
nium incurved, rough, apiculated.

Caucalis minor flosculis rubentibus, Rail Syn . 219,4; Ger . em. 1022, 5,

Caucaulis minor flore rubente, Park. 921.

Tordylium Anthriscus, Lin. S. P. 346.

Caucalis Anthriscus, Hudson FI. Angl. 114.

Torilis Anthriscus, Sprengler Umbel. 24.

Torilis rubella, Mcench Meth. 143.

Hedges; annual; July.

Stem upright, 2 feet high, hairy, hairs deflexed ; leaves
bipinnatifid; umbells terminal, many-cut, crowded ; fruit
violet at the tip.

2 k 2

500 268. Torilis. 45. UMBELLIFER^. FI. ex. cal

2. Torilis infesta. Troublesome hedge-parsley .

Involucrum 1-leaved, or 0 ; prickles of the fruit turned to

the base, rough, glochidated ; terminal leaflet largest.

Caucalis segeturn minor, anthrisco hispido similis, Raii Syn. 220,5.
Scandix infesta, Liu. Syst. Nat. ed. 12,732.

Caucalis arvensis, Hudson FI. Angl. 113,

Caucalis infesta, Curtis FI. Lond.

Caucaulis Helvetica, Jacq. Hort. Find, 3, 16.

Spreading corn-parley. Corn hensfoot.

Fields and waysides; annual; July.

Stem 18 inches high, knotty, much branched; branches
divaricating; umbells terminal; rays many, crowded.

b. Umbells lateral , opposite to the leaves; seeds unequally
muricated.

3. Torilis nodosa. Knotted hedge-parsley .

Stem prostrate ; umbells and fruit nearly sessile, lateral ;

prickles of the outside fruits hooked, glochidated; of the
central fruits warty, scaly.

Caucalis nodosa echinato semine, Raii Syn. 220,6; Ger. em. 1022,6;
Parle . 921.

Tordylium nodosum, Lin. S. P. 346.

Caucalis nodosa, Huds. FI. Angl. 114.

Torilis nodosa, Gcertner Fr. et Sem. 1, 82.

Caucalis nodiflora, De Candolle FI, Gall. 3512.

Knotted parsley.

Edges of fields on chalk or sand ; annual ; May and June
Stem branched, rough ; leaves glaucous, bipinnate ; leaf-
lets cut.

IV. 269. CAUCALIS. Hippocrates. Hens-foot .

Involucrum 1 -leaved; involucella 3 to 8-leaved; leaves
lanceolate, spread; calyx 5-toothed; 2 larger, lanceolate,
exserted ; petals 2-lobed ; lacinule short, heartshape, lan-
ceolate ; fruit oval ; akenium oblong, ovate ; latuseule three-
ribbed; vallecules 4-vittated, jugate, prickly; prickles in
2 rows, jugate or connate; spermapodium bristly, com-
pressed, cut at the tip ; spermapodophore scrobiculate.

Caucalis dctucoides. . Carrot hens-foot #

Involucrum 3 to 5-leaved ; akenium-prickles ovate, hooked,
bald.

Caucalis tenuifolia, flosculis subrnbentibus, Raii Syn. 219, 1.

Caucalis albis flnribus, Ger. em. 1021, 1.

Caucalis tenuifolia purpurea. Park. 920.

Coni urn Royeni, Lin. S. P. 350.

Caucalis leptophylla, Hudson FI. Angl. 199; not of Linnaeus.

Caucalis daucoides, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 201.

Fine-leaved bur-parsley.

PL ex. cal. 45. UMBELLlFERiE. 269. Caucalis. 501

Chalky fields; annual; June.

Stem much branched; branches flexuous, divaricated;
leaves triplicato-pinnate ; ribs prickly beneath ; umbells op-
posite to the leaves, 3-rayed, naked; umbellules many-
flowered, only 3 or 4-fruited ; calyx-teeth lanceolate,
pointed, bald ; bristles on the ribs of the akenium simple.

V. 270. TURGENIA. G. F. Hoffman. Bur-parsley .
Involucrum and involucella 3 to 5-leaved ;. leaves ovate,

equal, not cut ; calyx 5-toothed, teeth short, fringed ; petals
obliquely bent, radiating, 2-lobed ; lacinule lanceolate,
keeled ; fruit oblong, gibbous ; akenium oblong, gibbous,
7-jugate; jugae prickly; prickles alternately 1 and 2 -rowed :
commissure contracted, furrowed in the middle, toothed
on the edge near the bottom, crowned ; spermapodium
bristlelike* 2-cut. — Flowers of the centre male, barren, of
the rays hermaphrodite, fertile.

Turgenia latifolia. Broad-leaved bur-parsley .

Leaves pinnate, serrated.

Caucalis arvensis echinata latifolia, Rail Syn. 219,2.

Caucalis apii foliis flore rubro, Ger. am. 1021,2.

Echinophora arvensis latifolia purpurea, Park. 920.

Caucalis Anglica flore rubente. Park. 920.

Caucalis major sature rnbent flore, Park. 919.

Tordylium lati folium, Lin. S. P. 345,

Caucalis latifolium, Lin. Syst , Vsg . ed. 12,205.

Turgenia latifolia, Hoffmann Umbell. 59.

Chalky corn-fields; annual; July.

Stem 3 feet high, rough ; leaves lanceolate, deourrent,
rough; umbells opposite to the leaves or terminal, 3 or
4-rayed, umbellules many -flower e&i flowers reddish ; fruits
4 or 5, bristled, bristles purplish,

VI. 271. CEREFOLIUM. Tabernsemontanus. Chervil .
Involucrum 0 ; involucella 3 to 5-leaved ; calyx 0 ; petals

flat, reverse ovate, reverse heartshape ; lacinule inflected,
very short, pointed; fruit ovate, oblongj akenium oblong,
awlshape, half round, bald, ribless, without vittse, beaked ;
beak short, 5-ribbed, terminated by the styles and stylo-
podium ; spermapodium bristlelike, split at top ; spermapo -
dop fiore naked.

1 . Cerefolium sylvestre. Wild chervil .

Stem furrowed, joints turned ; leaves smooth ; ribs of the
beak blunt.

502 271. Cerefol. 45. UMBELLIFER^E. PI. ex. cal

Cicutaria vulgaris, Raii Syn. 207, 1.

Cicutaria alba, Historise Lugd. Ger. em. 1038, 6.

Myrrhis sylvestris. Park. 935.

Cerefolium sylvestre, Dillen Cat. Giess. 51.

Chaerophyllum sylvestre, Lin . S. P. 369.

Anthriscus sylvestre, Hoffm. Umbell. 40.

Wild cicely. Cow-weed.

Fields and hedges ; perennial ; April and May.

Root lactescent ; stem 3 feet high, much branched ; leaves
tripinnate; leaflets acutely cut; involu cella fringed. — Roots
poisonous ; herb occasionally used as a potherb, is much
liked by cows, dyes a beautiful green ; umbells dye yellow ;
plant indicates a fruitful soil.

2. Cerefolium sativum . Cultivated chervil .

Stem smooth, bald ; akenium bald, shining ; ribs of t}ie
beak acute,

Cerefolium vulgare sativum, Ger. em. 1038, 1.

Scandix Cerefolium, Lin. S. P. 368.

Chasrophyllum sativum, Geertner Fr. et Sem. 1, 23.

Chaerophyllum Cerefolium, Crantz. Austr. 191.

Cerefolium sativum, Besser FI. Gall. 1, 218.

Fields, also cultivated ; annual ; July.

Herb shining, pale ; stem 2 feet high, branchy ; leaves
bipinnate, cut ; umbells terminal and lateral, nearly sessile,
4 or 5-ray ed. — Herb slightly aromatic, used in salads.

VII. 272. ANTHRISCUS. Pliny. Rough-chervil .

Involiicrum 0 ; involucella 3 to 5-leaved ; calyx 0 ; petals
flat, reverse ovate, reverse heartshape; lacinule inflected
or very short, pointed; fruit ovate, oblong; akenium ob-
long, awlshape, half-round, ribless, muricated; vittae 0;
beak short, 5-ribbed, terminated by the stylopodium and
style; spermapodium awlshape, tip 2-cut; spermapodophore
fringed.

Anthriscus vulgarise Common rough-chervil .

Stem equal ; leaves prickly ; prickles hooked, bald.

Caucalis q. Myrrhis sylvestris seminibus asperis C. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 1
220,7.

Cerefolium sive Myrrhis aequicoloruari nova, Ger. em. 1038, 5.

Myrrhis sylvestris Neapolitans, atque etiam Anglicana, Park. S35,

Scandix Anthriscus, Lin. S. P. 36S.

Caucalis Scandix, Scop. Cam. 2,312.

Chaerophyllum Anthriscus, Villars Delph. 643.

Caucalis scandicina, Roth Germ. 2,312.

Anthriscus vulgaris, Persoon Syn. 1,320.

Anthriscus Caucalis, Marsch. FI, Taur. Cauc. 1, 280.

Small hemlock chervil.

PL ex . ctil. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 272. Anthrisc. 503

Hedges and ruins ; annual ; May.

Stem 3 feet high, shining; leaves light green, hirsute,
tripinnate ; leaflets lobed ; umhells lateral and terminal, 4 or
5-ray ed. — Herb a warm salad.

VIII. 273. SCANDIX. Theophrastus. Shepherd s-needle .
Involucrum 0 ; involucella jagged ; petals nearly equal,

reverse ovate; lacinule inflected, pointed; fruit oblong,
ribbed, compressed, beaked ; beak very long ; valves open-
ing contrary to the parting of the fruit; spermapodium
bristlelike; spermapodophore supported by 2 appendages.

Scandioc vulgaris. Common shepherd s-needle.

Leaves bipinnate; leaflets pinnatifid; lobes linear, lan-
ceolate, mucronulate ; involucella cut.

Scandix semine rostrato vulgaris, Raii Syn. 207, 1.

Pecten Veneris, sive Scandix, Ger.em. 1040, 1.

Scandix vulgaris, sen Pecten Veneris, Park. 916.

Scandix Pecten Veneris, Lin. S. P. 368.

Scandix Pecten, Persoon Syn. 3 19.

Venus’ comb. Our lady’s comb. Needle chervil.

Corn-fields; annual; June and July.

Stem spreading ; leaves smooth ; umhells terminal, 2 or
3-rayed.

IX. 274. MYRRHIS. Dioscorides. Cicely.

Involucrum 0; involucella many-leaved; petals unequal,

reverse ovate, 2-lobed; lacinule short, subulate; fruit ob-
long, beaked; beak l-4th its length; akenium 5-jugated,
ending in an awlshape stylopodium; spermapodium com-
pressed, bristlelike, 2-cut.

Myrrhis odorata. Sweet cicely .

Cerefolium magnum, sive Myrrhis, Ger. em. 1039, 3.

Myrrhis major vulgaris, sive Cerefolium majus, Park. 935.

Scandix odorata, Lin. S. P. 368.

Odorata, Rivinus Pent. 56.

Chasrophyllum odoratum, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 1, 683.

Myrrhis odorata, Allioni Pedem. 2, 28.

Great chervil. Myrrhe. Sweet chervil.

Mountainous fields ; perennial ; May.

Root aromatic; stem 18 in. high, streaked; leaves tri-
pinnate, pale green ; umhells terminal, m any-rayed ; ake-
nium very large, shining, brown, aromatic. — Akenia used in
the North to polish and scent floors and furniture.

504 27 5. Chaerophyl. 45. UMBELLIFERZE. PL ex. cal

X. 275. CHiEROPHYLLUM. Dioscor. Cow-parsley .

Involucrum 0 ; involucella many-leaved ; calyx 0 ; petals

nearly equal, reverse heartshape, 2-lobecl ; lacinule short,
inflected, oblique, channelled, pointed ; fruit oblong, ending
in a conical stylopodium and style; akenium linear, awl-
shape, 5-ribbed; vallecules 4-vittated; spermapodium bris-
tlelike, compressed, cut at the tip.

1. Ch(Erophyllum aureum. Golden cow-parsley.

Stem tumid, angular, pilose ; leaves pinnatifid, pointed,

cut; akenia coloured; style longer than the stylopodium^

Chaerophyllum aureum, Lin. S. P. 310.

Edges of fields; perennial; June.

Stem 3 feet high, solid, deflexed, hairy ; umbell flat ;
akenium tawny, yellowish, smooth.

2. Cheer ophy llum temulentum. Intoxicating cow -parsley .
Stem spotted, below hispid; joints tumid; leaflets ovate,

lobed, blunt.

Cerefolium sylvestre, Rail Syn. 207, 1 ; Ger. em. 1038.2; Park. 915.
Myrrhis, Rivinus Pent. 49.

Chaerophyllum temulentum, Lin. S . P. 370.

Myrrhis temula, Gcertn. Fr. et Sent. 1,22.

Chaerophyl! um temulum, Willd. S'. P. 1454.

Scandix temula, Roth Germ. 2,317.

Scaudix nutans, M conch Meth. 101,

JVild chervil.

Hedges; biennial; June and July.

Stem 3 feet high, obscurely striated; leaves bipmnate,
hirsute ; umbells drooping until they flower.

XI. 276. DREPANOPHYLLUM. Moench.

Involucrum and involucella many-leaved, mostly cut;

flowers barren and fertile ; calyx 5-toothed, unequal ; petals
pbovate, nicked, lobes equal ; lacinule channelled, tip blunt ;
stigma capitate ; fruit ovate, crowned with the calyx, scaly
stylopodium and reflected style ; akenium half-ovate, linear,
oblong, 5-ribbed; ribs blunt; vallecules 4, slender, 1-vit-
tated ; spermapodium bristlelike, 2-cut.

Drepanophyllum palustre. Marsh drepanopliyllum ,

Root-leaves nearly bipinnate; stem-leaves pinnate; leaflets
oblong, lanceolate, serrated, teeth acute, equal.

PI, ex. cal . 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 276. Drepan. 505

Sium latifolium foliis variis, Raii Syn. 211,3.

Sium majus latifolium, Ger. em. 256.

Siam lktifolium, Bauh. Pin. 15; Lin. S. P. 361.

Cojiamirium latifolium, Drantz Austr. 212.

Drepanophyllum palustre, Hoffmann TJmb. 110.

Great water parsnep. Broad-leaved water-par snep.

Bogs and rivulets; perennial; July and August.

Hoot creeping; stem angular ; leaves bald ; leaflets mostly 7,
lowermost sometimes cut; umbells terminal and lateral*
flattish. — Plant acrid ; roots supposed to be poisonous.

XII. 277. SIUM. Dioscorides. Water-par snep.

Involucrum 0, or many-leaved, deciduous ; involucella
many-leaved, ovate; calyx slightly 5-toothed ; petals equal,
reverse heartshape, nicked ; lacinule channelled, tip 2-cut,
inflected ; fruit ovate ; akenium semi-ovate, 5-ribbed ; ribs
blunt ; spermopodium bristlelike, 2-cut.

1. Sium erectum . Upright water -pax snep.

Stem upright; leaves pinnate; leaflets unequally lobed

and serrated ; umbells peduncled, opposite to the leaves.

Sium sive Apium palustre foliis oblongis, Raii Syn. 211,4.

Sium majus angustifolium, Ger. em. 256, 2.

Sium minus alternum, Parle. 1241.

Sium angustifolium, Lin, S. P. 1672.

Sium erectum, Hudson FI. Angl. ed. 1, 103.

Sium nodiflorum, Flor. Panic a, .

IS arrow-leaved water-parsnep.

Ditches and rivulets ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem streaked ; leaves quite bald ; umbells hemispherical.

2. Sium nodiflorum. Joint-flowering water-parsnep .

Stem procumbent; leaves pinnate; leaflets equal, ovate,

unequally serrated ; umbells sessile, opposite to the leaves.
Sium umbellatum repens, Raii Syn. 211, 5; Ger. em. 256,3.

Sium nodiflorum, Lin. S. P. 361.

Creeping water-parsnep.

Watery places; perennial ; July and August.

Root creeping; stem prostrate or swimming; leaflets 5
or 9, sessile ; umbells nearly sessile, 5 or 7-cut ; involucrum
deciduous. — Juice in doses of 2 to 4 oz. either alone, or
with milk, every morning, an excellent alterative in obsti-
nate cutaneous diseases.

3. Sium repens. Creeping water-parsnep .

Stem prostrate, creeping; leaves pinnate ; leaflets roundish,

toothed, incised; terminal leaflet largest, 3 -lobed ; umbells
peduncled, opposite to the leaves.

506 277. Sium. 45. UMBELLIFERtE. PLex.caL

Sium repens, Lin. Suppl. PI. 181.

Marshes and inundated bogs; perennial; June to Aug.
Leaflets roundish or wedgeshape, veiny ; umbells 4 or
5-cut.

4. Sium verticillatum. Whirled water-parsnep .

Stem upright ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets digitate, many-

cut ; lobes hairlike, divaricated, spread.

Sison verticillatum, Lin. S. P. 363.

Sium verticillatum. Smith FI. Brit. 314.

Salt marshes ; perennial ; July and August.

Root tuberculate ; tubercles many, turnipshape ; stem
slightly branched; leaves mostly radical; umbells terminal,
many-cut ; involucrum 5-leaved, deflexed ; involucella many-
leaved.

5. Sium aromaticum. Spicy water-parsnep.

Stem upright ; leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate, toothed ;

umbells upright.

Sium aromaticum Sison officinarum, Itaii Syn. 211, 1.

Petroselinum Macedonicum Fuchsii, Ger. em. 1016, 1.

Sison vulgare, vel Amomum Gerrnanjcura, Park. 914.

Sison Amomum, Lin. S. P. 362.

Sium Amomum, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3456.

Bastard stone-parsley. Hedge honewort.

Damp chalk or clay soils; annual; August.

Stem 2 feet high, much branched ; uppermost leaflets
slenderest, sometimes pinnatifid; umbells terminal, 4-cut,
upright while flowering.

6. Sium segetum . Harvest luater-parsnep .

Stem upright; leaves pinnatifid; leaflets many, roundish,

toothed ; umbellules drooping.

Sium arvense sive segetum, Raii Syn. 211,2.

Selinum sii foiiis, Ger. em. 1018.

Selinum segetale, Park . 932.

Sison segetum, Lin. S. P. 362.

Stum segetum, De Candolle FI. Gall. 355.

Honewort. Corn-parsley.

Damp chalky corn-fields ; annual; August.

Stem branched; leaflets ovate; terminal 3-cut; umbells
terminal, 2 or 3-cut; umbellules 4 or 5-flowered.

7. Slum inundatum . Inundation water-parsnep.

Stem creeping; lower leaves submersed, many-parted,

hairlike, upper leaves pinnatifid, cut; umbells 2 or 3-rayed.

3

PL ex. cal. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 277. Sium. 507

Sium pusillum foliis variis, Raii Syn . 212, 6.

Sis >n inundatum „ Lin . S. P. 363.

Hydrocotyle inunda 0 m, Smith FI. Brit. 290.

Least water-par snep . f loating white-root.

Standing water and inundations; annual; May.

Stem floating; leaves decompound; upper leaflets oblong,
3-cut or pinnate: umlells 2-cut, peduncled, opposite to
the leaves; umbellules 5-flowered.

XIII. 278. B YDROCOTYLE. Tournef. Marsh-pennywort.
Umlells simple, pedicelled ; involucrum 2 or 4-leaved;

calyx 0; petals 5, lanceolate, equal; lacinule inflexed, acute;
fruit orbicular, compressed sideways, gibbous ; akenium
circular, lenticular ; ' edge thin ; ribs 3, blunt ; vallecules
very broad.

Hydrocotyle vulgare. Common marsh-pennywort.

Leaves peltate, orbicular, crenate; umlells 5 or S-flowered.
Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Raii Syn. 222, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 338.

Cotyledon palustris, Ger.em. 529, 5.

Water pennywort. Sheepkilling pennygrasse. Pennyrot. While rot.
Flowkwort.

Bogs and watery places ; perennial ; May and June.

Stem creeping ; leaves opposite, petioled, limb horizon-
tal, pale green, shining ; peduncles axillary, solitary, or in
pairs; Iractece 2, ovate, scariose; umlells often proliferous.
- — Supposed to render sheep dropsical, or rot them.

XIV. 279. CICUTA. Pliny. Cow-lane .

Involucrum 0, or few-leaved ; involucella many-leaved ;

calyx 5-toothed; petals reverse ovate, heartshape; lacinule
lanceolate, pointed ; fruit roundish, crowned ; akenium
ovate, semiglobose, beaked ; ribs 5, torulose ; dorsal valle-
cules convex, 1-vittated; commissural 2-vittated, in a mem-
brane ; spermapodium 2-parted ; spermapodophore very
short, within the base of the akenia.

Cicuta virosa. Poisonous cowlane.

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets bald, lanceolate, serrate ; umlells
opposite to the leaves ; fruit 2-globular.

Sium alterum oiusatri facie, Raii Syn. 212, 1 ; Ger. em. 256, 4.

Sium majus alterum angustifolium, Park. 1241.

Cicutaria, Rivinus Pent. reg.

Cicuta virosa, Lin. S. P. 366. *

Cicuta aquatica, De Cand. FI. Gall. 3438.

Coriandrum Cicuta, Roth Germ. ISO.

Long-leaved watcrcrcsses. Long-leaved water -hemlock. Water cowbane.

508 279. Cicuta. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. Pi. ex. cah

Ditches and river-sides; perennial; August.

Root tuberous; juice yellowish; stem 3 feet high, light
green; leaves 2 or 3-pinnate ; uppermost pinnate; umbells
many rayed, convex.-- Poisonous to mankind and kine, but
not to horses, sheep, or goats ; the smell being weak in the
spring, cows are apt to be killed by it, but afterwards
the odour enables them to avoid it.

XV. 280. PHELLANBRXUM. Pliny. Water-hemlock.
Involucrum 0 ; involacella many-leaved ; flowers pedun-

cled ; rays fertile; calyx 5-toothed, 2 larger; petals nearly
equal, reverse heartshape; lacinule short, awlshape; fruit
ovate, oblong, crowned ; akenium ovate, oblong ; ribs 5,
marginal rib much the thickest; dorsal vallecules 4, 1 -vit-
iated ; commissural 2, bowed ; spermapodium divided.

Phellandrium divaricatum. Spreading water-hemlock.
Leaves tripinnate, cut ; leaflets and lobes divaricating.

Phellandrium sive Cicutaria quorundam, Rail Syn. 215, 1.

Cicutaria phiu tris, Gcr. em. 1063,2. f

Cicutaria pahistris tenuifolia, Park. 933.

Phellandrium aquaticum, Lin. S. P. 366,

Idgusticum Phellandrium, Crqntz Austr. 200.

(Enanthe Phellandrium, Lamarck FI. Fr. 432.

Horsebane.

Ditches and rivers; biennial; June and July.

Root fusiform ; fibres verticillate ; stem flexuous ; leaves
spreading; umbells opposite to the leaves, marty-rayed.-—
Renders horses paralytic, the disease being brought by an
insect, the curculio paraplecticus, which inhabits the stems,
and is cured by pigs’ dung; leaves discutient in poultices;
seeds used in doses of 1 to 3 drms. daily, in agues.

$. finitans. Leaves floating, very long, transparent.

Phellandrium q. Millefolium aquaticum Matthioli, Rati Syn . 216, 1.*
Millefolium aquaticum, Gcr. em . 827, 2,

Millefo’ium aquaticum vulgatius, Park. 1256.

Water-yarrow . Water -fennel.

XVI. 281. CENAXTIIE. Theophrastus. Water-dr opwort .
Involucrum 0, 1 or many-leaved ; involucella many-leaved ;

flowers peduncled, of the centre sessile, fertile ; of the rays
barren; calyx 5-toothed, teeth connate, 3 larger; petals
difform, radiating, 2-lobed ; lacinule long, awlshape; fruit
ovate, crowned ; akenium ovate, semicylindrical ; ribs 5,
torulose, barked ; marginal thickest; dorsal vallecules 4-vit-
lated ; commissural 2-vittated, vittae parallel ; spermapodium
divided.

PL ex. cal. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 281. CEnanthe. 509

1 . CEnanthe crocata. Yellow water-dropwort.

Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets all wedgeshape, many-cut,

nearly equal ; involucrum many-leaved.

CEnanthe cicutae facie Lobelii, Jtaii Syn. 210,3; Park. 894,

Filipendula cicutee facie, Ger. em. 1059, 4.

CEnanthe crocata, Lin. S. P. 365.

Hemlock dropwort. Dead tongue. Water lovage.

Water-sides; perennial; July.

Root tuberous ; tubers blunt, sessile, crowded ; stem up-
right, 4 feet high ; leaves dark green, bald ; umhells ter-
minal, many-rayed, hemispherical. — Juice of the root, or
an infusion of the leaves in small doses, very efficacious in
obstinate cutaneous diseases; in large doses produces a
fatal tetanus; herb applied as a poultice to ulcers that form
in the cleft of the hoof in kine.

2. CEnanthe pimpinelloides. Pimpernell water-dropwort .
Root-leaves 2-pinnate ; leaflets wedgeshape, cut ; stem-

leaves pinnate; leaflets linear, not cut, long; involucrum
many-leaved, linear.

CEnanthe staphylini folio aliquatenus accedens, Raii Syn. 210,4.
CEnanthe pimpinelloides, Lin. S. P. 366.

Parsley water-dropwort.

Salt marshes; perennial; June.

Root tuberous ; tubers slender, fusiform, peduncied ; stem
slightly branched ; umhells terminal, many-rayed, flattish ;
involucrum rarely 1 -leaved.

3. CEnanthe peucedani folia. Hogs-fennel water-dropwort.

Root-leaves 2-pinnate; stem-leaves pinnate; leaflets all

linear, pointed ; involucrum 0 ; fruit rather cylindrical ;
tuhexs elliptical, sessile.

Filipendula angustifolia, Ger. em. 1059, 3.

CEnanthe peucedanifolia, Pollich Pal , 6, 289.

Narrow dropwort.

Ditches and marshes; perennial; June.

Root tuberous; tuberfe crowded ; stem slightly branched,
stronger than the former ; umhells many-rayed \ umheliules
flat ; centre reddish ; rays white.

4. CEnanthe fistulosa. Pipey water-dropwort .

Root-leaves 2-pinnate ; leaflets wedgeshape, flat ; stem-

leaves pinnate ; leaflets and petioles cylindrical, pipey ; invo-
lucrum scarcely any.

510 281. CEnanthe. 45. UMEBLLIFERiE. 'PL ex. cal

CEnanthe aquatica, Rail Syn. 210, 1.

Filipendula aquatica, Ger. em. 1060, 5.

CEnanthe aquatica major. Park. 1233.

CEnanthe fistulosa, Lin. S. P. 365.

Common water-dropwort.

Bogs and standing waters ; perennial ; July and August.

Root stoloniferous ; stem 2 feet high, fistulous, bald;
root-leaves sunk; umbells alternate with the leaves, 3 to
7-rayed; involucrum 1, 3, or 5-leaved; petals flesh-colour.

XVII. 282. ECHINOPHORA. Columna. Sea-parsnep.

Involucrum 3 to 5-leaved, pinnate, spinous; involucella
1 -leaved, topshape, unequally 6-cut; umbells radiated ;
flowers of the centre sessile, female ; petals nicked : of the
rays pedicelled, male; calyx 5-toothed; petals unequal,
spreading ; lacinule long, lanceolate, many-cut ; fruit
crowned with the hardened involucrum and shining per-
sistent pedicells of the male flowers; ahenia 2, 1 mostly
barren.

Echinophora spinosa. Spinous sea parsnep .

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets awlshape, spinous, 3-cut or not
cut at all.

Echinophora maritima spinosa, Rail Syn. 220, 1.

Crithmqm spinosum, Ger. em. 533.

Crithmum maritimum spinosum, seu Pastinaca marina, Park. 1286.

Echinophora spinosa, Lin. S. P. 344.

Prickly samphire.

Sandy sea-shores ; perennial; July.

Root fusiform, fleshy; stem much branched; leaves oppo-
site ; umbells terminal, large.

XVIIL 283. CRITHMUM. Samphire.

Involucrum and involucella many-leaved ; calyx 5-toothed ;
teeth unequal, large ; petals reverse ovate, keeled, nearly
equal; lacinule long, lanceolate, blunt \ fruit ovate, ob-
long, crowned ; akenium semi-ovate, 5-ribbed, barked,
spongy.

Crithmum maritimum. Sea-samphire.

Leaves triternate ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, fleshy.

Crithmum marinum, Raii Syn. 217, 1 ; Ger. em. 533, 1.

Crithmum marinum vulgare, Park. 1286,

Crithmum maritimum, Lin. S. P. 354.

Herbe dc Sainte Pierre. Rock samphire.

Rocks on the sea-side ; perennial ; August.

PL ex. caL 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 283. Critlmi. 51 £

Root torulose; stem 12 inches high, rather branched;
leaves glaucous, bald ; umlells terminal, hemispherical ;
umbellules crowded. — Herb in fruit pickled, used as sauce,

XIX. 284. PIMPINELLA. Myrepsus. Bur net-saxifrage.

Involucrum and involucella 0 ; calyx 0 ; petals nearly
equal, bald, ovate, nicked ; lacinule contracted, indexed,
channelled, crenulated; stigma globular; fruit ovate, round-
ish; akenium ovate, 5-ribbed; vallecules rather convex,
many vittated ; commissures banded, band white, longitudi-
nal, in the middle; spermapodium bristlelike, 2-cut. — Um -
bells before flowering drooping.

1 . Pimpinella minor . Small lurnet-saxifrage.
Stem striated, bald ; leaves pinnate, bald ; leaflets of the

root-leaves roundish, acutely toothed; of the stem-leaves
bipinnate, linear.

Pimpinella saxifraga minor foliis sanguisorbae, Raii Syn. 213, 2.
Bipinella, sive Saxifraga minor, Ger. em. 1044, 2.

Pimpinella saxifraga major nostras, Park. 946.

Pimpinella saxifraga, Lin.S. P. 378.

Pimpinella rotundifolia, Scopoli Cam. 344.

Tragoselinum Saxifraga, Mcenclt Meth. 99.

Dry pastures; perennial; July and August.

Root aromatic ; stem upright, rather rough ; flower -leaves
strapshape or ternate.

2. Pimpinella nigra . Black lurnet-saxifrage.

Stem streaked, pubescent ; leaves pinnate, pubescent ;

leaflets of the root-leaves nearly heartshape, cut, bluntly
toothed ; of the stem-leaves bipinnate, linear.

Pimpinella nigra, Willd. S. P. 1471.

Pimpinella Saxifraga e, Rctz. Obs. 3, 45.

Dry pastures; perennial; July and August.

Root aromatic ; juice bluish ; stem and leaves white, to-
mentose. — Root yields a blue essential oil, and communi-
cates a blue colour to water or spirit when they are distilled
from it.

3. Pimpinella major. Great lurnet-saxifrage.

Stem streaked, bald; leaves all pinnate, bald; leaflets

ovate ; lobes serrated ; terminal leaflets 3-lobed.

Pimpinella Saxifraga, Raii Syn . 213,1; Ger. em. 1044, 1.

Pimpinella Saxifraga hircina major, Park . 947.

Pimpinella Saxifraga, Hudson FI. Angl. 127,

Pimpinella raagnn, Lin, Mant. 2,219.

512 284. Pimpinel. 45. UMBELLlFERiE, PL ex. cal.

W oods and chalky fields ; perennial ; July and August.
Stem 2 feet high; umbells large, white. — Root acrid)
tasting like pepper, sialogogue, used as a masticatory in
tooth-ach, also externally to take away freckles, and in
gargles to dissolve viscid mucus.

rubra. Corolla reddish purple.

Pimpinella fiore rubro, Rivinus Pent. 81.

y. laciniata. Leaves much cut.

Pimpinella Saxifraga major, degener, seu foliis dfssectis, Rail Syn,
218, 1.*

4. Pimpinella media. Middlesize bur net- saxifrage.

Stem streaked, bald ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets of the root-

leaves nearly heartshape, 3-lobed, serrated ; of the stem-
leaves angularly cut.

Pimpinella orientalis, Jacq. Auafr. 31T7.

Pimpinella media, Hoffmann FI. Germ . 1, 14G.

Pimpinella Saxifraga, 6, Withering Bot. Arr. 893.

Dry gravelly places ; perennial ; August and September.

5. Pimpinella dissecta. Cut burnet-saxfrage .

Leaves all pinnate; leaflets many-parted; lobes falcate

and acute.

Pimpinella saxifraga minor, Raii Syn. 213, 3.

Pimpinella saxifraga hircina minor, Park. 947.

Pimpinella dissecta, Retz. Ohs. 3, SO.

Dry, sandy, and chalk fields; perennial; July and Aug.

XX. 285. TRINIA. Hoffmann. Rock-parsley.

Dioicous — Involucrum and involucella few-leaved or de-
ciduous; petals 5, equal, ovate, lanceolate; lacinule lanceo-
late, indexed. — Male. Calyx 5-toothed; stamens 5. —
Herm. Calyx 0; stamens 5, imperfect \ fruit ovate, crowned;
akenium ovate, roundish, 5-jugate; jugae sunk in, ribbed;
vallecules 4, i-vittated ; raphe margined ; spermapodium
bristlelike, 2-cut, dilated in the middle.

Trinia glaberrima. , Fery-bald rock-parsley.

Dioicous; leaves bipinnate; leaflets ternate; lobes equal*
linear ; umbells panicLed.

Pencedanum minus, Raii Syn. 217, I ; Park. 880.

Peueedanum pumelum, Ger. em. 10.

Seseli pumilum, Lin. S. P. 37 3.

Pimpinella pumila, Jacquin Austr. 28.

Pimpirjeila dioica, Lin. Syst. Veg . ed. 13, .241.

Trinia glaberrima, Hoffm. Umbdli , 93.

PL ex. cal. 45. UMBELLIFERJE. 285. Trinia. 513

Limestone rocks ; perennial; May and June.

Boot fleshy; stem 9 inches high, branchy, purplish;
leaves glaucous, smooth ; umlells many, panicled, upright.

XXI. 286. AETHUSA. Linnaeus. Fools-parsley.

Involucrum 0; involucella halved, 3-leaved, pendulous;

petals unequal, nicked, 2-lobed, with a hollow on each
side; lacinule short, linear, blunt; fruit rather globular,
crowned; akenium ovate, barked, 5-jugated; marginal jugae
acute, membranaceous; vallecules 4, acute, 1-vittated; com-
missure quite flat, 2-vittated ; spermopodium hairlike, 2-cut.

JEthusa tenuifolia. Fine-leaved fools-parsley .

Leaves bipinnate; leaflets pinnatifid; involucella linear,
lanceolate, longer than the umbellules ; commissural vittce
distant at the base.

Cicuta quae Cicutaria tenuifolia, Raii Syn. 215,2.

Cicutaria tenuifolia, Ger. em. 1063, 1.

Cicuta minor, sive fatua, Park. 933.

Cynapiurn, Rivinus Pentap . 75.

JEthusa Cynapiurn, Lin. S. P. 367.

Coriandrum cynapiurn, Crantz Austr. 111.

Lesser hemlock. Dog's parsley.

Gardens and fields ; annual ; July and August.

Root fusiform ; stem slightly branched ; leaves dark green,
bald ; umbells terminal or opposite to the leaves ; peduncles
long.— When eaten in mistake for parsley it occasions vo-
miting, which may be stopped by a very large dose of
brandy : deleterious to geese.

XXII. 287. CONIUM. Theophrastus. Hemlock.

Involucrum 2 to 5-leaved; involucella 3-leaved, 1-rowed,

connate ; petals nearly equal, reverse heartshape, nicked ;
lacinule short, blunt ; fruit ovate, globose, crowned ; ake-
nium ovate, 5-ribbed ; ribs waved, crenulate ; vallecules and
commissures many-streaked ; vittse 0 ; spermopodium bristle-
like, 2-cut.

Conium maculatum. Spotted hemlock.

Root fusiform ; stem spotted, smooth ; upper leaves decom-
pound ; leaflets pinnatifid ; lacinule linear, lanceolate, mu-
cronate.

Cicuta, Raii Syn. 215, 1 ; Ger. em. 1061, 1.

Cicuta vulgaris major, Park. 933.

Conium maculatum, Lin. S. P. 349.

Cicuta maculata, Lamarck FI. Fr. 104.

Cicuta major, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3494.

Hemlock. Homlock. Kex. Herb hennet.

VOL. II. 2 L

514? 287. Conium. 45. UMBELLIFERJE. PL ex. cal.

Walls and shady places; biennial; Jane and July.

Root white; stem 4 feet high, shining, much branched at
top ; leaves shining, bald, of a strong odour ; umlells and
umbellules many-rayed. — Root supposed poisonous, but
Petiver, after seeing Mr. Henley eat between three and
four ounces, eat himself half an ounce without any ill ef-
fect, it tasted like celeri ; leaves in powder narcotic, alterant,
used in cancer, chronic rheumatism, and obstinate ulcers;
inspissated juice used for the same purposes, and in go-
norrhoea, but is less efficacious than the powdered leaves.
Chaorophyllum temulentum, 275, 2, having a spotted stalk
is sometimes used for it ; and the extract is also sold for
that of conium maculatum.

XXIII. 288. BUNIUM. Dioscorides. Earth-nut.

Involucrum 1, 3, or many-leaved ; involucella many-
leaved ; calyx 0 ; petals nearly equal, broad, heartshape,
nicked, edge inflected ; lacinule short, blunt, inflected ; fruit
oblong, ellipsoid, crowned; akenium linear, elliptical,
straight but rather bent at top, 5-ribbed; ribs streaked or
folded, with a narrow edge on each side; vallecules wrin-
kled, convex, 1-vittated; vittse rather broad, short, kneed,
wrinkled ; spermapodium 2-cut.

1. Bunium majus. Great earth-nut.

Stem straight at bottom, leafy; leaves uniform, tripinnate,

bald ; petioles nearly equal ; involucrum many-leaved ; fruit
nearly cylindrical, thick at top ; style reflex, falling off*.

Bulbocastanon majus, Ger. em. 1064,2.

Nucula terrestris major, Park. 893.

Bunium Bulbocastanum, Lin. S. P. 349.

Bunium minus, Gouan Illnstr. 10.

Pimpinella Bulbocastanum, Stokes Hot. Mat. Med. 147.

Fields and pastures; perennial; May.

Tubers roundish; stem branched, bald; leaves triternate;
lobes linear, cuts 3 or 0 ; umbells terminal, many-rayed ;
involucrum shorter than the rays.

2. Bunium minus. Lesser earth-nut.

Stem flexuous, small and leafless at bottom ; leaves tripin-
nate, nearly sessile, slender, linear; involucrum 0, 2, or
3-leaved ; fruit ovate ; style spreading, persistent.

PL ex. dal. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 288. Bunium. 515

Bulbostanum, Raii Syn. 209, 1.

Bulbocastanon minus, Ger. em. 1064, 1.

Nucula terrestris minor, Park. 892.

Bunium Bulbocastanum, Huds. Fl.Angl. 122*

Bunium flexuosum. With. But. Arr. 291 *

Bunium majus, Gouan Illustr. 10.

Pimpinella flexuosa, Stokes Bot. Mat . Med. 145.

Kipper nut. Pignut. Hawk nut. Jurnut. Earth chestnut.

Sandy fields and pastures ; perennial ; May and June.
Stem rather branched ; lobes of the leaves slender,
pointed; umbells 8 or 10-cut.

XXIV. 289. iEGOPODIUM. Linnaeus. Gout-wort.
Involucrum and involucella 0 ; calyx 0 ; petals equal, re-
verse ovate, cut; lobes parallel; lacinule short, indexed,
channelled, pointed ; fruit elliptical, ovate, crowned ; ake -
mum oblong, 5-ribbed; ribs threadshape; vallecules ra-
ther convex ; vittse 3 ; spermapodium bristlelike, forked at
the tip.

JEgopodium angelicafolium . Angelica-leaved gout-wort .

Angelica sylvestris minor, sen erratica, Rail Syn. 208, 3.

Herba Gerardi, Ger. em. 1001, 2.

Podagraria vulgaris, Park. 943.
iEgopodium Podagraria, Lin. S. P. 379.

Seseli iEgopodium, Scop. Cam. ed. 2,359.

Pimpinella angelicaefolia, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 1, 451,

Sison Podagraria, Sprengel Umbell. 35.

Ligusticum Podagraria, Roth Germ. 124.

Apium biternatum, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 150.

Herb Gerard. Ash weed. Gout weed.

Gardens and fields ; perennial ; May*

Root creeping. — Leaves smell like those of angelica, and
may be eaten in early spring salads.

XXV. 290. CARUM. Dioscorides. Cantu

Involucrum 0; involucella often 0; calyx scarcely toothed;

petals nearly equal, reverse heartshape, nicked, keeled,
concave ; lacinule short, pointed, indexed ; fruit ovate, el-
liptical, crowned; akenium linear, oblong, gibbous; ribs 5 ;
vallecules 3-streaked, middle streak vittated, exserted.
kneed ; spermapodium bristlelike, slightly 2-cut,

Carum officinale. Shop caruL

Leaves pinnate; lobes sessile, segments linear, lanceo*
late.

2 L 2

516 290. Carum. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. PL ex. cal.

Carum seu Careum, Raii Syn. 213, 1 ; Ger. em. 1034/

Carum vulgare, Park. 910.

Carum Carui, Lin. S. P. 378.

Seseli Carum, Scopoli Cam. 361.

Apium Carui, Crantz Austr. 218.

Ligusticum Carui, Roth Germ. 324.

Seseli Carui, De Candolle FI. Fr. 4,285.

Bunium Carui, Marsch Fl.Taur. Cauc. 1,211.

Carraway.

Fields and pastures, also cultivated; peren.; June, July.

Root fusiform; stemcl feet high, bald; leaves bipinnate;
leaflets crossed ; umhells terminal, white. — Roots superior
to parsneps for kitchen use ; young leaves used as a pot-
herb; seeds used to flavour cakes, to form sugar-plums,
and, as they yield much essential oil on distillation, also to
flavour ardent spirits and form a carminative distilled
water.

XXVI. 291. MEUM. Dioscorides. Spignel.

Involucrum 0 or few-leaved, leaves cut ; involucella many-
leaved, halved, cut or whole ; calyx scaly, toothed ; petals
nearly equal, ovate, keeled ; lacinule very short, inflexed,
pointed ; fruit elliptical, oblong, crowned; akenium 5-ribbed;
ribs sharp, nearly winged ; vallecules flattish, finely streaked;
spermapodium bristlelike, 2-cut.

Meum Athamqniicum. Athamanlian spignel .

Leaves 2 or tripinnate ; leaflets bristlelike, many-cut ;
lobes very slender, bald.

Meum, Raii Syn. 207, 1 ; Ger. em. 1052, 1.

Meum vulgatius. Park. 888. p

Athamanta Meum, Lin. S. P. 353.

jEthusa Meum, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 13,237.

Ligusticum Meum, Crantz Austr. 308.

Carum Meum, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 138.

Mew. Bear wort. Spicknell. Bald money. Bawd money.

Mountainous pastures ; perennial; May.

Root thick, woody, aromatic, fibrous at the tip ; stem
scarcely branched, rather naked ; stipules dilated ; umhells
many-rayed.

XXVII. 292. LIGUSTICUM. Dioscorides. Lovage.

Involucrum 4 or 5-leaved, unequal^ involucella many-
leaved ; calyx 5-toothed ; petals nearly equal ; ovate, invo-
lute; fruit oblong, crowned; akenium 5-ribbed; ribs mem-
branaceous.

PL ex. cal 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 292. Ligustic. 517

Ligusticum Scoticum. Scotch lovage.

Leaves biternate; leaflets nearly rhomboid, deeply ser-
rated.

Ligusticum Scoticum apii folio. Ran Syn. 214, 1.

Ligusticum Scoticum, Lin. S. P. 359.

Angelica Scotica, Lamarck Encycl Meth. 1, 173.

Ligusticum biternatum, Stokes Rot. Mat. Med. 1194.

Scotch parsley.

Sea-shore; perennial; July.

Stem slightly branched at top, bald ; upper leaves often
ternate; lobes rather fleshy, bald; stipules membranaceous;
umlells many-rayed, terminal. — Root carminative; leaves
used as a salad or potherb, and an infusion of the leaves as
a purgative for calves.

XXVIII. 293. PSEUDOSPERMUM. Sprengel.

Cornwall-saxifrage .

Involucrum 4 or 8-leaved, unequal, 2 outer longest ; in-
volucella 3 to 5-leaved ; calyx 5-toothed, teeth deltoid ; pe-
tals nearly equal, oblong, keeled, naked; lacinule long,
dilated, blunt ] fruit ovate, oblong, crowned; akenium ovate,
5-ribbed; ribs blunt; spermapodium bristlelike, 2-cut.—
Umlells many-rayed.

Pseudosperm, commutatum. Changed Cornwall-saxifrage.

Leaves ternate ; root-leaflets 3-par ted ; stem -leaflets lan-
ceolate, not cut.

Smyrnium tenuifolium, nostras, Raii Syn. 209, 1.

Ligusticum alterum Belgarum, Park. 906.

Ligusticum Cornubiense, Lin. S. P. 359.

Danaa aquilegifolia, Allioni Pedem. 1392.

Ligusticum aquilegi folium, Willd. S. P. 1425.

Sison sylvaticum, Brotero Phyt. Lusit. 17.

Smyrnium cudicaule, Marsch FI. Taur. Cauc. 1 , 238,

Hedges and woods ; shrubby ; July.

Root fusiform ; stem 3 feet high ; root-leaves few, petioled,
lobes wedgeshape, narrow ; stem-leaves 0, or only 1 or 2 ;
umlells many-rayed ; involucella lanceolate, persisting ;
flowers white.

XXIX. 294. LIRANOTIS. Theophrastus. Stone-parsley.

Involucrum and involucella many-leaved, deflexed ; calyx
5-toothed ; petals %iearly equal, reverse ovate, heartshape ;
lacinule inflected, rather long, lanceolate, pointed ; fruit
oblong, crowned; akenium oblong, nearly cylindrical, hir-
sute, tomentOse, 5-ribbed ; spermapodium bristlelike.

518 294-. Libanotis. 45. UMBELLIFERiE, PL ex. cal.

Libanotis montana. Mountain stone-parsley.

Leaves bipinnate, bald; leaflets pinnatifid, flat; lobes
ovate, pointed.

Apium petraeum seu montanum album, Rail Syn. 218, 1.

Athamanta Libanotis, Lin. S. P. 351.

Athamanta Oreoselimun, Hudson FI. Angl. 115.

Libanotis Cretensis, Gcertner Fr. et Sem. 1, 84.

High chalky pastures ; perennial ; August.

Root fusiform, woody, acrid, bitterish ; stem 2 feet high,
very deeply furrowed, rather branchy, bald ; leaves paler
underneath ; umhells hemispherical ; teeth of the calyx very
long, lanceolate, serrate on the edge.

XXX. 295. THY SSELINIJM. Pliny. Milky-parsley.
Involucrum and involucella many-leaved, reflected ; flowers

all equal ; calyx 5-toothed ; petals nearly equal, reverse
heartshape, patulous; lacinule linear, channelled, blunt,
nicked ; fruit ovate, roundish, rather compressed, crowned;
akenium ovate, compressed, margined, 5-ribbed ; endocarp
membranaceous, 6-vittated; commissural vittce distant from
the margin ; spermapodium bristlelike, 2-cut.

Thysselinum palustre. Marsh milky-parsley ,

Stem streaked ; leaves bipinnate or tripinnate, bald ; leaf-
lets opposite, pinnatifid ; lobes linear, lanceolate ; rays of
the umbells downy ; styles divaricating ; fruit ovate.

Selinum palustre, Lin. S. P. 350.

Selinum sylvestre, Jacquin Austr.

Selinum Tysselinum, Crantz Austr. 170.

Peucedanum palustre, Mcench Meth. 82.

Bogs; perennial; July.

Root nearly simple; stem single, 4 feet high, branchy at
top ; umbells flat ; fruit ovate, rather roundish, reddish
brown; herb lactescent; juice white, clammy, bitter, foetid.

XXXI. 296. IMPERATORIA. Matthiolus. Master wort.
Involucrum 0; involucella few-leaved, bristlelike; calyx 0;

petals elliptical, nicked, equal; lacinule long, acute, in-
flected ; fruit elliptical, compressed, crowned ; akenium el-
liptical, compressed, margined; margfn winged, 2-cut at
the top and bottom, 3-ribbed; ribs sharp, not winged;
commissural vilta single, bowed, acute. — Umbells com-
pressed, flat.

PL ex. cal, 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 296. Imperat. 519

Imperatoria major. Great masterwort.

Leaves ternate ; leaflets 3-lobed.

Imperatoria, Ger. em. 1001, I; Park. 942,

Imperatoria Ostruthium, Lin. S. P. 871.

Imperatoria major, Garid. Prov. 55.

Selinum Imperatoria, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2, 72.

Bastard pellitory of Spain.

Root tuberous; stem erect, nearly simple; umlells ter-
minal, many-rayed, smooth, flat. — Root acrid, acrimonious,
used as a sialogogue in rheumatic tooth-ache ; recommended
internally in dropsy and dyspepsia ; an infusion in wine
used successfully in quartan agues when bark has failed.

XXXI 1. 297. ANGELICA. Brunsfel. Water-angelica.

Involucrum 0, or few-leaved; involucella many-leaved;
flowers uniform ; calyx 0 ; petals equal, reverse ovate,
pointed, inflected, contracted ; fruit reverse ovate, 4-angu-
lar, winged, ending with the reflected styles; akenium re-
verse ovate, 3-ribbed ; ribs approximating, 4-vittated, edge
winged ; vittae growing to the inner membrane ; commissure
flat, keeled, 2-vittated ; keel elevated, dilated in the middle,
covered with nearly marginal vittae ; spermapodium bristle-
like, capillary, 2-parted.

Angelica sylvestris . Wild water-angelica .

Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets ovate, equal, cut, acutely ser-
rated.

Angelica sylvestris, Raii Syn. 208,2; Ger . em. 991,2; Park. 940}
Lin. S. P. 361 .

Selinum Angelica, Roth FI. Germ. 2, 358.

Selinum pubescens, Maench Meth. 80.

Imperatoria sylvestris, Besser FI. Gall. 1, 213.

Wild angelica.

Watery places ; perennial; July.

Stem 4 feet high, upright ; leaves rather glaucous ; um-
lells hemispherical.

XXXIII. 298. ARCHANGELICA. Tabernaemontanus.

Angelica „

Involucrum scarcely any; involucella halved, many-leaved;
flowers difform ; calyx small, 5-toothed ; petals equal, ovate;
lacinule inflected, acute \ fruit ovate, turgid; akenium 5-rib-
bed; ribs solid, stuffed, margined with a stiff* wing; com-
missure flat, keeled ; keel many-vittated ; vittae lateral, pa-
rallel, in the membranous endocarp.

520 298. Archangel. 45. UMBELLIFERAE. PL ex. cal

Leaves ternate, pinnate; odd-leaflet 3-pa „ (

oval, margined; margin rather waved.

Angelica saliva, Raii Syn. 208, 1 ; Ger. em. 991, I ; Park. 940.

Angelica Archangelica, Lin. S. P. 360.

Angelica officinalis, Moench Meth. 81.

JLigusticum Angelica, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2, 96.

Archangelica officinalis, Hoffmann U mb ell. 168.

Garden angelica. The holy ghost.

Watery places, naturalized, also cultivated; bien.; Sept.

Rout fleshy ; stem 5 feet high, branched ; leaflets ovate,
lanceolate, cut, acutely serrated, bald ; petals much dilated
at bottom, membranaceous ; umlells globose, many-rayed.
— Root aromatic, rather bitter, used mostly candied as an
agreeable stimulant, and antipestilential.

XXXIV. 299. SPHONDYLIUM. Diosc. Cow-par snep.

Involucrum caducous ; involucella many-leaved ; flowers
diffbrm; petals radiating, unequally 2-cut ; lacinule short,
hooked ; fruit compressed, oval, reverse-ovate ; akenium
ovate, margined, hirsute or rough, crowned ; latuscule
3-streaked, 4-vittated ; vittae mostly as broad as the valle-
cules, thick, rather clubbed ; commissural vittae 2, joined
at an acute angle ; spermapodium threadshape, 2-parted.

Sphondylium vulgare . Common coiu-parsnep.

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, cut, serrated.

Sphondylium, Raii Syn. 205, 1 ; Ger. em. 1009, 1.

Sphondylium vulgare, Park. 953.

Heracleum Sphondylium, Lin. S. P. 358.

Sphondylium Panaces, Gecrtn. 1,86.

Sphondylium Branca, Scopoli Cam. 335.

Sphondylium Branca ursina, Hoffm. Umbell. 132.

Mad nep. Hogweed. Meadow parsnep. Bears-breech.

Meadows and pastures ; biennial ; July.

Root fusiform ; stem 4 feet high, branchy ; leaves ternate
or pinnate, cut, pinnatifid; petioles dilated at bottom; um-
lells flat. — Leaves and seeds brewed, form a kind of ale
drank in Poland and Lithuania; stems peeled, to get rid of
the acrid skin, are eaten in Russia ; when dried a saccha-
rine substance exudes from them, and attempts have been
made to extract sugar from this plant, but 40 lb. of the dried
stalks only yielded a qr. of a lb. of powdery sugar ; young
shoots a very good asparagus.

Archangelica officinalis.

PL ex. cal. 45. UMBELLIFEROUS. 299. Sphondyl. 521
laciniatum. Leaflets long, slender, lanceolate.

Sphondylimn majus aliud laciniatis foliis, Raii Syn. 205, 1.

Heracleum longifolium, Jacq. Austr. 174.

Heraclemn angustifolium #, Persoon Syn. 314.

Jagged cow-par snep.

XXXV. 300. TORDYLIUM. Dioscorides. Hartworh
Involucrum and involucella many-leaved, leaves of the
latter longest; calyx 5-toothed, persisting, unequal; petals
radiating, 2-cut, stiff* ; lacinule reverse ovate, lanceolate;
fruit roundish, compressed, strigose, crowned ; akenium
flat, margined, thickened, tuberculated, inflated, denticu-
lated; latuscule 3-streaked, 4-vittated ; spermapodium thread-
like, bristlelike, 2-parted; spermapodophore blunt, thickened.

1 . Tor dy lium maximum. Great hartwort.

Stem rough, bristled ; bristles deflexed ; leaves pinnate ;

leaflets lanceolate, cut, serrated, terminal leaflet double-
sized.

Tordylium maximum, Raii Syn. 206, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 245*

Seseli Creticum majus, Ger. e/m. 1050, 2. (

Tordylium sive Seseli Criticum majus, Park. 906.

Heracleum Tordylium, Sprengel TJmbell. 12.

Ruins and fields, naturalized ; annual; June and July.
Stem upright, 4 feet high, branchy ; leaves rough, cen-
tral ; umbellides nearly sessile ; fruit muricated, margin
reddish.

2. Tordylium officinale . Shop hartwort .

Stem pubescent, hairs deflected, soft ; leaves pinnate,

leaflets ovate, cut, crenate ; terminal leaflet large°st ; involu-
cella as long as the flowers.

Tordylium Narbonense minus, Raii Syn . 206, 2.

Seseli Creticum minus, Ger. em. 1050, 1.

Tordylium, sive Seseli Creticum minus, Park. 906.

Tordylium officinale, Lin. S. P. 345.

Black hartwort.

Fields ; annual ; June and July.

Stem branchy, hairs soft; leaves pinnate, hairy, rough;
root-leaves petioled, leaflets ovate, rather lobed ; stem-
leaves sessile, leaflets oblong, acute, serrate, cut; umhells
terminal.

XXXVI. 301. CORIANDRUM. Theophrast, Coriander.

Involucrum 0 ; involucella usually 3-leaved, halved ; calyx
5-toothed, unequal, persisting; petals radiating, 3-lobed;
lacinule short, obtuse ; stylopodium short, conical ; fruit

5

522 301. Coriand. 45. UMBELLIFERJE. PL ex. cal

spherical, crowned ; akenium hemispherical ; latuscule

4- ribbed, 5-valleculated, not vittated ; commissure hol-
lowed; vittse 2, semi- lunate, in the membranous endocarp;
spermapodium bristlelike, compressed, smaller at each end
adnate, half 2-cut; spermapodophore adnate to the fruit.

Coriandrum sativum. Cultivated coriander *

Coriandrum, Raii Syn. 221, 1 ; Ger. em. 1012.

Coriandrum vulgare, Park. 918.

Coriandrum sativum, Lin. S . P. 367.

Gardens and cultivated ; annual ; June.

Stem upright, branchy ; leaves compound ; lower leaves
pinnate, leaflets wedgeshape, roundish, cut ; upper leaves
triternate ; lobes linear ; umbells many-rayed. — Leaves
strong-scented ; seeds slightly aromatic, used to cover the
taste of senna, and in spices, as currie powder, and season-
ing for black puddings ; also covered with sugar as a sweet-
meat ; formerly steeped in wine or vinegar, and then dried
to render them milder.

XXXVII. 302. PEUCEDANUM. Dioscor. Hogs-fennel.

Involucrum few-leaved, bristlelike ; involucella many-
leaved, bristlelike; flowers of the centre abortive; calyx

5- toothed, inflected; petals equal, oblong; lacinule acute,
inflected; fruit ovate, elliptical, lenticularly compressed;
akenium elliptic, compressed, 5-ribbed ; marginal rib slightly
winged ; commissural vittce 2, curved ; spermapodium bristle-
like, 2-cut.

Peucedanum officinale. Shop hogs-fennel.

Leaves 3 or 4-ternate ; leaflets threadshape, linear, undi-
vided.

Peucedanum, Raii Syn. 206, 1 ; Ger. em. 1054, 1.

Peucedanum vulgare, Park . 880.

Peucedanum officinale, Lin. S. P. 353.

Sulphur wort. JJorestrcng. Harestrange. Brimstone wort.

Marshes by the sea; perennial; June and July.

Root fusiform; stem branchy; leaves stiff, bald; umbells
large, many-rayed. — Root foetid, acrid, bitterish, yielding
by incision a yellow juice drying into a gum-rosin.

XXXVIII. 303. PASTINACA. Brunsfel. Parsnep.

Involucrum and involucella 0; flowers hermaphrodite,
fertile ; calyx 0 ; petals equal, obtuse, tip involute ; stylo -
podium conical, undulated at the edge ; fruit nearly orbi-
culate, compressed, flat; akenium reverse ovate, striated,

PL ex. cal. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 303. Pastinaca. 523

marginal streak slightly winged ; dorsal vittce 4, nearly
equal ; commissural vittae 2, curved, short, obtuse, distant ;
spermapodium bristlelike, 2-cut.

Pastinaca saliva. Cultivated parsnep.

Leaves pinnate, pubescent underneath ; leaflets cut, ser-
rate; terminal leaflets 3-lobed.

Pastinaca sylvestris latifolia, Raii Syn. 206, 1 ; Ger. em. 1025, 2 ; Park
044.

Pastinaca sativa, Lin. S. P. 376.

Pastinaca sylvestris, Hudson FI. Angl. 125.

Selinum Pastinaca, Crantz Austr. 161.

Anethum Pastinaca, Wibel FI. Wenth. 146.

Wild parsnep.

Edges of fields, on chalk ; biennial ; July.

Root fusiform ; stem 3 feet high, branchy ; umbells short,
many-rayed. — Seeds produce sweeter and larger parsneps
than the seeds of the garden variety.

/3. edulis . Leaves broad.

Pastinaca latifolia sativa, Raii Syn. 206,2; Ger. em. 1025, 1; Park.
944.

Leaves pinnate; leaflets eared, either hairy or smooth. —
RoGts nutritive, sweeter than carrots, but strong-scented;
are brewed into an agreeable wine, or with hops, beer ;
seeds febrifuge, contain an essential oil.

XXXIX. 304. SILAUS. Pliny. Sulphur-wort .

Involucrum 1 or 2-leaved ; involucella many-leaved ; ca-
lyx 0 ; petals equal, oblong, inflected at the tip ; fruit ovate,
gibbous, crowned ; akenium oblong, reverse ovate, gibbous,
5-ribbed; ribs blunt, vallecules convex, 2 or 3-streaked;
spermapodium undivided, bristlelike.

Silaus pratensis. Meadow sulphur-wort*

Leaves tripinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, linear.

Seseli pratense nostras, Raii Syn. 216, 1 ; Park. 905.

Saxifraga Anglicana facie seseli pratensis, Ger. em. 1047, 1.

Peucedanum Silaus, Lin. S. P. 354.

Ligusticum Silaus, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2, 90.

English saxifrage. Meadow saxifrage.

Damp fields and pastures ; perennial ; August.

Root fusiform ; stem 2 feet high, branched, streaked ;
leaves bald, decompound; leaflets opposite, not cut or pin-
natifid; lobes decurrent, edge microscopically aculeated.

524- 305. Petrosel. 4-5. UMBELLIFERiE. PI ex. cal.

XL. 305. PETROSELINUM. Dioscorides. Parsley.

Involucrum 0 ; involucella 0 ; calyx 0 ; petals equal,
roundish ; lacinule short, blunt, inflected ; stamens short ;
stylopodium depressed ; style reflected ; fruit roundish, twin ;
akenium half round, gibbous, 5-ribbed; ribs acute; valle-
cules convex, 2 or 3-striated, many vittated, naked ; sperma-
podium undivided. — Umbells sessile.

Petroselinum vulgare. Common parsley.

Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets deltoid; stem-leaves linear.

Apium hortense, Ger.em. 1013, 1.

Petroselinum vulgare, Park. 923.

Apium Petroselinum; Lin. S. P. 379.

Cultivated; annual; July.

Leaves used in sauces and seasonings.

j3. crispum. Leaflets curled.

Curled parsley.

Preferred by some, as not being liable to have lesser
hemlock mistaken for it.

y. latifolium. Leaflets very broad.

XLI. 306. APIUM. Pliny. Smallage.

Involucrum 0 ; involucella 0 ; calyx 0 ; petals equal,
roundish; lacinule short, blunt, inflected; stamens short;
stylopodium depressed, style reflected \ fruit roundish, twin;
akenium half-round, gibbous, 5-ribbed; ribs acute; valle-
cules convex, 2 or 3-streaked, many-vittated, naked ; sper-
mapodium undivided. — Umbells sessile.

Apium graveolens. Strong-scented smallage.

Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets rhombic, wedgeshape.

Apium palustre et officinarum, Raii Syn. 214, 1.

Eleoselinum sen Paludapium, Ger. cm. 1014, 1.

Apium vulgare sive palustre. Park. 926.

Apium graveolens, Lin. S. P. 379.

Seseli graveolens, Scopoli Cam. 360.

Wild celeri. Marsh parsley. Water parsley.

Rivulets near the sea ; biennial ; August.

Stem bald ; branches spreading ; leaves yellowish green,
shining. — Root and stem foetid, acrid, poisonous.

(3. dulce. Leaves dark green.

Apium dulce, Miller’s Gat'd. Diet.

Apium Celeri, Geertner Fr. et Sem. 1, 22.

Celeri. Sellery.

PL ex* cal. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. 306. Apium. 525

Cultivated in dry ground; biennial; August.

Hoot , stem, and petioles, blanched by being kept covered
from the sun, sweet, esculent in cold salads or as a potherb,
wholesome.

XLII. 307. FCENICULUM. Pliny. Fennel.

Involucrum 0 ; involucella 0 ; calyx 0 ; petals nearly equal,
involute, keeled; lacinule blunt, nicked, long; stigmata
sessile ; fruit oblong, gibbous; akenium ovate, oblong, 5 -j li-
gated, jugae blunt, ribbed; vallecules 4, veiled, convex,

1- vittated; latuscule contracted ; spermapodium bristlelike,

2- par ted.

Fceniculum vulgaris. Common fennel.

Leaves decompound ; lobes hairlike ; stem-leaves de-
flected.

Fceniculum vulgare, Raii Syn. 217, 1; Ger. em% 1032, 1 ; Park. 884;
Gccrtn . Fr. et Sent. 1, 105.

Anethum Fceniculum, Lin. S. P. 377.

Ligusticum Fceniculum, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2, 100.

Fenckell.

Chalk-cliffs ; biennial ; July and August.

Stem upright, much branched ; leaves tripinnate, leaflets
bristlelike, dark green, hanging down ; umlells flat, m any-
rayed. — Herb used as sauce, carminative.

XLIIL 308. SMYRNIUM. Dioscorides. Alexanders.

Involucrum 0 ; involucella 0 ; calyx slightly toothed ; pe-
tals equal, lanceolate, apex pointed, inflected ; stylopodium
depressed ; fruit ovate, roundish, gibbous ; akenium round-
ish, semilunate, 5-ribbed ; ribs acute, very slightly winged ;
vallecules wrinkled ; commissures very slender; spermapo-
dium bristlelike; perisperm involute.

Smyrnium vulgare. Common alexanders.

Lower leaves triternate ; upper leaves ternate, petioled ;
leaflets deeply serrated.

Smyrnium, Raii Syn. 208, 1.

Hipposelinum, Ger. em. 1019.

Hipposelinum sive Smyrnium vulgare, Park. 930.

Smyrnium Olusatrum, Lin. S. P. 379.

Old walls and rocks ; biennial ; May.

Root fleshy; stem branchy; leaves shining, pale green,
bald ; petioles dilated, bellied ; umlells globular, m any-
rayed ; fruit large, black.™ Root and herb carminative,
stomachic.

526 309. Bupleurum. 45. UMBELLIFERiE. PL ex. caL

XLXV. 309. BUPLEURUM. Hippocrates. Thorow-wax .

Involucrum 0; involucella 5-leaved, leaves ovate, acute,
nearly joined together, unequal, spreading, persisting ; ca-
lyx 0; petals equal, involute, entire; fruit ovate, ending in
a patelliform stylopodium ; akenium ovate, oblong, 5-ribbed ;
ribs acute ; vallecules 2-keeled, not vittated ; spermapodium
hairlike, 2-parted.

Bupleurum rotundifolium . Round-leaved thorow-wax *

Bupleurum perfoliatmn rotundifolium annuutn, Rail Syn. 221, 1.

Perfoliata vulgaris, Ger. em. 536, 1 ; Parle. 580.

Bupleurum rotundifolium, Lin. S. P. 340.

Bupleurum perfoliatum, Lamarck FI. Fr. 405.

Thorow-leaf.

Chalky corn-fields ; annual; July.

Stem branched alternately ; leaves ovate, pointed, all
per foliated, glaucous, bald ; umbells axillary and terminal,
peduncled, 6 or 7-rayed.

/3. petiolatum. Leaves oblong and oval ; 2 lowermost
petioled, the third lanceolate, oblong, barely perfoliated.

XLV. 310. AGOSTANA. Lord Bute. Hares-ear .

Involucrum and involucella 3 to 5-leaved ; leaves equal,
lanceolate, ribbed, veined ; calyx denticulated ; petals equal,
ovate, bent in, nicked ; fruit ovate, rather compressed,
crowned ; akenium ovate, oblong, 5-angled or ribbed, not
vittated ; angles or ribs and vallecules covered with warts ;
commissures unequal, warty, furrowed in the middle; sper-
mapodium bristlelike, 2-cut.

1. Agostana tenuissima. Very-slender hares-ear .

Stem branchy; leaves linear, acute; umbells simple, al-
ternate, nearly sessile, 3 or 5-flowered ; involucrum and
involucella 5-leaved, awlshape.

Bupleurum minimum, Raii Syn. 221, 1 5 Park. 58t_

Bupleurum tenuissimum, Lin. S. P. 343.

Agostana tenuissima, Lord Bute 8, 299.

Odontites tenuissima, Hoffmann XJmbtll.

Muddy sea-shores; annual; August and September.

Stem branchy at bottom; branches upright, spreading,
simple; leaves narrow at bottom ; umbells solitary; involu-
cella longer than the flowers.

2

PLex.caL 45. UMBELLlFERiE, 310. Agostana. 527

2. Agostana divaricata . Spreading hares- ear.

Stem branchy; branches divaricating ; umbells peduncled,
lateral, opposite to the leaves ; involucrum 3-leaved ; invo~
lucella 5-leaved, ovate, acute, 3-ribbed, coloured.

Perfoliata minor angustifolia, bupleuii folio, Bank. Pin . 277.

Bupleurum Odontites, Lin. S. P. 342.

Rocks by the sea ; annual ; July.

Plant stiff ; leaves lanceolate ; involucrum 5-ribbed ; lateral
ribs close together.

XLVI. 31 1. ERYNGIUM. Dioscorides. Eringo .

Flowers sessile, capitate, intermixed with chaffs ; calyx
5-parted, persisting; petals oblong; lacinule bent in, fast-
ened at the base ; fruit reverse ovate, slightly compressed,
truncated, crowned; akenium ovate, slightly angular, co-
vered with membranaceous chaffy scales.

a. Involucrum and chaffs lanceolate .

1. Eryngium campestre. Field eringo „

Stem much branched; root-leaves bipinnate, leaflets de-
current, ovate, variously bent; stem-leaves embracing the
stalk, pinnately lobed.

Eryngium vulgare, Raii Syn. 222, 1.

Eryngium Mediterranean™, Ger.em. 1162,2.

Eryngium Mediterraneum seu campestre, Park, 986.

Eryngium campestre, Lin. S. P. 337.

Levant sea-holly.

Pastures by the sea-side ; perennial ; July and August.

Leaves pinnatifid, spinous, decurrent ; lobes divided, and
often pinnatifid. — Root candied, slightly aromatic, eaten as
a stimulant and antipestilential.

b. Involucrum like the leaves; chaffs tricuspidate .

2. Eryngium maritimum . Sea eringo.

Root-leaves roundish, plaited, spinous; heads peduncled*

Eryngium marinum, Raii Syn. 222, 2; Ger. em. 1 162, 1 ; Park. 986.

Eryngium maritimum, Lin. S. P. 337,

Sea holly. Sea holme. Sea hulver.

Sandy sea-shores ; perennial ; July and August.

Root creeping ; stem branchy ; leaves lobed, ribbed, glau-
cous, bald; root-leaves petioled; heads conical; corolla blue*
-—Leaves bitter, astringent.

528

46. SAXIFRAGES.

PL ex. cal ,

Fam. XI. 46. SAXIFRAGES. Jussieu.

Calyx adherent, or rarely free, limb 5-lobed ; petals 4
or 5, on the rim of the calyx, alternating with the lobes,
rarely 0; stamens inserted with the petals, as many or
double the number, opposite and interposed ; styles 2, per-
sisting; ovary 1, girt with a gland; capsule 2-beaked,
2-valve, 1 or 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore ; valves
in the 2-celled capsules bent inwards; seeds on the par-
titions or base of the capsule; perisperm fleshy; corculum
axile, straight ; radicle below. — Stem herbaceous ; leaves
alternate, rarely opposite; inflorescence various.

A. Petals 5, regular , clawed.

Ovary free ; filaments roundish, spindle-
shape . .*. Robertsonia. 312.

Ovary free ; filaments dilated at bottom,
connate; calyx bent back; petals naked . . Hydatica. 313.

Ovary free ; filaments dilated at bottom,
connate; calyx upright Miscopetalum. 314.

Ovary free ; filaments dilated at bottom,
connate ; petals 2-horned at the base . , Kingstonia. 315.

B. Petals 5, regular , not clawed.

Ovary adherent Saxifraga. 316.

C. Petals none.

Capsule 2-valved ; placentarium basillary.

Chrysosplenium. 317.

I. 312. ROBERTSONIA. Haworth. None-so-pretty.

Calyx free, 5-parted, lobes membranaceous, becoming
reflected ; corolla 5-petaled, regular ; petals clawed ; fila-
ments round, slender at bottom, thickened at top, as long as
the petals ; ovary free ; capsule 1 -celled, many-seeded,
beaked; beaks recurved. — Root perennial; leaves roundish,
wedgeshape or oblong ; edge cartilaginous, toothed or cre-
nulate ; scape solid, leafless, effused, panicled ; flowers small,
white, sprinkled with red or yellow spots.

1. Robertsonia serrata . Sawleafed none-so-pretty.

Leaves reverse ovate, wedgeshape, stiff, acutely serrate,
bald, naked.

PL ex. cal. 46*. SAXIFRAGES. SI 2. Robertson. 529

Robertsonia serrata, Haworth App. Succ. 322.

Ireland ; perennial ; May.

Leaves narrower, deeper, and more acutely serrated t^an
R. punctata.

2. Robertsonia polita. Polished none-so-pretty .

Leaves kidneyshape, rounded, finely toothed, naked, po-
lished.

Robertsonia polita, Haworth App. Succ. 322.

Mountains; perennial; May.

3. Rolertsonia hirsuta . Rough none-so-pretty .

Leaves heartshape, oval, retuse, crenated ; edge cartila-
ginous.

Saxifraga hirsuta, Lin. S. P.

Robertsonia hirsuta, Haworth App. Succ.

Mountains of Ireland; perennial; June.

Herb large ; leaves dilated.

4. Robertsonia reniformis. Kidneyleaved none-so-pretty.

Leaves kidneyshape, toothed, hairy.

Saxifraga Geura, Lin. S. P. 576.

Robertsonia reniformis, Haworth App. Succ. 322.

Mountains of Ireland ; perennial ; June.

Herb small ; flowers milkwhite, nearly naked at the base
with a purple line and yellow stain.

5. Robertsonia dentata . Toothed none-so-pretty .

Leaves kidneyshape, rounded, crenately toothed.

Robertsonia dentata, Haworth App. Succ. 323.

Mountains in Scotland ; perennial ; May.

Herb less hairy than the preceding; leaver less finely
toothed, small, numerous; flowers white spotted with red
and yellow.

6. Robertsonia umbrosa. Shady none-so-pretty .

Leaves very bald, reverse ovate, rather retuse, crenate,

edge cartilaginous ; petioles the length of the leaf, fringed
with reddish hairs.

Geum folio subrotundo majori, pistillo floris rubro, Billen in Raii Syn
355,3.

Sedum montanum serration guttato flore. Park. 738.

Cotyledon, sive Sedum montanum latifoiium serratum guttato flore
Park. 741. *

Saxifraga umbrosa, Lin. S. P. 5T4.

London prids „ None-so-pretty..

VOL. I|. 2 U

530 312. Robertson. 46. SAXIFRAGEiE. PL ex. cal.

Mountains; perennial; June.

Leaves aggregated, spread, smooth ; scape red, hairy,
panicled; petals white, spotted with blood-colour and
yellow.

II. 313. HYDATICA. Necker. Kidney-wort .

Calyx 5-parted ; lobes become bent back; petals 5, clawed;

filaments threadshape, alternate, enlarged at bottom, con-
nate, shorter than the petals ; ovary free ; capsule membra-
naceous, beaked, beaks short, bent back ; seeds many, rough
with elevated tubercular lines placed lengthways. — Herb
perennial ; stem branched ; leaves crowded, radical, wedge-
shape, serrated or not cut; scape panicled ; petals white,
spotted with yellow.

Hydatica stellaris . Starlike kidney-wort .

Leaves oblong, wedgeshape, rather fleshy, toothed or not
cut; petals equal, oblong, pointed.

Geum palustre minus, foliis oblongis crenatis, Ran Syn.35 4, 1.
Saxifraga slellaris, Lin. S. P. 572.

Hairy kidneyvoort.

Sides of shady alpine rivulets ; perennial ; June and July.
Root tufted; stem rooting, 8 inches high; leaves most
hairy on the edge ; panicle few-flowered ; bractecz lanceolate,
or 3-cut ; petals with two yellow dots On each end.

@. minor. Stem 1 inch high; scape 1 -flowered \ flowers
large.

III. 314. MISCOFETALUM. Flaw. Bulbous-saxifrage.
Calyx 5-parted, lobes upright ; petals 5, equal, crowned ;

filaments filiform, slender above, dilated at bottom, con-
nate; ovary free; capsule ovate, 1-celled, many-seeded. —
Stem leafy ; leaves petioled, roundish, kidneyshape, fleshy,
serrated or lobed; flowers white, solitary, or panicled.

Miscopetalum P cernuum. Drooping bulbous-saxifrage .
Leaves palmately lobed, rather bald ; upper leaves uncut ;
axillae gemmiparous ; flowers solitary ; petals retuse, very
slightly nicked.

Saxifraga cernua, Lin. S. P. 577.

Moist alpine rocks; perennial; July.

Root scaly; stem upright, seldom branched, l -flowered;
upper leaves sessile; flower white, terminal, drooping.

PI. ex. cal. 46. SAXIFRAGES. 315. Kingstonia. 531

IV. 315. KINGSTONIA. Marsh-saxifrage.

Calyx 5-parted, lobes grow reflected; petals 5, equal,

reverse ovate, clawed, with 2 hornlike appendages above
Hthe base situated on the 2 outer veins ; filaments thread-
shape, slender above, dilated at bottom, connate; ovary
free; capsule ovate, 1 -celled, mam'-seeded. — Stem leafy;
leaves alternate, lanceolate, bald ; edge undivided, often
fringed ; flowers panicled, terminal, yellow.

Dr. Kingstone first found this plant on Knotsford-moor,
Cheshire, Dillen in Rail Syn. 355.

Kingstonia guttata. Spotted marsh-saxif rage.

Stem upright ; leaves lanceolate, blunt, bald.

Geum angustifolium auctumnale, flore luteo guttato, Dillen in Raii Syn.
355, 2.

Chamaecistus Frisicus, Ger. em. J284, 8.

Saxifraga Hirculus, Lin. S. P. 576.

Turf bogs ; perennial ; August.

Root fibrous; stem round, hairy, branched at bottom,
twrigs lying down; panicles 3 or 4-flowered; petals spotted
as far as the middle with yellow.

V. 316. SAXIFRAGA. Pliny. Saxifrage.

Calyx adherent, 5-cut, lobes upright ; petals 5, slender

at bottom ; filaments slender at top, dilated at bottom, con-
nate; ovary adherent or semi-adherent; capsule 1-celled,
many-seeded. — Habit various, probably containing many
natural genera.

a. Stem naked ; leaves radical^ fleshy , broad , not cut ;
flowers panicled.

1. Saxifraga nivalis. Snow saxifrage.

Leaves reverse ovate, crenate, nearly sessile ; flowers
crowded.

Saxifraga foliis oblongo-rotundatis dentatis, floribus coinpactis, Raii
Syn. 354, 5.

Saxifraga nivalis, Lin. S. P. 573.

Alps; perennial; July.

Roots tufted ; leaves broad ; scape viscid and hairy above;
" bractece lanceolate; petals spotted with green; ovary ad-
herent.

2 M 2

532 316. Saxifraga. 46. SAXIFRAGES. PI. ex. cal,

b. Stem leafy ; leaves opposite , not cut , leathery, fringed ;
flowers 1 or 2, terminal , bluish.

2. Saxifraga ceerulea. Blue saxifrage .

Leaves crowded, ovate, fringed ; flower solitary, nearly r

sessile ; petals ovate, twice as long as the stamens or styles.
Saxifraga alpina ericoides, flore caeruleo, Raii Syn. 353, 1,

Saxifraga oppositifolia, Lin. S. P. 575.

Saxifraga caerulea, Lapeyr. Saxifr. 36, 16.

Purple saxifrage.

Rocks and alpine places ; perennial ; April.

Stem prostrate, very long, tufted or pendulous; flower-
bearing shoots upright; leaves sometimes slightly alternate,
uppermost leaves remote ; ovary half-adherent.

c. Stem leafy ; leaves not cut , alternate , leathery, fringed ;
flowers panicled , yellow dotted with red.

3. Saxifraga autumnalis. Autumn saxifrage.

Stem prostrate at bottom ; root-leaves aggregate ; stem-

leaves alternate, linear, lanceolate, fringed ; calyx 5-cut.

Saxifraga alpina angusto folio, flore lufeo guttato, Raii Syn. 353, 2.
Sedum Alpinum primum Clusii, Ger.em . 516,2.

Saxifraga aizoides, Lin. S. P. 576,

Saxifraga autumnalis, Hudson FI. Angl. 180.

Alpine rivulets ; perennial ; July and August.

Stems aggregated, branched at bottom ; leaves sessile,
blunt; panicle simple, few-flowered or branched, many-
flowered, leafy; petals ligulate; ovary depressed; capsule
half-adherent.

4. Saxifraga aizoides. Sengreen saxifrage.

Stem-leaves scattered, linear, awlshape, fringed ; cilise

teethlike; terminal calyx 4-cut.

Saxifraga aizoides, Lin. S. P. 576.

Alpine places ; perennial ; August.

Herb smaller, slenderer, and more decumbent than S. au-
tumnalis; leaves rather upright; flowers nearly paniculate;
terminal flower 4-petaled; anthers 7.

d. Stem leafy ; root-leaves petioled , lobed , herbaceous ;
flowers panicled , white; ovary half-adherent.

5. Saxifraga granulata. Granulated saxifrage.

Root granulated; stem nearly racemose; leaves round,

kidneyshape, slightly lobed*

PL ex. cal. 46. SAXIFRAGES. 316. Saxifraga. 533

Saxifraga rotnndifolia alba, R aii Syn. 354, 6.

Saxifraga alba, Ger. em. 841, 1.

Saxifraga alba vulgaris, Park. 424.

Saxifraga granulata, Lin. S. P. 576.

White saxifrage. White stone-break.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May.

Stem upright, rather viscid ; leaves fleshy ; stem-leaves
sessile; petals reverse ovate, white, not spotted.

@. duplicata. Flowers double.

6. Saxifraga rivularis. Rivulet saxifrage.

Root fibrous ; stem usually 2-flowered ; leaves petioled,

palmate, 3 to 5-lobed, bald ; uppermost spathulate, undi-
vided.

Saxifraga rivularis, Lin. S. P. 577.

Rivulets in fissures of rocks; perennial; June and July.
Stem single, 2 inches high; flowers upright, white; petals
pointed, small.

e. Stem upright , leafy ; leaves palmate, slender at hot tom,
herbaceous ; flowers panicled, white ; ovary adherent, urn-
shaped; root annual .

7. Saxifraga tridactylites. Three-fingered saxifrage.

Stem upright, branched ; leaves alternate, wedgeshape,

3 or 5-cut.

Saxifraga verna annua humilior, Rail Syn. 354,4.

Paronychia rutaceo folio, Ger. em. 624,2.

Paronychia foliis incisis. Park. 556.

Saxifraga iridactylites, Fin. S. P. 576,

Saxifraga annua, Lapeyr. Sax. 39.

Rue-leaved whitlow-grass.

Dry walls and waste places ; annual ; May.

Root fibrous ; leaves downy ; panicle leafy ; petals ovate,
small.

S. lanceolata. Stem branched ; upper stem-leaves opposite,
spearshape.

y. simplex. Stem simple ; leaves undivided.

f, Saxifragae verse. Stem leafy , perennial ; leaves aggregated

at the base in roses, many cut ; petals sessile,

8. Saxifraga lanceolata. Spear-leaved saxifrage.

Leaves bald, fringed; rose-leaves 7-cut, palmate; bud-

leaves very short, upright, 3 or 5-cut; stem-leaves spear-
shape ; petals rounded, reverse ovate.

Saxifraga lanceolata, Haworth Suppl. Succ. 324.

534? 316. Saxifraga. 46. SAXIFRAGES. PI. ex. cal.

Scotch mountains; perennial; May.

Petals large, much rounded ?

9. Saxifraga pedatifida. Foot- cut saxifrage.

Root-leaves kidneyshape, pedatifid, 7-lobed ; floivers

nearly corymbous ; petals linear, reverse ovate ; ovary ad-
herent.

Saxifraga pedatifida, Engl. Botany, 32, 2278.

Scotch alps; perennial; May and June.

Plant large, in tufts; flowers small, numerous, milk-
white.

10. Saxifraga quinqueflda . Five-cut saxifrage .

Bud-leaves 5 -cut, lobes lanceolate, marked with a longi-
tudinal line.

Saxifraga quinqueflda, Haworth Miscall. Nat. 163.

Scotch alps ; perennial ; May.

Buds nearly upright, covered with white hairs ; rose-leaves
aggregated, 5 to 11 -cut; bud- leaves scattered, 5-cut, some-
times 3-cut, fleshy, with long petioles, bald, fringed ; stem
flexuose, usually 5-flowered ; bractece elliptic, lanceolate,
3-ribbed, bent back ; lowermost 3-cut ; flowers large.

1 1 . Saxifraga hirta. Rough saxifrage .

Bud-leaves and lower stem -leaves 3-cut, fringed; under-
neath bald.

Saxifraga hirta, Haworth Misc . Nat. 164, not of English Botany.
Scotch alps; perennial; May.

Buds straight, villous ; rose-leaves 5-cut; bud-leaves 3-cut.

12. Saxifraga laxa. Weak saxifrage ,

Leaves hairy, 3 to 5-parted; lobes elliptical, pointed;

buds ascending ; petals reverse ovate, triple-ribbed.

Saxifraga hirta, Engl. Bot. 2291.

Scotch alps; perennial; May and June.

Herb weak, viscous, few-flowered; petioles broad, long.

13. Saxifraga palmata. Palmated saxifrage.

Rose-leaves 5 or 7-cut, very hairy; petals nearly round.

Saxifraga palmata, Engl. Botany , 455.

Saxifraga petraea, With. Bot. Arr. 890.

Welsh mountains ; perennial ; May and June.

Stem upright, panicled ; flowers 5 or 7 ; petals yellowish
white, pointed; ribbed; ovary half adherent.

PL ex, cal. 46. SAXIFRAGES. 316. Sax-ifraga. 535

(3. hybrida . Stem bent, woolly, hairs often recurved; buds
recumbent; leaves narrow.

Saxifraga hybrida, Haworth Misc. Nat. 164.

14. Saxifraga trifida. Three-cut saxifrage .

Puds upright ; rose-leaves and bud-leaves 3-cut, fringed ;

petioles fringed.

Saxifraga trifida, Haworth Misc. Nat. 165.

Mountains; perennial; July.

Rose-leaves very rarely 5-cut.

15. Saxifraga Icevis . Smooth saxifrage.

Buds prostrate; rose-leaves 5-cut; bud-leaves 3 to 5-cut,

not fringed ; petioles fringed.

Saxifraga lsevis, Haieorth Misc. Nat. 165.

Mountains ; perennial ; June.

Leaves pale, slightly shining.

16. Saxifraga platypetala. Broad-bloomed saxifrage.

Buds procumbent; leaves hairy, 3 or 5-cut, awned; stem

leafy ; petals reverse ovate, orbicular.

Saxifraga platypetala, Engl. Bot. 2276.

Alpine rocks; perennial; June.

Leaves slender; petals large, ribbed; ribs branched.

17. Saxfraga latfda. Broad-cut saxifrage.

Leaves awned, 3 or 5-cut, base long; upper leaves linear,

undivided ; peduncles very long, naked.

Saxifraga latifida, Haworth.

Saxifraga elongella, Smith Trans. Lin. Soc. 10. not of Don.

Alpine rocks ; perennial; May and June.

Stem upright ; branches very leafy ; peduncles flowered ;
petals reverse ovate, ribbed ; ribs branched ; ovary adherent.

18. Saxifraga spatulata. Spatula saxifrage.

Upper bud-leaves spatular, linear, pointed; lower 2 or

3-pointed; rose-leaves 5-cut.

Saxifraga spatulata, Haworth Misc. Nat. 165.

Scotch alps; perennial; May.

Stem bent, scarcely panicled, downy above ; petals broad,
reverse ovate, blunt, white, with a triple greenish line.

19. Saxifraga hypnoides . Hypnum saxifrage.

Bud-leaves linear, lanceolate ; lowest 3-cut ; radical-leaves

5-cut.

536 316. Saxifraga. 46. SAXIFRAGES. PL ex. cal,

Saxifragra hypnoides, Flora Danica , S48.

Saxifraga hypnoides /3, Willd. $. P. 2, 659.

Westmoreland mouptains; perennial; May.

Stem panicled, bent, leafy, round, downy ; petals ovate
oblong, white, tipped on the outside with rose-colour.

20. Saxifraga angustifolia. Narrow-leaved saxifrage ,
Bud-leaves linear, lanceolate, the lowermost very rarely

3- cut; rose-leaves often 3-cut.

Saxifraga angustifolia, Haworth Misc. Nat. 166.

Mountains; perennial; May.

Stem leafy, hardly panicled ; petals white, reverse ovate,
rather imbricated at bottom.

21 . Saxifraga densa. Close saxifrage .

Bud-leaves awlshape, half-cylindrical ; rose-leaves 3-cut.

Saxifraga densa, Havoorth Misc. Nat. 166.

Mountains; perennial; May.

Buds very closely tufted, red, bald ; stem headed ; petals
orbicular, ovate, imbricated at bottom, white, reddish on
the outside of the tip.

22. Saxifraga cespitosa , Tufted saxifrage.

Rose-leaves aggregated, fleshy, 3 or 5-cut, ribbed under-
neath ; stem rather naked, usually 2-flowered.

Saxifraga Grcenlandica, Lin. S. P. ?

Sp-xifraga cespitosa. Smith FI. Brit. 2, 455.

Mountains; perennial; June.

23. Saxifraga muscoides. Moss-like saxifrage.

Rose-leaves aggregated, 3-cut; scape slender, nearly up-
right, few-flowered ; flowers citron-yellow, nearly sessile.

Saxifraga cespitosa, Scopoli Cam. 494.

Saxifraga muscoides, Jacq. Misc. 2, 125.

Mountains; perennial; May.

Flowers racemous ; petals lanceolate, oblong, blunt,
nearly yellow.

24. Saxifraga elongella. Long saxifrage.

Bud-leaves linear, not divided, fringed, fringe distant ;

rose-leaves often 3-cut $ stem downy, rather naked; usually
2-flowered.

Saxifraga casspitpsa, Hudson FI. Angl. 181.

Saxifraga moschata, Smith Ft. Brit. 2, 455.

Saxifraga elongella, Haworth Misc. Nat . 167.

PL ex. cal. 46. SAXIFRAGE^E. 316. Saxifraga. 537
Mountains; perennial; May.,

Stem threadshape, cylindrical, ratlier stiff, scarcely
leafed, usually 2-fiowered, downy ; flowers yellowish.

25. Saxifraga pygmcea . Pigmy saxifrage.

Bud-leaves linear, lanceolate, blunt, rather fringed ; rose-
leaves 3-cut; raceme very leafy, 2 to 6-flow, ered, downy.
Saxifraga moschata, Engl. Bot. 2214.

Saxifraga pygmaea, Haworth Misc. Nat. 1 68.

Mountains ; perennial ; May.

Stem 1 inch high ; stein-leaves frequently doubled at the
base of the peduncles; braciece small, threadshape, about
the middle of the peduncle.

VI. 317. CIIRYSOSPLENIUM. Tabernsemontanus.

Golden-saxifrage.

Calyx adherent, 4 or 5-cut ; inside coloured ; petals 0 ;
stamens 8 to 10; capsule 1 -celled, 2-vaIved; placentarium
basillary. /

1 . Chrysosplenium alternfolium . Alternate-leaved golden-

sax f rage.

Leaves alternate.

Saxifraga aurea foliis pediculis oblongis insidentibus, Raii Syn. 158 2.
Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Lin. S. P. 566.

Shaded springs in bogs ; perennial ; May.

Herb succulent, brittle; stem leafy at bottom ; corymbus
terminal, 2-forked, leafy ; flowers gold-yellow, mostly 4-cut;
central flower 5-cut, decandrous.

2. Chrysosplenium opposit folium. Opposite-leaved golden-

saxifrage.

Leaves opposite.

Saxifraga aurea, Raii Syn. 158, 1 ; Ger. em. 841 ; Park. 429.
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Lin. S. P. 560.

Golden saxifrage. Golden stonebreake.

Shaded springs in bogs ; perennial ; May.

Stem frequently branched ; flowers almost always 4-cut,
octandrous.

538 318. Umbilicus. 47. CRASSULACEJE. PL ex. cal.

Fam. XII. 47. CRASSULACE^.

Calyx free, parted ; corolla on the base of the calyx ;
petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, sometimes sol-
dered; stamens as many as the petals, interposed ; or twice
as many, interposed and opposite ; ovaries distinct, as many
as the petals, with a nectariferous scale at the base of each;
camares as many as the ovaries, 1 -celled, many-seeded;
placentarium marginal; perisperm thin, fleshy; corculum
straight, axile; radicle below. — Plant herbaceous; leaves
opposite or alternate, fleshy or succulent ; flowers alternate,
spiked, corymbose or cymose.

Petals soldered, tubular at bottom . . . Umbilicus. 318.

Petals free, very small; stamens 3 or 4 . . TilLtEA. 319.

Petals free; stam. 5 or 7; scales undivided. Sedum. 320.

Petals free; stam. 12; scales nicked. Semfervivum. 321.

I. 318. UMBILICUS. Navel-wort.

\ Calyx 5-cut; corolla tubular; petals 5, soldered at bot-
tom, limb straight, pointed ; stamens 10; ovaries 5, small,
ovate. — Root tuberous; leaves peltate, crenate; scape mostly
simple ; flowers spiked.

1. Umbilicus pendulinus. Hanging navel-wort.

Flowers hanging down; bracteai not cut.

Cotyledon vera radire tuberosa, Raii Syn. 271, I.

Umbilicus Veneris, Ger. em. 528.

Umbilicus Veneris vulgaris, Park. 740.

Cotyledon Umbilicus Veneris /3, Lin. S. P. 018.

Cotyledon Umbilicus Veneris, Hudson Fl.Angl. 194.

Cotyledon Umbilicus, Engl. Bot. 325.

Cotyledon rupestris, Salisb. Prod. 307.

Cotyledon umbilicifolia, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 545.

Umbilicus pendulinus, Be Candolle FI. Gall. 3600.

Wall pennywort. Pennywort. Venus navelwort. Our Lady's navel.
Hipiuort. Kidiieyvoort.

Damp rocks and old walls; perennial; June and July.

Root tuberous ; stem leafy at bottom ; flowers yellowish,
green at the mouth ; stamens very short.

(3. punctatum. Stem spotted ; corolla cylindrical, dotted.

2. Umbilicus erectus. Upright-flowered navel-wort.

Flowers upright; bracteae toothed.

Cotyledon radice tuberosa longe repens, Raii Hist. 1878.

Cotyledon Umbilicus Veneris, Lin. S. P. 615.

Cotyledon lutea, Hudson FI. Angl. 194.

Cotyledon Lusitanica, Lamarck Encyc. Meih. 2, 14.

Umbilicus erectus, Dc Candolle FI. Gall.380\.

PI. ex. ceil. 47* CR ASSUL ACEfE. 318. Umbilicus* 5 39

Damp rocks and walls ; perennial ; June.

Roof creeping ; stem 1 8 inches high ; flowers yellow ;
stamens exserted.

II. 319. TILLiEA. Micheli. Red-shanks .

Calyx 3-parted ; petals 3 to 5, awlshape, very small ;

stamens 3 to 5 ; ovaries 3 ; camares 2-seeded, contracted in
the middle. — Root fibrous; leaves perfoliate; flowers solitary.

Tillcea muscosa. Mossy red-shanks.

Stem procumbent ; flowers sessile.

Tillaea muscosa annua perfoliata, fiore albo, Micheli Gen. 22.

Tillaea muscosa, Lin. S. P. 186.

Barren sandy heaths ; annual ; May and June.

Stem generally red; leaves blunt, gibbous, bald, reddish;
flowers 3, 4, or rarely 5-cut.

III. 320. SEDUM. Pliny. Stone-crop.

Calyx 5, rarely 4, 6, or 7-cut ; petals 4 to 7 ; stamens 8

to 14; ovaries 4 to 7; scales ovate, blunt, not cut; camares
4 to 7, many-seeded.

a. Rhodiola. Root tuberous ; leaves flat ; flowers yellow ,

unisexual.

1. Sedum dioicum. Dioicous stone-crop.

Leaves wedgeshape, oblong, pointed, serrated towards

the end ; flowers corymbose, capitate.

Anacampseros radice rosarn spirante major, Raii Syn. 269, 2.

Rhodia radix, Ger. em. 532; Park. 727.

Rhodiola rosea, Lin. S. P. 1465.

Sedum roseum, Scopoli Cam. 560.

Sedum dioicum, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 548.

Rose root. Rose wort.

Fissure of alpine rocks; perennial; May and June.

Root smells like rose-water ; stem simple ; leaves sessile ;
cyme sessile, many-flowered.

b. Telephium. Root tuberous j leaves flat ; flowers white ,

or purple.

2. Sedum vulgare. Common stone-crop.

Stem upright; leaves alternate, lanceolate, oblong, ser-
rated ; corymvus leafy.

540 320. Sedum. 47. CRASSULACEiE. Pl.ex^cal.

Anacainpseros vulgo Fnba inversa, Ger. em. 518,2.

Telephium seu Crassula major vulgaris, Park. 726.

Sedum Telephium y, Lin. S. P. 616.

Sedum Telephium a, Alton H. Kew. ed. 2, 3, 111.

Anacampseros vulgaris, Haworth Sacc. 112.

Common orpine. Live long. Lib long.

Fields and hedges on chalky soils ; perennial ; August.
Root white; stem 2 feet high, simple; leaves ovate, glau-
cous, smooth; flowers whitish. — Leaves boiled in milk
diuretic.

3. Sedum triphyllum . Three-leaved stone-crop .

Stem upright; leaves in three, whirled, oblong, serrate;

corymbus terminal.

Sedum Telephium j3, Lin. S . P. 616.

Sedum yerticillatum, Don Cat. Cant. 6,125.

Anacampseros triphylla, Haworth Succ. 112.

c. Sedum. Leaves round , blunt , loose at bottom ; flowers
white or bluish .

v

4. Sedum villosum . Villous stone-crop .

Stem upright; leaves alternate, oblong, flattish above,

downy; peduncle 1 -flowered, axillary, downy; petals ovate,
bluntish.

Sedum purpureum pratense, Raii Syn. 270, 4.

Sedum minus palustre, Ger. em. 516, 1.

Sedum arvense, seu palustre flore rubente, Park. 734.

Sedum villosum, Lin. S. P. 620.

Small water sengreen.

Moist meadows and pastures ; perennial; June and July.
Root fibrous; stem branched at bottom; upper leaves
mostly pubescent ; panicle viscid ; petals white, with a purple
rib; camares rough.

5. Sedum Anglicum. English stone- crop.

Stem, weak, slender; leaves mostly alternate, ovate, gib-
bous, fat; pedicells bald ; cyme 2-cut, smooth.

Sedum minimum non acre flore albo, Raii Syn. 270, 6.

Sedum annuum, Hudson FI. Angl. ed. 1, 172.

Sedum Anglicum, Hudson FI. Angl. 196.

Sedum rubens, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 235.

Mountains and sandy sea-shores ; annual.

Stem ascending; leaves rather glaucous; cymes terminal,
nearly leafless; calyx blunt, smooth ; petals acute: camares
smooth.

PI. ex, cal. 47. CRASSULACE.3E. 320. Sedum. 541

6. Sedum dasyphyllum. Thick-leaved stone-crop .

Stem weak, downy at top ; leaves opposite, ovate, blunt,

fat; flowers loosely racemous, glutinous, often 6-petaled.

Sedum minus circinato folio, Dillcn in Rail Syn , 271, 8.

Sedum dasyphyllum, Lin. S'. P. 618.

Walls and rocks; perennial; June.

Stem decumbent, creeping ; flowering branches upright ;
leaves imbricate, glaucous, reddish ; panicle few-flowered ;
calyx pubescent, viscid.

7. Sedum album . White stone-crop.

Leaves scattered, oblong, roundish, blunt, spreading ;

cymes much branched, bald.

Sedum minus teretifolium album, Dillen in Raii Syn. 271,7.

Sedum minus officinarum, Ger. em. 512,2.

Vermicularis flore albo. Park. 733.

Sedum album, Lin. S. P. 619.

White-flowered prickmadam. Wild prickmadam. Great stone-crop.
Worm grass.

Stem branched, ascending; leaves horizontally spread,
rather glaucous ; calyx blunt, smooth.

d. Leaves rounds "blunt , loose at bottom ; flowers yellow.

8. Sedum acre. Biting stone-crop.

Leaves alternate, rather ovate, sessile and nearly adnate,

fleshy, gibbous, rather upright; cyme 3-cut, leafy.

Sedum parvum acre flore luteo, Raii Syn. 270,5.

Vermicularis, sive Illecebra minor acris, Ger. em. 517.

Illecebra minor seu Sedum terdum Dioscoridis, Park. 735.

Sedum acre, Lin. S. P. 619.

Wall pepper. Stone hot. Pricket. Mouse tail. Country pepper. Jack
of the buttery.

Rocks and dry sandy places ; perennial; June.

Stem tufted, ascending; leaves wedgeshape, bunched out
at bottom, free; cyme solitary, few-flowered ; calyx blunt,
smooth, petals acute; capsule smooth. — Juice very acrid,
applied externally it blisters, and is emetic when drank :
used as an alterative in scurvy and intermittent fevers.

9. Sedum sexangulare. Six-angled stone-crop .

Leaves roundish, spreading, whirled in threes, in the

shoots scaly in six rows ; cyme 3-cut, leafy.

Sedum acre /3, Hudson FI. Angl. 196.

Sedum sexangulare, Lin. S. P. 620.

Dry sandy places and wall ; perennial ; June, July.

Juice insipid.

542 320. Sedum. 47. CRASSULACEiE. PL ex. cal.

e. Aizoon. Leaves awlshape, acute , Zoose bottom;
flowers yellow , cymose.

10. Sedum reflexum. Reflected stone-crop.

Leaves awlshape, spread, glaucous, crowded ; lower re-
flected ; flowers rather cymose.

Sedum minus luteum ramulis reflexis, Raii Syn.

Aizoon scorpioides, Ger.em. 513, 6.

Yermicularis scorpioides, Park. 733.

Sedum reflexum, Lin. S. P. 618.

Scorpion sengreen. \

Walls and rocks; perennial; July.

Stem branched at bottom, ascending, 1 foot high ; leaves
lengthened out at bottom ; lower leaves deciduous ; calyx
bald, deeply divided. — Biting, used in sallads along with
lettuces.

1 1 . Sedum glaucum . Sea-green stone-crop.
Stem much branched; leaves awlshape, spread, very

glaucous, lengthened at bottom, twigs threadshape;
cymose ; calyx-lobes lanceolate.

Sedum minus hematoides, Raii Syn. 669, 1 ; Ger. em. 512, I.

Yermicularis et Crassula minor vulgaris, seu lllecebra major, Park. 733.
Sedum reflexum /3, Smith FI. Brit.

Sedum glaucum, Haworth Succ. 116.

Prickmadam. Dwarf houseleek. Small sengreen.

Sandy places; perennial; July and August.

Branches and twigs long, creeping, 4 inches high.

0. minus. Branches and twigs compact, erect, 2 inches
high.

12. Sedum rupestre . Rock stone-crop.

Leaves awlshape, upright, spread, crowded, glaucous;

flowers nearly cymose ; petals twice as long as the calyx.
Sedum minus a rape S. Vincentii, Raii Syn. 270,3.

Sedum rupestre, Lin. S. P. 618.

Bristol sengreen.

Rocks; perennial; July.

Stem 9 inches high ; leaves 5-rowed ; calyx-lobes rather
blunt, glaucous. — Acrid, cultivated on the continent for
sallad, being eaten with lettuce.

13 . Sedum Forster ianum. Forster’s stone • crop.
Leaves awlshape, spreading, many-rowed, crowded,

green; flowers cymose ; calyx-lobes short, blunt; petals el-
liptical,

flowers

6

PI. ex. cal. 47. CRASSU'LACEiE. 320. Sedum. 543

Sedum Furs ter ianuia, Engl. Bot. 1S02.

Rocks; perennial; July.

Leaves . not glaucous.

IV. 321. SEMPERVIVUM. Pliny. Houseleek .

Calyx 6 to 12-cut; petals 6 to 12; stamens 12 to 24;
ovaries 9 to 12, scales ovate, broad, nicked or torn; ca-
mares many-seeded. — Herb perennial, stemless; scape co-
rymbose; radical leaves many-rowed, expanded, imbricate,
usually fringed.

Semperviviim tectorum . . Roof houseleek.

Leaves fringed ; buds spread open ; flowers 6-cut ; scales
wedgeshape, carunculated.

Sempervivum majus, Rail Syn. 269, 1 ; Gcr. em. 51.

Sedum majus vulgare, Park. 733.

Sedum tectorum, Lin. S. P. 664.

Commbn houseleek. Great houseleek. Aygreen. Jupiter's eye. Bullock's
eye. Jupiter's heard. Great sengreen.

Roofs and walls ; perennial ;

Stem 1 foot high, downy, corymbose; petals lanceolate,
connate at bottom, longer than the stamens. — Leaves
bruised, either by themselves or with cream, much used as
a cooling application to burns ; juice mixed with honey
used externally against aphthas.

Fam. XIII. 48. PORTULACEiE. Jussieu,

Calyx cut, persistent; corolla 5-petaled; petals soldered
or free, inserted on the calyx ; stamens 3 to 5, inserted on
the corolla; ovary free or adherent, 1 -celled; styles 1 to 3;
capsule 1-celled, 2 or 3-valved; seed upright; perisperm
farinaceous, central ; corculum incurved or annular, peri-
pherical .— Herb fleshy; leaves opposite or alternate \ flowers
axillary and terminal.

322. MONTIA. Micheli. Blinks.

Calyx 2 or 3-valved ; petals 5, soldered, 2 alternate
smaller; stamens 3 to 5; styles 3; capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded.
— Leaves opposite ; flowers solitary, axillary, and terminal.

Montia fontana. Spring blinks,

Leaves opposite, not divided ; flowers on peduncles.

544 322. Montia. 48. PORTULACEiE, PI. ex. cal .

Alsine parva palustris tricoccos portulaca* aquatic* similis, Raii Syn.
352, 1.

Catneraria arvensis et minor, Dillen Cat. Gies. 46.

Montia aquatica minor, Micheli Gen. FI. 18.

Montia fontana, Lin.S. P. 129.

Small water chickweed. IVater purslane.

Watery lanes and damp fields; annual; April and May.

Stem much branched, rooting ; leaves spatulate; flowers
white, very small ; fruit upright.

£. major. Stem 4 inches high, upright.

Montia aquatica major, Micheli Gen. PL 18.

Fam. XIV. 49. PARONYCHIDEiE. Paronychiece.

St. Hilaire and Jussieu.

Calyx 1-leaf, 5-cut or parted; petals .inserted on the
calyx, alternating with the lobes, often like scales or barren
filaments, sometimes 0 ; stamens definite, 5, rarely more, or
fewer inserted with the corolla ; filaments distinct ; anthers
roundish; ovary free; style 1 and stigma simple, or many,
with as many stigmata ; fruit capsular, 1 -seeded, valveless,
opening at the top; or 1-celled, many-seeded, many-valved
at the tip; seeds in the 1-seeded fruit often inserted on the
side towards the top by an umbilical cord from the bottom
of the capsule, in the many-seeded attached to a slightly
elevated central receptacle ; embryo peripherical, mostly
incurved; perisperm farinaceous, central; radicle ascending.

Calyx tubular, neck contracted; Siam. 8, 10;
petals O', utricles 1-seeded Scleranthus. 323.

Cal . 5-parted, lobes appendiculate ; stam. 2.;
petals 5, filiform; utricle 1-seeded. . . . Illecebrum. 325.

Cal . 5-parted ; stam. 5 ;

pet. 5; equal to the calyx; utricle i -seeded Corrigiola. 326.

Cal. 5-parted, inside coloured ; stam. 5 ;
pet. 5, threadshape; utricle 1-seeded . . . Herniaria. 327.

Cal. pitchershape at bottom; stam. 3;
pet. 5, scalelike, nicked; caps. 3-valved,
many-seeded Polycarpon. 328.

Cal. pitchershape at bottom ; stam. 5 ;
pet . 5, equal to the calyx; cap. 6-valved . . Larbrea. 329.

Cal. pitchershape at bottom; stam. 10;
pet. 5, equal to the calyx; cap . 3-valved Adenarium. 324.

PL ex. cal. 49. PARONYCHIDEiE. 323. Scleran. 545

A. ScLERANTHiDEiE. Flowers naked ; calyx-lobes simple ;
leaves sessile, linear, connate at the bottom ; stipules 0.

I. 323. SCLERANTHUS. Linnseus. Knawel.

Calyx tubular, constricted' in the neck, limb 5-cut; pe-
tals 0; stamens 10, very small; anthers roundish; styles
and stigmata 2 ; capsule very thin, 1-seeded, valveless, sunk
in the contracted calyx. — Stem herbaceous, small; flowers
axillary and rather corymbose, terminal.

1. Scleranthus perennis. Perennial knavael.

Stem procumbent ; calyx-teeth when in fruit incurved,

blunt.

Knawel ineanum, flore majore perenne, Rail Syn. 160,2.

Saxifraga Anglicana alsinefolia, Ger. era. 567,5.

Chalky fields ; perennial ; October and November.

Herb glaucous, rather shining, afterwards reddish; leaves
often downy. — The Polish cochineal insect is found in
summer on its roots.

2. Scleranthus annum « Annual knawel.

Stem spreading; calyx-teeth when in fruit spreading,

pointed.

Knawel, Raii Syn . 159,1.

Polygonum selinoides sive Knawel, Ger. em. 566,4.

Polygonum Gennanicum vel Knawel Germanorum, Park. 747.
Scleranthus annuus, Lin. S. P. 580.

Parsley piert. German Knotgrass.

Sandy corn-fields ; annual; July.

Root fibrous; stems branchy above; calyx 10-ribbed;
lobes acute, very spreading.— Steam of the decoction used
to cure the toothach.

II. 324. ADENARIUM. Rafinesque. Sandwort .

Calyx 5 -cut, pitchershape at bottom ; petals 5, reverse

ovate, not divided; stamens 10; filaments with an ovate
gland on each side at the base; ovary 1 -celled; ovules many;
placentarium central, threadlike ; stigmata 3 ; capsule three-
valved, many-seeded. — Herb fleshy, bald; leaves opposite,
sessile ; flowers from the forks of the stem, sessile, solitary.

Adenaria marina. Sea sandwort.

Leaves ovate, pointed, fleshy, 4-rowed ; calyx-lobes blunt,
ribless.

VOL. II. 2 N

S46 234. Adenar. 49. PARONYCHIDEiE. PL ex. eat.

Alsine marina foliis portulaceae, Rail Syn. 351, 12.

Anthyllis lentifolia, sive Alsine cruciata marina, Ger. cm . 622, 1.
Anthyllis maritima lentifolia. Park. 262.

Arenaria peploides, Lin. S. P. 605.

Sea pimpernel.

Sandy sea-shores ; perennial; June and July.

Root creeping, very long ; stem prostrate ; leaves recurved,
keeled, ribless ; flowers small.

B. Paronychide,® VER2E. Bractecc scarious ; calyx-lobes
with a membranous edge, often hooded at the tip ; leaves
stipuled.

III. 325. ILLECEBRUM. Dioscor. Creeping-milkwort .
Calyx 5-parted ; lobes thickened at the tip ; petals 5,

threadshape, (barren stamens?) inserted on the bottom of
the calyx, alternate with the lobes ; stamens 2, fertile, peri-
gynous, opposite to the lobes of the calyx; style very short;
stigmata beaded; capsule enclosed in the connivent calyx,
first streaked, then opening at the streaks, ] -seeded ; seed
inserted on the side ; corculum scarcely bent, peripherical.
— Stem, herbaceous, small, prostrate; stipulce scarious ; leaves
opposite; flowers glomerate, axillary, whitish.

Illecelrum verticillatum . Whirled creeping-milkwort .

Stem prostrate, threadshape, bald ; leaves roundish ;
flowers whirled, 5-sided, awned.

Corrigiola, Rail Syn. 160, 1.

Polygala repens, Ger. em. 563, 1.

Illecebrum verticillatum, Juin. S. P. 298.

Paronychia verticillata, De Candolle FI. Gall. 2286.

Damp bogs and pastures; perennial; July.

Root fibrous; leaves not divided, bald, fleshy; stipules

torn.

IV. 326. CORRIGIOLA. Erick Cordus. Strapwort .

Calyx 5-parted, persisting; petals 5, as long as the calyx;

stamens 5; style short; stigmata 3; capsule 1 -seeded, not
opening, 3-sided, covered with the calyx ; seed inserted at
the side; corculum peripherical.-— Herb small; leaves al-
ternate, stipuled ; flowers coloured, small.

Corrigiola Uttar alis . Shore strapwort .

Flowers ped uncled.

Corrigiola littoral is, Lin. S. P. 380.

Sea-shore; annual; July, August.

Pt. ex. cal. 49. PARONYCHIDEiE. 326. Corrig. 547

Root slender; stems many, mostly simple; leaves linear,
lanceolate, fleshy, glaucous ; thyrse lateral and terminal,
bracteated ; Jlowers white.

V. 327. HERNIARIA. Gesner. Rupturewort.

Calyx 5-parted, coloured on the inside ; petals 5, thread-

shape; stamens 5, alternating; styles and stigmata 2; cap-
sule 1 -seeded, not opening, closed in the calyx. — Herb
small, prostrate ; stem branchy ; Jlowers glomerate, axillary.

1. Herniaria glabra. Bald rupturewort.

Stem much branched, prostrate, creeping, bald ; glome-

rules many-flowered, axillary, bald.

Herniaria, Rail Syn. 160, 1 ; Ger. era. 569, 1.

Millegrana major seu Herniaria major, Park. 446.

Herniaria glabra, Lin. S. P. 31 1.

Sandy heaths; perennial; July and August.

Root fusiform; branches alternate; leaves ovate; lower
leaves opposite ; upper alternate ; jlowers sessile, yellowish
green. — Herb diuretic, .astringent, tastes rather saltish ;
juice removes specks on the eyes.

2. Herniaria hirsute. Hairy strapwort .

Stem rather hard, very much branched, prostrate, creep-
ing, hirsute ; glomerules few-flowered, axillary, hirsute.

Herniaria hirsuta, Dillen in Raii Syn. 161, 2; Lin. S. P. 317.

Sandy fields ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem and lower surface of the leaves hirsute ; hairs
spreading ; calyx densely bristled.

VI. 328. POLYCARPON. Dalechamp. All-seed.

Calyx pitchershape at the bottom, 5-cut ; petals 5, very

short, scalelike, nicked, persisting; stamens 3; ovary sub-
stipitate; styles and stigmata 3; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved,
many-seeded. — Stem herbaceous; leaves opposite or whirled;
flowers forked, corymbose, terminal.

Polycarpon tetraphyllon. Four-leaved all-seed.

Stem much branched, prostrate ; leaves 4 in a whirl.

Anthvllis marina incana alsinefolia, Ger. em. 622,2.

Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Lin. S.P. 131.

Sands and old walls near the sea; annual; July, August.
Stem very much branched, diffuse; leaves rather fleshy,
upper leaves opposite; flowers numerous.

2 N 2

548 329. Larbrea. 49. PARONYCHIDE.®. PL ex. cal.

C. Bractece scarious; calyx-lobes with a membranaceous
edge ; leaves not stipuled.

VII. 329. LARBREA. St. Hilaire. Larbrea.

Calyx 5-cut, pitchershape at bottom ; petals 5, perigy-
nous, 2-cut; stamens 10, perigynous; ovary 1 -celled; ovules
many; placentarium central, threadshape; stigmata 3, 4,
or 5; capsule 6-vaived at the tip. — Plant herbaceous, de-
cumbent ; stem 4-angular ; leaves opposite ; peduncles axil-
lary and terminal, 2 or 3-flowered ; bractece 2 to each flower.

Larbrea aquatica . Water larbrea .

Stem decumbent; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, callous at
the tip; peduncles mostly in pairs, 1 or many-flowered;
petals shorter than the calyx.

Alsine longifolia uliginosis proveniens locis, Raii Syn. 347,7.

Alsine fontana, Ger. em. 613, 8.

Stellaria aquatica, Pollich 1,429.

Stellaria Alsine, Hoffm. FI. Germ.

Stellaria uliginosa, Villars Delph.

Stellaria gratninea /8, Hudson FI. Angl. 190.

Stellaria hyperciifolia, Vigers Ilolsat.3 4.

Stellaria Dilleniania, Leers , 107.

Stellaria fontana, Jacquin Coll. 6,327.

Larbrea aquatica, St. Hilaire , Mem. Mus.3.

Fountain Chickweed. Bog stitchwort.

Rivulets and inundations ; annual; June.

Stem weak ; leaves many-veined, glaucous.

Fam. XV. 50. GROSSULARI^. Jussieu.

Calyx adherent, 5-cut; petals 5; stamens 5 , inserted on
the calyx; style 2-cut; stigmata 2; berry globose, 1- celled;
placentaria 2, parietal, opposite; seeds many; corculum
straight, very small, at the base of the fleshy perisperm.—
Plant shrubby ; leaves alternate, palmately ribbed, 5-lobed.

330. RIBES. Fuchs. Currant .

Calyx 5-cut ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; berry globular, one-
celled.

a. Ribes. Stem not armed ; flowers racemose ; fruit small .

1. Ribes rubrum . Red currant .

Stem upright, unarmed ; leaves bluntly 5-lobed ; racemes
pendulous, bald; flowers flat; petals reverse-heartshape.

VI. ex. cal. SO. GROSSULARIJS. 330. Ribes. 549

Ribes vulgaris fructu rubro, Raii Syn. 456, 1 ; Ger . em. 1593, 1.

Ribes fructu rubro, Park. 1561.

Ribes rubrum, Lin. S. P. 290.

Common currant. Garnet berries.

Woods and sides of rivers, also cultivated; shrubby;
May.

Branches bald; leaves slightly downy ; racemes simple;
hractece ovate, very short ; herry red, when cultivated some-
times white, acid. — Berries an agreeable desert ; juice of
the berries a pleasant acid, with sugar make a fine wine.

0. dulce . Fruit sweet.

Ribes vulgaris fructu dulci, Raii Syn. 456, 1*.

Sweet currants.

y. parvum. Fruit small.

Ribes fructu parvo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 456,3.

2. Ribes alpinum . Alpine currant.

Stem upright, unarmed ; leaves shining beneath ; racemes

upright ; hractece longer than the flowers.

Ribes alpinus dulcis, Raii Syn. 45 6, 2.

Ribes alpinum, Lin. S. P.291.

Sweet mountain currants.

Woods and hedges; shrubby; April and May.

Leaves 3-lobed ; racemes upright ; fiowers yellowish
green ; hractece lanceolate ; herry elliptical, mucilaginous.

j3. dioicum . Plants dioicous.

3. Rihes petrceum . Rock currant .

Stem upright, unarmed; leaves acutely lobed,cut, toothed;

racemes rather hairy, upright ; flowers flattish ; petals blunt;
hractece shorter than the flowers.

Ribes petrseum, Wolff, in Jac. Misc. 2, 36.

Mountains; shrubby; May.

Leaves 5-lobed, nappy beneath ; hractece ovate ; pedicells
short; racemes when in fruit pendulous; herry globular.

j3. spicatum . Flowers rather spiked ; spike when in fruit
upright.

Ribes spicatum, Robson Lin. Trans. 3,240.

4*. Rihes nigrum . Black currant.

Stem upright, unarmed; leaves with glandular dots be-
neath ; racemes weak, hairy, hanging down, simple at bot-
tom ; flowers bellshape ; hractece shorter than the pedicel).

550 330. Ribes. 50. GROSSULARI.ZE. PI. ex. cal.

Ribes nigrum vulgo dictum, folio olente, Raii Syn. 456, 4.

Ribes fructu nigro, Ger. em. 1593,3; Park. 1562.

Quinsey berries.

Woods and dunghills; shrubby; May.

Berry black ; leaves odorous, unpleasant.— Roots in in-
fusion useful in eruptive fevers, and the dysentery of cattle ;
leaves when young tinge malt spirits to resemble brandy ;
berries have to most a disagreeable flavour, the juice of
them made by boiling with a little sugar into a rob, or
soft extract, much used in inflammatory sore throat, or the
quinsey.

0. polyandrum. Stamens more than 5, some or all of the
petals being changed into stamens.

b. Grossularias. Stem prickly ; peduncles few-jloivered.

5. Biles spinosum . Thorny currant .

Branches prickly; leaves roundly lobed; petioles hairy;
peduncles 1 or 2-flowered.

Uva crispa, Ger. em. 1324, 1.

UVn crispa, sive Grossularia sylvestris, Park. 1560.

Ribes Grossularia, Lin. S. P. 291.

Gooseberry. Fea berry , Cheshire. Berries, Scotland.

Woods and hedges, also cultivated; shrubby; April.

Stem branchy; spines 1 to 3 together, under the petioles;
leaves downy; Ir'actece 2 or 3 on each peduncle, fringed;
berry hanging, varying in colour, hairy ; hairs capitated. —
Berry a wholesome fruit, either raw, or dressed; seeds have
been used for coffee; juice of the fruit with sugar make a
sparkling wine like champagne, or a good vinegar.

/3. glalrum . Berry bald ; bracteee connate, tubular.

Ribes uva crispa, Lin. S. P. 292.

Smooth gooseberries.

Farm XVI. 51. CUCURBITACEiE.

Flowers mostly unisexual ; calyx adherent to the ovary,
contracted above, dilated into a 5-cut limb; corolla bell-
shape, on the top of the ovary, 5-lobed, withering, per-
sistent. Male. Stamens 3 to 5, on the contraction of the
calyx ; filaments often jointed; anthers 1- celled, on the tip
of the filament, flexuous, often in 2 pairs and the 5th soli-
tary ; ovary abortive. Fem. Stamens abortive ; ovary ad-
herent; styles and stigmata many; berry or pepo 1 or many-
celled, many-seeded, bark woody; seeds horizontal, on the

PI ex. cal. 51. CUCURBITACEAE. 331. Bryonia. 551

inner angles of the dissepiments; perisperm 0; corculum
straight; cotyledons large, flat. — Herb twining, mostly
rough; leaves petioled, alternate, nearly orbicular; ten-
drills axillary ; peduncles axillary, jointed in the middle.

Fruit a berry Bryonia. 331.

Fruit apepo; seeds sharp-edged Cucumis. 332.

Fruit a pepo;seecfo swelling at the edge. Cucurbita. 333.

I. 331. BRYONIA. Dioscorides. WHd-vine.

Plant monoicous or dioicous ; corolla obtusely 5-cut. —

Male. Stamens 3, 2 of which are joined at the base. — Fem.
Styles 3-cut; berry globose.

Bryonia ruder alis . Ruin wild-vine .

Leaves heartshape, palmate, 5-lobed, callous, rough ;
flowers racemose, dioicous, fruit red.

Bryonia alba, Raii Syn. 261, 1 ; Gcr. em. 869; Lin. S.J \ 1438.

Bryonia alba vulgaris, Park. 178.

Bryonia dioica, Jacquin Austr. 199.

Bryonia ruderalis, Salisb. Prod. 158.

White bryony. Bryony. Tetter berry.

Woods and hedges ; perennial ; May to September.

Root extremely large; stem slender, climbing; tendrils
very long ; leaves angular ; peduncles axillary, few-flowered ;
corolla whitish. — Root acrid, purgative, in doses of one
dram, or an infusion of half an ounce.

II. 332. CUCUMIS. Pliny. Cucumber .

Plant monoicous ; calyx lobes awlshape ; corolla bellshape.

— Male. Filaments 3, 2 joined at the base; anthers soldered.
— Fem. Filaments 3, without anthers ; style 1 ; stigmata 3,
2-parted; pepo large, 3-locular, cells parted; seeds ovate,
compressed ; edge acute.

1. Cucumis sativus. Cultivated cucumber .

Leaves angular, angles acute, straight ; fruit oblong,
rough.

Cucumis vulgaris, Ger. em. 910, I.

Cucumis sativus, Park. 772; Lin. S. P. 1437.

Cultivated ; annual ; February to July.

Fruit has many varieties in the gardens, cooling, but
very slightly nutritive, the small sort used as a pickle; juice
of the fruit with salt and Cayenne pepper used as a sauce.

552 332. Cucumis. 51. CUCURBITACEiE. PL ex. cal.

2. Cucumis moschaius. Musky cucumber.

Ijeaves with rounded angles ; fruit rather warty ; skin
reticulated.

Melo, Ger. em. 91T, 1 to 3; Park . Par. 527.

Cucumis IMelo, Lin. S. P. 1436.

Melon.

Cultivated ; annual ; April to July.

Fruit has many varieties in the gardens ; it has a peculiar
smell and flavour liked by some and as strongly disliked
by others ; eaten with wine and sugar, or with salt and
pepper, as one of the highest luxuries, especially when
fresh gathered, by those who relish it.

III. 333. CUCURBITA. Pliny. Gourd.

Plant monoicous ; calyx-lobes awlshape ; corolla bell-
shape. — Male. Filaments 3, 2 soldered together at bottom;
anthers soldered. — Fem. Filaments 3, without anthers, sol-
dered beneath into a rather thick ring; style short; stig-
mata 3, thickened; pepo large, 3-locular, cells parted;
seeds ovate, compressed ; edge swelled ; tip sometimes
nicked.

Cucurlita esculenta. Eatable gourd .

Flowers bellshape, narrow at bottom ; limb upright.

Pepo maximus rotundus, Ger. em. 919,2.

Pepo, Park. Par . 527.

Cucurbita Pepo, Lin. S. P. 1435.

Pompions. Pumpkins.

Cultivated; annual; August.

Fruit very large, weighing sometimes 20 lb.; flesh of the
fruit boiled in milk, or baked in a pie, used as food.

Fam. XVII. 52. SALXCARIiE.. Jussieu.

Calyx free, tubular, persisting; petals 4- to 6, on the top
of the calyx, rarely 0 ; stamens as many, or twice as many
as the lobes; ovary simple; style 1 ; capsule enclosed in the
calyx, 2-celled ; placentarium columnar, central ; seeds
many, smooth; perisperm very thin; corculum straight,
central ; radicle below. — Plant herbaceous ; leaves often
opposite.

Calyx 6-toothed ; pet. 6 ; caps . 2-valved Ly thrum. 334.

Calyx 12-toothed ; pet. 6 or 0 ;
caps, valveless Portula. 335, L

5^3

PL ex. cal. 52. SALICARIiE. 334. Lythrum,

I. 334. LYTHRUM. Dioscorides. Willow-herb .

Calyx cylindrical, striated, 6 or 12-toothed; petals 6,

rarely 4 or 5; stamens 6 or 12; capsule oblong, 2-celled,
2-valved ; valves sometimes 2-cut at the tip.

a. Salicarise. Leaves opposite; stamens 12, alternately
smaller.

1 . Lythrum spicalum . Spiked willow-herb.
Leaves opposite, heartshape, lanceolate, downy beneath ;

flowers spiked.

Salicaria vulgaris purpurea foliis oblongis, Raii Syn. 367, 1.

Lysimachia purpurea spicata, Ger. cm. 476, 5; Park 546,

Lythrum Salicaria, Lin. S. P. 610.

Loosestrife. Purple loosestrife.

Bogs and river-sides; perennial ; July and August.

Stem 2 feet high, stiff, angular; leaves opposite, or in
whirls of 3 or 4, bald above; flowers spiked in whirls; co-
rolla purple. — Used in dysentery, and in obstinate diar-
rhoeas.

b. Leaves alternate ; stamens 6.

2. Lythrum, hyssopifolium. Hyssop willow-herb.

Leaves alternate, linear; flowers axilla^, solitary, 6-pe-
tal ed.

Salicaria hyssopi folio latiore et angustiore, Rail Syn. 367,2.

Gratiola angustifolia, Ger.em. 5SI.

Gratiola angustifolia seu minor, Park. 220.

Lythrum Hyssopifolia, Lin. S. P. 642.

Lythrum hyssopifolium, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 149.

Grass poly. Small hedge hyssop.

Watery places; annual; August.

Root simple ; stem branchy at bottom ; leaves bald ; lower'
leaves sometimes opposite; flowers rarely 5-cut, pentan-
, drous.

>

II. 335. PORTULA. Dillenius. Water-p urs lane.

Calyx bellshape, 12-toothed, teeth alternately shorter;

petals 6, sometimes 0; stamens 6 ; capsule globular, 2-cel led,
not opening, many-seeded.

Portula palustris. Marsh water- purslane.

Leaves opposite, petioled, roundish, ovate , flowers axil-
lary, solitary, mostly without petals.

Portula, Raii Syn. 368, 1.

Alsine rotundifolia seu Portulaca aquatica, Ger, em. 614, 11.

Alsine aquatica minor folio oblongo,seu Portulaca aquatica,Farft.l260.
Peplis Portula, Lin. S. P. 474.

554 335. Portula. 52. SALICARIJE.

PL ex. cal .

Bogs and damp heaths; annual ; July and August.

Stem prostrate, simple; leaves opposite, blunt, bald;
jiowers sessile.

Faiii. XVIII. 53. TAMARICIN^E. Tamariscinece9

Desvaux.

Calyx free, divided at the tip, persistent ; petals 5, on
the calyx, alternating with the calyx-lobes ; stamens 5 to
10, free or monadelphious; ovary free, 1 -celled, 3-valved ;
placentarium parietal ; ovules many, erect or ascending ;
seeds many, comose; perisperm 0; corculum straight, up-
right; radicle below.

336. TAMARIX. Pliny. Tamarisk,

Calyx 5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; filaments thread-

shape, distinct ; style short, 3-lobed ; stigmata 3, oblique,
2-furrowed ; ovules upright. — Leaves imbricate, rather
fleshy ; Jiowers spiked, lateral, bracteated ; bracteee lanceo-
late.

Tamarix Gallica. French tamarisk.

Leaves lanceolate, embracing the stem, imbricate.
Tamariscus Narbonensis, Ger.em. 1378,1.

Tamariscus folio tenuiore, Park. 1479; description.

Mvrica seu Tamariscus, Park. 1472, 1 ; figure.

Rocks and pastures near the sea; shrubby ; July.

Twigs drooping, red, shining; leaves smooth; Jiowers
flesh-coloured.

Fam. XIX. 54. CERATOPHYLLiE.

Flowers unisexual; calyx many-parted, free; corolla 0.

— Male. Stamens 14 to 20; anthers 3-cuspidate. — Fem.
Ovary free, compressed, 1 -celled ; Stigma sessile, oblique ;
nut 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, leatherlike; seed pendulous; peri-
sperm 0 ; corculum straight ; cotyledons 4, 2 larger, op-
posite; radicle above; plumula conspicuous, very compound.

— Plant herbaceous, aquatic ; leaves in whirls, Jobed ;
Jiowers axillary, solitary.

337. CERATOPHYLLUM. Linnaeus. Hornwort,

No other genus in this family.

1. Ceratophyllum cornutum . Horned hornwort.

Leaves two-forked, two-paired ; fruits 3-spined,

7

PI. ex. cal. 54. CERATOPHYLLiE. 337. Ceratop. 555

Hydroceratophyllon folio aspero, quatuor cornibus armato, Rail Syn.
135,1.

Ceratophyllum demersum, Lin. S. P. 1409.

Ceratophyllum cornutum, Richard Mem. Mus.

Ditches and ponds; perennial; August and September.
Herb floating under the surface ; stem branchy ; leaves in
whirls of 8, back-toothed, spinulose.

2. Ceratophyllum verrucosum . Warty hornwort.

Leaves forked ; three-paired ; fruit unarmed, warty.

Hydroceratophyllon folio laevi, octo cornibus armato, Dillenin Rati
Syn. 135, 2.

Ceratophyllum submersum, Lin. S. P. 1409.

Ceratophyllum demerauin /3, Hudson FI. Angl. 419.

Ceratophyllum verrucosum, Richard Mem. Mus.

Ditches ; perennial ; September.

* Leaves more numerous than in C. cornutum ; calyx-lobes
toothed at the tip.

Earn. XX. 55. HALORAGE^E. R. Brown.

Flowers hermaphrodite, or unisexual; calyx adherent,
leaved, or very small ; corolla 2 or 4-petaled, or 0. — Male.
Stamens 1 or 8. — Fem. Styles 1 or 2; ovary adherent, 1 or
4- celled ; ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous from the top of
the cell ; perisperm 0, or very thin, fleshy ; corculuni
straight ; radicle above, longer than the cotyledons. — Plant
herbaceous, aquatic ; leaves opposite, or whirled ; flowers
axillary, solitary.

Stamen 1 ; ovary 4-celled Callitriche. 338.

Stamen 1 ; ovary 1 -celled Hippuris. 339.

Stamens 8; ovary 4^- celled Myriophyllum. 340.

I. 338. CALLITRICHE. Pliny. Water-star wort.

Monoicous or hermaphrodite; calyx 0; petals 0. — Male.
Stamen 1, exserted. — Fem. Styles 2; ova ry 4-celled ; cells
1 -seeded, compressed, orbicular, margined ; perisperm
fleshy, thin. — Leaves opposite, upper leaves generally
crowded ; bractea 2 to each flower, coloured.

1 . Callitriche pallens. Pale water-star wort.

Upper leaves aggregate ; fruit scarcely margined.

Stellaria, Raii Syn. 289, 1.

Callitriche verna, Lin. S. P. 6.

Callitriche aquatica, Hudson FI. Angl. 439.

Ditches and ponds; annual; April to October.

Leaves all reverse ovate.

556 338. Callitriche. 55. HALORAGEiE. PL ex. cal.

jS. intermedia . Lower stem-leaves and branch-leaves
linear, 2-nicked at the tip.

Callitriche verna #, Lin. FI. Suec . 3.

Callitriche intermedia, Hoffm. Germ. 1791,2.

Callitriche dubia, Roth FI. Germ. 1, 389.

Callitriche aquatica j8, Willdenow Hort . Xfe/7. 1, 8.

Callitriche autumnalis, Schkuhr Bot. Handb. 1, 8.

y. ccespitosa. Leaves linear, rather obtuse; stem lying
on the ground.

Stellaria minor et repens, Raii Syn. 2S9, 1 ?

Lenticnla aquatica bifolia Neapolitana, Park. 1263?

Alsine palustris serpyllifolia, Ger.em. 614, 12.

Callitriche aquatica j8. Smith FL. Brit. 9.

Callitriche minima, Hoppe Bot. I'asch. 1792, 155.

Callitriche caispitosa, Schmid Fl. Stutgard , 25.

Callitriche aquatica 8, fVilld. Hort. Ber. 1,8.

Sandy places, dried up ponds.

2. Callitriche virens. Green water-star wort.

Leaves uniform, equidistant ; fruit membranaceously
winged.

Stellaria aquatica foliis longis, fenuissirnis, Raii Syn. 290,3.

Callitriche autumnalis, Lin. S. P. 6.

Callitriche angustifolia, Hoppe Bot. I'asch. 1792, 155.

Callitriche aquatica, Willd. Hort . Bert. 1,8.

Callitriche aquatica y, Smith Fl. Brit. 9-

Ponds and ditches; annual; April to October.

Plant sunk ; leaves linear, nicked ; flowers all herma-
phrodite.

II. 339. H1PPURIS. Dioscorides. Mares-tail.

Flowers hermaphrodite ; calyx not divided, very small ;
corolla 0 ; stamen 1 ; style in the furrow of the anther ;
ovary 1 -celled, crowned with the calyx and style; peri-
sperm fleshy, thin. — Stem simple; leaves in whirls, linear ;
flowers axillary, solitary, whirled.

Hippuris vulgaris . Common mares-tail.

Leaves in whirls of 10 or 12, linear, pointed.

Limnopeuce, Raii Syn. 136, 1.

Cauda equina foeinina, Ger. ern. 11 14, 6.

Hippuris vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 0.

Female horse-tail.

Rills and stagnant waters; perennial; May.

Root fibrous ; stem erect, jointed, leafy above ; leaves
spreading, not in the least cut ; flowers sessile.

&. demersa . Leaves very long, pellucid, pale, slender.

Limnopeuce q. Equisetum palustre linarias scoparias folio, Dillenin
Raii Syn. 136, 1 *.

557

PL ex. cal. 55. HALORAGiE. 340. Myriophyl.

III. 340. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Dioscor. Water-milfoil.

Plant monoicous ; calyx 4-parted. — Male. Stamens 8. —
Fem. Ovary 4-celled ; stigmata sessile, four-toothed. —
Leaves whirled, many-parted, lobes linear; flowers axil-
lary, spiked; upper flowers male; lower female.

1. Myriophyllum spicatum. Spiked tvater-milfoil.

Leaves 4 in a whirl ; male flowers interruptedly spiked,

leafless ; female flowers axillary ; stigmata villous.

Potamogiton foliis pennatis, Ruii Syn. 150, 17.

Millefolium aquaticum pennatum spicatum, Park. 1257.

Myriophyllum spicatum, Lin. S. P. 1409.

Feathered pond-vceed.

Ditches and ponds; perennial; July and August.

Herb floating; stem branched, comb-like; spike single;
IractecR ovate, not cut, 4 to each whirl; male flower reddish.

0. minus. Plant small.

Potamogiton q. Millefolium aquaticum pennatum minus, folio! is singu-
laribus latiusculis flosculis subjectis donatum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 151, 18.

2. Myriophyllum verticillatum. Whirled water-milfoil.
Leaves 5 in a whirl; flowers all axillary, whirled; stig-
mata thick, feathered at the tip.

Pentapterophyllon aquaticum flosculis ad foliorum nodos, Raii Syn
316, 1.

Millefolium aquaticum minus, Ger. em. 827, 6; Park. 1257.
Myriophyllum verticillatum, Lin.S. P. 1410.

Ditches and ponds ; perennial ; July.

Herb floating ; twigs upright, leafed to the top ; upper
leaves smallest ; flowers rarely hermaphrodite.

Fam. XXI. 56. ONAGRARLE. Jussieu.

Calyx adherent, 2 or 4-parted; petals 2 or 4, on the
top of the calyx ; stamens 2, 4, or 8, alternating with the
petals ; style 1 ; stigmata 2 or 4 ; ovary 2 or 4-celled ;
ovules many, on a central placentarium, or 1 at the bottom
of each cell ; perisperm 0, or very thin ; corculum straight,
central; radicle below. — Plant herbaceous; leaves alter-
nate or opposite; flowers racemose or axillary.

Stamens 2; petals 2; carcerule 2 -seeded Circ^a. 341.
Siam. 8; petals 4, upright, regular;

capsule 4-celled ; seeds naked CEnothera. 342.

Stam. 8, declining; pet. 4, irregular;

capsule 4-celled; seeds comose Cham^eneriom. 343,

Stam. 8, upright ; pet. 4, regular ;
capsule 4-celled ; seeds comose Epilobium. 344,

558 U l . Circasa*' 56. ONAGRARIAE. Pi. er. c«j.

Ao Corolla 2-petaled; stamens 2, interposed; carcerule

2-celled, 2-seeded ; seeds upright.

I. 34?1. CIRCiEA. Dioscorides. Enchanter s-nightshade.

Calyx short, discoid, 2-parted ; petals 2, 2-cut ; stamens 2;
filaments clubshape; style clubshape, 2-glandular at the
bottom ; carcerule pearshaped, 2-celled, 2-seeded, hairy ;
hmrs scaly. — Leaves opposite, petioled ; flowers racemous,
becoming deflected.

1. Circcea ovalifolia . Oval-leaved enchanter s-nightshade.

Stem upright, hirsute ; racemes many ; leaves ovate,

toothed, downy.

Circaea Lutetiana, Raii Syn. 289, 1 ; Ger. em. 851 ; Lin. S. P. 12.

Circaea Lutetiana major, Park. 351.

Circaea ovalifolia, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med . 26.

Bindweed nightshade.

Shady places, dunghills; perennial; June and July.

Root creeping ; stem slightly branched ; leaves dark
green ; calyx leathery.

2. Circcea intermedia. Intermediate enchanter s-nightshade.
Stem upright, simple, bald ; racemes solitary ; leaves

heartsliape, toothed, pointed, bald ; capsule ovate, globose.

Circaea alpina, Flora Danica , 256.

Circaea intermedia, Erhart Herb. 101.

Circaea alpina j8, Smith FI. Brit. 14.

Shady places, damp woods ; perennial ; July and August.
Stem like that of C. ovalifolia ; leaves pale, serrated or
toothed; petiole membranaceous, angled.

3. Circcea alpina. Alpine enchanter s-nightshade .

Stem *\ery branchy, ascending; leaves heartshape, ser-
rate, pale, shining, bald; calyx membranaceous.

Circaea alpina, Lin. S. P. 12.

Circaea cord i folia, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 26.

Shady mountainous situations ; perennial ; July ?

Stem diffused at bottom ; joints red ; leaves pale green ;
petiole membranaceous, angled ; racemes many, terminal
and axillary.

PL ex. cal. 56. ONAGRARIiE. $42. CEnothera. 559

B. Corolla 4-petaled ; stamens 8, opposite and interposed ;
capsule 4-celled, 4-valved ; placentarium central ; seeds

many.

II. 342. OENOTHERA. Theophrast. Evening-primrose.
Calyx long; limb 4-parted, deciduous; petals 4; sta-
mens 8; pollen viscous; style 1 ; stigmata 4; capsule long,
bluntly 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded; placenta-
rium 4-sided ; seeds naked.

CEnothera hiennis. Biennial evening-primrose .

Stem muricatedly villous ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, flat ;
stamens shorter than the corolla; capsule conical, rather
swelled below.

Lysimachia lutea Virginiana, Gcr. em. 475, 4.

CEnothera biennis, Lin. S. P. 492.

Tree primrose.

Sandy places, naturalized; biennial; July to November.
Stem 3 feet high ; flowers yellow, very large, open in the
evening.

III. 343. CHAMiENERION. Gesner. Persian-willow .
Calyx long, bent upwards, deciduous; petals 4, unequal;

stamens 8, declining ; pollen not viscous ; stigmata 4, revo-
lute ; capsule long, bluntly 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved ;
placentarium 4- sided ; seeds many, comose. — Leaves lanceo-
late, sessile; flowers spiked, large, reddish.

Chamcenerion spicatum. Spiked Persian-willow .

Leaves scattered, linear, lanceolate, not cut, veined, bald ;
peduncles in the axillae of the bracteae ; spike pyramidical.

Lysimachia speciosa, quibusdam Onagra dicta, siliquosa, Raii Syn .
310, 1.

ChamiEnerion, Ger.em. 477,7.

Chamcenerion flore Delphinii, Park. Par. 270.

Epiiobium angusti folium, Lin. S. P. 492.

Epilobium spicatum, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 2, 373.

Roscbay willow-herb. French willow.

Fields and hedges ; perennial; July.

Root erect; stern 3 feet high, upright, branched above;
spike leafless; flowers alternate, purple or white; ovary
woolly; stameiis and pistils move regularly during impreg-
nation; pollen blue. — Suckers of the root eatable; herb in
infusion fermentible and intoxicating; down of the seed
mixed with cotton may be manufactured.

560 344. Epilobium. 56. ONAGRARIJE. PL ex. cal .

IV. 344. EPILOBIUM. Gesner. Willow-herb.

Calyx long, limb 4-parted, deciduous ; petals 4, equal ;
stamens 8, upright; pollen not viscous; capsule long, bluntly
4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved ; placentarium 4-sided ; seeds
many, comose. — Leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile ; lower
opposite; upper mostly alternate ; flowers reddish; racemes
mostly leafy.

a. Style clubshape ; stigmata 4, rev6lute.

1. Epilobium, hirsutum . Hairy willow-herb.

Root creeping ; stem, much branched, hirsute ; leaves half-
embracing the stem, lanceolate, serrate, rather bald ; veins
hairy.

Lysimachia siliquosa hirsuta magno flore, Raii Syn. 311,2.

Lysimachia siliquosa, Ger. cm. 476, 6.

Epilobium hirsutum, j Lin. S. P. 494.

Epilobium ramosum, Hudson FL'Angl. 162.

Codded willow-herb. Codlings and Cream.

Watery places and holts ; perennial ; July.

Roots stoloniferous ; stem upright, hairy, hairs pinnate;
petals larger than the calyx, rose-colour.— -Shoots when
quite fresh gathered have a transitory fragrance resembling
scalded codlings, which vanishes in a few minutes.

2. Epilobium parviflorum. Smallflowered willow-herb.

Root fibrous ; stem nearly simple, villous ; leaves sessile,

alternate, lanceolate, toothed, downy on both sides ; down
soft.

Lysimachia siliquosa hirsuta parvo flore, Raii Syn. 311,3.

Lysimachia sylvatica, Ger. em. 479, 8.

Lysimachia siliquosa sylvestris hirsuta, Park. 549.

Epilobium hirsutum /3, Lin. S. P. 494.

Epilobium villosum, Curtis FI. Lond.

Epilobium parviflorum, With. Bot.Arr. 367.

Epilobium molle, Lamarck Encycl. Meth. 2.

Epilobium pubescens, Roth Germ. 2,435.

Watery places; perennial; July.

Stem densely woolly, slightly branched above; leaves
toothed ; flowers • small.

3. Epilobium montanum. Mountain willow-herb.

Stem round ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, toothed, bald, veins

woolly ; petioles short.

Lysimachia campestris, Raii Syn. 311,4; Ger. e?n. 478, 11.

PL ex. cal. 56. ONAGRARXiE. 344. Epilobium. 56X

Woods, rocks, and walls; perennial; July.

Stem upright, mostly simple ; lower leaves opposite ; upper
leaves alternate, slender ; flowers purple, small.

b. Style undivided ; stigma 1 .

4. Epilobium letragonum. Squarestalk willow-herb .

Stem 4-sided, rather bald ; leaves lanceolate, bald*

toothed; lowermost leaves opposite; style clubsliape, un-
divided.

Lysimachia siliquosa glabra media sive minor, Raii Syn. 311, 5.
Epilobium tetragonum, Lin. S. P. 494.

Bogs and ditches; perennial; July.

Stem upright, branchy, rather bald ; leaves nearly lan-
ceolate.

roseum. Stem rather woolly ; leaves ovate, lanceolate.

Epilobium roseum, Symons Syn. 198.

5. Epilobium palustre. Marsh willow-herb .

Stem round, upright, rather hirsute; leaves lanceolate,

mot cut, bald; style linear, undivided; ovary pubescent.

Lysimachia siliquosa glabra minor angustifolia, Raii Syn. 311, 6; Ger.
~em. 479.

Epilobium palustre, Lin. S. P. 496.

Bogs and ditches ; perennial ; July.

Stem branched ; leaves sessile, half stem-clasping, rarely
toothed.

6. Epilobium alsinefolium. duckweed willow-herb .

Root creeping ; stem decumbent, 4-sided ; leaves petioled,

ovate, acute, toothed ; style clubshape, undivided.

Lysimachia siliquosa glabra minor latifolia, Raii Syn. 311,7.

Epilobium montanum S, IVilld. S. P. 2, 316.

Epilobium alsinefolium, Villars Defph. 3, 51 1.

Mountainous places ; perennial ; July.

Roots tufted ; flowers rose-colour.

7. Epilobium alpinum . Alpine willow-herb .

Root creeping; stem decumbent at bottom, rather 4-sided;

leaves elliptical, lanceolate, blunt, slightly toothed, bald,
rather shining; racemes 3 or 4-flowered ; style clubshape,
undivided.

Epilobium alpinum, Lin. S. P. 495.

Alpine rivulets ; perennial ; June and July.

Stem 9 inches high, simple; petioles short ; flowers small ;
ovary almost bald.

TQL. II. 2 o

562 345. Pyrus. 57. POMACEiE. Pl» ex, cal-

Fam. XXII. 57. POMACEZE. Rosacearum Sectio ,

Jussieu.

Calyx adherent, persistent ; limb 5-cut ; petals 5, on the
calyx ; stamens indefinite, about 20, on the calyx below the
petals ; ovary simple, adherent to the ovary ; ovules ascend-
ing, in the inner angle of the cells; styles many; fruit
a pome, umbilicated, crowned, many-celled ; perisperm 0,
or very thin, fleshy ; corculum straight ; radicle below. —
Stem woody, arborescent ; leaves alternate, simple or pin-
nate ; flowers complete, hermaphrodite.

Pome 5-celled ; cells cartilaginous,

2-seeded ; seed ascending Pyrus. 345.

Pome 5-celled ; cells cartilaginous,

2-seeded ; seed peritropal Crat^gus. 346.

Pome 5-celled ; cells bony,

2-seeded ; seed ascending Mespilus. 347.

I. 345. PYRUS. Pliny. Pear .

Calyx 5-cut ; petals 5 -cut ; sty les 5 ; pome spherical,
5-celled; cells cartilaginous, 2-seeded; seed ascending.

a. Malus. Leaves ovate , simple ; stipides linear ; corolla
reddish; styles joined at bottom; pome globular, umhi -
Heated at top and bottom.

1 . Pyrus sylvestris. Wild pear.

Leaves ovate, acute, serrated, bald ; umlell simple, sessile ;
corolla-claws shorter than the limb of the calyx.

Malus sylvestris, Raii Syn. 452, 2j Ger.em. 1461, 1 ; Park. 1502.

Pyrus Malus, Lin. S. P. 686.

Malus communis, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3678.

Crab-tree. Wilding.

Woods and hedges; arborescent; May.

Leaves when young downy beneath ; stipules linear ; um -
hells terminal ; fruit acid, acerb, the size of a chestnut;
styles bald. — Wood hard, takes a good polish ; bark dyes
yellow, juice of the fruit called verjuice, very acerb,
astringent, repellent, and useful in sprains.

0. sativa. Leaves villous underneath ; fruit more or less
sweet ; style villous.

Malus sativa, Raii Syn. 451, 1 ; Ger. em. 1459.

Pyrus Malus, 0 to ?, Lin. S. P. 686.

Apple-tree^.

Cultivated in numerous variations ; arborescent ; May.

PI. ex. cal.

563

57. POMACES. 345. Pyrus.

Leaves slightly wrinkled, unequally serrate, mostly re-
verse ovate, oval. — Fruit excellent, either raw or dressed ;
juice fermented yields cider, a good cooling drink.

§||||i | f i ■■ / ■

b. Corolla white ; styles free at hot tom ; pome top-shape,
umhilicated at the top.

/

2. Pyrus communis. Common pear.

Leaves ovate, serrated ; peduncles corymbose.

Py raster seu Pyrus communis, Rail Syn. 452, 1.

Pyrus sylvestris, Ger.em. 1458.

Pyrus communis, Lin. S. P. 686.

Pyrus Achras, Grertner Fr. et Sem. 2, 44.

Wild pear-tree. Choke pear. Iron pear.

Woods and hedges; arborescent; April.

Tree upright ; branches dependent, spinous ; leaves blunt,
when young covered with a deciduous down ; stipules linear;
corymbus villous. — Wood light, smooth, compact, easily cut
and turned ; fruit austere.

inermis . Branches without spines.

Pyrus sativa, Rail Syn. 452, 1 ; Ger. em. 1455.

Cultivated in numerous varieties.

Fruit sweet, nutritive; juice of the fruit fermented forms
perry, which comes nearer the taste of grape wine than
cider does, and is mostly used to mix with wines.

c. Sorbus. Leaves pinnate , styles 3.

3. Pyrus aucuparia. Fowling pear .

Leaves pinnate, leaflets oblong, slightly petioled, equally

serrated, bald on both sides, when young downy beneath ;
flowers corymbose ; styles mostly 3.

Sorbus sylvestris foliis domestic® similis, Rail Syn. 452,2.

Sorbus sylvestris, sive Fraxinus bubula, Ger. em. 1473.

Ornus, sive Fraxinus sylvestris. Park. 1419.

Sorbus aucuparia, Lin . S. P. 6 S3.

Mespilus aucuparia, Scopoli Cam. 598.

Pyrus aucuparia, Gcertner Fr. et Sem. 2, 45.

Quicken tree. Wild ash. Wild service. Quickheam tree. Ro in tree.

Mountainous woods, and hedges; arborescent; May.

Leaves pinnate with a terminal leaflet, stipuled ; cory ru-
ins terminal, much branched; pome the size of a pea,
scarlet, acid; seeds 2 in each cell. — Wood solid, soft, tough,
used to prevent witchcraft and enchantment by a piece being
carried about a person, or by small cattle being driven
through a hoop made of it ; berries dried and powdered

2 o 2

564

PI. ex. cal.

345. Pyrus. 57. POMACES.

nutritive, and being infused in water yield an acidulous
kind of perry ; the berries are also used as a bait for red-
wings and fieldfares.

4. Pyrus domestica. Household pear.

Leaves pinnate; leaflets equal, ovate, oblong, edge con-
tiguous to the main petiole, upper part serrated, villous
beneath; flowers panicled.

Sorbus, Ran Syn. 452, 1 ; Ger. em. 1471, 1.

Sorbus legitima, Park. 1420.

Sorbus domestica, Lin. S. P. 684.

Pyrus Sorbus, Gartner Fr. et Sent. 2, 45.

Pyrus domestica, Engl. Bot. 350.

True service tree. Sorb. Sorb apple. Servis.

Mountainous woods ; arborescent ; May.

Leaves pinnate with a terminal leaflet ; hairs deciduous ;
flowers white ; stifles 5 ; pome reverse ovate, reddish. —
Fruit when ripe astringent.

5. Pyrus pinnatiflda . Pinnatifid pear.

Leaves pinnatifid, inclining to pinnate, downy beneath ;

flowers corymbose.

Sorbus hybrida, Lin. S. P. 684.

Sorbus pinnatiflda, Ehrath Herb.

Mountains, and cultivated ; arborescent ; May.

Leaves lobed above, pinnate at bottom ; bald above,
white beneath ; cory mbus many-flowered ; pome scarlet.

II. 346. CRATALGUS. Theophrastus. Hawthorn .

Calyx 5-cut ; petals 5 ; styles 2 to 5 ; pome spherical,
5-celled; cells cartilaginous, 2-seeded; seeds peritropal.—
Leaves angular ; fruit hard.

1. Cratccgus alpina. Alpine hawthorn .

Leaves simple, ovate, cut, serrate, tomentose beneath ;
flowers corymbose.

Mespilus alni folio, subtus incano, Aria Theophrasti dicta, Raii Syn.
453, l.

Aria Theophrasti, Ger. em. 1327,2.

Sorbus sylvestris Aria Theophrasti dicta, Park. 1421.

Crataegus Aria, Lin. S. P. 681.

Sorbus Aria, Willd. S. P. 2, 102.

Pyrus Aria, Smith FI. Brit. 534.

Cumberland Hawthorn. White-beam tree.

Limestone mountains ; arborescent ; May.

Twigs tomentose; leaves doubly serrated, bald above;
veins parallel ; corymbus terminal ; flowers white ; styles 2

PI. ex. cal.

57. POMACES. 346. Crataegus. 565

or4; pome red, floury, astringent. — Plants bear lopping,
and do not kill grass growing under them ; timber tough,
smooth, hard; charcoal used for gunpowder; fruit when
rotten ripe eatable.

2. Cratcegns torminalis. Griping hawthorn .

Leaves heartshape, ovate, 7-lobed, deeply serrate ; lowest
lobes divaricating, bald ; flowers corymbose.

Mespilus apii folio, sylvestris, non spinosa, seu Sorbus torminalis, Rail
Syn. 453, 2.

Sorbus torminalis, Gtr.em. 1471,2; Persoon Syn. 2,38.

Sorbus torminalis seu vulgaris. Park. 1420.

Crataegus torminalis, Lin. S. P. 681.

Pyrus torminalis. Smith FI. Brit. 532.

Pirus torminalis, Stakes Bot. Mat. Med. 121.

Wild-service tree. Wild sorb-apple.

Woods and hedges; arborescent; April and May.

Bark smooth; leaves unequally 7-lobed; petioles long;
corymbus branched, many-flowered ; pome dotted, austere.

III. 347. MESPILUS. Theophrastus. , Medlar.

Calyx 5-cut ; petals 5 ; styles 2 to 5 ; pome spherical,
5-celled ; cells 2-seeded, bony ; seeds ascending.

a. Leaves angular ; stipules large , leaflike.

1. Mespilus digyna. Two~styled medlar.

Stem spinous; leaves bald, 3-cut, blunt, toothed; flowers

rather corymbose ; peduncles and calyx rather smooth ;
calyx-segments lanceolate, pointed.

Crataegus Oxyacantha, JVilld. S. P. 1005.

Mespilus Oxyacantha, Gccrtner Fr. et Sem. 2, 43.

Crataegus Oxyaeanthoides, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3687.

Mespilus Oxyacantha 3, With. Bot. Art. 561.

Hedgerows; arborescent; May and June.

Branches bald, thorny; leaves bald; flowers white or
rose-coloured ; berry red.

2. Mespilus monogyna. One-style medlar.

Stem spinous ; leaves bald, 3-cut, lobes pointed, serrate ;

flowers corymbose ; peduncles and calyx downy, calyx-
segments lanceolate, pointed, reflected; stifle 1.

Mespilus apii folio sylvestris spinosa, sive Oxyacantha, Raii Syn. 453,3.
Oxyacanthus, Ger.em. 1327, 1.

Spina appendix vulgaris, Park. 1025.

Cratmgus monogyna, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 456.

Mespilus Oxyacautha, Smith FI. Brit. 2, 529.

Hawthorn. Whitt thorn. May .

566 34? 7. Mespilus. 57. POMACEfE. PL ex. cal.

Woods and hedges ; arborescent; May.

Branches thorny ; leaves bald on both sides ; flowers
white or rose-colour ; berry red or yellow. — Plant excellent
for fences; wood hard and tough.

(3. Glasionburiensis. Stipules very large, kidneyshape,
toothed ; flowers large, coming out twice a year.

Crataegus Oxyacantha 4, With. Bot.Arr. 561.

Glastonbury thorn.

b. Leaves not cut.

3. Mespilus Germanica. German medlar.

Leaves lanceolate, tomentose beneath ; flowers sessile,
solitary, terminal ; calyx-lobes long, pointed.

Mespilus, Gillen in Raii Syn. 453, 1*.

Mespilus Germanica, Lin. S. P. 684.

Hedges; arborescent; May.

Branches thorny ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers white, downy,
tip fringed; fringes large. — Fruit, when thoroughly ripe,
acerb, astringent.

j3. saliva. Stem and branches spineless ; leaves ovate,
lanceolate.

Mespilus sativa, Ger. em. 1453, 1.

Mespilus vulgaris, Park. 1422.

Cultivated for its fruit.

y. abortiva. Stem spineless ; styles and seed 0.

Fam. XXIII. 58, ROSACEfE.

Calyx persisting, pitchershape, contracted at the neck,
limb divided; lobes sometimes with appendages; petals 5,
inserted on the top of the calyx; stamens numerous, inde-
finite, inserted on the calyx under the petals ; ovaries free,
many, enclosed in the fleshy, persistent calyx ; ovules pen-
dulous; styles many, 1 to each ovary, terminal, with a lateral
furrow; stigmata oblique; ahenium 1 -seeded; perisperm 0;
corculum straight; radicle above. — Stem shrubby, woody,
when injured a strong shoot overtopping the original stem
is thrown up from the root; leaves pinnate; stipules adhe-
rent to the petiole, armed with thorns, or bristles; bristles
always straight and tipped with a gland; plants polymor-
phous, species difficultly distinguishable.

PI. ex. cal.

, 58. ROSACEiE. 348. Rosa.

567

348. ROSA. Pliny. Rose .

Akenia intermixed with hairs.

a. Rosae cinnamomeae. Stem bristled ; bristles deciduous;
thorns often straight ; flowers Iracteated.

1. Rosa cinnamomea. Cinnamon rose .

Flowers bracteated ; germen globular ; lobes simple ; stem

bristled ; leaflets lanceolate, oblong, serrate.

Rosa cinnamomea, Lin. S. P. 703.

Pastures; shrubby; May.

Stem 5 feet high; bristles deciduous; thorns often straight;
leaflets ash-green above, downy; down soft; terminal leaflet
much the largest; petioles tomentose; stipules serrated,
serratures glandular ; peduncles bald ; bractece very broad,
shorter than the peduncles ; corolla reddish, cupshape \ fruit
globose, bald, orange-colour.

b. Rosae spinosissimae. Flowers scarcely bracteated; stem
bristly ; bristles persistent .

2. Rosa rubella . Reddish rose .

Flowers not bracteated ; stem and branches bristled ; ger-
men rather pitchershape ; leaflets serrated ; thorns very
few, very slender, nearly equal.

Rosa rubella, Engl. Bot. 2521.

Sands by the sea; shrubby; July.

Shrub 4 feet high ; leaflets elliptical, bald on both sides,
paler beneath, two or three upper pairs and the odd one
larger than the rest ; corolla reddish, sometimes red or va-
riegated.

3. Rosa spinosissima. Very-prickly rose.

Flowers not bracteated; stem bristled; germen globular;

leaflets serrate ; thorns crowded, very unequal in size.

Rosa pumila spinosissima, foliis pimpinell^e glabris, flore albo, Rail
Syn. 455, 5.

Rosa pimpinellae folia, Ger. em.

Rosa pimpinella, sive pomifera minor, Park. 1018.

Rosa spinosissima, Lin. S. P. 705.

Rosa pimpinellifolia /3, Lamarck FI. Fr, 4, 438.

Burnet rose. Pimpernel rose.

Pields, in gravel and sand ; shrubby ; July.

Shrub 2 feet high, or more in the shade ; leaflets dark
green, not shining, paler underneath, 2 upper pair and odd
leaflet largest; corolla white, yellowish at bottom, rarely

348. Rosa. 58. ROSACEJE.

PI. ex. car

56S

pale red, or with reddish veins, or white with a pink spot ;
fruit. bald, globular or depressed, dark purple, then black*
sometimes blood red. — Ripe fruit eaten either raw, or pre-
served ; juice dyes silk arid cotton of a peach colour.

4. Rosa involuta. Involuted rose .

Flowers not bracteated ; stem bristly ; germen globular ;

leaflets doubly serrate, bald above ; thorns very crowded.
Rosa involuta, Smith Ft. Brit. 1398.

Western coast of Scotland; shrubby; June.

Shrub 3 feet high ; bristles persistent ; leaflets elliptic*
bald above; main rib sometimes hairy, glandular; veins
beneath rough ; upper pair and odd leaflet largest; corolla
eupshape, petals reverse heartshape, reddish, whitish at
bottom ; fruit bristly.

5. Rosa Doniana. Don rose .

Flowers not bracteated; stem bristty; calyx-lobes simple;,

leaflets doubly serrate, hirsute on both sides ; thorns straight,,
unequal, scattered.

Rosa Doniana, Woods in Lin. Tr. 12, 185.

Mountains; shrubby; June.

Shrub 2 or 5 feet high; bristles persistent; leaflets ellip-
tic, upper pair and odd leaflet largest ; corolla expanded ;
petals white, reverse heartshape ; fruit globular, bristly.

6. Rosa gracilis. Slender rose.

Flowers not bracteated ; stem bristly ; calyx lobes simple ;

leaflets doubly serrate, hirsute on both sides ; large thorns,
sicklelike.

Rosa villosa, Engl. Bot. 583.

Hills; shrubby; June.

Shrub 10 feet high; bristles persistent; leaflets elliptic*
edge and main rib beneath glandular ; upper pair and odd
leaflet largest ; flower nearly saucershape ; petals reverse
heartshape, beautifully reddish, white at bottom ; fruit
globose.

7. Rosa Sabini. Sabine rose .

Flowers not bracteated ; stem bristly; germen globular;

calyx-lobes pinnate ; leaflets doubly serrate.

Rosa Sabini, Woods in Lin. Tr. 12, 186.

Mountains; shrubby; June.

PI. ex. cal.

58. ROSACEiE. 348. Rosa.

569

Shrub 6 feet high; bristles persistent; leaflets elliptic;
upper pair and odd leaflet largest ; veins beneath rough ;
main rib and edge glandular ; upper surface hairy, hairs
scattered; flowers reddish, open, large; fruit globose.

c. Rosae villosae. Stem not bristly ; thorns straight , or at
least not hooked ; stipulce not changing into bractece.

8. Rosa villosa. Villous rose.

Germen nearly globose ; calyx-lobes simple ; thorns nearly

straight, equal; leaflets rhomboid elliptical; bractece el-
liptic.

Rosa villosa, Lin. S. P. 704.

Rosa mollis, Engl. Bot. 2459.

Rosa pomifera, Gindin FI. Bad. Als. 2, 410.

Rosa glandulosa, Lamarck FI. Tr. 6, 539.

Rosa Helvetica, Rcemer Arch. 1,2, 6.

Woods; shrubby; June.

Shrubs S feet high ; leaflets doubly serrate, upper pair
and odd leaflet largest, hirsute on both faces, above very
soft, beneath wrinkled, glandular near the edge ; flowers
concave, deep red, rarely white with blood red spots, or
reddish ; fruit bristled, red.

9. Rosa scabriuscula . Roughish rose .

Germen elliptical ; calyx-lobes nearly simple.; bractece

elliptical; thorns rather straight, nearly equal; leaflets nar-
row elliptic, doubly serrate.

Rosa scabriuscula, Engl. Bot. 1896.

Hedges and river banks; shrubby; June.

Shrub 6 feet high ; leaflets very soft, edge glandular,
especially on the under surface ; upper pair and odd leaflet
largest y flowers concave; petals white, the blood-red spots
of the bud remaining ; fruit large, red.

10. Rosa heterophylla. Various-leaved rose .

Germen nearly globular ; calyx-lobes rather pinnate ;

thorns rather straight, nearly equal ; bractece lanceolate.
Rosa heterophylla, Woods in Lin. Tr. 12, 195.

Mountains ; shrubby ; June.

Shrub 9 feet high; leaflets elliptical, or ovate, oblong,
rounded at bottom, very varying; upper pair and odd
leaflet larger, doubly serrated, soft, downy, glandular on
both sides; petals white, spotted with blood-red. ^

570

348. Rosa. 58. ROSACE^E.

PL ex. caL

11. Rosa pulc/iella. Pretty rose .

Germen reverse ovate ; calyx-lobes pinnnate; thorns rather

straight, nearly equal ; petals crenate.

Rosa pulchella, Woods in Lin. Tr. 12, 195.

Limestone banks; shrubby; June.

Shrub 2 feet high ; leaflets elliptic, hollow, hairy on both
sides, glandular beneath ; doubly serrate ; upper pair and
odd leaflet largest ; flowers concave ; petals deep reddish ;
edge crenate, glandular.

12. Rosa tomentosa. Cloth-leaved rose.

Calyx-lobes pinnate ; thorns rather straight, nearly equal ;

petals not in the least cut ; bractece elliptic ; leaflets doubly
serrate.

Rosa sylvestris pomifera major nostras, Raii Syn. 455, 6.

Rosa pomifera major, Park. Par. 418.

Rosa villosa, Hudson FI. Angl. 219.

Rosa tomentosa, Smith FI. Brit. 539.

Rosa Reynieri, Roemer Archiv. 1,2,7.

Great English apple-rose.

Hedges and bushy places ; shrubby; June and July.
Shnib 8 feet high; leaflets elliptic, sharply triangular at
the tip, nappy on each side, doubly serrate, glandular;
upper pair and odd leaflet larger ; flowers rather flat, petals
white at bottom, sometimes spotted with dark red ; fruit
elliptical, broad, red; plant vanes' very much.

13. Rosa nuda. Naked rose.

Germen globose ; calyx-lobes pinnate ; thorns nearly

straight ; leaflets serrate.

Rosa nuda. Woods in Lin. Tr. 12, 205.

Mountains; shrubby; June.

Shrub 7 feet high ; leaflets elliptical, upper pair and odd
leaflet largest; smooth on both sides; serratures unequal
but simple ; flowers reddish ; fruit globose.

d. Eglanteriae. Stem thorny ; thorns hooked ; bristles 0;~
leaflets doubly serrate , whole lower face glandular ; glands
odoriferous.

14. Rosa rubiginosa. Rusty rose.

Germens reverse ovate ; thorns unequal, large, hooked ;

leaflets hirsute, glandular beneath^ doubly serrate.

PI. ex. cal.

58. ROSACEiE. 348. Rosa.

571

Rosa sylvestris odora, Ran Syn. 454, 3; Ger. em. 1272, I.

Rosa sylvestris odora, seu Eglanteria flore simplici, Park. Par. 418.
Rosa Eglanteria, Lin. S. P. ed. 1, 491.

Rosa rubiginosa, Lin. Mant. 2, 564.

Rosa suavifolia, FI. Dan. 870.

Eglantine. Sweetbriar.

Dry soils, especially chalk; shrubby; June and July.
Shrub compact, 7 feet high; thorns scattered, those of
the root-shoots unequal; leaflets elliptic, upper pair and
odd leaflet largest, hirsute above, glandular beneath, serra-
tures glandular; glands odoriferous ; flowers concave, petals
pink; styles distinct y fruit reverse ovate, armed with strong
bristles at the base, when ripe blood-red.

15. Rosa micrantha . Small-flowered rose.

Fruit swollen elliptic ; thorns hooked, nearly equal ;

leaflets hirsute, glandular beneath, doubly serrate.

Rosa micrantha, Engl. Bot. 2490.

Sweetbriar.

Hedges and bushy places; shrubby; June and July.
Shrub 8 feet high, generally loose and straggling; thorns
crowded; those of the root-shoots nearly equal; leaflets
elliptic; upper pair and odd leaflet largest; flowers saucer-
shape, reddish ; style simple; fruit small, scarlet.

e. Rosse caninas. Stem thorny ; thorns hooked; bristles 0;
lower surface of the leaflets not glandular throughout.

16. Rosa Borreri. Borrer rose.

Germen elliptic; calycine pinnce crowded; thorns hooked,

nearly equal ; leaflets hirsute, not glandular, doubly serrate.

Rosa dumetorum, Engl. Bot. 2579.

Rosa Borreri, Woods in Lin. Tr. 12, 210.

Hedges and thickets ; shrubby; July.

Shrub 10 feet high; leaflets deep green, shining, upper
pair and odd leaflet largest, odd leaflet broadest ; serratures
glandular; flowers "flesh-colour or reddish; styles simple ;
fruit elliptic, deep red.

17. Rosa ccesia. Bluish-leaf rose .

Germen elliptical; calycine pinnce few; thorns hooked,

nearly equal ; leaflets hirsute, not glandular, doubly serrate.
Rosa caesia, Engl. Bot. 2367.

Mountains; shrubby; July.

572

348. Rosa. 58. ROSACEiE.

Pl. ex. caL

Shrul close, 5 feet high ; leaflets elliptic, upper pair and
odd leaflet largest, ribs beneath prominent, hirsute ; serra-
tures glandular; flowers reddish; calycine pinnae very nar-
row ; styles simple ; fruit elliptic.

18. Rosa sarmentacea. Briar rose „

Styles distinct; germen ovate; thorns hooked; leaflets

doubly serrate, quite bald.

Rosa canina, Roth FI. Germ. 1, 218; and 2, 560.

Rosa sarmentacea, Woods in Lin. Tr. 12, 213.

Hedges and bushy places; shrubby; July.

Shrul 10 feet high; leaflets elliptic, upper pair and odd;
leaflet largest, rather pointed, bald, waxlike above ; main
rib beneath prickly ; serratures unequal, divaricated, irre-
gular serrate ; flowers reddish, rather flat ; fruit elliptic,
scarlet, shining.

19. Rosa Iractescens. Large-lractea rose.

Germen globose ; thorns hooked ; leaflets serrate, to-

mentose beneath ; Iractece overtopping the fruit.

Rosa bractescens, Woods in Lin. Tr. 12, 216.

Hedges; shrubby; June.

Shrill 7 feet high ; leaflets elliptic, upper pair and odd
leaflet largest ; hairy above ; beneath main-rib prickly,
veins hairy ; flowers flesh-colour, rather concave ; styles
simple ; fruit globular.

20. Rosa dumetorum. Bush rose.

Styles distinct; germens elliptic, overtopping the bracteoe;

thorns hooked ; leaflets serrate, hirsute on both sides.

Rosa canina £, Desvaux Journ. dt Rot. 2, 115.

Rosa dumetorum, Thuilliers FI. Par. 250.

Hedges; shrubby; July.

Shrul 0 feet high; leaflets rather shining; upper pair
and odd leaflet largest, odd leaflet broadest, rather pointed ;
flowers rather flat, reddish ; fruit ovate, very broad or
nearly globular, bald, red.

21. Rosa collina. Hill rose »

Stifles distinct ; thorns hooked, nearly equal ; leaflets

serrate, hirsute beneath.

Rosa collina, Jacq. FI. Austr. 2, 58.

Hedges; shrubby; July.

PL ex. cal.

53. ROSACEA. 34-8. Rosa.

573

Shrub 8 feet high ; leaflets elliptic, upper pair and odd
leaflet largest, very deeply serrate, above bald, dull ; ser-
ratures cartilaginous at the tip; flowers rather flat, pale
reddish ; fruit elliptic.

22. Rosa Hibernica . Irish rose.

Germen globose ; thorns hooked, unequal ; leaflets ser-
rate.

Rosa Hibernica, Engl. Hot. 2196.

Ireland; shrubby; June to November.

Shrub 3 feet high ; leaflets elliptic, upper pair and odd
leaflet largest, above bald, rather glaucous ; beneath hairy,
especially the main rib ; styles simple ; fruit globular,
sometimes drawn out at the throat.

23. Rosa canina. Dog rose.

Styles distinct; stem-thorns hooked ; petiole-thorns sickle-

shape; leaflets keeled, serrated, bald.

Rosa sylvestris inodora, seu canina, Jtaii Syn. 454, 1 ; Park. 1017.

Rosa canina inodora, Ger. em .

Rosa canina, Lin. S. P. 704.

Wild briar. Dog rose. Hep-tree.

Hed ges and bushy places ; shrubby ; June.

Shrub spreading, 8 feet high; leaflets narrow, elliptic,
upper pair and odd leaflet largest, keeled, point turned on
one side, quite bald, young leaves shining as if varnished ;
serratures pointed, unequal; flowers reddish, rarely white;
the buds redder than the expanded flower ; fruit elliptic,
quite bald, shining, scarlet. — Fruit eatable, and made into
a conserve ; a decoction of the shoots, and especially of
the roots, drank as an agreeable and exhilarating tea ; dried
leaves used as a substitute for China tea ; flowers preserved
with sugar and honey, and also used to prepare a spirituous
liquor.

24. Rosa surculosa . Shooting rose „

Styles distinct ; thorns hooked ; leaflets flat, serrate, bald.

Rosa surculosa. Woods in Lin. Tr. 12, 228.

Roadsides and bushy places ; shrubby ; June.

Shrub 8 feet high ; leaflets elliptical, pointed, upper pair
mid odd leaflet largest, odd leaflet heartshape at the base,
above slightly hairy ; beneath bald, dark ; younger leaves
purplish ; flowers reddish ; styles porrected ; fruit elliptic,
broad, red.

574

348. Rosa. 58. ROSACE^E.

Pl. ex. cal .

25. Rosa systyla. Sisterhood rose .

Styles united; germen oblong; thorns hooked, nearly

equal ; root-shoot-thorns crowded ; leaflets serrate.

Rosa collina, Engl. Bot. 1895.

Rosa lencochroa, Desvaux Journ. Bot. 2, 113.

Rosa stylosa, Lamarck Ff. Tr. 6, 536.

Rosa brevistyla, Lamarck FI. Tr. 6, 53T.

Rosa systyla, Bastard FI. Anjou.

Bushy places; shrubby; July.

Shrub slender, 12 feet high; root-shoots nearly upright;
leaflets lanceolate, elliptic, upper pair and odd leaflet largest,
keeled, pointed ; bald above, ribs beneath hairy ; flowers
1 to 8, saucershape, petals a beautiful pink, inclining to
orange at the base, sometimes pale or even white; styles
forming a porrected column ; fruit elliptic, oblong, bald,
scarlet, of a fine flavour.

26. Rosa arvensis. Fallow rose .

Styles united; thorns hooked; root-shoot-thorns few;

leaflets elliptical, unequally serrate.

Rosa sylvestris altera minor, flore albo nostras, Raii Syn. 455, 4.

Rosa sylvestris, Rosmer Arch. Bot. 1,2, S3.

Rosa repens, Gmelin FI. Bad. Als. 2,418.

Rosa canina jS, FI. Germ. 1, 218, and 2, 560.

Rosa arvensis, Willd. S. P. 2, 1066.

White dog rose.

Hedges in flat countries ; shrubby ; June and July.

Shrub 4 feet high ; root-shoots long, trailing ; leaflets
roundish elliptical, lowest pair smallest, flat, inclining to
crenate, bald on both sides, main rib sometimes hairy be-
neath; flowers 1 to 15, white, quite flat ; fruit elliptical,
often globular when solitary, blood-colour, of a fine fla-
vour.

Fam. XXIV. 59. AGRIMONIACE2E. Roseacearum
pars , De Candolle. Sanguisoi'lece, Richard.

Calyx tubular, persisting ; limb 4 or 5-cut, often brac-
teated in the sinuses; petals 4 or 5 on the top of the calyx,
alternate with its lobes ; sometimes 0 ; stamens as many as
the calyx-lobes or indefinite, inserted on the calyx under
the petals; ovaries 1-ovuled, 1 -styled, solitary or definite,
enclosed in the persistent pitchershape calyx ; akenium in-
verted ; perisperm 0 ; corculum straight ; radicle above. —
Stem herbaceous, or rather shrubby ; leaves pinnate or di-
gitate ; flowers sometimes unisexual.

PL ex. cal . 59. AGRIMONIACEiE. 349. Poterium. 575

Cal. 4-lobed; pet. 0 ; stam. 30;

stigma radiated . Poterium. 349.

Cal. 4-lobed ; pet. 0 ; stam. 4;

stigma simple Sanguisorba. 350.

Cal. 4-cut ; pet . 0 ; stam. 4-;

bractece of the calyx 4 Alchemilla. 351.

Cal. 5-lobed; pet. 5; stam. 12 or 10 Agrimonia. 352.

I. 349. POTERIUM. Dioscorides. Burnet.

Flowers unisexual ; calyx 4-lobed, coloured, 3-scaled on

the outside ; petals 0. — Male. Stamens 30. — Fem. Ovaries 2;
styles 1 or 2; stigmata radiated; akenia 2, immerged in
the hardened angular tube of the calyx. — Leaves pinnate.;
flowers capitate.

Poterium minus. Small burnet.

Stem angular, spineless; stamens much longer than the
calyx.

Sanguisorba minor, Raii Syn. 203, 1.

Pimpinella hortensis, Ger.em. 1045, 1.

Pimpinella vulgaris seu minor, Park. 582.

Poterium Sanguisorba, Lin. S. P. 1411.

Pimpinella Sauguisorba, Gcertner Fr.et Sem. 1, 162.

Garden burnet.

Chalky soils ; perennial ; July.

Root woody ; leaflets roundish, serrate, bald ; peduncles
naked, terminal ; flowers in heads ; upper flowers female,
stigmata exserted; lower flowers male.

II. 350. SANGUISORBA. Fuchs. Great-burnet.

Flowers hermaphrodite; calyx coloured, 4-lobed; scales 2

at the base ; petals 0 ; stamens 4 ; ovaries 2 ; stigmata sim-
ple ; akenia 2, immersed in the persistent tube of the calyx.
— Leaves pinnate ; flowers in heads, upper flowers expand-
* ing first.

Sanguisorba officinalis. Shop great-burnet.

Herb bald ; spine ovate ; stamens as long as the calyx.

Sanguisorba major flore spadiceo, Raii Syn. 203, 2.

Pimpinella sylvestris, Ger. em. 1045, 2.

Pimpinella major vulgaris, Park. 582.

Sanguisorba officinalis, Lin. S. P. 169.

Wild burnet.

Damp fields and pastures; perennial; June and July.
Stem 2 feet high, branched, rather naked ; leaflets heart-
shape, crenate.

576 351. Alchemil. 59. AGRIMONIACEiE. Pl.ex.caL

III. 351. ALCHEMILLA. Tragus. Ladies-mantle.

Calyx 4-cut, 4'bracteated ; corolla 0 ; stamens 4, very
short; ovary 1; akenium enclosed in the persisting calyx.
— Leaves palmately lobed, stipuled.

a. Alchemilhe verse. Root perennial ; style 1.

1 . Alchemilla vulgaris . Common ladies-mantle.

Leaves kidneyshape, 9-lobed, acutely serrated, rather

naked ; corymhus terminal.

Alchemilla, Raii Syn. 158, 1 ; Ger.em. 949, 1.

Alchemilla major vulgaris, Park. 538.

Alchemilla vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 178.

Lion’s foot. Lion’s paw. Pied de Lyon. Great sanicle. Bears-foot
North.

Fields and hilly pastures ; perennial; June and July.
Stem panicled ; leaves 7 to 9-lobed, lobes blunt ; sti-
pules cut.

2. Alchemilla puhescens. Downy ladies-mantle.

Leaves lobed, silky, acutely serrated ; stem and petioles

hairy, hairs close ; corymhus terminal.

Alchemilla minor, Hudson FI. Angl. ed. 1, 59.

Alchemilla vulgaris jS, Smith FI. Brit. 190.

Alchemilla puhescens, Lamarck Encycl. Meth.

Alchemilla hybrida, Persoon Syn. 1, 149.

Alpine pastures ; perennial ; July.

3. Alchemilla alpina. Alpine ladies-mantle .

Leaves digitate, serrate, silky beneath.

Alchemilla alpina pentaphyllos, Raii Syn. 158, 2.

Pentaphyllum petrosum, Heptaphyllum Clusii, Ger. cm. 988, 5.
Tormentilla argentea, Park. 393.

Alchemilla alpina, Lin. S. P. 179.

Stone cinquefoil.

Alpine micaceous rocks ; perennial; July.

Leaves 5-parted ; stem upright ; calyx silky on the out-
side.

, b. Aphanes. Root annual; styles 2 ; ovaries 2, one gene-
rally abortive.

4. Alchemilla arvensis. Fallow ladies-mantle.

Leaves 3-cut, downy ; lobes 2 or 3-cut ; flowers sessile*

axillary.

PI. ex. cal. 59. AGRIMONI ACEiE. 351. Alchemil. 577

Percepier Afiglorum, Raii Syn. 159, 1 ; Ger. em. 1594, 1.

Polygonum belinoides, Park. 449.

Aphanes artfensis, Lin. S. P. 179.

Alchemilla Aphanes, Leers FI. Herb. 54.

Parsley breakstone , Herb-shops. Percepier , Bristol.

Barren sandy land ; annual ; April to November*

Stem much branched; leaves marked with lines; stipules
cut ; calyx urceolate.

IV. 352. AGRIMONIA. Brunsfel. Agrimony .

Calyx 5-lobed, bristly ; bristles hooked ; petals 5 ; sta~
mens 12 to 20; ovaries 2; styles 2, terminal; akenia 2,
enclosed in the persisting calyx. — Leaves pinnate, stipuled ;
jlowers spiked, involucellated ; involucella 2-lobed.

Agrimonia vulgaris . Common agrimony .

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate, oblong, deeply serrated ;
terminal leaflets petioled ; spikes peduncled.

Agrimonia, Raii Syn. 202, 1 ; Ger. em. 712, 1.

Agrimonia vulgaris, Park. 594.

Agrimonia Eupatoria, Lin. S. P. 643.

Edges of fields ; perennial ; June and July.

Root creeping; stem 2 feet high, angular, hairy; leaves
alternately pinnate; stipules pinnately cut; spike many-
flowered ; Jlowers yellow.

Fain. XXV. 60. DRYADEiE. Rosacearum tribus , De

' Candolle, Jussieu. Fragariacearum

pars , Nesler.

Calyx 4 or 5-toothed ; sinus of the teeth often bracteo-
lated on the outside ; petals as many as the calyx-lobes ;
stamens many, indefinite, or rarely as many as the calyx-
lobes and opposite to them ; ovaries indefinite, rarely 5,
free, 1 -styled; style from the apex, or inner side, furrowed
on the inner side; stigmata oblique, thickened; ovule 1,
inverse, rarely ascending ; akenia or drupella on the per-
sisting calyx ; seeds inverse, rarely ascending ; perisperm 0 ;
corculum straight. — Stern herbaceous, rarely shrubby.

Calyx naked; stam. many; ovaries capitate;
akenium covered with a fleshy sarcocarp .... Rubus. 358.
Cal. bracteated ; stam. many ;

akenium feathered, tailed Dry as. 353.

Cal. bracteated ; stam. many;,
ovaries capitate, ending in a jointed tail .... Geum. 354-,
VOL. II, 2 p

578

60. DRYADE7E.

PL ex. cal.

Cal. bracteated; stam. 5; petals minute;

akenia on a dry receptacle .......... SibbALDia. 355.

Cal. bracteated; stam. many;

akenia many, on a dry receptacle Potentilla. 356.

Cal. bracteated ; stam. many ;

akenia spread over a fleshy receptacle . . Fragraria. 357.
I. 353. DRYAS. Linnaeus. Mount ain-avens.

Calyx 8 or 9-parted, naked ; tube rather concave ; petals 8
or 9 ; stamens many ; ovaries headed ; style terminal ; ake -
nium tailed, feathered ; seed ascending.

Dry as chamcedrifolia. Germander mauntain-avens .

Leaves serrated.

Caryophyllata alpina chamaedryos folio, Raii Syn. 253,4.

Teucrium alpinum cisti flore, Ger.em. 659.

Chamaedrys spuria montana cisti flore, Park . 106.

Dryas octopetala, Lin. S. P. 717.

Dryas octopetala chamasdrifolia, Persoon Syn. 1, 57.

Dryas alpina, Salisb. Prod.

Stony alpine pastures ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem decumbent, woody ; leaves ovate, rather revolute ;
above bald, shining; beneath white, tomentose; peduncles
1-flowered, solitary, long, upright; flower white, large;
calyx hairy.

II. 354. GEUM. Pliny. Herl-hennet.

Calyx-tuhe concave ; limb 5-parted, bracteated ; petals 5 ;
stamens many; ovaries headed, on a dry, cylindrical re-
ceptacle ; style terminal, kneed, jointed ; upper joint dis-
similar; akenium headed, tailed ; seed ascending.

1. Geum urbanum. Town herl-hennet.

Root-leaves lyrate, pinnate ; stem-leaves ternate ; stipules
rounded, cut flowers upright ; akenium-aiun hooked, naked.

Caryophyllata, Raii Syn. 253, 1 ; Ger. em. 994, 1.

Caryophyllata vulgaris, Park. 136.

Geum urbanum, Lin. S. P. 716.

Geum urbanum caryophyllatum, Persoon Syn. 1,57.

Geum sordidum, Salisb. Prod.

Common awns. Herb-bennet.

Woods and hedges ; perennial ; May to August.

Root woody; stem branched at top; leaflets cut, ser-
rated, hairy ; flowers terminal, solitary, yellow ; petals

PI. ex. cal.

60. DRYADEiE. 354. Geum.

579

shorter than the calyx. — Roots flavour ale, and prevent it
from turning sour; are stomachic, and a good substitute Jjpr
the Peruvian bark, in agues.

j3. majus. Petals longer than the calyx.

Caryophyllata vulgaris majore flore, Raii Syn. 253, 2.

Caryophyllata vulgaris major, Park. 135.

Great-Jlowered avens.

2. Geum intermedium . Intermediate herh-bennet .

Leaves interrupted, pinnate ; flowers mostly drooping ;

calyx spreading; petals longer than the calyx; awn fea-
thered, twisted.

Geum rivale /3, Smith FI. Brit. 555.

Geum intermedium, Ehraht Beytr. 6, 143.

Woods and hedges ; perennial ; September.

Flowers large, yellowish.

3. Geum rivale. Bankside herl-hennet.

Root-leaves lyrate, interruptedly pinnate ; stipules ovate,

acute, cut ; flowers drooping ; petals as long as the calyx ;
awii feathered, twisted.

Caryophyllata montana purpurea, Raii Syn. 253,3; Ger. em. 994,2.
Caryophyllata montana, seu palustris purpurea, Park. 136.

Geum rivale, Lin. S. P. 717.

Water avens.

Fields and damp woods ; perennial ; June and July.

Root horizontal ; stem branched at top, drooping ; leaves
deeply serrated; stem-leaves simple or ternate; calyx pur-
plish ; petals upright, reverse-heartshape, yellowish purple.
— Root febrifuge, in common use in agues, instead of the
Peruvian bark ; also to cure ropy ale.

grandiflorum . Flowers double, or proliferous.

Childing avens, Petiver Herb. Brit. 40, 4.

III. 355. S1BRALDIA. Linnaeus. Sillald.

Calyx-tube concave ; limb 5-lobed ; lobes bracteated ;
petals 5, very small ; stamens 5 ; ovaries 5, forming a head
on a prominent receptacle; style lateral; akenia kidney-
shape, hardened ; seed inverse.

Sibbaldia procumbens. Procumbent sibbald.

Leaves ternate ; leaflets bald above, hairy beneath ; flowers
corymbose ; petals lanceolate, acute, as long as the calyx.

2 p 2

580 355. Sibbaldia. 60. DRV'ADE/E. PL ex. cal.

Pentaphylloides pumila foliis ternis ad extremilate trifid is. Rail Syn.
256, 6.

Sibbaldia procumbens, Lin. S. P. 406.

Scotch cinquefoil.

Micaceous alpine rocks ; perennial; July.

Root woody ; leaves stipuled.

IV. 356. POTENTILLA. Brunsfel. Cinquefoil.

Calyx-tube concave ; limb 5 rarely 4-cut ; bracteated ;
petals 5, rarely 4 ; stamens many ; ovaries indefinite, form-
ing a head, on a prominent receptacle ; styles lateral ; ake-
nium hardened, kidneyshape ; seeds appended. — Stem her-
baceous, rarely shrubby.

a. Leaves pinnate.

1. Potentilla fructicosa. Shrubby cinquefoil.

Leaves pinnate, villous ; calyx-leaflets linear, oblong, not

cut, villous; bractece linear, slenderest below; stem shrubby.

Pentaphylloides fruticosa. Rail Syn . 256, 4.

Potentilla fruticosa, Lin. S. P. 709.

Mountainous woods ; shrubby; June.

Stem 2 feet high, much branched ; upper leaves ternate ;
flower solitary, terminal, golden.

2. Potentilla anserina. Goose cinquefoil.

Leaves interruptedly pinnate, silky; leaflets acutely ser-
rate; stem creeping; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered.

Pentaphylloides Argentina dicta, Raii Syn. 256, 5.

Argentina, Ger. em. 993, 1.

Potentilla, Park. 593.

Potentilla anserina, Lin. 8. P. 7 10.

Silver weed. Wild tansey. Moors, Yorkshire. Moors corn, Ireland.

Damp fields and holts; perennial ; June and July.

Stem prostrate; leaves nearly lyrate; beneath silvery
white; when young both sides silky; calyx silky; petals
golden. — Roots eat like parsneps ; leaves mildly astringent,
used instead of Peruvian bark in agues.

0. nuda. Leaves not silky.

3. Potentilla palustre. Marsh cinquefoil.

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, serrated above ; calyx

coloured ; petals very small ; stem creeping.

PI. ex. cal, 60. DRYADEiE. 356. Potentilla. 581

Poritaphylloides palustre rubrum, Rail Syn. 256, 2.

Pentaphyllum rubrum palustre, Ger. em. 987, 4.

Comarum pulustre, Lin. S. P. 718.

Potentilla palustre, Scopoli Cam. 617.

Purple marshlocks.

Marshy spongy bogs ; perennial ; June and July.

Root creeping; leaves woolly beneath, sometimes in sevens,
or digitate ; petioles long \ flowers panicled, blackish purple ;
petals pointed. — Root dyes red.

j9. villosa. Leaves woolly on both sides.

Pentaphylloides q. Pentaphyllum palustre rubrum, crassis et villosis
foliis Suecicum et Hibernicum Plukeneti, Rail Syn. 256, 3.

4. Potentilla rnpestris. Rock cinquefoil .

Root-leaves pinnate; leaflets roundish oval, toothed,

hairy; stem-leaves ternate ; stem stiffs forked.

Peutaphylloides erectum, Rail Syn. 255, 1.

Pentaphyllum fragiferum^ Ger. em. 991, 13 ; Park. 397.

Potentilla rnpestris, Lin. S. P. 711.

Potentilla rubens, Meencli Meth. 660.

Potentilla fragarioides. Pour. Encycl. 5,586.

Strwberry cinquefoil. Upright bastard cinquefoil.

Alpine rocks; perennial; June and July.

Stem a foot high, branchy, downy ; leaves lyrate, pin-
nate; leaflets veined, hairy; root-stipules linear; stem-sti-
pules rhomboid, roundish ; peduncles panicled ; petals re-
verse heartshape, white ; akema smooth.

b. Leaves digitate ; receptacle laid.

5. Potentilla argentea. Silver cinquefoil.

Leaves in fives; leaflets wedgeshape, cut above, edge

turned over ; beneath white, tomentose ; stem decumbent.

Pentaphyllum erectum, foliis profunde sectis, subtus argenteis, flore
luteo, Raii Syn . 255, 2.

Quinquefolium tormentillae Facie, Ger. em. 988, 7.

Pentaphyllum rectum minus, Park. 400.

Potentilla argentea, Lin. S. P. 712.

Wall cinquefoil. Tormentil cinquefoil.

Pastures; perennial; June.

Stem woolly ; leaves above bald and green ; flowers small,
gold-yellow.

6. Potentilla verna. Vernal cinquefoil .

Root-leaves in sevens or fives ; leaflets reverse oval, green

on both sides, hairy beneath ; petals reverse ovate, longer
than the calyx ; stem weak, procumbent.

582 356. Potentilla. 60. DRY ABE/E.

PI. ex. cal.

Pentaphyllum parvum hirsutum, Rail Syn. 255, 3.

Pentaphyllum incanum minus repens, Ger. em. 989, 19.

Pentaphyllum minus repens lanuginosum, Park. 399.

Potentilla verna, Lin. S. P. 712.

Potentilla serotina, Pillars Delph . 3, 564.

High barren pastures ; perennial ; April and May.

Stem branched, downy; root-leaves with long petioles;
petals golden-yellow.

7. Potentilla opaca. Opake cinquefoil .

Root-leaves in sevens or fives ; leaflets ovate, wedgeshape,
toothed, hairy; petals reverse heartshape, scaly, longer than
the calyx ; stem threadshape, decumbent.

Potentilla opaca, Lin. S. P. 7 13.

Fragaria rubens, Crantz Fasc. 75.

Mountains; perennial; June.

Stem very slender, tufted ; petals golden-yellow, with a
brown spot at bottom.

S. Potentilla aurea . Golden cinquefoil .

Root-leaves in fives; stem-leaves in threes; leaflets wedge-
shape ; edges hairy, and toothed at the tip ; hairs silky ;
petals reverse-heartshape, larger than the calyx ; stem de-
cumbent.

Quinquefolium minus flore aureo, Ger. em. 990, 11.

Potentilla aurea, Lin. S. P . 712.

Alps; perennial; July.

Stem ascending, hairy ; leaves thin, membranaceous,
shining, paler underneath ; root-leaves with long petioles ;
peduncles very long, 1 -flowered; petals deep golden or
orange-colour.

c. Leaves digitate ; receptacle very hairy .

9. Potentilla all a. White cinquefoil.

Root-leaves in fives ; stem-leaves S-leafletted ; leaflets oval,
oblong, connivent at top, serrated, bald above, gray and
silky beneath ; stem threadlike, procumbent, shorter than
the leaves.

Quinquefolium sylvaticum majus, flore albo, Ger. em. 989, 10.

Potentilla alba, Lin. S. P. 713.

Fragaria alba , Crantz Fasc. 78.

Alpine hills ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem much branched; petioles of the root-leaves very
long; petals white.

PL ex. caL

60. DRYADEiE. 356. Potentilla. 583

10. Fotenlilla repians. Creeping cinquefoil.

Leaves acuminate; leaflets reverse oval, wedgeshape, ser-
rated ; stipules not cut ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered,
longer than the leaves ; stem sarmentose.

Pentapbyllum vulgatissimum, Rail Syn. 255, 1 ; Park. 398.

Quinquefolium vulgare, Ger. em. 987, 1.

Potentilla reptans, Lin . S. P. 714.

Five-finger grass. Five-leaved grass. Sinkfeld.

Fields and pastures; perennial; July and August.

Stem reddish ; leaves bald above, beneath hairy on the
ribs ; stipules lanceolate, sometimes slightly toothed ; petals
reverse heartshape, as long as the calyx ; Iradeae lanceo-
late, equal to the calyx-lobes. — Root astringent, antiseptic,
used as a gargle for loose teeth and spongy gums.

d. Leaves three-leajletted.

11. Potentilla nemoralis . Grove cinquefoil .

Leaves three-1 eafletted ; stem-leaves petioled ; leaflets

wedgeshape, reverse oval, deep toothed ; peduncles solitary,
long ; flowers 4-petaled ; stem threadlike, procumbent.

Tormentilla reptans, Lin. S. P. 716.

Potentilla procumbens, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 162.

Potentilla nemoralis, Niestler Potentates , 65.

Plot's tormentil . Trailing tormentil.

Edges of fields; perennial; June and July.

Stem slender; stipules lanceolate, generally undivided;
Iractece linear, lanceolate ; calyx-lobes ovate, equal ; petals
wedgeshape, reverse heartshape, nearly twice as long as the
calyx, sometimes 5.

12. Potentilla officinalis. Shop cinquefoil .

Leaves 3-leafletted ; stem-leaves sessile ; leaflets rather

lanceolate, oval, deeply toothed ; peduncles single, from the
fork or lateral ; flowers 4-petaled ; stem mostly upright,
forked.

Tormentilla, Rail Syn. 257 ; Ger. em. 992.

Tormentilla vulgaris, Park. 394.

Tormentilla ereeta, Lin. S. P. 716.

Tormentilla officinalis, Curtis FI. Lond.

Potentilla Tormentilla, Sibthorp FI. Oxon. 162.

Common tormentil. Septfoil.

Barren pastures and meadows ; perennial ; J une and J uly.

Root woody ; stem upright or procumbent ; leaves nearly
sessile ; petals and calyx-lobes 4, rarely 3, 5, or many.

584- 356. Potentilla. 60. DRYADEiE.

PI. ex . cal.

13. Potentilla trident ata . Three- toothed cinquefoil.

Leaves 3-leafletted; leaflets oblong, wedgeshape, 3-toothed

at the tip, bald above; panicle weak; petals oval, larger
than the calyx ; stem upright.

Potentilla tridentata, Alton Hort. Kew. 216.

Potentilla retusa, Relz Prod. FI. Scand. 2, 642.

Alpine rocks ; perennial ; May and June.

Stem 6 in. high, downy; leaflets blunt, 3 or 5-toothed
at the tip; uppermost lanceolate, generally not cut; flowers
small ; calyx-lobes oval, shorter than the petals ; receptacle
hairy.

14. Potentilla fr agar ioides. Strawberry cinquefoil.

Leaves 3-leafletted ; leaflets reverse oval, retuse, deeply

serrated, silky ; petals reverse heartshape, as long as the
calyx; stem threadshape, lying down.

Fragaria sterilis, Rail Syn. 254,3; Lin. S. P. 709.

Fragaria mini me vesca seu sterilis, Ger. em. 998.

Fragaria mini me vesca, Park. 758.

Potentilla Fragaria, Poiret Encycl. 5,599.

Potentilla fragarioides, Villars Delph. 3, 561,

Potentilla prostrata, Moench Meth. 660.

Comarum fragarioides, Roth Germ. 2, 577.

Potentilla fragarieefolia, Gmel. Bad. 2,453.

Fragaria prcecox, Salisb. Prod. 363.

Barren strawberry. Wild strawberry.

Dry barren pastures ; perennial ; March and April.

Root woody ; stem diffused ; flowers white.

V. 357* FRAGARIA. Pliny. Strawberry.

Calyx-tube concave ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; ovaries
many, indefinite, capitate on a prominent receptacle ; styles
lateral; akenia rather drupaceous, spread over the outer
surface of the deciduous, fleshy receptacle.

1. Fragaria vesca . Eatable strawberry .

Calyx in fruit reflected ; hairs of the petioles very much
turned back, of the peduncles pressed close.

Fragaria, Rail Syn. 254, 1 ; Ger. em. 997, 1 and 2.

Fragaria vulgaris, Park. 758.

Fragaria vesca, Lin. S. P. 708.

Woods and hedges, also cultivated; peren.; May, June.
Roots fibrous; runners rooting; stem upright; leaves
equally serrated ; petals shorter than the calyx ; flowers
rather corymbose ; fruit red, drooping, — Bark of the root

PL ex. cal.

585

60. DRYADEiE. 357. Fragaria.

astringent; fruit fragrant, juicy, universally esteemed, par-
ticularly praised as of use in consumption, gravelly com-
plaints, and incrustations on the teeth.

0. muricata. Flower greenish ; receptacle hard ; akenia
ending in a, point.

Fragaria fructu hispido, Rail Syn. 254,2; Ger. em. 998, 2.
y, alba. Fruit white.

2. Fragaria elatior. Tall strawberry.

Calyx in fruit reflected; hairs of the peduncle and pe-
tioles very spreading.

Fragaria vesca pratensis, Lin. S. P, 7 08.

Fragaria elatior, Willd. S. P. 1091.

Fragaria magna, Thuill. Paris.

Fragaria moschata, Duchesne Monogr.

Fragaria dioica, Ibidem.

Hautbois.

Woods, also cultivated; perennial ; June to October.
Plant often dioicous; fruit large; odour like musk, in
high esteem.

VI. 858. RUBUS. Pliny. Bramble ,

Calyx flat at bottom ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; ovaries ca-
pitate, on a manifestly protuberant receptacle; styles nearly
terminal ; akenia rough, covered with a fleshy sarcocarp,
on a fleshy receptacle.

a. Chamsemorus. Stem herbaceous , unarmed , mostly simple,

1. Ruhus nubis. Cloud bramble.

Stem unarmed, simple, 1-flowered; leaves simple, lobed;

calyx-lobes ovate.

Chamaemorus, Raii Syn. 200, 1 ; Ger. em. 1273,4; Park. 1014.
Vaccinium nubis, Ger. em. 1420.

Rubus ChamEemorus, Lin. S. P. 708.

Cloud-berry. Knot-berry. Knouglit-berry.

Alpine bogs; perennial; June.

Root creeping ; leaves heartshape, 5-lobed, bald ; flower
white; fruit dark-red; akenia many. — Fruit acid, anti-
scorbutic, eaten raw or in tarts.

2. Rubus arcticus. Arctic bramble.

Stem unarmed, simple, I -flowered ; leaves ternate, bald.

Rubus arcticus, Lin. S. P. 708.

Alpine rocks ; perennial ; May and June.

586

358. Rubus. 60. DRYADE/E.

PL ex. cal .

Root creeping; runners 0 ; stem angulate ; leaves unequally
serrated ; flowers peduncled, dark rose-coloured ; fruit pur-
ple.— Fruit is made in Sweden into a rich sweetmeat, or
hoe-flavoured wine.

3. Rubus saxatilis . Stone bramble .

Stem unarmed, simple ; runners creeping ; leaves ternate,

nearly bald ; panicle few-flowered.

Chamsemorus quae Chamaerubus saxatilis, Raii Syn. 261,2.

Rubus saxatilis, Ger. em. 1278, 4 ; Lin. S. P. 708.

Rubus alpinus saxatilis, Park. 1014.

Alpine shady places ; perennial ; June.

Root fibrous ; runners or barren stems hairy ; leaves pale-
green, thin, doubly serrated; lower leaves sometimes in
fives; side leaflets sessile; flowers 3 or 4; petals white,
lanceolate; fruit red; akenia 3 or 4, very fleshy. — Fruit
rather astringent, yet pleasant.

b. Rubus. Stem shrubby , armed ; runners bending down ,
rooting at the end ; leaves digitate.

4. Rubus fruticosus. * Shrubby bramble.

Stem angular, prickly; prickles hooked; leaves generally

in fives; leaflets woolly beneath, petioled ; calyx-lobes turned
back.

Rubus major fructu nigro, Raii Syn. 467, 1.

Rubus vulgaris major, Park. 1013.

Rubus, Ger. em. 1269, 1.

Rubus fruticosus, Lin. S. P. 707.

Common bramble. Blackberry.

Woods and hedges ; shrubby; July and August.

Stem woody, tough, divaricating; angles prickly; prickles
dilated at bottom, compressed, conical ; leaves in threes or
fives ; leaflets blunt with a point, dark green, rough ; pa-
nicle racemose, many-flowered ; petals white. — Fruit rather
acid, but eats well with wine.

5. Rubus corylifolius. Hazel-leaved bramble.

Stem roundish, diffused, prickly; prickles placed pro-
miscuously, straight; leaves usually in fives ; leaflets ovate,
rather hairy ; side-leaflets sessile.

Rubus corylifolius. Smith FI. Brit. 542.

Rubus fruticosus major, With. Bot. Arr . 469.

Hedges; shrubby; July.

PI. ex. cal.

60. DRYADEiE. 358. Rubus.

5 87

Stem- very long, procumbent, brittle; prickles slender,
unequal; leaves in threes or fives; leaflets wrinkled, soft
beneath; panicle weak; corolla white \ fruit blackish violet;
acini rounded.

6. Rubus ccBsius. Blue bramble.

Stem roundish, prostrate, glaucous ; prickles placed pro-
miscuously; leaves ternate, hairy beneath; lateral leaflets
two-lobed.

Rubus minor fructo caeruleo, Rail Syn. 467 , 3.

Rubus repens fructo caesio, Ger. em. 1271, 2.

Rubus minor, Clmmaerubus sive Humirubus, Parle. 1013.

Rubus caesius, Lin. S. P. 706.

Dewberry.

Woods and edges of fields; shrubby; June and July.
Leaves deeply serrated, not woolly beneath ; side-leaflets
sessile, mostly lobed ; panicle few-flowered ; calyx spread ;
petals white ; fruit dark glaucous ; acini few, large.

c. Idaeus. Stem upright , armed , shrubby ; leaves pinnate,

7. Rubus suberectus. Upright bra7nble.

Stem upright; prickles scattered, soft, nearly straight;

leaves in fives or sevens, pinnate ; upper leaves ternate ;
leaflets ovate, hairy beneath.

Rubus suberectus, Anderson Lin. Trans. 11, 218.

Rubus Nessensis, W. Hall , Tr. R. Edinb. Soc. 3, 20.

Woods in the north; shrubby; June.

Stem nearly upright, brittle, much branched, divari-
cating, prickly ; prickles scattered, rarely very few ; leaflets
pointed at the lip, light green, bald above; panicle long;
corolla white, large ; fruit reddish black ; acini many. —
Fruit very agreeable,

8. Rubus IdcEus. Ida bramble.

Stem upright, prickly; leaves in fives, pinnate; upper

leaves ternate ; leaflets rhomboid-ovate; tomentose beneath;
petioles channelled.

Rubus Idaeus spinosus fructu rubro, Raii Syn. 467,4.

Rubus Idaeus, Ger.em . 1269,2; Parle. 557 ; Lin. S. P. 706.

Rasp-berry. Hind-berry. Framboise.

Moist woods and hedges, also cultivated ; shrubby ; May
and June.

588

358. Rubus. 60. DRYADEAE.

PL ex. cal .

Stem upright, round, aculeately hispid ; leaflets pointed,
unequally serrated; corolla white, small; fruit odorous,
blood- coloured. — Fruit used in deserts, and to flavour tarts,
wines, and spirits. *

|3. alb us. Fruit white.

Fam. XXVI. 61. ULMARIiE.

Calyx free, persisting, 5-parted; petals inserted on the
calyx, mostly 5 ; stamens indefinite, inserted under the
petals; ovaries free, definite, 1 -styled; capsules or camares
as many as the ovaries, 1 or many-seeded ; perisperm 0 ;
corcuium straight ; radicle above. — Leaves alternate.

359. SPIRAEA. Theophrastus. Spiraea.

Calyx spreading, 5-cut; petals 5 ; ovaries 3 to 12 ; cap-
sules i-celled, 2-valved; seeds 1 to 3, on the inner suture
of the capsules.

a. Spiraea. Stem shrubby.

1. Spiraea salicifolia . JVillow-leaf spiraea.

Leaves oblong, serrated, bald ; racemes twice-com-
pounded.

Spiraea Theophrasti, Ger. em. 1601.

Spiraea salicifolia, Lin. S . P. 700.

Mock willow.

Damp woods and hedges; shrub; July.

Stem 4 feet high ; branches stiff*, bald ; leaves alternate,
bald on both sides ; racemes solitary, upright ; bracteae linear,
solitary ; flowers reddish white.

b. Filipendula. Stem herbaceous ; camares 12, in a circle.

2. Spiraea vulgaris. Common spiraea.

Leaves interruptedly pinnate; leaflets uniform, ovate,

oblong, serrated, bald ; flowers panicled, corymbose.
Filipendula, Raii Syn. 259, 1 ; Ger. em. 1058, 1 ; Park. 434.

Spiraea Filipendula, Lin. S. P. 702.

Common dropwort. Filipendula.

Chalky or sandy pastures; perennial; July.

Root woody, tuberculous; tubercles elliptical; stem 12 in.
h\gh; flowers many, yellowish or reddish white. — Tubercles
nutritive.

0. plena . Flowers double.

589

PL ex, cal. 61. ULM ARIAS. 359. Spiraea.

c. Ulmaria. Stem herbaceous ; camares 6 or 8, twisted.

3. Spircea odor at a. Odorous spircea.

Leaves interruptedly pinnate, tomentose beneath ; termi-
nal leaflets 3-lobed ; side leaflets undivided ; corymbus pro-
liferous.

Ulmaria, Raii Syn. 259, 1.

Regina prati, Ger. em. 104 3, 1.

Ulmaria vulgaris, Park . 592.

Meadow sweet. Mead sweet. Queen of the meadows.

Damp fields and pastures; perennial ; June and July.
Root fibrous ; stem 4 feet high ; flowers white, small,
odoriferous.

Fam. XXVII. 62. DRUPACEiE. Rosacearum pars ,

Jussieu.

Calyx free, persisting, 5-cut; petals 5, inserted on the
calyx; stamen indefinite, on the calyx under the petals;
ovary simple, free, 1 -styled \ fruit a drupe, nut 1 or 2-seeded;
seeds pendulous from the side; perisperm very thin, fleshy;

radicle above ; corculum straight. — Stem woody ; leaves
simple, glandular at bottom or on the petiole ; flowers coin-
pleat, hermaphrodite.

Drupe not glaucous ; nut globular Cerasus. 360.

Drupe glaucous; nut ovate, pointed .... Prunus. 361.

I. 360. CERASUS. Theophrastus. Cherry.

Drupe fleshy, globose, bald, rather furrowed on one side,
not covered with a glaucous pollen; nut smooth, globular,
with a rather prominent angle on one side.

a. Padus. Leaves deciduous ; petiole glandular ;
flowers racemose.

1 . Cerasus racemosa. Racemose cherry.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, deciduous, bald, doubly ser-
rate; petioles with 2 glands at the base; flowers racemose;
racemes pendulous.

Cerasus avium nigra et racemosa, Raii Syn. 463, 1 ; Ger. em. 1504, 9.

Cerasus avium rubra, Ger . em. 1504, 10.

Cerasus avium racemosa, Park. 1517.

Prunus Padus, Lin. S. P. 677.

Cerasus Padus, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3781. .

Wild cluster cherry. Bird cherry. Hegberry tree.

Woods and hedges; tree; May.

590 360. Cerasus. 62. DRUPACEiE. PL ex. cal.

Leaves petioled, veiny, odour like rue; racemes single,
from the base of the young leaves; flowers white; petals
finely serrated ; drupe black ; {nut with cavities on the out-
side, Stokes).— Bark in decoction used to cure the venereal
disease ; fruit nauseous, but gives an agreeable flavour to
wine and brandy, a decoction of the fruit used in dysentery.

b. Cerasus. Leaves deciduous ; flowers umlelled .

2. Cerasus hortensis . Garden cherry.

Umbells few-flowered, peduncled ; leaves ovate, lanceolate,
bald, doubled together.

Cerasus sylvestris fructu rubro, Raii Syn. 463, 1.

Prunus avium, Lin. S. P. 680.

Primus Cerasus, Withering Hot. Air. 507.

Wild cherry.

Woods, also cultivated; tree; April to June.

Petioles with 1 or 2 glands near the end, sometimes 0 ;
leaves with the lowermost teeth on one and sometimes both
sides glandular; drupe red. — Fruit of the cultivated varie-
ties esculent, but generally difficult of digestion ; wood
close grained ; gum differs in chemical qualities from that
called gum Arabic, but is equally nutritive*

g. parva. Drupe heartshape, small, red.

Cerasus sylvestris fructu minimo cordiformi. Raii Syn , 463,3.

Prunus Cerasus /3, Smith FI. Brit. 527.

y. acidula. Drupe round, red, tart, flesh easily separable
from the nut.

Prunus Cerasus aproniana, Lin. S. P. 679.

Cerasus vulgaris, Ger. em. 1502, 1.

Kentish cherry.

S', majalis. Leaves when young downy underneath along
the main and large ribs; drupe round, uniformly red, flesh
easily separable.

May duke cherry.

£. cordiformis. Drupe heartshape, white and red ; flesh
whitish, adhering to the nut.

Cerasus Hispanica, Ger. em. 1502,3.

Cerasus Hispanica, sive alba, Park. Par. 573,3.

Prunus cerasus dulcis, Lin. S. P. 679.

White heart cherry.

£. nigra. Drupe heartshape, reddish black ; flesh blackish
red, very sweet.

Cerasus cordata, Park. Par. 573.

Black heart cherry. Small la cceur or heart cherry.

6

PL ex. cal.

62. DIIU PACEiE. 360. Cerasus. 591

?j. seroiina. Drupe roundish, blackish red, austere.

Cerasus sylvestris septentrionalis fructu parvo serotino, Raii Syn. 463,4?
Prunus cerasus austera, Lin. S. P. 679.

Morello cherry .

3. Cerasus avium . Bird cherry .

Umhells sessile ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, downy beneath.

Cerasus sylvestris fructu nigro, Raii Syn. 463,2.

Cerasus nigra, Ger.em. 1505, 11.

Prunus avium, Sibthorp Ft. Ox. 154.

Prunus Cerasus avium, Huds. Ft. Angl. 213.

Black cherry. Mazzards. Gee.

Woods and hedges, also cultivated; tree; April.

Fruit ovate, blackish, sweet.

£. major . Drupe large, finer flavoured.

Prunus cerasus «, Smith Ft. Brit . 527.

Coroun cherry. Carrons.

II. 361. PRUNUS. Pliny. Plum.

Drupe fleshy, bald, furrowed on one side, covered with a
glaucous pollen ; nut ovate, oblong, compressed, rough ;
edge furrowed angularly ; tip pointed.

1. Prunus spinosa. Thorny plum.

Branches ending in spines ; leaves elliptical, lanceolate ;

peduncles solitary ; fruit upright, roundish.

Prunus sylvestris, Raii Syn. 462, 1 ; Ger. em. 1497, 5; Park. 1033.
Prunus spinosa, Lin. S. P. 681.

Black thorn. Sloe.

Woods and hedges; shrubby; March and April.
Branches divaricating; flowers white, appearing before
the leaves are expanded ; drupe black. — Root spreads wide;
wood, hard, tough ; thorns produce unpleasant wounds ;
leaves when young used to reduce the price of tea ; fruit
rather acid, very rough ; bark may be used for the Peru-
vian; flowers in infusion purgative; juice of the fruit serves
to mark linen with an indelible stain.

2. Prunus insititia. Foreign plum.

Branches mostly ending in a spine; leaves lanceolate,

ovate, convolute, villous beneath: peduncles rarely solitary;
drupe roundish.

Prunus sylvestris major, Raii Syn. 462,2.

Prunus insititia, Lin. S. P. 680.

Prunus communis insititia, Huds. Ft. Ang. 212.

Biaclc bullace. Black bulle&se.

592

PI. ex. cal.

361. Prunus. 62. DRYADE^L

Woods and hedges, also cultivated; tree; April.

Leaves narrow at bottom; petals white, reverse ovate ;
drupes solitary. — Fruit eatable, but inferior in flavour, is
rendered better by exposure to frost.

$. alba . Drupe whitish yellow ; plant small.

Primus sylvestris fructu majore albo, Rail Syn. 462,3.

White bullace. White bullesse.

y. rubra. Drupe red, austere.

Prunus sylvestris fructu rubro, acerbo et ingrato, Raii Syn. 462,4.

3. Prunus domestlca. Hom,e plum.

Branches unarmed, spreading; leaves ovate, lanceolate,
hirsute beneath ; peduncles solitary; drupe ovate, spherical.

Prunus domestica, Ger. em. 1497, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 680 /3.

Prunus, Park, i 5i 2.

Damson. Damascus plum. Damask prune.

Woods and hedges; also cultivated; tree; April.

Leaves serrated ; peduncles short, sometimes in pairs or
threes ; drupe dark purple. — Fruit austere, used chiefly in
pastry; also to make an acerb wine, which serves to reduce
or imitate port wine.

Many varieties of this species are cultivated, differing in
the size, shape, and colour of the fruit, and in its flavour :
this fruit is peculiarly apt to induce the cholera morbus.

Fam. XXVIII. 63. LEGUMINOSAE. Jussieu.

Calyx 1-leaved, mostly 5-cut, free; corolla inserted on
the calyx ; petals usually 5, irregular, papilionaceous ; upper
petal (vexillum or standard) covering the others, 2 side
petals (wings) and the two lower (keel) mostly soldered to-
gether; stamens usually 1 0 ; monadelphous; or diadelplious, 9
on an androphore and 1 single; ovary free; style 1 ; legu-
men 2 valved, 1 or 2-celled ; seed affixed on one of the
sutures; perisperm 0; radicle inclining to lobes; cotyledons
thick, sometimes carried up in germination unchanged and
distinct from the seminal leaves. — Stem shrubby or herba-
ceous ; leaves alternate, mostly pinnate, or ternate, rarely 0 ;
leaflets sometimes sleep at night ; stipules axillary.

a. Stamens monadelphous ; leaves simple , ternate , or pinnate
with an odd leaflet.

Cal. deeply 2-cut; lobes keeled at bottom ;
legumen scarcely longer than the calyx

Ulex. 362.

PL ex. caL

63. LEGUMINOSJE,

£93

CaL 2-lipped, 2 and 8-toothed ; keel de-
cumbent, not enclosing the stamens and style

Genista. 363.

CaL 5-cut, bellshape; standard striated;

legumen rhomboidal, sessile , . Ononis. 364*

Cal. 5-toothed, mouth contracted, middle
swoln; legumen small, 1 or 2-seeded ... AnThylLis. 365*

b. Stamens diadelphous ; leaves ternate , or pinnate with
an odd leaflet.

Cal. tubular, 5-toothed ; keel simple ;
wings short; legum. 1 2-seeded; flow, in

heads Trifolium. S660

CaL tubular ; 5-toothed ; keel simple ;
wings short ; legum. longer than the

calyx ; flowers racemous Melilotus. 3 67,

Cal . tubular, 5-cut ; keel remote from
standard; legumen curved or spiral .... Medicago. 368,
CaL tubular, 5-cut; ivings and stand *
connivent; legumen round ; stipules leaf-
like * . Lotus. 370.

Cal. bellshape, 5-cut ; keel very small ;
wings and stand, spreading ; legum. com-
pressed, peduncled, many-seeded .... Trigonella. 369^
CaL 2-lipped ; upper lip 4-cut, equal \
lower simple, linear ; keel 2-petaled ;
leg. ovate, 3 to 6-seeded GlycyrRhiza. 37L

c. Stame?is diadelphous ; legumen 2- celled ; leaves pinnate

with, an odd leaflet.

CaL 5-cut; keel pointed; legumen
2-celled; upper suture bent inwards . < * Oxytropus. 372.

Cal. 5-cut; keel blunt; legumen
2-celled ; lower suture bent inwards . . Astragalus. 378,

d. Stamens diadelphous ; legumen \ -celled ; leaves abruptly

pinnate , main petiole ending in a tendril or thread.

Style above flat, villous .* * . . Lathyrus. 374,

Style above keeled, villous * Pisum. 375.

Style linear, slender, hairy at the tip ... Orobus. 376.
Style bearded beneath the stigma ...... Vicia. 377,

vol. 11. 2 2

594* 362. Ulex. 63. LEGUMINOSiE.

PL ex. cah

e. Stamens diadelphous ; legumen many-ceUed ; cells 1 -seeded,
not opening spontaneously,

Legumen cylindrical, bent Ornithopus. 378.

Legumen compressed, bent, membrana-
ceous, one suture deeply toothed .... Hippocrepis. 379.

Legumen compressed, prickly ;
keel very blunt; wings very short ..... Onobrychis. 380.

A. Stamens monadelphous.

I. 362. ULEX. Pliny. Furze,

Calyx deeply 2-parted ; lobes keeled, scaly at the base;
corolla-keel 2 petaled; stamens monadelphous; androphore
tubular, cut above; legumen turgid, scarcely longer than
the calyx, few-seeded. — Stem undershrubby, very spinous ;
leaves simple, lanceolate ; flowers axillary, yellow.

1. Ulex Europeans. European furze.

Twigs upright; leaves lanceolate, linear, villous; bractece

ovate, weak ; calyx-teeth very small, connivent.

Genista spinosa vulgaris, Raii Syn. 475, 1 ; Ger. em. 1319.

Genista spinosa major vulgaris. Park. 1003.

Ulex Europaeus, Lin. S. P. 1045.

Ulex grand iflorus* Pour. Mem. Thoul. 333, 3.

Common furze. Whins. Gorse. Thorn broom.

Dry heaths, also cultivated; shrub; all the year, chiefly
in May.

Branches very close, tangled; spines very sharp, ever-
green; peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered; corolla golden-yel-
low, odour like honey; legumen 4<-seeded. — Young shoots
bruised used to feed sheep and cattle ; also cut for fuel, and
to light fires of fossil coals.

2. Ulex nanus. Dwarf furze.

Twigs decumbent ; leaves linear, bald ; bractece very

small, pressed close to the stem; calyx-teeth lanceolate,
distant.

Genista spinosa minor, Raii Syn. 475,2; Park. 1003.

Genista aculeata minor, Ger. em. 1321, 6.

Ulex Europaeus /3, Lin. S. P. 1045.

Ulex nanus, Forster in Sym. Syn. 160.

Ulex minor, Roth FI. Germ.

Scorpion furze.

High heaths; shrubby; August and September.

Plant much smaller than U. Europeeus; legumen hairy.

Pi, ex, cal. 63. LEGUMINOS.®. 363. Genista. 595

II. 863 . GENISTA. Broom .

Calyx 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-toothed, lower 3-toothed ;
standard oblong, turned back; keel lying down, not entirely
covering the stamens and pistils; stamens monadelphous ;
legumen oblong.— Stem shrubby; leaves simple or ternate;
stipules scarcely any; flowers yellow.

a. Spartium. Branches unarmed.

1. Genista vulgaris. Common broom.

Leaves oblong, ternate or solitary ; branches stiff, angu-
lar; flowers axillary; peduncles short; legumen many-
seeded ; edge hairy.

Genista angulosa trifolia, Raii Syn . 474.

Genista, Ger. em. 1311, 1.

Genista vulgaris, et Scoparia, Park. 228.

Spartium Scoparia, Lin. S. P. 996.

Fields and dry woods; shrubby; May and June.

Branches evergreen, bald ; leaves small, bald ; flowers
solitary, drooping, large corollce gold or citron-yellow.—
Tops and seeds in infusion diuretic, serviceable in dropsy;
seeds roasted substituted for coffee ; young flowers pickled
for sauce; ashes afford a tolerably pure subcarbonate of
potash ; when sheep are pastured on it in bloom the rot is
prevented ; twigs used for carpet-brooms, and their bark
may be made into flax.

2. Genista tinctoria. Dyeing broom.

Branches round, streaked, upright, unarmed ; leaves lan-»

ceolate, bald ; flowers racemose; legumen bald, roundish,
many- seeded.

Genistella tinctoria, Raii Syn. 474, 1 ; Ger. em. 1316, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 998.

Genista tinctoria vulgaris, Park. 228.

Base broom. Dyers weed. Green weed. Wood-waxen.

Pastures and woods; shrubby; July and August.

Root woody; branches ascending; leaves sessile, slightly
hairy on the edge; flowers axillary; calyx angular. — Plant
in decoction diuretic; seeds purgative; flowers dye wool
yellow.

3. Genista pilosa . Hairy broom.

Stem tubercled, decumbent, unarmed ; leaves lanceolate,

folded, blunt, hairy beneath ; flowers axillary, nearly ses-
sile; calyx , corolla , and legumen hairy, hairs silklike.

Chamasgeriista Punnonica, Ger. em. 1313,6.

Genista pilosa, Lin. S. P. 999.

* % Q 2

596 363. Genista. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. PL ex, cal

High sandy fields ; shrubby ; May.

Root woody ; stem streaked ; leaves in bundles, petioled ;
legumen compressed, 2 or 3-seeded.

b. Branches spinous^

4. Genista Anglica. English broom .

Leaves ovate, bald; spines simple and compound ; flower-
ing branches spineless ; flowers axillary, solitary, nearly
racemose ; corolla and legumen bald.

Genista minor aspalathoides, sive Genista spinosa Anglica, Rail Syn .
415, 1.

Genista aculeata, Ger. em. 1320, 4.

Genistella aculeata. Park. 1004.

Genista Anglica, Lin. S. P. 999.

Needle furze. Petty whin.

Spongy heaths; shrubby; May and June.

Root woody ; stem ascending; spines spreading, awlshape;
leaves pointed ; flowers citron ; standard gold-colour ; legu-
men turgid, many-seeded.

III. 364. ONONIS. Theophrastus. Rest-harrow .

Calyx bellshape, 5-cut, lobes linear; standard striated;
stamens monadelphous ; legumen inflated, sessile, few-
seeded. — Leaves ternate, leaflets slightly serrated; stipules
joined to the petiole ; flowers (in the English species) axil-
lary, sessile, purplish.

1 . Ononis arvensis. Fallow rest-harrow .

Stem villous, ascending; twigs grow spinous; leaves often
simple, not in the least cut at bottom ; flowers nearly sessile,
solitary or in pairs.

Ononis arvensis, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 386.

Barren pastures and waysides ; perennial ;

Root black ; stem annual, leafy ; branches villous ; lower
leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate, rather viscid.

@. repens . Branches villous ; leaves round, serrate.

Anonis procumbens maritima nostras foliis hirsutis pubescentibus, Raii
Syn. 332, 3.

Ononis repens, Lin. S. P. 1006.

y. antiquorum. Branches nearly smooth ; flowers solitary,
larger than the leaves.

Ononis arvensis #, Smith FI. Brit. 758.

spinosa. Stem hairv, hairs brown ; leaves rather bald ;
flowers in pairs larger tnan the leaves.

7

PI, ex, cal. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. 364. Ononis. 597

Anonis spinosa, flore purpureo, Raii Syn. 332, 1 ; Park. 994.

Anonis sive Resta bovi9, Ger. em. 1322, 1.

Ononis spinosa, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 14, 651.

Cammnck. Ground furze. Rest harrow.

Roots in decoction recommended in gravelly complaints,

t. inermis . Branches hairy ; spines 0 ; flowers in pairs,
shorter than the leaves.

Anonis non spinosa purpurea, Rail Syn. 332, 2.

Odour like a goat, but not the O. hircina of Jacquin.

IV. 365. ANTHYLLIS. Dioscorides. Kidney-vetch .

Calyx ovate, oblong, inflated in the middle, persisting,

5-toothed, mouth connivent; stamens monadelphous ; legu -
men small, 1 or 2-seeded, closed up in the persistent calyx.
— Flowers yellow, in heads ; leaves pinnate.

Anthyllis leguminosa. Podded kidney-vetch.

Stem herbaceous ; leaves lyrately pinnate, leaflets not in
the least cut ; head terminal, double.

Vulneraria rustica, Raii Syn. 325, 1.

Anthyllis leguminosa, Ger . cm. 1240, 1.

Anthyllis leguminosa vulgaris. Park. 1393.

Anthyllis vulneraria, Lin.S. P. 1012.

Ladies finger.

Chalk and sandy pastures ; perennial ; July and August.
Root woody ; stem hairy ; hairs close to the stem ; leaves
glaucous, hairy underneath ; head many-flowered, bracteo-
lated; bractese palmate; calyx white, hairy; corolla gold
yellow.

(2, coccinea . Flowers scarlet.

Vulneraria supina, flore coccineo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 325, 2.

B. Trifoliate. Cotyledons always rising out of the
earth, mostly formed like seed-leaves; leaves ternate, or
pinnate with an odd one; stamens diadelphous; legumen

1 - celled.

V. 366. TRIFOLIUM. Pliny. Trefoil.

Calyx persisting, tubular, 5^toothed ; keel simple, shorter

than the wings or standard; legumen very small, 1 or

2- seeded, covered with the calyx, — Leaves, ternate ; flowers
in heads.

598 366. Trifolium. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. PL ex. cal.

a. Trifoliastrum. Calyx bald , not inflated after flowering ;
legumen 2 or 4- seeded , covered with the calyx; root per-
ennial ; flowers white or reddish.

1. Trifolium repens. Creeping trefoil.

Head umbelled; legumen 4-seeded; calyx-teeth unequal;

leaflets ovate, oblong, nicked, finely serrate ; stem creeping.

Trifolium pratense album, Raii Syn. 327, 1 ; Park. 1110.

Trifolium pratense, Ger.em. 1185.

Trifoliastrum, Micheli Nov. Gen. 25, 3.

Trifolium repens, Lin. S. P. 1080.

Meadow trefoil. White Dutch clover. Shamrock.

Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May to September.
Stem prostrate; petioles long; leaves often spotted with
brown and white; peduncles long, upright; heads become
pendulous; calyx 10-ribbed. — Considered as indicating a
rich soil.

0. quinatum. Leaflets 4 or 5, dark brown,
y. sanguineum. Leaflets deep purple.

Bloodwort.

d. carneum. Flowers flesh-colour.

£• proliferum . Flowers bearing a small head of leaves.

£. hybridum. Stem ascending, branchy ; ccdyx-teeth
unequal.

Trifolium repens hybridum, Hudson FI. Angl.

Trifolium hybridum, With. B. Arr. ed. 3 and 4, not of Linnaeus.

Differs from T. hybridum of Linnaeus by its calyx-teeth.

b. Calyx bald , not inflated after flowering ; flowers white

or reddish ; legumen 1 - seeded ; root annual .

2. Trifolium glomeratum . Globe trefoil .

Head spherical, axillary and terminal, sessile ; calyx-teeth

unequal, heartshape, reflected, venose, awned, spread ;
leaflets reverse ovate, finely serrated ; legumen 1-seeded.

Trifolium cum glomerulis ad caulium nodos rotundis, Raii Syn. 329, 10.

Sandy fields and pastures ; annual; July.

Stem prostrate, striated; leaves distant; stipules ovate,
scarious ; head hemispherical, many-flowered ; calyx bell-
shape, pale, teeth half as long as the tube, reflected; corolla
rose-colour.

PL ex. cal. 63. LEG UMINOSiE. 366. Trifolium. 59&

3. Trifolium suffocatum . Buried trefoil.

Head roundish, sessile, lateral and terminal ; calyx-teeth

lanceolate, acute, recurved, longer than the corolla ; legu-
men 2-seeded.

Trifnlium minimum supinum, Rail Hist. Pl. 1,992.

Trifolium suffocatum, Lin. Mant. 2, 276.

Sandy sea-shores ; annual; June and July.

Stem short, tortuous; petioles long; leaflets blunt; sti-
pules membranaceous, broad, divaricating ; flowers sessile,
glomerated; corolla white. — Leaves alone appear above the
sand.

c. Calyx villous or hirsute , not inflated after flowering ; co-
roll a- tube very long ; standard deciduous ; flowers white
or reddish ; fruit covered with a hardened central invo-
lucrum.

4. Trifolium sulterraneum. Underground trefoil.

Head villous, 4 or 5 -flowered ; coma or involucrum cen-
tral, reflected, stiff, stellate, covering the fruit.

Trifolium pumilum supinum, flosculis longis albis. Rail Syn. 327,2.
Trifolium subterraneum, Lin. S. P. 1080.

Sandy and gravelly places ; annual ; May.

Stem prostrate, depressed, spreading; leaves hairy; sti-
pules ovate, lanceolate; peduncles in fruit deflected into the
ground ; calyx tubular; teeth hairlike, nearly equal ; corolla
slender, white; legume n 1 -seeded.

d„ Trifolium. Calyx villous or hirsute , not inflated cflter
flowering; corolla l-petaled ; flowers spiked, perennial.

5. Tr folium pratense. Meadow trefoil.

Spike close, ovate ; four of the calyx-teeth equal ; corolla

unequal ; stipules ovate, awned ; leaflets ovate, scarcely cut ;
stem ascending.

Trifolium pratense purpureum, Raii Syn. 328.

Tri folium pratense, Lin. S. P. 1082.

Marie grass. Purple clover. Honeysuckle trefoil.

Fields and pastures; perennial; May to September.

Stem rather branchy ; leaves nearly bald, ribs purplish
and anastomosing near the margin ; spike solitary, sessile ;
calyx 10-ribbed ; standard longer than the wings.

(3. sativum. Stems many, lar'ge, more upright; leaflets
oblong, oval, hairy ; peduncles mostly in pairs.

Broad clover.

y. album. Flowers cream-colour.

600 366. Trifolium. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. PL ex, cal.

6. Trifolium medium . Middle-size trefoil.

Spike open, nearly globular, solitary; 3 lower teeth of

the calyx longest, shorter than the corolla ; stipules awl-
shape ; leaflets elliptic, very finely serrated ; stems branchy,
bent.

Trifolium medium, fin. FI. Suec, 558.

Trifolium flexuosum, Jacquin Aust. 386.

Trifolium alpestre, Hudson FI. Angl . 326, not of Jacquin.

&g*og trefoil.

Clalky and clayey pastures ; perennial; July.

Leaves rather glaucous beneath, edge hairy; propagates
itself by the ropt. — Cattle not fond of it until the frost has
affected it,

7. Trifolium incarnatum. Flesh-colour trefoil.

Spike oblong, villous, blunt, leafless; leaflets roundish,

reverse heartshape, ovate, crenated, villous.

Trifolium pratense purpureum minus foliis cordatis, Dillen in Rail Syn.
$28, 5.

Trifolium incarnatum, Willd. S. P.

Trifoliuiq pratppse §, Smith FI. Brit. 785.

JJamp pastures ; perennial ; July.

Stem simple, stiff ; upper leaves often opposite ; leaflets
small; stipules ovate, awned; peduncles long; calyx- teeth 4,
pearly equal ; flowers large, flesh-coloured.

8. Trifolium ochroleucum . Yellowish-white trefoil.

Spike villous, ovate, roundish ; stem nearly upright,

branchy, downy; leaflets oblong; lower leaflets reverse
heartshape; lowest tooth of the calyx much the longest.

Trifolium pratense hirsutum majus, flore albo sulphpreo, seu cfyaoXiy'xy,
ftaii Syn. 328,3.

Trifolium ochrolpucijm, fin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2,233.

Chalky and sandy dry pastures ; perennial ; June, July,
Stem upright, rather branchy; leaves distant; upper
leaflets opposite, not in the least cut; stipules linear, ribs
simple; head terminal, peduncled, solitary; corolla sulphur-
yellow.

p. Lagopodium. Calyx villous , not inflated ; corolla
5-petaled; jbivers spiked ; roots annual.

9. Trifolium arvcnse. Fallow trefoil .

Spike very villous, nearly cylindrical ; calyx-teeth bristle-
like, equal, rather longer than the corolla; leaflets reverse
pvate, lanceolate.

PL ex. cal. 63. LEGUMINOSyE. 366. Trifolium. 601

Trifolium arvense humile spicatum, seu Lagopus, Raii Syrt. 330, 14.

Lagopodium, Pes leporis, Ger. em. 1193,3.

Lagopus vulgaris, Park. 1107.

Tri folium arvense, Lin. S. P. 1083.

Hare-foot. Hares foot trefoil.

Sandy fields ; annual ; July and August.

Stem mostly upright, very much branched, villose, hairy;
stipules linear, tip awlshape ; spike greyish ; odour perma-
nent, aromatic when dried ; corolla white or flesh-colour.

(3 . nanum. Stem trailing, 2 or 3 in. high; leaves and

stipules silky ; spikes many, roundish ; peduncles short.

Trifolium q. Lagopus perpusillus, supinus perelegans maritimus Lobelii,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 330, 15.

1 0. Tr folium stellatum. Starry trefoil.

Spike hairy ; calyx-teeth leaflike, equal ; stem diffused ;

leaflets reverse-heartshape, toothed ; stipules elliptical.

Trifolium stellatum, Lin. S. P. 1083.

Sea-sliores; annual; July.

Stem much branched ; hairs horizontal ; spike round or
ovate; calyx-teeth spreading; mouth when half grown sur-
rounded by a red and white circle; standard red; wings
and keel pale red or white.

11. Trifolium maritimum. Maritime trefoil.

Spike hairy, globular; calyx-teeth spreading and dilating

after flowering; leaflets reverse ovate, lanceolate; stipules
lanceolate upright.

Trifolium stellatum glabrum, Raii Syn. 329, 8; Ger. em. 1208.

Trifolium maritimum, Hudson ed. 1,284.

Trifolium stellatum, Hudson FI. Angl. 32(k

Star-headed trefoil. Teasel-headed trefoil.

Bogs by the sea; annual; June and July.

Stem spreading ; branches rather hairy ; upper leaves op-
posite, leaflets scarcely cut, hairy; spike small, blunt; calyx-
tuhe hairy at the tip; teeth equal, growing long after flower-
ing, 3-ribbed, persisting; corolla pale red; petals nearly
equal.

f. Calyx villous , not inflated ; corolla 5-petaled ; flowers in
heads; roots annual.

12. Trifolium scalrum. Rough trefoil.

Heads ovate, sessile, lateral ; calyx-teeth unequal, lanceo-
late, mucronate, stiffs bent back ; leaflets reverse-ovate,
finely serrate.

602 366. Trifolium. 63. LEGUMINQSiE. PL. ex, cal.

Trifolium flosculis albis, in glomerulis oblongis asperis, cauliculis
proxime adnatis, Raii Syn. 329, 11.

Trifolium scabrum, Lin. S. P. i084.

Sandy and chalky fields ; annual; May and June.

Stem prostrate, rough; leaves hairy; stipules scarious,
lanceolate; heads hairy ; calyx furrowed ; corolla white.

13. Trifolium striatum. Streaked trefoil.

Heads ovate, sessile, lateral and terminal ; calyx ellipti-
cal, hirsute, furrowed ; teeth bristlelike, growing long,
spreading; stipules ovate, pointed, scarious, ribbed.

Trifolium parvum hirsutum floribus parvis dilute purpureis in glome-
rulis mollioribus et oblongis, semine magno, Raii Syn. 329,9.

Trifolium striatum, Lin. S. P. 1085.

Soft-knotted trefoil.

Dry barren sands; annual; June.

Stem procumbent, villous, branchy ; leaflets reverse ovate
or reverse heartshape; calyx furrowed; corolla purplish.

g. Calyx becoming inflated, legumen 2- seeded;
flowers white or' reddish.

14. Trifolium fragiferum. Strawberry trefoil.

Head roundish ; calyx when in fruit inflated, membra-
naceous, downy; teeth bristlelike, 2 bent back.

Trifolium fragiferum, Raii Syn. 329,12 ; Ger. em. 1208, 4; Lin. S.P. 1086.

Trifolium fragiferum Frisieum, Park. 1109.

Damp fields and pastures; perennial ; July and August.

Stem prostrate ; leaflets toothed, bald ; corolla flesh-co-
lour; caly x reticulately veined.

h. Lupulinum. Calyx not. enlarging ; standard persistent ,
bending back ; flowers yellow ; root annual .

15. Trifolium procumhens. Procumbent trefoil.

Spike ovate, imbricate ; standard furrowed ; stem pro-
cumbent leaflets reverse ovate, middle leaflet petioled.

Trifolium pratense luteum eapifulis lupuli, vel agrarium, Raii Syn. 330,

16.

Trifolium procumbcns, Lin. S. P. 1088.

Trifolium agrarium, Hudson FI. Angl. 328, not of Linnaeus.

Hop trefoil.

Dry sandy pastures ; annual ; July.

Stem diffused, ends ascending ; leaflets toothed, bald ;
stipules semi-ovate, not cut, fringed ; spike many-flowered,
axillary, peduncled ; calyx-teeth unequal ; standard bent
inwards, reverse heartshape.

PI. esc. cal. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. 366. Trifolium. 603

16. Trifolium minus. Small trefoil .

Spike headed, hemispherical ; peduncles stiff; standard

rather smooth ; stem procumbent ; leaflets reverse ovate,
middle leaflet petioled ; petiole lengthened above.

Trifolium lupuliumn alterum minus, Raii Syn. 330, 17.

Trifolium luteum minimum, Ger.em. 1186,6; Park. 111.

Trifolium procumbens, Hudson Fl.Ang. 328.

Trifolium dubium, Sibthorp FL Oxon. 231.

Trifolium minus, Eng. Hot. 1256. ,

Little yellow trefoil. Small hop trefoil.

Dry sandy pastures ; annual ; June to August.

Stem prostrate; leaves reverse heartshape, streaked; sti-
pules ovate, fringed; peduncles hairlike; spike 8 to 10-flow-
ered ; calyx-teeth unequal ; standard ovate, not bent in-
wards.

17. T r folium filiform e. Threadlike trefoil.

Spike headed, loose, few-flowered ; peduncles hairlike,

bent; standard smooth; stem prostrate, very slender; leaf-
lets reverse heartshape, middle leaflet petioled.

Trifolium lupulinum minimum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 331, 17 *.

Trifolium filiforme, Lin. S. P. 1088.

Damp sandy places ; annual ; June and July.

Stem threadshape ; leaves toothed ; stipules ovate ; pedun-
cles hairlike; spike 3 to 5-flowered; flowers small; calyx
bald ; standard ovate, not inflected.

VI. 367. MELILOTUS. Pliny. Melilot.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; keel simple, shorter than the
wings or standard; legumen longer than the calyx. — Leaves
ternate ; flowers yellow, in loose racemes.

Melilotus officinalis. Shop melilot .

Legumens racemous, hanging, rather wrinkled, pointed ;
1 or 2-seeded ; stem upright ; leaflets ovate, oblong, toothed,
bald.

Melilotus vulgaris, Raii Syn. 331, 1 ; Park. 719.

Melilotus Germanica, Ger. em. 1205 £.

Trifolium Melilotus officinalis, Lin. S. P. 1078.

Melilotus officinalis, Willd. S. P.

Trifolium officinale, Smith Fl. Brit, 781.

Common melilot. Plaister clover. Harts clover , Yorkshire.

Fields and hedges ; annual; June and July.

Stem 2 feet high, branchy; racemes close, manv-flowered;
flowers gold-yellow, sometimes white, drooping; legumens
hairy. —When dry, fragrant, the distilled water, although
only slightly odorous, improves the flavour of other sub-
stances. 5

604 368. Medicago. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. PI. ex. cat.

VII. 368. MEDICAGO. Tournefort. Lucerne .

Calyx nearly cylindrical, 5-cut; keel distant from the
standard ; legumen many-seeded, falcate or spiral, twisted.
— Leaves ternate ; flowers in heads or solitary, yellow, rarely
blue.

a. Legumen sickle shape , or curved circularly.

1 . Medicago saliva. Cultivated lucerne.

Peduncle racemous ; legumen smooth, slightly spirally

twisted; stipules not in the least cut; leaflets oblong, toothed;
stem upright, bald.

Trifolimn Btirgundiacum, Ger. em. 1189.

Medicago saliva, Lin. S. P. 1096.

Burgundy trefoil. Horned clover. Lucerne.

Fields and pastures, naturalized; also cultivated; peren.;
June and July.

Root woody; stem 2 feet high, much branched, bald ;
leaves petioled ; leaflets serrated at the tip, hairy beneath ;
flowers violet; legumen 2 or 3-whirled. — Herb affords good
forage, and in rich ground may be cut several times in the
summer.

2. Medicago falcata. Sickle lucerne.

Peduncle racemous ; legumen twisted, sickleshape, smooth;

leaflets oblong, toothed at the tip ; stem prostrate at the
base.

Medica sylvestris, Raii Syn. 3331, 1.

Trifolimn luteura siliqua cornuta, Ger. em. 1 191.

Medica frutescens flavo flore Clusii, Park. 1114.

Medicago falcata, Lin. S. P. 1096.

Yellow horned trefoil. Butter jags.

Edges of fields and old walls; perennial; July.

Leaves slender ; flowers yellow, violet, or yellow and
violet, or greenish; legumen 4- to 8- seeded.

3. Medicago lupulina. Hop lucerne .

Spike ovate ; legumens kidneyshape, 4-seeded, downy,

streaked ; leaflets ovate, slightly toothed at the tip ; stem
procumbent.

Melilotus q. Trifolium luteum lupulinum, Raii Syn, 331, 1.

Trifolium luteum lupulinum, Ger. em. 1186, 5.

Trifolium inonlanum lupulinum, Park. 1105.

Medicago lupulina, Lin. S. P.

Black trefoil. Nonesuch. Hop trefoil.

Fields and pastures, also cultivated ; biennial ; May to
August.

Stem prostrate, angular ; peduncles long ; flowers small ;
legumen hairy, black.

PL ex. cal. 63. LEGUMINOS^E. 368. Medlcago. 605

@. scabra . Legumen cochleate, about 10 on one peduncle,
slightly compressed, rough, with many tubercles.

Trifolium cochleatum, quod Medica polycarpos fructu tninore compresso
scabro Doody, Ran Syn. 333 , 4.

y. glabra. Legumen bald.

b. Legumen snail-like, whirls many, downy, rather spinous.

4-. Medicago minima. Least lucerne .

Peduncles many-flowered; stipules semi-ovate, undivided;
leaflets reverse ovate, slightly toothed ; legumens orbicular,
hirtous ; spines stiff*, hooked, divaricating.

Trifolium cochleatum q. Medica echinata minima Joh. Bauhini, Raii
Syn. 333, 2.

Medica echinata parva recta, Park. 1115.

Medicago polymorpha minima, Lin'S. P. 1099.

Medicago minima, Withering Bot.Arr. ed. 3, 660.

Small hedgehog trefoil.

Sandy places; annual; June.

Plant very small, very downy ; leaves not spotted.

£. maritima. Plant larger, less downy.

Trifolium cochleatum, quod Medica marina supina nostras, foliis viribut
ad summos ramulos villosis Plukeneti, Dillen in Raii Syn. 334,5.

c. Legumen snail-like ; whirls many, bald, spinous .

5. Medicago muricata. Thorny lucerne .

Peduncles 3 ' 1 t upon both

stipules 1-leaved, toothed; leaflets rhomboid, ovate, toothed,
hairy.

Trifolium cochleatum modiolis spinosis, Raii Syn. 333, 5.

Medicago polymorpha muricata, Lin. S. P. 1098.

Medicago muricata, Withering Hot. Arr . 813.

Sea-shores; annual; June.

Leaves not spotted, hairy.

6. Medicago maculata. Spotted lucerne .

Peduncles 2 to 4-flowered ; legumens compressed on both
sides ; prickles awlshape, long, bent, spreading ; stipules
dilated, toothed ; leaflets reverse heartshape, toothed, spot-
ted, smooth.

Trifolium cochleatum folio cordato maculato, Raii Syn. 3 33, 1.

Trifolium cordatum, Ger.em . 1191,4.

Medica Arabica Camerarii, sive Trifolium cordatum, Park. 1115.

Medicago polymorpha Arabica, Lin. S. P.

Medicago Arabica, Withering Bot. Arr, 812.

Medicago maculata, Sihthorp FI. Ox.

Heart trefoil „

sides, whirls

radiating ;

606 368. Medicago. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. PI. ex. cal.

Sandy pastures ; annual; June and July.

Stem prostrate ; leaves bald, spotted with black ; flowers
yellow ; standard nicked, larger than the wing.

VIII. 369. TRIGONELLA. Linnaeus. Fenugreek-trefoil.

Calyx bellshape, 5-cut; keel very small; wings and stand-
ard slightly spread, appearing like a 3-petaled corolla; le-
gumen ped uncled, oblong, many-seeded, compressed or
cylindrical, pointed, nearly upright. — Stem herbaceous ;
leaves ternate; flowers axillary and terminal.

Trigonella ornithopodiodes. Birds-foot fenugreek-trefoil.

Legumens 2 or 3, peduncled, slightly compressed, rather
falcate, 8 or 10-seeded ; stem declined ; leaflets ovate,
toothed.

Fcenugraecum humile repens, ornithopodii siliquis brevibus erectis,
Raii Syn. 331, 1.

Trifolium Melilotus ornithopodioides, Lin. S. P. 1078.

Trigonella. ornithopodioides, De Cand. FI. Gall. 3926.

Barren sandy heaths; annual; June and July.

Stem prostrate, slightly branched ; leaves bald; stipules
lanceolate, connate; peduncles axillary, 3-flowered; calyx-
teeth. bristlelike ; standard reddish ; legumen wrinkled, hairy.

IX. 370. LOTUS. Theophrastus. Birdsfoot-trefoil.

Calyx tubular, persisting, 5-cut; wings connivent above,

shorter than the standard ; legumen oblong, upright, cylin-
drical.— Leaves trifoliate; stipules leaflike, ovate, distinct
from the petiole.

1. Lotus cornicidatus. Horned birdsfoot-trefoil.

Head depressed, 8 to 10-flowered; stem decumbent,
solid ; legumen spreading, stiff; claw of the standard ovate.

Lotus cornieulafa glabra minor, Raii Syn. 334, 1.

Trifolium siliquosum minus, Ger.em. 1190, 5.

Lotus corniculatus, Lin. S. P. 1092.

Small codded trefoil. Milk vetch.

Fields and pastures ; also cultivated ; perennial ; June to
August.

Stem decumbent; opposite leaflets closed together \ flowers
gold-colour ; standard fulvous ; legumens larger towards
the end. — Herb, in moist meadows, makes excellent hay ;
flowers turn green in drying, like those of indigo.

3. tenuifoUus. Stem long, slender, rather shrubby; leaves
and stipules linear, lanceolate, bald ; legumen slender.

Lotus pentaphylhis minor, angustioribus foliis, fruticosior, Raii Syn.

PL ex, cat.

63. LEGUMJNOS.'E. 370. Lotus. 607

y. incanus. Leaves hoary, beneath.

Lotus corniculatus minor, foliis subtus incanis, Dill. in Rail Syn. 334, 5.

fi. glair a. Leaves bald ; stipules semi-ovate ; filaments
clubshape.

Lotus corniculatus 6, Withering Bot. Arr. 808.

2. Lotus major. Great Hr dsfoot- trefoil.

Heads depressed, 20-flowered ; stein upright, pipey,

cylindrical; calyx-teeth bearded, bent back; legumens cy-
lindrical, spreading; claw of the standard linear.

Lotus corniculatus major, Rail Syn. 33 4, 3.

Lotus uliginosus, Hoffmann Germ. 2, 100.

Lotus rectus, Be Candolle FI. Gall. 3939.

Lotus major, Smith Engl. Bot. 30, 2091.

Damp places and woods ; perennial ; June and July.
Stem 3 feet high; branches long, diffuse; stipules. nearly
heartshape ; flowers golden ; legumens tapering towards the
end.

(3. pilosus . Her l slightly hairy.

Lotus pentaphyllus medius, pilosus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 334,4.

3. Lotus diffiusus. Spread Hr dsfoot- trefoil.

Peduncles l or 2-flowered ; stem much branched, decum-
bent ; leaves and calyx hairy ; legumens round, linear, stiff,
very slender.

Lotus diffusus, Smith FI. Brit. 794.

Rocks and sandy shores of the sea ; peren. ; May, June.
Leaflets ovate, acute; peduncles axillary; flowers golden;
legumens 6 times as long as the calyx ; seeds globular.

X. 371. GLYCYRRHXZA. Dioscorides. Liquorice.

Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, upper lip 4-toothed, teeth un-
equal ; lower lip simple, linear ; keel two-petaled ; legumen
ovate, rather compressed, 3 to 6-seeded.

Glycyrrhiza glabra. Bald liquorice .

Legumen bald; stipules 0.

Glycyrrhiza vulgaris, Raii Syn. 324, 1 ; Ger. em. 1302, 2.

Glycyrrhiza vulgaris siliquosa, Park. 1038.

Common liquorice. Sweet root. Stick licorice.

Cultivated ; perennial ;

Flowers in racemes; leaflets ovate, rather glutinous be-
neath; seldom flowers and never ripens its fruit in England.
— 'Root very sweet, and diminishes rather than increases
thirst.

608 372. Oxytropis. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. PI, ex. cal

C. Astragalide^e. Stamens diadelphous ; legumens
2-celled ; partitions longitudinal, complete or incomplete.

XI. 372. OXYTROPIS. De Candolle. Axe-vetcli .

Calyx 5-cut; keel ending in a straight point; legumen

2-celled, or imperfectly 2-celled ; upper suture bent inwards.

1. Oxytropis Uralensis. Ural axe-vetch .

Herb stemless, villous, silky ; legumen 2-celled, upright,

ovate, cylindrical, inflated, downy ; style persistent ; stipules
adherent to the petiole.

Astragalus Uralensis, Lin. S. P. 1071.

Oxytropis Uralensis, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3955.

Sandy alpine places ; perennial; July.

Leaves radical ; leaflets ovate, lanceolate ; petioles per-
sistent ; stipules scarious ; spike longer than the leaves ;
flowers violet, spiked or in heads; braclece linear, lanceo-
late, the length of the calyx.

2. Oxytropis campestris. Field axe-vetch .

Herb stemless, rather silky ; scape nearly as long as the

leaves ; legumen upright, ovate, inflated, downy, imperfectly
2-celled ; stipules adherent to the petiole.

Astragalus campestris, Jacquin Col. 1, 1319.

Oxytropis campestris, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3956.

Alpine fields ; perennial ; July.

Leaves radical ; flowers spiked, yellow ; base of the keel
purple; spike leafless.

XII. 373. ASTRAGALUS. Dioscorides. Milk-vetch.
Calyx 5-toothed ; keel blunt ; legumen 2-celled, or imper-
fectly 2-celled ; lower suture bent inwards.

a. Stipules not adherent to the petiole ; flowers purple ;
stem diffuse .

1. Astragalus hypoglottis. Hypogloltis milk-vetch.

Stem procumbent; petioles oblong; spike ovate; pedun-
cles longer than the leaves; legumen upright, ovate, chan-
nelled.

Astragalus incanus parvus pufpureus nostras, Rail Syn. 326,2.
Astragalus hypoglottis, Lin. Mant. 2, 274.

Astragalus arenarius, Hudson FI. Angl. 323.

Astragalus Danicus, ltetz. Obstrv.

Astragalus Glaux, Pillars Delph. 3, 459.

Astragalus epiglottis, Dickson Hart. Sicc. 1, 13,

Purple milkwort. Purple cocks-head.

PL ex. cal, 63. LEGUMINOSAE. 373. Astragal. 609

High sandy and chalk fields ; perennial ; June and July.

Root creeping, branched ; stem rather branched ; leaflets
small, hairy beneath; stipules ovate, lanceolate; Iracteae
very short; flowers purple, sometimes white; legumen hairy,
1 -seeded, channelled on the back.

b. Stipules not adherent to the petiole ; flowers yellowish;
stem prostrate .

2. Astragalus glycyphyllus. Sweet -leaved milkvetch .

Stem prostrate ; leaflets bald, ovate, blunt with a point ;
stipules oval, lanceolate ; racemes peduncled, shorter than
the leaves ; legumens rather 3-sided, slightly bent.

Astragalus luteus perennis procumbens vulgaris sive sylvestris, Ran
Syn. 326, 1.

Hedysarutn glycyrrhizatuin, Ger. em. 1233.

Glaux vulgaris leguminosa, seu Glycyrrhiza sylvestris. Park. 109S; de-
scription not figure.

Astragalus glycyphyllos, Lin. S. P. 1067.

Sweet milkvetch. Wild liquorice. Liquorice vetch.

Woods and hedges on chalk; perennial ; June and July.

Root branchy ; stem round ; leaves light green ; calyx-
teeth very short ; legumen many-seeded.

C. Lathyroidea:. Cotyledons not coming out of the
ground ; leaves pinnate ; main petiole ending in a filament
or tendril; stamens 10, diadelphous; legumen 1 -celled.

XIII. 374. LATHYRUS. Theophrastus. Vetchling. .

Calyx 5-cut, 2 upper lobes short ; style flat, broad at the
tip ; hairy or downy before ; legumen oblong, many-seeded.
—Petiole ending in a tendril.

a. Annual; peduncle 1 or 3-flower ed.

1. Lathyrus aphyllus. Leafless vetchling.

Leaves 0 ; stipules arrowshape, approaching to heartshape,
very large; peduncles 1 -flowered.

Aphaca, Raii Syn. 320, 1 ; Ger. em. 1250, 3 j Park . 1067,

Lathyrus Aphaca, Lin. S. P. 1029.

Yellow vetchling Small yellow fetch.

Corn-fields and woods; annual; June to August.

Stem branchy at bottom; tendrils simple; stipules ribbed,
glaucous; peduncles bracteated ; flowers small, drooping;
legumen bald.

VOL. II, 2 it

610 374. Lathyrus. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. PI ex. cal.

2. Lathy rus gramineus. » Grassy vetchling.

Tendril 0; leaves simple, lanceolate; stipules awlshape;

peduncle 1 or 2-flowered.

Catanance leguminosa quorundam, Raii Syn. 325, 1.

Ervum sylvestre, Ger. em. 1249, 2.

Ervum sylvestre seu Catanance, Park. 1079.

Lathy rus Nissolia, Lin. S. P. 1029.

Crimson grass-fetch.

Edges of fields and woods ; annual ; May.

Stem 2 feet high ; leaves sessile, linear, lanceolate ; pe-
duncles shorter than the leaves ; standard red ; wings and
keel white and purple ; legumen linear, roundish, hanging.

3. Lathyrus hirsutus . Rough vetchling .

Leaves 1 -paired; leaflets lanceolate, pointed; peduncles

2 or 3-flowered; legumen compressed, hairy; seeds rough.
Lathyrus siliqua hirsuta, Rail Syn. 320, 4.

Lathyrus hirsutus, Lin. S. P. 1032.

Rough codded chickling pea.

Fields; annual; July.

Stem winged; tendril 3-cut; leaflets bald; stipules arrow-
shape, pointed, hairy ; peduncles thrice as long as the leaves ;
flowers purple; calyx hairy; stigma veyy blunt.

b. Perennial ; peduncles many -flowered.

4. Lathyrus pratensis. Meadow vetchling.

Leaves 1 -paired; tendrils nearly simple; leaflets lanceo-
late, 8-ribbed ; stipules arrowshape, as large as the leaflets ;
peduncles many-flowered.

Lathyrus luteus sylvestris dumetorum, Raii Syn. 320,3.

Lathyris sylvestris flore luteo, Ger . cm. 1231, 6; Park. 1062.

Lathyrus pratensis, Lin. S. P. 1033.

Tare everlasting.

Fields and pastures ; perennial; July and August.

Root tubercular; stem much branched, acute-angled;
leaflets bald ; peduncles much longer than the leaves ; calyx
hairy; corolla gold- yellow; legumen bald. — Being very vi-
vacious, it has been proposed for forage ; but cattle are not
fond of it.

5. Lathyrus sylvestris. Wood vetchling.

Leaves 1 -paired; leaflets swordshape; internodes winged;

wings membranaceous; peduncles 4 or 5-flowered.

Lathyrus major flore rubente et albido minore dumetorum, sive Ger-
manicus, Raii Syn. 31 9, 2.

Lathyrus sylvestris, Lin. S. P. 1033.

Narrow leaved everlasting pea.

Pl.ex.cal. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. 374. Lathyrus. 611

Damp woods and hedges; perennial; July and August.
Root branched; stem 6 feet high; tendrils 3 or 4-cut;
leaflets bald, ribbed; stipules very slender, not cut; peduncles
longer than the leaves ; calyx bald ; standard purple ; wings
violet; keel greenish ; legumen brownish.

6. Lathyrus latifolius. Broadleaved vetchling .

Leaves 1 -paired; leaflets elliptical; internodes winged;

wings membranaceous ; peduncle many-flowered.

Lathyrus major latifolius, Raii Syn. 319, 1 ; Ger. em. 1229, 1.

Lathyrus major perennis, Park. 1061.

Lathyrus latifolius, Lin. S. P. 1038.

Pea everlasting.

Woods; perennial; July and August.

Leaves many-ribbed; tendrils 5-cut; stipules ovate, broader
than the stem ; flowers very large, rose-colour.

7. Lathyrus palustris . Marsh vetchling .

Leaves many-paired; leaflets linear, lanceolate, acute;

stipules rather arrowshape, lanceolate ; internodes winged ;
wings membranaceous; peduncle 3 to 6-flowered.

Lathyrus viciaeformis, seu Vieia lathyroides nostras, Raii Syn. 320, 1.
Lathyrus palustris, Lin. S. P. 1034.

Damp fields and pastures ; perennial ; July and August.
Tendrils 2-cut; peduncles twice as long as the leaves;
flowers bluish violet ; legumen bald.

XIV. 375. PISUM. Theophrastus. Pea.

Calyx 5-cut; two upper lobes shortest; style 3-sided,
keeled below; stigma rough-haired; legumen oblong, many
seeded ; seeds globular ; hilum rounded.

1. Pisum arvense. Field pea .

Petiole round; leaves pinnate; stipules nearly heartshape,
erenated; peduncle 1 or many-flowered.

Pisum arvense flore roseo, fructu ex cinereo-nigricante, Raii Syn. 318,2.
Pisum arvense, Lin. S. P. 1027.

Pisum biflorum, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 20.

Gray pea.

Cultivated in fields ; annual ; June and July.

Peduncle 1 -flowered; standard rose-colour; wings dark
purple ; seed gray. — Leaves used as fodder ; seeds nutritive
but flatulent.

2 r 2

612 375. Pisum. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. PI ex. cal.

|S. variegatum. Peduncle many-flowered ; seed gray and
reddish.

Pisum flore roseo, fructu variegato, Dillen in Rail Syn. 318,3.

Maple pea.

y. nifum. Peduncle many-flowered; standard rose-co-
lour ; wings dark purple ; seed reddish.

d. umhellatum. Peduncle many-flowered, terminal ; sti-
pules 4-cut, pointed ; standard white ; wings pink ; seed
purplish brown.

Pisum umbel latum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 318,4; Ger. em. 1220,3.

Pisum umbellatum, sive roseum, Park.

Rose pea. Tufted pea. Scotch pea.

s. quadratum . Peduncles many-flowered ; seeds gray,

angular, large.

Pisum majus, Ger.em. 1219, 1.

Pisum saccharatum, Park. Par. 523, 5,

Rouncival pea.

£. humile. Stem upright, not twining, branching ; leaves
2-paired, leaflets rounded.

y\. album. Peduncles many-flowered; corolla white.

Pisum minus, Ger. em. 1219, 2.

Pisum sylvestre primum, Park. 1059,

Pisum sativum, Lin. S. P. 1026.

Field pea. Garden pea.

2. Pisum maritimum . Maritime pea .

Petioles flattish above; stem trailing, angular; stipules
arrowshape; peduncles many-flowered.

Pisum marinum, Raii Syn. 319,6; Ger.em. 1250,3.

Pisum spontaneum maritimum Anglicum, Park. 1059.

Pisum sylvestre, Ger. em. 1220, 5.

Pisum maritimum, Lin. S. P. 1027.

Pulse. Pease . Wild pea. English sea-pea.

Sea-shore; perennial; June and July.

Root creeping ; stem simple, bald ; stipules bent back,
toothed at bottom; calyx bald; standard purplish blood-
colour ; wings and keel bluish flesh-colour; legumen smooth.
— Nutritive ; first observed on the beach at Orford in Suf-
folk, during the famine of 1550.

XV. 376. OROBUS. Theophrastus. Peaseling .

Calyx 5-cut; 2 upper lobes shortest; style slender, linear,
rough-haired at the tip ; legumen oblong, roundish, many-
seeded ; hyle generally linear.

PI. ex. cal. 63. LEGUM1NOSJE. 376. Orobus. 613

1 . Orohns sylvaticus . Wood pease ling.
Leaves pinnate, hairy, 7 to 10-paired; leaflets ovate,

oblong; stipules nearly arrowshape ; stem branched, trail-
ing, hairy at bottom.

Orobus sylvaticus nostras, Raii Syn. 324, 1.

Orobus sylvaticus, Lin . S. P . 1029.

Vicia Cassubica, FI. Dan. 98, not of Linnaeus.

Mountainous woods and hedges; perennial; May, June.
Root woody; stems many, slightly branched; tendrils
very small ; leaflets ovate, pointed, hairy beneath ; flowers
many, racemous, 1 -sided, yellowish with purple lines; calyx
hairy ; legumen ovate, bald, 3-seeded.

jS. simplicifolius . Leaves very large, simple ; plant barren.

2. Orobus tuberosus. Tuberous peaseling.

Leaves pinnate, 2 to 4 -paired ; leaflets lanceolate, pale,

glaucous beneath; stipule nearly arrowshape, 4 or 5-toothed ;
stem simple, winged.

Orobus sylvaticus foliis oblongis glabris, Raii Syn. 324,2.

Astragalus sylvaticus, Ger. em. 1237, 2.

Lathyrus sylvestris lignosior, Park. 1072.

Orobus tuberosus, Lin. S.P. 1028.

Heath pea. Wood pea. Cor-meille , Highlanders.

Heaths and pastures ; perennial ; May and June.

Root tuberous; stem angular; leaves not ending in a
tendril ; leaflets blackish green, bald, flat ; flowers racemous,
one-rowed, purplish red growing blue ; legumen many
seeded ; style persisting. — Tubers nutritive.

3. Orobus tenuifolius . Fineleaved peaseling.

Leaves pinnate, 2 or 3-paired; leaflets slender, linear,

pointed, grooved above; stipules lanceolate, pointed, toothed
at bottom.

Orobus tuberosus /?, Willd. S. P.

Orobus tenuifolius, Roth FI. Germ. 1305.

Sandy places; perennial; May and June.

Root tuberous ; stem 9 inches high, weak, 4-angled be-
low, winged above; flowers small, light-coloured.

XVI. 377. VICIA. Pliny. Vetch

Calyx tubular, 5-cut ; 2 upper lobes short ; style thread-
like, in a right angle with the ovary, hairy above and be-
low the tip ; legumen oblong, many-seeded.

6 14 377. Vicia. 63. LEGUMINOSAE.

PI. ex. cal .

a. Cracca. Peduncles long , many-flowered ; calyx-teeth

short ; stigma bearded all over ; perennial .

1 . Fza’a sylvatica . Wood vetch .
Peduncles many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; leaflets

illiptical, oblong, rather pointed; stipules lunate, bristle-
like, toothed.

Cracca q. Vicia sylvatica multiflora maxima, Raii Syn. 322, 4.

Vicia sylvatica, Lin. S. P. 1035.

Mountainous woods and hedges ; perennial ; July, Aug.
Root branchy ; stem much branched ; leaves many-paired,
tendril branched ; flowers spreading, white, purple or blue
veined with flesh-colour; legumen bald, 4-seeded.

2. Vicia multiflora. Many-flowered vetch .

Peduncle many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; flowers

embricated; leaflets linear, rather woolly; stipules nearly
arrowshape, linear, lanceolate, not cut.

Cracca, Raii Syn. 322, 3.

Vicia multiflora seu spicata, Park. 1072.

Vicia Cracca, Lin. S. P. 1035.

Tufted vetch.

Woods, hedges, and fields ; perennial ; July and August.
Root creeping ; stem weak ; leaves many-paired, silky ;
peduncles branched ; stipules villous ; calyx coloured, rather
naked ; legumen bald.

b. Ervum. Peduncles long, few-flowered ; calyx-teeth long ,

unequal ; stigma capitate , bearded all over ; annual.

3. Vicia tetrasperma. Four-seeded vetch.

Peduncle 2 or 3-flowered, as long as the leaves ; leaflets

oblong, truncate ; legumen bald, 4-seeded.

Cracca minor siliquis singularibus, flosculis caerulescentibus, Raii Syn.
322,3.

Ervum tetraspermum, Lin. S. P. 1039.

Smooth tare.

Fields and hedges ; annual ; June.

Root fibrous ; stem upright, branchy, hairy ; leaflets
many, alternate ; tendrils 2-cut ; stipules inclining to has-
tate; flowers pale purple; standard streaked.

|3. major. Flowers large ; legumen 5 to 7-seeded.

4. Vicia hirsuta. Hairy vetch.

Peduncles 3 to 7-flowered, as long as the leaves; leaflets

hairy, blunt; legumen hairy, 2-seeded.

PL ex. cal. 377. Vicia. 63. LEGUMINOS^E. 61S

Cracca minor. Raii Syn. 322, l.

Vicia sylvestris, seu Cracca minima, Ger.em. 1228,5,

Aracus, seu Cracca minor, Park. 1070.

Ervum hirsutum, Lin. S. P . 1039.

Small wild tare . Tine tare .

Pastures; annual; June.

Stem nearly bald ; flowers purplish white.

c. Vicia. Flowers axillary , sessile , purple; legumen dry;
hilum of the seed lateral; annual .

5. Vicia saliva . Cultivated vetch.

Legumen sessile, generally in pairs, upright; lower leaves
retuse ; leaflets ovate, truncated, pointed ; stipules toothed,
nearly arrowshape, spotted ; seeds smooth.

Vicia, Raii Syn. 320, 1 ; Ger. em. 1227, 1.

Vicia sativa, Lin. S. P. 1037.

Fetches. Tares.

Dry fields, also cultivated ; annual ; April to June.

Leaves many-paired ; tendrils 2 or 3-cut ; flowers solitary,
or in pairs, purple ; legumen rough ; seeds slightly com-
pressed.— Herb used green or dried for fodder; seeds given
to pigeons.

0. nigra. Leaflets reverse heartshape, rather wedgeshape ;
seeds black.

Vicia vulgaris sativa, Park. 1072.

y. alia. Leaflets of some leaves roundish, of others
long, slender ; seeds white.

Vicia albo semine, Raii Hist. PI.

S'. linearifolia. Leaflets linear.

Vicia sylvestris, sive Cracca major, Raii Syn. 321,4; Ger.em. 1227,4.

Aracus sive Cracca major, Park. 1071.

Vicia sativa /3, Smith FI. Brit. 770.

Vicia lathyroides a, Hudson FI. Angl. 318.

Strangle tare. Tine vetch.

e. angustifolia. Lower leaflets reverse-heartshape, mucro-
nate ; upper leaflets strapshape ; flowers large, blood-red ;
legumen long, black.

Vicia sylvestris flore ruberrimo,siliqua rubra nigerrima,jRaMSj/n.32I ,5.

Vicia angustifolia, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 224.

6. Vicia lathyroides. Vetchling vetch.

Legumen sessile, solitary, bald, upright; lower leaves
2-paired, retuse ; upper leaves 4? to 6-paired ; stipules not
dotted ; seeds cubical, tuberculated.

61G 377. Vick. 63. LEGUMINO.SiE. PL ex. cal.

Vicia minima praecox Parisiensium, JDillen in Rail Syn. 321,7.

Vicia lathyroides, Lin. S. P. 1037.

Ervum soloriiense, Lin. S. P. 1042.

Spring vetch. Spring tare.

Fallow lands in gravel or chalk; annual; April, May.
Stem procumbent, downy ; tendrils simple or 0 ; leaflets
reverse heartshape, upper leaflets slender ; flowers bluish or
white; legumen bald, many-seeded.

d. Vicia. Flowers solitary , yellow , axillary , sessile ;
legumen dry , lent hack; perennial.

7. Vicia lutea. Yellow vetch .

Legumen solitary, sessile, bent back, hairy; stem dif-
fuse ; stipules coloured ; standard bald.

Vicia lutea, Lin. S. P. 1037.

Sea shores and rocks ; perennial ; August.

Root creeping ; stem bald, slightly branched ; leaves
many-paired ; leaflets hairy underneath ; stipules blackish
red •, flowers sulphur-yellow or white, streaked; legumen
5 or 6-seeded ; seeds smooth.

8. Vicia hylrida . Mule vetch.

Legumen solitary, sessile, bent back, hairy; stem upright;

standard villous ; leaflets naked.

Vicia luteo flore sylvestris, Raii Syn. 321, 6.

Vicia hybrida, Lin. S. P. 1037.

Bushy places ; perennial ; June.

Stipules green; flowers yellow streaked with purple;
standard reddish at bottom ; legumen 5-seeded.

9. Vicia laevigata. Smooth vetch .

Legumen sessile, solitary, bent back, bald ; stem rather

upright; leaflets quite bald.

Vicia hybrida, Hudson FI. Angl. 319.

Vicia laevigata, Engl. Bot. 483.

Sea vetch.

Rocks by the sea ; perennial ; July and August.

Stem branched, quite bald ; leaflets elliptical, lanceolate ;
stipules green ; flowers greyish yellow, or pale purple ;
gumen 5-seeded.

PL ex. cal. 63. LEGUMINOSiE* 377. Vicia. 617

e. Aphaca. Peduncles few-flowered, axillary ; legumens
small ; hilum lateral; perennial.

10. Vicia sepium. Hedge vetch.

Peduncles 4-flowered; legumens upright; leaves many-

paired ; leaflets ovate, obtuse ; outer leaflets smallest.

Vicia sepium perennis, Raii Syn. 320,2.

Vicia maxima dumetorum, Ger. em. 1727,2; Park. 1072.

Vicia sepium, Lin.S. P. 1038.

Bush vetch .

Bushy places and hedges ; perennial; May and June.
Stem 2 feet high ; tendrils branched ; stipules lunate,
toothed; flowers purplish or blue; calyx hairy; legumen
bald ; seeds globular, smooth.

|3. alba. Floivers white.

Vicia folio subrotundo, brevi, obtuse mucronato, pediculo brevi insi-
dente, flore viciae sepium seu dumetorum vulgaris, Raii Syn. 321,3.

11. Vicia Bithynica. Bit hynian vetch.

Peduncles l or 2-flowered ; legumen upright, rough;

leaflets 2 to 6-paired, ovate, lanceolate; stipules toothed.

Vicia Bithynica, Lin. S. P. 1038.

Sandy pastures ; perennial ; July and August.

* Stems many, branched, bald ; tendrils long, bald ; leaflets
large, acute, hairy beneath ; stipules large ; teeth unequal,
acute, divaricated ; calyx-teeth fringed ; standard large,
lead colour ; wings and keel white ; legumen 5 or 6-seeded ;
seeds round, smooth.

f. Faba. Peduncles few-flowered , axillary; legumen large,
leathery ; hilum terminal ; annual.

12. Vicia vulgaris. Common vetch.

Legumens 3 or 4, gibbous ; leaflets ovate, not cut ; stipules

arrowshape, toothed at the base; tendrils awlshape.

Faba, Raii Syn. 323, 1.

Faba major hortensis, Ger. em. 1209, 1.

Faba sativa, Park. 523.

Vicia Faba, Lin. S. P.

Faba vulgaris, De Candolle FI. Gall. 4028.

Great garden bean. Windsor bean. Mazagan bean.

Cultivated ; annual ; April and May.

Stem angular, upright, pipey ; tendrils very short ; corolla
white with black spots; seeds compressed. — Stem made into
flax ; seeds nutritive but flatulent, eaten fresh, or when dry
ground with wheat into flour.

618

377. Vicia. 63. LEGUMINOSiE. Pl. ex, . cal

equina . Leaves ovate, oblong; seeds rounded, small.

Faba minor sive equina, Raii Syn. 323, 2.

Faba minor sylvestris, Park . 1054.

Common bean. Ger. em. 1210, 3. Horse bean.

Seeds used in this country for horse-corn, but eaten by
the poor in foreign countries ; also ground with wheat.

D. Ornithopodeje. Stamens diadelphous; legumen one-
celled, or many-celled, not opening spontaneously ; cells
transverse, 1 -seeded.

XVII. 378. ORNITHOPUS. Gesner. Birds-foot .

Calyx 5 -toothed, tubular ; keel very small ; legumen bent,
slender, round, pointed, jointed ; joints cylindrical.

Ornithopus perpusillus. Very-small birds-foot .

Herb downy ; leaves pinnate, 6 to 9-paired ; jlovjers in
heads, bracteated; legumen roundish, bent inward.
Ornithopodium majus, and minus, Ger. em. 1241, 3 and 4.

Ornithopus perpusillus, Lin. S. P. 1049.

Sandy fields ; annual ; May.

Root fibrous ; stem prostrate, much branched ; leaves pin-
nate with an odd leaflet ; heads few-flowered ; standard and
wings red variegated ; keel greenish ; legumen 6 or 8-celled,
necklaceshape, slightly compressed.

/3. nodosa . Root with tubercles.

Ornithopodium radice nodosa, Raii Syn. 326, 1 ; Park. 1093.

XVIII. 379. HIPPOCREPIS. Linneeus. Horseshoe-vetch .

Calyx unequally 5-toothed; standcird-claw longer than
the calyx; legumen oblong, compressed, membranaceous,
jointed, bent; one suture deeply toothed.

Hippocrepis comosa . Tufted horseshoe-vetch .

Legumens 5 or 8 in a tuft, crowded, peduncled, bent,
rough, crenated on both edges.

Ferrum equinum Germanicum siliquis in summitate, Raii Syn. 325, 1.
Hedysarum glycyrrhizatum, Ger. 1056, 2; not Ger. em.

Ferrum equinum comosum, Park. 1091.

Hippocrepis comosa, Lin. S. P. 1050.

Dry chalky fields ; perennial ; May to August.

Herb bald ; stem prostrate, branched ; leaves pinnate with
an odd leaflet ; leaflets reverse ovate, nicked ; stipules lan-
ceolate ; peduncles axillary, umbelled ; calyx bald ; legumen -
cells and seeds kidneyshape.

PL ex. cal. 63. LEGUMINQSiE. 380. Onobrych. 619

XIX. 380. ONOBRYCHIS. Dioscorides. Sainfoin .

Calyx 5-cut ; keel blunt at the end ; wings very short ;
legumen compressed, short, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, mostly
prickly ; upper suture flattened, truncated.

Onohrychis saliva. Cultivated sainfoin.

Stem ascending; leaves pinnate; leaflets wedgeshape,
bald; keel shorter than the standard; legumen bald, prickly,
toothed.

Onobrychis seu Caput gallinaceum, Rail Syn. 327, 1 } Ger. em. 1243, 1,

Onobrychis vulgaris, Park. 1082.

Hedysarum Onobrychis, Lin. S. P. 1059.

Onobrychis sativa, De Cand. FI. Gall. 4055.

Medick fetchling. Cocks head. Sainfoin. Cinquefoil.

Chalky fields, also cultivated ; perennial ; June and July.

Stem 3 feet high, round ; upper leaves pinnate, many-
paired ; leaflets equal ; peduncles very long, spiked ; flowers
bracteated ; calyx awlshape ; corolla deep rose-colour,
streaked. — Herb used for fodder.

Fam. XXIX. 64. CELASTRINiE. R. Brown. Frangu -

lacece , De Candolle.

Calyx 1 -leaved, 4 or 5-cut ; petals 4 or 5, inserted on the
disk of the calyx; stamens as many as the petals, alternating
with them ; ovary simple, free, girt with the calyx-disk ;
capsule many* celled; valves partition-bearing; perisperm
fleshy; corculum straight, radicle below. — Stem arborescent
or shrubby ; leaves stipuled, alternate or opposite.

Styles 2 or 3 ; caps. 2 or 3, inflated ;

seeds bony, globular Staphyl^ea. 381.

Style 1 ; cap . 5-celled, 5-valved ;
seeds covered with a coloured arille .... Evonymus. 382.

I. 381. STAPHYLiEA. Linnseus. Bladdernut.

Calyx 5-lobed, with a pitchershape disk ; petals 5 ; s/a-
mens 5 ; ovary 2 or 3-lobed ; styles 2 or 3 ; capsules 2 or 3,
inflated, joined below ; seeds bony, globular, truncated at
bottom, inserted on the inner angle.

Staphylcea pinnata. Pinnate bladdernut.

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5, ovate, acute, serrated.

Staphylodendron, Raii Syn. 468, 1.

Nux vesicaria, Ger. em. 1437, 1 ; Park, 1417.

Staphylaea pinnata, Lin. S. P. 386.

Woods and thickets, naturalized? shrubby; June.

620 381. Staphylsea. 64?. CELASTRINiE. PL ex* cal.

Stem short, branchy, bald ; leaflets cut ; racemes terminal
drooping ; bractece membranaceous, bristlelike ; corolla yel-
low ; seed hard, shining.

II. 382. EVONYMUS. Theophrastus. Spindletree .

Calyx 4? or 5-cut, flat, with a peltate disk ; petals 4? or 5,
spreading; stamens 4? or 5, placed on glands prominent
above the calyx-disk; style 1 ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ;
seeds covered with a coloured arille, inserted at the inner
angles of the cells.

Evonymus Europceus . European spindle-tree .

Stamens mostly 4-; peduncles compressed, many-flowered;
stigmata awlshape ; leaves petioled, bald.

Evonymus vulgaris, Raii Syn. 468, 1 ; Park. 241.

Evonymus Theophrasti, Ger.em. 1468, I.

Evonymus Europaeus, Lin. S. P. 286.

Prickwood. Prick timber. Gatteridge tree.

Woods and hedges ; shrubby ; April and May.

Branches bald, green, when young 4?- angled; leaves op-
posite, lanceolate, serrate ; peduncles axillary, forked ; flowers
white, foetid ; capsules purple ; seeds white ; arille yellow.—
Branches used for butchers’ skewers, and toothpicks ; ber-
ries vomit and purge very violently.

Fam. XXX. 65. RHAMNEiE. R. Brown. Rhamnoidece,

Richard. Frangulacearum seetio>
De Candolle.

Calyx 1 -leaved, 4 or 5-cut; corolla 0, or many-petaled,
inserted on the calyx-disk ; petals as many as the calyx-
lobes ; stamens as many as the lobes, and opposite to the
petals; ovary simple, free, girth with the calyx-disk; berry
many-celled ; seeds ascending or upright; perisperm 0, or
very thin; corculum straight; radicle below. — Stem arbo-
rescent or shrubby ; leaves stipuled, alternate or opposite.

383. RHAMNUS. Theophrastus. Buckthorn .

Calyx pitchershape, 4 or 5-cut; petals 4 or 5, some-
times 0; stamens 4 or 5 ; style 1 ; stigmata 2 or 4; berry 2
or 4-celled, 2-seeded ; hile cartilaginous, at the bottom of
the seed.

PI. ex. cal .

65. RHAMNEiE. 383. Rhamnus. 621

a. Rhamnus. Branches spinous j stigma 4s-cut ;
plant dioicous .

1. Rhamnus catharticus. Purging buckthorn .

CWyr 4-cut; leaves ovate, toothed; teeth acute; stem

upright ; branches ending in spines ; plant dioicous.

Rhamnus catharticus, Raii Syn. 466, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 279.

Rhamnus solutivus, Ger. em. 1337, 1.

Rhamnus solutivus, seu Spina infectoria vulgaris. Park. 243.

W aythorn. Laxative ram. Rhein berry. French berry. Yellow berry .

Woods and hedges ; shrubby ; May and June.

Branches stiff, alternate ; leaves in bundles, petioled, rib-
bed, when young downy ; flowers peduncled, yellowish
green ; berry black, 4-seeded.— -Juice of the unripe berries
yellow, used in staining ; of the ripe berries cathartic, but
griping, made into a syrup, and corrected in some measure
by ginger and cloves, also boiled down with some alum,
into a green water-colour, called sap green ; when gathered
late in autumn, the juice is purple; bark used to dye yel-
low.

b. Frangula. Branches without spines ; stigma 2-cut ;
berry 2- seeded.

2. Rhamnus alnoides. Alderlike buckthorn.

Branches spineless ; flowers hermaphrodite ; style 1 ; leaves

petioled, not cut, bald; berry 2-seeded.

Frangula seu Alnus nigra baccifera, Raii Syn . 465, 1 j Park 240.

Alnus nigra, sive Frangula, Ger. em. 1470.

Rhamnus Frangula, Lin. S. P. 280.

Black aller tree . Butchers prick tree. Berrybearing alder.

Wet woods; shrubby; May.

Stem much branched ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered ;
corolla white; anthers purple; berries dark violet. —Inner
bark purgative in doses of 2 to 4 drachms in infusion, also
4yes yellow; wood makes soft charcoal, fit for gunpowder.

622 PLAOTiE EXOGENiE THALAMIFLORJE.

Subseries III. D. Plants exogenas thalamifloiue.

Perigonium double; petals many, distinct or soldered to-
gether, inserted along with the stamens on the thalamus.

FAMILIES.

A. Ovary single ; placentarium central; stamens more than 10.

Stamens polyadelphous ; styles 3 or 5 ;
leaves opposite ; flowers yellow .. HYPERICINEJE. 67.

Stamens monadelphous ; styles many;
leaves alternate ; cal . double ; pet . regular

MALVACEAE. 69.

Stamens distinct ; style 1 ; leaves alter-
nate; petals 5 ; perisperm fleshy TILIACEiE. 70.

B. Ovary single ; placentarium central ; stamens not more
than 10.

■ >N

Perisperm 0 ; stigmata 5 ; ovary 5-sided ;
stem herb. ; leaves stipuled, alternate . . GERANIEiE. 66.

Perisperm 0; stigmata 5; ovary globular;
stem herb.; leaves stipuleless LINEiE. 71.

Perisperm 0 ; stigma 1 ; samar es 2 ;
stem arbor.; leaves opposite; pet.5,e qual ACERINEiE. 68.

Perisperm farinaceous ; corculum curved ;
stem herb., jointed; leaves opposite;
pet. 5, clawed CARYOPHYLLEiE. 71.

C. Ovaries solitary , or many soldered together ; placentarium
parietal; stamens more than 10.

Petals 4 ; calyx 2-sepaled ; seeds many ;
stamens many; ov ary 1 -celled. . . PAPAYERACEiE. 82.
Pet. 5; calyx 5-sepaled; caps. 5-valved;

stamens many; leaves opposite CISTINEiE. 73.

Pet. 4 to 6, irregular; cal. 4 to 6-cut;
stam. 10 to 20; ovary 1-celled; caps, gaping

RESEDACEJE. 76.

PLANTS EXOGENJE THALAMIFLORiE. 623

■

D. Ovaries solitary , or many soldered together ; placenta -
rium parietal ; stamens less than 10.

Pet. 4, regular ; stam. 6, 2 short ; cal. four-
sepaled ; ovary 1 ; stem herb. ; leaves alternate

CRUCIFERiE. 80.

Pet A, irreg., soldered ; stam. 6, diadelphous ;

ovary 1, 1 -celled; stem herb FUMARIEiE. 81.

Pet. 5, unequal; stam. 5; caps. 1 -celled,

3-valved; stem herb.; leaves stipuled . . VIOLACEiE. 78.

Pet . 5, regular ; stam. 5 ; styles 5 ;
cap. 3 to5-valved; perisperm fleshy DROSERACEiE. 75.
Pet. 5, equal ; stam. 5 ; styles 2 to 4 ;

cap. 4-valved ; perisperm 0 PARNASSIE^E. 79.

Pet . 5 ; stam. 5 or 6; style 1 ; stigmata 3 ;
cap. 1-celled, many-seeded .... FR ANKENIACEiE. 74.

Pet. 3, soldered ; stamens monadelphous ;
caps. 2-celled ; cal. 5-lobed, unequal POLYGALEiE. 77.

E. Ovaries manyy or stamens opposite to the petals.

Ovaries many, 1-celled .... RANUNCULACEiE. 85.
Ovary 1 ; flowers racemose, bracteated ;

stamens 4 or 5 BERBERIDEiE. 84.

Ovary 1, many-seeded; leaves peltate;
plants aquatic NYMPH ALACEiE. 83.

Fam. I. 66. GERANIEiE.

Calyx persisting, 5-parted, 2 to 5-sepaled ; petals 4 or 5,
hypogynous, clawed, often unequal or irregular ; stamens
hypogynous, 5 to 10; filaments unequal, sometimes united
at bottom, sometimes without anthers ; ovary simple, free,
5-sided, often girt with 5 glands; style 1 ; stigmata 5 ; fruit
simple, 5-celled, or composed of 5 arilles with a long awn ;
seeds single; perisperm 0; corculum bent inwards. — Stem
herbaceous; leaves stipulaceous, alternate, often lobed or
many-cut.

Pet. 5, regular; Jilam. 10; anthers 5;

awn bearded on the inside Erodium. 384.

Pet. 5, regular; anthers 10;

awn twisted, not bearded Geranium. 385.

Pet. 4, irregular, upper hoodlike ;
anth. 5, joined ; caps. 3-celled, many-
celled Impatiens. 386.

5

624 384. Erodium. 66. GER ANIEiE. PI. ex. that

Pet. 5, equal; anthers 10, free;
capsule 5-celled ; calyx 5-parted Oxalis. 387.

A. Geranie^ ver.®. Arillus 1-seeded, awned; seed
upright ; perisperm 0 ; corculum bent ; radicle adverse.

I. 384. ERODIUM. L’ Her i tier. Granes-lill.

Calyx 5- sepaled; petals 5, rarely rather irregular; sta-
mens 10; filaments 10, sometimes united, 5 with anthers,
5 without; nectaries 5, at the base of the antherbearing
stamens; arilles 1-seeded, awned, at the base of a beaked
receptacle; awn spiral, bearded on the inside.

a. Leaves pinnate ; peduncles many -flowered, annual.

1 . Erodium cicutarium . Hemlock craneshilL

Stamens hirtous, prostrate; leaves pinnate ; leaflets sessile,

pinnatifidly-cut ; peduncles many-flowered ; petals rather
unequal, longer than the calyx.

Geraninm cicutEe folio inodorum, Raii Syn. 357, 2; Ger. cm. 945, 3.
Geranium moschatum inodorum, Ger. 800; Park. 708.

Geranium cicutarium, Lin. S. P. 951.

Geranium Chaerophyllwm, Cavanilles Diss. 4, 226.

Erodium cicutarium, L'Hcritier in Aiton II. Kew. 2, 414.

Dry sandy places ; annual ; July and August.
ifooMusiform, white; stems many, branched, hairy; sti-
pules ovate, acute, scarious ; peduncles longer than the
leaves; corollce purple ; cotyledons 3-cut.

album. Flowers white, large; leaves very hairy, not

much cut.

Gerauinm inodorum album, Raii Syn. 357,3; Ger. em. 946, 4.

2. Erodium pimpinellcefolium. Burnet-leaved craneshilL
Stem trailing, rather hairy; leaves pinnate; leaflets ovate,

sessile, deeply toothed ; peduncles many-flowered ; petals
unequal, smaller than the calyx ; awn bald.

Geranium pimpinellae folio, Dillen in Raii Syn. 358, 5.

Geranium cicutarium 2, Withering Bot.Arr. 752.

Erodium pimpinellcefolium, Sihthorp FI. Ox. 212.

Barren sandy places ; annual ; April and May.

Stem 6 in. long; peduncles nearly radical ; leaflets sessile,
broad at bottom; petals small or equal to the calyx, pur-
ple, 2 or 3 having a green spot at the bottom ; awn bald ;
cotyledons heartshape, not 3-lobed.

7

PI. ex. ihal.

60. GERANIE^E. &84. Erodium. 6£J5

3. Er odium moschatum. Musk crane shill.

Stem trailing; leaves pinnate; leaflets oblong, unequal

at bottom, slightly petioled, deeply toothed ; peduncles
many-flowered ; petals equal, as long as the calyx.

Geranium moschatum, Rail Syn. 358, 4; Ger. em. 941 ; Park . 709;
Lin. S. P: 951.

Erodium moschatum, L’Heritier in Alton H. Kew , 414.

Muscovy. Moschata. Pick needle. Musky storks-biil.

Hilly pastures ; annual ; May to October.

Flairs viscous ; odour like musk ; leaves elliptical^ oblique
at bottom; peduncles short, 4 to 10-flowered; awns hairy;
cotyledons pinnatifid.

b. Leaves lohed ; peduncles 2 or S-floivered ; perennial.

4. Erodium maritimum. Sea craneshill.

Stem depressed ; leaves heartshape, deeply crenate ; pe-
duncles 2 to 4-flowered ; awn bald.

Geranium pusillum supinum, aitheae aut betonicoe folio, nostras, Rail
Syn. 356, 1.

Geranium maritimum, Lin. S. P. 951.

Erodium maritimum, L’Heritier in Ait on II. Kew. 2, 416.

Sandy sea-shore ; perennial ; May to September.

Stem broad, depressed, branchy ^ petioles long ; leaves
hispid ; corolla flesh-coloured.

II. 385. GERANIUM. Dioscorides. Geranium.

Calyx 5-sepaled; petals 5, regular; stamens 10, mona-
delphous, 5 alternately longer, with a nectariferous gland
at the base; arilles 5, 1 -seeded, at the base of a beaked re-
ceptacle; awn convolute, not bearded on the inside.

a. Peduncle \ flowered ; petals notched.

1. Geranium sanguineum. Bloody geranium.

Leaves orbicular, 5-parted; lobes 3-cut; peduncles one-
flowered ; fruit bristly at the tip.

Geranium haematodcs, Raii Syn. 360, 14; Park. Par. 229.

Geranium sanguinarium, Ger. em. 945.

Geranium sanguineum, Lin, S. P. 958.

Bloody craneshill.

Limestone rocks and heaths; perennial; July to Sept.
Root woody ; stem weak, prostrate or ascending, hairy ;
leaves 3 to 7-cut ; lobes 3-cut or pinnatifid ; peduncle very
long ; sepales awned, hairy, 5-ribbed ; petals pale red,
veined, very large; fruit smooth ; seed slightly wrinkled.
VOL. it. 2 s

626 385. Geranium. 66. GERANIEiE. PL ex. that.

0. majus. Leaves large, pale, deeply divided.

Geranium haematodes foliis majoribus, pallidioribus et altius incisis,
Raii Syn. 360, 15.

y. Lancastrejise . Plant smaller ; stem knotted, knots

inflated ; leaves opposite, deeply 5-lobed ; lobes 3-cut ; co-
rolla small, pale flesh-colour or white, veined with red.

Geranium haematodes Lancastrense flore eleganter striato, Raii Syn .
360, 16.

Geranium Lancastrense, With . Bot . Arr . 600.

Geranium prostratum, Cavanilles Diss. 196.

Sandy shores of the sea.

b. Stem upright ; peduncles %-flowered ; petals notched ;
perennial .

2. Geranium Pyreniacum. Pyrenean geranium .

Stem upright, branched ; peduncles 2-flowered ; leaves

kidney shape, 5 to 7-lobed ; lobes oblong, blunt, 3-cut, cre-
nate ; petals notched ; arilles downy : seeds smooth.

Geranium pyreniacum, Lin. Mant. 97 and 257.

Fields and pastures; perennial; July.

Root tuberous; stem 3 feet high; leaves opposite, hirsute,
calyx awned; petals twice as long as the calyx, deeply
2 -cut, purple, rarely white, hairy at bottom ; anthers some-
times only 5.

3. Geranium nodosum . Knotty geranium .

Stem 4-sided, upright ; peduncles 2-flowered ; petals

notched ; stem-leaves 3-lobed, serrated ; lobes oblong,
pointed ; fruit smooth, hairy.

Geranium nodosum Plateau, Raii Syn. 361, 20; Gcr.em. 947,2.
Geranium nodosum, Lin. S. P. 953.

Knotty eranesbill.

Mountains ; perennial ; May to August.

Root tuberous ; stem spreading ; joints swelled, reddish ;
leaves opposite, shining ; peduncles very long ; calyx awned :
petals red.

4-. Geranium sylvaticum. Wood geranium .

Stem upright, corymbose; leaves nearly peltate, 5-lobed,
deeply serrate; peduncles 2-flowered ; petals slightly notched;
filaments awlshape ; fruit hairy.

Geranium batrachoides montanum nostras, Raii Syn. 361, 18.

Geranium batrachoides alterum, Gcr. em. 942,2.

Geranium batrachoides minus, Park. 704.

Geranium sylvaticum, Lin. S. P. 954.

Geranium palustre, Rose Hem. Bot. 441,

PI. ex. thal. 66. GERANIEiE. 385. Geranium. 627

Mountainous woods; perennial; June and July.

Root woody ; stem 3 feet high ; leaves petioled, soft,
hairy, paler underneath ; bractece lanceolate ; calyx awned ;
petals purple, veined with blood-red, hairy at bottom; arilles
keeled, not wrinkled ; seeds dotted.

/3. minus. Plant small ; flowers very large.

c. Stem upright ; peduncles 2-flower ed ; petals not notched ;

perennial.

5. Geranium pratense. Meadow geranium.

Stem upright, hairy; hairs bent back; peduncles two-

flowered; leaves peltate, many-parted, wrinkled, pointed;
petals not nicked ; filaments bristlelike, deltoid at bottom ;
arille and awn hairy.

Geranium batrachoides, Itaii Syn. 360, 17.

Geranium bairachioides, Ger. em. 942, 1.

Geranium batrachoides flore caeraleo, Park. Par. 228.

Geranium pratense, Lin. S. P. 954.

Crowfoot cranes-bill .

Damp fields ; perennial ; June and July.

Stem 3 feet high, woolly; peduncles short; calyx awned;
petals very large, blue ; seeds dotted.

6. Geranium phceum. Blood-red geranium.

Stem upright, panicled ; peduncles upright, solitary, two-

flowered ; calyx hairy, slightly awned ; arilles keeled, hispid
at the bottom, plaited across at the tip.

Geranium montanum fuscum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 361, 21,

Geranium batrachioides pullo flore, Ger.em. 942,3.

Geranium pullo flore, Park. 704.

Geranium phaeum, Lin. S. P. 953.

Dusky cranesbill.

Mountainous pastures ; perennial; May and June.

Stem 2 feet high; joints large, red; radical leaves petioled,
many-cut; upper leaves sessile, 3-cut; peduncles opposite
to the leaves ; petals blackish red ; claw white.

d. Stem weak ; peduncles 2-flow er ed ; petals not notched;
annual .

7. Geranium Robertianum. Robert geranium.

Leaves ternate and quinate, 3-cut, pinnatifid; peduncles

2-flowered; calyx awned, 10-angled; petals not notched,
twice as long as the calyx ; arilles reticulated.

2 s 2

628 385. Geranium. 66. GERANIEiE. PI. ex. that.

Geranium Robertianum, Rail Syn. 358, 6; Ger. em. 939, 1 ; Lin. S. P.
955.

Geranium Robertianum vulgare, Park . 710.

Herb Robert. Stork bill.

Walls and banks; annual; May to October.

Root fibrous ; stem trailing, reddish ; leaves 5-angled,
shining; petals 'purple, rarely white; seeds very smooth. —
Herb infused as tea celebrated in nephritic and calculous
complaints.

0. lucidum . Herb shining; leaves small, deeply cut.

Geranium lucidum saxatile, foliis gcranii Robertiani, Rail Syn. 358,7.

8. Geranium lucidum. Shining geranium.

Leaves 5-lobed, shining, thin, kidneyshape, rounded ;

peduncles 2-flowered ; calyx pyramidal, wrinkled across ;
arilles many-furrowed.

Geranium saxatile, Rail Syn. 361, 19; Ger. em. 938, 3; Park. 707.
Geranium lucidum, Lin. S. P. 955.

Walls and pastures : annual ; May to July.

Stem weak, brittle, much branched, bald; calyx bald;
petals slender, rose-colour, rarely white ; arilles reticulated;
seed very smooth.

9. Geranium rotundifolium. Roundleaved geranium,

leaves kidneyshape, lobed, clothlike; peduncles 2-flowered;

calyx awned ; petals not nicked, as long as the calyx ; arilles
reticulated, hirsute ; seeds reticulated.

Geranium columbinum majus flore minore cseruleo, Rail Syn. 358, 8.
Geranium columbinum, Ger. em. 938, figure.

Geranium rotundifolium, Lih. S. P. 957.

Walls and sandy places ; annual ; May and June.

Stem much branched ; flowers small ; corolla rose-red ;
arilles keeled ; hairs spreading.

e. Stem upright ; peduncles 2-flowered ; petals 2-cut , annual.

10. Geranium molle. Soft geranium.

Peduncles 2-flowered ; leaves kidneyshape, clothlike,

lobed; lobes 3-cut; calyx not awned; petals notched, as
long as the calyx ; arilles bald, wrinkled across ; seeds
smooth .

Geranium columbinum, Raii Syn. 359, 10; Ger. em. 938, description.
Geranium columbinum vulgare, Park. 706.

Geranium molle, Lin. S. P. 955.

Dove's foot. Pigeon's foot.

Walls and pastures; annual ; April to October.

Vl.ex.thaL 66. GERANIEiE. 385. Geranium. 629

Root fusiform; stems many, ascending, hairy; leaves al-
ternate, downy, down very soft; peduncles opposite to the
leaf ; flowers small ; corolla purple, rarely white.

1 1 . Geranium pusillum. Pigmy geranium ,
Peduncles 2-flowered ; calyx awnless ; petals scarce as

long as the calyx; leaves kidneyshape, 5 to 7-lobed ; lobes
3 -parted ; arilles hairy ; seeds smooth.

Geranium pusillum, Lin. S. P. 957.

Geranium molle jS, Hudson FI. Angl. 303.

Geranium parviflorum, Curtis FI. Lond.

Geranium malvae folium, Withering Bot.Arr. 603.

Geranium malvaceum 8, Burmann Geran. 25.

Ruins and waysides ; annual; July and September.

Stem 1 foot high ; leaves deeply lobed ; anthers only 5 ;
arilles keeled, hairs pressed close.

(3. humile. Stem very short ; leaves opposite, small ; co-
rolla very small.

Geranium columbinum humile flore casruleo minimo, Dillen in Raii Syn.
359, 9.

Geranium malacodes sen columbinum minimum, Park. 707.

Geranium humile, Cavanilles Diss. 202.

Geranium pusillum, Burmann Geran. 27.

12. Geranium columbinum. Dove geranium.

Peduncles longer than the leaves, 2-flowered ; leaves five-

parted; lobes many-cut, segments linear; calyx awned ;
petals notched, as long as the calyx ; arilles bald, smooth ;
seeds wrinkled.

Geranium columbinum dissectis foliis, pediculis florum longissimis, Raii
Syn. 359, 12.

Geranium columbinum, Lin. S. P. 956.

Gravelly and chalky soils; annual; June and July.

Stem slender, spreading ; stem-bristles bent down ; leaf-
bristles pressed close ; calyx pyramidal ; sepales 3-ribbed ;
petals rose-red ; arilles keeled ; seeds reticulately dotted.

13. Geranium dissectum. Cutleaved geranium.

Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2-flowered ; leaves

5-parted ; lobes 3-cut and pinnatifid ; calyx awned ; petals
notched, as long as the calyx ; arilles hairy ; seeds wrinkled.

Geranium columbinum majus foliis dissectis, Raii Syn . 359, 1 ; Ger. em ,
938, 2.

Geranium malacoides laciniatum seu columbinum alterum, Park. 706.
Geranium dissectum, Lin. S. P. 956.

Great doue's-foot.

Ruins and barren places ; annual; May and June.

630 385. Geranium. 66. GERANlEiE. PL ex. that.

Stem hirsute; hairs bent down; sepales 3-ribbed ; petals
purple ; anthers purple ; arilles scarcely keeled, hairy ; hairs
spreading; seeds reticulately dotted.

£. majus. Plant large.

Geranium columbinum maximum, foliis dissectis, Raii Syn. 360, 13.

B. Balsamine^;. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded ;' peri-
sperm 0 ; corculum straight ; radicle above.

III. 386. IMPATTENS. Dodonceus. Touch-me-not .

Calyx 2-leaved, very small ; petals 4, hypogynous, irre-
gular, unequal ; upper petals arched, lower with a short
spur ; stamens 5 ; anthers united ; capsule oblong, 5-celled,
5-valved, many-seeded ; valves twisted spirally, opening
elastically.

Impatiens palustris. Marsh touch-me-not .

Joints of the stem swelled; leaves ovate, obtusely ser-
rated ; peduncles many-flowered, solitary.

Balsamine lutea, sive Noli me tangere, Raii Syn. 316.

Persicaria siliquosa, Ger. em. 446, 4.

Mercurialis sylvestris, Noli me tangere dicta, sive Persicaria siliquosa.
Park. 296.

Impatiens Noli tangere, Lin. S. P. 1329.

Yellow balsam. Quick in hand.

Damp fields ; annual ; August.

Herb juicy, pale, pellucid, bald, much branched ; leaves
alternate; peduncles axillary, 3 or 4-flowered; flowers yel-
low, dotted with red ; spur turned back at the tip. — Plant
acrid.

C. Oxalideje. Capsule 5, many-seeded ; seeds covered
with an arille; perisperm fleshy; corculum straight, central;
radicle above ; cotyledons leaflike.

IV. 387. OXALIS. Dioscorides. Wood-sorrel .

Calyx persistent, 5-parted ; petals 5, hypogynous, equal,

regular; stamens 10; filaments nearly joined at bottom, al-
ternately shorter ; anthers free ; capsule short, oblong,
5-sided, 5-celled ; cells 1 or many-seeded.

1 . Oxalis vulgaris. Common wood-sorrel.

Root toothed, scaly; stem 0; peduncles radical, longer
than the leaves, 1 -flowered; leaves tern ate, reverse-heart-
shape, hairy ; style as long as the interior stamens.

PL ex. thal.

66. GERANIEiE. 387. Oxalis. 631

Oxys alba, Rail Syn. 281,* 1 ; Ger. em. 120, 1.

Trifolium acetbsum vulgare. Park. 746.

Oxalis Acetosella, Lin. S. P. 620.

W ood sowr. Sowr trefoil. Stubwort . Alleluja. Sorrel du hois. Cuckoo
bread.

Woods; perennial; April and May.

Root fleshy, horizontal ; leaflets slightly petioled, coloured
beneath, edge not cut ; scape bracteated above the middle ;
petals flesh-coloured with red lines ; seeds 2 in each cell. —
Juice contains much oxalate of potash, which renders it
gratefully acid, and may be separated by crystallization ;
leaves in infusion cooling, and make an agreeable whey.

0. ccerulea. Plant small, rather villous ; petals bluish
purple.

Oxys q. Trifolium acetosum vulgare, flore purpureo Merreti, Dillen in
Raii Syn. 281 y* 2.

2. Oxalis strict a. Stiff wood-sorrel.

Stem upright, branched ; peduncles umbell-bearing, shorter

than the petioles; leaves ternate, reverse-heartshape; petioles
half-round ; stipules 0 ; petals blunt ; style as long as the
interior stamens.

Oxalis stricta, Lin. S. P.

Cultivated grounds, naturalized ; annual ; July and Aug.
Leaves rather bald ; corolla yellow.

3. Oxalis corniculata. Horn wood-sorrel.

Stem branched trailing, rooting ; peduncles rather urn-

belled, shorter than the petioles; leaves ternate, reverse
heartshape ; petioles stipuled ; styles as long as the interior
stamens.

Oxys lutea, Ger. em. 1202.

Oxalis corniculata, Lin. S. P. 623.

Oxalis pusilla, Salisb. Tr.Lin. Soc . 2,243.
yellow wood-sorrel.

Ruins and dunghills ; naturalized ? annual ; May to Oct.
Stem roundish, reddish; leaves hairy; stipules growing
to the petiole ; flowers small ; corolla yellow ; cells of the
capsules many-seeded.

Fam. II. 67. HYPERICINEiE.

Calyx 1-sepaled, 4 or 5-parted; petals 4 or 5, hypogy-
nous ; stamens hypogynous, many, indefinite, polyadelphous;
ovary free ; styles 3 to 5 ; fruit many-celled, rarely fleshy
and 1 -celled, mostly capsular, 3 to 5-celled, 3 to 5-valved;

632 3 88. Androssem. 67. HYPERICINEiE. PL ex, that

edges of the valves bent inwards ; perisperm 0 ; corculum
straight, radicle above. — Stem herbaceous or undershrubby ;
leaves opposite, often glandular ; corollce yellow.

Androphores 5 ; styles 3 ;

berry 1-celled Andros^emum, 388.

Androphores 3 or 5 ; styles 3 or 5 ;
capsule 3 or 5-celled Hypericum. 389.

I. 388. ANDROSiEMUM. Dioscorides. Tout-sain.
Calyx 5-cut ; petals 5 ; stamens in 5 bundles ; styles 3 ;

berry 1-celled; placeiitaria ternate, affixed to the sides of
the berry by means of a membrane, at first entire, afterwards
2-parted,

Andros&mum officinale . Shop tout-sain.

Stem shrubby, 2-edged ; leaves ovate, sessile ; flowers
terminal ; sepales unequal, roundish, ovate, blunt.

Hypericum maximum Androsasmum vulgare dictum, Rail Syn. 343,6.
jDlymenon Italorum, Ger. em. 543,1.

Androsjgrnum vulgare. Park. 575.

Hypericum Androssemum, Lin. S. P. 1102.

Androsaemum vulgare, Be Cand. FI. Gall. 4570.

Tutsan. Park-leaves.

Stem forked, bald ; leaves at first green, afterwards dark
red, stipuled, edge not cut; flowers cymose; corolla golden
yellow; berry elliptic, at first red, then black. — Juice of
the leaves, when dark red, resembles claret; leaves used as
a dressing to wounds and ulcers.

II. 389. HYPERICUM. Dioscorides, St. John’ s-wori.

Calyx 5-cut ; petals 5 ; stamens in 3 or 5 bundles ; styles

3 or 5; capsule 3 or 5-celled. — Flowers yield a blood red
juice when bruised.

a. Styles 5 ; capsule 5-celled ; calyx-lobes bald , edge not cut .

1. Hypericum calycinum. Cup St. John* s-wort.

Stem shrubby, branchy, 4-sided ; leaves oblong, 2-rowed ;
flowers solitary, terminal ; calyx-lobes blunt ; styles 5.

Hypericum calycinum, Lin. Mant. 106.

Woods; naturalized; shrubby; July to September.

Stem 1 foot high; branches simple, square, terminated
by a flower, leafy ; flowers very large ; petals golden yellow.

Pl.ex.thal. 67. HYPERJClNEiE. 389. Hyperic. 633

b. Styles 3 ; capsules 3-celled ; calyx-lobes not cut .

2. Hypericum quadr angular e. Four-angled St. John’ s-wort.
Stem 4-sided, rather branched ; leaves ovate, dotted,

dots transparent; calyx-lobes lanceolate, pointed.

Hypericum Ascyron dictum caule quadranguio, Rail Syn. 34, 7.
Ascyron, Ger% em. 542, 1.

Ascyron vulgare, Park. 575.

Hypericum quadrangulum, Lin. S. P. 1104.

Hypericum quadrangulare, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 14,701.

St. Peter's wort. Hard hay. Great St.John's wort.

Damp hedges and river-sides ; perennial ; July and Aug.
Root creeping; stem stiff; leaves in pairs, decussating ;
edge black, not cut; flowers terminal; corolla yellow, some-
times spotted with black.

3. Hypericum dubium . Doubtful St. John' s-wort.

Stem scarcely 4-sided ; leaves blunt, not dotted ; calyx-

lobes elliptical, blunt.

Hypericum dubium, Leers FI. Herb. 165.

Hypericum Delphinense, Villars Delph. 3, 497.

Mountain fields and hedges ; perennial; July and Aug.
Root creeping; shoots bright, scarlet; leaves slightly spot-
ted at the edge; petals not notched, yellow streaked with
dark purple.

4. Hypericum perforatum. Perforated St. John' s-wort.
Stem 2-edged ; leaves blunt, dot,ted ; dots transparent ;

calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute.

Hypericum, Raii Syn. 342, 1 ; Ger. em. 539, 1.

Hypericum vulgare, Park. 572.

Hypericum perforatum, Lin. S. P. 1 105.

St. John's wort. St. John's grass.

Woods and hedges; perennial; July and August.

Root creeping ; stem upright ; leaves elliptic, oblong,
blunt, edge black ; panicle terminal ; petals golden with
purple spots and lines, crenated; anthers glandular. — Sprigs
used to keep fiends and evil spirits out of houses ; leaves
vermifuge; flowers tinge spirit and oil purple; herb in
flower infused in oil forms an excellent vulnerary balsam.

5. Hypericum humifusum. Trailing Sf. John' s-wort.

Stem 2-edged, trailing, herbaceous; leaves oblong, blunt;

flowers terminal nearly corymbose, and axillary solitary;
calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse.

Hypericum minus supinum, Raii Syn. 343, 3; Park. 572.

Hypericum supinum glabrum, Ger. em. 541.

Woods and pastures ; perennial; July.

634 389. Hyperic. 67. HYPERICINEiE. PL ex. that.

Root fibrous ; stems many, threadshape ; leaves rarely 3
in a whirl ; flowers pedicelled ; petals golden, smaller than
the calyx-lobes; anthers not glandular.

c. styles 3 ; capsule 3-celled ; calyx-lobes toothed or glan-
dular.

6. Hypericum montanum. Mountain St. Joint s-wort.
Stem round, upright ; leaves oblong, embracing the

stem, without dots; edge black spotted ; flowers corym-
bose panicled, terminal ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, ser-
rated, glandular.

Hypericum elegantissimum non rarnosum folio lato, Raii Syn. 343, 5.
Androsaemum Matthioli, Park. 575.

Hypericum montanum, Lin. S. P. 1105.

Mountain woods ; perennial; July.

Root creeping ; stem 2 feet high, simple, stiff ; panicle
contracted ; petals lanceolate, light yellow.

7. Hypericum barbatum. Bearded St. Joint s-w or t.

Stem upright, rather angular ; leaves ovate, bald, black,

dotted; calyx and petals fringed, dotted.

Hypericum barbatum, Jacquin FI. Austr. 259.

Coppices ; perennial ; September and October.

Stem bald, stiff; branched at top ; leaves spotted on both
sides, spots dark purple, glandular ; panicles forked ; petals
yellow, reverse ovate.

8. Hypericum pulchrum. Handsome St. Joint s-wort.

Stem round, upright ; leaves heartshape, embracing the

stem, bald ; calyx-lobes blunt, serrated, glandular.

Hyericum pulchrum Tragi, Raii Syn. 342,2; Ger. em. 540, 5.

Hypericum pulchrum, Lin. S. P. 11C6.

Woods on clay soils ; perennial; July.

Stem 18 in. high, reddish, bald; branches barren; leaves
dotted, beneath glaucous ; panicle stiff ; petals gold-yellow,
red on the outside.

9. Hypericum hirsutum. Hairy St. Joint s-wort.

Stem round, upright, downy ; leaves oblong, narrow at

bottom, spotted ; dots transparent, downy beneath ; calyx-
lobes serrated glandular.

Hypericum Androsaemum dictum. Raii Syn. 343, 4.

Hypericum hirsutum, Lin, S. P. 1105.

Pl.eX'thal. 67. HYPERICINEiE. 389. Hyperic. 635

Woods and hedges on chalk; perennial; June and July.

Stem stiff, branched ; leaves ribbed ; panicle many-flower-
ed ; flowers small ; corolla gold-yellow.

10. Hypericum elodes. Woolly St. John’s- wort .

Stem round, creeping, villous ; leaves roundish, ovate,
sessile downy ; panicle few-flowered ; calyx-lobes serrated,
glandular, bald.

Hypericum q. Ascyron supinum villosum palustre, C. Bauhini, Raii Syn .
344, 8.

Hypericum tomentosum, Ger. em. 540, 3.

Spongy bogs ; perennial ; July and August.

j Root fibrous ; stem procumbent ; leaves ribbed, from the
base ; panicle terminal becoming lateral, forked ; petals
yellow, with green ribs ; nectaries 3, glandular, between the
androphores.

Earn. III. 68. ACERINEAE. Jussieu. Acer a De Candolle.

Calyx 1-leafed, persisting, 5-cut; petals 5, clawed, on
a hypogynous disk, alternate with the calyx-lobes, or 0 ;
stamens definite on the disk ; ovary free, simple, or many
soldered ; style 1 ; stigmata 2 ; capsule 2-celled, cells one-
seeded; perisperm 0, radicle prone in the lobes, ascending;
cotyledons leaflike. — Stem arborescent ; leaves opposite,
mostly palmately ribbed.

390. ACER. Pliny. Maple .

Calyx 5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens 8 ; ovary 2-lobed ;
style 1 ; stigmata 2, pointed ; samares 2, united at their
base, 1-celled, winged with a membrane, 1 or 2-seeded.

1 . Acer majus. Great maple.

Leaves 5-lobed, unequally serrated, obtuse ; racemes
hanging, rather tomentose.

Acer majus, Raii Syn. 470, 1 ; Ger. em. 1484, 1.

Acer majus latifolium, Sycamorus falso dictum, Park. 1425.

Acer Pseudo-platanus, Lin. S. P. 1495.

Sycamore. Maple.

Woods and hedges near houses; naturalized; tree; May.

Trunk straight ; branches smooth ; twigs depending ;
leaves bald, paler beneath ; flowers green, sometimes bar-
ren ; filament s mostly bald, rarely hairy; pollen globular,
when burst by moisture 4-valved ; ovary very hairy ; stig-
mata downy. — Wood soft, very white, used for turnery
work; juice saccharine, afford^, sugar by evaporation.

636 390. Acer. 68. ACERINEiE. PL ex. that

&. glaucum. Leaves glaucous beneath; serratnres dis-
tinct ; filaments hirsute.

2. Acer campestre. Field maple.

Leaves 5-lobed, blunt, bald ; racemes upright ; bark cork-
like, wrinkled.

Acer minus, Raii Syn. 470, 2 ; Ger. em. 1484, 2 ; Lin. S. P. 1497.

Acer minus et vulgare, Park. 1426.

Common maple.

Hedges; tree; May and June.

Branches spreading; racemes terminal, branched; flowers
greenish ; stamens yellow ; samara-wing much spread,
reddish.

0. rabens. Plant smaller; samara villous, reddish; wing
purplish.

^cer campestre et minus, fructu rubente, Raii Syn. 470,8.

Earn. IV. 69. TILIACEAE.

Calyx many-sepaled, or many-parted ; petals hypogynous,
definite, alternate with the calyx-lobes; stamens hypogynous,
indefinite, mostly distinct ; ovary simple, free ; fruit 1 or
many-celled, berried or capsular, 1 or many-seeded ; seed
peritropal; perisperm fleshy; corculum rather bent in-
wards, flat; cotyledons leaflike; radicle below. — - Stem ar-
borescent ; leaves alternate, simple, stipuled ; flowers co-
rymbose.

391. TILIA. Pliny. Linden .

Calyx deciduous, 5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens many ;
ovary globular, hirsute ; style threadlike ; stigma capitate,
5-toothed ; carcerute 5-cell ed ; cells 2-seeded, becoming
1 -celled, 1 -seeded.— Flowers corymbose; Iractece adnate
to the peduncle.

1. Tilia, parvifolia. Small-leaved linden .

Leaves heartshape, roundish, pointed, acutely serrated^

carcerule nearly globose, scarcely ribbed, very thin, brittle.
Tilia folia minore, Raii Syn. 473, 2.

Tilia faemina minor, Park. 1407.

Tilia parvifolia, Ehrhart.

Tilia inicrophylla, De Candolle FI. Gall. 4508.

Tilia Europcea, Persoon Syn. 2, 66.

Tilia Europasa Smith FI. Brit. 571.

Small-leaved lime tree. Bast tree.

Woods; arborescent; August.

Leaves villous, glaucous beneath.

PL ex. that.

69. TILIACEiE. 391. Tilia.

637

2. Tilia plalyphylla. Broadleaved linden .

Leaves heartshape, roundish, pointed, unequally serrated;
carcerule topshape, woody, thick ; ribs prominent.

Tilia vulgaris platyphyllos, Rail Syn. 473, 1.

Tilia fsemina, Ger . em. 1298, i.

Tilia faemtna major. Park. 1407.

Tilia Europcea, Lin. S. P. 733.

Tilia platyphylla. Be Candolle FI. Gall. 4504.

Lime tree . Female lime tree. Bast.

Woods and hedges ; arborescent; July.

Branches smooth ; leaves bald, villous beneath the ribs
and veins ; peduncles axillary, corymbose ; flowers sweet-
scented, yellowish. — Plant bears cutting; bark fibrous, af-
fording coarse lines by maceration ; wood soft, without
knots, used for carved and turnery work, and to cut upon ;
leaves used as fodder for cattle; flowers in infusion a plea-
sant antispasmodic ; fruit affords a buttery substance re-
sembling chocolate.

0. rubra. Leaves hairy ; twigs red ; carcerules 4-angled.

Tilia foliis molliter hirsuiis, viminibus rubris, fructu te tragono, Raii
Syn. 473, 3.

Red lime.

y. ulmifolia. Leaves like those of the elm ; carcerules
6-sided.

Tilia uS mi folia, semine hexagono, Dillen in Rail Syn. 473, 4.

Fam.V. 70. MALVACEAE.

Calyx mostly double; inner calyx 1-leaved; outer 1 or
many-sepaled ; petals hypogynous, regular, often soldered
to the lower part of the tube of the stamens, rather co-
hering at bottom ; stamens hypogynous, indefinite, mona-
deiphous; androphore tubular, petal-bearing, divided at
top ; anthers kidneyshape ; ovary free, simple, often lobed ;
style 1, sheathed by the androphore; stigmata many; fruit
(in natives) many-coqued; coques 1 -seeded, not opening;
perisperm 0, or very thin, mucilaginous; corculum curved;
cotyledons leaflike, plaited.-— Stem herbaceous or under-
shrubby ; leaves alternate, simple, stipuled ; flowers axillary.

Outer calyx 3-sepaled Malva. 392.

Outer calyx 6 to 9-cut . Althaea. 393.

Outer calyx 3-cut Lavatera. 394.

I. 392. MALVA. Pliny. Mallow.

Calyx double ; inner 5-cut ; outer 3-sepaled ; coques
many, in a circle, 1 - seeded, not opening.

638 392. Malva. 70. MALVACEAE.

PI. ex. thal.

a. Malva. Peduncles axillary , crowded,

1. Malva rotundifolia. Round-leaved mallow.

Stem prostrate; leaves heartshape, orbicular, slightly

5-lobed; peduncles when in fruit declining.

Malva sylvestris minor, Raii Syn. 251, 2; Park . 299.

Malva sylvestris pumila, Ger. em. 930, 2.

Malva rotundifolia, Lin. S. P. 969.

Dwarf mallow. Mauls.

Ruins and way sides ; annual ; July.

Root branched; stems many, mostly simple; petals flesh-
colour, longer than the calyx.

@, pusilla. Petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; leaves
5-lobed, lobes deeply cut.

Malva minor, flore parvo caeruleo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 251, 3.

Malva parviflora, Hudson FI. Angl. 307.

Malva pusilla, Engl. Bot. 241.

2. Malva vulgaris. Common mallow.

Stem upright, herbaceous ; leaves 7-lobed, pointed ; pe-
tioles and peduncles hairy.

Malva vulgaris, Raii Syn. 251, 1 ; Park. 299.

Malva sylvestris, Ger. em. 930, 1 j Lin. S. P. 969.

Uncultivated places ; perennial ; May to August.

Root fusiform, white ; stem branched ; leaves rather
rough, sometimes variegated ; upper nearly palmate ; calyx
hispid ; petals purple, reverse heartshape, 3 times as long
as the calyx. — Yields very fine fibre.

b. Alcea. Peduncles axillary , solitary.

3. Malva moschata. Musk mallow.

Stem upright ; hairs simple, tubercular at bottom ; root-

leaves kidneyshape, cut ; stem-leaves 5-parted, pinnately
many-cut; outer-calyx-sepales linear, acute, hairy.

Alcea vulgaris, Raii Syn. 252, 1, omitting the synonyms.

Alcea tenuifolia crispa, Dillen in Raii Syn. 253, 2.

Malva moschata, Lin. S. P. 971.

Edges of fields and waysides; perennial; July and Aug.
Root woody; stem branched; fieri rough with hairs,
odorous ; petals large, rose-red, rarely white.

II. 393. ALTH/EA. Dioscorides. Marsh-mallow.

Calyx double ; inner 5-cut ; outer deeply 6 or 9-cut ;
coqu.es many, not margined, 1 -seeded.

PI. ex. that.

70. MALVACEAE. 393. Althsea. 639

1. Althaea officinalis . Shop marsh-mallow.

Leaves tomentose, oblong, ovate, nearly 3-lobed, toothed.
Althaea vulgaris, Raii Syn. 252, 1 ; Park. 303.

Althaea, lbiscus, Ger. em. 933, 1.

Althaea officinalis, Lin. S. P. 966.

Wymote.

Salt marshes ; perennial ; July to September.

Root fusiform ; herb velvetty, hairs stellate, interwoven ;
stem upright, simple ; outer calyx 1 0 or 1 2-cut ; petals flesh-
colour, fringed at bottom.— Plant mucilaginous, mild, used
in infusion, and externally in poultices.

/3. rotundifolia. Leaves blunt.

Althaea vulgari similis, folio retuso brevi, Raii Syn. 252.

2. Althaea hirsuta. Hairy marsh-mallow.

Leaves heartshape, blunt, 5-lobed, bald above ; stem

hirsute.

Althaea hirsuta, Lin. S. P. 966.

Fields; perennial; August.

III. 394% LAVATERA. Tournefort. Lavatera.

Calyx double ; inner calyx 5-cut ; outer 3-cut ; coques
many, 1 -seeded. — Hairs radiating, or in bundles.

Lavatera arborea. Tree lavatera.

Stem herbaceous, upright ; leaves 7-angled, velvetty,
plaited;, peduncles axillary, crowded, 1 -flowered.

Malva arborea marina nostras, Raii Syn. 252, 4 ; Park. 301.

Lavatera arborea, Lin. S. P. 972.

English sea tree mallow. Velvet leaf.

Sea-shore; biennial; July to October.

Stem 6 feet high, naked, leafy at top ; petioles long ;
flowers numerous, axillary ; outer calyx very large ; inner
woolly ; petals purplish red with dark blotches at the base ;
androphore woolly.

Earn. VI. 71. LINE.ZE. De Candolle.

Calyx persisting, 4 or 5-parted ; petals 5, clawed, alter-
nate with the calyx-lobes; stamens 4 or 5, slightly joined
at bottom ; scales 4 or 5, alternating with the filaments ;
styles 4 or 5; stigmata 4 or 5 ; ovary free, simple; capsule
many-celled, many-valved ; edge of the valves turned in ;
seeds single, pendent; perisperm 0; corculum straight; co-
tyledons nearly leaflike ; radicle above.

6

640

395. Linum. 71. LINEdS.

PL ex. thaL

395. LINUM. Theophrastus. Flax.

Calyx 5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; styles 5.

a. Flowers blue or reddish ; leaves alternate.

1. Linum usitatissimum. 'Most-common flax .

Stem mostly single ; leaves lanceolate, 3-ribbed ; sepales

ovate, acute, 3-ribbed, pointed; petals crenate; capsule
sharp at the tip.

Linum sylvestre sativum plane referens, Raii Syn . 362, 2.

Linum sylvestre vulgatius, Park. 1334.

Linum, Rail Syn. 362, 1.

Liuum sativum, Ger. em. 556; Park. 1335.

Lint. Lyne.

Corn-fields, also cultivated; annual; July.

Root small ; stem upright, simple at bottom, panicled at
top; petals reverse ovate, light blue, streaked; stigmata
clubshaped, obtuse. — Fibres of the stem used for thread
and cloth ; seeds yield oil, and furnish a pectoral infusion ;
the farina of the seeds emollient in poultices, as also the
ground cake left after pressure of the oil, which last is
likewise used to feed broken-winded horses, to fatten cattle,
and for manure.

2. Linum perenne. Perennial flax .

Stems many, ascending; leaves linear, lanceolate, 1 -ribbed;

sepales reverse ovate, blunt, 5-ribbed, bald; capsules blunt
at the tip.

Linum sylvestre caeruleum perenne erectius, flore et capitulo majore,
Raii Syn. 362, 3.

Linum perenne, Lin. S. P. 39T.

Chalky hills; perennial; June and July.

Root woody ; stem ascending, rather branched at top ;
leaves slightly recurved; petals notched, blue; stigmata
capitate, blunt.

procumbens . Stem trailing; flowers and capsules small.

Linum sylvestre caeruleum perenne procumbens, flore et capitulo mi-
nore, Raii Syn. 3 62, 4.

3. Linum angustifolia . Narrow-leaved flax.

Stems many, ascending; leaves linear, lanceolate, 3-rib-
bed ; sepales elliptical, 3-ribbed, pointed ; capsides pointed.

Linum sylvestre angustifolium, floribus dilute purpurascentibus vel car-
neis, Raii Syn. 362, 5.

Linum tenuifolium £, Lin. S. P. 399.

Linum angustifolium, Hudson FI. Angl. 134.

Linum tenuifolium, Withering Hot. Arr. 323.

PL ex. thal.

71. LINEiE. 395. Linum.

641

Sandy and chalky pastures; perennial ; July.

Twigs panicled ; leaves 3 to 5-ribbed : petals sometimes
notched, sometimes not, light purple ; stamens short ; stig-
mata rather clublike.

b. Chamselinum. Flowers white; leaves opposite ; petals 5 ;
stamens 5.

4. Linum catharticum. Purging flax.

Stem forked, above ; leaves opposite, reverse ovate, lan-
ceolate ; sepales serrated ; petals acute.

Linum sylvestre catharticum, Raii Syn. 362, 6 ; Ger. em. 660, 5.
Chamaelinum Clusii flore albo, sive Linum sylvestre catharticum, Park.
1336.

Linum catharticum, Lin. S. P. 401.

Mill-mountain.

Stem upright, simple at bottom ; flowers drooping before
expansion; sepales 1 -ribbed, serrated; stigmata headed. —
Dried plant infused in wine purgative, useful in rheu-
matism.

c. Radiola. Flowers white ; leaves opposite ; petals 4;
stamens 4 ; styles 4.

5. Linum millegranum. Thousand-seeded flax .

Stem very much forked ; leaves ovate ; petals reverse-

ovate; sepales 5-lobed.

Radiola vulgaris serpyllifolia, Raii Syn. 345.

Millegrana minima, Ger. em. 569, 2.

Millegrana minima, seu Herniaria minor, Park. 447.

Linum Radiola, Lin. S. P. 402.

Radiola linoides, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 269.

Radiola millegrana, Smith FI. Brit. 202.

All-seed. Dwarf all-seed. Least rupture-wort.

Inundations on sand; annual ; July and August.

Stem corymbose, 2 inches high ; flowers solitary, from
the forks of the stem; calyx 4-cut; stamens equal ; stigmata
headed.

Fam. VII. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. Jussieu.

Calyx persisting, 4 or 5-toothed, or 4 or 5-sepaled ; petals
4 or 5, hypogynous, clawed, alternating with the calyx-
lobes ; stamens twice as many as the petals, rarely equal in
number and alternating with them ; ovary simple, some-
times rather stipitated; styles many; capsules 1 or many-
celled, many-valved, opening at the tip ; seeds fixed to the
bottom of the capsule, or to a central placentarium ; peri-
VOL. II. 2 T

642

72. CARYOPHILLEjE. PI ex . thal.

sperm farinaceous involved with the corculum ; radicle be-
low.— Stem herbaceous or under-shrubby, jointed; leaves
opposite, not cut.

a. Caryophylleas verae. Calyx tubular , 4 or 5-toothed ;
stamens 10; capsule toothed at the top .

Cal. scaly at bottom ; styles 2 Dianthus. 397.

Cal. naked, cylindrical ; styles 2 Saponaria. 396.

Cal. naked, cylindrical ; styles 3 Silene. 399.

Cal. naked, cylindrical ; styles 5 ...... Lychnis. 400.

Cal. naked, bellied ; styles 3 or 5 ;
ovary coloured Cucubalus. 398.

b. Alsinese. Calyx 4 or 5-sepaled ; stamens 3 to 10.

Capsule 2-valved ; calyx 4-sepaled ;

petals 4; styles 2 Buffonia. 401.

Caps. 3 or 4-valved ; calyx 3 or 4-sepaled ;
pet. 3 or 4 ; stam. 6 or 8 ; styles 3 or 4 ... . Elatine. 402.

Caps. 3-valved ; calyx 5-sepaled ;
pet. 5, notched, small; stam. 10; styles 3 Cherleria. 405.

Caps. 4-valved ; calyx 4-sepaled ;

pet. 0 or 4, small; stam. 4; styles 4 Sagina. 403.

Caps. 5-valved ; calyx 5-sepaled ;
pet . 5, not cut; stam. 5 or 10; styles 5 . . Spergula. 404.
Caps. 5-valved ; calyx 5 sepaled ;

pet. 5, not cut; stam. 10; styles 3 Arenaria. 406.

Caps. 6-toothed ; calyx 5-sepaled ;
pet. 5, not cut; stam. 10; styles 3 Alsinella. 407.

Caps. 5 or 10-toothed; cal. 4 or 5-sepaled ;
pet. 5, 2-cut; stam. 5 or 10; styles 3 . . . Stellaria. 409.

Caps. 5 or 10-toothed; cal. 4 or 5-sepaled;
pet. 5, toothed; stam. 3 to 5 ; styles 2 . . . . Holostea. 408.

Caps. 6-toothed ; cal. 5-sepaled ;
pet. 5, not cut; stam. 4; styles 4 Mcenchia. 410.

A. C ARYOPHYLLEiE VERiE. Calyx tubular, 4 or 5-toothed ;
stamens 10; capsule opening at the tip.

I. 396. SAPONARIA. Gesner. Sopewort.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, base destitute of scales; petals 5,
clawed, claws as long as the calyx ; mouth crowned ; limb
not notched; stamens 10; styles 2; capsule 1 -celled, many-
seeded, opening at the top.

Pl.ex.thal. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. 396. Sapon. 643

Saponaria officinalis . Shop sopewort.

Calyx cylindrical, bald; leaves ovate, lanceolate.

Lychnis Saponaria dicta, Raii Syn. 339, 6.

Saponaria, Ger. em. 444, 1.

Saponaria vulgaris, Park.. 641.

Saponaria officinalis, Lin. S. P. 584.

Bruiseivort.

Fields and hedges ; perennial ; August and September.
Roots very long ; stolones creeping ; leaves 3-ribbed, con-
nate; panicle many-flowered ; flowers rose-red, odoriferous,
rarely double. — Plant bitter, saponaceous, lathering with
water, and dissolving grease ; decoction used in gonorrhoea
and the sequelae of syphylis, also externally in itch.

0. convoluta. Leaves convolute.

Lychnis Saponaria dicta folio convoluto, Raii Syn. 339,7.

Gentiana concava, Ger. em. 435.

Saponaria Anglica folio convoluto, Park. 641.

Hollow-leaved sopewort. Hollow felwort.

II. 397. DIANTHUS. Linnaeus. Pink.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; scales 2 or 4, opposite, imbri-
cate at the base ; petals 5, claws as long as the calyx ; sta-
mens 10 ; styles 2 ; capsules 1 -celled, toothed at the tip.

1 . Dianthus pratensis. Meadow pink .

Flowers aggregate, bundled; calyx-scales lanceolate, vil-
lous, as long as the calyx.

Caryophyllus latifolius barbatus minor annuus, flore minore, Raii Syn.
337,4.

Caryophyllus pratensis, Ger. em. 594, 11.

Caryophyllus pratensis nostras major and minor, Park. 1338.

Dianthus Armeria, Lin.S. P. 586.

Deptford pink.

Sandy and gravelly pastures ; annual ; July and August.
Root fusiform ; stem downy, stiff; leaves linear, keeled at
bottom, downy ; calyx downy ; petals serrated, red, rarely
white.

2. Dianthus prolifer. Childing pink.

Flowers aggregate, headed; calyx-scales ovate, blunt, not

armed, overtopping the tube.

Caryophyllus sylvestris, prolifer, Dillen in Raii Syn. 337,5.

Armeria prolifera Lobelii, Ger. em. 599, 5.

Dianthus prolifera, Lin. S. P. 587.

Childing sweet-Williams.

Sandy pastures ; annual; July.

2 t 2

644 397. Dianth. 72. CARYOPH YLLEiE. PL ex. that.

Stem mostly simple ; leaves linear; head many-flowered ;
calyx-scales, common very large ; proper 2, slender ; petals
notched, small, pale purple, soon withering.

/3. uniflorus . Flowers solitary.

3. Diant hus caryophy Ileus. Clove pink.

Flowers solitary; calyx-scales 4, very short, ovate, slightly

mucronate; petals crenated, mouth naked; leaves linear,
awlshape, channelled, glaucous.

Caryophyllus simplex flore minore pallide rubente, Raii Syn. 336, 3.
Cariophyllus sylvestris simplex, Ger. em. 591, 1.

Dianthus Caryophylhis, Lin. S. P . 587.

Single purple pink. Common pink. Carnation.

Root woody ; stem branched ; flowers flesh-colour, odori-
ferous.— Syrup of the flowers cordial.

0. minor. Plant smaller ; flowers white ; petals acutely
crenated, mouth encircled with black.

Dianthus arenarius, Hudson FI. Angl. 185, not of Linnaeus,
Pheasants-eye pink.

4. Dianthus deltoides . Delta pink .

Flowers solitary ; calyx-scales mostly 2, ovate, lanceolate,

acute ; leaves rather blunt, downy ; petals crenated ; barren
stems trailing.

Caryophyllus minor repens nostras, Raii Syn. 335, 1.

Caryophyllus montanus purpureus, Ger. em. 593, 6.

Dianthus deltoides, Lin. S. P. 588.

Maiden pink.

Chalky and sandy fields ; perennial ; July to October.
Roots in tufts; stem ascending; leaves linear, lanceolate;
flowers small, rose or flesh-red; mouth naked with a purple
ring; calyx-scales half as long as the tube. — Used in Hun-
gary to cure intermittent fevers.

(3. glaucus. Leaves glaucous ; calyx-scales 2 or 4 ; flowers
white, without the purple ring.

Dianthus glaucus, Lin. S. P. 58S.

5. Dianthus ccesius. Gray pink.

Stem 1 or 2-flowered ; calyx-scales short, roundish ; petals

crenated, downy ; leaves rough on the edge.

Caryophyllus q. Armeriae species flore in summo caule singular!, Raii
Syn. 336, 2.

Dianthus glaucus, Hudson FI. Angl. 185.

Dianthus virgineus /3, Lin. S. P. 590.

Dianthus cassius, Engl. Sot. 62.

Mountain pink.

PI, ex. that. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. 397. Dianth. 645

Dry rocks ; perennial ; June and July.

Root woody ; stem simple, bald, 1 or 2-flow ered ; calyx-
scales one-third the length of the tube ; petals with purple
hairs at the mouth.

III. 398. CUCUBALUS. Pliny. Spatling-poppy .

Calyx tubular, inflated, 5-toothed ; petals 5-clawed ; sta-
mens 10; styles 3 or 5, longitudinally villous on the inside;
ovary coloured ; capsule 1 -celled.

1 . Cuculalus lacciferus. Berry-hearing spatling-poppy .
Stem weak; branches spreading; flowers solitary; calyx

bellshape, downy; petals distant; capsule globular, fleshy.

Cucubalus Plinii, Dillen in Raii Syn. 267, 1.

Alsine baecifera, Ger. em. 614, 13.

Cucubalus bacciferus, Lin. S. P. 591.

Silene baecifera, Withering Hot. Arr. ed. 2, 452.

Silene fissa, Salisb. Prod. 302.

Berry-bearing chickweed.

Shady rich land; perennial; June and July.

Root creeping ; stem much branched, downy ; leaves
spreading, pale green ; flowers terminal, single, drooping ;
petals slightly toothed at the throat.

2. Cuculalus inflatus. Blown spatling-poppy.

Stem upright ; flowers panicled, drooping ; calyx ovate ;

petals slightly nicked, rather naked ; capsule ovate.

Lychnis sylvestris, quae Ben album vulgo, Raii Syn. 337,2.

Behen album, Ger. em. 678,2.

Papaver spumeum, sive Ben album vulgo, Park. 263.

Cucubalus Behen, Lin. S. P. 591.

Cucubalus inflatus, Salisb. Prod. 302.

Silene inflata. Smith FI. Brit. 467, 5.

Bladder campion. Spatting poppy. Frothing poppy. White ben.

Fields and waysides ; perennial ; July.

Root tufted ; stem upright, glaucous ; leaves ovate, lan-
ceolate ; flowers drooping, white ; calyx whitish.

hirsutus. Stem and leaves hairy ; calyx-teeth fringed ;
petals small.

3. Cuculalus maritimus. Sea spatling-poppy.

Stem trailing ; flowers solitary, or in pairs, terminal ;

calyx ovate; petals 2-cut, crowned; capsule roundish.

6*6 398. Cucub. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. PI. ex. thal.

Lychnis maritime repens, Raii Syn. 337,4.

Lychnis marina Anglica, Ger. tm. 469, 2.

Lychnis marina repens alba, Park. 638,

Cucubalus Behen /3, Lin. S. P. 591.

Silene amcena, Hudson FI. Angl. 188.

Silene maritima, Withering Rot. Air. 414.

Sea campion. Sea catchfly.

Rocks and sands by the sea, or alpine rivers ; perennial ;
August and September.

Root creeping; stem tufted, sometimes trailing; leaves
linear, lanceolate \ flowers drooping, white.

IV. 39 9. SILENE. Theophrastus. Catchfly .

Calyx tubular, cylindrical or conical, 5-toothed ; petals 5,
claws long, rarely naked, usually crowned with scales, limb
often 2-cut; stamens 10; styles 3; capsule 3-celled, 6-valved.

1. Silene Anglica . English catchfly .

Herb hirsute, viscous ; petals nicked ; flowers spiked, la-
teral flowers upright, alternate; lower capsules reflected,
spreading.

Lychnis sylvestris flore albo minimo, Raii Syn. 339, 10.

Silene Anglica, Lin. S. P. 594.

Silene arvensis, Salish. Prod. 301.

Sandy fields; annual; July.

Roots fibrous; stem branchy, upright; leaves linear, lan-
ceolate ; flowers solitary, white ; calyx cylindrical ; capsule
ovate.

2. Silene quinquevulnera. Five-wound catchfly .

Herb hirsute ; petals roundish, not cut ; flowers solitary ;

lateral flowers alternate; capsules upright.

Silene quinquevulnera, Lin. S. P. 595.

Sandy fields ; annual ; June and July.

Root fibrous ; stem much branched, ascending, weak ;
leaves elliptical, lanceolate; petal-limb rounded, not cut,
white with a blood-red spot in the centre.

3. Silene nutans. Noddbig catchfly .

Herb downy \ flowers panicled, facing one way, nodding;

leaves lanceolate; petals 2-parted, lobes linear.

Lychnis sylvestris alba nona Clusii, Raii Syn. 340, 11; Ger.em. 470, 8.
Lychnis major noctiflora Dubreusis perennis, Raii Syn. 340, 12?

Lychnis sylvestris alba, sive Ocymoides minus album, Park. 631.

Silene nutans, Lin. S. P. 596.

Silene paradoxa, Lin. S. P. 1673?

Cucubalus viscosus, Hudson FI. Angl. J$6?

Nottingham catchfly. Dover catchfly.

PL ex. thal. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. 399. Silene. 64-7

Chalk rocks and buildings; perennial; July.

Root woody; stems many, simple, upright; root-leaves
reverse ovate, crowded; pan icle forked; calyx 10-ribbed;
petals white ; stamens 5 long, exserted, 5 short ; capsule
ovate.

4. Silene parviflora. Small-flowered catchfly.

Plants dioicous ; flowers panicled ; petals linear, undi-
vided, wavy, bald, naked.

Lychnis viscosa flore muscoso, Raii Syn. 340, 15.

Sesamoides Salamanticum magnum, Ger. cm. 493, 1.

Muscipula Salasnatica major, Park. 636.

Silene Otites, J Lin. S. P. 594.

Spanish catchjfly.

Dry sandy and chalky fields ; perennial ; July and Aug.
Root woody; stem upright, panicled above; peduncles in
whirls, forked ; leaves petioled, spatulashape, downy ; flowers
small, yellowish green ; calyx ribbed ; petals sometimes 0.

5. Silene conica . Conical catchfly .

Stem forked: leaves lanceolate, downy; petals notched,

-crowned ; calyx when in fruit conical, 30-streaked.

Lychnis svlvestris angustifolia caliculis turgidis striatis, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 341, 18. '

Lychnis caliculis striatis secunda Clusii, Ger.em - 470,7.

Silene conica, Lin. S. P. 598.

Silene conoidea, Hudson FI. Angl. 189.

Sandy fields; annual; July.

Root branched ; stem upright, forked, downy ; leaves
velvetlike ; flowers from the forks ; peduncles upright, soli-
tary ; calyx membranaceous ; teeth 5, straight ; petals rose-
red ; capside ovate, flaskshape.

6. Silene noctiflora. Nightflowering catchfly «

Stem forked; leaves lanceolate, hairy; calyx 10-angled,

teeth as long as the tube ; petals notched, bluntly crowned.

Lychnis noctiflora, Raii Syn. 340, 13; Park. 632.

Silene noctiflora, Lin. S. P. 599.

Sandy fields; annual; July.

Stem upright, branchy, downy; leaves dark green \ flowers
from the forks, peduncled, upright; calyx viscid; petals
flesh-colour; capsule ovate.

7. Silene latifolia . Broadleaved catchfly.

Upper leaves heartshape, bald ; panicle forked, bundled,

many-flowered § petals notched, acutely crowned.

648 399. Silene. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. PI. ex. that.

Lychnis viscosa purpurea latifolia laevis, Dillen in Rail Syn. 341, 17.

Muscipula Lobelii, Ger.em. 601.

Silene Armeria, Lin. S. P. 601.

Catch-fly. Limewort. , Lobel’s catchfly.

Fields and old walls; annual; July and August.

Stem branched, viscid beneath the joints; leaves clasp-
ing the stem ; lower leaves ovate ; panicle leafless ; flowers
upright, rose-red ; calyx 10-angled, teeth rounded ; capsule
elliptical, pedicelled.

8. Silene alpina. Alpine catchfly .

Stem very short, branched ; leaves linear, fringed at bot-
tom; peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered; petals slightly notched,
crowned.

Lychnis alpina minima, Raii Syn. 341, 16.

Carybphyllus pumilio alpinus, Ger.em . 593.

Silene acaulis, Lin. S. P. 603.

Cucubalus acaulis, Hudson FI. Angl. 187.

Moss campion. Grass-leaved campion.

Alpine rocks ; perennial ; June and July.

Roots tufted ; stems trailing; leaves crowded, keeled, linear;
peduncles terminal, angular; flowers upright, rose-red; calyx
5-ribbed; capsule cylindrical.

V. 400. LYCHNIS. Theophrastus. Lychnis.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed; petals 5, clawed; stamens 10;
styles 5; capsules 1 -celled, or apparently 5 -celled.

a. Viscaria. Calyx-teeth short ; petals not cut ;
capsule apparently 5- celled .

1 . Lychnis angustifolia. Narrowleaved lychnis .

Stem jointed, viscous; leaves linear, lanceolate, blunt;
calyx wrinkled ; petal-claws margined, membranaceous,
fringed.

Lychnis sylvestris viscosa rubra angustifolia, Raii Syn. 340, 14; Park.
636.

Muscipula angustifolia, Ger.em. 601,3.

Lychnis Yiscaria, Lin. S. P. 625.

Red German catchfly.

Fissures of rocks ; perennial ; May and June.

Roots tufted ; stems angular ; leaves keeled, bald; panicle
rather spiked ; flowers crowded, rose-red, rarely white ;
calyx hairy, membranaceous ; capsule ovate.

PL ex. thal. 72. CARYOPHYLLE^E. 400. Lychnis. 649

b. Calyx-teeth, short; petals cut ; capsule \-celled.

2. Lychnis alpina. Alpine lychnis .

Herb bald ; flowers densely corymbous ; calyx smooth ;

petals notched ; claws not margined, bald.

Lychnis alpina, Lin. S. P.

Mountains; perennial; July.

Stems in tufts, upright ; leaves acute ; flowers nearly
sessile ; petals rose-red, very slightly crowned.

3. Lychnis plumaria . Feathery lychnis.

Flowers loosely panicled ; petals 4-cut, crowned ; capsule

roundish.

Lychnis plumaria sylvestris simplex, Raii Syn. 338, 4; Park. Par. 253.
Armerius pratenis mas et fcemina, Ger. em. 600, l and 2.

Lychnis Flos cuculi, Lin. S. P. 625.

Meadow pink. Wild Williams. Cuekow flower. Ragged Robin. Crow
flowers. Marsh gilliflowers. Cuekow gilliflower.

Damp fields ; perennial ; July.

Root fibrous ; stem upright, angular ; leaves lanceolate ;
panicle leafy ; calyx cylindrical, ribbed ; petals flaccid, rose-
red, white, often becomes doubled.

4. Lychnis vesper tina. Evening lychnis.

Herb rather villous ; stem kneed, upright ; leaves lanceo-
late ; petals reverse heartshape, crowned.

Lychnis sylvestris albo flore, Raii Syn. 339, 8; Ger. em. 468, 1 J ; Park,
630.

Lychnis dioica j3, Lin. S. P. 626.

Lychnis vespertina, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 146.

Lychnis dioica, De Candolle FI. Gall. 4366.

Wild white campion. White batchelors buttons when double.

Fields and hedges ; perennial ; May to September.

Root fusiform ; stem firm, tall ; flowers white, odoriferous
at night, unisexual rarely hermaphrodite ; calyx of the
males elliptical, clubshape, 1 0-ribbed, veins 0 ; of the females
ovate with intercostal veins ; capsule conical, larger than
that of L. diurna.

5. Lychnis diurna. Day lychnis.

Herb hirsute ; stem kneed, weak ; leaves ovate ; petals
reverse-heartshape, crowned.

Lychnis sylvestris rubello flore, Raii Syn. 339,9; Ger. em. 469, 1.
Lychnis sylvestris, flore rubro, Park. 631.

Lychnis dioica a, Lin. S. P. 626.

Lychnis diurna, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 146.

Lychnis sylvestris, De Candolle FI. Gall. 4367.

Wild red campion. Red batchelors buttons when double.

5

650 400. Lychnis. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. Vl.ex.tkaL

Damp woods and hedges; perennial; May to September.
Root fusiform ; leaves soft, pale ; flowers rose-red, ino-
dorous; mostly unisexual ; calyx in both sexes 1 0-ribbed,
without intermediate veins ; capsule conical, smaller than
that of L. vespertina,

c. Githago. Petals not cut ; calyx-teeth as long as the petals .

6. Lychnis segetum. Corn lychnis .

Herb hirsute ; calyx-teeth twice as long as the corolla.

Lychnis segetum major, Raii Syn. 338, 5.

Pseudo mdanthium, Ger. em. 1087.

Lychnoides segetum sive Nigel last rum, Park. 632.

Agrostema Githago, Lin. S. P. 627.

Lychnis Githago, De Candolle FI. Gall. .392.

Githago segetum, Des Fontaines Atl. 1,363.

Cockle. Corn cockle. Wild nigella.

Stem branched, hairs upright, pressed to the stem ; leaves
linear, lanceolate ; flowers terminal, purple; calyx 1 0-ribbed.

B. Alsinea:. Calyx 4 or 5-sepaled; stamens 3 to 10.

VI. 401. BUFFONIA. Linnaeus. Buffon.

Calyx 4-sepaled ; petals 4 ; styles 2 ; capsule compressed,

I-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded.

Buffonia annua. Annual Buffon.

Stem weak, panicled ; flowers terminal and lateral ;
calyx streaked.

Alsine polygonoides tenuifolia, flosculis ad longitudinem caulis velut
in spicam dispositis nostra, Raii Syn. 346.

Buffonia tenuifolia, Lin. S. P. 179.

Buffonia annua, Lamarck Illustr. 349.

Sea-shore ; annual ; July. A doubtful native.

Stems many ; leaves awlshape, pressed to the stem, con-
nate at the base ; flowers peduncled, white.

VII. 402. ELATINE. Dioscorides. Water-wort.

Calyx 3 or 4-sepaled ; petals 3 or 4, sessile ; stamens 6

or 8 ; ovary orbicular, depressed ; styles 3 or 4 ; capsule 3
or 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.

Elatine serpyllifolia. Thyme-leaved waterwort.

Stem rooting, much branchy ; leaves opposite ; flowers
alternate.

Elatine Hydropiper, Lin. S. P. 327.

Edges of lakes on sand ; annual ; August.

Herb bald; stem 2 in. high; flowers axillary, peduncled,
single ; seeds bent* streaked.

6

PL ex. thal. 72. CARYGPHYLLEJE. 403. Sagina, 651

VIII. 403. SAGINA. Linnaeus. Pearlwort.

Calyx 4-sepaled ; petals 4, very small ; stamens 4 ; styles 4;

capsule 1 -celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.

1 . Sagina procumbens. Procumbent pearlwort .

Stem trailing, bald ; leaves linear, pointed ; petals very

short, not cut.

Alsinella muscoso flore repens, Raii Syn. 345, 2.

Caryophyllus minimus muscosus noster, Park . 1340.

Sagina procumbens, Lin. S. P. 185.

Seal wort. Chickweed breakstone.

Sand and old walls ; perennial; May to August.

Stems many, rooting ; leaves bald, connate ; root-leaves
in tufts ; peduncles single, longer than the leaves ; flowers
yellowish ; calyx spreading, blunt.

2. Sagina maritima . Sea pearlwort.

Stem rather upright, divaricating, bald; leaves blunt,

not armed ; petals very small.

Sagina maritima, Engl. Rot. 2195.

Alpine and marine rocks ; annual ; April and May.

Stem purplish ; leaves membranaceous at bottom.

3. Sagina apetala. Bloomless pearlwort .

Stem nearly upright, downy; leaves awned, hairy; petals

very minute.

Alsinella q. Saxifraga Anglica alsine folio annua Plot. Raii Syn. 345,3.
Sagina apetala, Lin. Mant . 2, 519.

Annual pearlwort.

Sandy places and walls ; annual ; May and June.

Stems many, downy, not rooting; peduncles long, hairy;
petals white, or 0 ; seeds girt with a black line.

IX, 404. SPERGULA. Dodonaeus. Spurry .

Calyx 5-sepaled; petals 5, not nicked; stamens 5 or 10;

styles 5 ; capsule 1 -celled, 5-vaived.

a. Leaves opposite ; stipules 0.

1. Spergula subulata. Awlshape spurry.

Herb rather hairy, hairs glandular; leaves nearly facing
one way, linear awlshape, fringed, slightly awned; peduncles
very long, solitary; petals the length of the calyx.

652 404. Sperg. 72. CARYOPHYLLE/E. PI. ex. that.

Alsinella q. Saxifraga graininea pusilla foliis brevioi ibus, crassioribus
et succulentioribus, Raii Syn. 345,4.

Sagina procumbens /3, Lin. S. P. 185.

Spergula subulata, Withering Bot. Arr, 436.

Spergula laricina, Hudson Ft. Angl. 203.

Spergula saginoides, Curtis FI. Lond.

Sandy heaths; perennial; July and August.

Stem trailing at bottom, afterwards erect ; leaves connate;
peduncles hairy ^ flowers drooping, white; sepales ovate,
blunt, viscid; stamens 5 or 10; capsule 5-valved; seeds
with a black line round them.

2. Spergula saginoides. Pearl- wort sparry.

Herb bald ; leaves linear, awlshape, smooth, pointed ;

peduncles solitary, very long, bald ; petals shorter than the
calyx.

Spergula saginoides, Lin. S. P. 631.

Sagina procumbens 2, Withering Bot. Arr, 278.

Alpine rocks ; perennial ; June.

Stem decumbent, upright at the tip ; peduncles mostly
terminal ; flowers drooping ; sepales ovate, blunt ; petals
roundish, blunt; stamens 10; seeds not edged.

3. Spergula nodosa. Knotty spurry.

Leaves awlshape, smooth, rather blunt; lower leaves

widely sheathing; upper leaves bundled, axillary; stem
mostly simple, few-flowered; petals twice as long as the
calyx.

Spergula q. Alsine palustris foliis tenuissimis, sive Saxifraga palustris
alsinefolia, Ger. tm. 567, 6; Raii Syn. 350, 5.

Saxifraga palustris Anglica, Park. 427.

Alsiue nodosa Germanica, Park. 764.

Spergula nodosa, Lin. S. P. 630

Moist sandy places ; perennial ; July to August.

Stem tufted, spreading, 9 in. high.

b. Leaves in whirls , stipuled at bottom.

4. Spergula arvensis. Field spurry.

Leaves in whirls ; fruit-bear mg ’peduncle bent back ; seed

kidney shape, angular, not edged.

Spergula q. Alsine Spergula dicta major C. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 351, 7.
Saginae Spergula, Ger. em. 1125.

Saginse Spergula major, Park. 562.

Spergula arvensis, Lin. S. P. 630.

Sandy fields, also cultivated ; annual ; July and August.
Stem upright, spreading, panicled at top ; panicle many-
flowered ; peduncles downy, 1 -flowered; sepales ovate, blunt,

Pl, ex. thal. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. 404. Sperg. 653

margined ; stamens 5 or 4 ; seeds kidneyshape, tubercular,
rough. — Herb nutritive to cattle, and causes them to give
much milk; seeds used to feed poultry, and to make bread.

5. Spergula pentandra. Five-slamened sparry .

Leaves in whirls ; flowers 5-stamened ; seeds flat, mar-
gined.

Spergula annua semine foliaceo nigro, circulo membranaceo albo
cincto, Rail Syn . 351, 8.

Spergula pentandra, Lin. S. P. 630.

Sandy fields ; annual ; June.

Leaves very fleshy; calyx-margin scarcely scarious; seeds
smooth, margin white.

X. 405. CHERLERIA. Haller. Cherler.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; petals 5, very small, nicked; stamens 10;

styles 3; capsule 3-valved, 3-celled ; cells 2- seeded.

Cherleria sedoides. Sedumlike cherler.

Stems tufted: leaves 3-sided, awl shape, 3-ribbed ; peduncle
single, axillary, 1 -flowered.

Sedum montanum perpusillum luteolis florihus, Park. 737.

Cherleria sedoides, Lin. S. P. 608.

Mossy cyphel.

Alpine rocks ; perennial ; July.

Root woody, branched; leaves close, blunt; peduncles
2-bracteatea in the middle \ flowers yellowish green, upright;
sepales keeled ; seeds angular.

XI. 406. ARENARIA. Linnseus. Sandwort.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; petals 5, not cut ; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ;

capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved.

a. Stipularia. Stipules at the base of the leaves , scarious .

1. Arenaria rubra. Red sandwort.

Stem prostrate ; leaves linear, mucronate, longer than the
internode ; seeds compressed, angular, roughish.

Spergula purpurea, Rail Syn. 351, 9.

Alsine spergulae facie, Ger. em. 1125, 5.

Saginas Spergula minima. Park. 561.

Arenaria rubra, Lin. S. P. 606.

Arenaria campestris, Allioni Pedem.

Chickweed spurrey. Small red spurrey.

Sandy fields ; annual ; July and August.

Stem divaricating, bald; leaves flat; stipules torn; panicle
terminal, downy ; flowers bluish flesh-colour; capsule three-
valved, as long as the calyx ; seeds wedgeshape.

654 406. Arenaria. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. PI. ex. that.

2. Arenaria marina. Marine sandwort.

Stem prostrate ; leaves semicylindrical, fleshy, not armed,

as long as the internodes; seeds compressed, margined,
smooth.

Spergula raaritima flore parvo caeruleo, semine vario, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 351, 11.

Arenaria rubra /3, Lin. S. P. 606.

Arenaria marina, FI. Danica , 740.

Arenaria marginata, De Candolle FI. Gall. 4434.

Arenaria rubra media, Hudson FI. Angl. 193.

Red samphire.

Sea-coasts ; annual ; June and July.

Stem very smooth ; leaves fleshy, bald ; stipules torn ;
flowers large, pale flesh-red or purple ; capsule longer than
the calyx ; seed flat, slightly margined. — Succulent.

fr media. Seeds margined ; margin membranaceous,
streaked.

Spergula q. Alsine spergulae facie media C. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 351, 10.

Arenaria media, Lin. S. P. 606.

Arenaria rubra y, Hudson FI. Angl. 193.

b. Leaves awlshape ; stipules 0.

3. Arenaria tenuifolia. Fine-leaved sandwort.

Leaves awlshape, acute; stem much branched, forked,

panicled ; sepales longer than the petals, awlshape, streaked ;
petals lanceolate ; capsules upright.

Spergula q. Alsine tenuifolia Joh. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 350, 3.

Arenaria tenuifolia, Lin. S. P. 607.

Sandy barren fields ; annual ; June.

Herl bald or hairy; stem upright; leaves bristlelike,
3-ribbed; lower leaves connate, dilated; peduncles upright;
flowers small, white ; sepales margined ; petals blunt ; seeds
compressed.

4. Arenaria verna . Spring sandwort .

Stems many, tufted, long, panicled ; leaves awlshape, ra-
ther blunt, ribbed; sepales 3-ribbed, ribs remote, equal;
petals reverse ovate, longer than the sepales.

Spergula q. Alsine pusilla pulchro flore, folio tenuissimo nostras, Raii
Syn. 350, 4.

Arenaria verna, Lin. Mant. 72.

Arenaria saxatilis, Hudson FI. Angl.ed. 1, 168.

Mountains ; perennial ; May to August.

Stems much branched, downy ; leaves wide at bottom,
connate, mostly bald ; sepales ovate, acute, shorter than the
petals.

PL ex. that, 72.CARYOPHYLLEiE. 406. Arenaria. 655

(3. laricifolia. Sepales linear, pointed, shorter than the
petals.

Arenaria laricifolia, Withering Bot. Arr. 521.

y. juniper ina. Sepales ovate, rather bald ; nearly as long
as the petals.

Arenaria juniperina, Withering Bot. Arr. 521.

5. Arenaria fastigiat a. Even-topped sandwort.

Stem upright, stiff, corymbose ; leaves awlshape ; calyx-
side-ribs dilated ; petals very short.

Arenaria fastigata, Engl. Bot. 25, 1744.

Mountains; annual; June.

Flowers small ; seeds elegantly toothed.

XII. 407. ALSINELLA. Dillenius. Alsinelle .

Calyx 5-sepaled, spreading ; petals 5, not nicked ; sta-
mens 10; styles 3; capsule ovate, 1 -celled; 6-toothed at the
tip. — Leaves ovate; stipules 0.

1. Alsinella serpyllifolia. Thyme-leaved alsinelle.

Leaves nearly sessile, ovate, scabrous ; sepales longer than

the petals, hairy; outer sepales 5-ribbed, inner 3-ribbed.
Spergula q. Alsine minor multicaulis C. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 349, 1.
Alsine petraea, Ger. em. 612, 6.

Arenaria serpyllifolia, Lin. S. P. 606.

Dry sandy places and walls; annual; June and July.
Stems many, ascending, stiffs forked ; leaves small, ribbed ;
peduncles upright; flowers white, small; seeds wrinkled.

2. Alsinella trinervis. Three-ribbed alsinelle .

Leaves ovate, acute, petioled, fringed, 3 or 5-ribbed;

stem slender, branched ; sepales slightly 3-ribbed ; keel
rough.

Spergula q. Alsine plantaginis folio Joh. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 349, 2.
Arenaria trinervis, Lin. S. P. 605.

Plantain-leaved chickweed.

Damp woods and hedges ; annual ; May and June.

Stem weak, ascending, hairy ; peduncles from the forks of
the stem, 1-flowered, bending down after flowering; petals
reverse ovate, as long as the calyx ; seeds smooth.

3. Alsinella ciliata. Fringed alsinelle.

Stem prostrate, branched; leaves slightly petioled, ob-
long, ovate, spathulate, fringed at the base : flowers ter-
minal, solitary ; sepales lanceolate, mostly 7-ribbed, smaller
than the petals.

656 407. Alsine]. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. PI. ex. that.

Arenatia ciJiata, Wulf inJacquin. Cull. 1,245.

Mountains; perennial; July and August.

Leaves tubercular, rough ; peduncles downy, hairs bent
backwards ; flowers large.

XIII. 408. HOLQSTEUM. Dioscorides. Holosteurn .

Calyx 5-sepaled ; petals variously cut ; stamens 3 or 5 ;

styles 3; capsules 1 -celled, 6-toothed.

Holosteurn umbellatum . * Umhelled holosteurn .

Leaves ovate, acute; flowers um belled, terminal: petals
toothed.

Caryophyllus Holostius arvensis, Ger. em. 595, 16.

Holosteurn umbellatum, Lin. S. P. 130.

Cerastium umbellatum, Hudson FI. Angl. 20J.

Broad-leaved wild pink. Umbelliferous chickweed.

Old walls ; annual ; April.

Stem branchy at bottom, small, viscid at the top ; umhells
simple ; peduncles bracteated, becoming divaricated; flowers
white or reddish.

XIV. 409. STELLARIA. Brunsfel. Chickweed.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; petals 2-cut; stamens 3 to 10; styles 3 ;

capsules 1 -celled, 5 or 6-toothed.

a. Alsinae. Petals deeply 9,-parted ; stamens 5 or 10; leaves
ovate ; capsule-7nouth 5 or 6-toothed.

1. Slellaria media. Middle-size chickweed.

Herb bald ; leaves ovate, petioled ; stem procumbent, with
alternate lateral lines of hairs.

Alsine vulgaris seu Morsus gallinae, Raii Syn. 347, 6.

Alsine media seu minor, Ger. em. 611,2.

Alsine media, Lin. S. P. 389.

Slellaria media, fVithering Bot. Arr, 418.

Chickweed.

Damp places and gardens ; annual ; April to September.
Plant very various in size ; stem prostrate, brittle ; leaves
bald ; petioles fringed ; peduncles axillary and terminal, so-
litary, 1 -flowered; calyx hairy; petals white, deeply 2-cut,
shorter than the calyx ; capsule 6-toothed. — Young shoots
boiled make an excellent spinage-herb ; plant used as
greens for small birds.

PI. ex . thal. 72. CARYOPHYLLE^E. 409. Stellaria. 657

2. Slellaria aquatica. Water chickweed.

Plant hairy; leaves heartshape; upper leaves sessile; pe-

duncles lateral, solitary, when fruitbearing turned back ;
capsule ovate, 5- toothed; styles 5.

Alsine major repens perennis, Raii Syn. 347 , 4.

Alsine major, Ger. em. 61 1 ; Park. 759, 2.

Cerastium aquaticnm, Lin. S. P. 529.

Watery places; perennial; July.

Hoot creeping; stem weak, branched; petals white, deeply
2-parted, as long as the sepales; styles 5.

3. Stellaria nemorum. Wood chickweed.

Herb rather hairy ; stem hollow ; lower leaves heartshape,

petioled; upper ovate, sessile ; panicle forked; peduncles be-
coming reflected ; styles 3 ; capsule ovate, 6-toothed.

Alsine montana folio smilacis instar, flore laciniato, Dillen in Raii Syn.
347, 5.

Stellaria nemorum, Lin. S. P. 603.

Damp woods; perennial ; May and June.

Root, creeping ; stem weak ; leaves pale green ; panicle
many-flowered, leafy ; calyx hairy at the base ; sepales
scarious, margined.

b. Stellariae verae. Petals reverse heartshape ; stamens 10;
stem 4- sided ; leaves linear, lanceolate, stiff ; capsule six-
toothed, teeth deeply cut ; styles 3.

4. Stellaria glauca . Sea-green chickweed.

Stem rather upright, weak ; leaves linear, lanceolate,

glaucous, edge smooth ; floral leaves scarious ; peduncles up-
right ; sepales 3- ribbed ; petals twice as long as the calyx.
Alsine q. Caryophyllus holosteus arvensis medius, Raii Syn. 347,3.
Stellaria glauca. Withering Bot. Arr. 420.

Stellaria media, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 141.

Stellaria palustris, Retz. FI. Scand. 2, 548.

Stellaria graminea /?, Hudson FI. Angl. 190.

Damp fields and hedges; perennial; June and July.

Stem smooth ; peduncles axillary and terminal.

5. Stellaria graminea. Grassy chickweed.

Stem rather upright, weak; leaves linear, lanceolate, edge

smooth ; panicles divaricating, terminal ; sepales 3-ribbed ;
petals as long as the calyx.

Alsine q. Caryophyllus holosteus arvensis glaber, flore minore C. Bau-
hini, Raii Syn. 346,2.

Stellaria graminea, Lin. S. P. 604.

Lesser slitcliwort .

2 u

VOL. II.

658 409. Stellaria. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. Pl.ex.thal.

Sandy pastures ; perennial; May.

Stem, leaves , and peduncles smooth ; sepales membrana-
ceous, white; ribs green.

6. Stellaria holostea. All-bone chickweed .

Stem upright, stiff; leaves lanceolate; edge rough, finely

serrated; sepales ribless; petals 3 times as long as the calyx.

Alsine q. Caryophyllus holosleus arvensis glaber, flare majore C. Bau-
hini, Raii Syn. 346, 1.

Gramen leucanthenmm, Ger.em. 47 ; Park. 1325.

Stellaria holostea, Lin. S. P. 603.

Stitchwort. Great stitchwort.

Dry woods and coppices ; perennial ; May.

Root creeping ; stem diffuse, rough ; leaves acute ; panicle
forked, leafy ; peduncles upright ; capsule globular.

7. Stellaria scapigera . Stalkbearing chickweed .

Stems in tufts ; leaves linear, lanceolate, crowded ; edge

rough ; peduncles longer than the stem ; sepales 3-ribbed ;
petals as long as the calyx.

Stellaria scapigera, Willdenow S. P. 2,716.

Rivulets; perennial; May and June.

Stem very short, stiff ; leaves acute, ribbed ; peduncles
many, 4-sided, simple.

c. Cerastium. Petals 4 or 5, 2-cut; stamens 4 to 10;
capsule-mouth 10 -toothed ; leaves nearly ovate , hairy.

8. Stellaria cerastoides. Mouse-ear chickweed.

Stem hairy, tufted, spreading ; leaves elliptical, oblong,

blunt; peduncles in pairs or threes, 1 -flowered; calyx
downy; sepales 1 -ribbed; petals twice as long as the calyx.
Stellaria cerastoides, Lin. S. P. 604.

Alpine places ; perennial; July.

Root creeping ; stem branched at bottom, with a single
line of hairs. ; leaves bald, bent back ; peduncles downy,
upright ; sepales blunt, half the length of the petals ; styles 3,
4, or 5; capsules oblong, 6, 8, or 10-toothed.

9. Stellaria vulgata. Common chickweed.

. Plant hairy, viscid; stems in tufts; leaves ovate; flowers
in bundles; peduncles very short; petals as long as the
calyx ; capsules oblong.

Myosotis q. Alsine hirsuta myosotis latifolia prsecocior, Raii Syn. 348,3.
Cerastium vulgatum, Lin. S. P. 627.

Cerastium viscosum, Hudson FI. jtngl. 200.

PI. ex. thal. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. 409. Stellar. 659

Fields and walls; annual; April and May.

Herh light green ; stem ascending, forked ; leaves broad,
blunt; peduncles upright; sepales acute; capsule cylindri-
cal, curved, twice as long as the calyx.

10. Stellaria viscosa. Viscous duckweed .

Herb hairy, viscous, diffused; leaves lanceolate, oblong;

flowers panicled, shorter than the peduncles; petals the
same length as the calyx; capsule oblong.

Myosotis q. Alsine hirsuta myosotis Lobelii, Rail Syn. 349,4.

Cerastium viscosum, Lin. S. P. 627.

Cerastium vulgatum, Hudson FI. slngl. 200.

Fields and walls ; perennial ; May to September.

Herb dark green ; stems ascending ; leaves rather blunt ;
peduncles viscid, twice as long as the flower; sepales all
margined ; capsules cylindrical, curved, twice as long as the
calyx.

1 1 . Stellaria semidecandrum . Half-ien-stamencd duckweed .
Stems tufted, hairy, viscid above; leaves upright, ovate,

oblong; flowers conglomerated, 5-stamened ; petals notched,
shorter than the calyx; capsules cylindrical.

Myosotis q. Cerastium hirsutum minus, parvo flore Dillenii, Bilim in
Raii Syn. 348, 2.

Cerastium semidecandrum, Lin. S. P. 627.

Sandy places and walls; annual; March and April.

Stem upright ; lower leaves rather bald ; peduncles longer
than the calyx; sepales margined; stamens 5, rarely 10;
capsules twice as long as the calyx.

12. Stellaria pumila. Dwarf duckweed.

Stems in tufts, hairy, viscid at top ; leaves upright, ovate,

oblong ; flowers conglomerate, 5-stamened; petals as long
as the calyx ; capsules twice as long, cylindrical.

Cerastium pumilum, Curtis FI. Lond.

Cerastium semidecandrum /3, Smith FI. Brit. 497.

Dry pastures; annual ; February and March.

Flowers more conspicuous ; petals larger and deeper cleft ;
capsule longer than in S. semidecandrum.

13. Stellaria tetrandrum. Four-stamened chickweed*

Stems diffused, hairy, rather viscid ; leaves elliptical or

ovate ; peduncles 3 times as long as the calyx ; flowers con-
glomerate, 4 or 5-stamened ; petals 2-cut, shorter than the
calyx; capsule cylindrical, rather longer than the calyx.

2 u 2

660 409. Stellar. 72. CARYOPHYLLEjE. Pl.ex.thal.

Cerastium tetandrum, Curtis FI. Land.

Sagina cerastoidcs, Smith in Tr. Lin. Soc. 2, 343.

Sandy sea-shores and walls ; annual ; May and June.
Herb light green ; stem slightly panicled, forked ; calyx
4-sepaled ; 2 inner sepales narrower, margined ; petals 4,
reverse heartshape ; stamens 4 : in cultivated plants, calyx
often 5-sepaled; petals and stamens 5.

14. Stellaria latifolia. Broad-leaved chickweed.

Stems tufted, rough ; leaves elliptical ; peduncles terminal,

simple, mostly solitary ; petals longer than the calyx ; cap-
sules ovate, turgid.

Myosotis q. Alsitie mvosotis Ianguinosa alpina grandiflora, Raii Syn.
349, 6.

Cerastium lati folium, Lin. S. P. 629. /

Cerastium tomentosum, Hudson FI. Angl.ed. 1, 176.

Alpine hills; perennial; June.

Stem ascending, densely leaved ; leaves elliptical, hairy ;
hairs short, stiff’, jointed ; peduncles downy, terminal, soli-
tary, nearly as long as the stem: bractece 0; sepales mar-
gined; petals half as long again as the calyx.

15. Stellaria alpina . , Alpine chickweed.

Leaves elliptical, naked or hairy; panicle forked, few-

flowered, bracteated ; capsule oblong, bent.

Myositis q. Alpine myosotis facie, lychnis alpina flore aciplo niveo,
repeiis D. Lhwyd, Raii Syn. 349,5.

Cerastium alpinum, Lin. S. P. 628.

Cerastium latifolium, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 242.

Rills among alpine rocks ; perennial ; June and July.
Root creeping; stem upright, simple; leaves bald, or with
soft hairs; peduncles 3 or 4 together, 1 -flowered ; bractece
opposite, lanceolate; petals reverse-heartshape ; capsules
cylindrical, awned, longer than the calyx.

16. Stellaria arvensis . Field chickweed.

Stems in tufts; leaves linear, lanceolate, downy, blunt,

fringed at bottom ; petals twice as long as the calyx ; capsule
oblong, straight.

Myosotis q. C-aryophyllus arvensis hirsutus flore majore, C. Bauhini,
Raii Syn. 348, 1.

Caryophyllius Holostius, Ger. em. 595, 15.

Cerastium arvense, Lin. S. P. 628.

Chalky and gravelly fields ; perennial ; May to August.
Root creeping; stem downy ; panicle forked, few-flowered ;
sepales ovate, blunt, margined ; petals large, white, reverse-
heartshape.

PL ex, that. 72. CARYOPHYLLEiE. 410. Mcench. 661

XV. 410. MGENCHIA. Ehrhart. Mcench.

Calyx 4-sepaled ; sepales connivent, lanceolate, acute,
margined; petals shorter than the calyx, not cut, pointed;
stamens 4; stigmata 4, sessile, villous; capsule 1-celled,
opening in 8 teeth at the tip; seeds kidneyshape, rough.

Mcenchia glauca. Glaucous mcench .

Herb glaucous; leaves lanceolate, acute; peduncles soli-
tary, long, 1 -flowered.

AlsinelJa f»*l i is caryophylleis, Raii Syn. 344, 1.

Sagina erecla, Lin. S. P. 183.

Mcenchia quaternella, Ehrhart Beitr. 2, 177.

Alsinella erecta, Mcench Method. 222.

Mcenchia glauca, Persoon Syn. 133.

Least stitchiL'ort. Upright pearlwort.

Gravelly pastures ; annual ; September and October.

Root small; stems few, upright, stiff, or many, trailing;
peduncles 1 or 2, very long; petals white, not so long as
the calyx; capsules cylindrical.

Fam. VIII. 73. CISTINEZE. De Candolle. Cisti, Jussieu.

Cistece , Lamarck.

Calyx 5-sepal ed, persisting; petals 5, hypogynous, equal,
caducous, expanded; stamens many, indefinite, hypogynous;
ovary 1, free; style 1 ; capsule many- seeded, 1 to 10-celled,
3 or many-valved; seeds affixed to the middle of the valves,
or bottom of the cells; perisperm fleshy; corculum bent or
spiral. — Stem shrubby or undershrubby ; leaves. mostly op-
posite, stipuled.

410. HELIANTHEMUM. Val. Cordus. Dwarf-cistus.

Calyx unequal, 2 outer sepales smallest; capsule 1-celled,
3-valved ; seeds adnate to the middle of the valves ; corcu-
lum bent. — Flowers mostly yellow.

a. Flowers yellow ; leaves not stipuled at the base .

1. Heiianth. marifolium. M arum-leaved dwarf-cistus.

Stem rather shrubby, procumbent; leaves opposite, ovate
or oblong, flat; beneath white, tomentose; flowers race-
mose.

Helianthemum alpinum folio pilosellaj minoris Fuclisii, Raii Syn. 3 42,3.

Cistus mari folios, Lin. S. P. 741.

Cistus hirsutus, Hudson FI. Angl. 232.

Cistos Anglic us, Lin. Mant. 245.

Cistus canus, Jacquin Auslr. 277.

Alpine rocks; shrubby; May and June.

862 411. Helian them urn. CISTJNEAL PLex.thah

heaves petioled, green above; flowers small; calyx vil-
lous; petals 4 or 5, not cut; ovary bald; style kneed.

2. Helianthemum gut t alum. Spotted dwarf-cistus.

Stem herbaceous, upright ; leaves opposite, oblong, three-

ribbed, hairy; radical leaves ovate ; racemes without bractese.
Cistus flore pallido, punicante macula insignito, Rail Syn. 342, 1.

Cistus annuus flore maeulato, Ger. em. 1281, 19.

Cisius annuus flore guftato, Park. 661.

Cistus guttatus, Lin. S. P. 741.

Sandy pastures ; annual ; June and July.

Stem 9 inches high, 4-sided; racemes terminal, 1-rowed;
calyx glandular; petals with a reddish spot at the base;
stigma sessile.

b. Flowers yellow ; leaves stipuled at the base.

3. Helianlhemum le difolium. Ledum-leaved dwarf-cistus .
Stem herbaceous, upright, rather bald ; flowers lateral,

alternate ; peduncles upright, shorter than the calyx.

Cistus annus, Ger. em. 1280, 17.

Cistus annuus longifolius Lobelii, Ger. em. 1280, 18.

Cistus Jedifolius, Lin. S. P. 742.

Cistus salicifolius, Hudson FI. Angl. 233.

Sandy pastures; annual; June and July.

Stem upright, sometimes branched at the bottom, few-
flowered ; leaves downy on both sides ; stipules one-third of
the length of the leaves; flowers solitary; petals shorter
than the calyx, falling off extremely soon.

4. Helianthemum Surreianum. Surrey dwarf-cistus.

Stem rather shrubby, trailing ; leaves ovate, oblong ;

beneath hairy, spotted ; stipules and petals lanceolate.

Helianthemum vulgare, petalis fiorum perangustis, Dilitn in Rail Syn.

341,2.

Cistus Surrejanus, Lin. S. P. 743.

Cistus Helianthemum 8, Hudson FI. Angl. 283.

Chalky hills ; shrubby ; July and August.

Stem simple, hairy; hairs bent back; leaves petiolated,
green on both sides, hairy and dotted underneath ; stipules
fringed; racemes many-flowered, solitary; petals slender,
pointed.

5. Helianthemum vulgare. Common dwarf-cistus .

Stem rather shrubby, trailing; leaves elliptical, oblong,

woolly beneath ; stipules lanceolate ; calyx nearly bald ;
petals roundish.

PI, ex. that, 73. CISTINEAE. 411. Helianthemum. 668

Helianthemum vulgare, Rail Syn. 341, 1 ; Park. 656; Be Candolle FI.
Gall. 4495.

Helianthemum Anglicum luteum, Ger.em. 1282, 1.

Cistus Helianthemum, Lin. S. P. 744.

Common dwarf cistus. Little sun-flower.

Sandy and chalky pastures ; shrubby ; July and August.
Stem mostly simple; leaves slightly rolled back, above
hairy, beneath clothlike, white; stipules fringed; stamens
as long as the style, upright, bending down as soon as
touched ; flowers gold yellow.

6. Helianthemum tomentosum , Clothlike dwarf-cisius.
Stem shrubby, trailing; leaves elliptical, oblong; beneath

snowy, clothlike, hairs stellate; stipules acute.

Cistus tomentosus, Scopoli 'FT. Cam. 1,276.

Mountains; undershrubby; July.

Leaves of the young shoots roundish ; hairs of the upper
surface of the leaves simple, of the under stellate ; flower s
large, gold yellow.

c. Flowers white ; leaves stipuled at the base.

7. Helianthemum polifolium. Poly-leaved dwarf-cisius.

Stem rather shrubby, trailing ; leav-es oblong, revolute,

beneath woolly ; hairs on both surfaces stellate.

Helianthemum q. Chamaecistus montanus polii folio D. Plukenet, Rail
Syn. 342, 4.

Cistus polifolius, Lin. S. P. 741.

Helianthemum polifolium, Be Candolle FI. Gall. 4 499.

Rocks the sea ; undershrubby ; June and July.

Hairs of the stem adpressed ; leaves green above, white
beneath ; petals white, often crenulated.

Fam. IX. 74. FRANKENIACEAL Saint Hilaire.

Calyx persisting, 5-parted or toothed; petals 5, hypogy-
nous, clawed, alternating with the calyx-lobes ; stamens 5
or 6 ; ovary simple ; style 1 ; stigmata 2 or 3; capsule one-
celled, 2 or 3-valved ; placentarium parietal ; corculum
straight, axile ; perisperm fleshy ; radicle below, or near the
hilum.

412. FRANKENIA. Linnaeus. Sea-heath,

Calyx nearly cylindrical, 5-toothed ; petal-claw channel-
led, crenulated with a scale.

664 412. Frank en. 74. FRANKENIACEiE. Pl.ex.thal.

1 . Frankenia Icevis. Smooth sea-heath.
Flowers solitary ; petals rather repand, blunt ; leaves

linear, fringed at the bottom.

Lychnis supina maritima ericae facie, Raii Syn. 338, 3.

Polygonum serpyllifolium, Ger. em. 566, 3.

Erica supina maritima Anglica, Park 1484.

Bogs on the sea-coast ; perennial; July.

Stem forked, trailing; leaves in bundles, revolute; flowers
from the forks of the stem, sessile ; petals flesh-colour.

2. Frankenia pulverulenta. Powdery sea-heath.

Flowers solitary ; petals rather repand ; leaves reverse

ovate, retuse, flat, powdery beneath.

Spergula q. Alsine maritima supina, foliis chamsecises Tournefort, Dil-
ten in Raii Syn. 352, 13.

Frankenia pulverulenta, Lin. S. P. 474.

Sea-coasts; annual; July.

Stem trailing, round, pubescent; calyx prismatic.

Fam. X. 75. DROSERA CEiE. De Candolle. Cappari -

dearum pars , Jussieu.
Calyx 5-cut; petals 5, withering quickly; stamens 5;
styles 5 ; ovary simple, girt with the persistent calyx and
corolla ; capsule 1-ceiled, 3 or 5-valved ; placentarium on
the middle of the valves; seeds many; perisperm fleshy;
corculum very small, straight at the base; radicle below;
cotyledons very short. — Stem herbaceous; leaves radical,
alternate, concave, covered with glandular fringes; flowers
on scapes, spiked; spikes when young involute.

413. DROSERA. Y. Cordus. Sun-dew.

Calyx 5-cut; petals 5; stamens 5; styles 5; capsule 3 or
5-valved.

1. Drosera rotundifolia. Round-leaved sun-dew.

Leaves radical, orbicular; petioles hairy; scape racemous.
Ros Solis folio rotundo, Raii Syn. 3 56, 1 ; Ger. em. 1556, 1.

Ros Solis minor, Park. 1052.

Drosera rotundifolia, Lin. S. P. 402.

Youth-wort. Red rot. Moor grass. Ros Solis.

Turf bogs; perennial; July and August.

Leaves very obtuse, concave, covered above with reddish
hairs; scapes many ; flowers upright ; sepales blunt ; petals
reverse ovate, white ; stamens short ; styles 6 ; stigmata

Pl.ex.thal. 75. DROSERACEiE. 413. Drosera. 665

awlshape; capsule 3-valved. — Plant acrid, caustic, supposed
to occasion the rot in sheep, and curdles milk, juice re-
moves warts and corns ; infusion in milk takes away freckles
and sunburn; distilled with wine produces a very stimu-
lating spirit, or may be made into a tincture, spiced and
sweetened; formerly much used. Leaf-hairs support glo-
bules of liquor even in the hottest weather, are very irrita-
ble, and close upon small insects that touch them, after
which the leaf itself bends and holds the dead insect im-
prisoned.

/3. caulescens . Plant with a stem,
y. perennis. Root perennial.

Ros solis, q. Rorella rotundifolia perennis Willisel, Rail Syn. 356, 3.

2. Drosera longifolia. Long-leaved sun-dew .

Leaves radical, reverse-ovate ; petioles bald ; scape race-

mous.

Ros Solis folio oblongo, Rati Syn. 356,2; Ger. cm. 1556,2.

Ros Solis sylvePtris longifolius, Park. 1052.

Drosera longifolia, Lin. S. P, 403.

Long-leaved rosa Solis.

Bogs ; perennial ; July and August.

Leaves oblong, blunt ; scapes many ; styles 6 or 9 ; cap
side 3-valvfed.

j3. caulescens . Plant with a stem,
y. perennis . Root perennial.

Ros Solis q. Rorella longifolia perennis Willisel, Raii Syn. 356,4.

3. Drosera Anglica. English sun-dew.

Leaves radical, oblong, blunt; petioles bald; scapes race-

inous; styles 8; capsule 4-valved.

Ros Solis q. Rorella longifolia maxima Willisel, Raii Syn. S5G, 5.
Drosera Anglica, Hudson FI. Angl. 135.

Bogs; perennial; July and August.

Leaves linear, reverse-ovate; scapes 12 in. high; styles 8;
stigmata clubshape; capsule 4-valved.

Fam. XI. 76. EESEDACEiE. De Candolle. Cappari -

dearum pars , Jussieu.
Calyx 4 or 6-cut, persistent; petals 4 or 6, hypogynous,
irregular, lobed; stamens 10 to 20; ovary nearly sessile,
simple; styles 3 to 5, short; stigmata 3 to 5; capsule one-
celled, angular, gaping at top, many-seeded ; seeds parietal ;

666 4? 13. Reseda. 75. RESEDA CEiE. BL.ex.thaL

perisperm very thin or 0; corculum roundish, bent; coty-
ledons thick; radicle above.-— Stem herbaceous ; leaves not
cut or pinnatifid; flowers racemose, yellow or white, brac-
teated.

4-14. RESEDA. Pliny. Dyers- weed.

Calyx 4 or 6-cut ; petals 4 or 6, lobed ; upper petal with
a nectary at the bottom; stamens 10 to 20, dedicate.

1. Reseda salicifolia. Willow-leaved dyers-weed.

Leaves lanceolate, waved, not cut ; calyx 4-cut ; stem

upright.

Reseda q. Luteola, Raii Syn. 366, 2.

Luteola, Ger. em. 494.

Luteola vulgaris, Park. 602.

Reseda Luteola, Lin. S. P. 643.

Yellow weed. Wild weld. Dyers weed.

Waysides and walls, also cultivated on poor soils; an-
nual ; June and July.

Root fusiform ; stem stiff, branched ; leaves bald ; spike
many-flowered, bracteated; middle petal 4-cut ; side petals
entire or 3-cut ; nectary crenated. — Plant affords a yellow
dye much used; also used to make the yellow paint, called
Dutch pink : on rich soils the stem becomes hollow, and
contains less colouring matter.

]S. polygalcefolia . Flowers small ; capsules slender, three-
toothed.

Reseda q. Luteola minima polygalse folio Du Bois, Dillen in Raii Syn.
367, 2*

2. Reseda lulea. Yellow dyers2 * * * * * * 9 weed .

Lower leaves pinnatifid, waved ; upper 3-cut; calyx six-

parted ; capsules oblong, triangular, truncated at the tip.

Reseda vulgaris, Raii Syn. 366, 1.

Reseda Plinii, Ger. em. 277, 1 .

Reseda minor, sen vulgaris, Park. 825.

Reseda lutea, Lin. S. P. 615.

Base rocket. Italian rocket. Wild mignonette.

Chalky fields and hills; annual; July and August.

Root woody ; stems branched ; leaf-lobes channelled, bald :
spike upright ; petals 6, variously lobed ; nectary jagged ;
capsules wrinkled.

#. crispa, Leaves curled.

Reseda crispa Gall ica, Raii Syn. 366, 2.*

PLex.thaL 77. POLYGALEZE. 415. Polygala. 667

Fam. XII. 77. POLY GALEAE. Jussieu.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; aestivation imbricate ; side-lobes often
largest, petaloid ; petals 3 or 5, joined by the androphore,
rarely distinct; stamens 8, hypogynous; filaments connate
below into a tubular androphore; anthers 1-celled, inserted
at the base, opening by a pore at top ; ovary simple, two-
celled; ovule solitary, pendulous; style 1; stigma often

2- lipped ; pericarp mostly capsular, 2-celled, 2-valved ;
valves septiferous in the middle; seed pendulous; hilum
strophiolate or comose ; corculum axile; perisperm fleshy.
— Stem herbaceous or shrubby, mostly bald ; leaves simple,
not cut, alternate; stipules 0; flowers spiked, terminal.

415. POLYGALA. Dioscorides. Milk-wort .

Calyx 5-parted, coloured ; 2 side-lobes largest, wing-
shaped; corolla-lower-Up bearded beneath.

1 . Poly gala vulgaris . Common milk-wort .
Leaves linear, lanceolate, acute ; calyx-wings ovate,

3- ribbed, as long as the corolla.

Polygala, Rail Syn. 287,* 1 ; Ger. ere. 564, 3, 4, and 5.

Polygala minor, Park. 1332.

Polygala vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 986.

Procession flower. Rogation flower. Hedge hyssop , Herb women.

Fields and pastures ; perennial; June and July.

Roots woody; stem simple, trailing ; leaves bald \ flowers
purple, red or white.

2. Poly gala amara. Bitter milk-wort.

Leaves blunt; upper leaves linear, lanceolate; radical

reverse ovate; calyx-wings ovate, 3-ribbed, blunt, longer
than the corolla.

Polygala amara, Willd. S. P.

Pastures and heaths ; perennial; June and July.

Root woody; stem upright; flowers purple, flesh-colour,
or white.

Fam. XIII. 78. VIOLACEiE. De Candol. Violce , Jussieu.

Calyx 5-parted ; petals 5, hypogynous, unequal, one ge-
nerally spurred ; stamens 5, hypogynous ; anthers often
coalescent; ovary 1, free; style 1 ; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved,
many-seeded; valves septiferous in the middle; perisperm
thin, fleshy; corculum straight. — Stem herbaceous; leaves
alternate, stipuled; flowers solitary, blue or yellow; au-
tumnal flowers often apetalous.

668

416. Viola. 78. VIOLACE^.

PI. ex. that

416. VIOLA. Pliny. Violet .

Calyx 5-parted, lower lobe produced at bottom ; petals 5 ;
upper largest, spurred at the base ; anthers slightly joined
together, membranaceous at the tip.

a. Viola. Stigma acute , lent lack at the tip .

1. Viola hirta . Hairy violet.

Stem 0 ; leaves heartshape, petioled ; petioles hairy ; calyx -

loles blunt; capsule hairy.

Viola Martia major hirsuta inodora, Raii Syn. 365, 8.

Viola hirta, Lin. S. P. 1324.

Mountain pansies.

Woods and hedges on chalk; perennial; March, April.
Shoots short, horizontal, tufted; leaves nearly upright,
serrated, hairy on both sides; petioles long, hairy; hairs
short, bent down ; stipules lanceolate ; scape and calyx
bald ; Iractece awlshape ; flowers blue, scentless.

2. Viola odorata. Sweet violet.

Stem 0 ; shoots creeping; leaves heartshape, bald; petioles

bald; calyx-loles blunt.

Viola Martia purpurea, Raii Syn. 364, 1.

Viola nigra sive purpurea, Ger. em. 850, 1.

Viola simplex Martin, Parle. Par. 282.

Viola odorata, Lin. S. P. 1324.

Shady places; perennial; March and April.

Root woody ; shoots long, rooting, leafy ; leaves bald
above, very slightly downy beneath ; petioles and scape ra-
ther bald ; flowers purple, fragrant. — Root 3ij. to 3iv.
emetic and purgative ; flowers laxative in syrup, which,
when well made, is of a fine blue colour, and used as a test
for acids and alkalies ; seeds also laxative.

/3 .alia. Flowers white or reddish ; side petals beardless.

Viola Martia alba, Raii Syn. 364,2.

Viola flore alba, Ger. em. 850, 2.

Viola simplex Martia llore albo, Park. Par. 282.

3. Viola palustris. Marsh violet.

Stem 0 ; leaves kidneyshape, bald on both faces, ribbed

beneath; calyx blunt ; spur very short ; root creeping.

Viola palustris rotund ifolia glabra, Raii Syn. 364, 6.

Viola palustris, Lin. S. P. 1324.

Moist meadows and bogs ; perennial ; April and May.

PI. ex. thal.

78. VIOLACEJE. 416. Viola.

66 9

Leaves crenate; petioles quite bald, roundish; scape four-
sided, bald; flowers pale blue, veined, inodorous; stigma
pitchershape.

/3. rubra . Flowers red, streaked.

Viola rubra striata Eboracensis, Raii Syn. 385, 7 ; Park. 755.

4. Viola canina. Dog violet .

S/era at full growth ascending, nearly 3-sided; leaves

oblong, heartshape, acute; stipules long, toothed, fringed;
calyx acute.

Viola Martia inodora sylvestris, Raii Syn. 364, 3.

Viola canina flore albo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 364, 3.

Viola canina sylvestris, Ger. em. 851, 6.

Viola sylvestris, Park. 755.

Viola canina, Lin. S. P. 1344.

Woods and hedges; perennial; April to June.

Root woody ; stem when young 0, afterwards long ; leaves
nearly bald ; petioles slightly winged above, bald ; stipulce
fringed; peduncles 4-sided, upright ; flowers blue or white,
streaked, inodorous ; stigma globular.

|3. pumila. Plant small; spur yellowish.

Viola canina vulgari omnibus partibus multo minorem ; floris calcari
luteolo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 364, 5.

y. alpina . Leaves round.

Viola Martia alpina folio tenello circinato, Raii Syn. 366, 12.

$. lactea . Stem round ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, running
at the base into the petiole ; stipulce glandular.

Viola lactea, Engl. Bot, 445.

Cream-coloured violet.

b. Jacea. Stigma upright, funnel- shape.

5. Viola tricolor. Threecoloured violet .

Herb bald ; stem angular, branched, diliuse ; stipules pin-

natifid ; petals twice as long as the calyx.

Viola tricolor, Raii Syn. 365, 9; Ger. em. 854, 1 ; Lin. S, P. 1326.
Viola tricolor major et vulgaris, Park. 756.

Hearts-ease. Pansie , i.e. Panacea. Love in idleness. Cull me to you.
Kiss me ere I rise. All from a fancied resemblance in the throat of the
flower. Herb trinity. Three faces under one hood , from the colours.

Fields ; annual ; May to September.

Stem leafed, downy ; branches upright , leaves alternate,
petioled, rarely slightly downy on the edges; flowers axil-
lary, single, inodorous ; peduncles very long ; petals purple
and yellow, reverse heartshape.

6 70

416. Viola. 78. VIOLACEiE.

PI. ex. that.

6. Viola arvensis. Corn violet.

Plant bald ; stem angular, branchy, diffused ; petals

scarcely as long as the calyx; stipules pinnatifid at the
bottom.

Viola bicolor arvensis, Rail Syn. 366, 11.

Viola tricolor petraea, Ger. cm. S54, 4.

Viola arvensis, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 84.

Corn-fields; annual; May and August.

Stem slightly pubescent; lower leaves round, heartshape;
upper leaves ovate, oblong, crenated ; peduncles long;
flowers white and yellow.

7. Viola lutea. Yellow violet.

Stem 3-sided, simple, upright ; leaves ovate, oblong,

crenated, fringed; stipules palmately cut, fringed.

Viola montana lutea grandiflora nostras, Rail Syn. 365, 10.

Viola lutea, Withering Bot.Arr. 263.

Viola grandiflora, Hudson FI. Angl. ed. 2, 380.

Great yellow pansey.

Mountainous pastures ; perennial ; May to September.
Stem weak at bottom ; stipule-lobes divaricating, outdr
lobes smallest; petals longer than the calyx, yellow, streaked
with black at the bottom, sometimes blue.

Earn. XIV. 79. PARNASSI^E. Capparidibus ajflnes , Juss.

Calyx 5-parted, persisting; petals 5, hypogynous, regular,
alternating with the sepales ; nectariferous scales 1 or 2,
fringed, glandular, at the base of each petal; stamens 5,
hyp°gynous5 alternating with the petals ; anthers 2-celled :
ovary 1, sessile, free; styles 0; stigmata 2 or 4, persisting;
capsule 4-valved, l -celled, or apparently 4-celled; partitions
on the middle of the valves; seeds ascending, margined;
perispermO; corculum straight; cotyledon small; radicle
below. — Stem herbaceous ; leaves radical, heartshape, ribless,
bald,, not in the least cut; scape 4-flowered at the tip;
brae tea 1, leaflike in the middle of the scape.

417. PARNASSIA. Tournefort. Grass-of -Parnassus.

Calyx 5-parted ; petals 5 or 6 ; scale 1 , at the base of
oach of the petals; stamens 5 ; capsule 4-sided, 1-celled.

Parnassia palustris . Marsh grass-of -Parnassus.

Root-leaves heartshape; nectariferous scales many-bristled.

Pl.ex.thal. 79. PARNASSIiE. 417. Parnassia. 671

Parnassia vulgaris et palustris, Rail Syn. 355.

Gramen Parnassi minus, Ger. era. 840.

Gramen Parnassi vulgare, Park. 429.

Parnassia vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 391.

Spongy bogs ; perennial ; September and October.

Root fibrous ; petals heartshape, with pellucid veins ;
scales short ; stamens at first incumbent upon the pistill,
then upright; anthers heartshape, yellow.

Fam. XV. 80. CRUCIFERS.

Calyx 4-sepaled, mostly deciduous ; petals 4, placed
crosswise, on the hypogynous disk, alternating with the
sepales, mostly clawed; stamens 6, 4 long, 2 short; ovary 1,
on the stamenbearing disk; style l or 0 ; stigma usually
2-lipped ; pericarp a siliqua or silicula, mostly 2-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded; valves free, opening lengthways;
partition membranaceous, margined, central, sometimes
prominent or beaked; perisperm 0; corculum bent; radicle
opposite to the hilum; seminal leaves nicked at the tip. — ■
Stem herbaceous ; leaves alternate.

a. Siliculosa. Pericarp rounded.

Silicula 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved Xsatis. 435.

Silic. 2-jointed ; upper-joint-seeds erect,
sessile ; lower joint mostly barren Cakile. 432.

Silic. 2-jointed ; upper-joint-seed pedi-
celled; lower joint mostly barren Crambe. 433.

Silic. 2-celled, valveless, 2-seeded . . . Coronopus. 434.

Silic. 2-celled, 2-valved, not nicked;
valves flat; cells many-seeded Draba. 444.

Silic. 2-celled, 2-valved, not nicked;
valves bellied ; cells many-seeded ;

cotyledons linear Subularja. 443.

Silic. 2-celled, 2-valved, not nicked ;
valves bellied ; cells 3 or 4-seeded ;
siyle^ leaflike Vella. 436.

Silic. 2-celled, 2-valved, not nicked ;
valves bellied ; cells many-seeded ;
cotyl. incumbent Camelina. 445.

Silic. 2-celled, 2-valved, not nicked;
valves bellied ; cells many-seeded ;
cotyl. accumbent Cochlearia. 442.

Silic. 2-celled, 2-valved, not nicked ;
valves flatfish; cells 1-seeded Alyssum. 446.

672

80. CRUCIFERS.

PI. ex. thaL

Silic, 2-celled, 2-valved, not nicked,
keeled; cells 2-seeded ;Jilam. simple Nasturtiolum. 438*
Silic. 2-celled, 2-valved, nicked, keeled ;
cells 2-seeded ; filaments scale-bearing . . Teesdalia, 439*
Silic. 2 celled, 2-valved, keeled;

cells 1 -seeded ; petals equal Lepidium. 441*

Silic. 2-celled, 2-valved, nicked, keeled ;

cells 1 -seeded ; petals 2 larger Iberis. 440.

Silic. 2-celled, 2-valved, nicked, keeled;
cells many-seeded Thlaspx. 437.

b. Siliquosa. Pericarp long, many-seeded.

b. 1 . Cotyledons conduplicate ; seeds globular ;
siliqua cylindrical .

Siliqua valveless, nearly jointed ;

cells 2 ; sspales closed Raphanus. 430.

Siliqua valveless, nearly jointed ;

cell 1; sepales closed Raphanistrum. 431.

Siliqua 2-valved, nearly 2-jointed ;

cells 2 ; sepales spreading Sinapis. 429.

Siliqua 2-valved ; beak barren
or 1 -seeded; sepales closed Brassica. 428.

b. 2. Cotyledons conduplicate ; seeds compressed ;
siliqua 2 or 4- angled .

Cot. incumbent, flat; sepales upright;
stigma sessile, 2-lobed ; siliq. 2 or 4-sided Hesferis. 427,
Cot. incumbent; sepales upright;
stigma- lobes connivent; longer jilam. dilated

Matthiola. 426.

Cot. incumbent; sepales upright;
stigma headed ; siliq. 4-sided ; seed

not margined Erysimum. 424.

Cot. incumbent, flat ; sepales spread ;
stigma headed ; siliq. 4-sided ; seed

not margined Sisymbrium. 423.

Cot. accumbent; sepales spread;
siliq. roundish ; valves convex, ribless Nasturtium. 422.

Cot. accumbent; sepales closed,
bagged at the base; stigma 2-lobed . . Cheiranthus. 425.

PI. ex. thal.

80. CRUCIFERS.

673

Cot. accumbent; sepales connivent;
siliq. 2 to 4-angled; seeds one-rowed .... Barbarea. 421.

Cot. accumbent ; sepales connivent;
siliq. linear; valves ribbed; seeds 1-rowed .. Arabis. 419.

Cot. accumbent; sepales connivent;
siliq. linear ; valves ribless ; seeds 2-rowed Cardamine. 4 1 8.

Cot. accumbent; sepales connivent;
siliq. 2-edged ; valves ribbed ; seeds 2-rowed Turritis. 420.

A. Siliqua long, 2-valved, 2-celled, 2or4-edged; nec-
tariferous glands 2 ; cotyledons not folded.

I. 418. CARDAMINE. Dioscorides. Cuckow-flower.

Siliqua-edges truncated, linear; valves flat, ribless, often
flying back elastically; partition very narrow. — Flowers
white.

1 . Cardamine hdhifera. Bulb-hearing cuckow-flower .

Stem quite simple; lower leaves pinnate, upper simple.

Dentaria bulbifera, Ger. em. 984, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 912.

Cardamine bulbifera, Aiton Hort. Kew. 102.

2'oothed violet. Dog's tooth violet .

Shady places ; perennial ; April and May.

Root creeping, toothed; stem naked at bottom; upper
leaves bulbiferous in the axillae; bulbs scaly, dark purple;
corymbus many-flowered ; corollce large, pale purple.

2. Cardamine bellid folia. Daisy -leaved cuckow-flower .

Leaves simple, ovate, not in the least cut, one-third the

length of the petioles ; flowering stem as long as the leaves.
Cardamine bellid i folia, Lin. S. P. 913.

Alpine grassy places ; perennial ; August.

Stem 2 in. high, simple, bald; root-leaves very longly
petioled ; corymbus terminal, few-flowered ; petals white ;
siliqua bald, linear.

3. Car dam. resedcefolia. Dyed s-weed-leaved cuckow-flower .
Lower leaves ovate, undivided, petioled; upper 3-lobed

or pinnate.

Cardamine resedifolia, Lin. S. P. 913.

Alpine grassy places ; perennial; August.

Stem simple, 3 in. high. Perhaps a variety of the former*
as it was considered by Haller.

VOL. II. 2 x

674* 4-18. Cardamine. 80. CRUCIFERJE. PI. ex. that.

4. Car damme amara. Bitter cuckow-flower .

Leaves pinnate; leaflets of root-leaves roundish, of stem-

leaves angularly toothed ; style oblique; stigma rather
acute ; stem rooting at the base.

Cardamine flore raajore elatior, Raii Syn. 299, 1.

Nasturtium aquaticum amarum. Park. 1239,3.

Cardamine amara, Lin. S. P. 915.

Cardamine melanthera, Stokes Bot. Mat . Med. 445.

Bitter cress.

Watery places; perennial; April.

Root toothed ; petals white ; anthers violet-colour ; siliqua
oblique. — Slightly acrid and bitter, eaten in sallads.

5. Cardamine pratensis. Meadow cuckow-flower .

Leaves pinnate ; root-leaf-leaflets nearly round ; stem-leaf-

leaflets lanceolate; style striated; stigma headed.

Cardamine, Raii Syn. 299, 2 ; Ger. em. 259.

Nasturtium pratense majus seu Cardamine latifolia, Parle. 825.
Cardamine pratense, Lin. S.P. 915.

Ladies smock, Cheshire. Cuckow-flower. Canterbury bells, Norfolk.

Damp fields and pastures ; perennial ; April and May.
Root toothed; stem simple; root -leaves longly petioled ;
corymbus many-flowered ; flowers large, purple ; anthers
yellow. — Flowers useful in epilepsy and hysteria, gr. 20 to
90 twice a day ; probably anthelmintic : some use the
flowering tops.

j3. dupllcata. Flowers double.

6. Cardamine impatiens. Touch-me-not cuckow-flower .
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, slightly cut ; stipules

fringed ; petals linear, or 0.

Cardamine impatiens, vulgo Sium minus impatiens, Raii Syn. 299, 3.
Sium minus impatiens, Ger. em. 260,7.

Sium minimum, Noli me taiigere dictum, sive impatiens, nasturtii syl-
vestris folio, Park. 1241.

Cardamine impatiens, Lin. S. P. 914.

Damp hilly places ; annual; May and June.

Stem upright, branchy, angular ; leaves many-paired :
leaflets cut; stipules fringed; fruits racemose.

7. Cardamine hirsuta. Shaggy cuckow-flower .

Leaves pinnate, stipuleless; leaflets petioled; root-leaf-

leaflets nearly roundish; stamens 4 or 5, nearly equal to
the petals ; stigmata nearly sessile.

PL ex. that, 80. CRUCIFERiE. 418. Cardamine. 615

Cardamine impatiens altera hirsutior, Raii Syn, 300,4.

Cardamine hirsuta, Lin. S. P. 915.

Cardamine flexuosa, Withering Bot. Arr. 578.

Cardamine parviflora, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 1 104.

Cardamine impatiens, FI. Dan. 735.

Hairy cress.

Iiuins and damp shady places; annual; May and June.
Herb hairy; stem branchy, flexuous, rarely stiff; siliqua
hairy, slender.

II. 419. ARABIS. Dioscorides. Turkey-pod,

Siliquce linear, crowned with the sessile stigma ; valves
veined and ribbed; seeds in a single row; cotyledons ac-
cumbent; calyx upright. — Flowers white.

1 . Arabis stricta. Stiff Turkey-pod.

Leaves toothed, blunt, hispid ; root-leaves nearly lyrate ;

stem-leaves hispid ; petals upright.

Cardamine pumila, bell idis folio, alpina, Raii Syn. 300, 5; Ger , em. 2G0„
Arabis stricta, Hudson FI. Angl. 292.

Arabis hispida, Alton Hort. Kew , 2, 400, not of Linnaeus.

Bristol rock-cress.

Stems tufted, upright; leaves dark green, rather shining,
reddish beneath ; hairs simple, rarely forked ; corymbus
few-flowered ; flowers whitish ; siliquce upright, stifl*, scarcely
torulous.

2. Arabis hispida . Hispid Turkey -pod*

Root-leaves sinuated, lyrate, longly petioled ; stem-leaves

mostly uncut, bald ; fruit-bearing peduncles spreading, half
as long as the siliqua.

Cardamine q. Nasturtium petraeum Johnsoni, Raii Syn. 300, 6.

Arabis hispida, Lin. Suppl. PI. 298.

Sisymbrium arenosum, Lin. FI. Suec. 233, not Lin, S. P.

Cardamine petrsea, Hudson FI. Angl. 293.

Welch rock-cress.

High alpine rocks; perennial; June and July.

Stems many, tufted, 9 in. high, ascending; leaves hairy,
hairs forked, spreading ; flowers purple, or white with a pur-
plish mouth ; petal-limb horizontal ; siliquce torulose.

/3. hastula. Leaves nearly bald, slightly lobed.

Cardamine petraea, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 347.

Cardamine hastulata, Engl. Bot. 469.

Alpine rock-cress.

3. Arabs Thaliana. Thaliui Turkey-pod .

Leaves toothed, hairy ; root-leaves oblong, petioled ; sta -

mens nearly as long as the petals ; siliquce ascending,

2x2

676 419. Arabis. 80. CRUCIFERiE.

PI. ex. that.

Turritis vulgaris ramosa, Raii Syn. 294, 3.

Paronychia major ei altera minor, Park. 556.

Arabis thaliana, Lin. S. P. 929.

Codded mouse-ear.

Walls and sandy places ; annual ; April.

Stem branched, upright, hairy ; root-leaves depressed ;
stem-leaves petioled; petals white, upright; siliquee bent,
ascending; pedicells spreading.

4. Arab is ciliata. Fringed Turkey-pod .

Leaves slightly toothed, oval, bald, fringed; root-leaves

nearly sessile, blunt; stem-leaves nearly embracing the
stem.

Turritis ciliata, WilUlenow S. P. 3, 544.

Turritis nlpina, Engl. Bot. 1746.

Arabis ciliata, R. Brown in Hort. Kew. 107.

Sea-shore; perennial; July.

Stem 10 in. high, upright, smooth ; leaves toothed \ flowers
white ; siliquee upright, spreading.

5. Arabis hirsuta. Hairy Turkey-pod.

Leaves hispid, toothed; stem-leaves nearly embracing

the stem ; siliquee stiff.

Turritis muralis minor, Raii Syn. 294, 2.

Erysimo similis hirsuta planta, Park. 834.

Turritis hirsuta, Lin. S. P. 930.

Arabis hirsuta, Scopoli Cam.

TV all cress. Daisy leaf tower mustard.

Walls and stony places; perennial; May.

Stem upright, 12 in. high, branchy; hairs simple, spread-
ing ; leaf-hairs some simple, some forked ; petals white ;
siliquee erect, afterwards drooping, 4-sided, shining, torulous.

6. Arabis major . Great Turkey-pod.

Leaves embracing the stem ; siliquee flat, thick at the

edges ; bradeee leafy.

Turritis major, Ger. em. 272.

Arabis Turritis, Lin. S. P. 920.

Great tower-mustard .

Old walls; biennial; May.

Stem upright, hairy; leaves toothed, rather rough ; petals
yellowish-white ; siliquee bent down, very long.

III. 420. TURRITIS. Lobel. Tower-mustard *

1- Siliquee long, 2-edged ; valves ribbed, or keeled ; seeds

2- rowed; cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white.

Pl.ex.thal. 80. CRUCIFERiE. 420. Turritis. 67 7

Turritis glabra . ita/cZ tower-mustard ,

Root-leaves toothed, hairy ; stem-leaves embracing the
stem, not in the least cut, bald.

Turritis, Raii Syn. 293, 1 ; Ger. em. 272, 1.

Turritis vulgatior, Park. 852.

Turritis glabra, Lin. S. P. 930.

Tower-mustard. Towers treacle,

Sandy pastures ; annual ; May and June.

Stem simple, stiff, 2 feet high, bald; root-leaves lanceo-
late; stem-leaves arrowshape; petals white, upright; sili-
quce racemose, hard, pedicelled, upright.

IV. 421. BARBAREA. Dodonseus. Winter cress,

Siliquce 4-sided or 2-edged; seeds 1-rowed; cotyledons,
accumbent; calyx upright; stamens , the 2 shorter with a
gland between them.— -Flowers yellow.

1 . Barbarea vulgaris. Common winter-cress.

Lower leaves lyrate; terminal lobe rounded ; upper leaves

reverse ovate, toothed.

Eruca (spuria) lutea sen Barbarea, Raii Syn. 297,2.

Barbarea, Ger. em. 243.

Barbarea flore sirnplici, Park. 819.

Erysimum Barbarea, Lin. S. P. 912.

Barbarea vulgaris, Hort. Kew . 109.

Yellow rocket. Winter cress. Herb St. Barbara.

Ruins and pastures ; annual; May to August.

Stem 2 feet high, upright, angular; leaves shining, dark
green; sepales often coloured; petals golden yellow; siliquce
short, nearly upright. — Herb mucilaginous, nauseously
bitter.

2. Barbarea praecox. Early winter-cress .

Lower leaves lyrate; upper leaves pinnatifid, lobes linear,

oblong, not in the least cut.

Eruca spuria q. Barbarea foliis minoribus et frequentius sinuatis, Raii
Syn. 297, 3.

Erysimum Barbarea /3, Lin. S. P. 922.

Barbarea praecox, Hort. Kew. 109.

Erysimum praecox, Engl. Bot. 443.

Belle Isle cress. French cress.

Moist places, also cultivated ; biennial ; April to October.
Petals pale yellow ; sepales broad ; siliquce long. — Eaten
in sallads, has the taste of water cress ; flowers frequently
double in gardens.

678 422. Nasturtium. 80. CRUCIFERiE. Pl.ex.thal.

V. 422. NASTURTIUM. Pliny. Cress .

Siliquee nearly cylindrical, sometimes short; valves con-
cave, ribs 0; keel 0; cotyledons accumbent; calyx spread-
in g. — Siliquee declinate.

1. Nasturtium officinale . Shop cress.

Leaves pinnate; leaflets ovate, rather heartshape, repand.

Nasturtium aquaticum seu Sisymbrium Cardamine, Raii Syn. 300, 1.
Nasturtium aquaticum, sive Cratevae Sium, Ger.em. 251.

Nasturtium aquaticum vulgare, Park. 1239,

Sisymbrium Nasturtium, Lin. S. P. 910.

Nasturtium officinale, R. Brown in Hort. Kevo. 110.

Water cress .

Damp places and brooks ; perennial ; June and July.
Stem declinate, rooting at bottom; leaves shining; petals
white; siliquee spreading. — An excellent spring sallad, an-
tiscorbutic, less acrid than scurvygrass.

/3. preecox. Leaves smaller; flowers earlier.

Nasturtium aquaticum foliis minoribus prascocius, Rail Syn. 301,2.

y. paueijugatum. Leaflets fewer paired.

Nasturtium aquaticum pinnulis paucioribus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 30 1, 3 .

2. Nasturtium sylvestre. Wild cress.

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, serrate or deeply cut.
Eruca (spuria) aquatica, Raii Syn. 297, 1 ; Ger. em. 248, 6 ; Park. 1242.
Sisymbrium sylvestre, Lin. S. P. 916.

Nasturtium sylvestre, R. BrGwn in Hort. Kew. 1 10.

Water rocket.

Marshes and river banks; perennial; June to September.
Root creeping; stem upright, angular, panicled; leaves
bald; leaflets decurrent; petals gold-yellow \ fruit racemose.

3. Nasturtium terrestre . Land cress .

Leaves pinnatifid, toothed, bald; root fusiform; petals

as long as the calyx.

Raphanus aquaticus foliis in profundis lacinias divisis, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 301,2.

Sisymbrium terrestre, Curtis FI. Land.

Sisymbrium palustre, Willd. S. P. 3,49.

Sisymbrium ampliibium a, Hudson FI. Angl. 296.

Nasturtium terrestre, R. Brown in Hort. Keto.

Water radish.

Inundated places ; annual; June to September.

Stem upright, branched; petals very small, yellow; sili-
quee spreading horizontally, racemose.

Pl, ex. thal. 80. CRUCIFER.ZE. 422. Nasturtium. 679

4. Nasturtium amphibium. Amphibious cress.

Leaves oblong, lanceolate, pinnatifid, or serrate; petals
longer than the calyx ; root fibrous.

Raphanus aquaticus q. Radicula sylvestris sen palustris Joh. Bauhini,
Raii Syn. 301, 1.

Sisymbrium amptiibium, Lin. S. P. 917.

Sisymbrium amphibium /3, Hudson FI. Angl. 296.

Sisymbrium aquaticum, Pollich 2,230.

Sisymbrium diversifolium, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 3,450.

Nasturtium amphibium, R. Brown in Hort. Kew. 110.

River-sides ; annual ; June to August.

Stem rooting, slightly branched; leaves simple, sometimes
downy ; flowers yellow ; siliquce very short.

0. pinnatifidum . Leaves pinnately lobed.

Raphanus aquaticus, Ger. em. 240, 2.

Sisymbrium amphibium y, Lin. S. P. 917.

VI. 423. SISYMBRIUM. Theophrastus. Bank-cress.

Siliquce nearly cylindrical or angular ; cotyledons incum-
bent, sometimes obliquely flat; calyx spreading, sometimes
rather upright. — Flower yellow; siliquce upright.

1. Sisymbrium officinale. Shop bank-cress.

Siliquce awlshape, downy, pressed close to the rachis ;

leaves runcinate, hairy ; stem hispid.

Eruca (spuria) hirsuta, siliqua caule adpressa, Erysimum dicta, Raii
Syn. 298, 4.

Erysimum Dioscorides Lobelio, Ger.em. 254, 1.

Erysimum officinale, Lin. S. P. 922.

Sisymbrium officinale, R. Brown in Hort . Kew. 111.

Hedge mustard. Scrambling rocket.

Walls and hedges, also cultivated ; annual; June, July.
Herb hairy ; stem 2 feet high, branches spreading ; petals
lemon-yellow. Used as a potherb, is warm and acrid;
juice of great use in hoarseness, and ulcers of the throat,
made into a syrup, and slowly swallowed.

2. Sisymbrium latifolium. Broad-leaved bank-cress.

Leaves runcinate, toothed, bald; stem smooth; siliquce

upright, spread.

Erysimum latifolium Neapolitanum, Raii Syn. 298,2.

Sisymbrium Irio, Lin. S . P. 921.

Irio laevis Apulus, erucae folio, Column. Ecphr. 264,

Walls and ruins; annual; July and August.

Herb always quite bald, acrid ; stem upright, 2 feet high,
branched at top ; leaves pointed ; petals yellow ; siliquce very
long.

680 4*23. Sisymbrium. 80. CRUCIFERiE. VI. ex. that.

3. Sisymbrium absinlhioides. Wormwood-like lank-cress.

Leaves doubly pinnate ; leaflets linear, terminal leaflet
longest; petals smaller than the calyx.

Erysimum Sophia dictum, Rail Syn. 298, 3.

Sophia chirurgorum, Ger. em. 1068, 1 ; Park. 830.

Sisymbrium Sophia, Lin. S. P. 920.

Flix-weed. Flux-weed.

Ruins and dunghills; annual; July.

Stem 2 feet high, upright, branchy ; leaflets decurrent,
unequal, slightly hairy ; petals yellow. — Seeds drank in wine
used in the bloody-flux and other profluvia, also against
worms; herb used in hysteric cases.

VII. 424. ERYSIMUM. Theophrastus. Hedge mustard.

Siliquce 4 -sided; seeds not margined, cotyledons incum-
bent; stigma headed or notched, spread on the tube; calyx
close.

1. Erysimum cheiranthoides. Wallflower hedge mustard .

Leaves lanceolate, not in the least cut, or few-toothed,

hairy, hairs three-parted, stellate; siliquce nearly upright ;
peduncles spreading; stigma undivided, nearly sessile.

Erysimum q. myagro affinis PJanta siliquis longis Job. Bauhini, Ran
Syn. 298, 1 .

Camelina sive Mvagrum alterum amarum, Park. 867.

Camelina, Ger. em. 273, 4.

Erysimum cheiranthoides, IJn. S. P. 923.

Cheiranthus erysimoides, Hudson FI. Angl.Z&l .

Treacle wormseed.

Fields and osier-holts; annual; July.

Stem upright, branched at top ; hairs pressed to the stem ;
sepales pale yellow ; petals gold yellow; siliquce racemose;
peduncles horizontal. — Seeds anthelminthic.

2. Erysimum cor difolium. Heart-leaved hedge mustard.

Leaves heartshape, petioled, deeply toothed.

Hesperis allium redolens, Raii Syn. 293,2.

Alliaria, Ger.em. 794; Park. 112.

Erysimum Alliaria, Lin. S. P. 922.

Erysimum cordifolium, Stokes Rot. Mat. Med. 4, 45S.

Hesperis Alliaria, JDe Candolle FI. Gall. 4125.

Sauce alone. Jack by the hedge.

Shady hedges ; perennial ; May.

Herb shining, bald, smelling like garlick ; stem mostly
simple; petals white; siliquce upright, very long. — Herb
fried, or eaten in sallads; also used as a sauce to saltfish;
communicates a rank flavour to poultry that eat it.

Pl.ex.thal. 80. CRUCIFERiE. 425. Cheirantlius. 681

VIII. 425. CHEIRANTHUS. Linnaeus. Wallflower .

Siliquce compressed or two-edged; cotyledons accumbent;

calyx closed ; opposite leaflets bagged at bottom ; stigma
sitting on the style, headed cr 2-lobed; lobes spreading.

Cheiranthvs fruticulosus. Shruhly wallflower .

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, hoary underneath ; down
quite simple, pressed close to the leaves; stem shrubby,
branches angular.

Leucojum luteum, vulgo Cheiri flore simplici, Raii Syn. 291,2.
Cheiranthus fruticulosus. Lint. Mant. 94.

Cheiranthus Cheiri, Hudson FI. Ang 1.281.

Wild wallflower.

Old walls; perennial; May and June.

Stem much branched ; leaves linear, hairy particularly
underneath ; flowers yellow, odoriferous ; petals stiff, bent
down; seeds not winged.

IX. 426. MATTHIOLA. Plunder. Stock .

Siliqiice cylindrical or compressed, crowned ; stigma

2-lobed; lobes connivent, thickened on the back; coty-
ledons incumbent or fastened by the point to the base ;
longer filaments dilated.

1. Matthiola incana . Hoary stock.

Leaves lanceolate, not in the least cut; siliqiice cylin-
drical, glandular ; stigma-lobes thicker at the back, or nearly
simple.

Cheiranthus incanus, Lin. S.P.

Matthiula incana, R. Brown in Hort. Kew . 1 19.

Sea-cliffs; biennial; June and July.

Herb hairy, downy; stem much branched; flowers pur-
plish crimson, odoriferous; siliqiice horned, cylindrical.

2. Matthiola sinuata . Jagged stock.

Leaves clothlike ; lower leaves jagged ; siliqiice com-
pressed, prickly; stigma-lobes thickened on the back or
nearly simple.

Leucojum marinum majus, Raii Syn. 291, 1 ; Park. 622.

Leucojum marinum purpureum, Ger. em. 460,2.

Cheiranthus sinuatus, Lin. S. P. 926.

Chieiranthus tricuspidatus, Hudson FI. Angl.288.

Matthiola sinuata, R. Brown in Hort. Kew. 119.

Purple sea stock-gilliflower.

Sea-shores; biennial; August.

682 426. Matthiola. 80. CRUCIFERZE. Pl. eac. thaL

Herb woolly, hairs stellate, entangled; stem branched;
leaves blunt ; flowers light violet, odoriferous in the even-
ing ; petals notched ; stigma 4-cut ; seeds margined.

X. 427. HESPERIS. Pliny. Dames-violet.

Siliqucc 4-sided or 2-edged ; stigma nearly sessile, lobes

connivent; cotyledons incumbent, flat; calyx close.

Hesperis inodora . Scentless dames-violet .

Petal-limb reverse-ovate ; siliquce upright, torose, edges
plain.

Hesperis sylvestris inodora, Dillen in Raii Syn. 293, 1.

Hesperis Pannonica inodora, Park. 628, descr. 1682, fig.

Viola inatronalis flore purpureo, sive albo, Ger. em. 462, 1.

Hesperis inatronalis, Lin. S. P. 927.

Hesperis inodora, Lin. S. P. 929.

Damask violets. Winter gilliflowers. Rogues' gillijlowers . Close sciences.

Pastures and rivulets; perennial; May and June.

Stem branched above, hairs simple or forked ; leaves
rough, woolly on both sides ; flowers large, purplish red ;
peduncles expanded.

B. Siliquce long, 2-valved, 1 -celled, beaked; cotyledons
conduplicate \ flowers mostly yellow ; nectariferous glands 4.

XI. 428. BRASSICA. Pliny. Colewort .

Siliquce 2-valved, beaked ; beak barren or 1 -seeded; coty-
ledons conduplicate; calyx closed.

1 . Brassica macrorhiza. Long-rooted colewort .

Boot fusiform, stemforming; leaves smooth; upper leaves
heartshaped, lanceolate, embracing the stem ; lower leaves
lyrate.

Napus sylvestris, Raii Syn. 295, 1.

Bunias sylvestris Lobelii, Ger. em. 235, 2.

Bunias seu Napus sylvestris nostras, Park. 865.

Brassica Napus, Lin. S. P. 931.

Brassica gongy lodes, Miller Diet.

Wild navew. Wild rape.

Corn-fields and hedges ; biennial ; May.

Stem branched, bald ; leaves glaucous, especially beneath;
upper leaves scarcely cut, much spread ; petals gold-yellow ;
siliquce spreading ; beak angular.

@. sativa. Boot thick.

Bunias, Ger. em. 235, 1.

Napus sativus. Park. Par. 507.

Rapa Napus, Miller Diet.

Navew gentle. French turnep. Colsa. Mowing cabbage. Raps.

PL ex, trial, 80. CRUCIFERiE. 428. Brassica. 683

Cultivated.

Root nutritive, used as a potherb; seeds yield much oil,
used in woolcombing and for other purposes; oil-cakes
fatten cattle, and are also used as manure.

2. Brassica sphcerorhiza . Roundrooted colewort.

Root stemforming, orbicular, flattened, fleshy; root-leaves

Jyrate, rough ; stem-leaves not in the least cut.

Rapa sativa rotunda, Raii Syn. 294, 1.

Rapum majus, Ger.em. 232, 1.

Brassica Rapa, Lin. S. P . 9.31.

Sinapis Rapa, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 478.

Turnep. Rape. Knolles.

Edges of fields, also cultivated, in light soils; biennial ;
April.

Root fleshy ; stem upright, smooth, branched ; root-leaves
rough, dark green ; stem-leaves smooth, rather glaucous ;
siliquce cylindrical. — Roots nutritive to man and cattle,
either raw or dressed ; rind slightly acrid ; juice of the
root with sugar used in colds and hoarsenesses, also fer-
mented for a common sort of cyder; seeds pressed for oil;
young shoots used for sallads, or as a potherb.

0. ollonga. Root oblong.

Rapa sativa oblonga, seu foemina, Raii Syn. 294,2.

Rapa rarlice oblonga, Ger. em. 232, 2.

Long-rooted iurneps.

3. Brassica olerQcea. Pot colewort .

Root stemforming, cylindrical, fleshy; leaves bald, glau*

cous, repand or lobed.

Brassica maritima arborea seu procerior raraosa, Raii Syn. 293, 1.
Brassica oleracea a, Lin. S. P. 932.

Sea cabbage. Sea colewort.

Cliffs by the sea, also cultivated ; biennial ; May, June.
Leaves rough, unequally toothed ; flowers yellow; siliquce
torulose. — Roots eatable, but not so tender as those of
turnep; leaves eatable, when wild require boiling in two
waters to remove the saltness; and when cultivated required
to be blanched, by being kept from the light.

0. viridis, Leaves white with a glaucous tinge.

Brassica vulgaris sativa, Ger. em. 312, 1.

Brassica sativa, Park. 268.

Garden coleworts.

y. sulrubens. Leaves red.

Brassica rubra, Ger. em. 312, 3.

Red coleworts. Red kale.

6845 428. Brassica. 80. CRUCIFERJE. Pl.ex.thaL

rubra. Leaves red, forming a roundish head before
flowering.

Brassica capitata rubra, Ger. em. 313, 5.

Red cabbage , Park. Par. 504.

s. capitata . Leaves forming, before flowering, a roundish
head, smooth.

Brassica capitata alba, Ger. em. 312, 4.

Brassica capitata. Park. 268.

Cabbage ; many varieties in cultivation.

£. Sabauda . Leaves green, forming a roundish head be-
fore it flowers, rough.

Brassica patula, Ger. em. 315, 6.

Savoy cabbage. Savoy.

rj. glomerosa. Leaves green, forming a roundish head
before flowering, edges turned back.

Brassica Sabauda, Ger. em. 315, 11.

Savoy colewort.

0. Sabellica. Leaves curled at the edges, green.

Brassica sativa crispa, Ger. cm. 312, 2.

Green kale. Curled coleworts.

1. selinoides. Leaves pinnate; leaflets jagged.

Brassica selinoides, Ger. em. 315, 13.

Brassica laciniata, Park. 269.

Parsley colewort.

x. botrytis. Stem forming, before it flowers, a reverse-
ovate white head, surrounded by oblong leaves.

Brassica florida, Ger. em. 314, 9.

Colc-Jlorie. Cauliflower.

A. Italica . Stem forming, before it flowers, several small
heads, surrounded and intermixed with oval leaves.

Brassica Sabauda crispa, Ger. em. 315, 12.

Brassica florida, Park. 269.

Broccoli. Purple broccoli. White broccoli.

ju,. Suecica. Stem globular at the base.

Brassica Napo-brassica, Hermbstaedt ?

Tnrnep-rooted cabbage. Chou-navet. Swedish iurnep.

y. gongylodes . Stem before flowering cylindrical, glo-

bular at the top, with shoots from the ends and sides.

Caulorapum rotundum, Ger. em. 318.

Round rape cole. Chou-rave. Kael-rabi.

Cultivated for potherbs; the white and green are usually
eaten boiled, or raw in sallads ; sometimes they are pre-
viously salted; the red are generally pickled in vinegar:
the roots of the two last varieties are used as turneps for
men and cattle.

PLex.thal, 80. CRUCIFERiE. 428. Brassica. 685

4. Brassica Monensis . Isle-of-Man colewort.

Leaves pinnatifid ; stem rather naked, bald ; siliquce

short, beak 1 -seeded.

Eruca Monensis laciniata lutea. Raii Syn. 297,2.

Sisymbrium Monense, Lin. S. P. ed. I, 658.

Brassica Monensis, Hudson FI, Angl.29l.

Sandy sea-shores; perennial; June and July.

Stem spreading, quite simple, nearly leafless ; leaves
mostly radical, fleshy ; lobes nearly equal ; petals yellow,
veined ; siliquce upright, spreading, smooth.

5. Brassica campestris. Field colewort.

Boot and stem slender ; leaves heartshape, pointed, em-
bracing the stem; lower leaves lyrate, toothed, slightly
hispid.

Brassica campestris, Lin. S. P. 931.

Fields; annual; June.

Stem upright, leafy ; leaves glaucous, paler beneath ;
petals yellow, broad ; siliquce veined reticulately, torulose ;
beak long, striated.

6. Brassica orientalis., Eastern colewort.

Leaves heartshape, embracing the stem, bald; root-leaves

rough, not in the least cut; siliquce 4-sided.

Brassica campestris perfoliata fiore albo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 293, 2.
Perfoliata siliquosa, Ger. em. 536, 2.

Perfoliata siliquosa vulgaris, seu Brassica campestris.

Brassica orientalis, Lin. S. P. 931.

Brassica campestris, Hudson FI. Angl. 290.

Codded thorow-teax. White thorovo colewort, Hares'-ear cabbage.

Fields and cliffs by the sea; annual; June.

Stem branched from the bottom, leafy, smooth ; leaves
bald, not in the least cut; petals small.

XII. 429. SINAPIS. Theophrastus. Mustard,

Siliquce 2-valved, sometimes 2-jointed, upper joint valve-
less ; cotyledons conduplicate ; calyx spreading. — Flowers
yellow.

1 . Sinapis arvensis. Field mustard,

Siliquce many-angled, torose, turgid ; beak 2-edged, long.

Sinapi q. Rapistrum arvorum, Raii Syn. 295,2.

Rapistrum arvorum, Ger. em. 232, 2; Park. 862.

Sinapis arvensis, Lin, S, P. 933.

Charlock. Wild mustard. Wild rape. Chadlock, Corn- cate .

686 429. Sinapis. 80. CRUCIFERiE. Pl.ex.thal.

Corn-fields; annual; May.

Root woody; stem hispid, bristles bent back; leaves ovate,
toothed, nearly lyrate, petioled, upper leaves sessile ; sepales
green ; petals yellow ; siliquce 8-angled, beak short. — Eaten
as cabbage.

2. Sinapis alba. White mustard.

Siliquce hispid ; beak slanting, very long, swordshape.

Sinapi album siliqua hirsuta, semine albo vel ruffo, Rail Syn. 295, 3.

Sinapi album, Ger.em. 244,3.

Sinapis alba, Lin. S. P. 933.

Fields and waysides, also cultivated; annual; June.

Lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper leaves rather lyrate, rough ;
sepales green ; petals yellow ; siliquce spread, 4-sided ; beak
rough, as long as the siliqua; seeds large, yellow. — Young
herb used as a sallad in winter and spring ; seeds acrid, but
much milder than the black.

S. Sinapis nigra. Black mustard.

Siliquce pressed to the stem, bald, 4-sided ; style awlshape;
upper leaves linear, lanceolate, not cut.

Sinapi sativum secundum, Raii Syn. 295, 1 ; Ger. em. 243, 2.

Sinapis nigra, Lin, S. P. 933.

Fields and waysides ; also cultivated ; annual ; June.

Stem much branched, smooth ; leaves petioled ; root-
leaves rough ; stem-leaves bald ; uppermost bent down ;
sepales coloured ; petals yellow ; siliquce upright, bald,
many-seeded; beak short. — Seeds acrid, used as a warm
sauce, andexternally as a rubefacient.

4. Sinapis lenuifolia. Fineleaved mustard.

Siliquce linear, bald, upright ; beak very short ; peduncles
spreading ; leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid or doubly pinnatifid ;
lobes very pointed ; stem bald.

Eruca svlvestris, Raii Syn. 296, 1 ; Ger. em. 246, 2.

Eruca sylvestris vulgatior, Park. 818.

Sisymbrium tenuifolium, Lin. S. P. 91T.

Brassica Erucastrum, Huds. FI. Ang. ed. 1, 253.

Brassica muralis, Hudson FI. Angl. 290.

Sinapis tenuifolia, R. Brown in Hort; Kew.

Wall rocket. Wild rocket.

Old walls; perennial; July and October.

Stem much branched, leafy ; leaves smooth ; flowers large,
citron-yellow ; siliquce upright.

PI. ex. that. 80. CRUCIFER^E. 429. Sinapis. L 687

5. Sinapis muralis. Wall mustard.

Siliquce linear, bald, nearly upright ; beak very short;
peduncles spreading; leaves sinuate, bald; stein spreading,
hairy.

Sisymbrium murale, Lin. S. P. 918.

Sinapis muralis, R. Brown in Hort. Kew. 128.

Sandy places by the sea ; annual ; July to September.
Stem rather branched, hairy; hairs bent back; leaves
lanceolate, unequally serrated, green ; peduncles very long*
rather hispid, racemose; sepales bald; petals small, citron
yellow ; siliquce slender.

C. Siliquce long, valveless, 1-celled, jointed; cotyledons
conduplicate.

XIII. 430. R A PH ANUS. Theophrastus. Radish .

Siliquce round, pointed, spongy, valveless, many-celled,

torulose; cells membranaceous, in a double longitudinal
series; cotyledons conduplicate; calyx close.

Raphanus sativus. Cultivated radish.

Leaves lyrate ; siliquce cylindrical.

Raphanus, Raii Syn. 296, 1.

Raphanus sativus, Ger. em. 237, 1 and 2 ; Lin. S. P. 935.

Raphanus vulgaris, Park. 861.

Saltnun radish. Rabone.

Cultivated; annual or biennial; May to September.

Root fusiform, reddish ; leaves ly rate-pinnate, hairy ; sili-
quce bellied at bottom.— -Root and young leaves eaten as
sallad.

j3. napiformis. Root globular.

Raphanus orbiculatus, Ger. em. 238, 3.

Turnep radish.

- y. nigra. Root fusiform, black.

Raphanus pyriformis, sive radice nigra, Ger. em. 238,4.

Black radish.

XIV. 431. RAPHANISTRUM. Morison. Wild-radish.
Siliquce valveless, many-celled, jointed, becoming neck-

laceshape ; cells bony, in a longitudinal series ; cotyledons
conduplicate : calyx closed. — Petals veined.

1. Raphanistrum vulgare. Common wild-radish.

Leaves simply lyrate; siliqua-joints smooth.

688 431. Raphanist. 80. CRUCIFERiE. Pl.ex.thal.

Raphanistrum siliqua articulata glabra majore et minore, Raii Syn. 296, 1 .

Raphanus sylvestris, Ger.em. 240, 1.

Rapistrum album articulatum, Park. 863.

Raphanus Raphanistrum, Lin. S. P. 935.

Raphanistrum Lampsana, Geertn. Fr.et Sem. 2,30.

Raphanus articulatus, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 483.

White Charlock.

Corn-fields; annual; June and July.

Stem branched at top, hispid; hairs standing out; leaves
rather rough ; sepales hispid ; petals purplish, veined with
violet.

Q.jlavum. Petals yellow, veined with black.

Raphanistrum q. Rapistrum flore luteo, siliqua glabra articulata, Raii
Syn. 296, 2.

Sinapis arvensis, FI. Dan. 678.

2. Raphanistrum maritimum . Sea wild-radish .

Leaves interruptedly lyrate ; siliqua- joints furrowed.

Raphanistrum q. Raphanus maritimus flore luteo, siliquis articulatig,
secundum longitudinem eminenter striatis, Raii Syn. 296,3.

Raphanus Raphanistrum y, Smith FI. Br. 723.

Raphanus maritimus, Engl. Bot. 1643.

Sea beach; also cultivated ; biennial; June and July.

Root large, succulent; leaves rough, sharply toothed;
petals yellow, slightly veined. — Root preferred by some to
horse-radish ; leaves eaten by cattle.

D. Siliculce short, valveless, jointed ; cells 1 -seeded.

XV. 432. CAKILE. Serapio. Rocket.

Siliculce 2-jointed, joints 1-seeded; upper joint fertile,
seed erect, sessile ; lower sometimes abortive, seed pendu-
lous.

Cakile maritima. Sea rocket.

Joints 2-edged ; upper arrowshape ; leaves pinnatifid,
slightly toothed, fleshy.

Cakile quibusdam, aliis Eruca marina et Raphanus marinus, Raii Syn .
307.

Eruca marina, Ger. em. 248, 5.

Eruca marina Anglica, Park . 821.

Bunias Cakali, Lin. S. P. 936.

Cakile maritima, Scop. Cam. 844.

Cakile Serapionis, Gcertn. Fr. et Sem. 2,207.

Cakile pinnatiflda, Stokes Bot. M. M. 3, 484.

Sea-shore; annual; June to September.

Herb smooth, fleshy, rather glaucous ; stem much
branched, flexuous, round ; petals light purple.

Pl.ex.thaL 80. CRUCIFERiE. 433. Crambe. 689

XVI. 433. CRAMBE. Hippocrates. Kale.

Siliculce jointed ; upper joint nearly globular, seed in-
verted, inserted by a cord to the bottom of the cell ; lower
joint abortive, forming a cell-shape pedicell.

Crambe maritima . Sea kale .

Filaments long, 2-forked ; silicula unarmed ; leaves
roundish, sinuated, waved, toothed, glaucous, bald ; stem
bald.

Crambe maritima brassicae folio, Raii Syn. 307.

Brassica marina Anglica, Ger. em. 3 15, 15.

Brassica marina monospermos. Park. 270.

Crambe maritima, Lin.S. P. 937.

Brassica sectilis, Bergius Mat. Med. Veg. 576.

English sea colcwort. Sea grape colevoort.

Sandy shores by the sea : also cultivated under sand or
pots ; perennial ; May and June.

Herb bald, glaucous ; stem branched ; leaves petiolate,
waved, sinuated; flowers panicled; petals white; stigma
peltate; silicula globular. — Herb used as spinage; also eaten
by sheep.

E. Siliculce short, valveless, 2-celled; cells 1-seeded.

XVI T. 434. CORONOPUS. Theophrast. Swine' s-cress.

Siliculce twin, valveless, winged ; cells 1-seeded ; coty-
ledons incumbent, linear.

a. Coronopus. Silicula not nicked.

1 . Coronopus coadunata. Joined swine' s-cr ess.

Silicula not nicked, crested, thorny; style porrected;
corymbus few-flowered.

Nasturtium supinum, capsulis verrucosis, Raii Syn. 304,6.

Coronopus Ruellii, Ger.em. 427,2.

Coronopus recta vel repens Ruellii, Park, 502.

Cochlearia Coronopus, Lin. S. P. 904.

Coronopus vulgaris, Dc Candolle FI. Gall. 4239.

Senebiera Coronopus, Persoon Syn. 2, 185.

Coronopus coaduuatus, Stokes Bot. M. M. 3, 440.

fVart-cress. Steine’s-cress. Buck's horn. Herb-ivy , Herb Eve.

Roadsides and walls ; annual ; June to August.

Stem branched, trailing; leaves bald, pinnatifid; lobes
often jag-toothed ; corymbus lateral, sessile, becoming race-
mose. t

vol. ii. 2 y

600 434?. Coronopus. 80. CRUCIFERiE. P4 ex. that.
b. Senebiera. Silicula nicked.

2. Coronopus didymci . Twin swine’ s-cress.

Siliculce nicked, twin, reticulately wrinkled ; style very
small ; cory mbits many-flowered.

Lepidium didymum, Lin. Mant. 92.

Lepidium Anglicum, Hudson FI. Angl . 280.

Coronopus didymum, Smith FI. Brit. 691.

Senebiera pinnatiiida, De Candolle FI. Franc. 4238.

Senebiera didyma, Persoon Syn. 2, 185.

Lepidium prostratum, Savi.

Nasturtioium pennatum, Mcench Meth. Suppl. 71.

Walls; annual; July.

Stem trailing, hairy; leaves pinnatifid ; cory mhus lateral,
becoming a long raceme ; stamens 2 or 4, rarely more.

F. SiliculcB short, slightly 2-valved, 1-celled; cells 1 -seeded.

XVIII. 435. ISATIS. Dioscorides. IVoad .

Siliculce 1-celled, 1 -seeded; valves boatshape, tardy in
opening; filaments toothless, distinct.

Isatis tinctoria. Dyeing wood.

SilicitlcB reverse-ovate, oblong, bald; stem-leaves arrow-
shape, bald.

Glastum sativum, Raii Syn . 307 ; Ger. em. 491 ; Park. 600.

Isatis tinctoria, Lin. S. P. 936.

JYoad. Wade.

Corn-fields, also cultivated ; biennial; July.

Stem bald ; leaves glaucous ; root-leaves lanceolate ;
flowers panicled, terminal; sepales and petals yellow ; sili-
culce pendulous, shining. — Herb manufactured into a blue
pigment, by bei^g ground, made into balls, dried upon
hurdles, then ground again, watered, left to heat, until per-
fectly dry and mouldy. In Hungary it has been manu-
factured so as to be equal to indigo, but then it was as ex-
pensive. Our female ancestors painted their bodies with it
in order to attend their religious ceremonies.

G. Siliculce 2-valved ; 2-celled.

XJX, 436. VELLA. Galen. Cresset.

SiliculcE bellied; style leaflike, ovate; cotyledons condu-
plicate; calyx closed.

PI. ex. thal. 80. CRUCIFERiE. 436. Vella. 691

Vella annua . _ Yearling cresset .

Leaves pinnatifid ; siliquce pendulous.

Nasturtium sylvestre eructe affinis, Raii Syn. 304, 3.

Eruca nasturtio cognata tenuifolia, Ger. cm. 247,4.

Vella annua, Lin. S. P. 895.

Valencia cress. Cress rocket.

Sandy corn-fields ; annual; June.

Stem branched, hispid, bristles turned back ; leaves
doubly pinnatifid ; flowers spiked ; spikes terminal, many-
flowered; sepales purple; petals bright yellow veined with
violet.

XX. 437. THLASPI. Dioscorides. Treacle-mustard.

Siliculce compressed, nicked ; valves 2, boatshape, often
winged, many -seeded ; filaments toothless, distinct, inserted
in the mouth of the calyx ; sepales equal, spreading.

a. Silicula winged.

1. Thlaspi arvense. Corn-field treacle-mustard.

Siliculce orbiculate ; wing dilated, longitudinal ; seeds

concentrically streaked ; leaves oblong, arrowshape, toothed,
bald.

Thlaspi Dioscoridis, Raii Syn. 305,3; Ger.em. 262, 1.

Thlaspi drabae folio. Park. 836.

Thlaspi arvense, Lin. S. P. 901.

Penny cress. Treacle mustard. Smooth mithridate mustard.

Fields; annual; June and July.

Herb bald ; stem upright, branched above ; petals small,
not nicked, white; siliculce very large.-— Seeds acrid; herb
has a garlic flavour, communicates a bad taste to the milk
of cows that feed upon it.

2. Thlaspi alpestre. Alp treacle-mustard.

Siliculce reverse ovate, retuse ; cells 4 to 6-seeded ; style

standing out; stamens as long as the petals; stem-leaves
heartshape, arrowshape ; stem simple.

Thlaspi foli is globularise, Raii Syn. 305, 4.

Thlaspi montanum glasti folio minus. Park. 842.

Thlaspi album supinum siliquis planis, flore spicato, Ger. em. 268, 6,
right hand figure.

Thlaspi alpestre, Lin. S. P. 903.

Thlaspi montanum, Hudson FI. Angl. 282.

White treacle mustard.

Mountainous pastures ; perennial; June and July.

Stems many, nearly upright, simple; leaves bald, glau-
cous; root-leaves in a tuft, ovate; stem-leaves arrowshape;
corymbus close, small, becoming a very long raceme ; petals
white.

2 y 2

692 437. Thlaspi. 80. CRUCIFER/E. Vl.ex.thal

3. -Thlaspi perfoliatum. Thorow treacle-mustard .

Siliculce reverse heartshape, winged ; style enclosed, very

short; stem-leaves heartshape, slightly toothed, bald.

Thlaspi perfoliatum minus, Raii Syn. 305, 6; Park. 837.

Thiaspi minus Clusii, Ger. em. 268, 7.

Thlaspi rotundifolium, Ger. em. 266, 1.

Thlaspi perfoliatum, Lin. S. P. 902.

Round-leaved mustard.

Chalky pastures ; annual ; April and May.

Stem branched, spreading, on poor soils simple ; leaves
glaucous, blunt ; root-leaves ovate ; corymhus close, small,
growing to a very long raceme ; petals small, white.

b. Capsella. Siliculce wingless.

4. Thlaspi cuneatum. Wedgeshape treacle-mustard.

Siliculce reverse heartshape, wedgeshape ; root-leaves pin-

natifid.

Bursa pastoris, Raii Syn. 306; Ger. em. 276, l.

Bursa pastoris major vulgaris, Park. 866.

Thlaspi Bursa pastoris, Lin. S. P. 903.

Thlaspi cuneatum, Stokes Bot. M. M. 3, 434.

Nasturtium Bursa pastoris, Roth Germ. 1,281.

Shepherd's purse. Poor man's spermaceti. Pick-purse. Case-weed.

Walls and road-sides ; annual; March to October.

Stem branched; root-leaves pinnatifid; stem-leaves oblong;
petals white : varies much in size, according to the soil.

XXI. 438. NASTURTIOLUM. Bobart. Dittander .

Siliculce elliptic, not nicked ; valves 2, boatshape, wing-
less; cells 2-seeded ; filaments toothless.

Nasturtiolum monlanum. Mountain dittander .

Leaves pinnate, not in the least cut; petals not longer
than the calyx; siliculce blunt each way; stigma sessile.

Nasturtium q. Nasturtiolum montanum annuum tenuissime divisnra
Bobart, Raii Syn. 304, 4.

Lepidium petraeum, Lin. S. P. 899.

Lepidiutn Linnsei, Crantz Austr. 1,7.

Hutchinsia petraea, R. Brown Hort.Kcw. 82.

Limestone rocks ; biennial ; March and April.

Stem 2 in. high, branchy; leaves bald; petals white.

XXII. 439. TEESDALIA. R. Brown. Heath-cress .

Siliculce nicked; valves boatshape; cells 2-seeded ; fila-
ments with a small scale at the bottom, on the inner side.

PL ex. t/ial. SO. CRUCIFERS. 439. Teesdalia. 693

Teesdalia irregularis . Irregular heath-cress .

Leaves lyrate ; petals irregular.

Nasturtium petrseum, Raii Syn. 303, 2.

Bursa pastoria minima, Ger. em. 276, 2.

Iberis nudicaulis, Lin. S. P. 907.

Teesdalia nudicaulis, R. Brown in Hart. Kew. 4, 88.

Shepherd's cress. Small shepherd's purse.

Barren heaths; annual; May.

Stems many, mostly simple ; central upright, stiff, mostly
leafless; side-stems ascending, leafy; root-leaves lying flat ;
corymli at first in heads, become racemose.

XXIII. 440. IBERIS. Dioscorides. Candy-tuft .

Siliculce nicked, valveless, boatshaped, winged ; cells
1 -seeded; petals unequal.

Iberis amara. Bitter candy-tuft .

Plant herbaceous ; leaves lanceolate, rather pointed,
slightly toothed, bald ; flowers racemose.

Thlaspi amarum, Ger. em. 263, 5.

Iberis amara, Lin. S. P. 906.

Clown s mustard .

Chalky fields ; annual ; July.

Herb bald, bitter ; stems diffused, branched ; leaves lan-
ceolate ; corymbi spiked, many-flowered ; petals white.

XXIV. 441. LEPIDIUM. Dioscorides. Pepper-wort .

Siliculce 2-valved ; valves boatshaped ; cells 1 -seeded ;
petals equal.

a. Lepidium. Siliculce not nicked , margined all round.

1. Lepidium latifolium. Broadleaved pepperwort.

Ixaves lanceolate, undivided, serrated or uncut; siliquce
oval, not nicked.

Lepidium latifolium, Raii Syn. 304 ; Lin. S. P. 899.

Raphanus sylvestris officinarum Lepidium, ./Eginetae Lobelii, Ger. em.
241,2.

Piperitis, sive Lepidium vulgare. Park. 855.

Dittander. Pepperwort.

Salt marshes and cliffs by the sea ; perennial ; July.

Stem 3 feet high, upright, branched, panicled ; leaves

flaucous, pointed ; petals white, not cut ; stamens 6. —
llant acrid, antiscorbutic; in infusion vomitive.

694 441. Lepidium. 80. CRUCIFERiE. Pl. ex. that

b. Thlaspidium. Siliculce notched , or margined .

2. Lepidium ruderale . Ruin Pepperwort .

Root-leaves pinnatifid ; branch-leaves linear, not nicked ;

flowers 2-stamened ; petals 0 ; siliquce notched, spreading.
Nasturtium sylvestre osyridis folio, Raii Syn . 303 , 1 ; Park. 829.
Thlaspi minus, Ger.em. 303 , I.

Lepidium ruderale, Lin. S. P. 900.

Thlaspi ruderale, J)e Candolle FI. Gall. 4266.

Bowyers ’ mustard. Narrowleaved wild cress.

Walls by the sea ; biennial; June.

Stem 1 foot high, upright, branched, flexuous, woolly ;
leaves fleshy, bald ; lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper linear ;
flowers very small; racemes when in fruit very long.

3. Lepidium campestre. Champaign pepperwort .

Stem-leaves arrowshape, toothed ; siliculce ovate, not

notched, winged, glandularly dotted.

Thlaspi vulgatius, Rail Syn. 305, 1.

Lepidium campestre, Lin. S. P. 902.

Common cow-cress. Mithridate mustard. Bastard cress.

Corn-fields and rubbish ; annual; June and July.

Stem 1 foot high, paniculately branched; leaves woolly;
siliqua-valves margined, bald ; styles very short; petals small.

0. glair urn. Leaves nearly bald, broad.

Thlaspi vaccariae folio glabrum, Raii Syn. 305,5.

Thlaspi vulgatissimum, Ger. em. 262,2.

y. hirtum . Siliculce hirsute, dotted with glands.

Thlaspi hirtum, Hudson Fl.Angl. 281.

4. Lepidium hirtum . Rough pepperwort.

Stem-leaves arrowshape, toothed, hairy; siliculce elliptic

oblong, nicked, winged, hairy, not dotted.

Thlaspi vaccariae incauo folio perenne, Raii Syn. 305,2.

Lepidium hirtum, Lin. S. P. 901.

Hoary cress. Hairy Mithridate mustard.

Mountains ; biennial ? June and July.

Stem 2 feet high, branched ; siliquce more oblong than
those of L. campestre.

5. Lepidium sativum. Cultivated pepperwort.

Leaves many-cut, oblong ; cotyledons S-parted.

Nasturtium hortense, Ger. em. 250, 1.

Nasturtium sativum, Park. Par. 501.

Lepidium sativum, Lin. S. P. 899.

Garden cress. Town cress. Garden Jcarsse.

Cultivated and naturalized ; annual; June and July.

PL ex, that, 80. CRUCIFERS 441. Lepidium. 695

Stem branched; leaves not nicked, curled. — Herb , while
young, eaten as a warm sallad ; seeds diaphoretic, promote
absorption.

XXV. 442. COCHLEAEIA. Gesner. Scurvy-grass.

Siliculce nearly ovate, many-seeded ; valves bellied ; seeds
not margined; cotyledons incumbent;j£ZtfW2e72/.s short, tooth-
less ; calyx open.

a^ Cochlearia. Annual.

1. Cochlearia rotundifolia. Round-leaved scurvy-grass,

Siliculce nearly round ; root -leaves kidneyshape.

Cochlearia, Raii Syn. 302, 1.

Cochlearia rotundifolia, Ger. era. 401.

Cochlearia major rotundifolia, give Batavorum, Park. 285.

Cochlearia officinalis, Lin. S. P. 903.

Scurvy-grass. Scruby grass. Spoonwort.

Sea-side ; annual ; May and June.

Herb bald, fleshy ; stem angular ; branches corymbose ;
root-leaves round, petioled; stem-leaves embracing the
stem, oblong, sinuated; cory mbits many-flowered; siliquce
globular, slightly wrinkled and veined, crowned with a
very short style.

(3. alpina. Plant small ; leaves fleshy ; flowers reddish,
large.

Cochlearia rotundifolia, Dillen in Raii Syn. 302, 2.

Cochlearia Grcenlandicra, Lin. S. P. 903.

2. Cochlearia ovalifolia. Oval-leaved scurvy-grass.

Siliculce elliptic ; root-leaves ovate, not nicked ; stem '

leaves, lanceolate, toothed.

Cochlearia folio sinuato, Raii Syn. 303, 3.

Cochlearia Britannica, Ger. cm. 401 , 2.

Cochlearia vulgaris, Park. 285.

Cochlearia Anglica, Lin. S. P. 903.

Cochlearia ovatifolia, Stokes Bot. 31. 31. 3, 436.

Sea scurvy-grass.

Sea-shores on mud, also cultivated ; annual ; May.

Leaves fleshy: root-leaves longly petioled ; flowers white;
siliquce wrinkled reticulately, crowned with a very long
style. — Herb acrid, but eaten as a sallad, powerfully anti-
scorbutic; the juice, distilled water, and a conserve of the
leaves, are also employed in the true or sea-scurvy, the
asthma, and rheumatism : it does not seem altered by cul-
tivation in gardens.

696 442. Cochlearia. 80. CRUCIFERiE. Pl.ex.thal.

3 . Cochlearia hederacea. Ivy scurvy-grass .

Siliculce elliptic ; leaves deltoid.

Cochlearia marina folio angulo parvo, Raii Syn. 303, 5.

Thlaspi hederaceum, Ger. em. 27 1,5; Park. 848.

Cochlearia Danica, Lin. S. P. 903.

Ivy mustard.

Muddy sea-shores ; annual ; May and June.

Leaves petioled, 3 or 5-lobed ; petals small ; siliculce el-
liptic, scarcely swollen, reticulately veined, crowned with a
short style.

b. Armoracia. Perennial .

4. Cochlearia lancifolia. Lanceleaved scurvy-grass .

Siliculce oblong; stigma dilated, nearly sessile ; root-leaves

oblong, crenate ; stem-leaves lanceolate, toothed or deeply
cut.

Raphanus rusticanus, Raii Syn. 301 ; Ger. em. 241, 1 ; Park. 860.

Cochlearia Armoracia, Lin. S. P. 904.

Cochlearia lancifolia, Stokes Bot. M. M. 437.

Horse-radish.

Watery places, also cultivated; perennial; May.

Root white, cylindrical, very long, acrid ; stem upright,
corymbose; root-leaves petioled, large, sometimes pinnatifid;
stem-leaves sessile; petals white; siliculce elliptic, with a
very short style and broad stigma; usually barren, in-
creasing only by its root. — Root scraped used as sauce,
eaten by itself it induces difficulty of breathing; the in-
fusion in milk is employed as a cosmetic ; also used in
palsy and dropsy as a stimulant and diuretic; the distilled
water is acrid and stimulant.

XXVI. 443. SUBULARIA. Ray. Awl-wort.

Siliculce valvular, not notched, many-seeded; valves bel-
lied ; cotyledons incumbent, linear.

Subularia aquatica. Water awl-wort .

Stem 0 ; leaves awlshape.

Subularia erecta, junci foliis acutis, mollibus, Raii Syn. 307.

Subularia aquatica, Lin. S. P. 896.

Irish rush-cress.

.Alpine lakes on gravel; annual; July.

Plant immersed ; leaves radical, bald ; scape twice as long
as the leaves, racemose ; flowers pedicelled ; petals white,
connivent.

PI. ex. that. 80. CRUCIFERiE. 444. Draba. 007

XXVII. 444. DRABA. Dioscorides. Whitlow-grass.

Siliculce not notched, oval ; valves flat, or slightly con-
vex; cells many-seeded; seeds margined ; cotyledons ac-
cumbent; filaments toothless.

1 . Draba verna. Spring whitlow-grass .

Scape naked; leaves oblique, pointed, hirtous, slightly
serrate ; petals 2-cut.

Paronychia vulgaris, Raii Syn. 292, 1 ; Ger. cm. 624, 1.

Paronychia vulgaris alsines folio, Park. 556.

Draba verna, Lin. S. P. 896.

Common whitlow grass. Whiteblow. Nailwort.

Walls; annual; March and April.

Leaves radical, hairy ; haiifs simple or forked ; scape up-
right, simple, racemose ; petals white ; siliculce bald crowned
by a sessile persistent stigma. — Eaten as a sallad, also used
in whitlows or felons.

2. Draba rupestris. Rock whitlow- grass.

Scape naked or 1-leaved; petals not cut; siliculce lanceo-
late, downy ; leaves flat, lanceolate, hairy.

Draba hirta, Smith FI. Brit. 677 , not of Linnaeus.

Draba stellata, Dickson Tr. Lin. Sue. 2, 288.

Draba rupestris, R. Brown in Hort. Kcw. 91.

Alpine rocks; perennial; May and June.

Roots tufted; leaves radical, lanceolate, fringed; some-
times hairy beneath ; hairs quite simple, ascending; scape
simple ; racemes corymbose ; calyx hairy ; petals white ;
siliculce generally hairy, sometimes bald; hairs very short,
forked.

3. Draba incana . Hoary whitlow-grass.

Leaves cauline, many, hoary, slightly toothed; siliculce
oblong, bald, twisted.

Lunaria contorta major, Raii Syn. 291, 1.

Draba incana, Lin. S. P. 897.

Wreathed cress.

Limestone rocks ; biennial; May and June.

Plant woolly ; hairs short, stellate, entangled ; stem sim-
ple or branched above ; leaves sessile, ovate, ribbed ; calyx
hairy; petals nicked; siliculce twisted, bald, with a very
short style; pedicells very short.

0. minor. Plant small.

Lunaria q. Paronychias similis sed major, perennis Alpina repens, Raii
Syn. 292,2.

698 444. Draba. 80. CRUCIFERiE. PL ex. that.

4. Dr ala mar alls. Wall whitlow -grass*

Stem branched; leaves ovate, embracing the stem, toothed;

siliculce spreading, bald.

Paronychia q. Bursan pastoris major loculo oblongo C. Bauhini, Rail
Syn. 292, 2.

Draba muralip, Lin. S. P. 897.

Shady hills ; annual ; May.

Stem branchy from the bottom, hairy; hairs stellate;
leaves heartshape, hairy ; hairs simple or forked ; flowers
numerous, corymbose, changing to a very long raceme ;
petals not nicked; siliculce Hat, bald, half as long as the
pedicells, crowned with a very short style.

5. Dr ah a aizoides. N Sengreen whitlow-grass .

Scapes naked, bald; leaves lanceolate, linear, stiff, keeled;

stamens equal to the petals ; sty le half as long as the ovary.
Sedum petrseum, Ger. em. 514, 8.

Draba aizoides, Lin. Mant. 91.

Moenchia aizoides, Roth Germ. 213.

Small rock sengreen.

Walls and alpine rocks; perennial; March.

Roots fibrous, many-headed; leaves radical, rosaceous,
perennial, 1-ribbed, shining, fringed; fringe white, stiff;
scapes solitary ; petals nicked, gold-yellow ; siliculce bald,
crowned by a long style.

XXVIII. 4 45. CAMELINA. Crantz. Cameline.

Siliculce nearly ovate, many-seeded; valves bellied; coty-
ledons incumbent ; filaments toothless.

Camelina sativa. Cultivated cameline.

Siliculce reverse-ovate, margined; stigma simple; leaves
lanceolate, arrowslmpe.

Myagrum, Raii Syn. 302 ; Ger. em. 273, 3.

Myagrum sativum, Park. 867 ; Lin. S. P. 894.

Myagrum sylvestre, seu Pseudom^agrum, Park. 868.

Moenchia sativa, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 971.

Camelina sativa, Crantz. Austr. 1, 17.

Gold of pleasure. Sesamum.

Corn-fields, and among flax, naturalized; annual; June.
Stem upright, downy, panicled at top ; corymbus many-
flowered, changed to very long racemes ; petals yellow, not
nicked; siliculce upright, not notched, reverse-ovate, not
margined. — Cultivated for the oil yielded by its seeds.

Pl.ex.thah 80. CRUCIFERiE. 446. Alyssum. 699

XXIX. 446. ALYSSUM. Dioscotfdes. Alysson.

Siliculce nearly round ; valves more or less compressed ;
cells 1 to 4-seeded; seeds margined; cotyledons accumbent.

Alyssum maritimum. Sea alysson .

Siliculce not notched, bald; cells 1 -seeded ; filaments
toothless; leaves linear, lanceolate, pointed, slightly hoary ;
hairs 2-parted, pressed close.

Alyssum minimum, Lin. S. P . 908.

Alyssum maritimum, Willd. S. P.

Alyssum halimifolium, Lin. S. P. 907.

Sweet cameline.

Sea cliffs, naturalized; perennial; August, September.
Flowers many, white, odoriferous ; petal-claws and sta-
mens blue, becoming purple.

Fam. XVI. 81. FUMARIDEiE.

Calyx 2-sepaled, deciduous ; petals 4, irregular ; lower
petals mostly spurred; stamens definite, diadelphous; ovary 1 ;
style 1 ; stigma cut, persisting; pericarp capsular or sili-
quose, 1 -celled, or many-seeded; seeds peritropal, parietal ;
perisperm fleshy; corculum small, bent; cotyledons very
short; radicle below.

Pericarp globular, valveless, 1-seeded .. Fumaria. 447.
Per. podshaped, 2-valved, many-seeded Corydalis. 448.

I. 447. FUMARIA. Gesner. Fumitory.

Calyx very small; petals 4, irregular, 1 -spurred; stamens
diadelphous; andropkores 2; anthers 3 to each androphore;
pericarp spherical, valveless, 1-celled, 1-seeded ; seed affixed
by the umbilical cord to the inner surface of the capsule.

1 . Fumaria parvi/lora. Small-flowered fumitory.

Stem branched, trailing; leaves more than twice com-
pounded ; leaflets 3-parted, linear, channelled ; spikes loose.

Fumaria spicata #s Lin. Syst. Veg.

Fumaria tenuifolia, Symons Syn. 200.

Fumaria parviflora, Lamarck Enc. Melh. 2, 567.

Fields ; annual ; August and September.

Leaf-lohes very narrow, convex beneath ; flowers small,
pale.

700 44*7. Fumaria. 81. FUMARIDEiF. PL ex. that.

2. Fumaria officinalis. Shop fumitory.

Stem branched, trailing ; leaves more than twice com-
pounded ; leaflets wedgeshape, lanceolate, cut ; pericarp
globular, retuse.

Fumaria vulgaris, Raii Syn. 204, 1 ; Park . 287.

Fumaria purpurea, Ger. em. 1088, 1.

Fumaria officinalis, Lin. S. P. 984.

Common fumiterre. Fumus terree.

Fields and gardens ; annual ; May to August.

Plant glaucous ; stem angular ; leaf-lobes dilated ; spike
loose, opposite to the leaves ; petals rose-colour, blood-red
at the tip, keel green ; pericarp smooth, retuse and umbili-
cated at the tip. — Juice of the plant alterative, useful in
scurvy and other chronic diseases ; also as a cosmetic.

3. Fumaria capreolata . Tendrilled fumitory.

Stem branched, climbing; leaves ternate; leaflets reverse

ovate, wedgeshape, cut; partial petioles cirrhus-like con-
volute.

Fumaria major scandcns, flore pallidiore, Raii Syn. 204,2.

Fumaria capreolata, Lin. S. P. 985.

Fumaria officinalis /8, Hudson FI. Angl. 309.

Corn-fields ; annual ; June to September.

Stem 3 feet high, very much branched; petioles cirrhus-
like, twisted ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets broad, green ; spike
loose, few-flowered ; flowers large ; calyx large ; pericarp
shining; tip 2-scrobiculate.

II. 448. CORYDALIS. De Candolle. Corydale.

Calyx very small ; petals 4, irregular, 1-spurred ; stamens
diadelphous; anthers 1 to 3 to each androphore; capsule
siliqua-form, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded ; placentaria 2,
threadlike, within the sutures of the valves.

1 . Corydalis clavicula. Tendrilled corydale.

Stem branched, climbing; lower leaves biternate; upper
leaves ternate, cirrhose; 7*00/ fibrous; pericarp lanceolate,
2 or 3-seeded.

Fumaria alba latifolia, Raii Syn. 335; Park. 288.

Fumaria alba latifolia clavicula, Ger. an. 1088,2.

Fumaria claviculata, Lin.S. P. 985.

Corydalis claviculata, De Candolle FI. Gall. 4100.

Climbing fumitory.

Hedges; annual; June and July.

Stem reddish, flattened; leaves juicy, thin, beneath glau-
cous ; spike few-flowered ; petals white.

PLex.thal. 81. FUMARIDEAL. 448. Corydalis. 701

2. Corydalis digitata. Fingered corydale.

Stem simple ; raceme terminal ; Iractece wedgeshape,

fingered, longer than the peduncle; leaves biternate; root
bulbous, solid.

Radix cava minor, Ger. em. 1091, 9.

Fumaria bulbosa y, Lin. S. P. 983.

Fumaria Halleri, Willd. S. P. 863.

Fumaria digitata, Curtis Bot. Mag. 231.

Fumaria solida, Lin. MS. notes in Sp. PI . ; Smith FI. Brit. 748.

Fumaria minor, Roth Germ. 1, 300.

Fumaria intermedia, W ithering Bot. Arr. 620 ; not of Errhart.
Corydalis bulbosa, De Candolle FI. Gall. 4098.

Corydalis digitata, Persoon Syn.2, 289.

Bunnikens holwort .

Woods ; perennial ; April and May.

Stem upright, simple, rarely 2-cut, cylindrical ; leaves
few, leaflets cut at the tip ; spike solitary ; petals pale at
bottom, purple at the tip; spur cylindrical, as long as the
peduncle; pericarp short, many-seeded.

3. Corydalis lutea. Yellow corydale.

Stem diffuse, branched, angular ; Iractece minute ; leaves

bipinnate; pericarp round, shorter than the peduncle; spur
short, rounded.

Fumaria lutea, Ger. em. 1088,4 ; Lin. Mant. 2, 258.

Fumaria capnoides, Withering Bot. Arr. 620, not of Linnaeus.
Capnoides lutea, Gcertner Fr. et Sem. 2, 163.

Corydalis lutea, De Candolle FI. Gall. 4099.

Y ellow fumiterre.

Old walls; perennial; May.

Root fibrous ; stem upright, 3-sided, leafy ; leaflets broad,
wedgeshape ; Iractece ovate, serrated ; petals yellow ; spur

bent.

Earn. XVII. 82. PAPAVERACEiE.

Calyx free, mostly 2-sepaled, deciduous; petals hypo-
gynous, mostly 4 ; stamens many, indefinite ; ovary 1 ; style
mostly 0; stigma divided, persisting; fruit capsular or
siliquose, 1 -celled, many-seeded ; seeds peritropal, on pari-
etal receptacles, half-covered with membranaceous invo-
lucra; perisperm fleshy ; corculum straight; radicle below.
— Plants herbaceous, lactescent; leaves alternate, pinna-
tifid ; flowers solitary and terminal, or umbelled.

702 449. Chelidon. 82. PAP AVERAGES. PI. ex. that.

Stigma 2-lobed ; siliqua 2-valved,

1 -celled ; seed crested ; ped. umbelled Cheltbonium. 449.
Stigma 2 or 3-lobed; siliqua 2 or

3- valved, 2 or 3 -celled ; seed granu-
lated ; ped. 1 -flowered Glaucium. 450.

Stigma radiated ; pericarp oblong,

4- ridged, appearing 4-valved ; pe-
duncle 1-flowered Cerastites. 451.

Stigma radiated; pericarp ovate,
ridgeless, appearing many-celled ;

holes many under the stigma Papaver. 452.

I. 449. CHELIDONIUM. Dioscorides. Celandine .

Calyx 2-leaved; petals 4$ stigma capitate, 2-lipped; pe-
ricarp long, linear, 1-celled, 2-valved; seeds many, crested.
— . Flowers umbelled, axillary, yellow ; juice yellow.

X. Chelidonium majus. Great celandine •

Leaves pinnatifid ; lobes blunt, crenated ; petals not
nicked.

Papaver corniculatum luteum, C'helidonia dictum, Raii Syn. 309,9.
Cheiidonium majus, Ger. em. 1069, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 123.

Chelidonium majus vulgare, Park. 616.

Swallovo wort. Totter wort.

Damp shady places ; perennial; May and June.

Stem branched; leaves bald, slightly glaucous; umlells
solitary, peduncled; calyx slightly hairy. — Juice yellow,
acrid, destroys warts, and is used for tetters, ringworms,
the jaundice, and the itch; diluted with milk consumes
spots on the eyes.

2. Chelidonium laciniatum. Jagged celandine.

Leaves pinnatifid; lobes acutely cut; petals lanceolate.

Papaver q. Chelidonium majus foliis quernis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 309,9*.
Chelidonium majus, folio majus dissecto, Ger. em. 1069, 2.

Old walls ; perennial ; May to July.

II. 450. GLAUCIUM. Dioscorides. Horned-poppy .

Calyx 2-sepaled; petals 2; stigma capitate, 2 or 3-lipped;

pericarpium long, linear, 2 or 3-valved ; apparently 2 or
3-^celled; seeds many, dotted. — Flowers solitary, terminal
or axillary, peduncled ; juice colourless.

Pl. ex.thal, 82. PAPAVERACEj'E. 450. Glaucium. 70S
a. Pericarp 2-valued , apparently 2-celled.

1. Glaucium luteum. Yellow horned-poppy .

Stem bald ; leaves embracing the stem, sinuated ; peri-
carpium tuberculated.

Papaver corniculatum luteum, Raii Syn. 307, 7 ; Park. 26!.

Papaver cornutum flore luteo, Ger. cm. 367, 1.

Chelidonium Glaucium, Lin. S. P. 724.

Glaucium luteum, Gcerlner Fr. et Sem. 2, 166.

Sandy shores of the sea ; annual ; July and August.

Herb glaucous ; stem branched, spreading ; root-leaves
lyrate pinnatifid, rough ; stem-leaves embracing the stem;
sepales hispid ; petals large, rounded ; pericarpium very
long, bent.

2. Glaucium phcenicium. Red horned-poppy .

Stem hispid; leaves sessile, pinnately cut; pericarpium

bristly.

Papaver cornutum flore rubro, Ger. em. 367, 2.

Chelidonium corniculatum, Lin. S. P. 724.

Glaucium phcenicium, Gcert. Fr. et Sem. 2, 165.

Glaucium corniculatum, Curtis FI. Lond.

Sandy corn-fields ; annual ; June and July.

Leaves hispid, glaucous; root-leaves lyrately pinnatifid ;
stem-leaves embracing the stem ; petals reddish ; pericar-
pium hairy, hairs pressed to the pericarpium.

b. Pericarpium 3-valved , 1 -celled.

3 . Glaucium violaceum . Violet horned-poppy .
Stem smooth ; leaves bipinnatifid ; lobes linear, bald ;

pericarpium 3-valved.

Papaver corniculatum violaceum, Raii Syn. 309, 8.

Papaver cornutum flore violaceo, Ger. em. 367,4.

Chelidonium hybridum, Lin. S. P. 724. (

Chelidonium violaceum, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 169.

Glaucium violaceum, Jussieu Gen. 236.

Corn-fields; annual; May and June.

Stem branched ; leaves dark green, sometimes tripinna-
tifid ; petals violet ; stigma 3-cut.

III. 451. CEPtASTITES. Beaked-poppy .

Calyx 2-sepaled, deciduous ; petals 4, rarely 6 ; stigma 4
to 8-rayed ; capsule oblong, 4-ribbed ; valves opening only
at the tip; imperfectly 4-celled; seeds many. — Flowers so-
litary, terminal ; hairs pressed to the peduncle.

704? 451. Cerastites. 82. PAPAVERACEiE. Pl. ex. that.

\

a. Capsule laid j style long ; petals and juice yellow.

1. Cerastites Camlrica. JVelck leaked-poppy.

Capsule oblong, bald; stem many-flowered, rather smooth;

leaves pinnate ; leaflets cut, glaucous beneath.

Papaver luteum perenne, lacinialo folio, Cambro-britannicum, Raii
Syn. 309, 5.

Argemone lutea Cambro-britaunica, Park. 369.

Papaver Cambricum, Lin. S. P. 727.

Yellow bastard-poppy.

Shady mountainous places ; perennial; June.

Stem 1 foot high, slightly hairy ; hairs erect ; leaf-main-ril
winged ; leaflets bald; sepales hairy; petals lemon-yellow.

b. Capsule hold ; style 0; petals red j juice colourless .

2. Cerastites dulia. Doubtful leaked-poppy.

Capsule oblong, bald ; stems many-flowered, hairy ; pe-
duncle-hairs pressed to the peduncle ; leaves bipin nati fid.

Papaver laciniato folio, capitulo longiore glabro, Raii Syn. 309, 5.
Papaver dubium, Lin. S. P. 726.

Sandy fields; annual; June and July. v

Stem 2 feet high, hairy ; hairs spreading ; leaf-loles
broad ; petals pale scarlet ; stamens linear ; pollen yellow ;
capsule 8 times longer than broad.

3. Cerastites laciniata. Jagged leaked-poppy.

Capsules ovate, oblong, bald ; stem many-flowered, hairy ;

hairs spreading ; leaves hairy, bipinnatifid, lobes much cut.

Papaver dubium, FI. Dan. 902.

Papaver dubium 2, Withering Bott, Arr. 597.

Fields and parks ; annual ; June.

Capsule only twice as long as broad ; calyx hairy, hairs
glandular.

c. Capsule spinous ; style 0; petals red.

4«. Cerastites hylrida. Mongrel leaked-poppy.

Capsule neatly globular, torose, hispid; stem leafy, many-
flowered.

Papaver laciniato folio, capitulo hispido rotundiore, Raii Syn. 308, 4.
Argemone capitulo torulo, Ger. em. 373, 1.

Argemone capitulo rotundiore, Park. 369.

Papaver hybridum, Lin. S. P. 725.

Fields ; annual ; July.

Stem slender, branched, hispid ; bristles inclined to the
stem; leaves 3-parted, pinnatifid ; lobes linear, awned,
hispid; branches naked, 1 -flowered; calyx-bristles yellow;
petals scarlet, violet at the base; stigma 6 or 8 -rayed; cap-
sule-bristles ascending, bent.

Pl.ex.thal. 82. PAPAVERACEiE. 451. Cerastites. 705

5. Cerastites macrocephala. Longheaded beaked-poppy .
Capsule clubshape, hispid ; stem leafy.

Papaver laciniato folio, capitulo hispido longiore, Raii Syn. 308, 3.
Argemone capitulo longiore, Ger. em. 373, 2; Park. 370.

Papaver Argemone, Lin. S. P. 725.

Fields; annual; June and July.

Stems many-flowered ; bristles spreading ; petals pale
scarlet; stigma 4 or 5-rayed; capsule 5-sided above •, flowers
sometimes double.

£. maritima. Stem 1 -flowered.

Papaver maritimum, Withering Bot. Arr. 486.

IV. 452. PAPAVER. Pliny. ^°PPy»

Calyx 2-sepaled, falling off; petals 4; stigma 10 or
1 2-ray ed ; pericarpium ovate, smooth, ribless, valveless,
opening by many foramina under the stigma, incompletely
many-celled; seeds many, affixed to placentaria on the sides
of the pericarpium. — Flowers solitary ; hairs spreading.

a. Capsule smooth ; calyx hairy ; leaves pinnatifid.

1 . Papaver erraticum. Wild poppy .

Capsule bald, nearly globular ; stem many-flowered, his-
pid; hairs on all parts spreading; leaves pinnatifid; stigma
10-rayed.

Papaver laciniato folio, capitulo breviore glabro annuum, Rhoeas
dictum, Raii Syn. 308, 2.

Papaver Rhoeas, Ger. em. 37 1 (misprinted 401), 1 ; Lin. S. P . 726.

Papaver erraticum rhoeas, sive sylvestre, Park. 367.

Red poppy.' Corn rose. Coprose. Corn poppy.

Corn-fields ; annual ; June and July.

Leaves hairy ; petals dark scarlet, sometimes with a black
spot at the base; filaments hairlike, attenuated. — Petals
communicate a fine red colour to water or syrup : and are
slightly narcotic.

b. Capsule and calyx smooth ; leaves simple .

2. Papaver somniferum. Sleepy poppy .

Capsule globular, bald; calyx bald; leaves embracing the
stem, cut, bald, glaucous.

Papaver sylvestre, Raii Syn. 308, 1 ; Ger. em. 370 (misprinted 400), 5.
Papaver somniferum, Lin. S. P. 726.

Papaver amplexicaule, Stokes Bot . M. M. 3, 181.

White poppy. Cheese bowls.

Neglected gardens ; also cultivated ; annual ; July.
VOL. II. 2 z

706 452. Papaver. 82. PAPAVERACEiE. PL ex. that.

Stem 3 feet high; leaves simple, lobed; petals white,
plain, streaked, marbled, or with a dark spot at the bot-
tom; stigma 10 or 12-rayed; seeds white. — Capsules, in de-
coction, emollient; seeds oily, formerly used in emulsions,
also strewed on cakes, yield an oil sold for that of the olive ;
juice of the capsule dried (English opium), as also the ex-
tract, and syrup of the dried capsules without the seeds,
are in great use as narcotic, hypnotic, and stupefacient,

Fam. XVII. 83. NYMPHiEACEiE. R. A. Salisbury.

Calyx 4 or 5-sepaled, inserted on the thalamus ; petals and
stamens disposed in many series alternate to the sepales ;
stamens many, indefinite; anthers adnate, 2-celled; style 0;
stigmata 8 or 10, radiated; ovary (in natives) 1, free, many-
celled ; pericarpiam dry, valveless ; seeds ovate ; perisperm
farinaceous ; corculum topshaped. — Plants herbaceous,
aquatic ; stem thick, creeping ; leaves longly petioled, pel-
tately ribbed ; peduncles 1 -flowered; hractece 0.

Sepales larger than the petals ;

petals nectariferous ; filaments linear Nuphar. 453.

Sepales smaller than the petals;
stigma nectariferous; inner filament

dilated Nymphasa. 454.

I. 453. NUPHAR. R. A. Salisbury. Water-can.

Calyx 4 or 5-sepaled ; petals many, nectariferous on the
back, inserted on the receptacle ; stamens very numerous ;
filaments linear; stigmata 8 or 10, linear; berry ovate,
barked, 8 or 10-celled. — Flowers yellow, exserted above
the water.

1. Nuphar luteum. Yellow water-can.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; stigmata not toothed ; petiole 2-edged ;
leaves heartshape, lobes coming close together.

Nymphoea lutea, Raii Syn. 368, 1 ; Ger. em. 819, 2; Lin. S. P. 729.

Nymphaea major lutea, Park. 1252.

Nuphar luteum, Salisbury , Ann. Bot. 2, 69.

Yellow water lilly.

Rivers and stagnant waters ; perennial; July.

Leaves blunt, smooth, edge not cut ; scape round ; sepales
coloured; petals yellow, smelling like brandy, shorter than
the sepales ] filaments all linear ‘.fruit ovate, beaked. — Roots
poisonous to crickets and moles; the infusion useful in
leprosy.

PLex.thal. 83. NYMPH^EACEAS. 453. Nuphar. *707

2. Nuphar minimum . Smallest ivater-can .

Calyx 5-sepaled ; stigmata margined, toothed ; petiole
2-edged ; leaves heartshape, lobes rather distant.

Nymphaea Intea minima, Willd. S. P.

Nuphar minima, Salisbury, Ann. Hot. 2, 69.

Alpine lakes; perennial; July.

Plant small ; leaves rather silky beneath ; flowers golden
yellow ; stigmata edged with green.

II. 454. NYMPHAEA. Theophrastus. Water-lilly .

Calyx 4 or 5-sepaled, coloured ; petals many, indefinite,
on the ovary ; stamens many ; filaments outer row dilated,
petal-like ; stigmata many, radiated, cut, nectariferous 5
berry globular, 8-celled, many-seeded; bark hard.

Nymphcea alia . White water-lilly .

Leaves heartshape, smooth beneath, edge not cut ; petals
elliptical, oblong; stigmata 10, bent back; trunk horizontal.

Nymphaea alba, Raii Syn. 363, 3; Ger. em. 819, 1 ; Lin. S. P, 729.

Nymphaea alba major vulgaris. Park. 1251.

White water can. Candock. When double, Water rose.

Rivers and stagnant waters ; perennial; June and July.

Leaf-lohes imbricate, roundish; flowers white, floating
on the water; sepales 4, coloured above; inner petals smallest;
outer stamens yellow, dilated ; fruit blunt. — Root bulbous,
dyes dark brown ; is sometimes made into bread.

Fam. XIX. 84. BERBERIDEiE. Jussieu.

Calyx deciduous, sepales in 2 series, 2 or 3 in each series ;
petals 4 or 6, opposite to the sepales ; stamens as many as
the petals opposite to them ; anthers adnate, 2-celled, open-
ing from the base to the tip by a valve; ovary 1, free;
style 0; pericarpium 1 -celled; seeds affixed to the base of
the cells ; perisperra fleshy ; corculum straight, axile ; radicle
below. — Plant shrubby or herbaceous ; leaves alternate,
often compound ; flowers racemose, bracteated.

Petals and stam. 6; berry 1-celled .... Berberis. 455.

Petals and stam . 4 ; pericarp 1-celled;

2-valved Epimedium. 456.

I. 455. BERBERIS. Brunsfel. Barberry .

Outer sepales 3, inner 6 ; petals 6, glands 2, at the base
of the petals; stamens irritable; stigma broad, sessile, um-
bilicated, persisting; berry ovate, cylindrical, 1-celled, 2 or
S-seeded. — Shrub thorny; leaves simple.

2 z 2

708 455. Berberis. 84. BERBERIDEiE. PI. ex. that.

Berber is vulgaris. Common barberry .

Racemes simple, pendulous ; leaves reverse ovate, fringed,
toothed.

Berberis dumetorura, Raii Syn. 4 65.

Spina acidasive Oxyacantha, Ger . em. 1325, 1.

Berberis, Park. 1559.

Berberis vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 471.

Barberry bush. Pipperidge tree.

Woods and hedges; shrubby; May and June.

Branches angular, bald ; leaves in bundles, petioled ;
spines 3 together; racemes solitary, many-flowered; flowers
vellow; berry scarlet. — Root dyes wool and leather yellow;
bark renders wine purgative ; inner bark with alum dyes
linen yellow; leaves acid, eaten as sauce; flowers offensive
to the smell when too near ; berries acid, not eaten by birds,
boiled with sugar form a pleasant confection. Is supposed
by some to cause wheat growing near it to become mil-
dewed ; but this is denied by others.

II. 456. EPXMEDIUM. Dioscorides. Barrenwort .

Outer sepales 2, inner 4; sepales spreading; petals 4;
nectariferous scale 1, petal-like, cupshape, coloured, at the
inner base of each petal ; stamens 4 ; style lateral, from the
top of the ovary; stigma simple; pericarpium oblong,
1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.

Ep medium alpinum. Alpine barrenwort.

Epimedium, Ger. em. 480.

Epimedium alpinum, Lin. S. P. 171.

Shady alpine situations ; perennial ; May.

Rhizoma horizontal; leaves upright, solitary, irregularly
ternately compounded, flower-bearing ; leaflets petioled,
heartshaped, drooping, pointed, light green, glaucous be-
neath; panicle from a kneejoint towards the middle of the
main petiole, upright, slightly racemose ; flowers droop-
ing ; petals dark red ; nectaries yellowr.

Earn. XX. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. Jussieu.

Calyx 3 to 6 sepales, free; petals 5 to 10, hypogynous;
stamens 5 or many and indefinite, hypogynous; anthers
adnate, 2-celled, mostly fastened on the outside of the fila-
ments; ovaries many, indefinite, inserted on the receptacle,
1-styled; pericarpia 1-seeded, not opening, (cariopsides), or
many-seeded, opening by longitudinal sutures, (camares ;)
perisperm horny; corculum much swollen, at the tip or

PL ex. that .

709

85. RANUNCULACE^L

base of the perisperm. — Plants herbaceous or shrubby;
leaves alternate, lobed, dilated at bottom, slightly sheathing;
stipules 0.

A. Anthers opening towards the centre of the flower.
Sepales 4, deciduous ; petals 4 ;

terry I-celled, many-seeded ......... Act^ea. 457.

Sepales 5, persisting; petals 5;
camares many-seeded Pjeonia. 458.

B. Anthers opening outwardly ; camares many , many-seeded.
Petals 4, 2 upper spurred ; sepales irregular,

petaloid; upper forming a spur . .* Consolida. 459.

Petals 5, tailed ; sepales 5, regular,
petaloid, deciduous Aquilegia. 460.

Pet. 8 or 10, 2-lipped; sepales 5, regular,
coriaceous, persisting; camares sessile Helleborus. 461.

Pet. 5 to 10, 2-lipped; sepales 5 to 10, regular,
petaloid ; camares sessile Trqllius. 462.

Petals 0 ; sepales regular, petaloid,
camares sessile . . Caltha. 463.

C. Anthers opening outwardly ; cariopsides many , on the
receptacle.

Petals 9, base scaled ; sepales 3,
base not produced; cariopsides blunt Ficaria. 464.

Petals 5, base scaled ; sepales 5,
base not produced ; cariopsides smooth Ranunculus. 465.

Petals 5, base pitted ; sepales 5,
base not produced; cariops ides wrinkled Batrachium. 466.

Petals 5, base nectariferous ; sepales 5,
base produced Myosurus. 467.

Pet. 5 to 10, base naked ; sepales 5 ;
involucrum 0 ; style straight, pointed, Adonis. 468.

Pet. 0 ; sepales 5 to 10; involucrum
3-leaved, distant; leaves cut; cariopsides
tailless Anemonanthea. 470.

Pel. 0; sepales 5; involucrum 3-leaved,
distant; leaves cut; cariopsides tailed. . . Pulsatilla, 471.

Pet. 0 ; sepales 4 ; cariopsides tailless,
sessile, longitudinally streaked Thalictrum. 472.

Pet. 0 ; sepales 4 ; cariopsides tailled,
sessile, feathered Clematis. 473.

710 457. Actaea. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. Pl.ex.thal.

A. Ranunculaceje spurije. Anthers opening on the
inner side.

I. 457. ACT7EA. Pliny. Herl-Christopher.

Calyx 4-sepaled; deciduous; corolla 4-petaled; stamens

indefinite; anthers fastened inwardly; ovary 1, ovate;
stigma capitate, sessile ; pericarpium (berry) fleshy, not
opening; seeds many, horizontal, in 2 series. — Herb peren-
nial ; leaves petioled, simple, lobed and variously cut ;
flowers racemose; peduncle bracteated; sepales and petals
very deciduous.

Actea spicala. Spiked herb- Christopher.

Perry nearly globular ; petals as long as the stamens ;
racemes ovate ; leaves bi-ternately or tri-ternately cut ; lobes
ovate, lanceolate, serrated or slightly cut.

Christophoriana, Raii Syn. 262; Ger. em. 979.

Christophoriana vulgaris, Park. 279.

Actaea spicata, Lin. S. P. 722.

Christophoriana spicata, Moench Meth . 279.

Baneberries.

Alpine woods on limestone; perennial; May and June.
Root fibrous ; leaves bald ; bracteee oblong ; flowers race-
mose ; berries black. — Root useful in nervous diseases ;
herb repellent ; berries very active, poisonous.

II. 458. PiEONIA. Theophrastus. Piony.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; sepales leaflike, unequal, orbicular,

persistent; petals 5 to 10, orbicular, nearly equal, not
clawed; stamens indefinite; anthers fastened outwardly;
ovaries 2 to 5, girt by a fleshy disk ; stigmata sessile, two-
lamellar ; camares 2 to 5, ovate, 1 -celled, many-seeded ;
.seeds shining, nearly globular; corculum basillary. — Root
perennial ; crown horizontal, thick ; fibres fasciculate,
thickened or tuberculated ; sheaths scaly, at the bottom of
the stem; leaves alternate, twice ternate; flowers terminal.

1. Pceonia corallina. Coral piony.

Stem herbaceous ; camares woolly, bent back from the
bottom; leaves 2-ternate; lobes ovate, not cut, bald.

Paeonia mas, Raii Syn. Ind. pi. dub.; Ger . em. 980, 1 ; Park. 1381.
Paeonia officinalis mascula, Lin. S. P. 747 /?.

Paeonia fcemina, Miller Diet.

Paeonia corallina, Retz Observ. 354.

Male piony. Male peionie.

PL ex. that, 85. RANUNCULACEiE. 458. Pmonia. 711

Clefts of rocks; naturalized; perennial; May.

Pool fasciculate; fibres thick, oblong, cylindrical; stem
3 feet high, purplish ; petals sometimes 6, crimson, some-
times pale red and white ; ovaries 5 ; camares spread ; seeds
globular, red. — Used indifferently with the P. officinalis,
and preferred by some.

2. Pceonia officinalis. Shop piony.

Stem herbaceous ; camares woolly, upright at the base,
diverging at top ; leaves 2-ternately-cut ; lobes bald, oblong;
middle lobe cut; side-lobes not cut.

Paeonia fcemina, Raii Syn. Ind.pl. dub.; Ger.em. 981,2; Park. 1380.

Paeonia officinalis fcemina, Lin. S. P. 747 a.

Paeonia inascula, Miller Bid.

Paeonia officinalis, Retz Observ.3 5.

Paeonia nemoralis, Salisbury Prod. 375.

Female piony. Female peionie.

Woods, naturalized; perennial; May.

Stem greenish. — Root made into necklaces, used against
the epilepsy in children, also given inwardly to adults ;
seeds used in the nightmare; syrup of the flowers anti-
epileptic.

B. Hellebores. Calyx petaloid ; aestivation imbricate ;
petals 5, 10, irregular, 2-lipped, nectariferous; or 0; aesti-
vation imbricate; anthers opening on the outside ; camares
dehiscent, many-seeded ; seeds horizontal. — Stem herba-
ceous ; leaves alternate.

III. 459. CONSOLIDA. Brunsfel. Larks- spur.

Calyx coloured, deciduous, 5-sepaled ; upper sepale
spurred ; petals 4, sometimes soldered ; 2 upper petals
forming an inner spur; stamens many; ovary 1; camares
distinct; seeds many, dry-berrylike. — Roots annual; stem
upright, branchy; flowers racemose; bractece 3 to each
pedicel 1.

Consolida regalis. Royal larks -spur.

Stem upright, bald, divaricately branched ; flowers few,
in loose racemes; pedicells longer than the bractea; capsules

bald.

Delphinium segetum, Acre caeruleo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 27 3.

Consolida regalis sylvestris, Ger.em. 1083,5.

Delphinium Consolida, Lin. S. P. 748.

Delphinium segetum, Lamarck FI. Fr. 325.

Delphinium versicolor, Salisbury Prod. 375.

Field lurks -spur. Larks-heel. Larks-claw,

712 459. Consolida. 85. RANUNCULAC. Pl.ex.thaL

Sandy fields; annual; June and July.

Stem herbaceous, bald or downy; stem branched ; flowers
of various colours. — -Seeds acrid.

IV. 460. AQUILEGIA. Tragus. Columbine .

Calyx 5-sepaled, deciduous, sepales coloured, petal-like ;

petals 5, gaping above, 2-lipped ; outer lip large, flat ; inner
very small; produced behind into spurs exserted between
the sepales; stamens many, in 5 to 10 series; interior fila-
ments membranaceous, oblong, without anthers; ovaries 5;
camares 5, upright, many-seeded. — Root perennial ; stem
herbaceous, upright ; lower leaves longly petioled ; petioles
S~cut, biternate; lobes 3-fid, toothed, blunt; upper leaves
lobed, lobes linear; flowers terminal, variously coloured.

Aquilegia vulgaris . Common columbine .

Spurs bent inwards ; capsules villous ; stem rather bald,
leafy, many-flowered; leaves nearly bald; styles not longer
than the stamens.

Aquilegia flore simplici, Raii Syn. 273.

Aquilegia caerulea, and A. rubra, Ger. em. 1093, I, and 2.

Aquilegia vulgaris simplex, Park. 1367.

Aquilegia vulgaris, Lin . S. P.752 .

Fields and copses; perennial; July.

Herb mostly bald, rarely downy ; leaf-lobes mostly cut ;
flowers panicled, drooping, pale.

V. 461. HELLEBORUS. Dioscorides. Hellebore .
Calyx persisting, 5-sepaled ; sepales large, roundish,

obtuse, mostly green; petals 8 or 10, very short, tubular;
below slender, nectariferous ; stamens 30 to 60 ; ovaries 3
to 10; stigmata terminal, orbicular; camares coriaceous;
seeds in 2 rows, elliptic, umbilicated.-— Plants herbaceous,
perennial, hard, coriaceous, bald, sometimes slightly downy
under the leaves ; root-leaves petioled, palmately or pedatelv
cut ; lobes oblong, toothed : stem-leaves various, oftenest 0.

a. Stem Jew-flowered , mostly forked ; floral leaves sessile , cut.

1 . Helleborus viridis. Green hellebore .

Root-leaves quite bald, pedately cut; stem-leaves nearly
sessile, palmately parted ; peduncles often 2-cut ; sepales
roundish, ovate, green.

Pl.ex.thal. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. 461. Helleb. 713

Helleborus niger hortensis flore viridi, Raii Syn. 271, 1.

Hellehorastrum, Ger. em. 976, 2.

Helleboraster minor, flore viridante, Park. 212.

Helleborus viridis, Lin. S. P. 784.

Wild black hellebore. Bears foot.

Woods and pastures on chalk; perenn.; March to May.

Roots fleshy; fibres long; herb quite bald; stem forked
at top ; leaves shining ; root-leaves growing Ipnger than the
stem after flowering; lobes oblong, lanceolate, acutely ser-
rated, outer lobes often 2 or 3-cut ; stem-leaves 3 or
5-parted; flowers green, slightly drooping. — Leaves in-
fused in beer used as a prophylactic in epidemic fevers, are
violently purgative, and vermifuge.

b. Stem many-flowered , leafy • peduncles bracteated .

2. Helleborus foetidus. Slinking hellebore .

Stem many-flowered, leafy ; leaves pedately cut, quite
bald ; lobes oblong, linear.

Helleboraster maximus, Raii Syn. 271,2; Ger. em. 976, 3.

Helleboraster maximus seu Consiligo, Park, 212.

Helleborus foetidus, Lin. S. P. 784.

Great ox heel. Bearsfoot setterwort.

Chalky shady places ; perennial; March and April.

Ste?n panicled ; leaves blackish green ; bractece ovate,
not cut, tip deeply toothed, pale yellowish green; flowers
drooping ; sepales erect, connivent, green with a purple
edge, persistent; camares 3 or 4.— Root purgative; root or
stem used as a seton by the ferriers.

VI. 462. TROLLIUS. Linnseus. Globe-flower.

Calyx coloured, 5, 10, or 15-sepaled; sepales deciduous,
petal-like ; petals 5 to 20, small, tubular at bottom, 1 -lipped ;
stamens and ovaries many; camares many, sessile, nearly
cylindrical, many-seeded. — Plant herbaceous, bald, upright,
perennial; root fibrous; fibres black, in bundles; leaves
petioled, palmately m any-cut ; flowers terminal, yellow.

Trollius Europceus. European globe-flower.

Sepales 15, connivent, forming a ball; petals 5 or 10, as
long as the stamens.

Ranunculus globosus, Raii Syn. 272; Ger. em. 955, 12; Park. Par. 218.

Trollius Europseus, Lin. S. P. 782.

Trollius altissimus, Crantz Austr. 2, 123-

Trollius globosus, Lamark FI. Fr. 3, 323.

Trollius connivens, Mcench Meth. 313.

Trollius montanus, Salisbury Prod. 373.

Tr-dlius sphaericus, Salisb. Tr. Soc. Lin. 8,302.

Globe crowfoot, Locker Rowlands,

714 462.Trollius. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. PL ex. that

Alpine pastures ; perennial ; May to July.

Stem 2 feet high, many-flowered ; flowers first pale, then
golden yellow ; sepales 10 to ] 5.

VII. 463. CALTHA. Pliny. Bootes.

Calyx coloured, 5-sepaled ; sepales nearly orbicular,
petal-like; petals 0; stamens many; ovaries 5 to 10; ca -
mares 5 to 10, compressed, spreading, 1 -celled, many-
seeded. — Herbs perennial, quite bald ; roots fibrous; stems
cylindrical ; leaves petioled, heartshape, ears not bent in ;
flowers terminal, yellow.

1. Caltha palustris. Marsh lootes .

Stem upright, many-flowered ; leaves heartshape, nearly

round, crenated ; ears rounded.

Populago, Raii Syn. 272.

Caltha palustris major, Ger. ein. 817, 1.

Caltha palustris vulgaris simplex, Park. 1213.

Caltha palustris, Lin. S. P. 784.

Populago palustris. Scop. Cam. 698.

Marsh marygold. Meadow bouts.

Moist places and river-sides ; perennial; May and June.
Stems 18 in. high, forked, upright; peduncles furrowed
upper leaves nearly sessile ; petiole-ears membranaceous,
rounded, stipule-like; flowers large. — Herb in flower sup-
posed to make the butter yellow, but is poisonous to cows;
unexpanded flowers pickled and used for capers.

2. Caltha minor. Small lootes.

Stem ascending, 1 -flowered; leaves heartshape, nearly

orbicular, crenated ; ears rounded.

Populago minor, Tabernaem. Tc. 750.

Caltha palustris minor, De Candolle Syst. Nat. 309, 4 /3.

Moist places by side of rivers ; perennial ; May.

Stem simple; leaves , ears , and flowers , half the size of
the former.

3. Caltha radicans. Rooting lootes.

Stem creeping, few-flowered ; leaves triangular, heart-

shape, serrate, crenated.

Caltha radicans, Forster Tr. Lin. Soc. 8, 321.

Sides of lakes; perennial; May and June.

Stem rooting at bottom, ascending at tip, few-flowered ;
leaves nearly triangular, with a dilated sinus, lower angles
obtuse ; upper angle acute ; teeth sharp ; sepales oblong.

Pl. ex. thal. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. 464. Ficaria. 715

C. Ranuncule^e. ^Estivation of the calyx and corolla
Imbricate; petals 5 to 15, with a scale at the inside of the
claw, sometimes 2-lipped, lips very unequal; anthers ovate,
opening outwardly ; cariop sides many, mucronate ; seeds
erect. — Stems herbaceous ; leaves radical or alternate ; in -
valuer urn 0; flowers terminal, yellow.

VIII. 464. FICARIA. Brunsfel. Pilewort .

Calyx 3-sepaled, deciduous; petals 9, pitted at the bot-
tom on the inside; stamens and ovaries many, indefinite;
cariopsides smooth, compressed, blunt. — Herb bald, peren-
nial; roots grumous ; tubers reverse ovate, blunt; stem
branched, spreading; leaves petioled, heartshaped, rather
angular; peduncles 1 -flowered, axillary, and terminal; se -
pales sometimes 5; petals 8 or 12.

Ficaria ranunculoides. Rununciduslike pilewort.

Root grumous; stem leafy; leaves hearts h ape.

Chelidonium minus, Raii Syn. 246; Ger.em. 816; Park. 617.

Ranunculus Ficaria, Lin. S. P. 774.

Ficaria ranunculoides, Mcench. Meth. 215.

Ficaria verna, Hudson FI. Angl. 244.

Ranunculus praecox, Salisb. Prod. 372.

Ficaria communis, Dumeril Cours 4, 445.

Little celandine. Figwort. Pilewort.

Damp fields and pastures; perennial; March to May.

Stem long; leaves longly petioled, shining; flowers yel-
low shining, becoming whitish at the tip ; varies with the
stem long or short; leaves entire or angled, heart or kid-
neyshape, with or without a black spot; axillae naked or
bulb-bearing; calyx 3 to 5-sepaled; petals 8 to 12. — Herb
mild, esculent as a potherb ; juice of the roots used as a
lotion for the piles.

IX. 465. RANUNCULUS. Pliny. Crowfoot.

Calyx 5-sepaled ; sepales deciduous without separating

at bottom ; petals 5 or 10, with a nectariferous scale or pit
at the base; stamens and ovaries many, indefinite ; cariopsides
ovate, slighly compressed, smooth, or prickly, not streaked;
ending in a short horn; disposed. — Stem cylindrical; pe-
duncles terminal or axillary ; flowers white or yellow.

716 465. Ranim. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. Pl.ex.thal.

a. Ranunculus. Flowers yellow ; leaves laid , many-cut ,
toothed; roots fibrous, annual; car iops ides tubercular or
spinous on loth sides.

1 . Ranunculus parviflcrus. Smallflowered crowfoot.

Leaves villous, round, 3-lobed, large-toothed or cut;

stem* lying down, soft haired; peduncles opposite to the
leaves; calyx equal to the petals, becoming reflected; ca -
riopsides granulariy tuberculated.

Ranunculus hirsutus animus fiore minimo, Rail Syn. 248,5.

Ranunculus parviflcrus, Lin. S. P. 780.

Ranunculus muricatus, Moench. Meth. 215.

Hairy crowfoot.

Fields tfnd hedges on gravel ; annual; May and June.
Stem branched, leafy ; leaves longly petioled, uppermost
leaves lanceolate, not in the least cut; flowers very small;
petals yellow, oblong, sometimes 3 or 4, not longer than
the calyx; cariopsides 7 to 10, compressed, almost orbicu-
lar, crowned with a very short, nearly straight style.

2. Ranunculus arvensis. Corn crowfoot.

Leaves bald : seed-leaves toothed at the tip ; root-leaves

3-parted; stem -leaves many-cut, lobes linear; stem upright,
many-flowered ; cariopsides with long prickles on each
side.

Ranunculus arvorum, Raii Syn. 248; Ger. em. 951, 3; Park. 328.
Ranunculus arvensis, Lin. S . P. 780.

Ranunculus echinalus, Crantz Austr. 2, 118, not of Venlenat,

Cornfields; annual; June.

Stem much branched; leaves rather bold; lobes oblong;
edge not cut, tip sharply cut; flowers small; stamens 12
or 14; cariopsides 6 or 7, large. — Herb acrid, poisonous to
sheep, 3 ounces of the juice killed a dog in 4 minutes.

3. Ranunculus hirsutus. Rough-haired crowfoot.

Leaves 3-lobed or 3-cut, lobes blunt, deeply toothed, the

middle peduncled; calyx turned back; stem not bulbous
at bottom; cariopsides with a single row of very small tu-
bercles round the edg*e.

o

Ranunculus rectus pallidioribus foliis, Raii Syn. 247, 3.

Ranunculus bulbosus ,6, Hudson Ft. Angl. 241.

Ranunculus philonotis, Retz Obs. 6,31.

Ranunculus agrarius, All. Auct. 27.

Ranunculus sardous, Crantz Austr. 2, 84.

Ranunculus pallidior, Pillars Delph. 4, 751.

Ranunculus hirsutus, Aiton Hort. Kew. 2, 268.

Ranunculus pallidus, Russel in Schrader J our. Hot. 1,425.

Ranunculus Palensis, Berg. Ft. Bass. Pyr. 2,405.

PLex.thal. 85. RAN'UNCULACEiE. 465. Ranun. 717

Walls and waysides : annual ; June to August.

Stem 18 in. high, branchy, many-flowered, upright or
trailing; hairs spreading; sometimes bald; leaves 3-parted,
hirsute, pale.

intermedius. Leaves nearly bald.

Ranunculus intermedius, Poiret Diet. 6, 116.

Ranunculus pumilus, Thuill. Par. 1,277, not of Poiret.

Damp shady places.

y. parvulus. Stem dwarf, mostly 1 -flowered.

Ranunculus parvulus, j Lin. Mant. 79.

Ranunculus parviflorus, Gouan Fl.Monsp. 270, not of Linn.

Dry stony places.

b. Leiosperma. Flowers yelloiv ; leaves loled or many-cut ;
root fibrous; cariopsides smooth.

4. Ranunculus bulbosus . Bulbous crowfoot .

Root-leaves petioled, 3-cut, slightly pinnately cut ; lobes

8-cut, deeply toothed, the middle lobe slightly petioled;
stem upright, bulbous at the neck; calyx turned back.

Ranunculus bulbosus, Rail Syn. 247, 2; Ger. em. 953,6; Park. 329*
Lin. S. P. 778.

Ranunclus 1 set us, Salisbury Prod. 373.

Ranunculus ftab.ellat.trs, Bivona Sicul. 68.

Buttercups. Gold cups. Kingcups. King kop. Gold knops.

Fields and meadows ; perennial ; May.

Root bulbous, solid, proliferous above; stem l foot high;
leaves more or less hirsute, segments 3-cut or lobed.

/3. plenus. Flower double.

Ranunculus m axioms Anglicus, Ger. em. 957, 1.

St. Anthony’s turnep. Rape crowfoot. Yellow bachelor’s buttons.

5. Ranunculus repens. Creeping crowfoot .

Leaves pinnately 3-cut ; segments wedgeshape, 3-lobed,

deeply toothed; stem with creeping prostrate runners from
the crown, the flower-bearing stem nearly upright; calyx
close; cariopsides with a straight beak.

Ranunculus prafensis repens, Raii Syn. 247, 1; Park. 329.

Ranunculus poilensis, efiamque hortensis, Ger. em. 951, 1.

Ranunculs repens, Lin. S. P. 779.

Ranunculus prostratus, Porr.Dict. 6, 113.

Ranunculus infestus, Salisbury Prod. 373.

Common crowfoot. Butter-flower.

Damp fields; perennial; June to August.

Stems prostrate, middle stems sometimes upright or
ascending; leaves with the middle segment always petioled,

718 465. Ranun. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. Pl. ex. that.

side segments sometimes sessile ; upper surface very smooth,
dark green, spotted with black or white, sometimes downy,
or spotless ; segments 3-cut or 3-parted, sometimes many-
cut; flowers often double or proliferous from the centre.

6. Ranunculus acris . Acrid crowfoot.

Leaves downy or nearly bald, palmately parted ; lobes

deeply toothed, acute ; upper lobes linear ; stem upright,
many-flowered, slightly downy ; peduncles cylindrical ; calyx
villous; cariopsides terminated by a nearly straight mucro.

Ranunculus pratensis erectus acris, Raii Syn. 248,4.

Ranunculus surrectis cauliculis, Ger. em. 951,2.

Ranunculus pratensis erectus acris vulgaris, Park. 329.

Ranunculus acris, Lin. S. P. 779.

Ranunculus napellifolius, var. Crantz Austr. 2,90.

Upright meadow crowfoot.

Fields and pastures ; perennial; May to July.

Stem 2 feet high, branched above; hairs pressed to the
stem ; leaves spotless, sometimes with a black spot in the
middle; flowers often double.

7. Ranunculus sceleratus. Wicked crowfoot .

Leaves bald ; root-leaves petioled, 3-parted ; lobes

3-lobed, slightly and bluntly cut ; uppermost leaves three-
parted, lobes oblong, linear, not cut', floral-leaves oblong;
calyx bald ; cariopsides very small, forming an oblong spike.

Ranunculus palustris, Raii Syn. 249, 1.

Ranunculus palustris rotundi-folius, Ger.em. 962,4.

Ranunculus palustris Sardonius laevis, Park. 1215.

Ranunculus sceleratus, Lin. S. P. 776.

Round-leaved water crowfoot. Celery-leaved crowfoot.

Watery places ; annual; June to August.

Herb pale green ; stem thick, juicy ; flowers small ; petals
scarcely longer than the calyx; stamens 8 to 12; cariopsides
very numerous, smooth, deciduous. — Herb corrosive, ul-
cerating the places to which it is applied.

|3. minimus. Stem very short; root-leaves 3-cut; fruit
ovate.

y. submersus . Leaves all under water, translucid, mem*
branaceous; lobes long.

8. Ranunculus auricomus . Golden-haired crowfoot .

Leaves bald ; root-leaves petioled, heartshape, generally

3-parted or 3-lobed ; stem-leaves parted into linear lobes,
sometimes slightly toothed ; calyx downy, shorter than the
petals.

Pl.ex.thal. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. 465. Ranun. 719

Ranunculus nemorosus dulcis, secundus Tragi, Raii Syn. 248; Park.
326.

Ranunculus auricomus, Ger. cm. 954, 7 ; Lin. S. P. 775.

Ranunculus polymorphus, Allioni Ped. 1449.

Ranunculus initis, Gilibert in Ulst. Del. 2,420.

Ranunculus variifolius, Salisb. Prod. 1, 373.

Sweet wild crowfoot. Golden locks.

Damp fields and shady places ; perennial ; April to July.
Stem 2 feet high, branched ; sepales coloured, edge some-
times dilated; petals sometimes 0. — Herb mild.

c. Flowers yellow ; leaves toothed , or not cut ; root fibrous.

9. Ranunculus replans. Creeping crowfoot.

Leaves linear, not in the least cut, bald ; stem creeping,

emitting a root at each joint.

Ranunculus replans, Lin. S. P. 773.

Ranunculus Flammula, Smith FI. Brit. 587.

Sides of Alpine lakes ; perennial ; June to August.

Slem threadlike, creeping; leaves nearly threadlike;
flowers solitary, small, yellow.

10. Ranunculus flammeus. Flame crowfoot.

Leaves bald, linear, lanceolate, slightly ovate, scarcely

cut ; lower leaves petioled ; stem lying down, many, slightly
rooting at bottom; peduncles opposite to the leaves; ca-
riopsides smooth.

Ranunculus flammeus minor, Raii Syn. 250,7 ; Ger. etn. 961,2.
Ranunculus flammeus minor, sive angustifolius, Park. 1214.

Ranunculus Flammula, Lin. S. P. 772.

Small spear wort. Bane wort.

Bogs and meadows; perennial; July to September.

Stem 2 feet high ; leaves bald, slender ; flowers rich,
shining yellow.-— Herb acrid, poisonous to sheep ; the dis-
tilled water is emetic, acting instantly.

£. serralus. Leaves nearly lanceolate, serrated.

Ranunculus flammeus serratus, Ger.em. 962, 3.

y. ovalus. Leaves mostly ovate, petioled.

Ranunculus Flammula, Poiret Diet. 6, 98.

Ranunculus ovatus, Persoon Each. 2, 102.

11. Ranunculus longifolius. Long-leaved crowfoot.

Leaves lanceolate, slightly serrate, sessile, nearly em-
bracing the stem ; stem upright, bald.

720 465. Ramin. 85. RANUNCULACE^E. Pl.ex.tkaL

Ranunculus flammeus major, Raii Syn. 250, 8; Ger.em. 961, 1.
Ranunculus palustris flammeus major, Park. 1215.

Ranunculus Lingua, Lin. S. P. 773.

Ranunculus longifolius, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 189.

Great spear wort.

Ditches* perennial; July.

Stem, leaves , and flowers, larger than in R. flammeus;
leaves not cut or serrulated ; bald, or slightly hairy ; hairs
pressed to the leaves.

d. Flowers yellow ; leaves not in the least cut ; roots handled*

12. Ranunculus gramineus. Grassy crowfoot.

Leaves lanceolate or linear, not cut; stem upright, quite

bald, fibrous at the collar; nectariferous- scale tubular ; root
in bundles.

Ranunculus gramineus Lobelii, Ger. em. 954, 9, is double.

Ranunculus gramineus, Lin. S. P. 773.

Ranunculus graminifolius, Salisb. Pi od. 372.

Fields ; perennial ; May and June.

Root tuberous, cylindrical, radiatedly fibrous at top;
leaves very smooth, glaucous, rather stiff*; sepales smooth,
spread ; flowers often double.

e. Flowers white ; leaves lolate , multifid , or toothed ; ca -

riop sides smooth.

13. Ranunculus alpestris. Alp crowfoot .

Leaves orbicular, 3-lobed ; lobes cut, crenate, rather

blunt; stem mostly 1 -flowered ; calyx bald; petals 5 , re-
verse heartshape, or 3-lobed.

Ranunculus montanus flore minore, Ger. em. 964,3.

Ranunculus alpestris, Lin. S . P. 772.

Alps ; perennial ; May and June.

Leaves smooth, bald ; root-leaves orbicular, round, 3-cut
or parted; stem-leaves linear, or cut into 3 linear lobes ;
scape 4 inches high, 1. flowered; petals entirely white.

X. 466. BATRACHIUM. De Cand. Water-crowfoot .

Calyx 5-sepaled; sepales deciduous, not produced at
bottom; petals 5 or 10, white, base yellow, with a nectari-
ferous hole: stamens and ovaries many; cariopsides ovate,
compressed, not armed, transversely wrinkled. — Plants
aquatic ; roots fibrous ; leaves quite bald ; those out of water
toothed, slightly lobed ; leaves in water capillary, many-
cut; peduncles 1 -flowered, opposite to the leaves.

PL ex. that. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. 466. Batrach. ?2 1

1. Batrachium hederaceum. Ivy leaved water-crowfoot.

Stem creeping; leaves nearly kidneyshape, 3 or 5-lobed;

lobes broad, not cut, very blunt; petals oblong, scarcely
longer than the calyx; stamens 5 to 12; cariopsides bald.
Ranunculus aquatilis hederaceus albus, Rail Syn. 249, 2.

Ranunculus hederulae folio aquaticus, Park . 1216.

Ranunculus hederaceus, Lin. S. P. ?8l.

Ranunculus hedera?folius, Salish. Prod. 3 73.

Inundated places and springs ; perennial ; May to Aug.
Ste7ns trailing or swimming, rooting, branched, divari-
cated ; leaves longly petioled, rather fleshy, smooth ;
flowers small, white.

2. Batrachium. tripartitum. Three-parted water-crowfoot.
Stem floating; leaves under water, many-cut, threadlike*

out of water 3-parted ; lobes wedgeshaped, toothed at the
tip ; petals oblong, rather sharp, as long as the CalyX ; ca-
riopsides bald.

Ranunculus tripartitus, micranthus, De Cand. Syst. Nat. 1, 234.

Ditches and springs ; perennial ; May and June.

Flower and cariopsides similar to those of B. hederaceum ;
stem9 leaves , and habit , similar to B. heterophyllum.

3. Batrachium obtusiflorum. Blunt-pelaled water-crowfoot .
Stem floating; leaves under water many-cut, threadlike;

out of water 3-parted, lobes wedgeshaped, toothed at the
tip ; petals reverse ovate, obtuse, longer than the calyx ;
cariopsides smooth.

Ranunculus tripartitus obtusiflorus, De Cand. Syst. Nat. 1,234.
Ranunculus aquatilis 2, With. Bot. Arr. 3, 623.

Ditches and inundated places ; perennial; May, June.
Leaves under water very few, sometimes 0.

4. Batrachium heterophyllum. Odd-leaved water-crowfoot.
Stem floating ; leaves under water many-cut, threadlike ;

out of water 3-parted, lobes wedgeshaped, toothed at the
tip ; petals reverse ovate, larger than the calyx ; cariopsides
bristled; bristles stiff.

Ranunculus aquatilis, Raii Syn. 243, 9; Ger.em. 829,2 ; Lin. S. P. 181.
Ranunculus aquaticus hepaticae facie, Park. 1216.

Ranunculus capillaris, Gat. FI. Mont. 102.

Ranuuculus heterophyllus, Hoffm. Germ. 19T.

Ranunculus diversifolius, Schrank. FI. Bav. 103.

Water crowfoot.

Ditches and ponds; perennial; May and June.

VOL. II. 3 A

722 466.Batrach. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. Pl.ex.thal

Leaves above the water 3-parted, not peltate ; sta-
mens 12 to 24. — Herb troublesome in ponds; is not acrid,
but will feed and even fatten cattle.

0. peltatum. Leaves above the water orbicular, 3-lobed,
peltate.

Ranunculus peltalus, Mcench Meth.2 14.

5. Batrachium pantothrix . Line-trimmed water-crowfoot .
Stem floating ; leaves many-cut, hairlike, outline orbicu-
lar, segments divergent, thin; petals reverse ovate, larger
than the calyx; cariopsides bald.

Ranunculus aquatilis omnino tenuifolius, Raii Syn. 249,4.

Millefolium, sive Maratriphyllon, fiore et semine ranunculi aquatici,
hepaticae facie, Ger. em. 827, 2.

Ranunculus trichophyllus, Chaix in Vill. Dauph. 1,335.

Ranunculus divaricatus, Mcench Mceth. 214.

Ranunculus capillaceus, Thuil. Par. ed. 2, 1, 278.

Ranunculus aquatilis A, Desfont. FI. Atl. 1, 242.

Ranunculus pantothrix, Brotero FI. Lus. 2, 375.

Ranunculus pectinatus, Dubois Meth. Orl. 454,

Ranunculus aquatilis 0, Smith FI. Brit. 596.

Ponds and ditches ; perennial ; May and June.

Herb mild ; used for feeding cattle.

6. Batrachium ccespitosum. Tufted water-crowfoot .

Stem floating ; leaves many-cut, hairlike, outline nearly

orbicular, segments diverging, stiff ; petioles slightly sheath-
ing, eared ; petals reverse ovate, larger than the calyx ; ca-
riopsides bald.

Ranunculus aquaticus albus, circinatis tenuissime divisis foliis, floribu
ex alis longis pediculis innixis, Raii Syn , 249, 5.

Ranunculus rigidus, Persoon in Hoff. Germ. 4, 257.

Ranunculus caespitosus, Thuill. Par. ed. 2. 1,279.

Ranunculus aquaticus B, Desfont. FI. Atl. 1,443.

Ranunculus pumilus, Poiret Diet. 6, 133.

Ranunculus circinnatus, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 175.

Ranunculus aquatilis y, Smith FI. Brit. 596.

Inundated places ; perennial; May and June.

Herb mild.

7. Batrachium fiuviatile. River water-crowfoot

Stem floating; leaves many-cut, hairlike; segments long,

parallel ; petals reverse ovate, larger than the calyx ; ca-
riopsides bald.

PL ex. that 85. RANUNCULACEAE. 466. Batrach. 723

Ranunculus q. Millefolium maratriphyllum fiuitans, ranunculo sive po-
Jyanthemo aquatili albo affine J. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 250,6.

Ranunculus fiuitans, Ft. Dan. 3 76.

Ranunculus peucedanifolius, Allioni Ped. 1469.

Ranunculus peucedanoides, Desfont. FI. Atl. l,444i

Ranunculus fluviatilis, Willdenow S. P. 2, 1333.

Ranunculus aquatilis S, Smith FI. Brit. 596.

Ranunculus panthothrix peucedanifolius, De Cand. Syst. Nat. 1, 230.

Rivers and running waters ; perennial ; May and June.

Segments of the leaves very long.— Herb mild, like the
preceding.

XI. 467. MYOSURUS. Dodonaeus* Mouse-tail ,

Calyx 5-sepaled ; sepales produced beyond the insertion ;

petals 5, claws threadshape, tubular; stamens 5 to 20;
ovaries many; cariopsides many, 3-sided, pointed, with a
straight style, very crowded, forming a very long spike. —
Plants herbaceous; root fibrous, annual; caudex simple,
upright, tufted; leaves linear, not cut; scape 1-flowered, as
long as the leaves, thickened.

Myosurus Europcea. European mouse- tail.

Mvosuros, Raii Syn. 251.

Cauda muris, Ger. em. 426,4.

Holosteum Loniceri, Cauda muris vocatum, Park 500.

Myosurus minimus, Lin. S. P. 407.

Gravelly fields ; annual ; May.

Scapes 3 to 6 from the same root ; leaves sometimes
slightly hairy ; flowers pale yellow ; petals rarely anther*
like.

D. Anemones. JEstivation of the calyx and corolla
imbricate ; petals flat, or 0 ; cariopsides often tailed. — Plants
herbaceous; roots grumose or bundled; leaves radical or
alternate.

XII. 468. ADONIS. Matthioli. Maithes .

Calyx 5-sepaled, closed together; sepales sometimes en-
larged at the bottom; petals 5 to 15, claw naked; stamens
many, inserted at the bottom of the gynophore; ovaries
many ; cariopsides many, aggregated in an ovate or cylin-
drical spike, 1 -seeded, bald, terminated by a straight, co-
nical style. — Plants herbaceous, caulescent; root annual,
fusiform; stem-leaves pinnatedly parted ; lobes many-cut;
segments linear ; involucrum 0 ; flowers small, red or yellow.

3 a 2

724 468. Adonis. 85. R ANUNCULACEAE. PL ex. that

1 . Adonis autumnalis. Autumn maithes*

Calyx bald; petals concave, connivent, scarcely larger

than the calyx ; cariopsides nearly reticulately collected into
an ovate head ; stem branched.

Flos Adonis, Raii Syn. 251, Park. Par. 293.

Flos Adonis fiore rubro, Ger. em. 387, 1.

Adonis autumnalis, Lin. S. P. 771.

Adonis flower. Red maithes . Red camomile. Rose-a-ruby . Red mo-
rocco.

Corn-fields ; annual ; May and October.

Flowers blood-red.

2. Adonis cestivalis. Summer maithes .

Calyx hispid at bottom ; petals flat, oblong, obtuse,

twice as long as the calyx ; cariopsides reticulately disposed
in a long loose spike ; stem scarcely branched.

Adonis aestivalis, Lin. S. P. 772.

Adonis miniata, Jacquin Austr. 354.

Corn-fields ; annual ; May to October.

Calyx long ; flowers peduncled, small, dark red ; petals
oblong, blunt ; cariopsides distant on the spike.

\

XIII. 469. ANEMONANTHAE.A. De Cand. Anemone .

Involucrum 3-leaved, distant from the flower ; calyx 5 to
15-sepaled; sepales petal-like; petals 0; stamens many, in-
definite ; cariopsides many, ovate, with a hooked more or
less hirsute style. — Plants stemless ; leaves radica \; peduncles
solitary or in pairs, leafless, 1 -flowered.

a. Involucrum-leaflets petioled ; rhizoma ovate, tuberose;
sepales 10 to 15.

1 . Anemonanthea Apennina. Apennine anemone .

Leaves 3-ternately-cut ; segments lanceolate, deeply
toothed, teeth acute; petiole branched; involucral leaflets
petioled, 3-cut, deeply toothed ; sepales 12 or 14, oblong,
blunt.

Anemone q. Ranuneulas nemorosus, fiore purpureo caeruleo Parkinson
(325), Dillen in Raii Syn . 259, 2.

Anemone geranifolia, Ger. em. 377,8.

Anemone Apennina, Lin. S. P. 762.

Geranium-leaved anemone. Stork? s-bill wind-flower.

Woods; perennial; April.

Root black ; leaves longly petioled ; scape bald; involucrum
like the leaves; pedice'lls villous; flowers upright, light
blue ; sepcdes 4 times as long as the stamens.

Pl.eac.thal 85. RANUNCULACEiE. 469. Anemon. 725

b. Iuvolucrum-leaflets petioled ; rhizoma cylindrical, long ;
sepales 5 or 6.

2. Anemonanthea nemorosa. Wood anemone .

Leaves ternately cut; segments 3-cut, deeply toothed,

lanceolate, sharp ; involucral leaflets petiolets, similar to the
leaves; sepales 6, elliptic.

Anemone nemorum alba, Raii Syn. 259, 1 ; Ger.em. 383,2.

Ranunculus nemorosus albus simplex, Park. 325.

Anemone nemorosa, Lin. S. P. 762.

Anemone nemorosa alba, Crantz Amtr. 2, 101.

White wind-flower.

Woods and shady places; perennial; April.

Petals white, rose-red, lilac, or purple; leaves sometimes
dotted yellow beneath. — Plant acrid, inducing the dysen-
tery; but is useful in head-ach, intermittent fevers, and
rheumatic gout.

3. Anemonanthea ranunculoides . Ranunculuslike anemone.
Root-leaves 3 to 5-cut; segments slightly 3-cut, deeply

toothed ; involucral leaflets slightly petioled, 3 -par ted,
deeply toothed ; sepales 5 or 6, elliptic.

Anemone lutea, Ger. em. 383, 1.

Anemone ranunculoidoes, Lin. S . P. 762.

Anemone nemorosa lutea, Crantz A ustr. 2, 101.

Anemone lutea, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 318.

Yellow windflower. Yellow anemone.

Hilly fields and woods ; perennial ; April and May.
Leaves few, bald; pedicells hairy; flowers gold-yellow,
solitary or in pairs, one sometimes male.

XIV. 470. PULSATILLA. Gesner. Pasque-flower.

Involucrum 3-leaved, distant from the flower ; leaves
sessile, palmately parted, lobes linear; sepales 5 or 6;
glands (abortive stamens?) pedicelled, between the sepales
and stamens; petals 0; stamens many; cariopsides many,
tailed ; tails long, bearded.— -Root-leaves finely divided ;
flowers purple.

Pulsatilla vulgaris . Common pasque-flower.

Leaves pinnately cut; segments many-cut; lobes linear;
flowers slightly nodding ; sepales 6, spreading.

Pulsatilla flore crassiore et majore flore, Raii Syn. 260.

Pulsatilla vulgaris, Ger. em. 385, 1 ; Park. 341 ; Lin. S. P. 759.
Anemone pratensis, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 169, not of Linnteus.

Anemone Pulsatilla a, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 320.

Anemone collina, Salisbury Prodr. 371.

Pasqueflower , i. e. Easter-flower. Passe flower. Pulsatilla . Flaw~
flower. Coventry bells. Ilill-lulip , Cambridge. Bastard anemone.

726 470. Pulsat. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. Pl.ex.thal

Hilly pastures on chalk ; perennial ; April and May.
Color very variable ; often double. — Plant acrid.

XV. 471. THALICTRUM. Dioscorides. Meadow-rue .

Flowers dioicous, polygamous, often hermaphrodite ;
calyx 4 or 5-sepaled ; sepales ovate, petaloid, soon falling
off ; stamens many ; ovaries 4 to 15; styles short ; cariopsides
sessile, ovate, streaked lengthways. — Plants perennial ; roots
yellowish, fibrous; stems annual, fistulous; leaves many-
cut ; stipules 0 ; flowers panicled, yellowish.

1 . Thalictrum alpinum. Alpine meadow-rue ,
Stem not in the least branched, nearly naked, a finger’s

height; racemes simple, terminal; flowers nodding; leafl
segments bald.

Thalictrum minimum montanum atro-rubens, foliis splendentihus, Raii
Syn. 204, 4,

Thalictrum Alpinum, Lin. S. P. 767.

Alpine turf-bogs ; perennial ; June.

Root creeping ; stem bald ; leaves 5 or 6, radical, pin-
nately cut; lobes sessile, 3 or 5-toothed; above shining,
beneath pale ; flowers 7 or 8 ; pedicells short, rather dis-
tant; stamens 12; ovaries few.

2. Thalictrum minus. Small meadow-rue ,

Stem cylindrical, covered with glaucous pollen ; flowers

loosely panicled, nodding, 4-sepaled ; leaf-segments bald,
roundish, toothed at the tip, glaucous beneath; cariopsides
sharp at both ends.

Thalictrum minus, Raii Syn. 203,2; Ger. em. 1251,2; Park. 264; Lin.
S. P. 769.

Small bastard rhubarb. Fen rue.

Mountainous pastures on chalk; perennial; June, July.
Stem 1 foot high; leaves spreading; segments ovate,
nearly round, 3 or 5-toothed at the tip; panicle naked,
stiff, very open ; cariopsides 3 to 6.

g. latifolium. Leaflets broad.

Thalictrum montanum minus, foliis latioribus, Raii Syn. 204.

3. Thalictrum majus. Great meadow-rue.

Stem cylindrical, without glaucous pollen \ flowers loosely

panicled, drooping ; leaf-segments bald, glaucous beneath,
3-cut ; lobes ovate, slightly mucronate ; cariopsides obliquely
rounded.

PI. ex. that. 83. RANUNCULACEiE. 471.Thalict. 727

Thalictrum sive Thalictrum majus, Ger. em. 1251, 1.

Thalictrum majus vulgare, Park. 263.

Thalictrum majus, Murray Syst. Veg. 513.

Great bastard rhubarb. English rhubarb.

Shady mountainous places; perennial; June and July.
Stem 3 feet high ; leaves dark green ; petioles diverging,
spreading; panicle much bent; sepales greenish purple;
cariopsides large, bellied on one side, obliquely rounded at
bottom. — Root used as rhubarb.

4. Thalictrum nigricans . Blackish meadow-rue.

Stem stiff, branched, furrowed ; root fibrous ; panicle

manifold, upright, nearly corymbous; radical-leaf -segments
wedge-shaped, 3-cut ; stem-leaf-segments oblong, linear.

Thalictrum nigricans, J acquin Austr . 5,421.

Thalictrum rugosum, Poiret Diet. 5, 31T.

Thalictrum flavum 2, Lightfoot FI. Scot.

Edges of fields and rivers ; perennial ; July.

Lobes of the leaves neither all wedgeshape, nor all linear.

5. Thalictrum flavum. Yellow meadow-rue.

Stem upright, branched, furrowed; root fibrous; panicle

manifold, upright, nearly corymbous ; leaf-segments wedge-
shape, 3-cut, acute.

Thalictrum sen Thalictrum majus, Rail Syn. 203, 1 ; not of Gerarde.
Thalictrum flavum «, Lin. S. P.7 70.

Thalictrum flavum, Miller Diet.

Damp fields and sides of rivers; perennial; July.

Stem 3 feet high ; panicle slightly leafed ; flowers up-
right; sepales 4; stamens 24; ovaries 8 to 10; stigmata
thick, heartshape, white. — -Root astringent yet purgative.

E. Clematideje. ^Estivation of the calyx valvate, or
induplicate; petals flat, or 0; anthers linear, fastened out-
side the filaments ; cariopsides tailed ; tails feathered : seeds
pendulous. — Plants climbing, shrubby ; leaves opposite.

XVI. 472. CLEMATIS. Dioscorides. Traveller s-yoy .

Involucrum under the flower 0 ; sepales 4 to 8 ; aestivation
valvate, or induplicate ; petals 0 ; cariopsides many, ending
in a long feathered beard ; cotyledons distant.

Clematis dumosa. Bush travellers-joy.

Stem climbing ; leaves pinnately cut ; segments ovate,
lanceolate, deeply toothed, acuminated ; truncated heart-
shape at the base ; peduncles rather shorter than the leaf

728 472. Clematis. 85. RANUNCULACEiE. Pl.ex.thaL

Clematis latifolia, seu Atragene quibusdam, Raii Syn, 258.

Viorna, Ger. em. 886, 1.

Clematis sylvestris latifolia, sive Viorna, Park. 380.

Clematis Vitalba, Lin. S. P. 766.

Clematis sepium, Lamark FI. Fr. 3, 306.

Clematis dumosa, Salisb. Prod. 371.

Traveller' s joy.

Hedges ; shrubby ; July.

Stem contorted; leaves rather bald; panicle axillary,
forked, leafy ; flowers white, odoriferous. — Herb in infusion
used in dropsy : is diuretic, astringent, and even corrosive.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 10 & 11. Remove athyrium regium, and A. den-
tatum, into the genus cyclopteris, changing the gender of
the adjectives.

P.35. Potamogiton perforation, Lin. S. P. 182.

Peltopis perfoliata, Rajinesque in Journ. de Phys. 1819.

P. 38. Fam. II.* 7.* LEMNADEfE. Miscellanearum
sectio , Linnaeus. Naiadum pars, Jussieu.
Hydrocharidum pars, Jussieu. Hydro -
charidilus affines , Brown.

Plowers spathaceous, on a spadix, anthers and pistills
separate. Spadix 2-flowered ; spalhce hoodliked, 1-leafed;
perigonium 0 ; stamens 2 or more ; anthers turned outwards ;
ovarium free, solitary, 1 or many-seeded; ovules upright;
style 0; stigma 1 ; pericarp not opening, utricular or cap-
sular; corculum axile; perisperm fleshy ; radicle below. —
Plants herbaceous, floating, stemless; roots from the lower
surface of the leaves, ending in a conical appendage; leaves
simple or rosaceous, proliferous from the margin, sheathing
at the base; flowers lateral, in a marginal slit.

28 .# LEMNA. Theophrastus. Duck-meat.

Spathe pitchershape, membranaceous, 2-flowered ; Male
above; stamens 2; anthers 2-celled ; cells roundish; Fem.
below ; ovary roundish, compressed ; style short, thick ;
stigma flat, expanded ; utricle oblong, compressed, nicked,
1 to 5 -seeded.— Leaves proliferous.

1. Lemna trisulca. Three-lohed duck-meat.

Roots solitary ; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, narrow at

bottom, sinuated at the tip.

Lenticularia aquatica trisulca, Raii Syn. 129, 3.

Hederula aquatica, Ger. em. 830.

Ranunculus hederaceus aquaticus, Park. 1216.

Lemna trisulca, Lin. S. P. 1376.

In ditches and ponds ; annual ; June.

Leaves pale green, pellucid, forming by prolification a
triplipinnate frons.

2. Lemna minor. Small duck-meat .

Roots solitary; leaves ovate, sessile, flattish on both sides.

Lens paluslris, Raii Syn. 129, 1 ; Ger. em. 829.

Lens palustris seu aquatica vulgaris, Park. 1262.

Lemna minor, Lin, S. P. 1376,

Cqrnmon duck-meat.

On ditches and stagnant waters; annual; June and July.

730

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

3. Lem?ia polyrhiza. Many-rooted duck-meat .

Roots numerous, clustered ; leaves reverse-ovate, orbicu-
lar, sessile, above flat, beneath convex.

Lenticula palustris major, Dillen. in Raii Syn. 129, 2.

Lemna polyrhiza, Lin. S.P. 1377.

On ditches; annual; July and August.

Leaves large, fleshy, purple underneath.

4. Lemna gibba. Bunched duck-meat .

Roots solitary ; leaves reverse-ovate, above flat, beneath

hemispherical, reticulated.

Lemna gibba, Lin. S. F. 1377.

Lemna minor /3, Hudson Fl.yJngl. 399.

On ditches and stagnant waters ; annual ; June.

P. 70. 2. Cyperus Haworthii, Haworth's cy perus.

Culms 3-sided, in tufts, lying down ; umbels slightly
compound; involucrum 2-leaved; spikes linear, crowded;
bractece unequal, not half as long as the culm.

Cyperus fuscus, Hooker Flor. Land. fig. too tall and upright.

Culm about 3 inches high, in close tufts.

In damp fields; annual; July and August.

P. 83. After Gastridium. 94, add

Spathellules 2, lowTer with one awn at the
base, apex 2-cut; upper toothed Agrostis. 89.

P. 84. After Arundo. 71, add

Lower spathellule bristled ; glume long;
male flowers 3-stamened ; hermaph. 2-sta-
men ed Hierochloa. 78.*

And for Monilia. 76. read Enodium. 76.

P. 108. 15.# Poa strida. Stiff meadow-grass.

Panicle branched; locust ce 3-flowered, ovate; spathelles
lanceolate, 3-ribbed, nearly equal, pointed, keeled ; spa-
thellules 5-ribbed, truncated at the tip, villous at bottom.

Poa stricta, Don in Wern. Tr.

In pastures.

16. Poa strigosa, in English Harsh meadow-grass.

19. Poa leptostachya. Smoot hspiked meadow-grass.

Panicle small, rather racemelike; pedicell very short,
bald ; locustse 2-flowered ; spathelles lanceolate, pointed,
equal, 3-ribbed, bent inwards; spathellules lanceolate, ra-
ther pointed.

Poa leptostachya, Don in Wern. Tr.

On banks of rivers.

P. 110. Change the name of the genus monilia to eno-
dium, there being a genus of nematomyceas called by the
former name, and add

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

731

alpinum. Panicle pale green, slender; leaves long;
spat he Lies 1 -flowered.

P. 135.

XXXVII.*1 78.* HIEROCHLOA. Gmel. Sacred-grass .

Glume 2-flowered ; spathelles membranaceous, nearly as
long as the glumelles ; spathellules 2 ; lower paperlike, mu-
cronate; upper 2-cut, toothed; side flowers male, 3-sta-
mened; middle flower hermaphrodite, 2-stamened; lodi -
cule nearly orbicular; ovary beaked; style nearly simple;
stigma bottlebrushlike; cariopsis free, not furrowed. — Pa-
nicle branched.

Hierochloa borealis. Northern sacred-grass.

Panicle nearly facing one way ; peduncles bald ; outer
spathellules fringed on the edge; awns 0.

Hierochloa borealis, Rccmer fy Sc/iutz Syst. Veg. 2,513.

Holcus odoratus, Lin. S. P. 1405.

Hierochloa, Gmelin Siber. 1, 101.

Avena odorata, De Candolle FI. Gall. 1565.

Holcus borealis, Schrader.

Savastana hirta, Schrank FI. Bat. 1,337.

In mountain valleys; perennial; July.

Leaves linear, acuminate; panicle brownish; hermaphro-
dite flowret smaller than the males ; locustce ovate ; spathelles
ovate, pointed, rather serrated at the point.

P.168. 2 S. Juncus poly cep halus. Many-headed junk.

Leaves awlshape, rounded, jointed ; panicle terminal,
upright, 2 or 3-forked; branches seldom divided; heads
many-flowered, lateral and terminal, nearly sessile; sepales
lanceolate, pointed; capsule elliptical, ovate, rather blunt,
slightly longer than the sepales.

Juncus polycephalus, Bonn.

On alpine heights.

Heads few but large, 5 to 8-flowered.

P. 176. Phalangium serotinum.

Lyodia alpina, R. A. Salisbury in Hort. Trans.

P. 185. Asparageae, not asparagi.

Peduncles jointed in the middle.

P. 189. Tamacem.

Perisperm cartilaginous, hard; corculum cylindrical, op-
posite to the byle.

P. 192. Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Lin . S. P. 414.

P. 215. Corallorhiza innata.

Found in Darent Wood, Kent, Aug. 18, 1819, by J. E.
Gray.

4

732

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

P. 223. Plan tee exogense monochlamydese, C. at the end.

Berry; stamens 3 or 9 EMPETRIDEJE. 7.*

P.240. 51.* Salix Borreri. Borreds willow.

Leaves oblong, suddenly narrower at each end, beneath
bald, glaucous ; serratures often wavy ; ovary pedicelled,
awlshape, bald; style very long; stigma 2-cut.

Salix phylicifolia, Wahl. Lapp. 270.

On mountains; shrub; May and June.

Stem bushy; leaves much thinner than those of the last
species ; rachis downy.

P.249. Earn. VII* 7.* EMPETRIDEiE.

Flowers unisexual or dioicous, rarely hermaphrodite;
calyx 3-parted, persistent. — Male. Petals 3, withering ;
stamens 3; filaments long ; anthers 2-parted.— -Fem. Ovary
above, depressed; style 0 or very short; stigmata 9, turned
over, spreading; berry spherical, 1 -celled ; cells 2 or
3-seeded; seeds bony; perisperm fleshy; corculum axile;
radicle inferior.

15.# EMPETRUM. Remove from p. 401.

P. 254. Xanthium is referred by many to the composites.

P.257, 1. 1. For capsules read regma.

P. 269. 2.* Persicaria interrupta . Interrupted peachwort .

Stem nearly upright; leaves lanceolate, wavy, spotless;
stipules fringed; spikes slender, loose, interrupted, nearly
upright; style appearing 2-cut.

On watery places, near London. A. H. Haworth.

P. 273. 1.* Lapathum alpinum . Alpine dock .

Leaves ovate, heartshape, blunt, wrinkled ; fi,owers poly-
gamous; sepales l or 2-seedbearing.

Rumex alp inns, Be Cand. Ft. Gall. 2220.

Mountains, near cowyards ; perennial

P. 273, line the last. Add Be Cand. FI. Gall. 2223.

P. 277. Oxyria rotundifolia.

Donnia acida, R. Brown in Ross. Voy. 1 edit.

P. 295, last line. For spread, read scattered.

P. 296. Limonium commune.

Statice Limonium, Lin. S. P. 394.

P. 297. Primulacese, End of character, for spreading
read scattered ; and throughout the synopsis of the genera,
for calyx 4, 5, or 7-sepaled read calyx 4, 5, or 7-parted;
also add

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

733

Calyx 5-par ted ; cor . salver shape ;
stam. 5 fert. 5 abortive; caps. 5-valved .... Samolijs. 63/*

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla 0 ;

stamens 5 ; capsule 5-valved ............ Glaux. 63.##

P. 300. X.# 63.* SAMOLUS. Pliny. Water-pimpernel.

Calyx partly adherent, 5-parted, persistent ; corolla old-
fashioned- sal vershape, 5-lobed ; scales (abortive stamens ?)
5 from the divisions of the corolla, threadlike, bent in-
wards ; stamens 5, in the bottom of the corolla ; ovary partly
inferior; capsule ovate, 1-celled; valves 5, short; placen-
tarirnn central, free ; seeds numerous ; radicle turned to
the hile. — Leaves uncut, alternate ; flowers terminal, race-
mose, white.

Samolus Valerandi . Valer audits water-pimpernel.

Stem upright.

Samolus Valerandi, Rail Syn. 283 ; Lin. S. P. 243.

Anagallis aquatica rotundif'olia, Ger. em. 620.

Anagallis aquatica tertia Lobelii folio subrotundo non crenalo, Park .
1237.

Brook-weed.

In marshes; perennial; July.

X.** 63. ** GLAUX. Dioscorides. Glaux.

Calyx bellshaped, coloured, 5-lobed, lobes turned over;
corolla 0; stamens 5; capside globular, girt by the calyx,
1-celled, 5-valved, 5-seeded; placentarium globular.

Glaux maritima. Sea- glaux.

Glaux maritima, Raii Syn. 285 ; Lin. S. P. 301.

Glaux maritima minor, Park. 1283.

Glaux exigua maritima, Ger.em. 562.

Polygonum maritimuni, longius radicatum nostras, Raii Syn. 161?

Black salt-wort. Sea milk-wort .

In salt marshes ; perennial ; June and July.

Stem 5 inches long, lying down; leaves ovate, fleshy;
flowers sessile, solitary, axillary, rose-red.

P. 301. Use winter-herb as the English name of trien-
talis.

P.307. 13.# Veronica Ursula. Shaggy speedwell.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed, slightly serrated with
a few scattered hairs ; stem lying down, bald at bottom ;
flowers spiked ; capsule reverse-heartshape, not notched at
the end.

Veronica hirsuta, Hopkins FI. Glotl. 9.

Veronica setigera, Bonin TVern. Tr.

On dry heaths; perennial; June.

734.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Stem 3 inches long; racemes long, many-flowered; corolla
bluer and segments narrower in V. officinalis.

13.** Veronica Allionii. Allioni's speedwell.

Leaves ovate, slightly serrated, stifl^ bald; stem lying
down, bald ; flowers closely spiked.

Veronica Allionii, Villars Delph. 8.

On mountains; perennial; June and July.

Flowers of a brilliant blue.

P. 309. 18.'* Veronica flliformis . Threadlike speedwell .

Flowers solitary ; leaves heartshape, crenated, shorter
than the peduncles ; hractece lanceolate ; peduncles thread-
like, very long.

Veronica tiliformis, Smith Tc. Lin. Soc. 1, 195.

On banks, on the road to Kew.

P.378. 5.* Galeop. micrantha. Smallflowered hedge-nettle.

Stem hispid; internodes thicker above; leaves oval, ser-
rated ; whirls contiguous ; tube of the corolla shorter than
the calyx ; galea nearty straight.

Onroad-sides; annual; July. J. E. Gray.

Stem hairs horizontal ; corolla white ; calyx teeth rather
short.

P. 401. Eric in as B. Anthers open by 2 slits, not foramens.

P.401. Chamaecistus.

Anthers open lengthways ; style upright, enclosed.

P. 401. Empetrum is to be removed to p. 248.

P.413. Compositae.

A. CicHORACEiE. Flowers semiflosculous, hermaphrodite.

B. Cynarocephalea:. Flowers flosculous ; clinanthus
fleshy; stigma articulated to the tip of the style.

C. CoRYMBiFERiE. Flowers radiated or flosculous; cli-
nanthus not fleshy ; stigma not articulated to the style.

P.433. 8. Cirsium pratense . Meadow soft-thistle .

Leaves sessile, lanceolate, wavy, unequally spinous ; be-
neath downy ; flowers mostly solitary.

Cirsium Anglicum, Raii Syn. 193, I.

Cirsium montanum Anglicum, Ger. em. 1183.

Cirsium Anglicum primum, Park 961.

Carduus dissectus, Hudson Angl. ed. 1,307, not of Linnaeus.

Carduus pratensis, Hudson Angl. 353.

Carduus heterophyllus, Rellian Cant. 306.

Peck/iam thistle.

In moist fields; perennial; June.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

735

Root creeping; stem 18 inches high; root-leaves 3 or 4,
petioied; stem-leaves 2 or 3, small, distant, heartshape,
embracing the stem ; flower terminal, drooping, afterwards
upright, pale purple.

P. 445, 1. 13. For helianthemum read helianthus.

P. 462 & 463. For fleabane read fleawort, as the English
name of pulicaria.

P. 491. Ilex is to be removed to celastrinae, p. 620.

P. 493. Umbelliferse. Sprengler’s arrangement.

1. Ery?igidece. Umbells nearly headlike. Eryngium,
Echinophora, Sanicula.

2. Hydrocotyffmeee . Umbells imperfect ; involucrums

scarcely any or 0 ; leaves nearly simple, running into the
petiole. Hydrocotyle.

3. Bupleurince. Umbells nearly perfect ; involucrums ra-
ther broad; leaves simple. Bupleurum, Agostana.

4. Pimpinellece , Umbells perfect; involucram universal 0;
partial sometimes 0 ; fruit ovate, solid, 5-ribbed ; branches
wandlike; leaves compound, or doubly compound. Pim-
pinella, Sium, AEgopodium, Phellandrum, Carui, Silaus,
CEnanthe, Apium, Petroselinum, Meum, Fceniculum.

5. Smyrnice. Involucrums mostly 0 ; fruit barked and
solid, or compressed and utriculated. Smyrnium, Critli-
mum, Coriandrum, Cicuta, ASthusa, Pseudosperm um,
Tordylium, Thysselinum.

6. Caucalince . Umbells various ; involucrum whole or

many-leaved ; fruit armed, shaggy. Turgenia, Caucalis,
Daucus, Torilis, Libanotis.

7. Scandicince. Umbells various ; involucrums 0 ; fruit
pyramidal, beaked. Scandix, Myrrhis, Chserophyllum,
Cerefolium, Anthriscus.

8. Amminee. Umbells and. involucrums various, fruit ra-
ther ovate, ribbed, furrowed. Sium, Brepanophyllum,
Bunium, Conium, Ligusticum.

9. Selinece . Umbells and involucrums various ; fruit com-
pressed, flat, often winged. Peucedanum, Spondylium,
Pastinaca, Angelica, Imperatoria.

P. 504. 3. Chcerophyl. aromaticum. Scented cow-parsley .

Stem slightly downy at bottom, bald at top ; leaves biter-
nate ; leaflets ovate, oblong, rather pointed, serrated, un-
divided.

Chserophyllum aromaticum, Jacq. Austr. 140; Don Scot, PI. 7.

Onroad-sides; perennial; June.

Stem 3 feet high ; otfour heavy but aromatic.

736

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

P. 545, ]. 3 from bottom. For adenaria marina read ade-
narium marinum. — And use glandwort for the English
name, instead of sandwort.

P. 554. Ceratophyllae.

Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx ; seed
upright, not pendulous.

P. 589. Spiraea odorata.

Spiraea Ulmaria, Lin. S. P. 702.

P. 598. Trifolium glomeratum.

Trifolium glomeratum, Lin. S. P. 1084.

P. 609. Leguminosee C.

Style pubescent beneath the stigma.

P.613. 1 * Orobus niger. . Black peaseling*

Leaves pinnate, 4 to 6-paired; leaflets ovate or elliptical;
stem branched, angular, upright.

Orobus niger, Lin. S. P. 1028.

In woods ; perennial.

P.619. Celastrinse.

Styles 4; nuculanium 1 -celled ;
pyrence 4, streaked, 1 -seeded Ilex. 382.^

P. 620. III. 382* ILEX. Remove from p. 491.

P. 630. Geraniese C.

Capsule 5-celled, not 5.

P. 650. Change the name of the genus Elatine into
Willisellus ; there being a genus of scrofularinae bearing
the former name in p. 32 1 .

P. 661. Cistineas.

Corculum surrounded by a slightly fleshy perisperm ;
radicle opposite to the hile.

P. 680. 3. Erysimum orientale. Eastern hedge-mustard .

Remove brassica orientalis, from p. 685, hither.

P. 685. Brassica orientalis, remove to erysimum, p 680,

P. 700. Fum aria capreolata.

Fumaria capreolata, Smith FI. Brit. 2,751, not of Linnaeus.

INDEX TO VOL. II

A.

Abama, 171.

Abele, 242.

Abies, 224.

Abietideae, 223.

Abi otanum, 449, 450.
Absinthium, 450, 451.
Acanth i urn, 434.

Acer, 635, 636.

Acera, 635.

Aceras, 200.

Acerineae, 635.
Acetosa, 276, 277.
Acetosella, 276, 631.
Achillea, 457, 458.
Achnatherium, 150.*
Achras, 563.
Achyrophorus, 427.
Acinos, 383, 385.
Acorns, 159.
Acrostichum, 9, 14 — 17.
Actaea, 710.

Acynos, -+383, 385.
Adenarium, 545.
Adiantum, 11, 12, 14,
16, +17, 19.

Adonis, 723, 724.
Adoxa, 493.

AEgilops, 87, 131.
iEgirus, 243.
iEgonychon, 354.
iEgopodium, 515.
ASthusa, *|-513, 516.
Agraulus, 149.
Agostama, 526, 527.
Agrifoliurn, 491.
Agrimonia, 577.
Agrimoniaceae, 574.
Agrimony, bastard, 447.

— Dutch, 473,474.

— herb, 474.

— water, 447.
Agropyrum, 94 — 96.
Agrostema, 650.
Agrostideae, 138.
Agrostis, 87, 145r— 147,

+ 147—155.

Aira, 103,110,111,126,
+ 133—137.

Aizoon, 542.

Ajax, 191,192.

VOL. If.

Ajuga, 367, 368.

Alcea, 638.

Alchemilla, -+576, 577.
Alder, 244.

— berry beari ng, 621.
Alexanders, 525.

Alga, 37.

Alisma, 216,217.
Alismaceae, 215, 217,
218.

Alkanet, 352.

■ — bastard, 354.
Alleluja, 631.

Alliaria, 680.

Allium, 180, +181 —
185.

Ain us, -+244, 621.

Aloe, water, 220.
Alone, sauce, 680.
Alopecurus,-+141 — 143,
152, 153.

Alps, will basil of the,
310.

Alsinanthemos, 301.
Alsine, 308, 309, 376,
544 — 548, 553, 556,
645, 650—660, 664.
Alsineae, 650.
Alsinella,651,652, +655
661.

Alsinelle, 655.
Alsogranum, 403.
Althasa, 638, 639.
Alysson, 699.

Alyssum, 699.

Amara dulcis, 331 .
Amaranthaceae, 289.
Amaranthi, 289.
Amaranthideae, 289.
Amaranthus, 289.
Amarella, 336, 337.
Amaryllideae, 190.
Ammophilla, 144.
Amomum, 506.
Ampeloprasum, 181,183
Anacampseros, 539,540.
Anacamptis, 200.
Anagallis, +298—300,
306, 733.

Anblatum, 316.
Anchusa, 351, -+352 —
354.

Andromeda, 397, -+399,
400.

Androsaemum, +632,
634.

Andryaloideae, 420.
Anemonanthaea,724,725
Anemone, 724,725.
Anemoneae, 723.
Anethum, 523, 525.
Angelica, 515—520.
Anisophyllum, 200.
Anonis, 597.
Antennaria, 458, 459.
Anthemis,454,-+456,457
Anthericum, 171, 172,
176, 178.

Anthriscus, 499, -+502.
Antirrhinae, 318.
Antirrhinum, 321, +322
—324.

Anthoxanthum, *+135,
275.

Anthyllis, 546, 547,
-+597.

Apargia, 428 — 430.
Apargiae, 429.

Aparine, 351, 482, 484.
Apera, 148.

Aphaca, 609, 617.
Aphanes, 576, 577.
Apium, 505, 515 — 518,
-+524.

Apocynae, 342.
Aponogeton, 32.
Apples, gold, 333.

— love, 333.

— - sorb, 564, 565.

• — thorn, 330.
Aquifoliaceae, 491.
Aquifolium, 491.
Aquilegia, 712.

Arabis, 675, 676.
Aracus, 615.

Arbutus, 400.
Archangel, 375, -+376.
Archangelica, 519, 520.
Archangelicum, -+375.
Arctium, 434, 435.
Arenaria,546,653 — 655.
Argemone, 704.
Argentina, 580.
Argentine, 434.

3 B

738

Argyrocome, 459.

Aria, 564.

Aristolochia, 262.
Aristolochise, 262.
Armeria, 296, 643, 648.
Armoracia, 696.
Arnoglossum, 292 — 294.
Arnoseris, 415.
Aroideae, 37, 38.
Arrhenatherum, 132.
Artemisia, 449, 450.
Artifi, 432.

Arum, 38.
Arundinaceae, 128.
Arundo, -|'128, 141, 144,
150, 151.

Asarabacca, 263.
Asarum, 263.
Ascalonitides, 183.
Ascyron, 633, 635.

Ash, 392.

- — wild, 563.

Asp, 242.

Asparagese, 185, 731.
Asparagus, 185.

Aspen, 242.

Aspergula, 481.
Asperugo, 351.
Asperula, 481.
Asphodel, 172.

— bastard, 171.
Asphodeleae, 174.
Asphodeli, 174.
Asphodelus, 171, 179.
Aspidiacece, 6.
Aspidium, 6 — 11.
Aspleniacese, 11.
Asplenium, 4, +11— -15.
Aster, 463 — 466.
Asterogeum, 294.
Astragalideae, 608.
Astragalus, *j-608, 609,

613.

Astrantia, 499.
Athamanta, 516, 518.
Athanasia, 451.
Athyrium, 10, 11, 729.
Atragene, 728.
Atriplex, "{-280—286.
Atriplices, 277.

Atropa, >{-330,331.
Auricula, 421.

— ursi, 303.

Avena, 112 — 121, +129
—137, 731.
Avenaceae, 128.

Avens, 578, 579.

— mountain, 578.

Awn, club, 137.

Azalea, 401,

INDEX.

B.

Baccharis, 462.

Back, knit, 356.
Baldigera, 141.

Ballota, 379.

Ballote, 379.

Balm, 386.

Balsam, yellow, 630.
Balsamine, 630.
Balsamineae, 630.

Bane, cow, 507.

— flea, 466—469.

■ — hen, 329.

■ — horse, 508.

— leopards, 467, 468.

» — sow, 283.

Barbara, herb St. 677.
Barbarea, 677.
Barberry, 707, 708.
Bardana, 255, 434, 435.
Barkhausia, 425, 426.
Barley, 88, +89, 90,

99.

Barts ia, *f-310, 311.
Basil, stone, 385.

— wild, 383,385.

Bast, 637.

Batrachium, 7.20—722.
Battata, 333.

Bawm, 386.

— bastard, 386.

Bay, rose, 401.

Beam, hard, 245.

— horn, 245.

Bean, buck, 340.

— common, 618.

— garden, 617.

- — hogs, 464.

— horse, 618.

— mazagan, 617.

— Windsor, 617.

Beard, goats, 431,432.

— hares, 326.

— hawks, 425.

— Jupiter’s, 543.
Beards, 152.

Becca bunga, 306.

Bed, piss a, 426.

Beech, 248.

• — horn, 245.

Beet, 278, 279.

Behen, 645, 646.

— album, 645.

Bell, blue, 176.

Bella donna, 331.

Beilis, 452.

Bells, Canterbury, 409,
410, 674.

Bells, Coventry, 409,
725.

— hare, 177.

— harvest, 335.

— hedge, 344.

■ — sea, 344.

Ben album, 645.

— white, 645.

Bennet, herb, 513, +578,

579.

• — way, 90.

Bennettia, 440.

Bent, 144, 145.

• — dwarf, 155.
Berberidem, 707.
Berberis, 707,708.
Bere, 88.

Bernhardia, 23.

Berries, 550.

Berry, bane, 710.

— bil, 405.

— black, 405, 586.

— bull, 405.

— cloud, 585.

— cow, 405, 406.

— crake, 401 , 402.

— cran, 406.

— crow, 402.

— dew, 58 6.

— dog, 490.

- — fea, 450.

- — fen, 406.

— French, 621.

• — garnet, 549.

— goose, 550.

— hind, 587.

— hounds, 490.

■ — kn ought, 585.

— knot, 585.

— moor, 406.

— moss, 406.

» — one, 187.

■ — quinsey, 549.

— rasp, 587.

— rhein, 621 .
straw, -{*584, 585.

— tetter, 554.

■ — w ine, 405.

— whortle, 400, 401,
405, 406.

— yellow, 621.

Beta, 278, 279.

Bethlem, star of, +179,

180.

Betoniea, 320, + 371,
378.

Be tony, 304, 305,f371y

— water, 320.

Betula, 243, 244.
Betulidese, 243.

INDEX.

739

Betulus, 245.

Bicornes, 396, 404.
Bidens, 447, 448.
Bifolium, 210, 214.

Big, 88.

Bill, cranes, +624 —
627.

— storks, 625, 628."
Bine, wood, 487, 488.
Bipinella, 511.

Birch, 243, 244.
Birthwort, 262.

Bistort, 267.

Bistorta, 267, 268.

Bit, devil’s, *1*430, 476.

— fore, 476.

— frog, 220.

— hen, 308, 309, 376.

— sheeps, 411.
Blackstonia, 339.

Blade, tway, -f-209, 210,

213,214.

Blattaria, 328.
Blechnideae, 15.
Blechnum, 4, +15.
Bleed, nose, 457.

Blinks, 543.

Elite, +27 S, 283, 284,
289.

— strawberry, 289.

Bli turn, +278, 283— 286,

289.

Blood, Mercury’s moist,

391.

Blow, blue, 441.

— white, 697.
Bceotherion, 73.

Bceuf, langue de, 431.
Bois, sorrel du, 631.
Bonus Henricus, 283.
Bootes, 714.

Boragineae, 346.

Borago, 350, 352.
Borrage, 350.

Borrago, +350, S51.
Botryehise, 19.
Botrychium, 19,20.
Botrys, 369.

Bottle, blue, 441.

Bouts, meadow, 714.
Bowls, cheese, 705.

Box, 261,262.
Brachypodium,! 12,113,
Brakes, 16.

Bramble, 585—587.
Branca, 520.

— ursina, 520.

Branks, 272.

Brassica, +682 — 685,

686, 689, 736.

Bread, cuckoo, 631.

— sow, 303.

Break, stone, 5 33, 537.
Brede, way, 292.
Breech, bears, 520.
Briar, sweet, 571.

— wild, 573.

Bright, eye, 309.
Briony, black, 189, 190.
Bristle, three, 128, 129.
Briza, 99, +109, 110.
Broccoli, 684.

Brome, 118 — 120.
Bromeae, 101.

Bromus, 94 — 96, 112 —

117, +118—120, 124,
125.

Broom, 595, 596.

— base, 596.

— butchers, 189.

— thorn, 594.

Brunella, 389.

Bruscus, 189.

Bryonia, 190, +551.
Bryony, white, 551.
Bucca ferrea, 33.
Buddie, 452.

Buffon, 650.

Buffonia, 650.

Bugle, 367, 368.
Bugloss, *|-351 — 354.

— wall, 356.

— viper’s, 356,357.
Buglossa, 351, 352.
Buglossinae, 346.
Buglossum, 351 — 354,

431.

Bugula, 367, 368.
Bulbocastanon,514,515.
Bulbocastanum, 514,
515.

Bulbocodiura, 176.
Bulbosa, 170.
Bulbostylis, 78.

Bullace, black, 591.

— white, 592.

Bullesse, black, 591.

— white, 592.
Bullimong, 272.

Bunias, 682, 688.
Buuium, +514, 516.
Buphthalmum, 457.
Bupleurum, 526, 527.
Bur, butter, 473.

Bursa pastoris, 692,693,

698.

Burnet, 575.

— garden, 575.

— great, 5 To.

— wild, 575.

Burr, clot, 435.

— ditch, 254, 2,55.

— great, 435.

— louse, 255.

Bush, barberry, 708.
Butomaceas, 217.
Butoinus, 218.

Buttery, Jack of the, 541
Button, bacchelor’s, 649.

717.

Buxus, 261, 262.

C.

Cabbage, 684.

— hare’s ear, 685.

— mowing, 682.

— red, 684.

— savoy, 684.

— sea, 683.

— turnep-rooted, 684.
Cakale, 688.

Cakili, 688.
Calamagrostjs, 141, 144,

+ 150,151.

Calainaria, 24.
Calamentha, 384.
Calamint, 363, +384.
Calamintha, 363, 374,
383, +384.

Calamus, 159.
Calceolus, 213.
Calcitrapa, 443,478.
Cale, corn, 685.
Calendula, 446.
Callipteris, 8.
Callitriche, 555, 556.
Calliiua, 399.

Caltha, 446, +714.
Caltrops, water, 35.
Calyciflores, 263, 264.
Calystegia, 343,344.
Camel ina, 680, +698.
Camel ine, 698.

— sweet, 699.
Cameraria, 544.
Cammock, 597.
Camomile, 454, 456.

— blue, 465.

— red, 724.

Campanula, +407 —

411, 487.

Campanulaceae, 407.
Campanulas, 407.
Campion, bladder, 645.

— moss, 648.

— moss-leaved, 648.

— red, 649.

— sea, 646.

3 B 2

740

INDEX

Campion, while, 649.
Can, water, 706, 707.
Canchium, 133.
Cannabina, 447.
Cannabis, 254, 378.
Cap, Dalmatian, 173.

— skull, 389.

Capillus Veneris, 12, 17,

19.

Capnoides, 701.
Capparides, 664, 665.
Caprifolia, 486.
Caprifoliacese, 486.
Caprifolium, 487, 488.
Capri foly, 488.

Caps, rough, 137.
Capsella, 692.

Caput gallinaceum, 619.
Cardamine, +673 — 675.
Cardiaca, 376, +379.
Carduns, 434, 435, +436
—439, 443, 444, 448,
734.

Careum, 516.

Carex, +42 — 53,56 — 69.

— acuta, 52, 53, 64.

— acutiformis, 64.

- — agastachys, 65.

— ampullacea, 60.

— arenaria, 47, 48.

— atrata, 56.

— atrofusca, 66.

— axillaris, 51.

— belodes, 66.

— binervis, 63.

— bi partita, 69.

— caespitosa, 52.

— canescens, 46, 48 — 50

— cap il laris, 66.

■ — cinerea, 50.

— clandestina, 56.

— curta, 50.

• — Davalliana, 45.

— depauperata, 63.

— digitata, 57.

— dioica,44, 45.

— distans, 62, 63.

— disticha, 47.

— divisa, 49.

— divulsa, 46.

— Drymeia, 66.

— echinata, 50.

— elongata, 49.

— erecta, 67.

— ericoides, 50.

— extensa, 61.

— filiformis, 57 — 59.

— fulva, 61, 62.

< — fusca, 51.

— glauca, 68.

Carex gracilis, 53.

— hirta, 58, 59.

— Hostiana, 6! .

— hybrida, 69.

— incurva, 45, 46.

— inflata, 59.

• — intermedia, 47.

— juncifolia, +6.

— lsevigata, 66.

— laevis, 44.

— lasiocarpa, 59.

— Leersii, 50.

-r- leporina, 49.

— leptostachys, 65.

— leucoglochin, 56.

— limosa, 67, 68.

— loliacea, 46.

— maxima, 65.

— Micheliana, 68.

• — Mielichoferi, 67.

— montana, 57, 58.

— muricata, 48, 50.

— multicaulis, 49.

— multiceps, 49.

— CEderi, 61.

— ovalis, 49.

— palla, 51.

— pallescens, 69.

— patula, 56.

— paludosa, 64.

* — panicea, 63.

— paniculata, 46.

— patula, 66.

— pauciflora, 56.

— pendula, 65.

— pilulifera, 58.

— praecox, 57.

— prostrata, 56.

— Pseudocyperus, 68.

— psylliphora, 45.

- — pulicaris, 45.

— rari flora, 68.

— recurva, 68.

— remota, 50.

— rigida, 51 .

— riparia, 64.

— rostrata, 60.

— rufa, 64.

— saxatilis, 51, 57.

— - scabra, 45.

— Scopolii, 67.

«— simpliciuscula, 45.

— sphaerocarpa, 57.

— spicata, 47, 48.

— splendida, 59.

— stellulata, 50.

— stolonifera, 57.

— stricta, 52.

— strigosa, 65.

— sylvatica, 66.

Carex tenella, 50.

— teretiuscula, 46.

■ — tomentosa, 57, 59.

— triflora, 63.

— trigona, 62.

— uliginosa, 71.

— ustnlata, 66.

— ventricosa, 63.

— verna, 57.

— vesicaria, 59, 60, 66.
■ — vulpina, 47.

— Witheringii, 48.
Cariceae, 42.

Carlina, 439, +440,

441.

Carnation, 644.

Carota, 498.

Carpenter, herb, 367.
Carpinus, 245.
Carraway, 516.
Carrons, 591.

Carrot, 497,498.

— wild, 498.

Carui, f515, 516.
Carum, +515,516.
Carvophyl!ata,578,579.
Caryophylleae, 641.
Caryophyllus, 296, 643,

644, 648, 651, 656—
660.

Cassida, 389, 390.
Cassuthe, 345.

Cassytha, 345.

Castanea, 248.
Catabrosia, 133.
Catanance, 610.
Cataputia, 256.

Caucal is, 498,499, 1500
—502.

Cauda equina, 556.

— muris, 723.
Caulorapum, 684.
Celandine, +702,715.
Celastrinae, 619, 736;
Celeri, 524.

Centaurea, 441 — 444.
Centaurium, 337 — 339.
Centory, +337—339.
Cenlranthus, 479.
Centunculus, 297, 298.
Cepa, 183—185.
Cephalanthera,210,21 1 .
Cerastites, 703, 704.
Cerastium, 656 — 660.
Cerasus, 589 — 591.
Ceratophyllce, 554, 736.
Ceratophyllum, 554,

555.

Cerefolium, +501 — 504.
Ceterach, *f*4, 18.

INDEX

741

Chad lock, 685.
Chaerophyllum, 502 —
+ 504, 624, 735.
Chaetospora, 71.
Chamaecistus, +401,531',
663, 734.

Chamaeclema, 374.
Chamaedrys, 307, +369,
578.

Chamaefilix, 12.
Chamaegenista, 596.
Chamaeitea, 239.
Chamaslea, 265.
Chamaslinum, 641.
Chamaemelum, 453, 455,
456.

Chamaemorus, 585, 586.
Chamaenerion, 559.
Chamaeorchis, 213.
Chamaepericlymenum,
490.

Chamaepitys, 368, 369.
Chamaerubus, 586.
Chamaesyce, 260.
Chamagrostis, 155.
Chamomilla, 454.
Chara, 27—29.
Characias, 259, 260.
Charadeae, 27.
Charlock, 685, 688.
Cheiranthus, 680, +681.
Cheiri, 681.

Chelidonia, 702.
Chelidonium, +701,703,
715.

Chenopodeae, 277.
Chenopodium,282 — 286
Cherler, 653.

Cherleria, 653.

Cherry, 589 — 591.

— bird, 589.

— black, 591.

— cluster, 589.

— coroun, 591.

- — heart, 590.

— Kentish, 590.

— . May-duke, 590.

— rnorello, 591.

— wild, 590.

Chervil, 501, 502.

— great, 503.

— hemlock, 502.

— needle, 503.

— rough, 502.

— sweet, 503.

— wild, 504.

Chestnut, 248.
Chilochloa, 138, 139.
Chironia, 337,338.
Chives, 184.

Chlora, 339.

Chloride®, 100.
Chondrilla, +415,416,
418.

Christopher, herb, 463,
+710.

Christophoriana, 710.
Chrysanthemum, 452,
453.

Chrysocoma, 467.
Chrysocome, 467.
Chrysosplenium, 537.
Chrysurus, 127.

Cicely, 503.

— wild, 502.
Cichoraceas, 413, 734.
Cichoreum, 425,430, 432
Cichorium, 432.

Cicla, 279.

Cicuta, +507,513.
Cicutaria, 502, 507,508,
513.

Ciminalis, 335.
Cineraria, 468, 469.
Circaea, 558.

Cirsium, 436, +437 —
440, 734.

Cisteae, 661.

Cisti, 661.

Cistineae, 661 , 736.
Cistus, 661 — 663.

— dwarf, 401, +661 —
663.

— marsh, 400.

Cives, 184.

Cladium, 70.

Clary, 387,388.
Clavers, 484.

Claw, lark’s, 711.

— wolf’s, 21 — 23.
Cleavers, 484.
Clematideae, 727.
Clematis, 342, +727,728
Clematitis, 262.
Clinopodium, 310, 383,

+385.

Clover, broad, 599.

— Dutch, 598.

— hart’s, 603.

— horned, 604.

— marsh, 340.

— plaister, 603.

— purple, 599.
Clymenon, 632.
Cneorum, 266.

Cnicus, 437— 439.
Cobresia, 69.

Cochlear ia, 689, +695,

696.

Cockle, 650.

Colchieaceas, 171.
Colchicum, +172, 195.
Cole, rape, 684.

— sea, 344.

Collier, Grim the, 420.
Colsa, 682.

Columbaria, 476.
Columbine, 391, +712.
Comarum, 581,584.
Comb, cock’s, 311.

— Our Lady’s, 503.

— Venus’s, 503.
Comfrey, 355, 356.
Compositae, 412, 734.
Conium, 500, +513.
Consolida, 711.

— major, 356.
Consound, 356.

— marsh, 469.
Convallaria, +187, 188.
Convally, 187.
Convolvulacem, 343.
Convolvuli, 343.
Convolvulus, 272, +344,

345.

— minor, 272.

Cony za, +462, 463, 466,
468,469.

Corallorhiza, 214, 215.
Coreopsis, 448.
Coriander, 521 , 522.
Coriandrum, 505, 507,
513, +521,522.

Cor meille, 613.

Corn, goose, 162.

— Moors, 580.

— Pil. 130.

— St. Peter’s, 99.

— spelt, 100.

— starch, 99.

Cornel, 490.

Cornus, 490.

Corrigiola, 546.
Coronopus, 293, 294,

+ 689,690.

Corydale, 700,701.
Cory dal is, 700, 701.
Cory laceae, 244.
Corylideae, 244.
Corylus, 246.
Corymbiferae, 444, 734.
Corynephorus, 137.
Cotton, petty, 451,460.
Cotula, 456.

Cotyledon, 507,529, 538.
Cracca, +614,615.
Crachalia, 94.

Crambe, 689.

Crap, 93.

Crassula, 540, 542.

INDEX

712

Crassulacece, 538.
Crataegus, +564,565,566
Crataeogonon, 310, 313.
Cream, codlings and,
560.

Crepis, 416, 425, 426.
Cress, 678, 679.

— bank, 679, 680.

■ — bastard, 694.

— Belle Isle, 677.

— bitter, 674.

— cow, 694.

— dock, 414.

— French, 677,

— garden, 694.

— hairy, 675.

— heath, 692, 693.

— hoary, 694.

■ — penny, 691.

— rock, 675.

— rush, 696.

— shepherd’s, 693.

— swine’s; 689, 6y0.

— town, 694.

— Yalentia, 691.

— wall, 676.

- — wart, 689.

water, 507, 678.

— wild, 694.

— winter, 677.

— wreathed, 697.
Cresset, 690, 691.

Crista galli, 311.
Crithmuin, 464, +510.
Crocus, 194, 195.

Crop, stone, 539 — 542.
Crops, moss, 81 .
Cruciata, 482.
Cucubalus, +645 — 648.
Cucumber, 551, 552.
Cucumis, -j-551, 552.
Cucurbita, 552.
Cucurbitaceae, 550.
Cullions, sweet, 208.
Cupressideae, 225.

Cup, painted, 310.
Cups, butter, 717.

■ — gold, 7 17.

— king, 7 17.
Cupulaceae, 244.
Currant, 548 — 550.
Cuscuta, +345,346.
Cuscutae, 345.

Cushion, Our Lady’s, 296
Cut, three, 111.
Cuvieria, 92.

Cyanus, 441.

Cyathea, 10, 11.
Cyatheae, 17.

Cyclamen, 303.

Cyclopteris, 9, 10., 729.
Cymbalaria, 321, 322.
Cymbidium, 213,215.
Cynapium, 513.
Cynarocephaleae, 433,
734.

Cynocrambe, 261.
Cynodon, 100.
Cynoglossum, +349,350.
Cynosorchis, 201 — 203,
Cvnosurus, +126, 127,
153.

Cyparissias, 259.
Cyperaceae, 41, 69.
Cyperella, 71.
Cyperoideae, 41.
Cyperus, +69 — 76,'730.

— bastard, 68, 76.
Cyphel, mossy, 653.
Cypress, field, 368.

— heath, 23.
Cypripedium, 212, 213.

D.

Dactylis, 125, 144.
Dactylon, 100.

Daffodil, 174, + 191,192.
Daisy, 452.

■ — biue, 465.
Damasonium,216, +217.
Damson, 592.

Danaa, 517.

Dandelion, 426, 427.
Danthonia, 112, +129.
Darea, 19.

Darnel, 93, 94.

Daphne, 265, 266.
Datura, 330.

Baucus, 497, 498.
Delphinium, 711.

Dens leonis, 426, 429.
Dentaria, 215, 316, 673.
Deschampsia, 136, 137.
Desvauxia, 125.

Dew, sun, 664, 665.
Dianthus, 643, 644.
Diapensia, 499.
Digitalis, 325.

Digitaria, 100,*}- 155, 156
Dilly, Dafiodown, 192.
Diotis, 451.

Dipsacese, 474, 477.
Dipsacus, 474, 475.
Dittander, f692,693.
Dock, 273—275.

— bur, 255, +434, 435,

— burr, 255.

— can, 707 .

Dock, fiddle, 275.

— golden, 275.

— patience, 267.

— sheep’s, 276.

— sorrel, 276.

*— water, 273.

Dodder, +345,346.
Donnia, 732.
Doronicum, 467,468.
Draba, 697, 698.
Dragon, snap, 323,^324
Drank, 115 — 117.
Drepanophyllum, 504.
Drop, snow, 193.
Drosera, 664, 665.
Droseracese, 664.
Drupacese, 589.

Dry as, 578.

Dryad eae, 577.
Dryopteris, 5, 6, 9, 1 1 ,
Dulcamara, 331.

Dwale, 330.

E.

Ear, cat’s, 427.

— hare’s, 526, 527.

— mouse, +347 — 349,
420, 421, 676.

Earth, star of the, 294.
Ease, heart’s, 669.
Ebulus, 489.
Echinochloa, 157.
Echinophora,501, + 510.
Echioides, 348.
Echium,354, +356,357.
Eggs, butter and, 322.
Eglanteria, 571.
Eglanteriae, 571.
Eglantine, 571.
Elaeagneae, 263, 264.
Elaeagnoidese, 263, 264.
Elaeagnus, 249.
Elatine,-j-321,322, 650,
736.

Elder, +489,490.
Eleagnus, 231.
Elecampane, 463.
Eleocharis, 77, 78.
Eleoselinum, 524.
Elichrysum, 458, 459.
Elleborine, 211 — 213.
Elm, 249—251.

— yoke, 245.

Elymus, +91, 92, 95.
Empetrideaa, 732.
Empetrum, +401, 402;

734.

Endive, 432.

INDEX,

74- S

Enodium, 1 10, +730.
Ensatse, 193.

Entaticus, 205.
Epilobium, 559, +560,

561.

Epimedium, 708.
Epipactis, 208 — 210,
+211,212.
Equisetaceae, 25.
Equisetum, +25 — 28,
556.

Eremocallis, 398.

Erica, 397 — 399, 402,
664.

Ericaceae, 396, 404.
Ericae, 396, 404.
Ericala, 335, 336.
Ericinae, 396, 734.
Erigeron, +466, 467.
Erigerum, 472.
Eriocaulon, 158.
Eriophorum, 80; — 82.
Eriostomum, 373.
Eritheis, 464.

Erodium, 624, 625.
Ervum, 610, 614.

Eruca, 677—679, 685,
686,688,691.
Erucastrum, 686.
Eryngium, 527.

Eryngo, 527.

Erysimo similis, 676.
Erysimum, 677, 679,
+ 680, 736.

Erythalia, 336, 337.
Ervthrffia, 337, 338.
Esula, +257—260.
Eupatoria, 577.
Eupatorium, 447, 448,
+473, 474.

Euphorbia, 256 — 260.
Euphorbiaceae, 255.
Euphrasia, +309 —
311.

Eurybia, 464.

Eve, herb, 689.

Ever, live for, 459.
Evonymus, 620.
Exacum, 338.

Eye, bird’s, 303.

— bullock’s, 543.

— clear, 388.

— Jupiter’s, 543.

— ox, 452,455,457.

F.

Faba, 617,618.
Faces, bulls, 137.

Fagopyrum, 271,272.
Fagus, 248.

Farfara, 472.

February, fair maids of,
193.

Fedia, 479,480.
Fegopyrum, 272.
Fellon, Mat. 441,442.
Fenckell, 525,

Fennel, 525.

— hog’s, 522.

Fern, cup, 9.

— dwarf, 18, 19.

— female, +10,11, 16.

— film, 18.

— flower, 3.

— hair, 17.

— male, 7.

— oak, 12.

— parsley, 16.

— shield, +6 — 10.

— stone, 7, +16.

— tree, 6.

— wall, 4.

— water, 3, 9.

Ferrum equinum, 618.
Fescue 120 — 123.
Festuca, 95, 110 — 119,

+ 120—126.

Fetch, 615.

— yellow, 609.

• — grass, 610.

Fetchling, Medick, 69.
Few, fever, 453, 454.
Fibichia, 100.

Ficaria, 715.

Field, sink, 583.

Finger, lady’s, 597.
Fingers, 155, 156.
FilagoJ 451, +460 —
462. 1

Filberd, 246.

Filices, 2, 25.

Filicula, 12, 17.
Filipendula, 509, 510,

588.

Filix aculenta, 8.

— alpina, 12,17.

— elegans, 11.

— foem. 3, 5, 8, 10 — 12,
16—18.

— florida, 3.

— humilis, 18.

— ■ lonchitidi affir.is, 7.

— marina, 12.

— mas, 5 — 10.

— minor, 5, 9, 12.

— m on I ana, 10.

— pumila, 6 — 9,

— querna, 9,

Filix ramosa, 3, 5.

— saxatilis, 10, 14.
Fiorin, 147, 148.

Fir, 224.

Flag, 196,

— sweet, 159.

— sword, 412.

Flake, snow, 192.
Flammula, 719.

Flax, 640, 641.

— toad, 264, +322, 328.
467.

Florie, cole, 684.

Flos Adonis, 724.

— cuculi, 649.

■ — solis, 447.

Flower, Adonis, 724.

— bee, 204.

— bell, 335, 407—410.

— butter, 717.

— caul i, 684.

— corn, 441, 452.

— crow, 649.

— cuckoo, 649, +673,
674.

— flaw, 725.

— gilli, 296, 411, 649,
681,682.

— globe, 713.

- — hen, 174.

— Joseph’s, 431.

— lizard, 199.

— lung, 334, 335.

— pasque, 725.

— passe, 725.

— procession, 667.

■ — rogation, 667.

— sun, +447, 663.

— wall, 681.

— wind, 724,725.
Fluellin, 304 — 307,

+321.

Fluviatiles, 31.

Fly, catch, 646 — 648.
Fceniculum, 525.
Fcenugraecum, 006.
Fontihalis, 33, 268.
Foil, cinque, 576, +-580
—584, 619.

— feather, 301.

— mil. 457.

water, 317, +557.

— sept. 58 3.

— tre. See Trefoil
Foot, bear’s, 576,713.

— bird’s, 618.

— bull, 472.

— cat’s, 374, + 458, 459.

— cock’s, 125.

— colt’s, 472.

INDEX,

744

Foot, crow, 713, +715
—720.

water, 720

—732.

— dove, 628, 629.

— foal, 263, 344, 472.

■ — goose, 282 — 286.

— hare, 601.

— hen’s, 500.

— Lion’s, 576.

— pigeon’s, 628.

— short, 112,113.
Fragaria, 582, +584,585
Fragariaceas, 577.
Framboise, 587.
Frangula, 244, 621.
Frangulaceae, 619, + 620
Frankenia, 663, 664.
Frankeniaceae, 663.
Franquevillia, 338.
Fraxineae, 392.
Fraxinus, +392,563.
Fritillaria, 174.
Fritillary, 174.

Fucus, 37.

Fumaria, +699 — 701,
736.

Fumarideae, 699.
Furniterre, 700.

— yellow, 701.
Fumitory, 699, 701.
Fumus terras, 700.
Furze, 594.

— ground, 597.

— needle, 596.

— scorpion, 594.

G.

Gage, 180.

Gagea, 180.

Galanthus, 193.
Galarhaeus, 256, 257.
Gale, 249.

Galedragon, 475.
Galeobdolon, 376.
Galeopsis, 372, 376,
+377, 378, 734.

Gal ingale, 70.

Galium, 481 — 485.

Galli crus, 157.
Garlick,f 181—183,185
Garters, gardener’s, 141.
Gastridium, 151.
Gaudiuia, 132.

Gaule, 249.

Gee 59 1 .

Genista, 594, +595,596.
Genistella, 596.

Gentle, thistle, 440.
Gentian, 336, 339.
Gentiana, 335 — 339.

— concava, 643.
Gentianae, 334.
Gentianella, 335 —

+338.

Gentle, marjoram, 381.

— navew, 682.
Geranieas, 623, 736.
Geranium, 624, +625 —

629.

Gerard, herb, 515.
Germander, 307, +369.
Geum, 529—531, +578,
579.

Ghost, the Holy, 520.
Githago, 650.

Gladdon, 197.

Gladiole, 218.

Gladiolus, 218.

— lacustris, 412.

Glass, Venus’ looking,

410.

Glastum, 690.

Glauciutn, 702, 703.
Glaux, 608, 609,733.
Glechoma, 373, 374.
Glove, fox, 325.
Glyceria, 124, 125.
Glycyrrhiza, 607.
Gnaphalium, 451, 458,
+ 459 — 462.

Gold, mari, 446, 447,

bur, 447, 448.

corn, 452.

• marsh, 714.

Goldins, 452.
Gonostendes, 25.

Good, all, 283.
Goodyer, 207,208.
Goodyera, 207, 208.
Gorse, 594.

Gourd, 552.

Gramen, 96.

— agrorum, 148.

— alopecuro simile,

142.

— alopecuroides, 126,
127, 141—143,152.

— aquaticum, 102, 125,

143, 167,219.

— arundinaceum, 125,
141, 148, 151.

— asperum, 125.

— avenaceum, 111 —
113, 116, 117, 120,
129, 131—134.

— bufonium, 163.

— canarium, 100,

Gramen caninum, 95,
96, 133, 146.

— capillaceum, 121.

— caryophyllum, 52.

— cristatum, 126.

— cy peroides, 44,69, 71
dactyloides, 100.

— dactylon, 100, 155.

. — exile, 101 , 169.

— fiuviatile, 125, 143.

— juncoides, 81, 164.

— junceum, 72, 79, 81,
163, 164, 167, 168.

— lanatum, 136.

— leucanthemum, 658.

— locustis rubris, 111.

— loliaceum, 93,95.

— marinum, 296.

— maritimum, 95, 219.

— milinceum, 110, 111,
133, 136, 137, 145 —
148, 154.

— minimum, 155,

— minus, 101.

• — montanum, 146.

— murorum, 123.

— myosuroides, 141,
142.

— nemorosum, 168,169.

— nodosum, 133, 140.

— paniceum, 152, 156,
157.

— panici effigie, 157.

— panicula multiplica,
101.

— paniculatum, 102,
114,115, 134.

— parvum, 127, 134.

— phalaroides, 142.

— pratense, 101- — 107,
110, 114, 115,121—
125, 136.

— pumilum, 113, 126.

— repens, 100.

— secalinum, 90,92.

— segetale, 137.

— segetum, 137.

— sparteum, 87, 121,
144,154.

— spica brizae, 112.

— spica triticeS, 90.

— spicatum, 57, 219.

— tomentarium, 81.

— tomentosum, 151.

— tremulum, 109.

— typhinum, 139, 140.

— vernum, 126, 127,

135.

Gramineae, 82.
Graminifolia, 24.

INDEX

745

Gramnites, 4.

Grape, bear’s, 400, 401.

— fen, 406.

Grass, arrow, 219.

— bent, 145, 146.

— bristle, 156, 157.

— bush, 150.

— canary, 140.

— cock’s foot, 100, 155.

— cotton, 80 — 82.

— couch, 96.

— crab, 287.

■ — cy perns, 64, 77.

— dog, 95,96, + 132.

— duck, 143.

— feather, 153, 154.

— - fern, 101 .

— field, 149.

— florin, 146.

— five-fingered, 583.

— five-leaved, 583.

— flea, 45.

— flote, 125, 143.

— frog, 287.

— goose, 351, 484.

— hair, 133, 134.

— hard, 101.

— hedge-hog, 60, +157.

— knot, 271, 545.

— knotless, 1 10.

— lentil, 151.

— lob, 119.

— lyme, 91 , 92.

— manna, 124, 125.

— marie, 599.

— mat, 87.

- — meadow, 102, 103,
104—108.

— * melic, 110, 111.

— millet, 154.

— moor, + 127, 664.

• — mousetail, 141.

— oat, 119.

— pearl, 110, +136,
137.

— penny, 31 1, 507.

— pepper, 24.

— pudding, 367.

— quaking, 109.

— quitch, 96.

— rattle, 312.

— ray, 93.

— reed, 150, 151.

— rib, 293.

— ribband, 141.

. — rough, 125.

— rush, 167.

— rye, 90 — 92.

— sacred, 731 .

— St. John’s, 633.

Grass, scorpion, 348.

— scruby, 695.

— scurvy, 344, +695,
696.

— sea, +144,287,296.

— shave, 25.

— silk, 148.

— silver, 126.

— soft, 135, 136.

— sparrow, 186.

— spike, 219.

— spray, 101.

— spring, 135.

— squirrel-tail, 91.

— sweet, 133.

— swine’s, 27 1.

— tassel, 32.

— toad, 163.

— two-penny, 299.

— water, 163,219.

— wheat, +94 — 96,113.

— whitlow, 533, +697,
698.

■ — wood, 168, 169.

— worm, 541.

Gratiola, 390, 553.
Grease, pigeons, 391.
Green, Ay, 543.

— sen, 220, 540, 542,
698.

— winter, 301, + 402, 403
Gromwell, 354, +355.
Grossularia, 550.
Grossulariae, 548,550.
Ground, gill go by the,

374.

Guts, devil’s, 346.
Gymnadenia, +205,206.
Gymnocaulis, 315.
Gypsocallis, 398.

H.

Habenaria, 205, 206.
Hair, deer’s, 74.

— lady’s, 109.

— maiden, 12, 13, 14,
+ 17.

— maid’s, 481.
Halimus, 280.
Halorageae, 555.

Hand, quick in, 630.
Harrow, rest, +596,597.
Harundo, 128.

Harry, good king, 283.
Hasel, 246.

— witch, 245, 250.
Hautbois, 585.

Haver, +129,131.

Hay, hard, 633.

Head, arrow, 215, 216.

• — cock’s, 608, 610.

— snakes, 174.

— star, 217.

Heal, clowns all, 372.

— hook, 389.

— horse, 463.

— self, 389.

Heath, +398, 399.

— blackberry, 402.

— gypsum, 398.

— Irish, 397.

■ — sea, 663, 664.
Heather, 399.

Heaven, ladder to, 341.
Hedera, 491.

— terrestris, 374.
Hederula, 729.

Hedge, Jack by the, 680.
Hedy pools, 425 — 430.
Hedysarum, 609, 618,

619.

Heel, lark’s, 711.

— ox, 7 13.

Helenium, 463.
Helianthemum, 661 —

663.

Helianthus, 447.

Helix, 231,491.
Hellebore, 712,713.

— bastard, 210—212.

— marsh, 212.

— white, 211, 212.
Helleboraster, 7 13.
Helleborastrum, 713.
Helleboreas, 711.
Helleborine, 211,212.
Helleborus, 7 12,7 13.
Helminthia, 431.
Helonias, 172.

Helxine, 272.

Hemlock, 513.

— lesser, 513.

— water, 507,508.
Hemp, 254.

— bastard, 378.

— water, 447.

— wild, 378.
Heptaphyllum, 576.
Heracleum, 520, 521.
Herb, carpenter’s, 389.

— holy, 391.

— willow, 299, 553,
+ 559—561.

— winter, 301, 733.

— yellow, 300.

Herba Gerardi, 515.

— impia, 462.
Herminium, 207.

746

INDEX,

Herniaria, +547,641,
Hesperis, 680, +682.
Hieracium, 415, 418,
+420 — 430.
Hierochloa, 731.
Hippion, 335—338,
Hippocrepis, 618.
Hippophae, 264, 265.
Hippophaestuin, 443.

Hi pposel intim, 525.
Hippuris, 29.

Holcas, 132, +135, 136,
731.

Holly, 189, +491.

• — sea, 527.

Holme, 491. •

— knee, 189.

— sea, 527.

Bolosteum, 163, -f-656,

723.

Homlock, 513.
Honorius, 177.

Hood, three faces under
one, 669.

Hoof, ale, 374.

« — horse, 472.

> — tun, 374.

Hop, 251,252.
Hordeum, +88 — 92.
Hordeaceee, 87.
Horminum, 388.

Horn, buck’s, 293, 689.

— hart’s, 294.

Hot, stone, 54l.
Hottonia, 301.

Hound, hore, 360,373,

379, f 380.

■ base, 373.

— — bastard, 379.
House, welcome to our,

259.

Hutver, 491.

- — knee, 189.

— sea, 527.

Humulus, 252.

Hussocks, 137.
Hutchinsia, 692.
Hyacinth, +176 — 178.
Hyacinthus,f 176 — 178.
Hydatica, 530.
Hydroceratophyllon,

‘555.

Hydrocharideae, 219.
Hydrocharis, 220.
Ilydrocotyle, 507.
Hydrolapathum, 273,
275.

Hydropiper, 269, 270,
650.

Hymenopbyllum,18,19.

Hyoscyamus, 329.
Hyoseris, 415, 428.
Hvpericineae, 631.
Hypericum, 632—635.
Hypocbaeris, 427,428.
Hypopitys, 404.
Hyssop, hedge, 390,553,
667.

I.

Iberis, 693.

Ibiscus, 639.

Idleness, love in, 669.

Id SB us, 587.

Ilex, 491, 735.
Illeeebra, 541, 542.
Illecebrum, 546.
Impatiens, -j-630, 674.
Imperatoria, 518, 519.
Impious, herb, 462.
Intvbus, 432.

Inuia, f463, 464. .
Irasekia, 299.

Irideaa, 193.

Irides, 193.

Irio, 679.

Iris, f 196, 197.

Isatis, 690.

Ischaemon, 155.
Ischodium, 149.

Isoetes, 23, 24.

Isolepis, 78, 79.

Ivy, 491.

— ground, 373, 374.

— herb, 294, 368, 689.
Ixia, 194.

J,

Jacea, 441, 442-, +443,
669.

Jacobaea, 469.

Jacobea, 470.

Jacobeae, 469.

Jags, butter, 604.
Jasione, 411.

Jasmineae, 391, 392.
Jerusalem, sage of, 353.
— star of, 431.

Joint, single, 1 10.
Joy,'traveller’s,727,728
Juncagineae, 218.
Juncago, 219.

Junceae, 159, 171.

J uncell us, 79.

Junci, 21 5—218.
Jui.coidi affinis, 2! 9.
June us, 160 — 170.

Juncus acutiflorus, 167.

— acutus, 75, 76, 160,
161.

— al pibus, 81.

— aquaticus, 75, 78.

• — articulatus, 167, 168.

— biglemis, 166.

- — bombycinus, 81.

— bufonius, 163.

- — bulbosus, 163.

— caenosus, 163.

— campestris, 169.

• — capitatus, 165.

— castaneus, 166.
compressus, 163,167.

— congestus, 170.

— conglomeratus, 161.

— effusus, 161.

• — erectas, 170.

— flliformis, 162.

— florid us, 218,219.

— fluifans, 165.

■ — foliis articulatis,li67

— Forsteri, 169.

— glaucus, 161.

- — gracilis, 164.

— inflexus, 161.

— intermedins, 170.

— Jaequini, 166.

— lsevis, 75, 161.

— lampocarpus, 167.
luzuliuus,.168.

— maeer, 164.

— maritimus, 160.

• — maxim us, 169.

— medius, 75.

- — minor, 78, 79.

— monanthos, 1 64.

• — montanus, 162, 169.

— muitiflorus, 170.

— nemorosus, 167.

■ — obtusiflorus, 168.

— palustris, 163.

— parvus, 162, 163.

— pilcjsus, 168, 169.

■ — polycephalus, 731.

— spicatus, 170.

— squarrosus, 162.

— subvertrcillatus, 165
—167.

— supinus, 165.

— sylvaticus, 167, 169.

— trifidue, 164.

— triglumis, 166.

— uliginosus, 164, 165.

— vernalis, 168.

— verticillatus, 165.
Juniper, -225, 226.
Juniperus, 225, 226.
Junk, 160—168.

INDEX

747

K.

Kale, 689.

— green, 684.

— red, 683.

Kali, 286—288.
Karsse, garden, 694.
Kex, 513.
Kingstonia, 531.
Knappia, 155.
Knawel, 545.
Knolles, 683.
Knops, gold, 717.
Kobresia, 69.
Koeleria, 126.

Kop, king, 717.

L.

Labiates, 357, 390.
Labrum Veneris, 475.
Laces, ladies, 141.
Lactuca, 415, f416 — ;
418, 479.

Ladanum, 377, 378.
Ladder, Jacob’s, 341.
Ladies, lords and, 38.
Lagopodium, 600, 601.
Lagopus, 601.

Lagurus, 153.

Lamium, 372, -f-374 —
378.

Lampsana, 414, 688.
Lantana, 488.
Lapathum, f 273 — 277,
283, 732.

Lappa, 255, 434, 435.
Lapsana, -f-414, 416.
Larbrsea, 548.

Larbrea, 548.

Larch, 225.

Larix, 225.

Lasting, pea ever, 611.

— pearly ever, 459.

— tare ever, 610.
Latliraea, 315, 316.
Lathy ris, 256.
Lathyroideaa, 609.
Lathyrns, 6Q§ — 613.
Laurel, 266.

— spurge, 266.
Laureola, 266.
Lavatera, 639.
Lavandula, 370.
Lavender, 370.

- — sea, 296.

Leaf, thorow, 526.

— velvet, 639.

Leaves, bishop’s, 320.

Leaves, park, 632.
Ledum, 400.

Leek, 181.

— house, 542, f 543.
Legousia, f 410, 411.
Leguminosae, 592, 736.
Leiosperma, 7 17.

Lemna, 729, 730.
Lemnadeae, 729.

Lens palustris, 729.
Lentibularia, 317.
Lentibularise, 316.
Lenticula, 556,730.
Lenticularia, 729,
Leontideae, 420.
Leontodon, 426 — 430.
Leonurus, 376,379.
Lepidium, 690 — f693,
694.

Lepidotis, 22.

Lettuce, 416 — 418.

— frog’s, 35.

— hare’s, 419.

— lamb’s, 479.
Leucantha, 443,444.
Leucanthemum, 452.
Leucojum, -1-192, 193,

412, 681.

Ley, pars. See Parsley.
Libanotis, 517, 518.
Lichwale, 354.

Licorice, stick, 607.
Ligusticnm, 508, 515,
-j-516, 517, 520, 523,
525.

Ligustrum, 391.

Liliae, 171.

Liliaceae,f 173, 174, 193
Lilium, 187.

Lilly, 187.'

— water, 220, 340,

700, f 707.

Lime, 637.

— brook, 306.
Limnantbemmn, 340.
Limnanthes, 340.
Limnetis, 144.
Limnopeuce, 556.
Limonium, 296.
Limosella, 319.

Linaria, 321 — 323.

— adulterina, 264.
Linagrostis, 80 — 82.
Linden, 636, 637.
Lineae, 639.

Ling, 399.

Lingua, 720.

— avis, 469.

— cervina, 15.

— serpentina, 2 0.

Linnaea, 486, 487.

Linne, 486, 487.
Linosyris, 467.

Lint, 640.

Linum, 640, 641.

Liparis, 213.

Lips, cow’s, 302, 353.

— ox, 302.

Liquorice, f 607, 609.
Listera, 209, 210.
Lithospermum, 354,

f355.

Littorella, 295.
Littorellideae, 294.
Lobel, 412.

Lobelia, 412.

Lobeliae, 412.

Locks, golden, 18, 19,
719.

— hem. See Hemlock.

— marsh, 581.

Locker gowlans, 713.
Locusta, 479.

Lofgia, 462.

Loit, oyster, 267.
Lolium, f93, 94, 113,
124.

Lonchitis, 6, 15.

Long, lib, 540.

— live, 459, 460, 540.
Lonieera, 487, 488.
Lorantheae, 492.
Loranthideae, 492.
Loroglossum, fl99,

200.

Lotus, 606, 607.

Lovage, 509, 516, 517.
Love, true, 187.

Lowry, 266.

Luce, fleur de, 196, 197,
Lucerne, 604, 605.
Lunaria, 19,20,697.
Lupulinum, 602.
Lupulus, 251, 252.
Luteola, 666.

Luzula, 168—170.
Lychnis, 643 — 647,
^648—650, 664.
Lychnitis, 327.
Lychnoides, 650.
Lycopersicon, 333.
Lycopodiaceae, 21.
Lycopodinideae, 21.
Lycopodioides, 23.
Lycopodium, 21 — 23.
Lycopsis, 351,356.
Lycopus, f 359, 360,
Lyne, 640.

Lyodia, 731.

Lyon, Pied de, 576.

748

INDEX,

Lysimachia, f 299, 300,
389, 553, 559, 560.
Lysimachiae, 316.
Lythrum, 583.

M.

Mace, reed, 40.

Madam, prick, 541,542.
Madder, 485.

— bastard, 483,484.

— crosswort, 485.

— field, 480.

— six-leaved, 485.

— wild, 483,485.
Maithes, 723,724.
Majorana, 380, +381.
Makinboy, 257.
Malaxis, 213, f2I4.
Mallow, 637,638.

— marsh, 63S, 639.

— tree, 639.

Malus, 562.

Malva, + 637— 639.
Malvaceae, 637.

Mantle, lady’s, 576.
Maple, 635, 636.
Maratriphyllon, 722.
Marjoram, 380, 381.
Marram, 143, 144.
Marrubium, 360, 379,

+380.

Marsileaceae, 24.
Maruta, 456.

Mary, wild rose, 400.
Mathes, 456.
Matricaria, 453, 454.
Matthiola, 681.

Mauls, 638.

Maurella, 332.

May, 565.

Mazzards, 591.
Meadows, queen of the,
589.

Meat, duck, 729, 730.
Medica, 604, 605.
Medicago, 604, 605.
Medlar, 565, 566.
Megastachya, 101.
Melampyrum, 312, 313.
Melano-schaenus, 73.
Melanthaceae, 171.
Melica, + 110 — 112.
Melick, 110, 111.
Melilot, 603,

Melilotus, + 603, 604.
Melissa, 384, 385,
+386,387.

Melissopbyllum, 386,
387.

Melittis, +386, 387.
Melium, 152.

Melo, 552.

Melon, 552.
Mentastrum, 361.
Mentha, +360 — 367,
371.

— - aquatica, 379.
Menlhastrum, 360, 361.
Menyantheae, 340.
Menyanthes, 340.
Menzies, 397.
Menziesia, 397.
Mercurialis,.+260, 261,
630.

Mercury, 260, 261.

— dog’s, 261.

— English, 283.

— French, 261.
Merenderae, 171.
Mertens, 353, 354.
Mertensia, 353, 354.
Mespilus, 563, +565,

566.

Meum, 516.

Mew, 516.

Mezereon, 265.
Mezereum, 265.

Mibora, 155.
Mignonette, wild, 666.
Miiitaris, 220.

Milium, +154, 157.
Mill, grey, 355.
Millefolium, 317, 457,
508,557,722,723.
Millegrana, 547,641.
Millet, 154.

— - grey, 355.

Mint, +360—366, 390.

— cat, 37 1.
Miscopetalum, 530.
Missel, 492.

Moer.eh, 661.

Mcenchia, +661,698.
Mollugo, 482 — 485.
Moly, +180, 185.
Money, bald, 516.

— bawd, 516.

Moneses, 403.

Monilia, 110.
Monotropa, 404.
Monotropae, 396, 404.
Monorchis, 207.

Montia, +543, 544,
Moors, 580.

Morell, 332.

Morocco, red, 724.
Morsus diaboli, 476.

— gallinae, 656.

— ranae, 220.

Moscatell, 493.
Moschata, 625.
Moschatella, 493.
Moschatellina, 493.
Moss, club, 21, 22.

— fir, 22.

— mountain, 23.
Mountain, mill, 641.

— poley, 310.

— pulial, 382.

Mullein, 326—328.
Muquet, petty, 481.
Muscari, 176.

Muscovy, 625.
Muscipula, 648.

Muscus clavatus, 22, 23.

— corniculatus, 14.

— terrestris, 21.
Mustard 685-687.

— Bowyer’s, 694.

— clown’s, 693.

— hedge, 679, +680.

— ivy, 696.

— Mithridate, 691,694.
round-leaved, 692.

— tower, 676, 677.

— treacle, 691, 692.
Myagro affinis, 680.
Myagrum, 680, 698.
Myosotis, +347 — 349,

658—660.

Myosurus, 723.

Myrica, +249, 554.
Myricae, 249.
Myriophyllum, 557.
Myrrhe, 503.

Myrrh is, 502, +503,
504.

Myrtle, Dutch, 249,
Myrtns, 249.

N.

Naples, star of, 177.
Napus, 682.

Narcissus, 190, 191.
Nard, ploughman’s
spike, 462.

Nard us, +87, 155.
Nartherium, 171.
Nasmythia, 158.
Nasturtiolum, 690,
+692.

Nasturtium, 674, 676,
+ 678, 679, 689 —
694.

Nathericum, 172.
Naumburgia, 300.
Navel, Our Lady’s, 538.

INDEX.

H9

Navei, chon, 684.
Navew, wild, 682.
Needle, pick, 625.

— shepherd’s, 503.
Nemolapathum, 273.
Neottia, 208, +209, 210.
Nepeta, +371,384.

Nep, 371.

— mad, 520.

— pars, 520, + 522, 523.

— — cow, 520,521.

sea, 510.

water, 505,506.

- — tur, 683.

St. Anthony’s, 717

French, 682.

Swedish, 684.

Nest, bee’s, 498.

— bird’s, f209,404,498.
Nettle, 252, 253.

— bee, 378.

— dead, 374—376.

— hedge, 372,f377,378.

— hemp, 378.

Nicotiana, 329.

Nidus avis, 209, 315.
Nigella, wild, 650.
Nigellastrum, 650.
Nissolia, 610.

Noli me tangere, 630,
674.

Noon, go to bed at, 431.
Not, forget me, 368.

— touch me, 630.
Nucula, terrestris, 514,

515.

Nummularia,299,+300.
Nuphar, 706,707.

Nut, bladder, 619, 620.

— chest, 515.

— earth, 514.

— base), 246.

— - hawk, 515.

- — jur, 515.

— kipper, 515.

— pig, 515.

Nux avellana, 246.

— vesicaria, 619.
Nymphaea, 220, 340,

706, +707.
Nyinph®ace®, 706.

O.

Oak, 246,247.

— polypody of the, 4.
Oat, 129—132.
Oculus-Christi, 388.
Ocymoides, 646.

Ocymum, 383.

Odontites, +310, 526,
527.

Odorata, 503.

(Enanthe, +508— 510.
GEnothera, 559.
Oleander, dwarf, 266.
Olein®, 391,392.
Olusatrum, 525.

Olyra, 99.

Omphalodes, 350.
Onagra, 559.

Onagr®, 263.

Onagrariae, 557.

Onion, 183 — 185.

Onites, 381.

Onobrychis, 619.
Onoclea, 15, 16.

Ononis, +590, 597,
Onopordum, 434.
Onopteris, 12.
Ophiogloss®, 20.
Ophioglossum, 20.
Ophioscorodon, 182.
Ophiurus, 87,88.
Ophris, 208,210.
Ophrys, 200, +204, 207
—210,213—215.
Opulus, 488,489.

O i ache, +280—285.
Orchide®, 197.

Orchis, 200—203.

— abortiva, 209.

— alba, 206, 207.

- — albida, 205.

— anthropaphora, 200.

— apifera, 204.

— barbata, 199.

— bee, 204.

— bifolia, 206,213.

— brown, 201.

■ — • broadleaved, 201.

— butterfly, 207.

— coffee-colour, 202.

— comosa, 202.

— conopsea, 205.

• — coryophora, 199.

— dwarf, 202, +213.

— fly, 204.

— frog, 206.

— fuciflora, 204.

— fusca, 201.

— galea einerea, 201.

— grey-spiked, 201.

— hand, +205,206.

- — handed, 202, 205.

— hermaphroditica,206
■ — hireina, 199.

— late-flow ered, 200.

— latifolia, 201,202.

Orchis macuiata, 202.

— magna, 201.

— male, 203.

— man, 200,201.

— mascula, 203.

— militaris,201.

— minima, 214.

— monorchis, 207.

— Moravica, 201.

— Morio, 203.

— musk, 205, +207.

— my odes, 204,

• — odorata, 207.

— pnlmata, 202, 205,
206.

— Pannonica, 202.

— parviflora, 205.

— pusilla, 205,207.

— p u r p 1 e- fl o w e re d ,202

— purpurea, 200, 201.

■ — pyramidal is, 200,

• — rubella, 205.

— Serapias, 206.

• — Simia, 201.

- — sphegodes, 204,207.

— spiralis, 208.

— soldier, 201.

— spotted, 202.

» — strateumatica, 201.

■ — sweet, 207.

- — tephrosanthos, 201.

— ustulata, 202.

— viridis, 206.

— white, 208.
Oreopteris, 6.
Oreoselinum, 518.
Organie, 367.

Organy, 380.

Origanum, +380,381.
Ornithogalum, 176 — *

178, + 179, 180.
Ornithopode®, 618.
Ornithopodium, 618,
Ornithopus, 618.

Ornus, 563.

Orobanche, 314, 315.
Orobanche®, 313.
Orobus, 612,613, 736.
Orontium, 324.
Orpheus, 402.

Orpine, common, 540.
Osier, 231.

— basket, 232.

— golden, 229.
Osmunda, +3, 15, 16

19, 20.

Osmundace®, 3.
Ostruthium, 519.
Ostrya, 245.

Ostrys, 245.

750

INDEX

Osyris, 322.

Otites, 647.

Oxalis, 276, 277, +630.
Oxalideae, 630.
Oxyacantha, 565, ^08.
Oxyacauthus, 565.
Oxycoccus, 406.
Oxyria, 277,732.

Oxys, 631.

Oxytropis, 608.

Owler, 244.

P.

Pad us, 589.

Paeonia, 7 10, 711,
Paigles, 302.

Paleum, 126.

Palma Christi,202,208.
Palmata, 202, 205.
Paludapium, 524.
Panaces, 520.

Panax coloni, 372.
Paniceae, 154.

Panicum, 100, 152, 155
—157.

Pansie, 669.

Pansies, mountain, 668.
Papaver, 702 — 704,
+705.

— spumeum, 645.
Papaveraceae, 701.
Pappas, 333.

Pappus, 333.

Paralias, 258.
Paralysis, 302, 303.
Parietaria, 253, 254.
Paris, 186, 187.

— herb, +186, 187.
Paronychia, 533, 546,

676," 697, 698.
Paronyehideae, 544.
Paronychies, 544.
Parsley, 524.

■ — bur, 500, -f*501.

■ — corn, 500, 506.

— cow, 504.

— dog’s, 513.

— fool’s, 513.

— hedge, 499, 500.

— knotted, 500.

■ — marsh, 524.

— milky, 518.

• — rock, 512.

- — Scotch, 517.

— stone, 506, +517, 518.

• — water, 524.
Parthenium, 454.
Paspalon, 100.
Paspalum, 155, 156.

Passions, 267.
Pastinaca, 498, +522,
523.

Paw, lion’s, 576.

Pea, 611, 612.

— chickling, 610.

— everlasting, 610.

— field, 612.

— garden, 612.

— gray, 611.

— heath, 613.

- — maple, 612.

— rose, 612.

«— rouncival, 612.

— Scotch, 612.

— sea, 612.

— tufted, 612.

— wild, 612.

— wood, 613.

Pear, 562 — 564.

— choke, 563.

— iron, 563,

Pease, 612.

Peaseling. 632, 613.
Pecten Veneris, 503.
Pedicularia, 311, 312.
Pediculares, 303,313.
Pedicularis, 31 1,312.
Peerless, primrose, 191.
Peionie, 710, 711.
Pellitory, wild, 458.
Peltatae, 25.

Peltigerae, 25.

Peltopis, 729.

Pence, herb two, 299.
Pennisetum, 156.
Pentapterophvllon, 557
Pentaphylloides, 580,

581.

Pentaphyllum, 576, 581
—583.

Peplis, -f-260, 553.
Peplus, 258.

Pepo, 582.

Pepper, country, 54L

— wall, 541 .

— w ater, 269, 270.
Percepier, 571.
Perfoliata, 526, 685.
Periclymenum, 487,488
Pervinca, 342.
Pervinkle, 342.
Persicaria, -{*268 — 270,

630, 732.

Personatae, 316, 318,
340.

Pes anserinus, 283.

- — cati, 458.

— leporis, 601.
Petastites, 473.
Petroselinum, 506, +524

Pettigree, 1S9.
Peucedanum,5l8,+521 „
523.

Phalangium, 171, 172,
+ 175, 176.

Phalaris, 109, 110, 138,
139, +140, 141.
Phegopteris, 5.
Phellandrium, 508.
Phleum, 138, +139,140,
152, 153.

Phoenix, 93.

Phragmitis, 128.
Phrygia, 441,442.
Phyllitis, 15.
Phyllodoce, 397.
Phyteuma, 411.

Picea, 226.

Picris, 426, 429, +430,

431.

Pierre, herbe de St. 510.
Piert, parsley, 545.
Piony, 710,711.

Pills," 130.

PHosella, 421.
Pilosellae, 421.
Pilularia, 24.
Pimpernel, +298, 300.

— bastard, 298.

— sea, 546.

— water, 733.
Pimpinella, +511, 512,

514,515, 575.

Pine, 223.

— ground, 368, 369.
Pineaster, 224.

Pink, 643, 644.

— corn, 41 1.

— cuckow, 38.

— Deptford, 643.

— maiden, 644.

— meadow, 649.

— mountain, 644.

— purple, 644.

— pheasant’s eye, 644.

— wild, 656.

Pinguicula, 317,318.
Finns, +223—225.
Piperitae, 37.

Piperitis, 693.

Pirus, 565.

Pisum, 611, 612.
Plananthus, 21.

Plant, pearl, 354.

Planta graminifolia,166
Planfagineae, 291.
Plantaginella, 319.
Plaotaginoides, 216.
Plantago, 216, +291 —
295,319.

— aquatica, 216, 217.

INDEX.

751

Plantain, +291 — -293.

— water, 216,217.
Platanaria, 39, 40.
Platanthera, 206.
Pleasure, gold of, 698.,
Plum, 591, 592.

■ — Damascus, 592.
Pneumonanthe,334,335.
Poa, 101—104, + 105—
108, 112,114,125,133
Pod, Turkey, 675, 676.
Podagraria, 515.
Polemoniacem, 341.
Polemonideae, 341.
Polernonii, 341.
Polemonium, 341.

Pol iiciiia, 376.

Poly, grass, 553.
Polyacantha, 443.
Polyacantbos, 437.
Polycarpon, 547.
Polygala, 667.

— repens, 546.
Polygaless, 667.
Polygonatum, 187, 188.
Polygoneas, 266.
Polygonum, 267—270,

+271, 545, 577, 664,
733.

Polypodiacese, 4.
PoSypodium, +4 — 11,
17,18. '

Polypody, +4 — 10.
Polypogon, 152.
Polyspermum, 284.
Polystichum, 6 — 9.
Foma amoris, 333.
Pomace®, 562.
Pompions, 552.

Pomtun amoris, 333.
Poplar, 242, 243.
Poppy, 705.

— • bastard, 704.

— beaked, 703,704.

— corn, 705.

— frothing, 645.

— horned, 702, 703.

- — red, 705.

— spading, 645.

- — white, 705.
Populago, 7 14.

Pop ulus, 242, 243.
Porrum, 181 — 183.
Portula, 553.

Portulaca, 553.

— marina, 280.
Portulacese, 543.
Potamogeton, 557.
Potamogiton, +33—37,

268.

Potatoes, 333.
Poterium, 575.
Potentilla, 580—584.
Pricket, 541.

Pride, London, 529.
Primula, 301 — 303.
Primulaceas, 297, 732.
Print, prim. 391.
Prismatocarpus, 410,
411.

Privet, 391.

Prenanth, 416.
Prenanthes, 415, +416.
Pretty, none so, 528,
529.

Prune, damask, 592.
Prunel, 389.

Prunella, 389.

Primus, 589, 590, +591,
592.

Psamraa, 143, 144.
Pseudocyperus, 70, 77.
Pseudolinaria, -264.
Pseudomelanthium,650.
Pseudomyagrum, 698.
Pseudonarcissus, 192.
Pseudorchis, 213,
Psudoplatanus, 635.
Pseudospermum, 517,
Ptarmica, 458.
Pterideae, 16.

Pteris, 16.

Pulegium, 367.
Pulicaria, 462, 463.
Pulmonaria, +353, 354,
422—424.
Pulmonarise, 422.
Pulsatilla, 725.

Pulse, 612.

Pumpkins, 552.

Purse, pick, 692,

— shepherd’s, 692.
Purslane, sea, 280, 281.

— water, 544, +553.
Pyraster, 5 63.
Pyrenaceae, 390.

Py rethrurn, +453, 454.
Pyrola, 402,403.
Pyrus, +562—565.

Q.

Quake, cow, 109.
Quaker, 1 10.

Quercus, 246, 247.
Quinquefolium, 581 —
583.

E.

Rabi, Kohl, 684.
Eabone, 687.

Radicula, 679.

Radiola, 641.

Radish, 687.

— horse, 696.

— ■ water, 678.

— wild, 687, 688.
Radix, cava, 493, 701.

— Rhodia, 539.

Ram, laxative, 621.
Rarapions, 409,411.

— horned, 411.

— Ranunculaceae, 708.
Ranunculus, 493, 713,

+715—725.

Rapa, 683.

Rape, 682, 683.

* — broom, 314, 315.

— wild, 682, 685.

Raphanistrum, 687,688.
llaphanus, 678, 679,

+687, 688, 693, 696.
Rapist rum, 685, 688.
Rapum, 683.

■ — genistse, 314.
Rapunculus, 409, 41 1.
Rapuntrum, 409.

Rattle, +311,312.
Rave, cliou, 684.

Reed, 128.

* — ■ bur, 39.

Regina prati, 589.
Rennet, cheese, 481 —
485.

Reseda, 666.
Besedaceae, 665.

Resta bovis, 597.
Resiiaeeae, 158.
Rharane®, 620.
Rharnnoidfse, 620.
Rhamnoides, 265.
Rhamnus, 265, +620,621
Rhaponticum, 442, 443.
Rhinantbaeeee, 303,313.
Rhi nan thus, 311.
Rhizospennse, 24.
Rhodiola, 539.
Rhododendras, 396.
Rhododendraceas, 396.
Rheeas, 705.

Rhubarb, bastard, 726,
727.

— English, 727.
Rhyncospora, 71, 72.
Ribes, 548—550.

Rise, kiss me ere I, 669.
Robert, herb, 628.

152

Robertsonia, 528, 529.
Robin, ragged, 649.

— wake, 38,

Robur, 247.
Rocambole, 182.
Rocket, 688.

- — base, 666.

— cress, 691.

Italian, 666.

— scrambling, 679.

— - wall, 686.

— water, 678.

— wild, 686.

— yellow, 677.

Rod, golden, -|-465, 466,
469.

- — shepherd’s, 475.
Root, butter, 317.

— coral, 214,215.

■ — rose, 539.

• — sweet, 607.

— white, 317, 507.
Rorella, 665.

ros solis, 664, 665.
Rosa, 567—574.

arvensis, 574.

Borreri, 57 1.

___ bractescens, 572.

brevistyla, 574.

caesia, 57 I .

__ edni na, 572—574.

cinnamomea, 567.

collina, 572, 574.

Doniana, 568.

dumetorum, 57 1,572.

eglanteria, 57 1.

glandulosa, 569.

— gracilis, 568.

— Helvetica, 569.

— heterophylla, 569.

. — Hibernica, 573.

_ involuta, 568.

— leucochroa, 574.

— mierantha, 571.

— mollis, 569.

— nuda, 570.

— pimpinellae folia, 567

— pomifera, 569, 570.

— pulchella, 570.

— pumila, 576.

— repens, 574.

— Reynieri, 570.

— rubella, 567.

. — rubiginosa, 570, 571 .

— Sabini, 568.

— sarmentacea, 572.

— scabriuscula, 569.

— spinossima, 567.

— stylosa, 574.

* — suavifolia, 571.

INDEX.

Rosa surculosa, 573.

— sylvestris, 570 — 574.

— systyla, 574.

■ — iornentosa, 570.

— villosa, 568 — 570.
Rosaceae, 562, 566, 574,

577, 589.

Rose, 567—574.

— apple, 570.

— burnet, 567.

— cop, 705.

— corn, 705.

— dog, 573, 574.

— Gueldres, 488, 489.

— pimpernel, 567.

— prim, +301 — 303,
559.

— * — evening, 559.

— rock, 266.

— water, *{*340, 707.
Rosmarinum, 400
Rot, penny, 507.

— red, 664.

— white, 507.
Rottbollia, 87, 88.
Rowe, w ood, 481.
Rowell, wood, 481.
Royal, Osmund, 3.

— penny, 367.

— satyrion, 202.
Rubeola, 480, 481.
Rubia, 483, -|-485.
Rubiaceae, 480.

Rubus, 585 — 587.

Ruby, rose a, 724.

Rue, fen, 726.

— meadow, 726, 727.

- — wall, 14.

Rumex, 273—277, 732.
Ruppia, 32, 33.

Ruscus, 189.

Rush, 73— 77.

— beak, 71, 72.

— bog, 70, f72, 73.

— bulbous, 164.
bull, 75.

— club, +77,79.

— common, 161.

— Dutch, 25.

— dwarf, 165.

• — flaxen, 170.

— flowering, 248.

■ — hard, 161.

— hares-tail, 81.

■ — least, 162.

— marsh, 71.

— moss, 162.

— mud, 163.

— Plymouth, 79.

— prickle, 70.

Rush, round-froi ted, 1 63
• — rough-headed, 161.

— sea, 160.

— shining-fruited, 167.

— slender, 164.

— smooth, 78, 79.

— soft, 161.

• — toad, 163.

— three-leaved, 164.

— wood, 168.

Ruta muraria, 14.

Rye, 90, *{-91.

S.

Saffron, 194, 195.

— meadow, 172.

— wild, 195.

Sage, 387.

— garlick, 370.

- — wood, 370.

Sagina, +651, 652, 660,

661.

Sagitta, 216.

Sagittaria, 215, 216.
Sain foin, 619.

Salad, corn, 479, 480.
Salicaria, 553.
Salicarim, 552, 553.
Salicinae, 237.
Salicornia, 287,288.
Salix, 237—241.

— acuminata, 236.

— adscendens, 238.

— alba, 230, 231.

— alpina, 230,239.

— amygdalina, 234.

- — Andersonianse, 239.

■ — aquatica,235.

— arborea, 230.

■ — arbuscula, 235.

— arenaria, 233, 237.

— argentea, 237.

— aurita, 235.

— bicolor, 234.

— Borreri, 732.

- — caerulea, 231.

— caprea, 235, 236.

— carinata, 228.

- — cinerea, 233, 235.

— colinifolia, 233.

• — croweana, 241.

— daphnoides, 233.

— decipiens, 229, 234.

— depressa, 239.

— Dicksoniana, 237.

— fissa, 232.

— folio acuminato, 235.

> — folio amygdalino, 237

INDEX,

753

Salix folio auriculato,

234.

— folio glauco, 229,230

— folio laureo, 228.

— folio longissimo, 231.

• — folio lougo, 229.

— folio rotundo, 235.

— folio subrotundo,236

— Forbyana, 231,232.

— formosa, 230,

■ — Forsteriana, 239.

— fragilis, 229.
fusca, 237, 238.

— glauca, 228.

— helix, 231.

— Helvetica, 233.

— herbacea, 230.

— hirta, 241.

— hnmilior, 231.

— humilis, 239.

— Lamberiiana, 228.

— lanata, 235.

— lanceolata, 240.

— lanuginosa, 239.

— Lapponum, 233.

— iatifolia, 236.

— lam ina, 234.

— nialifoiia, 240.

— inolliisinra, 236.

— monandra, 227, 231.

— uiyrsinites, 229, 232.

— inyrtilloides, 237.

— nigricans, 234.

— oleifolia, 241.

— parvi folia, 238.

— pentandra, 228.

— petiolaris, 237.

— phylicifolia, 234,240

— polymorpha, 238.

— Pontederse,232.

— prostrata, 238.

— prunifolia, 229.

— pumila, 230,235,237,
239, 241.

— purpurea, 227.

— radicans, 240.

— repens, 237,239.

— reticulata, 230.

— retusa, 232.

— rosea, 231.

— rosmarinifolia, 241.
— - rotundifolia, 239.

— rubra, 232.

— rupestris,239.

— Russelliana, 240.

— sphacelata, 235.

— stipularis, 236.

— Stuartiana, 233.

— tenuifolia, 2 32.

— triandra, 237.

VOL. II.

Salix vaccinifolia, 229.

— venulosa, 230.

— vireseens, 232.

— « iminalis, 231.

— vitellina, 229.
Salsafie,4-32.

Salsola, 286, -j-288.
Salvia, *|*387, 388.

— agrestis, 370.

— vitae, 14.

Sambucus, *j*489, 490.
Sainolus, 733.

Samphire, 510.

— golden, 464.

— prickly, 510.

— red, 654.

— rock, 510.
Sanguisorba, 575.
Sanguisorbea;, 574.
Sanicle, 499.

great, 576.

— Yorkshire, 317.
Sanieula, 499.
Santalaceae, 263.
Santolina, 451.

Sap, pine, 404.
Saponaria, 642, 643.
Satiriuni, 209.

Satureja, 385.

Satyrion, -f-204, 206.

— butterfly, 206.

— dragon, 202.

. — goat, 207.

— March, 202.
Satyrium, 199,205,206,

208.

Savastana, 731.

Savine, 226.

Savory, 385.

Savoy, 684.

Saxifraga, 511, 512,
523, 529, 530, f531
—537,545,651,652.
Saxifrage, 531 — 537.

— bulbous, 530.

— Burnet, 51 1, 512.

— Cornwall, 517.

— English, 523.

— golden, 537.

— marsh, 531.

— meadow, 523.
Saxifrage®, 528.
Scabiosa, 41 1, 441, 476,

-f-477.

Scabious, 477.

— field, 476.

— sheep’s, 41 1.
Scallions, 183.

Scandix, 500,502,-|-503,

504.

Scarcity, root of, 279.
Schenodorus, 114,115.
Scheuchzer, 218.

Scheuchzeria,*j*218,219

Schoenoprasum, 184.
Schoenus, 69— — 1 7l,*j*72,
73, 165.

Schollera, 406.

Sciences, close, 682.
Scilla, 177,178.
Scirpideae, 73.
Scirpioides, 78, 79.
Sclarea, 3S7, 388._
Scieranthidem, 545.
Scleranthus, 545.
Sclerochloa, 101.
Scirpus, 71, *|-73—79,
166.

Scolo pend rise, 14.
Scolopendrium, 4, 13,
*j*14, 15.

Scoparia, 596.

Scordium, 369, 370.
Scorodonia, 320, +370.
Scorodoprasium, 181,
182

Scrofularia, 319,320.
Scrophulariae, 318.
Scrophularinte, 318.
Scorzonera, 430.
Scutellaria, 389.

Seal, our lady’s, 190.

— Solomon’s, 187, 188.
Secale, 90,-f*91,92.
Sedge, 53—69.

Sedum, 529,*f*539 — 542,
543, 653, 698.

Seed, all, 286, -|*547, 641.
• — worm, 680.

Seggrum, 470.

Seggs, 196.

Sel, ground, 469 — 472.
Selaginoides, 23.

Selago, 22.

Selinum, 506, 518, 519,

523.

Sellery, 524.
Sempervivum, 543.
Senebiera, 689, 690.
Senecio, 469 — 472.
Serapias, 205, 206, 208,
211,212.

Serpyllum, 382, 383.
Serratula, -|*435, 439,
440.

Service, wild, 563,
Servis, 564.

Sesamum, 698.

Seseii, 512, 516,521 —

524.

3 c

7 rA

INDEX

Sesleria, 127.

Setaria, 156, 157.

Shade, enchanter’s night,
558.

— night, 331, f 332, 558.
Shaker, 109,110.
Shallots, 183.

Shamrock, 598.

Shanks, red, 539.

Share, goose, 484.
Sherard, 480.

Sherardia, 480.

Sibbald, 579.

Sibbaldia, 579.
Sibthorpia, 309.

Sickle, hurt, 441.
Sideritis, 372, 373,378.
Sieglingia, 112.

Silaus, 523.

Silene, 645, ^*646 — 648.
Silybum, 436.

Sinapi, 685.

Sinapis, 683, +685 —

688.

Sison, 506, 515, 517.
Sisvmbrium, 362, 675,
67 8, f 67 9, 680, 685—
687.

Sium, *f-505— 507, 674,
678.

Slipper, lady’s, 212,21 3.
Sloe, 591.

Smallage, 524.

Smart, arse, 269.
Smilaceae, 186.

Smilax, 344.

Smock, lady’s, 674.
Smyrnhium, 517, +525.
Snout, bladder, 316, 317.

— weasel, 376.

Solaneae, 325.
Solanum,330,33 1, +332,

333.

Soldanella, 344.
Solidago, 465.

Soldier, freshwater, 220.
Solis, rosa, 665.
Sonchus, 415,-|-418,419.
Sophia, 680.

Sorb, 564.

Sorbus, 563 — 565.
Sorrel, 276, 277.

— Welsh, 277.

■ — wood, 630.

Sowr, wood, 631.
Spain, pellitory of, 519.
Sparganiam, '{*39, 40.
Spartina, 144.
Spartium, 59$.

Spartum, 87,144.

Spatula, 197.

Speerage, 185.

Speculum Veneris, 410,
411.

Spelta, 99.

Spergula, *j-651 — 653,
654, 655, 664.
Spermaceti, poorman’s,
692.

Sphondylium, 521.
Spica, 370.

Spicant, 15.

Spicknell, 516.

Spignel, 516.

Spike, lavender, 370.
Spina, 565.

- — acida, 708.

— infectoria, 621.
Spinachia, 279, 280.
Spinage, 279, 280.
Spiraea, 588, 589.
Spiranthes, 208.
Spondylium, +520, 521.
Spur, larks, 711.
Spurge, 259, 260.

■ — broad leaved, 257.

— caper, 256.

— cypress, 259.

— hyssop, 260.

— knotty rooted, 257.

— olive, 265.

— pine, 259.

— sea, 258.

— sun, 256.

— - unsavoury, 260.

— wood, 259.

Spurry, 651 — 653.
Squamaria, 31 6.

Squill, 177, 178.
Squitch, 145, 146.
Stachydeae, 347.
Stachys, -f-372,373,379.
Staphylaea, 619, 620.
Staphylinus, 498.
Staphylodendron, 619.
Statice, 296.

Staticinae, 295.
Stegania, 16.

Stellaria, 548,555,556,

*|-656— 660.

Stipa, 124, 153, 154.
Stipaceae, 153.
Stipularia, 653.

Stock, 681.

Stone, break, 577, 651.
Stones, dog’s, 201, 201.

— fool’s, 203.

— fox, 206.

— goat’s, 199.
Stramonium, 330.

Strange, hare, 522.
Stratiotes, 220.

Straw, lady’s bed, 481,

482.

• — our lady’s bed, 481.
Strife, loose, +299,300
389,553.

Strong, here, 522.
Strumaria, 255.
Struthiopteris, 15.

St urmia, 155.

Subularia, 24, +696;
Succisa, 476.

Succory, 432.

— gum, 415.

— swine’s, 415.

— yellow, 430.

Such, none, 604.
Suckle, honey, 487,490.

— upright honey, 487.
Sweet, bitter, 331.

— meadow, 589.
Swertia, 339.

Sycamore, 635.
Sycamorus, 635.
Symphytum, 355,356.
Synanchica, 481.
Synanchicae, 481.
Syntherisma, 155, 156.

T.

Tail, capon’s, + 123,124,
478.

— cat’s, 138, 139.

■ — dog’s, 126.

— fox, 127, + 141— 143.

— gold, 127.

— hare’s, +79, 80, 153.

— horse, +25—27,556.

— mare’s, 556.

— mouse, 541, +723.

— snake, 87, 88.
Tamaceae, 189.
Tamaricinae, 554.
Tamariscinea?, 554.
Tamarisk, 554.
Tamarix, 554.

Tamus, 189, 190.
Tauacetum, 448.
Tansey,448.

— wild, 580.

Taper, high, 326.
Tapsus, 326.

Tare, 615.

— smooth, 614.

— spring, 616.

— strangle, 346, 615.

— tine, 615.

INDEX,

Tare wild, 615.
Taraxacon, 427.
Taraxacum, +426, 427,
429.

Taxidese, 226.

Taxus, 226.

Tears, Juno’s, 391.
Teazel, 474, 475.
Teesdalia, 692, 693.
Telephium, 539, 540.
Testiculus psycodes,207

— sphegodes, 204.

— vulpinus, 204, 207.
Tetrahit, 377,378.
Tetrahitum, 378.
Tetralix, 398.

Teucrium, 367 — 370,

578.

Thalictrum, 726,727.
Thapsi, 327.

Thapsus, 326.
Thelypteris, 6, 9.
Thesium, 264.
Thisiacese, 263.

Thistle, 436, 437.

— carline, 439, +440.

— cotton, 434.

— creeping, 439.

— grey, 437.

— Jersey, 443.

— melancholy, 438.

— milk, 436.

— musk, 436.

— our lady’s, 436.

— st. Barnaby’s, 444.

— silver, 434.

— smooth, 419.

— soft, 437—439.

— sow, 415, +418,419.

— star, 443.

— thistle upon, 437.

- — way, 439.

— welted, 437.

— white, 434.

- — woolly-headed, 439.

— yellow, 443, 444.
Tblaspi, +691—696.
Thlaspidium, 694.
Thorn, black, 591.

— buck, 265, +620,621

— Glastonbury, 566.

— haw, 564, 565.

— sallow, 264.

— way, 621.

— white, 565.

Thrica, 428.

Thrift, 296.

Thymaelea, 265, 266.
Thyme, 382,383.

— Basil, 383.

Thyme, mother of, 382.
Thymeleae, 265.

Thymus, -f-382— 384.
Thysselinum, 518.

Tide, noon, 431.

Tilia, 636, 637.

Tiliaceae, 636.

Tillsea, 539.

Timber, prick, 490,620.
Timothy, 139, 140.
Tithymalus, 256 — 260.
Tobacco, 329.

Toe, missel, 492.

Tofield, 172.

Tofieldia, 172.
Tomatoes, 383.

Tongue, adder’s, 20.

— bird’s, 271, 469.

— cat’s, 427, 428.

— dead, 509.

— goose, 458.

. — hart’s, 14.

— hound’s, 349.

— lamb’s, 292—294.
Tooth, dog’s, 100.
Tordylium, 499 — 501,

•j-521.

Torilis, 499, 500.
Tormentil, 583.

— Plot’s, 583.

— trailing, 583.
Tormentilla, 576, 583.
Toutsain, 632.

Traces, ladies, 208.
Trachelium, 409, 410.
Tragopogon, 431,432.
Tragopyron, 272.
Tragopyrum, 272.
Tragorchis, 199.

Trasus, 53 — 69.

Treacle, English, 369.

— tower, 677.

Tree, aller, 621.

— apple, 562.

— arbute, 400.

— bast, 636, 637.

— butcher’s prick, 244.

— cotton, 488.

— crab, 562.

— cornel, 490.

— dwarf plane, 489.

— gatter, 490.

— gatteridge, 620.

— heg berry, 589.

- — hep, 575.

— hounds, 490.

— lime, 636, 637.

• — mast, 224.

— mealy, 488.

• — oppei, 489.

755

Tree pear, 563.

— pipperidge, 708.

— prick, 621.

— quick-beam, 563.

— quicken, 563.

— Roan, 563.

— service, 564,565.

— spindle, 620.

— strawberry, 400.

— wayfaring, 488.

— white beam, 564.

— whitten, 489.

— yew, 236.

Trefoil, 340, 1 597— 603.

— black, 604.

— bi i d’s foot, + 606, 607

— Burgundy, 604.

— codded, 606.

— fenugreek, 606.

— hare’s foot, 601.

— heart, 605.

— hedgehog, 605.

— honeysuckle, 599.

— hop, 602—604.

— horned, 604.

— soft-knotted, 602.

— sour, 631.

— * star-headed, 601.

— tenzel-headed, 601.

— yellow, 603.

— zigzag, 600.

Tribulus aquaticus, 34,

35.

Trichomanes, 13, +18,
19.

Triehomema, 195.
Trichophorum, 79,80.
Trientalis, 301.
Trifoliastrum, 598.
Trifoliatae, 597.
Trifolium, +597 — 606.

— acetosum, 631.

- — paludosum, 340.
Triglochin, 219.
Trigonella, 606.
Trimorpha, 466, 467.
Trimorphe, 466, 467.
Trinia, 512.

Trinity, herb, 669.
Triodia, 1 1 1, 112.
Triorchis, 208.
Tripetaloidese, +215,
217.

Tripolium, 465.
Trisetum, +128, 129,
132.

Trissago, 373.
Tritico-speltura, 89.
Triticum, 89 — 92, 95,
'{-96 — 99, 102. 112 —
114.

3 c i

756

INDEX.

Trixago, 373.
Trollius, 713.

Tuft, candy, 693.
Tulip, 173.

— hill, 725.

Tulipa, 173.
Turgenia, 501.
Turritis, 676, 677
Tussilago, 472, +473.
Tutsan, 632.

Typha, 40.
Typhaceae, 38.
Typhae, 38.
Typhoides, 141.
Tysselinum, 518.

U.

Ulex, 594.

Ulmaceae, 249.
Ulmaria, 589.

Ulmariae, 588.

Ulmus, +249, 250, 251.
Umbellatae, 493.

Um belli ferae, 493,
Umbilicus, 538.

— Veneris, 538.

Unedo, 400.

Urtica, 252, 253.
Urticoe, 251.
Utricularia, 316,317.
Utriculariae, 316.

Uva crispa, 550.

— ursi, 400, +401.

V.

Vaccinia, 400, 401 , 405,
406.

Vaccinieae, 404.
Vaccinium, 397, +405,
406, 482, 585.
Valerian, f477,478,479
• — Greek, 341.
Valeriana, f477, 478,
479.

— Graeca, 341.
Valerianeae, 477.
Valerianella, 479, 480.
Valley, lily of the, 187.
Vella, 690, 691.
Verbasculum, 303.
Verbascum, 326 — 328.
Verbena, 390.
Verbenaceoe, 390.
Verbesina, 447 , 448.
Vermicularis, 286, 541,
542.

Veronica, +304 — 308,
321, 401.

Vervain, 390.

Vetch, 613—617.

— axe, 608.

— bush, 617.

— horse shoe, 618.

— kidney, 597.

— liquorice, 609.

— milk, 606, f 608, 609.

— sea, 616.

• — spring, 616.

— tine, 615.

— tufted, 614.
Vetchling, 609 — 611.
Viburnum, 488.
Viburnus, 489.

Vicia, 611, f613— 617.
Vilfa, 144, 145.
Villarsia, 340.

Vinca, 342.

Vinca', 342.

Vine, wild, 190, f551.
Viola, 301, +668, 669.

— matronalis, 6§2.
Violaceae, 667.

Vioiae, 667.

Violet, 193, +668, 669.

— Calafhian, 335.

— corn, 410.

— damask, 682.

— dames, 682.

— dog’s tooth, 673,

— toothed, 673.

— water, 301.

Vicrna, 728.

Virea, 429, 430.

Vireas, 429.

Virey, 429, 430.

Virga aurea, 405, 469,

471.

— pastoris,475.
Viscaria,.648.

Viscum, 492.

Vitalba, 728.

Vitex Idaea,400.
Vitices, 390.

Vitis Idaea, 401, f 405,
406.

Volubilis, 272.
Vulneraria, 597.
Vulpia, 123, 124.
Vuivaria, 285.

W.

Wade, 690.
Wa!dschmidia,340.
Wail, pellitory of the,
253, 254.

Wall, set, 341.

Waste, milt, 4.

Wax, thorow,f 526,685.
Waxen, wood, 596,
Weed, ash, 515.

— bind, 272,f343,344.

— bull, 441.

— case, 692.

— castor, 425, 426.

— chafe, 460,461.

— chair, +297, 298,451,
460.

— chick, 308 — 310,544,
548, 645, 655 + 656 —
660.

— cotton, + 451, 458, 460

— cow, 502.

— cud, 451, 458, f 459—
462.

• — dyers’, 596, 666.

— flix, 680.

— flux, 680.

— green, 596.

— hawk. 420—425,429,
430.

— hell, 345.

— hog, 520.

— knap, 441, 442,

— mat, 87.

— May, f 453,456.

■ — mug, 482.

— pond, +32,36, 268,
557.

— rag, 470.

— river, f33— 37.

• — shore, 295.

— silver, 580.

■ — snake, 267, 268.

— winter, 309.

— yellow, 666.
Weingaertneria, 137.
Weld, wild, 666.

Well, speed, 304— 30S.
Wheat, 89, f97— 99.

— buck, 271, 277.

— cow, 310, f 312, 313,

— French, 272.

Whin, petty, 596,
Whins, 594.

Whorts, black, 405.
Wilding, 562.

William, wild, 649.

— sweet, 643.
Wjilisellus, 736.
Willow, 227—241.

— bay-leaved, 228.

— Bedford, 240.

— Boy ton, 228.

— common, 229.

— Dishley, 240.

— folded leaf, 228^

3

INDEX

757

Willow, French, 559.

— Gorgomel, 240.

— Leicestershire, 240.

— mock, 588.

— Persian, 559.

— sweet, 228, 249.

— yellow, 229.

Wind, withe, 344.
Woad, 690.

Wood, prick, 620.

- — worm, 450, 451.
Woodrofle, 4S1.
Woodsia, IT, 18.

Wort, awl, 696.

— bane, 719.

— barren, 708.

— bear, 516.

— black, 356.

— blood, 274, 598.

— brimstone, 522.

— brown, 320.

— bruise, 643.

— bunnikens-hol, 701.

— butter, 317, 318.

— cole, 682—685.

• — — curled, 684.

• garden, 683.

— — ■ red, 683.

sea grape, 689.

thorow, 685.

• — cross, 482.

— Dane, 489.

— drop, 509,510, 588.

f water, 508, 509.

— fell, 335,336,339,643

■ bastard, 335, 336.

— fig, 319, 320,715.

— hask, 409.

— flea, f 462, 463, 469.
• — flowk, 507.

— gland, 736.

— glass, 286, f 287, 288.

— gout, 515.

— gypsey? 359.

- — hart, 521.

— hazel, 263.

— heart, 364.

— hip, 538.

— hole, 493.

• — hone, 506.

- — horn, 554, 555.

— iron, 378.

• — kernel, 320.

— kidney, f 530, 538.

Wort, lime, 648.

— louse, 311, 312.

— lung, 353, 422.

— — clowns, 316,

— — cows, 326.

— mad, 307, 351.

■ — marsh, 406,

• — master, 518, 519.

— maudlin, 452.

— milk, 608, f 667 ,733.
creeping, 546.

— money ,299, f300, 309

— moon, 3,f 19,20, 452.

— mother, 379.

— mug, 319, 449, 450.

. — nail, 697.

— navel, 538.

bastard, 321, 322.

— • — Venus, 350.

— nipple, 414.

— peach, 268 -270.

— pearl, 651, 661.

— penny,f 309,507,538
— - — marsh, 507.

— pepper, 693,694.

— pestilent, 473.

— pile, 7 15.

— pill, 24.

— pipe, 158.

— quill, 23, 24.

— rag, 469, 470.

— ribband, 39, 40.

■ — rose, 539.

— rupture, -f-547, 641.

— st. John’s, 632 — 635t

— st. James’, 470.

— st. Peter’s, 633.

— salt, *j*287, 288, 733.

— sand, 545 -j-653 — 655.
- — saw, 435.

— scab, 463.

— seal, 6.

— setter, 713.

— sickle, 367, 389.

— sneeze, 211, 458.

— sope, 642, 643.

— southern, 45.

— spear, 719, 720.

— spider, 175.

— spleen, 4, 6, 12, 13,
f!4, 15.

— spoon, 695.

— spurge, 197.

— squinancy, 481.

Wort, stagger, 470.

— star, 465.

water, 555, 556.

— stitch, 548, 657, 670.
760.

— stone, 27, 28, 29.

— strap, 546.

— stub, 631.

— sulphur, 522, -j-523.

— swallow', 702.

— tent, 14.

— tetter, 702.

— throat, 409.

— tooth, 315,316.

— uvula, 409.

— wart, 256, 257.

— wall, 489.

— water, 650.

— wound, 372.

— yellow, 339.

— youth, '664.

W rack, grass, 37.
Wurzel, Mangel, 279.
Wymote, 639.

X.

Xanthium, 254, 255.
Xiphium, 197.

Xiris, 197.
Xylosteon, 487.
Xylosteum, 487.
Xyphium, 197.

Y.

Yarrow, 457, 458.
Yeugle, 236.

Yew', 226.

You, cull me to, 669.

Z.

Zannichellia, 32.
Zea, 99, 100.
Zerna, 115 — 117.
Zeocriton, 89 —91.
Zeopyrum,

Zostera, 37.

THE EN p

*

Preparing for Publication ,

BY BALDWIN, CRADQCK, AND JOY.

I.

THE STUDY OF MEDICINE,
comprising its

PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, AND PRACTICE,

in Four Volumes, 8vo.

BY JOHN MASON GOOD, MD. FRS.

Mem. Am. Phil. Soc. and FLS. of Philadelphia.

These Volumes, in Addition to that lately published on Noso-
logy, and dedicated, by Permission, to the College of Physicians,
will complete the Author’s Design, and constitute an entire
Body of MEDICAL SCIENCE, equally adapted to the Use
of Lecturers, Practitioners, and Students.

II.

A GENERAL HISTORY OF WINES,

Comprising, Observations on the Wines of the Ancients; a To-
pographical Account of all the principal modern Wines; and a
Chronological History of the Wines used in England, from the
earliest period to the present time. By Alexander Hender-
son, MD. To be printed elegantly in one 4to volume, with
embellishments.

** * The Part on the Wines of the Ancients is founded on the excellent
Work of Sir Edward Barry.

III.

SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH MOLLUSC A;

Being an Arrangement of Bivalve and Univalve Shells, according
to the Animals inhabiting them, intended as an Introduction to
the Study of Conchology, illustrated with Plates. In 8vo.

BY WILLIAM ELFORD LEACH, MD.

Recently Published ,

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